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DISCARDED  BY 

TRINITY  UNIVERSITY 

TRIM 

M 

-LIBRARY 


.. 


THE 

IMPEEIAL  DICTIONARY 

OF 

THE   ENGLISH   LANGUAGE. 


THE 


IMPERIAL   DICTIONARY 


OF 


THE    ENGLISH    LANGUAGE: 

A   COMPLETE    ENCYCLOPEDIC   LEXICON,  LITERARY,  SCIENTIFIC, 

AND    TECHNOLOGICAL. 


BY 


JOHN   OGILVIE,   LL.D., 

Author  ol  "The  Comprehensive  English  Dictionary,"  "The  Student's  English  Dictionary,"  &e.  &c. 


NEW  EDITION, 
CAREFULLY    REVISED    AND    GREATLY    AUGMENTED. 

EDITED    BY 

CHARLES    ANNANDALE,    M.A. 


ILLUSTRATED  BY  ABOVE  THREE  THOUSAND  ENGRAVINGS  PRINTED  IN  THE  TEXT. 


VOL.  I.    A— DEPASCENT. 


LONDON: 

BLACKIE    &    SON,   49   AND   50   OLD    BAILEY,   B.C.; 
GLASGOW,  EDINBURGH,  AND  DUBLIN. 

1882. 


: 


PE 

I6Z5 
73 


V.I 


GLASGOW. 

W.  G.  BLACKIE  AND  CO.,  PRINTERS, 
VILLAF1ELD. 


PREFATORY    NOTE. 


THE  present  volume  forms  the  first  instalment  of  a  New  Edition  of  THE  IMPERIAL  DIC- 
TIONARY— a  work  which  has  been  accepted  as  a  standard  Lexicon  of  the  English  Language, 
and  as  one  of  the  most  extensively  useful  for  the  purposes  of  general  reference  and 
everyday  requirement,  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  Since  its  first  appearance, 
however,  the  advances  made  in  the  arts  and  sciences  have  been  remarkably  great,  and 
multitudes  of  new  words  connected  with  all  departments  of  human  thought  and  action 
have  been  introduced  or  come  into  general  use;  hence  a  new  and  greatly  augmented 
edition  of  this  important  work  will  no  doubt  be  welcomed  by  all  who  value  a  Dictionary 
both  full  in  vocabulary  and  ample  in  treatment. 

This  New  Edition  has  been  in  preparation  for  above  TEN  YEARS,  and  so  greatly  has 
the  vocabulary  been  augmented,  and  so  extensive  and  important  are  the  changes  result- 
ing from  the  revision,  that  the  IMPERIAL  DICTIONARY,  as  now  issued,  may  justly  claim 
to  be  considered  substantially  a  NEW  WORK. 

The  words  or  separate  entries  comprised  in  it  will  be  increased  by  about  a  third, 
being  now  estimated  in  all  at  130,000 — a  larger  number  than  is  contained  in  any  other 
similar  Dictionary. 

As  a  Literary  Dictionary  it  is  intended  to  supply  a  key  to  the  written  works  in 
the  language,  and  an  aid  to  the  use  of  the  language  itself,  by  registering  and  explain- 
ing the  various  meanings  which  are  or  have  been  attached  to  words  by  writers  both 
new  and  old,  by  explaining  idiomatic  phrases  and  peculiar  constructions,  by  distinguish- 
ing obsolete  from  current  meanings  and  usages,  and  by  carefully  distinguishing  between 
words  closely  synonymous  in  signification.  And  as  the  real  meanings  of  words  and  the 
grammatical  constructions  into  which  they  enter  are  generally  most  clearly  shown  by 
means  of  illustrative  quotations,  vast  numbers  of  these  are  given,  many  thousands 
of  them  being  inserted  in  the  present  edition  for  the  first  time. 

As  an  Enclyclopedic  Dictionary  it  does  not  confine  itself  merely  to  giving  the  mean- 
ings of  words,  it  gives  also  as  a  rule  some  account  of  the  things  to  which  words  are 
applied,  supplying  valuable  information  in  regard  to  subjects  upon  which  a  bare  defini- 
tion would  convey  little  or  no  information.  The  encyclopedic  character  of  the  work 
adds  greatly  to  its  real  usefulness  as  a  book  of  reference,  and,  in  conjunction  with  the 
numerous  interesting  quotations  it  contains,  relieves  it  of  the  imputation  common  to 
Dictionaries  of  being  unattractive  reading.  In  fact,  as  was  said  in  the  preface  to  the 
former  edition:  "A  simple  inspection  of  its  pages  will  show  that,  wherever  it  may  be 
opened,  THE  IMPERIAL  DICTIONARY  presents  something  to  interest  and  instruct — some 
useful  fact  stated  in  concise  terms — some  important  maxim  or  sentiment  in  religion, 
morality,  law,  or  civil  policy;  so  that  the  charge  usually  preferred  against  English 
Dictionaries,  namely,  that  they  furnish  but  dry  sort  of  reading,  will  not  apply  to  this 
Dictionary." 

While  not  professing  to  contain  all  the  terms  of  every  art  and  science,  it  will  contain 


vi  PREFATORY   NOTE. 

far  more  than  the  reader  is  likely  to  meet  with  in  general  literature.  It  will  be  found 
especially  full  in  the  departments  of  Zoology,  Botany,  Geology,  Chemistry,  Mineralogy, 
Anatomy,  Medicine  and  Surgery,  Mathematics,  Physics,  Astronomy,  Archaeology,  Archi- 
tecture, Engineering,  Machinery,  Manufactures,  Agriculture,  and  Commerce.  To  secure 
accuracy  in  the  definition  of  scientific  terms,  and  correctness  generally  in  the  treatment 
of  scientific  subjects,  the  articles  belonging  to  the  various  sciences  have  been  examined 
and  where  necessary  amended  by  revisers  eminent  for  their  scientific  attainments.  And 
as  no  adequate  description  or  definition  can  be  given  by  mere  words  of  a  great  number 
of  objects  and  terms,  the  pages  of  THE  IMPERIAL  DICTIONARY  are  enriched  by  upwards 
of  three  thousand  carefully  executed  illustrative  engravings  on  wood,  which  communicate 
explanation  through  the  eye  in  a  manner  as  clear  and  distinct  as  it  is  pleasing  and 
attractive.  In  this  feature  the  Work  stands  altogether  unrivalled. 

The  Etymology  in  this  new  edition  has  been  altogether  remodelled  and  brought  up 
to  the  present  state  of  knowledge  on  the  subject,  full  use  having  been  made  of  the 
labours  of  both  English  and  Foreign  philologists  and  etymologists.  In  dealing  with  this 
important  department  of  the  Dictionary  the  aim  has  been  to  state  in  a  concise  form  such 
facts  regarding  the  derivations  of  the  various  words  as  might  suffice  to  meet  the  wants 
of  inquirers  in  general,  and  to  avoid  such  extended  treatment  as  could  only  be  appre- 
ciated by  persons  having  some  special  knowledge  of  philology. 

The  Pronunciation  will  be  exhibited  throughout  according  to  the  best  usage,  the  words 
in  all  cases  being  re-spelled  according  to  a  simple  and  easily  intelligible  system  of  trans- 
literation. 

GLASGOW,  October,  1881. 


KEY    TO    THE    PRONUNCIATION 
AND    TO    THE    ABBREVIATIONS    AND    SIGNS    EMPLOYED. 


Vowels. 


PRONUNCIATION. 

IN  showing  the  pronunciation  the  simplest  and  most  easily  understood  method  has  been  adopted,  that  of  re-writing 
the  word  in  a  different  form.  In  doing  so  the  same  letter  or  combination  of  letters  is  made  use  of  for  the  same 
iound,  no  matter  by  what  letter  or  letters  the  sound  may  be  expressed  in  the  principal  word.  The  key  by  this 
means  is  greatly  simplified,  the  reader  having  only  to  bear  in  mind  one  mark  for  each  sound. 

Accent. — Words  consisting  of  more  than  one  syllable 
receive  an  accent,  as  the  first  syllable  of  the  word  labour, 
the  second  of  delay,  and  the  third  of  comprehension.  The 
accented  syllable  is  the  most  prominent  part  of  the  word, 
being  made  so  by  means  of  the  accent.  In  this  dictionary 
it  is  denoted  by  the  mark  '.  This  mark,  called  an  accent, 
is  placed  above  and  beyond  the  syllable  which  receives  the 
accent,  as  in  the  words  la'bour,  delay',  and  comprehension. 

Many  polysyllabic  words  are  pronounced  with  two  ac- 
cents, the  primary  and  the  secondary  accent,  as  the  word 
excommunication,  in  which  the   third,  as  well  as  the  fifth 
syllable  is  commonly  accented.     The   accent  on  the  fifth 
syllable  is  the  primary,  true,  or  tonic  accent,  while  that  on 
the  third  is  a  mere  euphonic  accent,  and  consists  of  a  slight 
The   application   of    this   key   to   the   pronunciation   of    resting  on  the  syllable  to  prevent  indistinctness  in  the  utter- 
foreign  words  can  as  a  rule  only  represent  approximately     ance  of  so  many  unaccented  syllables.     Where  both  accents 
the  true  pronunciation  of  those  words.     It  is  applicable,     are  marked  in  a  word,  the  primary  accent  is  thus  marked  ", 
however,  to  Latin  and  Greek  words,  as  those  languages  are     and  the  secondary,  or  inferior  one,  by  this  mark  ',  as  in  the 


n  

fate, 
far. 

o, 
ft 

—  as  in 

.  .  .  not. 
.  .  .  move. 

fat. 
fall. 

Q, 

n 



.  .  .  tube. 
.  .  .  twb. 

e 

me. 
met. 
her. 
pine, 
pin. 
note. 

Com 

Ger.  nac 

u, 
I 

OS 

9, 

our 
At 

„ 

nts. 

TH  
th 

.  .  .  bull. 
.  ..  Sc.  abune(Fr.u) 
...  oil. 
.  .  .  potmd. 
...  So.  fej/(=e+i). 

as  in  (Aen. 
(Am 

a 

i' 

6  

ch,    .  as  in    . 
ch, 
j, 

1 

•ft 

cAain. 
Sc.  locA, 
job. 
go. 
Fr.  ton. 
sby. 

w  

,  ,     wig. 

wh,  

,,     whig. 

zh  

,  ,    azure 

pronounced  in  England. 


word  excommu'nica"tion. 


CHEMICAL  ELEMENTS  AND  SYMBOLS. 

By  means  of  chemical  symbols,  or  formulas,  the  composition  of  the  most  complicated  substances  can  be  very 
easily  expressed,  and  that,  too,  in  a  very  small  compass.  An  abbreviated  expression  of  this  kind  often  gives,  in  a 
single  line,  more  information  as  to  details  than  could  be  given  in  many  lines  of  letterpress. 


Elements.  Symbols. 

Aluminium Al 

Antimony  (Stibium),  .    .    .  Sb 

Arsenic, As 

Barium, Ba 

Bismuth, Bl 

Boron B 

Bromine Br 

Cadmium Cd 

Cassium Cs 

Calcium, Ca 

Carbon C 

Cerium Ce 

Chlorine Cl 

Chromium, Cr 

Cobalt, Co 

Copper  (Cuprum),  ....  Cu 

Didymium D 

Erbium E 

Fluorine, F 

Glucinium G 

Gold  (Aurum), Au 

Hydrogen H 

Indium In 

Iodine I 

Iridium, Ir 

Iron  (Ferrum), Fe 

Lanthanium La 

Lead  (Plumbum),    .    .    .    .  Pb 

Lithium L 

Magnesium Mg 

Manganese,    ......  Mn 

Mercury  (Hydrargyrum),    .  Hg 


Elements.  Symbols. 

Molybdenum Mo 

Nickel Nl 

Niobium Nt 

Nitrogen, N 

Osmium, Os 

Oxygen,    O 

Palladium Pd 

Phosphorus, P 

Platinum Pt 

Potassium  (Kalium),      .    .  K 

Rhodium .  R 

Rubidium Rb 

Ruthenium, Ru 

Selenium So 

Silicon Si 

Silver  (Argentum).    .     .    .  Ag 
Sodium  (Natrium),    ,     .     .  Na 

Strontium Sr 

Sulphur, S 

Tantalum, Ta 

Tellurium Te 

Thallium, Tl 

Thorium, Th 

Tin  (Stannum),      .     .     .    .  Sn 

Titanium Tl 

Tungsten  (Wolfram),     .    .  W 

Uranium, U 

Vanadium V 

Yttrium Y 

Zinc Zn 

Zirconium Zr 


When  any  of  the  above  symbols  stands  by  itself  it  indi- 
cates one  atom  of  the  element  it  represents.  Thus,  H 
stands  for  one  atom  of  hydrogen,  O  for  one  atom  of  oxygen, 
and  Cl  for  one  atom  of  chlorine.  (See  ATOM,  and  Atomic 
theory  under  ATOMIC,  in  Dictionary.) 


When  a  symbol  has  a  small  figure  or  number  under- 
written, and  to  the  right  of  it,  such  figure  or  number  indi- 
cates the  number  of  atoms  of  the  element.  Thus — 02 
signifies  two  atoms  of  oxygen,  S5  five  atoms  of  sulphur,  and 
do  ten  atoms  of  carbon. 

When  two  or  more  elements  are  united  to  form  a  chemi- 
cal compound,  their  symbols  are  written  one  after  the 
other,  to  indicate  the  compound.  Thus — H2O  means  water, 
a  compound  of  two  atoms  of  hydrogen  and  one  of  oxygen ; 
CijHzjOu  indicates  cane-sugar,  a  compound  of  twelve 
atoms  of  carbon,  twenty-two  of  hydrogen,  and  eleven  of 
oxygen. 

These  two  expressions  as  they  stand  denote  respectively 
a  molecule  of  the  substance  they  represent,  that  is,  the 
smallest  possible  quantity  of  it  capable  of  existing  in  the 
free  state.  To  express  several  molecules  a  large  figure  is 
prefixed,  thus :  2  H2  0  represents  two  molecules  of  water, 
4(Ci2H2.jOu)  four  molecules  of  cane-sugar. 

When  a  compound  is  formed  of  two  or  more  compounds 
the  symbolical  expressions  for  the  compound  are  usually 
connected  together  by  a  comma;  thus,  the  crystallized 
magnesic  sulphate  is  MgS04 ,  7  H20.  The  symbols  may  also 
be  used  to  express  the  changes  which  occur  during  chemical 
action,  and  they  are  then  written  in  the  form  of  an  equa- 
tion, of  which  one  side  represents  the  substances  as  they 
exist  before  the  change,  the  other  the  result  of  the  reaction. 
Thus,  2H2-l-Oj=:2H2O  expresses  the  fact  that  two  mole- 
cules of  hydrogen,  each  containing  two  atoms,  and  one  of 
oxygen,  also  containing  two  atoms,  combine  to  give  two 
molecules  of  water,  each  of  them  containing  two  atoms  of 
hydrogen  and  one  of  oxygen. 


(vii) 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


a.  or  adj. 
abbrev. 

stands  for  adjective. 
.  .  .     abbreviation,  abbreviated. 

yah.    stands  for  galvanism, 
genit.         ...        genitive. 

/;.        stands  for  participle. 
palceon.      ...         palieontology. 

ace. 
act. 

accusative, 
active. 

geog. 
geol. 

geography, 
geology. 

part. 

pass. 

participle, 
passive. 

adv. 

adverb. 

aeom.          .„ 

geometry. 

pathol. 

pathology. 

agri. 

agriculture. 

Goth. 

Gothic. 

pejor. 

pejorative. 

alff. 

algebra. 

Or. 

Greek. 

Per. 

Persic  or  Persian. 

Amer. 

American. 

gram. 

grammar. 

perf  . 

perfect. 

anat. 

anatomy. 

gun. 

gunnery. 

pers. 

person. 

anc. 

ancient. 

Heb. 

Hebrew. 

nersp. 

perspective. 

antiq. 

antiquities. 

her. 

heraldry. 

Peruv. 

Peruvian. 

aor. 

aorist,  aoristic. 

Hind. 

Hindostanee,  Hindu,  or 

Pg. 

Portuguese. 

Ar. 

Arabic. 

hist. 

history.                [Hindi. 

phar. 

pharmacy. 

arch. 

architecture. 

luirt. 

horticulture. 

p/t  Hot. 

philology. 

arcficeol. 
arith. 

archaeology, 
arithmetic. 

Hung. 

hydros. 

Hungarian, 
hydrostatics. 

pit  <7o,«. 
Phoen. 

philosophy. 
Phoenician. 

Armor. 

Armoric. 

Icel. 

Icelandic. 

photog. 

photography. 

art. 

article. 

idi. 

ichthyology. 

phren. 

phrenology. 

A.  Sax. 

Anglo-Saxon. 

imper. 

imperative. 

phys.  (/cog.  .. 

physical  geography. 

(istrol. 

astrology. 

imperf  . 

imperfect. 

physiol. 

physiology. 

astron. 

astronomy. 

impers. 

impersonal. 

pi. 

plural. 

at.  wt. 

atomic  weight. 

incept. 

inceptive. 

Pl.D. 

Platt  Dutch. 

aug. 

augmentative. 

ind. 

indicative. 

pneum. 

pneumatics. 

Bav. 

Bavarian  dialect. 

Ind. 

Indie. 

poet. 

poetical. 

l,iol. 

biology. 

indef. 

indefinite. 

Pol. 

Polish. 

Bohcm. 

Bohemian. 

Indo-Eur.  ... 

Indo-European. 

pol.  econ.    .. 

political  economy. 

lot. 

botany. 

inf. 

infinitive. 

poss. 

possessive. 

Braz. 
Bret 

Brazilian. 

in  tens. 

intensive. 

pp. 

titir 

past  participle. 

Buig. 

Bulgarian. 

Ir. 

Irish. 

ppr. 
Pr. 

Provencal. 

Catal. 

Catalonian. 

Iran. 

Iranian. 

prep. 

preposition. 

carp. 

carpentry. 

It. 

Italian. 

pres. 

present. 

caus. 

causative. 

L. 

Latin. 

pret. 

preterite. 

Celt. 

Celtic. 

Ian. 

language. 

priv. 

privative. 

Chal. 

Chaldee. 

Lett. 

Lettish. 

pron. 

.  pronunciation,  pronounced. 

ehem. 

chemistry. 

L.G. 

Low  German. 

pron. 

pronoun. 

citron. 

chronology. 

lit. 

literal,  literally. 

pros. 

prosody. 

Class. 

Classical  (  =  Greek  and 

Lith. 

Lithuanian. 

prov. 

provincial. 

Latin). 

L.L. 

late  Latin,  low  do. 

psychol. 

psychology. 

cog. 

cognate,  cognate  with. 

mack. 

machinery. 

rail. 

railways. 

colloq. 

colloquial. 

maintf. 

manufactures. 

R.Cath.Ch.. 

Roman  Catholic  Church. 

com. 

commerce. 

masc. 

masculine. 

rhft. 

rhetoric. 

comp. 

compare. 

mat/i. 

mathematics. 

Rom.antii/.. 

Roman  antiquities. 

compar. 

comparative. 

•meek. 

mechanics. 

Rus. 

Russian. 

ctniclt. 

conchology  . 

med. 

medicine. 

Sax. 

Saxon. 

COIlj. 

conjunction. 

Med.  L.      ... 

Medieval  Latin. 

So. 

Scotch. 

contr. 

contraction,  contracted. 

mensur. 

mensuration. 

Scand. 

Scandinavian. 

Corn. 

Cornish. 

mttal. 

metallurgy. 

Scrip. 

Scripture. 

crystal. 

Cym. 

crystallography. 
Cymric. 

metaph. 
vietfor. 

metaphysics, 
meteorology. 

xcnfp. 
Sem. 

sculpture. 
Semitic. 

D. 

Dutch. 

Mex. 

Mexican. 

Serv. 

Servian. 

Dan. 

Danish. 

M.H.G.      ... 

Middle  High  German. 

sing. 

singular. 

flat. 

dative. 

mil  it. 

military. 

Skr. 

Sanskrit. 

def. 

definite. 

mineral. 

mineralogy. 

Slav. 

Slavonic,  Slavic. 

deriv. 

derivation. 

Mod.  Fr.    ... 

Modern  French. 

Sp. 

Spanish. 

dial, 
dim. 

dialect,  dialectal, 
diminutive. 

myth. 
N. 

mythology. 
Norse,  Norwegian. 

sp.  gr. 
stat. 

specific  gravity, 
statute. 

distrib. 

distributive. 

n. 

noun. 

subj. 

subjunctive. 

dram. 

drama,  dramatic. 

nat.  hist.     ... 

natural  history. 

superl. 

superlative. 

dtpi. 

dynamics. 

nat.  order,  .  .  . 

natural  order. 

surg. 

surgery. 

E'.,  Eng 
eccles. 

English, 
ecclesiastical. 

nat.  p/til.    ... 
naitt. 

natural  philosophy, 
nautical. 

sttrv. 
Sw. 

surveying. 
Swedish. 

Egypt. 

Egyptian. 

navig. 

navigation. 

sym. 

symbol. 

fleet. 

electricity. 

neg. 

negative. 

syn. 

synonym. 

engin. 

engineering. 

neut. 

neuter. 

Syr. 

Syriac. 

fngr. 

engraving. 

N.H.G.      ... 

New  High  German. 

Tart. 

Tartar. 

attorn. 

entomology. 

nom. 

nominative. 

technol. 

technology. 

Eth. 

Ethiopia. 

Norm. 

Norman. 

teleg. 

telegraphy. 

ti/m. 

ethnography  .ethnology. 

North.  E.  ... 

Northern  English. 

term. 

termination. 

efi/m. 

etymology. 

HUM  ig. 

numismatics. 

Teut. 

Teutonic. 

E'ur. 

European. 

obj. 

objective. 

theol. 

theology. 

ejcclam. 

exclamation. 

obs. 

obsolete. 

toricol. 

toxicology. 

fem. 

feminine. 

obsoles. 

obsolescent. 

triyoii. 

trigonometry. 

fe- 

figuratively. 

0.  Bulg.     ... 

Old  Bulgarian(Ch.Slavic). 

Turk. 

Turkish. 

rn. 

Flemish. 

O.E. 

Old  English  (i.e.  English 

tifpog. 

typography. 

fort. 

fortification. 

between  A  .  Saxon  and 

var. 

variety  (of  species). 

Fr. 

French. 

Modern  English). 

v.i. 

verb  intransitive. 

freq. 

frequentative. 

0.  Fr. 

Old  French. 

v.n. 

verb  neuter. 

Fris. 

Frisian. 

O.H.G.      .. 

Old  High  German. 

v.t. 

verb  transitive. 

fat. 

future. 

O.Prus.       .. 

Old  Prussian. 

W. 

Welsh. 

G. 

German. 

O.Sax.       ... 

Old  Saxon. 

zool. 

zoology. 

Gael. 

Gaelic. 

ornit/t. 

ornithology. 

t 

obsolete. 

(A  Key  to  the  Authorities  quoted  icill  be  given  on  the,  completion  ofthf  Work}. 

(viii) 


THE 


IMPEEIAL    DICTIONARY 


ENGLISH,  TECHNOLOGICAL,  AND   SCIENTIFIC. 


A,  the  first  letter  in  the  English  alphabet,  as 
well  as  in  the  other  alphabets  derived  from 
the  Greek  and  Latin  and  ultimately  from 
the  Phoenician.  As  an  alphabetical  charac- 
ter it  represents  in  Knglish  written  ami 
printed  words  a  number  of  different  vowel 
sounds,  of  which  several  at  least  would,  in 
a  more  perfect  alphabet,  be  represented  by 
separate  characters.  Its  principal  sounds 
are  those  heard  (1)  in  far,  father;  (2)  man, 
cat;  (3)  fall,  walk;  (4)  mate,  pare.  Of  these 
sounds  the  first  (which  we  may  call  the  aA- 
souud)  is  the  oldest  and  the  one  that  may 
be  said  to  belong  most  legitimately  to  the 
character,  being  the  one  also  which,  ap- 
proximately at  least,  attaches  to  it  in  most 
other  languages.  This  is  one  of  those  that 
are  considered  to  be  the  three  primary  and 
original  vowel  sounds  of  the  Indo-European 
languages,  the  others  being  i  and  u,  pro- 
nounced as  in  chagrin  and  rule.  It  is,  per- 
haps, the  simplest  and  easiest  of  all  the 
vowel  sounds,  being  formed  by  a  simple 
opening  of  the  mouth  and  utterance  of 
voice,  accompanied  by  a  gentle  depression 
of  the  back  part  of  the  tongue.  It  is  more 
distinctly  vocal  than  either  i  or  u,  these 
latter  having  a  close  affinity  with  and  ten- 
dency to  merge  into  the  consonantal  sounds 
of  y  and  w,  while  its  vocal  character  is 
always  unmistakable.  It  is  also  regarded 
as  a  stronger  and  more  primitive  sound  than 
i  and  u,  which,  when  we  trace  the  history 
of  words,  have  in  a  great  many  instances 
been  found  to  arise  from  a  weakening  of  an 
original  aA-sound,  while  a  change  in  the 
opposite  direction  is  very  rare.  The  other 
two  vowels,  e  and  o,  it  may  be  remarked 
are  still  later  in  character  than  i  and  u: 
the  former  comes  midway  between  a  and  i  if 
we  change  the  position  of  the  vocal  organs 
gradually  from  that  necessary  for  the  aA- 
sound  to  that  necessary  for  i,  and  in  like 
manner  o  comes  midway  between  a  and  u. 
Many  Knglish  words  exemplify  the  change 
of  an  original  aA-sound  to  some  other  vowel 
sound,  as  for  instance,  is,  do,  mother,  brother, 
kin,  thin,  ttu.,  in  all  which  the  root-vowel 
was  originally  a.  The  aft-sound  (with  which 
may  be  ranked  the  slightly  different  vocal 
sound  in  fast,  grant,  <fcc.)  now  occurs  in  few 
English  words,  in  far  fewer  certainly  than 
in  Anglo-Saxon  and  later,  though  to  what 
extent  the  sound  formerly  prevailed  is  some- 
what difficult  to  decide.  In  Anglo-Saxon 
the  letter  a  represented  at  least  two  princi- 
pal sounds,  a  shorter  and  a  longer  (the  latter 
often  marked  with  an  accent).  The  shorter 
was  no  doubt  similar  in  quality  to  the  a  of 
father,  though  shorter.  Many  words  in 
which  this  sound  occurred  might  be  written 
indifferently  with  o;  thus  monn  as  well  as 
n'ii  mi,  hond  as  well  as  hand,  f ram  or  from, 
Ac.  The  long  or  accented  a  (d,d)  had  no 
doubt  the  same  sound  as  a  in  father,  though 
perhaps  it  may  have  also  had  a  sound  simi- 
lar to  our  a  in /all.  This  a  often  represents 
an  older  diphthongal  niseen  in  Gothic;  thus 
A.  Sax.  Itilm,  home  =  Goth.  haim,  G.  heim; 
A.  Sax.  hldf,  a  loaf  =  Goth,  hlatf.  In  mo- 
dern Knglish  it  has  most  commonly  passed 
into  long  o— comp.  A.  Sax.  hdtn,  E.  home; 
A.  Sax.  Idr,  E.  lore;  A.  Sax.  rdd,  E.  road, 


Ac.  The  sound  of  a  in  fall  is  now  met  with 
in  a  large  number  of  English  words,  especi- 
ally before  (;  it  forms  an  intermediate  step 
in  pronunciation  between  the  aA-sound  in 
father  and  the  o  in  home.  The  same  sound 
is  also  represented  by  the  combinations  au, 
aw,  as  in  vault,  claw,  which  are  only  diph- 
thongs in  appearance.  There  is  also  a  short 
sound  corresponding  to  this,  namely,  that 
heard  in  what,  want,  quality.  Intermediate 
between  the  aA-sound  and  the  e-sound  comes 
the  sound  of  a  in  man,  now  one  of  those 
most  commonly  represented  by  this  charac- 
ter. It  is  a  comparatively  modern  and  pecu- 
liarly English  modification  of  the  aA-sound, 
difficult  for  foreigners  to  acquire.  In  Anglo- 
Saxon  this  sound,  or  a  sound  very  similar, 
was  represented  by  ce,  as  in  glwd=E.  glad; 
bcec,  E.  back.  The  same  character  was  also 
frequently  used  to  represent  our  short 
«-sound,  as  in  A.  Sax.  lcedde  =  K  led;  A.  Sax. 
lasso,  =  E.  less.  It  seems  often  to  have  repre- 
sented a  local  and  especially  a  southern 
modification  of  the  fuller  aA-sound,  thus 
father,  one  of  the  few  words  in  which  the 
old  aA-sound  is  still  j  renounced,  was  in  the 
Anglo-Saxon  of  the  south  written  feeder,  in 
the  north  fadur,  fader.  This  character 
was  hardly  used  after  the  beginning  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  being  replaced  as  a  rule 
either  by  a  with  the  aA-sound  or  by  e.  The 
#*-sound  (a  in  man)  thus  to  some  extent 
gave  place  to  the  aA-sound,  though  in 
modern  times  it  has  more  than  regained 
its  footing.  There  was  also  a  long  or  ac- 
cented ce ;  it  has  now  commonly  become  ee, 
or  the  same  sound.  Another  very  common 
sound  of  a  is  what  is  often  called  the  long  or 
name  sound  of  the  letter,  that  which  it  has 
namely  when  before  a  final  consonant  with 
e  mute,  as  in  mare,  bare,  mate,  pale.  Here 
the  final  e  serves  merely  to  mark  the  modi- 
fication of  the  sound  of  the  a,  which  thus 
resembles  in  character  as  in  sound  the  Ger- 
man a  modified  (a  or  a).  Strictly  speaking 
the  a  of  mare,  bare,  differs  from  that  of 
mate,  pale,  the  former  being  a  pure  vowel, 
while  the  latter,  according  to  what  is  con- 
sidered the  correct  pronunciation,  is  not  a 
true  vowel,  but  diphthongal  in  character, 
a  slight  i  being  heard  after  the  a  or  ra- 
ther e  sound.  These  are  the  chief  varieties 
of  sound  which  this  letter  has  to  represent. 
Less  important  are  the  sounds  heard  in  an//, 
many,  and  the  obscure  sound  heard  in 
riband,  and  in  the  final  a  of  America. 
Though  a  very  common  letter,  a  occurs  as 
a  final  only  in  the  words  Jlea,  lea,  pea, 
plea,  sea,  tea,  yea.  Formerly  (in  Anglo- 
Saxon)  it  was  common  enough  in  this  posi- 
tion. Nor  is  it  ever  doubled,  in  which 
respect  it  resembles  i  and  u,  —This  let- 
ter often  stands  in  abbreviations,  as  in 
A.0.,  for  anno  domini  (in  the  year  of  our 
Lord),  A.B.,  A.M.,  art.ium  baccalaurevs,  and 
artiutn  magister,  bachelor  and  master  of 
aits. 

A,  indefinite  art. ,  the  form  of  an  used  before 
consonants  and  words  beginning  with  a  con- 
sonant sound;  as,  a  man,  a  woman,  a  year, 
a  union,  a  eulogy,  a  oneness.  This  form 
first  appears  about  the  beginning  of  the 
thirteenth  century.  It  is  placed  before 


nouns  of  the  singular  number,  and  also 
before  plural  nouns  when  few  or  great  many 
is  interposed.  In  such  phrases  as  a  hundred 
a  year,  a  pound  a  head,  it  more  clearly  re- 
tains its  power  as  a  numeral,  and  is  practi- 
cally equal  to  the  distributive  pronoun  each. 
See  further  under  AN. 

A,  as  a  prefix,  or  initial  and  generally  insepar- 
able particle,  is  a  relic  of  both  Teutonic  and 
Classical  particles.  1.  As  a  Teutonic  prefix 
it  is  of  very  heterogeneousorfgin,and  in  par- 
ticular cases  there  is  often  difficulty  in  de- 
termining with  certainty  to  what  older  par- 
ticle or  particles  it  must  be  referred.  It 
of  ten  represents  prepositions,  especially  on, 
A.  Sax.  o?i,  an,  as  in  aback  (A.  Sax.  onbcec, 
and  also  gebcec),amidnt(A..  Sax.  on  middan). 
asleep  ('fell  on  sleep,'  Acts  xiii.  36),  afoot 
(also  on  foot),  aboard  (also  on  board),  aloft 
(on  loft  in  Chaucer),  alive  (on  live  in  Chaucer^), 
asunder  (A.  Sax.  onsundran),  Ac.  This  is 
also  the  separable  prefix  a-  that  is  prefixed 
to  verbal  nouns,  as  in  a-hitnting,  a-fish- 
ing.  It  is  doubtful,  however,  whether  the 
a-  in  all  these  words  directly  represents 
the  A.  Sax.  on;  it  seems  rather  to  represent 
the  Icel.  d,  on,  upon,  which  is  of  course 
etymologically  the  same  word  (comp.  Icel. 
d  baki,  aback,  d  lopti,  aloft,  d  lift,  alive, 
Ac.).  Another  preposition  represented  by 
it  is  of  (A.  Sax.  of,  af),  as  in  admen  (A.  Sax. 
of  dune),  off  the  down  or  height,  down- 
wards. In  a-days  (in  now-a-days)  and  in 
a-nights  it  represents  an  of  with  a  some- 
what different  meaning.  In  afore  it  re- 
presents at  (A.  Sax.  (?tfore\  Prefixed  to 
verbs  it  represents  the  A.  Sax.  particle  d, 
which  was  often  prefixed  with  an  intensive 
force,  as  in  arise,  awake,  arouse,  but  in  many 
cases  it  is  difficult  to  discern  any  distinction 
in  meaning  between  the  compound  and  the 
simple  word.  The  particle  ge  was  simi- 
larly used,  and  in  abide,  abear,  the  a  mny 
represent  either.  The  initial  syllable  in 
aright,  aware,  Ac.,  appears  to  be  of  the 
same  doubtful  origin.  In  ago,  aby,  the  a 
represents  the  old  A.  Sax.  particle  A  in 
another  sense,  namely,  that  of  away,  back. 
In  ashamed,  afeared,  it  represents  an  old 
intensive  of.  Eng.  among  represents  the 
A.Sax.  amang,  onmang,  ongertiang,  gemang; 
along  represents  andtang,  endlong,  gelang; 
and-  here  =  Goth.  anda,  back,  an-  in  answer. 
2.  As  a  classical  or  Romance  prefix  it  re- 
presents: (a)  L.  arf,  to;  as,  ascend,  from  ad, 
and  scando,  to  climb,  (b)  L.  a  or  ab,  from; 
as,  avert,  from  a,  and  verto,  to  turn,  (c)  L. 
f  or  ex,  out  of ;  as,  amend  ( Fr.  amender, 
from  L.  emendare,  compounded  of  e  or  ex, 
and  tnenda,  a  fault),  (d)  Gr.  a,  neg.  or  priv. ; 
as,  amorphoiis,  from  a,  not,  and  morphe, 
shape;  anonymous,  from  a,  not,  and  onoma, 
a  name. 

A,  in  mvsic,  the  name  of  the  sixth  note  of  the 
model  or  natural  diatonic  scale  of  C;  the 
la  of  continental  musicians.  It  is  the  first 
note  in  the  relative  minor  scale.  It  is  the 
note  sounded  by  the  open  second  string  of 
the  violin,  and  to  it  as  given  by  a  fixed 
toned  instrument  (say  the  olxie  or  organ) 
all  the  instruments  of  the  orchestra  are 
tuned. 

A.    I.  (With  short  sound.)   An  old  (and  also  a 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met.  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;      ii,  Sc.  abwne;      y.  Sc.  fey. 
ch,  Mara;      eh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J,  job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  toAig;      zh,  azure. —See  KEY. 
VOL.  I.  1 


Al 


ABANDON 


modern  vulgar)  corruption  for  he,  have,  I, 

A  babbled  of  green  fields.        Shah. 
I  had  not  thought  my  body  could  a  yielded. 

BeaH.  fy  Ft, 

2.  (With  long  sound.)   Scotch  or  Northern 
English  for  all. 

Al.    1.  A  combination  of  characters  applied 
to  a  vessel  of  the  highest  class  in  Lloyd's 
register  of  shipping.  Iron  vessels  are  classed 
Al  with  a  numeral  prefixed,  as  100  Al,  90  Al 
(the  numeral  denoting  that  they  are  built 
respectively  according  to  certain  specifica- 
tions), and  they  retain  their  character  so 
long  as  on  careful  survey  they  are  found  in 
a  flt  and  efficient  condition  to  carry  dry  and 
perishable  cargoes  to  and  from  all  parts  of 
the  world.    Wood  and  composite  vessels  are 
classed  Al  for  a  term  of  years  (hence  such 
expressions  as  12  Al,  &c.),  subject  to  survey. 
Al  in  red  denotes  vessels  that  have  already 
been  classed  Al    in  black,  but   are  now 
reduced  to  the  second  class.     The  letter  A 
denotes  the  first-class  character  of  the  hull 
for  build  and   seaworthiness;    the   figure 
1  that  the  vessel  is  well  found  in  rigging, 
gear,  <tc.    When  fittings  and  equipment  are 
insufficient  the  1  is  omitted.    There  is  now 
no  A2  class. —JS,  in  black  marks  the  third 
class.— 2.  Used  figuratively  as  an  adjective, 
to  denote  excellence  generally;  first-class; 
as,  an  Al  speaker.    [Colloq.  or  vulgar.] 
Aam  (am),  n.    [Written  also  Aunt,  Awm, 
the  same  word  as  D.  aam,  a  liquid  measure; 
0.  ahm  and  ohm,  Icel.  ama,  all  from  L.L. 
tuna,  a  tub,  a  tierce,  from  L.  hatnu,  Gr. 
ami  and  hame,  a  water-bucket,  a  pail.)    A 
measure  of  liquids  formerly  or  still  to  some 
extent  in  use  in  Holland  and  various  coun- 
tries of  northern  Europe,  usually  containing 
about  30  gals,  more  or  less. 
Aardvark  (ard'vark),  n.    [D.  aortic,  earth, 
and  varken,   a  pig.]     The  ground-hog  or 
earth-pigof  South  Africa.  SeeOUYCTEKOPUS. 
Aardwolf  (iird'wulf),  n.    [D.  aarde,  earth, 
ami  wolf,  a  wolf.]    The  earth-wolf  of  South 
Africa.    See  PROTELES. 
Aaron  (a'ron),  n.    A  corruption  of  Arum, 
sometimes  used  as  the  name  of  a  British 
plant,  Arum  inaculatuin.     See  ARUM. 
Aaronic,  Aaronical  (a-rou'ik,  a-ron'ik-al), 
a.  [Heb.  aaron,  perhaps,  says  Gesenius,  the 
same  with  haron,  a  mountaineer,  from  ha- 
ram,  to  be  high.]  Pertaining  to  Aaron,  the 
Jewish  high-priest,  or  to  the  priesthood  of 
which  he  was  the  head. 
Aaronite  (a'ron-it),  ».    A  descendant  of 
Aaron,  who  served  as  a  priest  in  the  sanc- 
tuary or  in  the  temple. 
Aaron's-beard  (a'ronz-berd),  n.    A  popular 
name  for  Llypertcum  cali/cinum,  a  dwarf 
evergreen  shrub  with  trailing  underground 
stems,   commonly  planted  on   banks  and 
rockeries. 

Aaron's-rod  (a'ronz-rod),  n.  In  arch,  a  rod 
with  one  serpent  twined  round  it :  some- 
times confounded  with  caduceui,  the  rod  of 
Mercury,  which  has  two  serpents. 
Ab.  A  prefix  in  words  of  Latin  origin,  de- 
noting disjunction,  separation,  or  depar- 
ture, as  abduct,  abjure.  Before  c  and  Ml 
generally  becomes  abs,  as  abscond,  abstain, 
before  v  and  m,  a.  as  avert,  amentia.  II 
is  a  Latin  preposition,  and  etytnologically 
the  same  as  the  Skr.  apa,  Gr.  apo,  G.  ab, 
Goth.  Sw.  and  Dan.  af,  E.  of,  off. 
Ab(ab),  n.  [Of  Syriac  origin.  ]  The  eleventh 
month  of  the  Jewish  civil  year,  and  the  fifth 
of  the  ecclesiastical  year,  answering  to  a 
part  of  July  and  a  part  of  August.  In  the 
Syriac  calendar  Ab  is  the  last  summer 
month. 

Abaca  (ab'a-ka),  n.  The  Philippine  name  of 
the  plant  Musa,  textilis.  which  yields  the 
Manilla-hemp  from  which  ropes,  mats,  and 
fine  fabrics  are  prepared. 
Abaciscus  (ab-a-sis'kus),  n.  [Dim.  of  abacus.  ] 
In  arch,  (a)  the  square  compartment  of  a 
mosaic  pavement  or  one  of  the  tessene  used 
in  making  such  pavements,  (b)  A  small 
square  tablet  or  bracket  used  for  support- 
ing a  vase  or  other  ornamental  object,  (c)  An 
abacus.  [Rare.  ] 

Abacist  (ab'a-sist),  n.  One  who  uses  an 
abacus  in  casting  accounts;  a  calculator. 
Aback  (a-bak1),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  and  back; 
A.  Sax.  onbcee,  also  geboec,  at,  on,  or  towards 
the  back.  See  BACK..]  1.  Towards  the  back 
or  rear ;  backward. 

They  drew  abacke,  as  hall  with  shame  confound. 
Spenser. 

2.  On  or  at  the  back;  behind;  from  behind. 

His  gallic   .    .    .   being  set  upon  both  before  and 
abacke.  Knolles. 


3.  Away;  aloof.    [Scotch.] 

O  would  they  stay  aback  frae  courts, 

An'  please  themsels  wi'  countra  sports.    Burns. 

4.  Naut.  pressed  aft  or  against  the  mast  by 
wind  or  otherwise  :  said  of  sails.  —To  brace 
aback,  to  swing  (the  yards)  round  so  that  the 
sails  may  be  aback. 

Brace  the  foremost  yards  aback.       Falconer. 
—Taken  aback,   (a)  Naut.  said  of  a  vessel's 
sails  when  caught  suddenly  by  the  wind  in 


• 


such  a  way  that  it  presses  them  aft  against 
the  mast.  Hence,  (b)  Fig.  suddenly  or  un- 
expectedly checked,  confounded,  or  disap- 
pointed :  said  of  a  person  ;  as,  he  was  quite 
taken  aback  when  I  told  him  his  plot  was 
found  out—  Laid  aback  (naut.).  said  of  sails 
(or  a  vessel)  when  they  are  placed  in  the 
same  position  as  when  they  are  taken  aback, 
in  order  to  effect  an  immediate  retreat,  or 
to  give  the  ship  sternway.  so  as  to  avoid 
some  danger  discovered  before  her. 
Abackt  (ab'ak),  ».  [See  ABACUS.]  An 
abacus  or  something  resembling  one,  as  a 
flat,  square  stone,  or  a  square  compart- 

Abacot,  Abocock  (ab'a-kot,  ab'o-kok),  n. 
[This  word  is  also  written  Abococked,  Abo- 
cocket,  and  is  probably  derived  from  L. 
abacus  (which  see)  in  the  architectural  sense, 
from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  shape.  Comp. 
mitre  for  a  similar  combination  of  meanings. 
The  form  Bycicket,  which  also  occurs  with 
the  same  meaning,  may  either  be  a  corrup- 
tion or  more 
probably  has  a 
different  origin, 
viz.  bi  (L.  bis),  Mkl^T  i 

double,  and  Fr.     , ^d_*_f 

coque,  a   shell, 

formerly       per-          Abacot,  from  gre«  seal 

haps   a   cap,  a  of  Henry  VII. 

hood,  from    its 

being  turned  or  doubled  up.]  A  kind  of 
cap  anciently  worn  by  men  of  rank.  See 
the  following  extract. 

It  is,  I  think,  evident  that  the  abocock  or  bycocket 
was  the  cap  so  frequently  seen  in  illuminations  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  turned  up  behind,  coining  to  a  peak 
in  front,  varying  and  gradually  decreasing  in  height, 
encircled  with  a  crown  when  worn  by  regal  person- 
ages, and  similar  to  if  not  identical  with  what  is  now 
called  the  knight's  chapeau.  Pianette1. 

Abactor  (ab-ak'ter),  n.  [L.,  from  abiyo, 
abactum,  to  drive  away— ab,  from,  away, 
and  0170,  actum,  to  drive.]  In  law,  one  that 
feloniously  drives  away  or  steals  a  herd  or 
numbers  of  cattle  at  once,  in  distinction 
from  one  who  steals  a  single  beast  or  two. 

Abaculus  (ab-ak'u-lus),  n.  (L.,  dim.  of 
abacus.]  A  small  tile  of  glass,  marble,  or 
other  substance,  of  various  colours,  used  in 
making  patterns  in  mosaic  pavement. 

Abacus  (ab'a-kus),  n.  [L.  abacus,  and  abax, 
an  abacus,  a  gaming-board,  a  sideboard,  etc. ; 
Gr.  abaa:,  a  square  tablet,  a  slab  or  board 
for  reckoning  on.  Origin  doubtful;  derived 
by  some  from  Phcsn.  aba*,  sand  strewn  on  a 
surface  for  writing,  because  the  ancients 
used  tables  covered  with  sand  on  which  to 
make  figures  and  diagrams ;  by  others  de- 
rived from  the  names  of  the  first  letters  of 
the  Greek  alphabet.  ]  1.  A  tray  strewn  with 
dust  or  sand  anciently  used  for  calculating. 


Abacus  for  Calculations. 


2.  A  contrivance  for  calculation,  used,  with 
some  variations  of  structure,  by  the  Greeks 
and  Romans,  at  least  in  later  times,  and  still 
used  by  the  Chinese,  who  call  it  shwanpan, 


Doric  Capital. 
A,  The  Abacus. 


Ionic  Capital. 
A,  The  Abacus. 


and  also  in  many  modern  schools  for  teach- 
ing children  the  elementary  operations  of 
arithmetic.  It  consists  of  an  oblong  frame, 
across  which  are 
stretched  several 
wires,  each  sup- 
plied with  ten 
balls.  The  balls 
on  the  under  wire 
represent  units ; 
those  on  the  next 
above  it,  tens;  and 
so  on  to  hun- 
dreds, thousands, 
&c.  The  balls  at 
the  left  end  of  the  engraved  abacus  repre- 
sent the  number  241,7511;  those  at  the  right 
end  are  the  spare  ones.  Called  also  Aba- 
cttxl'ytftatforicus. 
3.  In  arch,  (a) 
a  table  consti- 
tuting the  up- 
per member  or 
crowning  of  a 
column  and  its 
capital.  In  the 
Grecian  Doric  it 
has  simply  the 
form  of  a  flat 
square  tile  with- 
out either  chamfer  or  moulding,  but  gener- 
ally it  has  a  more  ornamental  character, 
and  in  the  richer  orders  it  parts  with  its 
original  form,  the  four  sides  or  faces  of  it 
being  arched  or  cut  inwards,  and  having  at 
the  middle  of  each  a  rose  or  other  carved 
ornament,  (b)  Any  rectangular  slab  or 
piece,  as  a  square  marble  or  porcelain  tablet 
let  into  a  wall,  a  compartment  in  a  mosaic 
floor,  or  the  like.— Abacus  harmonious,  in 
one.  music,  a  diagram  of  the  notes  with  their 
names.  —  Abacus  Pythagoricus.  See  this 
word,  2. 

Abaddon  (ab-ad'dun),  n.  [Heb.  abod,  to  be 
lost  or  destroyed.  ]  1.  The  destroyer,  or  angel 
of  the  bottomless  pit.  Rev.  ix.  11.— 2.  The 
bottomless  pit ;  the  depth  of  hell.  Hilton. 
Abaft (a-baf tO,  adu.  or  prep.  [Prefix  a,  on,  at, 
and  bteftan,  be-ceftan,  after,  behind— prefix 
be,  by,  and  aeftan,  irft,  E.  aft,  behind.  See 
APT,  AFTER.)  Kant,  in  oral  the  back  or 
hinder  part  of  a  ship,  or  the  parts  which  lie 
towards  the  stern:  opposed  to  afore;  rela- 
tively, denoting  further  aft,  or  towards  the 
stern;  as,  aba/£  the  main  mast. — Abaft  the 
beam  implies  that  the  relative  situation  of 
the  object  spoken  of  is  in  some  part  of  the 
horizon  contained  between  a  line  drawn  at 
right  angles  to  the  keel  and  the  point  to 
which  the  ship's  stern  is  directed.  See  AFT. 
Abalsance  (a-ba'sans),  n.  [An  altered  form 
of  Obeisance,  under  the  influence  of  A  base.  ] 
Same  as  Obeisance.  Johnson. 
Abalser  (a-ba'ser),  n.  A  name  for  ivory 
black  or  animal  charcoal.  Weale;Simmondi. 
Abalssi  (a-bas-sa).  [Fr.]  In  her.  a  term 
applied  to  the  fesse  or  any  other  bearing 
when  it  is  depressed,  or  situated  below  the 
centre  of  the  shield. 

Abalst,tpp  [See  ABASH.]  Abashed;  discon- 
certed; amazed.  Chaucer. 
Abalienate  (ab-al'yen-at),  t>.(.  pret.  &  pp. 
abalienated ;  ppr.  abalienating.  [L.  abal- 
ieno,  abalienatum,  prep,  ab,  and  alienui, 
foreign.  See  ALIENATE,  ALIENE.  ]  1.  To 
transfer  the  title  of  from  one  to  another ; 
to  make  over  to  another,  as  goods ;  a  term 
of  the  civil  law.— 2.t  To  estrange  or  wholly 
withdraw.  'A  balienate  their  minds.'  Abp. 
Sandys. 

Abalienated  t  (ab-al'yen-at-ed),  a.    In  old 
ined. :  (a)  decayed  or  deranged,  as  the  senses, 
(b)  Benumbed  or  mortified. 
Abaiienatlon  (ab-aryen-a"shon),  n.  The  act 
of  transferring  or  making  over  the  title  to 
property  to  another;  transfer;  estrangement. 
A  ballata  (a  bal-lat'a).     [It.]    In  music,  in 
the  manner  of  a  song  or  ballad.     Also,  the 
chorus  at  the  end  of  a  verse.     Wilson. 
Abandt  (a-bandO,  v.t.   1.  To  abandon  (which 
see).    'The  kingdom  to  abanoV   Spenser.— 
2.  To  exile;  to  expel. 

'Tis  better  far  the  enemies  to  abattd 
Quite  from  thy  borders.         Mir.  for  Mags. 

Abandon  (a-ban'dun), v.  t.  [Fr.  abandonner. 
to  forsake,  to  abandon,  from  prep,  a,  and 
O.Fr.  bandon,  O.E.  bandown,  bandoune, 
command,  jurisdiction,  from  L.L.  bandum, 
bannum,  edict,  proclamation,  from  the 
Tent,  stern  ban.  seen  in  E.  ban.  banns  of 
marriage.  To  abandon  then  is  either  to  put 
to  proclamation,  to  denounce  or  proscribe, 
or  to  give  into  the  bandon  or  power  of 
another.  See  BAN,  BANNS,  BANNER,  BAN- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtine;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ABANDON 


ABATIS 


ISH.]  1.  To  detach  or  withdraw  one's  self 
from:  («)  to  desert;  to  forsake  utU-rly ;  as, 
to  abandon  his  home;  to  abamlon  duty. 
(b)  To  give  up  and  forsake,  as  desperate  or 
lost;  as,  to  abandon  a  hopeless  enterprise 
or  a  sinking  ship,  (c)  To  resign;  forego;  re- 
nounee;  to  relinquish  all  concern  in;  as,  to 
abandon  the  cares  of  empire,  (d)  To  sur- 
render; to  give  up  to  alien  control;  to  yield 
up  without  restraint;  as,  he  abandoned  the 
city  to  the  conqueror.—  2. t  To  outlaw;  to 
banish;  to  drive  out  or  away. 
Being  all  this  time  abandoned  from  your  bed.  Sluik. 

3.  t  To  reject  or  renounce. 

Blessed  shall  ye  be  when  men  shall  hate  you  and 
tt.'i.injiui  your  name  as  evil. 

Luke  vi.  2=  (K  trims  N.  T.). 

4.  In  cowl,  to  relinquish  to  the  underwriters 
all  claim  to,  as  ship  or  goods  insured,  as  a 
preliminary  towards  recovering  fora  total 
loss. — To  abandon  one's  self,  to  yield  one's 
self  up  without  attempt  at  control  or  self- 
restraint;  as,  to  abandon  one's  self  to  grief. 
— Forsake,   Desert,  Abandon.     See   under 
FOKSAKK.—  SYN.  To  desert,  forsake,  resign, 
forego.surrender,  quit,  relinquish, renounce, 
leave. 

Abandon  (a-ban'dun),  n.  [In  flrat  meaning 
borrowed  directly  from  the  French  in  mo- 
dern times.]  1.  Heartiness,  the  result  of 
enthusiasm,  unchecked  by  calculation  of 
risks  or  consequences;  dash;  the  frank,  un- 
restrained demeanour  of  an  impulsive  tem- 
perament; as,  the  Inniskillings  charged  with 
characteristic  abandon;  I  was  charmed  with 
the  abandon  of  her  manners.  [In  this  sense 
the  French  pronunciation  (ab-an-don)  is  fre- 
quently retained.]— 2. t  One  who  or  that 
which  is  abandoned. 

A  friar,  an  abandon  of  the  world.    Sir  F-.  Sandys. 

3.  The  act  of  giving  up  or  relinquishing; 
abandonment. 

These  heavy  exactions  have  occasioned  an  aban- 
don  of  all  mines  but  what  are  of  the  richer  sort. 

Lord  Kaines. 

Abandoned  (a-ban'dund),  p.  and  a.  1.  De- 
serted; utterly  forsaken;  left  to  destruction; 
as,  an  abandoned  ship.  — 2.  Given  up,  as  to 
vice,  especially  to  the  indulgence  of  vicious 
appetites  or  passions;  shamelessly  and  reck- 
lessly wicked;  profligate. 

Where  our  abandoned  youth  she  sees. 
Shipwrecked  in  luxury  and  lost  in  ease.    Prior. 

-Profligate,  Reprobate,  Abandoned.  Pro- 
Jiujate  is  applied  to  one  who  throws  away 
means  and  character  in  pursuit  of  vice 
and  conveys  the  idea  of  depravity  mani- 
fested outwardly  in  conduct;  reprobate  is 
used  with  regard  to  one  who  has  become 
Insensible  to  reproof,  who  steels  himself 
against  what  is  good,  and  even  glories  in 
his  wickedness;  abandoned  is  applied  to  one 
who  has  recklessly  cast  himself  loose  from 
all  moral  restraint,  and  given  himself  up  to 
the  gratification  of  his  vicious  appetites. 

Next  age  will  see 

A  race  more  proji 'ig ale  than  we.      Koscornmon. 

And  even  as  they  did  not  like  to  retain  God  in  their 

knowledge,  God  gave  them  over  toa  reprobate  mind. 

To  be  negligent  of  what  any  one  thinks  of  you, 
ilocs  not  only  show  you  arrogant  but  abandoned. 

SYN.  Forsaken,  deserted,  destitute,  forlorn, 
profligate,  corrupt,  vicious,  depraved,  repro- 
bate, wicked,  heinous,  criminal,  vile,  odious 
detestable. 

Abandonee  (a-ban'dun-e"),  n.  In  law  one 
to  whom  anything  is  abandoned. 

Abandoner  ( a-bau'dun-er ),  n.  One  who 
abandons. 

Abandonment  (a-ban'dun-ment),  n.  1  The 
act  of  abandoning  or  state  of  being  aban- 
doned; absolute  relinquishment;  total  de- 
sertion.—2.  In  marine  insurance,  the  relin- 
quishing to  underwriters  of  all  the  property 
saved,  from  loss  by  shipwreck,  capture  or 
other  peril  stated  in  the  policy,  in  order 
that  the  insured  may  be  entitled  to  indem- 
nification for  a  total  loss.— 3.  In  the  cus- 
toms, the  giving  up  of  an  article  by  the  im- 
porter to  avoid  payment  of  the  duty.— 4.  In 
aw,  (a)  the  relinquishment  to  a  claim  or 
privilege.  (6)  The  voluntary  leaving  of  a 
person  to  whom  one  is  bound  by  any  parti- 
cular relationship,  as  a  wife,  husband,  or 
child;  desertion.  —Abandonment  of  rail- 
ways, the  giving  up  any  scheme  for  making 
a  railway  and  the  dissolution  of  the  com- 
pany, by  consent  of  three-fifths  of  the  stock 
and  warrant  of  the  Board  of  Trade  —  Aban- 
donment of  an  action,  in  Scots  lam  the 
act  by  which  the  pursuer  abandons  the 
cause.  If  this  is  done  before  the  record  is 
closed  the  costs  are  discretionary ;  if  after 


he  must  pay  costs,  but  may  bring  a  new 
action.     It  is  equivalent  to  the  Knglish  ilix- 
continnance,  nolle  proxcqui,  or  n'mxnit.  ac- 
cording to  the  stage  the  action  has  reached. 
Abandum  (a-lmnd'uin),  ».    [See  ABANDON.] 
In  old  law,  anything  forfeited  or  confiscated. 
Abanet  (ub'a-net),  n.    Same  as  Abnet. 
Abanga  (ab-ang'ga),  n.  The  fruit  of  a  species 
nf  imlm  in  the  island  of  St.  Thomas,  West 
hulk's,  said  to  have  medicinal  properties. 
Abannation,  Abannltion  (ah-an-iia'shon. 
ab-an-ni'shon),  n.    [L.L.  abannitio,  aban- 
nitionis—L.  ab,  from,  annux,  a  year,  and 
itio,  a  going  away.  ]    A  banishment  for  one 
or  two  years  for  manslaughter. 
Abaptiston  (a-bap-tis'tun),  n.    [LL  abap- 
tutm—m.  a,  priv.,  and  baptizo,  to  dip  ] 
In  sury.  a  name  given  to  the  old  trepan,  the 
crown  of  which  was  made  conical  to  prevent 
it  from  penetrating  the  cranium  too  sud- 
denly. 

Abaret  (a-bar1),  o.t.  [A.  Sax.  abarian.  See 
BARE.]  To  make  bare;  to  uncover. 
Abarticulation  (ab-ar-tik'u-la"shon),n.  [L. 
ab,  from,  and  articulus,  a  joint.]  In  anat. 
a  term  used  sometimes  as  an  equivalent  to 
diarthrosis,  or  a  movable  articulation ;  some- 
times to  synarthrosis,  or  an  immovable  ar- 
ticulation. 

Abas  (a-bas'),  n.  [Per.  and  Ar.  Abbas,  the 
ancestor  of  the  Abasi  Caliphs.]  1.  A  Persian 
coin,  worth  about  lOd. ,  occasionally  called 
Abbajeer.— 2.  An  eastern  weight  for  pearls 
equal  to  2j  grains  troy,  being  one-eighth 
less  than  a  carat.  Written  also  Abassi, 
Abassis. 

Abase  (a-bas1),  v.  t.  pret  &  pp.  abased;  ppr. 
abasing.  [Fr.  abaisser,  to  make  low— a,  to, 
and  baixser,  to  lower,  from  L.L.  bassus,  low. 
See  BASK.]  1.  To  lower  or  depress;  to  throw 
or  cast  down :  said  of  material  objects. 
[Rare.] 

His  spear  he  'gan  abase.  Spenser. 

And  will  she  yet  abase  her  eyes  on  me.     Shak. 

2.  To  cast  down  or  reduce  lower,  as  in  rank, 
estimation,  office,  and  the  like;  to  depress; 
to  humble;  to  degrade.— Abase,  Debase,  De- 
grade. Abase,  to  humble,  to  make  of  less 
esteem,  to  bring  lower  in  state,  or  cause  one 
to  feel  lower ;  debase,  to  lower  morally  or 
in  quality,  to  make  unworthy  or  less  worthy 
of  esteem,  to  mingle  more  or  less  of  base- 
ness with;  degrade,  lit.  to  bring  down  a 
step,  to  lower  one's  rank :  often  used  as  an 
official  term,  but  also  used  of  lowering  a 
man  morally;  as,  intemperance  degrades  its 
victims ;  a  degrading  employment. 

Those  that  walk  in  pride  he  is  able  to  abase. 

Dan.  iv.  37. 

It  is  a  kind  of  taking  of  God's  name  in  vain  to 
debase  religion  with  such  frivolous  disputes 

Hooker. 
O  miserable  man !  to  what  fall  degraded.     Milton. 

SYN.  To  depress,  humble,  humiliate,  de- 
grade, bring  low,  debase. 
Abased,  Abaissed  (a-basf),  p.  and  a.  In 
her.  turned  downwards,  as  the  points  of  the 
wings  of  eagles.  Also,  same  as  Abaissf 
Abasement  (a-bas'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
abasing,  humbling,  or  bringing  low;  a  state 
of  depression,  degradation,  or  humiliation. 
Abash  (a-bash'),  v.t.  [Formerly  written 
abaish,  abaysch,  &c. ,  from  O.Fr.  esbahir,  to 
astound,  abash,  ppr.  esbahissant,  from  bair 
baer,  to  gape;  Mod.  Fr.  s'ebahir,  to  be  aston- 
ished ;  probably  from  bah !  exclamation  of 
astonishment.  French  verbs  in  ir,  which 
form  the  ppr.  in  issant,  take  ish  in  becoming 
English,  as  abolish,  from  abolir;  ravish, 
from  ravir;  polish,  from  polir;  &c.  The  ' 
verb  abase  would  no  doubt  have  some  effect 
on  the  form  of  this  word.  The  D.  bazen 
verbazen,  to  astonish,  if  connected  with 
abash,  would  point  to  a  different  origin. 
Comp.  abeyance,  bash,  bashful,  bay.]  To 
confuse  or  confound,  as  by  exciting  sud- 
denly a  consciousness  of  guilt,  error,  in- 
feriority, <fcc. ;  to  destroy  the  self-posses- 
sion of ;  to  make  ashamed  or  dispirited :  to 
put  to  confusion.  —Abash,  Confuse,  Con- 
found. Abash  is  a  stronger  word  than  con- 
fuse, but  not  so  strong  as  confound.  We  are 
abashed  in  the  presence  of  superiors  or  when 
detected  in  vice  or  misconduct.  When  we 
are  confused  the  faculties  get  more  or  less 
beyond  our  control,  the  speech  falters,  and 
the  thoughts  lose  their  coherence.  When  we 
are  confounded  the  reason  is  overpowered, 
a  condition  produced  by  the  force  of  argu- 
ment, testimony,  or  detection. 

Abashed  the  devil  stood  and  felt  how  awful  goodness 

Confused  and  sadly  she  at  length  replies.    Fofe. 
Satan  stood  awhile  as  mute,  confounded  what  to  say. 
Milton 


SYS.    To    confuse,    confound,    disconcert, 
shame,  daunt,  overawe. 
Abashment  (a-basb'ment),  n.    The  act  of 
abashing,  or  state  of  being  abashed;  confu- 
sion from  shame ;  consternation  ;  fear. 

Which  manuer  of  abashment  became  her  not  ill. 

That  challenge  did  too  peremptory  secme 

And  fild  his  senses  with  abashment  great.    Spenser. 

Abassi,  Abassis  (a-bas'si.  a-bas'sis).  n  See 
ABAS,  •_'. 

Abastardlzet  (a-bas'terd -iz),  r.t.  To  bas- 
tardize; to  render  illegitimate  or  base. 

Being  ourselves 
Corrupted  and  abastardixed  thus.         Daniel. 

Abatable  (a-bafa-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
abated;  as,  an  abatable  writ  or  nuisance. 

Abate  (a-baf),  v.  t.  pret.  *  pp.  abated;  ppr. 
'  abating.  [Fr.  abattre,  to  beat  down,  from 
batere,  a  form  of  L.  batuo,  batuere,  to  beat 
See  BEAT,  BATE.  ]  l.f  To  beat  down;  to 
pull  or  batter  down. 

The  king  of  Scots  .  .  .  sore  abated  the  walls  (of 
the  castle  of  Norham}.  Hall. 

2.  To  deduct. 

Nine  thousand  parishes,  abating  the  odd  hundreds. 

3.  To  lessen;  to  diminish;  to  remit;  to  mo- 
derate; as,  to  abate  zeal;  to  abate  a  demand; 
to  abate  a  tax ;  to  abate  pride ;  to  abate 
courage.— 4. t  To  deject;  to  depress. 

For  misery  doth  bravest  minds  abate.    Spenser. 

5.  In  law,  (a)  to  cause  to  fail ;  to  annul ;  to 
frustrate  by  judicial  sentence ;  as,  to  abate 
a  writ :  by  the  English  law,  a  legacy  to  a 
charity  is  abated  by  a  deficiency  of  assets. 
(b)  To  bring  entirely  down  or  put  an  end  to; 
as,  to  abate  a  nuisance.— 6.  f  Todeprive;  to 
curtail. 

She  hath  abated  me  of  half  my  train.       SftaJt. 

1.  In  metal,  to  reduce,  as  a  metal,  to  a  lower 
temper. 

Abate  (a-baf),  v.  i.  1.  To  decrease  or  become 
less  in  strength  or  violence;  as,  pain  abates; 
a  storm  abates.— 2.  To  be  defeated  or  come 
to  naught;  to  fail;  as,  a  writ  abates;  by  the 
civil  law  a  legacy  to  a  charity  does  not 
abate  by  deficiency  of  assets. 

It  was  still  open  to  dispute  whether  it  might  not 
abate  by  dissolution.  Hatlam. 

3.  In  laic,  to  enter  into  a  freehold  after  the 
death  of  the  last  occupant,  and  before  the 
heir  or  devisee  takes  possession.— 4.  In  the 
manege,  to  perform  well  a  downward  mo- 
tion.   A  horse  is  said  to  abate,   or  take 
down    his   curvets,  when,   working   upon 
curvets,  he  puts  both  his  hind  legs  to  the 
ground  at  once,  and    observes  the  same 
exactness  in  all  the  times.  — SYN.  To  sub- 
side, decrease,  intermit,  decline,  diminish, 
lessen. 

Abate  t  (a-baf),  n.    Abatement  or  decrease 
Sir  T.  Browne. 
Abate  (a-ba'ta),  n.    [It]    An  abbot  or  abbe. 

An  old  abate  meek  and  mild. 

My  friend  and  teacher  when  a  child.     Lottz/eltou: 

Abatement  (a-bat'ment).  n.  1.  The  act  of 
abating,  or  the  state  of  being  abated;  dimi- 
nution, decrease,  reduction,  or  mitigation; 
as,  abatement  of  grief  or  pain. — 2.  The 
amount,  quantity,  or  sum  by  which  anything 
is  abated;  that  by  which  anything  is  re- 
duced; deduction;  decrease.  —  3.  In  her.  a 
mark  annexed  to  coat  armour  in  order  to 
denote  some  dishonourable  act  of  the  party 
bearing  the  coat  of  arms.  Nine  such  marks 
are  mentioned  by  heralds,  but  no  instance 
of  their  actual  use  is  on  record.  The  baston 
or  baton,  a  mark  of  illegitimacy,  is  of  the 
nature  of  an  abatement. 

Throwing  down  the  stars  (the  nobles  and  senators) 
to  the  ground ;  putting  dishonourable  abatements 
into  the  fairest  coats  of  arms.  Dr.  Spencer. 

4.  In  law,  (a)  removal,  as  of  a  nuisance. 
(b)  Defeat  or  overthrow,  as  of  a  writ,  (c)  The 
act  of  intruding  upon  a  freehold  vacant  by 
the  death  of  its  former  owner,  and  not  yet 
taken  up  by  the  lawful   heirs.  —  Plea  ot 
abatement,  a  defence  by  which  a  defendant 
shows  cause  to  the  court  why  he  should  not 
be  irapleaded  or  sued,  or,  if  impleaded  or 
sued,  not  in  the  manner  and  form  adopted 
by  the  plaintiff,  and  prays  that  the  action 
or  suit  may  abate  or  cease.— SYN.  Decrease, 
decline,  mitigation,  reduction,  subsidence 
diminution,  discount,  deduction. 

Abater  (a-baf  er),n.  One  who  or  that  which 
abates. 

Abatial  (ab-a'shi-al),  o.    Same  as  Abbatical 

Abatlst  (ab'a-tis),  n.    [L.L.— a,  from,  and 

batus,  a  measure.]    In  the  middle  ages,  an 

officer  of  the  stables  who  had  the  care  of 

measuring  out  the  provender;  an  avenor. 


ch,cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin,/;      TH,  then;  th,  tAln; 


w,  wig;     wh,  tcAig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


ABATIS 

Abatis.    See  ABATTIS. 

Abat-jOUT  (a-ba-jor),  n.  [Fr.,  from  abattre 
(see  ABATE),  and  jour,  day,  light.]  A  sky- 
light or  sloping  aperture  made  in  the 
wall  of  an  apartment  for  the  admission  of 
light. 

Abater  (a-bat'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
abates;  specifically,  in  law, (a)  a  person  who 
without  right  enters  into  a  freehold  on  the 
death  of  the  last  possessor,  before  the  heir 
or  devisee.  (6)  An  agent  or  cause  by  which 
an  abatement  is  procured. 

Abattis,  Abatis  (ab-a-te  or  ab'a-tis),  n. 
[Fr.  abatis,  abattis,  from  abattre,  to  beat 
down.  See  ABATE.]  In  fort,  a  collection  of 
felled  trees,  from  which  the  smaller 
branches  have  been  cut  off,  and  which  are 
laid  side  by  side,  with  the  branched  ends 
turned  towards  assailants,  and  the  branches 
often  sharpened  and  interlaced,  the  butt- 
ends  being  secured  by  pickets,  or  imbedded 
in  the  earth,  the  whole  thus  forming  an 
obstruction  to  the  progress  of  the  enemy, 
and  keeping  them  longer  under  the  de- 
fenders' fire.  An  abattis  is  usually  placed 
in  front  of  the  ditch  in  field  fortifications. 
See  FORTIFICATION. 

Abattlsed  (ab'a-tist),  a.  Provided  with  an 
abattis. 

Abattoir  (a-bat-war),  n.  [Fr.,  from  abattre, 
to  beat  or  knock  down.  See  ABATE.]  A 
public  slaughter-house. 

Abatude  (ab'a-tud),  n.  [From  abate.]  Any- 
thing diminished.  Bailey. 

Abature  (ab'a-tur),  n.  [From  abate.}  The 
mark  or  track  of  a  beast  of  the  chase  on 
the  grass ;  foiling. 

Abat-vent  (ab-a-van).  n.  [Fr.,  from  abattre, 
to  lower,  and  vent,  the  wind.]  The  sloping 
roof  of  a  tower;  a  pent-house:  so  named 
because  the  slope  neutralizes  the  force  of 
the  wind. 

Abat-VOlx  (ab-a-ywa),  n.  [Fr.,  from  abbatre, 
to  lower,  and  votx,  the  voice.]  The  sound- 
ing-board over  a  pulpit  or  rostrum:  so  named 
because  it  prevents  the  speaker's  voice  from 
rising  and  being  lost  or  indistinct. 

Abaweft  v.t.  [O.Fr.  esbahir,  to  abash.  See 
ABASH.]  To  abash;  to  dazzle;  to  astonish. 

I  was  abawedfor  marveile.  Chaucer. 

Abb  (ab),  n.  [A.  Sax.  ab  or  ob,  the  woof.  ] 
1.  Yarn  for  the  warp  in  weaving.— 2.  The 
name  given  in  sorting  wool  according  to  its 
fineness  to  two  qualities  of  wool,  called  re- 
spectively coarse  abb  and  tine  abb. 

Abba  (ab'ba),  n.  [Syr.  and  Chal.  abba,  fa- 
ther. The  root  is  in  the  Heb.  ab,  a  father, 
which  appears  in  Abraham.]  A  title  (equi- 
valent to '  Father ')  now  or  formerly  applied, 
especially  in  the  Eastern  church,  to  monks, 
superiors  of  monks,  and  other  ecclesiastics. 
In  the  Syriac,  Coptic,  and  Kthiopic  Churches 
it  is  given  to  the  bishops,  who  in  turn  be- 
stow it,  by  way  of  distinction,  on  the  bishop 
or  patriarch  of  Alexandria. 

Abbacinate  (ab-ba'sin-at),  v.t.  [It.  abbacin- 
are,  to  ubbacinate— ad,  to,  and  bacino,  a 
basin.]  To  deprive  of  sight  by  applying  a 
red-hot  copper  basin  close  to  the  eyes :  a 
mode  of  punishment  employed  in  the  middle 
ages. 

Abbaclnation  (ab-ba'sin-a"shon),  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  blinding  a  person  by 
placing  a  red-hot  copper  basin  close  to  the 
eyes. 

Abbacy  (ab'ba-si),?i.  [L.L.  abbatia,  an  abbey, 
from  L.  abbas,  abbatia,  an  abbot.  See  AB- 
BOT.] The  dignity,  rights,  and  privileges  of 
an  abbot. 

According  to  Felinus,  an  abbacy  is  the  dignity 
itself,  since  an  abbot  is  a  term  or  word  of  dignity, 
and  not  of  office.  Ayliffe. 

Abbajeer  (ab'ba- jer),  n.    See  ABBAS,  1. 

Abbandonaraente  (ab-ban'don-a-ment"a), 
adv.  [It.]  In  music,  with  self-abandonment; 
so  as  to  make  the  time  subservient  to  the 
expression. 

Abbat  (ab'bat).  n.     Same  as  Abbot. 

Abbatical,  Abbatial  (ab-bat'ik-al,  ab-ba'- 
shi-al),  a.  Belonging  to  an  abbey. 

Abb6  (ab-ba).  n.  [Fr. ,  an  abbot,  from  Syr.  and 
Chal.  abba,  father.  See  ABBA.]  In  France, 
an  abbot;  but  more  generally,  and  especially 
before  the  French  revolution,  a  title  given 
to  all  those  Frenchmen  who  devoted  them- 
selves to  divinity,or  who  had  at  least  pursued 
a  course  of  study  in  a  theological  seminary, 
in  the  hope  that  the  king  would  confer  on 
them  a  real  abbey,  that  is,  a  certain  part  of 
the  revenues  of  a  monastery.  The  abb£s 
were  numerous.  Some  acted  as  private 
tutors  in  families,  others  were  professors  of 
the  university,  and  a  great  many  employed 


themselves  as  men  of  letters.     The  name  is  ' 
also  applied  to  persons  holding  a  similar  : 
semi-clerical  position  in  other  Roman  Ca- 
tholic countries. — Abbots  commendataires  , 
were  snch  abbe's  as  held  abbeys  in  commen- 
dam—  that  is,  with  the  right  of  administer-  ! 
ing  their  revenues  or  a  part  of  them.    See 
ABBOT. 

Abbess  (ab1>es),  n.    [Fr.  abbesse,  L.L.  abba- 
tinxa,  fern,  of  abbot  (which  see).]    A  female  . 
superior  or  governess  of  a  nunnery  or  con-  ] 
vent  of  nuns.    An  abbess  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  possesses,  in  general,  the  j 
same  dignity  and  authority  as  an  abbot, 
except  that  she  cannot  exercise  the  spiritual 
functions  appertaining  to  the  priesthood. 
See  ABBOT. 

Abbey  (abT>e),  n.  [Fr.  abbaye,  from  L.L. 
abbatia,  an  abbey.  See  ABBE.]  1.  A  mon- 
astery or  convent;  a  society  of  persons  of 
either  sex,  secluded  from  the  world,  and 
devoted  to  religion  and  celibacy.  The  males 
are  called  monks,  ta\A  governed  by  tin  abbot ; 
the  females  are  called  nuns,  and  governed 
by  an  abbess.  Abbeys  differ  in  nothing  from 
priories,  except  that  the  latter  are  governed 
by  priors  instead  of  abbots. — 2.  In  Scotland, 
the  sanctuary  afforded  by  the  abbey  of  Holy- 
rood  Palace,  as  having  been  a  royal  resi- 
dence.—3.  A  house  adjoining  a  monastery 
or  convent  for  the  residence  of  the  superior. 
4.  A  church  attached  to  a  monastery  or  con- 
vent; as,  Melrose  Abbey.  —  5.  In  the  early 
times  of  the  French  monarchy,  a  name 
given  to  a  duchy  or  county,  the  duke  or 
count  of  which  was,  though  really  a  secular 
person,  made  an  abbot  in  commendam,  in 
consequence  of  an  abbey  having  been  con- 
ferred on  him  by  the  crown.  See  ABBOT.— 
6.  A  mansion,  formerly  used  as  an  abbey, 
now  converted  to  private  use;  as,  Newstead 
Abbey,  the  residence  of  Lord  Byron. 

Abbey-land  (ab'be-land).  n.  An  estate  in 
land  annexed  to  an  abbey. 

Abbey-lubber  (ab"be-lub'er),  n.  [Abbey 
and  lubber.]  An  old  term  of  contempt  for 
an  idle,  well-fed,  lazy  loiterer,  who  might 
work,  but  would  not,  preferring  to  depend 
on  the  charity  of  religious  houses:  frequently 
applied  to  the  monks  themselves  in  con- 
tempt. 'This  is  no  huge,  over-grown,  abbey- 
lubber.'  Dry  den. 

Abbot  ( ab '  but ),  n.  [  Formerly  abbat, 
L.L.  abbas,  abbatis.  See  ABBA.]  I.  Lit. 
father;  a  title  originally  given  to  any  aged 
monk,  but  afterwards  limited  to  the  head 
or  superior  of  a  monastery,  which  from  him 
was  called  an  abbey.  As  the  influence  of 
the  religious  orders  became  greater  from 
their  being  the  depositaries  of  learning,  and 
as  their  wealth  and  territorial  possessions 
increased,  the  power  and  dignity  of  the 
abbots  were  aggrandized  proportionally. 
Many  of  them  asserted  independence  of  the 
bishops,  assumed  the  mitre  and  crozier, 
exercised  the  episcopal  functions  in  their 
own  domains,  became  peers  of  the  realm, 
and  rivalled  the  prelates  in  rank  and  pomp. 
In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  twenty-six 
mitred  abbots  sat  in  the  House  of  Lords. 
Abbots  are  of  two  kinds,  regular,  or  those 
who  actually  discharge  the  duties  of  the 
office,  and  commendatory.  The  latter  title 
was  formerly  given  to  persons  to  whom 
abbeys  were  intrusted  as  tutors  or  trustees, 
or  in  commendam,  and  who  applied  the 
whole  or  part  of  the  revenues  to  their  own 
uses.  Great  secular  lords  frequently  received 
this  appointment.  Thus  Hugo  Capet,  the 
founder  of  the  Capetian  dynasty,  was  Abbot 
of  St.  Denis.  Such  abbots  were  by  canon 
law  bound  to  have  received  the  tonsure, 
and  to  enter  orders  on  attaining  canonical 
age,  but  the  obligation  was  easily  evaded. — 
2.  A  title  formerly  given  to  the  chief  magis- 
trate of  some  communities  or  states,  as  in 
Genoa. — Abbot  of  Misrule,  in  England, 
Abbot  of  Unreason,  in  Scotland,  the  per- 
sonage who  took  the  principal  part  in  the 
Christmas  revels  of  the  populace  before  the 
Reformation. 

Abbotship  (ab'but-ship),  n.  The  state  or 
office  of  an  abbot. 

Abbreviate  (ab-bre'vi-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
abbreviated;  ppr.  abbreviating.    [L.  abbre- 
vio,  abbreviatum,  to  shorten— ab,  from,  and  ; 
brevis,   short.      See  BRIEF,  and  ABRIDGE  , 
(which  is  really  the  same  word).]     1.  To  | 
make  briefer ;  to  shorten ;  to  abridge ;  to  , 
make  shorter  by  contraction  or  omission  of 
a  part;  to  reduce  to  a  smaller  compass;  as, 
to  abbreviate   &  writing   or  word.  —  2.  In 
math,  to  reduce  to  the  lowest  terms,  as 
fractions. 


ABDALAVI 

Abbreviate  (ab-bre'vi-at),  v.  i.  To  practise 
or  use  abbreviation. 

It  is  one  thing  to  abbreviate  by  contracting, 
another  Uy  cutting  off.  Bacon. 

Abbreviate  (ab-bre'vi-at),  n.  An  abridg- 
ment.— Abbreviate  of  adjudication,  in  Scots 
law,  an  abstract  of  adjudication.  See 
ADJUDICATION. 

Abbreviate  (ab-bre'vi-at),  a.  In  bot  abbre- 
viated: applied  to  an  organ  or  part  of  an 
organ  shorter  than  a  contiguous  one. 

Abbreviation  (;ib-bre'vi-a"shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  abbreviating,  shortening,  or  con- 
tracting, or  the  state  of  being  abbreviated. 

2.  That  which  is  abbreviated,  as  a  short  term 
or  title  used  for  a  longer  one;  a  syllable, 
generally  the  initial  syllable,  used  for  the 
whole  word;  a  letter,  or  a  series  of  letters, 
standing  for  a  word  or  words ;  as,  esq,  for 
esquire;   F.R.S.  for  Fellow  of  the  Itoyal 
Society;  A.D.  for  Anno  Domini. 

This  book,  as  graver  authors  say,  was  called 
Liber  Doinus  Dei,  and,  by  abbreviation,  Domesday 
Book.  Sir  If.  Temple. 

3.  In  math,  a  reduction  of  fractions  to  the 
lowest  tenns. — 4.  In  music,  a  sloping  line  or 

lines  placed  below  a 
Written.         Played.          nofce  or  through  its 

stem  to  indicate  that 
it  is  to  be  divided 

_  into  a  correspond- 

ing number  of  short  notes.  Thus,  a  minim 
carrying  one  line  is  played  as  four  quavers, 
or  carrying  two  lines  as  eight  quavers. 
The  same  line-mark,  standing  alone,  in- 
dicates a  repetition  of  the  preceding  group 
of  notes.  —Abbreviation,  Contraction.  An 
abbreviation  of  a  word,  as  distinguished 
from  contraction,  is  strictly  a  part  of  it, 
generally  the  first  syllable,  taken  for  the 
whole,  with  no  indication  of  the  remain- 
ing portion;  as.  Gen.  for  Genesis;  math,  for 
mathematics;  Will,  for  William-;  while  a 
contraction  properly  is  made  by  the  elision 
of  certain  letters  or  syllables  from  the  body 
of  the  word,  but  in  such  a  manner  as  to  indi- 
cate the  whole  word ;  as,  Reed.  payt.  for 
Received  payment ;  contd.  for  contracted  or 
continued;  'Wm.  for  William.  In  common 
usage,  however,  this  distinction  is  not  always 
attended  to. 

Abbreviator  (ab-bre'vi-a-ter),  n.  [In  first 
sense  from  the  verb;  in  second  from  L.L. 
abbreviator,  one  of  the  officials  mentioned 
under  2.]  1.  One  who  abbreviates,  abridges, 
or  reduces  to  a  smaller  compass;  specifically, 
one  who  abridges  what  has  been  written  by 
another.  'Neither  the  archbishop  nor  his 
abbreviator.'  Sir  W.  Hamilton.—?..  One  of  a 
college  of  seventy-two  persons  in  the  chan- 
cery of  the  Roman  Catholic  pontiff,  whose 
business  is  to  draw  up  the  pope's  briefs,  and 
reduce  the  petitions,  when  granted,  to  a 
suitable  form  for  bulls. 

Abbreviatory  (ab-bre'vi-a-to-ri),  a.  Abbre- 
viating or  tending  to  abbreviate;  shortening; 
contracting. 

Abbreviature  t  ( ab  -  ore '  vi  -  a  -  tur ),  n.  1.  A 
letter  or  character  used  for  shortening;  an 
abbreviation. 

The  hand  of  Providence  writes  often  by  abbre- 
viatures, hieroglyphics,  or  short  characters. 

Sir  T.  Browne. 

2.  An  abridgment;  a  compendium. 

This  is  an  excellent  abbreviature  of  the  whole 
duty  of  a  Christian.  Jer,  Taylor. 

Abbroach,  t  Abbrocht  (ab-broch'X  r.f. 
[L.L.  abrocamfntum,  buying  wholesale  and 
selling  by  retail,  from  same  root  as  E.  broke, 
broker.]  To  forestall  the  market  or  monop- 
olize goods. 

Abbroachment,  t  Abbrochment  t  (ab- 
broch'ment),  n.  The  act  of  forestalling  the 
market  or  monopolizing  goods.  See  under 
FORESTALL. 

Abb-WOOl  (ab'wul),  n.  1.  Wool  for  the  abb 
or  warp  of  a  web. — 2.  A  variety  of  wool  of  a 
certain  fineness.  See  ABB. 

A,  b,  C.  1.  The  first  three  letters  of  the 
alphabet,  used  generally  for  the  whole;  as, 
the  child  is  learning  his  A,  b,  c.— 2.  A  little 
book  for  teaching  the  elements  of  reading. 
Called  also  an  A,  b,  c  book. 

Abd  (abd),  n.  [Ar.,  a  slave,  servant]  A 
common  prefix  in  Arabic  names  of  persons; 
as,  .^fcdallah,  servant  of  God ;  Abd-el- 
Kader,  servant  of  the  mighty  God;  Abd-Ml- 
Latif,  servant  of  the  gracious  God;  Ac. 

Abdal  (ab'dal),  n.  [Ar.  Abdallah,  a  servant 
of  God.]  A  dervish;  one  of  a  class  of  Persian 
religious  devotees. 

Abdalavi,  Abdelayi  (ab-dal-a'vi,  ab-del-a'- 
vl ),  71.  The  nat  i ve  name  of  the  hairy 
cucumber  of  Egypt  (Cucumis  Chate). 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ABDERIAN 


ABEIGH 


Abderian  (ab-de'ri-an),  o.  [From  Abdera, 
in  Thrace,  the  birthplace  of  Uemocritus 
called  the  Laughing  Philosopher,  whence 
the  application  of  the  term.]  Pertaining  to 
Abdera  or  its  inhabitants;  resembling  or 
recalling  in  some  way  the  philosopher 
Democritus  of  Abdera;  hence,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  incessant  or  continued  laughter; 
given  to  laughter. 

Abderite  (ab'der-It),  n.  [L.  ahderita,  Gr. 
abdrrite.*.]  An  inhabitant  of  Abdera,  a 
nmritinie  town  in  Thrace,  and  sometimes 
a  term  equivalent  to  a  stupid  person,  the 
inhabitants  of  this  city  being  anciently  pro- 
verbial for  their  stupidity.  -The  Abderite, 
Denmcritus  of  Abdera,  often  called  the 
Laughing  Philosopher,  one  of  the  most 
celebrated  philosophers  among  the  ancient 
Greeks. 

Abdest  (ab'dest),  n.  [Per.  abdatst —db,  water, 
and  dust,  hand.]  1'uriflcation  or  ablution 
before  prayer:  a  Mohammedan  rite. 

Abdevenham  (ab-dev'n-ham),  n.  In  astrol. 
the  head  of  the  twelfth  house  in  a  scheme 
of  the  heavens. 

Abdicant  (al  »'di-kan  t),  n.  One  who  abdicates. 

Abdlcant  (ab'di-kant),  a.  [See  AUDICATK.] 
Abdicating;  renouncing. 

Monks  abdicant  of  their  orders.          H'hitlock, 

Abdicate  (ab'di-kat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  abdi- 
cated; ppr.  abdicating.  [L.  abdico,  abdica- 
tion, to  give  up  a  right  or  claim— ab,  indi- 
cating separation,  and  dico,  dicare,  to  de- 
clare publicly,  to  consecrate,  to  set  apart, 
of  same  root  as  dicere,  to  say.]  1.  To  give 
up,  renounce,  abandon,  lay  down,  or  with- 
draw from,  as  a  right  or  claim,  office,  duties, 
dignity,  authority,  and  the  like,  especially 
in  a  voluntary,  public,  or  formal  manner. 

The  father  will  disinherit  or  abdicate  that  power 
he  hath  rather  than  suffer  it  to  be  forced  to  a  willing 
injustice.  Burton. 

The  cross-bearers  abdicated  their  service.  Gibbon, 

He  (Charles  II.)  was  utterly  without  ambition.  He 
detested  business,  and  would  sooner  have  abdicated 
his  crown  than  have  undergone  the  trouble  of  really 
directing  the  administration.  Macanlay, 

Heros  and  Lazarus,  the  Gallic  bishops,  were  de- 
nounced ...  as  vagabond,  turbulent,  and  intriguing 
prelates,  who  had  either  abdicated  or  abandoned 
their  sees,  and  travelled  about  sowing  strife  and 
calumny  wherever  they  went.  Mitman, 

2.  To  cast  away;  to  take  leave  of ;  as,  to 
abdicate  one's  mental  faculties.  [Rare  or 
obsolete.]— 3.  In  civil  law,  to  disclaim  and 
expel  from  a  family,  as  a  child;  to  disinherit 
during  lifetime:  said  of  a  father. 

The  father  will  disinherit  or  abdicate  his  child, 
quite  cashier  him.  Burton. 

4.t  To  put  away  or  expel;  to  banish;  to  re- 
nounce the  authority  of ;  to  dethrone ;  to 
degrade. 

Scaliger  would  needs  turn  down  Homer,  and  ab- 
dicate Turn  after  the  possession  of  three  thousand 
years.  Drytien. 

SYN.  To  give  up,  quit,  vacate,  relinquish, 
forsake,  abandon,  resign,  renounce,  desert. 
Abdicate  (ab'di-kat),  v.i.  To  renounce  or 
give  up  something;  to  abandon  some  claim; 
to  relinquish  a  right,  power,  or  trust. 

He  cannot  abdicate  for  Iris  children,  otherwise  than 
by  his  own  consent  in  form  to  a  bill  from  the  two 
houses.  Swift, 

Abdication  (ab-di-ka'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
abdicating;  the  abandonment  of  an  office, 
power  or  authority,  right  or  trust;  a  casting 
off;  renunciation:  generally  applied  to  giv- 
ing up  the  kingly  office. 

The  consequences  drawn  from  these  facts  (were) 
that  they  amounted  to  an  abdication  of  the  govern- 
ment, which  abdication  did  not  only  affect  the  person 
of  the  king  himself,  but  also  of  all  his  heirs,  and  ren- 
dered the  throne  absolutely  and  completely  vacant. 

JU&MPM. 

Abdlcative  (ab'di-kat-iv),  a.  Causing  or 
implying  abdication.  Bailey.  [Rare.] 

Abdicator  (ab'di-kat'er),  n.  One  who  abdi- 
cates. 

Abdltlve  (ab'di-tiv),  a.  [L.  abdo,  abditum, 
to  hide-ab,  away,  andrfo,  to  give.]  Having 
the  power  or  quality  of  hiding.  [Rare.] 

Abdltory  (ab'di-to-ri),  n.  [L.  abditorium, 
from  abdo.  See  ABDITIVE.]  A  place  for 
hiding  or  preserving  goods,  plate,  or  money; 
a  chest  in  which  relics  were  kept. 

Abdomen  (ah-do'men  or  ab'do-men),  n.  [L., 
probably  from  abdo,  to  conceal,  on  type  of 
acumen  from  a cu o,  an  d  fora  men  from/oro.] 
1.  That  part  of  the  human  body  which  lies 
between  the  thorax  and  the  pelvis  It  is  lined 
with  a  membrane  called  the  peritoneum,  and 
contains  thestomaeh.liver.spleen,  pancreas, 
kidneys,  bladder,  and  intestines.  It  is  separ- 
ated from  the  breast  internally  by  the  dia- 
phragm, and  externally  by  the  lower  ribs. 


On  its  outer  surface  it  is  divided  into  certain 
defined  portions  called  regions.  The  term 
is  also  sometimes  applied  to  the  belly  of  the 
lower  animals.  See  Abdominal  Rtffitmi 
Tinder  AWM>,MINAL,  ±  In  enfant,  the  pos- 
terior of  the  three  parts  of  the  perfect  in- 
sect, united  to  the  thorax  by  a  slender 
connecting  portion,  and  containing  the 
greater  portion  of  the  digestive  apparatus. 
It  is  divided  into  rings  or  segments,  on  the 
sides  of  which  are  small  spiracles,  or  stig- 
mata, for  respiration. 

Abdominal  (al)-dum'in-al),  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  the  abdomen  or  belly.—  Abdominal  re- 
gions, certain  regions  into  which  the  abdo- 
men in  men  is  arbitrarily  divided.  An 
imaginary  line  (a  a)  is  drawn  transversely 
from  the  cartilage  of  the  seventh  rib  on  one 
side  to  the  corresponding  point  of  the 
opposite  side,  and  another  transverse  line 
(6  b)  between  the  anterior  superior  spines  of 
the  ilia.  The  part  above  the  upper  line  is 
called  the  cpiyas- 
trie  region,  that  be- 
tween the  upper 
and  lower  lines  the 
umbilical  region, 
and  that  beneath 
the  lower  line  the 
hi/pogastric  region. 
These  regions  are 
sometimes  subdi- 
vided by  two  verti- 
cal lines  (cc),  one 
being  drawn  on 
each  side,  from  the 
cartilage  of  the 
seventh  rib  to  the 
anterior  superior 
spine  of  the  ilium. 
The  central  por- 
tion of  the  epi- 


Abdominal  Regions. 


gastric  region  (1)  retains  the  name  of  epi- 
gastric; the  lateral  portions  (4,  4)  are 
called  the  right  and  left  hypochondriac  re- 
gions; the  middle  part  of  the  umbilical  re- 
gion (2)  is  still  called  umbilical,  while  the 
parts  to  the  right  and  left  (5,  5)  are  called 
lumbar;  the  hypogastric  region  is  denomi- 
nated pubic  in  its  central  portion  (3),  and  is 
divided  on  each  side  (6,  6)  into  an  iliac  and 
inguinal  region.  The  latter,  however,  be- 
longs in  strictness  to  the  thigh.  Posteriorly 
there  are  two  regions  recognized  on  either 
side  of  the  backbone  —  the  upper,  corre- 
sponding to  the  hypochondriac,  being  called 
the  inferior  dorsal;  the  lower,  the  lumbar. 
—  A  bdominal  ring,  an  oblong  tendinous 
ring  in  both  groins,  through  which  pass  the 
spermatic  cord  in  men,  and  the  round  liga- 
ments of  the  uterus  In  women.  Called  also 
Inguinal  Ring.~2.  In  ick.  having  ventral 
fins  posterior  to  the  pectoral;  as,  an  ab- 
dominal fish. 

Abdominal  (ab-dom'in-al),  n.  One  of  a 
group  of  malacopterygian  fishes,  with  the 
ventral  fins  posterior  to  the  pectorals,  in- 
cluding many  fresh-water  fishes,  and  others 
which  periodically  leave  the  sea  to  spawn 
in  fresh  water.  Many  species  are  edible. 
The  salmon,  parr,  mullet,  flying-fish, herring, 
and  carp  belong  to  this  order. 

Abdominales,Abdominalia(ab-dom-i-na'- 
lez,  ab-dom-i-na'li-a),  n.  pi.  A  group  of 
mulacopterygian  fishes.  See  ABDOMINAL,  n. 

Abdominoscopy  ( ab-dom'in-os"ko-pi ),  n. 
[L.  abdomen,  and  Gr.  skopeo,  to  view  or 
examine.]  In  med.  examination  of  the  ab- 
domen with  a  view  to  detect  disease. 

Abdominous  (ab-dom'in-us),  a.  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  abdomen.  — 2.  Having  a 
large  belly;  pot-bellied.  [Rare.] 

Gorgonius  sits  abdominous  and  wan. 

Like  a  fat  squab  upon  a  Chinese  fan.      Coivper. 

Abduce  (ab-diisO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  abduced; 
ppr.  abducing.  [L.  abduco,  to  lead  away— 
ab,  and  duco,  to  lead,  to  draw.  See  DUKE.] 
To  draw  or  conduct  away;  to  withdraw  or 
draw  to  a  different  part. 

If  we  abditce  the  eye  into  either  corner,  the  object 
will  not  duplicate.  Sir  T.  Rrtnuttc. 

Abducent  (ab-dus'ent),  a.  [L,  abducens,  ab- 
ducentis,  ppr.  of  abduco,  to  abduce.]  Draw- 
ing  away;  pulling  back;  specifically,  \r\anat 
applied  to  those  muscles  which  pull  back 
certain  parts  of  the  body  from  the  mesial 
line,  in  contradistinction  to  the  adducent 
muscles  or  adductors. 

Abduct  (ab-dukf),  v.t  1.  Same  as  Abduce. 
2.  To  take  away  surreptitiously  and  by  force. 

The  thing  is  self-evident,  that  his  majesty  has  been 
abducted  or  spirited  away,  '  enleve','  by  some  person 
or  persons  unknown.  Carlyle. 


Abduction  (*b-dak'«hon),n.  [L.L.abdurtin, 
tih'tuctiunis,  a  leading  or  drawing  away.  See 
ABbCCE.]  1.  The  act  of  abducing  or  abduct- 
ing,  or  state  of  being  abduced  or  abducted. 
2.  Iii  phifsiol.  the  action  by  which  muscles 
withdraw  a  limb  or  other  part  from  the  axis 
of  the  body,  as  when  certain  muscles  M  pa- 
rate  the  arm  from  the  side  or  the  thumb 
fmm  the  rest  of  the  fingers.—  ,'!.  In  *i<f/.  a 
term  formerly  applied  to  a  fracture  in  uhi«  h 
(lie  bone  near  a  joint  is  so  divided  that  the 
extremities  recede  from  each  other.-  4.  In 
logic,  a  kind  of  syllogism,  called  by  the 
Creeks  apagoge,  in  which  the  major  is  evi- 
dent, but  the  minor  is  not  so  clear  as  not  to 
require  further  proof,  as  in  this  syllogism  : 
'All  whom  God  absolves  are  free  from  sin : 
God  absolves  all  who  are  in  Christ;  there- 
fore all  who  are  in  Christ  are  free  from  sin.' 
This  mode  of  reasoning  is  called  abduction, 
because  it  withdraws  us  from  the  conclu- 
sion to  the  proof  of  a  proposition  concealed 
or  not  expressed.  Fleming,  Vocab.  of  J'liil'^. 
5.  In  tow,  the  fraudulent  or  unlawful  lead- 
ing away  of  a  person,  more  especially  the 
taking  and  carrying  away  of  a  child,  a  ward, 
a  wife,  Ac.,  either  by  fraud,  persuasion,  or 
open  violence.  The  term  is  most  commonly 
applied  to  the  taking  away  of  females.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  the  using  or  threat- 
ening to  use  force  to  prevent  a  voter  from 
voting. 

Abductor  (ab-duk'ter),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  abducts ;  specifically,  in  anat  a 
muscle  which  moves  certain  parts  from  the 
axis  of  the  body;  as,  the  abductor  oculi,  a 
muscle  which  pulls  the  eye  outward:  op- 
posed to  adductor, 

Abeam  (a-bem'),  adv.  [Prefix  n,  on,  and 
beam.]  Araut.  on  the  beam,  that  is,  at  right 
angles  to  the  keel  of  a  ship ;  thus  puns  are 
said  to  be  pointed  abeam,  when  they  are 
pointed  in  a  line  at  right  angles  to  the  ship's 
keel. 

Abear  (a-bar*),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  aberan,  to  bear, 
to  carry,  to  suffer,  from  prefix  a,  and  beran, 
to  carry.]  l.t  To  bear;  to  behave:  with  re- 
flexive pronoun. 

Thus  did  the  gentle  knight  himself  abear.    Spenser. 

2.  To  suffer  or  tolerate.  [Provincial  or 
vulgar.] 

Gin  I  mun  doy  I  mun  doy,  for  I   couldn  abear  to 
see  it.  Tennyson  {Northern  Farmer}. 

Abearance  (a-bar'ans),  n.  [From  abear 
(which  see).]  Behaviour;  demeanour. 

The  other  species  of  recognizances  with  sureties 
is  for  the  good  abearance  or  good  behaviour. 

Bladat&te, 

Abecedarian  (a1)e-se-da"ri-an),  «.  [A  word 
formed  from  the  first  four  letters  of  the 
alphabet.]  1.  One  who  teaches  the  letters 
of  the  alphabet,  or  a  learner  of  the  letters. 
2.  A  follower  of  Stork,  an  Anabaptist,  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  so  called  because  he  re- 
jected all  worldly  knowledge,  even  the  learn- 
ing of  the  alphabet. 

Abecedarian,  Abecedary  (a'be-se-da"ri-an, 
a-be-se'da-ri),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  formed 
by  the  letters  of  the  alphabet. — Abecedarian 
psalms,  hymns,  &c.,  psalms,  hymns,  Ac.,  in 
which  (as  in  the  119th  psalm),  distinct  por- 
tions have  the  verses  begin  with  successive 
letters  of  the  alphabet. 

Abeche.t  v.t.  [O.  FT.  abecher;  Fr.  abequer, 
abecquer,  to  feed  with  the  beak,  to  feed  an 
infant — a,  and  bee,  the  beak.]  To  feed,  as  a 
parent  bird  feeds  its  young. 

Yet  should  I  somedel  ben  abeched, 

And  for  the  time  well  refreshed.         Cover. 

Abed  (a-bed'),  adv.    [Prefix  a,  on,  and  bed.  ] 

1.  On  or  in  bed. 

Not  to  be  abed  after  midnight  is  to  be  up  betimes. 
5A«*. 

2.  To  bed. 

Her  mother  dream'd  before  she  was  deliver'd 
That  she  was  brought  abed  of  a  buzzard. 

Bean.  &•  Fl. 

Abee  (a-be7)-  [Scotch.]  Used  in  the  same 
sense  as  be.—To  let  abee,  to  let  alone;  to  let 
be.— Let  abee  is  used  as  a  noun  in  the  sense 
of  forbearance  or  connivance. — Let  abee  for 
let  abee,  one  act  of  forbearance  meeting 
another;  mutual  forbearance. 

I  am  for  let  abee  for  let  abee.  Sir  H'.  Scott. 

—Let  abee  (adv. ),  far  less;  not  to  mention ; 
as,  he  couldna  sit  let  abee  stand. 
Abegge,t  t>.(.    [See  ABY.  ]    To  suffer  for,  or 
atone  for;  to  aby. 

There  dorste  no  wight  hond  upon  him  legfje, 
That  he  ne  swore  he  shuld  anon  abt£ge.  Chaucer. 

Abeigh  (a-bechO,  adv.  [O.  Fr.  abbay,  abbots, 
Fr.  abois,  the  bark  of  a  dog;  tenir  en  abbay, 
to  hold  at  bay,  from  baer,  bair,  to  gape.  See 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  So.  locA;      g,  go-     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  zing;      TH,  then;  th,  fAin;      w,  trig;    wh,  icMg;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ABELE 


ABHORRER 


ABASH,  BAY.]    [Scotch.]    Aloof;  at  a  shy 

distance.— To  stand  abeigh,  to  keep  aloof. 

Maggie  coost  her  head  fu*  high, 

L-ookM  asklcnt  and  unco  skeigh. 

Gart  poor  Duncan  ftewf  «£«£*— 

Ha,  ha,  the  wooing  o't.  Burns. 

Abele,  Abel-tree  (a-beT.  a'bel-tre),  n.  [G. 
atbele,  alber;  M.H.G.  alber;  O.H.G.  albari; 
D.  abeel;  Fr.  aitbel,  aubrelle,  perhaps  from 
L.  albellim,  whitish,  or  from  L.  arbor.  It. 
albero,  a  tree.]  The  white  poplar  (Populits 
alba),  so  called  from  the  white  colour  of  its 
twigs  and  leaves.  See  POPLAR. 

Abelian  (a-bel'yan),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  mathematician  Abel.  —  Abelian  equa- 
tion, an  irreducible  algebraic  equation,  one 
of  whose  roots  is  inexpressible  as  a  rational 
function  of  a  second,  and  shown  by  Abel  to 
be  solvable  by  the  solution  of  a  second  equa- 
tion of  a  lower  degree. — Abelian functions, 
inverse  Abelian  integrals,  analogous  to  func- 
tions of  the  amplitude  of  an  ordinary  elliptic 
integral,  and  also  to  inverse  circular  and 
logarithmic  functions;  as,  sin.  -  ixt  log.  -  te. 
— Abelian  integrals,  a  class  of  ultra-elliptic 
integrals  first  investigated  by  Abel. 

Abelian  (a-bel'yan),  n.  A  member  of  a  sect 
in  Africa  which  arose  in  the  fourth  century. 
They  married,  but  lived  in  continence,  after 
the  manner,  as  they  maintained,  of  Abel,  and 
attempted  to  keep  up  the  sect  by  adopting 
the  children  of  others.  Also  called  Abel- 
ontan  and  Abelite. 

Abelmoschus,  Abelmosk  (a-bel-mos'kus, 
a'bel-mosk),  n.  [Ar.  habb-ei-inosk,  seed  of 
musk,  or  abu-el-mosk,  father  of  musk,  that 
is,  endued  with  musk.]  A  genus  of  plants 
nat.  order  Malvacere.  A.  moschatus,  or  Hi- 
biscus abelinoschus,  is  an  evergreen  shrub  of 
tropical  Asia  and  America,  3  feet  high.  The 
seeds  have  a  musky  odour,  for  which  reason 
the  Arabs  mix  them  with  coffee.  A.  esculen- 
tus  is  an  Indian  annual,  4  feet  high,  variously 
called  ochro,  bandikai,  gombo,  &c.  It  yields 
a  much  esteemed  mucilaginous  fruit,  used 
in  soups  and  pickles  in  the  W.  Indies,  Isle  of 
France,  Ac.  All  the  species  yield  good  fibre. 

Abel-tree.    See  ABELE. 

A  bene  placito(a  ba'na  plach'e-to).  [It.] 
In  music,  at  pleasure;  indicating  that  a 
piece  is  to  be  played  in  the  way  the  per- 
former likes  best. 

Aber  (a'ber),  n.  [Cym.  and  Pictish  equiva- 
lent of  Gael,  inner.  There  are  three  Welsh 
forms  to  denote  meeting  of  waters— aber, 
ynver,  cynver,  compounded  of  ci/n  =  L.  con, 
together,  and  ber,  flowing,  seen  in  berad,  a 
running  of  water ;  Armor,  beri,  to  flow. 
Cwmry,  Cymry,  Cumberland,  Cumbraex, 
Humber,  exhibit  the  word  under  various 
forms.  See  CYMRY,  IXVER.]  A  Celtic  word 

Sreflxed  to  the  names  of  many  places  in 
reat  Britain,  and  signifying  a  confluence 
of  waters,  either  of  two  rivers,  or  of  a  river 
with  the  sea;  as,  Aberdeen,  AberAom;  Aber- 
gavenny.  .A&erystwith. 

Aberdevine  (a-ber'de-vln).  71.  The  Fringilla 
spinus  or  siskin,  a  well-known  song-bird, 
belonging  to  the  finch  family  (Fringillidae), 
somewhat  resembling  the  green  variety  of 
the  canary  bird.  It  is  a  native  of  Scandi- 
navia, visiting  Britain  in  autumn  and  winter. 

Aberr  (ab-er'),  v.i.  To  wander;  to  err. 
Sir  T.  Browne.  [Rare.] 

Aberrance,  Aberrancy  (ab-er'rans,  ab-er'- 
ran-si),  n.  [L.  aberro,  to  wander  from—  ab, 
and  erro,  to  wander.]  A  wandering  or  devi- 
ating from  the  right  way ;  a  deviation  from 
truth  or  rectitude.  Sir  T.  Browne.  [Rare.  ] 

Aberrant  (ab-er'rant),  a.  [L.  aberram,  pp. 
of  aberro,  to  wander.]  1.  Wandering,  stray- 
ing from  the  right  way.— 2.  In  zool.  and  bot 
applied  to  certain  animals  and  plants  which 
differ  materially  from  the  type  of  their 
natural  group. 

The  more  aberrant  any  form  is.  the  greater  must 
have  been  the  number  of  connecting  forms,  which 
on  my  theory  have  been  exterminated  or  utterly  lost. 
Darwin. 

Aberrate  (ab-er'rat),  v.i.  [L.  aberro,  aber- 
ratum(ab  and  erro),  to  wander  from.]  To 
wander  or  deviate  from  the  right  way. 
[Rare.] 

The  product  of  their  defective  and  aberrating  vision. 
DC  Qiiincey. 

Aberration  (ab-er-ra'shon),  n.  [L.  aberra- 
tio,  from  aberro,  aberratiim — ab,  from,  erro, 
to  wander.]  1.  The  act  of  wandering  from; 
especially,  in  a  figurative  sense,  the  act  of 
wandering  from  the  right  way;  deviation 
from  truth  or  moral  rectitude ;  deviation 
from  a  type  or  standard. 

So  then  we  draw  near  to  God,  when,  repenting  us 
of  our  former  aberrations  from  him,  we  renew  our 
covenants  with  him.  Bf.  Hall. 


2.  In  astron.  the  difference  between    the 
true  and  the  observed  position  of  a  heavenly 
body,  the  result  of  the  combined  effect  of 
the  motion  of  light  and  the  motion  of  the 
eye  of  the  observer  caused  by  the  annual  or 
diurnal  motion  of  the  earth,  or  of  the  motion 
of  light  and  that  of  the  body  from  which 
the  light  proceeds:  when  the  auxiliary  cause 
is  the  annual  revolution  of  the  earth  round 
the  sun,  it  is  called  annual  aberration,  in 
consequence  of  which  a  fixed  star  may  ap- 
pear as  much  as  20" '4  from  its  true  position; 
when  the  auxiliary  cause  is  the  diurnal 
rotation  of  the  earth  on  its  axis,  it  is  called 
diurnal  aberration,  which  amounts  at  the  ; 
greatest  to  0"-3;  and  when  the  auxiliary 
cause  is  the  motion  of  the  body  from  which 
the  light  proceeds,  it  is  called  planetary 
aberration. — 3.  Ill  optics,  a  deviation  in  the 
rays  of  light  when  unequally  refracted  by  a 
lens,  or  reflected  by  a  mirror,  so  that  they 
do  not  converge  and  meet  in  a  point  or 
focus,  but  spread  out,  forming  an  indistinct 
and  coloured  image  of  the  object.     It  is 
called    spherical    when    the    imperfection 
arises  from  the  form  of  curvature  of  the 
lens  or  reflector,  and  chromatic  when  it 
arises  from  the  different  refrangibility  of 
the  rays  composing  white  light,  the  image 
of  the  object  being  surrounded  with  prisma- 
tic colours.     In  the  former  case  it  produces 
distortion,  and  in  the  latter  false  colour  of 
the  object.     In  the  eye  the  iris  and  crystal- 
line lens  prevent  these  aberrations.  Optical 
instruments  corrected  for  chromatic  aber- 
ration are  called  achromatic. — 4.  Inphyswl. 
the  passage  of  a  fluid  in  the  living  body  into 
vessels  not  destined  to  receive  it,  as  also  the 
determination  of  a  fluid  to  an  organ  different 
from  that  to  which  it  is  ordinarily  directed, 
as  in  vicarious  hemorrhage.— 5.  In  zool.  and 
'•"/.   deviation  of  a  plant  or  animal  from 
the  type  of  its  natural  group. 

In  whichever  light,  therefore,  insect  aberration  is 
viewed  by  us  ...  we  affirm  that  it  does  .  .  .  exist. 

T.  V.  M'ollaston. 

6.  Partial  alienation  of  mind ;  mental  wan- 
dering.— Circle  of  aberration,  the  circle  of 
coloured  light  observed  in  experiments  with 
convex  lenses  between  the  point  where  the 
violet  rays  and  that  where  the  red  rays 
meet. — Crown  of  aberration,  a  luminous 
circle  surrounding  the  disc  of  the  sun  de- 
pending on  the  aberration  of  its  rays,  by 
which  its  apparent  diameter  is  enlarged. 

Aberuncatet  (ab-e-rung'kat),  v.t.  [Prefix 
ab,  and  L.  erunco,  to  weed  out — e,  out,  and 
runco,  to  weed.]  To  pull  up  by  the  roots; 
to  extirpate  utterly.  Bailey. 

Aberuncator  (ab-er-rung'kat-er),  n.  An  im- 
plement for  extirpating  weeds;  a  weeder 
or  weeding-machine. 

Abet  (a-bef),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  abetted;  ppr. 
abetting.  [O.Fr.  abetter,  abeter,  to  incite, 
to  lure,  to  deceive,  to  befool;  O.Fr.  abet, 
deceit;  Norm,  abet,  a  bait  — prefix  a,  and 
root  of  bait,  to  incite,  set  on.  See  BAIT.] 
1.  To  encourage  by  aid,  countenance,  or 
approval:  used  chiefly  in  a  bad  sense,  and 
always  with  a  personal  object. 

They  nf-etted   both   parties   in  the  civil  war,  and 
always  furnished  supplies  to  the  weaker  side,  lest 
there  should  be  an  end  put  to  these  fatal  divisions. 
Addison, 

2.t  To  maintain;  to  support;  to  uphold:  in 
this  sense  sometimes  with  a  thing  for  the 
object. 

Then  shall  I  soon,  quoth  he,    ... 

Abtt  that  virgin's  cause  disconsolate.     Sfenstr. 

3.  In  law,  to  encourage,  counsel,  incite,  or 
assist  in  a  criminal  act.     In  Scots  law,  a 
person  is  said  to  be  abetting  though  he  may 
only  protect  a  criminal,  conceal  him  from 
justice,  or  aid  him  in  making  his  escape. 
Hence— 4.  To  lead  to  or  encourage  the  com- 
mission of. 

Would  not  the  fool  abet  the  stealth 

Who  rashly  thus  exposed  his  wealth?        Gay. 

SYN.  To  aid,  assist,  support,  encourage,  sus- 
tain, back,  connive  at. 

Abett  (a-bef),  n.  The  act  of  aiding  or  en- 
couraging, especially  in  a  crime.  Chancer. 

Abetment  (a-bet'ment),  n.  The  act  of  abet- 
ting. 

Abettal  (a-bet'al),  n.  Act  of  abetting;  aid. 
Bailey.  [Rare.] 

Abetter,  Abettor  (a-bet'er),  n.  i.  One  who 
abets  or  incites;  one  who  aids  or  encourages 
another  to  commit  a  crime ;  a  supporter  or 
encourager  of  something  bad. 

But  let  th'  abetters  of  the  panther's  crime 

Learn  to  make  fairer  wars  another  time.    Drydtn. 

[In  law,  an  abettor,  as  distinguished  from 

an  accessory,  is  more  especially  one  who 

being  present  gives  aid  or  encouragement.] 


2.  One  who  aids  or  encourages :  in  a  good 
sense.  Pope. 

Abevacuation  (ab-e-vak'u-a"shon),  n.  [L. 
ab  and  E.  evacuation.]  lnmed.(a)  apaitial 
evacuation,  (b)  An  immoderate  evacuation. 

Ab  extra  (ab  eks'tra).    [L.]    From  without. 

Abeyance  (M-ba'ans),  «.  [Norm.  Fr.  abbai- 
aunce,  abbaizance,  expectation,  from  at>- 
bayer,  to  listen  with  the  mouth  open,  from 
bayer,  baer,  bair,  to  gape,  as  in  crying  bah! 
See  ABASH.]  1.  In  law,  a  state  of  expecta- 
tion or  contemplation;  thus,  the  fee  simple 
or  inheritance  of  lands  and  tenements  is  in 
abeyance  when  there  is  no  person  in  being  in 
whom  it  can  vest,  so  that  it  is  in  a  state  of 
expectancy orwaitins  until  a  proper  person 
shall  appear.  If,  for  instance,  land  is  leased 
to  a  man  for  life,  remainder  to  another  for 
years,  the  remainder  foryears  is  in  abeyance 
till  the  death  of  the  lessee  for  life.  Titles  of 
honour  and  dignities  are  said  to  be  in  abey- 
ance when  it  is  uncertain  who  shall  enjoy 
them,  as  when  a  nobleman  holding  his  dig- 
nity descendible  to  his  heirs  general  dir* 
leaving  daughters,  the  king  by  his  preroga- 
tive may  grant  the  dignity  to  which  of  the 
daughters  he  pleases,  or  on  the  male  issue 
of  one  of  such  daughters.  During  the  time 
the  title  to  the  dignity  is  thus  in  suspension 
it  is  said  to  be  in  abeyance. — 2.  A  state  of 
suspension  or  temporary  want  of  exercise. 

There  is  such  a  thing  as  keeping  the  sympathies 
of  love  and  admiration  in  a  dormant  state,  or  state 
of  abeyance,  De  Qnincey. 

Abeyant  (a-ba'ant),  o.  In  law,  being  in 
abeyance. 

Abgregate  t  (ab'gre-gat),  v  t.  [L.  abgrego,  to 
lead  away  from  the  flock  —  06,  away,  and 
arex,  gregis,  a  flock.]  To  separate  from  a 
herd. 

Abgregatlon  t  (ab-gre-ga'shon),  n.  [L.  L.  a  b- 
gregatio,  from  L  abgrego.  See  ABGREGATE  ] 
The  act  of  separating  from  a  flock. 

Abhal  (ab'hal),7».  A  name  given  in  the  East 
Indies  to  the  berries  of  a  species  of  cypress 
or  juniper  which  are  believed  to  be  a  power- 
ful emmenagogue.  Written  sometimes  Ab- 
hel. 

Abhominable  (ab-hom'in-a-bl),  a.  An  old 
mode  of  spelling  abominable  (from  its  being 
supposed  to  be  derived  from  ab  hoinine, 
from  or  repugnant  to  man"),  ridiculed  M 
pedantic  by  Shakspere  in  the  character  of 
the  pedant  Holofernes. 

This  is  abhominable  which  he  would  call  abomin- 
able. Love's  Labour  Lost. 

Abhor  (ab-hor7),  v. t.  pret.  &  pp.  abhorred; 
ppr.  abhorring.  [L.  abhorreo,  to  shrink  back 
— ab,  from,  and  horreo,  to  shudder,  to  feel 
horror.]  1.  To  hate  extremely  or  with 
loathing ;  to  loathe,  detest,  or  abominate ; 
to  feel  excessive  repugnance  towards;  to 
shrink  from  with  horror. 

Therefore  I  say  again, 
I  utterly  abhor,  yea,  from  my  soul, 
Refuse  you  for  my  judge.  Shafc. 

Thou  didst  not  abhor  the  virgin's  womb.     Te  Dennt. 

2.  To  fill  with  horror  and  loathing.    [Rare.) 

It  doth  abhor  me  now  I  speak  the  word.  Shak. 
—Hate,  Abhor,  Detest.  See  under  HATE. 
Abhor  t  (ab-horO,  v.i.  I.  To  shrink  back 
with  disgust,  or  fear,  and  shuddering.  'To 
abkorre  from  those  vices.'  Udall.—%.  To  be 
inconsistent  with,  opposite  or  contrary  to : 
followed  "by  from. 

Which  is  utterly  abhorring  from  the  end  of  all  law. 
Milton. 

Abhorred  (ab-hord'),  p.  and  a.  Hated  ex- 
tremely; detested;  as,  no  one  is  more  ab- 
horred. 

Abhorrence  (ab-hor'rens),  n.  Extreme 
hatred;  detestation;  great  aversion. 

A  sensitive  abhorrence  of  proselytism. 

Sir  G.  C.  Lewis. 

Abhorrencyt  (ab-hor'ren-si),  n.  Abhor- 
rence. 

The  first  tendency  to  any  injustice  .  .  .  must  be 
suppressed  with  a  show  of  wonder  and  abhorrtncy 
in  the  parents.  Locke. 

Abhorrent  (ab-hor*rent),  a.  1.  Hating;  de- 
testing; struck  with  abhorrence. 

The  arts  of  pleasure  in  despotic  courts 

I  spurn  abhorrent.  Glover. 

2.  Contrary;  utterly  repugnant;  violently 
inconsistent  with:  formerly  with  from,  now 
with  to. 

This  legal,  and  as  it  should  seem  injudicious  pro- 
fanation, so  abhorrent  to  our  stricter  principles,  was 
received  with  a  very  faint  murmur.  Gibbon. 

Abhorrently  (ab-hor'rent-li),   adv.     With 

abhorrence. 
Abhorrer  (ab-hor'er),  n.    One  who  abhors; 

specifically,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  a 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      >',  Sc.  fey. 


ABHORRIBLE 


ABJURE 


member  of  the  court  party,  afterwards 
called  Tories.  Tbry  drrivrii  their  mum; 
from  their  professed  abhorrence  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  Addresser*,  who  endeavoured 
to  encroach  on  the  royal  prerogative.  See 

AUDKKSSEK. 

Great  numbers  of  abhorrers,  from  all  parts  of 
England,  were  seized  by  order  of  the  Commons,  ami 
committed  to  custody.  Ilnnte. 

Abhorrible  (ab-hor'ri-bl),  a.  Worthy  or 
deserving  to  be  idiliorred.  [Rare.] 

Abhorring  (;tb-lior'inn),  n.  1.  Feeling  of  ab- 
horrence; loathing. 

I  find  no  abhorring  in  my  appetite.      Donne. 

2.  t  Object  of  abhorrence. 

They  sh;i!l  be  an  abhorring  to  all  flesh.    Is.  Ixvi.  44. 

Abib  (.Vbili),  n.  [Hfb.  abib,  an  ear  of  corn, 
from  abub,  to  produce  the  first  or  early 
fruit—root  ab,  a  swelling.)  The  first  month 
of  the  Jewish  ecclesiastical  year,  called  also 
Nisan.  It  begins  at  the  spring  equinox,  anil 
answers  to  the  latter  part  of  March  and 
beginning  of  April.  Its  name  is  derived 
from  the  full  growth  of  wheat  in  Egypt, 
which  took  place  anciently,  as  it  does  now, 
at  that  season. 

Abidance  (a-bid'ans),  n.  The  act  of  abiding; 
abode;  stay.  Fuller.  [Rare.] 

Abide  (a-bid'),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  abode;  ppr. 
abiding.  [A.  Sax.  abtdan,  gebidan,  to  abide, 
from  bidan,  to  bide.  See  BIDE.]  1.  To  take 
up  one's  abode;  to  dwell;  to  reside;  to  stay 
for  a  shorter  or  longer  time.— 2.  To  remain; 
not  to  depart. 

Except  these  abide  in  the  ship,  ye  cannot  be  saved. 
Acts  xxvii.  31. 

8.  To  continue  in  a  certain  condition ;  to 
remain  steadfast  or  faithful.  1  Cor.  vii.  40. 
4.  To  inhere;  to  belong,  as  an  attribute  or 
quality;  to  have  its  seat. 

Less  spirit  to  curse  abides  in  me.  Shak. 

—Abide  by,  (a)  to  remain  at  rest  beside. 
'Abide  by  thy  crib.'  Job  xxxix.  9.  (&)  To 
adhere  to;  to  maintain;  to  defend;  to  stand 
to;  as,  to  abide  by  a  friend;  specifically,  in 
Scots  law,  to  adhere  to  as  true  and  genuine: 
said  of  the  party  who  founds  on  a  deed  or 
writing  which  the  other  party  desires  to 
have  reduced  or  declared  null  and  void,  on 
the  ground  of  forgery  or  falsehood,  (c)  To 
await  or  accept  the  consequences  of;  to  rest 
satisfied  with;  as,  to  abide  by  the  event  or 
issue. 

Abide  (a-bld'),  v.  t.  1. t  To  wait  for;  especially, 
to  stand  one's  ground  against. 

Abide  me  if  thou  darest.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  prepared  for;  to  await;  to  be  in 
store  for. 

Bonds  and  afflictions  abide  me.        Acts  ix.  23. 

3.  To  be  able  to  endure  or  sustain,  as  a  pun- 
ishment, or  judgment  of  God;  to  remaiu 
firm  under. 

To  abide  the  indignation  of  the  Lord.    Joel  ii.  n. 

4.  To  put  up  with;  to  tolerate.    [Colloq.] 

I  cannot  abide  the  smell  of  hot  meat.        Shak. 

5.  [This  meaning  attaches  to  the  word  from 
a  kind  of  confusion  with  aby,  abie.     See 
ABY.]    To  pay  the  price  or  penalty  for;  to 
suffer  for. 

If  it  be  found  so,  some  will  dear  abide  it.    Sha*. 

Ah  me  I  they  little  know 
How  clearly  1  abide  that  boast  so  vain.    Milton. 

Abider  (a-bid'er),  n.  One  who  dwells  or  con- 
tinues. 

Abiding  (a-b!d'ing),  a.  Continuing;  perma- 
nent; steadfast;  as,  an  abiding  faith 

Abidingly  (a-bld'lng-li),  ado.  In  such  a 
manner  as  to  continue;  permanently. 

Abies  (ab'i-es),  ?i.  [L.J  The  fir,  a  genus  of 
trees  of  the  sub-order  Abietinse,  nat.  order 
Coniferse,  well  known  for  the  valuable  tim- 
ber that  is  produced  by  many  of  the  species. 
It  differs  from  the  genus  Pinus  in  the  leaves 
growing  singly  on  the  stem,  and  the  scales 
of  the  cones  being  smooth,  round,  and  thin 
To  this  genus  belong  the  silver  fir  (A .  picea), 
the  great  California!!  fir  (.-I.  arandis)  the 
balm  of  Oilead  fir  (A.  balssamifera),  the 
large-bracted  fir  (A.  nobilis),  the  hemlock 
spmce  fir  (A.  ccmadcnsis),  sacred  Mexican 
fir  (A.  religiosa),  Norway  spruce  fir  (A 
excelm).  Oriental  fir  (A.  orientalis),  white 
spruce  fir  (A.  alba),  Douglas'  fir  (A.  flown- 
lasii),  A-c.  See  FIR,  PINE. 

Abietic  (ab-i-ct'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
trees  of  the  genus  Abies.  —  Abietic  acid 
(CjoHjoO),  an  acid  discovered  in  the  resin 
of  trees  of  the  genus  Abies. 

Abietinse  (ab'i-et-i"ne),  n.  pi.  [L.  abies.  the 
fir.)  The  flrs  and  spruces,  a  sub-order  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Conifera,  having  the  fer- 
tile flowers  in  cones,  with  one  or  two  in- 


verted ovules  at  the  base  of  each  scale.  It 
includes  many  valuable  timber-trees,  often 
rising  130  to  180  feet  high,  arranged  under 
the  genera  1'iuus,  Abies,  1'icea,  Larix,  <  vd- 
rus.  Arum-aria,  Damniura,  Ac. 

Abietite  (ab'i-et-it),  ».  (l',;IUO.,.)  A  sugar 
obtained  from  the  needles  of  Abie*  pecti- 
nntit. 

Abietites  (ab'i-et-i"tez),  n.  [L.  abies,  the 
lir.  ]  A  genus  of  fossil  plants,  nat.  order 
ConUeroe,  occurring  in  the  Wealden  and 
lower  greensand  strata. 

Abigail  (ab'i-gal),  n.  [From  the  title  of 
handmaid  assumed  to  herself  by  Abigail, 
wife  of  Is'abal,  when  carrying  provisions  to 
David.  See  1  Sam.  xx.  5.  ]  A  general  name 
for  a  waiting  woman  or  lady's-maid.  [Colloq.  ] 

I  remember  the  time  when  some  of  our  well-bred 
Country-women  kept  their  valet-de-chambre,  bc- 
i  .mse,  forsooth,  a  man  was  much  more  handy  about 
them  than  one  of  their  own  sex.  1  myself  have  seen 
one  of  these  male  Abigails  tripping  about  the  room 
with  a  looking-glass  in  his  hand  and  combing  his 
lady's  hair  a  whole  morning  together.  Spectator. 

Abigeat  (ab-ij'e-at),  n.  [L.  abigeatus,  cattle- 
stealing,  from  abigeus,  a  cattle-driver,  from 
abigo,  to  drive  away.]  In  law,  (a)  the  crime 
of  stealing  or  driving  off  cattle  in  droves. 
(6)  A  miscarriage  procured  by  art. 

Abiliatet  (a-bil'i-at),  v.t.  [See  ABLE.)  To 
enable.  Bacon.  [Rare.] 

Abilimentt  (a-bil'i-ment),  n.    Ability. 

Abilimcnt  to  steer  a  kingdom.  Ford. 

Abiliraents,t  n.  pi.    Same  as  Habiliments. 

Abilitatet(a-bil'i-tat),c.<.  To  assist.  Nicho- 
las Ferrar. 

Ability  (a-bil'i-ti),  n.  [Fr.  habilite,  L.  ha- 
bilitas,  ableness.  See  ABLE.]  1.  The  state 
or  condition  of  being  able;  power,  whether 
bodily  or  mental,  natural  or  acquired,  moral, 
conventional,  or  legal ;  skill  or  competence 
in  any  occupation  or  field  of  action. 

They  gave  after  their  ability  unto  the  treasure  of 
the  work.  Ezra  ii.  69. 

Alas !  what  poor  ability's  in  me 
To  do  him  good?  Stiak. 

2.  pi.  In  a  concrete  sense,  talents;  mental 
gifts  or  endowments. 

Natural  abilities  are  like  natural  plants,  that  need 
pruning  by  study.  Bacon. 

3.  t  The  being  in  a  condition  to  meet  pecu- 
niary obligations;  commercial  soundness; 
wealth  or  means. 

Out  of  my  lean  and  low  ability 
I'll  lend  you  something.  Shak. 

A  draft  upon  my  neighbour  was  to  me  the  same  as 
money;  for  I  was  sufficiently  convinced  of  liis  ability. 
Goldsmith. 

—  Ability,  Capacity.  The  former  denotes 
rathe_r  active  power  or  power  to  perform, 
and  is  used  with  regard  to  power  of  any 
kind ;  capacity  conveys  the  idea  of  recep- 
tiveness,  of  the  possession  of  resources;  it 
is  potential  rather  than  actual,  and  may  be 
no  more  than  undeveloped  ability.  Ability 
is  manifested  in  action,  while  capacity  does 
not  imply  action,  as  when  we  speak  of  a 
capacity  for  virtue.  —  A  bilities,  Talents, 
Parts,  &c.,  distinguished  under  GENIUS.— 
SYN.  Capacity,  talent,  faculty,  capability, 
efficiency,  aptitude,  aptness,  address,  dex- 
terity, skill. 

Abllliaments  t  (a-bil'i-a-ments),  n.  pi  Same 
&s  Habiliments,  but  applied  more  especially 
to  armour  and  warlike  stores. 

And  now  the  temple  of  Janus  being  shut,  warlike 
abilliftments  grew  rusty.  ll'ilson,  }list.  yaffles  I. 

Ablme,t  n.    [Fr.]    An  abyss. 

Column  and  base  upbering  from  abime.    Chaucer. 

Ab  InltiO  (ab  in-i'shi-6),  n.  [L.]  From  the 
beginning. 

Abintestate  (ab-in-tes'tat),  a.  [L.  ab,  and 
inteetatus,  dying  without  a  will  — in,  ami 
tester,  to  bear  witness.]  In  fair,  dying  with- 
out making  a  will. 

Ab  intra  (ab  in'tra).  [L.]  From  within: 
opposed  to  ab  extra. 

Abiogenesis (a-bi'6-jen"e-sis),n.  [Gr.a, priv., 
bios,  life,  and  genesis,  generation,  produc- 
tion. See  BIOGENESIS.]  In  biol.  the  doc- 
trine that  living  matter  may  be  produced 
by  not  living  matter.  In  the  seventeenth 
century  this  was  the  dominant  view,  sanc- 
tioned alike  by  antiquity  and  authority, 
and  was  first  assailed  by  Redi,  an  Italian 
philosopher.  Needham  and  Buffon,  who 
have  been  regarded  as  the  supporters  of 
this  hypothesis,  held  the  doctrine  in  a  very 
modified  degree.  They  held  that  life  is  the 
indefeasible  property  of  certain  indestruc- 
tible molecules  of  matter  which  exist  in  all 
living  things,  and  have  inherent  activities 
by  which  they  are  distinguished  from  not 
living  matter;  each  individual  living  organ- 


ism being  formed  by  their  temporary  com- 
bination, and  they  standing  to  it  in  the  rela- 
tion of  the  particles  of  water  to  a  cascade 
01-  a  whirlpool,  or  to  a  mould,  into  wlnVh 
the  water  is  poured.  See  BIOGENESIS  HE- 
TKBoamns, 

Abirritation  (ab  ir'rit-u"shon).  ».  [L.  ab, 
as  a  dim.,  and  irriluliu.  irritation.]  In 
med.  a  diminished  condition  of  the  vital 
phenomena  of  the  tissues,  inclining  to  de- 
bility or  asthenia. 

Ablt,  t  r.i.  third  person  sing,  of  abide. 
Abideth.  Cliiin,; ,-. 

Abjectt  (ab-jekf),  v.t.    [See  the  adjective.] 

1.  To  throw  away;  to  cast  off  or  out. 

For  that  offence  only  Almighty  God  abjected  Saul 
that  he  should  no  more  reign  over  Israel. 

Sir  T.  Elyol. 

2.  To  make  abject;  to  humiliate. 

It  abjected  his  spirit  to  that  degree  that  he  fell  clan- 
gerously  sick.  SHyfe. 

What  is  it  th.tt  can  make  this  gallant  so  stoop  and 
abject  himself  so  basely  T  Fotherby. 

Abject  (ab'jekt).n.  [I,.  abjechis.hvmabjicio, 
to  throw  away  — (id,  and  jacio,  to  throw.] 
Sunk  to  a  low  condition;  worthless,  mean, 
despicable,  low  in  estimation. 

To  what  base  ends,  and  by  what  abject  ways. 
Are  mortals  urg'd  through  sacred  lust  of  praise. 
Pope. 

SYN.  Mean,  base,  worthless,  low,  grovelh'ng, 
debased,  despicable. 

Abject  (ab'jekt),  n.  A  person  in  a  low  or  ab- 
ject condition.  Ps.  xxxv.  15. 

We  are  the  queen's  abjccts,  and  must  obey.     Shak. 

Abjectedness  (ab-jekt'ed-ncs),  n.  A  very 
low  or  despicable  condition.  [Rare.] 

Abjection  (ab-jek'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
throwing  away  or  down ;  the  act  of  bringing 
down  or  humbling;  overthrow.  [Rare.] 

The  audacite  and  bolde  speche  of  Daniel  signlfyeth 
the  abjection  of  the  kynge  and  his  rcalme.  Joye. 

2.  The  state  of  being  cast  down  or  away; 
hence,  a  low  state;  meanness  of  spirit;  base- 
ness; abjectness. 

That  this  should  be  termed  baseness,  abjection  of 
mind,  or  servility,  is  it  credible?  Hooter. 

The  just  medium  of  tHs  case  lies  between  pride 
and  abjection.  L'Hstraiife. 

Abjectly  (ab'jekt-li),  adv.  Tn  a  contemptible 
manner;  meanly;  servilely. 

Abjectness  (ab'jekt-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  abject;  meanness:  servility. 

Abjudicatet  (ab-ju'di-kat),i'.(.  [L.  abjudico. 
abjudicatum — ab,away,and  jiidico,  to  judge. 
See  JUDGE.]  To  give  away  by  judgment. 
Ash. 

Adjudication  (ab'ju-di-ka"shon),  n.  Rejec- 
tion. Knowles.  [Rare.] 

Abjugatet  (ab'ju-gat),  v.t.  [L.  abjnga.abju. 
gatum,  to  unyoke — ab,  from,  ami  jugum,  a 
yoke.  ]  To  unyoke.  Bailey. 

Abjunctive  (ab-jungk'tiv),  n.  [L.  abjungo, 
abjunctum,  to  unyoke.]  Isolated;  excep- 
tional. [Rare.] 

It  is  this  power  which  leads  on  from  the  accidental 
and  abjunctiz'e  to  the  universal.  Is.  Taylor. 

AbjuratiOn(ab-ju-ra'shon),K.  [See  ABJIRE.] 
1.  The  act  of  abjuring;  a  renunciation  upon 
oath.  Formerly  in  England  felons  taking 
refuge  in  a  church,  and  confessing  their 
guilt,  could  not  be  arrested  and  tried,  but 
might  save  their  lives  by  '  an  abjuration  of 
the  realm,'  that  is,  by  swearing  to  leave  the 
country,  and  never  to  return. —2.  A  rejection 
or  denial  with  solemnity;  a  total  abandon- 
ment; as, '  an  abjuration  of  heresy. '—  Oath  vf 
abjuration,  an  oath  asserting  the  title  of  the 
present  royal  family  to  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land, and  abjuring  allegiance  to  that  of  the 
Pretender.  A  single  oath  is  substituted  for 
this  and  the  oath  of  allegiance  and  supre- 
macy by  21,  22  Viet,  xlvii'i. 

Abjuratory  (ab-ju'ra-to-ri),  o.  Pertaining 
to  abjuration. 

Abjure  (ab-jurO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  abjured; 
ppr.  abjuring.  [L.  abjuro,  to  deny  upon 
oath — ab,  ana  juro,  to  swear.  ]  1.  To  renounce 
upon  oath;  to  withdraw  formally  from;  as, 
to  abjure  allegiance  to  a  prince. — 2.  To  re- 
nounce or  reject  with  solemnity;  to  aban- 
don; as,  to  abjure  errors.  'Magic  I  bere  ab- 
jure.' Shak.— 3.  To  recant  or  retract.  [Rare.] 

I  put  myself  to  thy  direction,  and 

Unspeak  mine  own  detraction,  here  abjure 

The  taints  and  blames  I  laid  upon  myself.    Sftat. 

—Renounce,  Secant,   Abjure.     See  under 
RENOUNCE.— SYN.  To  forswear,  renounce, 
retract,  recall,  recant,  revoke. 
Abjure  (ab-jurV.i.  To  renounce  the  realm; 
to  swear  to  forsake  the  country. 

One  Thomas  Harding,  .  .  .  who  had  abjured  in 
the  year  1506,  was  now  observed  to  go  often  into 
woods,  fee,  Bf.  Burner 


ch,  c/tain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,;0b;      n.  Fr.  ton;      ng,  nng;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Mn;      w.  irig;    wh,  u7,ig;    zh,  azure. -See  KIT. 


ABJUREMENT 


8 


ABOARD 


Abjurement  (ab-jur'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
abjuring;  renunciation.  J.  Hall. 

Abjurer  (ab-jur'er),  n.    One  who  abjures. 

AbKari  (ab-kar'e),  n.  [Hind,  abkar,  a  maker 
or  seller  of  spirituous  liquors.]  lie  venues 
in  the  East  Indies  derived  from  various 
duties  or  licenses  on  spirits,  opium,  and 
from  gaming-houses,  &c. 

Ablactate  (ab-lak'tat),  v.t.  [L.  ablacto,  to 
wean—  ab,  from,  and  lac,  milk.]  To  wean 
from  the  breast.  [Rare.] 

Ablactation  (ab'lak-ta"shon),  n.  [See  AB- 
LACTATE.] 1.  The  weaning  of  a  child  from 
the  breast.— 2.  In  hort.  a  method  of  graft- 
ing, in  which  the  scion  is  not  separated 
from  the  parent  stock  till  flrmly  united  to 
that  in  which  it  is  inserted.  This  is  now 
called  grafting  by  approach  or  inarching. 
See  GRAFT. 

Ablaqueate  (ab-lak '  we-at),  v.t.  [L.  abla- 
tjiieo,  ablaqueatum,  to  turn  up  earth  around 
a  tree.]  To  lay  bare,  as  the  roots  of  trees. 

Ablaqueation  (ab-Iak'we-a"shon),  n.  A  lay- 
ing bare  the  roots  of  trees  to  expose  them 
to  the  air  and  water.  Evelyn. 

Ablation  (ab-la'shon),  n.     [See  ABLATIVE.] 

1.  A  carrying  or  taking  away. 

Prohibition  extends  to  all  injustice,  whether  done 
by  force  or  fraud;  whether  it  be  by  ablation  or  pre- 
vention or  detaining  of  rights.  Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  In  med.  the  taking  from  the  body  what- 
ever is  hurtful;  an  evacuation.— 3.  In  chem. 
the  removal  of  whatever  is  finished  or  no 
longer  necessary. 

Ablative  (ab'la-tiv),  a.  [L.  ablativus,  from 
ablatus,  pp.  of  aujero,  to  carry  away—  ab, 
away,  and/ero,  to  carry.]  1.  Taking  or  tend- 
ing to  take  away;  tending  to  remove;  per- 
taining to  ablation.  [Obsolete  and  rare.] 

Where  the  heart  is  forestalled  with  mis-opinion, 
ablative  directions  are  found  needfull  to  unteach 
error,  ere  we  can  learne  truth.  Jif.  Hall. 

2.  A  term  applied  to  a  case  of  nouns  in  Sans- 
krit, Latin,  and  some  other  languages,  ori- 
ginally given  to  the  case  in  Latin  because 
separation  from  was  considered  to  be  one 
of  the  chief  ideas  expressed  by  the  case. — 
Ablative  absolute,  in  Latin  gram,  the  name 
given  to  a  noun  with  a  participle  or  some 
other  attributive  or  qualifying  word,  either 
expressed  or  understood,  in  the  ablative 
case,  which  is  not  dependent  upon  any 
other  word  in  the  sentence. 

Ablaut  (ab'lout),  n.  [G.,  from  ab,  off,  and 
laut,  sound.]  Inphilol.  a  substitution  of  one 
vowel  for  another  in  the  body  of  the  root  of 
a  word,  to  indicate  a  corresponding  modi- 
fication of  use  or  meaning;  as,  bind,  band, 
bound,  bond,  G.  bund;  more  especially  the 
change  of  a  vowel  to  indicate  tense-change 
in  strong  verbs,  instead  of  the  addition  of  a 
syllable  (-ed),  as  in  weak  verbs;  as,  get,  gat, 
got;  sink,  8atik,sunk.  It  indicates  also  change 
of  intransitive  verbs  into  causative;  as,  sit, 
set;  fall,  fell;  and  verbs  into  nouns,  as  sit, 
seat;  sing,  song, 

Ablaze  (a-blaz'),  adv.  or  a.  [Prefix  a  for  on, 
and  blaze  (which  see).]  1.  On  fire;  in  a 
blaze;  as,  the  bonfire  is  ablaze.  —2.  Fig.  in  a 
state  of  eager  excitement  or  desire.  [Not 
used  attributively  in  either  sense.] 

The  young  Cambridge  democrats  were  all  ablaxe 
to  assist  Torrijos.  Carlyle. 

-Able,  -Ible,  -Ble.  A  very  common  termin- 
ation of  English  adjectives,  especially  those 
based  on  verbs,  representing  the  L.  -abilis, 
-ibilis,  a  termination  equivalent  to  the  ad- 
jective habilis,  fit,  suitable.  To  the  bases 
to  which  it  is  attached  it  generally  adds  the 
notion  of  capable  of,  worthy  of,  and  some- 
times full  of,  causing;  as,  obtainable,  capable 
of  being  obtained;  tolerable,  capable  of  being 
borne;  laudable,  worthy  of  praise;  credible, 
that  may  be  believed,  or  worthy  of  belief; 
forcible,  full  of  force;  horrible,  terrible,  full 
of  or  causing  horror,  terror.  Many  of  these 
adjectives,  such  as  tolerable,  credible,  legible, 
have  been  borrowed  directly  from  the 
Latin  or  the  French,  and  are  in  a  somewhat 
different  position  from  those  formed  by 
adding  the  termination  to  an  already  ex- 
isting English  word,  as  in  the  case  of  obtain- 
able. Adjectives  of  this  kind,  with  a  passive 
signification,  are  the  most  numerous,  and  the 
base  may  be  Anglo-Saxon  or  Latin;  eatable, 
bearable,  readable,  believable,  &c.,  are  of  the 
former  kind.  Of  those  in  -able  with  an  active 
signification  we  may  mention  delectable, 
suitable,  capable.  Of  a  neuter  signification 
aredurable,  equable,  conformable.  All  these 
are  from  verbal  bases,  but  there  are  others 
derived  from  nouns,  such  as  actionable, 
objectionable,  peaceable,  saleable,  service- 
able. As  to  when  -able  and  when  -ible  is  to 


be  used,  Mr.  Fitzedward  Hall  remarks, 
'  Generally,  the  termination  is  -ible,  if  the 
base  is  the  essentially  uncorrupted  stem  of 
a  Latin  infinitive  or  supine  of  any  conjuga- 
tion but  the  first.  ...  To  the  rule  given 
above,  however,  there  are  many  objections. 
...  To  all  verbs,  then,  from  the  Anglo- 
Saxon,  to  all  based  on  the  uncorrupted,  in- 
finitival stems  of  Latin  verbs  of  the  first 
conjugation,  and  to  all  substantives,  whence- 
soever  sprung,  we  annex  -able  only.'  See 
his  work  On  English  Adjectives  in  -Able,  with 
Special  Reference  to  Reliable. 
Able(a'bl),  a.  [O.E.  abil,  abul,  habil,  O.Fr. 
able,  hable,  Norm,  hable,  Fr.  habile,  skilful, 
fit,  from  L.  habilis,  suitable,  fit,  hardy,  from 
habeo,  to  have,  hold ;  from  same  base  are  , 
ability,  habiliment,  &c.,  and  suffix  -able 
(which  see).]  1.  Having  the  power  or  means 
sufficient;  as,  a  man  able  to  perform  mili- 
tary service;  a  child  is  not  able  to  reason 
on  abstract  subjects. 

Every  man  shall  give  as  he  is  able,       Deut.  *vi.  17. 

2.  Legally  entitled  or  authorized;  having 
the  requisite  legal  qualification;  as,  an  ille- 
gitimate son  is  not  able  to  take  by  inheri- 
tance.—3.  In  an  absolute  sense,  (a)vigorous; 
active. 

His  highness  came  post  from  Marseilles,  of  as  able 
body  as  when  lie  numbered  thirty.  Shak. 

(b)  Having  strong  or  unusual  powers  of 
mind,  or  intellectual  qualifications ;  as,  an 
able  minister. 

Provide  out  of  all  the  people  able  men.  Ex.  xviii.  3, 

—Able  for  is  now  regarded  as  a  Scotticism, 
though  Shakspere  has,  'Be  able  for  thine 
enemy  rather  in  power  than  use.' 

His  soldiers,  worn  out  with  fatigue,  were  hardly 
able  for  such  a  inarch.  Principal  Robertson. 

SYN.  Capable,  competent,  powerful,  strong, 
efficient,  effective,  skilful,  qualified,  clever. 
Ablet  (a'l)l),  v.t.  ['For  some  time  the  verb  I 
able  was  not  uncommon.  Bishop  Bale  uses 
it  often.  Bishop  Latimer,  Shakspere,  Dr. 
Donne,  Chapman,  Ac.,  have  it  too.'  Fitz- 
edward Hall.}  \.  To  enable. 

And  life  by  this  death  abled  shall  controll 
Death,  whom  thy  death  slew.  Donne. 

2.  To  warrant  or  answer  for. 

None  does  offend,  none;  I  say  none,  I'll  able  'em. 
Shak. 

Able-bodied  (a'bl-bo'did),  a.  1.  Having  a 
sound,  strong  body;  having  strength  suffi- 
cient for  work;  as,  'A  dozen  able-bodied 
men.'  Addison.—  2.  Nant.  applied  to  a  sea- 
man who  is  well  skilled  in  seamanship,  and 
classed  in  the  ship's  books  as  such. 

Ablegatet  (ab'le-gat),  v.t.  [L.  ablego,  able- 
gatum,  to  send  away— ab,  away,  and  lego, 
to  send  as  ambassador]  To  send  abroadT. 

Ablegationt  (ab'le-ga"shon),  n.  The  act  of 
ablegating,  that  is,  sending  abroad  or  away; 
the  act  of  sending  out. 

An  arbitrarious  ablegation  of  the  spirits  into  this 
or  that  determinate  part  of  the  body.     Dr.  H.  More. 

Ablen  (ablen),  n.     Same  as  Ablet. 

Ableness  (a'bl-nes),  n.  Ability  of  body  or 
mind;  force;  vigour. 

AblephaniS  (a-blef'ar-us),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
and  blepharos,  an  eyelid.]  A  genus  of  harm- 
less lizards,  family  Scincidoj,  with  five-toed 
feet  and  only  rudimentary  eyelids. 

Ablepsia,  Ablepsy(a-blep'si-a,  a-blep'si),  n. 
[Gr.  tiblepsia—a,  not,  and  blepo,  to  see.] 
Want  of  sight;  blindness.  [Rare.] 

Able-seaman  (a'bl-se-man),  n.  See  ABLE- 
BODIED,  2. 

Ablet  (ab'let),  n.  [Fr.  ablette,  able,  L.L. 
abula  (for  albula),  from  L.  albus,  albulus, 
white,  whitish,  from  its  colour.  The  name 
bleak  is  given  it  for  the  same  reason.]  A 
small  fresh-water  fish,  the  bleak,  the  scales 
of  which  are  used  in  making  artificial  pearls. 
See  BLEAK. 

Abligatet  (ab'li-gat),  v.t.  [L.  ab,  from,  and 
liyo,  ligatum,  to  tie.]  To  tie  up  so  as  to 
hinder  from. 

Alligation t  (ab'li-ga"shon),  n.  The  act  of 
tying  up  so  as  to  hinder  from. 

Abligurition  (ab-lig'u-ri"8hon),  n.  [L.  dbli- 
guritio,  a  consuming  in  feasting.]  Excess; 
prodigal  expense  for  food.  [Rare.] 

Ablins  (ab'linz),  adv.  Perhaps;  peradveu- 
ture.  [Scotch.]  See  AIBLINS. 

AblOCate  (ab'lo-kat),  v.t.  [L.  abloco—ab, 
away,  and  locare,  to  let  out,  from  locus,  a 
place.]  To  let  out;  to  lease. 

Ablocation  (ab-lo-ka'shon),  n.  A  letting  to 
hire. 

Abloom  (a-blom'),  a.  [Prefix  a,  and  bloom.] 
In  a  blooming  state:  not  used  attributively. 
Eliot  Warburton. 


Ablude  (ab-lud').  v.i.  [L.  alludo,  to  be  un- 
like, to  differ— ab,  from,  and  ludo,  to  play.] 
To  be  unlike;  to  differ.  [Rare.] 

The  wise  advice  of  our  Seneca  not  much*MuMy 
from  the  counsel  of  that  blessed  apostle.  B/>.  Halt. 

Abluent  (ab'lu-ent),  a.  [L.  abluens,  ablu- 
entis,  ppr.  of  abluo,  to  wash  off—  ab,  from, 
and  luo,  to  wash.  ]  Washing  clean;  cleansing 
by  water  or  liquids. 

Abluent  (ab'lu-ent),  n.  In  med.  that  which 
purities  the  blood,  or  carries  off  impurities 
from  the  system,  especially  the  stomach  and 
intestines ;  a  detergent ;  also,  that  which 
removes  filth  or  viscid  matter  from  ulcers 
or  from  the  akin. 

Ablution (ab-lu'shon),  n.  [L.  abhttio,a,  wash- 
ing, from  abluo,  ablutum.  See  ABLUENT,  a.] 
1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  act  of  washing;  a 
cleansing  or  purification  by  water;  specifi- 
cally, (a)  the  washing  of  the  body  as  a  pre- 
paration for  religious  duties,  enjoined  by 
Moses  and  still  practised  in  many  countries. 

There  is  a  natural  analogy  between  the  ablution 
of  the  body  and  the  purification  of  the  soul. 

jftr.  Taylor. 

(b)  In  chem.  the  purification  of  bodies  by  the 
affusion  of  a  proper  liquor,  as  water  to  dis- 
solve salts,  (c)  In  med.  the  washing  of  the 
body  externally,  as  by  baths;  or  internally, 
by  diluting  fluids.  — 2.  The  water  used  in 
cleansing. 

Cast  the  ablutions  in  the  main.  Pope. 

3.  In  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  the  mixture  of  wine 
and  water  with  which  the  officiating  priest 
rinses  out  the  chalice  after  mass,  himself 
drinking  the  same. 

Ablutionary  (ab-lu'shon-a-ri),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  ablution. 

Abluvion  ( ab-lu'vi-on ),  n.  [L.  alluvium. 
See  ABLUENT.]  i.t  A  flood.— 2.  That  which 
is  washed  off.  Dicight.  [Rare.] 

Ably  (a'bli),  adv.  In  an  able  manner ;  with 
ability. 

Abnegate  (ab'ne-gat),  v.t.  [L.  abnego,  ab- 
negatum—ab,  from,  and  ntgo,  to  deny.]  To 
deny;  to  renounce. 

A  Cod-created  man,  all  but  abnegating  the  cha- 
racter of  man.  Carlyle. 

Abnegation  (ab-ne-ga'shon),  n.  [L.  abnega- 
tio.]  The  act  of  abnegating;  a  denial;  a  re- 
nunciation. 'Judicious  confirmation,  judi- 
cious abnegation,'  Carlyle 

With  abnegation  of  God,  of  his  honour,  and  of 
religion,  they  may  retain  the  friendship  of  the  court. 

Knox. 

Abnegative  (ab-neg'a-tiv),  a.  Denying;  ne- 
gative. Clarke.  [Rare.] 

Abnegator  (ab"ne-ga'ter),  n.  One  who  ab- 
negates, denies,  renounces,  or  opposes  any- 
thing. Sir  E.  Sandys. 

Abnet  (ab'net),  n.  [Heb.]  The  girdle  of  a 
Jewish  priest. 

Abnodate  (al/no-dat),  v.t.  [L.  ab,  from,  and 
nodus,  a  knot.]  To  cut  knots  from,  as  trees. 
Blownt. 

Abnodation  (ab'no-da"ahon),  n.  The  act  of 
cutting  away  the  knots  of  trees.  Bailey, 

Abnormal  (ab-nor'mal),  a.  [L.  abnonnis — 
ab,  from,  and  nortna,  a  rule.  See  NORMAL.] 
Not  conformed  or  conforming  to  rule;  devi- 
ating from  a  type  or  standard ;  irregular; 
contrary  to  system  or  law. 

An  argument  is.  that  the  above-specified  breeds, 
though  agreeing  generally  in  constitution,  habits, 
voice,  colouring,  and  in  most  parts  of  their  structure, 
with  the  wild  rock-pigeon,  yet  are  certainly  highly 
abnormal  in  other  parts  of  their  structure. 

Darwin. 

Abnormality  (ab-nor-mal'i-ti),  n,  l.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  abnormal ;  devia- 
tion from  a  standard,  rule,  or  type ;  irregu- 
larity; abnormity.— 2.  That  which  is  abnor- 
mal ;  that  in  which  anything  deviates  from 
a  standard,  rule,  or  type.  ' Abnormalities 
in  the  structure  of  living  beings.'  Pop. 
Ency. 

Abnormity  (ab-nor'mi-ti),  n.  [See  ABNOR- 
MAL.] Irregularity;  deformity.  Bailey. 

Abnormoust  (ab-iior'mus),  a.  Abnormal 
(which  see). 

A  character  of  a  more  abnormotts  cast  than  hib 
equally  suspected  coadjutor.  State  Trials. 

Aboard  (a-bord'),  adv.    [Prefix  a  for  on,  and 
board.   See  BOAKD.]    Within  a  ship,  vessel, 
or  boat. 
He  loudly  called  to  such  as  were  aboard.     Spenser. 

—Togo  aboard,  to  enter  a  ship;  to  embark.— 
To  fall  aboard  of,  to  come  or  strike  against: 
said  of  a  ship  which  strikes  against  another 
while  one  or  both  are  in  motion. — To  lay 
aboard,  to  board.  Shak.—  To  get  aboard,  to 
get  foul  of,  as  a  ship.— Aboard  main  tacit, 
an  order  to  draw  one  of  the  lower  corners 
of  the  main  sail  down  to  the  chess-tree. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  fey. 


ABOARD 


9 


ABORTIVE 


Aboard  (ii-linnf),  prep.     1.  On  board;  into. 

We  left  this  place,  and  were  again  conveyed 
aboard  our  sliip.  /''le/dittf. 

2.  [In  this  sense  perhaps  from  Kr.  a  bord,  to 
(t]iunppusitt>)1>;mk.]  from  short;  to  shore; 
acruss;  athwart. 

Nor  iron  bands  aboard 
The  Pontic  sea  by  their  hutfe  navy  cast.       Spenser. 

Aboard*  (a-bord'),  n.  [Fr.  abord,  approach, 
address.  ]  Approach. 

He.  at  the  first  aboard  of  a  stranger,  would  frame 
a  right  apprehension  of  him.  Sir  A".  Digby. 

Abococked.t  n.  [See  ABACOT.]  A  cap  of 
state;  an  abacot. 

His  high  cap  of  estate,  called  abococked,  garnished 
with  two  rich  crowns,  .  .  .  presented  to  Kyng 
Edward  at  York.  Hall. 

Abodancet  (a-bod'ans),  n.  [From  abode,  to 
forebode.]  An  omen.  'Verbum  valde  onii- 
natum,  an  ill  abodance.'  Dr.  Jackson. 

Abode  (a-l.od'),  pret  of  abide. 

Abode  (a-bod'),  n.  [See  ABIDE.  ]  l.t  Stay; 
continuance  in  a  place ;  residence  for  a 
longer  or  shorter  time.  'Fled  away  with- 
out abode.'  Spenser.— 2.  A  place  of  continu- 
ance ;  a  dwelling;  a  habitation.— To  make 
abode,  to  dwell  or  reside.— SYN.  Stay,  con- 
tinuance, residence,  dwelling,  habitation, 
domicile. 

Abodet  (a-bodO,  n.  [See  BODE.]  An  omen; 
a  prognostication. 

High-thundeiing  Juno's  husband  stirs  my  spirit  with 
true  aboiifs.  Chapman. 

Abodet  (a-l>6dO,  v.t.  [See  BODK.]  To  fore- 
show; to  prognosticate;  to  forebode. 

This  tempest 

Dashing  the  garment  of  this  peace,  aborted 
The  sudden  breach  on  't.  SHak. 

Abodet  (a-bod').  v.i.  To  be  an  omen;  to  fore- 
bode. 'This  abodes  sadly.'  Dr.  It.  More. 

Abodementt  (a-bod'ment),  n.  [From  abode, 
to  forebode.]  A  secret  anticipation  of  some- 
thing future;  prognostication;  omen. 

Tush  !  man,  abatements  must  not  now  affright  us. 
Shak. 

Aborting  t  (a-bod'ing),  ?i.  Presentiment; 
prognostication;  foreboding.  'Strange  omi- 
nous abml'max  ami  fears.'  Bp.  Bull. 
Aboletet  (ab-6-lef),  a.  [From  L.  abolesco, 
to  decay,  to  grow  out  of  use.]  Old;  obsolete. 
Abolish  (a-bt)l'ish),  v.t.  [Fr.  abolir;  L.  abo- 
lere,  to  annul,  abolish— ab,  from,  and  oleo, 
olesco,  to  grow.  For  term.  -uA,  see  -ISH.]  To 
do  away  with;  to  put  an  end  to;  to  destroy; 
to  efface  or  obliterate;  to  make  void;  to 
annul;  to  cancel;  to  annihilate;  to  put  out 
of  existence ;  as,  to  abolish  laws,  customs, 
or  institutions;  to  abolish  slavery;  to  abalinh 
idols,  Isa.  ii.  18 ;  to  abolish  death,  2  Tim. 
i.  10. 

Or  wilt  them  thyself 
Abolish  thy  creation,  and  unmake 
For  him  what  for  thy  glory  thou  hast  made. 

Milfoil. 

His  quick  instinctive  hand 
Caught  at  the  hilt  as  to  abolish  him.      Tennyson. 

— Abolish,  Repeal,  Abrogate,  Annul.  Abol- 
inh,  to  put  an  end  to,  to  do  away  with  any- 
thing actually  existing :  applied  especially 
to  institutions  or  customs;  repeal,  to  set 
aside  a  former  legislative  act  hy  a  later  one; 
abrogate,  to  abolish  summarily,  as  by  royal 
will  or  authority;  annul,  to  make  void  or 
no  longer  of  any  effect,  especially  applied 
to  contracts,  agreements,  and  the  like. 

For  us  to  abolish  what  he  hath  established,  were 
presumption  most  intolerable.  Hooker. 

I  could  not  be  sorry  to  find  them  mistaken  in  the 
point  they  have  most  at  heart,  by  the  repeal  of  the 
«•»<•  S-Kifl. 

Whose  laws,  like  those  of  the  Medes  and  Persians, 
they  cannot  alter  or  abrogate.  Burke. 

Tell  me  not  of  your  engagements  and  promises  to 
another;  your  promises  are  sins  of  inconsideration 
at  best ;  and  you  are  bound  to  repent  and  annul 
lliem.  S-tvifl. 

SYN.  To  end,  destroy,  do  away,  set  aside, 
revoke,  abrogate,  annul,  repeal,  cancel 
imnihilate. 

Abollshable  (a-bol'ish-a-hl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  abolished,  annulled,  abrogated  or  de- 
stroyed, as  a  law,  rite,  custom,  &c. 

And  yet  .  .  hope  is  but  deferred ;  not  abolished, 
lUtaMMxMt.  Carlyle. 

Abolisher  (a-lml'Uh-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
wnloll  abolishes. 

Abolishment  (a-bol'Iih-ment).  n.  The  act 
of  abolllhlng  or  putting  an  end  to;  abroga- 
tion; destruction.  [Now  rare.] 

He  shoukl  think  the  abolishment  of  Episcopacy 
among  us  would  prove  a  mighty  scandal.  Swift. 

Abolition  (ab-o-li'shon),  n.  The  act  of  abo- 
lishing, or  the  state  of  being  abolished  ;  an 
annulling;  abrogation;  utter  destruction  ; 


as,  the  abolition  of  laws,  ilrnvrs,  ordinances, 
rites,  customs,  debts,  &c. :  seldom  applied 
to  physical  objects. 

Pur  the  amalgamation  of  races,  and  for  the  aboli- 
lion  of  villenage,  she  (tiritain)  is  chiefly  indebted  to 
the  influence  which  the  priesthood  in  the  middle  ages 
exercised  over  the  laity.  Macattlay. 

Abolitionism  (ab'o-li".-lmn-izm),  n.  The 
principles  of  an  abolitionist. 

Abolitionist  (ab-6-li'shon-ist),  n.  A  person 
who  favours  the  abolition  of  anything:  ap- 
plied especially  to  those  who  favoured  the 
abolition  of  shivery  in  the  United  States. 

Abolla  (a-bol'a),  n.  [L.  ]  In  Rom.  antiq.  a 
cloak  of  thick  woollen  stuff  worn  by  soldiers, 
and  thus  opposed  to  the  toga.  It  was  also 
worn  by  philosophers,  especially  by  the 
Stoic  philosophers,  who  wished  to  affect 


Romans  wearing  the  Abolla. 

great  austerity  of  life;  whence  Juvenal's 
expression  facinus  majoris  abollcf,  a  crime 
of  a  deep  philosopher.  The  form  and  mode 
of  wearing  it  are  seen  in  the  figures  annexed. 

Aboma  (a-bo'ma),  n.  A  large  species  of  ser- 
pent {Boa  Aboma)  which  inhabits  the  fens 
and  morasses  of  South  America. 

Abpmasus,  Abomasum  (ab-6-ma'sus,  ab-o- 
ma'sum),  n.  [Prefix  ab,  from,  and  omasum.] 
The  fourth  stomach  of  ruminating  animals, 
lying  next  to  the  omasum  or  third  stomach. 

Abominable  (a-bom'in-a-bl),  a.  [See  ABO- 
MINATE.] 1.  Deserving  or  liable  to  be  abo- 
minated; detestable;  loathsome;  odious  to 
the  mind ;  offensive  to  the  senses :  in  collo- 
quial language  especially  it  often  means 
little  more  than  excessive,  extreme,  annoy- 
ingly  great;  as  his  self-conceit  is  abominable. 

This  infernal  pit,  abominable,  accursed.    Milton. 

2.  t  Excellent;  superior. 

His  short-winded  farmer  i'  the  country  is  wondrous 
wealthy,  a  most  abominable  fanner,  and  therefore 
he  may  do  it  in  time.  Shak. 

3.  t  Numerous;  large.    See  BOMINABLE.  — 
SYS.  Loathsome,  detestable,  execrable,  odi- 
ous, hateful,  revolting. 

Abomlnableness  (a-bom'in-a-bl-nes),  n. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  abominable, 
detestable,  or  odious. 

Abominably  (a-hom'in-a-bli),  ado.  In  an 
abominable  manner  or  degree ;  execrably ; 
detestably;  sinfully:  sometimes  equivalent 
merely  to  excessively  or  disagreeably;  as, 
he  Is  abominably  vain. 

Abominate  (a-bom'in-at),  v.t,  pret.  &  pp. 
abominated;  ppr.  abominating.  [L.  abomin- 
or,  abominatus,  to  deprecate,  as  of  ill  omen 
— ab,  from ,  and  omen,  an  omen  (which  see).  ] 
To  hate  extremely;  to  abhor;  to  detest. 

(We)  do  abhor,  abominate,  and  loathe  this  cruelty. 

Abomination  (a-bom'in-a"shon),  n."  l'"i'ne 
act  of  abominating  or  state  of  being  abomi- 
nated; extreme  hatred;  detestation. 

Who  have  nothing  in  so  great  abomination  as 
those  they  hold  for  heretics.  Swift. 

2.  That  which  is  abominated  or  abominable; 
hence,  hateful  or  shameful  vice;  an  act  of 
gross  wickedness. 

Every  shepherd  is  an  abomination  to  the  Egyp. 
tians.  Gen.  xlvi.  34. 

Ashtaroth,  the  abomination  of  the  Sidonians. 

s  Ki.  xxiii.  i  ; 

The  adulterous  Antony  most  large  in  his  abomi- 
nations. Shak. 

SYN.  Detestation,  loathing,  disgust,  aver- 
sion, loathsomeness,  odiousness. 

Abominet  (a-bom'in),  v.t.  Abominate.  'I 
abomine  'em.'  Swift. 

Aboon  (a-bun'),  prep,  or  adv.  Above.  [Scot- 
land and  north  of  England.]  See  ABUNE. 

Aboord,t  Abordt  (a-bord'),  adv.    [Prefix  o, 


from,  and  Fr.  bonl,  edge,  shore:  lit.  from  the 
bank  or  shore;  hence,  astray. ]  At  a  loss. 
[Rare.] 

That  how  t'  acquit  themselves  unto  the  Lord 
They  were  in  doubt,  and  tlatly  set  abora.     Sffnstr. 

Aboral  (ab-6'ral  ),  a.  (  L  ab,  from,  mid  n*. 
oru,  a  mouth.]  In  <ino(.  situated  away 
from  or  at  the  opposite  extremity  from  the 
month;  as,  the  aboral  end. 

Abord  t  (a-bord').  n,  [  Fr.  See  lioituKK.  ] 
1.  Arrival;  approach  -  2.  Manner  of  accost- 
ing; address;  salutation. 

Your  abord,  I  must  tell  you,  was  too  coM  ami  uni- 
form. Chesttrjsrlti. 

Abordt  (a-bord'),  v.t.  [Fr.  aborder.]  Toap- 
proach;  to  accost. 

Aboriginal  (ab'o-rij"in-al),  n.  [L.  ab,  from 
and  oriao,  origin.  See  ORIGIN.]  First;  ori- 
ginal; as,  aboriginal  people  are  the  first 
inhabitants  of  a  country. 

It  was  soon  made  manifest  .  .  .  that  a  people 
inferior  to  none  existing  in  the  world  had  been  formed 
by  the  mixture  of  three  branches  of  the  great  Teu- 
tonic family  with  each  other,  and  with  the  aboriginal 
Britons.  Macaitlay. 

Aboriginal  (ab-o-rij'in-al),  n.  An  original 
inhabitant;  one  of  those  found  in  a  country 
at  the  time  of  the  earliest  known  settle- 
ment. 

Aboriginally  (ah'o-rij"in-al-li).  adc.  In  or 
at  first  origin ;  originally;  from  the  very  first. 

There  are  hardly  any  domestic  races  .  .  .  which 
have  not  been  ranked  ...  as  the  descendants  of 
aboriginally  distinct  species.  Darwin. 

Ab  origlne  (ab  o-rij'i-ne).  [L]  From  the 
origin  or  beginning. 

Aborigines  (ab-o-rij'ln-ez ),  n.  pi.  [  L.,  ap- 
plied specially  to  the  aboriginal  inhabitants 
of  Latium,  the  ancestors  of  the  Roman 
people.  See  ABORIGINAL.]  1.  The  primi- 
tive inhabitants  of  a  country ;  those  found 
in  a  country  at  the  time  of  the  earliest 
known  settlement— 2.  The  original  fauna 
and  flora  of  a  geographical  area. 

Aborsementt  (a-bors'ment),  n.  [See  ABORT.  ] 
Abortion.  Bp.  Hall. 

Aborsivet  (a-bor'siv).  Same  as  Abortii-e. 
Goodrich. 

Abort  (a-borf),  v.i.  [L.  aborior,  abortus,  to 
miscarry.  See  ABORTION.]  1.  To  miscarry 
in  giving  birth.  Lord  Herbert.  —  2.  To  be- 
come aborted ;  to  appear  in  a  rudimentary 
or  undeveloped  state ;  as,  organs  liable  to 
abort. 

Abort  t  (a-borf),  n.     An  abortion.     Burton. 

Aborted  (a-bort'ed),  p.  and  a.  1.  Brought 
forth  before  its  time.  — 2.  Imperfectly  devel- 
oped; incapable  of  discharging  its  functions. 

Although  the  eyes  of  the  Cirripeds  are  more  or  less 
aborted  in  their  mature  state,  they  retain  sufficient 
susceptibility  of  light  to  excite  retraction  of  the  cirri. 

07cr». 

Abortlent  (a-bor'shi  ent),  a.  [L.  See 
ABORTION.)  In  bot.  sterile;  barren. 

Abortion  ( a  -  bor '  shon  ),  n.  [L.  abortio, 
a  miscarriage  —  ab,  and  orior,  ortus,  to 
arise,  spring  from.  See  ORIENT.)  1.  The 
act  of  miscarrying,  or  producing  young 
before  the  natural  time,  or  before  the 
fetus  is  perfectly  formed ;  specifically,  the 
expulsion  of  the  human  fetus  after  the 
sixth  week,  and  be/ore  the  sixth'  month, 
of  pregnancy.  Before  the  sixth  week  it  is  a 
miscarriage;  after  the  sixth  month,  prema- 
ture labour. — Criminal  abortion,  premedi- 
tated or  intentional  abortion  procured  by 
artificial  means,  and  solely  for  the  purpose 
of  preventing  the  birth  of  a  living  child; 
feticide.— 2.  The  product  of  untimely  birth; 
hence,  a  misshapen  being;  a  monster  — 
3.  Any  fruit  or  produce  that  does  not  come 
to  maturity;  hence,  frequently  in  a  figura- 
tive sense,  anything  which  fails  in  its  pro- 
gress before  it  is  matured  or  perfect,  as  a 
design  or  project  —4.  In  bot.  and  zool.  the 
absence  or  incomplete  development  of  an 
organ  in  relation  to  a  typical  form. 

Abortive  (a-bort'iv),  a.  1.  Brought  forth  in 
an  immature  state ;  rudimentary ;  imper- 
fectly formed  or  developed,  as  an  animal  or 
vegetable  production. 

Abortive  as  the  first-born  bloom  of  spring. 

Nipped  with  the  lagging  rear  of  winter's  frost.  Milton. 

Hence— 2.  Not  brought  to  completion  or  to 
a  successful  issue;  failing:  miscarrying; 
coming  to  nought ;  as,  an  abortive  scheme. 

3.  Producing  nothing  (or  perhaps  bringing 
to  nothing). 

The  void  profound 

Of  unessential  night  receives  him  next. 
Wide-gaping;  and  with  utter  loss  of  being 
Threatens  him.  plunged  in  that  abortive  gulf.  Milton. 

4.  In  med.  producing  or  intended  to  produce 
abortion;  as,  abortive  medicines.— 5.  Pertain- 


ch,  cAaln;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  ,70;      j,;ob;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      IH,  Men;  th,  t/<in;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


ABORTIVE 


10 


ABRANCH1AN 


ing  to  abortion;  as,  abortive  vellum,  made  of 
the  skin  of  an  abortive  calf.  —  (i.  t  Deformed ; 
monstrous.  [Rare.] 

Thou  elvish-marked,  abortive,  rooting  hag! 

Thou  that  wast  sealed  in  thy  nativity 

The  slave  of  nature  and  the  son  of  hell  I       Sha&. 

Abortive  (a-bort'iv),  n.  1.  That  which  is  pro- 
duced prematurely ;  an  abortion ;  a  monstrous 
birth.  'Abortives,  presages,  and  tongues  of 
heaven. '  Shak.  —2.  A  drug  causing  or  thought 
to  cause  abortion. 

Abortively  (a-bort'iv-li),  arfy.  In  an  abortive 
manner;  immaturcly ;  in  an  untimely  manner. 

If  abort  tiff  fy  poor  man  must  die, 
Nor  reach  what  reach  he  might,  why  die  in  dreadf 
Young. 

Abortiveness  (a-bort'i  v-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  abortive;  a  failing  in  the  progress  to 
perfection  or  maturity ;  a  failure  of  producing 
the  intended  effect. 

Abortment  t  (a-bort'ment),  n.  An  untimely 
birth;  an  undeveloped  fetus.  'The  earth 
in  whose  womb  those  deserted  mineral 
riches  must  ever  lie  buried  as  lost  abort- 
ments.'  Bacon. 

Abote.t  pp.  of  abate.  Dejected;  cast  down. 
Chaucer. 

Abought,  t  pp.  ofabye.  [See  A  BY.]  Endured; 
atoned  for;  paid  dearly  for.  Chaucer. 

AbOU-hannes  (ab'b-han'nez),  n.  ['Father 
John.']  The  name  given  by  the  Arabs  to 
the  true  Egyptian  ibis,  the  Ibis  religiosa. 
Written  also  Abu-haniies.  See  IBIS. 

Abound  (a-bound'),  v.i.  [Fr.  abonder,  from 
L.  abundare,  to  overflow — ab,  and  uiida, 
a  wave.]  1.  To  be  in  great  plenty;  to  be 
very  prevalent. 

Where  sin  abounded,  grace  did  much  more  abound. 

2.  To  have  or  possess  in  great  quantity;  to 
be  copiously  supplied :    followed   by  with 
or  in;  as,  to  abound  with  provisions;  to 
abound  in  good  things. 

Aboundance  t  (a-bound'ans),  n.  Old  form 
of  Abundance.  Time's  Storehouse. 

Abounding  (a-bound'ingl,  n.  State  of  being 
abundant;  abundance;  increase.  South. 

About  ( a  -  bout ' ),  prep.  [  A.  Sax.  abutan, 
onbutan,  ymbiitan,  embutan,  about,  around 
—prefixes  a,  on,  ymb,  or  emb,  round  about, 
and  butan,  without.  See  BUT.]  1.  Around; 
on  the  outside  or  surface  of ;  in  a  circle  sur- 
rounding ;  round ;  as,  two  yards  about  the 
stem. 

Bind  them  about  thy  neck.     Prov.  iii.  3 ;  Is.  1.  n. 

Hence  —  2.  Near  to  in  place,  time,  size, 
number,  quantity,  &c. 

Get  you  up  from  about  the  tabernacle.  Num.  xyi.  74. 
He  went  out  about  the  third  hour.       Mat.  xxi.  3. 
There  fell  that  day  about  three  thousand  men. 

3.  Over  or  upon  different  parts  of;  here  and 
there  in;  backwards  and  forwards  in  various 
directions  in;  throughout. 

Where  lies  the  pain?    All  ahw/the  breast?    Shak. 

4.  Near  to  the  person;  carried  byorappended 
to  the  clothes;  as,  everything  about  him  ii 
in  order. 

You   have   not   the   Book   of  Riddles  about  you, 
have  you?  SJia&, 

5.  Near  to  in  action,  or  near  to  the  perform- 
ance of  some  act;  on  the  point  of. 

Paul  was  about  to  open  his  mouth.     Acts  xviii.  14. 
Hence— 6.  Concerned  in;  engagedin;  as,  what 
is  he  about f 

I  must  be  about  my  Father's  business.    Luke  it.  49. 

7.  Concerning ;  relating  to ;  respecting ;  on 
account  of.  'To  treat  about  thy  ransom.' 
Milton.  '  He  is  mad  about  his  throwing  into 
the  water. '  Shak.  —A  bout  toion,  frequenting 
the  town,  especially  London.  —  A  man  about 
town,  one  who  frequents  fashionable  resorts, 
especially  in  London. 

About  (a-bouf),  ado.  1.  Around  the  outside; 
in  circuit;  in  a  circle;  circularly;  as,  the  tree 
was  six  feet  about. 

Prithee,  do  not  turn  me  about;  my  stomach  is  not 
constant.  Sha&. 

2.  By  a  circuitous  route.  '  To  wheel  three  or 
four  miles  about.'  Shak. — 3.  On  all  sides; 
around.  'And  all  about  found  desolate.' 
Milton.—  4.  Near  to  in  number,  time,  place, 
quality  or  degree ;  as,  about  as  high,  or  as 
cold.  —  5.  On  the  point  of:  with  to  before 
a  verb.  [In  this  sense  about  may  also  be 
regarded  as  a  preposition.  See  ABOUT, 
prep.,  5.] 

Beauty  and  youth  about  to  perish,  finds 

Such  noble  pity  in  brave  English  minds.    It'ailer. 

6.  Here  and  there;  around;  in  one  place  and 
another;  in  different  directions. 
Wandering  about  from  house  to  house,  i  Tim.  v.  13. 

7.  Sometimes  used  as  an  imperative  with  the 


sense  of  go  to  work;  set  about  it.  '  About ! 
my  brains.*  Shak. — To  bring  about,  to  cause 
to  happen ;  to  be  chief  agent  in  producing ; 
to  effect  or  accomplish,— To  come  about,  to 
come  to  pass;  to  happen.— To  go  about,  (a) 
lit.  to  take  a  circuitous  route ;  hence,  to 
devise  roundabout  or  secret  methods  of  ac- 
complishing anything;  to  contrive;  to  pre- 
pare ;  to  seek  the  means. 

Vfhygo  ye  about  to  kill  me?  Jn.  vii.  19. 

(b)  Naut.  to  change  the  course;  to  go  on  the 
other  tack:  said  of  a  ship. — Heady  about, 
about  ship,  are  orders  for  tacking.— Turn 
about,  week  about,  &c.,  alternately,  on  each 
alternate  week,  and  the  like. 

A  woman  or  two,  and  three  or  four  undertaker's 
men  .  .  .  had  charge  of  the  remains,  which  they 
watched  turn  about.  Thackeray. 

Abouten.t  prep.     About.     Chaucer. 

About-sledge  (a-bout'slej).  n.  The  largest 
hammer  employed  by  smiths.  It  is  slung 
round  near  the  extremity  of  the  handle, 
and  generally  used  by  under  workmen,  called 
hammermen. 

Above  (a-\)iivf),prep.  [A.  Sax.  abufan,  above. 
A  triple  compound  of  a,  on,  at,  be,  by,  and 
ufa  orufan.  high,  upwards.  The  same  root 
appears  in  A.  Sax.  ofer,  E.  over,  Goth,  ufar, 
G.  auf,  Icel.  of,  D.  booven  (be-ov-en),  and  in 
L.  super,  Gr.  hyper,  Skr.  upari,  above.] 

1,  In  or  to  a  higher  place. 

The  fowls  that  fly  above  the  earth.       Gen.  I.  20. 

2.  Superior  in  any  respect :  often,  in  a  moral 
sense,  too  high  for,  as  too  high  in  dignity  or 
fancied  dignity;  too  elevated  in  character; 
as,  this  man  is  above  his  business,  above 
mean  actions.— 3.  More  in  number  or  quan- 
tity than ;  as,  the  weight  is  above  a  ton. 

He  was  seen  by  above  five  hundred  brethren  at  once, 
i  Cor.  xv.  6. 

4.  More  in  degree  than ;  in  a  greater  degree 
than ;  beyond ;  in  excess  of. 

Thou  (the  serpent)  art  cursed  above  a\\  cattle. 

Gen.  iii.  14. 

God  .  .  .  will  not  suffer  you  to  be  tempted  above 
that  ye  are  able.  i  Cor.  x.  13. 

Above  the  bounds  of  reason.  Shak. 

—Above  all,  above  or  before  everything  else; 
before  every  other  consideration;  in  prefer- 
ence to  all  other  things.—  Above  the  rent, 
especially;  particularly;  as,  one  night  above 
the  rest.— Above  the  world,  above  considering 
what  people  say;  also  holding  a  secure  posi- 
tion in  life ;  having  one's  fortune  made. 

With  such  an  income  as  that  he  should  be  above  the 
world,  as  the  saying  is.  A.  Trollope. 

Above  (a-buv'),  adv  1.  In  or  to  a  higher 
place ;  overhead  :  often,  in  a  special  sense, 

(a)  in  or  to  the  celestial  regions;  in  heaven. 

And  winds  shall  waft  it  to  the  powers  above.     Pofe. 

(b)  Upstairs. 

My  maid's  aunt  has  a  gown  above.  Shaik. 
2.  Higher  in  rank  or  power ;  as,  the  courts 
above.  —3.  Before,  in  rank  or  order,  especially 
in  a  book  or  writing;  as,  from  what  has  been 
saida&ore. — 4.  Besides:  in  the  expression  over 
and  above. 

And  stand  indebted,  over  and  above, 

In  love  and  service  to  you  evermore.         SJta£. 

[Shakspere  has  more  above  in  the  same 

sense:  — 

This,  in  obedience,  hath  my  daughter  shown  me. 
And  more  above,  hath  his  solicitings,     .     . 
AH  given  to  mine  ear.] 

Above  is  often  used  elliptically  as  a  noun, 
meaning  (1)  heaven.  '  Every  good  gift  and 
every  perfect  gift  is  from  above.'  Jam.  i.  17. 
(2)  The  aforesaid;  as,  from  the  above  you  will 
learn.  It  is  equal  to  an  adjective  in  such 
phrases  as,  the  above  particulars,  in  which 
cited  or  mentioned  is  understood. 
Above-board  (a-buv'bord),  adv.  In  open 
sight;  without  tricks  or  disguise;  as,  an 
honest  man  deals  above-board. 

Lovers  in  this  age  have  too  much  honour  to  do 
anything  underhand ;  they  do  all  above-board. 

Vanbruxh, 

[A  figurative  expression,  said  to  have  ori- 
ginated in  the  fact  that  gamesters,  when 
changing  their  cards,  put  their  hands  under 
the  table.] 

Above-deck  (a-buv'dek),  adv.  or  a.  1.  Upon 
deck ;  as,  the  above-deck  cargo.  —  2.  Fig. 
without  artifice;  as,  his  dealings  are  all 
above-deck.  [Colloq.  ] 

Above-ground  (a-buv'ground),  ado.   Alive ; 
not  buried. 
I'll  have  'em,  an  they  lie  above-ground.  Beau,  fr  FI, 

Ab  OVO  (ab  6'vo).    [L.]  From  the  beginning. 

Abracadabra  (ab'ra-ka-dab"ra),  n.  [Appar- 
ently related  to  Abracalam.  ]  A  word  of 
eastern  origin  used  in  incantations.  When 
written  on  paper  as  many  times  as  it  con- 


tained letters,  the  last  letter  being  omitted 
each  time  until  only  one  letter  remained, 

ABRACADABRA 

ABRACADABH 

ABRACADAB 

ABRACADA 

A   B   R   A   C   A   D 

A   B   R  A   C   A 

A   B   R  A   C 

A   B   R  A 

A   B   R 

A   B 


and  worn  as  an  amulet,  it  was  supposed  to 
be  an  antidote  against  certain  diseases. 

Mr.  Banester  saith  that  he  healed  200  in  one  year 
of  an  ague  by  hanging  abracadabra  about  their 
necks,  and  would  stanch  blood,  or  heal  the  toothake, 
although  the  partyes  were  10  myle  of, 

AfS.  in  Brit.  Museum. 

Abracalam  (ab-rak'a-lam),  n.  [See  ABRA- 
CADABRA.] A  cabalistic  word  which  served 
as  a  charm  amongst  the  Jews. 

Abradant  (a-brad'ant),  n.  [See  ABRADE.] 
A  material  for  grinding,  usually  in  powder, 
such  as  emery,  sand,  glass,  <fec. 

Abrade  (a-bradO,  V-t.  pret.  &  pp.  abraded; 
ppr.  abrading.  [  L.  abrado,  to  scrape  ott" 
—  ab,  away,  and  rado,  to  scrape,  whence 
raze,  razor,  &c.]  To  rub  or  wear  down ;  to- 
rub  or  scrape  off ;  to  detach  particles  from 
the  surface  of  by  friction;  as,  glaciers  abrade 
the  rocks  over  which  they  pass;  to  abrade 
the  prominences  of  a  surface. 

Abraded  (a-brad'ed),  p.  and  a.  In  geol.  ap- 
plied to  surfaces  of  rocks  denuded,  striated, 
worn,  and  polished  by  icebergs  or  glaciers 
passing  over  them,  by  currents  of  water 
carrying  gravel  or  fragments  of  rock,  by  the 
action  of  blown  sand,  &c. 

Abrahamic  (a-bra-ham'ik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  Abraham,  the  patriarch;  as,  Abrahamic 
covenant. 

Abraliamlte  (a'bia-ham-H).  n.  1.  One  of  a 
sect  of  Bohemian  deists,  which  sprang  up 
in  1782,  professing  to  hold  the  faith  of  Ab- 
raham. They  denied  the  divinity  of  Christ, 
and  accepted  nothing  of  the  Bible  save  the 
Lord's  Prayer—  2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Syrian 
deists  of  the  ninth  century. 

Abrahamitical  (a'bra-ham-it"ik-al),  a.  Re- 
lating to  Abraham  or  to  the  Abrahamites. 

Abraham-man  (a'bra-ham-man),  n.  1.  Ori- 
ginally, one  of  a  set  of  mendicant  lunatics, 
from  Bethlehem  Hospital,  London.  The 
wards  in  the  ancient  Bedlam  bore  distinc- 
tive names,  as  of  some  saint  or  patriarch. 
That  named  after  Abraham  was  devoted  ti> 
a  class  of  lunatics  who  on  certain  days  were 
permitted  to  go  out  begging.  They  bore  a 
badge,  and  were  known  as  Abraham-men. 
Many,  however,  assumed  the  badge  without 
right,  and  begged,  feigning  lunacy.  Hence 
the  more  received  meaning  came  to  be — 
2.  An  impostor  who  wandered  about  the 
country  seeking  alms,  under  pretence  of 
lunacy.  — To  sham  Abraham,  to  feign  sick- 
ness. 

Matthew,  sceptic  and  scoffer,  had  failed  to  sub- 
scribe a  prompt  belief  in  that  pain  about  the  heart; 
he  had  muttered  some  words  in  which  the  phrase. 
'shamming  Abraham,'  had  been  very  distinctly 
audible.  Charlotte  Broitte". 

Abraidt  (a-bradO,  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  abredan, 
abregdan— prefix  a,  and  A.  Sax.  brcegdan, 
to  move,  turn,  braid,  or  weave,  from  a  stem 
the  original  meaning  of  which  seems  to  be 
that  of  starting  or  quick  movement,  as  in 
O.E.  braide,  to  awake,  to  cry  out  suddenly, 
to  scold  (whence  upbraid);  A.  Sax.  brcegd, 
Icel.  brarjth.  a  quick  movement,  a  trick,  de- 
ceit. See  BRAID,  a.]  To  awake;  to  start. 
Chaucer. 

Abraidt  (a-brad'),  v.t.  To  rouse;  to  awake. 
Spenser. 

Abramis  (ab'ra-mis),  n.  [Greek  name  of  a 
fish  found  in  the  Nile  and  Mediterranean, 
perhaps  a  bream.]  A  genus  of  fresh- water 
malacopterygian  fishes,  family  Cyprinidfu, 
containing  the  common  bream  (Abramis 
brama).  There  are  two  other  rare  British 
species,  A.  blicca(t}ie  white  bream  or  bream- 
flat)  and  A.  Buggenhagii  (the  Pomeranian 
bream).  See  BREAM. 

Abranchia  (a-brang'ki-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  a. 
without,  and  branchia,  gills.]  An  order  of 
Annelida  without  gills  or  branchia?,  but  re- 
spiring through  the  whole  surface  of  the 
skin,  as  the  earthworm;  or  by  internal  cavi- 
ties, as  the  leech. 

Abranchian  (a-brangTd-an),  n.  One  of  the 
order  Abranchia. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


ABRANCHIATA 


11 


ABRUPTED 


Abranchiatafa-brang'ki-iY'taJ.n.  pi.  1.  Same 
as  Ah  ranch  in  (which  sun).-  2.  The  name  ap- 
pliuil  to  those  vertebrates  mammals,  bird*, 
ami  reptiles—whose  young  have  at  no  time 
Kills  - ii'  h  a ;  batrachia  and  fish  possess. 
Abranchiate  (a-brang'ki-at),  a.  Devoid  of 

Kill* 

Abrasax  (ab  ra-saksO,  n.   Same  as  Abraxas, 

Abrase  (a-bra//),  a.     [See  ABRADE.]    Madt; 

clrun  by  rubbing.     '  A  nymph  as  pure  ami 

simple  as  the  soule  or  as  an  abrase  table.' 

B.  Jonson. 

Abrasion,  (ab-rii'zhon),  n.  [  L.  abrasio—ab 
and  rado.  See  ABRADE.]  1.  The  act  of 
abrading;  the  act  of  wearing  or  rubbing  off 
or  down,  as  by  friction  or  attrition;  specifi- 
cally, in  gevl.  the  wearing  or  rubbing  away 
of  rocks  by  icebergs  or  glaciers,  by  currents 
of  water  laden  with  sand,  shingle,  Ac.,  by 
blown  sand,  or  other  means.— 2.  The  sub- 
stance worn  off  by  attrition.  Berkeley.— 
3.  In  fturg.  (a)  a  superficial  lesion  of  the  skin 
by  the  partial  removal  of  the  cuticle,  (b) 
A  very  superficial  ulcer  or  excoriation  of  the 
intestinal  mucous  membrane. 
Abrauni  (ab'ram),  n.  [G.  ]  Red  ochre,  used 
by  cabinet-makers  to  give  a  red  colour  to 
new  mahogany. 

Abraxas  (ab-raks'as),  n.  [The  Greek  letters 
a,  b,  r,atx,a,s  («,  &, *.  a,  £,  «.  <}  as  numerals 
express  305.1  1.  A  word  denoting  a  power 
which  presitles  over  305  others,  the  number 
of  days  in  a  year ;  and  used  as  a  mystical 
term  to  express  the  supreme  God,  under 
whom  the  Basil  idians  supposed  365  depen- 
dent deities.  It  was  the  principle  of  the 
Gnostic  hierarchy,  whence  sprang  their  mul- 
titude of  reons.—  2.  In  antirj.  a  gem  or  stone, 
with  the  word  abraxas  engraven  on  it.— 
3.  A  genus  of  lepidopterous  insects,  contain- 
ing the  large  magpie-moth  (Abraxas  gros- 
sulariata),  the  larvae  of  which  are  very  de- 
structive to  our  gooseberry  and  currant 
bushes,  consuming  their  leaves  as  soon  as 
they  appear. 

Abrayt  (ab-raO,  v.i.  [As  a  present  tense  or 
infinitive  this  is  a  corrupt  form.  See  AB- 
RAID.]  To  awake. 

But  when  as  I  did  out  of  sleep  abray, 

I  found  her  not  where  I  left  her  whyleare. 

Spenser. 

Abrazite  (ab'ra-zlt),  n.  [Gr.  a,  neg. .  and 
brazo,  to  bubble.]  A  mineral  that  does  not 
effervesce  when  melted  before  the  blow- 
pipe. 

Abrazitic  (ab-ra-zit'ik),  a.  In  mineral,  not 
effervescing  when  melted  before  the  blow- 
pipe. 

Abread,  Abreed  (a-brcd'),  adv.  Abroad. 
Burns,  [Scotch.]  Spelled  also  Abraid. 

Abreast  (a-bresf),  ado.  [Prefix  a,  on  or  at, 
and  breast.}  1.  Side  by  side,  with  the 
breasts  in  a  line.  'The  riders  rode  abreast,' 
Dryden.—Z.  Naut.  lying  side  by  side  with 
stems  equally  advanced;  also,  when  used  to 
mark  the  situation  of  vessels  in  regard  to 
other  objects,  opposite,  over  against,  lying 
so  that  the  objects  are  on  a  line  with  the 
beam:  with  of, 

The  Bellina  .  .  .  kept  too  close  to  the  starboard 
shoal,  and  grounded  abreast  ^/"the  outer  ship  of  the 
enemy.  Southty. 

3.  Fig.  up  to  a  certain  degree  or  pitch ;  up 
to  a  certain  level;  as,  to  keep  abreast  of  the 
present  state  of  science. — 4.t  At  the  same 
time;  simultaneously. 

Abreast  therewith  began  a  convocation.     Fuller, 

Abrede.t  adv.     Abroad.     Chaucer. 
Abrenouncet  (ab're-nouns).  v.  t.    [Prefix  ab, 
and  renounce.]    To  renounce  absolutely. 

Under  pain  of  the  pope's  curse  .  .  .  either  to  abre- 
nounce  their  wives  or  tficir  living's. 

Foxt,  Book  of  Martyrs. 

Abremmciationt  (ab're-mm-si-a"shon),  n. 
Renunciation ;  absolute  denial.  'An  ab- 
rcnitnriation  of  that  truth  which  he  so  long 
had  professed.'  Fuller. 

Abreption  (ab-rep'shon).  n.  [L.  abripio, 
abreptum,  to  snatch  away  from— ab,  from, 
and  rapio,  raptum,  to  snatch.  See  RAVISH.] 
A  carrying  away,  or  state  of  being  seized 
and  carried  away. 

Abreuvoir  (a-brii-vwor),  n.  [Fr.  abreuvoir, 
a  watering-place,  from  abreitver.  O.Fr. 
abeuvrer,  to  water;  It.  abbeverare;  L.L  abe- 
verare,  abebrare,  from  L.  ad,  indicating 
direction,  and  bibo,  to  drink.]  1.  A  recep- 
tacle for  water.— 2.  In  mmtonn/,  the  joint 
between  stones  to  be  filled  with  mortar 
Gwilt. 

Abricock  t  (ab'ri-kok),  n.  Same  as  Apricot 
(which  see). 

Abricott  (ab'ri-kot),  n.    Same  as  Apricot 

Abridge  (a-brij').  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  abridged; 
ppr.  abridging.  [Fr.  abreger,  from  L.abbre- 


viai'r,  to  shorten;  abbrevtare,  according  to 
a  priin-jjilc  srcii  in  the  change  of  many 
words  from  Latin  to  Kivnch,  becoming  ab- 
bri't'jf ire,  abbtrjare,  and  finally  «'>/•••<;,</•. 
CoTtip.  L.  lliri-tixtilyma,  IIit'ri>tii/inu8,gitnui, 
ilinniii*-,  riiul'-titia,  alleviare,  pipionem, 
rabies,  with  Fr.  Jerusalem,  Jerome,  »in<i<\ 
)»nr,  Ki'uilange,  alleger,  pigeon,  rage.]  1.  To 
make  shorter ;  to  curtail.  '  Abridgfil 
cloaks.'  Sir  W.  Scott.— 2.  To  epitomize;  to 
shorten  by  using  fewer  words,  yet  retaining 
the  sense  in  substance ;  to  condense :  used 
of  writings;  as,  Justin  abridged  the  history 
of  Trogus  Pompeius.  —3.  To  lessen ;  to  dimin- 
ish; as,  to  abridge  labour;  to  abridge  power 
or  rights.— 4.  To  deprive;  to  cut  off  from: 
followed  by  o/and  formerly  by/ro»i;  as,  to 
abridge  one  of  his  rights  or  enjoyments. 
Nor  do  I  now  make  moan  to  be  abridged 
From  such  a  noble  rate.  Shak. 

5.  In  alg.  to  reduce,  as  a  compound  quan- 
tity or  equation,  to  its  more  simple  form. 
SYN.  To  shorten,  abbreviate,  contract,  epi- 
tomize, condense,  compress,  retrench,  re- 
duce, curtail,  diminish,  cut  short. 

Abridger  (a-brij'er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  abridges. 

Abridgment  (a-brij'ment),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
abridging  orstateofbeingabridged; diminu- 
tion; contraction;  reduction;  curtailment; 
restriction;  as,  an  abridgement  of  expenses. 
'Abridgment  of  liberty.  Locke. 

It  was  liis  sin  and  folly  which  brought  him  under 
that  abridgment.  South. 

2.  An  epitome;  a  summary,  as  of  a  book;  an 
abstract  or  condensation. 

An  abridgment  or  abstract  of  anything  is  the 
whole  in  little.  Locke. 

Here  lies  David  Garrick.  describe  him  who  can, 
An  abridgment  of  all  that  was  pleasant  in  man. 

Goldsmith. 

3.  That    which    abridges    or    cuts    short. 
[Rare.] 

Look,  where  my  abridgment  comes  [namely,  that 
which  cuts  me  short  in  my  speech :  compare,  how* 
ever,  meaning  4].  Shak. 

4.  That  which  shortens  anything,  as  time, 
or  makes  it  appear  short;  hence,  a  pastime. 
[Rare.] 

Say  what  abridgment  have  you  for  this  evening? 
What  mask  T    What  music?  Shak. 

— Abridgment,  Compendium,  Epitome,  Ab- 
stract, An  abridgment  is  a  work  shortened 
or  abridged  by  being  briefly  expressed,  or 
by  having  the  less  essential  parts  omitted ; 
a  compendium  is  a  condensed  view  of  a 
particular  subject  regarded  as  complete  in 
itself;  as,  a  compendium  of  literature,  of  the 
laws  of  commerce,  &c. ;  an  epitome  is  also  a 
condensed  view,  but  not  necessarily  of  a 
whole  subject,  and  has  more  reference  to 
the  selection  of  essential  facts  than  an 
abridgment;  every  epitome  is  an  abridg- 
ment, but  every  abridgment  is  not  an  epi- 
torn*;  an  abstract  is  a  bare  statement  of 
facts  contained  in,  or  of  the  leading  features 
of  a  work. —SYN.  Diminution,  reduction, 
curtailment,  contraction,  deprivation,  re- 
straint, restriction,  compendium,  epitome, 
abstract. 

Abroach  (a-brochO,  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a  for 
on,  and  broach  (which  see).]  Broached;  let- 
ting out  or  yielding  liquor,  or  in  a  position 
for  letting  out;  as,  the  cask  is  abroach. — To 
set  abroach,  (a)  to  set  running;  to  cause  to 
flow. 

Hogsheads  of  ale  were  set  abroach.       Sir  #'.  Scott. 

(b)  Fig.  to  give  rise  to ;  to  spread  abroad ; 

to  disseminate;  to  propagate.   'Set  mischief 

abroach.'    Shak. 
Abroacht  (a-brochO,  v.  t.  To  open,  as  a  cask, 

for  the  purpose  of  taking  out  liquor;  to  tap; 

to  broach. 
Abroachmentt  (a-broch'ment),  n.     Same 

as  Abbroachment. 
Abroad  (a-brad'),  adv.     [  A.  Sax.  onbrcede, 

that  is,   on   breadth,  from  on,  and  brad, 

broad.     See  BROAD.  ]    At  large  ;    widely  ; 

without  being  confined  to  narrow  limits; 

with  expansion;  as.atreespreadsits branches 

abroad. 

The  angry  northern  wind 

Will  blow  these  sands,  like  Sibyl's  leaves,  abroad. 
Shak. 

Specifically,  (a)  beyond  or  out  of  the  walls 
of  a  house,  camp,  or  other  inclosure;  as,  to 
walk  abroad,  (b)  Beyond  the  bounds  of  a 
country;  in  foreign  countries;  as,  to  go 
abroad  for  an  education ;  we  have  broils  at 
home  and  enemies  abroad,  (c)  Extensively; 
before  the  public  at  large. 

He  .  .  .  began  .  .  .  to  blaze  abroad  the  matter. 

Mark  i.  -r. 

—To  be  all  abroad,  (a)  to  be  wide  of  the 


so  it  shall  please 
Shak. 


mark,  in  a  figurative  BOIIM-;  to  be  far  wrong 

in  one's  Aliens  or  estimate,     (fc)  To  be  at  u 

]<»-s;  to  he  puzzled,  purjilrxed,  bewildered, 

1     non-plussed;  to  be  all  or  quite  at  sea.—  The 

|    nchooltnaster  ut  abroad,  udnmtion  i*  diffused 

among    the    people.      See  under   s<  iicni. . 

MASTER. 

Abrpcoma  (ab-ro'ko-ma),  n.    [Gr.  hain't,*, 

delicate,  and  kmn?t  hair]  A  genus  of  MU;I]| 

rodent,  rat-like  animal-,  natives  of  South 

,    America,   remarkable  for    the  fineness  of 

their  fur.     More  properly  /labrocmnu. 

Abrogable  (ab'ro-ga-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
abrogated. 

Abrogate  (ab'ro-gat),  r.t.  prut.  A  pp.  abro- 
gated; ppr.  abrogating.  [  L.  abrogv,  to  re- 
peal—ad, from,  and  rogo,  to  ask  or  propose, 
as  a  law.]  1.  To  repeal;  to  annul  by  an 
authoritative  act ;  to  abolish  by  the  author- 
ity of  the  maker  or  his  successor:  applied  to 
the  repeal  of  laws,  decrees,  ordinances,  the 
abolition  of  established  customs,  &c.— 2.  To 
keep  clear  of;  to  avoid:  so  used  by  a  pedant 
in  Love's  Labour's  Lost. 

Ftrge,  good  Holofernes. 
you  to  abrogate  scurrility. 

— Abolish,  Repeal,  Abrogate.  See  under 
ABOLISH.— SYN.  To  repeal,  annul,  set  aside, 
rescind,  revoke,  abolish,  cancel. 

Abrogate!  (ab'ro-gat),  a.  Annulled;  abo- 
lished. 

Abrogation  (ab-ro-ga'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
abrogating;  repeal  by  authority  of  the  legis- 
lative power,  or  any  competent  authority. 

Abroma  (ab-ro'ma),  n.  [Gr.  a,  neg.,  and 
broma,  food.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Sterculiacecc,  tribe  Buttneriere.  A.  aumtnta 
is  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  and  A.fastu- 
osa  of  New  South  Wales.  Some  of  the 
species  are  evergreen  stove  shrubs. 

Abroodt  (a-brod'),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
brood.}  In  the  act,  or  as  in  the  act  of  brood- 
ing. 

The  Spirit  of  God  sat  abroad  upon  the  whole  rude 
mass.  Abp.  Sancraft. 

Abroodingt  ( a-brod'ing ),  n.    The  act  of 

brooding  over. 
Abrookt  (a-bruk/),  v .  t.    To  brook ;  to  endure. 

See  BROOK. 

Ill  can  thy  noble  mind  abrook 
The  abject  people  gating  in  thy  face.        Shak. 

Abrotanoid  (a-brot'an-oid),  n.  [Gr.  abroto- 
non,  a  plant,  southern  wood,  and  eidos,  form.  ] 
A  species  of  sclerodermatous  corals,  the 
Madrepora  abrotanoida,  an  East  Indian 
reef  coral. 

Abrotanum(a-brot'an-um),  n.  [Gr.  abro- 
tonon ;  L.  abrotonum ;  L.L.  abrotanum. } 
An  evergreen  plant,  of  the  genus  Artemisia, 
called  also  southernwood.  See  SOUTHERN- 
WOOD. 

Abrupt  (ab-rupf),  a.  [L.  abrupt™,  from 
abnnnpo,  to  break  off- ab,  off,  from,  and 
riunpo,  ruptutn,  to  break.  See  RUPTURE.] 
1.  Steep;  crappy:  applied  to  rocks,  preci- 
pices, and  the  like.— 2.  Fig.  sudden;  without 
notice  to  prepare 
the  mind  for  the 
event ;  as,  an  ab- 
rupt entrance  or 
dress. 

Abrupt  death, 
A  period  puts  and  stops 
his  impious  breath. 
Shak, 

3.  Unconnected  ; 
having  sudden 
transitions  from 
one  subject  to  an- 
other; as,  an  abrupt 
style.  —  4.  In  bot. 
suddenly  termina- 
ting. — A  bntpt  leaf, 
one  that  has  its 
extremity  cut  off  as 
it  were  by  a  trans- 
verse line.  —  Ab- 
rupt-pinnate leaf, 
a  leaf  which  has 
neither  leaflet  nor 
tendril  at  the  end. 
—Abrupt  root,  one  terminating  abruptly,  as 
if  part  had  been  cut  off.— SYN.  Sudden,  un- 
expected, hasty,  rough,  blunt,  disconnected, 
broken. 

Abrupt  (ab-rupf),  n.  An  abrupt  place;  n 
vast  chasm.  [Rare  and  poetical.] 

Or  spread  his  aery  flight. 
Upborne  with  vindefatigable  wings 
Over  the  vast  abntft.  Milton. 

Abruptt  (ab-rupf),  v.t.  To  break  off;  to  in- 
terrupt; to  disturb.  'Insecurity  .  .  .  ab- 
rupteth  our  tranquillities.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Abrupted  ( ab-rupf ed),  a.    Torn  off;  torn 

asunder. 


I.  Abrupt  Root.    2,  Abrupt 
Leaf.    3,  Abrupt-pinnate. 


eh,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  po;      j,  job;      h,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH.  then;  th,  Min;     w,  wig;    \vh,  u-ftig;    zh,  azure.  —See  KEY. 


ABRUPTION 


12 


ABSOLUTE 


Abruption  (ab-rup'shon),  n.  [See  ABRUPT.] 
A  sudden  breaking  off ;  a  sudden  termina- 
tion; a  violent  separation  of  bodies. 

By  this  abruption  posterity  lost  more  instruction 
than  delight.  Johnson. 

Abruptly  (ab-rupt'li),  adv.  1.  Precipitously; 
as,  the  rocks  rise  abruptly  from  the  water's 
edge.— 2.  Suddenly,  without  giving  notice, 
or  without  the  usual  forms;  as,  the  minister 
left  France  abruptly.  —  3.  In  bot.  with  an 
abrupt  termination;  as,  an  abruptly  pinnate 
leaf.  See  under  ABRUPT. 

Abruptness  (ab-rupt'nes),  n.  1.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  abrupt;  as,  (a)  the  state 
or  quality  of  being  steep  or  craggy;  precipi- 
tousness.  (I)  Suddenness;  unceremonious 
haste  or  vehemence. —2.  Harshness  or  rough- 
ness in  sound. 

Some  other  languages,  for  their  soft  and  melting 
fluency,  as  having  no  abruptness  of  consonants,  have 
some  advantage  of  the  English.  Howell. 

Abrus  (ab'rus),  n.  [Gr.  habros,  elegant.]  A 
genusof  leguminous  plants.  A.precaturius, 
or  wild  liquorice,  is  a  West  Indian  evergreen 
climber.  Its  polished  and  parti-coloured 
feeds,  called  jumble  beads,  were  formerly 
strung  and  employed  as  beads  for  rosaries, 
necklaces,  &c.  Its  root  is  used  in  the  West 
Indies  as  liquorice  is  with  us. 

Abscess  (ab'ses),  ».  [L.  abscessus,  a  going 
away,  and  in  medical  language  an  abscess, 
from  abscedere,  to  depart,  to  separate,  to 
gather  into  an  abscess— abs,  away,  andcedo, 
cessum,  to  go,  whence  cession,  cede,  &c.J  In 
med.  a  collection  of  purulent  matter,  formed 
or  deposited  in  the  structure  of  an  organ  or 
part;  an  imposthume  An  abscess  is  never 
an  original  disease,  but  the  effect  of  inflam- 
matory action  however  excited. 

Abscesslont  (ab-se'shon),  n.  [See  ABSCESS.  ] 
An  abscess. 

Abscind  (ab-sindO,  v.t.  [L.  abscindo,  to  cut 
off— ab,  from,  nAfdndo,  to  cut.]  To  cut  off. 
[Rare.]  ' Two  syllables  abscinded  from  the 
rest.'  Johnson. 

Absciss  (ab'sis).  n.    Same  as  Abscissa. 

Abscissa  (ab-sis'sa).  n.  pi.  Abscissae  (ab-sis'- 
se).  [L.  abscisstts,  pp.  of  abscindo,  to  cut  off. 
See  ABSCIND.]    Any  part  of  the  diameter 
or    transverse   axis  of 
a  conic  section,  inter- 
cepted between  the  ver- 
tex, or  some  other  fixed 
point    where    all    the 
abscissa;  begin,  and  an- 
other  line  called    the 
ordinate  which  is  ter- 
minated in  the  curve. 
Thus,  in  the  parabolic 
figure  B  c  A,  the  part  of 
the  axis  DC  intercepted  between  the  semi- 
ordinate  BD  ami  the  vertex  c  is  an  abscissa. 

Abscissio  inflniti  (ab-sis'si-6  in-fe-ni'le ). 
[L.  ]  A  logical  series  of  arguments  in  which 
we  go  on  excluding,  one  by  one,  certain 
suppositions  from  the  object  whose  real 
nature  we  are  seeking  to  ascertain.  Thus,  we 
may  say  of  a  disease  it  cannot  be  small-pox, 
for,  &c. ;  it  cannot  be  scarlatina,  for,  etc. ; 
and  so  go  on  gradually  narrowing  the  range 
of  possible  suppositions. 

Abscission  ( ab-si'zhon ),  n.  [L.  abscissio, 
from  abscindo,  (i&s«'«tui»,tocutoft'.]  1.  The 
act  of  cutting  off;  severance;  removal.  'Not 
to  be  cured  without  the  abscission  of  a  mem- 
ber.' Jer.  Taylor.— 2.)  The  act  of  putting  an 
end  to  ;  the  act  of  annulling  or  abolishing. 
Jer.  Taylor;  Sir  T.  Browne.— 3.  Retrench- 
ment. [Rare.  > -4.  t  The  sudden  termination 
of  a  disease  by  death.  Hooper.—  5.  In  rhet. 
a  figure  of  speech,  when,  having  begun  to 
say  a  thing,  a  speaker  stops  abruptly,  as 
supposing  the  matter  sufficiently  under- 
stood. Thus,  'He  is  a  man  of  so  much 
honour  and  candour,  and  such  generosity — 
but  I  need  say  no  more. ' 

Abscond(ab-skond'),t).!.  [L. abscojldo,  to  hide 
— abs,  from,  and  condo,  to  hide.]  1.  To  retire 
from  public  view,  or  from  the  place  in  which 
one  resides  or  is  ordinarily  to  be  found ;  to 
withdraw  or  absent  one's  self  in  a  private 
manner ;  to  take  one's  self  off  ;  to  decamp  ; 
especially  used  of  persons  who  go  out  of  the 
way  in  order  to  avoid  a  legal  process. — 2.  To 
hide,  withdraw,  or  lie  concealed.  'The  mar- 
mot absconds  in  winter.'  Ray. 
Abscond  t  (ab-skond'),  v.t.  To  conceal. 

Nothing  discoverable  in  the  lunar  surface  is  ever 
covered  and  absconded  from  us  by  the  interposition 
of  any  clouds  or  mists  but  such  as  rise  from  our  own 
globe.  Btnlley. 

Abscondedlyt  (ah-skond'ed-li),  adv.  In 
concealment  or  hiding. 

An  old  Roman  priest  that  then  lived  abscondedly 
ill  O«on.  Weed. 


Abscondencet  (ab-skond'ens),  n.  Conceal- 
ment. 

Absconder  (ab-skond'er),  n.  One  who  ab- 
sconds. 

Absconsio(ab-skon'shi-o),  n.  [See  ABSCOND.] 
In  anat.  and  surg.  a  cavity  or  sinus. 

Absence  (ab'sens),  n.  [L.  absentia,  absence, 
from  abseils,  absentis,  absent,  pres.  part,  of 
absum,  to  be  absent  — aft  or  abs,  away, 
and  sum,  esse,  to  be.  From  same  base 
are  present,  entity,  &c.  ]  The  state  of  being 
absent :  (n)  the  state  of  being  at  a  distance 
in  place ;  state  of  being  away:  opposed  to 
presence;  as,  speak  no  ill  of  one  in  his  ab- 
sence, (b)  The  state  of  being  awanting; 
non-existence  within  a  certain  sphere;  as, 
the  absence  of  evidence.  '  In  the  absence 
of  conventional  law.'  CA.  Kent,  (c)  Inatten- 
tion to  things  present ,  an  example  or  in- 
stance of  inattention.  '  To  conquer  that 
abstraction  which  is  called  absence.'  Lan- 
dor.  'Reflecting  on  the  little  absences  and 
distractions  of  mankind.'  Addison. —Ab- 
sence of  mind,  the  result  of  the  mind  fixing 
its  attention  on  a  subject  which  does  not 
occupy  the  rest  of  the  company,  and  which 
draws  it  away  from  things  or  objects  pre- 
sent, to  others  distant  or  foreign.— Decree 
in  absence,  in  Sco/s  law,  a  decree  pronounced 
against  a  defender  who  has  not  appeared 
and  pleaded  on  the  merits  of  the  cause. 

Absent  (ab'sent),  a.  1.  Not  present ;  not  in 
a  certain  place  or  among  certain  people;  at 
a  distance;  away;  somewhere  else.  'Absent 
from  one  another.'  Gen.  xxxi.  49.— 2.  Not 
existing  somewhere;  being  awanting;  not 
forming  an  attribute  of  something;  as, 
among  them  refinement  is  absent;  revenge 
is  entirely  absent  from  his  character.  — 
3.  Inattentive  to  persons  present,  or  to  sub- 
jects of  conversation  or  surrounding  objects; 
having  the  mind  withdrawn  from  what  is 
passing;  heedless;  as,  an  absent  man  is  un- 
civil to  the  company. 

What  is  commonly  called  an  absent  man,  is  com- 
nionly  either  a  very  weak  or  a  very  affected  man. 
Chesterfield. 

—Absent,  Abstracted.  An  ahsentman  isone 
whose  mind  is  so  constituted  that  it  uncon- 
sciously wanders  from  the  scene  or  circum- 
stances in  which  he  is;  but  a  man  is  ab- 
stracted from  what  is  present  by  some 
overmastering  emotion,  or  some  weighty 
matter  for  reflection  concentrating  his  at- 
tention on  itself. 

Absent  (ab-senf),  v.t.  1.  To  withdraw  to 
such  a  distance  as  to  prevent  intercourse ; 
to  keep  away:  used  with  reflexive  pronouns; 
as,  let  a  man  absent  himself  from  the  com- 
pany. '  If  I  should  yet  absent  me  from 
your  bed.'  Shak.— 2.t  To  make  absent. 

Go :  for  thy  stay,  not  free,  absents  thee  more. 
Milton. 

Absentt  (ab'sent),  n.  One  who  is  not  present. 

Let  us  enjoy  the  right  of  Christian  absents,  to  pray 
for  one  another.  I>p,  Morton. 

Absentaneous  t  (ab'sen-ta"ne-us),  a.  Relat- 
ing to  absence;  absent.  Bailey. 

Absentation  (ab-sen-ta'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  absenting  one's  self;  absence. 

His  absentation  at  that  juncture  becomes  significant. 
Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

Absentee  (ab-sen-te'),  n.  [See  ABSENCE.] 
One  who  is  absent;  more  narrowly,  one  who 
withdraws  from  his  country,  office,  estate, 
post,  duty,  or  the  like;  one  who  removes  to 
a  distant  place  or  to  another  country:  it  is  a 
term  specifically  applied  generally  by  way 
of  reproach  to  landlords  and  capitalists, 
who,  deriving  their  income  from  one  coun- 
try, reside  in  another,  in  which  they  spend 
their  incomes.— Absentee  tax,  a  tax  of  4s.  in 
the  pound,  imposed  in  Ireland  in  1715  on 
the  incomes  and  pensions  of  absentees.  It 
ceased  in  1753.  Unsuccessful  attempts  were 
made  in  1773  and  1783  to  reimpose  it. 

Absenteeism  (ab-sen-te'izm),  n.  The  prac- 
tice or  habit  which  gives  the  name  of  an 
absentee;  the  practice  of  absenting  one's 
self  from  one's  country,  station,  or  estate. 

Absenter  (ab-sent'er),  n.  One  who  absents 
himself. 

He  (Judge  Foster)  has  fined  all  the  absenters  £20 
apiece.  Ld.  Thitrlovj. 

Absently  (ab'sent-li),  ado.  In  an  absent  or 
inattentive  manner;  with  absence  of  mind. 

Absentment  (ab-sent'ment),  n.  The  state  of 
I  icing  absent.  Barrow.  [Rare.] 

Absinth  (ab'sinth),  n.  Wormwood.  See 
ABSINTHIUM. 

Absinthe  (ab-saftt,  ap-saht),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
popular  French  liqueur  or  cordial  consist- 
ing of  brandy  flavoured  with  wormwood. 

Absinthian  (ab-sin'thi-an),  a.    [See  ABSIN- 


THIUM.] Of  the  nature  of  wormwood.  'Tem- 
pering absinthian  bitterness  with  sweets.' 
Randolph. 

Absinthiate  (iib-sin'thi-at),  c.t.  To  impreg- 
nate with  wormwood. 

Absinthm,  Absinthine  (ab-sin'thin),  «. 
(CuB-gOg.)  The  crystalline  bitter  principle 
of  wormwood  (Artemisia  Absinthium). 

Absinthium  (ab-sin'thi-um),  n.  [L.  abtin- 
tliiiim,  Gr.  absinthiim.  Per.  and  dial.  <//.•<"//- 
thin.]  The  common  wormwood  (.4 rtemisia 
Absinthium),  a  bitter  plant,  used  as  a  tonic. 
It  belongs  to  the  nat.  order  Composite. 

Absis  (ab'sis).     In  astron.  see  Al'SIS. 

Absistt  (ab-sisf),  ii.f.  [L.  absislo,  to  with- 
draw.] To  stand  off;  to  leave  off. 

Absistence  t  (ab-sis'tens),  n.  A  standing  off; 
a  refraining  or  holding  back  from. 

Absit  omen  (ab'sit  6'men).  [L]  May  it  not 
lie  ominous !  May  the  omen  lie  falsified  ! 

Absolute  (ab'so-lut),  a.  [L.  absolutus.  See 
ABSOLVE.]  1.  Freed  from  limitation  or  con- 
dition; unconditional;  as,  an  absolute  pro- 
mise ;  an  absolute  bond.  — 2.  Unlimited  by 
extraneous  power  or  control;  as,  an  absolute 
government  or  prince. — 3.  Complete  in  it- 
self; finished;  perfect;  consummate;  as,  ab- 
solute  beauty:  now  applied  in  this  sense  only 
to  qualities,  but  formerly  applied  also  to 
persons.  'As  grave,  as  just,  as  absolute  as 
Angelo.'  Shak. 

So  absolute  she  seems 
And  in  herself  complete.  Milton. 

4.  Positive;  decided;  certain;  not  in  doubt: 
frequent  in  Shakspere,  but  now  rare. 

The  colour  of  my  hair  he  cannot  tell. 

Or  answers  dark,  at  random  :  while,  be  sure. 

He's  absolute  on  the  figure,  five  or  ten. 

Of  my  last  subscription.  Mrs.  Browning. 

5.  Peremptory;  authoritative.   '  Tapped  her 
on  the  head  with  absolute  forefinger.'    J/r«. 
Browning.—  6. t  Absolved;  freed.    Chaucer. 
7.  In  inetaph.  (a)  not  relative;  as,  absolute 
knowledge,  that  is,  immediate  knowledge 
of  things  as  they  exist  in  themselves,  as  dis- 
tinguished  from  relative  knowledge,  which 
is  a  knowledge  of  things  as  they  appear  to 
the  percipient  mind,    (b)  Existing  indepen- 
dent of  any  other  cause;  self-existing;  self- 
sufficing;  existing  without  condition  or  re- 
lation; unconditioned;  as,  God  is  absolute, 
(c)  In  the  philosophy  of  Sir  W.  Hamilton, 
unconditionally    limited  ;     having    limits 
which  belong  unconditionally  to  the  object: 
opposed  to  infinite.— H.  In  gram,  applied  to 
the  case  used  to  express  certain  circum- 
stances adverbially  when  the  case  is  not 
determined  by  any  other  word  in  the  sen- 
tence ;  as,  the  genitive  absolute  in  Greek, 
and  the  ablative  absolute  in  Latin.— 9.  In 
chcm.  pure;  unmixed;  as.  absolute  alcohol. 
— Absolute  equation,  in  astron.  the  sum  of 
the  optic  and  eccentric  equations.      The 
apparent  inequality  of  a  planet's  motion  in 
its  orbit,  arising  from  its  unequal  distances 
from  the  earth  at  different  times,  is  called 
its  optic  equation;  this  would  subsist  if  the 
planet's  real    motion  was  uniform.     The 
eccentric  inequality  is  caused  by  the  plan- 
et's motion  not  being  uniform.—  Absolute 
term  or  number,  in  0(17.  that  term  which  is 
completely  known,  and  to  which  all  the 
other  part  of  an  equation  is  made  equal ; 
thus,  in  the  equation  zz+12i  =  24,  the  abso- 
lute term  is  24.—  Absolute  motion,  the  ab- 
solute change  of  place  in  a  moving  body, 
independent  of  the  motion  of  any  other 
body.—  Absolute  magnitude  of  a  force,  the 
intensity  of  a  force  measured  by  weight,  as 
by  pounds,  <fcc.—  Absolute  gravity,  that  by 
which  a  body  descends  freely  and  perpen- 
dicularly in  a  vacuum    or   non  -  resisting 
medium ;  or  it  may  be  considered  as  the 
whole  force  with  which  a  body  is  impelled 
toward  the  centre  of  attraction,  without 
regard  to  modifying  circumstances.  — SYN. 
Positive,    peremptory,    certain,    uncondi- 
tional, arbitrary,  despotic,  unconditioned, 
unrelated. 

Absolute  (ab'so-lut),  n.  In  metaph.  (o)  that 
which  exists  independent  of  condition  or 
relation  ;  the  self-existent  unalterable  ori- 
ginal; the  ultimate  cause  of  all  phenomena: 
always  preceded  by  the  definite  article— 
the  absolute. 

All  philosophy  aims  at  a  knowledge  of  the  absolute 
under  different  phases.  Fiemtttf. 

(b)  In  the  philosophy  of  Sir  W.  Hamilton, 
that  which  is  unconditionally  limited;  that 
to  which  limits  belong  in  the  very  nature 
of  things. 

The  unconditionally  unlimited,  or  the  infinite,  the 
unconditionally  limited,  or  the  absolute,  cannot  posi- 
tively be  construed  by  the  mind.  Sir  H\  Hamilton. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abime;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


ABSOLUTELY 


ABSTERGE 


Absolutely  (nb'ao-lut-li),  adv.  Completely; 
wholly;  without  restriction,  limitation,  or 
qualification;  unconditionally  ;  positively; 
peremptorily. 

Absolutely  we  cannot  discommend,  we  cannot 
absolutely  approve,  cither  williti^nirs;,  to  live  or  for- 
wardnes.s  to  die.  Hooker. 

Command  me  absolutely  not  to  go,  Milton. 

Absoluteness  (ul/so-lut-nes),  H.  The  state 
of  being  absolute;  independence;  complete- 
ness; the  state  of  being  subject  to  no  extra- 
neous restriction  or  control;  positiveness. 

Absolution  (ab-so-lu'.-ihon),  n.  [L.  absolutio. 
Sfc  AHSOLVK  ]  1.  The  act  of  absolving  or 
state  of  being  absolved  ;  release  from  con- 
sequences, obligations,  or  penalties;  speci- 
fically, in  the  Komtin  Catholic  and  some 
other  churches,  a  remission  of  sins  pro- 
nounced by  a  priest  in  favour  of  a  penitent. 
Protestants  ascribe  a  declarative,  but  not 
an  efficient  power  to  absolution.  It  an- 
nounces and  assures  forgiveness,  on  the 
ground  of  repentance,  but  does  not  impart 
ft.  —  2.  In  the  following  passage  the  mean- 
ing is  doubtful,  perhaps  finish;  polish. 

Some  men  are  tall  and  lug;  so  some  language  is 
high  and  great.  Then  the  words  are  chosen,  their 
sound  ample,  the  composition  full,  the  absolution 
plenteous,  and  poured  out,  all  grave,  sinewy,  and 
strong.  Ji,  jfonson,  Discoveries. 

Absolutism  (ab'so-liit-i/m),  n.  1.  State  of 
being  absolute,  or  principles  of  absolute 
government. 

If  the  emperors  cannot  acquiesce  in  this,  the  other 
road  is  to  complete  absolutism.  Ttines  nrtuspaptr. 

2.  Doctrine  of  predestination  or  absolute 
decrees. 

Absolutist  (ab'do-lut-ist),  n.  1.  An  advocate 
for  despotism,  or  for  absolute  government. 
2.  In  inetaph.  one  who  maintains  that  it  is 
possible  to  realize  a  cognition  or  concept  of 
the  absolute. 

Hence  the  necessity  which  compelled  Schelling  and 
the  absolutists  to  place  the  absolute  in  the  inilillcr- 
ence  of  subject  and  object,  of  knowledge  and  ex- 
Sir W.  Hamilton. 


Absolutistic  (ab's6-lut-ist"ik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  absolutism. 

Absolutory  (ab-sol'u-to-ri),  a.  Absolving  or 
capable  of  absolving.  'An  absolutory  sen- 
tence.' Ayliffe. 

Absolvable  (ab-solv'a-bl)f  a.  That  may  be 
absolved. 

Absolvatory(ab-solv'a-to-ri),  a.  Conferring 
absolution,  pardon,  or  release  ;  having  power 
to  absolve. 

Absolve  (ab-solv').  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  absolved; 
ppr.  absolving,  [L.  absolvo,  to  set  free—  ah, 
from,  and  solvo,  to  loose,  to  solve.]  1.  To 
set  free  or  release  from  some  duty,  obliga- 
tion, or  responsibility  ;  as,  to  absolve  a  per- 
son from  a  promise.—  2.  To  free  from  the 
consequences  or  penalties  attaching  to  ac- 
tions; to  acquit;  specifically,  in  eccies.  Ian. 
to  forgive  or  grant  remission  of  sins  to  ;  to 
pronounce  forgiveness  of  sins  to.  —  3.t  To 
accomplish  ;  to  finish.  '  The  work  begun, 
how  soon  absolved.'  Hilton.—  4.  t  To  solve; 
to  resolve;  to  explain.  'Absolve  we  this?' 
Young. 

We  shall  not  absolve  the  doubt.      Sir  T.  Browne. 

SYN.  To  free,  release,  exonerate,  discharge, 
acquit,  pardon. 

Absolver  (ab-solv'er),  n.  One  who  absolves; 
one  that  pronounces  sin  to  be  remitted. 

Absolvitor  (ab-solv'i-tor),  n.  In  law,  a 
decree  of  absolution.—  Degree  absolvitor,  in 
Scots  law,  a  decree  in  favour  of  the  defender 
in  an  action.  'A  decree  in  favour  of  the 
pursuer  is  called  a  decree  condemnator. 

Absonantt  (ab'so-nant),  a.  [L.  ab,  from,  and 
sonant,  ppr.  of  gonare,  to  sound.  See  ABSON- 
ous.]  Wide  from  the  purpose;  contrary; 
discordant:  opposed  to  consonant  'Abson- 
ant to  nature.'  Quarles. 

Absonatet  (ab'so-nat),  v.t.  To  avoid;  to 
detest.  Ash 

Absonoust  (ab'so-nus),  a.  [L.  absonus— 
<(/>,  mm.  and  sonus,  sound.]  1.  Unmusical. 
2.  Fig.  discordant;  opposed;  contrary.  'Ab- 
sonous  to  our  reason.'  Glanville. 

Absorb  (ab-sorb'),  v.t.  (L.ab8orbeo—ab,irom, 
and  sorbeo,  to  suck  in.]  1.  To  drink  in  ;  to 
suck  up  ;  to  imbibe,  as  a  sponge;  to  take  in 
by  absorption,  as  the  lacteals  of  the  body. 

2.  To  swallow  up;  to  engulf,  as  a  body  in  a 
whirlpool. 

And  il.irk  oblivion  soon  absorbs  them  all.     Cowfer. 

3.  To  waste  wholly  or  sink  in  expenses;  to 
exhaubt  ;  as,  to  absorb  an  estate  in  luxury.  — 

4.  To  engross  or  engage  wholly;  as,  these 
studies  quite  absorbed  his  attention.—  5.  To 
take  up  or  receive  in,  as  by  chemical  or  mole- 
cular action,  as  when  carbon  absorbs  gases. 


0.  In  med.  to  counteract  or  neutralize;  as, 
magnesia  '<'<,-<>/''*  acidity  in  the  stomach. 
—Absorb,  Enyrtixx.  Absorb  rather  refers  to 
the  occupation  of  one's  mind  or  attention 
in  anything  so  that  the  person  is  withdrawn 
from  his  external  surroundings  for  the  time 
being,  a  certain  amount  of  passivity  bt -in- 
attached  to  the  use  of  the  word;  engross  is 
rather  to  engage  one's  whole  attention  and 
energies,  thus  implying  activity;  thus  one 
is  absorbed  in  a  novel,  but  engrossed  in  busi- 
ness :  the  words,  however,  are  sometimes 
interchangeable. 

Absorbability  (ab-sorl/a-bil"i.ti),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  absorbable. 

Absorbable  (ab-sorb'a-M),  a.  Capable  of 
being  absorbed  or  imbibea. 

Absorbed  (ab-sorbd').  p.  and  a.  Specifically, 
applied  to  pictures  in  which  the  oil  has 
sunk  into  the  canvas,  leaving  the  colour  flat 
and  the  touches  dead  or  indistinct :  nearly 
synonymous  with  chilled. 

Absorbent  (ab-sorh'ent),  a.  Capable  of  ab- 
sorbing fluids;  imbibing;  swallowing;  per- 
forming the  function  of  absorption ;  as,  ab- 
sorbent vessels;  absorbent  system.  See  the 
noun.— Absorbent  grounds,  in  painting,  pic- 
ture grounds  prepared  either  in  board  or 
canvas,  so  as  to  have  the  power  of  imbib- 
ing the  redundant  oil  from  the  colours,  for 
the  sake  of  expedition,  or  to  increase  the 
brilliancy  of  the  colours. 

Absorbent  (ab-sorb'ent),  n.  Anything  which 
absorbs;  specifically,  (a)  in  anat,  aiidphyxiol. 
a  vessel  which  imbibes  or  takes  in  nutritive 
matters  into  the  system;  specifically,  in  the 
vertebrate  class  of  animals,  one  of  a  system 
of  vessels  ramifying  through  the  body  and 
forming  a  connecting  link  between  the  di- 
gestive and  the  circulatory  systems,  that  is, 
acting  as  the  media  through  which  matters 
are  absorbed  from  the  alimentary  canal  on 
the  one  hand,  and  from  the  blood  and  tissues 
on  the  other.  They  are  denominated,  accord- 
ing  to  the  liquids  which  they  convey,  lacteals 
or  lymphatics,  which  both  end  in  a  common 
trunk  called  the  thoracic  duct.  (/>)  In  med. 
a  medicine  which  neutralizes  acidity  in  the 
stomach  and  bowels,  as  magnesia,  prepared 
chalk,  itc.  (c)  In  sura,  a  substance,  as  cob- 
web, sponge,  &c.,  applied  to  a  bleeding  sur- 
face to  arrest  hemorrhage,  by  forming  with 
the  blood  a  solid  adhesive  compound,  (rf)  In 
chem,.  anything  that  takes  up  into  itself  a 
gas  or  liquid,  as  a  substance  which  with- 
drawsmoisture  from  the  air;  also  aaubstonce, 
such  as  magnesia,  lime,  &c.,  which  neutral- 
izes acids. 

Absorbing  (ab-sorb'ing),  p.  and  a.  Imbib- 
ing ;  engrossing;  as,  the  spectacle  was  most 
absorbing.  —  Absorbing  well,  a  shaft  sunk 
through  an  impermeable  bed  or  stratum 
into  a  permeable  one  so  as  to  carry  off 
water  conveyed  into  it.  Such  wells  are  em- 
ployed in  mining  and  manufactures  to  carry 
off  excess  of  drainage  water  or  water  defiled 
by  noxious  substances.  Called  also  Dead 
Well. 

Absorbitiont  (ab'sor-bi"shon),  n.  Absorp- 
tion. 

Absorptt  (ab-sorpf).     Same  as  Absorbed. 

Absorptiometer  (ab-sorp'shi-om"et-er),  n. 
[L.  absorptio,  absorption,  and  Gr.  metron,  a 
measure.]  An  instrument  invented  by  Pro- 
fessor Bunsen  to  determine  the  amount  of 
gas  absorbed  by  a  unit  volume  of  liquid. 
It  is  a  graduated  tube  in  which  a  certain 
quantity  of  the  gas  and  liquid  is  agitated 
over  mercury.  The  amount  of  absorption 
is  measured  on  the  scale  by  the  height  the 
mercury  presses  up  the  liquid  in  the  tube. 

Absorption  (ab-sorp'shon),  n.  [L.  absorptio. 
See  ABSORB.  ]  The  act  or  process  of  absorb- 
ing, or  state  of  being  absorbed  in  all  the 
senses  of  the  verb;  as,  (a)  the  act  or  process 
of  imbibing,  swallowing,  engulfing  mecha- 
nically. (6)  The  condition  of  having  one's 
attention  entirely  occupied  with  something, 
(c)  In  chem.  and  physics,  a  taking  in  or  re- 
ception by  molecular  or  chemical  action,  as 
absorption  of  gases,  light,  heat ;  as,  the  ab-  ! 
sorption  of  heat  by  surrounding  bodies;  ab-  ' 
sorption  of  electricity,  (rf)  In  physiol,  one 
of  the  vital  organic  functions  by  which  the 
materials  of  growth  and  nutrition  are  ab- 
sorbed and  conveyed  to  the  organs  of  plants 
and  animals.  In  vertebrate  animals  this  is 
performed  by  the  absorbent  system,  consist- 
ing of  the  lymphatics  and  lacteals  and  their 
connected  glands.  Plants  absorb  moisture 
and  nutritive  juices  principally  by  their 
roots,  but  sometimes  by  their  general  sur- 
faces, as  in  sea-weeds,  and  carbonic  acid 
by  their  leaves.  —  Interstitial  absorption.  \ 


See  under  INTERSTITIAL.  —  Cutaneous  or 
external  ttbterp&Ott,  in  nn-d.  the  process  by 
which  certain  substances,  when  placed  in 
contact  with  a  living  surface,  produce  the 
same  effects  upon  the  system  as  when  taken 
into  the  stomach  or  injected  into  the  veins, 
only  in  a  less  degree.  Thus,  arsenic,  when 
applied  to  an  external  wound,  will  some- 
times affect  the  system  as  rapidly  as  uln  n 
introduced  into  the  stomach;  and  mercury, 
applied  externally,  has  the  effect  of  excit- 
ing salivation.  —  Absorption  of  colour,  the 
phenomenon  observed  when  certain  colours 
are  retained  or  prevented  from  passing 
through  certain  transparent  bodies;  thus 
pieces  of  coloured  glass  are  almost  opaque 
to  some  parts  of  the  spectrum,  while  allow- 
ing other  colours  to  pass  through  freely. 
The  absorption  of  light  is  the  same  kind 
of  phenomenon.  —Absorption  of  light,  that 
quality  in  an  imperfectly  transparent  or 
opaque  body  by  which  some  portion  of  an 
incident  pencil  of  light  is  retained  within 
the  body,  while  the  rest  is  either  transmitted 
through  it  or  reflected  from  it.  It  is  owing 
to  this  that  a  certain  thickness  of  pure 
water  shows  a  greenish  colour,  glass  a 
bluish-green  colour.  —  A  bsorption  lines,  in 
spectrum  analysis,  dark  lines  produced  in  a 
spectrum  by  the  absorbing  of  a  portion  of 
the  light  by  a  vapour  intervening  between 
the  source  of  light  and  the  spectroscope. — 
Absorption  spectrum,  a  spectrum  with  ab- 
sorption lines. — Absorption  of  heat,  that 
quality  in  an  imperfectly  polished  or  opaque 
body  by  which  the  rays  of  heat  impinging 
on  its  surface  enter  its  body  to  be  distri- 
buted afterwards  by  radiation :  absorption 
is  in  inverse  ratio  to  reflection. 

Absorptive  (ab-sorp'tiv),  a.  [Fr.  absorptif.] 
Having  power  to  absorb  or  imbibe. 

Absorptivity(ab-sorp-tiv'i-ti), n.  Thepower 
or  capacity  of  absorption.  '  The  absorptivity 
inherent  in  organic  beings.'  Dana.  [Rare.] 

Absquatulate  (ab-skwot'u-lat),  v.i.  To  run 
away;  to  abscond;  to  make  off.  [An  Ame- 
rican vulgarism.] 

Absque  hoc  (ahz'kwe  hok).  [L.]  Without 
this  or  that;  specifically,  in  taw,  words  used 
in  traversing  what  has  been  alleged,  and  is 
repeated. 

Abstain  (ab-stan'),  v.i.  [Norm,  absteigner, 
Fr.  abntenir,  to  hold  one's  self  back,  to  ab- 
stain; L.  abstineo,  to  keep  from— abs,  from, 
and  teneo,  to  hold.  Contain,  tenant,  tena- 
cious, &c.,  are  from  the  same  stem.]  To 
forbear  or  refrain  from  voluntarily,  espe- 
cially to  refrain  from  what  gratifies  the 
passions  or  appetites;  to  refrain;  to  forbear; 
to  withhold;  as,  to  abstain  from  the  use  of 
ardent  spirits;  to  abstain  from  luxuries. 
Abstain  from  meats  offered  to  idols.  Acts  xv.  29, 

Abstainer  (ab-stan'er),  n.  One  who  abstains; 
specifically,  one  who  abstains  from  the  use  of 
intoxicating  liquors;  a  teetotaller. 

AbstemiOUS(ab-stc'mi-us),  a.  [L.  abstemius 
— a&«,and  root  seen  in  temetum,  strong  drink 
temulentus,  drunken;  Skr.  tini,  to  be  wet.] 

1.  Sparing  in  diet;  refraining  from  a  free  use 
of  food  and  strong  drinks ;  temperate ;  ab- 
stinent. 

Under  his  special  eye 
Abstentions  I  grew  up  and  thrived  amain,    Milton. 

Instances  of  longevity  are  chiefly  among  the  abste- 
m  ions.  A  rbtt  thnot. 

2.  Characterized  by  great  temperance;  very 
moderate  and  plain;  very  sparing;  spare; 
as,  an  abstemious  diet:  opposed  to  luxu- 
rious or  rich.— 3.  Devoted   to  or  spent  in 
abstemiousness  or  abstinence;  as,  an  abste- 
mious life. 

Till  yonder  sun  descend,  O  let  me  pay 

To  fcrief  and  anguish  one  abstemious  day.     Pope. 

4.  Promoting  or  favouring  abstemiousness; 
associated  with  abstemiousness.  [Rare.] 

Such  is  the  virtue  of  th'  abstemious  well.     Dryden. 

Abstemiously  (ab-ste'mi-us-Ii),  adv.  In  an 
abstemious  manner;  temperately;  with  a 
sparing  use  of  meat  or  drink. 

Abstemiousness  (ab-ste'mi-us -nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  habit  of  being  temperate  or  spar- 
ing in  the  use  of  food  and  strong  drinks. 
[This  word  expresses  a  greater  degree  of 
abstinence  than  temperance.  ] 

Abstention  (ab-sten'shon),  n.  [L.  absten- 
tio.  See  ABSTAIN.]  The  act  of  holding  on* 
or  abstaining;  abstinence. 

As  may  well  be  supposed,  this  abstention  of  our 
light  cavalry  was  observed  by  the  Russians  with  sur- 
prise and  thankfulness,  by  the  head-quarters  staff  of 
the  English  with  surprise  and  vexation,  by  the  French 
with  surprise  and  curiosity.  Kitiglake. 

Absterge(ab-sterj'),w.(.  pret.  &pp.absterffed; 
ppr.  absterging.  [L.  abstergeo,  to  wipe  off — 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  their,  th,  thin\      w,  wig;    wh,  wftig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ABSTERGENT 


14 


ABSTRUSE 


abs,  and  iergeo,  to  wipe.]  1.  To  wipe,  or  make 
clean  by  wiping;  to  wash  away.  '  To  absterge, 
belike,  that  fulsomeness  of  sweat  to  which 
they  are  then  subject. '  Sir  T.  Browne. — 2.  In 
med.  to  cleanse  by  lotions,  as  a  wound  or 
ulcer;  also,  to  purge.  See  DETERGE. 

AbStergent(ab-sterj'ent),  a.  Having  cleans- 
ing or  purgative  properties. 

Abstergent  (ab-sterj'ent),  n.  1.  Whatever 
aids  in  scouring  or  cleansing,  as  soap  or 
fuller's  earth.— 2.  In  med.  a  lotion  or  other 
application  for  cleansing  a  sore:  in  this 
sense  nearly  superseded  by  detergent. 

Absterse  (abaters'),  v.t  To  absterge;  to 
cleanse;  to  purify.  Sir  T.  Browne.  [Rare.] 

Abstersion  (ab-ster'shon),  n.  [L.  abstersio. 
See  ABSTEKUE.]  1.  The  act  of  wiping  clean. 
'Ablution  and  abstersion.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 

2.  In  wed.  a  cleansing  by  medicines  which 
remove  foulness  about  sores,  or  humours  or 
obstructions  from  the  system. 

Abstersion  is  plainly  a  scouring  off  or  incision  of 
the  more  viscous  humours,  and  making  the  humours 
more  fluid  ;  and  cutting  between  them  and  the  part. 
Bacon. 

Abstersive  (ab-sters'iv),  a.  Cleansing;  hav- 
ing the  quality  of  removing  foulness.  See 
DETERSIVE. 

The  >ieats  with  purple  clothe  in  order  due, 

And  let  the  abstersive  sponge  the  board  renew.  Pope. 

Abstersive  (ab-sters'iv),  n.  That  which 
effects  abstersion;  that  which  purifies. 

Abstersivcs  are  fuller's  earth,  soap,  linseed-oil,  and 
ox-gall.  Bp.  Sprat. 

Abstersiveness(ab-sters'iv-nes),  n.  Quality 
of  being  abstersive  or  abstergent.  '  Acaustick 
or  a  healing  faculty,  abate  rsiveness,  and  the 
like.'  Boyle. 

Abstinence  (ab'sti-nens),  n.  [L.  abstinentia. 
See  ABSTAIN.]  1.  In  general,  the  act  or  prac- 
tice of  voluntarily  refraining  from  the  use  of 
anything  within  our  reach;  forbearing  any 
action;  abnegation. 

Since  materials  are  destroyed  as  such  bv  being 
once  used,  the  whole  of  the  labour  required  for  their 
protection,  as  well  as  the  abstinence  of  the  persons 
who  supplied  the  means  for  carrying  it  on,  must  be 
remunerated.  J.  S.  Mill. 

More  specifically — 2.  The  refraining  from 
indulgence  in  the  pleasures  of  the  table,  or 
from  customary  gratifications  of  any  animal 
or  sensual  propensities.  It  denotes  either  a 
total  forbearance,  or  a  forbearance  of  the 
usual  quantity. 

Against  diseases  here  the  strongest  fence 
Is  the  defensive  virtue  abstinence.         HerricH:. 
Men  flew  to  frivolous  amusements  and  to  criminal 
pleasures  with  greediness  which  long  and  enforced 
abstinence  naturally  produces.  Macaulay. 

3.  In  a  still  narrower  sense:  («)  forbearance 
from  the  use  of  ardent  spirits:  in  this  sense 
abstinence  is  usually  preceded  by  the  adjec- 
tive total,     (b)  Eccles.  the  refraining  from 
certain  kinds  of  food  on  certain  days,  as 
flesh  on  Fridays. 

Abstlnency  ( ab '  sti  -  nen  -  si ),  n.  Same  as 
Abstinence.  [Rare.] 

Abstinent  (ab'sti-nent),  a.  [L.  abtttinens, 
abxtinenti*.  See  ABSTAIN.]  Refraining  from 
indulgence,  especially  in  the  use  of  food  and 
drink. 

Abstinent  (ab'sti-nent),  n.  1.  One  of  a  sect 
which  appeared  in  France  and  Spain  in  the 
third  century,  who  opposed  marriage,  con- 
demned the  use  of  flesh  meat,  and  placed  the 
Holy  Spirit  in  the  class  of  created  beings. — 
2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  a  teetotaller. 

Abstinently  (ab'sti-nent-li),  adv.  In  an 
abstinent  manner;  with  abstinence. 

Abstortedt  (ab-stort'ed),  a.  [L.  abs,  and 
tortus,  pp.  of  torqueo,  tortum,  to  wrench. 
See  TORTURE.]  forced  away.  Bailey. 

Abstract(ab-strakt'),  v.t.  [From  L.  abstraho, 
abstractum,  to  draw  away — abs,  and  traho, 
tractum,  to  draw,  which  appears  also  in 
contract,  detract,  retract,  &c.t  and  is  allied 
to  E.  drag.]  1.  To  draw  away;  to  take  away; 
to  withdraw;  as,  to  abstract  the  attention  of 
any  one. —2.  To  take  away  mentally;  to 
separate,  as  the  qualities  or  properties  of  an 
object  in  the  mind;  to  consider  separately; 
as,  to  abstract  ideas.— 3.  To  derive  the  idea 
of;  to  receive  suggestions  of;  to  deduce. 

And  thus  from  divers  accidents  and  acts 
Which  do  within  her  observation  fall, 

The  goddesses  and  powers  divine  abstracts, 
As  Nature,  Fortune,  and  the  Virtues  all. 

Sir  jf.  Davits. 

4.  To  select  or  separate  the  substance  of  a 
book  or  writing;  to  epitomize  or  reduce  to 
a  summary. 

Let  us  abstract  them  into  brief  compends.     Watts. 

5.  To  take  secretly  for  one's  own  use  from 
the  property  of  another  when  placed  in  one's 
power;   to  purloin;  as,  to  abstract  goods 
from  a  parcel  or  money  from  a  bank. — 6.  To 


separate,  as  the  spirits  or  more  volatile  part 
from  any  substance  by  distillation:  but  in 
this  sense  extract  is  now  more  generally 
used.  'Having  abstracted  the  whole  spirit.' 
Boyle. 

Abstract  Cab-strakt'),  v.i.  To  form  abstrac- 
tions; to  separate  ideas;  to  distinguish  be- 
tween the  attribute  and  the  concrete  in 
which  itexists.  '  Brutes  abstract  not.'  Locke. 
— To  abstract  from,  to  separate  our  thoughts 
from;  to  leave  out  of  consideration. 

Could  we  abstract  from  these  pernicious  effects, 

and  suppose  this  were  innocent,  it  would  be  too 

light  to  be  matter  of  praise.  Dr.  H.  More. 

Abstract  (ab'strakt),  a.     [L.  abstracts,  pp. 

of  abstraho ,  abstractum.  See  ABSTRACT,  v .  t.  ] 

1.  Considered  in  itself ;   treated  by  itself ; 
considered  and  treated  apart  from  any  ap- 
plication to  a  particular  object;  as,  abstract 
mathematics;  abstract  logic. — 2.  Not  con- 
crete; very  general;  hence,  abstruse,  difficult; 
as,  a  very  abstract  subject  of  disquisition.  In 
metapti.  an  abstract  idea  is  an  idea  separated 
from  a  complex  object,  or  from  other  ideas 
which  naturally  accompany  it,  as  the  solidity 
of  marble  contemplated  apart  from  its  col- 
our or  figure.     In  yram.  and  logic,  abstract 
nouns  or  terms  are  names  of  qualities,  in 
opposition  to  concrete,  which  are  names  of 
things.     Some  metaphysicians  understand 
by  abstract  terms  all  names  which  are  the 
result  of  abstraction  or  generalization.  This 
latter  usage  is  strongly  condemned  by  J.  S. 
Mill  (Log,  i.  2,  §  4),  who  applies  to  such 
words  the  term  general  names. — Abstract 
or  pure  mathematics  is  that  which  treats  of 
the  propertiesof  magnitude,  figure,  or  quan- 
tity, absolutely  and  generally  considered, 
without  restriction  to  any  particular  object, 
such  as  arithmetic  and  geometry.    Abstract 
mathematics    is  thus  distinguished    from 
mixed  mathematics,  in  which  simple  and 
abstract  quantities  previously  considered 
in  the  former  are  applied  to  particular  sen- 
Bible    objects,    as    astronomy,  mechanics, 
optics,  <fcc.—  Abstract  numbers  are  assem- 
blages of  units  considered  independently  of 
any  thing  or  things  that  they  might  other- 
wise be  supposed  to  represent.  For  example, 
5  is  an  abstract  number  while  it  remains 
independent;  but  if  we  say  6  feet  or  6  miles 
it  is  no  longer  an  abstract  but  a  concrete 
number.  — 3.t    Having   the   senses   unem- 
ployed ;  insensible  to  outward  objects ;  ab- 
stracted.   '  A  bstract  as  in  a  trance. '  Milton. 
4.  Lacking  a  concrete  object;  refined;  pure. 
[Rare.] 

Love's  not  so  pure  and  abstract,  as  they  use 
To  say,  which  liave  no  mistress  but  their  muse. 
Donne. 

Abstract  (ab'strakt),  n.  1.  That  which  con- 
centrates in  itself  the  essential  qualities  of 
anything  more  extensive  or  more  general, 
or  of  several  things ;  the  essence :  now 
almost,  if  not  quite  exclusively  applied  to  a 
summary  or  epitome  containing  the  sub- 
stance, a  general  view,  or  the  principal 
heads  of  a  treatise  or  writing. 

You  shall  there  find  a  man  who  is  the  abstract  of 
all  faults  all  men  follow.  SAaA. 

When  Mnemon  came  to  the  end  of  a  chapter  he 
recollected  the  sentiments  that  he  had  remarked; 
so  that  he  could  give  a  tolerable  analysis  and  abstract 
of  every  treatise  Tie  had  read  just  after  he  had  finished 
it.  li'atts. 

Specifically-  2.  Inarch,  and  engin.  that  por- 
tion of  the  bill  of  quantities,  estimate,  or 
account,  which  contains  the  summary  of  the 
various  detailed  articles;  it  is  upon  this 
abstract  that  the  prices  are  applied. — 3.  A 
catalogue;  an  inventory.  [Rare.] 

He  hath  an  abstract  for  the  remembrance  of  such 
places,  and  goes  to  them  by  his  note.  Shat. 

4.  In  gram,  an  abstract  term  or  noun. 

The  concrete  '  like'  has  its  abstract '  likeness;*  the 
concretes  'father'  and  'son*  have,  or  might  have, 
the  abstracts  '  paternity'  and  '  filiety'  or  'filiation.' 
y.  S.  Mill. 

— In  the  abstract,  in  a  state  of  separation; 
as,  a  subject  considered  in  the  abstract,  i.e. 
without  reference  to  particular  applications. 
— Abstract  of  title,  in  law,  an  epitome  or 
short  statement  of  the  evidences  of  owner- 
ship. —Abridgment,  Compendium,  Epitome, 
Abstract.  See  under  ABRIDGMENT. 
Abstracted  (ab-strakt'ed),  pp.  and  a.  1.  Se- 
parated. 

The  evil  one  abstracted  stood  from  his  own  evil. 
Afitton. 

2.  Refined;  exalted.     'Abstracted  spiritual 
love.'    Donne. — 3.  Difficult;  abstruse;  ab- 
stract.   Johnson.— 4.  Absent  in  mind;  in- 
attentive. 

And  now  no  more  the  abstracted  ear  attends 
The  water's  murmuring  lapse.  T.  H'arton. 

—Absent,  Abstracted.    See  under  ABSENT. 


Abstractedly  (ab-strakt'ed-li),  adv.  l.  In  a 
separate  state,  or  in  contemplation  only. 

Deeming  the  exception  to  be  rather  a  case  ab- 
stractedly possible,  than  one  which  is  frequently 
realized  in  fact.  J.  S.  Mill. 

2.  In  an  abstracted  or  absent  manner. 
Abstractedness  (ab-strakt'ed-nes),  n.    The 

state  of  being  abstracted ;  abstractness. 
'The  abstractedness  of  these  speculations.' 
Hume. 

Abstracter  (ab-strakt'er),  n.  One  who  ab- 
stracts; as,  (a)  one  who  makes  an  abstract 
or  summary,  (b)  One  who  purloins. 

Abstraction  (ab-strak'shon),  n.  [L.  abstrac- 
tio.  See  ABSTRACT,  v.t.]  1.  Theactofabstract- 
ing  or  separating;  the  act  of  withdrawing  ; 
withdrawal;  as,  the  abstraction  of  heat  from 
the  body.  Specifically— 2.  The  act  of  separ- 
ating mentally  the  qualities  or  properties 
of  an  object;  the  act  of  considering  separ- 
ately what  is  united  in  a  complex  object. 
Thus,  when  the  mind  considers  the  branch 
of  a  tree  by  itself,  or  the  colour  of  the  leaves, 
as  separate  from  their  size  or  figure,  the  act 
is  called  abstraction.  So  also  when  it  con- 
siders whiteness,  softness,  virtue,  existence, 
as  separate  from  any  particular  objects. 
Abstraction  is  the  ground-work  of  classifi- 
cation, by  which  things  are  arranged  in 
orders,  genera,  and  species.  We  separate 
in  idea  the  qualities  of  certain  objects  which 
are  of  the  same  kind,  from  others  which  are 
different  in  each,  and  arrange  the  objects 
having  the  same  properties  in  a  class  or 
collected  body. 

If,  in  contemplating  several  objects,  and  finding 
that  they  agree  in  certain  points,  we  abstract  the 
circumstances  of  agreement,  disregarding  the  differ- 
ences, and  give  to  all  and  each  of  these  objects  a 
name  applicable  to  them  in  respect  of  this  agreement, 
i.e.  a  common  name,  as  '  rose ;  or  again,  ifwe  give  a 
name  to  some  attribute  wherein  they  agree,  as  '  frag- 
rance' or  'redness,'  we  are  then  said  to  generalise. 
Abstraction,  therefore,  does  not  necessarily  imply 
generalization,  though  generalization  implies  ab- 
straction. Ivhatety. 

3.  The  act  of  ascending  from  what  is  con- 
crete and  particular  to  what  is  abstract  and 
general;  the  act  of  refining  or  sublimating. 

This  was  an  age  of  vision  and  mystery;  and  every 
work  was  believed  to  contain  a  double  or  secondary 
meaning.  Nothing  escaped  this  eccentric  spirit  of 
refinement  and  abstraction,  T.  H-'arton. 

4.  Something  abstract;  an  idea  or  notion  of 
an  abstract  character ;  an  idea  or  notion 
having  no  discoverable  relation  to  fact  or 
practice;  a  theoretical,  impracticable  notion. 

What  are  metaphysics  themselves  but  intricate 
subtilties  and  fruitless  abstractions)  Butler. 

5.  A  separation  from  worldly  objects;  a  re- 
cluse   life ;    as,   a   hermit's  abstraction.  — 

6.  Absence  of  mind;  inattention  to  present 
objects ;  the  state  of  being  engrossed  with 
any  matter  to  the  exclusion  of  everything 
else;  as,  a  fit  of  abstraction. ~^ '.  The  taking 
for  one's  own  use  part  of  the  property  of 
another— a  In  distillation,  the  separation 
of  volatile  parts  from  those  which  are  fixed. 
It  is  chiefly  used  when  a  fluid  is  repeatedly 
poured  upon  any  substance  in  a  retort,  and 
distilled  off,  to  change  its  state,  or  the 
nature  of  its  composition. 

Abstractitious  t  (ab'strak-ti"shus),  a.  Ab- 
stracted or  drawn  from  other  substances, 
particularly  from  vegetables,  without  fer- 
mentation. Ash. 

Abstractive  (ab-strakt'iv),  a.  1.  Having  the 
power  or  quality  of  abstracting.  '  The  ab- 
stractive faculty.'  Is.  Taylor.— 2.f  Abstrac- 
titious. 

Abstractively  (ab-strakt'iv-li),  ado.  In  an 
abstractive  manner;  in  or  by  itself;  ab- 
stractly. [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

The  life  which  abstracti-vely  is  good,  by  accidents 
and  adhercnccs  may  become  unfortunate.  Feltham. 

Abstractly  (ab-strakt'Ii),  adv.  In  an  ab- 
stract manner  or  state;  absolutely;  in  a 
state  or  manner  unconnected  with  anything 
else ;  in  or  by  itself;  as,  matter  abstractly 
considered. 

Abstractness  (ab'strakt-nes),  n.  The  state 
orquality  of  being  abstract;  a  state  of  being 
in  contemplation  only,  or  not  connected 
with  any  object.  '  The  abstractness  of  the 
ideas  themselves.'  Locke. 

Abstraction  (ab-strik'shon),  n.  [L.  ab,  from, 
and  stringo,  strictum,  to  bind.]  The  act 
of  unbinding.  [Rare.] 

Abstringet  (ab-strinj'),  v.t.  [L.  abstringo— 
ab,  and  atringo,  to  bind.]  To  unbind. 

Abstmde  (ab-strod'),  v.t.  [L.  abstrudo— 
ab  or  abs,  and  trudo,  trusum,  to  thrust.]  To 
thrust  away.  Johnson. 

Abstruse  (ab-strus'),  a.  [L.  abstnmts,  pp.  of 
abstrudo,  to  thrust  away.]  1.  Withdrawn 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ABSTRUSELY 


from  view;  out  of  the  way;  concealed. 
'Hidden  in  the  most  abstruse  dungeons  of 
Ilarbiiry.'  MtHtv)i.—2.  Remote  from  .appre- 
hension ;  difficult  to  be  comprehended  or 
understood;  profound;  opposed  to  what  is 
obvious. 

It  must  be  still  confessed  that  than  are  some  mys- 
teries in  religion,  both  natural  and  revealed,  as  well 
as  sonic  abstruse  points  in  philosophy,  wherein  the 
.is  well  as  the  unwise  muse  L»c  content  with  ob- 
scure ideas,  ttatts. 

Abstrusely  (ab-strus'H),  adv.  In  an  abstruse 
manner;  in  a  manner  not  to  be  easily  under- 
stood. 

Abstruseness  (ab-strus'nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  abstruse,  or  difficult  to 
be  understood. 

Abstrusion  (ab-stro'zhon),  n.  The  act  of 
thrusting  away.  [Rare.] 

Abstrusltyt  (ab-strus'i-ti),  n.  Abstruseness; 
that  which  is  abstruse.  '  Hatters  of  diffi- 
culty and  such  which  were  not  without 
abstrusities.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Absumet  (ab-sum'),  v.t.  [L.  a&tfumo— a&.and 
sumo,  to  take.]  To  bring  to  an  end  by  a 
gradual  waste;  to  consume;  to  destroy;  to 
cause  to  disappear.  Boyle. 

Absuraptiont  (ab-sump'shon),  n.  [L.  ab- 
numptio.  SeeABSUME.]  Destruction.  'The 
total  defect  or  absumption  of  religion.'  Bp. 
Gauden. 

Absurd  (ab-serd'),  a.  [L.  absurdus— ab,  and 
isurdus, deaf, insensible.  See  SURD.]  1.  Act- 
ing in  a  manner  contrary  to  common  sense 
or  sound  judgment;  inconsistent  with  com- 
mon sense;  ridiculous;  nonsensical;  as,  an 
absurd  fellow;  an  absurd  statement;  absurd 
conduct. 

A  man  who  cannot  write  with  wit  on  a  proper  sub- 
ject  is  dull  and  stupid ;  but  one  who  shews  it  in  an 
improper  place  is  as  impertinent  and  absurd. 

Addison. 

Specifically  — 2.  In  logic  or  phitos.  incon- 
sistent with  reason;  logically  contradictory; 
impossible;  as,  that  the  whole  is  less  than 
the  sum  of  its  parts  is  an  absurd  hypothesis; 
an  absurd  proposition.  — Absurd,  Foolish, 
Irrational,  Infatuated,  Preposterous.  Ab- 
surd, opposed  to  common  sense,  and  hence 
often  exciting  ridicule  or  amusement;  fool- 
ish, characterized  by  weakness  of  mind  or 
siHiness;/oo/wrfc  conduct  is  such  as  gives  rise 
to  a  certain  feeling  of  contempt;  irrational, 
plainly  and  evidently  opposed  to  reason; 
infatuated,  driven  on  by  fate,  not  under  the 
control  of  reason,  possessed  or  caused  by 
some  misleading  but  overmastering  idea ; 
preposterous  is  not  used  of  persons,  and 
when  used  of  actions,  modes  of  procedure, 
&c.,  expresses  a  very  high  degree  of  absurd- 
ity, as  much  as  amounts  to  putting  the  cart 
before  the  horse. 

*Tis  phrase  absurd  to  call  a  villain  great.    Pope. 
I  am  a  \tryfoolish,  fond  old  man.        Shak. 

It  seemed  utterly  it-rational  any  longer  to  maintain 
it.  Is.  Taylor. 

The  people  are  so  infatuated  that  if  a  cow  falls 
sick,  it  is  ten  to  one  but  an  old  woman  is  clapt  up  in 
prison  for  it.  Addison. 

Though  the  error  be  easily  fallen  into,  it  is  mani- 
festly preposterous.  Is.  Taylor. 

SYN.  Foolish,  irrational,  ridiculous,  prepos- 
terous, nonsensical,  inconsistent,  incongru- 
ous. 

Absurd  (ab-s6rd'),  n.    An  act  of  absurdity. 
[Rare.] 
This  arch  a&surdihat  wit  and  fool  delights.     Pope. 

Absurdity  (ab-serd'i-ti),  n.  [L.  absurditas; 
Fr.  abtmrdite.}  1.  Tlte  quality  of  being  ab- 
surd or  inconsistent  with  obvious  truth, 
reason,  or  sound  judgment;  want  of  ration- 
ality or  common  sense;  as,  the  absurdity  of 
such  an  idea;  the  absurdity  of  his  conduct. 
2.  That  which  is  absurd;  an  absurd  action: 
in  this  sense  it  has  a  plural;  as,  the  ab- 
surdities of  men.— SYN.  Folly,  foolishness, 
inconsistency,  preposterousness,  self-con- 
tradiction, unreasonableness. 

Absurdly  (ab-serd'li),  adv.  In  an  absurd 
manner ;  in  a  manner  inconsistent  with 
reason  or  obvious  propriety. 

Absurdness  (ab-serd'nes),  n.    The  same  as 

.1  hanrilifif. 

Abthane  (ab'than),  n.  One  of  a  lower  kind 
of  nobility  existing  in  Scotland  at  a  very 
early  period.  The  high-steward  is  said  to 
have  borne  this  title. 

Abuna  (a-bo'na),  n.  The  head  of  the  Chris- 
tian church  in  Abyssinia. 

Abundance  (a-buii'dans),  n.  [L.  abundantia, 
abundance,  from  abundo,  to  abound  (which 
see).]  A  fulness  or  plenteousness  great  to 
overflowing;  great  plenty;  ample  sufficiency: 
strictly  applicable  to  quantity  only;  as, 
abundance  of  corn;  abundance  of  rain;  but 
used  also  of  number ;  as,  an  abundance  of 


15 

peasants:  when  used  absolutely,  sometimes 
t'(|itivnlent  to  abundant  wealth  or  m-  ;m- ; 
ricJies ;  affluence ;  as,  to  give  of  one's  abun- 
dance. —  SYN.  Plenteousness,  plentifulncss, 
plunitude,  plenty,  copiousness,  riches,  afflu- 
ence, wealth. 

Abundant  (a-bun'dant),  a.     1.  Plentiful;  in 

great  quantity;  fully  sufficient;  as,  an  ftinm- 

t(<titt  supply.— 2.  Abounding;  overflowing. 

The  Lord  .  ,  .  abundant  in  goodness  and  truth. 

Ex.  xxxiv.  6. 

The  history  of  our  species  is  a  history  of  the  evtjs 
that  have  flowed  from  a  source  as  tainted  as  it  is 
abundant.  Brougham. 

— Abundant  number,  in  arith.  a  number 
the  sum  of  whose  aliquot  parts  exceeds  the 
number  itself.  Thus,  12  is  an  abundant 
number,  for  the  sura  of  its  aliquot  parts 
1+2+3+4+6  =  16.  It  is  thus  distinguished 
from  a  perfect  number,  which  is  equal  to  the 
sum  of  all  its  aliquot  parts,  as  6  =  1+2+3; 
ami  from  a  deficient  number,  which  is 
greater  than  the  sum  of  all  its  aliquot  parts, 
as  14,  which  is  greater  than  1+2+7.— SYN. 
Plentiful,  copious,  ample,  plenteous,  exu- 
berant, overflowing,  rich. 

Abundantly  (a-bun'dant-li),  adv.  In  a 
plentiful  or  sufficient  degree;  fully;  amply; 
plentifully. 

Abune  (a-biin'),  adv.  and  prep.  [Contr.  for 
aboven,  abuven,  A.  Sax.  abufan.]  Above; 
beyond;  in  a  greater  or  higher  degree. 
Written  also  Aboon.  [Scotch.] 

A-burton  (a-ber'ton),  adv.  Naut.  applied  to 
casks  when  placed  athwartships  in  the  hold. 

Abusablo  ( a- buz'a- bl ),  a.  That  may  be 
abused. 

Abusaget  (a-buz'aj),  n.    Abuse. 

Abuse  (a-buzO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  abused;  ppr. 
abusing.  [Fr.  abuser;  L.  abutor,  abusus— 
ab,&m\utor,tou&e.  See  USE.]  1.  To  use  ill; 
to  misuse;  to  put  to  a  wrong  or  bad  use;  to 
divert  from  the  proper  use;  to  misapply;  as, 
to  abuse  rights  or  privileges;  to  abuse  words. 
'They  that  use  this  world  as  not  abusing  it.' 
1  Cor.  vii.  31.— 2.  To  dp  wrong  to;  to  act  in- 
juriously towards;  to  injure;  to  disgrace;  to 
dishonour;  to  slander. 

He  shall  not  abuse  Robert  Shallow,  esquire.   Shak. 
I  swear  'tis  better  to  be  much  abused 
Than  but  to  know't  a  little.  Shak. 

Poor  soul,  thy  face  is  much  abused  with  tears. 
Shak. 

3.  To  violate ;  to  ravish ;  to  defile.  —  4.  To 
treat  with  contumelious  language;  to  revile. 

He  mocked  them,  and  laughed  at  them,  and 
abused  them  shamefully.  i  Mac.  vii.  34. 

5.  To  deceive ;  to  impose  on ;  to  corrupt  or 
seduce  by  cajolery.  Shakspere  has,  'You 
are  a  great  deal  abused,' in  the  sense  of,  You 
are  much  mistaken. 

Nor  be  with  all  these  tempting  words  abused.  Pope. 

SYN.  To  misuse,  maltreat,  injure,  deceive, 
revile,  reproach,  vilify. 

Abuse  (a-bus'),  n.  1.  Ill  use;  improper  treat- 
ment or  employment ;  application  to  a 
wrong  purpose;  improper  use  or  application ; 
as,  an  abuse  of  our  natural  powers;  an  abuse 
of  civil  rights,  or  of  religious  privileges; 
abuse  of  advantages ;  abuse  of  words,  &c. 
'  Perverts  best  things  to  worst  abuse,  or  to 
their  meanest  use.'  Milton.— 2.  A  corrupt 
practice  or  custom ;  an  offence ;  a  crime ;  a 
fault;  as,  the  abuses  of  government. 

If  abuses  be  not  remedied  they  will  certainly  in 
crease.  Swift. 

No,  I  am  that  I  am,  and  they  that  level 
At  my  abuses  reckon  up  their  own.          Shak. 

3.  Ill-treatment  of  a  person;  injury;  insult; 
dishonour;  especially.ill-treatment  in  words; 
contumelious  language.     'Exposed  to  daily 
fraud,  contempt,  abuse,  and  wrong.'  Milton. 

4.  Violation  of  a  female. 

After  the  abuse  he  forsook  me.     Sir  P.  Sidney, 

5.t  Deception. 

This  is  a  strange  abuse.    Let's  see  thy  face.    Shak. 

Is  it  some  abuse,  and  no  such  thing?  Shak. 
— Abuse  of  distress,  in  law,  using  an  animal 
or  chattel  distrained,  which  makes  the  dis- 
trainer  liable,  as  for  wrongful  appropri- 
ation.— Abuse,  Invective.  'Abuse  as  com- 
pared with  invective  is  more  personal  and 
coarse,  being  conveyed  in  harsh  and  un- 
seemly terms,  and  dictated  by  angry  feeling 
and  bitter  temper.  Invective  is  more  com- 
monly aimed  at  character  or  conduct,  and 
may  be  conveyed  in  writing  and  in  refined 
language,  and  dictated  by  indignation 
against  what  is  in  itself  blameworthy.  It 
often,  however,  means  public  abuse  under 
such  restraints  as  are  imposed  by  position 
and  education.'  C.  J.  Smith. 
Abuseful  (a-bus'ful),  a.  Using  or  practising 


ABY 

abuse;  abusive.  'The  abuxcful  names  of 
lu-ruticks  and  schismaticks.'  Up.  Barlow. 
[Hare  or  obsolete.] 

Abusefulness  (ab-us'ful-nes),  n.  Want  or 
absence  of  usefulness.  [Probably  coined  by 
Mr.  Ruskin.] 

And  it  depends  on  the  person  much  more  than  on 
the  article  whether  its  usefulness  or  abuse/nlness 
will  be  the  quality  developed  in  it.  Ruskin. 

Abuser  (a-buz'er),  n.  One  who  abuses,  in 
speech  or  behaviour;  one  that  deceives;  a 
rayishcr.  'Next  thou,  th'  abuser  of  thy 
prince's  ear.'  Sir  J.  Denham.  "That  vile 
abuxt-r  of  young  maidens.'  J.  Fletcher. 

Abuslo  (a-bu'zi-6),  n.  [L.]  In  rhet.  a  figure 
of  speech  by  which  words  are  used  with 
some  deviation  from  their  proper  meaning. 

Abusiont  (a-bu'zhon),  n.  1.  Abuse ;  evil  or 
corrupt  usage ;  reproach.  '  Redress  the 
abusions  and  exactions.'  23  Hen.  VIII. 
xxxiii. 

Shame  light  on  him,  that  through  so  false  illusion 
Doth  turn  the  name  of  souldiers  to  abusion, 

Spenser. 

2.  Deceit;  illusion. 

They  speken  of  magic  and  abusion.     Chaucer. 

Abusive  (a-bus'iv),  a.  1.  Practising  abuse; 
offering  harsh  words  or  ill-treatment;  as,  an 
abusive  author;  an  abusive  fellow. — 2.  Con- 
taining abuse,  or  serving  as  the  instrument 
of  abuse;  rude;  reproachful;  as,  abusive 
words.— 3.t  Misleading  or  tending  to  mis- 
lead; employed  by  misuse;  improper. 

In  describing  these  battles,  I  am,  for  distinction 
sake,  necessitated  to  use  the  word  Parliament  im- 
properly, according  to  the  abusive  acception  thereof 
for  these  latter  years.  Fuller. 

SYN.  Reproachful,  scurrilous,  opprobrious, 
insolent,  insulting,  injurious,  offensive,  re- 
viling. 

Abusively  ( a-hus'iv-li ),  adv.  l.  In  an  abu- 
sive manner;  rudely;  reproachful  ly.  — 2.  t  Ini- 
properly  ;  by  misuse.  '  Words  being  care- 
lessly and  abusively  admitted,  and  as  incon- 
stantly retained.'  GlanviUe. 

Abusivenesa  (a-bus'iv-nes),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  abusive;  rudeness  of  language, 
or  violence  to  the  person ;  ill-usage. 

Abut  (a-buf),  v.i.  [Fr.  aboutir,  to  meet  at 
the  end,  to  border  on— a,  at,  and  bout,  ex- 
tremity. See  BUTT.]  To  be  contiguous;  to 
join  at  a  border  or  boundary;  to  form  a 
point  or  line  of  contact ;  to  terminate ;  to 
rest:  with  on,  upon,  against;  as,  his  land 
abuts  upon  mine;  the  building  abuts  on  the 
highway;  the  bridge  abuts  against  the  solid 
rock. 

Abutilon  (ab-u'ti-lon),  n.  [Arabic  name.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Malvaceae,  of 
wide  distribution;  the  Indian  mallows.  The 
large  flowers  of  the  A.  esculentum  are  boiled 
and  eaten  in  Brazil.  Some  species  are  favour- 
ite garden  and  greenhouse  plants,  of  which 
A.  vesciliarium  is  an  exuberant  and  showy 
climber. 

Abutment  (a-but'ment),  n.  1.  The  condi- 
tion of  abutting.  —  2.  That  which  abuts  or 
borders  on  anything  else;  the  part  abutting; 
specifically,  that  which  receives  the  end  of, 
and  givessupport  to,  anything  having  a  tend- 
ency to  spread  or  thrust  outwards,  or  in  a 
horizontal  direction,  as  the  solid  part  of  a 
pier  or  wall  against  which  an  arch  abuts,  or 
from  which  it  springs.  See  BRITKSE. 

Abuttal  (a-but'al),  n.  The  abutting  or 
boundary  of  a  piece  of  land ;  a  portion  of 
land  contiguous  to  another. 

Abuttal  (a-but'al),  t'.i.  To  abut,  as  pieces 
of  land.  Spelman. 

Abutter  (a-but'er),  n.    That  which  abuts. 

Abutting  (a-but'ting),  p.  and  a.  Approach- 
ing oradvancing  towards  each  other ;  con- 
tiguous. 

Whose  high  upreared  and  abutting  fronts 

The  perilous,  narrow  ocean  parts  asunder.    Shak. 

Abuy  (a-bi'),  v.t.  [See  ABY.  ]  To  pay  the 
penalty  of. 

When  a  holy  man  abuys  so  dearly  such  a  slight 
frailty,  of  a  credulous  mistaking,  what  shall  become 
of  our  heinous  and  presumptuous  sins?  Bp.  Hall. 

Abuzz  (a-buz^.a.  or  adv.  Buzzing;  filled  with 

buzzing  sounds:  not  used  attributively. 

The  court  was  all  astir  and  abuzz.       Dickens. 
Abvacuation  t  (afo-vak'u-a"shon),  n.   [L.  ab, 

from, and vacuo,  vacuatum,  toempty.J  Same 

KB  Aberacuation. 
Abvolate  t  (ab'vd-l&t),  v.  t.    (L.  ab,  from,  and 

rolo,  volatum,  to  fly.]    To  fly  from. 
Abyolation  (ah-vo-la'shon),  n.    The  act  of 

flying  from.    [Rare.] 
Aby  t  (a-W),  u.t.     [A  softened  form  of  abide, 

through  influence  of  aby.]    To  hold  out;  to 

endure. 

But  nought  that  wanteth  rest  can  long  aby.  Spenser. 


ch,  c/tain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  ;'ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin;;;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  tcAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ABY 


16 


ACANTHOCEPHALA 


Aby  (a-bi'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  abought  or  abied. 
[A. Sax.  abicgan,  to  buy  back,  to  pay  for,  O.E. 
abygge,  abugge,  abegge,  to  pay  a  penalty,  to 
aby— prefix  a,  back,  anil  bicgan,  to  buy.  It 
is  occasionally  written  abuy.  See  BUY.  ]  To 
give  or  pay  an  equivalent  for;  to  pay  the 
penalty  of ;  to  atone  for;  to  suffer  for. 

Whose  bardie  hand  on  her  doth  lay. 
It  dearely  shall  aby,  and  death  for  handsel!  pay. 
Spenser, 
She  hath  dearly  abied  it.  5*>  II'.  Scott. 

Abyme.t  Same  as  Abysm.  Written  also 
Abinte. 

Abysm t  (a-bizm'),  n.  [O.Fr.  abisme,  from 
L.L.  abissimus,  a  superl.  form  from  abyssus, 
an  abyss.  The  Romans  affixed  the  superl. 
affix  sometimes  to  nouns  as  well  as  to  ad- 
jectives. Thus  Plautus  has  oculissimus,  from 
ocuhw,  the  eye,  and  the  writers  of  the  empire 
dominitisimufi,  from  dvminus,  a  lord.]  A 
gulf.  'The  abysm  of  hell.'  Shak. 

Abysmal  (a-biz'mal),  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
abyss;  bottomless;  profound;  fathomless; 
immeasurable. 

Geology  gives  one  the  same  abysmal  extent  of 
time  that  astronomy  does  of  space.  Carlyte. 

The  Jews  were  struck  dumb  with  abysmal  terror. 
Macaulay. 

Abyss  (a-bis1),  n.  [Gr.  abyssos,  bottomless 
—  a,  priv.,  and  bysaos,  bottom,  Ionic  for 
bythos.]  1.  A  bottomless  gulf;  any  deep  im- 
measurable space ;  anything  profound  and 
unfathomable,  whether  literally  or  figura- 
tively; specifically,  hell;  the  bottomless  pit. 

Thy  throne  is  darkness,  in  the  abyss  of  light. 

Milton, 

Some  laboured  to  fathom  the  abysses  of  metaphy- 
sical theology.  Macaulay, 

2.  In  her.  the  centre  of  an  escutcheon. 

Abyssal  (a-bis'al),  a.  Relating  to  or  like  an 
abyss. — Abyssal  zone,  in  pity*,  geog.  that 
belt  or  zone  of  the  sea  farthest  from  the 
shore,  and  above  100  fathoms  deep  —  so 
named  by  Professor  E.  Forbes  in  dividing 
the  bottom  of  the  sea  into  zones  when  de- 
scribing its  plants  and  animals. 

Abyssinian  (ab-is-sin'i-an),  «.  Belonging 
to  Abyssinia  or  its  inhabitants. 

Abyssinian  (ab-is-sin'i-an),  n.  \.  A  native 
or  inhabitant  of  Abyssinia.  —  2.  A  member 
of  the  Abyssinian  Church. 

Abyssust  (a-bis'us),  n.  Same  as  Abyss. 
Tn.  Jackson. 

Acacia  (a-ka'shi-a),  n.  [L.  acacia,  Gr.  akakia, 
an  Egyptian  tree,  the  thorny  acacia,  from 
ake,  a  point.]  1.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Legummosffi,  sub-order  Mimosece,  for 
the  most  part  natives  of  Arabia,  Barbary, 
and  the  East  Indies.  As  objects  of  orna- 
ment the  acacias  are  usually  of  striking 
beauty.  Some  of  the  species  produce  cate- 
chu, as  A.  Catechu,  and  some  exude  gum- 
arabic,  as  A.  Verek,  A.  arabica,  A.  vera 


Acacia  arabica. 

(Egyptian  thorn),  A.  Adamoni;  the  bark  of 
others  yields  a  large  quantity  of  tannin,  as 
A.  decurrens  and  A.  mollissima.  Several 
species  afford  timber  of  good  quality,  as 
A.  elata,  xylocarpa,  odoratisttima,  Sundra, 
&c.  —  2.  In  ined.  the  inspissated  juice  of 
several  species  of  acacia,  known  popularly 
as  gum-arabic  (which  see). — 3.  A  name  given 
by  antiquaries  to  an  object  somewhat  like 
a  roll  or  bag  seen  on  medals  in  the  hands 
of  several  consuls  and  emperors  of  the  lower 
empire,  the  purpose  of  which  has  not  yet 
been  discovered. 

Acacian.  (a-ka'shi-an),  n.  In  eccles.  hist,  a 
member  of  certain  sects  of  the  fifth  century, 
so  denominated  from  their  leaders,  Acacius, 
bishop  of  Ciesarea,  and  Acacius,  patriarch 
of  Constantinople.  Some  of  them  main- 


tained that  the  Son,  though  similar  to,  was 
not  the  same  as  the  Father;  others,  that  he 
was  both  distinct  and  dissimilar. 
Acacia-tree  (a-ka'shi-a-tre),  n.    A  name 
sometimes  applied  to  the  false  acacia  or 
locust-tree  (Hobinia  pgeudacacia). 
AcaciO  (a-ka'shi-6).  n.     [See  ACAJOU.]     A 
heavy  durable  wood  of  the  red-mahogany 
character,  but  darker  and  plainer.    Called 
also  Acajou. 

Acacy  t  (ak'a-si),  n.  [Gr.  akakia  — a,  priv., 
and  kakos,  bad.]  Freedom  from  malice. 
Ash. 

Academe  (ak'a-dem),  n.  [See  ACADEMY.] 
I  1.  The  garden  at  Athens  where  Plato  taught; 
|  the  Academy.— 2.  An  academy.  'This your 
I  academe.'  Tennyson. 

Our  court  shall  be  a  little  academe.         SAaJt. 

Nor  hath  fair  Europe  her  vast  bounds  throughout 
An  acadetne  of  note  I  found  not  out.          Howelt. 

Academial  (ak-a-de'mi-al),  a.  Pertaining 
I  to  an  academy.  Johnson.  [Rare.  ] 

Academiant  (ak-a-de'mi-an),  n.  A  member 
of  an  academy;  a  student  in  a  university  or 
college.  'That  new-discarded  academian.' 
Ma  ruton. 

Academic,  Academical  (ak-a-dem'ik,  ak-a- 
dem'ik-al),  a.  [L.  academicus;  Fr.  acade- 
mique.]  1.  Belonging  to  the  school  or  phi- 
losophy of  Plato :  in  this  sense  the  form 
academic  is  exclusively,  or  almost  exclu- 
sively, used. — 2.  Belonging  to  an  academy, 
or  to  a  college  or  university;  as,  academic 
studies. — Figure  of  academic  proportions, 
in  painting,  a  figure  of  little  less  than  half 
the  size  of  nature,  such  aa  it  is  the  custom 
for  pupils  to  draw  from  the  antique  and 
from  life ;  also,  any  figure  in  an  attitude 
conventional,  or  resembling  those  chosen  in 
life  academies,  for  the  purpose  of  display- 
ing to  the  students  muscular  action,  form, 
and  colour  to  the  best  advantage. 

Academic  (ak-a-dem'ik),  n.  1.  One  who  be- 
longed to  the  school  or  adhered  to  the  phi- 
losophy of  Plato.— 2.  A  student  in  a  college 
or  university.  '  A  young  academic.'  Watts. 

Academical  (ak-a-dem'i-kal),  n.  1.  A  mem- 
ber of  any  academical  club.— 2.  pi.  The  cos- 
tume proper  to  the  officers  and  students  of 
a  school  or  college. 

Academically  (ak'a-dem"ik-al-li),  adv.  In 
an  academical  manner. 

Academician  (ak'a-de-mi"shan),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  an  academy  or  society  for  promoting 
arts  and  sciences  ;  particularly,  (a)  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Arts ;  (b)  a 
member  of  the  French  Academy.  See  ACA- 
DEMY, 3. 

Academism  (a -kad'em-izm),  n.  The  doc- 
trines of  the  Academic  philosophy. 

Acadetnlst  (a-kad'em-ist),  n.  l.  An  Aca- 
demic philosopher. — 2.  A  member  of  an 
academy.  Hay. 

Academy  (a-kad'e-mi),  n.  [L.  academia, 
Gr.  academeia,  the  Academy,  from  the  hero 
Acadeinus,  to  whom  the  ground  originally 
belonged  which  formed  the  garden  in  which 
Plato  taught.  ]  1.  Originally,  a  garden,  grove, 
or  villa,  near  Athens,  where  Plato  and  his 
followers  held  their  philosophical  confer- 
ences ;  hence,  Plato  and  his  followers  col- 
lectively; the  members  of  the  school  of 
Plato. 

Had  the  poor  vulgar  rout  only  been  abused  into 
such  idolatrous  superstitions,  as  to  adore  a  marble 
or  a  golden  deity,  it  might  not  so  much  be  wondered 
at;  but  for  the  Academy  to  own  such  a  paradox,— 
this  was  without  excuse.  South. 

2.  A  school  or  seminary  of  learning,  hold- 
ing a  rank  between  a  university  or  col- 
lege and  an  elementary  school;  also,  a  school 
for  teaching  a  particular  art  or  particular 
sciences;  as,  a  military  academy.  —  3.  An 
association  for  the  promotion  of  literature, 
science,  or  art,  established  sometimes  by 
government, and  sometimes  by  the  voluntary 
union  of  private  individuals.  The  mem- 
bers^ cade micians),  who  are  usually  divided 
into  ordinary,  honorary,  and  corresponding 
members,  either  select  their  own  depart- 
ment or  follow  those  prescribed  by  the 
constitution  of  the  society,  and  at  regular 
meetings  communicate  the  results  of  their 
labours  in  papers,  of  which  the  more  impor- 
tant are  afterwards  printed.  The  French 
Academy,  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions  and 
Belles-lettres,  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  the 
Academy  of  the  Fine  Arts,  and  the  Academy 
of  Moral  and  Political  Sciences  compose  the 
French  National  Institute.  The  Royal  Aca- 
demy of  Arts,  in  London,  was  founded  in 
1768  'for  the  purpose  of  cultivating  and  im- 
proving the  arts  of  painting,  sculpture,  and 
architecture. '  The  number  of  academicians, 


originally  thirty  -  six,  is  now  forty -two, 
among  whom  are  two  engravei-s.  The  Royal 
Scottish  Academy  of  Pointing,  Sculpture, 
and  Architecture  was  founded  in  1820  on 
the  model  of  the  London  Academy.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1838,  and  consists  of  thirty 
academicians.  — Academy  figure,  in  paint- 
ing, an  academic  study;  a  drawing  or  paint- 
ing of  the  human  figure  nude,  or  partially 
draped,  such  as  is  made  by  students  of 
painting. 

Acadian  (a-ka'di-an).rt.  Belonging  to  Acadia 
or  Nova  Scotia. 

Acadian  (a-ka'di-an),  n.  A  native  or  inha- 
bitant of  Acadia  or  Nova  Scotia. 

Acajou  (ak'a-jo),  «.  [Fr.  acajou,  Sp.  acaju, 
Pg.  acaju,  caju,  It.  acagiu,  cajiu,  maho- 
gany, probably  from  Malay  kdyu,  a  tree.] 

1.  A  kind  of  heavy  red  mahogany;  acacio.— 

2.  A  gum  ami  resin  from  the  stem  of  the 
mahogany-tree. 

Acaleph,  Acalephan  (ak'a-lef,  ak-a-le'fan). 
n.  A  member  of  the  order  Acalephee,  or 
sea-nettles.  Spelled  also  Acalephe. 

AcalephSB  (a-ka-le'fe),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  akalephe, 
a  nettle.]  A  name  sometimes  applied  to 
a  large  number  of  marine  animals  included 
in  the  sub-kingdom  Ccelenterata,  and  re- 
presented chiefly  by  the  Medusidtc  and 
their  allies,  in  popular  language  known 
as  sea-nettles,  sea-blubbers,  jelly-flsh,  Ac. 
As  a  strictly  scientific  term,  Acalephfe, 
however,  is  not  now  used,  the  forma  once 
included  under  it  being  now  distributed 
among  the  Discophora  and  Lucernarida 
(both  in  class  Hydrozoa),  and  the  Cteno- 
phora  (in  class  Actinozoa).  The  most  typi- 
cal of  the  Acalephie,  the  Medusidrc,  are 
gelatinous,  free-swimming  animals,  consist- 


Acalephae. 
i,  Medusa  pcllucens.        2,  Rhizostoma  Cuvieri. 

ing  of  an  umbrella- shaped  disc  containing 
canals  which  radiate  from  the  centre  whence 
hangs  the  digestive  cavity.  All  have  thread 
cells  or  urticating  organs  (see  NEMATO- 
PHORE)  which  discharge  minute  barbed 
structures  that  irritate  the  skin  like  the 
sting  of  a  nettle,  hence  the  name  of  the 
group. 

Acalephoid(a-ka-le'foid),  a.  Like  an  acaleph 
or  medusa.  [Less  commonly  used  than 
Medmoid.] 

Acalycine,  Acalycinous  (a-kal'i-sin,  ak-a- 
lis'in-us),  a.  [Gr.  a,  not,  and  kalyx,  a  cup.] 
In  bot.  without  a  calyx  or  flower-cup. 

Acanaceous  (ak-a-na'shus),  a.  [Gr.  akanos, 
a  prickly  shrub.]  Inbot.  armed  with  prickles: 
said  of  some  rigid  prickly  plants,  such  as 
the  pine-apple. 

Acantha  (a-kan'tha),  n.  [Gr.  akantha,  a 
spine  or  thorn.]  1.  In  bot.  a  prickle.— 2.  In 
zool.  a  spine  or  prickly  fin.— 3.  In  anat.  one 
of  the  acute  processes  of  the  vertebra,  the 
spine  of  the  tibia,  orthe  spina  dorsi. 

Acanthaceae(ak-an-tha'se-e),  n.  pi.  A  nat. 
order  of  plants,  having  for  its  type  the  genus 
Acanthus.  The  species  are  common  in  all 
tropical  countries,  and  consist  of  herbaceous 
plants  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves  and 
monope  talons  corolla.  They  have  mucila- 
ginous and  bitter  properties. 

Acanthaceous  (ak-an-tlia'shus),  a.  Armed 
with  prickles,  aa  a  plant;  belonging  to  the 
order  Acanthacese. 

Acanthice  (a-kan'this-e),  n,  [Gr.  akanthike 
mastiche,  the  juice  of  a  prickly  plant  that 
furnished  a  kind  of  mastic  —  akantha,  a 
thorn.]  The  sweet  juice  of  ivy  buds. 

Acanthichthyosis  (ak-an-thik'thi-6"8is),  ». 
[Gr.  akantha,  a  than,  and  ichthys,  a  fish.] 
In  ined.  spinous  fish-skin  disease. 

Acanthine  (a-kan'thin),  a.  [See  ACANTHUS.  ] 
Pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  plant  Acan- 
thus; made  of  material  derived  from  a 
prickly  plant. 

Acanthocephala,Acanthocephali(a-kan'- 
tho-sef'a-la,  a-kan'tho-sef"a-li),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
akantha,  a  spine,  and  kephale,  the  head.  ] 
An  order  of  mouthless  Entozoa,  having 
curved  hooks  on  a  retractile  proboscis  to 
attach  themselves  to  the  tissues  of  animals. 


Pate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


ACANTHO-DERMA 


17 


ACCELERATE 


One  species  occurs  in  the  liver  of  the  eat, 
another  in  the  alimentary  canal  of  the 
swine. 

Acantho-derma  (a-kan'th6-der"ma),».  [Or. 
akantlia,  a  spine,  and  ttt'nitu,  the  hide.]  A 
genus  (jf  fossil,  cartilaginous,  hard  skinned 
fishes,  with  strong  tin-spines,  allied  to  lin- 
listes. 

Acanthodes  (ak-an-tho'dez),  n.  [Gr.  akan- 
tha, a  spine,  and  eidia,  resemblance.]  A 
genus  of  fossil  fishes,  from  the  carboniferous 
strata,  with  strong  hony  spines. 

Acanthodiclse  (ak-an-tho'di-de),  n.  pi.  A 
family  of  fDs-.il  I  shea,  including  the  genus 
Acanthodes  (whirh  see). 

Acanthoid  (a-kau'thoid),  a.  [Or.  akantha, 
a  spine.]  Spiny. 

Acanthophis  (a-kan'tho-fls),  n.  [Or.  akrtn- 
tlta,  a  prickle,  and  ophis,  a  serpent.)  A  ge- 
nus of  venomous  colubrine  snakes,  the  spe- 
cies of  which  are  of  small  size,  reside  on  dry- 
land, and  feed  upon  frogs,  lizards,  and  small 
mammals.  They  have  the  tail  furnished 
with  a  horny  spur  at  the  end,  whence  the  ge- 
neric name.  A.antarctica,  the  death-adder, 
an  inhabitant  of  Australia,  is  considered  the 
most  venomous  reptile  of  that  country. 

Acanthophoroua  (ak-an-tho'for-us),  a.  [Gr. 
akantha,  a  thorn,  and  phero,  to  bear.]  Hav- 
ing or  producing  spines  or  prickles. 

Acanthopteri  (ak-an-thop'ter-i),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
akantha,  a  spine,  and  pteron,  a  wing.]  A 
group  of  spine-finned  osseous  fishes,  in  mo- 
dern classifications  generally  regarded  as  a 
sub-order  of  the  order  Teleostei,  and  equi- 
valent to  the  Acanthopterygii  (which  see). 

Acanthopterous  (ak-an-thop'ter-us),  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Acanthopteri. 

Acanthopterygian(a-kan'thop-te-rij"i-an), 
a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Acanthopterygii. 

Aoanthopteryglan(a-kan'thop-te-rij"i-an), 
n.  An  acanthopterygian  fish. 

Acanthopterygii  (a-kan'thop-te-rij"i-i),  n. 
pi.  [Gr.  akantha,  a  thorn,  and  pterygion, 
the  fin  of  a  fish,  from  pteryx,  a  wing.]  One 


a,  ii,c.  Spines  of  the  dorsal,  anal,  and  ventral  fins 
of  Acanthopterygii. 

of  the  two  primary  divisions  of  the  osseous 
fishes  established  by  Cuvier,  now  forming  a 
group  or  sub-order  of  the  order  Teleostei, 
and  including  by  far  the  greatest  number  of 
ordinary  fishes.  They  are  characterized  by 
having  one  or  more  of  the  first  rays  of  the 
fins  in  the  form  of  unjointed  spines.  In  some 
species  the  first  dorsal  fin  is  represented  by 
a  few  unconnected  spines.  The  first  rays  of 
the  anal  fins  consist  of  simple  spines,  and  each 
ventral  fin  has  usually  one.  The  swim- 
bladder  is  in  all  a  shut  sac.  They  include 
the  perch,  mackerel,  gudgeon,  weever, 
stickleback,  basse,  flying-fish,  mullet,  braize, 
tunny,  &c.  Many  fishes  belonging  to  this 
division  are  used  as  food. 

Acanthopterygious  ( a  -  kan '  thop  -  te  -  rij "  - 
i-us),  a.  In  zool.  having  the  characters  of 
the  Acanthopterygii  or  spine-flnned  fishes ; 
belonging  to  the  Acanthopterygii. 

Acanthoteuthls(a-kan'th6-tu"this),  n.  [Gr. 
akantha,  a  spine,  and  teuthis,  a  cuttle-fish.] 
A  genns  of  fossil  cuttle-fishes  occurring  in 
the  oolite.  The  internal  bone  or  osselet  (bel- 
emnite)  is  the  part  most  generally  preserved. 

Acanthous  (a-kan'thus),  o.  [Gr.  akantha, 
a  spine.]  Spinous. 

Acanthurus  (ak-an-thu'rus),  n.  [Gr.  akan- 
tha, a  spine,  and  oiira,  a  tail.]  A  genus  of 
acanthopterygious  fishes,  distinguished  by 
their  compressed  shape  and  lancet-like 
spines  placed  on  each  side  of  the  tail,  popu- 
larly called  surgeon  or  lancet  fishe*  and 
thorn-tails. 

Acanthus  (a-kan'thus),  n.  [L.  aconMtw, 
Or.  akaiithos,  from  akantha,  a  prickle  or 
thorn.  See  ACACIA.]  1.  The  plant  bear's- 
breech,  or  brankursine,  a  genus  of  prickly 
plants,  nat.  order  Acanthacetc.  — 2.  In  arch. 
an  ornament  resembling  the  foliage  or  leaves 
of  the  acanthus,  used  in  capitals  of  the 


Corinthian  and  Composite  orders,  and  said 
to  have  been  invented  by  Callimachus,  who 
took  the  idea  of  the  Corinthian  capital  from 
observing  an  acanthus  surrounding  a  tile- 


Acanthus. 

covered  basket  which  had  been  placed  over 
a  tomb. 

Acanthylis  (a-kan'thi-lis),  n.  [Gr.  akan- 
thyllis,  a  kind  of  finch,  dim.  from  akanthis, 
the  siskin.]  A  genus  of  American,  Indian, 
and  Australian  birds  of  the  swallow  family. 

Acanticonite,  Acanticone  (a-kan'ti-kon-it, 
a-kan'ti-kon),  n.  [(Jr.  akanthix,  the  siskin,  and 
koniti,  powder,  from  the  greenish  colour  of  its 
powder.  ]  A  variety  of  prismatic  epidote,  an 
almost  obsolete  synonym  of  Pietacite.  See 
EPIDOTE. 

A  capella  (a  ka-pel'la),  adv.  [It.]  In  the 
style  of  church  or  chapel  music :  applied  to 
compositions  sung  without  musical  accom- 
paniments ;  thus,  mass  a  capella  is  a  mass 
purely  sung. 

Acardla  (a-kar'di-a),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
kardia,  the  heart.)  The  state  of  being 
without  a  heart,  as  is  the  case  with  some 
foetuses  or  monstrous  births. 

Acardiac  (a-kar'di-ak),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
kardia,  the  heart.]  Without  a  heart. 

Acardiac  (a-kar'di-ak),  n.  A  foetus  without 
a  heart. 

Acaricide  (a-kar'i-sld),  n.  A  substance  that 
destroys  acari  or  mites. 

Acarld  (ak'a-rid),  n.    One  of  the  Acarida. 

Acarida  (a-kar'i-da),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  akares,  too 
short  to  be  cut,  small,  tiny —  a,  priv.,  and 
keirft,  to  cut.  ]  A  division  of  Araehnida,  in- 
cluding the  mites,  ticks,  and  water-mites.  Of 
the  true  mites,  the  domestic  or  cheese  mite 
and  the  itch-mite  are  examples.  The  garden- 
mites  (Trombididje)  and  spider-mites  (Gana- 
sidic)  live  upon  plants;  the  wood-mites  (Ori- 
batidn?)andharvest-ticks(Leptid<c)are  found 
amongst  moss  and  herbage,  or  creeping  on 
trees  and  stones;  while  the  true  ticks  (Ixo- 
didre)  attach  themselves  parasitically  to  the 
bodies  of  various  mammals,  as  sheep,  oxen, 
dogs,  &c.  The  water-mites  (Hydrachnidre) 
are  parasitic  for  at  least  a  portion  of  their 
existence  upon  water-beetles  and  other  aqua- 
tic insects.  The  mouth  in  all  is  formed  for 
suction,  and  there  is  no  definite  line  of  demar- 
cation between  the  unsegmented  abdomen 


r.  Itch-mite  (Sarcoptes  scabief).  z.  Cheese-mite 
(Acartts  domesticits).  3,  Harvest-tick  (Lrftiis  ,m- 
tumnali,). 

and  the  cephalo-thorax.  Also  called  Aca- 
ridae,  A  caridans,  A  carina,  and  Monomeroso- 
mata. 

Acaridse  (a-kar'i-de).    See  ACARIDA. 

Acarldan  (a-kar'i-dan),  n.  One  of  the 
Acarida. 

Acarlna  (a-ka-ri'na).    See  ACARIDA. 

Acarnar  (a-kar'nar),  n.  [Arab,  akhir-an- 
nahr,  extremity  of  the  river,  An-nahr,  the 
river,  being  the  Arabic  name  of  the  constel- 
lation Eridanus.]  A  bright  star  of  the  first 
magnitude  in  the  constellation  Eridanus. 
Written  also  Achernar,  Akharnar. 

Acarpous  (a-kar'pus),  o.  [Gr.  akarpos,  un- 
fruitful—  a,  priv.,  and  karpott,  fruit]  In 
bot.  not  producing  fruit;  sterile;  barren. 

Acarus  (ak'a-rus),  n.  The  typical  genus  of 
insects  belonging  to  the  Acarida,  comprising 
the  mites  and  ticks. 

Acast  t  (a-kasf),  a.  An  old  sea-term  for  lost 
or  cast  away. 

Acatalectic  (a'kat-a-lek"tik),  a.  [Gr. 
akatalektos,  not  defective  at  the  end — a, 
priv.,  kata,  down,  and  lega,  to  cease.]  Not 


halting  short;  complete;  having  the  complete 
number  of  syllable!;  as,  an  acatalertic  v>  i  -.• 

Acatalectic  (a'kat-a-lek"t!k),  ?>.  A  verse 
which  lias  the  complete  number  of  syllables. 

Acatalepsy  (a-kat'a -Icp-si),  n.  (Or.  atata- 
li'iisin,  moompnhautnllty-  a,  priv.,  kata, 
down,  and  /p/W*,  a  taking,  from  lab,  (,•;.. 
root  of  lambanu,  to  take.]  1.  Impossibility 
of  complete  discovery  or  comprehension;  in- 
comprehensibility ;  specifically,  a  term  em- 
ployed to  denote  the  doctrine  held  by  the 
ancient  academics  and  sceptics,  that  human 
knowledge  never  amounts  to  certainty  but 
only  to  probability.  [Rare.]  — 2.  In  med. 
uncertainty  in  the  diagnosis  or  prognosis  of 
diseases. 

AcataleptiC  (a'kat-a-lep"tik),  a.  Incompre- 
hensible; not  to  be  known  with  certainty. 

AcataleptiC  (a'kat-a-lep"tik),  n.  One  who 
believes  that  we  can  know  nothing  with 
certainty. 

All  sceptics  and  Tyrrhenians  were  called  ncata- 
Uftics.  Fleming. 

Acatert  (a-kat'er),  n.  [Norm,  and  O.  E.  achat- 
mtr,  acatour,  a  purchaser.  See  CATERER  ] 
A  purveyor;  a  caterer.  'Robin  Hood's  bailiff 
or  acater. '  B.  Jonson. 

Acatest  (a-kats'),  n.pl.  [Lit.  things  bought; 
Fr.aeAaf.apurchase.  SeeACATER.]  Viands. 
'  Setting  before  him  variety  of  acates,  and 
those  excellently  dressed.'  Shelton. 

Acatharsia  (a-ka-tharti-a),  n.  [Gr. ]  In 
med.  (a)  the  filth  or  sordes  proceeding  from 
a  wound ;  impurity  of  blood.  (I)  Omission 
of  a  purgative. 

Acatharsy  (a-ka-thar'si),  n.  Same  us  Aca- 
tharsia. 

Acatnistus  (ak-a-this'tus),  n.  [L.L.]  In  the 
early  Greek  Ch.  a  thanksgiving  hymn  to 
the  Virgin  sung  at  Constantinople  on  the 
Saturday  of  the  fifth  week  of  Lent. 

Acatryt  (a-ka'tri),  n.  [Lit.  place  for  the 
acates.  See  ACATES,  ACATER.]  The  room 
or  place  allotted  to  the  keeping  of  all  such 
provisions  as  the  purveyors  purchased  for 
the  king. 

Acaules  (a-kal'ez),  n.  pi.  [A ,  priv. ,  and  L. 
caulis,  a  stem.  See  ACAULOUS.  ]  Plants 
which  have  either  a  very  indistinct  stalk  or 
none  at  all,  as  lichens,  fungi,  alga?,  &c. 

Acaulescent  (a-kal-es'ent),  a.  [Gr.  o,  priv., 
and  ka  ulos,  a  stem.  ]  In  bot.  stemless:  a  term 
applied  to  a  plant  in  which  the  stem  is 
apparently  absent. 

Acauline  (a-kal'in),  a.    Same  as  Acaulovs. 

Acaulous,  Acaulose  (a-kal'us,  a-kal'6s),  a. 
[Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  kaulox,  a  stalk,  the  same 
word  as  L.  eaulit,  a  stem,  and  E.  kule,  kail, 
cauliflower.  ]  In  bot.  without  a  conspicuous 
stem,  called  caulig,  as  the  Carduuv  acaultV, 
or  dwarf  plume-thistle. 

Accable.tf.f.  [Kr.  accabler,  to  overburden,  to 
overwhelm.]  To  overwhelm;  to  oppress;  to 
overburden. 

Honours  rather  raise  men's  spirits  than  accable 
them.  Bacon. 

Accapitum  t  (ak-kap'i-tum).  n.  [L.  ad,  to, 
and  caput,  capili*,  the  head.  ]  \nfetidal  law, 
money  paid  by  a  vassal  upon  his  admission 
to  a  feud;  the  relief  due  to  the  chief  lord. 

Accedas  ad  curiain  (ak-se'das  ad  ku'ri-am), 
71.  [L.,  that  you  go  to  the  court.]  In  laic, 
formerly  a  writ  obtainable  by  one  who  had 
received  false  judgment  (or  believed  so)  in 
a  court-baron  or  hundred-court,  issued  by 
the  chancery,  and  directed  to  the  sheriff, 
directing  him  to  make  record  of  the  judg- 
ment and  return  it  to  the  King's  Bench  or 
Common  Pleas,  that  its  validity  in  law 
might  be  inquired  into. 

Accede  (ak-sedO,  u.i.  pret.  &  pp.  acceded; 
ppr.  acceding.  [Fr.acceder,  to  assent,  from 
L.  accedo— ad,  to,  and  cedo,  to  move,  to  yield 
or  give  place.]  1.  To  agree  or  assent,  as  to 
a  proposition,  or  to  terms  proposed  by  an- 
other; to  become  a  party,  by  agreeing  to 
the  terms  of  a  treaty  or  convention. 

This  obvious  reflection  convinced  me  of  the  ab- 
surdity of  the  treaty  of  Hanover,  in  1725,  between 
France  and  England,  to  which  the  Dutch  afterwards 
acceded.  Chtlttrfitltt. 

2.  To  join  or  be  added. 

And  vain  were  cour.ige,  learning:  all. 
Till  power  acctdt.  ShtHttone. 

3.  To  succeed,  as  an  heir;  to  come  to  by  in- 
heritance; as,  Queen  Victoria  acceded  to  the 
throne  in  1837. — SYN.  To  agree,  assent,  con- 
sent, comply,  acquiesce. 

Accelerando  (a-charer-an"do).  [It]  In 
mngic,  a  direction  indicating  that  a  passage 
is  to  be  played  gradually  quicker. 

Accelerate  (ak-sel'er-at),  ».«.  pret.  *  pp.  ac- 
celerated; ppr.  accelerating.  [L.  accelero, 
acceleratum,  to  hasten— ad,  to,  and  celer. 


ch.  Main; 
VOL.  I. 


ch,  Sc.  \och;      g.  po;      J,  ;'ob;      n,  FT.  ton;      ng,  sin<7;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain; 


w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
2 


ACCELERATION 


18 


ACCEPTANCE 


swift.  SeeCELERITY.]  1.  To  make  quicker;  to  ' 
cause  to  move  or  advance  faster;  to  hasten; 
to  add  to  the  velocity  of;  to  give  a  higher  t 
rate  of  progress  to;  as,  to  accelerate  motion  . 
or  the  rate  of  motion;  to  accelerate  the  ! 
transmission  of  intelligence;  to  accelerate 
the  growth  of  a  plant,  or  the  progress  of 
knowledge. 

Take  new  beer  and  put  in  some  quantity  of  stale 
beer  into  it,  and  see  whether  it  will  not  accelerate  the 
clarification.  Bacon. 

Lo  !  from  the  dread  immensity  of  space 

Returning  with  accelerated  course 

The  rushing  comet  to  the  sun  descends.  Thomson. 

2.  To  bring  nearer  in  time;  to  bring  about, 
or  help  to  bring  about,  more  speedily  than 
would  otherwise  have  been  the  case;  as,  to 
accelerate  the  ruin  of  a  government;  to 
accelerate  a  battle.—  A ccelerated  motion,  in 
meek,  that  which  continually  receives  fresh 
accessions  of  velocity.  If  the  accessions  tie 
always  equal  in  equal  times  the  motion  is 
said  to  be  uniformly  accelerated,  as  that  of 
a  heavy  body  descending  by  gravity;  but  if 
the  accessions  of  velocity  in  equal  times 
either  increase  or  decrease,  the  motion  is 
said  to  be  variably  accelerated.  — Accelerated 
force  is  the  increased  force  which  a  body 
'exerts  in  consequence  of  the  acceleration  of 
its  motion. — Accelerating  force  is  the  force 
which  produces  an  accelerated  motion,  as 
gravity. 

Acceleration  (ak'sel-er-a"shon),  n.  The  act 
of  accelerating  or  state  of  bring  accelerated; 
as,  (a)  the  act  or  process  of  increasing  velo- 
city or  progress ;  the  state  of  being  quick- 
ened in  motion  or  action.  (6)  The  short- 
ening of  the  time  between  the  present 
and  the  happening  of  any  future  event; 
specifically,  in  law,  the  shortening  of  the 
time  for  the  vesting  in  possession  of  an  ex- 
pectant interest,  (c)  In  phyxiol.  and  pathol. 
increased  activity  of  the  functions,  particu- 
larly of  the  circulating  fluids.—  Acceleration 
of  the  moon,  the  increase  of  the  moon's 
mean  angular  velocity  about  the  earth,  the 
moon  now  moving  rather  faster  than  in 
ancient  times.  This  phenomenon  has  not 
been  fully  explained,  but  it  is  known  to  be 
partly  owing  to  the  slow  process  of  diminu- 
tion which  the  eccentricity  of  the  earth's 
orbit  is  undergoing,  and  from  which  there 
results  a  slight  diminution  of  the  sun's  in- 
fluence on  the  moon's  motions.  —  Diurnal 
acceleration  of  the  fixed  stars,  the  apparent 
greater  diurnal  motion  of  the  stars  than  of 
the  sun,  arising  from  the  fact  that  the  sun's 
apparent  yearly  motion  takes  place  in  a 
direction  contrary  to  that  of  his  apparent 
daily  motion.  The  stars  thus  seem  each  day 
to  anticipate  the  sun  by  nearly  3  minutes 
56  seconds  of  mean  time.—  Acceleration  of  a 
planet,  the  greater  rapidity  with  which  it 
moves  as  it  approaches  the  sun. — Accelera- 
tion and  retardation  of  the  tides,  certain 
deviations  between  the  time  of  the  actual 
occurrence  of  high  water  at  any  place  and 
what  it  would  be  if  it  occurred  after  the 
lapse  of  a  uniform  mean  interval.  In  spring 
and  neap  tides  the  sun's  action  does  not 
alter  the  time  of  high  water,  as  in  the  for- 
mer case  the  solar  and  lunar  tides  are  syn- 
chronous, while  in  the  latter  the  time  of 
actual  or  lunar  low  water  and  of  solar  high 
water  are  the  same.  But  in  the  first  and 
third  quarters  of  the  moon  there  is  acceler- 
ation or  priming  of  high  water,  as  the  solar 
wave  is  to  the  west  of  the  lunar;  and  in  the 
second  and  fourth  quarters  there  is  retard- 
ation or  lagging,  for  an  analogous  reason. 
Acceleratlve  (ak-sel'er-at-iv),  a.  Tending 
to  accelerate;  adding  to  velocity;  quicken- 
ing progression. 

Accelerator  (nk-sel'er-at-er),  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  accelerates ;  a  hastener. 
Hence— (a)  A  post-office  van.  (?>)  In  anat. 
a  muscle  which  contracts  to  expel  or  ac- 
celerate the  passage  of  the  urine,  (c)  In 
photoy.  a  name  given  to  any  substance  which 
shortens  the  time  of  exposure  either  in  the 
camera  or  the  printing  frame. 
Acceleratory  (ak-sel'er-a-to-ri),  a.  Acceler- 
ating or  tending  to  accelerate;  quickening 
motion. 

Accendt  (ak-send'),  v.t.  [L.  accendo,  accen- 
sum,  to  kindle— ad,  and  candeo,  to  be 
white,  to  shine,  from  root  can,  as  in  canug, 
hoary,  white ;  the  same  stem  gives  also  E. 
candle,  candid,  &c.]  To  set  on  fire;  to  kindle. 

Our  devotion,  if  sufficiently  accended,  would  burn 
up  innumerable  books  of  this  sort.      Dr.  H.  More. 

Accendent  (ak-sen'dent),  n.  An  accenaor 
(which  see). 


Accendibility  (;ik-send'i-bil"i-ti),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  accendible. 

Accendible  (ak-send'i-bl),  a.  [See  ACCEND.] 
Capable  of  being  inflamed  or  kindled. 

Accension  (ak-sen'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
kindling  or  setting  on  fire,  or  the  state  of 
being  kindled;  inflammation. 

Accensor  (ak-sen'ser),  n.  [See  ACCEND.] 
One  who  sets  on  fire  or  kindles;  specifically, 
in  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  a  minister  or  servant 
whose  business  it  is  to  light  and  trim  the 
candles  and  tapers. 

Accent  (ak'sent),  n.  [L.  accentus,  an  accent, 
-  ad,  to,  and  cano,  cantum,  to  sing.  See 
CHANT.]  1.  A  superior  stress  or  force  of 
voice  upon  certain  syllables  of  words,  which 
distinguishes  them  from  the  other  syllables. 
Many  English  words,  as  atfpir-a"tion,  have 
two  accents,  a  secondary  and  primary.  In 
uttering  the  word  aspiration  we  observe 
the  first  and  third  syllables  are  distin- 
guished—the third  by  a  full  sound,  which 
constitutes  the  primary  accent ;  the  first, 
by  a  degree  of  force  in  the  voice  which  is 
less  than  that  of  the  primary  accent,  but 
evidently  greater  than  that  which  falls  on 
the  second  and  fourth  syllables.  Some 
words,  as  in-com'pre-hen'xi-bil"i-ty,  have 
two  secondary  or  subordinate  accents. 
When  the  full  accent  falls  on  a  vowel,  that 
vowel  has  its  long  sound,  as  in  vo'cal;  but 
when  it  falls  on  an  articulation  or  conson- 
ant, the  preceding  vowel  is  short,  as  in 
kab'it.  Accent  alone  regulates  English 
verse.  Accent  must  not  be  confounded  with 
emphasis,  the  latter  being  used  in  reference 
to  some  one  word  or  part  of  a  sentence  to 
which  a  speaker  wishes  to  draw  attention, 
by  giving  it  a  more  marked  pronunciation. 

2.  A  mark  or  character  used  in  writing  to 
direct  the  stress  of  the  voice  in  pronuncia- 
tion, or  to  mark  a  particular  tone,  length 
of  vowel  sound,  or  the  like.     There  is  com- 
monly only  one  such  sign  used  to  mark  the 
stress  or  accent  in  English,  except  in  works 
on  elocution,  in  which  are  employed  the 
three  Greek  accents,  namely  the  acute  ('V 
the  grave  ('),  and  the  circumflex  (*  or  A). 
In  elocution  the  first  shows  when  the  voice 
is  to  be  raised,  and  is  called  the  rising 
inflection ;  the  second,  when  it  is  to  be  de- 
pressed, and  is  called  the  falling  inflection  ; 
and  the  third,  when  the  vowel  is  to  be 
uttered  with  an  undulating  sound,  and  is 
called  the  compound  or  waving  inflection.— 

3.  A  peculiar  or  characteristic  modulation 
or  modification  of  the  voice,  such  as  that 
found  in  a  given  district  or  in  a  particular 
rank  of  society,  or  as  expressive  of  passions 
or  sentiments ;  manner  of  speaking  or  pro- 
nouncing.    '  A  perfect  accent.'    Thackeray. 

The  tender  accents  of  a  woman's  cry.        Prior. 
Your  accent  is  something  finer  than  you  could  pur- 
chase in  so  removed  a  dwelling.  Shak. 

4.  Words,  language,  or  expressions  in  gene- 
ral. 

Words,  on  your  wings,  to  heaven  her  accents  bear. 
Such  words  as  heaven  alone  is  fit  to  hear.      Dryden, 

6.  In  music,  a  stress  or  emphasis  given  to 
certain  notes  or  parts  of  bars  in  a  composi-  • 
tion,  divided  into  two  kinds- -grammatical, 
and  rhetorical  or  aesthetic.  The  first  is  per-  ] 
fectly  regular  in  its  occurrence,  always  fall- 
ing on  the  first  part  of  a  bar ;  the  aesthetic 
accent  is  irregular,  and  depends  on  taste 
and  feeling.— 6.  In  math,  (a)  in  alg.  a  mark 
used  in  order  to  avoid  the  confusion- arising  : 
from  the  use  of  many  letters  in  an  algebrai-  ' 
cal  problem  or  a  diagram,  and  also  on  other 
accounts.  In  this  way  the  same  letter  or 
letters,  being  distinguished  by  accents,  may 
be  used  to  represent  different  magnitudes 
or  quantities;  thus  abc  and  a'b'c1  may  stand 
for  magnitudes  as  different  in  value  as  those 
represented  by  different  letters.  (6)  In  geom. 
and  trigon.  an  accent  at  the  right  hand  of  a 
number  indicating  minutes  of  a  degree;  two 
accents,  seconds,  Ac. ;  as,  20°  10'  30"  =  20  de- 
prees,  10  minutes,  30  seconds,  (c)  In  mensur. 
and  engin.  a  mark  used  to  denote  feet  and 
inches;  thus,  3'  6"  =  3  feet,  6  inches. 
Accent  (ak-senf),  «•*•  l.To  express  the 
accent  of;  to  pronounce  or  utter  with  a 
particular  stress  or  modulation  of  the  voice; 
as,  to  accent  a  word  properly.— 2.  To  give 
expression  to;  to  utter. 

CongeaI'd  with  grief,  can  scarce  implore 
Strength  to  accent.  Here  my  Albertus  lies. 

Dr.  H'otton. 

3.  To  mark  with  an  accent  or  accents;  as,  to 
accent  a  word  in  order  to  indicate  its  pro- 
nunciation.— Accented  parts  of  a  bar,  in 
music,  those  parts  of  the  bar  on  which  the 


stress  falls,  as  the  first  and  third  parts  of 
the  bar  in  common  time. 
Accentor  (ak-sent'er),  n.     [L.  accentor,  one 
who  sings  with—  ad,  to,  and  cano,  to  sing.  ] 

1.  In  music,  one  that  sings  the  leading  part. 

2.  A  genus  of  insessorial  birds,  family  Syl- 
viidsc,  sub-family  Accentorinje.     A.  tnodu- 
laris   is  our  well-known    hedge-sparrow, 
hedge  -warbler,  shuffle-wing,  or  dunnock. 

See   HEDGE-SI'AKHOW. 

Accentorinse  (ak-sen't6-ri"ne),  n.  pi.  A  sub- 
family of  dentirostral  birds,  of  the  order 
Insessores  and  family  Sylviidse,  including 
the  genus  Accentor. 

Accentual  (ak-sent'u-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
accent;  rhythmical. 

The  term  figurate  which  we  now  employ  to  distin- 
guish florid  from  simple  melody  was  used  to  denote 
that  which  was  simply  rhythmical  or  accentual. 

Accentuate  (ak-sent'u-at),  v.t.  pret.  <fc  pp. 
accentuated;  ppr.  accentuating.  To  mark 
or  pronounce  with  an  accent  or  with  accents; 
to  place  an  accent  or  accents  on. 

Accentuation  (ak-sent'u-a"Bhon),  n.  The 
act  of  accentuating,  or  state  of  being  accen- 
tuated; the  act  of  pronouncing  or  marking 
with  an  accent  or  accents;  the  act  of  giving 
accent. 

Accept  (ak-sepf),  v.t.  [L.  acceptare,  freq. 
of  accipto,  acceptum,  to  take  to  one's  self,  to 
accept—  ad,  to,  and  capio,  to  take.]  1.  To 
take  or  receive,  as  something  offered;  to 
receive  with  approbation  or  favour;  as,  he 
made  an  offer  which  was  accepted. 

If  you  accept  them,  then  their  worth  is  great.    Shak, 
Bless,  Lord,  his  substance,  and  accept  the  work  of 
his  hands.  Deut.  xxxiii.  it. 

2.  To  take  what  presents  itself  or  what  befalls 
one;  to  accommodate  one's  self  to;  as,  to 
accept  the  situation. 

They  carry  it  off  well,  these  fair  moving  mountains, 
and  Itkeatl  French  women  accept  frankly  their  natural 
'' 


3.  To  listen  favourably  to;  to  grant 

Sweet  prince,  accept  their  suit.  Shak. 

4.  To  receive  or  admit  and  agree  to;  to  accede 
or  assent  to  ;  as,  to  accept  a  treaty,  a  proposal, 
an  amendment,  an  excuse:  often  followed  by 
of;  as,  accept  of  the  terms.  —5.  To  receive  in  a 
particular  sense;  to  understand;  as,  how  is 
this  phrase  to  be  accepted?—  6.  In  com.  to 
acknowledge,  especially  by  signature,  as  call- 
ing for  payment,  and  thus  to  promise  to  pay; 
as,  toflcc^«abill  of  exchange—  7.}ua.deliber- 
ative  body,  to  receive  in  discharge  of  a  duty 
committed;  as,  the  report  was  accepted. 

Accept  t  (ak-sepf),  n.  Consent  or  acceptance. 

We  will  suddenly 
Pass  our  accept  and  peremptory  answer.     Shak. 

Acceptable  (ak-sep'ta-bl),  a.  Capable, 
worthy,  or  sure  of  being  accepted  or  received 
with  pleasure;  hence,  pleasing  to  a  receiver; 
gratifying;  agreeable;  welcome;  as,  an  ac- 
ceptable present. 

The  woman  whom  thou  mad'st  to  be  my  help 
So  fit,  so  acceptable,  so  divine.  Milton. 

Acceptableness,  Acceptability  (ak-sep'ta- 
bl-nes,  ak-sep'ta-bil"i-ti),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  acceptable  or  agreeable  to  a  receiver, 
or  to  a  person  with  whom  one  has  intercourse 

Acceptably  (ak-sep'ta-bli),  adv.  In  an  accept- 
able manner;  in  a  manner  to  please  or  give 
satisfaction. 

Let  us  have  grace  whereby  we  may  serve  God 
acceptably.  Heb.  xii.  28. 

Acceptance  (ak-sep'tans),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
accepting:  (a)  the  act  of  taking  or  receiving 
anything  offered  ;  receiving  with  approba- 
tion or  satisfaction  ;  favourable  reception. 
'  Such  with  him  finds  no  acceptance.  '  Milton. 

They  shall  come  up  with  acceptance  on  my  altar. 
Is.  Ix.  7. 

(6)The  act  of  agreeing  to  terms  or  proposals, 
and  thereby  becoming  bound;  the  act  of  tak- 
ing some  obligation  on  one's  self;  specifically, 
in  law,  an  agreeing  to  the  act  or  contract  of 
another  by  some  act  which  binds  the  person 
in  law;  thus,  if  a  person  receiving  an  estate 
in  remainder  takes  rent  on  a  lease  made  by 
his  predecessor,  this  is  an  acceptance  of  the 
terms  of  the  lease,  and  binds  the  party  receiv- 
ing to  abide  by  the  terms  of  the  lease;  in  com. 
an  engagement  by  the  person  on  whom  a  bill 
of  exchange  is  drawn  to  pay  the  bill,  usually 
made  by  the  person  writing  the  word 
'  accepted  '  across  the  bill  and  signing  his 
name,  or  simply  by  writing  his  name  across 
or  at  the  end  of  the  bill.  Hence—  2.  A  bill 
of  exchange  that  has  been  accepted,  or  the 
sum  contained  in  it.—  3.  t  The  sense  in  which 
a  word  or  expression  is  understood;  signifi- 
cation; meaning;  acceptation.  '  An  assertion 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ti,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  ley. 


ACCEPTANCY 


19 


ACCIDENTAL 


under  the  common  '"'/''•  fitnuci'  of  it  not  only 
false  but  odious.'  Suntti.  -Acceptance  with 
fr'o./,  in  thcol  forgiveness  of  sins  and  recep- 
tion into  God's  favour. 

Acceptancy  (ak-sep'tan-si),  n.  Act  of  accept- 
ing; acceptance. 

Here's  a  proof  of  gift. 
Hut  here's  no  proof,  sir,  of  acccf fancy.  E.B.Brerwning. 

Acceptant(ak-sep'tant),;i.  One  who  accepts; 

an  accepter.     Spectator, 
Acceptation  (ak-sep-ta'shon).  n.  1.  The  act  of 

accepting  or  receiving;  also,  kind  reception; 

a  receiving  with  favour  or  approbation;  a 

state  of  being  acceptable ;  favourable  regard. 

'Coldness  of  acceptation,'    Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Some  things  arc  of  great  dignity  and  acceptation 
with  God.  Hooker. 

This  is  a  faithful  saying,  and  worthy  of  all  accep- 
tation, i  Tim.  I.  15- 

2.  The  meaning  or  sense  in  which  a  word 
or  expression  is  understood  or  generally 
received;  as,  a  term  is  to  be  used  according 
to  its  usual  acceptation. 

My  words  in  common  acceptation 

Could  never  give  this  provocation.  Gay, 

Accepted  (ak-sept'ed),  a.     Acceptable. 

Behold,  now  is  \.\ic  accepted  i\me ;  behold,  now  is  the 
day  of  salvation,  3  Cor.  vi.  3. 

Accepter,  Acceptor  (ak-sept'er,  ak-sept'or), 
it.  1.  A  person  who  accepts;  specifically,  in 
com.  the  person  who  accepts  a  bill  of  exchange 
so  as  to  bind  himself  to  pay  the  sum  contained 
in  it. — 2. t One  who  favours  unduly;  a  re- 
specter. 

God  is  no  accepter  of  persons,  neither  riches  nor 
poverty  are  a  means  to  procure  his  favour. 

CHillingiuortk. 

Acceptation  t  (ak-sep'ti-la"shon),  n. 
[L.  acceptilatio,  acceptilationis—acceptum, 
a  receipt,  and  latto,  a  carrying,  from  fero, 
latum,  to  carry.]  1.  In  civil  and  Scots  law, 
the  verbal  extinction  of  a  verbal  contract, 
with  a  declaration  that  the  debt  has  been 
paid  when  it  has  not,  or  the  acceptance  of 
something  merely  imaginary  in  satisfaction 
of  a  verbal  contract.  Wharton,  Hence — 
2.  Free  remission  or  forgiveness,  as  of  sins. 

Our  justification  which  comes  by  Christ  is  by  impu- 
tation and  acceptation,  by  grace  and  favour. 

?er.  Taylor. 

Acceptlont  (ak-sep'shon),  n.  1.  The  received 
sense  of  a  word;  acceptation. 

That  this  hath  been  esteemed  the  due  and  proper 
acceftion  of  this  word,  I  shall  testify.  Hammond. 

2.  The  act  of  favouring  unequally;  preference. 

'  Accepcioun  of  persons.'     Wickli/e. 
Acceptive  t  (ak-sep'tiv),  a.   Keady  to  accept. 

The  people  generally  arc  very  acceptive  and  apt  to 
applaud  any  meritable  work.  B.  Jensen. 

Acceptor.    See  ACCEPTER. 

Acceptress  (ak-sep'tres),  n,    A  female  who 

accepts.     [Rare.] 
Accerset  (ak-sers'),  v.t     [L.  accerto,  to 

summon.  ]    To  call  out  or  forth ;  to  summon, 

as  an  army.     Hall. 
Access  (ak'ses),  n.    [L.  accesses,  from  accedo, 

to  come  near,  to  approach.    See  ACCEDE.] 

1.  A  coming  to;  near  approach;  admittance; 
admission;  as,  to  gain  access  to  a  prince. 

I  did  repel  his  letters,  and  denied 

His  access  to  me,  Shak. 

2.  The  means  or  way  by  which  a  thing  may 

be  approached;  speciflcally,inarcA.apassage 
in  a  build  ing  communicating  between  two  or 
more  apartments;  a  corridor;  as,  the  access  is 
by  a  neck  of  land. 

All  access  was  thronged.  Milton. 

3.  Admission  to  sexual  intercourse. 

During  coverture  access  of  the  husband  shall  be  pre- 
sumed, unless  the  contrary  be  shown.  Blackitone. 

4.  Addition;  increase;  accession. 

1.  from  the  influence  of  thy  looks,  receive  access  in 
every  virtue.  Milton. 

5.  The  attack  or  return  of  a  fit  or  paroxysm 
of  disease,  as  of  a  fever;  accession. 

The  first  access  looked  like  an  apoplexy.  Kp.  Bitrnet. 

Accessarily  (ak"ses-sa'ri-li),  adv.     In  the 

manner  of  an  accessary;  accessorily. 
Accessarinesstak"8es  sa'ri-nes),  n.   Stateof 

being  arrus^arv;  accessor* ness. 
Accessary  (ak'ses-sa-ri),  n.    An  accomplice; 

an  accessory. 
Accessary  (ak'ses-sa-ri),  a.   1.  Additional; 

accessory. 

Among  many  secondary  and  accessary  causes  that 
support  monarchy,  these  are  not  of  least  reckoning. 
Milton. 

2.  Acceding  or  contributing  to  a  crime;  as,  he 
was  accessary  to  rebellion.  See  ACCESS  >i;v 
Accessibility  (ak'ses-si-biri-ti),  n.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  accessible  or 
of  admitting  approach. 


Accessible  (ak-sos'si-M),  a.  Capable  of  being 
approached  or  n-a.  bed  ;  easy  of  access; 
approachable ;  attainable ;  as,  an  accessible 
town  or  mountain.  '  A ccessiltte  by  a  bold 
rind  sudden  attack.'  Sir  H'.  Scott.  'Most 
frankly  awxxihl/',  mn-t  affable  .  .  .  most 
sociable.'  Barrow,  '  Proofs  accessible  to  all 
the  world.'  Buckle. 

There  is  a  very  great  amount  of  labour  employed  in 
rendering  the  MOdttClMRKriMrtOthOMforwhaMlIM 

it  is  intended.  J.  S.  Mitt. 

Accessibly  (ak-ses'si-bli),  adv.  So  as  to  be 
accessible. 

Accession  (ak-se'shon),  rt.  [L.  accessio.  See 
ACCEDE.]  1.  The  act  of  acceding;  the  act 
of  agreeing  or  assenting,  as  to  proposals;  the 
act  of  becoming  joined,  as  to  a  party;  as, 
his  accession  to  my  demands  was  long  post- 
poned; a  king's  accession  to  a  confederacy. 

2.  Increase  by  something  added;  that  which 
is  added;  augmentation;  as,  an  accession  of 
wealth  or  territory. 

The  only  accession  which  the  Roman  Empire  re- 
ceived was  the  province  of  Britain.  Gibbon. 

3.  The  act  of  arriving  at  a  throne,  an  office, 
or  dignity;  as,  the  accession  of  Queen  Vic- 
toria; the  accession  of  the  house  of  Stuart. 

Nobody  could  pretend  that  the  law  had  been  altered 
since  his  (William's)  accession.  Macaulay. 

4.  In  law,  a  mode  of  acquiring  property,  by 
which  the  owner  of  a  corporeal  substance, 
which  receives  an  addition  by  growth  or 
by  labour,  has  a  right  to  the  thing  added  or 
the  improvement,  provided  the  thing  is  not 
changed  into  a  different  species.    Thus  the 
owner  of  a  cow  becomes  the  owner  of  her 
calf.  —5.  In  med.  the  attack,  approach,  or 
commencement  of  a  disease. — Deed  of  acces- 
sion, in  Scots  law,  a  deed  executed  by  the 
creditors  of  a  bankrupt,  by  which  they  ap- 
prove of  a  trust  given  by  their  debtor  for  the 
general  behoof,  and  bind  themselves  to  con- 
cur in  the  plans  proposed  for  extricating 
his  affairs. 

Accessional  (ak-se'shon-al),  a.  Additional. 
[Rare.  ] 

The  specific  and  accessional  perfections  which  the 
human  understanding  derives  from  it.      Coleridge. 

Accesslt  (ak-ses'sit),  n.  [L.,  he  came  near.] 
In  English  universities,  a  term  applied  to 
a  certificate  for  a  person  second  iu  merit. 

Accessive  (ak-ses'iv),  a.  Additional.  Hop- 
kins. 

Accessorial  (ak-ses-so'ri-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  an  accessory;  as,  accessorial  agency;  ac- 
cessorial guilt. 

Accessorily  (ak"ses-so'ri-li),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  an  accessory ;  not  as  principal 
but  as  a  subordinate  agent. 

Accessoiiness  (ak"ses -so'ri-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  accessory,  or  of  being  or  acting 
in  a  secondary  character. 

Accessory  (ak'ses-so-ri),  a.  [L.  accessories, 
from  accessuK,  accedo.  See  ACCEDE.]  1.  [Of 
persons.]  Acceding;  contributing;  aiding  in 
producing  some  effect,  or  acting  in  subor- 
dination to  the  principal  agent :  usually  in 
a  bad  sense;  as,  John  was  accessory  to  the 
felony.— 2.  [Of  things.]  Contributing  to  a 
general  effect ;  aiding  in  certain  acts  or 
effects  in  a  secondary  manner;  belonging  to 
something  else  as  principal;  accompanying; 
as,  accessory  sounds  in  music;  accessory 
muscles.  —  Accessory  valves,  in  zool.  small 


a  a.  Accessory  Valves  of  Photos  chiiotnsis. 


additional  valves,  as  those  placed  near  the 
umbones  of  the  genus  Pholas  among  Mol- 
lusca.  —Accessory  action,  in  Scots  law,  an 
action  in  some  degree  subservient  or  ancil- 
lary to  another  action.—  A ccessory  obliga- 
tion, in  Scots  law,  an  obligation  annexed  to 
another  obligation.  Thus,  an  obligation  for 
the  regular  payment  of  interest  is  accessory 
to  the  obligation  to  pay  the  capital. 
Accessory  (ak'ses-so-ri),  n.  1.  In  law,  one 
who  is  guilty  of  a  felony,  not  by  committing 
the  offence  in  person  or  as  principal,  but  by 
being  in  some  way  concerned  therein,  as  by 
advising  or  commanding  another  to  commit 
the  crime,  or  by  concealing  the  offender, 
or  in  any  way  helping  him  to  escape  punish- 
ment. An  accessory  before  the  fact  is  one 
who  counsels  or  commands  another  to  com- 


mit a  felony,  and  is  not  present  when  the 
act  is  executed ;  after  the  fact,  when  one 
receives  and  conceals,  or  in  any  way  assists, 
the  offender,  knowing  him  to  have  com- 
mitted a  felony.  In  treason  there  are  no 
accessories,  all  implicated  being  treated  as 
principals.  See  ABETTER.  — 2.  That  which 

,  accedes  or  belongs  to  something  else,  as  its 
principal;  something  that  contributes  to  an 

;  effect;  an  accompaniment.  'The  aspect  and 
accessories  of  a  den  of  banditti.'  Carlyle. 
Specifically,  in  the  fine  arts,  a  secondary 
object  introduced  as  illustrative  or  explan- 
atory of  the  scene,  or  contributing  to  the 
general  effect  and  harmony  of  the  piece ; 
generally,  anything  introduced  into  a  work 

[  which  is  not  absolutely  necessary.  Vases, 
columns,  armour,  &c.,  in  historical  paint- 
ings and  portraits,  are  accessories.  —  SYN. 
Accomplice,  abettor,  assistant,  coadjutor, 
ally. 

Acciaccatura  (at'chak-ka-tb"ril),  n.  [It.] 
In  music,  a  grace-note  one  semitone  below 
the  note  to  which  it  is  prefixed. 
Accidence  (ak'si-dens),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
accidents.  See  ACCIDENT,  4.]  That  part  of 
grammar  which  treats  of  the  accidents  or 
inflection  of  words;  a  small  book  containing 
the  rudiments  of  grammar. 

I  do  confess  I  do  want  eloquence. 
And  never  yet  did  learn  mine  accidence. 

yohn  Taylor. 

Accident  (ak'si-dent),  n.  [L.  accidens,  fall- 
ing— ad,  and  cado,  to  fall,  whence  case,  ca- 
dence, casual,  decadence,  &c.]  1.  Chance  or 
what  happens  by  chance;  an  event  which 
proceeds  from  an  unknown  cause,  or  is  an 
unusual  effect  of  a  known  cause,  and  there- 
fore not  expected:  often  in  the  sense  of  an 
unforeseen  and  undesigned  injury  to  human 
life  or  limb;  casualty;  mishap:  in  second 
extract  equivalent  to  specimen  of  an  injury. 

All  of  them,  in  his  opinion,  owe  their  being  to  fate, 
accident,  or  the  blind  action  of  stupid  matter. 

Divtfht. 

No,  nothing  particular.  Rather  a  good  accident 
brought  into  the  casualty  ward.  Dickens. 

2.  Anything  which  takes  place  or  begins  to 
exist  without  an  efficient  intelligent  cause 
and  without  design.     'The  accident  of  an 
accident.'    Lord  Thurlow. 

In  his  (the  atheist's)  eyes  the  universe  ...  is  but 
a  happily  ordered  accident.  Dr.  T.  Brown. 

3.  In  logic,  a  property  or  quality  of  a  thing 
which  is  not  essential  to  it,  nor  is  one  of  its 
invariable  signs;  a  predicable  which  may  be 
present  or  not,  the  essence  of  the  species 
remaining  the  same;  as,  u-hiteness  in  paper. 
All  qualities  are  called  accidents,  in  opposi- 
tion to  substa  nccs,  as  sweetness,  softness,  Ac. 
4.f  In  grain,  something  belonging  to  a  word, 
but  not  essential  to  it,  as  gender,  number, 
and  case.     See  ACCIDENCE. —  5.  In  her.  a 
point  or  mark,  not  essential  to  a  coat  of 
arms.— SYN.  Chance,  contingency,  casualty, 
misfortune. 

Accidental  (ak-si-dent'al),  a.  •  1.  Happening 
by  chance  or  accident,  or  unexpectedly; 
taking  place  not  according  to  the  usual 
course  of  things;  casual;  fortuitous;  op- 
posed to  constant,  regular,  or  intended;  a*, 
an  accidental  visit. — 2.  Non-essential;  not 
necessarily  belonging ;  adventitious ;  as, 
songs  are  accidental  to  a  play. — Accidental 
colours,  in  optics,  the  imaginary  complemen- 
tary colours  seen  after  fixing  the  eye  for  a 
short  time  on  a  bright-coloured  object,  and 
then  turning  it  suddenly  to  a  white  or 
light-coloured  surface.  If  the  object  is 
blue,  the  accidental  colour  is  yellow;  if  red, 
green;  thus,  if  we  look  fixedly  at  a  red  wafer 
on  a  piece  of  paper,  and  then  turn  the  eye 
to  another  part  of  the  paper,  a  green  spot 
is  seen.  —  Accidental  lights,  in  painting, 
secondary  lights  which  are  not  accounted 
for  by  the  prevalent  effect;  effects  of  light 
other  than  ordinary  daylight,  such  as  the 
rays  of  the  sun  darting  through  a  cloud,  or 
between  the  leaves  of  a  thicket  of  trees,  or 
the  effects  of  moonlight,  candle-light,  or 
burning  bodies.  -Accidental point,  in persp. 
that  point  in  which  a  right  line  drawn  from 


Accidental  Point 

the  eye  parallel  to  another  given  right  line, 
cuts  the  picture  or  plane.  Thus,  suppose  A  B 
to  be  the  line  given  in  perspective,  CFE 


ch,  eAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g, 


j,  job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin?;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  trig;     wh,  u-Aig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


ACCIDENTAL 


20 


ACCOMMODATE 


when  flying,  and  mostly  inhabit 


dental    combined  with  the    unimportant 


course  of  things,  but  forms  no  essential  part 
thereof. 

This  is  accidental  to  a  state  of  religion,  and  there, 
fore  oueht  to  be  reckoned  among  the  ordinary  dim- 
cultiesofit.  TilMam. 

These  are  casual  breaks  in  the  general  system. 

If  ,  Irving. 

As  chance  is  the  operator  assigned  in  SL/ortuiuus 
concourse  of  atoms,  we  would  know  what  thischance, 
this  wise  and  ingenious  artist,  is.      Hairy  BrooSe. 
With  an  infinite  being  nothing  can  be  amtingtnt. 

By  some  persons  religious  duties  appear  to  be 
regarded  as  an  incidental  business.  H.  Rogers. 

Accidental  (ak-si-dent'al),  n.  Anything 
happening,  occurring,  or  appearing  acci- 
dentally, or  as  if  accidentally;  a  casualty; 
a  property  not  essential.  [Bare.] 

He  conceived  it  just  that  accidtntals  .  .  .  should 
sink  with  the  substance  of  the  accusation. 


Conceive,  as  much  as  yc 
any  subject,  before  you  ct 


i  can,  of  the  essentials  of 
isider  its  accidentals. 
Wa 


Specifically,  (<i)  in  music,  a  sharp,  flat,  or 
natural  which  does  not  occur  in  the  del, 
and  which  implies  some  change  of  key  or 
modulation  different  from  that  in  which  the 
piece  began.  (6)  In  her.  an  additional  mark 
in  a  coat  of  arms  not  essential  to  its  char- 
acter, (c)  In  med.  texture  resulting  from 
morbid  action:  chiefly  employed  m  this 
sense  by  French  writers,  but  adopted  by 
some  English,  (d)  In  painting,  one  of  those 
fortuitous  or  chance  effects,  occurring  from 
luminous  rays  falling  on  certain  objects,  by 
which  they  are  brought  into  stronger  light 
than  they  otherwise  would  be,  and  their 
shadows  are  consequently  of  greater  inten- 

Accidentallsm  (ak-si-dent'al-izm).n.  1.  The 
condition  or  quality  of  being  accidental; 
accidental  character.— 2.  That  which  is  ac- 
cidental; accidental  effect;  specifically,  in 
painting  the  effect  produced  by  accidental 
rays  of  light.  Ruskm.  See  ACCIDENTAL, 

Accidentality  (ak'si-den-tal"i-ti),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  accidental;  accidental  char- 
acter. 

I  wish  in  short  to  connect  by  a  moral  copula  natu- 
ral history  with  political  history,  or.  in  other  words 
to  make  history  scientific,  and  science  historical 
take  from  history  its  accidentality .  and  from  science 
its  fatalism.  Coleridge. 

Accidentally  (ak-si-dent'al-li),  adv.  In  an 
accidental  manner;  by  chance;  casually; 
fortuitously;  not  essentially. 

I  conclude  choler  accidentally  bitter  and  acrim 
nious,  but  not  in  itself.  Harvey. 

Accidentalness  (ak-si-dent'al-nes),  n.    The 

quality  of  being  accidental. 
Accidentary  t  (ak-si-dent'a-ri),  a.  Accidental. 

Holland. 
Accidentiaryt  (ak-si-den'shi-a-ri),  a.    Per 

taining  to  or  learning  the  accidence. 

You  know  the  word  '  sacerdotes'  to  signify  priests 
and  not  the  lay-people,  which  every  accidentiary 
boy  in  schools  knoweth  as  well  as  you.  Bp.  Morton 

Accidie,  t  n,  [L.L.  accidia,  acedia,  sloth 
from  Gr.  akedia,  ease,  indifference,  and  it 
ecclesiastical  Greek,  sloth.]  Sloth;  negli 
gence;  indolence.  Chaucer. 

Accipenser.  [Erroneous  spelling.]  Same  as 
Acipenser. 


rttoi  (ak-sif),  v.t.  [L.  ad.  and, dto , . freq 
of  cieo,  citum,  to  call.  See  CITfc.]  L  io 
call;  to  cite;  to  summon. 

He  by  the  senate  is  accited  home.  Shak. 

2.  To  incite;  to  prompt;  to  move. 

What  accites  your  thoughts  to  think  so  t     Shak. 

[In  this  example  perhaps  a  misprint  for 

Acclaim  (ak-klamO,  v.  t.  [L.  acclamo-ac  for 
ad  and  elamo,  to  cry  out,  whence  claim, 
clamour,  &c.]  1.  To  applaud.  [Bare.] 

How  gladly  did  they  spend  their  breath  in  acclaim- 
ins  thee. 

2.  To  declare  or  salute  by  acclamation. 

While  the  shouting  crowd 
Acclaims  thee  king  of  traitors.  Smollett. 

Acclaim  (ak-klam'),  v.i.    To  applaud. 
Acclaim  (ak-klam'),  n.    A  shout  of  joy;  ac- 
clamation. 

The  vaulted  firmament 

With  loud  acclaims,  and  vast  applause  is  rent. 
Dryatn. 

Acclamate  t  (akTOa-mat),  v.  t.  [L.  acclamo. 
acclamutum.  See  ACCLAIM.]  To  applaud. 
Waterhouse. 

Acclamation  (ak-kla-ma'shon),n.  [L.  accla- 
matio.  See  ACCLAIM.  ]  1.  A  shout  or  other 
demonstration  of  applause  made  by  a  mul- 
titude, indicating  joy,  hearty  assent,  appro- 
bation, or  good  wishes.  Acclamations  are 
expressed  by  hurrahs,  by  clapping  of  hands, 
and  often  by  repeating  such  cries  as  Long 
live  the  queen  !  Vive  I'empereur !  Vive  la 
republique !  &c. 

Those  Presbyterian  members  of  the  House  of 
Commons  who  had  been  expelled  by  the  army,  re- 
turned to  their  seats,  and  were  hailed  with  acflama 
lions  by  great  multitudes.  Macaalay. 

When  they  (the  Anglo-Saxons)  consented  to  any- 
thing it  was  rather  in  the  way  of  acclamation  than 
by  the  exercise  of  a  deliberate  voice.  Bitrke. 

2.  In  archoeol.  a  representation  in  sculpture 
or  on  medals  of  people  expressing  joy. 

Acclamatory  (ak-klam'a-to-ri),  a.  Express- 
ing joy  or  applause  by  acclamation. 

Acclimatation  (ak-kli'ma-ta"shon),  n.  [Fr.] 
Acclimatization  (which  see).  'The  A cclh na- 
tation Society  of  Nantes.'  Times  newspaper. 

Acclimate  (ak-kli'mat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp  ac- 
climated; ppr.  acclimating.  [Vr.acclimater, 
to  acclimate.  See  CLIMATE.]  To  habituate 
to  a  foreign  climate;  to  render  proof  against 
the  prejudicial  influences  of  a  foreign  cli- 
mate; to  acclimatize:  more  especially  ap- 
plied to  the  adaptation  of  human  beings  to 
new  climates;  as,  to  acclimate  settlers;  to 
acclimate  one's  self.  'Natives  and  accli- 
ma''d  Europeans.'  J.  Crawfurd. 

Aeclimatement  (ak-kli'mat-ment),  n.  Ac 
climation.  [Rare.] 

Acclimation  (ak'kli-ma"shon).  n.  The  pro 
cess  of  acclimating,  or  state  of  being  accli 
mated;  acclimatization. 

Acclimatization  (ak'kli-mat-iz-a"shon),  n 
The  act  or  process  of  acclimatizing,  or  state 
of  being  acclimatized;  the  modification  o 
physical  constitution  which  enables  a  race 
or  individual  to  live  in  health  in  a  foreigi 
country.  [Some  writers  use  this  word  only 
with  regard  to  animals  and  plants,  usini 
acclimation  when  speaking  of  man.] 


bird  of  prey,  not  from  accipio, 
take,  but  from  root  ak,  signifying  sharpness 
and  swiftness,  and  pei,  to  fly,  like  Gr.  iikyp- 
teros,  swift-winged.]  1.  One  of  the  order  of 
birds  Accipitres  or  Raptores.  See  RAP- 
TORES. — 2.  In  surg.  a  bandage  applied  over 
the  nose:  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to 
the  claw  of  a  hawk. 

Accipitrary  t  (ak-sip'i-tra-ri),  n.  A  falconer. 
Nash. 


for  permanent  existence  and  propagation 


as,  to  acclimatize  plants;  to  acclimatiz 
animals.  '  Young  soldiers,  not  yet  acclima 
tized,  die  rapidly  here.'  Times  newspaper. 

Acclimature  (ak  kli'mat-ur),  n.  Act  of 
acclimating,  or  state  of  being  acclimated. 
[Rare.] 

Acclinal  (ak-kli'nal),  n.  [L.  acclino,  to  bend 
up.  See  ACCLIVITY.]  In  geol.  leaning  or 


bending  up,  as  the  slopes  of  a  stratum  to- 
wards an  anticlinal  axis.  See  cut  ANTI- 

Aciaive't  (ak-klivO,  a.  [L.  acclivvs,  acclivis, 
sloping.]  Rising;  steep.  '  The  way  easily 
ascending,  hardly  so  accliue  as  a  desk. 

Acclivitous  (ak-kliv'i-tUB),  a.  Rising  with 
a  slope;  acclivous.  /*.  Taylor. 

Acclivity  (ak-kliv'i-ti),  n.  [L.  acchvitas,  an 
acclivity — ac  for  ad,  to,  and  clivits,  a  slope, 
from  root  cli  seen  in  clino,  incline,  to  incline, 
Gr  kliiw,  to  bend,  incline,  E.  lean  (which 
see)  ]  A  slope  or  inclination  of  the  earth, 
as  the  side  of  a  hill,  considered  as  amending, 
in  opposition  to  declivity,  or  a  side  descend- 
ing; specifically,  in  fort,  the  talus  of  a 

Acclivous  (ak-kliv'us),  a.  [L.  acclimn,  ac- 
clivis, sloping.  See  ACCLIVITY.]  Rising,  as 
a  hill  with  a  slope. 

iccloy.t  Accloyet  (ak-kloi'), v.t.  [See CLOY.] 
To  cloy;  to  encumber;  to  embarrass  with 
superfluity. 
(It)  with  uncomely  weeds  the  gentle  wave  accloyes. 

Accoastt  (ak-kostO.D.t.   [See  COAST.]  To  fly 
near  the  earth.     '  Whether  high  towering 
or  accoasting  low.'    Spenser.     [Rare.] 
CCOil  t  (ak-koil'),  v.i.    Same  as  A  ccoyl. 
>CCOlt  (ak-kol'),  r. «.    [Fr.  accoler,  to  embrace 
—prefix  ac  for  ad.  to,  and  L.  colhtm,  Fr.  col, 
the  neck.]  To  embrace  round  the  neck.  Sur- 

Accolade  (ak-ko-ladO,  n.  [Fr.  accolade,  the 
accolade,  lit.  an  embracing  of  the  neck;  It. 
accolata—L.  ad,  to,  and  colhtm,  the  neck; 
Fr  accoler,  to  embrace,  donner  I'accolade, 
to  dub  a  knight.  See  COLLAR.]  1.  A  cere- 
mony used  in  conferring  knighthood,  an- 
ciently consisting  in  putting  the  hand  on 
the  knight's  neck,  afterwards  in  giving  a 
blow  with  the  naked  fist,  and  still  later  with 
the  flat  of  a  sword,  which  last  is  the  form 
in  which  the  ceremony  is  now  observed.— 
2.  In  mmic,  a  brace  or  couplet  connecting 
several  staves. 

Accolent  (ak'ko-lent),  n.  [L.  accolens,  ppr. 
of  accolo— ac  for  ad,  to,  and  cola,  to  till,  dwell, 
whence  culture,  &c.  ]  A  borderer ;  one  who 
dwells  on  or  near  the  border  of  a  country. 
Ash. 

Accolli  (ak-kol-a),  a.  [Fr.  accole,  Norm. 
accolle,  embraced  round  the  neck,  coupled 
— ac  for  ad,  to,  and  col,  the  neck.  See 
ACCOLADE.]  In  her.  (a)  gorged;  collared: 
applied  to  animals  with  collars,  &c.,  about 
their  necks,  (b)  Wreathed;  entwined,  (c) 
Situated  side  by  side,  as  two  shields. 

Accoll6  (ak-kol-a),  n.    The  accolade  (which 

Accombtnation  (ak-kom'bin-a"shon),n.  The 
act  of  combining  togethc  r.  Quart.  Rev. 

Accommodable  (ak-kom'mo-da-bl),  a.  Cap- 
able of  being  accommodated,  made  suitable, 
or  made  to  agree  ;  adaptable.  '  Rules  ac- 
eommadable  to  all  variety.'  Watts.  [Rare) 

Accommodableness  ( ak  -  kom '  mo  -  da  -  bi- 
nes), n.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  ac- 
commodable.  Todd.  [Rare.] 

Accommodate  (ak-kom'mo-dat),  v.t.  pret. 
<fe  pp.  accommodated;  ppr.  accommodating. 
[L.  accotnmodo,  to  apply  or  suit— ac  for  ad, 
to,  and  commodo,  to  profit  or  help,  from  con, 
with,  xn&modns,  measure,  proportion,  limit, 
or  manner.  See  MODE.)  1.  To  make  suit- 
able, correspondent,  or  consistent;  to  fit; 
to  adapt;  as,  to  accommodate  ourselves  to 
circumstances;  to  accommodate  the  choice 
of  subjects  to  the  occasions. 

'Twas  his  misfortune  to  light  upon  an  hypothesis 
that  could  not  be  accommodated  to  the  nature  of 
things  and  human  affairs.  Locke. 

Hence  favoured.  'Accommodated  by  the 
place.'  Shak.  [Rare.]— 2.  To  show  fitness 
or  agreement  in;  to  reconcile,  as  things 
which  are  at  variance  or  which  seem  incon- 
sistent ;  to  bring  into  harmony  or  concord ; 
as,  to  accommodate  prophecy  to  events. 

Part  know  how  to  accommodate  St.  James  and  St. 
Paul  better  than  some  late  reconcilers.  Norrts. 
3.  To  adjust;  to  settle;  as,  to  accommodate 
differences.  — 4.  To  supply  or  furnish;  to 
provide  with  certain  conveniences;  to  give 
accommodation  to ;  as,  I  can  easily  accom- 
modate you ;  my  house  can  accommodate  a 
large  number  of  guests:  followed  by  wax 
when  what  is  supplied  is  expressly  men- 
tioned; as,  to  accommodate  a  man  with  apart- 
ments; to  accommodate  a  friend  with  money. 
SYN.  To  suit,  adapt,  conform,  adjust,  recon- 
cile, serve,  oblige,  assist,  aid. 
Accommodate  (ak-kom'mo-dat),  v.i.  To  be 
conformable.  Boyle.  [Rare.  ] 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u.  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ACCOMMODATE 


Accommodate  (ak-kom'mC-dit),  «  suit- 
able; fit;  adapted.  'Menus  accomuiwlatc 
tu  the  end.'  Sir  It.  I,' Kxtroii-.K- 

Accommodately  t  (ak-kom'mo-dfit-lh,  <t<ir. 
Suitably;  fltly. 

i  it  .ill  tliese  Moses  .  .  .  held  fit  to  give  an  account 
accommodatety  to  the  c.-ip.iaty  of  UK-  i>eople. 

/>>-.  //.  More, 

Accommodateness t  (ak-kom'mo-dat-nes), 
n.  Fitness  '  Aptness  and  accommodate' 
ness  to  the  great  purpose  of  men's  salva- 

Accommodating  (ak-kom'mo-dat-ing),  a. 
Obliging;  yielding  to  the  desires  of  ntliers; 
disposed  to  comply  and  to  oblige  another; 
i\H,i\}iacconiinotlttting  man;  an  (tcctiininmlat- 
IIKJ  disposition. 

Accommodation  (ak  k.mi'mo-.hV'shon),  n. 
[L.  accomnwdtttio,  accommodat  ionis.  See 
ACCOMMODATE.]  1.  The  act  of  accommo- 
dating; as,  ((/)  adjustment;  adaptation; 
especially,  the  adaptation  or  application  of 
one  thing  to  another  by  analogy,  as  the 
words  of  a  prophecy  to  a  subsequent  event. 

M.myof  tliese  quotations  were  probably  intended 
as  nothing  more  tM&  fftiMMMMfiMlWA  Patty. 

(6)  Adjustment  of  differences;  reconcilia- 
tion, as  of  parties  in  dispute.  'To  come  to 
terms  of  accommodation.'  Macaitlay.  (c)  Pro- 
vision of  conveniences;  the  act  of  supplying 
a  want. 

St.  James's  Church  had  recently  been  opened  for 
the  accommodation  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  new 
quarter.  Macaiilay. 

2.  The  state  of  being  accommodated ;  fit- 
ness; state  of  adaptation:  followed  by  to, 
sometimes  by  with. 

The  organization  of  the  body  vi\\.\\  accommodation 
to  its  functions.  Hale. 

Socinus'  main  design  .  .  .  was  to  bring  all  the 
mysteries  of  Christianity  to  a  full  accommodation 
•with  the  general  notion  of  man's  reason.  South. 

3.  Anything  which  supplies  a  want,  as  in 
respect  of  ease,  refreshment,  and  the  like ; 
anything  furnished  for  use;  a  convenience : 
chiefly  applied  to  lodgings;  as,  accommoda- 
tion for  man  and  beast. 

A  volume  of  Shakspere  in  each  pocket,  a  small 
bundle  with  a  change  of  linen  slung  across  his  shoul- 
ders, an  oaken  cudgel  in  his  hand,  complete  our 
pedestrian's  accommodations.  Sir  ly,  Scott. 

4.  Specifically,  in  cow.   a  loan  of  money, 
either  directly,  or  by  becoming  security  for 
the  repayment  of  a  sum  advanced  by  an- 
other, as  by  a  banker.—  Accommodation  bill 
or  note,  a  bill  or  note  of  exchange  drawn 
and  accepted  to  raise  money  on,  and  not 
given  like  a  genuine  bill  of  exchange  in  pay- 
ment of  a  debt,  but  merely  intended  to  ac- 
commodate the  drawer:  colloquially  called 
a  wind  bill  and    a  kite. — Accommodation 
ladder  (naut.\   a 

light  ladder  hung 
over  the  side  of  a 
ship  at  the  gang- 
way to  facilitate 
ascending  from, 
or  descending  to. 
boats.  —A  ccom  »w- 
dationlands  lands 
bought  by  a  build- 
er or  speculator 
who  erects  houses 
thereon,  and  then 
leases  portions 
thereof  upon  an 
improved  ground- 
rent.  —  Accommo- 
dation works, 
works  which  a  rail- 
way company  is  Accommodation  Ladder. 

required  by  8  and 

9  Viet.  xx.  to  make  and  maintain  for  the 
accommodation  of  the  owners  and  occupiers 
of  land  adjoining  the  railway,  as  gates, 
bridges,  culverts,  fences,  Ac. 

Accommodative  (ak-kom'mo-dat-iv),  a. 
Furnishing  accommodation. 

Accommodator  (ak-kom'mo-dat-er),  n.  One 
who  accommodates  or  adjusts. 

Accomodet  (ak-kom-6d'),  v.t.  To  accommo- 
date. 

Accompanable  t  (ak-kum'pan-a-bl),  a.  [See 
ACCOMPANY.]  Sociable.  Sir  I\  Sidney. 

Accompanier  (ak-kum'pa-ui-er),  n.  One 
who  accompanies. 

Accompaniment  (ak-kum'pa-ni-ment),  n. 
\  Kr.  arcompagnement.  See  ACCOMPANY.  ] 
Something  that  attends  as  a  circumstance, 
or  which  is  added  by  way  of  ornament  to 
the  principal  thing,  or  for  the  sake  of  sym- 
metry. Specifically,  (a)  in  mwtic,  the  sub- 
ordinate part  or  parts  performed  by  instru- 
ments accompanying  a  voice,  or  several 


voices,  or  a  principal  instrument;  also,  the 
harmony  of  atl^ured  base,  or  thorough  base. 
-AccoinpitttiiiH'nf  "f  the  scale,  the  harmony 
assigned  to  the  series  of  notes  forming  the 
ili;it»me  scale,  ii.sre-ndmg  and  descending. 
(&)  111  pdiittittfj,  an  object  accessory  to  the 
principal  object,  and  serving  for  its  orna- 
ment or  illustration,  (c)  In  her.  anything 
added  to  a  shield  by  way  of  ornament,  as 
the  belt,  mantling,  supporters,  Ac  ;  also,  a 
secondary  bearing,  as  a  saltier,  bend,  fess, 
Ac. ,  about  11  principal  one. 

Accompanist  (ak-kum'pan-ist),  n.  The  per- 
former in  music  who  plays  the  accompani- 
ment. 

Accompany  (ak-kum'pa-ni),  v.t.  pret.  * 
accomjxtnied ;  ppr.  accompanying.  [Kr.  ac- 
I'onifKiyner,  to  accompany— ac  for  ad,  to, 
and  companion,  a  companion.  See  CoM- 
PANIOX.]  1.  To  go  with  or  attend  as  a  com- 
panion or  associate  on  a  journey,  walk,  iVc.; 
as,  a  man  accompanies  his  friend  to  church, 
or  on  a  tour.— 2.  t  To  live  along  with,  as  a 
companion;  to  act  as  companion  to;  to  com- 
panion. 

Harry,  I  do  not  only  marvel  where  thou  spendest 
thy  time,  but  also  how  thou  art  accompanied. 

SHak. 

They  are  never  alone  that  are  accompanied  with 
noble  thoughts.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

3.  To  exist  along  with;  to  go  together;  to  be 
associated  or  connected  with:  said  of  things; 
as,  pain  accompanies  disease. 

There  is  reason  to  believe  that  different  diseases 
can  so  accompany  each  other  as  to  be  united  in  the 
same  individual.  Buckle. 

4.  f  To  cohabit  with. 

The  phasma,  having  assumed  a  bodily  shape,  or 
other  false  representation,  accompanies  her,  at  least 
as  she  imagines.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

SYN.  To  attend,  escort,  wait  on,  go  with. 
Accompany  (ak-kum'pa-ni),  v.i.    l.f  To  be 
a  companion  or  associate;  as,  to  accompany 
with  others.— 2.  To  cohabit.    [Rure  or  ob- 
solete. ] 

The  king  .  .  .  loved  her,  and  accompanied  with 
her  only,  till  he  married  Elfrida.  Milton. 

3.  In  mime,  to  perform  the  accompanying 
part  in  a  composition. 

Accomplice  fok-kom'plls),  ?i.  [Prefix  ac  for 
ad,  to,  and  the  older  E.  complice,  Fr.  com- 
plice, L.  complex,  complies,  confederate, 
participant— con,  with,  and  plico,  to  fold, 
plica,  a  fold,  a  stem  which  appears  also  in 
E.  comply,  ply,  double,  triple,  ttc.  See  PLY, 
<fce.]  l.t  A  partner  or  co-operator:  with- 
out any  bad  sense. 

Success  unto  our  valiant  general, 

And  happiness  to  his  accomplices !      Shak. 

2.  An  associate  in  a  crime;  a  partner  or  par- 
taker in  guilt.  It  is  followed  by  with  before 
a  person,  and  in  or  of  before  the  crime;  as, 
A  was  an  accomplice  with  B  in  the  murder 
of  C.  'Thou  the  cursed  accomplice  of  his 
treason/  Johnson.  Drydeu  uses  it  with  to 
before  a  thing. 

Childless  Arturius,  vastly  rich  before. 
Thus  by  his  losses  multiplies  his  store. 
Suspected  for  accomplice  to  the  fire, 
That  burnt  his  palace  but  to  build  it  higher. 

Drydtn. 

SYN.  Abetter,  accessory,  assistant,  asso- 
ciate, confederate,  coadjutor. 

Accompliceship  (ak-kom'plis  ship),n.  State 
of  being  an  accomplice.  [Rare.] 

Accomplicity  (ak-kom-plis'i-ti),  n.  The 
state  of  being  an  accomplice.  Quart,  liev. 
[Rare.] 

Accomplish  (ak-kom'plish),  v.t.  [Fr.  accom- 
plir,  to  finish— prefix  ac  for  arf,  to,  and  L. 
compleo,  to  complete.  See  COMPLETE.]  i.To 
complete;  to  finish  entirely;  to  reach  the 
end  of. 

That  he  would  accomplish  seventy  years  in  the 
desolation  of  Jerusalem.  Dan.  \x.  3. 

2.  To  make  complete  by  making  actual;  to 
execute;  to  carry  out;  to  fulfil  or  bring  to 
pass;  as,  to  accomplish  a  vow,  promise,  pur- 
pose, or  prophecy. 

Thus  will  I  accomplish  my  fury  upon  them. 

Ezek.  vi.  12. 

This  that  is  written  must  yet  be  accomplished  in 
me.  Luke  xxii.  37. 

Hence— 3. t  To  gain;  to  obtain  as  the  result 
of  successful  exertions;  to  achieve.  '  To  ac- 
complish twenty  golden  crowns.'  Shak.— 

4.  To  make  complete  by  furnishing  what  is 
wanting;  as,  (a)t  to  equip;  to  provide.  'The 
armourers  accomplishing  the  knights.'  Shak. 

It  (the  moon)  is  fully  accomplished  for  all  those 
ends  to  which  Providence  did  appoint  it. 

Rp.  ll'ilkins, 

(b)  To  equip  or  furnish  with  certain  accom- 
plishments or  attainments :  hardly  used  ex- 


plis 
mor< 


crept  in  the  past  paiticjpl,.      SYN    To  per- 

f'-nn.  fulfil,  reali/e,  HIert.  .  Mi'<  tOS**,  Qb- 
tafal,  complete,  execute,  achieve,  perfect, 
equip,  furnish. 

Accomplishable  (ak-kom'plish-a-bl),  a. 
i  '.ip;il)le  nf  accomplishment. 

Accomplished  (ak-kom'plisbt),  p.  and  a. 

1.    Completed;    Cttertnl;    a-..   ;1M   /((•,•„„(/,/»/,.•,/ 

fact.  '2.  Perfected;  tini-Oied  ;  ctiusiiiiimate  : 
used  either  in  a  good  or  bad  sense;  as,  an  ac- 
complished scholar;  an  accomplisMd  villain. 
3.  Possessing  accomplishments;  having  the 
attainments  and  graces  of  cultivated  or 
fashionable  society.  'An  «<•,•„/„,, /,.,/(a/  and 
beautiful  young  lady.*  Thackeray 

Accomplisher  (ak-kom'plish-er),  n.  One 
who  accomplishes. 

Accomplishing(uk-kom'i)li8h-ing),n.  i.  The 
act  of  accomplishing.— 2.  The  thing  accom- 
plished. [Rare.] 

I  shall  simply  enumerate,  as  ends,  all  that  a  uni- 
;rsity  should  accomplish,  although  these  accom- 
'ishines  may.  strictly  considered,  often  p.irukc 
iore  of  the  character  of  means.  Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

Accomplishment  (ak-kom'plish-mentX  n. 

1.  The  act  of  accomplishing  or  carrying  into 
effect;  fulfilment;  as,  the  accomplishment  of 
a  prophecy ;    the    accomplishment  of   our 
desires  or  ends.— 2.  Acquirement;  attain- 
ment; especially  such  as  belongs  to  culti- 
vated or  fashionable  society. 

I  was  then  young  enough,  and  silly  enough,  to 
think  gUllng  was  one  of  their  accomplishments. 

Chesterfield. 
Yet  wanting  the  accomplishment  of  verse. 

Wordsworth. 

SYN. Completion,  fulfilment,  perfection,  per- 
formance, acquirement,  embellishment,  or- 
nament, qualification. 
Accompt  (ak-kouuf),  n.     An  account.    See 

ACCOM  PT  A  NT. 

Accomptablet  (ak-kount'a-bl),  a.  AC- 
CO  un  table. 

I  do  not  stand  accontptabte  to  reason.    Beau.  &•  Fl. 

Accomptant(ak-kount'ant),?*.  A  reckoner; 
a  computer;  an  accountant.  [Accompt  and  ac- 
comptant  are  obsolete  or  nearly  so  (account, 
accountant,  being  now  generally  written), 
though  they  may  still  be  used  in  the  formal 
or  legal  style. 

Accompting-dayt  (ak  -  kount'ing-da),  n. 
Day  of  reckoning. 

Accoraget  (ak-kur'aj),  v.  t.  Same  as  Accour- 
age.  Spenser. 

Accord  (ak-kord'),  n.  [Fr.  accord,  agree- 
ment—prefix ac  for  ad,  to,  and  L.  cor,  cordis, 
the  heart,  formed  like  L.  concors,  dixcorn,  E. 
concord,  discord.]  1.  Agreement;  harmony 
of  minds;  consent  or  concurrence  of  opi- 
nions or  wills;  assent.  'With  full  accord  to 
our  demands.'  Shak. 

These  all  continued  with  one  accord  in  prayer  and 
supplication.  Acts  i.  14. 

2.  The  union  of  different  sounds  which  is 
agreeable  to  the  ear;  concord;  harmony. 

Those  sweet  accords  are  even  the  angels'  lays. 
Sir  J.   Da-vies. 

3.  Agreement;  justcorrespondence  of  things; 
harmony;  as,  the  accord  of  light  and  shade 
in  painting. 

Beauty  is  nothing  else  but  a  just  accord  and  mu- 
tual harmony  of  the  members,  animated  by  a  health- 
ful constitution.  Dryden. 

4.  Will;  voluntary  or  spontaneous  impulse 
or  act ;  unaided  action  or  operation :  used 
both  of  persons  and  things,  and  preceded 
by  own. 

Being  more  forward,  of  his  own  accord  he  went 
unto  you.  a  Cor.  viii.  17. 

All  animal  substances  exposed  to  the  air  turn  al- 
kaline of  their  07un  accord.  Arbuthnot. 

5.  Adjustment  of  a  difference  ;   reconcilia- 
tion; as,  the  mediator  of  an  accord. 

If  both  are  satisfied  with  this  accord. 
Swear  by  the  laws  of  knighthood  on  my  sword. 
Dryden. 

Specifically,  in  law,  an  agreement  between 
parties  in  controversy,  by  which  satisfac- 
tion for  an  injury  is  stipulated,  and  which, 
when  executed,  bars  a  suit. 
Accord  (ak-kordO,  v.t.  1.  To  make  to  agree 
or  correspond;  to  adapt,  as  one  thing  to  an- 
other. [Rare.] 

Her  hands  accorded  the  lute's  music  to  the  voice. 

2.  t  To  bring  to  an  agreement ;  to  settle,  ad- 
just, or  compose;  to  reconcile;  as,  to  accord 
controversies.     '  When  they  were  accorded 
from  the  fray.'    Spenser. 

All  which  particulars,  being  confessedly  knotty  and 
difficult,  can  never  be  accorded  but  by  a  competent 
stock  of  critical  learning.  South. 

3.  To  grant;  to  give;  to  concede;  as,  to  ac- 
cord to  one  due  praise. 


ch,  cAaiu;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  #o;      j,  job;     .n,  Fr.  Urn;      ng,  si«0;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  tciy;    wh,  whig;    zh,  arure.— See  KBY, 


ACCORD 


22 


ACCOURAOE 


Accord  (ak-kord'),  v.i.  1.  To  agree;  to  be  in 
correspondence  or  harmony. 

My  heart  accordctlt  with  my  tongue.         Shak. 

That  mind  and  soul,  according  well. 

May  make  one  music  as  before.          Tennyson. 

2.  To  make  an  agreement  or  arrangement 
'As  we  accorded  before  dinner.'  Sir  W.Scott. 

Accordablet  (ak-kord'a-bl),  o.  Agreeable; 
consonant.  Gower. 

Accordance  (ak-kord'ans),  n.  The  state  of 
being  in  accord;  agreement  with  a  person; 
conformity  with  a  thing.— SYN.  Harmony, 
unison,  coincidence. 

Accordancy  (ak-kord'an-si),  >».  Same  as 
Accordance,  but  less  used. 

Accordaut(ak-kord'ant),  a.  Corresponding; 
consonant;  agreeable;  of  the  same  mind. 
'  If  he  found  her  accordant.'  Shak. 

Accordantly  (ak-kord'ant-li),  ado.  In  ac- 
cordance or  agreement. 

Accorder  (ak-kord'er),  n.  One  that  aids  or 
favours.  Cotgrave.  [Rare.] 

According  (ak-kord'ing),  p.  and  a.  1.  Agree- 
ing; harmonious. 

Th'  according  music  of  a  well-mixt  state.     Pope. 

2.  Suitable;  agreeable;  in  accordance:  fol- 
lowed by  to. 

Our  zeal  should  be  according  to  knowledge.  Sprat. 
Often  applied  to  persons,  but  referring 
really  to  their  statements  or  opinions. 

According  to  him  every  person  was  to  be  bought. 
Macautay. 

—According  as,  agreeably,  conformably,  or 
proportionately  as. 

A  man  may,  with  prudence  and  a  good  conscience, 
approve  of  the  professed  principles  of  one  party 
more  than  the  other,  according  as  he  thinks  they 
best  promote  the  good  of  church  and  state.  Swift. 

Accordingly  (ak-kord'ing-li),  adv.  Agree- 
ably; suitably;  in  a  manner  conformable; 
consequently";  as,  those  who  live  in  faith  and 
good  works  will  be  rewarded  accordingly. 
—Accordingly,  Consequently,  Then,  There- 
fore, Wherefore.  See  under  THEREFORE. 

Accordion  (ak-kord'i-on),  n.  [From  accord.} 
A  small  keyed  wind-instrument, whose  tones 
are  generated  by  the  play  of  wind  upon 
metallic  reeds,  constructed  on  the  same 
principle  as  the  concertina  and  the  harmo- 
nium, but  much  inferior. 

Accordionist  (ak-kord'i-on-ist), «.  A  player 
on  the  accordion. 

Accorporatet  (ak-kor'po-rat),  v.t.  [L.  ac- 
corporo,  accorporatum,  to  join  to  —  ac  for 
ad,  to,  and  corpus,  corporis,  the  body.]  To 
incorporate ;  to  unite. 

Custom  being  but  a  mere  face,  as  echo  is  a  mere 
voice,  rests  not  in  her  unaccomplishment,  until  by 
secret  inclination  she  accorforate  herself  with  error. 
Milton. 

Accorporation  t  (ak-kor/po-ra"shon), n.  In- 
corporation. 

Accost  (ak-kosf),  v.t.  [Fr.  accoster,  L.L.  ac- 
costare—ac  for  ad,  to,  and  L.  cosfa  (Fr.  cote). 
&  rib,  a  side.  See  COAST.]  1.  To  come  side 
by  side,  or  face  to  face ;  to  draw  near ;  to 
approach ;  to  make  up  to. 

Accost,  Sir  Andrew,  accost—  what's  that?  Accost 
Is.  front  her,  board  her,  woo  her,  assail  her.  Stta*. 

[In  this  extract  the  object  of  the  verb  is 
suppressed.]— 2.  To  speak  to ;  to  address. 

I  first  accosted  him,  I  sued,  I  sought.        Dryden. 
With  taunts  the  distant  giant  I  accost.         Pope. 

The  following  usage  is  somewhat  peculiar. 

As  thus  I  sing  a  solemn  sound 

Accosts  mine  ear.  Micklc. 

Z.\  To  border  on;  to  adjoin. 

Lapland  hath  since  been  often  surrounded  (so 
much  as  accosts  the  sea)  by  the  English.  Fuller. 

Accost  t  (ak-kosf),  v.i.  To  adjoin.  "The 
shores  which  to  the  sea  accoste.'  Spenser. 

Accostable  (ak-kost'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  accosted;  easy  of  access;  familiar. 

The  French  are  a  free,  debonnair,  accostable  people 
Ho-imtl. 

Accosted  (ak-kost'ed),  a.  In  her.  a  term 
used  when  charges  are  placed  on  each  side  o: 
another  charge;  as,  a  pale  accosted  by  six 
mullets.  It  is  also  applied  to  two  beasts 
walking  or  running  side  by  side. 

Accoucheur  (ak-kb-sher),  n.  [Fr.,  a  man 
midwife — ac  for  ad,  and  couchcr,  to  lie  or 
lay  down,  and  this  through  O.  Fr.  catcher, 
from  L.  collocare,  to  place,  lay.  See  COUCH.] 
A  man-midwife;  a  medical  practitioner  who 
attends  women  in  childbirth. 

Accoucheuse  (ak-ko-shez),  n.  [Fr.]  A  mid- 
wife. 

Account  (ak-kounf),  n.  [O.E.  accompt — ac 
for  ad,  andO.Fr.  compte,  a  calculation,  from 
L.  computo,  to  sum  up,  reckon.  The  modern 
Fr.  eonte,  conter,  present  the  same  change 
of  m  into  n  as  our  own  word.]  1.  A  reckon- 


rc^^x^^'^K «fcttaa£3Bsu 

IH     \,uu*i'uv      o  (  c  .-„,- ~,rtr1H«  than  nnr  hat  in  anriftiit 


time. 

That  only  to  stand  high  in  your  account 
I  might  in  virtues,  beauties,  livings,  friends. 
Exceed  account.  Shalt. 

2  A  list  of  debts  and  credits,  or  charges;  j 
a'  statement  in  a  book  or  on  a  piece  of 
paper  of  things  bought  or  sold,  of  pay- 
ments, services,  &c.,  including  the  names 
of  the  parties  to  the  transaction,  date,  and 
price  or  value  of  the  thing ;  also,  the  docu- 
ment itself  on  which  the  items  are  stated 
and  summed  up;  as,  he  tore  the  account 
in  pieces;  and  metaphorically,  the  sum 
total  set  down;  as,  the  account  is  larger 
than  I  expected.— 3.  Narrative;  relation; 
statement  of  facts;  recital  of  particular 
transactions  and  events,  verbal  or  written; 
as,  an  account  of  the  revolution  in  France. 
4  A  statement  in  general  of  reasons,  causes, 
grounds  «c.,  explanatory  of  some  event; 
as,  nosatisfactoryoccou?t(  has  yet  beengiven 
of  these  phenomena. —6.  An  explanatory 
statement  or  vindication  of  one's  conduct, 
such  as  is  given  to  a  superior. 

Give  an  account  of  thy  stewardship.      Luke  xvi.  2. 

6.  Reason  or  consideration;  ground;  as,  on 
all  accounts;  on  every  account.—' 
estimation;  esteem  ;  distinction  ;  dignity; 
consequence  or  importance.  'Men  of  ac- 
count.' Pope.  —8.  Profit;  advantage;  that 
is,  a  result  or  production  worthy  of  estima- 
tion; as,  to  find  our  account  in  a  pursuit ; 
to  turn  to  account— 9.  Regard;  behalf;  sake; 
as,  all  this  trouble  I  have  incurred  on  your 
account.  — 10.  In  stock-broking,  the  opera- 
tions on  the  stock-exchange  performed 
during  the  period  before  the  fortnightly 
settling-day. —To  go  on  the  account,  a  phrase 
formerly  used  of  one  who  joined  a  piratical 
expedition ;  to  turn  pirate  :  probably  from 
the  parties  sharing  as  in  a  commercial  ven- 
ture. 

I  hope  it  is  no  new  thing  for  gentlemen  of  fortune 
who  are  going  on  the  account,  to  change  a  captain 
now  and  f hen  Sir  »'.  Scott. 

— To  tnake  account,  t  to  form  an  expectation; 
to  judge;  to  reckon. 

This  other  part  .  .  .  makes  acco nut  to  find  no  slen- 
der arguments  for  this  assertion  out  of  those  very 
Scriptures  which  are  commonly  urged  against  it. 
Milton. 

They  made  no  account  but  that  the  navy  should  be 
absolutely  master  of  the  seas.  Bacon. 

—To  make  account  of,  to  hold  in  estimation 
or  esteem;  to  value:  generally  with  an  ad- 
jective of  quantity,  as  much,  little,  no,  &c.; 
as,  he  makes  no  account  of  difficulties. 

What  is  the  son  of  man  that  thou  makfst  account 
of  him.  Ps.  cxliv.  3. 

—  Writ  of  account,  in  law,  a  writ  which  the 
plaintiff  brings  demanding  that  the  defend- 
ant should  render  his  just  account,  or  show 
good  cause  to  the  contrary.  Called  also  an 
Action  of  Account. — To  open  anaccount,  to 
enter  it  for  the  first  time  in  a  ledger  or  other 
book. — Account  current,  arunning  account, 
and  the  statement  of  the  mercantile  trans- 
actions of  one  person  with  another,  drawn 
out  in  the  form  of  debtor  and  creditor,  and 
in  the  order  of  their  dates. — Account  sales, 
a  separate  account  rendered  to  the  mer- 
chant by  his  broker,  showing  the  goods  sold, 
the  prices  obtained,  and  the  net  result  after 
deduction  of  all  necessary  expenses;  also,  a 
simi.ar  account  rendered  by  the  merchant 
to  the  consigner  of  goods,  showing  the  net 
proceeds  of  each  consignment,  after  deduc- 
tion of  freight,  commission,  &c. — Account, 
Narrative,  Recital.  Account  is  a  statement 
of  the  details  of  an  event  or  series  of  con- 
nected events,  which  the  speaker  need  not 
have  witnessed  or  been  engaged  in.  He 
may  have  drawn  his  information  from  hear- 
say, from  books,  newspapers,  or  the  like. 
Narrative  is  a  continuous  story  of  consecu- 
tive incidents,  dependent  upon  each  othei 
for  meaning  and  value,  and  generally  with 
which  the  narrator  has  been  personally  con- 
nected. Recital  is  a  statement  of  a  series 
of  events,  and  usually  implies  that  the 
events  peculiarly  interest  or  affect  the  feel- 
ings of  the  reciter. 

A  connected  and  probable  account  can  be  given 
only  by  comparing  the  evidence.  Bancroft. 

Cynthia  was  much  pleased  with  my  narrative. 

Johnson. 
Old  men  fall  easily  into  recitals  of  past  transactions. 

Johnson. 

SYN.  Narrative,  narration,  relation,  recital, 
explanation,  computation,  reckoning,  sake, 
end,  reason,  advantage,  consideration, value, 
importance. 


The  opinion  of  more  worlds  than  one  has  in  ancient 
times  been  accounted  a  heresy.  Wiikins. 

Eat  and  be  glad,  for  I  account  you  mine. 

Tennyson. 

2  t  To  reckon  or  compute.  '  The  motion  of 
the  sun  whereby  years  are  accounted.'  Sir 
T.  Browne.— 3.  t  To  assign  as  a  debt;  to  set  to 
the  credit  of;  as,  a  project  accounted  to  his 
service.— 4.  t  To  give  an  account,  reason,  or 
explanation  of ;  to  account  for ;  to  explain._ 
'A  way  of  accounting  the  solidity  of  ice.' 
Glanvitle. 

Account  (ak-kounf),  v.i.  1.  To  render  an 
account  or  relation  of  particulars;  to  answer 
in  a  responsible  character:  followed  by 
with  or  to  before  a  person,  fur  before  a 
thing;  as,  an  officer  must  account  with  or  to 
the  treasurer  for  money  received. 

To  this  diet  all  public  functionaries  must  account 
for  their  administration.  Brougham. 

2.  To  give  reasons;  to  assign  the  causes;  to 
explain:  with  for;  as,  idleness  accounts  for 
poverty.  —3  t  To  reckon.  '  Calendar  months 
...  by  which  months  we  still  account.' 
Holder.  —  To  account  of  (with  qualifying 
words),  to  hold  in  esteem ;  to  value. 

It  (silver)  was  nothing  accounted  of  in  the  days  of 
Solomon.  '  Ki.  x.  21. 

Account  t  (ak-kounf),  a.  Accounted;  reck- 
oned '  Was  with  long  use  account  no  sin.' 

Shak.  (In  older  editions  this  is  printed 
account'd.  ] 

Accountability  (ak-kount'a-bil"i-ti),  n.  The 
state  of  being  accountable  or  liable;  liability 
to  the  payment  of  money  or  of  damages ; 
responsibility  for  a  trust ;  liability  to  give 
account  and  to  receive  reward  or  punish- 
ment for  actions.  '  The  awful  idea  of  ac- 
rountability.'  R.  Hall. 

Accountable  (ak-kount'a-bl),  a.  1.  Liable 
to  pay  or  make  good  in  case  of  loss ;  re- 
sponsible for  a  trust;  liable  to  be  called 
to  account;  answerable  to  a  superior;  as,  a 
sheriff  is  accountable  as  bailiff  and  receiver 
of  goods;  every  man  is  accountable  to  God 
for  his  conduct.  — 2.  Of  which  an  account 
can  be  given;  that  can  be  accounted  for:  in 
this  use  opposed  to  unaccountable.  [Rare.  ] 
— Accountable  receipt,  a  written  acknow- 
ledgment of  the  receipt  of  money  or  goods 
to  be  accounted  for  by  the  receiver.  It  dif- 
fers from  an  ordinary  receipt  or  acquittance 
in  that  the  latter  imports  merely  that  money 
has  been  paid.  — SYN.  Amenable,  answer- 
able, responsible. 

Accountableness  (ak-kount'a-bl-nes),  n. 
The  state  of  being  accountable;  account- 
ability. 

Accountably  (ak-kount'a-bli),  adv.  In  an 
accountable  manner. 

Accountant  (ak-kount'ant),  n.  One  skilled 
in  or  who  keeps  accounts;  one  who  makes 
the  keeping  or  examination  of  accounts  his. 
profession;  an  officer  in  a  public  office  who 
has  charge  of  the  accounts. 

Accountant!  (ak-kount'ant),  a.  Account- 
able; responsible. 

His  offence  is  so  as  it  appears, 
Accountant  to  the  law  upon  that  pain.       Sftat. 

Accountant-general  (ak-kount'ant-jen'er- 
al),  n.  The  principal  or  responsible  account- 
ant in  a  public  office  or  in  a  mercantile  or 
banking  house  or  company,  as  in  the  offices, 
of  excise  and  customs,  Bank  of  England,  &c. ; 
formerly  also  an  officer  in  chancery  who  re- 
ceived all  monies  lodged  in  court  and  de- 
posited the  same  in  the  Bank  of  England. 

Accountantship(ak-kounf  ant-ship), n.  The 
office  or  employment  of  an  accountant. 

Account-book  (ak-konnfbuk),  n.  A  book  in 
which  accounts  are  kept. 

Account-day  (ak-kounf  da),  n.  A  half- 
monthly  settling  day  on  the  Stock  Exchange, 
when  differences  are  adjusted  between  stock- 
holders and  stockbrokers. 

Accouplet  (ak-ku'pl),  v.t.  [Fr.  accoupler, 
to  couple — L.  ad,  to,  and  copido,  to  join.  See 
COUPLE.]  To  join  or  link  together;  to  unite. 

The  Englishmen  accoufled  themselves  with  the 
Frenchmen.  Hall. 

Accouplement  (ak-ku'pl-ment),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  accoupling  or  connecting  in  pairs: 
junction;  also,  the  act  of  copulating.  [Rare.  J 

The  son,  bom  of  such  an  acconplement,  shall  be 
most  untoward.  Trial  of  Men's  Wits. 

2.  That  which  serves  to  connect;  specifically, 

in  carp,  a  tie  or  brace. 
Accouraget  (ak-ku'rij),  v.t.    [O.Fr.  accou- 

rager.     See  COURAGE.  ]    To  encourage. 
But  he  endeavoured  with  speaches  milde 
Her  to  recomfort,  and  accourage  bold.     Spenser. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bu.ll;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;      }',  Sc.  fey. 


ACCOURT 


ACCURATELY 


Accourtt  (ak  kort'),  v.t.  (From  prefix  ac 
or  nd,  to,  and  court.  See  COURT,  n.]  Tot-n- 
tertaiu  with  courtesy.  '  Aceonrtin</  each  hi  r 
frirml  with  lavish  feast.'  Spenser. 

Accoutrements,  f  n.  i>l.  Sume  as  A  ccou  trc- 
inenls, 

Accouter(ak-ko'ter),  v.t.  Toaccoutre(whieh 
see). 

Accouterments  (ftk-ktfter-mente),  "•  P*- 

Accoutrements  (which  see). 
Accoutre  (ak-ko'U'-r),  v.t.  j>ret.  &  pp.  a  ccou - 
tffd;  ppr  n<-i'niiti-inii.  |  Kr.  (twntn'r,  <  I.  Kr. 
it,-r,,nxt>'t'r,  to  fijtiip  -prefix  ac  for  ad,  to,  and 
Fr.  cuittnrr,  O.  Kr.  ?i>nxtiii-?,  It.  cw*t»ra,  a 
.st-aiu,  si-win^,  m:fdlr\vork,  from  L.  conjm- 
/<</>»,  a  stitching  together,  and  this  from 
con,  together,  ;u>d  tm»,  mttKin,  to  sew.]  To 
dress;  to  equip  or  furnish;  ipMtflmlly,  to 
army  in  a  military  dress;  to  put  on,  or  to 
furnish  with  a  military  dress  and  anus;  to 
equip  for  military  service. 

Upon  tlie  word, 

Accoutred  as  I  was  I  plunged  in.  Shak. 

When  we  survey  the  bare  outworks  of  this  our 
globe,  when  we  see  so  vast  a  iKxly  accoutred  with  so 
noble  a  furniture  of  air,  light,  and  gravity  .  .  .  what 
else  can  be  concluded  but  that  all  was  made  with 
manifest  design?  Derham. 

Accoutrements  (ak -ko'ter-ments ),  n.  pi. 
Dress ;  equipage ;  trappings ;  specifically, 
military  dress  and  arms;  equipage  for 
military  service.  '  How  gay  with  all  the 
accoutrements  of  war ! '  J'fi  ///^v 

Accoyt  (ak-koi'),  v.t.  [O.Fr.  accoyer,  to 
quiet — L.  ad,  and  quietus,  quiet.  See  COY.] 

1.  To  render  quiet;  to  soothe;  to  caress. 

With  kind  words  accoyd,  vowing  great  love  to  me. 
Spenser. 

2.  To  dishearten  or  subdue;  to  daunt. 
Then  is  your  carclesse  corage  accoied.     Spenser. 

Accoylt  (ak-koil'),  v.i.  [O.Fr.  accoillir 
(Mod.  Fr.  accueillir),  to  gather  together— 
ac  for  ad,  to,  and  coillir  (L.  colligere),  to 
collect.  See  COIL.]  To  gather  together;  to 
crowd. 

About  the  caudron  many  cookes  accoyld.   Spenser. 

Accredit  (ak-kred'it),  v.t.  [Fr.  accrtditer, 
to  give  authority  or  credit  to,  to  accredit— 
L.  ad,  to,  and  credo,  creditum,  to  trust.  See 
CREED.]  1.  To  repose  confidence  in;  to 
trust ;  to  esteem  or  have  a  high  opinion  of. 
'Their  most  considerable  and  aocredited 
ministers.'  Burke. 

His  party  will  .  .  .  protect  and  accredit  him,  in 
Spite  of  conduct  the  most  contradictory  to  their  own 
principles.  Sir  if-'.  Scott. 

2.  To  confer  credit  or  authority  on;  to 
stamp  with  authority. 

Being  moved  as  well  by  these  reasons  as  by  many 
other  which  I  could  tell  you,  which  accredit  and 
fortifie  mine  opinion.  Shelton. 

I  am  better  pleased  indeed  that  he  censures  some 
things  than  I  should  have  been  with  unmixed  com- 
mendation; for  his  censure  will  .  .  .  accredit  his 
praises.  Coiuper. 

Hence,  specifically— 3.  To  send  with  creden- 
tials, as  an  envoy. 

They  returned  to  court  with  no  further  pretension 
to  power  or  influence  than  an  ambassador  in  our  davs 
wh;n  he  returns  from  the  country  to  which  he  is 
accredited.  y.  White. 

4.  To  believe;  to  put  credit  in. 

He  accredited  and  repeated  stories  of  apparitions, 
and  witchcraft,  and  possession,  so  silly,  as  well  as 
monstrous,  that  they  might  have  nauseated  the 
coarsest  appetite  for  wonder.  Soitthey. 

Accreditation  (ak-kred'it-a"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  accrediting,  or  state  of  being  accred- 
ited. 

AccresceCak-kres').i>.»'.  [L.accrescotaccrctum, 
to  increase,  to  grow  to— ad,  to,  and  cresco, 
to  grow,  increase.]  To  accrue  (which  see). 

Accrescence  (ak-kres'aens),7».  Act  of  increas- 
ing; gradual  growth  or  increase;  accretion. 

The  silent  aceresrenee  of  belief  from  the  unwatched 
depositions  of  a  general,  never  contradicted  hearsay. 
Coleridge. 

Accrescent  (ak-kres'sent),  a.  [L.  accres- 
censt  accrescent  is,  ppr.  of  accresco.  See 
ACCUESCK  ]  Increasing;  growing;  specifi- 
cally, in  bot.  applied  to  the  parts  of  the 
calyx  or  corolla  which  grow  larger  after 
flowering. 

Accrete  (nk-kreV),  v.i.  [See  ACCRESCE.] 
1.  To  grow  by  accretion;  to  gather  additions 
from  without.  [Rare.]— 2.  To  be  added  to; 
to  accrue.  [Rare.] 

The  House  (of  Commons),  representing  every  class, 
would  be  stronger,  more  dignified,  better  tilted  to 
exercise  t!i  it  v.i>t,  that  almost  excessive  power,  as 
sovereign  senate,  which  is  day  by  day  accreting  to  it 
more  rapidly.  Spectator  newspaper. 

Accrete  (ak-kref),  a.  Inbot.  grown  together. 

Accretion  (:ik-kre'shon),  n.  [L.  accretio, 
accretions,  increase,  from  accresco,  accre- 
tum.  SeeAccRKscE.]  1.  The  act  of  accreting 


or  tocmcing;  a  growing  to;  an  increase  by 

natural  irrmvth;  ;m  addition;  specifically,  an 
increase  by  an  accession  of  parts  externally. 

A  inincril  or  unorganized  body  can  undergo  no 
<  Iian-c  save  by  the  operation  of  mechanical  or 
chemical  forces;  and  any  increase  of  its  bulk  is  due 
to  the  .ulilitiuti  of  like  particles  to  its  exterior:  it 
augments  not  by  growth  out  by  accretion.  Owen. 
2.  In  ined.  the  growing  together  of  parts 
naturally  separate,  as  the  fingers  or  toes.  — 
:t.  The  thing  added;  an  accession:  commonly 
used  in  the  plural,  and  restricted  to  those 
accessions  made  slowly  and  gradually  by 
some  external  force. 

As  careful  peasants  with  incessant  toil, 
Bring  earth  to  vines  in  bare  and  ro<  ky  soil, 
So  these  accretions  to  the  mind  will  tiring. 
Whence  fond  regard  and  just  esteem  will  spring. 
CrabSf. 

4.  In  law,  the  adhering  of  property  to  some- 
thing else,  by  which  the  owner  of  one  thing 
becomes  possessed  of  a  right  to  another: 
generally  applied  to  the  increase  which 
sometimes  takes  place  on  land  situated  on 
the  bank  of  a  river  or  the  sea.  When  the 
accretion  is  by  small  and  imperceptible 
degrees  it  belongs  to  the  owner  of  the  land 
immediately  behind,  l.ut  if  it  is  sudden  and 
considerable  it  belongs  to  the  crown.  In 
Scots  taw,  the  term  is  applied  to  the  render- 
ing any  right,  originally  defective  or  imper- 
fect, complete,  by  some  posterior  act  on  the 
part  of  him  from  whom  the  right  is  derived. 
Thus,  where  one  not  infeft  conveys  land, 
giving  a  precept  of  infef  tment  which  is  acted 
on,  the  subsequent  infeftment  of  the  seller 
renders  valid  the  prior  infeftment  of  the 
purchaser. 

Accretive  (ak-kret'iv),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  accretion;  increasing  by  growth;  growing; 
adding  to  by  growth.  '  The  accretive  motion 
of  plants.'  GlanvUle. 

Accriminate  t  (ak-krim'in-at),  v.t.  [L.  ad, 
to,  and  criminor,  criminatus,  to  accuse  of 
crime,  from  crimen,  a  crime.]  To  charge 
with  a  crime. 

Accrimination  ( ak  -  krim '  in  -  a  "  shon ),  n. 
Accusation.  [Rare.] 

Accroach  t  (ak-kroch'),  v.i.  [Fr.  accrocher, 
to  fix  on  a  hook,  from  croc,  crochet,  a  hook, 
from  a  root  both  Teutonic  and  Celtic  See 
CROOK.]  1.  To  hook,  or  draw  to  one's  self, 
as  with  a  hook. — 2.  In  old  lawn,  to  assume 
the  exercise  of  royal  prerogatives. 

Accroachment  t  (ak-kroch'ment),  n.  Act  of 
accroaching;  an  attempt  to  assume  the  royal 
prerogative;  an  encroachment. 

Accrue  (ak-krb'),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  accrued; 
ppr.  accruing.  [Fr.  accrue,  n.  increase, 
accru-,  pp.  of  accroitre,  to  increase;  O.Fr. 
accroistre,  acrestre,  accresser;  Pr.  acreisser, 
from  L.  accrescere,  to  increase,  from  ac  for 
ad,  to,  and  cresco,  to  grow,  seen  also  in  cres- 
cent, decrease,  increase.]  l.f  To  grow;  to 
increase;  to  augment. 

And  though  power  failed,  her  courage  did  accrtte. 
Spenser. 

2.  To  be  added,  as  increase,  profit,  or  dam- 
age; to  be  gained  or  obtained;  to  proceed  or 
spring;  as,  a  profit  accrue*  to  government 
from  the  coinage  of  copper;  a  loss  accnien 
from  the  coinage  of  gold  and  silver.—  A  ecru- 
ing  costs,  in  law,  expenses  incurred  after 
judgment. 

Accrue  t  (ak-krb1),  n.  Something  that  ac- 
cedes to  or  follows  the  property  of  another. 

Accrued  (ak-krbd'),  a.  In  her.  full-grown;  a 
term  sometimes  applied  to  trees. 

Accrument  (ak-krb'ment),  n.  That  which 
accrues ;  addition ;  increase.  Jer.  Taylor. 
[Rare.  ] 

Accubation  (ak-ku-ba'shon),  n.  [L.  aceufra- 
tio,  accubationix,  a  reclining,  from  accubo, 
to  recline— ad,  to,  and  cubo,  to  lie  down, 
from  root  cub  or  cumb,  as  in  aecumb,  suc- 
cumb, recumbent,  &c.]  A  lying  or  reclin- 
ing on  a  couch,  as  practised  by  the  an- 
cients at  meals,  the  parties  placing  them- 
selves with  the  head  resting  on  a  pillow  or 
on  the  elbow,  and  the  feet  of  one  extended 
behind  the  back  of  another.  '  Which  ges- 
ture .  .  .  cannot  be  avoided  in  the  laws  of 
accubation.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Accumb  t  (ak-kumb'),  v.i,  [L.  accumbo,  to 
lie  down  —  art",  to,  and  cumbo,  a  nasalized 
form  of  cubo,  to  lie  down.  See  ACCUBATION.  ] 
To  recline,  as  at  table.  Bailey. 

Accumbency  (uk-kuin'ben-si),  n.  State  of 
l>e-iug  accumbent  or  reclining. 

Accumbent  (ak-kum'bent),  a.  [L.  acc?<m- 
bens,  ppr.  of  accumbo,  from  cubo.  See  AC- 
CUSATION.] 1.  Leaning  or  reclining,  as  the 
ancients  at  their  meals. 

The  Roman  recumbent,  or  more  properly  arcitm- 
btnt  posture  in  eating  was  introduced  after  the  first 
Punic  war.  Arbuthttet. 


2.  In  bot.  lying  against  anything:  used  in 
opposition   to  uti-nni'ii'iit,   or    lying    upon 
something ;    as,    accum- 
fn'itt  » ntvledons. 
Accumbent  t  (ak-kum'- 
bt-nt),  n.     One  who  re- 
clines, as  at  meals ;  one 
plated  at  a  dinner-table. 


Accumbent  Ovule 
( Thlaspi  arvenst). 


A  penance  must  be  done 
by  every  accumbent  in  sitting 
out  the  passage  through  aU 
these  dishes.  tip.  Hall. 


Accumbingt  (ak-kuni'Mng),  a.  Fitted  or 
intended  for  accubation.  '  A  ccumbing  places.' 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Accumulate  (ak-ku'mu-lat),  v.  t,  pret.  A  pp. 
accumulated;  ppr.  accumulating.  [L.  accit- 
mulo,  accumulatum,  to  heap  up-  ad,  to,  and 
cm/mJw*, a  heap.  See  CUMULATE.]  To  heap 
up ;  to  pile ;  to  amass;  to  collect  or  bring 
together;  as,  to  accumulate  earth  or  stones; 
to  accumulate  causes  of  misery;  to  accumu- 
late wealth. 

In  the  seventeenth  century  a  statesman  who  was 
at  the  head  of  affairs  might  easily,  and  without  giving 
scandal,  accumulate  in  no  long  time  an  estate  amply 
sufficient  to  support  a  dukedom.  Macaulay. 

SYN.  To  collect,  pile  up,  amass,  gather,  ag- 
gregate, heap  together. 
Accumulate  (ak-ku'mu-lat),  v.i.    To  grow 
to  a  great  size,  number,  or  quantity;  to  in- 
crease greatly;  as,  public  evils  accumulate. 
Ill  fares  the  land,  to  hastening  ills  a  prey, 
Where  wealth  accumulates,  and  men  decay, 
Goldsmith. 

Accumulate  t  (ak-ku'mu-lat),  a.  Collected 
into  a  mass  or  quantity;  increased;  intensi- 
fied. 'A  more  accumulate  degree  of  feli- 
city.' South. 

Accumulation  (ak-ku'mu-la"shon),n.  l.The 
act  of  accumulating ;  the  state  of  being  ac- 
cumulated; au  amassing;  a  collecting  toge- 
ther. 

It  is  essential  to  the  idea  of  wealth  to  be  susceptible 
of  accumulation ;  tilings  which  cannot,  after  being 
produced,  be  kept  for  some  time  before  being  used 
are  never,  I  think,  regarded  as  wealth,  y.  S.  Afitt. 

Specifically,  in  law,  the  concurrence  of  seve- 
ral titles  to  the  same  thing,  or  of  several 
circumstances  to  the  same  proof.— 2.  That 
which  is  accumulated;  as,  a  great  accumu- 
lation of  sand  at  the  mouth  of  a  river. — Ac- 
cumulation of  degrees,  in  universities,  the 
taking  of  several  degrees  together,  or  at 
smaller  intervals  than  usual,  or  than  is  gener- 
ally allowed  by  the  rules.—  Accumulation  of 
power,  a  term  applied  to  that  amount  of  force 
or  capacity  for  motion  which  exists  in  some 
machines  at  the  end  of  intervals  of  time, 
during  which  the  velocity  of  the  moving 
body  has  been  constantly  accelerated. 

Accumulative  (ak-ku'mu-lat-iv),  a.  Caus- 
ing accumulation;  accumulating;  heaping 
up. 

Accumulatively  (ak-ku'mu-lat-iv-li),  adv. 
In  an  accumulative  manner;  in  heaps. 

Accumulator  (ak-ku'mu-lat-er),  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  accumulates,  gathers,  or 
amasses;  specifically,  in  mech.  an  india- 
rubber  spring,  either  simple  or  compound, 
which  accumulates  lifting  force  and  can  be 
applied  to  many  useful  purposes  in  ships, 
machines,  workshops,  Ac. 

Accuracy  (ak'ku-nt-si),  n.  [From  accurate.] 
The  condition  or  quality  of  being  accurate; 
extreme  precision  or  exactness ;  exact  con- 
formity to  truth,  or  to  a  rule  or  model; 
freedom  from  mistake;  nicety;  correctness; 
as,  the  value  of  testimony  depends  on  its 
accuracy;  copies  of  legal  instruments  should 
be  taken  with  accuracy. 

Quickness  of  imagination  is  seen  in  the  invention, 
fertility  in  the  fancy,  and  accuracy  in  the  expression. 
Dryden. 

SYN.  Exactness,  correctness,  exactitude, 
nicety,  precision,  carefulness. 
Accurate  (ak'ku-rat),  a.  [L.  accuratus,  pre- 
pared with  care— ac  for  ad,  to, and  cura,care. 
See  CURE.]  1.  Characterized  by  extreme 
care;  hence,  in  exact  conformity  to  truth, 
or  to  a  standard  or  rule,  or  to  a  model;  free 
from  failure,  error,  or  defect;  exact ;  as,  an 
accurate  account;  accurate  measure;  an  ac- 
curate expression;  an  accurate  calculator 
or  observer. —2. f  Determinate;  precisely 
fixed. 

Those  conceive  the  celestial  bodies  have  more  ac- 
curate  Influences  upon  those  things  below.  Baton. 

SYN.  Correct,  precise,  exact,  nice,  just, 
careful. 

Accurately  (akTtu-rat-li),  adv.  In  an  accu- 
rate manner;  with  precision;  without  error 
or  defect ;  exactly;  as,  a  writing  accurately 
copied. 


ch,  cAaiii;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Aln;      w,  trig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ACCURATENESS 


24 


ACERACE.E 


Accurateness  (ak'ku-rat-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  accurate;  accuracy; 
exactness;  nicety;  precision. 

Accurse  (ak-kers'),  v.t.  [Prefix  ac  for  ad,  or 
\  Sax  a  inteus.  ,aml  curse,  A.  Sax.  ciirsian, 
to  curse.]  To  imprecate  misery  or  evil 
upon-  to  call  down  curses  on;  to  curse. 
[Now  hardly  used  except  in  the  past  parti- 
ciple. ] 

HiUchrand  accursed  xad.  cast  clown  from  his  throne 
Henry  IV.  Sir  Ir.  ««*«*. 

Accursed,  Accurst  (ak-kerst'  or  ak-kers'- 
ed,  ak-kerst'),  p.  and  a.  1.  Doomed  to  de- 
struction, misery,  or  evil  of  any  kind;  lying 
under  a  curse;  blasted;  ruined. 

The  city  shall  be  accursed.  John  vi.  17. 

Thro'  you  my  life  will  be  accurst.        Tennyson. 

2  Worthy  of  curses  or  execrations ;  detest- 
able; execrable;  cursed.    '  Deeds  accursed. 

Accusable  (ak-kuz'a-bl),  a.     Liable  to  be 
:used  or  censured ;  chargeable  with  a 


swer  for  wrong-doing  before  one  or  other 
of  the  branches  of  the  legislature;  and  when 
either  of  these  words  is  used  in  the  general 
sense  of  to  accuse,  it  is  intended  to  convey 
the  idea  of  peculiar  dignity,  impressiveuess, 


kephale.  head;  Skr.  kapula,  skull.]  A  divi- 
sion of  molluscous  animals,  like  the  oyster 
and  scallop,  corresponding  to  what  in  mo- 
dem classifications  are  known  as  the  La- 


ace 


crime;  blamable;  as,  amimble  of  a  crime. 

m  were  justly  accitsable,  if  ani- 
»  diseases  from  bilious  causes, 
ice  for  choler. 

Sir  T.  Brtnvne. 


Nature's  improvisioi 
mats,  so  subject  unto 
should  want  a  proper  co: 


neya 


Accusant  (ak-kuz'ant),  n.  One  who  accuses. 

The  xenon!  must  hold  him  to  the  proof^ofjhc 

Accusation  (ak-ku-za'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  charging  with  a  crime  or  offence;  the  act 
of  accusing  of  any  wrong  or  injustice.— 
2  That  of  which  one  is  accused;  a  charge 
brought  against  one  ;  the  declaration  con- 
taining the  charge;  as,  the  OMUMtwn  was 
murder. 

They  set  over  his  head  his  accusation. 

Mat.  xxvii.  37. 

STN.  Charge,  impeachment,  arraignment, 
indictment,  crimination. 
Accusative  (ak-kuz'at-iv),  a.  [L.  accusati- 
ons, accusative  case.  Varro  calls  it  castis 
accusandi.]  l.t  Producing  accusations;  ac- 
cusatory. 

This  hath  been  a  very  accusative  age. 

Sir  E.  Derinf. 

2.  In  gram,  a  term  applied  originally  to  the 
fourth  case  of  Greek  and  Latin  nouns,  pro- 
nouns, &c.  ,  being  that  in  which  the  action 
of  a  verb  terminates  or  on  which  it  falls. 
Corresponding  to  objective  in  English  gram- 
mar. 

Accusative  (ak-kuz'at-iv),  ».  The  fourth 
case  of  nouns  and  other  declinable  words  in 
Latin,  Greek,  &c.  ,  corresponding  to  the  ob- 
jective  in  English. 

Accusatively  (ak-kuz'at-iv-li),  adv.  1.  In 
an  accusative  manner;  by  way  of  accusa- 
tion.— 2.  In  gram,  in  the  position  or  rela- 
tion of  an  accusative  case. 

Accusatorial  (ak-kuz'a-to"ri-al),  a.  Accusa- 
tory. 

Accusatorially  (ak-kuz'a-to"ri-al-li),  ode. 
By  way  of  accusation. 

Accusatory  (ak-kuz'a-to-ri),  a.  Accusing; 
containing  an  accusation;  as,  an  accusatory 
libel. 

Accuse  (ak-kuz7),  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  accused; 
pr.  accusing.  [L.  accuso,  to  call  to  account, 
lame,  indict  —  ad,  to,  and  causa,  cause, 


ppr 

bla,  ,      , 

process.   See  CAUSE.]   1.  To  charge  with,  or 

declare  to  have  committed  a  crime  either 

by  plaint  or  complaint,  information,   in- 

dictment, or  impeachment  ;  to  charge  with 

an  offence  against  the  laws,  judicially  or  by 

a  public  process;  as,  to  accuse  one  of  a  high 

crime  or  misdemeanour.—  2.  To  charge  with 

a  fault;  to  blame;  to  censure. 

Their  thoughts  in  the  meanwhile  accusing  or  else 
excusing  one  another.  Rom.  ii.  15. 

Accuse  not  nature  ;  she  hath  done  her  part.  Milton. 

Followed  by  of  before  the  subject  of  accu- 
sation, formerly  sometimes  by  for. 

The  professors  are  accused  oj  the  ill  practices. 
Addisotl. 

Never  send  up  the  leg  of  a  fowl  at  supper  while 
there  is  a  cat  or  dog  in  the  house  that  can  be  accused 
for  running  away  with  it.  Swiff. 

—  Accuse,  Charge,  Indict,  Arraign,  Impeach. 
Of  these  words  charge  is  the  most  general, 
and  may  be  used  in  making  any  sort  of  im- 
putation against  a  person,  whether  formally 
or  informally,  publicly  or  privately,  and 
even  in  imputing  special  errors  or  defects 
to  things.  Thus  Stillingfleet  speaks  of  per- 
sons 'charging  the  Scripture  with  obscur- 
ity and  imperfection.'  Accuse  commonly, 
though  not  invariably,  expresses  something 
more  formal  than  charge,  and  is  seldom 
used  of  things.  Indict  is  a  purely  legal 
term,  meaning  to  make  a  written  accusation 
against  in  legal  form.  Arraign  is  properly 
to  bring  to  answer  for  wrong-doing  before 
a  court  of  justice;  impeach,  to  bring  to  an- 


A— on. 


charged  with  a  crime;  a  panel;  as,  the  ac- 
cused was  seen  to  enter  the  house.  It  has 
the  same  form  in  the  plural;  as,  the  accused 
are  charged  with  conspiring. 

AccusementKak-kuz'ment),  n.  Accusation. 
'  By  forced  accusements  were  condemned. 
Ilolinshed. 

Accuser  (ak-kuz'er),  ».   One  who  accuses  or 
blames;  specifically,  in  taw,  an  officer  who 
prefers  an  accusation  against  a  person  for 
some  offence,  in  the  name  of  the  g  ivern-  ] 
ment,  before  a  tribunal  that  has  cognizance  j 
of  the  offence. 

Accustom  (ak-kus'tum),  v.t.  [Fr.  accou- 
tumer,  O.  Fr.  accoustumer,  to  accustom — ac 
for  ad  to,  and  coustume,  custom.  See  CUS- 
TOM.) To  familiarize  by  use  or  habit;  to 
habituate  or  inure;  as,  to  accustom  ones 
self  to  a  spare  diet;  time  may  accustom  one 
to  almost  anything.  -  SYN.  To  habituate, 
inure,  exercise,  train,  familiarize. 

Accustom  t  (ak-kus'tum),  v.t.  1.  To  be  wont 
or  habituated  to  do  anything. 

A  boat,  over-freighted,  sunk,  and  all  drowned,  sav- 
ing one  woman,  in  her  first  popping  up  again,  which 
most  living  things  accustom,  got  hold  of  the  boat. 
Carnv. 

2.  To  cohabit. 

Much  better  do  we  Britons  fulfil  the  work  of  nature 
than  you  Romans ;  we.  witll  the  best  men,  accustom 
optnly,  you,  with  the  basest,  commit  private  adultery. 
Milton. 

Accustom)  (ak-kus'tum),  «.  Custom.  'In- 
dividual accustom  of  life.'  Milton. 

Accustomable  t  ( ak-kus'tum-a-bl),  a.  Of 
long  custom;  habitual;  customary.  'Ac- 
custonwble  residence.'  Sir  M.  Hale. 

Accustomably  t  (ak-kus'tum-a-bli),  adv. 
According  to  custom  or  habit;  habitually. 
1  King's  fines  accustomably  paid. '  Bacon. 

Accustomancet  (ak-kus'tum-ans),  n.  Cus- 
tom; habitual  use  or  practice.  'Through 
accustomance  and  negligence.'  Boyle. 

Accustomarily  (ak-kus'tum-a-ri-li),  adv. 
According  to  custom  or  common  practice. 
[Rare.] 

Accustomary  (ak-kus'tum-a-ri),  a.  Usual; 
customary.  '  Usual  and  accustotnary  swear- 
ing.' Dr.  Featley.  [Hare.] 

Accustomatet  (ak-kus'to-mat),  a.  Custom- 
ary. Card.  Bainbridge.  [Rare.] 

Accustomed  (ak-kus'tumd),  a.  1.  Often 
practised;  customary;  habitual;  as,  in  their 
accustomed  manner.  '  It  is  an  accustomed 
action.'  Shak.~ 2. t  Frequented.  'The  first 
public-house  .  .  .  having  been  a  well-ac- 
customed inn.'  Rev.  R.  Graves.  —  3.  Often 
occupied;  familiar  by  frequent  occupancy. 

My  old  accustomed  corner  here  is, 
The  table  still  is  in  the  nook  ; 
Ah !  vanished  many  a  busy  year  is 
This  well-known  chair  since  last  I  took. 

Thackeray. 

Accustomedness  (ak-kus'tumd-nes),  n.  Fa- 


s 

miliarity.     '  Accustomedness  to  sin  hardens 
the  heart.'    Bp.  Pearce.     [Rare.] 
Ace  (as),  n.     [Fr.  as,  ace  at  dice  or  cards;  L. 


as,  a  unit,  a  pound,  a  foot,  &c.;  Doric  Gr. 
as,  aii;  Attic  Gr.  heit,  for  hem,  one.  Allied 
to  L.  unus,  E.  one.]  1.  A  unit;  specifically, 
a  single  pip  on  a  card  or  die,  or  the  card  or 
face  of  a  die  so  marked. — 2.  A  very  small 
quantity;  a  particle;  an  atom;  a  trifle;  as, 
a  creditor  will  not  abate  an  ace  of  his  de- 
mand. '  I'll  not  wag  an  ace  farther.'  Dryden. 
Aceldama  (a-sel'da-ma),  n.  [Properly  Hak- 
aldtma,  lit.  field  of  blood.]  1.  A  field  said 
to  have  lain  south  of  Jerusalem,  the  same  as 
the  potter's  field,  purchased  with  the  bribe 
which  Judas  took  for  betraying  his  master, 
and  therefore  called  the  field  of  blood.  It 
was  appropriated  to  the  interment  of  stran- 
gers. —  2.  Used  figuratively  of  any  place 
stained  by  slaughter. 

The  system  of  warfare  .  .  .  which  had  already 
converted  immense  tracts  into  one  universal  Acelda~ 
ma.  Dt  Qitincey. 

Acentric  (a-sen'trik),  a.  [Prefix  a,  neg.,  and 
centre.}  Not  centric;  away  from  a  centre. 

-Aceous  (a'shus).  [L.  -aceut.]  An  adjec- 
tival termination  of  Latin  origin  denoting 
likeness,  partaking  of  the  qualities  of,  or 
consisting  of;  as,  farinaceous,  consisting  01 
or  like  meal;  saponaceous,  resembling  soap 
argillaceous,  consisting  of  clay,  clayey. 

Acephala  (a-sef  a-la),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  akcphalos, 
neut.  pi.  akephala,  headless— a,  priv.,  am 


afeTahead.]  \.  Ecdes.  (a)  ; 
of  the  fifth  century,  who  renounced  commu- 
nion with  the  Patriarch  of  Alexandria,  (b) 
Clergy  and  monks  unattached,  not  living 
under  episcopal  jurisdiction,  and  bishops 
exempt  from  patriarchal  jurisdiction,  (c)  A 
council  of  the  Pumian  communion  sum- 
moned without  the  authority  of  the  pope. 
2.  A  class  of  levellers  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  I.  who  would  acknowledge  no  head 
or  superior.  — 3.  A  fabulous  nation  in  Africa 
—  the  Blemmyes  —  reported  by  ancient 
writers  to  have  no  heads. 
Acephalistt  (a-sef'al-ist),  n.  One  who  ac- 
knowledges no  head  or  superior;  in  a  special 
sense,  one  of  the  Acephali. 

These  acephalists,  who  will  endure  no  head  but 
that  upon  their  own  shoulders.  Bp.  Cauden. 

Acephalite  (a-sef  al-it),  n.  One  of  the  Ace- 
phali in  any  of  the  senses  of  that  word. 
Acephalocyst  (a-sef  'al-6-sist),  n.  [Gr.  a, 
priv  kephale,  head,  and  kyttit,  bag.]  A 
hydatid.or  round  or  oval  sac,  filled  with  fluid, 
often  occurring  in  hundreds  in  the  viscera 
of  animals,  especially  in  the  liver.  They 
were  formerly  regarded  as  parasitic  animals 
or  Entozoa,  but  more  probably  they  are 
merely  morbid,  dropsical  cells.  Some  think 
that  they  are  the  cysts  of  Echinocoeci,  from 
which  the  animals  have  disappeared. 
Acephalous  (a-sef'al-us),a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.  ,and 
kfphale,  a  head.]  1.  Without  a  head;  head- 
less; applied  (a)  in  zool.  to  animals  not 
having  any  head.  See  ACEPHALA.  (b)  In 
bo«.  to  ovaries,  the  style  of  which  springs 
from  their  base  instead  of  their  apex,  (c)  In 
anat.  to  a  fetus  having  no  head,  (d)  In  prog. 
to  a  line  of  poetry  wanting  its  first  syllable. 
2.  Wanting  something  essential.  '  A  false 
or  acephalous  structure  of  sentence.'  De 
Quincey.—3.  Without  a  leader  or  chief. 
AcephalUS  (a-sef'al-us),  n.  1.  An  obsolete 
name  of  the  Tsenia  or  tape-worm. —2.  In 
anat.  a  monster  without  a  head.— 3.  Ingres, 
a  verse  defective  in  the  beginning. 
Ace-point  (as'point), »».  The  single  spot  on 
a  card  or  die ;  also,  the  side  of  a  die  that 
has  but  one  spot. 

Acer  (a'ser),  n.  [L.  acer,  the  maple-tree.]  A 
genus  of  plants  belonging  to  the  nat.  order 
Aceracece  or  Sapindacese,  and  composed  of 
the  maples.  They  are  cultivated  for  their 
ornamental  appearance,  and  because  they 
yield  good  timber.  A.  campettre  is  the  com- 
mon maple  of  English  hedges,  A.  pseudo- 
platanuti  the  sycamore  maple  or  Scotch 
plane,  A.  saccharinum  the  sugar-maple. 
Moose-wood  is  obtained  from  A.  striatum, 
an  American  species.  See  MAPLE  and  SYCA- 
MORE. 

Acera  (as'er-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  a,  without,  and 
keras,  a  horn.]  1.  A  family  of  apterous  in- 
sects without  antenna;.  —2.  A  family  of  gas- 
teropod  molluscous  animals,  without  ten- 
tacles, akin  to  the  Aplysia;,  comprehending 
the  genus  Bulla.  Called  also  Acerrx. 
Aceracese  (a-8er-a'se-e),n.  pi.  A  nat.  order  of 


Aceraceae — Common  Maple  (Acer  camfestre). 

a.  Flower,  b.  Pistil  (ovary,  style,  and  stigma),  c, 
Double  winged  fruit  or  samara,  d.  Section  of  fruit 
(single  carpel  with  inclosed  seed). 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


ACER^E 


25 


ACHE 


planti,  comprehending  tin-  maples,  and  in> 

lonu'ing  tn  the  tlmlamifloral  division  of  dico- 
tyledonous plants.  There  are  about  fifty 
sprrirs,  bclnn^'ing  to  time  genera;  they  are 
nil  trees <»r  shrubs,  and  inhabit  the  temper- 
ate parts  iff  Europe  and  Asia,  the  north  of 
India,  and  North  America.  They  yield  a 
sweet  mucilaginous  sap.  from  which  sugar 
i*  often  made."  The  bark  la  astringent,  and 
yields  yellow  and  reddish  dyes.  .See  ACER 
and  MAI-I.K. 

Acene  (as't'T-e).    Same  as  Accra,  2. 

Aceran.  (as'er-an),  it.     One  of  the  Acera. 

Aceras  (as'er-as),  n.  [Gr.  prefix  a,  without, 
ami  Arm*,  ;i  horn.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  orrhidarru?,  differing  from  orchis  in 
being  without  a  spur.  A.  antftropophora, 
man-orchis,  IB  a  British  plant.  Sec  MAN- 

ORCHIS. 

Acerb  (a-serb').rt.  [X.  ace rbus,  unripe,  harsh, 
sour,  tart,  from  acer,  sharp.  Root  ac,  ak, 
a  sharp  point.  See  ACID.]  Sour,  bitter,  and 
harsh  to  the  taste;  sour,  with  astringency 
or  roughness:  a  quality  of  unripe  fruits. 
Qvfacjy 

Acerbate  (a-serb'at),  r.  (.  To  make  sour, 
bitter,  or  harsh  to  the  taste.  Bailey.  [Hare.] 

Acerbitude  ( a-serb'  it-ud),  n.  Sourness ; 
acerbity.  Bailey.  [Rare.  ] 

Acerbity  (a-serb'it-i),  n.  1.  Sourness,  with 
nmghness  or  astringency  of  taste. — 2.  Poign- 
ancy or  severity.  'Acerbity  of  pain.'  Har- 
row. 

It  is  ever  a  rule,  that  any  over-great  penalty,  be- 
sides the  acerbity  of  it,  deadens  the  execution  of  the 
law.  Bacon. 

3.  Harshness  or  severity  of  temper. 

Talents  for  criticism,  namely,  smartness,  quick 
Censure,  vivacity  of  remark,  indeed  all  but  acerbity, 
seem  rather  the  ijifts  of  youth  than  of  old  age. 

Pope. 

Aceric  (a-ser'ik),  a.  [L.  acer,  a  maple-tree.] 
Pertaining  to  the  maple;  obtained  from  the 
maple. — Aceric  acid,  an  acid  found  in  the 
juice  of  the  Acer  campestre  or  common 
maple. 

Acerina  (as-6r-i'na),n.  A  genus  of  acanthop- 
terygious  fishes,  family  Percidae  or  perches. 
The  ruffe  or  pope  (A.  cernua),  common  in 
many  English  rivers,  is  a  type  of  the  genus. 

Acerous,  Acerose  (as'er-us,  as'er-6z),  a.  [L. 
acerosus,  chaffy,  from  acus,  aceris,  chaff. 
The  second  meaning  comes  rather  from 
acus,  a  needle.]  In  bot.  (a)  chaffy;  resem- 
bling chatf.  (6)  Narrow  and  slender,  with 


Acerose  Leaves — Juniper. 

a  sharp  point;  as,  an  acerous  or  acerose  leaf, 
which  is  one  like  that  of  the  pine  or  com- 
mon juniper. 

Acertainedt  (a-ser'tand),  a.  [O.Fr.  acer- 
tainer,  acertener.  See  ASCERTAIN  and  CER- 
TAIN.] Made  certain;  confirmed  in  opinion. 

Acerval  (a-serv'al),  a.  Pertaining  to  a  heap. 
[Rare.] 

Acervate  (a-serv'at),  v.t.  [L.  acervo,  to 
heap  up,  from  aceroun,  a  heap.]  To  heap 
up.  [Rare.] 

Acervate  (a-serv'at),  a.  In  bot.  heaped,  or 
growing  in  heaps,  or  in  closely-compacted 
clusters. 

Aceryation  (as-er-va'shon),  71.  The  act  of 
In-aping  together.  Johnson. 

Acervoset  (a-serv'6s),  a.  Full  of  heaps. 
Bailey. 

Acescence  (a-sesVns),  n.    Acescency. 

Acescency  (a-ses'en-si),  n.  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  becoming  acescent;  the  process  of 
becoming  sour,  tart,  or  acid ;  the  state  or 
quality  of  being  moderately  sour;  sourness. 
Nurses  should  never  (five  suck  after  faitiny:  the 
milk  having  an  acescency  very  prejudicial  to  the 
.  .  .  reu[>ient.  If.  Jonei. 

Acescent  (a-ses'cnt),  a.  [L.  acescets,  turn- 
ing sour,  from  acesco,  incept,  of  aceo,  to 
be  sour.  See  Arm]  Turning  sour;  becom- 
ing tart  or  acid  by  spontaneous  decomposi- 


tion,  as  vegetable  or  animal  juices  or  infu- 
sions, llence,  slightly  sour;  acidulous;  sub- 
acid. 

Acetablet  (a'set-a-bl),  n.  An  acetabulum; 
a  measure  of  about  one-eighth  of  a  pint. 
ffoBond 

Acetabulifera  (us-e-tab'u-lif 'er-a),  n.  pi. 
[L.  acetabulum,  a  sucker,  and/ero,  to  bear.  ] 
A  section  or  order  of  cephalopodous  mol- 
luscs, with  rows  of  little  cups  or  suckers  on 
their  arms  or  tentacles.  Same  as  Dibran- 
c-hiata. 

Acetabuliferoua  (as-e-tab'ii-lif'er-us),  a, 
Pertaining  to  the  Acetabulifera ;  having 
rows  of  cup-like  suckers,  like  the  cuttle-fish. 
Dana. 

Acetabuliform  (as'e-ta-bu"li-form),  a.  In 
bot.  cup-shaped,  (r'm.i/- 

Acetabulum  (as-e-tab'u-lum),  n.  [L.,  from 
acetum,  vinegar.  See  ACID.]  1.  In  Itoin. 
antiq.  a  vessel  in  which  sauce  was  served  to 
table,  and  not  unlike  our  vinegar  cruets ; 
also,  a  measure  about  one-eighth  of  a  pint. 
2.  In  coinpar.  anat.  (a)  the  cavity  of  a  bone 
for  receiving  the  protuberant  end  of  another 
bone,  the  two  together  forming  the  articu- 
lation called  enarthrosis;  especially  the 
cavity  of  the  os  innominatum,  which  re- 
ceives the  head  of  the  thigh-bone.  (&)  A 
term  applied  to  the  cotyledons  or  lobes  of 
the  placenta  of  ruminating  animals,  (c)  In 
insects,  the  socket  of  the  trunk  in  which 
the  leg  is  inserted,  (rf)  The  cup-like  sucker 
with  which  the  arms  of  the  cuttle-fish  and 
other  molluscs  are  provided.  —8.  In  bot.  (a) 
the  cup-  or  saucer-like  fructification  of 
many  lichens.  (6)  The  receptacle  of  certain 
fungi. — 4.  In  mu«ie,  a  very  ancient  kind  of 
kettle-drum. 

Acetal  (a-se'tal),  n.  (C6HUO2.)  A  colourless, 
mobile  liquid,  with  an  agreeable  odour,  pro- 
duced by  the  imperfect  oxidation  of  alcohol, 
under  the  influence  of  platinum  black.  Slow 
combustion  converts  it  into  acetic  acid. 

Acetamide  (a-set'a-mid),  n.  (NH2C2HaO  ) 
A  white  crystalline  solid,  produced  by  dis- 
tilling ammonium  acetate,  or  by  heating 
ethyl  acetate  with  strong  aqueous  ammonia. 
It  acts  both  as  a  base  and  an  acid,  combin- 
ing on  the  one  hand  with  hydrochloric  acid, 
and  on  the  other  forming  salts  by  the  re- 
placement of  one  of  its  hydrogen  atoms  by 
metals. 

Acetarlous  (as-e-ta'ri-us),  a.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  plants  containing  acetary ;  more 
appropriately  to  plants  used  in  making 
salads ;  such  as  lettuce,  mustard  and  cress, 
endive,  &c. 

Acetary  ( as'e-ta-ri ),  n.  [L.  acetaria,  herbs 
eaten  raw  with  vinegar  and  oil,  from  acetum, 
vinegar.  See  ACID.]  An  acid  pulpy  sub- 
stance in  certain  fruits,  as  the  pear. 

Acetate  (as'e-tat),  n.  A  salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  acetic  acid  with  a  base. 

Acetated  (as'e-tat-ed),  a.  Combined  with 
acetic  acid. 

Acetic  (a-set'ik),  a.  [L.  acetum.,  vinegar.] 
Having  the  properties  of  vinegar;  sour.— 
Acetic  acid  '(C^tttO.z),  an  acid  prepared  by 
the  oxidation  of  alcohol  (acetous  fermenta- 
tion), the  dry  distillation  of  wood  (in  which 
case  it  is  called  pyroligneous  acid),  by  de- 
composing an  acetate,  &c.  It  has  a  pecu- 
liar sharp  smell  and  strong  acid  taste.  It 
exists  in  vinegar  in  a  dilute  and  impure 
form.  In  its  pure  state  it  is,  at  ordinary 
winter  temperatures,  a  crystalline  solid, 
and  is  known  as  glacial  or  crystalline  acetic 
acid.  —Acetic  ethers,  compounds  consisting 
of  acetates  of  alcohol  radicals.  Common 
acetic  ether  is  a  colourless,  apple-flavoured, 
volatile  iluiil.  and  is  a  flavouring  constitu- 
ent in  many  wines.  It  is  made  artificially 
by  distilling  a  mixture  of  alcohol,  oil  of 
vitriol,  and  acetate  of  potash. 

Acetiflcation  (a-set'i-fi-ka"shon),  n.  The  act 
of  acetifying  or  making  acetous  or  sour;  the 
process  of  becoming  acetous;  the  operation 
of  making  vinegar. — Chemical  acetification, 
or  the  conversion  of  wine,  beer,  cider,  and 
alcoholic  fluids  into  acetic  acid,  is  now  sup- 
posed to  be  due  to  a  minute  mycoderma,  a 
special  vegetable  organized  being  of  the 
very  simplest  form,  possessed  of  the  power 
of  almost  inconceivably  rapid  development, 
as  well  as  of  fixing  the  oxygen  of  the  air  and 
transmitting  it  to  the  alcohol,  thus  estab- 
lishing incomplete  combustion. 

Acetifler  (a-set'i-fi -er),  n.  An  apparatus  for 
hastening  the  acidification  of  fermented 
liquors  by  exposing  a  large  surface  to  the 
air,  used  in  making  vinegar. 

Acetify  (a-set'i-fi),  v.t,  pret.  &  pp.  acetified; 
ppr.  acetifying.  [L.  acetum,  vinegar,  and 


facia,  to  make.]  To  convert  into  acid  ur 
vim-gar. 

Acetify  (a-set'i-f  IK  o.i.  TM  in-ome  acid;  to 
be  converted  into  vim-gar. 

Acetimeter,  Acetometer  (as-et-im'et  »'r, 
as-et-om'et-er),  n.  [L.  act-linn,  vim-gar,  ami 
Gr.  metron,  measure.]  An  instrument  for 
ascertaining  the  strength  or  purity  of  acids; 
an  acidimeter. 

Acetimetry  (as-et-im'et-ri),  n.  The  act  or 
method  of  ascertaining  the  strength  or  pur- 
ity of  acids. 

Acetone  (as'et-on),  n.  1.  A  limpid  mobile 
liquid  (CaH6O),  with  an  agreeable  odour  and 
a  strong  peppermint-like  taste,  produced 
by  the  destructive  distillation  of  acetates,— 
2.  The  general  name  for  a  class  of  compounds 
which  may  be  regarded  as  built  up  of  an 
acid  and  alcoholic  radical. 

Acetopathy  (as-et-op'a-thi),  n.  [L.  acetum, 
vinegar,  and  <ir  ;>aM^,sutfering.]  A  method 
of  treating  ailments  by  applying  dilute 
acetic  acid  to  the  surface  of  the  body  above 
the  spine  and  the  parts  affected. 

Acetosltyt  (ns-et-os'i-ti),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  acetous  or  sour;  sourness; 
tartness. 

Acetous,  Acetose  (a-se'tus,  as-et-osO,  a. 
[L.  acetum,  vinegar]  1.  Having  a  sour  taste; 
acid.  'An  acetous  spirit.'  Boyle.—  2.  Causing 
or  connected  with  acetifluation;  as,  acetoutt 
fermentation.  —Acetous  fermentation,  the 
process  by  which  alcoholic  liquids,  as  beer 
or  wine,  yield  acetic  acid  by  oxidation. 
See  under  ACETIFICATION.—  Acetous  acid,  a 
term  formerly  applied  to  impure  and  dilute 
acetic  acid,  under  the  notion  that  it  was 
composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen  in  the 
same  proportions  as  in  acetic  acid,  but  with 
less  oxygen.  It  is  now  known  that  no  such 
acid  exists,  so  that  this  term  is  not  now  in 
use. 

Acetum  (a-se'tum),  n.  [L.,  from  aceo,  to  be 
sour.  See  ACID.]  Vinegar  (which  see). 

Acetyle  (as'e-til),  n.  (C^AgO.)  A  hypotheti- 
cal radical  supposed  to  exist  in  acetic  acid 
and  its  derivatives.  Aldehyde  may  be  re- 
garded as  the  hydride,  and  acetic  acid  as 
the  hydrate  of  acetyle. 

Ach.t  Achet  (ach),  n.  [Fr.  ache,  from  L. 
apium,  parsley,  from  api#,  a  bee,  bees  being 
fond  of  parsley.]  A  kind  of  parsley.  Hol- 
land. 

Achaean,  Achaian  (a-ke'an,  a-ka'an),  n.  and 
a.  See  ACHEAN. 

Achate  t  (a-kaf),  n.  An  agate.  '  The  chris- 
tall,  jacinth,  achate,  ruby  red.'  John  Taylor. 

Achate.t  n.  [Fr.  acheter,  O.Fr.  achater, 
achapter,  to  purchase,  from  L.L.  accaptare, 
to  acquire,  from  L.  ac  for  ad,  to,  and  cap- 
tare,  to  snatch  at,  to  strive  to  get,  intens.  of 
capio,  to  take.]  1.  Purchase;  contract;  bar- 
gain. Chaucer,—  2.  A  thing  purchased;  spe- 
cifically, in  pi.  provisions:  in  this  sense  writ- 
ten also  Acates. 

The  kitchen  clerke,  that  hight  Digestion, 
Did  order  all  th'  achates  in  seemly  wise.      Spenser. 

Achatina  (a-ka-ti'na),  n.  [L.  achateg,  an 
agate.]  A  genus  of  pulmpnate  gasteropod- 
ous  Mollusca,  family  Helicidae,  which  feed 
on  trees  and  shrubs  in  warm  climates,  such 
as  Africa  and  the  West  Indies.  Agate-snails 
is  a  name  by  which  they  are  popularly 
known.  Some  of  them  have  shells  which 
are  among  the  largest  of  land  shells.  Two 
small  species,  A.  acicula  and  A.  octina,  are 
found  in  England. 

Achatour.t  ».  [Norm.  Fr.,  a  purchaser. 
See  ACHATE,  CATERER.]  A  purchaser;  a 
purveyor;  a  caterer.  Written  also  Acater. 

A  pentil  maunciple  was  ther  of  a  temple. 
Of  which  ackatoitrs  niighten  take  exeniple 
For  to  be  wys  in  beyyng  vitaille.  Chaucer, 

Ache  (ak),  n.  [A.  Sax.  ace,  cece,  ece,  ache, 
pain;  acan,  to  ache;  O.E.  ake,  ache,  hache, 
eche;  conjectured  to  be  from  natural  cry 
expressive  of  pain  or  grief  ;  corap.  G.  ack, 
pain;  interj.  ach!  Dan.  ak!  ah!  Gr.  achos, 
pain.]  Pain,  or  continued  pain,  in  opposi- 
tion to  sudden  twinges,  or  spasmodic  pain; 
a  continued  gnawing  pain  as  in  toothache 
or  earache.  Both  verb  and  noun  were  for- 
merly often  pronounced,  down  at  least  to 
the  time  of  Swift,  with  ch  sounded  as  in 
church;  though  the  old  spelling  ake  suffi- 
ciently shows  that  the  other  pronunciation 
must  also  have  been  used.  In  the  follow- 
ing couplet  ache  is  made  to  rhyme  with 
patch:— 

Or  Gellia  wore  a  velvet  mastic  patch 
Upon  her  temples  when  no  tooth  did  ache. 

Rp.  Hall. 

Thus  pronounced,  the  plural  of  the  noun  and 
similar  forms  of  the  verb  were  dissyllabic. 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sitig;      TH,  tAen;  th,  thin;      w,  icig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ACHE 


ACID 


Achene — I-ettnce  and 
Ranunculus. 


A  coming  shower  your  shooting  corns  presage 
Old  aches  throb,  your  hollow  tooth  will  rage. 

5*0x. 

This  pronunciation  was  used,  on  the  stage 
at  least,  even  in  the  present  century,  being 
required  by  the  metre  in  such  passages  as 
the  following. 

I'll  rack  thee  with  old  cramps; 
Fill  all  tliy  bones  with  aches ;  make  thee  roar. 
Shak. 

Ache  (ak),  v.i.  [See  the  noun.]  To  suffer 
pain;  to  havt-  or  be  in  pain,  or  in  continued 
pain;  to  be  distressed.  'The  sense  aches  at 
thee.'  Shak.  See  under  noun. 

Achean  (a-ke'an),  a.  Pertaining  to  Achaia 
in  Greece,  and  a  celebrated  league  or  con- 
federacy established  there.  This  state  lay 
on  the  Gulf  of  Corinth,  within  Peloponnesus. 
Written  also  Achccan,  Achaian, 

Achean  (a-ke'an),  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant 
of  Achaia. 

Acheenese  (ach'en-ez),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Acheen  in  the  island  of  Sumatra. 

Acheenese  (ach'en-ez),  n.  King,  and  pi.  A 
native  or  inhabitant  of  Acheen. 

Acheilary  (a-ki'la-ri),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
cheilos,  the  lip.]  Without  a  lip;  specifically, 
in  bot.  a  term  denoting  the  absence  of  the 
labellum  or  lip  in  monstrous  flowers  of 
Orchidacenc. 

Acheked.t  pp.     Choked.    Chaucer. 

Achelor.t    Ashlar. 

Achene,  Achenium  (a-ken',  a-ke'ni-um),  n. 
[Gr.o,  priv.,  and  chaino, 
to  yawn,  to  gape.]  In 
bot.  a  small  dry  car- 
pel, containing  a  single 
seed,  which  does  not 
open  f»r  dehisce  when 
ripe.  It  is  exemplified 
in  the  common  butter- 
cup and  other  members 
of  the  nat.  order  Kan- 
unculacese,  as  well  as  in  the  orders  Bora- 
ginacere,  Compositaj,  ttc. 

Achernar  (a-ker'nar),  n.    Same  as  Acaniar. 

Acherontia  (ak-er-on'shi-a),  «.  A  genus  of 
nocturnal  lepidopterous  insects,  family 
Sphingidse.  A.  atropos  is  the  death's-head 
moth,  or  death's-head  hawk -moth.  See 
under  DEATH'S-HEAD. 

Acherset  (ak'er-set),  n.  An  ancient  measure 
of  corn,  supposed  to  be  about  8  bushels. 

Acheta  (ak'e-ta),  n.  [L.  acheta,  the  male 
cicada,  Dor.  achetas,  lit.  the  chirper,  from 
Gr.  echeo,  to  sound.]  A  generic  name  some- 
times used  as  equivalent  to  Gryllus.  See 
GRYLLID.E. 

Achetldse  (a-ket'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Acheta,  and 
Gr.  eidos,  resemblance.]  A  name  given  by 
some  naturalists  to  the  Gryllidce,  or  cricket 
family.  See  GRYLLIDCE. 

Ache-weed  (ak'wed),  n.    See  GOUTWORT. 

Achia,  Achiar  (a'cha,  ach'ar),  n.  An  Indian 
name  for  the  pickled  shoots  of  the  young 
bamboo  (Bambuaa  arundinacea),  used  as  a 
condiment. 

Achievable  (a-chev'a-bl),  a.  [See  ACHIEVE.] 
Capable  of  being  achieved  or  performed. 

To  raise  a  dead  man  to  life  doth  not  involve  con- 
tradiction, and  is  therefore,  at  least,  achievable  by 
Omnipotence.  Barrow. 

Achlevance  (a-chev'ans),  n.  Performance; 
achievement.  '  His  noble  acts  and  achiev- 
ancen.'  Sir  T.  Elyot.  [Rare.] 

Achieve  (a-ehev'),  v.t.  pret.  and  pp.  achieved; 
ppr.  achieving.  [Fr.  achever,  to  finish;  O.Fr. 
chever,  to  come  to  the  end,  from  O.  Fr.  cheve, 
Fr.  chef,  the  head  or  end,  from  L.  eaput  the 
head.  See  CHIEF.]  1.  To  perform  or  exe- 
cute; to  accomplish,  as  some  great  enter- 
prise ;  to  finish  or  carry  on  to  a  final  and 
prosperous  close. 

And  now  great  deeds  had  been  achieved.     Milton. 

2.  To  gain  or  obtain,  as  the  result  of  exer- 
tion; to  bring  about,  as  by  effort. 

Show  all  the  spoils  by  valiant  kings  achieved.  Prior, 
I  have  achieved  that  reputation,  I  suppose.  Dickens. 

Achieve  (a-chevO,  v.i.  To  accomplish  some 
enterprise;  to  bring  about  a  result  intended. 

Fights  dragon-like,  and  does  achieve  as  soon 

As  draw  his  sword.  Shak. 

Achievement  (a-eheVment),  n.  l.The  act  nf 
achieving  or  performing;  an  obtaining  by 
exertjon;  accomplishment;  as,  the  achieve- 
ment of  one's  object.  —  2.  That  which  is 
achieved;  a  great  or  heroic  deed;  something 
accomplished  by  valour  or  boldness. 

The  imagination  of  Xerxes  was  inflamed  with  the 
prospect  of  rivalling  or  surpassing  the  achievements 
of  his  glorious  predecessors.  Bf.  Thirl-wall. 

3.  In  her.  an  escutcheon  or  ensign  armorial- 
a  term  now  generally  applied  to  the  funeral 


shield  or  hatchment  affixed  to  the  dwelling 
house  of  a  deceased  person  or  in  a  church. 


Funeral  Achievement  or  Hatchment. 

Achiever  (a-chev'er),  n.  One  who  achieves 
or  accomplishes. 

Achillea  (a-kil-le'a),  n.  [From  a  belief  that 
A  chilles  used  a  plant  of  this  genus  to  cure 
Telephus.]  A  genus  of  plants;  the  milfoil 
genus.  See  MILFOIL. 

Achilleid  (a-kil'le-id),  n.  A  name  (rendered 
familiar  by  Grote,  the  historian  of  Greece) 
given  to  those  books  (i.  viii.  and  xi.-xxii.) 
of  the  Iliad  ill  which  Achilles  is  prominent. 
They  are  supposed  to  have  formed  a  separate 
and  original  poem,  afterwards  enlarged  and 
expanded  by  additions, descriptive  of  various 
episodes  in  the  Trojan  war,  in  which  other 
heroes  than  Achilles  figure  conspicuously, 
the  whole  forming  an  epic  of  the  Trojan 
war,  and  called  the  Iliad.  Those  critics 
who  recognize  a  personal  Homer  as  the  au- 
thor of  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  suppose  that 
the  Achilleid  was  an  earlier  effort,  after- 
wards developed,  or  that  he  found  the 
Achilleid  ami  made  it  the  nucleus  of  a  more 
extended  epic. 

Achillia  tendo  (a-kil'lis  ten'do),  n.  [L.]  In 
anat.  the  tendon  of  Achilles;  the  strong 
tendon  of  the  gastro-cnemius  and  soleus 
muscles,  which  is  inserted  in  the  heel :  so 
called  because  the  heel  was  said  to  have 
been  the  only  vulnerable  part  of  the  hero. 

Achimenes  (a-kim'e-nez),  n.  [Perhaps  from 
L.  achcetnenix,  name  of  an  Indian  plant.  ]  A 
genus  of  tropical  and  sub-tropical  American 
plants,  nat.  order  Gesneraceaj,  much  culti- 
vated in  our  hothouses  on  account  of  their 
ornamental  character.  Many  new  forms, 
developing  greater  variety  and  attractive- 
ness than  are  to  be  found  in  the  original 
kinds,  have  been  obtained  in  the  cultivated 
state.  They  grow  to  from  1  to  2  feet  high. 

Aching  (ak'ing),  p.  and  a.  Enduring  or 
causing  pain;  painful. 

What  peaceful  hours  I  once  enjoy 'd. 
How  sweet  their  memory  still; 

But  they  have  left  an  aching  void 
The  world  can  never  fill.  Ccwper. 

Achiote  (a-chi-o'ta),  n.  [Sp.,  from  achiolt, 
the  original  Indian  name  of  the  tree.)  The 
arnotto-trce,  and  the  dye  obtained  from  it 
See  AR.NOTTO. 

Achira  (a-che'ra),  n.  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Canna  (C.  edulu),  with  a  large  esculent  root, 
yielding  tous-les-mois,  a  starch  superior  to 
the  ordinary  arrow-root.  Its  tubers  are 
eaten  as  food  in  Chili  and  Peru 

Achirite  (ak'i-rit),  n.  [After  Achir  Maned 
who  first  brought  it  from  Siberia,  and  tried 
to  dispose  of  it  for  emerald.]  Emerald 
malachite. 

Achirus  (a-ki'rus),  n.  [Gr.  o,  priv. ,  and  cheir, 
a  hand.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  family  Pleuro- 
nectidse  (flat-fishes),  distinguished  from  all 
the  other  genera  by  the  total  want  of  pec- 
toral fins:  hence  their  name.  They  abound 
mostly  in  the  East  and  West  Indies,  keeping 
near  the  shores  and  furnishing  a  plentiful 
supply  of  wholesome  food  to  the  inhabi- 
tants. They  resemble  the  common  sole  in 
appearance. 

Achlamydate  (a-klam'id-at),«.  [Gr.o,  priv  , 
and  chlamys,  chlamydos,  a  cloak.  ]  In  zool 
not  possessing  a  mantle;  as,  achlamydate 
Branchiogasteropoda. 

Achlamydese  (a-kla-mid'e-e),  n.  pi.  A  group 
of  dicotyledonous  plants  which  want  both 
calyx  and  corolla,  as  the  willows  oaks  and 
birches. 

Achlamydeous  (a-kla-mid'e-us),  a.    [Gr.  a, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;" 


priv.,  and  ch'.amyt,  a  mantle.]  A  term  ap- 
plied to  plants  which  have  neither  calyx 
nor  corolla,  and  whose  flowers  are  conse- 
quently destitute  of  a  covering,  or  naked ; 
without  floral  envelope. 

Achlya  (ak'li-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  achlys,  gloom, 
obscurity — from  the  doubt  regarding  their 
affinities.  ]  A  remarkable  group  of  water 
plants  referred  by  some  botanists  to  the 
alga;,  but  by  others  supposed  to  be  aquatic 
forms  of  some  fungi.  They  grow  parasiti- 
cally  on  dead  flies  lying  in  water,  on  fish, 
frogs,  or  decaying  plants.  They  look  like 
little  gelatinous  tufts,  and  are  composed  of 
colourless  filaments. 

Achmite  (ak'mit),  n.    Same  as  Aemite. 

Achor  (a'kor),  n.  [Gr.  achor,  dandruff] 
Scald-head,  a  disease  of  infants,  the  face, 
and  often  the  neck  and  breast,  becoming 
incrusted  with  thin  yellowish  or  greenish 
scabs.  It  arises  in  minute  whitish  pustules 
which  discharge  a  viscid  fluid,  which  dries 
into  a  scab,  and  is  believed  to  be  due  to  the 
growth  of  a  fungus. 

Achorion  (a-kor'i-on),  n.  [See  ACHOR.]  A 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  fungus  which 
produces  the  disease  achor. 

Achras  (ak'ras),  n.  [Gr.  achras,  the  wild 
pear-tree.]  A  genus  of  tropical  trees,  nat. 
order  Sapotaceie.with  entire  leathery  leaves, 
and  yielding  a  copious  milky  fluid  when 
wounded.  One  species,  A.  Sapota  (called 
also  Sapota  Achras),  is  the  sapodilla  plum. 
See  SAPODILLA. 

Achromatic  (ak-ro-tnat'ik), a.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
and  chroma,  chromatos,  colour.  ]  Destitute 
of  colour;  transmitting  light  without  de- 
composing it  into  its  primary  colours ;  as, 
an  achromatic  lens  or  telescope.  —  Achro- 
matic lens,  a  lense  usually  composed  of  two 
separate  lenses,  a  concave  and  a  convex 
one,  made  from  substances,  as  crown-glass 
and  flint-glass,  having  different  refractive 
and  dispersive  powers,  with  the  curvatures 
so  adjusted  that  the  chromatic  aberration 
produced  by  the  one  is  corrected  by  the 
other,  and  light  emerges  from  the  compound 
lens  undecomposed.— Achromatic  telescope, 
microscope,  a  telescope  or  microscope  in 
which  the  chromatic  aberration  is  corrected, 
usually  by  means  of  an  achromatic  object- 
glass. 

Achromaticity  (ak'ro-ma-tis"i-ti),  n.  State 
of  being  achromatic. 

Achromatism  (ak-ro'ma-tizm),  n  The  state 
of  being  achromatic;  want  of  colour.  See 
ACHROMATIC. 

Achromatize  (a-kro'ma-tiz),  v.t.  To  de- 
prive of  colour. 

Achromatopsy  (a-kro'ma-top-si),  n.  [Gr.  a, 
priv.,  chroma,  colour,  and  opsis,  sight] 
Colour  blindness,  or  inability  to  see  or  dis- 
tinguish colours. 

Achronic,  Achronical  (a-kron'ik,  a-kron'- 
ik-al),  o.  See  ACRONYC. 

Acicula  (a-sik'ti-la),  n.  pi.  Aciculffi  (a-sik'u- 
le).  [L.  acicula,  a  needle.]  A  name  given 
by  naturalists  to  a  spine  or  prickle  of  an 
animal  or  plant. 

Acicular  (a-sik'u-ler),  a.  [L.  acicula,  dim. 
of  acus,  a  needle;  allied  to  L.  acies,  Gr  alt? 
a  point.  See  ACID.]  Having  the  shape  of  a 
needle ;  having  sharp  points  like  needles ; 
needle-shaped;  as,  an  acicidar  prism  is  one 
with  the  crystals  long,  slender,  and  straight, 
as  actinolite. 

Acicularly  (a-sik'u-ler-li).  adv.  In  an  aci- 
cular  manner ;  in  the  manner  of  needles  or 
prickles. 

Aciculate,  Aciculated  (a-sik'u-lat,  a-sik'u- 
lat-ed),  a.  Xeedle-shaped ;  acicular. 

Aciculiform  (a-sik'u-li-form),  a.  [L.  acicula, 
&  needle,  and  forma,  shape.]  Having  the 
form  of  a  needle  or  needles. 

Aciculus  (a-sik'u-lus),  n.  [Dim.  of  acus  a 
needle.]  In  bot.  a  strong  bristle. 

Acid  (as'id),  a.  [L.  acidua,  sour,  from  root 
ac,  at,  a  point,  seen  in  acus,  a  needle;  amo, 
to  sharpen;  acies,  the  point  or  edge  of  a 
sword ;  acer,  sharp ;  aceo,  to  be  sour  •  aoe- 
tum,  vinegar,  and  in  Gr.  ake,  akrcm,  a  point. 
The  Greek  ok,  seen  in  oxys,  sharp.oA-ys,  swift, 
L.  oculus,  the  eye,  is  a  modified  form  of  the 
same  root.  The  A.  Sax.  aeced,  eced,  vinegar,  is 
one  of  the  few  non-ecclesiastical  words  bor- 
rowed bythe  Anglo-Saxons  from  the  Romans. 
Ihls  root  appears  in  many  English  words 
(mostly  from  the  Latin),  as  acrid,  acrimony, 
acumen,  acute,  ague,  axe,  edge,  &c  ]  Sour 
sharp,  or  biting  to  the  taste ;  having  the 
taste  of  vinegar;  as,  acid  fruits  or  liquors. 

Acid  (as':d),  n.  A  sour  substance;  specifi- 
cally, in  chem.  a  compound  having  all  in- 
most of  the  following  properties: (1)  A 


ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ACIDIFEROUS 


27 


ACOLD 


sour  taste.    [Strong  arids  require  large  dilu- 
tiun  with  water  t«>  make  this  perceptible.]  \ 
(2)  Snlubility  hi  water.     (3)  The  power  of 
changing  most  organic  blue  and  violet  c«>- 
lonra  into  red,  and  of  restoring  original 
colours  altered  by  an  alkali.    (4)  The  power  1 
of  decomposing  most  carbonates,  causing  ; 
effervescence.     (5)  The  power  of  uniting  in 
definite  proportions  with  the  metals,  called 
buses,  forming   salts,   the  metal    replacing 
the  hydrogen  of  the  acid.     (6)  The  power 
of  exchanging  the  whole  or  part  of  their 
hydrogen  for  an  alkaline  metal  presented 
to  them  in  the  form  of  a  hydrate :  this  last 
is  the  only  essential  property  of  acids. 

Acldlferous  (as-id-if'er-us),  a.  [E.  acid,  and 
L.  fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing,  producing,  or 
containing  acids,  or  an  acid.  —  Acidifi't-on* 
minerals,  minerals  which  consist  of  an  earth 
combined  with  an  acid,  as  carbonate  of  lime, 
alnminite,  Ac. 

Acidiflable  (a-sid'i-fi-a-bl),  a.  [From  ACID- 
IFY.] Capable  of  being  acidified  or  con- 
verted into  an  acid. 

Acidification  (u-sid'i-fi-ka"shon),  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  acidifying  or  changing  into 
an  acid. 

Acidlfler  (a-sid'i-fi-6r),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  acidifies;  an  aeetifter;  specifically,  in 
chem.  that  which  has  the  property  of  con- 
vert ing  a  substance  into  an  acid. 

Acidify  (a-sid'i-fl),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  acidified; 
ppr.  acidifying.  [E.  add,  and  L.  facio,  to 
make.]  To  make  acid;  to  convert  into  an 
acid. 

Acidimeter  (as-id-im'et-er),  n.  [E.  aciW.and 
Gr.  me  iron,  measure.]  An  instrument  for 
determining  the  purity  or  strength  of  acids, 
founded  on  the  principle  mentioned  under 
ACIIUMETRY. 

Acidimetry  (as-id-im'et-ri),  n.  The  mea- 
surement of  the  strength  of  acids;  especi- 
ally the  process  of  estimating  the  amount  of 
acid  in  any  liquid  by  finding  how  miich  of  a 
standard  alkaline  solution  is  required  to 
exactly  neutralize  a  measured  quantity  of 
the  given  solution. 

Acidity,  Acidness  (a-sid'i-ti,  as'id-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  acid  or  sour;  sour- 
ness; tartness;  sharpness  to  the  taste. 

Acidulate  (a-sid'u-Iat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  acidu- 
lated; ppr.  acidulating^.     [Fr.  acidulcr,  to 
make  slightly  sour;  L.aciduhw,  slightly  sour. 
See  ACID.]    To  tinc- 
ture with  an  acid;  to 
make  acid  in  a  mo- 
derate degree.     Ar~ 
buthnot. 

Acidulous  (a-sid'u- 
lus),  a.  [L.  aciditlttn, 
slightly  sour.  See 
ACID.]  Slightly  sour; 
sub-acid;  as  cream  of 
tartar,  oranges.goose- 
berries,  «fcc. 

Aciform(as'i-form),ct.     , 
[L.  acus,  a  needle,  ami    fc 
forma,  form.  ]  Shaped 
like  a  needle. 

Acinaceous  (as-in-a'- 
shus),  a.  [L.  acinus, 
a  grape-stone  or  ker- 
nel, ]  Full  of  kernels. 

Acinaces  ( a  -  sin '  a- 
sez),  n.  [L.  (fromGr. 
akinakfs,  a  Persian 
sword;  Per.  ahenek,  a 
short  sword— ahen,  a 
sword,  and  ek,  a  di- 
minutive termina- 
tion. ]Ashort,straight 


Figure  wearing  the 
Acinaces. 


dagger,  worn  on  the  right  side,  peculiar  to 
the  Scythians,  Medes,  and  Persians. 

Acmaciform  (as-in-as'i-form),  a.  [L.  acw- 
accs,  a  scimetar,  Gr.  akinakes.  and  L.  forma, 
form.]  Formed  like  or  resembling  a  scime- 
tar; as,  an  aeinaciform,  leaf,  that 
is,  one  which  has  one  edge  con- 
vex and  sharp  and  the  other 
straight  and  thick,  as  in  Mesem- 
bryanthemum. 

Acinarious  (us-in-a'ri-us),  a.  In 
but.  covered  with  little  spheri- 
cal stalked  vesicles  resembling 
grape-seeds  as  in  some  algae. 

Acineta  (a-sin-e'ta),  n.  A  genus 
of  noble  epiphytal  orchids,  from 
lYnt.ral  America,  much  prized  in 
our  hothouses. 

Aciniform.  (a-sin'i-form),  a.  [L. 
rtn/iH.s',  a  grape-stone,  and /onna, 
shape.]  Having  the  form  of  grapes,  or  being 
in  clusters  like  grapes;  in  anat.  applied  to 
many  glands. 


Acinose,  Acinous  (a-.'in  6s,  as'in-ua),  a  (L. 
acinus,  a  grape-stone.]  Consisting  of  minute 
granular  concretions. 

Acinus  (as'in-us),  n.  pi.  Adnl  (as'in-i).  [L., 
a  grape-stone.]  1.  In  a  nut.  a  name  some- 
times given  to  certain  glands  or  glandular 
bodies,  as  the  pancreas.—  2,  Inbot.  one  of  the 
small  grains  which  make  up  some  kinds  of 
fruit,  as  the  blackberry,  raspberry.&c. ;  also, 
:i  grape-stone. 

Acipenser  (us-i-pen'ser),  a.     [L.]    A  genus 


Acipenser — Head  of  Sturgeon. 

of  cartilaginous  ganoid  fishes,  family  Aci- 
penseridee  or  Sturionidte,  distinguished  by 
the  bony  scales  or  plates  arranged  at  inter- 
vals along  the  body  in  five  longitudinal 
rows.  The  gills  are  free  as  in  osseous  fishes, 
the  snout  long  and  conical,  and  the  mouth 
retractile,  toothless,  and  projecting  from 
the  under  surface  of  the  head.  The  genus 
includes  the  sturgeon,  sterlet,  huso,  Ac. 

Acipenseridae  (as'i-pen-se"ri-de),  n.  pi.  The 
sturgeon  family,  otherwise  called  the  Stu- 
rionidce. 

Aciurgy  (as-i-eVji),  n.  [Gr.  a/as,  a  point  or 
something  sharp,  and  ergon,  operation.] 
Operative  surgery.  [Rare.] 

Ackele.t  v.t.    See  AKEI.E. 

Acketon  (ak'ton),  n.     Same  as  Acton. 

Ack-man  (ak'man),  n.  A  sailor's  term  for 
a  fresh-water  thief,  or  one  who  steals  on 
navigable  rivers.  Called  also  an  Ack-pirate. 
Sailor's  Word-book. 

Acknowt  (ak-noO,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  oncndwan, 
to  acknowledge.  ]  To  recognize;  to  acknow- 
ledge; to  confess. 

You  will  not  be  ackttown,  sir,  wliy,  'tis  wise : 
Thus  do  all  gamesters,  at  all  games  dissemble. 
B.  Jonson, 

Acknowledge  (ak-nol'ej),  v.t.  pret.  <t  pp. 
acknowledged;  ppr.  acknowledging.  [Verbal 
prefix  a,  and  knowledge,  O.  E.  cnawlece, 
knawlage,  knowleche,  to  acknowledge;  from 
the  noun  (which  see).]  1.  To  own  or  recog- 
nize by  avowal  as  possessing  a  particular 
character,  or  as  having  certain  claims ;  to 
recognize  or  admit  as  justly  represented  in 
a  certain  light ;  to  assent  to  the  truth  of ; 
as,  to  acknowledge  the  existence  of  a  God ; 
to  acknowledge  the  inspiration  of  the  Scrip- 
tures; to  acknowledge  a  child. 

He  that  acknowledge h  the  Son  hath  the  Father 
also.  i  Jn.  ii.  23. 

The  influence  attributed  to  Cecrops  .  .  ,  indicates 
that  Athens  was  acknowledged  as  the  head  of  this 
confederacy.  Bp.  Thirlu-all. 

The  ambassador  was  acknowledged at  the  court  of 
St.  James.  Macaittay. 

2.  To  own  or  confess,  as  implying  a  con- 
sciousness of  guilt. 

I  acknowledged  my  sin  unto  thee.  I  said,  I  will 
confess  my  transgressions.  Ps.  xxxii.  5. 

3.  To  own  with  gratitude;  to  own  as  a 
benefit. 

They  his  gifts  acknowledge  not.  Milton. 

4.  To  own  or  avow  receiving;  as,  please  to 
acknowledge  this  letter.— 5,  To  show  recog- 
nition by  some  act,  as  by  a  bow,  nod,  smile, 
lifting  the  hat,  Ac.,  as  a  mark  of  friendship 
or  respect;  to  salute;  as,  she  met  him  in 
the  street,  but  barely  acknowledged  him.— 
Acknowledge,  Con/ess.    Acknowledge,  aa con- 
trasted with  confess,  and  applied  to  things, 
is  usually  to  admit  that  we  ourselves  see 
and  know  that  we  are  at  fault  in  acting  in 
a  certain  way,  to  allow  the  truth  or  justice 
of  some  stricture  to  which  we  are  directly  or 
tacitly  subjected,  as  to  acknowledge  a  fault, 
to  acknowledge  our  ignorance ;  confess,  on 
the  other  hand,  is  to  make  known,  whether 
referring  to  anything  alleged  against  us  or 
not;  to  confess  sins  is  to  make  them  known, 
to  acknowledge  them  is  to  admit  that  they 
are  sins.     Confess  is  generally  applied  to 
actions  of  more  moment  than  acknowledge. 
We  confess  sins  and  crimes;  we  acknowledge 
errors,  mistakes,  and  faults. 

All  that  was  required  of  him  to  insure  forgiveness 
was  to  acknowledge  that  he  was  in  fault. 

Miss  Braddon. 
And  both  confess'd 

Humbly  their  faults  and  pardon  begg'd.    Milton. 
Acknowledged  (ak-nol'ejd),  ».  and  a.    Well 
known;  recognized;  admitted;  as, an  acknow- 
ledged rascal,  an  acknowledged  fact. 


Acknowledger  (ak-nol'ej-er),  n.  One  who 
acknowledge* 

Acknowledgment  ( ak  -  nol '  ej  -  ment ),  n. 
1.  The  act  of  acknowledging;  as,  («)  confes- 
sion; avowal;  as,  the  acJm<>u-lt'itiinn-ttt  of  a 
fault.  (6)  The  act  of  recognizing  the  exist- 
ence, authority,  truth,  or  genuineness  of;  as, 
the  ackmncledyiHftit  nf  a  God  or  of  a  public 
minister;  the  acknowledgment  of  a  deed. 

Immediately   upon    the    aekuMvltdgment  of   the 
Christian  faith,  tlie  eunuch  was  baptized  by  Philip. 
Hooker. 

(c)  The  owning  of  a  benefit  received,  ac- 
companied with  gratitude;  an  expression 
of  thanks ;  as,  to  render  one's  acknowledg- 
ments fora  kindness. — 2.  Something  given 
or  done  in  return  for  a  favour.  Smollett.— 
Acknowledgment  money,  in  law,  money  paid 
according  to  the  customs  of  some  manors 
by  copyhold  tenants  on  the  death  of  a  lord. 

Ack-pirate  (ak'pi-rat),  n.    See  ACK-MAN. 

Aclide  (ak'lid),  n.  [L.  aclis,  act  id  in,  a  small 
javelin.]  A  heavy  missive  weapon  formerly 
used.  It  was  formed  of  a  short  thick  club 
studded  with  sharp  points,  and  was  at- 
tached to  a  cord  which  enabled  the  soldier 


Aclide.— From  Chcsnel. 


to  draw  it  back  after  having  launched  it 
against  an  enemy. 

Aclinic  (a-klin'ik),  a.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix  a, 
and  klino,  to  incline.]  Having  no  inclina- 
tion.— Aclinic  line,  the  name  given  by  Pro- 
fessor August  to  an  irregular  curve  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  terrestrial  equator, 
where  the  magnetic  needle  balances  itself 
horizontally,  having  no  dip.  It  has  been  also 
termed  the  Magnetic  Equator. 

Acme  (ak-meO,  n.  [Gr.  akine,  a  point.  Root 
ak.  See  ACID.]  1.  The  top  or  highest  point; 
the  furthest  point  attained;  the  utmost 
reach.  '  Its  acme  of  human  prosperity  and 
greatness.'  Burke.— 2.  The  maturity  or  per- 
fection of  an  animal.— 3.  In  ined.  the  height 
or  crisis  of  a  disease.— 4.  People  of  mature 
age  collectively.  [Rare.] 

He  must  be  one  that  can  instruct  ynur  youth, 
And  keep  your  acme  in  the  state  of  truth. 

B.  jonson. 

Acrnite  (ak'mit),  n.  [Gr.  akmf,  a  sharp 
point.]  A  mineral  of  a  brownish -black  or 
reddish -brown  colour,  isomorphons  with 
augite,  consisting  of  bisilicate  of  iron,  sili- 
cate of  soda,  and  alumina :  so  called  from 
the  form  of  its  crystals.  It  is,  perhaps,  an 
altered  form  of  pyroxene  (which  see). 

Acne  (ak'ne),  n.  [Gr.  akne.]  A  small  hard 
pimple  or  tubercle  on  the  face,  due  to  in- 
flammation in  a  hair  follicle  or  sebaceous 
gland.  One  variety  occurs  on  the  nose  of 
drunkards.  Called  also  Lycosw. 

Acnestis  (ak-nes'tis),  n.  [Gr.  aknestis,  from  a, 
priv.,  and  knao,  to  rub  or  gnaw.]  That  part 
of  the  spine  in  quadrupeds,  extending  from 
between  the  shoulder-blades  to  the  loins, 
which  the  animal  cannot  reach  to  scratch. 

A-cock  Bill  (a-kok'  bil),  a  or  adv.  yant. 
a  term  denoting  (a)  the  position  of  an  anchor 
when  it  hangs  down  by  its  ring  from  the 


Barque,  with  Yards  A-cock  BUL 

cat-head;  and  (6)  the  position  of  the  yards 

when  they  are  topped  up  at  an  angle  with 

the  deck. 
Acoie,t  v.i.  [See  ACCOY.]  To  make  quiet. 

Chaucer. 
Acoldt  (a-koW),  a.  [Prefix  a  for  on,  or  for 

old   intens.   prefix   of,    and  cold.     Comp. 

aweary,  athirst,  ahungered,  awry.]     Cold. 

'Poor  Tom's  acold.'    Shak. 


ch,  c/iain;      eh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  ao;      j,  job;      h,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinp;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  u>Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ACOLL6 


28 


ACQUAINTANCE 


Acoll6  (a-kol-a),  p.  and  a.    See  ACOOLLB. 

Acology,  Akology  (ak-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  akos, 
a  remedy,  anil  logos,  a  discourse.]  The  doc- 
trine of  remedies  or  the  materia  medica. 

Acolyte  (ak'o-lit),  «.  [Fr.,  from  L.L.  acoltj- 
thus.  an  acolyte;  Gr.  akolouthos,  a  follower.] 
1.  One  who  waits  on  a  person;  an  attendant. 
'  With  such  chiefs,  and  with  James  and  John 
as  acolytes.'  Motley.— 1.  In  the  R.  Cath.  Ch. 


Acolytes. 

the  second  of  the  inferior  orders  of  clergy, 
whose  office  it  is  to  follow  and  serve  the 
superior  orders  in  the  ministry  of  the  altar, 
light  the  candles,  prepare  the  elements  of 
the  sacraments,  &c.— 3.  In  outran,  an  atten- 
dant or  accompanying  star  or  other  heavenly 
body;  a  satellite. 

Acolyth,  Acolythe  (ak'o-litu).  See  ACO- 
LYTE. 

AcolytMst,  AcolotWst  (a-kol'i-thist,  a-kol'- 
o-tlust),  n.  Same  as  Acolyte. 

Acomber.t  v.t.  To  encumber;  to  clog;  to 
overwhelm. 

And  lette  his  sheep  acombtrcd  in  the  mire. 

Cliancer. 

Acondylous,  Acondylose  (a-kon'di-lus,  a- 
kon'di-los),  a.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix  a,  and  kon- 
dylos,  a  joint.  ]  In  bot.  jointless. 

Aconite  (ak'on-it),  n.  [L.  aconitum,  Gr. 
akoiMon.]  The  plant  wolf's-bane  or  monk's- 
hood,  Aconitum  Napellus.  See  ACONITUM. 
—  Winter  aconite  (Eranthis  hyeinalin).  See 
ERANTHIS. 

Aconitic  (ak-on-it'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  aconite. — Aconitic  acid,  a  tribasic  acid 
(C6H606)  obtained  from  species  of  the  genus 
Aconitum.  It  occurs  as  an  amorphous  mass, 
and  forms  three  classes  of  salts. 

Aconitin,  Aconitlne  (ak-on'it-in),  n.  [See 
ACONITUM.]  (C.oH4JN07.)  A  highly  poison- 
ous narcotic  alkaloid,  got  from  the  roots 
and  leaves  of  several  species  of  Aconitum. 
It  forms  white  powdery  grains,  or  a  com- 
pact, vitreous,  transparent  mass  ;  is  bitter, 
acrid,  and  very  soluble  in  alcohol.  It  is  an 
important  anodyne  in  neuralgia,  and  con- 
tracts the  pupil  of  the  eye.  One-tenth  of 
a  grain  is  sufficient  to  kill  a  sparrow  in- 
stantly. 

Aconitum  (ak-on-i'tum),  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  akon- 
Iton,  a  poisonous  plant,  like  monk's-hood.] 
A  genus  of  poisonous  plants,  nat.  order 
Ranunculaceaj.  The  species  are  hardy,  her- 
baceous plants,  many  of  them  of  great 
beauty.  The  Bish  or  BUch_  of  Nepaul,  used 
in  poisoning  arrows,  &c. ,  is  derived  from  a 
plant  of  this  genus,  supposed  to  be  a  variety 
of  A.  Napellus.  See  WOLF'S-BANE. 

Acontiaclae  (a-kon-ti'a-de),  n.  pi.  A  family 
of  saurian  reptiles,  of  which  the  genus 
Acoutias  is  the  type.  It  includes  three 
genera.  See  ACONTIAS. 

Acontlas  (a-kon'ti-as),  n.  [Gr.  akontias,  a 
dart,  from  akon,  a  dart.  ]  1.  A  genus  of  timid 
lacertian  reptiles,  group  Scincoidei,  which 
have  rudiments  only  of  the  hind  limbs, 
allied  to  the  slow-worm  of  Britain.  They 
occur  in  almost  all  regions,  particularly 
the  warm  and  dry.  A.  meleagruf  is  some- 
times called  dart-snake,  from  its  manner 
of  darting  on  its  prey.  This  snake -like 
animal  is  about  3  feet  in  length,  of  a  light 
gray  colour,  with  black  spots  resembling 
eyes;  the  belly  perfectly  white.  It  is  a  na- 
tive of  Africa  and  the  Mediterranean  isles. 
2.  In  bot.  a  genus  of  Brazilian  plants,  nat. 
order  Aracese,  with  spots  on  their  stems 
like  those  of  the  reptiles  so  called. 
Acopt  (a-kopO,  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on, and  cope.] 
At  the  top.  'It  stands  acop.'  B.  J onion. 


Acopic  (a-kop'ik),  a.  [Gr.  akopoi,  removing 
weariness,  from  negative  prefix  a,  and  kopos, 
a  striking,  hence  suffering,  toil,  weariness, 
from  koptl,  to  strike.]  In  ined.  fitted  to 
relieve  weariness;  restorative.  Buchanan. 

Acoraceas  (a-kor-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  Sweet-flags; 
a  nat  order  of  herbaceous  plants,  of  which 
the  genus  Acorus  is  the  type.  They  are 
generally  included  in  the  Araceas,  from 
which  they  differ  only  in  having  hermaphro- 
dite flowers.  See  ACORUS,  SWEET-RUSH. 

Acorn  (a'korn),  n.  (A.  Sax.  ceceren,  cxccrn, 
an  acorn ;  Goth,  at  ran.  fmit ;  Icel.  akarn, 
Dan.  agern,  D.  aker,  L.G.  ecker,  O.H.G.  ack- 
eran  an  acorn;  the  word  seems  originally 
to  have  meant  simply  fruit,  as  in  Gothic, 
though  in  early  English  it  seems  to  have 
been  regarded  as  a  compound  of  oak,  A.  Sax. 
Ac,  and  corn.  It  is  probably  allied  to  acre 
(which  see).  ]  1.  The  fruit  of  the  oak;  a  one- 
celled  one-seeded,  oval  nut,  which  grows 
in  a  permanent  cup.  In  bygone  times  acorns 
were  used  as  human  food,  and  are  still  eaten 
in  different  parts  of  the  Continent  in  scarce 
years.  They  form  an  excellent  food  for 
swine. 

The  first  settlers  of  Boston  were  reduced  to  the 
necessity  of  feeding  on  clams,  mussels,  ground-mils, 
and  acorns.  B.  Irutnbiill. 

2  Naut  a  small  ornamental  piece  of  wood, 
of  a  conical  or  globular  shape,  sometimes 
fixed  on  the  point  of  the  spindle  above  the 
vane,  on  the  mast-head, 
to  keep  the  vane  from 
being  blown  off. —  3.  See 
ACORN-SHELL. 

Acorn-cup  (a'korn-kup), 
n.  The  capsule  of  the 
acorn.  The  acorn -cups 
of  the  Quercus  jSgiiovi, 
under  the  name  valonia, 
have  become  an  impor- 
tant article  of  commerce, 
large  quantities  being 
used  in  tanning.  See  VA- 
LONIA. 

Acorned  (a'kornd),  a. 
1.  Furnished  or  loaded 
with  acorns;  specifically, 
in  her.  said  of  an  oak  re- 
presented on  a  coat  of 
arms  as  loaded  with  acorns. — 2.  Fed  with 
acorns. 

Acorn-oil  (a'korn-oil),  n.  An  oil  expressed 
from  acorns. 

Acorn-shell  (a'korn-shel),  n.  1.  The  shell 
of  the  acorn.  —2.  One  of  the  cirripeds  of  the 
genusBalanus,  allied  to  the  barnacles,  called 
by  this  name  from  a  supposed  resemblance 
of  some  of  the  species  to  acorns.  See  BA- 

LANUS,  CIRRII'EIUA. 

Acorus  (ak'6-rus),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  akoros, 
the  sweet -flag.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Aracea?.  A.  Calamus,  the  Calamus 
aroinaticus  of  druggists,  is  the  sweet-flag  or 
sweet-rush.  See  SWEET-RUSH. 

Acosmia  (a-koz'mi-a),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv. ,  and 
tamos,  order  or  beauty.]  Irregularity  in 
disease,  particularly  in  crises;  also,ill-health, 
with  loss  of  colour  in  the  face.  [Rare  or 
obsolete.] 

Acosniism  (a-koz'mizm),  n.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix 
a,  and  kosmos,  the  world  in  a  state  of  order.  ] 
The  denial  of  the  existence  of  an  eternal 
world.  Dean  Mangel. 

Acosmist  (a-koz'mist),  n.  One  who  holds 
the  d  -ctrine  of  acosmism. 

AcosmistlC  (a-koz-mist'ik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  doctrine  of  acosmism. 

Acosmium  (a-koz'mi-um),  n.  A  group  of 
Brazilian  plants  belonging  to  the  nat.  order 
Leguminosae,  now  included  in  the  genus 
Sweetia. 

Acotyledon  (a-kot-il-e"don),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv. , 
and  kotyledon,  any  cup-shaped  cavity,  from 
kotyle,  a  hollow.]  In  bot.  a  plant  whose 
seeds,  called  spores,  are  not  furnished  with 


Acorn  of  Coasting 
Craft. 


Acotyledones. 

i,  Spores  of  lichens,  germinating:  2,  Spores  of  horse- 
tails (Equisetacece),  germinating;  3,  Spores  of 
mosses,  germinating. 

cotyledons  or  seed-lobes.  In  the  natural 
system  of  Jussieu  the  Acotyledones  form  a 
class  which  corresponds  with  the  Crypto- 
gamia  of  Linnaeus.  See  COTYLEDON. 


Acotyledonous  (a-kot'H-e"don-us),  a.  Hav- 
ing no  seed-lubes. 

ACGUChy  (a-kbsh'i),  n.  [Fr.  acoucfn,  ayouchi, 
name  in  Guiana.]  An  animal  belonging  to 
the  Cavidae  or  guinea-pig  family,  the  olive 
cavy  or  Surinam  rat,  a  small  species  of 
Agouti  inhabiting  Guiana. 

Acoumeter  (a-koum'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  akouo, 
to  hear,  and  wetron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  aouteness  of  the 
sense  of  hearing. 

Acousmatic  (a-kous-mat'ik),  n.  See  ACOUS- 
TIC, n.  2. 

Acoustic  (a-kous'tik),  a.  [Gr.  akou$t\kox, 
from  akouo,  to  hear.]  Pertaining  to  the 
sense  or  organs  of  hearing,  or  to  the  doctrine 
of  sounds. — Acoustic  duct,  in  anat.  the 
meatus  auditorius,  or  external  passage  of 
the  ear.  See  AUDITORY. — Acoustic  vessels, 
in  the  anc.  drama,  brazen  tubes  or  vessels, 
shaped  like  a  bell,  used  to  propel  the  voice 
of  the  actors,  so  as  to  render  them  audible 
to  a  great  distance,  in  some  theatres  400 
feet. 

Acoustic  (a-kous'tik),  n.  1.  In  ined.  a  remedy 
for  deafness  or  imperfect  hearing.  [Rare.] 
2.  A  name  given  to  such  of  the  disciples  of 
Pythagoras  as  had  not  completed  their  five 
years'  probation.  Called  also  Acousmatics. 

Acoustical  (a-kous'tik-al),  a.  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  the  science  of  acoustics;  acoustic. 

This  principle,  which  is  important  in  many  acousti- 
cal problems,  is,  in  the  one  now  before  us.  unimport- 
ant. H'hru.'ell. 

Acoustician  (a-kous-ti'shan),  n.  One  skilled 
in  the  science  of  sound;  a  student  of  acous- 
tics. 

The  transverse  vibrations  were  the  only  ones 
noticed  by  the  earlier  acousticians.  Whcwttl. 

Acoustics  (a-kous'tiks),  n.  [See  ACOUSTIC, 
a.]  The  science  of  sound,  teaching  the 
cause,  nature,  and  phenomena  of  the  vibra- 
tions of  elastic  bodies  which  affect  the 
organ  of  hearing.  The  manner  in  which 
sound  is  produced,  its  transmission  through 
air  and  other  media  (sometimes  called  dia- 
coustics),  the  doctrine  of  reflected  sound,  or 
echoes  (sometimes  called  catacousticg),  the 
properties  and  effects  of  different  sounds, 
including  musical  sounds  or  notes,  the  struc- 
ture and  action  of  the  organ  of  hearing,  are 
all  treated  of  under  acoustics. 

Acquaint  (ak-kwant')>  v.t.  [O.Fr.  accointer; 
Pr.  accoindar;  L.L.  accoonitare,  to  make 
known,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  coynitus,  known, 
from  cognosco,  cognitum,  to  know,  same  root 
as  in  know,  can,  ken,  cunning,  quaint,  &c.] 

1.  To  make  known ;  to  make  fully  or  inti- 
mately known;  to  make  familiar;  as,   to 
acquaint  one's  self  with  a  subject;  time  and 
circumstances  may  acquaint  a  man  with 
many  a  strange  experience. 

A  man  of  sorrows,  and  acquainted  with  grief. 

Isa.  liii.  3. 

2.  To  inform;  to  communicate  notice  to;  as, 
a  friend  in  the  country  acquaints  me  with 
his  success:  with  is  used  before  the  subject 
of  information,  if  a  noun;  o/was  formerly 
used,  but  is  now  obsolete  or  considered  im- 
proper. 

But  for  some  other  reason,  my  grave  sir, 
Which  is  not  fit  you  know.  1  not  acquaint 
My.father  £/"this  business.  Shak. 

SYN.  To  inform,  apprise,  disclose,  communi- 
cate, make  known. 

Acquaintable  (ak-kw  aut'a-bl),  a.  Easy  to 
be  acquainted  with;  affable.  Chaucer. 

Acquaintance  (ak-kwant'ans),  n.  1.  A  state 
of  oeing  acquainted,  or  of  having  more  or 
less  intimate  knowledge:  used  with  refer- 
ence both  to  persons  and  things. 

If  there  be  no  great  love  in  the  beginning,  yet 
heaven  may  decrease  it  upon  better  acquaintance, 
when  we  are  married.  Shak. 

Such  knowledge,  however,  and  fitness  for  judg- 
ment as  springs  from  special  skill,  and  from  a  familiar 
acquaintance  with  the  mechanical  processes  of  cer- 
tain arts,  trades,  and  manufactures,  will  often  be 
found  in  this  class.  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis. 

2.  A  person  known  to  one,  especially  a  per- 
son with  whom  one  is  not  on  terms  of  great 
intimacy;  as,  he  is  not  a  friend,  only  an 
acquaintance. 

We  see  he  is  ashamed  of  his  nearest  acquaintances, 
Boyle. 

3.  The  whole  body  of  those  with  whom  one  is 
acquainted :  in  this  sense  without  a  plural, 
the  word  being  plural  in  meaning.     [Todd 
suggests  that  acquaintance  in  this  use  is 
catachrestic  for  acquaintants,  on  type  of 
accidence  for  accidents.] 

Mine  acquaintance  are  verily  estranged  from  me. 
Job  xix.  13. 

— To  cultivate  one'8  acquaintance,  to  endea- 
vour to  become  intimate  with  a  person.- - 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y",  Sc.  fey. 


ACQUAINTANCESHIP 


ACRE-SHOT 


Acmtnintniii''',  l-'inniU'trity,  Intimacy.  Ac- 
qmtiittitiHV,  knowledge  arising  from  oeca- 
Bionnl  mtrmmrse:  familiarity,  knowledge 
arising  from  frnjiu-ut  or  daily  intern. ursr; 
intini'i'-'i.  in  in '-.TV,"  I  int»-tvi>iirsf.  Inter- 
course  of  the  closest  possible  kind. 

Nor  was  his  ttf,}itainlanee  less  with  the  famous 
poets  of  his  ajje.  than  wit  li  the  noblemen  MO  ladies. 

That  familiarity  produces  neglect  has  been  long 
observed.  Johnson. 

The  \ntiinat-v  between  the  fattier  of  Eugcnio  and 
A(jre  .  '  tt.'iuter  friendship  between  his 

sister  .'in.!  Ann'li.L  Hmt'ktttvorth, 

SYN.  Kiuniliarity,  intimacy,  knowledge,  cog- 
nizance. 

Acquaintanceship  (ak-kwant'ans-ship),  n. 
State-  of  being  acquainted. 

Acquaintantt  (ak-kwant'ant),  n.  A  person 
with  whom  one  is  acquainted.  See  AC- 
QUAINTANCE, 3. 

He  and  his  readers  are  become  old  aequaintants. 
Swift. 

Acquainted  (iik-kwant'ed),  p.  and  rt.  1.  Hav- 
ing acquaintance;  informed;  having  per- 
sonal knowledge. —2. t  Known;  familiarly 
known;  not  new.  'Things  acquainted  and 
familiar  to  us.'  Shak, 

Acquaintedness  (iik-kwant'ed-nes),n.  State 
ofming  acquainted.  [Rare.] 

Acqua  tofana  (ak-wii  to-fa'na),  n.  [It] 
See  Ayr  A  TOFAXA. 

Acquest  (ak-kwest[),  n.  [Fr.  acquit,  O.Fr. 
acquest,  an  acquisition.  See  ACQUIRE,  AC- 
QUISITION.] l.t  The  act  of  acquiring;  ac- 
quirement. 'Countries  of  new  acquest' 
Bacon.—  2. t  The  thing  gained;  an  acquisi- 
tion ;  a  place  acquired  by  force.  'New  ac- 
quests and  encroachments.'  Woodward.  — 
3.  In  la  w,  property  not  descended  by  inherit- 
ance, but  acquired  by  purchase  or  donation. 

Acqulesce(ak-kwi-es'),  v.  i.  pret.  &  pp.  acqui- 
esced; ppr.  acquiescing.  [L.  acquiesco,  to 
rest,  to  acquiesce— ad,  to,  and  quienco,  to 
be  quiet ;  quicx,  rest ;  Fr.  acguifscer.  ]  1.  To 
rest  satisfied,  or  apparently  satisfied,  or  to 
rest  without  opposition  and  discontent ; 
usually  implying  previous  opposition,  un- 
easiness, or  dislike,  but  ultimate  compliance 
or  submission;  as,  to  acquiesce  in  the  dis- 
pensations of  Providence. 

They  were  compelled  \oacquiesce  in  a  government 
which  they  did  not  regard  as  just.  De  Quincey. 

2.  To  be  satisfied  of  the  truth  or  correctness 
of  something ;  to  rest  convinced ;  as,  to  ac- 
quiesce in  an  opinion. 

He  that  never  compares  his  notions  with  those  of 
others  readily  acquiesces  in  his  first  thoughts. 

Spectator. 

SYN.  To  concur,  assent,  agree,  submit,  con- 
sent, accede. 

Acquiescence  (ak-kwi-es'ens),  n.  The  act 
of  acquiescing  or  giving  a  quiet  assent;  a 
silent  submission,  or  submission  with  ap- 
parent consent :  distinguished  from  avowed 
consent  on  the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other 
from  opposition  or  open  discontent;  as,  an 
acquiescence  in  the  decisions  of  a  court,  or 
in  the  allotments  of  Providence.  '  Certain 
indistinct  murmurs  of  acquiescence.  Sir  W. 
Scott. 

Acquiescency  (ak-kwi-es'ens-si),  n.  Same 
as  Acquiescence. 

Acquiescent  (ak-kwi-es'ent),  a.  Disposed 
to  acquiesce;  disposed  to  submit;  submis- 
sive; easy;  unresisting.  'A  mind  naturally 
acq u -ie scent. '  Joh nsvn. 

Acquiescently  (ak-kwi-es'ent-li),  adv.  In 
an  acquiescent  manner. 

Acquiett  (ak-kwi'et),  v.t.  [L,L.  adquieto, 
to  make  quiet  — L.  ad,  to,  and  quietus. 
quiet.]  To  render  quiet;  to  compose;  to 
set  at  peace.  'Acquiet  his  mind  from  stir- 
ring you.'  Sir  A,  Shirley. 

Acquirability  (ak-kwirVbir'i-ti),  n.  State 
of  being  acquirable.  Paley.  [Rare.] 

Acquirable  (ak-kwlr'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  acquired. 

Acquire  (ak-kwir7),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  acquired; 
ppr.  acquiring.  [L.  acquiro,  to  get—ad,  to, 
and  qucero,  to  look  or  search  for;  Fr.  ac- 
quenr.  See  QUEST.  ]  To  get  or  gain,  the  ob- 
ject being  something  which  is  more  or  less 
permanent,  or  which  becomes  vested  or  in- 
herent in  the  subject;  as,  to  acquire  a  title, 
estate,  learning,  habits,  skill,  dominion,  &c. ; 
to  acquire  a  stammer;  sugar  acquires  a 
brown  colour  by  being  bunted.  A  mere 
temporary  possession  is  not  expressed  by 
acquire,  but  by  obtain,  procure,  tte. ;  as,  to 
obtain  (not  acquire)  a  book  on  loan. 

Descent  is  the  title  whereby  a  man.  on  the  death 
of  his  ancestor,  acquires  his  estate  by  right  of  repre- 
sentation, as  his  heir  at  law.  AGMMNU. 

No  virt 
step. 


It  is  very  difficult  to  lay  do 
meat  of  a  taste. 


-quired  in  a  moment,  but  step  by 
Barrow. 


SYN.  To  get,  obtain,  gain,  attain,  procure. 

win,  earn,  secure. 
Acquired  (ak-kwird'),  p.   and  a.     fJaim-il  ; 

not    originally   conferred    by   nature ;    as, 

abilities  natural  and  m-</"/;r</;  an  //i'<y"//v./ 

taste. 
Acquirement  (ak-kwir'mcnt),  n.    1.  The  act 

of  acquiring,  or  of  making  acquisition. 

-ules  for  the  acquire- 
Addison. 

2.  That  which  is  acquired;  attainment.  [In 
this  latter  sense  acquirement  is  used  in  oppo- 
sition  to  natural  gift  or  endowment;  as,  elocu- 
tion and  skill  in  music  and  painting  are 
acquirements,  genius  a  gift  or  endowment  of 
nature.  ItdenotesespeciallyjpersrmaJattain- 
ments,  that  is,  attainments  inherent  in  the 
possessor,  in  opposition  to  material  or  exter- 
nal things  gained,  which  are  more  usually 
called  acquisitions;  but  this  distinction  isnot 
always  observed. 

His  acfuirtmtrtts  by  industry  were  enriched  and 
enlarged  by  many  excellent  enatnvrntitts  of  nature 
Sir  y.  Haywa  rd.  ] 

SYN.  Attainment,  acquisition,  gain. 
Acquirer  (ak-kwir'er),  n.     A  person  who 

acquires. 
Acquiring  t  (ak-kwlr'ing),  n.    Acquirement; 

acquisition.     '  The  acnuirings  of  his  father's 

profession.'    Sir  R.  Naunton. 
Acquiry  t  (ak-kwi'ri),  n.     Acquirement. 
No  art  requireth  more  hard  study  and  pain  toward 

the  acqairy  of  it  than  contentment.  Barrow. 

Acquisible  (ak-kwiz'i-bl),a.  Capable  of  being 
acquired.  [Rare.] 

Acquisite  t  (ak'kwiz-it),  a.  Acquired;  gained. 
'  Three  (notions)  being  innate,  and  five  acqui- 
site.'  Burton. 

Acquisition  (ak-kwi-zi'shon),  n.  [L.  acqui- 
sitio,  from  acquiro,  acquisition.  See  AC- 
QUIRE.] 1.  The  act  of  acquiring;  as,  a  man 
takes  pleasure  in  the  acquisition  of  property 
as  well  as  in  the  possession.  '  Theacquixitiun 
or  loss  of  a  province.'  ifacaulay.—Z.  The 
thing  acquired  or  gained:  generally,  but  not 
uniformly,  applied  to  material  gains.  See 
ACQUIREMENT,  2. 

The  Cromwellians  were  induced  to  relinquish  one- 
third  of  their  acquisitions.  Macaulay. 

Acquisitive  (ak-kwlz'it-iv),  a.  1.  Acquired. 
[Rare.] 

He  died  not  in  his  acquisitive,  but  in  his  native  soil. 
ll'otton. 

2.  Disposed  to  make  acquisitions;  having 
a  propensity  to  acquire  property;  as,  an 
acquisitive  disposition. 

Acquisitively  (ak-kwiz'it-iv-li),  adv.  In  an 
acquisitive  manner;  by  way  of  acquisition. 

Acquisitiveness  (ak-kwiz'it-iv-nes),  n. 
1.  State  or  quality  of  being  acquisitive ; 
a  propensity  to  acquire  property.  —  2.  In 
phren.  the  organ  to  which  is  attributed 
the  function  of  producing  the  desire  to 
acquire  and  possess  in  general,  apart  from 
the  uses  of  the  objects.  See  cut  PHREN- 
OLOGY. 

Acquisitor  (ak-kwiz'H-er),  n.  One  who  makes 
acquisitions.  C.  Richardson.  [Rare.  ] 

Acquist  t  ( ak  -  kwist ' ),  n.  [  See  ACQUEST.  ] 
'^ew  acquist  of  true  experience.'  Milton. 

Acquit  (ak-kwif),  v.t.  pret.  <fc  pp.  acquitted; 
ppr.  acquitting.  [Fr.  acqidtter,  to  discharge, 
to  set  at  rest  with  respect  to  a  claim— L.  ad, 
to,  and  quietun,  at  rest,  quiet.  ]  1.  To  release 
or  discharge  from  an  obligation,  accusation, 
guilt,  censure,  suspicion,  or  whatever  is  laid 
against  or  upon  a  person  as  a  charge  or 
duty;  to  set  free;  specifically,  in  law,  to  pro- 
nounce not  guilty;  as,  the  jury  acquitted  the 
prisoner;  we  acquit  a  man  of  evil  intentions: 
it  is  followed  by  of  before  the  thing;  to 
acquit  from  is  obsolete. — 2.t  To  make  full 
payment  for;  to  atone  for.  [Rare.] 

Till  life  to  death  acquit  my  forced  offence.    Shalk. 

3.  With  the  reflexive  pronoun,  (a)  to  clear 
one's  self. 

Pray  God  he  may  acquit  him  (himself)  of  suspicion  1 

SHak. 

(b)  To  behave;  to  bear  or  conduct  one's 
self;  as,  the  soldier  acquitted  himself  well 
in  battle;  the  orator  acquitted  himself 
indifferently.  —  SYN.  To  clear,  discharge, 
release,  set  free,  absolve,  pardon,  forgive. 
Acquit  (ak-kwit'),  pp.  Acquitted. 

Ne  do  I  wish 

To  be  acquit  from  my  continual  smart.     Spenser. 

Acquite  (ak-kwlf),  v.t.    To  requite. 

Midst  foes  (as  champion  of  the  faith)  he  ment 
That  palme  or  cypress  should  his  paines  afqnite. 
Carnv. 

Acqultment  (ak  kwit'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
acquitting,  or  state  of  being  acquitted;  ac- 
quittal. [Rare.] 


Acquittal  (ak-kwit'al),  ».  The  act  of  ac- 
quitting, or  state  of  lit'in^  ;ui[uitti'd;  spe- 
cifically, in  lau\  («)  a  judicial  setting  free 
or  deliverance  fnun  the  charge  of  an  oMrnrr 
by  pronouncing  a  verdict  of  not  guilty. 
(b)  Freedom  from  entries  and  molestations 
by  a  superior  lord  for  services  issuing  out  of 
lands.  Cftwtll. 

Acquittance  (ak-kwit'ans),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
acquitting  or  discharging  from  a  debt  or  any 
other  liability;  the  state  of  being  so  dis- 
charged. 

Now  must  your  conscience  my  acquittance  seal.  ShaJt. 

2.  The  writing  which  is  evidence  of  a  dis- 
charge; a  receipt  in  full,  which  bars  a  further 
demand. 

You  can  produce  acquittances  for  such  a  sum.  Shak. 
3. 1  The  act  of  clearing  one's  self.    '  Being  sus- 
pected and  put  for  their  acquittance  to  take 
the  sacrament  of  the  altar.     Jer,  Taylor. 
Acquittance  t  (ak-kwit'ans),  v.t.  To  acquit. 

Your  mere  enforcement  shall  acquittance  me 
From  all  the  impure  blots  and  stains  thereof.  S/ta6. 

Acrase  t  (a-kraz'),  v.t.  (Fr.  f eraser,  to  break, 
to  destroy.  See  CRAZE.]  To  impair;  to 
destroy.  '  My  substance  impaired,  my  credit 
acrased- '  Gascoigne. 

Acrasy.t  Acrasiat  (ak'ra-sf,  a-kra'si-a),  n. 
[Or.  akrasia,  intemperateness— a.priv.,  and 
kratos,  power]  Excess;  surfeit;  intemper- 
ance; incontinence. 

Cerastes,  whether  of  the  body  or  mind,  occasion 
great  uneasiness.  Cornish. 

Acrazet  (a-kraz'),  v.t.  [Prefix  a,  intens.,and 
craze  (which  see).]  To  make  crazy;  to  in- 
fatuate. '  I  acrazed  was.'  Mir.  for  Mags. 

Acre  (aTter),  n.  [A.  Sax.  acer,  cecer,  a  field; 
this  is  a  widely-spread  word,  comp.  D.  akker, 
Icel.  afcr,  Dan.  ager,  G.  acker,  Goth,  akra, 
arable  land,  a  field ;  and  the  cog.  L.  ager, 
Gr.  agros,  Per.  ayar,  Armenian  agarah,  Skr. 
ajra,  a  field.  From  root  ag,  ak,  as  in  L. 
ago,  Icel.  aka,  to  drive,  the  word  probably 
meaning  originally  the  place  to  or  over 
which  cattle  were  driven;  a  pasture.  Acorn 
is  probably  from  this  root,  meaning  origin- 
ally fruit  or  produce.  ]  1.  Originally,  an  open, 
ploughed,  or  sowed  field.  This  signification 
was  gradually  lost  after  the  acre  was  made 
a  definite  measure  of  surface,  which  was  first 
done  by  an  act  passed  in  the  thirty-first  year 
of  Edward  III.  'My  bosky  acres  ami  my 
unshrubbed  down.'  Shak.  'Over  whose 
acres  walked  those  blessed  feet.'  Shak.— 
2.  A  quantity  of  land,  containing  160  square 
rods  or  perches,  or  4840  square  yards.  This 
is  the  English  statute  or  imperial  acre  which 
is  employed  over  the  United  Kingdom  and 
its  colonies  and  in  the  United  States,  though 
Scotland  and  Ireland  have  respectively  an 
acre  of  theirown,  which  isstill  to  some  extent 
used  in  measurements.  The  Scotch  acre 
is  larger  than  the  English,  as  it  contains 
6104-128  square  yards,  48  Scotch  acres  being 
equal  to  61  English  acres.  The  Irish  acre 
is  also  larger  than  the  English,  inasmuch  as 
100  Irish  acres  are  nearly  equivalent  to 
162  English  acres.— Gorf'«  acre,  God's  field; 
the  church-yard. 

I  like  that  ancient  Saxon  phrase,  which  calls 
The  burial-ground  Goo's  acre!     It  is  just ; 
It  consecrates  each  grave  within  its  walls. 
And  breathes  a  benison  o'er  the  sleeping  dust. 

Long/Hint. 

Acreable  (a'ker-a-bl),  a.  According  to  the 
acre;  measured  or  estimated  in  acres  or  by 
the  acre. 

The  acreable  produce  of  the  two  methods  was 
nearly  the  same.  Complete  Farmer. 

Acreage  (a'ker-aj),  n.  The  number  of  acres 
in  a  piece  of  land;  acres  taken  collectively; 
as,  the  acreage  of  Britain. 

No  coarse  and  blockish  God  of  acreage 

Stands  at  thy  KaK  for  thee  to  grovel  to.    Tennyson. 

Acred  (ii'kcrd),  a.  Possessing  acres  or  landed 
property :  used  chiefly  in  composition ;  as, 
'Large- acred  men.'  Pope.  'Many-acreo* 
men.  Sir  W.  Jones. 

Acre-dale  (a'ker-dal),  n.  [A.  Sax.  (peer,  a 
field,  and  dcel,  a  division.  See  DEAL.]  Land 
in  a  common  field,  different  parts  of  which 
are  held  by  different  proprietors.  [Provin- 
cial English.] 

Acre-fight  (a'ker-fit),  n.  (Acre,  a  field,  and 
"'ilit  \  A  kind  of  duel  in  the  open  field 
formerly  fought  by  single  combatants, 
English  and  Scotch,  on  the  debatable  land 
between  the  frontiers  of  their  respective 
kingdoms. 

Acre-shot  (a'ker-shot),  n.  [Acre,  a  field, 
and  shot,  proportion,  reckoning.  See  SCOT.] 
A  local  land-tax  or  charge.  Dugdale. 


ch,  eJmin;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go\      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin/?;      TH.  (ften;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


ACRID 


30 


ACROPETAL 


Acrid  (ak'rid),  a.  (L.  acer,  acris,  acre,  sharp; 
Fr  Acre;  root  an.  (See  ACID.)  The  termina- 
tion in  this  word  may  have  arisen  from  a 
spurious  form  acridus  perhaps  used  in  mo- 
dern scientific  Latin.  ]  1.  Sharp  or  biting  to 
the  taste;  pungent;  bitter;  as,  acrid  salts.— 
2  Severe1  virulent;  violent;  stinging.  'Acrid 
temper.'  Cmeper.  —  Acrid  substances  are 
those  which  excite  in  the  organs  of  taste  a 
sensation  of  pungency  and  heat,  and  when 
applied  to  the  skin  irritate  and  inflame  it- 
Acrid  poisons,  including  those  also  called 
corrosive  and  escharotic,  are  those  which  irri- 
tate, corrode,  or  burn  the  parts  to  which  they 
are  applied,  producing  intense  burning  sen- 
sation, and  acute  pain  in  the  alimentary 
canal.  They  include  concentrated  acids 
and  alkalies,  compounds  of  mercury,  ar- 
senic, copper,  &c. 
Acrid  (ak'rid),  n.  An  acrid  poison.  A 

powerful  acrid.'    Pereira. 
Acridia,  Acridli  (a-krid'i-a,  a-knd'i-i),  n.  pi. 
See  ACRiwii-K. 

Acrldlan  (a-krid'i-an),  n.    One  of  the  Acn- 
dldtt 

Acrididse  (a-krid'i-de),  «.     A  family  of  or- 
tluipterous  insects  containing  the  grasshop- 
pers.   All  the  species  of  this  family  can  leap. 
Acridity  (a-krid'i-ti),  n.  Same  as  Acridnes*. 
Acrldness  (ak'rid-nes),  n.    The  quality  of 
being  acrid  or  pungent. 
Acrimonious  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us).a.  1.  Abound- 
ing in  acrimony  or  acridness;  acrid;  bitter; 
corrosive.     '  If  gall  cannot  be  rendered  ac- 
rimonious and  bitter  of  itself.'    Harvey.— 
2.  Fig.  severe;  bitter;  virulent;  caustic; 
stinging :  applied  to  language,  temper,  and 
the  like.     'Acrimonious  contempt.'    John- 
son.   'An  acrimonious  conflict.'  Macaitlay. 
[The  latter  is  now  the  commoner  sense.] 
Acrimoniously  (ak-ri-mo'ni-us-li),  adv.    In 
an  acrimonious  manner;  sharply;  bitterly; 
pungently. 

Acrlmoniousness  (ak-n-mo'm-us-nes),  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  acrimonious. 
Acrimony  (ak'ri-mo-ni),  n.  [L.  acrimonia, 
sharpness,  from  acris,  sharp  (see  ACID),  and 
afflx  mania.]  1.  A  quality  of  bodies  which 
corrodes,  dissolves,  or  destroys  others;  also, 
harshness  or  extreme  bitterness  of  taste ; 
pungency. 

Those  milks  (in  certain  plants)  have  all  an  acri- 
mony, though  one  would  think  they  should  be  leni- 
tive. Bacon. 
2.  Fig.  sharpness  or  severity  of  temper;  bit- 
terness of  expression  proceeding  from  anger, 
ill-nature,  or  petulance;  pungency;  viru- 
lence. 'Acrimony  and  indignation.'  South. 
'Acrimony  of  voice  and  gesture.'  Bp.Hacket. 
—Acrimony,  Asperity,  llarshness,  Tartness. 
Acrimony  expresses  a  high  degree  of  bitter- 
ness of  language  proceeding  from  a  soured 
or  malignant  temper;  asperity  refers  rather 
to  the  manner  than  the  disposition,  and 
does  not  necessarily  imply  any  malignity  of 
temper,  but  may  be  due  to  a  feeling  of  just 
indignation;  harshness  generally  implies  an 
undue  measure  of  asperity;  tartness  ex- 
presses a  comparatively  slight  degree  of 
bitterness,  and  usually  implies  also  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  wit. 
No  order  of  men  have  an  enmity  of  more  acrimony. 

Johnson. 

The  orators  of  the  opposition  declared  against 
him  with  great  animation  and  asperity.      Macaulay. 
My  needful  seeming  harshness,  pardon  it. 

Tennyson. 
The  popular  harangue,  the  tart  reply.      Coivper. 

Acrisia  (a-kris'i-a),  n.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix  a, 
and  krixis,  judgment.]  A  condition  of  dis- 
ease in  which  no  judgment  can  be  formed, 
or  in  which  an  unfavourable  judgment  must 
be  given.  Dunglison. 

Acrlsy  (ak'ri-si),  n.  [See  ACKISIA.]  [Rare.] 
1.  Same  as  Acrisia.— 2.  Injudiciousness. 

Acrita  (ak'ri-ta),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  akritos,  indis- 
cernible.] A  name  of  the  lower  Radiata, 
now  called  Protozoa,  having  no  distinct  dis- 
cernible nervous  system,  as  sponges. 

Acrltan,  Acrlte  (ak'ri-tan,  ak'rit),  n.  One 
of  the  Acrita. 

Acritical  (a-krit'ik-al),  a.  In  mcd.  (a)  having 
no  crisis;  as,  an  acritical  abscess,  (ft)  Giv- 
ing no  indications  of  a  crisis ;  as,  acritical 
symptoms. 

Acritude  (ak'ri-tud),  n.  [See  ACKID.]  An 
acrid  quality;  bitterness  to  the  taste;  biting 
heat.  [Rare.] 

Acrity  t  (ak'ri-ti),  n.  [L.  acrilas,  sharpness. 
See  ACRID,  &c.]  Sharpness;  keen  severity; 
strictness.  'The  acrity  of  prudence,  and 
severity  of  judgment.'  Bacon. 

Acroamatic,  Acroamatlcal  (ak'ro-a-mnt"- 
ik,  ak'ro-a-mat"ik-al),  a.  [Gr.  akroamatikos, 
from  akroaomai,  to  hear.]  Abstruse;  per- 


taining to  deep  learning,  and  opposed  to 
exoteric.  Aristotle's  lectures  were  of  two 
kinds-  acroatic,acroamatic,or  esoteric,  which 
were  intended  for  hearing  only  and  were 
not  committed  to  writing,  and  were  deli- 
vered to  a  class  of  select  disciples,  who  had 
been  previously  instructed  in  the  elements 
of  learning ;  and  exoteric,  which  were  deli- 
vered in  public.  The  former  respected  be- 
ing, God, and  nature;  the  principal  subjects 
of  the  latter  were  logic,  rhetoric,  and  policy. 

We  read  no  achroamatic  lectures.         Hales. 
Aristotle  was  wont  to  divide  his  lectures  and  read- 
ings into  acnamatical  and  exoterical.          Hales. 

Acroamatics  (ak'ro-a-mat"iks),  n.pl.  Aris- 
totle's lectures  on  the  more  subtle  parts  of 
philosophy.  See  ACKOAMATIC. 

Acroatic  (ak-ro-at'ik),  a.  [Gr.  akroatikos, 
pertaining  to  hearing,  from  akroaomai,  to 
hear.]  Abstruse.  Same  as  Acroamatic 
(which  see). 

Acroatics  (ak-ro-at'iks),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Ac- 
roamatics. 

Acrobat  (ak'ro-bat),  n.  [Gr.  akrobatei,  to 
go  on  tip-toe,  to  climb  upwards  —  akros, 
high,  on  the  tip  of  anything,  and  baino,  to 
go.]  A  rope-dancer;  also,  one  who  prac- 
tises high  vaulting,  or  similar  feats  of  per- 
sonal agility,  as  tumbling,  throwing  somer- 
saults, &c. 

Acrobates  (a-krob'at-ez),  n.  [Gr.  akros.  high, 
and  baino,  to  go.]  A  sub-genus  of  Petau- 
rus,  a  genus  of  marsupial  animals,  family 
Phalangistida;,  indigenous  to  Australia,  con- 


Opossum  Mouse  (Acrobatespypnaus}. 

taining  the  opossum  mouse  (A.  pygmteus), 
one  of  the  smallest  of  the  Marsupialia.  It 
is  hardly  larger  than  a  mouse,  and  has  a 
parachute. 

Acrocarpi  (ak-ro-karpl),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  akros, 
highest,  and  karpos,  fruit.]  In  bot.  a  divi- 
sion of  the  mosses  containing  the  species  in 
which  the  capsule  terminates  the  growth  of 
a  primary  axis. 

Acrocarpous  (ak-ro-karp'ns),  a.  In  bot.  ap- 
plied to  mosses  whose  flower  terminates 
the  growth  of  a  primary  axis;  of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  Acrocarpi. 

The  flower  of  mosses  either  terminates  the  growth 
of  a  primary  axis  (acrocarpous},  or  the  flower  is 
placed  at  the  end  of  an  axis  of  the  second  or  third 
order  {pleitrocarpons).  Sachs. 

Acrocephalic  (ak'ro-se-fal"ik),  a.  [Gr.  akros, 
high, and  kephale,  the  head.]  lnethn.&  term 
applied  to  the  pyramidal  or  high-skulled 
tribes  of  men,  or  to  their  skulls. 

Acrocerauniaii  (ak'r6-se-ra"ni-an),  a.  [Gr. 
akron,  a  summit,  and  keraunos,  thunder.] 
An  epithet  applied  to  certain  mountains 
in  the  north  of  Epirus  in  Greece.  They 
project  into  the  Adriatic,  and  were  so 
termed  from  being  often  struck  with  light- 
ning. Written  also  Akrokeraunian. 

Thethunder-hillsoffear. 
The  acrocerauttian  mountains  of  old  name. 
Byron. 

Acrochordon  (ak-ro-kord'on),  n.  [Gr. ,  from 
akros,  high,  extreme,  and  chorde,  a  string.  ] 
An  excrescence  on  the  skin,  with  a  slender 
base. 

Acrocinus  (ak-ro-si'nus),  71.  [Gr.  akron, 
point,  kineo,  I  move.  ]  A  genus  of  longicorn 
coleopterous  insects,  family  Cerambycidpc, 
so  called  from  having  the  spine  on  each  side 
of  the  thorax  movable.  A.  longimanus,  the 
harlequin  beetle  of  South  America,  is  the 
type.  It  is  2J  inches  long,  with  antenna  5, 
and  fore-legs  alone  4  inches  in  length. 

Acrocomia  (ak-ro-ko'mi-a),  n.  [Gr.  akros, 
extreme,  and  kome,  a  tuft]  A  genus  of 
tropical  American  plants,  nat  order  Pal- 
macere,  allied  to  the  cocoa-palm.  The  spe- 
cies include  some  of  the  most  majestic 
palms,  30  or  40  feet  high,  and  crowned  with 
a  tuft  of  gigantic  leaves.  A.  aculeata  has  a 
stem  as  thick  as  a  man's  body,  and  yields 
a  small  round  fruit,  with  a  thin,  sweetish, 
astringent  pulp,  and  a  nut  with  a  white 
edible  kernel.  See  MACAW-TRKE. 

Acrodactylum  (ak-ro-dak'til-um),  n.  [Gr. 
akros,  high,  uppermost,  and  daktylos,  a 
digit.  ]  The  upper  surface  of  each  digit  in 
a  bird. 

Acrodont  (ak'ro-dont),  n.     [Gr.  akros,  high, 


on  the  top,  and  odotis,  odontos,  a  tooth.]  A 
term  common  to  those  lacertian  reptiles 
which  have  their  teetll  united  at  the  top  of 
the  alveolar  ridge. 

Acrodont  (ak'ro-dont),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  the  acrodulits;  characterized  by 
an  arrangement  of  the  teeth  like  that  of  the 
acrodonts. 

Acrodus  (ak'ro-dus),  n.  [See  ACRODONT.] 
A  genus  of  placoid  fossil  fishes,  vulgarly 
styled  fossil  leeches,  with  large  enamelled 
striated  teeth.  The  teeth  especially  are 
common  in  the  chalk  and  oolite. 
Acrogen  (ak'ro-jcn),  n.  [Gr.  akros,  high,  on 
the  top,  and  gennao,  to  produce.]  An  ac- 
rogenous  plant.  In  bot.  the  acrogens  form 
a  division  of  the  Cryptogamia,  distinguished 
by  the  habits  of  growth  and  the  mode  of 
impregnation  from  the  Thallogens.  They 
have  true  stems  with  leafy  appendages  (ex- 
cepting the  Riccias  and  Marchantias),  and 
the  embryonic  sac  is  impregnated  by  the 
spermatozoids.  They  are  divided  into  two 
groups:— (a)  Those  composed  wholly  of 
cellular  tissue,  the  charas,  liverworts,  and 
mosses ;  and  (&)  Those  in  which  vascular 
tissue  is  present,  the  ferns,  horsetails,  pill- 
worts,  and  club-mosses.—  The  age  of  acro- 
gens, in  geol.  the  carboniferous  era,  when 
acrogens  were  the  characteristic  vegetable 
forms. 

Acrogenous  (a-kroj'en-us),  a.  Increasing 
by  growth  at  the  summit,  as  the  tree-ferns; 
pertaining  to  the  acrogens. 
Acrognathus  (a-krog'na-thus),n.  [Gr.akroi, 
high,  and  gnathos,  the  jaw.)  A  genus  of 
fossil  fishes  of  the  salmon  family,  occurring 
in  the  lower  chalk. 

Acrography  (a-krog'ra-fl),  ».  [Gr.  akros, 
high,  and  yrapho,  to  write  or  engrave.  ]  The 
art  of  producing  designs  in  relief  on  metal 
or  stone  by  etching,  for  the  purpose  of 
printing  from  them  along  with  type,  and 
thus  superseding  wood -engraving. 
Acroke.t  a.  Crooked;  awkward.  'The  mat- 
ter is  acroke.'  Chaucer.  Written  also  A- 
crootce. 

Acrolein,  Acrolelne  (a-kro'le-in),  n.  [Gr. 
akros,  high,  on  the  top,  and  L.  oleum,  oil.] 
(CSH4O.)  A  colourless  limpid  liquid  ob- 
tained by  distilling  glycerine  with  acid  po- 
tassium sulphate.  This  substance  is  pro- 
duced by  the  destructive  distillation  of  fatty 
bodies,  such  as  an  ordinary  candle;  it  has  a 
most  intensely  irritating  odour.  Acrolein 
is  the  aldehyde  of  the  allyl  series.  See 
ALLYL. 

Acrolith  (ak'ro-lith),  n.  [Gr.  akros,  high, 
extreme,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  In  arch,  and 
sculp,  a  statue,  of  which  only  the  extremi- 
ties are  stone. 

Acrolithan  (akrolith-an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  an  acrolith  ;  formed  like  an  acrolith;  as, 
an  acrolithan  statue. 

Acromial  (a-kro'mi-al),  a.  In  anat.  relating 
to  the  acromion. 

Acromion  (a-kro'mi-on),  n.  [Gr.  akros,  high, 
extreme,  and  omos,  shoulder.]  In  anat.  that 
process  of  the  spine  of  the  scapula  which 
receives  the  extreme  part  of  the  clavicle, 
and  gives  attachment  to  part  of  the  deltoid 
and  trapezius  muscles. 
Acromonogrammatlc  (a-krom'o-no-gram- 
mat'ik),  n.  and  a.  [Gr.  akros,  extreme, 
monox,  alone,  and  gramma,  a  letter.]  A 
term  applied  to  a  poetical  composition  in 
which  every  verse  begins  with  the  same 
letter  as  that  with  which  the  preceding 
verse  ends. 

Aero-narcotics  (ak'ro-nar-kot"iks),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  akros,  extreme,  and  E.  narcotic*.]  A 
division  of  poisons,  chiefly  of  vegetable 
origin,  which  irritate  and  inflame  the  ali- 
mentary canal,  and  act  on  the  brain  and 
spinal  cord,  producing  stupor,  coma,  para- 
lysis, and  convulsions.  Called  also  Sarcotico- 
acrids  or  Narcotico-irritants. 
Acronyc,  Acronycal  (a-kron'ik,  a-kron'ik- 
al),  a.  [Gr.  akros,  extreme,  and  nyx,  night] 
In  astron.  culminating  at  midnight :  said 
of  a  star  which  rises  as  the  sun  sets,  and 
sets  as  the  sun  rises,  and  is,  therefore,  di- 
rectly opposite  the  sun:  opposed  to  cosmical. 
Spelled  also,  though  improperly,  Acronic, 
Acronical. 

Acronycally  (a-kron'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  an 
acronycal  manner;  so  as  to  culminate  at 
midnight.  A  star  is  said  to  rise  and  set 
acronycally  when  it  rises  as  the  sun  sets, 
and  sets  as  the  sun  rises. 
Acropetal  (ak'ro-pet-al),  a.  [Gr.  akros,  top. 
and  petalon,  a  leaf.]  In  bot.  having  an 
origin  successively  nearer  the  top  of  the 
axis,  as  leaves. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


ACROPODITJM 


31 


ACTINIAM; 


Acropodium  (ak-ro-po'di-um),  n.  [Or.  afcroft. 
the  tup,  Hinl  poii 8 1  font,  j  In  zool.  the  upper 
surface  of  the  whole  foot, 

Acropolis  (a-krop'u-lis).  n.  f Or.  akrot,  high, 
inn!  polis,  a  city.]  Tin-  citadel  nf  a  Cm-ian 
rity,  usually  situated  on  an  eminence  com- 
manding the  town,  ami  strong  by  nature  or 
art;  that  of  Athens  contained  some  of  the 
finest  buildings  of  the  city,  such  as  the  Vur- 
thenon  and  Krechthemn. 

AcrosaUTUB  (ak'ro-sa-rus),  n.  [Or.  akros, 
extreme,  and  naitros,  a  lizard.]  An  extra- 
ordinary fussil  reptile,  with  thirty  or  forty 
teeth,  and  a  broad  check-hone  process,  oc- 
curring i"  the  trias  sandstones  of  South 
Afriea. 

Acrosplre  (ak'ro-spir),  n.  [Or.  akrott,  highest, 
and  nfteira.A  spire, or  spiral  line.]  The  first 
leaf  which  rises  above  the  ground  when  corn 
germinates;  also  the  rudimentary  stem  or 
first  leaf  which  appears  in  malted  grain; 
the  developed  plumule  of  the  seed. 

AcrOBpired  (ak'ro  spird),  a.  Having  or  ex- 
hibiting tlie  acrospire  ;  especially,  in  inalt- 
inakina,  a  term  applied  to  the  grains  of  bar- 
ley which  have  sprouted  so  far  as  to  exhibit 
the  blade  or  plumule  end,  the  root  or  radicle 
also  appearing. 

Acrosporous  (a-kro'spor-us),  a.  [Gr.  akrott, 
a  summit,  and  sporos,  seed.]  A  term  apel- 
lative  of  one  of  the  two  modes  in  which 
fruit  is  formed  in  fungi.  In  this  method 
the  spores  are  naked  and  produced  at  the 
tips  of  cells.  For  the  other  method  see 

ASCIGEROUS. 

Across  (a-kros'),  prep.    [Prefix  at  and  cross.] 

1.  From  side  to  side:  opposed  to  along, 
which  is  in  the  direction  of  the  length; 
athwart;  quite  over;  as,  a  bridge  is  laid 
across  a  river. — 2.    Intersecting;  passing 
over  at  any  angle ;  as,  a  line  passing  across 
another. 

Across  (a-kros7),  adv.  1.  From  one  side  to 
another;  crosswise. 

With  arras  acrost, 
He  stood,  reflecting  on  liis  country's  lois.     Dryden. 

2.  Adversely;  contrarily.   'Things  go  across.' 
Mir.  for  Mags.—  3.t  Used  as  a  kind  of  ex- 
clamation when  a  sally  of  wit  miscarried, 
in  allusion  to  failure  when  jousting,  as  at 
the  quintain.     'Good  faith,  across!'    Shak. 
—To  break  across,  in  tilting,  to  allow  one's 
spear  by  awkwardness  to  be  broken  across 

,     by  the  body  of  the  adversary,  instead  of  by 
the  push  of  the  point. 

One  said  he  brake  across.        Sir  P.  Sidney, 

Acrostic  (a-kros'tik\  n.  [Gr.  akrostichion, 
an  acrostic  —  akron,  extreme,  and  stichos, 
order  or  verse.  ]  1.  A  composition  in  verse, 
in  which  the  first,  or  the  first  and  last,  or 
certain  other  letters  of  the  lines,  taken  in 
order,  form  a  name,  title,  motto,  Ac.,  which 
is  the  subject  of  the  poem.  'Anagrams, 
chronograms,  acrostics.'  Burton.  —  2.  A 
Hebrew  poem  of  which  the  initial  letters 
of  the  lines,  or  stanzas,  were  made  to  run 
over  the  letters  of  the  alphabet  in  then- 
order.  Twelve  of  the  psalms  are  of  this 
character,  of  which  Psalm  cxix.  is  the  best 
example. 

Acrostic  (a-kros'tik),  a.  That  relates  to  or 
contains  an  acrostic;  as,  acrostic  verses. 

Acrostically  (a-kros'tik-al-li),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  an  acrostic. 

Acrotarsium(ak-ro-tar'si-um),  n.  [Gr.  altrott, 
highest,  and  tamos,  tarsus,  sole  of  the  foot.] 
In  anat.  the  upper  surface  of  the  tarsus. 
See  TARSUS. 

Acroteleutic  (ak'ro-tel-u"tik),  a.  [Gr.  akro»t 
extreme,  and  teleute,  end.]  Kccles.  an  ap- 
pellation given  to  anything  added  to  the 
end  <if  a  psalm  or  hymn,  as  a  doxology. 

Acroter  (ak'ro-ter).n.    Same  as  Acroterimn, 

Acroterial  (ak-ro-te'ri-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  acroterium;  as,  acroterial  ornaments. 

Acroterium  (ak-ro-te'ri-um),  n.  pi.  Acro- 


A  A  A,  Acroteria. 

terla  (ak-ro-tfri-a).    [Gr.  akrotirton,  a  sum- 
mit, apex,  from  akros,  highest]    1.  In  arch. 


nn  ornament,  the  apex  or  angles  of  a  pedi- 
ment. The  term  is  gem-rally  restricted  to 
the  small  pedestals  placed  «n  the  apex  and 
angles  of  a  pediment  for  the  support  of 
statues  or  other  ornaments.  It  is  also  used 
to  denote  the  pinnacles  or  other  ornaments 
on  the  horizontal  copings  or  parapets  of 
buildings,  and  which  are  sometimes  called 
acroterial  ornaments. —2.  In  anat.  an  ex- 
tremity of  the  human  body,  as  a  hand,  a 
fnot,  <fcc. 

Acrothalllginse  (ak-ro-thal'li-j!"ne),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  akrox,  extreme,  thallos,  a  thallus  or 
frond,  and  gennafi,  to  produce.]  In  bot,  a 
term  forcryptogamic  plants  which  increase 
only  at  the  top,  and  have  thalli  in  place  of 

leaVlS. 

Acrothymion  (ak-ro-thim'i-on),  n.  [Gr. 
akros,  extreme,  and  thymes,  thyme.]  In 
tned.  a  rugose  wart,  with  a  narrow  basis  and 
broad  top,  compared  by  Celsus  to  the  flower 
of  thyme.  Called  also  Thymus. 

Acrotic  (a-krot'ik),  a.  [L.L.  acroticus,  from 
Gr.  akros,  extreme.]  Belonging  to  or  affect- 
ing external  surfaces;  as,  acrotic  diseases. 

Acrotomous  (a-krot'6-mus).  a.  [Gr.  akros, 
extreme,  and  tomos, a  cutting.]  Jn  mineral. 
having  a  cleavage  parallel  to  the  top  or 
base. 

Acrylic  (a-kril'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
acrolein.—  Acrylic  acid  (CjHiOa),  an  agree- 
ably smelling  liquid,  produced  by  the  oxida- 
tion of  acrolein.  This  acid  is  monobasic, 
and  its  salts  are  very  soluble  in  water. 

Act(akt),  tf.i.  [L.ago.actum,  to  exert  power, 
to  put  in  motion,  to  do ;  Gr.  0*70,  to  lead ; 
allied  to  Icel.  aka,  to  drive,  and  probably 
to  E.  acre  (which  see).]  1.  To  exert  power; 
to  produce  effects;  as,  the  stomach  acts  upon 
food;  the  will  ac(*-  upon  the  body  in  produc- 
ing motion. 

How  body  acts  upon  the  impassive  mind.      Garth. 

2.  To  be  in  action  or  motion ;  to  carry  into 
effect  a  purpose  or  determination  of  the 
mind. 

He  bangs  between  in  doubt  to  actor  rest.      Pope. 

3.  To  behave,  demean,  or  conduct  one's 
self,  as  in  morals,  private  duties,  or  public 
offices. 

He  most  lives 

Who  thinks  most,  feels  the  noblest,  acts  the  best. 
/'.  J.  Bailey. 

4.  To  perform,  as  an  actor ;  to  represent  a 
character;  to  feign;  as,  he  acts  very  well; 
he  is  only  acting. — To  act  up  to,  to  equal  in 
action ;  to  perform  an  action  or  series  of 
actions  correspondent  to ;  to  fulfil ;  as,  he 
has  acted  up  to  his  engagement  or  his  advan- 
tages. 

Act  (iikt),  v.t.  1.  To  transact ;  to  do  or  per- 
form. 

Thou  wast  a  spirit  too  delicate 
To  act  her  earthy  and  abhorr'd  commands.     Shak. 

Industry  doth  1  >eget  ease  by  procuring  good  habits 
and  facility  of  acting  tilings  expedient  for  us  to  do. 

2.  To  represent  as  real;  to  perform  on  or  as 
on  the  stage ;  to  play ;  hence,  to  feign  or 
counterfeit ;  as,  to  ac(  Macbeth  ;  to  ac(  the 
same  part  nightly.  'With  acted  fear  the 
villain  thus  pursued.'  Dryden.. — 3.  To  per- 
form the  office  of ;  to  assume  the  character 
of;  as,  to  act  the  hero.  — 4.  t  To  put  in  action ; 
to  actuate. 

Most  people  in  the  wodd  are  acted  by  levity  and 
humour.  .v  ;<.-<>. 

Self-love,  the  spring  of  motion,  acts  the  soul.     Pope, 

Act  (akt),  n.  1.  That  which  is  being  done 
or  which  has  been  done ;  the  exertion  of 
power;  the  effect  of  which  power  exerted  is 
the  cause;  as,  the  act  of  giving  or  receiving; 
a  deed.  In  this  sense  it  denotes  an  opera- 
tion of  the  mind  as  well  as  of  the  body. 
Illustrious  acts  high  raptures  do  infuse.  Waller. 

—  In  the  act,  in  the  actual  performance  or 
commission:  said  especially  of  persons  who 
are  caught  when  engaged  in  some  misdeed. 
This  woman  was  taken  in  the  very  act.  Jn.  viii.  4. 

— Jn  act  to,  prepared  or  ready  to;  on  the 
very  point :  implying  a  certain  bodily  dis- 
position or  posture;  as,  in  act  to  strike. 

Gathering  his  flowing  robe,  he  seemed  to  stand 
In  act  to  speak,  and  graceful  stretched  his  hand. 

Pope. 

2.  A  state  of  reality  or  real  existence,  as  op- 
posed to  a  possibility;  actuality. 

The  seeds  of  plants  are  not  at  first  in  act,  but  in 
possibility,  what  they  afterwards  grow  to  be. 

Hooker, 

3.  A  part  or  division  of  a  play  performed 
without  interruption,  in  which  a  definite 
and  coherent  portion  of  the  plot  is  repre- 
sented ;  generally  subdivided  into  smaller 


portions,  called  scenes.  —  4.  The  result  of 
public  deliberation,  or  the  decision  of  a 
prince,  legislative  body,  council,  court  of 
justice,  or  magistrate;  a  decree,  edict,  law, 
statute,  judgment,  resolve,  award,  dct*  imi 
nation  ;  as.  an  net  of  parliament ;  an  act  of 
the  General  Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land.—ft.  In  English  universities,  a  thesis 
maintained  in  public  by  a  candidate  for  a 
degree,  or  to  show  the  proficiency  of  a 
student.  At  Oxford,  the  occasion  when 
masters  and  doctors  complete  their  degrees 
is  also  called  the  a-ct.—Q.  In  law,  an  instru- 
ment or  deed  in  writing,  serving  to  prove 
the  truth  of  some  bargain  or  transaction; 
as,  I  deliver  this  as  my  act  and  deed.— Act 
of  bankruptcy.  See  under  BANKRUPTCY.— 
Act  o//a#A,auto  de  fa*  (which  see).—  Act  of 
God,  in  law,  an  accident  or  event  which 
takes  place  without  human  intervention, 
and  is  beyond  man's  control,  as  the  conse- 
quences arising  from  storms,  lightning,  Ac., 
and  which  no  party  is  bound  to  make  good 
to  another,  independently  of  special  con- 
tract.—Ac<  of  grace,  a  term  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  general  pardons  at  the  beginning 
of  a  new  reign,  &c.—  Act  of  indemnity.  See 
INDEMNITY.— Act  of  Parliament.  See  PAR- 
LIAMENT. —  Act  of  sederunt,  an  ordinance 
of  the  Court  of  Session  under  authority  of 
an  act  of  the  Scottish  Parliament  passed  in 
1640,  by  which  the  judges  are  empowered 
to  make  such  statutes  as  may  be  necessary 
for  expediting  justice. —Action,  Act.  See 
ACTION. 

Acta  (ak'ta),  n.  pi.  [L.]  1.  Acts. -2.  Spe- 
cifically, proceedings  in  a  legal  or  ecclesi- 
astical court. — Acta  Sanctorum,  the  Acts 
of  the  Saints,  the  name  sometimes  applied 
to  all  collections  of  accounts  of  ancient 
saints  and  martyrs,  both  of  the  Roman  and 
Greek  Churches,  but  specifically  the  name 
of  a  work  begun  by  the  Bollandists,  a  society 
of  Jesuits,  in  1043,  and  not  yet  completed, 
portions  of  it  still  appearing  at  intervals, 
it  being  carried  on  in  the  order  of  the  cal- 
endar. 

Actaea  (ak-te'a),  n.  [L.  actcea,  herb-christo- 
p\ieT,GT.akte,akte  a,  the  elder,  from  the  leaves 
resembling  those  of  the  elder.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Ranunculacete,  found 
In  Europe,  the  north  of  Asia,  and  America. 
The  species  are  possessed  of  nauseous  and 
deleterious  properties.  Two  American  spe- 
cies are  considered  to  be  a  remedy  for  the 
bite  of  the  rattlesnake— hence  called  rattle- 
snake herbs.  A.  spicata  is  called  in  England 
herb-christovher  and  bane-berry. 

Actian  (ak'shi-an),  a.  Relating  to  Actium, 
a  town  and  promontory  of  Epirus;  as,  Ac- 
tian  games,  which  were  instituted  by  Au- 
gustus to  celebrate  his  naval  victory  over 
Anthony,  near  that  town,  Sept.  2,  B.C.  31. 
They  were  celebrated  every  five  years. 
Hence,  Actian  years,  reckoned  from  that 
era. 

Actinenchyma  (ak-tin-en'ki-ma),  n.  [Gr. 
aktiti,  aktinos,  a  ray,  and  enchyma,  infu- 
sion. ]  The  radiated  cellular  tissue  of  some 
medullas;  stellate  cellular  tissue. 

Acting  (akt'ing),  p.  and  a.  Performing  duty, 
service,  or  functions;  often  applied  to  one 
who  does  the  real  work  of  an  office  for  a 
nominal  or  honorary  holder  of  the  post;  one 
who  does  interim  duty  for  a  superior  in  the 
case  of  the  latter's  absence  or  decease. 

The  day   after  Captain    Kearney's  decease,  his 
acting  successor  made  his  appearance  aboard. 

Afarryaf. 

Actinia  (ak-tin'i-a),7i,  A  genus  of  zoophytes, 
belonging  to  the  Radiata  of  Cuvier,  regarded 
as  the  type  of  the  class  Actinozoa,  sub-king- 
dom Ccelenterata,  in  modern  classification. 
The  body  is  cylindrical,  and  is  attached  by 
one  extremity,  the  mouth  occupying  the 
middle  of  the  upper  or  free  extremity.  Ten- 
tacles, disposed  in  concentric  circles,  sur- 
round the  mouth,  which,  when  spread,  re- 
semble the  petals  of  a  flower ;  whence  the 
popular  name  animal-flowers,  sea-anemones 
(which  see).  They  are  not  perfectly  radial 
in  symmetry,  the  common  polyp  of  the  sea- 
shore (A.  mesembryanthemum)  having  the 
oral  aperture  slightly  elliptical,  the  long 
axis  being  marked  by  a  tubercle  at  either 
end;  the  animal  thus  presents  a  faint  but 
well-marked  indication  of  bilateral  symme- 
try. They  move  by  alternately  contracting 
and  expanding  their  base,  and  by  their  ten- 
tacles. The  species  are  often  of  brilliant 
colours,  and  many  of  them  are  eaten.  See 
ACTINOZOA. 

Actiniadae  (ak-tin-i'a-de),  n.pl,  A  family 
of  Ccelenterata,  belonging  to  the  order  Heli- 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loeA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  King;      TU,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  tr/iig;    zh,  a^ure.—  See  KEY. 


ACTINIC 


32 


ACTIVE 


anthoida,  of  which  the  genus  Actinia  is  the 
type.     See  ACTINIA. 

Actinic  (ak-tin'ik),a.  1.  Pertaining  to  actin- 
ism; specifically,  pertaining  to  the  chemical 
rays  of  the  sun.— 2.  In  photog.  applied  to  a 
compound  lens  when  the  real  image  which 
it  gives  upon  the  screen  is  such  that  a  large 
number  of  those  coloured  rays  which  exert 
chemical  action  upon  the  substances  com- 
posing the  sensitive  tablet  are  combined 
with  sufficient  of  the  luminous  rays  to  ren- 
der the  image  visible.  See  ACTINISM. 
Actiniform  (nk-tin'i-fnnn),  a.  [Gr.  aktix, 
aktinos,  a  ray,  and  L.  forma,  form.]  Having 
a  radiated  form. 

Actinism  (ak'tin-izm),  n.  [Gr.  aktig,  aktinos, 
a  ray.]  1.  The  radiation  of  heat  or  light; 
or  that  branch  of  natural  philosophy  which 
treats  of  the  radiation  of  heat  or  light.  — 
2.  The  property  of  the  chemical  part  of  the 
sun's  rays,  which,  as  seen  in  photography, 
produces  chemical  combinations  and  decom- 
positions. A  ray,  when  decomposed  by  re- 
fraction through  a  prism,  is  found  to  pos- 
sess three  properties,  viz.  the  luminous,  the 
heating,  and  the  chemical  or  actinic,  the 
two  latter  acting  at  opposite  ends  of  the 
spectrum.  The  actinic  property  or  force, 
or  actinism,  begins  among  the  violet  rays, 
and  extends  a  long  way  beyond  the  visible 
spectrum. 

Actinocarpus  (ak'tin-6-kar"pus),  n.  [Gr. 
aktis,  akt'nos,  a  ray,  and  karpog,  fruit.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Alismacere;  star- 
fruit.  A.  Damasonium  is  a  British  plant, 
growing  in  ditches  and  pools,  mostly  in  a 
gravelly  soil. 

Actino-chemistry  (ak'tin-6-kcm"is-tri),  n, 
Chemistry  in  its  relation  to  actinism.  See 
ACTINISM. 

Actinograph  (ak-tin'6-graf),  n.  [Gr.  aktis, 
aktinos,  a  ray,  and  grapho,  to  write.  ]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  and  registering  the 
variations  of  actinic  or  chemical  influence  in 
the  solar  rays,  the  intensity  of  which  bearsno 
direct  relation  to  the  quantity  of  light,  but 
varies  at  different  periods  of  the  day  and  of 
the  year.  There  are  several  forms  of  this 
instrument,  all  of  them  depending  on  the 
same  principle,  namely,  the  depth  of  the 
blackening  effect  of  the  chemical  rays  al- 
lowed to  fall  on  a  sensitive  piece  of  paper 
for  a  given  time. 

Actinoid  (ak'tin-oid),  a.  [Gr.  aktis,  aktinos, 
a  ray,  and  eidos,  likeness.]  Resembling  a 
ray  or  rays;  radiated. 

Actinoida  (ak'tin-oid-a),  n.  pi.  A  class  of 
marine  Radiata ;  the  same  with  A  ctinozoa 
(which  see). 

Actinolite  (ak-tin'o-lit),  n.  [Gr.  aktis,  akti- 
nos, a  ray,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  A  mineral, 
called  by  Werner  strahlstein  (ray -stone), 
nearly  allied  to  hornblende,  and  consisting 
chiefly  of  silica,  calcium,  magnesium,  and 
iron. — Actinolite  schist,  a  metamorphic  rock 
consisting  principally  of  actinolite,  with  an 
admixture  of  mica,  quartz,  or  feldspar;  its 
texture  is  slaty  and  foliated. 
Actinolitic  (ak-tin'6-lit"ik),  a.  Like  or  per- 
taining to  actinolite. 

Actinometer  (ak-tin-om'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  ak- 
tis, aktinos,  a  ray,  and  metron,  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  intensity 
of  the  sun's  actinic  rays.  Several  of  these 
instruments  have  been  invented  based  upon 
the  production  of  certain  chemical  reac- 
tions by  means  of  the  chemical  rays. 
Actinometric  (ak-tin'6-met"rik),  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  actinometer,  or  the  mea- 
surement of  the  chemical  action  of  the  sun's 
rays. 

Actinosoma  (ak-tin'6-so"ma),  n.   [Gr.  aktis, 
aktinog,  a  ray,  and  soma,  body.]    A  term 
employed  to  designate  the  entire  body  of 
any  actinozoon,  whether  this  be  simple  (as 
in  the  sea-anemones)  or  composed  of  several 
zooids  (as  in  most  corals). 
Actinote  (ak'tin-6t),  n.     [Gr.  aktis,  aktinos, 
a  ray.]     A  radiated  mineral,  consisting  of  i 
silicate  of  calcium  and  magnesium. 
Actinozoa  (ak-tin'o-zo"a),  n.  pi.    [Gr.  aktis, 
aktinos,  a  ray,  and  zoon,  an  animal.]  A  class 
of  radiated,  soft  marine  zoophytes,  embrac- 
ing the  sea-anemones,  corals,  sea-pens,<tc.  ,in 
which  the  stomach  acts  also  as  a  lung,  and  is  : 
separated  from  the  mouth  by  a  space  divided 
into  chambers  by  partitions  bearing  the  re- 
productive organs.     Some  are  compound, 
living  on  a  polypidom,  some  adhere  to  rocks,  , 
<fcc.,  and  some  are  free.  All  have  beautifully 
rayed  tentacula  arranged  around  the  mouth, 
which,  when  displayed,  present  in  some 
genera,  as  Actinia,  no  remote  resemblance 
to  some  of  our  finest  composite  flowers. 


They  are  reproduced  by  germs  thrown  out 
at  the  mouth,  by  gemmules  or  buds  devel- 
oped on  the  base  of  their  disk,  and  by  divi- 
sion, each  separated  part  becoming  a  com- 
plete animal.  They  present  that"  strange 
generative  phenomenon  known  as  meta- 
genesis or  alternation  of  generation.  They, 
with  the  Hydrozoa,  constitute  the  sub-king- 
dom Cujlenterata. 

Actinozoon  (ak-tin'6-zo"on), 71.  [See  ACTINO- 
ZOA.] An  individual  member  of  the  Actino- 
zoa, whether  simple  or  compound. 

Action  (ak'shon),  n.    [L.  actio.    See  ACT.] 

1.  The  state  or  manner  of  acting  or  being 
active,  as  opposed  to  rest;  activity;  active 
exertion;  energy  manifested  in  outward  acts; 
bustle  or  traffic  of  life;  as,  a  man  of  action. 
'A  life  of  civic  action.'    Tennyson. 

It  is  necessary  to  that  perfection  of  which  our 
present  state  is  capable  that  the  mind  and  body 
should  both  be  kept  in  action.  Johnson. 

I  myself  must  mir  with  action  lest  I  wither  by  de- 
spair. Tennyson. 

2.  An  act  or  thing  done;  a  deed;  an  exploit: 
a  feat;  specifically,  in  ethics,  any  result  of 
activity  regarded    as  proceeding   from   a 
moral  agent. 

The  Lord  is  a  God  of  knowledge,  and  by  him  ac- 
tions are  weighed.  t  Sam.  ii.  3. 

3.  The  exertion  of  power  or  force  by  one 
thing  on  another;  agency;  operation;  im- 
pulse; as,  the  action  of  wind  upon  a  ship's 
sails. —4.  In  poetry  and  the  drama,  the  con- 
nected series  of  events  on  which  the  interest 
of  the  piece  depends;  the  main  subject  or 
fable  as  distinguished  from  an  incidental 
action  or  episode.    The  unity  of  action  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  dramatic  unities. 

This  fiction  should  have  three  qualifications :  first, 
it  should  be  one  action ;  secondly,  it  should  be  an 
entire  action ;  and  thirdly,  it  should  be  a  trre-at  ac- 
tion. Addison. 

5.  In  rhet.  gesture  or  gesticulation ;  the  ex- 
ternal deportment  of  the  speaker,  or  the 
accommodation  of  his  attitude,  voice,  ges- 
tures, and  countenance  to  the  subject,  or  to 
the  thoughts  and  feelings  of  the  mind. 

Suit  the  action  to  the  word,  the  word  to  the  action. 
Shall. 

0.  In  physiol.  any  one  of  the  active  processes 
going  on  in  an  organized  body;  some  mani- 
festation of  vital  activity;  the  performance 
of  a  function;  as,  the  action  of  the  stomach 
or  the  gastric  juice  on  the  food;  a  morbid 
action  of  the  liver.  Among  these  actions 
some  are  distinguished  as  voluntary,  as  the 
contractions  of  the  voluntary  muscles;  m- 
voluHtary,  as  those  of  the  lungs  and  heart; 
mixed,  as  those  of  respiration,  deglutition, 
&c. ;  reflex,  which  doubtless  include  most 
involuntary  actions,  but  correspond  also  to 
those  performed  by  voluntarymuscles  under 
the  influence  of  stimuli  which  do  not  reach 
the  consciousness.— 7.  In  law,  (a)  a  suit  or 
process,  by  which  a  demand  is  made  of  a 
right;  a  claim  made  before  a  tribunal.  Ac- 
tions are  real,  personal,  or  mixed;  real,  or 
feudal,  when  the  demandant  claims  a  title 
to  real  estate;  personal,  when  a  man  de- 
mands a  debt,  personal  duty,  or  damages  in 
lieu  of  it,  or  satisfaction  for  an  injury  to 
person  or  property;  and  mixed,  when  real 
estate  is  demanded,  with  damages  for  a 
wrong  sustained.  Actions  are  also  civil  or 
penal;  civil,  when  instituted  solely  in  be- 
half of  private  persons,  to  recover  debts  or 
damages;  penal,  when  instituted  to  recover 
a  penalty  imposed  by  way  of  punishment. 
(6)  The  right  of  bringing  an  action;  as,  the 
law  gives  an  action  for  every  claim.— 8.  [A 
French  usage.]  A  share  in  the  capital 
stock  of  a  company,  or  in  the  public  funds;  in 
the  plural,  stocks.  —9.  In  painting  and  sculp. 
(a)  the  attitude  or  position  of  the  several 
parts  of  the  body,  as  expressive  of  the  pas- 
sions or  emotions  by  which  it  is  actuated. 
(6)  The  effect  of  a  figure  or  figures  acting 
together,  (c)  The  principal  event  which 
forms  the  subject  of  a  picture  or  bas-re- 
lief.—10.  Battle;  fight;  engagement  be- 
tween troops,  whether  on  land  or  water. 

How  many  gentlemen  have  you  lost  in  this  action  t 

11.  The  mechanism  of  a  pianoforte,  organ, 
or  other  compound  instrument  of  the  same 
kind.  — 12.  The  movement  or  works  of  a 
watch  or  clock.— 13.  In  the  manege,  gene- 
ral movements  of  the  limbs  and  body  as  a 
horse  of  fine  action.— Quantity  of  action,  in 
physics,  the  product  of  the  mass  of  a  body 
by  the  space  it  runs  through  and  its  velo- 
city.— Principle  of  least  action,  Lagrange's 
name  for  a  law  of  motion  which  he  enunci- 
ates thus  :— '  In  a  system  of  moving  bodies, 


the  sum  of  the  products  of  the  masses  of 

;     the  bodies  by  the  integral  of  the  products 

1  of  the  velocities,  and  the  elements  of  the 
spaces  passed  over  is  constantly  a  maximum 
or  minimum.' — Action,  Act.  In  many  cases 
action  and  act  are  synonymous,  but  some 
distinction  between  them  is  observable. 
Action  seems  to  have  more  relation  to  the 
power  that  acts,  and  its  operation  and  pro- 
cess of  acting;  and  act  more  relation  to  the 
effect  or  operation  complete.  A  ction  is  also 
more  generally  used  for  ordinary  transac- 
tions, and  act  for  such  as  are  remarkable 
or  dignified;  as,  all  our  actions  should  be 
regulated  by  prudence;  a  prince  is  distin- 
guished by  acts  of  heroism  or  humanity. 
Act  is  individual,  but  we  speak  of  a  course 
of  action. 

Actionable  (ak'shon-a-bl),  a.  Furnishing 
ground  for  an  action  at  law;  characterized 
by  something  for  which  an  action  at  law 
may  be  sustained;  as,  to  call  a  man  a  thief 
is  actionable. 

Actionably  (ak'shon-a-bli),  adv.  In  an  ac- 
tionable manner;  in  a  manner  that  may 
subject  to  legal  process. 

Actlonary,  Actionist  (ak'shon-a-ri,  ak'- 
shon-ist),  7i.  A  proprietor  of  stock  In  a 
joint-stock  company;  one  who  owns  actions 
or  shares  of  stock.  [Rare.] 

Action-sermon  (ak'shon-ser'mon),  n.  In 
the  Scotch  Church,  the  sermon  preached 
prior  to  the  dispensation  of  the  communion. 

Action-taking  t  (ak'shon-tak-ing),  a.  Litigi- 
ous ;  accustomed  to  seek  redress  by  law  in 
place  of  by  the  sword:  a  term  of  contempt. 
'A  lily-livered,  action-taking  knave.'  Shak. 

Actioust  (ak'shus),  a.  Active ;  full  of  acti- 
vity. Warner.  [Very  rare.] 

Actuation  (ak-ti-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  actitn, 
actitatum,  to  act  or  plead  frequently,  only 
spoken  of  lawsuits  and  dramas;  double 
freq.  from  ago,  actum,  to  act.]  Frequent 
action;  specifically,  the  debating  of  law- 
suits. [Rare.] 

Activate  t  (ak'tiv-at),  v.t.  To  make  active; 
to  intensify. 

Snow  and  ice,  especially  being  holpen,  and  their 
cold  activated  by  nitre  or  salt,  will  turn  water  to  ice, 
and  that  in  a  few  hours.  Bacon. 

Active  (ak'tiv),  a.  [L.  activus;  Fr.  actif,  ac- 
tive. See  ACT.]  1.  Having  the  power  or 
property  of  acting ;  having  the  property  of 
causing  change  or  communicating  action  or 
motion;  having  the  power  to  exert  an  influ- 
ence ;  as,  attraction  is  an  active  power;  the 
active  powers  of  the  mind:  opposed  to  pass- 
ive.—2.  Having  the  power  of  quick  motion, 
or  disposition  to  move  with  speed;  nimble; 
lively;  brisk;  agile;  as,  an  active  animal. 
Hence— 3.  Busy;  constantly  engaged  in  ac- 
tion ;  pursuing  business  with  vigour  and 
assiduity:  opposed  to  dull,  slow,  or  indolent; 
as,  an  active  officer.  It  is  also  opposed  to 
sedentary;  as,  an  active  life.  Hence— 4.  In 
com.  indicating  much  business;  as,  an  actire 
demand  for  iron;  freights  are  active.— 5.  In 
a  state  of  action,  operation,  or  motion ;  ac- 
tually proceeding ;  accompanied  by  overt 
action :  opposed  to  dormant  or  suspended. 
'Active  hostilities.'  Motley. 

The  world  hath  had  in  these  men  fresh  experience 
how  dangerous  such  active  errors  are.  Hooker. 

6.  In  med.  applied  to  certain  medicine* 
which  produce  quick  and  notable  changes 
upon  the  body;  also,  to  the  method  of 
treatment  in  which  active  remedies  are 
used.  ~  7.  Requiring  action  or  exertion; 
practical;  operative;  producing  real  effects: 
opposed  to  speculative;  as,  the  active  duties 
of  life.  —8.  In  gram,  (a)  with  some  grammari- 
ans, expressing  action ;  as,  an  active  verb. 
Active  verbs  are  subdivided  into  two  classes, 
namely,  active  intransitive  and  active  tran- 
sitive; the  former  implying  action  confined 
to  the  actor;  as,  I  walk,  run,  think;  the  latter 
action  passing  from  the  actor  to  an  object ; 
as,  I  chase  the  hare;  I  teach  the  boy.  (6)  With 
other  grammarians,  same  as  Transitive. — 
Active  capital  or  wealth,  money  or  property 
that  may  readily  be  converted  into  money. 
and  used  in  commerce  or  other  employment 
for  profit. — Active  commerce,  the  commerce 
in  which  a  nation  carries  its  own  and  foreign 
commodities  in  its  own  ships,  or  which  is 
prosecuted  by  its  own  citizens,  as  contra- 
distinguished from  passive,  in  which  the 
productions  of  one  country  are  transported 
by  the  people  of  another.—  Active  or  living 
force,  in  physics,  same  as  Vis  vi»a( which  see). 
— Active  symptoms,  in  pathol.  symptoms  of 
excitement— SYN.  Agile,  alert,  brisk,  vigor- 
ous, nimble,  lively,  quick,  sprightly,  prompt, 
industrious,  operative. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull; 


oil,  pound;      ii,  Sc.  abime;       y,  Sc.  ley. 


ACTIVE 


33 


ACUPUNCTURE 


Active  t  (uk'tiv),  n.     That  which  is  active 

It  is  well  Icnowc.  both  to  re.isun  .uul  experience, 
every  artivt  worchcth  on  his  jussive.  Chaucer. 

Actively  (ak'tiv-li),  ndw.  In  nn  active'  ni;in- 
nor;  by  action;  in  a  state  of  artnm;  niiul.lv; 
briskly;  energetically;  also  in  an  active  sig- 
nification; ;ts,  a  word  i,s  usrd  actively. 

Activementt  (ak'tiv-ment),  n.  Business; 
nnployinriit.  lip.  Reynold*, 

Activeness  (ak'tiv-ncs),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  active;  the  faculty  »>f  acting;  nimble- 

,  ness;  quickness  of  motion:  less  used  than 
i  n'tirity. 

What  strange  ;ijjility  and  act  iff  ness  do  our  com- 
mon tumbler*  .uul  Jancers  on  the  rope  attain  to. 
K/>.  ll'ilkins. 

Activity  (ak-tiv'i-ti),  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  oeing  active ;  the  active  faculty;  ac- 
tive force,  or  a  specific  exertion  thereof; 
nimblenesa;  agility;  briskness;  also,  the 
habit  of  diligent  and  vigorous  pursuit  of 
business;  as,  a  man  of  activity.  It  is  applied 
to  persons  or  things.  '  All  those  actirificn, 
bndily  ami  mental,  which  constitute  our 
ordinary  idea  of  life.'  11.  Spencer. 
S.ilt  put  to  ice  incrcaseth  the  activity  of  cold.  Bacon. 

Actless  (akt'les),  a.  Without  action  or 
spirit.  '  A  poor,  young,  actless,  indigested 
thing. '  Southern.  [Rare. ] 

Acton  (ak'ton),  n.     [Kr.  hoqueton,  O.Fr.  aco- 
tnt\,  auqueton,  Sp.  al-cotan,  Ar.  al-q'oton, 
from  being  originally  padded  with  cotton.] 
A  kind  of  vest  or  tunic  made  of  taffeta  or 
leather,  quilted,  worn  under  the  habergeon 
or  coat  of   mail    to  save  the  body  from 
bruises,  and  sometimes  worn  alone  like  a 
jmffcoat;  the  coat  of  mail  itself.  '  His  acton 
it  was  all  of  black.'    Percy  Reify. 
Yet  was  his  helmet  h.ick'd  and  hew'd, 
His  acton  pierced  and  tore.          Sir  W.  Scott. 
Written  also  AcketontAcqueton,IIacqueton. 
See  GAMBESON. 

Actor  (ak'ter),  n.  1.  One  that  acts  or  per- 
forms; specifically,  one  that  represents  a 
character  or  acts  a  part  in  a  play ;  a  stage- 
player. — 2.  In  law,  (a)  an  advocate  or  proc- 
tor in  civil  courts  or  causes,  (b)  A  plaintiff. 
[In  this  sense  properly  a  Latin  word.] 

Actress  (ak'tres),  n.  A  female  who  acts  or 
performs  anything. 

Virgil  has,  indeed,  admitted  Fame  as  an  actress  in 
the  /Eneid.  Addison. 

Specifically,  a  female  who  represents  or  acts 
a  part  in  a  play.  [In  explanation  of  numer- 
ous passages  in  our  old  plays,  it  is  to  be  ob- 
served that  actresses  were  not  introduced 
till  after  the  Restoration.  In  Shakspere's 
time  female  parts  were  performed  by  boys. 
'The  king,  one  night,  was  impatient  to  have 
the  play  begin.  'Sire/ said  Davenant.'they 
are  nhaviiuj  the  queen."  Memoirs  of  Count 
de  Gramnwnt.] 

Acts  of  the  Apostles.  One  of  the  books 
of  the  Xew  Testament,  the  authorship  of 
which  is  commonly  ascribed  to  St.  Luke.  It 
begins  with  the  ascension  of  Christ,  and 
gives  an  account  of  the  early  spread  of  the 
gospel,  and  more  especially  of  the  part 
played  therein  by  St.  Paul,  little  being  said 
of  the  other  apostles  except  St.  Peter.  The 
narrative  conies  down  to  62  A.D. 

Actual  (ak'tu-al).  a.  1.  Acting  or  existing 
really  and  objectively;  existing  in  act;  real; 
effectively  operative;  effectual:  opposed  to 
virtual,  potential,  nominal,  speculative. 

The  actual  cautery,  or  the  burning  the  body  by  a 
red-hot  iron,  is  opposed  to  the  virtual  cautery,  which 
produces  the  same  effect,  in  a  different  way,  by  means 
of  caustics  and  escharotics.  CrttiJkshaitt, 

So  Alfenus  was  a  cobbler,  even  when  not  at  work, 
that  is,  he  was  a  cobbler  potential;  whereas,  when 
busy  in  his  booth,  he  was  a  cobbler  actual. 

Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

Peter  the  Great,  introducing  new  offices,  nominated 
the  eldest  Boyars,  or  those  of  the  first  class  actual 
privy -councillors;  and  those  of  the  second  class 
privy-councillors.  Brougham. 

r-or  he  that  but  conceives  a  crime  in  thought 
Contracts  the  danger  of  an  actual  fault.    Drydtn. 

2.  Now  existing;  present;  as,  in  the  actual 
position  of  allairs.  —  3.t  Active.  'Beside 
her  walking  and  other  actual  perf onnances. ' 
Shak.  —  Actual  wm,  in  theol.  that  committed 
by  a  person  himself,  in  opposition  to  origi- 
nal sin,  inherited  from  Adam. 
Actuality  (ak-tu-al'i-ti).  n.  1.  The  state  of 
in-ill^  actual,  as  opposed  to  potentiality; 
reality,  as  opposed  to  ideality. 

It  will  be  found  that  Pope  himself  has  no  small 
portion  of  this  actuality  of  relation — this  nudity  of 
description,  and  poetry  without  an  atmosphere. 

Ctabbc. 
2.  That  in  which  anything  is  realized. 

Nature  and  religion  are  the  bands  of  friendships; 
excellency  and  usefulness  ,-ire  its  great  endearments ; 
•ocletyand  neighbourhood,  that  is,  the  possibilities 
and  the  circumstances  of  converse,  are  the  determi- 
nations and  actualities  of  it.  Jer.  Taylor. 


Actualization  (ak'tu-al-iz-a"shon),  n.  A 
making  real  or  actual;  the  reducing  of  an 
idea  to  a  state  of  actuality  or  realness;  the 
state  of  being  made  actual.  '  He  (Aristotle) 
seeks  the  idea  only  in  its  actualization.' 
J.  II  S'.rV. 

Actualize  (uk'tn-al-iz),  r.A,   To  make  actual 
Actually  (ak'tu-al-li),arfy.  1.  In  fact;  really; 
in  truth.—  2.  With  outward  and  active  mam 
:    festation. 

( )f  ..II  your  sex,  yet  never  did  I  know 

Any  that  yet  MJ  actually  did  shew 

Such  rules  for  patience,  such  an  easy  way.  Dryden. 

Actualness  (ak'tu-al-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  actual.  [Rare.] 

Actuarial  (ak-tu-a'ri-al),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  an  actuary  or  actuaries,  or  to  the 
business  of  an  actuary;  as,  the  Actuarial 
Society  of  Edinburgh. 

Actuary  (ak'tu-a-n),  n.  [L.  actuarius,  a 
clerk,  a  registrar.]  1.  A  registrar  or  clerk : 
a  term  of  the  civil  law,  and  used  originally 
in  courts  of  civil  law  jurisdiction ;  specifi- 
cally, (a)  a  clerk  that  registers  the  acts  and 
constitutions  of  the  lower  house  of  convo- 
cation. (/>)  An  officer  appointed  to  keep 
savings-banks'  accounts.— 2.  An  official  in  a 
joint-stock  company,  particularly  an  insur- 
ance company,  whose  duty  it  is  to  make  the 
necessary  computations  required  in  the 
business,  and  generally  to  advise  on  all 
questions  relating  to  statistics  and  finance ; 
a  person  skilled  in  the  doctrine  of  life  an- 
nuities and  insurances,  who  is  in  the  habit 
of  giving  opinions  upon  cases  of  annuities, 
reversions,  <fec. 

Actuate  (ak'tu-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. actuated; 
ppr.  actuating.  [From  act. }  1.  To  put  into 
action;  to  move  or  incite  to  action;  as,  men 
are  actuated  by  motives  or  passions. 

Men  of  the  greatest  abilities  are  most  fired  with 
ambition  ;  and,  on  the  contrary,  mean  and  narrow 
minds  are  the  least  actuated  by  it.  Addison. 

2.t  To  invigorate;  to  develop;  to  strengthen: 
said  of  inanimate  objects. 

The  light  made  by  this  animal  depends  upon  a 
living  spirit,  and  seems  by  some  vital  irradiation  to 
be  actuated  into  this  lustre.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

3.t  To  carry  out;  to  execute;  to  perform. 

'To  actuate  what   you   command.'     Jer. 

Taylor. 
Actuate   (ak'tu-at),  a.     Put  into  action. 

South.    [Rare.] 
Actuation  (ak-tu-a'shon),  n.    The  state  of 

being  put  in  action;  effectual  operation. 

I  have  presupposed  all  things  distinct  from  him 
to  have  been  produced  out  of  nothing  by  him,  and 
consequently  to  be  posterior  not  only  to  the  motion, 
but  the  actuation  of  his  will.  Bf.  Pearson. 

Actuator  (ak'tu-at-er),  n.   One  who  actuates 

or  puts  in  action. 
Actuose  (ak'tu-os),  a.     Having  the  power 

of  action  ;  having  strong  powers  of  action. 

Bailey.     [Rare.] 


acvy  wc  s  compee  n  se  wou 
leading  to  any  result  which  must  be  re- 
garded as  its  completion.  '  That  actuosity 
in  which  the  action  and  its  completion  co- 
incide, as  to  think,  to  see.'  J.  Hutchison 
Stirling. 

Acture  t  (ak'tur),  n.  Action ;  performance. 
Shak. 

Actus  (ak'ttfs),  n.  [L.]  In  law,  a  road  for 
passengers  riding  or  driving;  a  highway. 
[Rare.  J 

Acuatet  (ak'u-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  acuated; 
ppr.  acuatinq.  [L.  aewo,  to  sharpen.  See 
ACID.]  To  sharpen;  to  make  pungent  or 
corrosive. 

Immoderate  feeding  upon  pickled  meats,  and  de- 
bauching with  strong  wines,  do  inflame  and  acuate 
the  blood.  Harvey. 

Acuate  t  (ak'u-at),  a.  Sharpened ;  pointed. 
A  ah  mole. 

Acuitlont  (ak-u-i'shon),  n.  [From  L.  acuo, 
to  sharpen.]  The  sharpening  of  medicines 
to  increase  their  effect,  as  by  the  addition 
of  a  mineral  acid  to  a  vegetable  acid. 

Acuity  t  (a-ku'i-ti),  n.  Sharpness.  "The 
acuity  or  bluntness  of  the  pin  that  bears 
the  card.'  Perkins. 

Aculeata  (a-ku'le-a"ta),  n.  [See  ACULEATE.] 
Sting-bearers,  a  name  sometimes  given  to 
a  group  of  hymenopterous  insects,  in  which 
the  abdomen  of  the  females  and  neuters  is 
armed  with  a  sting,  consisting  of  two  fine 
spiculaj,  with  reverted  barbs,  connected 
with  a  poison  reservoir.  It  includes  bees 
and  wasps. 

Aculeate,  Aculeated  (a-ku'le-at,  a-ku'le- 
at-ed),  a.  [L.  aculrit*,  a  spine,  a  prickle, 
dim.  of  acw*,  a  needle.  See  ACID.]  1.  In 


Acuminate  Leaf. 


Imt.  bavin-  pricktesorsharp  points;  pointed: 
used  chiefly  to  denote  plants  having  prickli  « 
fixed  in  the  bark,  tn  distinction  from  tin-m- 
which  grow  from  the  wood. — 2.  In  zool 
having  a  sting. 

Aculeate  (a-ku'le-at),  n.    A  hymenopterous 
insect,  one  of  the  Aculeata. 
Aculeate  (a-ku'10  at),  v.t.  pret  A  pp.  acvlr- 
i    ated;  ppr.  aculeatinrj.      To  make  pointed; 

to  sharpen.     [Rare.] 

Aculeiform  (a-ku'le-i-form),a.  Formed  like 
a  prickle. 

Aculeolate  (a-ku'lc-6-lat),  a.   In  bot.  having 
small  prickles  or  sharp  points.     Gray. 
Aculeous  (a-ku'le-us),  a.    Jn  bot.  having 
prickles;  aculeate;  thorny.     Sir  T.  Browne. 
Aculeus  (a-ku'le-us),  n.  pi.  Aculei  (a-ku'- 
le-i).  [L.]  In  bot.  a  hard,  sharp,  conical  hair, 
or  cellular  process  of  the  epidermis  or  bark 
of  plants;  a  prickle. 

Acumen  (a-ku'men),  n.  [L.  acumen,  from 
acuo,  to  sharpen.]  Quickness  of  perception; 
the  faculty  of  nice  discrimination;  mental 
acuteness  or  penetration ;  keenness  of  in- 
sight. '  His  learning,  above  all  kings  chris- 
tened, his  acumen,  his  judgment,  his  mem- 
ory.' Sir  E.  Coke. 

Acuminate  (a- kiVmin-at),<>.  [L.  acuminatus, 
sharpened,  from  acumen.} 
Pointed;  acute;  specifically, 
in  bot.  having  a  long  taper 
ing  termination:  applied  to 
leaves.  When  the  narrow- 
ing takes  place  at  the  base 
it  is  so  expressed,  e.g.  acu- 
minate at  the  base;  when 
used  without  any  limita- 
tion it  always  refers  to  the 
apex  of  the  leaf. 
Acuminate  (a-ku'rnin-at). 
v.  t.  To  render  sharp  or 
keen.  'To  acuminate  de- 
spair. '  Cowper.  [Rare.  ] 
Acuminate  t  (a-ku'min-at), 
v.i.  To  taper  to  a  point;  to 
rise  like  a  cone. 

They  (the  bishops)  .  .  .  acuminating  still  higher 
and  higher  in  a  cone  of  prelaty,  instead  of  healing 
up  the  gashes  of  the  church  .  .  .  fall  to  gore  one 
another  with  their  sharp  spires,  for  upper  places  and 
precedence.  Milton. 

Acuminated  (a-ku'min-at-ed),  a.  Sharpened 
to  a  point;  acuminate. 

This  is  not  acuminated  and  pointed,  as  in  the  rest, 
but  seemeth,  as  it  were,  cut  on.  Sir  T.  Browne. 
Acumination  (a-ku'min-a"shon),  n.  1.  Act 
of  acuminating,  or  state  of  being  acumi- 
nated; sharpening;  termination  in  a  sharp 
point. — 2.  Something  with  a  sharp  point ;  a 
pointed  extremity. 

The  coronary  thorns  .  ,  .  did  also  pierce  his  ten- 
der and  sacred  temples  to  a  multiplicity  of  pains,  by 
their  numerous  acuminations.  Bf.  Pearson. 

3.  Acuteness  of  intellect.     [Rare.] 

Wits,  which  erect  and  inscribe,  with  notable  zeal 
and  acumination,  their  memorials  in  every  mind 
they  meet  with.  H'aterhouse. 

Acumlnose,  Acumlnous  (a-ku'min-os,  a- 
ku'min-us),  a.  In  bot.  having  a  sharp  or 
tapering  point.  [Rare.] 

Acupression  (ak-u-pre'ahon),  n.  Acupres- 
sure (which  see). 

Acupressure  (ak-u-pre'shur),  n.  [L.  aeus,  a 
needle,  and  E.  pressure.]  In  surg.  a  method 
of  stopping  haemorrhage  in  arteries  in  am- 
putations, Ac.,  consisting  in  pressing  the 
artery  closely  by  means  of  a  pin  or  needle 
or  bit  of  inelastic  wire,  introduced  through 
the  sides  or  flaps  of  the  wound,  instead  of 
tying  with  a  thread.  There  are  various 
modes  of  inserting  the  pin. 

Acupimcturatiou(ak-u-pungk'tur-a"shon), 
n.  Pricking  with  a  needle;  acupuncture. 

Acupuncturator  (ak-u-pungk'tu-rat-er),  n. 
An  instrument  for  performing  the  operation 
of  acupuncture. 

Acupuncture  (ak-u-pungk'tur),  n.  [L.  amst 
a  needle,  and  punctura,  a  pricking.  See 
PUNCTURE.]  1.  A  surgicul  operation  re- 
sorted to  in  certain  complaints,  as  in  head- 
aches and  lethargies,  &c.,  and  consisting  in 
the  insertion  of  a  delicate  needle  or  set  of 
needles  beneath  the  tissues.  This  operation 
has  for  many  ages  been  practised,  and  is 
still  in  high  repute  in  China,  Japan,  and 
India.  In  modern  surgery  it  is  confined  to 
muscular,  tendinous,  and  aponeurotic  parts, 
and  is  employed  chiefly  to  relieve  neuralgic 
and  chronic  rheumatic  pains,  the  needles 
being  sometimes  used  to  conduct  a  gal- 
vanic current,  and  sometimes  made  hollow 
to  convey  an  anodyne  or  sedative  into  the 
tissues.  —2.  A  mode  of  infanticide  in  some 
countries,  a  needle  being  forced  into  the 
brain  through  the  spinal  marrow,  Ac. 


eh,  cAain:      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go; 
Vol..  I. 


J,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  tiny;      111,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  1 


zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
3 


ACURU 


34 


ADAPTNESS 


"SZSXSS^*  —  !n  lDdia  "     *C*ETSWLl  o, 
Acutangular  (a-kut'ang-gu-ler),  a. 
rular  (which  see),     narburtvn. 


Acute- 


.  a, 
A 


Acute  Leaves. 


priv.,  Kyanos,  uiue,  uicpu,  tu  iuuiv  un.j  » 
defect  in  vision,  in  consequence  of  which 
the  colour  blue  cannot  be  distinguished. 

AS  (aW ^L^^r*™.     Ad, prefix.  ^^^^Tat 

(which  sec).]  A  Latin  preposition  signify- 
ing to;  and  appearing  as  a  prefix  in  a  great 
number  of  words  of  Latin  origin,  in  winch 
case  the  final  letter  is  usually  assimilated  to 
the  first  letter  of  the  word  to  which  it  is 
prefixed;  thus,  in  acclaim,  affirm,  alligation, 
approve,  arrive,  attrition.  &c.,  the  ac,  af, 
at,  ap,  &c.,  are  all  modified  forms  of  ad.  In 
ascend,  ascribe,  the  d  has  been  lost  alto- 

AdacU  (a-dakf),  v.t.  [L.  adigo,  adactum— 
ad,  to,  and  ago,  to  lead  or  drive.  ]  To  drive ; 
to  compel.  Fatherly. 

Adactyl  (a-dak'til),  a.  In  zool.  applied  to  a 
locomotive  extremity  without  digits  or  toes. 
Written  also  Adactyle. 

Adactyl  (a-dak'til),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
dcMyios,  a  digit.  ]  In  zool.  a  locomotive  ex- 
trem'ity  without  digits.  Written  also  ;laac- 
tyle. 

Adage  (ad'aj),  n.  [Fr.  adage;  L.  adagmm, 
adagio,  a  proverb,  by  some  derived  from 
adigo,  to  adduce— ad,  to.  and  ago,  to  bring; 
by  others  from  ad,  to,  and  aio,  Skr.  aft,  to  say, 
to  speak.]  A  proverb;  an  old  saying,  which 
has  obtained  credit  by  long  use ;  a  wise 
observation  handed  down  from  antiquity. 

Unless  the  adage  must  be  verified 

That  beggars  mounted  run  their  horse  to  deatn. 

— Aphorism,  Axiom,  Maxim,  Apophthegm, 
Adage,  Proverb,  Hyword,  Saw.  See  under 
APHORISM. 

Adagiall  (a-da'ji-al),  a.    Proverbial. 
adagial  verse.'    Barrow. 

Adagio  (a-da'jo),  a.  and  adv.  [It]  In  music, 
slow;  slowly,  leisurely,  and  with  grace. 
When  repeated,  adagio,  adagio,  it  directs 
the  performance  to  be  very  slow. 

Adagio  (a-da'jo),  n.  In  music,  a  slow  move- 
ment. 

Adaeyt  (ad'a-ji),  n.    Same  as  Adage. 

AdalantadO  (ad'a-lan-ta"do),  n.  Same  as 
Adelantado. 


"tiomdcuo,  to  sharpen.     From  root  ac,  ak, 
a  point.    See  ACID.]    1.  Sharp  at  the  end; 
endln"  in  a  sharp  point:  opposed  to  blunt 
or  obtuse;  specifically  applied  in  bot.  to  a 
leaf  or  a  division  of  the 
floral   envelope  ending 
in  a  sharp  point;  and  in 
geotn.  to  an  angle  less 
than  a  right  angle.    See 
ACUTE-ANGLED.  —2.  Pos- 
sessing,   exhibiting,   or 
characterized    by   nice 
discernment  or  discrim- 
ination;  perceiving  or 
using    minute    distinc- 
tions, or  characterized 
by    the    use   of    such; 
characterized  by  keenness  of  insight:  op- 
posed to  dull  or  stupid:  (a)  applied  to  persons; 
as  an  acute  reasoner.     "i'he  acute  and  in- 
genious author.'     Locke,     (b)  Applied  to 
mental  endowments;  as,  the  author  pos- 
sesses an  acute  reasoning  faculty.     In  the 
following  passage  Shakspere  uses  the  word 
in  the  sense  of  reaching  a  high  pitch,  pecu- 
liarly great ;  but  as  he  puts  it  in  the  month 
of  a  pedant,  Schmidt  suggests  that  it  may 
be  purposely  misused. 

The  gift  (of  alliterative  rhyming)  is  good  in  those 
in  whom  it  is  acute. 

(c)  Applied  to  mental  performances;  as,  the 
reasoning  of  the  author  is  very  acute.— 
3  Applied  to  the  senses,  having  nice  orquick 
sensibility;  susceptible  of  slight  impressions; 
having  power  to  feel  or  perceive  small  ob- 
jects; as,  a  man  of  acute  eyesight,  hearing, 
or  feeling. 

Were  our  senses  made  ranch  quicker  and  acitter, 
the  appearance  and  outward  scheme  of  things  would 
have  quite  another  face  to  us.  Locke. 

4.  Keen;  sharp:  said  of  pain. —  5.  High  in 
pitch;  shrill:  said  of  sound:  opposed  to 
grave:  in  this  sense  specifically  applied  to 
an  accent  which  elevates  or  sharpens  the 
voice.  —6.  In  med.  a  term  applied  to  a  disease 
which  is  attended  with  more  or  less  violent 
symptoms,  and  comes  speedily  to  a  crisis,  as 
a  pleurisy:  opposed  to  chronic.— SYN.  Sub- 
tle, ingenious,  keen,  penetrating,  sharp, 
shrill. 

Acute  (a-kuf),  v.t.  To  render  the  accent 
acute.  [Rare.] 

He  acutes  his  rising  inflection  too  much.     Walker. 

Acute-angled  (a-kuf  ang-gld),  a.  Having 
sharp  or  acute  angles,  or  angles  less  than 
ri"ht  angles.— An  acute-angled  triangle,  one 
that  has  all  its  angles  less  than  right  angles. 

Acute-angular  (a-kut'ang-gu-ler),a.  1.  Hav- 
ing an  angle  less  than  a  right  angle.— 2.  In 
bot.  applied  to  stems  with  sharp  corners  or 
edges,  as  in  the  Labiatse. 

Acutely  (a-kut'li),  adv.  In  an  acute  manner; 
sharply;  keenly;  with  nice  discrimination. 

Acutenaculum  (ak'u-te-nak"u-lum),  n.  [L. 
news,  a  needle,  and  tenaculum,  a  holder, 
from  teneo,  to  hold.]  In  surg.  a  needle 
with  a  handle,  which  is  used  to  send  it  faster 
through  the  skin,  &c.,  in  stitching  a  wound. 

Acuteness  (a-kut'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  acute;  as,  (a)  the  quality  of  being 
sharp  or  pointed ;  as,  '  the  lance-shaped 
windows  form  at  their  vertex  angles  of  vary- 
ing degrees  of  acuteness.'  Oxford  Glossary. 

(b)  Fig.  the  faculty  of  nice  discernment  or 
perception;  quickness  or  keenness  of  the 
senses  or  understanding.    By  an  acuteness 
of  the  senses  or  of  mental  feeling  we  per- 
ceive small  objects  or  slight  impressions; 
by  an  acuteness  of  intellect  we  discern  nice 
distinctions. 

Mr.  Colbert  .  .  .  was  a  man  of  probity,  of  great 
industry,  and  knowledge  of  detail ;  of  great  experi- 
ence and  acuteness  in  the  examination  of  public 
accounts.  Adam  Smitn. 

(c)  In  rhct.  or  music,  sharpness  or  elevation 
of  sound,    (d)  In  med.  violence  of  a  disease, 
which  brings  it  speedily  to  a  crisis. 

Acutiatort  (a-ku'shi-at"er),  n.  In  the 
middle  ages,  a  person  whose  office  was  to 
sharpen  instruments.  Before  the  invention 
of  firearms  such  officers  attended  armies 
to  sharpen  their  weapons. 

Acutifoliate  (a-kut-i-fo'li-at),  a.  [L.  acutus, 
sharp,  from  acuo,  to  sharpen,  and  folium, 
a  leaf.]  In  bot.  having  sharp-pointed  leaves. 
Gray. 

Acutilobate  (a-kut-i-lo'bat),  a.  [L.  acutus, 
sharp,  and  lobus,  a  lobe.]  In  bot.  having 
acute  lobes:  said  of  certain  leaves.  Gray. 


•That 


Adalid  (ad-a-led"),  n.  [Sp.]  A  commander. 
Irving. 

Adam  (ad'am),  n.  [Heb.  ddam,  a  human 
being,  male  or  female,  perhaps  so  called 
from  his  ruddiness  ((Wain,  to  be  red).  Ge- 
senius.]  1.  The  name  of  the  first  man;  the 
progenitor  of  the  human  race.— 2.  Jocularly, 
a  Serjeant  or  bailiff:  explained  by  the  com- 
mentators as  referring  to  the  fact  that  the 
buff  worn  by  the  bailiff  resembled  the  native 
buff  of  our  first  parent. 

Not  that  Adam  that  kept  the  garden,  but  that 
Adam  that  keeps  the  prison.  Shak. 

3.  The  frailty  inherent  in  human  nature, 
regarded  as  inherited  from  Adam  in  conse- 
quence of  the  fall 

And  whipp'd  the  offending  Adam  out  of  him.  Shak. 
—Adam's  apple,  (a)  Painuin  Adami,  the 
prominence  on  the  fore  part  of  the  throat 
formed  by  the  anterior  part  of  the  thyroid 
cartilage  of  the  larynx,  so  called  from  an 
idle  notion  that  a  piece  of  the  forbidden 
fruit  stuck  in  Adam's  throat  and  occasioned 
the  tumour,  (b)  A  variety  of  the  lime 
(Citrus  Limetta)  with  a  depression,  which 
is  fancifully  regarded  in  Italy  as  the  mark 
of  Adam's  teeth.  See  CITRON.— Adam  and 
Eve,  the  popular  name  in  the  United  States 
for  a  terrestrial  orchid  (Aplectrum  hiemale). 
—Adam's  needle,  the  popular  name  of  a 
genus  of  liliaceous  plants.  Yucca  (which 
see).  —  Adam's  ale,  Adam's  wine,  water. 
[Colloq.] 
Adamant  (ad'a-mant),  n.  [L.  adamas,  ada- 


Adamantean  (ad'a-mant-e"an),  a.    Hard  as 

adamant. 

Useless  tlie  forgery 

Of  brazen  shield  and  spear,  tile  liaiiuner'd  cuirass, 
Chalybcan  temper'd  steel,  and  frock  of  mail 
Adamantean  proof. 

Adamantine  (ad-a-mant'in),  a.  1.  Made  of 
adamant;  having  the  qualities  of  adamant; 
impenetrable.  '  In  adamantine  chains  shall 
death  be  bound.'  Pope. 

Each  gun 

From  its  adamantine  lips 
Flung  a  death-cloud  round  the  ships.      Campbell. 

2  Resembling  the  diamond  in  hardness  or 
in  sparkling  lustre.— Adamantine  spar,  (a) 
a  very  hard,  hair-brown  variety  of  corun- 
dum, often  of  adamantine,  or  diamond-like 
lustre.  It  yields  a  very  hard  powder  used 
in  polishing  diamonds  and  other  gems,  (b) 
A  hair-brown  sapphire,  (c)  Corundum,  from 
its  hardness  or  peculiar  occasional  lustre. 
See  CORI  NDUM. 

AdamiC  (a-dam'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  Adam. 

Adamic  earth,  common  red  clay,  from  a 

notion  that  Adam  means  red  earth. 

Adamite  (ad'am-it),  n.  Eccles.  one  of  a  sect 
of  visionaries  of  the  second  century,  who 
pretended  to  establish  a  state  of  innocence, 
and,  like  Adam,  went  naked.  They  ab- 
horred marriage,  holding  it  to  be  the  elfect 
of  sin.  Several  attempts  have  been  made 
to  revive  this  sect,  one  as  late  as  the  fifteenth 
century. 

AdamltlC  (ad-am-it'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertainiiiK 
to,  or  resembling  the  Adamites. 

Nor  is  it  other  than  rustic  or  Adamitic  impudence 
to  confine  nature  to  itself.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Adansonla  (ad-an-so'ni-a),  n.  [FromJI. 
Adanson,  a  French  botanist  who  travelled 
in  Senegal.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Sterculiacese.  A.  digitata  is  the  African 
calabash-tree,  or  baobab-tree  of  Senegal. 
(See  BAOBAB.)  A.  Gregorii,  the  only  other 
species,  is  the  cream-of-tartar  tree  of  North 
Australia.  See  CREAM -OF -TARTAR  TREK 
under  CREAM. 

Adapla  (ad'a-pis),  n.  [Gr.  a,  intens.,  and 
dapii,  a  nig.]  An  extinct  thick-skinned 
mammal  of  the  tertiary  formation,  some- 
what resembling  a  hedgehog,  but  about 
three  times  its  size,  discovered  by  Cuvier  in 
the  plaster  quarries  near  Paris.  Its  teeth 
combine  the  characters  of  the  Anoplothe- 
rium  and  the  tapir. 

Adapt  (a-daptO.  v.t.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  apto,  to 
fit;  Or.  hapto,  to  cling  to,  to  overtake;  Skr. 
ap,  to  come  to,  to  obtain.]  1.  To  make  suit- 
able; to  make  to  correspond ;  to  fit  or  suit ; 
to  proportion. 

A  good  poet  will  adapt  the  very  sounds,  as  well  as 
words,  to  the  things  he  treats  of.  Pope. 

For  nature,  always  in  the  right. 
To  your  decays,  adapts  my  sight.         S-wt/l. 

2.  Specifically,  to  remodel,  work  up,  and 

render  fit  for  representation  on  the  stage,  as 

a  play  from  a  foreign  language  or  a  novel. 
Adaptability  (a-dapt'a-bil"i-ti),n.  The  qua-  • 

lity  of  being  capable  of  adaptation. 
Adaptable  (a-dapt'a-bl),  a.    That  may  be 

adapted. 
Adaptableness  (a-dapt'a-bl-nes),  n.    Same 

as  Adaptability. 
Adaptation  (ad-ap-ta'shon),  n.    1.  The  act 

of  adapting  or  making  suitable;  the  state  of 

being  suitable  or  lit ;  fitness. 

The  exquisite  adaptation  of  the  almost  numberless, 
though  small  asperities  of  the  one,  and  the  numerous 
little  cavities  of  the  other.  Boyle. 

2.  That  which  is  adapted;  specifically,  a 
play  translated  orconstructed  from  a  foreign 
language  or  a  novel,  and  rendered  suitable 
for  representation;  as,  this  comedy  is  a  free 
adaptation  from  a  French  author. 
Adaptedness  (a-dapt'ed-nes),  n.  State  of 
being  adapted;  suitableness. 


mantis,  Gr.  adamas,  the  hardest  iron  or  j  Adapter  (a-dapt'er),  n.    1.  One  who  or  that 
steel,  anything  inflexible,  the  diamond ;  lit.  |     which  adapts;  specifically,  one  who  trans- 


the unconquerable—  Gr.  a,  priv. ,  and  damao, 
to  tame.  See  TAME  and  DIAMOND.]  1.  A 
term  formerly  sometimes  equivalent  to 
diamond,  but  generally,  as  is  now  the  case, 


lates,  remodels,  or  works  up,  rendering  fit 
to  be  represented  on  the  stage,  as  a  play 
from  a  foreign  tongue  or  from  a  novel.  — 

_  2.  In  chem.  same  as  Adopter  (which  see), 

used  vaguely  to  express  any  substance  of  Adaption!  (a-dap'shon),  n  Adaptation;  the 
impenetrable  hardness :  it  is  chiefly  a  rhe-  act  Oj  fitting.  '  Wise  contrivances  and  pru- 
torical  or  poetical  word.  |  fcut  adaptions.'  Cheyne. 

As  an  adamant  harder  than  flint  have  I  made  thy      Adaptive  (a-dapt'iv),  a.      Tending  to  adapt; 
forehead.  Ezek.  iii.  9.          suitable.     Coleridge.     [Rare.] 

But  who  would  force  the  soul,  tilts  with  a  straw  Adaptiveness  (a-dapt'iv-nes),  ?i.    The  qual- 

ity of  being  adaptive;  suitableness. 
Adaptlyt  (a-daptli),  adv.    In  a  suitable  or 
convenient  manner. 

For  active  horsemanship  adaptly  fit.          Prior. 

Adaptness  t  (a-dapt'nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  fitted.  'Adaptness  of  the  sound  to 


Against  a  champion  cased  in  adamant.  H'ordsTvorth.   i 

2.t  Loadstone  or  magnet:  a  sense  not  un- 
common in  our  earlier  writers,  though  it  is 
not  easy  to  see  why  the  word  should  have 
assumed  this  meaning. 

You  draw  me,  you  hard-hearted  adamant, 

And  yet  you  draw  not  iron,  for  my  heart 

Is  true  as  steel.  Shak. 


the  sense.'    Ep.  Newton. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bu.ll;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ADAPTORIAL 


35 


Adaptorial  (ad-ap-to'ii-al),  «.  Tending  tu 
adapt  in-  lit:  suitable.  (Rare.) 

Adar  (a'dlr),  ;i.  [Possibly  from  Ilcb.  ailar, 
•pienaonr,  from  the  i-\uln  r.mce  of  vegeta- 
ti<m  in  this  month  in  1'ulestine.  ]  A  Hebrew 
nuiiith,  answering  to  the  latter  part  of 
February  and  the  beginning  of  March,  the 
twelfth  of  the  sacred  ami  sixth  of  the  civil 

|MT. 

Adarce  (a-darti).  71.  |<ir.  ailark-e*.  \  A  salt- 
ish concretion  on  reeda  ami  grass  in  marshy 
grounds  in  (lalatia.  It  is  soft  and  porous, 
ami  has  been  used  to  cleanse  the  skin  in 
leprosy,  tetters,  A-<-. 

Adarcon  (a-dai'kon),  n.     In  Jewish  antia.  a 
gold  coin  worth  about  25«.  sterling.    The 
distinguishing  mark  of   the    piece  was  a 
drowned  archer. 
Adarme  (a-dai'ma),  «.    A  Spanish  weight, 

the  sixteenth  of  an  ounce. 
Adase,  t  v.  t.    Same  as  Adaze.     Chaucer. 
Adatis  (ad'at-is),  n.    A  muslin  or  species  of 
line  cotton  cloth  from  India 
Adauntt  (a-danf),  v.t.    [See  DAUNT.]    To 
subdue.     'Adaunted  the    rage  of   a  lyon 
savage.'    Skelton. 

Adawt  (a-da'),  v.t.  [Prefix  a,  intens.,  and 
tin  if,  in  Prov.  E  to  daunt  or  frighten  •  con- 
nected by  Wedgwood  with  such  words  as 
Icel.  thagga,  to  silence:  M.H.G.  dagen,  ge- 
tlar/en,  to  be  still;  Hessian  dachen,  to  allay 
or  still.]  1.  To  daunt;  to  quell;  to  cow. 

The  sight  thereof  did  greatly  him  adaw.    Spenser. 

2.  To  moderate;  to  ahate. 

Gins  to  abate  the  brightness  of  his  beame 
And  fervour  of  his  fliuues  somewhat  ada-it*. 

Adawt  (a-da'),  ti.i.  To  moderate;  to  become 
less  vehement. 

Her  wrathful  corage  gan  apal, 
And  haughtie  spirits  meekly  to  adaiu.      Spenser. 

Adaw.t  Ada  wet  (a-da'),  t>.i.  [Prefix  a,  iu- 
teus.,  and  O  E.  and  Sc.  daw,  to  wake  out  of 
sleep,  to  dawn;  A.  Sax.  dayian,  dcegian,  Icel. 
aaija,  to  become  day,  from  A.  Sax  dan 
Icel.  dagr,  day.]  To  awake. 

But  sire,  a  man  that  wakith  out  of  his  slep 
He  may  not  sodeynly  well  taken  keep. 
Upon  a  thing,  ne  seen  it  parfytly 
1  il  that  he  be  adawed  verrayly.          thanccr. 

Adawlet,  Adawlut  (a-da'let),  n.  [Hind.] 
IB  the  tast  Indies,  a  court  of  justice  civil 
or  criminal. 

Adays  (a-daz'),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  for  on  or  of, 
and  days,  a  genitive  form  of  day.]  1  On  or 
an  days,  as  in  the  phrase  now  adaijs.—  2  In 
the  day-time. 

I   have  miserable  nights;   ...   but  I  shift  pretty 
well  arf.rj.j-.  Jfrs   jj^gj  ' 

Adaze  t  (a  -  daz  "),  t>.  t.  (Prefix  a,  intens  and 
daze.  ]  To  dazzle.  Sir  T.  More 

Ad  captandum  (ad  kap-tan'dum).  [L.]  For 
the  purpose  of  catching  ;  as  in  the  phrase 
ait  captandum  mlyiis,  to  catch  the  rabble- 
applied  often  as  an  adjective  to  meretricious 
attempts  to  catch  popular  favour  or  ap- 
plause ;  as,  ad  captandum  oratory. 

Adcorporatet  (ad-kor'po-rat),  v.t  pret  <fe 
pp.  adcorporatctl;  ppr.  adcorporating.  [See 
AC-CORPORATE.  ]  To  unite,  as  one  body  with 
another;  to  accorporate. 

Add  (ad),  v.t.  [L.  addo,  to  add—  ad,  to,  and 
do,  to  put,  to  place,  to  give.]  1.  To  set  or  put 
together;  to  join  or  unite,  as  one  thing  or 
ram  to  another,  in  an  aggregate  ;  as,  aiid 
three  to  four;  add  still  one  more;  add  this 
to  your  store.—  2.  To  connect  in  some  way 

to  bestow. 

Add  proof  unto  mine  armour  with  thy  prayers. 

coul?|U  .!?  "f*  gra^'  J1?"ours  to  l>i«  ag<=  than'man 
ukl  give  him,  he  died  fearing  God.  Stta*. 

3.  To  say  further;  to  subjoin;  as,  to  what  I 
have  already  said  let  me  add  this.  -To  add 
to  to  augment;  to  increase;  to  make  some 
addition  to.  [Though  the  verb  in  this  phrase 
'  ^"'C8sed  obiect'  yet  u  is  " 


ADDITION 


form  the  arithmetical  operation  of  addition; 

as.  this  boy  can  add  very  rapidly. 
Adda  (ad'da),  n.     A  small  species  of  Egyp- 

tian  lizard  (Scincue  uiliciiuilis);  the  skmk 
(which  see). 

Addable  (ad'a-bl),  a.  See  AUDIBLE. 
Addax  (ad'aks),  n.  A  species  of  antelope 
(Bippotragia  (Oryx)  nuom***io*ut\  and 
one  of  the  largest  of  the  genus,  being  of  the 
size  of  a  large  ass,  with  much  of  its  make. 
The  horns  of  the  male  are  particularly  mag- 
nificent. They  are  about  4  feet  long,  and 
beautifully  twisted  into  a  wide- sweeping 
spiral  of  two  turns  and  a  half,  with  the 
points  directed  outwards.  It  has  no  proper 
mane  on  the  back  of  the  neck;  but  has  tufts 
of  hair  on  the  forehead  and  throat,  and 
large  broad  hoofs  to  tread  on  the  sand  It 
was  unknown  to  modern  naturalists  till  dis- 
covered by  the  German  traveller  Riippel  o 
the  barren  saiids  of  Nubia  and  Kordofai 


Head  of  Addax  (Ifippotragtts  nasotnacnlattts). 

It  is  also  found  in  the  woody  parts  of  Caf 
fraria.  It  is  the  strcpsiceros  (twisted-horn 
of  the  older  writers. 

Addecimate  (ad-de'si-miit),  v.t.  (L.  ad  to 
and  decmius,  tenth.]  To  take  or  to  ascer 
tain  the  tithe  or  tenth  part  of ;  to  tithe  •  to 
decimate.  Bailey. 

Addeem  t  (ad-demO,  v.t.  [Prefix  ad,  to,  and 
d««m.J  i.  To  award;  to  adjudge;  to  sen- 
tence. 

Unto  him  they  did  addeon  the  prize.     Spenser. 

2.  To  deem ;  to  judge;  to  determine;  to  esteem  • 
to  account. 

She  scorns  to  be  addeemed  so  worthless- base.  Daniel. 

Addendum  (ad-den'dum),  n.  pi.  Addenda 
(ad-den'da).  [L.]  A  thing  to  be  added:  an 
addition;  an  appendix  to  a  work. 
Adder  (ad'er),  ».  [A.  Sax.  after,  O.K.  addre 
adders,  O.  and  Prov.  E.  and  Sc.  edder  D 
and  L.G.  adder,  Dan.  otterslange,  G.  otter 
an  adder,  a  viper.  These  forms  recall  the 
A.  Sax.  dtor,  setter,  Icel.  ei.tr,  Dan.  adder, 
O.  H.O.  eitar,  venom,  poison,  Icel.  eitr-orm, 
a  viper.  O.  H.  O.  eiten,  to  burn,  yet  this 
may  be  a  casual  resemblance,  and  more 
probably  the  word  has  lost  an  initial  n, 
seen  in  A.  Sax.  naedre,  nosddre,  neddre  O 
and  Prov.  E.  nedder,  Icel.  nadr,  nadra 
Goth,  nadrs,  G.  natter,  Ir.  and  Gael 
nathair,  O.W.  neidr,  which  would  appear 
to  be  the  same  word  as  L.  natrix,  a  snake 
adder.  For  a  similar  variety  of  form  comp. 
apron,  napron.]  A  venomous  serpent  or 
viper,  an  ophidian  reptile,  family  Vipe- 
ridie,  the  Vipera  communis,  found  in  Bri- 
tain and  over  Europe.  It  is  rarely  above 
2  or  3  feet  long,  and  has  black  spots  on  an 
olive,  rich  deep  brown,  or  dirty  brownish- 
yellowground.  Its  bite  israrely  fatal  toman 
The  name  is  often  vaguely  used  for  any 
poisonous  serpent  of  the  family  Viperiito. 
—Great  sea-adder,  an  acanthopterygian  fish, 
the  sea  stickleback  (Gasteronteus  spinachia) 
It  is  5  or  6  inches  long,  with  fifteen  or  sixteen 
spinous  rays  on  the  back.  It  occurs  in  the 
Nor*K  ° — 


Rehoboam  said,  I  will  add  la  your  yoke. 

The  sea.  all  water,  yet  receives  rain  still'  ""'  '4' 
id  in  abundance  adaeth  la  his  store.        Skat. 

~^dd,  Annex.    Add,  to  put  together  so  as 
o  form  an  aggregate  or  whole;  annex  li- 
terally to  tie  to,  to  join  to  at  an  end  as  a 
smaller  thing  to  a  greater. 

days""?"'  year's  ""  ***  "*e"*r  th<  ideas  »'  <»° 
He  .r/i.r.  <rrfa  codicil  to  his  will.  JcHnson. 

SYN.  Adduce,  adjoin,  annex. 
Add  (ad),  ni.     1.  To  be  or  serve  as  an  addi- 
tion; to  be  added:  with  to;  as    the  con- 
sciousness of  folly  often  add*  (o  one's  regret 
[See  To  add  tu  under  AI>I>,  v.t.]-2  To  perl 


..jrthSea." 

Adder-bolt  (ad'er-bolt),  n.  The  dragon-fly 
[Provincial.] 

Adder-ny(ad'er-fli),  n.  A  nameof  the  dragon- 
fly or  LibeUula.  Sometimes  called  Adder- 
bolt. 

Adder-grass  (ad'er-gras),  n.  A  name  in  the 
south  of  Scotland  for  the  common  Orchis 
maculata.  See  ORCHIS. 

Adder-pike  (ad'er-pik),  n.  A  species  of  fish, 
Sorti  inches  long,  found  on  our  coast.  Called 
also  the  Lesser  Weever  or  Stinn-fiih.  It  is  the 
rrachiiMs  n'lirm.  family I'erculaj.of  natural- 
ists. See  WEKVKK. 

Adder-stone (ad'er-ston).n.  Thenamegiven 
in  different  parts  of  the  country  to  certain 
rounded  perforated  stones  or  glass  bends 
found  occasionally,  and  supposed  to  have  a 


kind  of  supernatural  elli. -aey  in  curing  the 
bites  of  adders.  They  are  believed  by  an  1,., 
Ologtate  to  have  been  anciently  used  as 
spindle-whorls,  that  is,  a  kind  of  small  fly- 
wheels to  keep  up  the  r..tal..i-.v  m,,ti,,n  ,,f 
the  spindle.  Some  stones  or  beads  of  this 
kind  or  similar  were  by  one  superstitious 
tradition  said  to  have  been  produced  by  a 
number  of  adders  putting  their  heads  to- 
gether and  hissing  till  the  foam  became 
eonsi.lidated  into  a  bead,  which  was  sun- 
posed  to  be  a  powerful  charm  against  disease 
Called  also  Serpent-etone  and  Jjruidical 
Bead. 

Adder's-tongue  (ad'erz-tung),  n.  A  species 
of  fern,  of  the  genus  OphlogUxnim,  whose 
spores  are  produced  on  a  spike,  supposed  to 
resemble  a  serpent's  tongue  See  Oraio 
GLOSSUM. 

Adder's-wort  (ad'erz-wert),  n.    Snakeweed 
(t'olygonum  Bistorta),  so  named  from  its 
supposed  virtue  in  curing  the  bite  of  ser- 
pents.    Called  also  Bistort 
Addibility  (ad-i-bil'i-ti),  n.   The  condition  of 
,f,L"g  •*""•";  the  capability  of  being  added 
I  he  endless  addition  or  add  iliili(ti(M  any  one 
like  the  word  better)  of  numbers.'    Locke 
[Rare.  ] 
Addible  (ad'i-bl),  a.   Capable  of  being  added. 

The  clearest  idea  we  can  get  of  infinity  is  the 
confused,  incomprehensible  remainder  of  endless 
addiblt  numbers,  which  affords  no  prospect  of  stop 
or  boundary.  v  Lxtt  V 

Addice  t  (ad'dis),  «.    Same  as  Adze  (which 


Addict  (ad-diktO,  »•<-  [L  addico,  addictmn 
to  devote— ad,  to,  and  dico,  to  dedicate  ]  To 
devote  or  give  up  entirely;  to  apply  habitu- 
ally; to  habituate;  to  attach  closely:  generally 
with  a  reflexive  pronoun,  and  sometimes  in 
a  good  sense,  but,  as  now  used,  more  often 
in  a  bad;  as,  to  addict  one's  self  to  intem- 
perance, to  gambling,  or  the  like.  'The 
same  addicted  fidelity.'  Milton  'Addicted 
from  their  births  so  much  to  poesy. '  Drayton. 

They  have  addicted  themselves  to  the  ministry  of 
thesamts.  I  Cor.  xvi.  ,5. 

™Thi5rjhls  alw5V?  prevailed  among  that  part  of 
mankind  that  addict  their  minds  to  speculation 
a  propensity  to  talk  much  of  the  delights  of  retire- 
""="«•  Adventurer. 

Charles  came  forth  from  that  school  with  social 
halms,  with  polite  and  engaging  manners,  and  with 
some  talent  for  lively  conversation,  addicted  beyond 
measure  to  sensual  indulgence,  incapable  of  self- 
denial  and  of  exertion,  without  faith  in  human  virtue 
or  in  human  attachment,  without  desire  of  renown 
and  without  sensibility  to  reproach.  Macaula*.  ' 
—To  addict  one's  self  to  a  person,  t  to  attach 
or  devote  one's  self  to  a  person:  a  sense  bor- 
rowed from  the  Romans,  who  used  the  word 
(addico)  for  assigning  debtors  in  servitude 
to  their  creditors.  '  Yours  entirely  addicted 
madam.'  B.  Jonson. 

rither  author  or  factor  of  any  sect ;  I  will 
but  if  I  have 


.lave  no  man  addict  himself  to  me 

anything  right,  defend  it  as  truth's.        B.  Jotisen. 


ch,  Sc.  loch; 


Addict  I  (ad-dikt),  a.    Addicted. 

If  he  be  addict  to  vice, 

Quickly  him  they  will  entice.  Sfiak. 

Addlctedness  (ad-dikt'ed-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  addicted.  'My 
former  addictedness  to  make  chymical 
experiments. '  Boyle. 

Addiction  (ad-dik'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
devoting  or  giving  up  in  practice ;  the 
state  of  being  devoted ;  dcvotedness;  devo- 
iion.  '  An  addiction  to  certain  sciences. ' 
Warburton. 

His  addiction  was  to  courses  vain.          Shak. 

Ld  diem  (ad  di'em).    [L.]  In  law,  at  the  day. 

ddison's  Disease  (ad'di-sunz  diz-ez'),  «. 
A  structural  disease  of  the  supra -renal 
capsules  characterized  by  ana;mia,  extreme 

prostration,  and  the  brownish  olive-green 
colour  of  the  skin.  Called  also  Supra-renal 
Melasina  or  Bronzed-skin  Disease,  first  de- 
scribed by  Dr.  Addison. 

dditament  (ad-dit'a-ment),  n.  [L.  addila- 
mentum,  an  addition,  from  addo,  additum 
to  add.  See  ADD.]  An  addition,  or  the 
thing  added.  [Rare.] 

In  a  palace  .  .  .there  are  certain  additaments  that 
contribute  to  its  ornament  and  use.  Sir  Jlf.  Hale. 

Addition  (ad-di'shon),  n.  [L.  additio,  from 
addo,  to  add.]  1.  The  act  or  process  of 
adding:  opposed  to  subtraction  or  diminu- 
tion; as,  a  sum  is  increased  by  additum;  to 
increase  a  heap  by  the  addition  of  more 
Specifically,  in  aritli.  the  uniting  of  two  or 
more  numbers  in  one  sum;  also,  the  rule  or 
branch  of  arithmetic  which  treats  of  adding 
numbers.  Simple  addition  is  the  adding  of 
numbers,  irrespective  of  any  things  denoted 
by  them,  or  the  adding  of  sums  of  the  same 


8.  go;      j,jo\>;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj/;      TH,  Men;  th,  tAin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  anire.-See  KEY. 


ADDITION 


36 


ADELPHOUS 


denomination,  aspounds  to  pounds,  shillings 
to  shillings,  Ac.  Compound  addition  is 
the  adding  of  sums  of  different  denomina- 
tions, as  pounds,  shillings,  and  pence  to 
pounds,  shillings,  and  pence.— 2.  Anything 
added  whether  material  or  immaterial. 
Specifically,  (a)  in  law,  a  title  annexed  to  a 
man's  name  to  show  his  rank,  occupation, 
or  place  of  residence;  as,  John  Doe,  Esq.; 
Richard  Roe,  Gent. ;  Robert  Dale,  Mason ; 
Thomas  Way,  of  Glasgow.  In  Scots  laic  the 
term  designation  has  the  same  signification. 
By  14  and  15  Viet.  c.  no  indictment  shall 
be  held  insufficient  for  want  of  or  imper- 
fection in  the  addition  of  any  defendant. 
Hence,  (6)  Any  epithet  applied  to  a  person, 
or  any  added  designation.  [A  use  frequent 
in  Shakspere,  but  now  obsolete.  ] 

They  clepe  us  drunkards,  and  with  swinish  PJ"a|e 
Soil  our  addition.  SAat. 

This  man,  lady,  hath  robbed  many  beasts  of  their 
particular  additions;  he  is  as  valiant  as  the  lion, 
churlish  as  the  bear,  slow  as  the  elephant.  Shan. 

(c)  t  In  music,  a  dot  at  the  side  of  a  note  to 
lengthen  its  sound  one-half,  (d)  In  her 
something  added  to  a  coat  of  arms  as  a  mark 
of  honour:  opposed  to  abatement,  as  bor- 
dure,  quarter,  canton,  gyron,  pile,  &c.  See 
these  terms,  (e)  In  distilling,  anything 
added  to  the  wash  or  liquor  ill  a  state  of 
fermentation.  —  SYN.  Increase,  accession, 
augmentation,  annexation,  superaddition, 
additament,  increment,  appendage,  ad- 

Addition  t  (ad-di'shon),  v.  (.  To  furnish  with 
an  addition,  or  designation  additional  to 
one's  name. 

Some  are  additioned  with  the  title  of  laureate.^ 

Additional  (ad-di'shon-al),  a.  Added;  sup- 
plementary. 

Additional  (ad-di'shon-al),  n.  Something 
added;  an  addition.  [Rare.] 

Many  thanks  for  the  additionals  you  are  pleased 
to  communicate  to  me,  in  continuance  of  Sir  I  hilip 
Sidney's  Arcadia.  Howell. 

Additionally (ad-di'shon-al-li),  adv.  Byway 
of  addition. 

Additionaryt  (ad-di'shon-a-riV  a.  Addi- 
tional. '  What  is  necessary  and  what  is  ad- 
ditionary.'  Herbert. 

Addititious  (ad-di-ti'shus).  o.  Added  with- 
out good  authority.  Goodrich.  [Rare.] 

Additive  (ad'it-iv),  a.  Falling  to  be  added; 
additional;  helping  to  increase. 

The  general  sum  of  such  work  is  great;  for  all  of  it. 
as  genuine,  tends  towards  one  goal ;  all  of  it  is  midi- 
tive,  none  of  it  subtractive.  Cartyte. 

Additory  (ad'i-to-ri),  a.  Adding  or  capable 
of  adding;  making  some  addition.  Arbuth- 
not.  [Rare.] 

Addle  (ad'l),  a,  [A.  Sax.  Adi,  corrupted,  pu- 
trid; adelct,  filth;  Sw.  adei  (seen  in  ko-adel, 
cow  urine),  urine;  Sc.  addle,  putrid  water, 
urine;  allied  to  W.  hadl,  corrupt.]  Having 
lost  the  power  of  development  and  become 
rotten;  putrid:  applied  to  eggs;  hence, 
barren;  producing  nothing. 

His  brains  grow  addle.  Dryden. 

Addle  (ad'l),  n.    1.  The  dry  lees  of  wine. 

Ash.— 2.  Urine;  the  drainage  from  a  dung- 
Addle  (adl),  ti.t.  pret.  &  pp.  addled;  ppr. 

addling.    1.  To  make  corrupt  or  putrid ;  to 

make  rotten  as  eggs. 

Themselves  were  chilled,  their  eggs  were  addled. 
C<nuper. 

i  To  manure  with  liquid.  [Scotch.  ] 
Addle  (ad'l),  D.i.  [Same  word  as  Icel.  odfnsj- 
ddlask,  to  earn,  to  gain,  from  odal,  A.  Sax 
ethel,  a  property  or  patrimony.  ]  To  earn 
to  accumulate  gradually,  as  money.  [Pro 
vincial.] 

Addle  (adl),  n.    Labourer's  wages.    Haiti 
well.     [Provincial.] 
Addle  t  (ad'l),  e.i.    To  grow;  to  thrive. 

Where  ivy  embraceth  the  tree  very  sore, 

Kill  ivy,  else  tree  will  addle  no  more.        Tusser. 

Addle-headed,  Addle-pated  (ad'1-hed-ed, 
ad'1-pat-ed),  a.  Stupid;  muddled. 

Addle-plot  (ad'1-plot),  n.  A  person  who 
spoils  any  amusement;  a  mar-sport. 

Addling  (ad'l-ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  earning 
by  labour. —2.  pi.  That  which  is  earned; 
earnings.  [Provincial.] 

Addoomt  (ad-dbm'),D.«.  [Prefix  ad,  to,  and 
doom,  equivalent  to  deem;  comp.  addeeiti.] 
To  adjudge.  'Unto  me  addoom  that  is  my 
due.'  Spenser. 

Addorsed  (ad-dorsf),  a.  [L.  ad.  to.  and  dor- 
sum,  the  back.  ]  In  her.  having  the  backs 
turned  to  each  other,  as  beasts.  See 
ADORSED. 

Address  (ad-dres'),  v.t.     [Fr.  adresser;  It. 


addirizare  —  ad,  to.  and  a  hypothetical  L 
verb  drictiare,  directiare,  to  direct,  to  put 
one  on  the  right  way,  from  L.  dingo,  direc- 
tum,  to  keep  straight-*  or  dis,  mtens., 
and  rego,  rectum,,  to  lead  straight.  See 
DRESS.]  l.t  To  aim  or  direct;  to  throw  or 

Imbrasides  addrest  his  javelins  at  him.  Chapman. 
Good  youth,  address  thy  gait  unto  her.  Shat. 

«  Fig  To  direct  or  nim  words;  to  pronounce, 
as  a  discourse:  with  the  thing-spoken  as  the 
object  of  the  verb,  and  the  preposition  to 
before  the  person  or  persons  to  whom  the 
speech  is  directed. 

The  young  hero  had  addressed  his  prayers  to  him 
for  his  assistance.  Dryden. 

Rarely  without  any  indication  of  the  per- 
sons addressed. 

A  popular  preacher  who  ...  should  address  the 
most  orthodox  Mohammedan  discourse  .  .  .  m  : 
mosque  of  Constantinople  .  .  .  would  have  been 
viewed  with  extreme  jealousy  by  Ins  superiors. 

Brougham. 


as,  he  addressed  the  judges. 

The  representatives  of  the  nation  addressed  the 
king. 

Often  with  the  reflexive  pronoun  as  the 
object  followed  by  the  preposition  to,  the 
meaning  remaining  the  same ;  as,  he  ad- 
dressed himself  to  the  speaker. —4.  To  direct 
in  writing-  to  write  an  address  on,  as  a  let- 
ter intended  for  transmission  by  post  or 
otherwise.- 5. t  To  prepare;  to  make  ready: 
often  with  to  or /or. 

The  five  foolish  virgins  addressed  themselves  at  the 
noise  of  the  bridegroom's  coming.  y«r.  Taylor. 
Turnus  addressed  his  men  to  single  fight.  Dryden. 
To-morrow  for  the  march  we  are  addrest.  Shat. 

Hence— 6.  t  To  clothe  or  array ;  to  dress. 

Other  writers  and  recorders  of  fables  could  have 
told  you  that  Tecla  sometime  addressed  herself  in 
man's  apparel. 

7.  To  court  or  make  suit  to,  as  a  lover. 

To  prevent  the  confusion  that  might  arise  from  our 
both  addressing  the  same  lady,  !  shall  expect  the 
honour  of  your  company  to  settle  our  pretensions  in 
King's-Mead-Fields.  Sheridan. 

8  In  com.  to  consign  or  intrust  to  the  care 
of  another,  as  agent  or  factor;  as,  the  ship 
was  addressed  to  a  merchant  in  Baltimore. 
Address  t  (ad-dres'),  u.t.  1.  To  address  one's 
self;  to  direct  speech. 

My  lord  of  Burgundy, 

We  first  address  towards  you.  Shat. 

Youne  Turnus  to  the  beauteous  maid  addrest. 

Dryden. 

2.  To  make  an  address  or  appeal. 

The  Earl  of  Shaftesbury  having  addressed  in  vain 


for  his  majesty's  favour 
to  the  King's 


ly  s  favo 
Bench. 


sorted  by  habeas  corf  its 
Mart-ell. 


3.  To  prepare  one's  self;  to  get  one's  self 
ready. 

Let  us  address  to  tend  on  Hector's  heels.     Shat. 
They  ended  parle,  and  both  address'd  for  fight. 
Milton. 

Address  (ad-dres').  n.  [Fr.  adresse.  See 
the  verb.]  1.  The  act  of  addressing  one's 
self  to  a  person;  a  speaking  to;  as,  Sir  is  a 
term  of  address.  —2.  Any  speech  or  writ- 
ing in  which  one  person  or  set  of  persons 
makes  a  communication  to  another  person 
or  set  of  persons  on  some  special  occasion  in 
which  both  parties  are  specially  interested ; 
as.  Parliament  presents  addresses  to  the 
queen  in  reply  to  the  queen's  speech;  a  cor- 
poration presents  an  address  of  thanks,  con- 
gratulation, &c.,  to  some  distinguished  per- 
son; a  member  of  parliament  delivers  an  ad- 
dress to  his  constituents,  the  lord  rector  of  a 
Scotch  university  to  the  students,  and  the 
like.— 3.  Manner  of  speaking  to  another;  a 
person's  bearing  in  conversation;  as,  a  man 
of  pleasing  address.  —  4.  Courtship :  more 
generally  in  the  plural,  addresses;  as,  he 
makes  or  pays  his  addresses  to  a  lady.  '  Tell 
me  whose  address  thou  favour's!  most.' 
Addteon.  'A  gentleman  .  .  .  made  his  ad- 
dresses tome.'  Addison.— 5.  Skill;  dexter- 
ity; skilful  management;  adroitness;  as,  the 
envoy  conducted  the  negotiation  with  ad- 
dress.—6.  Direction  of  a  letter,  including 
the  name,  title,  and  place  of  residence  of 
the  person  for  whom  it  is  intended.  Hence 
these  particulars  are  called  a  person's  ad- 
dress.—SYN.  Speech,  lecture,  oration,  skill, 
dexterity,  tact,  management,  adroitness, 
readiness,  direction,  superscription. 
Addressee  (ail-dres'e),  n.  One  who  is  ad- 
dressed ;  specifically,  one  to  whom  a  letter 
is  addressed. 


in  the  time  of  Charles  II.,  so  called  from 
their  address  to  the  king  praying  for  an 
immediate  assembly  of  the  Parliament, 
which  was  delayed  on  account  of  its  being 
adverse  to  the  court.  They  received  also 
the  name  of  Petitioners,  and  afterwards 
that  of  Whigs.  See  ABHORRER. 

Addressful  (ad-dres'ful),  a.  Skilful;  dex- 
terous. Mallet. 

Addression  t  (ad-dre'shon),  n.     Ihe  act  of 
addressing  or  directing  one's  course. 
To  Pylos  first  be  thy  addression  then.       Chapman. 

Adduce  (ad-dusO,  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  adduced; 
ppr  adducing.  [L.  addueo,  to  lead  or  bring 
to-od,  to,  and  duco.  to  lead.  See  DUKE.] 
To  bring  forward,  present,  or  offer ;  to  ad- 
vance ;  to  cite ;  to  name  or  instance  as 
authority  or  evidence  for  what  one  ad- 
vances. 

Celsus  adduces  neither  oral  nor  written  testimony 
against  Christ's  miracles.  Bp.  Cumberland. 

SYN.  To  offer,  present,  allege,  advance,  cite, 

name,  mention,  quote. 
Adducent  (ad-dus'ent),  a.  Bringing  forward 

or  together;  as,  an  adducent  muscle.    See 

ADDUCTOR. 

Adducer  (ad-dus'er),  n.  One  that  adduces. 
Adducible  (ad-dus'i-bl),  «.  That  may  be 

adduced.     'Proofs  innumerable  ...   are 

adducible.'    Is.  Taylor. 
Adductt  (ad-dukf),  v.t     [L.   adduce,  ad- 

ductum.    See  ADDUCE.]    To  draw  on;   to 

induce ;  to  allure. 

Either  impelled  by  lewd  disposition  or  adductedby 
hope  of  rewarde.  Time's  Storehouse. 

Adduction  (ad-duk'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
adducing  or  bringing  forward  in  support  of 
a  contention  or  argument.  '  An  adduction 
of  facts  gathered  from  various  quarters.' 
Is.  Taylor.  —2.  In  anat.  the  action  by  which 
a  part  of  the  body  is  drawn  towards  the 
bodily  axis;  the  action  of  the  adducent 
muscles. 

Adductive  (ad-dukt'iv),  a.  Adducing  or 
bringing  forward. 

Adductor  (ad-dukt'er),  n.  [L.]  1.  Inanat.  a 
muscle  which  draws  one  part  of  the  body 
toward  another;  as,  the  adductor  of  the 
eye,  which  turns  the  eye  toward  the  nose  ; 
the  adductor  of  the  thumb,  which  draws 
the  thumb  toward  the  fingers.— 2.  In  zool. 
one  of  the  muscles  which  bring  together 
the  valves  of  the  shell  of  the  bivalve  mol- 
luscs. 

Addulcet  (ad-dills'),  t>.(.  [O.Fr.  adulcir, 
addolcir,  to  sweeten— L.  ad,  to,  and  dultit, 
sweet.]  To  sweeten.  'Some  mirth  t' od- 
dulce  man's  miseries.'  Ilerrick. 

Adelantadillo  (ad-a-lan-ta-del'yo),  n.  [Sp.  l 
A  Spanish  red  wine  made  of  the  earliest 
ripe  grapes. 


. 
Adelantado  (ad-a-lan-ta'do),  n.    [Sp.  pp. 


f 

"adelantar'io  advance.]  A 'name'  formerly 
given  to  the  governor  of  a  province;  a  lieu- 
tenant-governor;  a  commander.  'Invin- 
cible adelantado  over  the  army  of  pimpled- 
faces.'  Massinger. 

The  president  desired  the  Marquis  of  Los  Velez. 
who  held  the  office  of  adelantado  of  the  adjoining 
province  of  Mnrcia.  to  muster  a  force  and  provide 
for  the  defence  of  the  frontier.  Prescott. 

Adelaster  (ad-e-las'ter),  n.  [Or.  a,  priv., 
delos,  apparent,  and  term,  aster,  as  in  poet- 
aster, ]  In  bot.  a  name  proposed  for  those 
garden  plants  which  have  come  into  cul- 
tivation without  their  flowers  being  known, 
and  have  not  therefore  been  referred  to 
their  genera. 

Adelite  (ad'e-lit),  n.  One  of  a  class  of 
Moorish  conjurors  in  Spain,  who  predicted 
the  fortunes  of  individuals  by  the  flight  and 
singing  of  birds,  and  other  accidental  cir- 
cumstances. 

Adelopod,  Adelopode  (a-del'6-pod,  a-deT- 
6-pod),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
delos,  apparent,  and  pous, 
foot.]  An  animal  whose 
feet  are  not  apparent. 
Adelphia  (a-del'fl-a).  «. 
[Gr.  adelphos,  a  brother.! 
In  bot.  a  collection  of 
stamens  into  a  bundle ;  a 
term  employed  by  Llnnrcus 
for  those  plants  in  which 
the  stamens,  instead  of 
growing  singly,  combine 
by  the  filaments  into  one 
or  more  parcels,  or  bro- 

See   MONADELl'H,    DIAI'ELPH, 


Addresser  (ad-dres'er),  71.     One  who  ad-    Adelphous  (a-del'fus),  a.    In  bot.  forming 
dresses  or  petitions;  specifically,  one  of  the       an  adelphia  or  adelphias;  uniting  by  the 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  tey. 


ADEMPT 


37 


ADHIBIT 


filaments  into  one  or  more  parcels:  said  of 
stamens. 

Ademptt(a-dumt/),  a.  [L.  adimo,adeinptum, 
lit.  to Tmyor  take  to  one's  self,  henee  to  take 
away  —  ad,  to,  and  emo,  to  buy.]  Taken 
away.  'Without  any  sinister  suspicion  of 
anything  being  added  uradetnpt,'  Latimer. 
Ademption  (a-dem'uhon),  n.  [L.  adi'iujitin, 
a  taking  away,  from  adiino.  See  ADKMPT.  ] 
In  civil  law,  the  revocation  of  a  grant,  don- 
ation, or  the  like. 

Adenalgy(ad-en-al'ji),  n.  [Or.  aden,  a  gland, 
and  algoK,  pain.]  In  pathol.  pain  in  a  gland. 
Adenanthera  (ad'en-an-the"ra),n.  [Or.  adfn, 
a  gland,  and  antlu'ra,  an  anther.]  A  genus 
of  trees  and  shrubs,  natives  of  the  East 
Indies  and  Ceylon,  nat.  order  Leguminosce, 
sub-order  Mimosecc;  the  gland  flowers.  A. 
pavonina  is  one  of  the  largest  and  hand- 
somest trees  of  India,  and  yields  hard  solic 
timber  called  red  sandal-wood.  The  brighl 
scarlet  seeds,  from  their  equality  in  weighl 
(each  =  4  grains),  are  used  by  goldsmiths  in 
the  East  as  weights. 

Adeniform  (a-den'i-form),  a.    [Gr.  aden,  a 
gland,  and  K.  form.  ]  Of  a  gland-like  shape. 
Adenitis  (ad-en-i'tis),  n.  [Gr.  aden,  a  gland, 
and  term,   -itis,    denoting   inflammation.; 
Inflammation  of  a  gland. 
Adenochirapsologyt  (ad'en-6-kir'ap-sol"o- 
ji),  n.  [Gr.  aden,  a  gland,  cheirapsia,  touch- 
ing by  the  hand,  and  logos,  discourse.  ]    The 
doctrine  of  the  reputed  power  of  English 
kifigs  to  cure  diseases,  as  scrofula  or  king's 
evil,  by  touching  the  patient.   A  book  bear- 
ing this  title  was  published  in  1684. 
Adenography  (acl-en-og'ra-fl), ».  [Gr.  aden, 
a  gland,  and  graphs,  to  describe.]    That 
part  of  anatomy  which  treats  of  the  glands. 
Adenoid  (ad'en-oid),  a.    [Gr.  aden,  a  gland, 
and  eidoK,  form.]    In  the  form  of  a  gland; 
glandiform. 

Adenological  (ad'en-S-loj"ik-al),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  doctrine  of  the  glands. 
Adenology  (ad-en-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  adfn,  a 
gland,  and  logos,  discourse.]  In  anat.  the 
doctrine  of  the  glands,  their  nature,  and 
their  uses. 

Adenoncus  (ad-en-ong'kus),  n.  [Gr.  aden, 
a  gland,  and  ougkos,  a  mass,  a  tumour.]  A 
swelling  of  a  gland.  See  ADENOPHYMA. 
Adenophyllous  (ad'en-6-fll"lus  or  ad-en-of- 
il-us),  a.  [Gr.  aden,  a  gland,  and  phyllon,  a 
leaf.]  In  bat.  having  leaves  bearing  glands, 
or  studded  with  them. 

Adenophyma  (ad-en-6-fi'ma),  n.  [Gr.  aden, 
a  gland,  and  phyma,  a  suppurating  tumour.  ] 
In  med.  a  swelling  of  a  gland :  sometimes 
used  to  signify  a  soft  swelling,  as  distin- 
guished from  adennncus,  one  of  a  harder 
character.  Dunglison. 
Adenose,  Adenous  (ad'en-Ss,  ad'en-us),  a. 
[Gr.  aden,  a  gland.]  Like  or  appertaining 
to  a  gland. 

Adenotomy  (ad-en-ot'o-mi),  n.  [Gr.  aden,  a 
gland,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  In  anat.  and 
tfitrg.  a  cutting  or  incision  of  a  gland. 
Adephaga  (a-def'a-ga),  n.  [See  ADEPHAQIA.  ] 
A  family  or  group  of  carnivorous  and  very 
voracious  coleopterous  insects  divided  into 
the  sub-families  Carabidie  and  Cicindelitla: 
(which  see). 

Adephagia  (ad-e-fa'ji-a),  n.  [Gr.  aden,  abun- 
dantly, and  phago,  to  eat.]  Voracious  ap- 
petite; bulimia. 

Adeps  (ad'eps).  n.  [L  ,  fat,  whence  adipose, 
adipic,  Ac.]  Fat;  animal  oil;  the  contents 
of  the  cells  of  the  adipose  tissue. 
Adept  (a-depf),  71.  [L.  adeptus,  pp.  of  adi- 
liimir,  to  obtain— ad,  and  apiscor,  to  reach 
after,  allied  to  Skr.  dp,  to  arrive  at.  Al- 
chemists who  claimed  or  were  reputed  to 
have  obtained  the  philosopher's  stone,  or 
the  panacea,  were  termed  adept*;  hence 
adept,  a  proficient.]  One  fully  skilled  or 
well  versed  in  any  art;  a  proficient;  a 
master.  'Easy  to  all  true  adepts.'  Pope. 
Adept  (a-depf),  a.  Well  skilled;  completely 
versed  or  acquainted  with.  'Adept  in  every- 
thing profound.1  Cowper. 
Adoption  t  (a-dep'shon),  n.  [L.  adeptio.  See 
ADEPT.]  An  obtaining;  acquirement;  gain- 
ing. 

In  the  wit  and  policy  of  the  captain  consisteth  the 
attttfa^ttHt  of  the  victory.  Grafcon, 

Adeptist  (a-dept'ist).  n.  An  adept.  [Rare.] 
Adequacy  (ad'e  kwa-si),  «.  The  state  of 
being  adequate ;  the  condition  of  being 
proportionate  or  sufficient;  a  sufficiency 
fnr  a  particular  purpose  ;  as,  the  adequacy 
of  supply  to  expenditure ;  an  adequacy  of 
provisions. 

Adequate  (ad'c-kwat),  a.  [L.  adcequatus, 
made  equal,  pp.  of  adceqtto  —  ad,  to,  and 


teqmis,  equal.]  Equal;  proportionate;  ex- 
actly correspondent;  fully  suflicient;  as, 
means  adequate  to  the  object.  '  In  those 
days  Ireland  had  no  adequate  champion.' 
De  Quincey. 

Adequate!  (ad'e-kwat),  ti.t  1.  To  make 
equal  or  adequate. 

Let  me  ^ive  you  one  instance  more  of  a  truly  intel- 
lectual object,  exactly  adequated  and  proportioned 
unto  the  intellectual  appetite ;  and  that  is,  learning 
and  knowledge.  Fotherby. 

2.  To  equal. 

Though  it  be  an  impossibility  for  any  creature  to 
adequate  God  in  his  eternity,  yet  he  hath  ordained 
all  his  sons  in  Christ  to  partake  of  it  by  living  with 
him  eternally.  S/telford. 

Adequately  (ad'e-kwat-li).  ado.  In  an  ade- 
quate manner;  in  exact  proportion;  with 
just  correspondence,  representation,  or  pro- 
portion; sufficiently. 

Adequateness  (ad'e-kwat-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  adequate;  justness  of  proportion  or 
representation;  sufficiency. 

Adequation  (ad-e-kwa'shon),  n.  1.  Ade- 
quateness. [Hare.  ] 

The  principles  of  logic  and  natural  reason  tell  us, 
that  there  must  be  a  just  proportion  and  adequation 
between  the  medium  by  which  we  prove,  and  the 
conclusion  to  be  proved.  Bp.  Barlcrw. 

2.  That  which  is  equal  to  something  else. 
[Rare.] 

It  was  the  arme  (not  of  King  Henry)  but  King 
Edward  the  First,  which  is  notoriously  known  to 
have  been  the  adequation  of  a  yard.  Fuller. 

Adessenarian  (a-des'se-na"ri-an),  n.  [L. 
adesse,  to  be  present — ad,  to,  esse,  to  be.] 
In  eccles.  hist,  one  of  a  sect  who  hold  the  real 
presence  of  Christ's  body  in  the  eucharist, 
but  not  by  transubstantiation.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  sect  differ,  however,  as  to  this 
presence,  some  holding  the  body  of  Christ 
to  be  in  the  bread,  others  about  the  bread. 
Adfected  (ad-fekt'ed),  a.  [L.  ad/ectus  or 
afectus,  pp.  of.  afficio,  affectum,  to  affect, 
endow— ad,  to,  and  facia,  to  do.]  In  alg. 
compounded;  consisting  of  different  powers 
of  the  unknown  quantity. — An  adfectcd  or 
affected  equation,  one  in  which  the  unknown 
quantity  is  found  in  two  or  more  different 
degrees  or  powers;  thus,  x^-px^+gx  =  a,  is 
an  adfected  equation,  as  it  contains  three 
different  powers  of  the  unknown  quantity  x 
Adfiliatedt  (ad-fll'i-at-ed),  a.  Adopted  as  a 

son;  affiliated. 

Adfiliationt  (ad-nTi-a"shon),  n.  Affiliation 
Adfluxion  (ad-fluk'shon),  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and 
Jluo,  Jluxum,  to  flow.]  A  flow,  as  of  sap, 
from  a  drawing  not  a  propelling  force. 
Adhatoda  (ad-hat'6-da),  n.  [A  Latinized 
form  of  the  Ceylonese  or  Malabar  name.] 
A  genus  of  herbs  or  shrubs,  nat.  order 
Acanthaceas.  A .  vasica  is  used  in  India  to 
expel  the  dead  fetus  in  abortion. 
Adhere  (ad-her'),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  adhered; 
ppr.  adhering.  [L.  adhcereo—ad,  to,  and 
hcereo,  to  stick,  whence  hesitate.  ]  1.  To  stick 
fast;  to  cleave;  to  become  joined  or  united  so 
as  not  to  be  easily  separated  without  tearing ; 
as,  glutinous  substances  adhere  together; 
the  lungs  sometimes  adhere  to  the  pleura. — 
2.  To  belong  intimately ;  to  be  closely  con- 
nected. '  A  shepherd's  daughter,  and  what 
to  her  adheres. '  Shak.—3.  To  be  fixed  in 
attachment  or  devotion;  to  be  devoted;  to 
be  attached,  as  a  follower  or  upholder;  as, 
men  adhere  to  a  party,  a  leader,  a  church, 
or  creed;  rarely,  to  be  attached,  as  a  friend. 

Two  men  there  are  not  living  to  whom  he  more 
adheres.  Shak. 

4.  To  be  consistent;  to  hold  together;  to  be 
in  accordance  or  agreement,  as  the  parts  of 
a  system;  to  cohere.    [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Everything  adheres  together.  Shak. 

5.  Specifically,  in  Scots  laic,  (a)  to  affirm  a 
judgment ;  to  agree  with  the  opinion  of  a 
judge  pronounced  previously.  (6)  To  return 
to  a  husband  or  wife  who  has  been  deserted. 
See  ADHERENCE,  3.— 6.  In  logic  and  metaph. 
to  be  accidentally  connected.     See  ADHER- 
ENT, 3. 

Adherence  (ad-her'ens),  n.  1.  The  quality 
or  state  of  sticking  or  adhering :  rare  in  a 
physical  sense,  adhesion  being  commonly 
used.— 2.  Fig.  state  of  being  flxed  in  attach- 
ment ;  fidelity ;  steady  attachment ;  as,  an 
adherence  to  a  party  or  opinions. 

The  firm  adherence  of  the  Jews  to  their  religion  is 
no  less  remarkable  than  their  dispersion.     Addison. 

S.  In  Scots  law,  the  return  of  a  husband  or 
wife  who  has  deserted  for  some  time  the 
party  to  whom  he  or  she  is  married ;  an 
action  of  adherence  is  competent  either  for 
a  husband  or  wife  who  has  been  deserted  by 
the  other  party  to  compel  the  latter  to  re- 


turn. —  4.  In  painting,  the  effect  of  those 
parts  of  a  picture  which,  wanting  relief,  are 
not  detached,  and  hence  appear  adhering 
to  the  canvas  or  surface,  l-airholt.—b.  In 
logic  and  metaph.  the  state  of  being  ad- 
herent. See  ADHERENT,  S. 

Adherency  t  (ad-heYen-si),  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  adherent.  'Adherencies  and  ad- 
mirations of  men's  persons. '  Jer.  Taylor  — 
2.  That  which  is  adherent.  'Vices  have  a 
native  adherenci/  of  vexation.'  Dr  H  More 

Adherent  (ad-her'ent),  a.  1.  Sticking;  cling- 
ing; adherent. 

Close  to  the  cliff  with  both  his  hands  he  clung 
And  stuck  adherent,  and  ;uspended  hung.    I'ofe. 

2.  In  bot.  attached:  used,  like  adnate,  of 
parts  that  are  nominally  separate ;  as,  an 
adherent(oTadnate)ovary,&n  ovary  attached 
or  united  by  its  whole  surface  to  the  tulie 
of  the  calyx.— 3.  In  logic  and  metaph.  acci- 
dentally connected  with ;  not  belonging  to 
the  nature  of  a  thing ;  not  inherent  in ;  as, 
if  a  cloth  is  wet,  its  wetness  is  a  quality 
adherent  to,  not  inherent  in  it. 
Adherent  (ad-her'ent),  n.  1.  The  person 
who  adheres;  one  who  follows  a  leader, 
party,  or  profession;  a  follower  or  partisan- 
a  believer  in  a  particular  faith  or  church. 
'  Partisans  and  adherents.'  Swift.—  2.  t  Any- 
thing outwardly  belonging  to  a  person ;  an 
appendage.  '  His  humour,  his  carriage,  and 
his  extrinsic  adherents.'  Dr.  II.  More.  — 
SYN.  Follower,  partisan,  upholder,  disciple, 
supporter,  dependent. 

Adherently  (ad-heVent-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
herent manner. 

Adherer  (ad-heVer),  n.  One  that  adheres ; 
an  adherent. 

Adhesion  (ad-he'zhon),  n.  [L.  adhossio,  from 
adhcereo,  adhcesum.  See  ADHERE.]  1.  The 
act  or  state  of  adhering,  or  being  united 
and  attached ;  close  connection  or  associa- 
tion; intimate  union:  said  either  of  mate- 
rial or  immaterial  objects;  as,  the  adhesion 
of  parts  united  by  growth,  cement,  or  the 
like. 

There  grows  up  in  course  of  time  an  adhesion  be- 
tween the  tension  of  the  rotator  muscles  and  the 
several  movements  of  walking.  Prof.  Bain. 

2.  Steady  attachment  of  the  mind  or  feel- 
ings; firmness  in  opinion;  adherence;  as,  an 
adhesion  to  vice.  '  Obstinate  adhesion  to 
false  rules  of  belief. '  Whitlock.  —3.  Assent ; 
concurrence. 

To  that  treaty  Spain  and  England  gave  in  their 
adhesion.  Macaulay. 

4.  In  physics,  the  tendency  which  hetero- 
geneous bodies  have  to  remain  attached  to 
each  other  when  their  surfaces  are  brought 
into  contact.  In  some  instances,  however, 
it  seems  little,  if  at  all,  different  from  cohe- 
sion, which  serves  to  unite  the  particles  of 
the  same  kind  of  matter.  Adhesion  may 
take  place  between  two  solids,  as  two  plates 
of  glass,  or  between  a  solid  and  a  fluid,  or 
between  two  fluids.  The  force  of  adhesum 
is  measured  by  the  weight  required  to 
separate  the  bodies.— 5.  In  lot.  and  pathol. 
the  union  of  parts  normally  separate.  -  - 
6.  In  surg.  the  re-union  of  divided  parts  by 
a  particular  kind  of  inflammation,  called 
the  adhesive. 

Adhesive  (ad-he'siv),  a.  1.  Sticky;  tena- 
cious, as  glutinous  substances.— 2.  Fig.  re- 
maining in;  not  deviating  from. 

If  slow,  yet  sure,  adhesi-ve  to  the  track.    Thomson. 

—Adhesive  plaster,  in  surg.  a  plaster  made 
of  common  litharge  plaster  and  resin. — Ad- 
hesive inflammation,  in  med.  and  surg.  that 
kind  of  inflammation  which  causes  union 
by  adhesion,  or  union  by  the  first  intention, 
without  suppuration.  —Adhesive  slate,  a 
variety  of  slaty  clay  adhering  strongly  to 
the  tongue,  and  rapidly  absorbing  water. 

Adhesively  (ad-he'siv-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
hesive manner. 

Adhesiveness  (ad-he'siv-nes),n.  1.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  adhesive,  or  of  sticking 
or  adhering;  stickiness;  tenacity.  —  2.  In 
phren.  an  organ,  or  supposed  organ,  whose 
function  it  is  to  promote  attachment  to  ob- 
jects, animate  or  inanimate,  lasting  friend- 
ships, social  intercourse,  &c.  It  is  said  to 
be  strongest  in  women. 

Adhibit  (ad-hib'it),  v.t.  [L.  adhibeo,  adhiiii- 
tmn,  to  apply  to— ad,  to,  and  habeo,  to  hold.  ] 

1.  To  use  or  apply;  to  exhibit.    [Rare.] 

Wine  also  that  is  dilute  may  safely  and  properly 
be  adhibited.  Too.  fnSHGr. 

2.  To  attach :  obsolete,  except  in  sense  of 
attaching  one's  signature ;  as,  he  adhibited 
his  name  to  the  address. 

The  greatest  lords  adhibited  .  .  .  faith  to  his  words. 

Hall. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  \och;      g,  go;      j.job;      h,  FT.  ton;      ng,  sin0;      TO,  (Aen;  th,  thin-      w.  wig;    wh,  mAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ADHIBITION 


ADJOINING 


uiude,  .  .  .  desires  him  t, ---_  -, 
tile  earth,  all  in  them  contained. 

Adhortatlon  (ad-hor-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  ad- 
Imftatio,  an  encouragement.]  Advice;  ex- 
hortation. 'The  sweet  adhortations,  the 
high  and  assured  promises.'  Peacham. 

Adhortatory  (ad-hoi-'ta-to-ri),  a.  [L.  ad- 
liortor,  to  advise— ad  andftortor]  Advisory; 
conveying  counsel,  warning,  or  encourage- 
ment. Abp.  Potter. 

Adiabatlc  (a-di-a-bat'ik),  a.  [Gr.  o,  pnv., 
dia  through,  and  baino,  to  go.]  In  ther- 
inodynamics,  the  term  applied  to  a  line 
which  exhibits  the  variations  of  pressure 
and  volume  of  a  fluid  when  it  expands  with- 
out either  receiving  or  giving  out  heat. 
Macquorn  Rankine. 

AdiactlniC  (a'di-ak-tin"ik),  a.  [Or.  o,  pnv., 
dia,  through,  and  E.  actinic.]  Refusing  a 
passage,  or  impervious  to  the  actinic  or 
chemical  rays  of  light. 

Adlantltes  (ad'i-an-ti"tez),  n.  [From  the 
resemblance  of  the  species  to  Adiantum, 
maiden-hair  fern.]  A  genus  of  fossil  ferns, 
found  in  the  coal-measures. 

Adiantum  (ad-i-an'tum),  ».  [Gr.  aduinton, 
maiden-hair  fern,  from  adiantos,  unwetted, 
dry— o,  priv.,  and  diaino,  to  wet:  so  called 
because,  according  to  Pliny,  it  remains  dry 
even  though  plunged  into  water.]  An  exten- 
sive genus  of  ferns,  great  favourites  in  hot- 
houses on  account  of  their  beautiful  forms. 
The  maiden-hair  fern  (A.  capillus-veneris)  is 
the  only  native  species.  It  is  an  elegant 
plant,  found  in  the  south  of  England  and 
Ireland. 

Adiaphoracy  (a-di-af'or-a-si),  n.  Indiffer- 
ence. [Rare  and  obsolete.] 
Adiaphorist,  Adlaphorite  (a-di-af'or-ist, 
a-di-af 'or-it),n.  [Gr.  adiaphoros,  indifferent 
See  ADIAPHOROUS.]  A  moderate  or  indif- 
ferent person;  specifically,  a  name  given  in 
the  sixteenth  century  to  certain  followers 
of  Melanchthon,  who  held  some  opinions 
and  ceremonies  to  be  indifferent,  which 
Luther  condemned  as  sinful  or  heretical 

He  (Lord  Burleigh)  may  have  been  of  the  same 
mind  with  those  German  Protestants  who  were  called 
Adictphorists,  and  who  considered  the  popish  rite: 
as  matters  indifferent.  Macaulay. 

Adiaphorous  (a-di-af'or-us),  a.  [Gr.  adia- 
phoros, not  different,  indifferent  — a,  priv., 
and  diaphoros,  different,  from  diaphero,  to 
carry  across,  to  differ— dia,  through,  across, 
and  phero,  to  carry.]  1.  Indifferent;  neutral; 
neither  right  nor  wrong  morally. 

Why  does  the  Church  of  Rome  charge  upon  others 
the  shame  of  novelty  for  leaving  of  some  rites  am 
ceremonies  which  by  her  own  practice  we  are  taughl 
to  have  no  obligation  in  them,  but  to  be  admpHor 
out.  7'r.  Taylor. 

2.t  An  epithet  applied  by  Boyle  to  a  spirit 
neither  acid  nor  alkaline.  —  3.  In  med.  a 
term  applied  to  medicines  which  do  neither 
good  nor  harm. 

Adlaphoryt  (a-di-af'o-ri),  n.  Neutrality 
indifference. 

Adiathermic  (a'di-a-ther"mik),  a.    [Gr. 
priv.,  dia,  through,  and  thernic,  heat]   Im- 
pervious to  heat. 

Adieu  (a-du').    [Fr.  a,  to,  and  Dieu,  God,  It. 
add-to,  Sp.  a  dios,  all  forms  of  L.  ad,  to,  and 
Deus,  God.]    Lit.  to  God:  an  ellipsis  for  I 
commend  you  to  God;  farewell;  an  expres- 
sion of  kind  wishes  at  the  parting  of  friends. 
Adieu,  adieul  my  native  shore 
Fades  o'er  the  waters  blue.  Byron. 

Adieu  (a-du'),  n.  pi.  Adieus  or  Adieux  (a- 
duz').  A  farewell  or  commendation  to  the 
care  of  God;  as,  an  everlasting  adieu. 

While  nov  1  take  my  last  adieu, 

Heave  thou  no  sigh,  nor  shed  a  tear.         Prior. 

Adlghtt  (a-dif),  v.t.    To  set  in  order.    See 

DISHT. 
Adightt  (a-dif),  p.  and  a.    Set  in  order; 

urrayed. 
Ad  Inflnitum  (ad  in-fln-i'tum).    [L.]    To 

endless  extent 
Ad  Inqulrendum  (ad  in-qui'ren-dum).    [L. 

for  the  purpose  of  inquiring.]    In  law,  a 


,ert  into  adipocere. 

Adipoceration  (ad-i-pos'er-a"shon),  71. 
act  of  changing  or  state  of  being  changed 
into  adipocere. 

Adipocere  (ad'i-po-ser),  ».  [L.  adept,  fat, 
and  cera  Fr.  cire,  wax.)  A  soft,  unctuous, 
or  waxy  substance,  of  a  light  brown  colour, 
into  which  the  muscular  fibres  of  dead  ani- 
mal bodies  are  converted  when  protected 
from  atmospheric  air,  and  under  certain 
circumstances  of  temperature  and  humidity. 
Adipocere  is  speedily  produced  when  the 
body  is  immersed  in  running  water.  It  con- 
sists of  margarates  of  ammonia,  potassium, 
and  calcium.  —  Adipocere  mineral,  a  fatty 
matter  found  in  some  peat-mosses,  ana  in 
the  argillaceous  iron-ore  of  Merthyr;  adipo- 
cerite  It  is  inodorous  when  cold,  but  when 
heated  it  emits  a  slightly  bituminous  odour. 

Adipocerite  (ad-i-pos'er-it),  n.  Adipocere 
mineral.  See  under  ABITOCERE. 

Adipocerous  (ad-i-pos'er-us),  a.  Relating 
to  adipocere ;  containing  adipocere. 

Adipocire  (ad'i-po-ser),  n.    Same  as  Adipo- 

Adlpose  (ad'i-pos),  a.  [From  L.  adeps,  fat.] 
Fatty;  consisting  of,  partaking  of  the  char- 
acter of,  or  resembling  Int.— Adipose  tissue, 
an  aggregation  of  minute  cells  (adipose  cells 
or  vesicles),  which  draw  fat  or  oily  matter 
from  the  blood,  dispersed  in  the  interstices 
of  common  areolar  tissue,  or  forming  dis- 
tinct masses.  The  cells  are  ^th  to  ,{5th 
of  a  line  in  diameter,  and  contain  the  fat 
within  a  transparent  membrane  31iSB,,th  of 
a  line  thick.  Adipose  tissue  underlies  the 
skin,  surrounds  the  large  vessels  and  nerves, 


Race 

illages  and  farms  adjoining. 
Milton. 


—"Adjacent  angles.  '  See  ANOLK.— Adjacent, 
Adjoining,  Contiguous,  Adjacent,  lying  near 
to,  but  not  necessarily  in  actual  contact; 
adjoining,  lying  near  to  so  as  to  touch  in 
some  part;  contiguous,  lying  near  to  so  as 
to  touch  on  the  whole  or  a  considerable 
part  of  one  side;  lying  side  by  side. 

It  may  corrupt  within  itself,  though  no  part  of  it 
issue  into  the  body  adjacent. 
Among  the  pleasant 

Joining  the  contiguous  objects  by  the  participation 
oftheir  colours.  Dryden. 

Adjacent  (ad-ja'sent),  n.  That  which  is  next 
to  or  contiguous.  '  No  adjacent,  no  equal, 
no  co-rival.'  Shelf ord.  [Rare.] 

Adjacently  (ad-ja'sent-li),  adv.  So  as  to  be 
adjacent 

Adject  (ad-jekf),  v.t.  [L.  adjicio.  adjectum 
—ad,  to,  and  jacio,  to  throw.]  To  add  or 
put,  as  one  thing  to  another.  [Rare.] 

Lanstufan  castcl  and  lordship  by  the  new  act  is 
.  .  .  adjected  to  Pembrokeshire.  l.eland. 

Adjectlon  (ad-jek'shon),  n.  The  act  of  ad- 
jecting or  adding,  or  the  thing  added. 
[Rare.) 

This  is  added  to  complete  our  happiness,  by  the 
adjection  of  eternity.  Bf.  Prarson. 

Adjectltlous  (ad-jek-ti'shus),  a.  [See  AD- 
JECT.] Added.  'Ajectitiouiviork.'  Maun- 
drell.  [Rare.] 

Adjectival  (ad-jek -tiv'al  or  ad'jek-tiv-al),  a. 
Belonging  to  or  like  an  adjective  ;  having 
the  import  of  an  adjective. 

Adjectivally  (ad-jek-tiv'al-li  or  ad'jek-tiv- 
al-li),  adv.  By  way  of,  or  as,  an  adjective; 
as,  a  noun  or  participle  adjectivally  used. 


adipose  tumours.—  Adipose  substance,  ani- 
mal fat—  Adipose  arteries,  the  branches  of 
the  diaphragmatic,  capsular,  and  renal  ar- 
teries which  nourish  the  fat  around  the  kid- 
neys. 

Adipose  (ad'i-pos),  n.  Fat  in  general;  spe- 
cifically, the  fat  on  the  kidneys. 

Adipous  (ad'i-pus),  a.  Fat;  of  the  nature  of 
fat;  adipose. 

Adipsia,  Adlpsy  (a-dip'si-a,  a-dip'si).  ?i.  [Gr. 
a,  priv.,  and  dipsa,  thirst.  ]  In  med.  the  total 
absence  of  thirst. 

Adlt(ad'it),  it.  [L.  adttiu,  an  approach,  from 
adeo,  aditum,  to  approach— ad,  to,  and  eo, 
itum,  to  go;  Skr.  L.  Gr.  root  i,  to  go.]  1.  An 
entrance  or  passage;  specifically,  in  mining, 
the  more  or  less  horizontal  opening  giving 
access  to  the  shaft  of  a  mine,  or  by  which 


invests  the  kidneys,  Ac.    It  sometimes  ac        _„ r_ r __ 

cumulates  in   large  quantities,  and  forms     Adjective  (ad'jek-tiv),  n.     [L.  adjectimini, 
swellings,  which  are  called  in  pathology       frum  adjecti<nts,  being  added..  See  ADJECT.  I 

In  gram,  a  word  used  with  a  noun  to  ex- 
press a  quality  of  the  thing  named,  or  some- 
thing attributed  to  it,  or  to  specify  or  de- 
scribe a  thing  as  distinct  from  somethini; 
else,  and  so  to  limit  and  define  it.  It  is 
called  also  an  attributive  or  attribute.  Thll* 
in  the  phrase,  A  wise  ruler,  wise  is  the  ad- 
jective or  attribute,  expressing  a  particular 
property  of  ruler,  while  by  excluding  all 
rulers  who  are  not  wise  it  very  greatly 
limits  the  application  of  the  noun,  and  so 
tends  to  define  it 

Adjective  (ad'jek-tiv),  o.  1.  Pertaining  to 
an  adjective;  as,  the  adjective  use  of  a  nonn. 
2.  Added  or  adjected;  additional.  [Rare.) 
— Adjective  colours,  in  dyeing,  colours  which, 
having  but  slight  attraction,  reguire  to  be 
fixed  by  some  base  or  mordant  in  order  to 
render  them  permanent. 
Adjective  (ad'jek-tiv),  v.t.  prct.  &  pp.  ad- 
jectived;  ppr.  adjectiving.  To  make  an  ad- 
jective of;  to  form  into  an  adjective;  to 
give  the  character  of  an  adjective  to. 

In  English,  instead  of  adjectning  our  own  nouns. 
we  have  borrowed  in  immense  numbers  adjertntd 
signs  from  other  languages,  without  borrowing  the 
unadjectivtd  signs  of  these  ideas.  Horne  Tooke. 

Adjectlvely  (ad'jek-tiv-li),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  an  adjective ;  as,  a  word  is  used 
adjectively. 

Adjoin  (ad-join'),  v.t.  [Fr.  adjoindre;  L. 
adjungo—ad,  to,  and  junga,  to  join.  See 
JOIN.]  To  join  or  add ;  to  put  in  addition; 
to  unite;  to  annex  or  append. 

Corrections  and  improvements  should  be  as  re- 
marks adjoined,  by  way  of  note  or  commentary. 

Adjoin  (ad-join^,  ».i.  1.  To  lie  or  be  next 
or  in  contact ;  to  be  contiguous :  with  to. 
•A  farm  adjoining  to  the  highway.'  Black- 
stone.  [To  is  now  almost  always  omitted; 
as,  a  field  adjoining  the  lawn.]— 2. t  To  ap- 
proach; to  join. 

She  lightly  unto  him  adjoined1  side  to  side. 

Spenser. 

Adjoinantt  (ad-join'ant),  a.    Contiguous. 

To  the  town  there  is  adjoinant  in  site  ...   an 
I      ancient  castle.  Carew. 

Adjoining  (nd-join'ing),  p.  and  a.  Adjacent; 
i     contiguous;  neighbouring.     'The adjoin '»<.' 


Section  of  Mineral  Mine. 
a,  Adit.        b,  shaft.        c,  vein. 

water  and  ores  can  be  carried  away.  The 
word  is  sometimes  used  for  air-shaft,  but 
not  with  strict  propriety.  In  the  specific 
sense  called  also  Adit-level. — 2.  Admission; 
access;  approach.  [Rare.] 

Yourself  and  yours  shall  have 
Free  adit.  Tennyson. 

Adltlont  (a-dish'on),  n.  [See  ADIT.]  Act  of 
going  to.  Bailey. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtine;      y,  Sc.  fry. 


ADJOINT 


39 


ADJUTANT-BIRD 


fane.'     Dn/den.-- Adjacent,  Adjoining,  Con- 

tiqiuntx.      Stri:  uiuU-r  ADJACENT. 

Adjoint  (ad'joint),  n.  One  joined  to  another 
in  company,  or  in  an  enterprise.  Daniel. 
[Bare.] 

Adjourn  (ad-jern'),  v.t.  [Fr.  ajourner,  O.Fr. 
ajorner,  adjorner  -prefix  a  for  ad,  to,  and 
O.Fr.  jorn  (now  jour),  a  day,  from  L.  ilim-- 
nnx,  belonging  to  a  day,  from  diets,  a  day. 
For  change  similar  to  that  of  L.  di  into  Fr 
j  see  ABRIDGE.]  1.  To  put  off  or  defer  t«> 
another  day  or  till  a  later  period. 

It  is  a  common  practice  to  adjourn  the  reforma- 
tion of  their  lives  to  a  further  time.  Harrow. 

Specifically  -2.  To  suspend  the  meeting  of, 
as  of  a  public  or  private  body,  to  a  future 
day;  also,  to  defer  or  postpone  to  a  future 
meeting  of  the  same  body;  as,  the  court  ad- 
journed the  consideration  of  the  question. 
The  queen  being  absent,  'tis  a  needful  fitness 
That  we  adjourn  this  tourt  till  further  day. 

Shut. 

SYN.  To  delay,  postpone,  defer,  put  off. 

Adjourn  (ad-jeni').  v.i.  To  cease  sitting  and 
currying  on  business  for  a  time,  as  from 
one  day  to  another,  or  for  a  longer  period; 
usually  said  of  legislatures,  courts,  or  other 
bodies;  as,  the  House  of  Commons  ad- 
journed at  four  o'clock. 

Adjournal  (ad-jer[nal),  n.  In  Scots  law,  the 
proceedings  of  a  single  day  in,  or  of  a  single 
sitting  of,  the  Court  of  Justiciary :  equiva- 
lent to  sedertint  as  applied  to  a  civil  court. 
— Act  of  adjournal,  the  record  of  a  sentence 
in  a  criminal  cause.  —  Book  of  adjournal, 
a  book  containing  the  records  of  the  Court 
of  Justiciary. 

Adjournment  (ad-jern'ment),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  adjourning;  the  putting  off  till  another 
day  or  time  specified. 

We  run  our  lives  out  in  adjournments  from  time  to 
time.  V  Estrange. 

2.  The  period  during  which  a  public  body 
adjourns  its  sittings;  as,  during  an  adjourn- 
ment of  six  weeks.—  Adjournment,  Recess, 
Prorogation,  Dissolution,  An  adjournment 
is  the  time  or  interval  during  which  a  public 
body  defers  business  or  suspends  its  meet- 
ings in  virtue  of  authority  inherent  in  itself. 
A  recess  is  a  customary  suspension  of  busi- 
ness, as  during  the  period  of  certain  stated 
or  recognized  holidays;  as,  the  Easter  recess. 
A  prorogation  is  the  adjournment  of  the 
sittings  of  the  body  at  the  instance  of  the 
superior  authority,  as  the  sovereign,  which 
called  it  together,  during  which  the  body 
can  hold  no  sittings,  but,  in  order  to  do  so, 
must  be  again  summoned;  the  close  of  a 
session  of  the  British  Parliament  is  called 
a  prorogation.  A  dissolution  is  the  act  by 
which  the  body,  as  such,  is  broken  up,  and 
its  members  dismissed  from  their  duties. 
During  a  dissolution  the  body  has  no  exist- 
ence, and  has  to  be  reconstituted  by  the 
authority  to  whom  it  owes  its  existence,  as 
by  a  new  election,  when  it  may  consist  of 
the  same  or  of  new  members. 
Adjudge  (ad-juJO.  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  adjudged; 
ppr.  adjudging.  [Fr.  adjuger,  from  L.  adjit- 
dicare~ad,  to,  and  judware,  to  judge,  from 
judex,  judge.  See  JUDGE.)  1.  To  award 
judicially  in  the  case  of  a  controverted 
question ;  to  assign ;  as,  the  prize  was  ad- 
judged to  him  who  seemed  most  worthy. — 
2.  To  decide  by  a  judicial  opinion  or  sen- 
tence; to  adjudicate  upon;  to  determine;  to 
settle ;  as,  the  case  was  adjudged  in  Hilary 
term.— 3.  To  pass  sentence  on;  to  sentence 
or  condemn.  'Those  rebel  spirits  adjudged 
to  hell.'  Milton.  —  4,  To  deem;  to  judge. 
[Rare.] 

He  adjudged  him  unworthy  of  his  friendship. 

fCnollfs. 

SYN.  To  decree,  award,  assign,  decide,  de- 
termine, settle,  adjudicate. 
Adjudge  (ad-juj'),  v.i.  To  decree;  to  decide; 
to  pass  sentence. 

There  let  him  still  victory  sway 
As  battel  hath  adjudged.  Milton. 

Adjudgment  (ad-juj'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
adjudging ;  adjudication ;  sentence.  'The 
adjudgment  of  the  punishment.'  Sir  W. 
Tfmm* 

Adjudicate  (ad-jiVdi-kfit),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
adjudicated;  ppr.  adjudicating.  [L.  adju- 
dico,  to  give  sentence— ad,  to,  and  judico, 
to  judge.  See  JUDGE.]  To  adjudge  ;  to 
award  judicially. 

Adjudicate  (ad-ju'di-kat),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp. 
adjudifited ;  ppr.  adjudicating.  To  sit  in 
judgment;  to  give  a  judicial  decision;  as, 
the  coxirt  adjudicated  upon  the  case. 

He  adjudicated  that  Aquitane  was  forfeited   by 
Hepin.  Sir  F.  Palgra-ve. 


Adjudication  fad-ju'di  ka"shon),  n.  l.  The 
act  of  adjudicating ;  the  act  or  process 
of  trying  and  determining  Judicially;  the 
passing  of  a  judicial  sentence  ;  specifically, 
in  law,  the  act  of  a  court  declaring  a  per- 
son bankrupt;  as,  a  ship  was  taken  and 
sent  into  port  for  adjudication.—  2.  A  judi- 
cial sentence;  judgment  or  decision  of  a 
court. — 3.  In  Scots  lato,  the  diligence  or 
process  by  which  land  is  attached  in  secu- 
rity for  or  in  payment  of  a  debt. 

Adjudicator  (ad-ju'di-kiit-er),  n.  One  who 
adjudicates. 

Adjugatet  (ad'jQ-gat),  v.t.  [L.  adjugo,  to 
yoke  to,  to  join— ad,  to,  and  jugum,  a  yoke.  ] 
To  yoke  to.  Bailey. 

Adjumentt  (ad'ju-ment),  n.  [L.  adjumen- 
tum,  help— ad,  to,  and  juw,  to  help.]  Help; 
support;  that  which  supports  or  assists. 

Nerves  are  adjuments  to  corporal  activity. 

Waterhoitse. 

Adjunct (ad'jungkt).n.  [L.adjunctus,  joined, 
fnnn  adjungo— ad,  to,  and  jungo,  junctumt 
to  join.  See  JOIN.]  1.  Something  added  to 
another,  but  not  essentially  a  part  of  it;  as, 
water  is  the  adjunct  of  a  cloth  or  sponge  by 
which  it  is  absorbed. 

Learning  is  but  an  adjunct  to  ourself.        Shak. 
Discretion  in  its  several  adjuncts and  circumstances 
is  nowhere  so  useful  as  to  the  clergy.  Swift. 

2.  t  A  person  joined  to  another  in  some  duty 
or  service ;  a  colleague.  'An  adjunct  of 
singular  experience  and  trnst, '  Sir  II. 
Wotton.  —  3.  In  metaph.  a  quality  of  the 
body  or  the  mind,  whether  natural  or  ac- 
quired, as  colour  in  the  body,  thinking  in 
the  mind. —4.  In  gram,  a  word  added  to 
qualify  or  .amplify  the  force  of  other  words; 
as.  the  history  of  the  American  revolution: 
the  words  in  italics  are  the  adjuncts  of  his- 
tory. —  5.  In  music,  a  scale  or  key  closely 
related  to  another ;  a  relative  scale  or  key. 
The  relative  minor  or  major  scales;  the 
scales  founded  on  the  dominant  and  the 
subdotninant  are  adjuncts  of  the  tonic. 
Adjunct  (ad'jungkt),  a.  1.  United  with  in 
office  or  in  action  of  any  kind;  as,  an  adjunct 
prof essor.  — 2.  Added  to  or  conjoined  with, 
as  a  consequence ;  attending ;  accompany- 
ing. 

Though  that  my  death  were  adjunct  to  my  act, 
By  heaven,  I  would  do  it.  Sha&. 

— Adjunct  notes,  in  t/nm'c,  unaccented  aux- 
iliary notes,  not  forming  an  essential  part 
of  the  harmony. 

Adjunction  (ad-jungk'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  joining. 


When  a  thing  belonging  to  one  is  attached  to  that 

ngs  to  another,  whe 
dering.  sewing,  construction,   writing,   or   painting. 


which  belongs  to  ano 


,  whether  by  inclusion,  sol- 


the  whole  (by  adjunction)  generally  becomes  thi 
property  of  the  latter.  it'ftarton. 

2.  The  thing  joined. 

Adjunctive  (ad-jungk'tiv),  a.  Joining;  hav- 
ing the  quality  of  joining. 

Adjunctive  (ad-jungk'tiv),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  is  joined. 

Adlunctively  (ad-jungk'tiv-li),  adv.  In  an 
acfjunctive  manner. 

Adjunctly  (ad-jungkfli),  adv.  In  connec- 
tion with;  by  way  of  addition  or  adjunct. 

Adjuration  (ad-jii-ra'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  adjuring;  a  solemn  charging  on  oath,  or 
under  the  penalty  of  a  curse. 

To  the  adjuration  of  the  high-priest,  '  Art  thou  the 
Christ,  the  son  of  the  blessed  God?'  our  Saviour  re- 
plies in  St.  Matthew,  'Thou  hast  said.'  Blackwall. 

2.  A  solemn  oath. 

To  restrain  the  significance  too  much,  or  too  much 
to  enlarge  it,  would  make  the  adjuration  either  not 
so  weighty  or  not  so  pertinent.  Milton. 

Adjuratory  (ad-juVa-to-ri),  a.  Containing 
an  adjuration,  or  characterized  by  earnest 
adjurations;  as.  an  adjuratory  appeal. 

Adjure  (ad-jurO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  adjured; 
ppr.  adjuring.  [L.  adjuro,  to  swear  solemnly, 
or  compel  one  to  swear—  ad,  to.  and  juro, 
to  swear.]  1.  To  charge,  bind,  or  command, 
earnestly  and  solemnly,  often  with  an  ap- 
peal to  God  or  the  invocation  of  a  curse  in 
case  of  disobedience.  '  I  adjure  thee  by  the 
living  God.'  Mat.  xxvi.  63. 

Joshua  adjured  them  at  that  time,  saying.  Cursed 
be  the  man  before  the  Lord,  that  risetn  up  and 
buildeth  this  city  of  Jericho.  Josli.  vi.  36. 

The  magistrates  .  .  . 
Adjured  by  all  the  bonds  of  civil  duty.     Milton. 

2.  To  swear  by;  as,  to  adjure  the  holy  name 
of  God.  [Rare.] 

Adiurer  (ad  jur'er),  n.     One  who  adjures. 

Adjust  (ad-jusf),  v.t.  [Fr.  ajuster,  to  fit  or 
frame— L.  ad,  to,  and  Justus,  just,  exact.  See 
JUST.]  1.  To  fit;  to  make  correspondent  or 
conformable;  to  adapt;  to  accommodate: 


generally  with  to  before  the  remoter  object; 
as,  to  adjust  a  garment  to  the  body,  or 
tilings  to  a  standard.  '  Adjust  the  event  to 
the  prediction.'  Add-on. 

Nothing  is  more  difficult  than  to  adjust  the  marvel- 
lous with  the  probable.  Blair. 

2.  To  put  in  order;  to  regulate  or  reduce  to 
system  ;  to  bring  to  a  proper  state  or  posi- 
tion;   as,  to  adjuKt  a  scheme;    to  adjuxt 
affairs.   'Adjusting  the  orthography.'  John- 
son.  *  To  adjust  the  focal  distance  of  hisopti- 
cal  instruments.'  J.  S.  jtftH.— 3.  To  settle  or 
bring  to  a  satisfactory  state,  so  that  parties 
are  agreed  in  the  result ;  as,  to  adjust  ac- 
counts; the  differences  are  adjusted.—  4.  In 
painting,  to  arrange  the  draperies  in,  as  a 
picture.-  SYN.  To  adapt,  suit,  arrange,  regu- 
late, accommodate,  set  right,  rectify,  settle. 

Adjustable  (ad-just'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  adjusted. 

Adjustage  (ad-just'aj),  n.  Adjustment. 
Sylvester.  [Rare.] 

Adjuster  (ad-just'er),  n.  A  person  who  ad- 
justs; that  which  regulates. 

Adjustive  (ad-just'iv),  a.  Tending  or  serv- 
ing to  adjust. 

Adjustment  (ad-just'ment),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
adjusting;  regulation ;  a  reducing  to  just  form 
or  order;  a  making  fit  or  conformable ;  settle- 
ment.—2.  The  state  of  beingadjusted;  as,  the 
microscope  is  out  of  adjustment— Z.  In  ma- 
rine insurance,  the  settling  and  ascertaining 
the  amount  of  indemnity  which  the  party 
insured  isentitled  to  receive  under  the  policy 
after  all  proper  allowances  and  deductions 
have  been  made,  and  fixing  the  proportion 
of  that  indemnity  which  each  underwriter 
is  liable  to  bear.  —4.  In  painting,  the  manner 
in  which  draperies  are  chosen,  arranged,  and 
disposed ;  proper  disposition.  —  SYN.  Ar- 
rangement, regulation,  settlement,  adapta- 
tion, disposal. 

Adjutage  (ad'ju-taJV    See  AJUTAGE. 

Adjutancy(ad'ju-tan-si). n.  [See ADJUTANT.] 
1.  The  office  of  an  adjutant.— 2.  Assistance. 

It  was.  no  doubt,  disposed  with  all  the  adjutancy  of 
definition  and  division.  Burke. 

Adjutant  (ad'ju-tant),  n.  [L.  adjutans,  ppr. 
of  adjuto,  to  assist— ad,  and  jttvo,  jutum,  to 
help.]  1.  XI Hit.  an  officer  whose  business  is 
to  assist  the  commanding  officer  of  a  regi- 
ment or  garrison  by  receiving  and  com- 
municating orders.  Each  battalion  of  foot 
and  each  regiment  of  horse  has  generally 
one  adjutant,  the  officer  in  command  of 
larger  bodies  may  have  one  or  more  as  re- 
quired. The  adjutant  has  to  make  known 
the  orders  of  his  chief,  to  receive  reports 
intended  for  him,  to  see  that  proper  discip- 
line is  kept  up,  to  regulate  the  rotation  of 
duty  among  the  different  portions  of  the 
body  of  troops  with  which  he  is  connected, 
Ac. — 2.  A  helper;  an  assistant;  an  aid. 
[Rare.] 

A  fine  violin  must  be  the  best  adjutant  to  a  fine 
voice.  IV.  Mason. 

3.  The  adjutant-bird  (which  see). 
Adjutant-bird  (ad'ju-tant-berd),  n.    A  very 

large  grallatorial  bird  allied  to  the  storks 
(Ciconia  or  Leptoptttus  Argala),  and  in- 


Adjutant-bird  (Ciconia  Argala}. 

eluded  in  the  family  Ardeidse,  a  native  of 
the  warmer  parts  of  India.  It  is  5,  or  often 
6  feet  high,  and  its  expanded  wings  measure 
14  feet  from  tip  to  tip.  It  has  an  enormous 
bill,  nearly  bare  head  and  neck,  and  a 
sausage-like  pouch  hanging  from  the  under 
part  of  the  neck.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
voracious  carnivorous  birds  known,  and  in 
India,  from  its  devouring  all  sorts  of  carrion 
and  noxious  animals,  is  protected  by  law. 


ch,  cftain;       6h,  Sc.  locA;      g.  .70;      J,  job;      h,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH.  then:  th,  thin:      w.  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


ADJUTANT-CRANE 


40 


ADMIRAL 


facility.  It  is  easily  tamed.  From  the 
under  side  of  the  wings  and  tail  are  ob- 
tained the  flue  feathers  known  as  marabou 
feathers,  which  are  also  obtained  from  an 
allied  West  African  species,  the  marabou 
stork  (Ciconia  or  Leptoptilm  marabou).  The 
native  Indian  name  is  Argala. 

Adjutant-crane  (ad'ju-tant-kran),  n.  Same 
as  Adjutant-bird. 

Adjutant-general  (ad'ju-tant-jen'er-al),  n. 
1.  ililit.  a  staff-officer,  one  of  those  next  in 
rank  to  the  commander-in-chief.  He  super- 
intends the  details  of  all  the  dispositions 
ordered  by  the  commander-in-chief,  com- 
municates general  orders  to  the  different 
brigades,  and  receives  and  registers  the 
reports  of  the  state  of  each  as  to  numbers, 
discipline,  equipments,  &c.— 2.  Eccles.  the 
title  formerly  given  to  one  of  a  select  number 
of  Jesuit  fathers,  who  resided  with  the 
general  of  the  order,  each  of  whom  had  a 
province  or  country  assigned  to  his  care. 
His  business  was  to  communicate  with  his 
province  by  his  delegates,  emissaries,  or 
visitors,  and  give  information  to  the  father- 
general.—  Adjutant-yemral  of  the  forces,  an 
officer  of  high  rank  at  the  Horse  Guards,  to 
whom  all  communications  are  addressed 
regarding  leave  of  absence,  discharging, 
recruiting,  &c. 

Adjutant-stork  (ad'ju-tant-stork),  n.  The 
same  as  Adjutant-bird. 

Adjutator  (ad'ju-tat-er),  n.  [Freq.  of  adju- 
tor. ]  An  adjutor  or  helper.  [Rare.  ] 

Adjutet  (ad-juf),  ».t.  [See  ADJUTANT.]  To 
give  help. 

There  be 

Sixbachelorsasbold  as  he. adjuting  to  his  company. 
B.  Jonson. 

Adjutor  (ad-jut'er),  n.  A  helper.  'He 
.  .  .  and  such  as  his  adjutors  were.' 
Drayton.  [Rare;  its  compound  coadjutor  is 
in  common  use.  ] 

Adjutory  t  (ad'ju-to-ri),  a.  Serving  to  help 
or  aid.  Bauey. 

Adjutrtx(ad-ju'triks),  n.  A  female  assistant. 

Adjuvant  (ad'ju-vant  or  ad-ju'vant),  a. 
Helping;  assisting.  '  Adjuvant  causes.' 
Ilowell. 

Adjuvant  (ad'ju-vant  or  ad-ju'vant).  n. 
1.  An  assistant.  '  A  careful  adjuvant.' 
Sir  H.  Yelvertan.  —  2.  In  med.  whatever 
aids  in  removing  or  preventing  disease; 
specifically,  a  substance  added  to  a  pre- 
scription to  aid  the  operation  of  the  prin- 
cipal ingredient  or  basis. 

Abnegation  (ad-le-ga'shon),  n.  [L.  ad,  and 
leaatio,  an  embassy,  from  lego,  to  send, 
whence  legate,  legacy,  legation.}  A  right 
claimed  by  the  states  of  the  old  German 
Empire  of  joining  their  own  ministers  with 
those  of  the  emperor  in  public  treaties  and 
negotiations  relating  to  the  common  inter- 
est of  the  empire. 

Ad  libitum  (ad  lib'i-tum),  n.  [L.]  At  plea- 
sure; to  the  extent  of  one's  wishes.  Speci- 
fically, in  music,  a  term  denoting  that  the 
performer  is  at  liberty  to  pause,  or  to  per- 
form or  omit  a  cadence  of  the  composer, 
or  even  to  introduce  any  cadence  or  addi- 
tion of  his  own,  as  his  judgment  directs. 
An  accompaniment  is  said  to  be  ad  libitum 
when  it  is  not  essential,  and  may  be  either 
used  or  omitted  as  circumstances  may  re- 
quire. 

Adlocution  (ad-16-ku'shon).  See  ALLOCU- 
TION. 

Admarginate(ad-mar'jin-at),  v.t.  Tonoteor 
write  on  the  margin.  [Rare.] 

Receive  candidly  the  few  hints  which  I  haveadmar 
finated.  Coleridge. 

Admeasure  (ad-me'zhur),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp 
admeasured;  ppr.  admeasuring.  [L.  ad, 
to,  and  E.  measure.  See  MEASURE.]  1.  To 
ascertain  dimensions,  size,  or  capacity ;  to 
measure.— 2.t  In  law,  to  restrict  to  due  pro- 
portions; as,  to  admeasure  dower  or  com- 
mon of  pasture ;  also,  to  apportion  shares 
among. 

Upon  this  suit  all  the  commoners  shall  be  admea- 
sured. BlacXslQiie. 

Admeasurement  (ail-me'zhur-ment),  n. 
1.  The  measuring  of  dimensions  by  a  rule,  as 
of  a  ship,  cask,  and  the  like.  —2  The  measure 
of  a  thing,  or  dimensions  ascertained.  —3.  In 
law,  formerly  the  adjustment  of  proportion 
or  ascertainment  of  shares,  as  of  dower  or 
pasture  held  in  common.  This  was  done  by 
writ  of  admeasurement  directed  to  the 
sheriff. 

Admeasurer  (ad-me'zhur-er),  n.  One  that 
admeasures. 


iiuint.     [Rare.]  .    . 

Adminicle  (ad-min'i-kl),  n.  [L.  adimnic- 
tilum,  a  prop,  stay,  or  support.  ]  1. 1  Help; 
support.  Bailey.— 2.  Intai'.imperfectproof; 
specifically,  in  Scots  and  French  law,  a  term 
used  in  the  action  of  proving  the  tenor  of  a 
lost  deed,  and  signifying  any  deed,  or  even 
scroll,  tending  to  establish  the  existence  or 
terms  of  the  deed  in  question.— 3.  In  med. 
any  aid 'to  the  action  of  a  remedy.— 4.  In 
tool  one  of  the  small  teeth  on  the  abdomen 
of  the  subterranean  nymphte  of  insects,  by 
means  of  which  they  issue  from  the  earth. 

Adminicular,  Adminiculary  (ad-min-ik  - 
u-ler,  ad'miu-ik"u-la-ri),  a.  Supplying  help; 
helpful. 

The  several  structural  arrangements  admimcitlar 
to  the  integrity  of  the  whole  arc  thus  co-ordinated. 

—Adminicular  evidence,™  law,  explanatory 
or  completing  evidence. 

Adminiculate  (ad-min-ik'u-lat),».t.  To  give 
adminicillar  evidence. 

Adminiculatort  (ad-min-ik'u-la-ter),  n.  An 
assistant ;  specifically,  an  advocate  for  the 
poor. 

Administer  (ad-min'is-ter),  v.t.  [L  admi- 
nistro — ad,  to,  and  ministro,  to  serve  or  man- 
age. See  MINISTER.  ]  1.  To  manage  or  con- 
duct as  minister  or  administrator  of  public 
affairs;  to  manage  or  conduct  as  chief  agent; 
to  direct  or  superintend  the  execution  of,  as  j 
laws:  although  the  word  may  be  used  of 
absolute  monarchs,  it  is  more  appropriate  to 
the  officers  of  a  constitutional  government. 


For  forms  of  gove 
Whate'er  is  best  c 


ment  let  fools  contest, 
ninister'd  is  best.          Pope. 


2  To  afford;  to  give  or  furnish;  to  supply; 
to  dispense;  as,  to  administer  relief;  to 
administer  justice. 

Let  zephyrs  bland 

Administer  their  tepid  genial  airs.       J.  Philips. 

Have  they  not  the  old  popish  custom  of  adminis- 
tering the  blessed  sacrament  of  the  holy  eucharist 
with  wafer  cakest  Hooter. 

3.  To  give,  as  a  dose  ;  to  direct  or  cause  to 
be  taken,  as  medicine.— 4.  To  tender,  as  an 
oath. 

Swear,  by  the  duty  that  you  owe  to  Heaven, 

To  keep  the  oath  that  we  administer.          Shak. 

5.  In  law,  (a)  to  manage  the  estate  of  one 
who  has  died  intestate,  or  without  a  com- 
petent executor,  under  a  commission,  (b) 
To  manage  the  estate  of  a  deceased  person 
as  an  executor.  See  ADMINISTRATION,  7.— 
SYN.  To  manage,  conduct,  minister,  furnish, 
afford,  supply,  dispense,  distribute. 
Administer  (ad-min'is- Wr),  v.  i.  1.  To  con- 
tribute assistance;  to  bring  aid  or  supplies; 
to  add  something:  with  to;  as,  to  adminis- 
ter to  the  necessities  of  the  poor. 

There  is  a  fountain  rising  in  the  upper  part  of  my 
garden,  which  .  .  .  administers  to  the  pleasure  as 
well  as  the  plenty  of  the  place.  Spectator. 

2.  To  perform  the  office  of  administrator; 
as  A  administers  upon  the  estate  of  B. 

Administerial  (ad-mm'is-te"ri-al),  a.  Per- 
taining to  administration,  or  to  the  execu- 
tive part  of  government. 

Administrable  (ad-min'is-tra-bl),  a.  Cap- 
able of  being  administered. 

Administratet  (ad-min'is-trat),  v.t.  Toad- 
minister;  to  dispense  ;  to  give ;  to  supply. 
'Administrated  to  animal  bodies.'  Wood- 
ward. 

Administration  (ad-min'is-tra"shon),  n. 

1.  The  act  of  administering;  direction;  man- 
agement; government  of  public  affairs;  the 
conducting  of  any  office  or  employment. 

The  energy  of  the  Protector's  administration  in 
nowise  relaxed.  Macaulay. 

2.  The  duty  or  duties  of  an  administrator; 
specifically,  the  executive  functions  of  gov- 
ernment, consisting  in  the  exercise  of  the 
constitutional  and  legal  powers,  the  general 
superintendence  of  national  affairs,  and  the 
enforcement  of  laws. 

It  may  pass  for  a  maxim  in  state,  that  the  admin- 
istration cannot  be  placed  in  too  few  hands,  nor  the 
legislature  in  too  many.  Swift. 

3.  The  persons,  collectively,  who  are  in- 
trusted with  the  execution  of  laws  and  the 
superintendence  of  public  affairs;  the  chief 
magistrate  and  his  council;  or  the  council 
alone,  as  in  Great  Britain;  the  executive. 

Did  the  administration  .  .  .  avail  themselves  of 
any  one  of  those  opportunities?  Burke. 

4.  Dispensation;  distribution;  rendering;  as, 
the  administration  of  justice,  of  the  sacra- 
ment, or  of  grace.    2  Cor.  ix.  12.  —  5.  The  act 
of  prescribing  medically;  exhibition.— 6. The 
act  of  tendering,  as  an  oath.— 7.  In  (aw,  (a) 


the  management  of  the  estate  of  an  intes- 
tate person,  or  of  a  testator  haying  no  com- 


lecting  debts,  paying  debts  and  legacies,  anil 
distributing  the  property  among  the  heirs. 
(b)  The  management  of  the  estate  of  a  de- 
ceased person  by  an  executor,  the  correspond- 
ing term  execution  not  being  in  use.  Admin- 
istration of  a  deceased  person's  estate  may  be 
granted  for  general,  special,  or  limited  pur- 
poses; as,  (a)  A  dm  iniatra  tion  durante  absen- 
tia, granted  when  the  next  person  entitled  tc . 
the  grant  is  beyond  sea.  (&)  Administration 
pendente  lite,  granted  when  a  suit  is  com- 
menced in  the  probate  court  regarding  the 
validity  of  a  will  or  the  right  to  administra- 
tion, lasting  till  the  suit  be  determined,  (c) 
Administration  with  the  will  annexed  (cum 
testamento  annexo),  administration  granted 
in  cases  where  a  testator  makes  a  will  with- 
out naming  executors,  or  where  the  execu- 
tors named  in  the  will  arc  incapable  of  act- 
ing or  refuse  to  act.  (d)  Administration  de 
banis  nan,  when  the  first  administrator  dies 
before  he  has  fully  administered. —  SYN. 
Conduct,  management,  direction,  regula- 
tion execution,  dispensation,  distribution. 
Administrative  (ad-min'is-trat-iy),  a.  Per- 
taining to  administration;  administering. 
'Administrative  energy.'  Goodrich.  'Ad- 
ministrative purposes.'  Merivale. 
Administrator  (ad-min'is-trat-er),n.  1.  One 
who  administers,  or  who  directs,  manages, 
distiibutes,  or  dispenses  laws  and  rites, 
either  in  civil,  judicial,  political,  or  ecclesi- 
astical affairs.— 2.  In  law,  (a)  a  man  who, 
by  virtue  of  a  commission  from  the  probate, 
divorce,  and  admiralty  division  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice  has  the  charge  of  the  goods 
and  estate  of  one  dying  without  a  will.  (6) 
In  Scots  law,  a  tutor,  curator,  or  guardian, 
having  the  care  of  one  who  is  incapable  of 
acting  for  himself.  The  term  is  usually  ap- 
plied to  a  father  who  has  power  over  his 
children  and  their  estate  during  their  mino- 
rity. 

Administratorship(ad-min'is.trat-er-ship), 
n.    The  office  of  an  administrator. 
Administratrix  (ad-min'is-trat-riks),  n.    A 
female  administrator. 

Admirability  (ad'mi-ra-bil"i-ti),  n.  Admir- 
ableness.  Bailey.  [Rare.] 
Admirable  (ad'mi-ra-bl),  a.  [L.  admirabilis, 
wonderful,  admirable,  from  admirer,  to 
wonder  at,  to  admire.)  l.t  Fitted  to  excite 
wonder;  wonderful;  Btrange ;  astonishing  ; 
amazing. 

It  secmcth  equally  admirable  to  me  that  holy 
King  F-lward  the  Sixth  should  do  any  wrong,  or 
harsh  Edward  the  Fourth  do  any  right  to  the  Muses. 
Fuller. 

In  man  there  is  nothing  admirable  but  his  ignor- 
ance and  weakness.  Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  Worthy  of  admiration;  having  qualities 
to  excite  wonder,  with  approbation,  esteem, 
reverence,  or  affection;  most  excellent:  used 
of  pel-sons  or  things. 

What  a  piece  of  work  is  a  man  I  How  noble  in 
reason!  How  infinite  in  faculty  1  In  form  and  mov 
ing,  how  express  and  admirable!  Shat. 

Admlrableness(ad'mi-ra-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  admirable;  the  power  of 
exciting  admiration. 

Admirably  (ad'mi-ra-bli),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
mirable manner;  in  amanner  to  excite  won- 
der, mingled  with  approbation,  esteem,  or 
veneration. 

Admiral  (ad'mi-ral),  n.  [O.E.  amiral,  am- 
miral,  amirail,  admirald,  Fr.  amiral.  It. 
amiraglio,  L.L.  amiralius,  from  Ar.  amir, 
emir,  a  prince,  chief,  with  the  Ar.  article 
suffixed,  being  supposed  by  Diez  to  be  a  con- 
traction of  such  forms  as  amlr-itl-md,  ruler 
of  the  water,  or  amtr-ul-ba'hr,  ruler  of  the 
sea;  Ar.  amrt  or  amdrd,  to  command;  Heb. 
dinar,  Chal.  amar,  to  say,  to  command.) 
1.  A  naval  officer  of  the  highest  rank;  a 
commamler-in-chief  of  a  fleet  or  navy.  In 
the  British  navy  admirals  were  formerly  di- 
vided into  three  classes,  named  after  the 
colours  of  their  respective  flags,  admirals  of 
the  red,  of  the  white,  and  of  the  blue,  with 
vice-admirals  and  rear-admirals  of  each 
flag.  In  1864,  however,  this  distinction  was 
given  up,  and  now  there  is  one  flag  common 
to  all  ships  of  war,  namely,  the  white  en- 
sign divided  into  four  quarters  by  the  cross 
of  St.  George,  and  having  the  Tnion  in  tin- 
upper  corner  next  the  staff;  while,  instead 
of  nine,  there  are  now  only  three  degrees  of 
this  rank,  namely,  admiral,  vice-admiral, 
and  rear-admiral.  The  admiral  displays 
his  flag  at  the  maintop-gallant-mast  head. — 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  hull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


ADMIRAL 


41 


ADMONISH 


Admiral  of  the  fleet,  an  honorary  title  of 
distinction  conferred  on  a  few  admirals,  and 
carrying  an  increase  of  pay  along  with  it. 
Vice-admiral,  (a)  an  oltlcer  next  in  rank 
and  command  to  the  admiral.  He  carries 
his  flag  at  the  foretop-gallant-mast  head. 
(h)  A  name  also  given  to  certain  officers,  as 
the  lords-lieutenant  of  counties,  governors 
of  colonies,  Arc.,  who  have  power  to  hold 
courts  of  vice-admiralty.—  Rear-admiral,  an 
officer  next  in  rank  to  the  vice-admiral.  He 
carries  his  flag  at  the  mi/zentop-Kallant- 
mast  head.  -Lord  hiijh  admiral,  in  Great 
Uri  tain,  an  officer  who  (when  this  rare  dignity 
is  conferred)  is  at  the  head  of  the  naval  ad- 
ministration of  Great  Britain.  There  have 
been  few  high  admirals  since  1632,  when  the 
office  was  first  put  in  commission.  James 
Duke  of  York  (afterwards  James  II/)  held  it 
for  several  years  during  Charles  II.  s  reign. 
In  the  reign  of  William  and  Mary  it  was 
vested  in  lords  commissioners  of  the  admi- 
ralty, and  since  that  time  it  has  been  held 
for  short  periods  only  by  Prince  George  of 
Denmark  in  the  time  of  Queen  Anne,  and  by 
William  IV. ,  then  Duke  of  Clarence,  in  1827- 
28.  The  lords  commissioners  of  the  admi- 
ralty were  formerly  seven,  but  ore  now  four 
in  number,  with  the  addition  of  a  civil  lord; 
the  first  lord  is  always  a  member  of  the  ca- 
binet, and  it  is  he  who  principally  exercises 
the  powers  of  the  office.— 2.  The  ship  which 
carries  the  admiral;  also,  the  most  consid- 
erable ship  of  any  fleet,  as  of  merchantmen 
or  of  fishing  vessels.  [Milton  uses  the  form 
Annniral  (which  see)  in  this  sense.] 

The  admiral  of  the  Spanish  Armada  was  a  Flem- 
ish ship.  Sir  R.  Hawkins. 

Like  some  mighty  admiral,  dark  and  terrible, 
bearing  down  upon  his  antagonist  with  all  his  canvas 
straining  to  the  wind,  and  all  his  thunders  roaring 
from  his  broadsides.  E.  Everett. 

8.  A  name  given  to  two  species  of  butter- 
Hies:  Vanessa  atalanta,  or  red  admiral,  and 
Litnenitiit  Camilla,  or  white  admiral. 
Admiral  (ad'mi-ral),a.  Carrying  an  admiral; 
chief  in  a  fleet. 

The  admiral  galley  .  .  .  struck  upon  a  rock. 

Knolles. 

Admiral-shell  (ad'mi-ral-shel),  n.  The 
popular  name  of  a  sub-genus  of  magnificent 
shells  of  the  genus  Voluta.  See  VOLUTA. 

AdmiralsMp  (ad'mi-ral-ship),  n.  The  office 
or  power  of  an  admiral.  [Rare.] 

Admiralty  (ad'mi-ral-ti),  n.  1.  The  office 
and  jurisdiction  of  the  lords  commissioners 
appointed  to  take  the  general  management 
of  maritime  affairs,  and  of  all  matters  relat- 
ing to  the  royal  navy,  with  the  government 
of  its  various  departments.— 2.  The  officers 
appointed  for  the  administration  of  naval 
affairs ;  a  board  of  naval  commissioners. 
The  lords  commissioners  of  the  admiralty 
are  now  four  in  number,  exclusive  of  a  civil 
lord.  See  under  ADMIRAL.— 3.  The  build- 
ing in  which  the  lords  of  the  admiralty 
transact  business,  and  in  which  the  clerks 
and  other  officials  connected  with  this  de- 
partment are  employed. — Admiralty  court, 
or  court  of  admiralty,  a  tribunal  having 
jurisdiction  over  maritime  causes,  whether 
of  a  civil  or  criminal  nature.  It  was  formerly 
held  before  the  lord  high  admiral,  and  was 
afterwards  presided  over  by  his  deputy  or  the 
deputy  of  the  lords  commissioners.  It  now 
forms  a  branch  of  the  Probate,  Divorce,  and 
Admiralty  division  of  the  High  Court  of  J  us- 
tice,  the  judge  in  it  being  appointed  by  the 
crown  as  one  of  the  judges  of  the  High  Court. 
The  court  of  admiralty  is  twofold:  the  in- 
stance court  and  the  prize  court.  The  civil 
jurisdiction  of  the  instance  court  extends 
generally  to  such  contracts  as  are  made  upon 
the  sea,  and  are  founded  in  maritime  service 
or  consideration.  It  also  regulates  many 
other  points  of  maritime  law  — as  disputes 
between  part-owners  of  vessels,  and  ques- 
tions relating  to  salvage.  It  has  likewise 
power  to  inquire  into  certain  wrongs  or  in- 
j  uries  committed  on  the  high  seas,  as  in  coses  j 
of  collision.  In  criminal  matters  the  court 
of  admiralty  has,  partly  by  common  law  and 
partly  by  a  variety  of  statutes,  cognizance 
of  piracy  and  all  other  indictable  offences 
committed  either  upon  the  sea,  or  on  the 
coasts  when  beyond  the  limits  of  any  Eng- 
lish county.  The  prize  court  is  the  only 
tribunal  for  deciding  what  is  and  what  is 
wot  lawful  prize,  and  for  adjudicating  upon 
nil  matters,  civil  and  criminal,  relating  to 
prize,  or  every  acquisition  made  by  the  law 
<>f  war,  which  is  either  itself  of  a  maritime 
character,  or  is  made,  whether  at  sea  or 
by  land,  by  a  naval  force.  The  court  of 
admiralty  for  Scotland  was  abolished  by 


1  William  IV.  Ixix.,  and  the  cases  formerly 
!     brought  before  this  court  are  now  prose- 
cuted in  the  Court  of  Session  or  in   the 
sheriff  court,  in  the  same  way  as  ordinary 
civil  causes. — Droits  of  Admiralty.      See 
DKOITS. 
Admirance  t  (ad-mir'ans),  n.     Admiration. 

(She)  with  great  admirance  inwardly  was  moved. 
Ami  honoured  him  with  all  that  her  behoved. 

Admiration  (ad-mi-ra'shon),  ?i.  l.t  Won- 
der; astonishment;  amazement;  surprise. 

And  I  saw  the  woman  drunken  with  the  blood  of 
the  saints  .  .  .  and  when  I  saw  her  I  wondered  with 
great  admiration.  Rev.  xvii.  6. 

Your  boldness  I  with  admiration  see.     Dryden. 

2.  Wonder  mingled  with  pleasing  emotions, 
as  approbation,  esteem,  love,  or  veneration; 
a  compound  emotion  excited  by  something 
novel,  great,  beautiful,  or  excellent;  as,  ad- 
miration of  virtue  or  goodness,  admiration 
of  a  beautiful  woman  or  a  fine  picture. 

There  is  a  pleasure  in  admiration,  and  this  is  that 
which  properly  causeth  admiration,  when  we  dis- 
cover a  great  deal  in  an  object  which  we  understand 
to  be  excellent.  Tillobon. 

Admirative  t  (ad'mi-ra-tiv),  n.  The  point 
of  exclamation  or  admiration,  marked 
thus(!). 

Admire  (ad-mlrO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  admired; 
ppr.  admiring.  [L.  admirvr—ad,  and  miror, 
to  wonder;  Fr.  admirer.]  l.t  To  regard 
with  simple  wonder,  amazement,  or  sur- 
prise; to  wonder  at. 

Neither  is  it  to  be  admired  that  Henry,  who  was 
a  wise  as  well  as  a  valiant  prince,  should  be  pleased 
to  have  the  greatest  wit  of  those  times  in  his  interests, 
Dryden. 

M.  Alphonse  de  Beauchamp  makes  the  wall  10  feet 
without  appearing  to  admire  the  leap.  Southey. 

2.  To  regard  with  wonder  mingled  with 
approbation,  esteem,  reverence,  or  affec- 
tion ;  to  feel  admiration  for ;  to  take  plea- 
sure in  the  beauty  of;  to  look  on  or  con- 
template with  pleasure ;  as,  to  admire  vir- 
tue; to  admire  the  works  of  the  Creator;  to 
admire  a  landscape  or  a  painting;  to  admire 
a  woman. 

And  Enid  woke  and  sat  beside  the  couch, 

Admiring-  him,  and  thought  within  herself. 

Was  ever  man  so  grandly  made  as  he?    Tennyson. 

Admire  (ad-mirO,  v.i.  1.  To  wonder;  to  be 
affected  with  surprise;  to  marvel. 

Let  none  admire 

That  riches  grow  in  hell.  Milton. 

I  admire  where  a  fellow  of  his  low  rank  should 
acquire  such  a  nobleness  and  dignity  of  sentiment. 
Henry  Brooke. 

Sometimes  with  at.  'Admired  at  his  own 
contrivance.'  Hay. 


dig! 


When  I  ride  about  in  winter  and  see  such  pro- 
flocks  of  various  kinds  of  birds  I  cannot  help 


t  these  congregations.       Gilbert  While. 

2.  To  feel  or  express  admiration. 

I'll  report  it, 

Where  senators  shall  mingle  tears  with  smiles; 
Where  great  patricians  shall  attend,  and  shrug, 
I*  the  end,  admire.  Sha*. 

Admired  (ad-mml'\  p.  and  a.    Regarded 
with  wonder;  wonderful;  admirable. 
You  have  displaced  the  mirth,  broke  the  good  meet- 
ing, 
With  most  admir'd  disorder.  Shak. 

Admirer  (ad-mir'er),  n.  One  who  admires ; 
with  admiration;  one  who  esteems  greatly; 
colloquially,  one  who  pays  court  to  a  wo- 
man; one  who  openly  shows  his  admiration 
of  a  woman;  a  lover. 

For  fear  of  Lucia's  escape,  the  mother  is  .  .  .  con- 
stantly attended  by  a  rival  that  explains  her  age,  and 
draws  off  the  eyes  of  her  admirers.  Tatter. 

Admiringly  (ad-mlr'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
miring manner;  with  admiration;  in  the 
manner  of  an  admirer. 

Admissibility  (ad-mis'i-bil"i-ti),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  admissible. 

Admissible  (ad-mis'i-bl),  a.  [Fr.  admissible, 
L.L.  admissibilis,  from  admitto,  admissum, 
to  admit.]  That  may  be  admitted,  allowed, 
or  conceded ;  as,  the  testimony  is  admis- 
sible. 

Admissibly  (ad-mis'i-bli),  adv.  In  an  ad- 
missible manner;  so  as  to  be  admitted. 

Admission  (ad-mi'shon),  n.     [L.  admissio— 
ad,  to,  and  mitto,  missuvn,  to  send.      See  . 
.MISSION.  1    1.  The  act  or  practice  of  admit-  ' 
ting ;  the  state  of  being  admitted ;  as,  the 
admission  of  aliens  into  a  country.— 2.  Ad- 
mittance; power  or  permission  to  enter; 
entrance;  access;  power  to  approach;  as,  to 
grant  a  person  admission. 

What  numbers  groan  for  sad  admission  there ! 
Yonne. 

3.  Eccles.  (a)  in  the  Church  of  England,  ihe 
act  of  a  bishop  admitting  or  allowing  a  clerk 
to  enter  a  cure  to  which  he  has  been  pre- 


sented, (ft)  In  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
an  act  of  a  presbytery  admitting  a  minis 
ter  to  his  church,  or,  as  the  law  exprc-^r* 
it,  collating  him  to  his  benefice. —4.  The 
granting  of  an  argument  or  position  not 
fully  proved;  a  point  or  statement  admitted ; 
allowance;  as,  this  admission  lost  him  the 
argument—  S.  Acknowledgment;  confession 
of  a  charge,  error,  or  crime;  as,  he  made  full 
admission  of  his  guilt.  —  Admissions  in  a 
suit,  in  laiv,  those  facts  or  matters  neces- 
sary to  support  the  case  of  a  plaintiff,  or  of 
the  defendant,  in  a  suit  in  equity,  the  ne- 
cessity of  proving  which  is  removed  by  the 
opposite  party  admitting  them.  Admissions 
are  either  upon  the  record  or  by  agreement 
between  the  parties.  —SYN.  Admittance,  ac- 
cess, entrance,  concession. 

Admissory  (ad-mis'so-ri),  a.  Granting  ad- 
mittance; admitting. 

Admit  (ad-mi f),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  admitted ; 
ppr.  admitting.  [L.  admitto— adt  to,  and 
mitto,  to  send.]  1.  To  suffer  to  enter;  to  grant 
entrance  to,  whether  into  a  place  or  an  office, 
or  into  the  mind  or  consideration;  as,  to 
admit  a  student  into  college;  to  admit  a 
serious  thought  into  the  mind. — 2.  To  give 
right  of  entrance  to;  as,  a  ticket  admits  one 
into  a  play-house.— 3.  To  grant  in  argument; 
to  receive  as  true;  as,  the  argument  or  fact 
is  admitted.—!.  To  permit,  grant,  or  allow, 
or  to  be  capable  of ;  as,  the  words  do  not 
admit  such  a  construction.  See  ADMIT,  v.i. 
5.  To  acknowledge;  to  own;  to  confess;  as, 
he  admitted  his  guilt— SYN.  To  let  in,  re- 
ceive, allow,  permit,  grant,  concede,  ac- 
knowledge, own,  confess. 

Admit  (ad-mif),  v.i.  To  give  warrant  or 
allowance;  to  grant  opportunity;  to  permit: 
with  of;  as,  circumstances  do  not  admit  of 
this  ;  the  text  does  not  admit  of  this  inter- 
pretation. 

Admittable  (ad-mit'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  admitted  or  allowed. 

Admittance  (ad-mit'ans),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
admitting.  —  2.  Permission  to  enter ;  the 
power  or  right  of  entrance ;  and  hence,  ac- 
tual entrance ;  as,  he  gained  admittance 
into  the  church. —3. t  Concession;  admis- 
sion ;  allowance ;  as,  the  admittance  of  an 
argument.  — 4.  t  The  custom  or  privilege  of 
being  admitted  to  the  society  of  the  great. 

Sir  John,  you  are  a  gentleman  of  excellent  breed- 
ing, .  .  .  of  great  admittance,  5»o*. 

5.  In  law,  the  giving  possession  of  a  copy- 
hold estate. 

Admittatur  (ad-mit-ta'ter),  n.  [L.,  let  him 
be  admitted.]  A  certificate  of  admission, 
as  in  some  colleges. 

Admitter  (ad-mit'er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  admits. 

Admittible  (ad-mit'i-bl),  a.  Admissible. 
[Kare.] 

Admix  (ad-miks'),  v.t.  To  mingle  with  some- 
thing else.  See  MIX. 

Admixtiont  (ad-miks'chon),  n.  [L.  admix- 
tio  or  admistio—ad,  to,  and  misceo,  mistutn, 
mixtum,  to  mix.  See  Mix.]  The  act  of 
mingling  or  admixing;  a  mingling  of  differ- 
ent substances  together. 

All  metals  may  be  calcined  by  strong  waters,  or 
by  admixtion  of  salt,  sulphur,  and  mercury.   Bacon. 

Admixture  (ad-miks'tur),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
mingling  or  mixing ;  the  state  of  being 
mingled  together.— 2.  That  which  is  min- 
gled or  formed  by  mingling;  a  compound 
of  substances  mixed  together. 

Admonish  (ad-mon'ish),  tU.  [L.  admoneo— 
ad,  and  moneot  to  teach,  warn,  admonish; 
the  root  is  the  same  as  in  E.  mind,  mean. 
It  seems  to  have  taken  the  term,  ish,  in  imi- 
tation of  other  verbs  with  this  ending  de- 
rived through  the  French ;  comp.  O.  K. 
amoneste,  0.  Fr.  amonester,  to  admonish, 
from  L.  L.  monestutn,  a  form  of  L.  inonitum, 
pp.  of  moneo.]  1.  To  warn  or  notify  of  a 
fault ;  to  reprove  with  mildness. 

Count  him  not  as  an  enemy,  but  admonish  him  as 
a  brother.  a  Thes.  iii.  15. 

2.  To  counsel  against  wrong  practices ;  to 
caution  or  advise;  to  exhort;  to  warn. 

I  warn'd  thee,  I  admonished thee,  foretold 
The  danger  and  the  lurking  enemy.        Milton. 
The  fruitful  scenes  and  prospects  waste 
Alike  admonish  not  to  roam.  Coivfrr. 

3.  To  instruct  or  direct;  to  guide.     'Ye 
choice  spirits  that  admonish  me.'    Shak. 

Moses  was  admonished  by  God  when  he  was  about 
to  make  the  tabernacle.  Heb.  vni   5. 

4.  To  inform ;  to  acquaint  with ;  to  notify; 
to  remind;  to  recall  or  incite  to  duty. 

The  angel  bright, 

Ere  he  drew  nigh,  his  radiant  visage  turned. 
Admonished  by  his  ear.  Milton. 


ch.  cftain;      ch,  Sc.  locft;      g,  #0;      j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (/ten;  th,  (Ain;     w,  icig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ADMONISHER 


42 


ADORATION 


But  Maggie  stood,  right  sair  astonished. 

Till  by  the  heel  and  hand  admonished.      Burns. 

1  Eccles  to  reprove  a  member  of  the  church 
for  a  fault,  either  publicly  or  privately:  the 
first  step  in  church  discipline.  It  has  a  like 
use  in  colleges. 

Admonlsher  (ad-mon'ish-er),  n.    One  who 
reproves  or  counsels. 

Horace  was  a  mild  admonisher,  a  court  satirist  fit 
for  the  gentle  times  of  Augustus. 
Admonishment  (ad-mon'ish-ment), ».    Ad- 
monition; counsel;  warning. 

When  was  my  lord  so  much  ungently  temper'd 
To  stop  his  ears  against  admonishment  > 
Unarm,  unarm,  and  do  not  fight  Jo-day.     Sk.it. 
Thy  grave  admonishments  prevail  with  me.  Shat. 
Admonition  (ad-mo-ni'shon),  ».    The  act  of 
admonishing;  counsel  or  advice;  gentle  re- 
proof; instruction  in  duties;  caution;  direc- 
tion. 

Now  all  these  things  happened  unto  them  for  en- 
samples;  and  they  are  written  for  our  admonition. 

Eccles.  public  or  private  reproof  to  reclaim 
an  offender;  a  step  preliminary  to  excom.- 
munication.  —  Admonition,  Reprehension, 
Reproof.  Admonition,  a  caution  or  warn- 
ing, containing  instruction  as  regards  duty 
or  conduct  for  future  guidance ;  reprehen- 
sionand  reproof  axe  both  retrospective.  The 
former  is  rather  the  milder  of  the  two  and 
expresses  literally  the  act  of  taking  back,  as 
if  to  compel  attention  to  the  error  com- 
mitted, hence  a  finding  fault  with  for  some- 
thing done;  reproof,  an  authoritative  fault- 
finding, censure  addressed  to  inferiors  and 
children. 

A  man  that  is  an  heretic,  after  the  first  and  second 
admonition,  reject  Tit.  m.  10. 

The  admonitions,  fraternal  or  paternal,  of  his 
fellow-Christians,  or  the  governors  of  the  church, 
then  more  public  reprehensions.  Hammond. 

Those  best  can  bear  reprooj 'who  merit  praise. 

Admonitioner  (ad-mo-ni'shon-er),  n.  An 
admonisher ;  a  dispenser  of  admonitions. 

Admonitionlst  (ad-mo-ni'shon-ist),  n.  One 
of  a  body  of  Puritans  who  in  1571  sent  an 
admonition  to  Parliament  condemning 
everything  in  the  English  Church  not  in 
accord  with  the  principles  and  practice  of 
that  of  Geneva. 

Admonitive  (ad-mon'it-iv),  o.  Containing 
admonition.  'Instructive  and  admonitive 
emblems.'  Barrow.  [Rare.] 

Admonltlvely  (ad-mon'it-iv-li),  adv.  By 
admonition. 

Admonltor  (ad-mon'it-er),  n.  All  admon- 
isher;  a  monitor. 

Conscience  is  at  most  times  a  very  faithful,  and 
very  prudent  adtnonitor.  Slienstone. 

Admonitory  (ad-mon '  i-to-ri ),  a.  Contain- 
ing admonition ;  tending  or  serving  to  ad- 
monish. 'Admonitory  of  duty.'  Barrow. 

Admortizatlon  (ad-mor'ti-za"shon),  n.  The 
reducing  of  lauds  or  tenements  to  mortmain. 
See  MORTMAIN. 

Admovet  (ad-mov'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ad- 
moved;  ppr.  admoving.  [L.  admoveo — ad, 
to,  and  moveo,  to  move.  ]  To  move  to ;  to 
bring  one  thing  to  another.  'Admoved  into 
the  light.'  Evelyn. 

Admurmuration  t  (ad-mer/mer-a"shon),  n. 
A  murmuring. 

Adnascent  (ad-nas'ent),  a.  [L.  ad,  to,  nas- 
cens,  growing.]  Growing  to  or  on  some- 
thing else.  '  Moss,  which  is  an  adnascent 
plant. '  Evelyn. 

Actuate  (ad'nat),  a.  [L.  adnatus— ad,  to,  and 
natus,  grown.  ]  Growing  attached;  specifi- 
cally, (a)  in  anal,  attached  by  cartilage; 
having  the  character  of 
an  epiphysis.  See  EN- 
ATE,  (o)  In  bot.  applied 
to  a  part  of  an  organ- 
ism growing  attached 
to  another  by  its  whole 
length.  Thus  adnate 
stipules  are  such  as 
grow  to  the  petiole  or 
leaf -stalk,  as  in  the 
rose.  Adnate  anthers 
are  such  as  are  united 
to  their  filaments 
throughout  theirwhole 
length,  as  in  the  ranunculus.  Adnate  leaves 
are  such  as  are  erect  and  closely  applied  to 
their  stem. 

Ad  nauseam  (ad  na/se-am).  [L]  To  dis- 
gust. 

Adnominal  (ad-nom'in-al),  a.  In  gram. 
relating  to  an  adnoun  or  adjective;  adjec- 
tival. Prof.  Gibbs. 


i,  Adnate  Anther. 
2,  Adnate  Stipule. 


Adnoun  (ad'noun),  n.  [Ad  and  noun.]  In  [ 
aram  an  adjective  or  attribute.  [Rare.] 

Adnubilated  (ad-nu'bi-lat-ed),  a.  [L.  ad,  to, 
and  nubilo,  mMlatmn.  to  be  or  to  make 
cloudy,  from  nubes,  a  cloud.]  Clouded;  ob- 

Ado  (a-do'),  n.  [Prefix  a  for  at,  and  do,  that 
is  to  do.  The  full  form  <i(  do  is  found  in 
Old  English,  at  being  here  the  sign  of  the 
infinitive,  as  in  Icelandic.)  Bustle;  trouble; 
labour;  difficulty;  as,  to  persuade  one  with 
much  ado. 

Let's  follow,  to  see  the  end  of  this  ado.     Ska*. 

And  what  is  life,  that  we  should  moant    Why  make 

we  such  •.</.»  I  Tennyson. 

Adobe  (a-do'be),  n.  [Sp.,  from  adobar  to 
dress  prepare.]  A  sun-dried  brick;  and,  as 
an  adjective,  built  of  sun-dried  bricks;  as, 
an  adobe  house. 

Adolescence  (ad-6-les'ens),  n.  [L.  adoles- 
centia,  from  adol^scens,  growing  up,  from 
adolesco—ad,  and  olesco,  to  grow,  from  oleo 
(only  in  composition),  to  grow.  Root  of, 
probably  cognate  with  al  in  L.  alo,  to  nour- 
ish, to  rear.]  The  state  of  growing:  applied 
almost  exclusively  to  the  young  of  the 
human  race;  youth,  or  the  period  of  life 
between  childhood  and  the  full  development 
of  the  frame,  extending  in  man  from  about 
fourteen  to  twenty-five,  and  in  woman  from 
twelve  to  twenty-one. 

Adolescency  (ad-6-les' en-si),  n.  Same  as 
Adolescence. 

Adolescent  (ad-6-les'ent),  a.  [See  ADOLES- 
CENCE.] Growing  up;  advancing  from  child- 
hood to  manhood. 

Schools,  unless  discipline  were  doubly  strong. 
Detain  their  adolescent  charge  too  long.    Coiufer. 

Adolode(ad'd-ldd),  n.  [Or.  a,  neg.,  and  do(o«, 
fraud.)  An  apparatus  for  detecting  fraud 
in  distillation. 

Adonean  (ad-6-ne'an),  a,  [L.  adoneus.]  Per- 
taining to  or  connected  with  Adonis.  '  Fair 
Adonean  Venus '  Faber. 

Adonia  (a-do'ni-a),  n.  A  festival  of  two 
days'  duration  celebrated  anciently  in  hon- 
our of  Adonis,  by  females.  The  first  day 
was  spent  in  mourning  and  lamentation, 
and  the  second  in  feasting  and  merry- 
making. 

Adonic  (a-don'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Adonis.—  Adonic  verse.  See  the  noun. 

Adonic  (a-don'ik),  n.  An  Adonic  verse:  so 
called,  it  is  said,  because  used  in  songs  sung 
at  the  Adonia,  or  festival  of  Adonis.  It 
consists  of  a  dactyl  and  a  spondee  or  trochee, 
as  rara  jCivent&s,  and  on  account  of  its  ani- 
mated movement  is  adapted  to  gay  and 
lively  poetry.  It  is,  however,  seldom  used 
by  itself,  but  joined  with  other  kinds  of 
verse. 

Adonis  (a-do'nis),  n.  [This  was  the  name  of 
the  sun-god  among  the  Phoenicians,  of  same 
origin  as  Heb.  adonai,  lord,  adon,  master.  ] 

1.  In  Greek  myth,  the  favourite  of  Aphro- 
dite (Venus),  said  to  be  the  son  of  Cinyras, 
king  of  Cyprus.    He  was  fond  of  hunting, 
and  received  a  mortal  wound  from  the  tusk 
of  a  wild  boar.     Aphrodite  lamented  his 
death,   and  changed   him  into  the  plant 
which  bears  his  name.    This  name  is  often 
used  as  typical  of  manly  beauty,  or  is  applied 
to  one  who  is  excessively  particular  in  his 
dress;  an  exquisite ;  as.  he  is  quite  an  A  doni*. 

2.  In  bot.  a  genus  of  plants  belonging  to  the 
nat.  order  Ranunculacete.     In  the  corn- 
ai'onis(.d.  autumnalis)  the  petals  are  bright 
scarlet,  and  are  considered  as  emblematical 
of  the  blood  of  Adonis,  from  which  the  plant 
is  fabled  to  have  sprung. 

Adonlse,  Adonize  (ad'on-iz),  v.t.  [From 
Adonis  (which  see).]  To  make  beautiful  or 
attractive;  to  adorn  one's  self  with  the  view 
of  attracting  admiration :  said  only  of  males. 
[Rare.] 

1  employed  three  good  hours  at  least  in  adjusting 
and  adonising  myself.  Smollett. 

Adonist  (a-don'ist),  n.  [Heb.  Chal.  and 
Syriac,  Adon,  Lord,  a  scriptural  title  of  the 
Supreme  Being.)  One  of  a  sect  or  party  of 
Biblical  critics  who  maintain  that  the  He- 
brew points  ordinarily  annexed  to  the  con- 
sonants of  the  word  Jehovah  are  not  the 
natural  points  belonging  to  that  word,  and 
that  they  do  not  express  the  true  pronun- 
ciation of  it;  but  that  they  are  vowel-points 
belonging  to  the  words  Adonai  And  Elohim, 
applied  to  the  ineffable  name  Jehovah,  which 
the  Jews  were  forbid  to  utter,  and  the  true 
pronunciation  of  which  was  lost;  they  were 
therefore  always  to  pronounce  the  word 
Adonai  instead  of  Jehovah. 

Adoorst  (a-dorz'),  adv.  [A  for  at,  and  doors.  ] 
At  doors;  at  the  door. 


I  took  him  in  adoors, 
A  straggling  beggar  outcast  from  his_shores^ 

AdODt  (a-doptO,  v.t.  [L.  adopto—a'd,  ami 
:,pto,  to  desire  orchoose.  SeeOpTION.)  1.  To 
take  a  stranger  into  one's  family  as  son  and 
heir;  to  take  one  who  is  not  a  child  and 
treat  him  as  one,  giving  him  a  title  to  the 
privileges  and  rights  of  a  child.  —  2.  To  take, 
select,  or  receive  as  one's  own;  as,  to  adopt 
the  opinions  of  another;  to  adopt  a  particu- 
lar mode  of  husbandry. 

I  have  adopted  the  Roman  sentiment,  that  it  is 
more  honourable  to  save  a  citizen  than  lo  kill  an 
enemy.  Johnson. 

Adoptedly  (a-dopt'ed-li).  adv.  In  the  man- 
ner of  something  adopted.  'Adoptedly,  a» 
school-maids  change  their  names.  Shak. 

Adopter  (a-dopt'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  adopts.— 2.  In  chem.  a  large  round 
receiver,  with  two  necks,  diametrically  op- 
posite to  each  other,  one  of  which  admits 
the  neck  of  a  retort,  and  the  other  is  joined 
to  another  receiver.  It  is  used  in  distilla- 
tions to  give  more  space  to  elastic  vapours, 
or  to  increase  the  length  of  the  neck  of  a 
retort. 

Adoptian  (a-dop'shi-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  doctrine  of  adoption.— Adoptian  con- 
troversy (etxles.),  a  controversy  which  origin- 
ated in  Spain  in  the  eighth  century  with  the 
Archbishop  of  Toledo,  who  maintained  that 
although  Christ,  in  respect  of  his  divine 
nature,  was  by  generation  the  Son  of  God, 
yet  that,  as  regards  his  human  nature,  he 
was  only  a  declared  and  adopted  son.  The 
heresy  was  condemned  by  several  synods,  but 
it  has  reappeared  at  various  times,  and  was 
defended  by,  amongst  others,  Duns  Scotus, 
in  the  fourteenth  century. 

Adoption  (a-dop'shon),  n.  [L.  adoptio.  See 
AIWPT  ]  1.  The  act  of  adopting,  or  the  state 
of  being  adopted;  the  taking  and  treating  of 
a  stranger  as  one's  own  child:  as,  the  adap- 
tion of  a  child;  a  son  by  adoption.— 2.  The 
receiving  of  a  person  into  a  more  intimate 
relation  than  formerly;  reception ;  admis- 
sion ;  as,  the  adoption  of  a  person  into  a 
society.— 3.  The  act  of  adopting  or  receiving 
as  one's  own  what  is  new  or  not  natural ; 
selection;  assumption;  as,  the  adoption  of 
a  method  of  agriculture. 

The  adoption  of  vice  has  mined  ten  times  more 
young  men  than  natural  inclinations. 

Lard  Chesterfield 

AdoptlonlBt  (a-dop'shon-ist),  n.    One  who 
maintains  that  Christ  was  the  Son  of  God  by 
adoption  only.     Prof.  Mvrdock. 
Adoptions t   (a-dop'shus),  a.      Adoptive; 
that    is    adopted    or    assumed.      'Pretty, 
fond  adoptitms  Christendoms.'    Shak. 
Adoptive  (a-dopt'iv),  a.    [L  adoptimu.) 
1.  Constituted  by  adoption;   adopting  or 
adopted.  'Adoptive  father.'  Ai/lt/e.  'Adop- 
tive ton.'    Bacun.—  2.  Assumed.     'Aduptirr 
and  cheerful  boldness.'    Wilton.— Adoptive 
arms,  in  her.  arms  enjoyed  by  the  concession 
of  another  which  the  adopter  is  obliged  to 
marshal  with  his  own,  as  being  the  condi- 
tion of  some  honour  or  estate  left  him. 
Adoptive  (a-dopt'iv),  n.    A  person  or  thing 
adopted. 
Adorablllty  (a-dor'a-biPi-ti),  n.    Quality  of 

l«ing  adorable.     Coleridge. 
Adorable  (a-dor'a-bl),  a.  1.  Demanding  ador- 
ation ;  worthy  of  being  adored ;  worthy  of 
divine  honours.     '  The  adorable  Author  of 
Christianity.'    Cheyne.  —  2.  Worthy  of  the 
utmost  love  or  respect. 
Adorableness(a-d6r'a-bl-nes),n.Thequality 
of  being  adorable,  or  worthy  of  adoration. 
Adorably  (a-dor'a-bli),  adv.    In  a  manner 
worthy  of  adoration. 

Adoration  (ad-6r-a'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
adoring ;  the  act  of  paying  honours,  as  to  a 
divine  being;  worship  addressed  to  a  deity; 
in  the  Christian  Church,  the  supreme  and 
highest  form  of  worship  due  to  God  alone : 
sometimes  used  specifically  of  words  ad- 
dressed to  the  Deity  expressive  of  a  sense  of 
his  infinite  holiness  and  perfection. 

Lowly  reverent 

Towards  either  throne  they  bow,  and  to  the  ground 
With  solemn  adoration  down  they  cast 
Their  crowns.  Milieu. 

In  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  the  word  sometimes 
expresses  an  inferior  sort  of  divine  homage: 
thus,  it  may  be  applied  (a)  to  the  homage 
paid  to  the  eucharist,  because  Catholic* 
believe  in  the  real  presence  of  Christ  in  the 
sacramental  elements.  (6)  To  the  cerenx  >m 
of  prostration  before  the  crucifix  practised 
in  all  Catholic  churches  on  Good  Friday 
(c)  To  the  worship  paid  to  the  Virgin,  saints, 
angels,  and  relics.  [Considered  an  improper 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil.  pound;       u,  8c.  ab«ne;      y,  Sc.  tty. 


ADORK 


43 


ADULARIA 


usage,  however.  ]  The  term  is  also  applied  to 
a  ceremonious  manifestation  of  respect  and 
submission  shown  by  the  cardinals  to  the 
pope  after  his  election.  — 2.  Homage,  or  an 
act  of  homage,  paid  to  one  in  high  esteem 
or  place;  profound  reverence;  the  utmost 
respect,  regard,  or  esteem ;  the  highest 
deu'irr  of  lo\c,  as  of  a  man  for  a  woman; 
heart's  devotion. 

1  low  docs  he  love  meT 
With  adorations,  fertile  tears, 
With  groans  that  thunder  love,  with  sighs  of  fire.  Sha&. 

3.  A  mode  by  which  the  cardinals  in  conclave 
sometimes  elect  the  Roman  pontiff.  In 
adoration,  unlike  scrutiny,  the  cardinals 
rush  hastily,  as  if  actuated  by  some  over- 
powering internal  impulse,  and  elect  a  pope 
by  acclamation.-  4.  In  art,  a  pictorial  repre- 
sentation of  the  adoration  of  the  infant  Jesus 
by  the  magi  and  the  shepherds. 
Adore  (a-iloii/).  v.t.  pret.  <fc  pp.  adored;  ppr. 
adoring.  [L.  adoro,  to  ask  in  prayer,  to 
adore— ad,  to,  ami  oro,  to  ask.  Root  or,  seen 
also  in  o«,  orw,  the  mouth.]  1.  To  worship 
with  profound  reverence  ;  to  address  with 
exalted  thoughts  by  prayer  and  thanks- 
giving; to  pay  divine  honours  to;  to  honour 
as  a  god  or  as  divine.  '  Bishops  and  priests 
hearing  the  host  which  he  publicly  adored.' 
Smollett. 

Cod  skill  be  all  in  all.  But,  all  ye  gods, 
Adore  him.  who  to  compass  all  this  dies; 
Adore the  Son,  and  honour  him  as  me.  Milton. 

2.  To  honour  and  regard  in  the  highest  degree; 
to  regard  with  the  utmost  esteem,  love,  and 
respect;  to  love  in  the  highest  degree,  as  a 
man  a  woman.  '  The  people  appear  adoring 
their  prince.'  Tatler. 

Make  future  times  thy  equal  act  adore.        Pope. 
When  he  who  adores  thee  has  left  but  the  name 
Of  his  faults  and  his  follies  behind.  Moore. 

Adore  t  (a-dor*),  v.t.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  auntm, 
gold.]  To  gild;  to  adorn. 

Like  to  the  hoar 
Congealed  drops  which  do  the  morn  adore.  Spenser. 

Adorement  t  (a-dor'ment),  ?i.  Adoration; 
worship.  'Adorementof  cats,  lizards,  and 
beetles.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Adorer  (a-dor'er),  ?».  1.  One  who  adores: 
(a)  one  who  worships  or  honours  as  divine; 
one  who  admires  or  esteems  greatly.  '  An 
adorer  of  truth.'  Clarendon.  (b)One  who 
esteems  or  respects  highly ;  a  lover ;  an 
admirer.  '  I  profess  myself  her  adorer,  not 
her  friend.'  Skak. 

Adoring  (a-dor'ing),  n.  Act  of  adoration; 
act  of  homage  paid  by  a  lover. 

And  soft  adoringx  from  their  loves  receive.     Keats. 

Adoringly(a-d6r'ing-li)1adi>.  With  adoration. 

Adorn  (a-dorn'),  v.t.  [L.  adorno—ad,  to, and 
orno,  to  deck  or  beautify.]  1.  To  deck  or 
decorate;  to  add  to  beauty  or  attractiveness 
by  dress  or  ornaments;  hence,  in  general,  to 
set  off  to  advantage;  to  render  pleasing,  or 
more  pleasing  or  attractive ;  to  embellish ; 
as,  to  adorn  a  speech  by  appropriate  action, 
sentiments  with  elegance  of  language,  or  a 
gallery  with  pictures.  'To  point  amoral  and 
adorn  a  tale.'  Johnson. 
A  bride  adorneth  herself  with  her  jewels.  Is.  Ixi.  10. 

Loveliness 

Needs  not  the  foreign  aid  of  ornament. 
But  is,  when  unadorned,  adorned\\\t  most.  Thomson. 

2.  To  display  the  beauty  or  excellence  of;  as, 
to  adorn  the  doctrine  of  God.  Tit.  ii.  10. — 
SvN.Todeck,  decorate,  embellish,  ornament, 
beautify,  grace,  garnish,  dignify,  exalt,  hon- 
our.— Adorn,  Decorate,  Embellish.  Adorn, 
to  enhance  the  beauty  of  an  object;  to  make  a 
real  addition  to  the  beauty  or  attractiveness 
of  a  thing,  so  that  it  ia  more  pleasing  as  a 
whole.  It  may  be  used  of  .what  is  purely 
moral;  as,  many  virtues  adorn  his  character. 
Decorate,  to  add  something  for  the  purpose 
of  adornment;  to  beautify  or  attempt  to 
beautify  by  the  addition  of  something  ex- 
ternal and  material— something  which  tends 
to  attract  notice  to  itself  as  a  detail  or  part 
of  a  whole ;  as,  to  decorate  one's  self  with 
flowers  or  feathers;  to  decorate  a  room  with 
wreaths  of  (lowers  or  hangings.  Embellish, 
to  deck,  beautify,  or  ornament  for  the  pur- 
pose of  attracting  attention:  often  used  of 
gaudy  or  meretricious  ornament. 
Adorn  t  (a-dori/),  n.  Ornament. 

H'-r  breast  all  naked  as  nett  yvory. 

Without  adorne  of  gold  or  silver  bright.    Spenser. 

Adorn  t  (a-donv*).  a.     Adorned;  decorated. 

1  Made  so  adorn  for  thy  delight.'    Milton. 
Adoruatet  (a-dor'nat).  v.t.    To  adorn.    'To 

aiiomate  gardens.'    Frampton. 
Adornation  t  (ad-or-na'shoii),  n.    Ornament. 

Memory  is  the  soul's  treasury,  and  thence  she  hath 
her  garments  of  adornation.   If'ifs'  Commonwealth. 


Two  dolphins 
adorsed. 


Adorner  (a-dom'er),  n.     One  who  adorns. 

Adorning  (a-dorn'ing),  n.  Ornament;  decor- 
ation. 1  Pet.  iii.  3. 

Adorningly(a-dorn'ing-Ii),rt(/f.  By  adorning. 

Adornment  (a-dorn'mentj,  «.  An  adorning; 
ornament. 

I  will  write  all  down: 

Such  and  such  pictures;  there  the  window;  such 
The  adornment  of  her  bed.  SAaA. 

Adorsed,  Adossed  (a-dorsf,  a-dost'),  a. 

[Kr.  advance,  part,  of  ados- 
ser,  to  set  back  to  back, 
from  don,  L.  dorsuin,  the 
bark.]  In  her.  applied  to 
any  two  animals,  birds, 
fishes,  or  other  bearings 
placed  back  to  back. 
Adosculation  (ad-os'kii- 
UV'shon),  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and 
oxculatio,  a  kissing,  from 
oKCulum,  a  kiss,  or  little 
mouth,  dim.  of  os,  oris, 
the  mouth.  See  ORAL.] 

1.  In  hot.  (a)  the  impregnation  of  plants  by 
the  falling  of    the   farina  on   the  pistils. 
(6)  The  inserting  of  one  part  of  a  plant  into 
another. —  2.  In  physiol.  impregnation  by 
external  contact  merely,  and  not  by  intro- 
mission, as  in  fishes. 

Adossed.    See  ADORSED. 

Adown  (a-dounO,  prep.  [Prefix  a,  off,  and 
down,  A.  Sax.  of -dune,  off  or  from  the  down 
or  hill.]  1.  From  a  higher  to  a  lower  situa- 
tion ;  down :  implying  descent. 

Ado-tvn  her  shoulders  fell  her  length  of  hair.  Drydtn. 

2.  From  top  to  bottom  of;  along  the  length 
of;  downwards;  all  along. 

Full  well  'tis  known  adown  the  dale, 

Though  passing  strange  indeed  the  tale.  Percy,  Relig. 

Adown  (a-doun'),  adu.  From  a  higher  to  a 
lower  part;  downward;  down;  to  or  on  the 
ground.  '  Crept  adown  to  where  the  waters 
slept.'  Tennyson.  'Thrice  did  she  sink 
adown. '  Spenser. 

Adoxa  (a-doks'a),  n.  [Or.  a,  without,  and 
doxa,  glory.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Capri  foliacese.  The  only  species,  A.  moscha- 
tellina  (moschatel),  is  a  little  inconspicuous 
plant,  4  or  5  inches  high,  found  in  woods  and 
moist  shady  places  in  all  parts  of  Europe. 
The  pale-green  flowers  have  a  musky  smell, 
and  the  plant  is  much  sought  after  by  the 
curious  for  the  sake  of  its  modest  delicate 
appearance. 

Adpressed  (ad-presf),  a.  In  bot.  a  term 
applied  to  branches  or  leaves  which  rise 
parallel  and  close  to  the  stem,  and  are 
brought  into  contact  with  it  without  adher- 
ing to  it. 

Adpromissor  (ad-pro-mis'or),  n.  [L.]  In 
Rom.  law,  an  accessory  to  a  promise  in 
order  to  give  a  stipulator  greater  security. 

Ad  quod  danmum.  [L.]  In  law,  a  writ 
to  inquire  whether  certain  liberties  to  be 
granted  by  the  crown,  as  a  fair,  highway, 
&c.,  will  be  to  the  public  damage. 

Adragant  (ad'ra-gant),  n.    Gum-tragacanth. 

Adreadt  (a-dred'J,  «  [O.E.  adrad,  adradde 
—prefix  a,  in,  or  a  (for  of),  intens.,  and  dread. 
See  DREAD.]  Affected  by  dread.  'Thinking 
to  make  all  men  adread.'  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Adreamt  t  (a-dremf),  pp.  or  a.  Used  only 
in  the  phrase,  1  was  adreamt,  for,  I 
dreamed. 

/  -was  adreamt  on  thee  too.  Webster. 

[In  Oxfordshire  adreamt  means  dosing. 
Halliwell.] 

Adiianople-red  ( ad '  ri  -  an  -  6  -  pi  -  red ),  n. 
[From  Adrianople,  a  city  of  Turkey.  ] 
Turkey-red :  a  dyer's  term  for  red  obtained 
from  madder. 

Adriatic  (ad'ri-at-ik),  a.  [L.  Adriaticus  or 
Hadriaticus,  Adriatic,  pertaining  to  ,-ldria 
or  Hadria,  a  town  between  the  mouths  of 
the  Po  and  the  Adige.]  Pertaining  to  the 
gulf  called,  from  Venice,  the  Gulf  of  Venice. 

Adriatic  (ad'ri-at-ik),  n.  The  Gulf  of  Venice; 
a  sea  that  washes  the  eastern  coast  of  1 1  ;i  1  \ 

Adrift  (a-driff),  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
drift,  a  driving  or  floating.  See  DRIVK.] 
1.  Floating  at  random ;  impelled  or  moving 
without  direction;  not  fastened  by  any  kind 
of  moorings;  at  the  mercy  of  winds  and 
currents :  as  an  adjective  it  always  follows 
its  noun.  'Trees  adrift  down  the  great 
river.'  Milton. 

So  on  the  sea  she  shall  be  set  adrift. 

And  who  relieves  her  dies.  Dryden. 

Hence— 2.  Fig.  swayed  by  any  chance  im- 
pulse ;  also,  all  abroad ;  at  sea ;  at  a  loss. 

Frequent  reflection  will   keep  their  minds  from 
running  adrift.  Locke. 


Adrogate  (ad'ro-gat).  v.  f.  To  adopt  by  adro- 
gation. 

Clodius.  the  enemy  of  Cicero,  was  adrfgaltd  into 
a  plebeian  family.  Smith,  Diet,  dntig. 

Adrpgation  (ad-ro-ga'shon),  n.  [L,  adro- 
gatio,  arrogatio  —  ad,  to,  and  rogo,  to  ask, 
whence  rotation,  interrot/atittn.]  A  aperies 
of  adoption  in  ancient  Rome,  by  which  a 
person  capable  of  choosing  for  himself  was 
admitted  into  the  relation  of  a  son  by  a 
vote  of  the  Comitia  Curiata,  or  in  later 
times  a  rescript  of  the  emperor:  so  called 
from  the  questions  put  to  the  parties.  Writ- 
ten also  Arrwjatiun. 

All  the  later  writers.  .  .  .  call  the  kind  of  adoption 
which  was  confirmed  by  a  law  of  the  people  an 
abrogation.  Middleton. 

Adroit  (a-droif),  a.  [Fr.  adroit,  dexterous 
— a,  to,  and  droit,  right,  as  opposed  to  left 
(comp.  dexterous,  from  L.  dexter,  right); 
Pr.  dreit,  It.  dritto,  diritto,  from  L.  directus, 
straight  —  di  for  dis,  and  rego,  rectum,  to 
guide  straight.]  Dexterous;  skilful;  active 
in  the  use  of  the  hand,  and,  figuratively,  in 
the  exercise  of  the  mental  faculties;  ingeni- 
ous; ready  in  invention  orexecutton.  'Adroit 
mechanics.'  Prof.  Bain. 

He  (Halifax)  was  adroit  in  intrigue;  and  it  was 
difficult,  even  for  shrewd  and  experienced  men,  who 
had  been  amply  forewarned  of  nis  perfidy,  to  with- 
stand the  fascination  of  his  manner,  and  to  refuse 
credit  to  his  professions  of  attachment.  Macauiay. 

SYN.  Dexterous,  skilful,  ingenious,  expert, 
ready. 

Adroitly  ( a  -  droit '  li ),  adv.  In  an  adroit 
manner;  with  dexterity;  readily;  skilfully. 

Use  yourself  to  carve  adroitly  and  genteelly. 

Chesterfield. 

Adroitness  (a-droit'nes),  n.    The  quality  of 
being  adroit;  dexterity;  readiness  in  the  use 
of  the  limbs  or  of  the  mental  faculties. 
Adroitness  was  as  requisite  as  courage.     Motley. 

Adry  t  (a-driO,  a.  or  adtJ.     [Prefix  a  for  of, 
intens.,  and  dry.]  Thirsty;  in  wantof  drink. 
Doth  a  man  that  is  entry  desire  to  drink  in  gold? 
Burton. 

AdscititiOUS  (ad  si-ti'shua),  a.  [From  L. 
adscisco,  asci&co,  to  take  knowingly,  to  ap- 
propriate—ad, to,  and  sciscor,  to  seek  to 
know,  an  inceptive  from  scio,  to  know.] 
Added;  taken  as  supplemental;  additional; 
not  requisite. 

The  fourth  epistle  on  happiness  may  be  thought 
adscititions,  and  out  of  its  proper  place.  J.  fl'arton. 

Adscititiously  (ad-si-ti'shus-li),  adv.  In  an 
adscititious  manner. 

Adscript  (ad'skript),  n.  [L.  adscriptus,  pp. 
of  adscribo,  to  enrol— ad,  to,  and  scribo,  to 
write.  ]  One  who  is  held  to  service  as 
attached  to  some  object  or  place ;  as,  when 
a  slave  is  made  an  adscript  of  the  soil. 

Adscriptive  (ad-skript'iv),  a.  Held  to 
service  as  attached  to  some  object  or  place, 
as  a  serf  or  slave. 

Many  estates  peopled  with  crown  peasants  have 
been  ceded  to  particular  individuals  on  condition  of 
establishing  manufactories;  these  peasants,  called 
adscripti-ve,  working  at  the  manufactories  on  fixed 
terms.  Brougham. 

Adscriptus  glebse  ( ad  -  skrip '  tus  gle '  be ). 
[L.]  Belonging  or  attached  to  the  soil,  as  a 
aeif.  This  term  was  in  Rome  applied  to  a 
class  of  slaves  attached  in  perpetuity  to  and 
transferred  with  the  land  they  cultivated. 
Colliers  and  salt-workers  in  Scotland  were 
in  a  similar  position  till  the  passing  of 
15  Geo.  III.  xxviii. 

Adsigniflcation  (ad-sig^ni-ft-ka"shon),  n. 
A  modification  of  meaning  by  means  of  a 
prefix  or  suffix.  Tooke. 

Adsignify  (ad-sig'ni-fi).  v.t.  To  add 
signification  or  meaning  to  a  word  by  a 
prefix  or  suffix.  Tooke.  [Rare.] 

Adstipulator  (ad-stip'u-lat-er),  n.  In  law, 
an  accessory  party  to  a  promise,  who  has 
received  the  same  promise  as  his  principal 
did,  and  can  equally  receive  and  exact  pay- 
ment. 

Adstriction(ad-Btrik'shon),7i.  [L.  adstrictio, 
astrictio — ad,  to,  and  stringo,  to  strain  or 
bind  fast.  See  STRICT.  ]  1.  The  act  of  binding 
fast  together.— 2.  Inmcd.  coativeuess;conati- 
pation. 

Adstrictory  (ad-atrik'to-ri).  See  ASTRIC- 
I  TORY. 

Adstringent  (ad-strin'jent).  See  ASTRIN- 
i  GENT. 

Adularla  (ad-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [From  Adula, 
the  summit  of  St  Gothard,  where  flnespeci- 
mens  are  got]  A  very  pure,  limpid,  trans- 
lucent variety  of  the  common  felspar,  called 
by  lapidaries  moonstone.,  on  account  of  the 
play  of  light  exhibited  by  the  arrangement 
of  its  crystalline  structure.  It  ia  found  on 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g.  (70;      j,  job;      h,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin#;      TH,  then;  th,  thin:      w,  trig;    wh,  wAig;    zh.  azure.—  See  Ksv. 


ADULATE 


44 


ADVANCE 


the  Alps,  but  the  best  specimens  are  from 
Ceylon. 

Adulate  (ad'u-lat),  v.t.  [See  ADULATION.] 
To  show  feigned  devotion  to;  to  flatter  ser- 
vilely. 

It  is  not  that  I  adulate  the  people. 
Without  me  there  are  demagogues  enough. 

Kyrmt. 

Adulation  (ad-u-la'shon),  n.  [L.  adulatio, 
Hdulationii,  a  fawning.  Origin  doubtful, 
many  etymologies  being  suggested;  as,  ad, 
and  root  ui=Gr.  mira,  a  tail,  the  primary 
sense  being  to  wag  the  tail  like  a  fawning 
dog;  ad,  and  aula,  a  hall,  the  primary  sense 
being  to  wait  in  the  hall,  as  a  Roman  client 
on  his  patron;  ad,  and  ululo,  to  whine  like 
a  dog;  ad,  and  Or.  doulos,  a  slave.  ]  Servile 
flattery;  praise  in  excess,  or  beyond  what  is 
merited;  high  compliment. 

Adulation  pushed  to  the  verge,  sometimes  of  non- 
sense and  sometimes  of  impiety,  was  not  thought  to 
disgrace  a  poet.  Macaulay. 

-Adulation,  Flattery,  Compliment.  Adu- 
lation, praise  proceeding  from  a  fawning 
servile  spirit,  and  generally  intended  to 
produce  some  ulterior  advantage  to  the 
bestower  of  such  homage ;  flattery,  praise 
bestowed  to  gratify  the  vanity  of  the  object 
of  it,  with  or  without  a  purpose  on  the  part 
of  the  flatterer;  compliment  is  less  strong 
and  more  sincere  than  flattery,  and  may  be 
the  expression  of  the  respect  or  esteem  the 
bestower  entertains  for  the  recipient. 

Adulator  (ad'u-lat-er),  n.  A  flatterer;  one 
who  offers  praise  servilely. 

Adulatory  (ad'u-lat-o-ri),  a.  Flattering; 
containing  excessive  praise  or  compliments; 
servilely  praising;  as,  an  adulatory  address. 

You  are  not  lavish  of  your  words,  especially  in  that 
species  of  eloquence  called  the  adulatory. 

Chesterfield. 

Adulatress  (ad'u-lat-res),  n.  A  female  adu- 
lator or  flatterer. 

Artullamite  (a-dul'am-it),  n.  A  member  of 
a  party  of  the  more  moderate  Liberals  who 
seceded  from  the  Whig  leaders  and  voted 
with  the  Conservatives  on  the  occasion  of 
Earl  Russell  and  Mr.  Gladstone  introducing 
a  measure  for  the  reduction  of  the  elective 
franchise  in  1866.  They  received  the  name 
from  their  being  likened  by  Mr.  Bright  to 
the  political  outlaws  who  took  refuge  with 
David  in  the  cave  of  Aclullam;  1  Sam.  xxii. 

1,  2.    The  party  was  also  known  collectively 
as  The  Cam. 

Adult  (a-dulf),  a.  [L.  adultus,  grown  to 
maturity,  from  oleo,  to  grow.  See  ADOLES- 
CENCE.] 1.  Having  arrived  at  mature  years, 
or  to  full  size  and  strength;  as,  an  adult 
person  or  plant.  'The  elaborate  reasonings 
of  the  adult  man.'  Herbert  Spencer.— 

2.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  adults;  suitable 
for  an  adult;  as,  adult  age;  adult  school. 

Adult  (a-dulf),  n.  A  person,  animal,  or 
plant  grown  to  full  size  and  strength;  one 
who  has  reached  the  age  of  manhood  or 
womanhood. 

Adultedt  (a-dult'ed),  p.  and  a.  Completely 
grown. 

Now  that  we  are  not  only  adulted  but  ancient 
Christians,  I  believe  the  most  acceptable  sacrifice  we 
can  send  up  to  heaven  is  prayer  and  praise. 

Adultert  (a-dul'ter),  n.    [L.]    An  adulterer. 
We  receive  into  our  mass  open  sinners,  the  covet- 
ous, the  extortioners,  the  adttlter,  the  back-biter. 
Tyndaii. 

Adultert  (a-dul'ter),  v.i.  1.  To  commit  adul- 
tery. 

He  adiilters  still ;  his  thoughts  lie  with  a  whore. 
E.  yoiisori. 

2.  To  pollute;  to  adulterate.  ' Aaulterlny 
spots.'  Marston. 

Adulterant  (a-dul'ter-ant),  n.  The  person 
or  thing  that  adulterates. 

Adulterate  (a-dul'ter-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
adulterated;  ppr.  adulterating.  [L.  adultero, 
from  adulter,  mixed,  or  an  adulterer— ad,  to, 
and  alter,  other.]  1.  To  debase  or  deterior- 
ate by  an  admixture  of  foreign  or  baser  ma- 
terials; as,  to  adulterate  liquors;  to  adul- 
terate drugs;  to  adulterate  coffee. 

The  present  war  has  .  .  .  adulterated-  our  tongue 
with  strange  words.  Spectator. 

(  2.  To  give  a  hybrid  character  to.  '  Excel- 
lent forms  of  grafting  and  adulterating 
plants  and  flowers.'  Peacham. —  SYN.  To 
corrupt,  debase,  contaminate,  vitiate,  so- 
phisticate. 

Adulterate*  (a-dul'ter-at),  v.i.  To  commit 
adultery. 

But  Fortune,  oh  1    ... 
She  adulterates  hourly  with  thine  uncle  John. 

Shat. 

Adulterate  (a-dul'ter-at),  a.  1.  Tainted  with 
adultery.  'The  adulterate  Hastings.'  Shak. 


2.  Debased  by  foreign  mixture;  adulterated. 
'Adulterate  copper.'  Swift. 

Adulterately  (a-dul'ter-at-li),  ado.  In  an 
adulterate  manner. 

Adulterateness  (a-nul'ter-»t-nes),  n.  Ihe 
quality  or  state  of  being  adulterated  or 
debased. 

Adulteration  (a-dul't<5r-a"shon),  n.  The  act 
of  adulterating.or  the  state  of  being  adulter- 
ated or  debased  by  foreign  mixture;  the  use 
of  ingredients  in  the  production  of  any  pro- 
fessedly genuine  article,  which  are  cheaper 
and  of  a  worse  quality,  or  which  are  not 
considered  so  desirable  by  the  consumer  as 
other  or  genuine  ingredients  for  which  they 
are  substituted.  The  adulteration  of  liquors, 
drugs,  tea,  bread,  beer,  Ac.,  is  punishable 
by  law.  See  further  in  extract. 

Adulteration,  a  term  not  only  applied  in  its  proper 
sense  to  the  systematic  mixture  of  articles  of  com- 
merce,  food,  drink,  drugs.  &c.,  with  noxious  or  in- 
ferior ingredients,  but  also  by  magistrates  and  ana- 
lysts to  accidental  impurity,  anil  even  in  some  cases 
to  actual  substitution.  The  chief  objects  of  adul- 
teration are  to  increase  the  weight  or  volume  of  the 
article,  such  as  water  added  to  milk,  butter,  &c.;  to 
give  a  colour  which  either  makes  a  good  article  more 
pleasing  to  the  eye  or  else  disguises  an  inferior  one, 
as  Prussian  blue,  black  lead,  &c.,  to  green  teas,  an- 
natto  to  cheese,  alum  to  bread,  &c.;  to  substitute  a 
cheaper  form  of  the  article,  or  the  same  substance 
from  which  the  strength  has  been  extracted,  as  tea 
mixed  with  spent  leaves;  and  to  give  it  a  false 
strength,  as  cocculus  indicus  to  beer  and  alcohol  to 
wine  Pop.F.nty. 

Adulterator  (a-dul'ter-at-er),  n.  One  who 
adulterates. 

Adulterer  (a-dul'Wr-er),  n.  [Formed  either 
from  the  E.  verb  adulter,  or  more  probably 
from  L.  adulter,  with  an  additional  English 
noun  termination.  ]  1.  A  man  guilty  of  adul- 
tery; a  married  man  who  has  sexual  com- 
merce with  any  woman  except  his  wife.  See 
ADULTERY.— 2.  In  Scrip,  an  apostate  from 
the  true  faith;  a  very  wicked  person.  Jer. 
ix.  2;  xxiii.  14;  Jam.  iv.  4. 

Adulteress  (a-dul'ter-es),  n.  1.  A  woman 
guilty  of  adultery.— 2.  In  Scrip,  a  woman 
guilty  of  apostasy  from  the  true  faith.  Jam. 
iv.  4. 

Adulterine  (a-dul'ter-in),  a.  1.  Proceeding 
from  adulterous  commerce.  'An  adttltcr- 
ine  bastard.'  Sir  F.  I'algrave.—l  Debased; 
spurious. 

When  any  particular  class  of  artificers  or  traders 
thought  proper  to  act  as  a  corporation,  without  a 
charter,  such  were  called  adulterine  guilds. 

Adam  Smith. 

Adulterine  (a-dul'ter-in),  n.    In  civil  law, 

a  child  begotten  in  adultery. 
Adulterize  (a-dul'ter-iz),  v.i.    To  be  guilty 

of  adultery.     Milton.     (Rare.  ] 
Adulterous  (a-dul'ter-us),  a.     1.  Guilty  of 

adultery;  pertaining  to  adultery.— 2.  Illicit: 

said  of  combinations  or  relations  of  any 

kind. 

Some  of  our  kings  have  made  adulterous  connec- 
tions abroad.  Rtirke. 

3.  Spurious;  corrupt;  adulterated.    '  Forged 
and  adulterous  stuff.'    Trains,  of  Casaubon. 
[Rare.  ]  —  4.  In  Scrip,  faithless  in  religion  ; 
very  wicked.     Mat.  xii.  39. 

Adulterously  (a-dul'ter-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
adulterous  manner. 

Adultery  (a-dul'ter-i),  n.  [L.  adulterium. 
See  ADULTERATE.]  1.  Violation  of  the  mar- 
riage-bed; a  crime  or  a  civil  injury  which 
introduces  or  may  introduce  a  spurious  off- 
spring into  a  family.  When  committed  be- 
tween two  married  persons  it  is  sometimes 
termed  double  adultery;  and  when  only  one 
of  the  parties  is  married  it  is  termed  single 
adultery.  In  many  continental  countries 
adultery  is  regarded  as  a  criminal  offence, 
but  in  none  does  the  punishment  exceed 
imprisonment  for  a  short  period  accom- 
panied by  a  flue.  In  England,  formerly,  it 
was  punished  by  fine  and  imprisonment, 
and  in  Scotland  it  was  frequently  made  a 
capital  offence.  In  Great  Britain  at  the 
present  day,  however,  it  is  punishable  only 
by  ecclesiastical  censure.  But  when  com- 
mitted by  the  wife,  adultery  is  regarded  as 
a  civil  injury,  and  forms  the  ground  of  an 
action  of  damages  against  the  paramour.  No 
corresponding  action  is  competent  to  the 
wife  either  in  England  or  America.  Adultery 
forms  the  most  common  ground  of  divorce. 
See  DIVORCE.— 2.  In  Scrip,  (a)  all  manner 
of  lewdness  or  unchastity,  as  forbidden 
by  the  seventh  commandment.  Mat.  v.  28. 
(&)  Idolatry  or  apostasy  from  the  true  God. 
Jer.iii.8. — 3.  In  old  laws,  the  flue  and  penalty 
imposed  for  the  offence  of  adultery.— 

4.  EccleK.  the  intrusion  of  a  person  into  a 
bishopric  during  the  life  of  the  bishop.— 

5.  In  old  arboriculture,  the  grafting  of  trees, 
from  the  process  being  considered  as  an  un- 


natural union.  — 0. t  Adulteration;  corrup- 
tion. '  All  the  adulteries  of  art.'  B.  Jontmn. 
7.  t  Injury;  degradation;  ruin. 

You  might  wrest  the  caduceus  out  of  my  hand  to 
the  adultery  and  spoil  of  nature.  S.  yonson. 

Adultness  (a-dult'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
adult. 

Adumbrant  (ad-um'brant),  a.  [L.  adinn- 
bruns,  ppr.  of  adumbro.  See  ADUMBRATK.] 
Giving  a  faint  shadow,  or  showing  a  slight 
resemblance. 

Adumbrate  (ad-umT>rat),  v.  t.  [L.  adumlirn, 
to  shade — ad,  and  umbra,  a  shade.]  1.  To 
give  a  faint  shadow  of;  to  exhibit  a  faint 
resemblance  of,  like  a  shadow;  to  indicate 
or  give  tokens  of  by  resemblance  or  corre- 
spondence; to  shadow  forth. 

Heaven  is  adumbrated  by  all  positive  excellences. 
Decay  of  Piety. 

Both  in  the  vastness  and  the  richness  of  the  visible 
tmiverse  the  invisible  God  is  adumbrated.  Is.  Taylor. 

2.  To  overshadow,  partially  darken,  or  con- 
ceal. 

Nor  did  it  (a  veil)  cover,  but  adumbrate  only 
Her  most  heart-piercing  parts.  Marlon*. 

Adumbration  (ad-um-bra'shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  adumbrating  or  making  a  shadow  or 
faint  resemblance.  — 2.  A  faint  sketch;  an 
imperfect  representation  of  a  thing ;  some- 
thing that  suggests  by  resemblance,  or 
shadows  forth. 

Our  knowledge  is  ...  at  best  a  faint  confused  ad- 
umbration. Glanville. 


In  distracted  black-magical  phantasmagory,  adittn 
orations  of  yet  higher  and  higher  alliances  hove: 
stupendously  in  the  back-ground.  Carlyle. 


3.  In  her.  the  shadow  only  of  a  figure,  out- 
lined, and  painted  of  a  colour  darker  than 
the  field. 

Adumbrative  (ad-um'bra-tiv),  a.  Shadow- 
ing forth;  faintly  resembling;  suggesting  by 
resemblance. 

Adumbratively  (ad-um'bra-tiv-li),  adv.  In 
an  adumbrative  manner. 

Adunationt  (ad-u-na'shon),  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and 
WHIM,  one.]  The  state  of  being  united; 
union.  'Real  union  or  adunation.'  Boyle. 

Aduncity  (ad-un'si-ti),  n.  [L.  aduncitas, 
hookedness  —  ad,  to,  and  tincus,  a  hook.] 
Hookedness ;  a  bending  in  form  of  a  hook. 
'  The  aduncity  of  the  pounces  and  beaks  of 
the  hawks.'  Pope  and  Arbuthnot. 

Aduncous  (ad-ungk'us),  a.  [L.  aduncus, 
hooked.  See  ADUNCITY.]  Hooked ;  bent  or 
made  in  the  form  of  a  hook. 

Ad  unguem  (ad  un'gwem).  [L.]  To  the 
nail,  or  touch  of  the  nail;  exactly;  nicely. 

Adunque  t  (ad-ungk'),  a.  Aduncous;  hooked. 
'  Parrots  have  an  adunque  bill.'  Bacon. 

Adure  t  (ad-urO,  v.t.  [L.  aduro—ad,  anduro, 
to  burn.]  To  burn  up.  Bacon. 

Adurentt  (ad-ur'ent),  a.  [L.  adurent,  ppr. 
ofaduro.  See  ADURE.)  Burning;  heating. 
Bacon. 

Adust  (a-dusf),  a.  [L.  adustus,  burned,  the 
participle  of  aduro,  to  burn.  See  ADUHE.] 

1.  Burned;  scorched;  become  dry  by  heat ; 
hot  and  flery.   '  The  Libyan  air  adust.'  Mil- 
ton.—2.  Looking  as  if  burned  or  scorched. 
'  A  tall,  thin  man,  of  an  adust  complexion.' 
Sir  W.  Scott.— 3.  tin  med.  having  much  heat ; 
said  of  the  blood  and  other  fluids  of  the 
body;  hence,  ardent;  sanguine;  impetuous. 

The  same  adust  complexion  (temperament)  has  im- 

pell'd 
Charles  to  the  convent,  Philip  to  the  field.       Pope. 

Adustedt  (a-dust'ed),  a.  Become  hot  and 
dry;  burned;  scorched.  Uuwell. 

Adustible  t  (a-dust'i-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
burned  up. 

Adustion  (a-dust'yon),  n.  1.  The  act  of  bum- 
ing,  scorching,  or  heating  to  dryness;  a  state 
of  being  thus  heated  or  dried.  Harvey. — 

2.  In  med.  cauterization. 

Advailable  (ad-val'a-bl),  a.  Available. 
Sinwn  Fi#h.  [Rare.] 

Ad  valorem  (ad  va-16'rem).  [L.]  Lit.  ac- 
cording to  value:  used  (a)  in  com.  as  applied 
to  customs  or  duties,  levied  according  to 
the  value  or  worth  of  the  goods,  as  sworn  to 
by  the  owner.  (6)  In  law,  as  applied  to 
lawyers'  fees  for  the  drawing  of  certain 
deeds,  chargeable  according  to  the  value  of 
the  property  involved. 

Advance  (ad- vans'),  r.(  pret.  &pp.  advanced; 
ppr. advancing.  [O.Fr.  advancer,  fr.avaii- 
cer,  to  push  forwards,  Pr.  a  cant,  abans,  It. 
avanti,  forward,  before;  L.  abante,  from 
before,  in  front— a!>,  from,  ante,  before. 
This  is  also  the  origin  of  E.  fan,  advantage.  ] 
1.  To  bring  forward ;  to  move  further  in 
front. 

Now  mom,  her  rosy  steps  in  the  eastern  clime 
Advancing,  sow'd  the  earth  with  orient  pearl. 
Milton. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtme;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


ADVANCE 


45 


ADVENTURE 


2.  t  To  impel;  to  incite.   '  That  lewd  rilmnld 
with  vylo  luat  advaitnst.'    Spenser.—S.  To 
promote;  to  raise  to  a  higher  rank;  as,  to 
advance  one  from  the  bar  to  the  bench. — 

4.  t    To    commend ;    to    extol ;    to    praise. 
'  Greatly  advttneinghis gay  chivalrie.'  Spcn- 
ger.— 5.  To  raise;  to  enhance;  aa,  to  advance 
the  price  of  goods.  — C.  To  improve  or  make 
better;  to  benefit;  to  promote  the  good  of; 
as,  to  advance  one's  true  interests. 

As  the  calling  dignifies  the  man,  so  the  man  much 
more  advances  his  calling.  South, 

7.  To  forward  in  time;  to  accelerate  the 
growth  of;  as,  to  advance  the  growth  of 
plants.— 8.  To  offer  or  propose;  to  bring  to 
view  or  notice,  as  something  one  is  prepared 
to  abide  by;  to  allege;  to  adduce  ;  to  bring 
forward ;  as,  to-  advance  an  opinion  or  an 
argument.— 9.  To  put  forth  or  exhibit  with 
a  view  to  display.  [Rare.] 

And  every  one  his  love-feat  vi\\  advance 
Unto  his  several  mistress.  Shak. 

10.  In  coin,  to  supply  beforehand;  to  furnish 
on  credit,  or  before  goods  are  delivered,  or 
work  done;  or  to  furnish  as  a  part  of  a  stock 
or  fund;  to  supply  or  pay  in  expectation  of 
reimbursement ;  as,  to  advance  money  on 
loan  or  contract,  or  towards  a  purchase  or 
establishment. 

They  advanced  the  money  out  of  their  own  funds, 
and  took  the  sheriff's  deeds  in  their  own  name. 

Kent. 

11.  t  To  raise;  to  lift  up;  to  elevate.    'They 
.  .  .  advanced  their  eyelids.'    Shah. 

O,  peace!  Contemplation  makes  a  rare  turkey- 
cock  of  him  :  how  he  jets  under  his  advanced  phimcsl 

Sha*. 

A  cherub  tall; 

Who  forthwith  from  the  glittering  staff  unfurled 
Th'  imperial  ensign;  which,  full  high  advanced, 
Shone  like  a  meteor.  Milton. 

SYN.  To  bring  forward,  forward,  promote, 
further,  raise,  elevate,  exalt,  improve, 
heighten,  accelerate,  allege,  adduce,  assign. 
Advance  (ad-vans'),  v.i.  1.  To  move  or  go 
forward ;  to  proceed ;  as,  the  troops  ad- 
vanced.—2.  To  improve  or  make  progress; 
to  grow  better,  greater,  wiser,  or  older;  as, 
to  advance  in  knowledge,  in  stature,  in 
wisdom,  in  rank  or  dignity,  or  in  years.— 

3.  To  rise  in  rank,  office,  or  consequence;  as, 
he  rapidly  advanced  through  all  the  grades 
of  promotion. 

Advance  (ad- vans'),  n.  1.  A  moving  forward 
or  towards  the  front;  a  march  forward. — 

2.  Gradual  progression;  improvement;  as, 
an  advance    in  religion   or   knowledge. — 

3.  Advancement;  promotion;   preferment; 
as,  anaduattce  in  rank  or  office. — 4.  An  offer 
or  tender. 

The  advance  of  kindness  which  I  made  was  feigned. 
Dry  den. 

5.  First  step  towards  the  attainment  of  any 
result  to  be  brought  about  by  the  mutual 
consent  of  different  parties;  as,  A  made  an 
advance  towards  a  reconciliation  with  B. 
In  this  sense  it  is  very  frequently  used  in 
the  plural. 

The  amours  of  an  empress  require  the  plainest 
advances.  Gibbon. 

6.  In  coin,  (a)  addition  to  price;  rise  in  price; 
profit;  as,  an  advance  on  the  prime  cost  of 
goods;  there  is  an  advance  on  cottons.  (6)  A 
giving  beforehand ;  a  furnishing  of  some- 
thing before  an  equivalent  is  received,  as 
money  or  goods,  towards  a  capital  or  stock, 
or  on  loan,  or  in  expectation  of  being  reim- 
bursed in  some  way;  as,  A  made  large  ad- 
vances to  B. 

I  shall,  with  great  pleasure,  make  the  necessary 
advances.  Jay> 

The  account  was  made  up  with  intent  to  show 
what  advances  had  been  made.  Kent. 

(c)  The  money  or  goods  thus  furnished.— 
In  advance,  (a)  in  front;  before;  as,  the 
cavalry  marched  in  advance,  (b)  Before- 
hand; before  an  equivalent  is  received. 

They  .  .  .  paid  you  in  advance  the  dearest  tribute 
of  their  affection.  Jitnius. 

(c)  Used  adjectively,  in  the  sense  of  having 
made  an  advance;  as,  A  is  in  advance  to  B 
a  thousand  pounds. 

Advance  (ad-vans'),  a.  Being  before,  either 
in  time  or  place ;  beforehand,  or  in  front ; 
advanced ;  as,  advance  money ;  advance 
guard.  —Advance  fosse,  advance  moat,  ad- 
vance ditch,  in  fort,  a  ditch  thrown  round 
the  esplanade  or  glacis  of  a  place. 

Advanced  (ail-vanst'),  p.  and  a.  1.  Situated 
in  front  or  before  others.  Hence— 2.  In  the 
front,  as  regards  intellectual,  scientific, 
political,  or  moral  progress,  and  the  like; 
as,  an  advancfd  Liberal.  "Advanced  men 
of  science.'  //.  Spencer,  'The  most  ad- 


vanced strategic  ideas  of  the  day.'    Grote.  I 
'The  more  advanced   European  thinkers.'  j 
Iliickk."  ;t.  Having  reached  a  comparatively 
great  length  of  years ;  as,  he  is  now  at  an 
advanced  age. 

Advancement  (ad-vans'ment),  n.  1.  The 
ac't  of  moving  forward  or  proceeding. — 

2.  The  act  of  promoting,  or  state  of  being 
promoted;  preferment;  promotion,  in  rank  ! 
or  excellence ;  improvement ;  furtherance. 

3.  t  Settlement  on  a  wife,  or  jointure.  Bacon.  . 

4.  In  taw,  provision  made  by  a  parent  for  a 
child  during  the  parent's  life,  by  gift  of  pro- 
perty to  which  the  child  would  be  entitled 
as  heir  after  his  parent's  death.  —5.  The  pay- 
ment of  money  in  advance;  money  paid  in 
advance. —SYN.  Progress,  progression,  im- 
provement, proficiency,  promotion,  exalta- 
tion, elevation,  preferment,  enhancement. 

Advance-note  (ad-vans'not),  n.  A  draft  on 
the  owner  or  agent  of  a  vessel,  generally  for 
one  month's  wages,  given  by  the  master  to 
the  sailors,  on  their  signing  the  articles  of 
agreement. 

Advancer  (ad-vans'er),  n.  I.  One  who  ad- 
vances; a  promoter.— 2.  A  branch  of  a  buck's 
horn,  the  second  from  the  base. 

Advancive,  Advansive  (ad- vans 'iv).  a. 
Tending  to  advance  or  promote.  [Rare.] 

Advantage  (ad-van'taj),?i.  [Q.Yr,  advantage, 
Fr.  avantage,  that  which  forwards,  from 
awnf,  before.  See  ADVANCE.]  1.  Anystate, 
condition,  circumstance,  opportunity,  or 
means  specially  favourable  to  success,  pro- 
sperity, interest,  reputation,  or  any  desired  ! 
end;  anything  that  aids,  assists,  or  is  of 
service;  as,  he  had  the  advantage  of  a  good 
constitution,  of  an  excellent  education ; 
the  enemy  had  the  advantage  of  elevated 
ground.  '  The  advantages  of  a  close  alli- 
ance.' Macaulay. 

Ad-vantage  is  a  better  soldier  than  rashness.  Shak. 
Give  me  advantage  of  some  brief  discourse.    Shak. 

2.  Superiority  or  prevalence:  witho/oroter. 

Lest  Satan  should  get  an  advantage  of\\s. 

a  Cor.  ii.  ti. 

I  have  seen  the  hungry  ncean  gain 
Advantage  on  the  kingdom  of  the  shore.     SJiafc. 

3.  Benefit;  gain;  profit. 

What  advantage  will  it  be  to  thee?     Job  xzxv.  3. 
Yet  hath  Sir  Proteus,  for  that's  his  name. 
Made  use  and  fair  advantage  of  his  days.     Shak. 

4.f  Usury;  interest;  increase. 

Methoujjht  you  said  you  neither  lend  nor  borrow 
Upon  advantage.       '  Shak. 

And  with  advantage  means  to  pay  thy  love.    ShaJt. 

Advantage  (ad-van'taj),  v.t.  pret.  A-  pp.  ad- 
vantaged; ppr.  advantaging.  1.  To  bring 
advantage  to;  to  be  of  service  to;  to  benefit; 
to  yield  profit  or  gain  to. 

What  is  a  man  advantaged,  if  he  gain  the  whole 
world,  and  lose  himself,  or  be  cast  away  !  Luke  ix.as. 

2.  To  gain  ground,  or  win  acceptance  for; 
to  promote  or  further.    [Rare  and  obsolete.] 

The  Stoics  that  opinioned  the  souls  of  wise  men 
dwelt  about  the  moon,  and  those  of  fools  wandered 
about  the  earth,  advantaged  the  conceit  of  this  effect. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

3.  t  To  increase,  as  by  interest.    'Advantag- 
ing their  love  with  interest  of  ten  times 
double  gain  of  happiness.'    Shak. 

Advantageable  (ad-yan'taj-a-bl),  a.  Profit- 
able; convenient;  gainful.  [Rare.] 

It  Is  advantageable  to  a  physician  to  be  called  to 
the  cure  of  declining  disease.  Sir  J.  Hay-ward. 

Advantage-ground  (ad-van'taj-ground),  n. 
Ground  that  gives  advantage  or  superiority; 
a  state  that  gives  superior  advantages,  as  for 
annoyance  or  resistance;  vantage-ground. 
Clarendon. 

Advantageous  (ad-van-ta'jus),  a.  Being  of 
advantage;  furmshingconvenience  or  oppor- 
tunity to  gain  benefit ;  gainful ;  profitable ; 
useful;  beneficial;  as,  an  advantageous  po- 
sition of  the  troops;  trade  is  advantageous 
to  a  nation. 

•Some  advantagfon 
By  sudden  onset. 

SYN.   Opportune,    convenient,    profitable, 
beneficial,  useful,  gainful. 
Advantageously  (ad-van-ta'jus-li),  adv.  In 
an  advantageous  manner ;  profitably ;  use- 
fully; conveniently. 

It  was  advantageously  situated,  there  being  an 
easy  passage  from  it  to  India  by  sea.  Arbuthnot. 

Advantageousness  (ad-van-ta'jus-nes),  n. 
The  quality  or  state  of  being  advantageous; 
profitableness;  usefulness;  convenience. 

The  last  property,  which  qualifies  God  for  the 
fittest  object  of  our  love,  is.  the  advantageonsuess  of 
his  to  us,  both  in  the  present  and  the  future  life. 

Boyle. 


nay  be  achieved 

Milton. 


Advectitious  (.'ul-vek-tish'us),  a.  [L.  «</»»,- 
titiitx,  fruin  adn-hn,  to  cuiidurt  ad,  to,  and 
who,  to  carry.]  Brought  from  another  place. 

Advene  (ad-vcn'),  v.i.  [L.  advenio,  to  come 
to— ad,  to,  and  venio,  to  come.]  To  accede, 
or  come  to;  to  be  added  to,  or  become  a  part 
of,  though  not  essential.  '  Where  no  act  of 
the  will  adi-enea  as  a  co-efficient.'  Coleridge. 
[Rare.] 

Advenientt  (ad-ve'ni-ent),  a.  Advening; 
coming  from  outward  causes;  aupcraddni. 

Divided  from  truth  in  themselves,  they  are  yet 
farther  removed  by  advenient  deception. 

Sir  T.  Browne. 

Advent  (ad'vent),  n.  [L.  adventus,  an  ar- 
rival, from  advenio  —  ad,  to,  and  venio,  to 
come.]  l.  A  coming;  approach;  visitation. 
'Death's  dreadful  advent.'  Young. 

With  the  advent  of  the  empire  all  this  was  destined 
to  undergo  a  complete  change.  Merivale. 

Specifically— 2.  The  coming  of  our  Saviour. 
Hence — 3.  A  period  including  four  Sundays 
before  Christmas,  beginning  on  St.  Andrew's 
day,  or  on  the  Sunday  nearest  to  it  either 
before  or  after  it,  appointed  by  the  English 
and  other  Christian  Churches,  to  be  kept  as 
a  season  of  devotion,  with  reference  to  the 
coming  of  Christ  in  the  flesh,  and  his  second 
coming  to  judge  the  world.  Advent  is  first 
mentioned  as  a  period  to  be  observed  by 
the  church  on  the  occasion  of  the  Synod  of 
Lerida  in  524  AH 

Adventitious  (ad-ven-tish'us),  a.  [L.  ad- 
ventitius,  from  advenio.  See  ADVENT.  ] 

1.  Added  extrinsically ;  not  essentially  in- 
herent; foreign;  accidentally  or  casually 
acquired ;  specifically,  in  fine  arts,  applied 
to  that  which  does  not  properly  belong  to 
a  subject,  but  which  is  adopted  in  a  picture 
or  other  work  of  art  to  give  it  additional 
power  or  effect.  '  Th'  adventitious  fire  rais'd 
by  high  meats.'    Bowles. 

To  things  of  great  dimensions,  if  we  annex  an  ad- 
venfitions  idea  of  terror,  they  become  beyond  com- 
parison greater.  Bttrkt. 

2.  In  bot.  applied  to  anything  produced  in 
an  abnormal  position,  as  leaf-buds  on  the 
surface  of  a  stem,  or  roots  from  the  aerial 
stems  or  branches,  as  in  the  banian-tree. 

Adventitiously  (ad-ven-tish'us-li),  adv.  In 
an  adventitious  or  extrinsic  manner;  acci- 
dentally. 

Adventitiousness  (ad-ven-tish'us-nes),  n. 
The  state  of  being  adventitious. 

Adventiye  (ad-vent'iv),  a.  l.f  Accidental; 
adventitious.  'The  relative  and  adventice 
characters  of  offences.'  Bacon.  Specifically— 

2.  In  bot.  applied  to  plants  not  commonly 
indigenous  appearing  spontaneously  in  a 
country. 

Adventivet  (ad-vent'iv),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  conies  from  without. 

That  the  natives  be  not  so  many,  but  that  there 
may  be  elbow-room  enough  for  them,  and  for  the 
adventives  also.  Bacon. 

Adventry  t  (ad-ven'tri),  n.  An  enterprise ; 
an  adventure. 

Act  a  brave  work,  call  it  thy  last  adventry. 

B.  Jonson. 

Adventual  (ad-vent'u-al),  a.  Relating  to 
the  season  of  advent.  Bp.  Sanderson. 

Adventure  (ad-ven'tur),  n.  [O.Fr.  adven- 
ture, aventure,  Fr.  aventure,  Sp.  Pr.  aven- 
tura,  It.  avventura,  L.L.  adventura,  aven- 
tura,  from  L.  aventuntst  about  to  arrive, 
fut.  part,  of  advenio,  adventum,  to  arrive. 
(See  ADVENT.)  The  same  word  appears  in 
G.  as  abentcur,  M.H.G.  aventiiire.]  1.  Haz- 
ard; risk;  chance.  '  At  all  adventures '  (that 
is,  at  all  hazards).  Shak.  '  To  try  the  fair 
adventure  of  to-morrow.'  Shak. —  2.  A 
hazardous  enterprise;  a  bold  and  dangerous 
undertaking  of  uncertain  issue. 

He  forged, 

But  that  was  later,  boyish  histories 
Of  battle,  bold  adventure,  dungeon,  wreck. 

Tennyson. 

3.  A  speculation  of  any  kind,  commercial, 
financial,  or  mining;  specifically,  a  specu- 
lation in  goods  sent  abroad.— 4.  A  remark- 
able occurrence  in  one's  personal  history; 
a  note-worthy  event  or  experience  in  one's 
life ;  as,  to  tell  all  his  adventures  would  fill 
a  volume.—  B. t  Peril;  danger. 

He  was  m  great  adventure  of  his  life.    Rerners. 
— Bill  of  adventure,  a  writing  signed  by  a 
merchant,  stating  that  goods  shipped  in  his 
name  belong  to  another,  the  adventure  or 
chance  of  which  the  person  so  named  is  to 
stand,  with  a  covenant  from  the  merchant 
to  account  to  him  for  the  produce. 
Adventure  (ad-ven'tur),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ad- 
ventured; ppr.  adventuring.     1.  To  risk  or 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g.  go;      j,  ;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin0;      TH,  their,  th,  (Am;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY.. 


ADVENTURE 


46 


ADVERTISING 


hazard ;  to  put  in  the  power  of  unforeseen 
events;  as,  to  adventure  one's  life. 

Mv  father  fought  for  you,  and  adventured  his  life 
far.  JudB-  '*•  •'• 

2.  To  venture  on;  to  attempt.     'Leander 
would  adventure  it.'    Shak. 
Adventure  (ad-ven'tur),  v.i  and  t.     1.  To 
run  all  hazards;  to  take  any  risk. 

I  would  ad-venture  for  such  merchandize.     Shak. 

2.  To  run  the  hazard  of ;  to  risk :  with  an 
infinitive. 

I  will  ad-venture  to  be  banished  myself.      Sftak. 

Adventureful  (ad-ven'tur-ful),  a.  Given 
to  adventure;  full  of  enterprise. 

Adventurer  (ad-ven'tur-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
attempts  or  takes  part  in  bold,  novel,  or 
extraordinary  enterprises  ;  thus  the  volun- 
teers who  went  out  in  the  reign  of  Queen 
Elizabeth  to  prey  on  the  Spanish  treasure- 
ships  returning  from  America  were  adven- 
turers; Sir  Francis  Drake  had  under  him 
2000  such  adventurers.  The  Young  Adven- 
turer was  an  epithet  applied  to  Prince 
Charles  Edward  Stuart.  In  modern  times 
the  word  has  almost  lost  this  honourable 
signification,  usually  meaning— 2.  One  who 
tries  to  keep  up  a  certain  status  in  society, 
and  advance  his  fortune  by  expedients  of  a 
more  or  less  discreditable,  if  not  dishonest 
character ;  one  who  tries  to  push  his  for- 
tunes by  underhand  or  equivocal  means; 
one  who  lives  by  a  system  of  imposition.— 

3.  One  who  engages  in  an  adventure  or 
speculation ;  a  speculator;  a  shareholder  in 
working  a  mine. 

Adventuresome  (ad-ven'tur-sum),  a.  Bold; 
daring;  incurring  hazard.  See  VENTURE- 
SOME. 

Adventuresomeness(ad-ven'tur-sum-nes), 
n.  The  quality  of  being  bold  and  venture- 
some. 

Adventuress  (ad-ven'tur-es),  n.  A  female 
adventurer ;  a  female  capable  of  bold  en- 
terprises, especially  enterprises  of  equivocal 
character. 

It  might  be  very  well  for  Lady  Rareacres  .  .  .  and 
other  Udies  ...  to  cry  fie  at  the  idea  of  the  odious 
adventuress  making  her  curtsey  before  the  sove- 
reign. Thackeray. 

Adventurous  (ad- ven'tur-us),  a.  1.  Inclined 
or  willing  to  incur  hazard  or  engage  in  ad- 
ventures ;  bold  to  encounter  danger;  daring; 
courageous ;  enterprising. 

In  many  a  doubtful  fight. 
Was  never  known  a  more  advem'rous  knight. 

Dryden. 

2.  Full  of  hazard ;  attended  with  risk ;  ex- 
posing to  danger ;  requiring  courage;  as,  an 
adventurous  undertaking. 

And  followed  freedom  on  the  adventurous  tide. 
Trumttill. 

—Rash,  Reckless,  Adventurous.     See  under 
RASH.  —  SYN.   Bold,  enterprising,   daring, 
courageous,  rash,  foolhardy. 
Adventurously  (ad-ven'tur-us-li).  adv.    In 
an  adventurous  manner;  boldly;  daringly. 

They  are  both  hanged,  and  so  would  this  be.  if  he 
durst  steal  anything  adventurously.  Shak. 

Adventurousness  (ad-ven'tur-us-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  adventurous. 

Adverb  (ad'verb),  n.  [L.  adverbium—ad,  to, 
and  verbum,  a  word,  a  verb.]  In  gram,  one 
of  the  indeclinable  parts  of  speech,  so  called 
from  being  frequently  joined  to  verbs  for 
the  purpose  of  limiting  or  extending  their 
signification ;  as,  I  fear  greatly;  I  readily 
admit.  They  may  also  qualify  adjectives ; 
as,  very  cold ;  naturally  brave ;  and  other 
adverbs ;  as,  very  generally  acknowledged ; 
much  more  clearly.  Adverbs  may  be  placed 
either  before  or  after  the  words  they  qua- 
lify. They  may  be  classified  as  follows  :— 

1.  Adverbs  of  time,  as  now,  then,  never,  &c. 

2.  Of  place,  as  here,  there,  where,  &c.     3.  Of 
degree,  as  very,  much,  nearly,  almost,  &c. 
4.  Of  affirmation,  negation,  or  doubt,  as  yes, 
no,  perhaps,  &c.     5.  Of  manner,  as  well, 
badly,  clearly,  cfec. 

Adverbial  (ad-verb'i-al),  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  or  having  the  character  or  structure  of 
an  adverb.  —  2.  Much  inclined  to  use  ad- 
verbs. 

He  is  also  wonderfully  adverbial  in  his  expressions, 
and  breaks  off  with  a  '  Perhaps'  and  a  nod  of  the 
head  upon  matters  of  the  most  indifferent  nature. 

Adverbially  (ad-verb'i-al-li),  adv.  In  'the 
manner  or  with  the  force  or  character  of  an 
adverb. 

Ad ver sable  t  (ad-vers'a-bl),  a.  Contrary  to; 
opposite  to.  Bailey. 

Adversaria  (ad-ver-sa'ri-a),  n.  [L.  adversa- 
ria (scripta),  lit.  (writings)  opposite  each 
other,  a  note-book,  journal,  from  adversus. 


in  front  of,  opposite  —  ad,  to,  and  verto, 
versum,  to  turn.  See  VERSION.]  A  mis- 
cellaneous collection  of  notes,  remarks,  or 
selections ;  a  commonplace  book. 

These  parchments  are  supposed  to  have  been 
St.  Paul's  adversaria.  *>p.  Mail. 

Adversarious  (ad-ver-sa'ri-us),  a.  Adver- 
sary. Southey.  [Rare.] 

Adversary  (ad'ver-sa-ri),  n.  [L  adversanus, 
opposite,  opposing,  an  antagonist,  an  ad- 
versary. See  ADVERSE.]  1.  An  enemy;  a 
foe;  an  antagonist;  an  opponent. 

The  Lord  will  take  vengeance  on  his  adversaries. 
Nah.  I.  2. 

Specifically— 2.  An  opponent  or  antagonist 
in  a  suit  at  law;  an  opposing  litigant.  Mat. 
v.  25;  Luke  xii.  58.—  Adversary,  Antagonist, 
Enemy.  Adversary,  one  who  is  opposed  to 
another,  without  necessarily  having  hostile 
feelings,  one  who  takes  an  opposite  side;  it 
does  not  necessarily  involve  so  close  and 
personal  a  relation  as  that  which  exists  be- 
tween antagonists,  an  antaamtot  being  one 
who  strives  personally  against  another  for 
victory,  the  two  being  directly  pitted  against 
each  other;  an  enemy  is  one  who  entertains 
feelings  of  personal  hostility,  and  thus  at- 
tempts, or  at  least  desires,  to  injure  a  per- 
son. —  SYN.  Antagonist,  opponent,  opposer, 
foe,  enemy. 

Adversary  (ad'ver-sa-ri),  a.  1.  Opposed; 
opposite  to;  adverse.  'Adversary  forces.1 
Bp.  King.  [Rare  or  obsolete.]  — 2.  In  law, 
having  an  opposing  party,  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  unopposed;  as,  an  adversary  suit. 

AdversatlOU  (ad-ver-sa'shon),  n.  The  state 
of  being  adverse;  adverseness;  opposition. 

Adversative  (ad-v6rs'at-iv),  a.  Expressing 
difference,  contrariety,  or  opposition ;  as,  an 
adversative  conjunction ;  thus,  in  the  sen- 
tence, John  is  an  honest  man,  but  a  fanatic, 
but  has  an  adversative  force,  and  is  called 
an  adversative  conjunction. 

Adversative  (ad-vers'at-iv),  n.  A  word  de- 
noting contrariety  or  opposition. 

Adverse  (ad'vers),  a.  (L.  adversus,  opposite 
—ad,  to,  and  versus,  turned,  from  verto,  to 
turn.]  1.  Acting  in  a  contrary  direction  ; 
conflicting;  counteracting;  opposing;  as, 
adverse  winds. 

With  adverse  blast  up-turns  them  from  the  south. 
Milton. 

2.  Opposed  to;  hostile;  inimical;  as,  an  ad- 
verse party;  adverse  criticism. — 3.  Opposing 
desire ;  contrary  to  the  wishes  or  to  supposed 
good;  hence,  unfortunate;  calamitous;  per- 
nicious; unprosperous;  as,  adverse  fate  or 
circumstances. 

He  lived,  we  are  told,  to  experience  sport  of  ad. 
verse  fortune.  Aferivale. 

— Adverse  leaf,  in  bot.  a  leaf  which  has  its 
margin  turned  towards  the  stem. — Adverse 
possession,  in  law,  occupancy  of  realty  with- 
out molestation  which  may  at  length  ripen 
into  an  unimpeachable  title.  — SYN.  Oppo- 
site, opposing,  contrary,  inimical,  hostile, 
unfortunate,  calamitous,  unprosperous. 

Adverse  t  (ad-vers'),  v.  t.  To  oppose.  '  For- 
tune should  him  adverse.'  Gower. 

Adversely  (ad'vers-li),  adv.  In  an  adverse 
manner;  oppositely;  inimically;  offensively; 
unfortunately;  unprosperously;  in  a  manner 
contrary  to  desire  or  success. 

If  the  drink  you  give  me  touch  my  palate  adversely, 
I  make  a  crooked  face  at  it,  Shak. 

Adverseness  (ad'vers-nes),  n.  1.  Opposition; 
repugnance. 

This  would  account  for  an  adverseness  to  all  our 
overtures  for  peace.  Hallam. 

2.  Adversity;  unprosperousness;  as,  adverse- 
ness  of  circumstances. 

Adyersifoliate,  AdyersifoUous  (ad-vers'- 
i-fo"li-at,  ad-vers'i-fo"li-us),  a.  [L.  adversus, 
opposite,  and  folium,  a  leaf.  ]  In  bot.  having 
opposite  leaves:  applied  to  plants  where  the 
leaves  are  arranged  opposite  to  each  other 
on  the  stem. 

Adversity  (ad-vers'i-ti),  n.  1.  An  event,  or 
series  of  events,  which  oppose  success  or 
desire;  misfortune;  calamity;  affliction;  dis- 
tress; state  of  unhappiness. 

Ye  have  rejected  God,  who  saved  you  out  of  all 
your  adversities.  i  Sam.  x.  19. 

Sweet  are  the  uses  of  adversity, 
Which,  like  the  toad,  ugly  and  venomous. 
Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  his  head.     5A«*. 

2.  Applied  to  a  crabbed,  cross-grained  per- 
son. 'Well  said,  adversity.1  Shak. — SYN. 
Calamity,  misfortune,  affliction,  distress, 
misery. 

Advert  (ad-vert'),  v.  t.  [L.  adverto—ad,  to.  and 
verto,  to  turn.]  To  turn  the  mind  or  atten- 
tion; to  regard,  observe,  or  notice;  to  refer 


or  allude:  now  always  with  the  preposition 
to  before  the  object  regarded,  formerly 
sometimes  with  upon;  as,  he  adverted  to 
what  was  said,  or  to  a  circumstance  that 
occurred.  'The  mind  of  man  being  nnt 
capable  at  once  to  advert  to  more  than  one 
thing.'  Kay. 

As  I  cannot  be  conscious  of  what  I  do  not  per- 
ceive, so  I  do  not  perceive  that  which  I  do  not  ad-vert 
ut-on     That  which  makes  me  feel  makes  me  advert, 
irollaston. 

—  Advert,  Allude,  Refer.  Advert,  to  turn 
to  directly,  and  it  may  be  abruptly;  allude, 
lit.  to  play  upon— to  refer  to  a  thing  slightly 
and  without  making  any  direct  mention  of 
it,  it  may  be  in  a  very  vague  and  uncertain 
manner ;  refer,  lit.  to  carry  back— to  bring 
a  thing  already  well  known  into  notice;  to 
mention  or  speak  of  directly. 

He  adverted  to  the  king's  well-known  disinclina- 
tion to  and  inaptitude  for  business,  the  supineness 
of  the  nation,  and  the  lethargy  of  parliament. 

Smallea. 

These  speeches  of  Jerome  and  Chrysostom  do 
seem  to  allude  unto  such  ministerial  garments  as 
were  then  in  use.  linker. 

To  do  good  is  the  great  duty  to  which  Solomon 
refers  in  the  text.  Sharp. 

Advert*  (ad- verf),  "  *•  To  advise,  warn,  or 
counsel. 

I  can  no  more,  but  in  my  name  advert 

All  earthly  powers  beware  of  tyrant's  heart. 

Mir.  far  Mags. 

Advertence,  Advertency  (ad-vert'ens,  ad- 
vert'eu-si),  n.  A  turning  or  directing  of  the 
mind;  attention;  notice;  regard;  consider- 
ation; needfulness. 

To  this  difference  it  is  right  that  advertence  should 
be  had  in  regulating  taxation.  J.  S.  Mill. 

Advertent  (ad-vert'ent),  a.  Attentive;  heed- 
ful. "Advertent  lest  he  should  be  deceived.' 
Sir  M.  Hale. 

Advertently  (ad-vert'ent-li),  adv.  In  an 
advertent  manner. 

Advertise  (ad-ver-tiz',  formerly  pronounced 
ad-vertiz),  D.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  advertised ;  ppr. 
advertising.  [  Fr.  avertir,  avertusant,  to 
warn,  to  inform,  from  L.  adverto,  to  turn, 
or  direct  towards-  ad,  to,  and  verto,  to  turn. 
See  VERSION.  ]  1. 1  To  inform;  to  give  notice, 
advice,  or  intelligence  to,  whether  of  a  past 
or  present  event,  or  of  something  future. 

I  will  ad-iertise  thee  what  this  people  will  dp  to  thy 
people  in  the  latter  day.  Num.  xxiv.  14. 

I  thought  to  advertise  thee.  saying,  Buy  it  before 
the  inhabitants  and  elders  of  my  people.  Ruth  iv.  4. 

In  this  sense  it  has  of  before  the  subject  of 
information  when  the  subject  is  »  noun;  as, 
to  advertise  a  man  o/his  losses.— 2.  To  give 
information  to  the  public  concerning;  to 
make  public  intimation  of,  as  of  anything 
for  sale,  lost  or  found,  a  meeting  or  enter- 
tainment, or  the  like;  as,  to  advertise  goods 
for  sale,  a  house  to  let,  a  meeting  of  share- 
holders, a  Christmas  pantomime.  — 3.t  To 
instruct;  to  assist  with  counsel;  to  advise. 

Wherein  he  might  the  king  his  lord  advertise 
Whether  our  daughter  were  legitimate.     Shak. 

SYN.  To  apprise,  inform,  make  known,  an- 
nounce, proclaim,  promulgate,  publish. 
Advertise  (ad-ver-tiz'),  v.  i.  To  make  public 
announcement  of  goods  for  sale  or  of  anything 
of  which  it  is  desired  to  inform  the  public; 
to  announce  one's  wishes  or  intentions  by 
advertisement ;  as,  if  you  wish  to  succeed 
in  business,  advertise. 

We  have  witnessed  in  later  times  scenes  of  blood 
enacted  under  his  successors,  and  torments  as  cruel 
as  the  torture  which  he  had  abolished,  inflicted  on 
the  very  spot  where  he  had  advertised  for  a  free 
statement  of  all  the  grievances  of  which  his  Italian 
subjects  could  complain.  Brougham. 

Advertisement  (ad-vtrtiz-ment),  n.  l.t  The 
giving  of  notice;  information;  intelligence. 
'An  advertisement  of  danger.'  Bp.  Burnet. 
'This  advertisement  is  five  days  old."  Shak. 
2.t  Instruction;  advice;  moral  admonition. 
'That  is  an  advertisement  to  a  proper  maid 
...  to  take  heed  '  Shak.— 3.  A  written  or 
printed  notice  intended  to  make  something 
known  to  the  public ;  especially  a  printed 
and  paid  notice  in  a  newspaper  or  other 
public  print. 

The  best  evidence  of  the  enormous  increase  of 
advertising  since  that  year  (1853),  will  be  found  in  the 
increase  of  newspapers,  the  advertisements  in  which 
are  one  of  the  main  sources  of  their  profits. 

M'Cullcclt. 

Advertiser  (ad-ver-tiz'er),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  advertises:  a  title  often  giveu 
to  newspapers. 

Advertising  (ad-ver-tiz'ing,  formerly  pro- 
nounced ad-ver'tiz-ing).  a.  1.  Fond  of  using 
advertisements;  furnishing  many  advertise- 
ments to  newspapers ;  as,  an  advertising 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ADVESFEKATE 


47 


ADVOYER 


firm.    -2.t  Monitory,   or  active    in  giving 
advice  or  intelligence. 

As  I  was  then 

AtfvtrtisiMg  and  holy  to  your  business. 

Not  changing  heart  with  habit,  I  am  still 

Attorney  d  at  your  service. 


Advesperatet  (ad-vus'pt-r-ut),  v.i.  [L.  ad- 
Mtpmuott,  it  grows  towards  evening  <((/, 
to,  and  vesj>r>;  evening.]  To  draw  towards 
evening.  Hailcy. 

Advice  (ad-vis'),  n.  [O,  Fr.  adds,  opinion; 
hence,  expressed  opinion,  counsel  — L.  ad, 
to,  and  visutn,  seen  or  judged  proper,  as  in 
the  expression  visum  est,  it  has  seemed  good 
to  me,  I  think.  See  VISION.]  1.  An  opinion 
recommended,  or  offered,  as  worthy  to  be 
followed;  counsel;  suggestion.  'What  ad- 
rice  give  ye?'  2  Chr.  x.  9.— 2.  Deliberate 
consideration;  reflection;  cogitation. 

That's  not  suddenly  to  be  performed,  but  with 
advice  and  silent  secrecy.  Shak, 

3.  Information;  notice;  intelligence;  as,  we 
have  late  advice  from  Paris  of  the  outbreak 
of  a  revolution.  Specifically— 4.  In  com.  a 
notification  by  one  person  to  another  in 
respect  of  a  business  transaction  in  which 
they  are  mutually  engaged,  as  information 
given  by  one  party  to  anothef ,  by  letter,  as 
io  the  bills  or  drafts  drawn  upon  him. — To 
take  advice,  to  consult  with  others;  specific- 
ally, to  consult  one  who  has  a  special  know- 
ledge of  a  subject ;  to  take  the  opinion  of  a 
professional  or  skilful  man,  as  a  physician, 
lawyer,  and  the  like.—  SYN.  Counsel,  admo- 
nition, recommendation,  exhortation,  per- 
suasion, information,  notice,  intelligence. 

Advice-boat  (ad-vls'bot),  n.  A  small,  swift- 
sailing  vessel  employed  to  carry  despatches 
or  information. 

Advigilatet  (ad-vij'il-at),  v.t.  [L.  advigilo, 
advigilare—ad,  to,  and  vigilo,  to  watch,  from 
t'i'fil,  watchful,]  Towatchdiligently.  Bailey. 

Advisability  (ad-viz'a-bil"i-ti),  n.  Quality 
of  being  advisable  or  expedient;  advisable- 
ness;  expediency. 

Mr.  Benjamin  Allen  was  holding  a  hurried  consul- 
tation with  Mr.  Bob  Sawyer  on  the  advisability  of 
bleeding  the  company  generally.  Dickens. 

Advisable  (ad-viz'a-bl),  a.    [See  ADVISE.] 

1.  Proper  to  be  advised;  prudent;  expedient; 
proper  to  be  done  or  practised. 

Some  judge  it  advisable  for  a  man  to  account  with 
his  heart  every  day;  and  this,  no  doubt,  is  the  best 
and  surest  course.  South, 

2.  Open  to  advice. 

He  was  so  strangely  advisable  that  he  would  ad- 
vert unto  the  judgement  of  the  meanest  person. 

Bp.  Fell. 

SYN.  Prudent,  expedient,  proper,  desirable. 

Advisableness  (ad-viz'a-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  advisable  or  expedient. 

Advisably  (ad-viz'a-bli),  adv.   With  advice. 

Advise(aa-viz'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  advised;  ppr. 
advising.  [Fr.  aviser.  See  ADVICE.]  1.  To 
give  counsel  to ;  to  offer  an  opinion  to,  as 
worthy  or  expedient  to  be  followed;  as,  I 
advise  you  to  be  cautious  of  speculation. — 
2.  To  give  information  to;  to  communicate 
notice  to ;  to  make  acquainted  with :  fol- 
lowed by  o/before  the  thing  communicated; 
as,  the  merchants  were  advised  of  the  risk. 
SYN.  To  counsel,  admonish,  inform,  apprise, 
:irquaint,  make  known. 

Advise  (ad-viz'),  v.i.  1. 1  To  deliberate, 
weigh  well,  or  consider;  to  reflect. 

Now,  reader,  close  thy  book,  and  then  advise, 
Be  wisely  worldly,  but  not  worldly  wise.  Quarlts. 
Advise,  and  see  what  answer  I  shall  return  to  him 
that  sent  me.  a  Sam.  xxiv.  13. 

Sometimes  followed  by  a  kind  of  reflexive 
or  complementary  pronoun;  as,  'advise  thy- 
self of  what  word  I  shall  bring  again  to  him 
that  sent  me.'  1  Chr.  xxl.  12. 

Advise  you  what  you  say:  the  minister  is  here. 
S/tat. 

There's  for  thy  labour.  Montjoy, 
Go,  bid  thy  master  well  ad-vise  himself.    Shak. 

2.  To  take  counsel ;  to  join  others  in  deli- 
berating; to  seek  the  advice  of  another  or 
others:  followed  by  with;  as,  I  shall  advise 
trith  my  friends  as  to  what  is  to  be  done. 
Advised  (ad-vlzd'),  p.  and  a.  1.  Cautious; 
prudent;  acting  with  deliberation. 

Let  him  be    ...   advised  in  his  answers.   Bacon. 

With  the  well  advised  is  wisdom.     Prov.  xiii.  10. 
2.  Done,  formed,  or  taken  with  advice  or 
deliberation;  intended;  as,  an  advised  act 
or  scheme. 

We  have  no  express  purpose  .  .  .  nor  any  advised 
determination.  Hooker.  I 

Advisedly  (ad- vlz'ed-li),arfy.  With  delibera- 
tion or  advice;  needfully;  purposely;  by  | 


(U'Hitfii;  as,  I  speak  (ttlcim'dlit;  an  enterpii.se 

ttitrixi'tlh/  undertaken. 
Advisedness(ad-viz'ed-nes),  n.     The  state 

of  being  advised  ;  deliberate  consideration  ; 

prudent  procedure. 
Advlsementt  (ad-viz'ment),  n.     1.  Counsel; 

advice. 

1  will,  according  to  your  advisement,  declare  the 
evils  which  seem  moit  hurtful.  Spenser. 

2.  Deliberation;  circumspection;  consulta- 
tion. 

Among  those  that  do  .ill  things  with  advisement 
there  is  wisdom.  Prov.  xiii.  10  (Trans.  1539). 

Adviser  (ad-viz'er),  n.  1.  One  who  gives  ad- 
vice or  admonition;  also,  in  a  bad  sense, 
one  who  instigates  or  persuades.  Specifi- 
cally—2.  In  politico,  one  of  the  royal  counsel- 
lors or  ministers,  who  are  legally  responsible 
for  the  sovereign's  acts  in  his  or  her  official 
capacity. 

The  advisers  whom  necessity  had  compelled 
Charles  to  call  around  him  were  by  no  means  men 
after  his  own  heart.  Macaulay. 

Advisership  (ad-viz'er-ship),  «.    The  office 
of  an  adviser.    [Rare.] 
Advising  (ad- viz'ing),  n.    Advice;  counsel. 

Fasten  your  ear  on  my  advisings.       Shak. 

Advisot  (ad-viz'6),  n.  Advice;  consideration. 

'Counsels  and  ad-vinos.'     Whitlock. 
Advisory  (ad-viz'o-ri),  a.     1.  Having  power 

to  advise. 

The  general  association  has  a  general  advisory 
superintendence  over  all  the  ministers  and  churches. 
B.  Trumbitll. 

2.  Containing  advice ;  as,  their  opinion  is 
merely  advisory. 

Advizet  (ad-viz'),  v.t.  andi.  S&me  &s  Advise. 
Spenser. 

Advocacy  (ad'vo-ka-si),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
pleading  for ;  intercession.  —  2.  t  Judicial 
pleading;  lawsuit.  Chaucer. 

Advocate  (ad'vo-kat),  n.  [L.  advocatus,  one 
summoned  to  aid,  counsel,  or  plead  for— 
ad,  to,  and  voco,  vocatitm,  to  call.  See 
VOICE,  VOCAL.  ]  1.  One  who  pleads  the 
cause  of  another  in  a  court  of  law.  Speci- 
fically, (re)  the  title  given  to  the  counsel 
who  practised  in  the  ecclesiastical  and  ad- 
miralty courts  in  England,  which,  aa  sepa- 
rate courts,  are  now  extinct.  (&)  The  title 
given  in  Scotland,  first,  to  the  counsel  prac- 
tising before  the  supreme  court,  and,  second, 
to  those  procurators  or  solicitors  who  act 
before  the  inferior  courts  at  Aberdeen,  and 
are  members  of  the  society  there.— 2.  One 
who  defends,  vindicates,  or  espouses  a  cause 
by  argument;  a  pleader  in  favour  of;  an 
upholder;  a  defender;  as,  an  advocate  for 
peace  or  for  the  oppressed. 

That  cause  seems  commonly  the  better  that  has 
the  better  advocate.  Sir  ft'.  Temple, 

In  Scrip.  Christ  is  called  an  advocate  for  his 
people.  'We  have  an  advocate  with  the 
father/  1  Jn.  ii.  1.— 3.  Eccles.  (a)  a  person 
appointed  to  defend  the  rights  and  revenues 
of  a  church  or  monastery.  (6)  Formerly, 
the  patron  of  a  church  or  owner  of  an  ad- 
vowson.  See  ADVOWSON.—  Faculty  of  ad- 
vocates, in  Scotland,  a  society  of  lawyers, 
who  practise  in  the  highest  courts,  and  who 
are  admitted  members  after  following  a  cer- 
tain course  of  study,  undergoing  the  pre- 
scribed examinations,  and  paying  the  requi- 
site fees.  It  consists  of  about  400  members, 
and  from  this  body  vacancies  on  the  bench 
are  usually  supplied.  —  Lord  advocate,  in 
Scotland,  the  principal  crown  counsel  in 
civil  cases,  the  public  prosecutor  of  crimes, 
and  the  highest  political  functionary  in  the 
management  of  Scottish  affairs.  His  tenure 
of  office  ceases  with  that  of  the  administra- 
tion with  which  he  is  connected.  He  is  as- 
sisted in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  by  the 
solicitor-general  and  four  advocates-depute, 
appointed  by  himself.  The  lord  advocate 
has  usually  a  seat  in  parliament;  and  he  and 
the  solicitor-general  alone  wear  silk-gowns. 
Called  also  Crown  Advocate,  Queen's  (or 
King's)  Advocate. — Judge  advocate, in  courts- 
martial,  a  person  who  manages  the  prosecu- 
tion.— Devil's  advocate,  (a)  in  R.  Cath.  Ch.  a 
person  appointed  to  act  as  accuser  of  any 
one  proposed  for  canonization  at  the  exa- 
mination preceding  this  rite,  and  to  state 
all  possible  objections  to  its  consummation. 
Hence,  (b)  a  scandal-monger;  one  given  to 
bring  forward  malicious  accusations.  —God's 
advocate,  in  It.  Cath.  Ch.  the  defender  of 
the  character  of  the  person  proposed  for 
canonization  at  the  examination  preceding 
this  rite. 

Advocate  (ad'vo-kat).  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  advo- 
cated ;  ppr.  advocating.  1.  To  plead  in 


favour  of;  to  defend  hy  argument  before  a 
tribunal;  to  support  or  vindicate. 

This  is  the  only  thing  distinct  and  sensible  which 
has  been  advocated.  ttttrite. 

The  most  eminent  orators  were  engaged  to  advo~ 
cate  his  cause,  Mitfont. 

2.  In  Scott  law,  formerly  to  transfer  from 

an  inferior  court  to  the  Court  of  Session,  us 
an  action  while  still  pending,  or  after  judg- 
ment had  been  given,  in  order  that  the 
judgment  might  be  reviewed.  See  ADVO- 

CATION. 

Advocate  (ad'vo-kat),  v.i.  To  act  as  an  ad- 
vocate; to  plead.  'To  advocate  in  my  own 
child's  behalf.'  Dawbeny.  [Rare.] 

Advocateship(ad'v6-kat-ship), ».  The  office 
or  duty  of  an  advocate. 

Advocatesst  (ad'vo-kat-es),  n.  A  female  ad- 
vocate. [Rare.] 

God  hath  provided  us  with  an  advocates*. 

Jer,  Taylor. 

Advocation  (ad-vo-ka'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  advocating;  a  pleading  for;  plea;  apology. 

My  advocation  is  not  now  in  time.       Shak. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  a  form  of  process,  the  object 
of  which  was  to  remove  a  cause  from  an  in- 
ferior to  the  Supreme  Court,  in  order  that 
a  judgment  might  be  reviewed,  or  that 
future  procedure  might  be  conducted  in  the 
Court  of  Session.  Abolished  in  1868,  process 
of  appeal  being  substituted. 

Advocatus  Dei  (ad-vo-ka'tus  de^i),  n.  [L.  ] 
Same  as  God's  Advocate.  See  under  ADVO- 
CATE. 

Advocatus  Diaboll  (ad-vo-ka'tus  di-a'bo-li). 
n.  [L.  ]  Same  as  Devil's  Advocate.  See 
under  ADVOCATE. 

Advoke  (ad-vok'),  v.t.  [L.  advoco,  to  sum- 
mon—ad, to,  and  voco,  to  call.]  To  transfer 
to  a  higher  court.  [Rare  and  obsolete.] 

(He)  had  privately  prevailed  with  the  pope  to  ad- 
voke  the  cause  to  Rome,  frttlttr. 

AdVOlatlont  (ad-vo-la'shon),  n.  [L.  ad,  to, 
and  volo,  volatum,  to  fly.]  Act  of  flying  to 
something.  Bailey. 

Advolutiont  (ad-vo-lu'shon),  n.  [L.  ad,  to. 
and  colvo,  vohitum,  to  roll.]  A  rolling  to- 
wards something.  Bailey. 

Advoutrert(ad-vou'trer),«.  [O.Fr.  advoutre, 
advoultre,  from  L.  adulter,  an  adulterer. 
See  ADULTERATE.]  An  adulterer. 

Advoutresst  (ad-vou'tres),  n.  An  adulteress. 

Advoutroust  (ad-vou'trus),  a.   Adulterous. 

Advoutryt  (ad-vou'tri),  n.  [See  ADVOU- 
TRER.J  Adultery.  'A  marriage  compounded 
between  an  advoutry  and  a  rape.'  Bacon. 

Advowee  (ad-vou-e'),  n.  One  who  has  the 
right  of  advowson. 

Advowson  (ad-vou'sn),  n.  [O.Fr.  advoesin, 
right  of  presentation  to  a  church  living, 
from  L.  advocatio,  advocationis,  a  calling  to 
one  for  help.  In  the  early  ages  of  the 
church  ecclesiastics  could  not  appear  before 
lay  tribunals.  They  therefore  had  recourse 
to  the  aid  of  laymen  to  plead  their  cause, 
and  these  persons  receive  the  name  of  ad- 
vocates, Fr.  advouts.  In  the  decline  of  the 
Roman  Empire,  when  deft-nee  from  violence 
was  more  necessary  than  legal  skill,  the 
church  selected  as  their  advocates  powerful 
nobles  able  to  defend  her  property  from 
rapine  and  plunder  or  enrich  her  by  dona- 
tions, and  in  return  conferred  on  them  the 
right  of  presentation  to  livings.  Advocatio 
thus  came  to  mean  not  only  defence  in  a 
court,  and  protection,  aid,  and  support  gene- 
rally, but  also  the  right  of  presentation  to 
a  living,  to  which  last  meaning  advowson  is 
now  restricted.  Patronus,  the  Latin  name 
for  an  advocate  in  the  court,  a  protector, 
benefactor,  has  undergone  a  similar  change 
of  meaning,  and  now  signifies  the  person  in 
whom  such  a  right  vests.  ]  The  right  of 
presentation  to  a  vacant  benefice.  Advow- 
sons  are  of  three  kinds,  presentative,  colla- 
tive,  and  donative;  presentative  when  the 
patron  presents  his  clerk  to  the  bishop  of 
the  diocese  to  be  instituted;  collative  when 
the  bishop  is  the  patron,  and  institutes  or 
collates  his  clerk  by  a  single  act ;  donative 
when  a  church  is  founded  by  the  king,  and 
assigned  to  the  patron,  without  being  sub- 
ject to  the  ordinary,  so  that  the  patron  con- 
fers the  benefice  on  his  clerk  without  pre- 
sentation, institution,  or  induction.  Ad- 
vowisons  are  also  appendant,  that  is,  annexed 
to  a  manor;  or  in  gross,  that  is,  annexed  to 
the  person  of  the  patron. 

Advoyer,  Avoyer  (ad-voi'er,  a-voi'er),  n. 
[Fr.  a  coyer.]  A  chief  magistrate  of  a  town 
or  canton  in  Switzerland. 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locft;      g,  0o;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  whig;    rh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ADWARD 


48 


AERIE 


Adwardt  (ad-wardO.  Same  as  Award.  Spen- 

Adynamlc,  Adynamical  (a-dl-nam'ik,  a-di- 
nam'ik-al),  a.  [See  ADTNAMY.]  Weak;  des- 
tituteof  strength.—  Adynamic  fevers,  aterm 
employed  by  1'inel  to  denote  malignant  or 
putrid  fevers,  attended  with  great  muscular 
debility. 

Adynamon  ( a-din'a-mon ),  n.  [See  JUn- 
NAMY  ]  A  factitious  wine  made  of  must 
boiled  down  with  water,  or  of  new  white 
wine  and  water,  often  given  to  the  sick  when 
pure  wine  would  be  injurious. 
Adynamy  (a-din'a-mi),  n.  [Fr.  adynamie, 
Gr  admamta,a,  priv. ,  and  iynamu,  power.  ] 
In  med.  weakness ;  want  of  strength  occa- 
sioned by  disease;  a  deficiency  of  vital 
power. 

Adytt  (ad'it),  n.    Same  as  Adytum. 
Adytum  (ad'i-tum),  n.  pi.  Adyta  (ad'i-ta). 
[L.  adytum,  Gr.  adyton,  an  adytum,  a  shrine, 
a  place  not  to  be  entered— a,  priv. ,  and  dyo, 
to  go  into,  to  enter.]    1.  A  secret  place  of 
retirement  in  the  ancient  temples,  esteemed 
the  most  sacred ;  the  innermost  sanctuary 
or  shrine.   From  this  place  the  oracles  were 
given,  and  none  but  the  priests  were  per- 
mitted to  enter  into  it.    The  Jewish  sanc- 
tmn  sanctorum  or  Holy  of  Holies  was  a 
similar  part  of  the  temple  of  Jerusalem.— 
2  The  chancel  or  altar-end  of  a  church. 
Adze,  Adz  (adz),  n.    [O.E.  addice,  A.  Sax. 
adeie,  an  adze.  ]    A  cutting  instrument  used 
for  chipping  the  surface  of  timber.    It  con- 
sists of  a  blade  of  iron  form- 
ing a  portion  of  a  cylindrical 
surface,  ground  to  an  edge 
from  the  concave  side  out- 
wards^t  one  end,  and  hav- 
ing a  hole  or  socket  at  the 
other  end  for  the  handle. 
Adze  (adz),  v.t.    To  chip  or 
shape  with  an  adze ;  as,  to 
ndze  logs  of  timber. 
JE.    The  symbol  used  to  de- 
note the  third  class  of  wood- 
en and  composite  ships  in 
Lloyd's  register.    See  Al. 
jEchmodus  (ek'mo-dus),  n.          Adze- 
[L. ,  from  Gr.  aichme,  a  point, 
and  admit,  a  tooth.  ]  A  genus  of  fossil  ganoid 
fishes,  family  Lepidoidei,  remarkable  for 
their  small,  sharp-pointed  teeth,  found  in 
the  lias. 

Aedilis  (e-di'lis),  n.  [L.]  Same  as  Edilc. 
North. 

Aefauld  (a-faldO,  a.  [Sc.  ae,  one,  and /aid, 
fold.]  [Scotch.]  1.  Honest;  upright;  with- 
out duplicity. — 2.  t  Rarely  used  to  denote 
the  unity  of  the  divine  essence  in  a  trinity 
of  persons.  Harbour. 

Aefauldness  (a-faki'nes),  n.     Honesty;  up- 
rightness; straightforwardness;  singleness 
of  heart;  freedom  from  duplicity.   [Scotch.] 
.Sgagrus  (e-gag'rus),  n.   [Gr.  atganrot—alx, 
a%ros,agoat,  andajrros.afleld.]  Awildspecies 
of  ibex  (Capra  cegagrus),  found  in  troops  on 
the  Caucasus,  and  many  Asiatic  mountains. 
It  is  believed  to  be  the  original  source  of  at 
least  one  variety  of  the  domestic  goat.    In 
its  stomach  and  intestines,  as  in  those  of 
other  artiodactyles,  are  found  the  concre- 
tions called  bezoar-stones. 
JF.gean  (e-je'an),  a.    See  EGEAN. 
jEgeiildJ8(e-jer-l'i-de),n.j>i.  (From  the  typi- 
cal genus  Aegeria,  which  name  again  is  taken 
from  that  of  the  Roman  nymph  Egeria.]  A 
family  of  Lepidoptera,  section  Heterocera, 
comprising  a  moderate  number  of  interest- 
ing insects.     The  larvoc  live  in  the  interior 
of  the  branches  or  roots  of  trees.    Some  of 
them  feed  upon  the  apple.     One  species 
(.•Egeria  tipuliformis)  is  destructive  to  cur- 
rant-bushes, feeding  on  the  pith. 
.Xgiceras  (e-jis'er-as),  n.    [Gr.  aix,  aigos,  a 
goat,  and  kerns,  a  horn.]    A  genus  of  small 
trees,  nat.  order  Myrsinacea;,  natives  of  the 
swampy  shores  of  Indiaand  Australia.  Their 
seeds  germinate  while  still  on  the  trees,  and 
send  down  perpendicular  roots  into  the  mud, 
and  thus  form  impenetrable  thickets,  consti- 
tuting the  only  vegetation  for  miles  along 
some  coasts,  particularly  of  Sumatra. 
/Egllopical,  a.    Same  as  Egilopical. 
.Sgilops,  n.    Same  as  Egilops. 
jEgis  (e'jis),  n.    [Gr.  aigis,  a  goat  skin,  the 
ffigis,  from  aix,  a  goat.]    1.  In  Greek  myth. 
originally  the  skin  of  the  goat  Amalthea 
which  suckled  Zeus,  and  which  skin  was 
afterwards  worn  by  him  as  part  of  his  ar- 
mour or  as  a  covering  of  his  shield ;  also 
the  shield  itself.    In  later  times  the  ffigis 
was  represented  as  part  of  the  armour  of 
Pallas  Athena,  and  appears  as  a  kind  of 


breastplate  covered  with  metal  scales,  and 
made  terrible  by  the  head  of  the  Gorgon 
Medusa  being  also  fringed  with  serpents. 


Pallas  wearing  the 


.—  From  an  antique  statue. 


Hence—  2.  Anything  that  protects.  '  Under 
the  imperial  cegis.'  Bretton. 

JEgle  (e'gle),  n.  [Gr.  aigle,  splendour,  a  female 
name  in  Greek  mythology.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Aurantiacese,  with  sep- 
arate stamens.  A.  Mannelos  (the  Bengal 
quince,  golden  apple,  or  bhel)  has  a  delicious 
aperient  fruit,  somewhat  like  an  orange. 
A  perfume  and  a  yellow  dye  are  got  from 
the  rind,  and  a  cement  from  the  mucus  of 
the  seed. 

jEgophoniC,  a.    Same  as  Egophomc. 


to  a  student  showing  that  he  has  been  pre- 
vented by  sickness  from  attending  to  his 

duties. 

JEneid  (e-ne'id),  n,    [L.  JEww,  genit.  JEne- 

idis  or  JEmidoi.  ]  An  epic  poem  written  by 
Virgil,  of  which  ^Eneas,  a  Trojan,  is  the  hero. 
It  describes  the  taking  of  Troy  by  the  Greeks, 
the  subsequent  wanderingsofjineas, and  the 
nnal  settlement  of  himself  and  companions 
in  Italy. 

JEollan  (e-6'li-an),  a.    Same  as  EoUan. 

JEolic,  n.  and  a.    See  EOLIC. 

JEolidse  (e-ol'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
nudibranchiate  gasteropod  molluscs.  See 
EOLIDJE. 

jEolina  (e-6-li'na),  n.  [From  JEolm,  the 
god  of  the  winds.]  A  modification  of  the 
accordion  invented  by  Wheatstone  before 
the  concertina. 

jEolipile     Same  as  Eolipile. 

JEolist  (c'ol-ist),  71.  [From  JEohu,  the  god  of 
the  winds.]  A  pretender  to  inspiration.  Swift. 

JEolOphon  (e-ol'p-fon),  n.  [From  jEolus, 
the  god  of  the  winds,  and  Gr.  phone,  voice.] 
Another  name  for  the  Seraphine. 

JEolus  (e'6-liiB),  n.  [L. ,  the  god  of  the  winds.  ] 
An  apparatus  for  renewing  the  air  in  rooms. 

jEon,  n.    Same  as  Eon, 

JEpyornls  (e-pi-or'nis),  71.  [Gr.  aipys, 
aipyos,  high,  and  amis,  a  bird.]  A  genus 
of  gigantic  birds  found  fossil  in  Madagascar. 
It  had  three  toes  like  Dinornis,  but  it  is  not 
certain  whether  it  ought  to  be  classed  with 
the  cursorial  birds  or  with  the  raptorial. 
Its  eggs  measured  14  inches  in  length :  the 
bird  which  laid  them  may  well  have  been 
the  roc  of  eastern  tradition.  Written  also 
Epiornis. 

JEqulsonant,  a.    Same  as  Equixonant. 

JErarian  (e-ra'ri-an),  n.  [L.  cerarius,  from 
ces,  oeris,  bronze,  bronze  money.  ]  A  Roman 
citizen  of  the  lowest  class  of  free-men,  who 
paid  only  a  poll-tax,  and  had  not  the  suf- 
frage. 

Aerate  (a'er-at),  v. t.  pret.  &  pp.  aerated; 
ppr.  aerating.  [See  AIR.]  1.  To  combine 
with  carbonic  acid  or  other  gas,  or  with 
air.— 2.  In  physiol  to  change  the  circulating 
fluids  of  animals  by  the  agency  of  the  air; 
to  arterialize.  —  Aerated  waters,  a  term 
applied  to  a  variety  of  acidulous  and  alka- 
line beverages,  more  or  less  impregnated 
with  carbonic  acid.  Aerated  waters  are 
brisk,  sparkling,  or  effervescing  beverages, 
of  a  pungent,  and  sometimes  of  a  pleasantly 
acidulous  taste.  The  most  common,  car- 
bonic acid  water,  usually  called  soda-water, 
is  made  on  a  large  scale  by  pouring  dilute 
sulphuric  acid  on  carbonate  of  lime,  whiting, 
or  chalk.  Carbonic  acid  gas  is  evolved, 
which  is  received  into  a  reservoir,  and  then 
by  means  of  a  pump  or  otherwise  forced 
into  water,  which  takes  up  five  times  its 
volume  of  gas.  A  small  quantity  of  essence 


of  ginger  or  extract  of  capsicums  mixed 
with  sugar  placed  in  the  bottles  before 
filling  them  converts  this  into  ginge fade  ; 
while  essence  of  lemon,  with  citric  acid  ami 
sugar,  gives  lemonade.  All  water  frutn 
natural  springs  is  more  or  less  aerated;  and 
the  flat,  mawkish  taste  of  recently  boiled 
water  is  due  to  the  absence  of  carbonic  acid 
gas  and  atmospheric  air.  Aerated  waters 
are  made  on  a  small  scale  for  domestic  use 
by  meansof  agazogeue,  in  which  bicarbonate 
of  soda  and  tartaric  acid  are  used  to  evolve 
the  carbonic  acid. 

Aeration  (a-6r-a'shon),n.  l.Theactoropera- 
tion  of  combining  or  saturating  with  a  gas,  as 
carbonic  acid  or  common  air.— 2.  Inphyiiol. 
the  change  in  the  circulating  fluids  of  animals 
effected  by  the  agency  of  air,  as  the  arteriali- 
zation  of  the  venous  blood  by  respiration  in 
the  higher  animals  and  the  corresponding 
changes  in  the  lower  animals.  —Aeration  of 
soils,  the  exposing  of  them  to  the  action  of 
air  by  means  of  ploughing,  harrowing,  &c. 

Aerator  (a'er-at-er),  n.  [L.  aer,  the  air.] 
1.  A  blower;  a  contrivance  for  fumigating 
wheat  and  other  corn,  to  bleach  it  and 
destroy  fungi  and  insects.— 2.  An  apparatus 
for  making  aerated  waters. 

Aerial  (a-e'ri-al),  a  [L.  aeriut.  See  AIR.] 
1.  Belonging  or  pertaining  to  the  air  or 
atmosphere;  inhabiting  or  frequenting  the 
air;  growing,  existing,  or  happening  in  the 
air ;  produced  by  or  in  the  air ;  as,  aerial 
regions;  aerial  perspective ;  aerial  songsters; 
aerial  roots;  aerial  ascents.  'The  aerial 
blue.'  Shalt.  'Aerial  honey  and  ambrosial 
dew.'  Dryden.— 2.  Consisting  of  air;  par- 
taking of  the  nature  of  air;  as,  aerial  par- 
ticles.—3.  Reaching  far  into  the  air;  high  ; 
lofty;  elevated;  as,  aerial  spires;  aerial 
flight.— 4.  Possessed  of  a  light  and  graceful 
beauty. 

Some  music  is  above  me ;  most  music  is  beneath 
me.  I  like  Beethoven  and  Mozart — or  else  some  of 
the  aerial  compositions  of  the  older  Italians. 

Cfltriilft. 

—Aerial  acid,  an  old  name  for  carbonic 
acid,  from  a  belief  that  it  entered  into  the 
composition  of  atmospheric  air.  —  Aerial 
plants,  those  which  absorb  their  food  from 
tlieatmosphere.aslichens.epiphTtal  orchids, 
Ac.—  Aerial  perspective.  See  under  PER- 
SPECTIVE.— Aerial  tints,  in  painting,  tints 
or  modifications  of  colour  by  which  the 
expression  of  distance  is  attained. — Aerial 
fgvrei,  those  by  which  painters  seek  to 
represent  the  fabled  inhabitants  of  the 
air,  as  demons,  genii,  gnomes,  <tc. — Aerial 
images,  images  which  are  caused  by  the 
convergence  of  rays  of  light  reflected  or 
refracted  from  objects  through  strata  of  air 
of  different  densities,  the  images  appearing 
suspended  in  the  air,  as  the  different  kinds 
of  mirage ;  also  those  images  perceived  by 
looking  into  or  towards  a  concave  mirror. — 
Aerial  poisons.  Same  as  Miasma.— Aerial 
railway,  a  railway  supported  in  the  air  by 
posts,  such  as  is  to  be  seen  in  some  of  the 
towns  of  the  United  States.— Serial  rocks, 
in  geol.  same  as  Eolian  rocks  (which  see 
under  EOI.IAN). 

Aerially  (a-e'ri-al-li),  adv.  In  an  aerial 
manner ;  so  as  to  resemble  air  or  the 
atmosphere. 

Your  eyes 

Touched  with  a  somewhat  darker  hue. 
And  less  aerially  blue.  Tennyson. 

Aerian  (a-e'ri-an),  n.  Eccles.  one  of  a  branch 
of  Arians,  so  called  from  Aeriits,  who  main- 
tained that  there  is  no  difference  between 
bishops  and  priests. 

Aerides  (a-er'i-dez),  n.  [L.  aer,  the  air.]  A 
genus  of  epiphytal  plants,  nat.  order  Orcliid- 
acerc.  These  plants  have  distichous  leaves, 
and  large  brightly  -  coloured  and  sweet- 
scented  flowers.  They  are  natives  of  the 
warmer  parts  of  Asia,  and  are  extensively 
cultivated  in  hothouses. 

Aerie  (e're),  n.  [Fr.  and  Pr.  aire,  Norm. 
aerif,  aire,  L.L.  aeria,  aerea,  aria,  area,  an 
aerie.  Littre,  Malm,  and  Fr.  Muller  refer 
all  these  forms  to  the  L.  area,  an  open 
space,  an  area,  a  plot  or  bed  of  ground,  &c. ; 
in  later  times  a  waste  uncultivated  place, 
though  the  connection  of  meanings  is  not 
very  clear;  probably  L.  aer,  air.  may  have 
had  some  influence  on  the  form  of  the  word, 
aeries  being  situated  aloft  in  the  air 
Wedgwood  considers  aer  to  have  been  the 
origin  of  the  word  through  the  notions  of 
air,  climate,  and  hence  residence.]  1  The 
nest  of  a  bird  of  prey,  as  of  an  eagle  or 
hawk.  —2.  A  brood  of  eagles  or  hawks.  —  3.  An 
eagle.  [Rare.  ] 

Your  aerie  buildeth  in  our  aerie's  nest.     SAa*. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  h6r;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


AERIFERGUS 


4!) 


AFACE 


4.  An  elevated  spot.     [Rare  and  poetical.] 

Wherever  beauty  dwell, 
In  gulf  or  aerie,  mountain  or  deep  dell.       A'tats. 

Written  also  KI/I->(,  h't/n'r. 
Aeriferous  (fi-e'r ifer-us),  a.     [L.  aer,  air, 
and  fero,  to  carry.]    Conveying  air,  as  the 
larynx  and  bromhiul  tubes,  and  the  trachea 

Aerification  (a'cr-i-fi-ka"shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  combining  air  with  anything ;  the 
state  of  being  lillcd  with  air— 2.  The  act  of 
becoming  air  or  of  changing  into  an  aeriform 
state,  as  substances  which  are  converted 
from  a  liquid  or  solid  form  into  gas  or  an 
elastic  vapour;  the  state  of  being  aeriform. 

Aeriform  oVer-i-form),  a.  [L.  aer,  air,  and 
forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  or  nature 
of  air,  or  of  an  elastic  invisible  fluid.  The 
gases  are  aeriform  lluids. 

Aerify  (a'er-i-fi),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  aerijied; 
ppr.  aerifying.  [L.  aer,  air,  and  facio,  to 
make.]  1.  To" infuse  air  into;  to  fill  with  air, 
or  to  combine  air  with.— 2.  To  change  into 
an  aeriform  state. 

Aeropyst  OVer-o-aist),  n.  [Gr  aer,  air,  and 
kysti*,  a  bladder]  In  bot.  the  air-vessel, or 
bladder,  by  means  of  which  many  alga;,  as 
Fitcits  vesiculosus,  are  supported  in  the 
water,  and  oceanic  species,  as  the  Gulf- weed, 
float  on  the  surface. 

Aerodynamics  (:Yer-6-di-nam"ikB),  n.  [Gr 
ai'-r,  air,  and  dynamis,  power]  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  motion  of  the  air  and 
other  gases,  or  of  their  properties  and  me- 
chanical effects  when  put  in  motion. 

Aerognosy,  Aerography  (a-er-og'no -si, 
a-er-og'ra-n),  n.  [Gr.  aer,  air,  and  gnosis, 
knowledge,  graphs,  to  describe.]  Aerology 
(which  see).  [Rare.] 

Aerohydrodynamic  (a'er-6-hi'dro-di-nani"- 
ik),  a.  [Gr.  aer,  air,  hydor,  water,  and 
dynamis,  power.]  Acting  by  the  power  of 
air  and  water — Aerohydrodynamic  wheel, 
an  apparatus  invented  by  M.  Calles,  a  Bel- 
gian engineer,  for  transmitting  power  to  a 
great  distance.  It  consists  of  a  wheel  sub- 
merged in  water,  under  which  air  forcibly 
driven  through  a  tube  is  discharged  so  as 
in  ascending  to  make  the  wheel  revolve. 
E  H.  Knight. 

Aerolite  (a'er-o-llt),  n.  [Gr  aer,  air,  and 
lithos,  a  stone.  ]  A  stone  falling  from  the  air 
or  atmospheric  regions;  a  meteoric  stone; 
a  meteorite.  There  have  been  many  conjec- 
tures as  to  the  source  of  aerolites.  By  some 
they  have  been  supposed  to  be  projected  by 
lunar  volcanoes  to  a  distance  beyond  the 
sphere  of  the  moon's  attraction ;  by  others 
they  have  been  thought  to  be  formed  in  the 
air  by  the  union  of  simpler  forms  of  matter 
volatilized  from  the  earth's  surface ;  but 
they  are,  most  probably,  cosmical  bodies  of 
the  same  nature  as  shooting-stars,  revolving 
round  the  earth,  and  falling  into  it  when 
they  come  within  the  sphere  of  its  attrac- 
tion. Some  of  them  are  large,  weighing 
16  tons.  They  are  all  found  to  agree  in 
their  constituent  parts,  and  are  covered 
with  a  thin,  slag-like  crust  of  a  deep  black 
colour,  probably  produced  by  strong,  tran- 
sient heating  in  their  rapid  passage  through 
the  air.  Their  exterior  is  roughened  with 
small  projections,  and  they  are  destitute  of 
gloss.  Internally  their  texture  is  granu- 
lated, and  of  a  grayish  colour;  they  appear 
composed  of  a  number  of  small  spherical 
bodies  and  metallic  grains  imbedded  in  a 
softer  matter  When  analyzed  they  are 
found  to  consist  of  twenty-two  of  the  ele- 
ments found  in  terrestrial  minerals,  the 
most  prominent  components  being  malle- 
able metallic  iron  and  nickel. 

Aerolith  (a'er-6-lith),  n.    Same  as  Aerolite. 

Aerolithology  (iYer-6-lith-ol"o-ji>.  n.  [Gr. 
af.r,  air,  lithos,  a  stone,  and  logos,  discourse.] 
The  science  of  aerolites.  Dana. 

Aerolitic  (a'er-6-lit"ik),  a.  Relating  to 
aerolites. 

Aerologic,  Aerological  (a'er-6-loj"ik,  a'er- 
6-loj"ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  aerology. 

Aerologist  (a-er-ol'o-jist),  n.  One  who  is 
versed  in  aerology. 

Aerology  (a-er-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  a&r,  aeros,  air. 
and  logos,  description.]  That  branch  of 
physics  which  treats  of  the  air,  its  constitu- 
ent parts,  properties,  and  phenomena. 

Aeromancy  (a'er-6-man"si),  n.  [Gr  aer,  air, 
and  manteia,  divination.]  Divination  by 
means  of  the  air  and  winds  or  atmospheric 
substances;  now  sometimes  used  to  denote 
the  practice  of  forecasting  changes  in  the 
weather. 

Aerometer  (a-er-om'et-er),  n.  [Gr  aer,  air, 
and  metron,  measure.  ]  An  instrument  for 


weighing  air,  or  for  ascertaining  the  density 
of  air  ami  ^JI.M-S 

AerometriC  (a'ur-o-nuit"rik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  aerometry;  measuring  air, 

Aerometry  (a-c-r-oin'ot-ri),  n.  The  science 
of  measuring  the  weight  or  density  of  air 
and  gases,  including  the  doctrine  of  its 
pressure,  elasticity,  rarefaction,  and  con- 
densation. 

Aeronaut  (a'or-6-nat),  n.  [Gr.  aer,  air,  and 
nautts,  a  sailor,  from  naun,  a  ship.]  One 
who  sails  or  floats  in  the  air;  an  aerial 
navigator;  a  balloonist. 

Aeronautic,  Aeronautical  (a'er-6-nat"ik, 
a'er-6-nat"ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  aeronau- 
tics or  aerial  sailing. 

Aeronautics  (a'er  6-nat"iks),  n.  The  doc- 
trine, science,  or  art  of  floating  in  the  air, 
as  by  means  of  a  balloon. 

Aeronautism  (u'er-o-nat-izm),  n.  The  prac- 
tice of  ascending  and  floating  in  the  atmo- 
sphere, as  in  balloons. 

Aerophane  (;Yer-6-fan),  n.  [Gr.  aer,  air,  and 
phativs,  light,  bright.]  A  light  kind  of  gauze 
or  imitation  crape.  E.  II.  Knight. 

Aerophobia  (ii'cr-6-fo"bi-a),  n.  [Gr.  aer,  air, 
and  phobos,  fear  ]  A  dread  of  air,  that  is,  of 
a  current  of  air:  a  symptom  common  in  cases 
of  hydrophobia,  and  occasionally  observed 
in  other  diseases. 

Aerophyte  (a'er-o-flt),   n.     [Gr  aer,  air,  | 
and  phj/ton,  a  plant.]    A  plant  which  lives 
exclusively  in  air,  absorbing  all  its  food  from 
it  alone,  as  some  orchids  and  bromelias;  an 
aerial  plant.    See  EPIPHYTE. 

Aeroscepsy,  Aeroscopy  (a'er-6-skep"si,  a- 
er-os'ko-pi),  n.  [Gr  aer,  air,  and  skopeo,  to 
explore.]  1.  The  investigation  or  observa- 
tion of  the  state  and  variations  of  the  atmo- 
sphere.—  2.  The  faculty  of  perception  by 
the  medium  of  the  air,  supposed  to  reside 
in  the  antenna?  of  insects. 

Aerosite  (a'er-6-sIt),  n.  Dark  red  silver  ore; 
pyrargyrite. 

Aerospliere  (a'er-6-sfer),  n.  Same  as  Atmo- 
sphere. 

Aerostat  (a'er-6-stat),  n.  [Gr.  aer,  air,  and 
states,  sustaining,  from  histemi,  to  stand.] 
A  machine  or  vessel  sustaining  weights  in 
the  air;  a  name  given  to  air-balloons. 

Aerostatic,  Aerostatical  (a'er-6-stat"ik, 
a'er-6-stat" ik-al),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  aero- 
statics.— 2.  Pertaining  to  aerostation,  or  the 
art  of  aerial  navigation. — Aerostatic  press, 
a  machine  for  extracting  the  colouring  mat- 
ter from  dye-stuffs.  It  consists  of  a  box 
divided  in  the  centre  by  a  perforated  plate. 
On  this  the  dye-stuff  is  placed,  and  a  second 

?late  similarly  pierced  is  placed  above  it. 
he  extracting  liquor  is  poured  on  the  top, 
and  on  the  air  being  exhausted  from  the 
under  part  of  the  vessel  the  liquor  is  forced 
through  the  substance  by  atmospheric  pres- 
sure.— Aerostatic  balance,  an  instrument, 
on  the  principle  of  the  barometer,  for  as- 
certaining the  weight  of  the  air 

Aerostatics  (a'er-6-stat"iks),  n.  1.  The 
science  which  treats  of  the  weight,  pressure, 
and  equilibrium  of  air  and  other  elastic 
fluids,  and  of  the  equilibrium  of  bodies  sus- 
tained in  them. — 2.  Aerostation  (which  see).  | 

Aerostation  (a'er-6-sta"shon),  n.     1.  Aerial  > 
navigation;  the  science  of  raising,  suspend-  ! 
ing,  and  guiding  machines  in  the  air,  or  of 
ascending  in  air-balloons.— 2.  The  science 
of  aerostatics.    [Rare.] 

Aero-steam  Engine  (a'er-6-stem"  en-jin),  n, 
[Gr.  aer,  air, lino  E.  steam-engine.]    An  en- 
gine in  which  the  expansive  power  of  com-  I 
bined  heated  air  and  steam  is  used  in  driving 
a  piston.     E.  H.  Knight. 

^Eruginous,  Erugineous(e-rb'jin-us,  e-ro-  ' 
jin'e-us),  a.  [L.  ceruginosus,  from  ceniga,  \ 
rust  of  copper.]  1.  Partaking  of  verdigris 
or  the  rust  of  copper,  or  pertaining  to  that  , 
substance.— 2.  Resembling  verdigris  in  ap-  j 
pearance. 

JErugo  (e-ro'go),  n.  [L.]  Verdigris  (which 
see). — j&rugo  nobilis,  a  greenish  crust  found 
on  antique  bronzes,  of  the  same  composition 
as  the  mineral  atacamite  (which  see). 

Aery  (a'er-i),  a.     Airy;  breezy;  exposed  to 

the  air;  elevated;  lofty.  [Rare  and  poetical.] 

The  shepherd's  pipe  came  clear  from  aery  steep. 

Aery-light  (a'er-i-Ht),  a.  Light  as  air 
Milton. 

^schynanthus  (t-s-kin-an'thus),  n.  [Gr 
aischynoinai,  to  be  modest,  and  anthos,  a 
flower]  A  genus  of  beautiful  epiphytal 
plants,  natives  of  tropical  Asia,  nat.  order 
Gesneraceic.  with  penaent  stems  and  scarlet 
or  orange  flowers.  They  are  among  the 
most  splendid  ornaments  of  our  hothouses. 


.ffischynite.    Same  as  Kachynite. 

.EsculaceaB  (Os-ku -laV--e>,  'n.  (L.  cesculux, 
the  winter  or  Italian  oak  ]  A  group  of 
plants,  also  called  Ilippncastancn'.  indudnl 
in  the  Sapindacerc.  The  species  are  hand- 
some trees  or  small  bushes,  chiefly  remark 
able  for  their  large  seeds,  with  an  exU'iisivr 
OttmiL  The  seeds  are  bitter,  and  contain  ;i 
lar-re  quantity  of  starch  and  a  considerable 
1'i-nportion  of  potash.  They  are  used  a* 
food,  and  also  as  cosmetics.  The  horse- 
chestnut  belongs  to  this  group.  See  HIPI-O- 

CASTANK.*;. 

JEsculus  (es'ku-lus),  n.  [L.]  The  horpe- 
chaotauit,  a  genus  of  trees.  See  HOKSK- 

CHESTNUT. 

^Esir  (e'ser),  n.  [Nom.  pi.  of  Icel.  dss,  a  god.  ] 
In  Sound,  myth,  the  general  name  for  the 
heathen  gods  of  Scandinavia.  See  As. 
Esthesia  (es-the'si-a),  n.  [Gr  aif-thrsix, 
sensibility. )  Perception;  feeling;  sensibility. 
See  ANESTHESIA. 

^sthesiometer  (es-the'si-om"et-er),  n.  [Gr. 
aixthesis,  perception,  from  aisthanomai,  to 
perceive,  and  metron,  a  measure.]  In  tned. 
an  instrument  for  testing  the  tactile  sensi- 
bility of  the  human  body  in  health  and 
disease,  by  ascertaining,  through  the  appli- 
cation of  the  points  of  the  instrument  to 
the  skin,  the  shortest  distance  at  which  two 
points  can  be  perceived  as  distinctly  sepa- 
rate. 

.Esthetic,  .Esthetical  (es-thet'ik.  es-thet'- 
ik-al),  a.  [Gr.  aisthettkos,  from  aisthanomai, 
to  perceive  by  the  senses.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  science  of  taste  or  beauty;  pertaining 
to  the  sense  of  the  beautiful.— 2.  In  metaph. 
pertaining  to  sensation. 

.Esthetic,  JEstbetldC  (es-thet'ik),  n.  In 
metaph.  the  doctrine  of  sensation.— Trans- 
cendental cesthetic,  in  the  Kantian  philo- 
sophy, the  doctrine  of  pure  sensation,  or 
that  part  of  the  Kantian  metaphysics  which 
treats  of  what  is  given  in  sense  indepen- 
dently of  all  experience,  namely,  of  what 
Kant  calls  the  forms  of  sensation,  space, 
and  time. 

^stheticaUy/es-thet'ik-al-li),  adv.  Accord- 
ing to  the  principles  of  aesthetics;  with  re- 
ference to  the  sense  of  the  beautiful. 

^stheticism  (es-thet'i-sizm),  n.  I.  The 
principles  or  doctrines  of  aesthetics.— 2.  At- 
tachment to  aesthetics ;  a  proneness  to  in- 
dulge and  cultivate  the  sense  of  the  beauti- 
ful. 

.Esthetics  (es-thet'iks),  n.  The  science  of 
deducing  from  nature  and  taste  the  rules 
and  principles  of  art;  the  theory  of  the  fine 
arts;  the  science  or  that  branch  of  philoso- 
phy which  deals  with  the  beautiful ;  the 
doctrines  of  taste.  Written  also  Esthetics. 

^stho -physiology  (es'tho-flz'i-ol"o-ji),  n. 
[Gr.  aisthanoniai,  to  perceive,  and  E.  phy- 
siolfigy.]  The  physiology  of  sensation;  that 
part  of  physiology  which  treats  of  the  organs 
of  sense  and  the  parts  of  the  body  which 
exercise  subsidiary  functions.  H.  Spencer. 

Estiferous  (es-tif'er-us),  a.  [L.  cestus,  heat, 
and/ero,  to  bear.]  Producing  heat. 

Estival,  a.     Same  as  Extival. 

.Estivate,  v.i.    Same  as  Estivate. 

Estivation.     See  ESTIVATION. 

Aetheogamous  (a-e'the-og"a-mu&),  a.  [Gr 
af then,  unusual,  and  gamos,  marriage.]  In 
bot.  a  term  applied  to  denote  such  plants  as 
propagate  themselves  in  an  unusual  man- 
ner; originally  proposed  as  a  substitute  for 
cryptogamic  (which  see);  but  restricted  by 
DecandoIIe  to  such  plants  as  have  vessels 
as  well  as  cellular  tissue,  such,  namely,  as 
ferns,  lycopodiums,  and  their  allies. 

.Ether.    Same  as  Ether. 

JEthiops  Mineral.    See  Ethiops  Mineral. 

JEthrioscope  (eth'ri-6-skop),  n.  [Gr  aith- 
rios,  clear,  pertaining  to  the  open  air,  and 
skopeo,  to  see.]  An  instrument  for  measur- 
ing the  minute  variations  of  temperature 
due  to  different  conditions  of  the  sky.  It 
consists  of  a  differential  thermometer,  both 
bulbs  of  which  are  within  a  cup-shaped 
mirror,  one  of  them  in  the  focus  of  the 
mirror,  so  as  to  be  peculiarly  affected  on 
being  exposed  to  the  sky.  The  cup  is  kept 
covered  with  a  lid,  except  when  the  instru- 
ment is  being  used. 

JEthUSa  (e-thu'sa),  n.  [Or.  aithd,  to  burn.] 
A  genus  of  poisonous  plants,  nat.  order 
Umbellifene.  ^E.  Cynapium  is  fool's  pars- 
ley (which  see). 

.Etiology.    See  ETIOLOGY. 

Aetites  (a-e-tl'tez),  n.  [Gr,  from  aetos,  an 
eagle.]  Same  as  Eagle-stone. 

Aface (a-fas'), adv.  [Preflxa.in.and/ae*.]  In 
face;  in  front.  'Right  of  ace  of  him.'  Lever. 


ch,  e/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA; 

Vol..  I. 


g,  0o;      J,  job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  £/»en;  th,  thin;      w,  u>ig;     wh,  u>Aig; 


zh,  azure.-- See  KEY. 

4 


AFAR 

Afar  (a-far'),  ado.  [Prefix  a,  in,  at,  and/ar; 
A.  Sax.  of  feor.  See  FAR.]  At  a  distance 
in  place  ;  to  or  from  a  distance  :  used  abso- 
lutely, or  with /row  preceding  or  oj?"  follow- 
ing or  both;  as,  he  was  seen  from  afar,  or 

from  afar  off;  I  saw  him  afar  off. 
The  steep  where  Fame's  proud  temple  shines  afar. 
Seattle. 

[Shakspere  uses  afar  off  in  the  sense  of  in- 
directly. '  A  kind  of  tender,  made  afar  off 
by  Sir  Hugh  here.'] 

Afeardt  (a-ferd'),  a.  [O.E.  afered,  A.  Sax. 
tffcered,  pp.  of  dfceran,  to  frighten.]  Afraid. 

Be  not  a/eard;  the  isle  is  full  of  noises.      Shak. 

Afer  (a'fer),  n.  [L.]  The  south-west  wind. 
Milton. 

Aff  (af),  prep,  or  adv.  [Scotch.]  Off.—  Aff- 
hands,  hands  off. — Aff-loof,  right  off  from 
memory;  without  premeditation.  Burns. — 
Aff-han',  without  reserve;  frankly. 

Aye  free  aff-hatt'  your  story  tell, 

When  wi'  a  bosom  crony.  Burns. 

Affa  (af'fa),  n.  A  weight  used  on  the  Guinea 
coast,  equal  to  an  ounce. 

Affability  (af-fa-bil'i-ti),  n.  [See  AFFABLE.] 
The  quality  of  being  affable ;  readiness  to 
converse;  civility  and  courteousness  in  re- 
ceiving others,  and  in  conversation ;  ready 
condescension;  benignity;  mildness. 

Hearing  of  her  beauty,  and  her  wit, 
Her  affability  and  bashful  modesty, 
Her  wondrous  qualities,  and  mild  behaviour. 


SYN.  Courtesy,  courteousness,  urbanity, 
civility,  complaisance. 

Affable  (af'fa-bl),  a.  [L.  affabilis,  affable— af 
for  ad,  to,  fart,  to  speak.]  1.  Easy  of  con- 
versation; admitting  others  to  free  conver- 
sation without  reserve ;  courteous ;  com- 
plaisant; of  easy  manners;  condescending; 
kind  or  benevolent  in  manner:  now  usually 
applied  to  superiors ;  as,  an  affable  prince. 
'  An  affable  and  courteous  gentleman. '  Shak. 
'Affable  wolves,  meek  bears.'  Shak.—  2.  Ex- 
pressing or  betokening  affability;  mild;  be- 
nign ;  as,  an  affable  countenance :  opposed 
to  forbidding.—  SYN.  Courteous,  civil,  com- 
plaisant, accessible,  mild,  benign,  conde- 
scending. 

Affableness  (af'fa-bl-nes),  n.     Affability. 

Affably  (af'fa-bli),  adv.  In  an  affable  man- 
ner; courteously;  invitingly. 

Affabrous  t  (af'fa-brus),  a.  [L.  affaber,  skil- 
ful—ad, and  faber,  an  artist.]  Skilfully 
made.  Bailey. 

Affabulationt  (af-fab'u-la"shon),  n.  [L.  af- 
fabulatio—ad,  to,  and/a&uJa,  a  fable.]  The 
moral  of  a  fable.  Bailey. 

Attained  t  (af-faml'),  p.  and  a.  [Prefix  a  for 
ad,  to,  and  feign,]  Laid  to  one's  charge 
falsely  or  feignedly. 

Errors  maliciously  affained  to  him.       Kp.  Hall. 

Affair  (af-farO,  n.  [Fr.  affaire —  A,  to,  and 
faire,  from  L.  facere,  to  make,  do.  This 
word  in  formation  is  parallel  to  the  E.  arfo.] 
1.  Business  of  any  kind;  that  which  is  done, 
or  is  to  be  done ;  matter;  concern :  some- 
times used  by  itself  in  the  plural  with  the 
specific  sense  of  public  affairs;  administra- 
tion of  the  state.  'At  the  head  of  affairs.' 
JvnttH.  'A  talent  for  affairs.'  Prescott. 
Sometimes  with  the  sense  of  pecuniary  af- 
fairs; finances;  as,  his  affairs  are  embar- 
rassed.— 2.  Function;  special  business;  duty. 

Oh  generous  youth  I  my  counsel  talce, 

And  warlike  acts  forbear; 
Put  on  white  gloves  and  lead  folks  out. 

For  that  is  your  affair.    Lady  M.  If-'.  Montagu. 

3.  A  partial  engagement  of  troops ;  a  ren- 
contre; a  skirmish. 

In  this  little  affair  of  the  advanced  posts,  I  am 
concerned  to  add  that  Lieut.  B.  was  killed. 

Wellington's  Despatches. 

4.  t  Endeavour;  attempt 

And  with  his  best  affair  obeyed  the  pleasure  of 
the  sun-  Chapman. 

— Affair  of  honour,  a  duel. 
Affamisli  t  (af -fam'ish),  v.  t.    [See  FAMISH  ] 

To  starve. 
Affamishment  t  (af-fam'ish-ment),  71.    The 

act  of  starving,  or  state  of  being  starved. 

'  Carried  into  the  wilderness  for  the  affam* 

whjnent  of  his  body.'    Bp.  Hall 
Affatuatet  (af-fat'u-at),  v.t.    [L.  af  for  ad 

and  fatuus,  foolish.]  To  infatuate.    Milton 
Affeart  (af-ferO,  v.t     [A.  Sax.  afasran,  oe- 

faran,  to  make  afraid.     See  FEAR.]     To 

frighten. 

Affeart  (af-ferO.tU.  [See AFFEER.]   To  con- 
firm. 
Affect  (af-fekf),  v.t.     [L.  affecto,  to  desire 

to  strive  after,  freq.  of  afficio,  affectum,  to 

affect  the  mind  or  body—  af  for  ad,  to,  and 
facio,  to  do.]  1.  To  act  upon;  to  produce  an 


50 

effect  or  change  upon ;  to  influence  :  with  a 
personal  object,  to  move  or  touch  by  exciting 
the  feelings;  as,  cold  affects  the  body;  loss 
affects  our  interests;  to  affect  a  person  with 
grief.—  2.tTo  urge;  to  incite.  Joye.—Z.t  To 
be  pleased  with;  to  like;  to  take  pleasure 
in.  '  How  doth  your  grace  affect  their  mo- 
tion.' Shak. — 4. t  To  love;  to  regard  with 
the  feelings  of  a  lover.  '  The  lady  whom  I 
affect.'  Shak.—  5.  To  aim  at;  to  aspire  to; 
to  endeavour  after. 

In  this  point  charge  him  home  that  he  affects 
Tyrannical  power.  Skak. 

But  thia  proud  man  affects  imperial  sway.     Dryden, 

6.  To  use  or  adopt  by  preference;  to  choose; 
to  follow  after. 

Musing  meditation  most  affects 
The  pensive  secrecy  of  desart-cell.          Milton. 
This  method,  as  the  most  natural  and  simple,  is 
the  one  most  affected  by  the  early  writers.     Prescott. 

7.  To  tend  to  by  natural  affinity  or  disposi- 
tion. 

The  drops  of  every  fluid  affect  a  round  figure. 

Newton. 

8.  To  make  a  show  of;  to  put  on  a  pretence 
of ;  to  assume  the  appearance  of ;  to  pre- 
tend ;  as,  to  affect  ignorance. 

Lewis  at  first  affected  to  receive  these  propositions 
coolly,  and  at  length  agreed  to  them  with  the  air  of 
a  man  who  is  conferring  a  great  favour.  Macatday. 

9.  To  imitate  in  a  constrained  and  unnatural 
manner. 

Spenser,  in  affecting  the  ancients,  writ  no  language. 
B.  Jonson. 

10.  t  To  resemble;  to  smack  of. 

He  hath  a  trick  of  Coeur-dc-IJon's  face; 

The  accent  of  his  tongue  affefteth  him.     Vr.j*. 

11.  t  To  render  liable  to  a  charge  of;  to  show 
to  he  chargeable  with. 

By  the  civil  law,  if  a  dowry  with  a  wife  be  pro- 
mised and  not  paid,  the  husband  is  not  obliged  to 
allow  her  alimony.  But  if  her  parents  shall  become 
insolvent  by  some  misfortune,  she  shall  have  alimony, 
unless  you  can  affect  them  with  fraud.  Ayliffe. 

12.  To  appoint;  to  attach.    [Rare.] 

One  of  the  domestics  was  affected  to  his  especial 
service.  Thackeray. 

SYN.  To  influence,  act  on,  concern,  move, 
melt,  soften,  subdue,  overcome,  pretend, 
assume,  put  on. 

Affect  t  (af-fekf),  n.  1.  Affection ;  passion  ; 
sensation  ;  inclination.  '  The  affects  and 
passions  of  the  heart.'  Bacon. —2.  Quality; 
circumstance.  Wiseitia  n. 

Affectate  t  (af-fek'tat),  a.     Affected.     Eliot. 

Affectation  (af-fek-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  affecta- 
tio.]  1.  An  attempt  to  assume  or  exhibit 
what  is  not  natural  or  real ;  false  pretence; 
artificial  appearance  or  show ;  as,  an  affec- 
tation of  wit  or  of  virtue. 

Affectation  is  an  awkward  and  forced  imitation  of 
what  should  be  genuine  and  easy,  wanting  the  beauty 
that  accompanies  what  is  natural.  Locke. 

2.t  Fondness;  affection.  '  Bonds  of  affecta- 
tion .  .  .  between  man  and  wife.'  Bp.  Hall. 
Affected  (af-fekt'ed),  o.  1.  Inclined  or  dis- 
posed: followed  by  (o,  sometimes  by  in;  as, 
well  affected  to  government. 

It  is  good  to  be  zealously  affected  always  in  a  good 
thing.  Cat.  iv.  18. 

2.  Given  to  affectation;  assuming  or  pretend- 
ing to  possess  what  is  not  natural  or  real ; 
as,  unaffected  lady.— 3.  Assumed  artificially; 
not  natural;  as,  affected  airs.— 4. t  Beloved; 
as, '  his  affected  Hercules. '  Chapman.  — 5.  In 
ala.  same  as  Adfected. 

Affectedly  (af-fekt'ed-H),  adv.  1.  In  an  af- 
fected or  assumed  manner;  with  affectation; 
hypocritically;  with  more  show  than  reality; 
as,  to  walk  affectedly;  affectedly  civil.— 
2.  t  With  tender  care;  lovingly. 

Letters  sadly  pemi'd  in  blood 
With  sleided  silk  feat  and  affectedly 
Enswathed.  Shak. 

Affectedness  (af-fekt'ed-nes),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  affected;  affectation. 

Affecter  (af-fekt'er),  n.  One  who  affects,  pre- 
tends, or  assumes. 

Affectability  (af-fekt'i-bil"i-ti),  n.  The  state 
of  being  affectible. 

Affectible  (af-fekt'i-bl),  a.  That  may  be  af- 
fected. 

Affecting  (af-fekt'ing),  a.    1.  Having  power 
to  excite  or  move  the  passions ;  tending  to 
move  the  affections;  pathetic;  as,  an  affect- 
ing spectacle;  an  affecting  speech.— 2.t  Full  | 
of  affectation.  'A  drawling  affecting  rogue.'  i 
Skak. 

Affectingly  (af-f  ektlng-li),  adv.  In  an  affect- 
ing manner;  in  a  manner  to  excite  emo- 
tions. 

Affection  (af-fek'shon),  n.  [L.  affectio,  affec- 
tionis,  the  being  affected  or  touched.  See  ! 


AFFEER 

AFFECT.]  1.  The  state  of  having  one's  feel- 
ings affected  in  some  way;  bent  or  disposi- 
tion of  mind;  phase  of  mental  disposition; 
feeling. 

Affection  is  applicable  to  an  unpleasant  as  well  as 
a  pleasant  state  of  the  mind  when  impressed  by  any 
object  or  quality.  Coffan. 

Specifically,  (a)  in  ethics,  one  of  those  prin- 
ciples of  action  in  man  which  have  persons 
for  their  immediate  object,  as  esteem,  grati- 
tude, friendship  (benevolent  affections),  hat- 
red, envy,  jealousy,  revenge  (malevolent  af- 
fections), (b)  Desire;  inclination;  appetite; 
propensity,  good  or  evil;  as,  virtuous  or  vile 
affections.  Rom.  i.  26;  Gal.  v,  24.  (c)t  One 
of  the  passions  or  violent  emotions. 

Most  wretched  man, 
That  to  affections  does  the  bridle  lend.     Sfenser. 

2.  A  settled  good-will,  love,  or  zealous  at- 
tachment; as,  the  affection  of  a  parent  for 
his  child :  generally  followed  by  for,  some- 
times to  or  toward,  before  the  object.  — 

3.  t  Characteristic  susceptibility  arising  from 
idiosyncrasy  or  peculiarity  of  temperament; 
natural  instinct  or  impulse;  sympathy. 

Affection, 

Mistress  of  passion,  sways  it  to  the  mood 
Of  what  it  likes  or  loathes.  SAat. 

4.t  Prejudice;  bias. 

'  Well,'  he  says,  '  a  woman  may  not  reign  in  Eng- 
land.' '  Better  in  England  than  anywhere,  as  it 
shall  well  appear  to  him  that  without  affection  will 
consider  the  kind  of  regiment.'  Bp.  Aylmer. 

5.  An  attribute,  quality,  or  property  which 
is  inseparable  from  its  object ;  as,  figure, 
weight,  Ac.,  are  affections  of  bodies.— 6.  A 
disease,  or  any  particular  morbid  state  of  the 
body;  as,  a  gouty  affection;  hysteric  affec- 
tion. —7.  In  painting,  a  lively  representation 
of  passion.  Wotton.  [Rare.]  —  8.  t  Affecta- 
tion. 

Pleasant  without  scurrility,  witty  without  affection. 
ShaA. 

SYN.  Passion,  attachment,  tenderness,  fond- 
ness, kindness,  love,  good-will. 

Affectional  (af-fek'shon-al),  a.  Relating  to 
or  implying  affection. 

Affectionate  (af-fek'shon-at),  a.  1.  Having 
great  love  or  affection;  warmly  attached; 
fond;  kind;  loving;  as,  an  affectionate  bro- 
ther. —  2.  Warm  in  feeling;  zealous.  [Rare 
and  obsolete.] 

In  their  love  of  Cod,  and  desire  to  please  him,  men 
can  never  be  too  affectionate.  Bf.  Sprat. 

3.  Proceeding   from  affection;   indicating 
love ;  tender ;  as,  the  affectionate  care  of  a 
parent.    'An  affectionate  countenance.'  Sir 
P.  Sidney. 

He  (Lord  Russell)  had  sent  to  Kettlewell  an  affec- 
tionate message  from  the  scaffold.  Macau  lay. 

4.  t  Strongly  disposed  or  inclined :  with  to. 
'  Affectionate    to    the    war    with    France.' 
Bacon.— SYN.  Tender,  attached,  loving,  de- 
voted, warm,  fond,  earnest. 

Affectionated  t  (af-fek'shon-at-ed),  a.  Dis- 
posed; inclined. 

Be  kindly  affectionated  one  to  another.  (Rom. 
xii.  lof  New  Testament,  Cambridge,  1683. 

Affectionately  (af-fek'shon-at-li),  adv.  In 
an  affectionate  manner ;  with  affection  ; 
fondly;  tenderly;  kindly.  'Being  affection- 
ately desirous  of  you.'  1  Thes.  ii.  8. 

A  fractionate  ness  (af-fek'shon-at-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  affectionate;  fondness; 
good-will;  affection.  "The  playfulness  of  a 
child,  the  affectionatenew  of  a  woman,  and 
the  strong  sense  of  a  man.'  Quart.  Rev. 

Affectioned  (af-fek'shond),  a.  1.  Having  a 
certain  disposition  of  feeling;  disposed. 

Be  kindly  affcctioned  one  to  another.     Rom.  jcit.  10, 

2.t  Affected;  conceited.  'An  affectioned 
ass.'  Shak. 

Affective  (af-fekt'iv),  a.  That  affects  or 
excites  emotion ;  suited  to  affect.  'A  preacher 
more  instructive  than  affective.'  Bp.  Bur- 
net.  [Rare.] 

Affectively  (af-fekt'iv-li),  adv.  In  an  affect- 
ive or  impressive  manner. 

Affector  (af-fekt'er),  n.    Same  as  Affecter. 

Affectuosityt  (af-fek'tu-os"i-ti),  n.  Passion- 
ateness.  Bailey. 

AffectUOUSt  (af-fek'tu-us),  a.  Full  of  pas- 
sion; earnest.  'Made such affectuous labour.' 
Fabian. 

Affectuously  t  (af-fek'tu-us-li),  adv.  Pas- 
sionately; zealously.  'St.  Remigius  prayed 
so  affectuously,'  Fabian. 

Affeer  (af-fer'),  v.t.  [O.Fr.  offerer,  affeurer, 
or  afforer,  to  assess  or  value,  from  feut; 
market  price,  fixed  rate,  from  L.  forum,  a 
market.]  1.  To  confirm.  'Thy  title  is 
affeercd.'  Shak.  Spelled  also  A/ear.—  2.  In 
law,  to  assess  or  settle,  as  an  arbitrary  fine. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U.  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


AFFEERMENT 


AFFLICT 


Affeerment  (uf-fCT'im-nt),  ».  The  act  of 
alt'eering,  or  assessing  nil  amercement  ac- 
enrding  to  tile  circumstances  of  the  case. 

Affeeror,  Affeerer  (af-feVer),  n.  On<-  uh<> 
alYeers ;  a  person  sworn  to  assess  arbitrary 
tines  to  what  seems  a  reasonable  amount. 

Afferent  (af'ft'-r-ent),  a.  [L.  afferent,  affer- 
ent^, ppr.  of  affero—ttf  for  ad,  to,  and/cro, 
to  carry.]  Carrying  to,  or  inwards:  used 
especially  in  physiol. ;  as,  afferent  vessels; 
afferent  nerves. 

Affermed.t  pp.     Confirmed.     Chaucer. 

AffettUOSO  (af-fet-tu-6'zo).  [It]  In  music, 
a  direction  to  sing  or  play  a  movement 
softly  and  affeetingly.  Written  also  Con 
affetto. 

Affiance  (af-fi'ans),  n.  [Norm,  and  O.Fr. 
ajjiaiuicc,  affiance— af  for  ad,  to,  umljiance r, 
to  betroth,  from  L.L.  fidantiare,  derived 
through  Jidantia  from  L.  fidann,  Jidantis, 
the  ppr.  otfido,  to  pledge  one's  faith,  fides, 
faith.]  1.  Marriage  contract  or  promise; 
faith  pledged. 

Accord  of  friends,  consent  of  parents  sought, 
Affiance  made,  my  happiness  begins.       S/ienser. 

2.  Trust  in  general;  confidence;  reliance. 

The  Christian  looks  to  God  with  implicit  affiance. 

Hammond. 

Lancelot,  my  Lancelot,  thou  in  whom  I  have 
Most  love  and  most  affiance.  Tennyson. 

Affiance  (af-fi'ans),  v.t.  pret.  <fepp.  affianced; 
ppr.  affiancing.  1.  To  betroth;  to  bind  by 
promise  of  mam  age;  to  pledge  one's  faith 
or  fidelity  in  marriage ;  as,  to  affiance  a 
daughter;  to  affiance  one's  self. 

To  me.  sad  mai  j»  he  was  affianced.        Spenser. 

2.  To  give  confidence  to.    [Rare.] 

Stranger!  whoe'er  thou  art,  securely  rest 
Affianced  in  my  faith,  a  friendly  guest.        Pope. 

Affianced  (af-fi'anst),  n.  One  bound  by  a 
promise  of  marriage;  a  future  husband  or 
wife.  '  With  Melissa  Florian,  I  with  my 
affianced. '  Tennyson. 

Affiancer  (af-fi'ans-er),7i.  One  who  affiances; 
one  who  makes  a  contract  of  marriage  be- 
tween parties. 

Affiant  (af-fi'ant),  n.  In  law,  one  who  makes 
an  affidavit 

Affiche  (af-fesh),  n.  [Fr.]  A  paper  of  any 
kind  or  bill  pasted  or  affixed  to  a  wall  with 
the  view  of  being  seen  or  read;  a  poster. 

Affidation,t  Affidaturet  (af-fl-da'shon.af'fl- 
dat-ur),n.  [From  L.  affido.  See  AFFIDAVIT.] 
A  mutual  contract  of  fidelity. 

Affidavit  (af-fl-da'vit),  n.  [L.L.  third  pers. 
sing.  pres.  ind.  of  affido,  to  pledge  one's  faith 
-L.  af  for  ad,  to,  and  fides,  faith.]  A 
written  declaration  upon  oath;  a  statement 
of  facts  in  writing  signed  by  the  party,  and 
sworn  to  or  confirmed  by  a  declaration  be- 
fore an  authorized  magistrate.  In  England 
affidavits  are  often  required  when  evidence 
is  to  be  laid  before  a  judge  or  court.  Evi- 
dence brought  before  a  jury  is  given  orally. 

Afflet  (af-fi')t  v.t.  and  i.  Same  as  Affy  (which 
see). 

Affile.t  Affyle.t  v.t.  [Fr.  affiler.  to  sharpen 
—a/  for  ad,  to,  and  fit,  a  thread,  an  edge  ; 
L.  jtfttm,  a  thread  ]  To  polish. 

He  moste  preche  and  well  affyU  his  tunge. 

Chaucer. 

Affiliable  (af-fiTi-a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
affiliated,  or  referred  to  as  the  origin  or 
cause. 

The  distribution  of  sediment  and  other  geological 
processes  which  these  marine  currents  effect,  arc 
affiliable  upon  the  force  which  the  sun  radiates. 

Herbert  Spencer. 

Affiliate  (af-fll'i-at),  v.  t.  pret  A  pp.  affiliated; 
Ppr.  affiliating.  [L.L.  ad/Uiare,  to  adopt  as  a 
son — L.  ad,  to,  andjtfttu,  a  son;  Fr.  affilier, 
to  adopt,  to  initiate  into  the  mysteries  of  a 
religious  order.]  1.  To  adopt;  to  receive 
into  a  family  as  a  son;  hence,  to  bring  into 
intimate  association  or  close  connection. 

Is  the  soul  affiliated  to  God,  or  is  it  estranged  and 
in  rebellion!  /.  Taylor. 

1.  To  establish  the  paternity  of:  generally 
used  in  speaking  of  establishing  the  pater- 
nity of  bastard  children;  a  woman  is  said  to 
affiliate  a  child  upon  a  man.     Hence— 3.  To 
connect  in  the  way  of  descent. 

How  do  these  facts  tend  to  affiliate  the  faculty  of 
hearing  upon  the  aboriginal  vegetative  processes! 
H.  Spencer. 

4.  To  receive  into  a  society  as  a  member, 
and  initiate  in  its  mysteries,  plans,  <fec.— 
Affiliated  societies,  local  societies  connected 
with  a  central  society  or  with  each  other. 
Affiliation  (af-fiTi-a"shon),  n.  1.  Adoption; 
association  in  the  same  family  or  society. — 

2.  In  law,  the  assignment  of  a  child,  as  a 
bastard,  to  its  father,  and  the  fixing  upon 
him  of  the  obligation  to  maintain  it   Hence 


— 3.  The  assignment  of  anything  to  its  ori- 
gin; connection  by  way  of  descent. 

The  relationship  of  the  sense  of  smell  to  the  funda- 
mental organic  actions  is  traceable,  not  only  through 
\\.*  affiliation  upon  the  sense  of  taste,  but  is  traceable 
directly.  H.  Spencer. 

Afflnage  (af'fln-aj),  n.  [Fr,  from  affiner,  to 
refine.  See  FINE,  a.]  The  actor  process  of 
refining  metals.  Bailey. 

Affinet  (af-fin'),  v.t.    To  refine.     Holland. 

Affined*  (af-find'),  n.  [O.Fr.  a/mer,  to  unite, 
from  a/in,  L.  affinut,  neighbouring,  related 
to  —  L.  ad,  to,  and  finis,  a  boundary.] 

1.  Joined  in  affinity;  akin. 

For  then  the  bold  and  coward. 
The  wise  and  fool,  the  artist  and  unread. 
The  hard  and  soft,  seem  all  affined  and  kin. 

£*«*. 

2.  Joined  by  any  tie;  leagued.     'Affined  or 
leagued  in  office.'    Shak. —'A.  Bound  or  im- 
pelled by  any  kind  of  affinity. 

Now,  sir,  be  judge  yourself, 
Whether  I  in  any  just  term  am  affined 
To  love  the  Moor.  Shak. 

Afflnitatively  (af-fln'i-tat-iv-li),  adv.  By 
means  of  affinity. 

Affinity  (af-fln'i-ti),  n.  [L.  affinitas,  from 
affinis,  adjacent,  related  by  marriage  —  af 
for  ad,  to,  said  finis,  boundary.]  1.  The  re- 
lation contracted  by  marriage  between  a 
husband  andhiswife'skindred,and  between 
a  wife  and  her  husband's  kindred;  in  contra- 
distinction from  consanguinity,  or  relation 
by  blood. 

Solomon  made  affinity  with  Pharaoh.        i  Ki.  iii.  i. 

2.  Agreement;  relation;  conformity;  resem- 
blance; connection;  as,  the  affinity  of  sounds, 
of  colours,  or  of  languages. 

The  art  of  painting  hath  wonderful  affinity  with 
that  of  poetry.  Dryden. 

3.f  Intercourse;  acquaintance. 

About  forty  years  past,  I  began  a  happy  affinity 
with  William  Cranmcr.  Burton. 

4.  In  chem.  that  force  by  which  bodies  of  dis- 
similar nature  unite  in  certain  definite  pro- 
portions to  form  a  compound,  different  in 
its  nature  from  any  of  its  constituents — 
called  chemical  or  elective  affinity.  See  under 
CHEMICAL. — 6.  In  biol.  a  resemblance  in 
general  plan  or  structure,  or  in  the  essen- 
tial structural  parts,  existing  between  two 
organisms  or  groups  of  organisms. 
Affirm  (af-ferm'),  v.  t.  [L.  affirmo—af  for 
ad,  to,  and  firmo,  to  make  firm.]  1  To  as- 
sert positively;  to  tell  with  confidence;  to 
aver;  to  declare  the  existence  of  something; 
to  maintain  as  true:  opposed  to  deny.  'Af- 
firming each  his  own  philosophy. '  Tennyson. 
Of  one  Jesus,  which  was  dead,  whom  ?z.\\\  affirmed 
to  be  alive.  Acts  xxv.  19. 

2.  To  make  firm ;  to  establish,  confirm,  or 
ratify  ;  as,  the  supreme  court  affirmed  the 
judgment.— SYN.  To  assert,  aver,  declare, 
asseverate,  assure,  pronounce,  protest, 
avouch,  confirm,  establish,  ratify. 
Affirm  (af-ferm'),  v.i.  1.  To  declare  or  assert 
positively  or  solemnly. 

Not  that  I  so  affirm,  though  so  it  seem 
To  thcc,  who  hast  thy  dwelling  here  on  earth. 
Milton. 

2.  To  declare  solemnly  before  a  court  or 

magistrate;  to  make  a  legal  affirmation.  See 

AFFIRMATION. 
Affirmable  (af-ferm'a-bl),  a.    That  may  be 

affirmed,  asserted,  or  declared :  followed  by 

of;  as,  an  attribute  affinnable  of  every  just 

man. 
Afflrmably  (af-ferm'a-bli),  adv.    In  a  way 

capable  of  affirmation. 
Affirmance  (af-ferm'ans),n.  1.  Confirmation; 

ratification. 

All  sentences  are  liable  to  the  king's  affirmance  or 
reversal.  Brougham, 

2.  Declaration;  affirmation.    [Rare.] 

They  swear  it  till  affirmance  breeds  a  doubt. 

Coivper. 

3.  In  law,  confirmation  of  a  voidable  act. 
Affirmant  (af-ferm'ant),  n.     1.    One   who 

affirms  or  asserts  —2.  One  who  makes  affir- 
mation instead  of  an  oath. 
Affirmation  (af-fer-ma'shon),  n.    1.  The  act 
of  affirming  or  asserting  as  true:  opposed  to 
negation  or  denial. — 2.  That  which  is  as- 
serted; position  declared  as  true;  averment 
That  he  shall  receive  no  benefit  from  Christ,  is  the 
affirmation  whereon  his  despair  is  founded. 

3.  Confirmation;  ratification;  an  establish- 
ment of  what  has  been  before  doue  or  de- 
creed. 

Our  statutes  sometimes  are  only  the  affirmation 
or  ratification  of  that  which  by  common  law  was  held 
before.  Hooker. 

4.  In  law,  the  solemn  declaration  made  by 
Quakers,   Moravians,  and  any  others  who 


from  conscientious  scruples  refuse  or  an? 
unwilling  to  take  an  oath  in  cases  win-n- 
an oath  is  required  from  others.  False  ;iltn 
illations  made  by  such  persons  are  punibh- 
able  in  the  same  way  as  perjury. 
Affirmative  (af-ferm'at-iv),  a.     1.  Affirming 
or  asserting;  declaratory  of  what  exists:  op- 
posed to  negative;  as,  an  affirmative  propo- 
sition. 

The  principle  of  affirmative  syllogisms  is,  that 
things  which  co-exist  with  the  same  thing  co-exist 
with  one  another.  //.  Center. 

2.  Confirmative;  ratifying;  as,  an  act  affir- 
mative of  common  law.— 3.  In  alg.  positive; 
a  term  applied  to  numbers  which  have  the 
sign  -f  (plus),  denoting  addition,   and   op- 
posed to  negative,  or  such  as  have  the  sign  - 
(minus),  denoting  subtraction.  —  4.f  Posi- 
tive; dogmatic. 

Be  not  confident  and  affirmative  in  an  uncertain 
matter.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Affirmative  (af-ferm'at-iv),  n.  1.  A  state- 
ment in  which  anything  is  affirmed;  an  affir- 
mative proposition;  an  affirmation.  "J'hu 
affirmatives  are  indemonstrable.'  Stilling- 
fleet.—2.  A  word  or  phrase  expressing  assent 
to  an  affirmation  expressed  or  implied,  or 
answering  a  question  affirmatively;  as,  yes, 
yea,  that  is  so.  'If  your  four  negatives 
make  your  two  affirmatives.'  Shak. 

A  government  is  perfect  of  which  the  affirmative 
can  be  truly  stated  in  answering  these  questions. 
Brougham. 

3.  That  side  of  a  debated  question  which 
maintains  the  truth  of  the  affirmation  or 
affirmative  proposition:  opposed  to  the  ne- 
gative; as,  seventy-five  voted  in  the  affirma- 
tive,   and  thirty  -  five    in    the    negative.  — 

4.  jVaut.  the  signal  flag  or  pendant  by  which 
a  request  or  order  is  answered. 

Affirmatively  (af-ferm'at-iv-li),  adv.  In  an 
affirmative  manner;  positively;  on  the  affirm- 
ative side  of  a  question:  opposed  to  nega- 
tively. 

1  believe  in  God.  First,  in  God  affirmatively,  I  be- 
lieve he  is;  against  atheism.  Secondly,  in  God  ex- 
clusively, not  in  gods ;  as  against  polytheism  and 
idolatry.  Bp.  Pearson. 

Afflrmer  (af-ferm'er),  n.    One  who  affirms. 

The  burthen  of  the  proof  in  law  resteth  upon  the 
affirmer.  Bp.  Branthall. 

Affix  (af-flks'),  v.t.  [L.  affigo,  affixvm—af 
for  ad,  to,  &ndjigo,jixum,  to  fix.)  1.  To  sub- 
join, annex,  unite,  or  add  at  the  close  or  end ; 
to  append ;  as,  to  affix  a  syllable  to  a  word; 
to  affix  a  seal  to  an  instrument.  —2.  To  fasten 
in  any  manner;  to  attach  physically. 

Should  they  (butterflies)  affix  them  (eggs)  to  the 
leaves  of  a  plant  improper  for  their  food,  such  cater- 
pillars must  needs  be  lost.  Ray. 

3.  To  attach,  unite,  or  connect,  as  in  the 
mind;  as,  '  ideas  with  names  affixed  to  them.' 
Locke. — SYN.  To  attach,  subjoin,  append, 
fasten,  connect,  annex,  unite. 

Affix  (af'flks),  n.  A  syllable  or  letter  added 
to  the  end  of  a  word;  a  suffix;  a  post-fix; 
as,  "ness,  -hood,  -fy,  ~ize,  in  goodness,  man- 
hood, verify,  civilize. 

Affixal(af-flks'al),  a.  Pertaining  to  an  affix; 
having  the  character  of  an  affix. 

Affixlon  (af-flk'shon),  n.  The  act  of  affixing 
or  state  of  being  affixed.  '  In  his  scourging, 
in  his  affixion,  in  his  transfixion.'  Bp.  Ilatl. 
[Rare.] 

Affixture  (af-fiks'tur),  n.  That  which  is 
affixed.  [Rare.] 

Afflation  (af-fla'shon),  n.  [L.  affio,  affiatutn, 
— «/ for  ad,  to,  and /to,  to  blow.  See  BLOW.] 
A  blowing  or  breathing  on. 

Afflatus  (af-fla'tus),  n.   [L.    See  AFFLATION.] 

1.  A  breath  or  blast  of  wind. — 2.  Inspiration; 
communication  of  divine  knowledge  or  the 
power  of  prophecy;  specifically,  the  inspira- 
tion of  the  poet. 

The  poet  writing  against  his  genius  will  be  lik;  a 
prophet  without  his  affiatus.  7°*-  Sf*nce. 

3.  In  itH'il.  a  current  of  air  which  strikes  the 
body  and  produces  disease. 
Afflict  (af-Hikf),  v.t.  [L.  affiicto,  to  trouble, 
harass  or  annoy,  intene.  of  ajfligo,  to  dash 
down — af  for  ad,  to,  and  JUgo,  to  strike.] 
1. 1  To  strike  down ;  to  prostrate ;  to  over- 
throw; to  rout. 

And,  reassembling  our  afflicted  powers, 
Consult  how  we  may  henceforth  most  offend 
Our  enemy.  Milton. 

2.  To  give  to  the  body  or  mind  pain  which 
is  continued  or  of  some  permanence;  to 
trouble,  grieve,  harass,  or  distress ;  as,  one 
is  afflicted  with  the  gout,  or  with  melancholy, 
or  with  losses  and  misfortunes.  —  3.t  To 
place  in  a  low  or  inferior  position;  to  humi- 
liate; to  regard  with  disfavour;  to  persecute. 

Men  are  apt  to  prefer  a  prosperous  error  before  an 
afflicted  truth.  Jer.  Taylor. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  Men;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  irAig;    zh,  amre.—  See  KEY. 


AFFLICTEDNESS 


52 


AFFRONTIVENESS 


SYN  To  trouble,  grieve,  pain,  distress,  har- 
ass, torment,  wound,  hurt. 
Afflictedness  (af-flikt'cd-nes),  n.    Ihe  state 
of  being  afflicted:  superseded  by  Affliction. 
Tho.i  art  deceived  if  thou  thinkest  that  God  de- 
lights in  the  afflictrdntss  of  his  creatures,  hp.  Hall. 

Afflleter  (af-flikt'er),  n.  One  who  afflicts,  or 
causes  pain  of  body  or  of  mind. 

Afflicting  (af-flikt'ing),  a.  Grievous;  distress- 
ing; as,  an  afflicting  event. 

Affliotlngly  (af-flikt'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  afflic 

Affliotion^af-flik'shon),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  afflicted  ;  a  state  of  pain,  distress,  or 
grief!  '  To  visit  the  f atherless  and  widows 
in  affliction.'  Jam.  i.  27. 

Some  virtues  are  only  seen  in  aJfUOicn,  «K&  some 
in  prosperity. 

2  The  cause  of  continued  pain  of  body  or 
mind,  as  sickness,  losses,  calamity,  adver- 
sity, persecution. 

Many  are  the  ablutions  of  the  righteous^  ^ 

—  Affliction,  Grief,  Sorrow.  Affliction  is 
stronger  than  grief,  and  grief  than  narrow 
Affliction  is  acute  mental  suffering  caused 
by  the  loss  of  something  cherished,  as 
friends,  health,  or  fortune,  and  is  personal; 


row  is  a  leenng  01  simeiiiijs  ui  i^gm* 
than  grief,  and  may  arise  from  present  as 
well  as  from  past  trouble.-SYN.  Calamity, 
trouble,  distress,   grief,  pain,  sorrow,  ad- 
versity misery,  wretchedness,  misfortune. 

Afflictive  (af-tlikt'iv),  a.  Giving  pain;  caus- 
ing continued  or  repeated  pain  or  grief; 
painful;  distressing.  '  Spreads  slow  disease, 
and  darts  afflictive  pain.'  Prior.  -SYN.  Pain- 
ful, distressing,  grievous,  calamitous,  ad- 
verse, oppressive. 

Afflictlvely  (af-flikt'iv-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  give  pain  or  grief.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Affluence  (af'flu-ens),  n.  [L.  affluentia,  from 
afluo,  to  now  to—  af  for  ad,  to,  and/uo,  to 
flow.]  1.  A  flowing  to  or  concourse. 

There  is  an  unusual  affluence  of  strangers  this 

2.  Fig.  an  abundant  supply,  as  of  thoughts, 
words,  but  specifically,  of  riches;  hence, 
great  plenty  of  worldly  goods;  wealth. 

Many  old  and  honourable  families  disappeared. 
and  many  new  men  rose  rapidly  to  ^ffltunef. 

Alacalility. 

SYN.  Abundance.exuberance,  plenty,  wealth, 
opulence. 

Affluency  (af'nu-en-si),  n.  Same  as  Afflu- 
ence, but  rarer. 

There  may  be  certain  channels  running  from  the 
head  to  this  little  instrument  of  loquacity  (a  woman  s 
tongue),  and  conveying  into  it  a  perpetual  affliitticy 
of  animal  spirits. 

Affluent  (af'flu-ent),  a.  [L.  affluent,  affluen- 
tis  ppr.  of  afflito.  See  AFFLUENCE.  ] 
1.  Flowing  to.  'A  fluent  UuoA.'  Bantu.— 
2  Wealthy;  abounding  in  goods  or  riches; 
abundant.  'Loaded  and  blest  with  all  the 
affluent  store.'  Prior. 

Affluent  (af'flu-ent),  n.  A  tributary  stream; 
a  small  stream  or  river  flowing  into  a  larger 
one,  or  into  a  lake,  and  the  like. 

Affluently  (af'flu-ent-li),  adv.  In  an  affluent 
manner;  in  abundance;  abundantly. 

AffluentnesB  (af  'flu-en  t-nes),  n.  State  of 
being  affluent. 

Afflux(af'Buks),  n.  [From  L.  affluo,  affluxum. 
See  AFFLUENCE.]  The  act  of  flowing  to;  a 
flowing  to,  or  that  which  flows  to  ;  as,  an 
afflux  of  blood  to  the  head.  Locke. 


ing  to;  that  which  flows  to.  Sir  T.  Browne. 
See  AFFLUX. 

Afforcement,  t  Afforciament  t  (af-fors'- 
ment,  af-fors'i-a-ment).  n.  [O.  Fr.  afforcement, 
from  a/orcer,  to  fortify;  L.L.  afforciare— 
af  for  ad,  to,  and  fortis,  strong.  ]  A  for- 
tress; a  fortification  for  defence.  Bailey. 

Afford  (af-ford'),  v.t.  [O.E.  aforth,  to  afford 
(Piers  Plowman),  from  prefix  a,  and  forth; 
comp.  A.  Sax.  forthian,  geforthian,  to  fur- 
ther, aid,  advance  ;  Sc.  /order,  to  further.] 
1.  To  give  forth;  to  yield  or  produce,  as 
fruit,  profit,  issues,  or  results;  as,  the  earth 
affords  grain;  trade  affords  profit;  distilled 
liquors  afford  spirit.—  2.  To  yield,  grant,  or 
confer;  as,  a  good  life  affords  consolation  in 
old  age. 

The  quiet  lanes  of  Surrey  .  .  .  afford  calmer  re- 
treat on  every  nde.  Cilpin. 

3.  To  buy,  grant,  sell,  expend,  and  the  like, 
without  loss  or  injury  to  one's  estate  ;  as,  a 
man  can  a/ord  a  sum  yearly  in  charity;  one 
man  can  afford  more  expensive  wines  than 
another  ;  A  can  afford  his  wares  at  a  lower 


price  than  B.  —4.  To  be  sufficiently  confirmed 
IT  established  to  be  able  to  stand  or  bear 
what  might  otherwise  prove  injurious:  sale 
of  character,  social  position,  and  the  like, 
as  his  character  could  afford  tins  escapade; 
his  constitution  could  afford  such  a  severe 
strain  [In  the  two  last  senses  this  verb  is 
generally  used  with  an  auxiliary,  as  may 
might,  can,  amid;  and  may  take  an  innm- 
live  or  infinitive  clause  for  the  object  in- 
stead of  a  noun ;  as,  I  cannot  afford  to  give 
my  son  an  expensive  education;  a  man  con- 
vinced of  his  integrity  can  afford  to  despise 
such  insinuations. 

He  could  afford  to  suffer 
With  those  whom  he  saw  suffer.     II  ordsvorth 

Affordment  (af-ford'ment),  n.  A  donation; 
a  grant.  '  Your  forward  helps  and  afford- 
ments.'  B.  Lord. 

Afforest  ( af-for-est ),  v.  t.  [  L.  L.  afforestare. 
to  convert  into  a  forest- af  for  ad,  to 
and  foresta,  a  forest]  To  convert  ground 
into  forest,  as  was  done  by  the  first  >  orman 
kings  in  England,  for  the  purpose  of  afford- 
ing themselves  the  pleasures  of  the  chase. 
Sir  J.  Davies. 

Afforestation  (af-for-es-ta'-shon)  n.  Hie 
act  of  turning  ground  into  forest  or  wood 

Richard  I.  and  Henry  II.  .  .  .had  made  new  af. 
forestations.wA  much  extended  the  rigour  of  the 
forest  laws.  Slr  M-  ""''• 

Afformatlve  (af-form'a-tiv),  n  [Prefix  af 
for  ad,  to,  and  formative.]  In  philol.  an 
affix  Examples  of  afformatives  are  -ly  as  in 
kintili/  -en  as  in  wooden,  -ou»  in  virtuous. 

Affranchise  (af-fran'chiz),  v.  t.  [Fr.  affran- 
chir  a/ranchinsant,  to  make  free— a/for  ad, 
md  ffanc,  free.  See  FRANK,  FRANCHISE.) 
To  make  free. 

Affranchisement  ( af-f ran'chiz-mcnt ),  n. 
The  act  of  making  free,  or  liberating  from 
dependence  or  servitude. 

Affrapt  (af-frapO,  v.t.  and  t.  [Prefix  af  for 
ad,  to,  and  Fr.  f  rapper,  to  strike.  ]  To  strike. 

They  bene  ymert,  both  ready  to  affrap.  Spenser. 
Affray  (af-fra'),  n.  [0.  Fr.  affrai.  esfroi 
Mod.  Fr.  cffroi,  Pr.  esfrei,  terror,  ana 
formerly  also  outcry,  disturbance,  from  Pr. 
etfreyar.  esfreidar,  to  frighten,  from  L.L. 
exfrigidare  —  L.  ex.  intens.,  and  frigulus, 
cold  Wedgwood  and  others,  however,  de- 
rive the  word  from  L.  fragor,  a  crushing, 
tram  fray,  root  of  frango,  to  break  (and  al- 
lied to  E.  lmalf>.  Fray  is  an  abbreviated 
form.]  l.t  Fear. 

Full  of  ghastly  fright,  and  cold  affray.    Spenstr. 

2.  A  public  fljjht ;  a  noisy  quarrel ;  a  brawl; 
a  tumult;  disturbance;  specifically,  in  law, 
the  fighting  of  two  or  more  persons  in  a 
public  place  to  the  terror  of  others.  [A 
fighting  in  private  is  not  in  a  legal  sense  an 
affray.]  — SYN.  Quarrel,  brawl,  scuffle,  en- 
counter, fight,  contest,  feud,  tumult,  dis- 
turbance. 

Affray  (af-fra'),  v.t.  [Fr.  effrayer,  O.  or 
Prov.  Fr.  a/rnier,  fffroyer,  Pr.  esfreyar,  es- 
freiilar,  to  frighten.  See  the  noun.]  To 
frighten;  to  terrify;  to  give  a  shock  to. 

The  kettle-drum  and  far-heard  clarionet  _ 
/Iffray  his  ears. 


dishearten,  dispirit. 
Affright  (af-f  rit'),  »-  1.  Sudden  or  gre, 
terror :  it  expresses  a  stronger  imp 


Affrayer  ( af-fra'er),  n.  One  who  raises,  or 
is  engaged  in,  affrays  or  riots.  'Felons, 
night-walkers, affrayers.'  M.  Dalton.  [Rare.] 

Affraymentt  (af-fra'ment),  n.  Same  as 
Affray. 

Affrelght  (af-fraf),  v.t.  [Prefix  af  for  ad, 
to,  and  freight.]  To  hire  a  ship  for  the 
transportation  of  goods  or  freight.  Smart. 
Affluxion  (af-fluk'shon),  n.  The  act  of  flow-  i  Affreiehter  (af-frat'er).  n.  The  person  who 

;™  tn.  fhar TOr>!/-li  flnwa  t.n       Kir  T    Rrnwnp..        A1I1  eifiU  M31   \t"  »      Mt       >,  


.    . 

hires  or  charters  a  ship  or  other  vessel  to 

convey  goods.     Crabb. 
Affreightment  (al-frat'ment),  n.    The  act 

of  hiring  a  ship  for  the  transportation  of 

goods. 
Affrett  (af-iref),  ".  [It.  affrettare,  to  hasten. 

See  FRET,  to  rub.  ]     A  furious  onset  or 

attack. 

With  the  terrour  of  their  fierce  nffret 
They  rudely  bore  to  ground  both  man  and  horse. 
Spenser. 

Affriction  t  (af-f  rik'shon),  n.  [  Prefix  of  for 
ad,  to,  and  friction.  ]  The  act  of  rubbing. 
See  FRICTION.  Boyle. 

Affriended.t  Affrendedt  (af-frend'ed),  a. 
' 


Liiii  j.-<  —rrify,  frighten,  alarm,  dismay, 
daunt,  intimidate,  appal,  shock,  confound, 

•great  fear; 

impression 

SUM  fear  or  apprehension,  and  perhaps  less 
than  terror. 

He  looks  behind  him  with  affright,  and  before  him 
with  despair.  goldsmith. 

2.  The  cause  of  terror;  a  frightful  object. 

The  gods  upbraid  our  sufTrings, 

By  sending  these  affrights.         B  Jonson. 

Affrightedly   ( af-frit'ed-li ).  adv.      In    an 
affrighted  manner;  with  fright. 
Affrighten  (af-frit'n),  v.t.    To  terrify;  to 

Affrightfult  (af-frit'ful),  a.  Terrifying;  ter- 
rible; that  may  excite  great  fear;  dreadful. 
'Affriqhtful  accidents.'  Bp.  Hall. 

Affrightment  (af-frit'ment),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  terrifying. 

Since  your  affrightment  (you)  could  not  make  her 
open  unto  you. 

2.  The  state  of  being  frightened ;  affright ; 
terror.  'With  as  much  affrightment  as  if 
an  enemy  were  near.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Passionate  words  or  blows  ...  fill  the  child's 
mind  with  terror  and  affrifhtmettt.  Locke. 

Affront  (af-f runt'),  v.t.  [Fr.  affronter,  to 
encounter  face  to  face— af  for  ad,  to,  and  L. 
front,  frontis,  front,  face. )  1. 1  Lit.  to  meet 
or  encounter  face  to  face ;  to  confront ;  to 
front;  to  face. 

That  he,  as  'twere  by  accident,  might  here 
Affront  Ophelia.  Shak. 

The  seditious  affronted  the  king's  forces. 

Hayii'ard. 

2  To  offend  by  an  open  manifestation  of 
disrespect;  to  insult;  to  offend  by  insolence; 
as,  to  affront  one  by  giving  him  the  lie. 

Only  our  foe. 

Tempting,  affronts  us  with  his  foul  esteem 
Of  our  integrity.  Milton. 

3  To  put  to  shame  or  confusion ;  to  put  out 
of  countenance:  it  may  be  unintentionally. 

Affront  (af-frunf),  n.  l.t  Opposition  to  the 
face ;  open  defiance;  encounter. 

This  day  thou  shalt  have  ingots;  and.  to-morrow, 
give  lords  th'  affront. 

I  walk'd  about  admired  of  all  and  dreaded 
On  hostile  ground,  noi  e  daring  my  affront. 

Milton. 

2.  An  act  of  an  insulting  or  disrespectful 
character ;  an  open  manifestation  of  disre- 
spect or  contumely;  an  outrage;  an  insult. 
'An  affront  to  our  understanding.'    Addi- 
son. 

Oft  have  they  violated  , 

The  temple,  oft  the  law  with  foul  affronts.   Milton. 

3.  Shame ;  disgrace ;  anything  producing  a 
feeling  of  shame  or  disgrace. 

Antonius  .  .  .  was  defeated,  upon  the  sense  of 
which  affront  he  died  of  grief.  Arbuthnot. 

—Affront,  Insult,  Outrage.  Affront,  an  in- 
tentional act  of  disrespect,  often  rendered 
the  more  galling  as  being  given  in  the  pres- 
ence of  others;  insult,  a  direct  and  personal 
attack  intended  to  humiliate  or  degrade; 
outrage,  an  insult  or  affront  of  the  grossest 
kind,  implying  an  extreme  breach  of  the 
laws  of  society.  An  intuit  aggravated  by 
personal  violence  becomes  an  outrage. 

Captious  persons  construe  every  innocent  freedom 

"— -'     when  people  are  in  a  state  of  ani- 

...--..' '-feringeach  other 

ssion  impels  men 
the  commission  of  outrages.     '  Crabb. 

Affronte(af-frunt-e),a.  [Fr.]  InAer.(o)front 
to  front;  an  epithet  given 
to  animals  that  face  each 
other  aspectant  on  an  es- 
cutcheon, a  kind  of  bearing 
which  is  otherwise  called 
confront^,  and  stands  op- 
posed to  adorged.  (6)  Fac- 
ing the  spectator,  as  the 
lion  in  the  crest  of  Scot- 
land, (c)  Applied  to  a  sav- 
age's head  that  on  a  charge 
is  full  faced. 

Affrontedlyt  (af-frunt'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner to  affront;  provokingly.  Bacon. 

Affronter  (af-fi  unt'er).  n.  One  who  affronts. 

Affronting  (af-frunt'ing),  a.   Contumelious; 


LaptlOUS  pOTMHM  ttiiisiruc  c»ciy   mi 

into  an  affront.  When  people  are  in 
mosity,  they  seek  opportunities  of  offe 
instills.  Intoxication  or  violent  pass 


Affronte. 


,    . 

abusive.     '  Words  affronting  and  reproach- 
ful.'   Watts. 

Affrontingly  (af-frunfing-li),  adv.    In  an 
affronting  manner. 


Made  friends;  reconciled.     '  Deadly  foes  so 
faithfully  a/riended.'    Spenser. 

^S^SSS^S^SffSt     Airontivet-(aMrunt',v).a.    Giving  offence; 

fyrhtan,  to  frighten.      See  FRIGHT.]    To 
impress  with  sudden  fear ;  to  frighten  ;  to 


terrify  or  alarm. 

When  in  their  naked,  native  force  display  'd, 

Look  answers  look,  affrighting  and  afraid.   Crabtie. 


tending  to  offend;  abusive.  'How  much 
more  a/rmtive  it  is  to  despise  mercy. 
South. 

Affrontiveness  (  af-fnint'iv-nes  ),  n.    The 
quality  that  gives  offence.    Ash.    [Rare.] 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


AFFUSE 


AFTKK-(.'K(>r 


Affuse  (af-fuz'),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  a/used;  ppr. 
afftisitM.     [L.  a/un<i<>,  <t$'itxti)ii—af  for  ad, 
tit,  ami  fundo,  fumini,  to  pour  out.]     To 
pour  upon ;  to  sprinkle,  as  with  a  liquid. 
I  first  affused  water  upon  the  compressed  beans. 
Boyle. 

Affusion  (af-fu'/hon),  «.  1.  The  act  of  pour- 
ing upon,  or  sprinkling  with  a  liquid,  as 
water  upon  a  child  in  baptism. 

When  the  Jews  baptized  their  children,  in  order 
to  circumcision,  it  seems  to  have  been  indifferent 
whether  it  was  done  by  immersion  or  affusion. 

irheatley. 

2.  In  med.  the  act  of  pouring  water  on  the 
body  aa  a  curative  means,  as  by  a  shower- 
bath,  &c. 

Affyt  (af-fT),  v.t.  [Fr.  a/ier,  It.  affidare—L. 
nf  for  ad,  to,  and  fides,  faith.]  1.  To  be- 
troth ;  to  affiance. 

Wedded  be  thou  to  the  hags  of  hell, 
For  daring  to  etffy  a  mighty  lord 
Unto  the  daughter  of  a  worthless  king.       Shak. 

2.  To  bind;  to  join. 

Personal  respects  rather  seem  to  affy  me  unto  that 
synod.  Montagu. 

Affyt  (af-fi'),  v.i.     To  trust;  to  confide. 

I  do  affy  in  thy  uprightness.  Shak. 

Afghan  (af'gan),  n,  1.  A  native  or  inhabi- 
tant of  Afghanistan.  —  2.  The  language  of 
the  Afghans.— 3.  A  kind  of  carriage  blanket. 

Afghan  (af'gan),  a.  Of  or  relating  to  Afghan- 
istan or  its  people. 

Afield  (a-feld'),a<*0.    [Prefix  a,on,and./reZd.] 

1.  To  the  field;  in  the  field.  '  We  drove  afield. ' 
Milton. 

What  keeps  Gurth  so  long  afield 9     Sir  IP.  Scott. 

2.  Astray;  off  the  right  path. 

Why  should  he  wander  afield  at  the  age  of  fifty-five? 
Trollope. 

Afllet  (a-fil7),  v.t.  To  file;  to  polish  or  re- 
fine. See  AFFILE. 

Afire  (a-firO,  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
Jire.]  On  fire. 

The  match  is  left  afire.         Beau.  &•  Fl. 

Aflame  (a-flam'),  a.  or  ado.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
Jlame.}  Flaming;  glowing.  'Aflame  with 
a  glory  beyond  that  of  amber  and  amethyst.' 
George  Eliot. 

Aflat  (a-Haf),  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
jlat.]  On  a  level  with  the  ground. 

Lay  all  his  branches  aflat  upon  the  ground.  Bacon. 

Atlaunt  (a-flanf),  ft.  or  adv.  In  a  flaunting 
manner ;  with  showy  equipage  or  dress. 
'His  hat  all  ajlaunt  and  befeathered  with 
all  kinds  of  coloured  plumes.'  Copley. 

Aflight.t  u.i.  To  be  terrified;  alarmed.  'Her 
herte  ajligkt.'  Gower. 

Aflight,t  v.t.    To  terrify;  to  alarm. 

Judas  .  .  .  tooke  a  special!  pleasure  to  see  them 
so  ajlighted.  Sir  T.  Afore, 

Afloat  (a-flof),  adv.  or  a.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
float  (which  see).]  1.  Borne  on  the  water; 
floating ;  swimming ;  as,  the  ship  is  afloat. — 
2.  Fig.  moving;  passing  from  place  to  place; 
in  circulation;  as,  a  rumour  is  afloat.— 3.  Un- 
fixed; moving  without  guide  or  control;  as, 
our  affairs  are  all  afloat. 

Afoam  (a-fom'),  adv.  or  a.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
.f"<t,n  \  In  a  foaming  state;  foaming;  as, 
the  water  was  all  afoam, 

Afoot  (a-fuf),  adv.  or  a.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
foot.}  1.  On  foot ;  borne  by  the  feet ;  in  a 
condition  to  walk,  especially  after  sickness. 

He  distinguished  himself  as  a  sick-nurse,  till  his 
poor  comrade  got  afoot  again.  Carlyle. 

2.  In  action;  in  a  state  of  being  planned  for 
execution ;  as,  a  design  is  afoot. 
Afore  (a-forO.  adv.  [Prefix  a,  at,  and  fore; 
A.  Sax.  cetfore,  cetforan.  Except  asanautical 
word  afore  is  now  obsolete  or  provincial  in 
all  its  senses.  It  is  almost  uniformly  em- 
ployed in  Scotland  for  before.]  Before,  (a) 
In  front;  in  the  fore  part;  specifically (naut.\ 
iu  the  fore  part  of  a  vessel. 

Approaching  nigh,  he  reared  high  afore 

His  body,  monstrous,  horrible,  and  vast.  Spenser. 

(b)  In  time  foregone  or  past. 

If  he  never  drank  wine  afore,  it  will  go  near  to 
remove  his  fit.  Shak. 

(c)  Before,  in  position. 

Will  you  go  on  afore)  Shak. 

Afore  (a-foO,  conj.     Rather  than ;  before. 

Afore  I'll 
Entlure  the  tyranny  of  such  a  tongue, 

And  such  a  pride .     What  will  you  do? — 

Tell  truth.  B.  Jonson. 

Afore  (a-foi"),  prep.    1.  Before,    (a)  In  time. 

If  your  diligence  be  not  speedy,  I  shall  be  there 
afore  you.  Shak. 

(6)  Tn  position,  station,  or  rank. 

In  the  Trinity  none  is  afore  or  after  another. 
Athanasian  Creed. 


(c)  In  or  into  the  presence  of;  under  the 
i-f^itnl  or  notice  of.  '  Af<jn-  (Jod,  I  speak 
simply.'  B.  Jotison.  '.Notwithstanding  all 
the  dangers  I  laid  afore  you.'  B.  Jonson.— 
2.  $aut.  before;  more  toward  the  head  of  a 
ship  than ;  further  forward  or  nearer  the 
stem  than;  as,  afore  the  windlass.—  Afore 
the  mast,  applied  to  a  common  sailor  who 
does  duty  on  the  main  deck,  and  has  no 
special  office  on  board  the  ship. 

Aforegoing  (a-for'go-injr),  a.  Going  before. 
See  FUKEOOINO,  which  is  chiefly  used. 

Aforehand  (a-foi-'hand),  adv.  1.  In  time 
previous ;  by  previous  provision  ;  as,  he  is 
ready  aforehand. 

She  is  come  aforehand  to  anoint  my  body. 

Mark  xiv.  8. 

2.  Well  advanced ;  not  behindhand;  hence, 
in  satisfactory  pecuniary  circumstances;  as, 
he  is  aforehand  with  the  world.  'Afore- 
hand in  all  matters  of  power. '  Bacon.  [Old 
English  and  Scotch.] 

Aforementioned  (a-for'men-shond),a.  Men- 
tioned before  in  the  same  writing  or  dis- 
course. 

Aforenamed  (a-foVnamd),  a.  Named  be- 
fore. 

Aforesaid  (a-for'sed),  a.  Said,  recited,  or 
mentioned  before,  or  in  a  preceding  part. 

Aforethought  (a-for'that),  a.  Thought  of 
beforehand;  premeditated;  prepense;  aa, 
malice  aforethought,  which  is  required  to 
constitute  murder. 

Aforetime  (a-for'tim),  adv.  In  time  past; 
in  a  former  time. 

For  whatsoever  things  were  written  aforetime  were 
written  for  our  learning.  Rom.  xv.  4. 

Aforne-caste,  t «.  [Aforne  =  afore,  and  cast.  ] 
Premeditated.  Chaucer. 

A  fortiori  (a  for-shi-6'ri).  [L.]  For  a  stronger 
reason.  In  logic,  a  term  employed  in  a  chain 
of  reasoning,  to  imply  that  what  follows  is 
a  more  powerful  argument  than  what  has 
been  already  adduced.  It  is  also  used  by 
mathematicians  in  the  same  signification. 

Afoul  (a-foul'),  adv.  or  o.    [Prefix  a,  on,  and 

foul.]  Not  free;  in  collision;  entangled;  as, 
the  brig  ran  afoul  of  the  steamer. 

Afraid  (a-frad'),  a.  [O.E.  nffrayd,  afrayde, 
&c.,  pp.  of  the  obsolete  verb  affray,  to 
frighten.  See  AFFRAY.]  Impressed  with 
fear  or  apprehension ;  fearful :  followed  by 
of  before  the  object  of  fear;  as,  to  be  afraid 
of  death. 

Be  of  good  cheer  :  it  is  I ;  be  not  afraid. 

Mat.  xiv.  27. 

[Afraid  expresses  a  less  degree  of  fear  than 
terrified  or  frightened.  In  colloquial  lan- 
guage 1  am  afraid  is  often  nearly  equivalent 
to  I  suspect,  I  am  inclined  to  think,  or  the 
like,  and  is  regularly  used  as  a  kind  of  polite 
introduction  to  a  correction,  objection,  &c. , 
or  to  make  a  statement  sound  less  positive; 
as,  /  am  afraid  you  are  wrong ;  /  am  afraid 
that  argument  won't  hold.] 

AfrancesadO  (a-fran-tha-sa'THo),  n.  [Sp.] 
A  term  given  to  the  members  of  that  party 
in  Spain  who,  during  the  war  of  independ- 
ence (1808  to  1814),  allied  themselves  to  the 
French. 

Afreet.    See  AFRIT. 

Afresh  (a-fresh'),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
fresh.]  Anew;  again;  after  intermission. 

They  crucify  to  themselves  the  Son  of  God  afresh. 
Heb.  vi.  6. 

Afric  (af'rik),  a.  Same  as  African.  'Afric 
shore.'  Milton. 

African  (af'rik-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  Africa. 
— African  hemp,  or  A  frican  bowstring  hemp, 
one  of  the  names  of  the  fibre  obtained  from 
the  leaves  of  the  San&eviera  guineensis,  nat. 
order  Liliacece.  —African  oak  or  teak,  a  valu- 
able wood  for  some  ship-building  purposes, 
obtained  from  Oldfieldia  africana,  nat. 
order  Euphorbiacere. 

African  (af'rik-an),  n.  1.  A  native  of  Africa. 
2.  The  African  marigold  (Tagetes  erecta). 
[Rare.] 

Africanism  (af  rik-an-izm),  n.  A  word, 
phrase,  or  custom  peculiar  to  Africa. 

Africanize  (af  rik-an-Iz),  v.t  1.  To  give  an 
African  character  to.  —  2.  To  place  under 
negro  domination.  Bartlett.  [American.  ] 

Afright,t  a.    In  fear;  terrified. 

Myn  herte  is  sore  afright,  Chaucer, 

Afrit,  Afreet  (af-rif,  af-ref),  n.  In  Moham- 
medan myth,  a  powerful  evil  jinnee  or  de- 
mon. Written  also  Kfreet,  Afrite. 

A  front  (a-irunf),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
front]  In  front. 

These  four  came  all  afrotit.  Shak. 

Aft  (aft),  a.  or  ado.  [A.  Sax.  ceft,  eft,  after, 
behind;  Goth,  afta,  from  A.  Sax.  af,  <ff, 


Goth,  af,  K.  nf.  See  AFTKH.]  A'aut  a  word 
used  to  denote  position  at  or  near,  or  direc- 
tion towards  the  stern  of  a  ship;  as,  the  aft 
part  of  the  ship  ;  haul  aft  the  main  sheet, 
that  is,  further  towards  the  stern.—  Fore 
and  aft,  the  whole  length  of  a  ship.  —  Jiiijht 
aft,  in  a  direct  line  with  the  stern. 

Aft,  Aften  (aft,  af'n),  adv.  Oft;  often. 
[Scotch.] 

Aftcastle  (affkas-1),  n.  Naut.  an  elevation 
on  the  after-part  of  ships  of  war,  for  the 
purpose  of  fighting:  opposed  to  forecastle. 

After  (aft'er),  a.  [A.  Sax.  ccfter,  a  compar. 
froma/,E.  of,  -terbeing  the  compar.  syllable, 
seen  as  ther  in  whether,  hither,  as  der  in 
under.  See  OF.)  1.  Later  in  time;  subse- 
quent; succeeding;  as,  an  after  period  of 
life :  in  this  sense  often  combined  with  the 
following  noun;  as,  after-ayes.— 2.  Naut. 
more  aft,  or  towards  the  stem  of  the  ship ; 
as,  the  after  sails;  after  hatchway. 

After  (aft'er),  prep.  1.  Behind  in  place;  a?, 
men  placed  in  a  line  one  after  another.— 

2.  Later  in  time;  as,  after  supper.     [This 
word  often  precedes  a  sentence,  aa  a  govern- 
ing preposition. 

jtfter  I  am  risen  again,  I  will  go  before  you  into 
Galilee.  Mat.  xxvi.  32.] 

3.  In  pursuit  of;  in  search  of;  engaged  about; 
with  or  in  desire  for. 

sifter  whom  is  the  king  of  Israel  come  out  ? 

i  Sam.  xxiv.  14. 

Ye  shall  not  go  after  other  gods.      Ueut  vi.  14. 
As  the  hart  panteth  after  the  water-brooks,  so 
panteth  my  soul  after  thee,  O  God.  Ps.  xlii.  i. 

4.  In  imitation  of,  or  in  imitation  of  the 
style  of;  as,  to  make  a  thing  after  a  model; 
after  the  antique;  after  Raphael.  — 5.  Ac- 
cording to;  in  proportion  to;  in  accordance 
with.     'After  its  intrinsic  value.'    Bacon. 

O  Lord  deal  not  with  us  after  OUT  sins  .  .  .   Neither 
reward  us  after  our  iniquities.      Common  Prayer. 

6.  According  to  the  direction  and  influence 
of ;  according  to  the  demands  or  appetites 
of. 

For  if  ye  live  after  the  flesh,  ye  shall  die. 

Rom.  viii.  13. 

7.  Below  in  rank  or  excellence;  next  to;  as, 
n/ter  Shakspere  I  class  Hilton  as  our  great- 
est poet.— 8.  Concerning;  as,  to  inquire  after 
a  person.  —  After  all,  when  all  has  been 
taken  into  view,  and  there  remains  nothing 
more  to  be  added;  at  last;  in  fine;  upon  the 
whole ;  at  the  most ;  not  with  standing ;  as, 
after  all,  things  are  not  BO  bad  as  they 
looked. 

After  (aft'er),  adv.  1.  Later  in  time;  after- 
wards ;  as,  it  was  about  the  space  of  three 
hours  after. 

First,  let  her  show  her  face,  and  after  speak.   Shak. 

2.  Behind ;  in  pursuit ;  as,  to  follow  after. 
'  I'll  after.'    Shak.     [Though  apparently  an 
adverb  the  word  is  often,  however,  really  a 
preposition,  the  object  being  understood.] 
After-age  (af t'er-aj),  n.   A  later  age  or  time ; 
posterity.     'For  all  succeeding  time  ami 
after-age.'    Oldham. 
To  after-age  thou  shalt  be  writ  the  man. 
That    with   smooth   air   couldst    humour   best  our 
tongue.  Milton. 

Most  commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

What  an  opinion  will  after-ages  entertain  of  their 
religion  t  Addison. 

After-birth  (aft'er-b6rth),  n.  That  which 
is  excluded  from  the  uterus  after  the  birth 
of  a  child;  it  includes  the  placenta,  part  of 
umbilical  cord,  and  the  membranes  of  the 
ovum.  Called  also  Secundines. 

After-body  (aft'er-bo-di),  n.  That  part  of 
a  ship's  hull  which  is  abaft  the  midships  or 
dead-flat,  as  seen  from  the  stern.  The  term 
is,  however,  more  particularly  used  in  ex- 
pressing the  figure  or  shape  of  that  part  of 
the  ship. 

After- burthen  t  (aft'er-ber-THen),  n.  The 
after-birth:  a  term  frequently  employed  in 
the  depositions  relating  to  the  birth  of  the 
Prince  of  Wales  in  1688. 

After-cabin  (aft'er-kab-in),  n.  The  best  or 
stern  cabin  of  a  vessel.  Sometimes  called 
the  Saloon. 

After-Clap  t  (aft'er-klap),  n.  An  unexpected 
subsequent  event ;  something  happening 
after  an  affair  is  supposed  to  be  at  an  end. 
'  Those  dreadful  after-claps. '  South, 

After-come  (aft'er-kum),  n.  What  comes 
after ;  consequence.  '  And  how  are  you  to 
stand  the  after-comet'  Hogg.  [Scotch.] 

After-cost  (af  t'er-kost),  n.  Later  cost ;  ex- 
pense after  the  execution  of  the  main  de- 
sign. 

After-crop  (aft'er-krop),  n.  The  second 
crop  in  the  same  year. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Am;     w,  wig;     wh,  urAig;    zh,  ajure.— See  KEY. 


AFTER-DAMP 


54 


AGALMATOLITE 


After-damp  (aft'er-damp),  n.    Choke-damp  ] 
HT  carbonic  acid,  found  in  coal-mines  after 
an  explosion  of  'fire-damp'  or  light  carbur- 
etted  hydrogen. 

After-designed  (aft'er-de-siml),  a.  In  law, 
designed  or  specified  afterwards. 

After-eye  (aft-er-I'),  »•<•    To  keep  one  in 

Thou  shouldst  have  made  him 
As  little  as  a  crow,  or  less,  ere  let 
To  after-eye  him.  Shak. 

After -feed  (aft'er-fed),  n.    The  grass  that 
grows  after  the  first  crop  has  been  mown, 
and  not  cut  a  second  time  as  after-math,  j 
but  fed  off.    [Provincial.] 
Aftergame  (aft'er-gam),  n.    A  subsequent 
game  or  expedient ;  a  plan  laid  after  the 
original  scheme  has  failed. 
Our  first  design,  my  friend,  has  proved  abortive; 
Still  there  remains  an  aftergame  to  play.    Addison. 

After-grass  (aft'er-gras),  ».  The  second 
crop  of  grass  from  lands  which  have  been 
previously  mowed  the  same  year. 

After-grief  (af  t'er-gref),  ».  Grief  following 
on  the  first  outburst. 

There  are  after-griefs  .  .  .  which  leave  behind 
them  scars  never  to  be  effaced.  Southey. 

After-growth  (aft'er-groth),  n.  A  second 
growth  or  crop  springing  up  after  a  previous 
one  has  been  removed ;  hence,  any  form  or 
development  naturally  arising  after  any 
change,  social  or  moral.  '  The  after-growths 
which  would  have  to  be  torn  up  or  broken 
through.'  J.  S.  Mill 

After-guard  (aft'er-giird),  «.  In  the  navy, 
the  seamen  who  are  stationed  on  the  poop 
and  quarter-deck  of  vessels  to  attend  and 
work  the  after-sails,  Ac. 

After-help  (af  t'er-help).  n.  Secondary  help; 
subsidiary  cause.  Sir  E.  Sandys. 

Afterhind  (eft'er-hind),  ado.  [After,  and 
hind,  uinbeAinti.]  Afterwards.  Written 
also  Afterhin.  Afterhint.  [Scotch.] 

After-hold  (aft'er-hold),  n.  Naut.  that  por- 
tion of  the  hold  lying  behind  the  mainmast. 

The  Glasgow  was  in  flames,  the  steward  having  set 
fire  to  her  while  stealing  ruin  out  of  the  after-hold. 
Sontltey. 

After-hope  (aft'er-hop),  n.    Future  hope. 

/>.  Jotison. 
After-hours  (aft'cr-ourz),  n.  pi.    Hours  that 

follow  ;  time  following.     '  That  after-hours 

with  sorrow  chide  us  not.'    Shak. 
Afterings  (aft'er-ingz),  n.  pi.    1.  The  last 

milk  drawn  in  milking;  strokings.— 2.  Latter 

part  of  a  series  of  events. 

These  are  the  cf lei-ings  of  Christ's  sufferings. 
Bf.  Hall. 

After-leavings  (aft'er-le-vingz),  n.  pi.  Re- 
fuse. Weale. 

After-life  (aft'er-llf),  n.  1.  Future  life;  re- 
mainder of  life. 

My  dead  face  would  vex  her  after-life.     Tennyson. 

2.  The  life  after  death. 

After-love  (aft'er-luv),  n.  Second  or  future 
love. 

Aftermath  (aft'er-math),  n.  (After  and 
math.  See  MATH.]  A  second  mowing  of  grass 
from  the  same  land  in  the  same  season. 
Also  called  Lattermath,  Rowen,  or  Mmvett, 
and  in  some  places,  when  left  long  on  the 
ground,  Fog. 

After-mentioned  (aft-er-men'shond),  a. 
Mentioned  or  to  be  mentioned  afterwards  ; 
as,  the  after-mentioned  persons. 

Aftermost  (aft'er-most),  a.  mperl.  [A.  Sax. 
ceftemest,  ceftermest,  a  double  superlative, 
meat  being  from  ma+st,  two  superlative  suf- 
fixes. The  termination  has  become  falsely 
assimilated  to  most.  See  HINDMOST.]  Hind- 
most ;  naut.  nearest  the  stern :  opposed  to 
foremost. 

Afterness  (aft'er-nes),  n.  The  state  of  be- 
ing or  coming  after.  [Rare.] 

Afternoon  (aft'er-nbn),  n.  The  part  of  the 
day  which  follows  noon,  between  noon  and 
evening. 

Afternoon  (aft'er-non),  a.  Relating  to  the 
after  part  of  the  day;  as,  the  afternoon 
watch. 

After-note  (aft'er-not),  n.  In  music,  the 
second  or  unaccented  note,  the  first  of  every 
two  being  naturally  accented  ;  one  or  more 
small  notes  that  are  not  appoggiaturas,  but 
belong  to  the  preceding  instead  of  the  suc- 
ceeding note. 

After-pains  (aft'er-panz),  n.  pi.  The  pains 
which  succeed  childbirth. 

After-part  (aft'er-part),  n.  1.  The  latter 
part.— 2.  Naut.  the  part  of  a  ship  towards 
the  stern. 

After-peak  (aft'er-pek),  n.  Naut.  the  con- 
tracted part  of  a  vessel's  hold,  which  lies  in 


the  run  or  aftermost  portion  of  the  hold : 
in  contradistinction  to  the  fore-peak. 

After-piece  (aft'er-pes),  n.  A  short  drama- 
tic entertainment  performed  after  the  prin- 
cipal performance. 

After-proof  (aft'er-prb'f),  n.  Subsequent 
proof  or  evidence;  a  fact  or  piece  of  evidence 
subsequently  becoming  known. 

After-rake  (aft'er-rak),  n.  Xaut.  that  part 
of  the  hull  of  a  vessel  which  overhangs  the 
after-end  of  the  keel. 

After-sail  (aft'er-sal),  n.  Naut.  one  of  the 
sails  on  the  main  and  mizzen  masts. 

After-Study  (aft'er-stu-di),  n.  A  study  sub- 
sequent to  another,  or  that  is  undertaken 
at  some  future  time. 

As  a  slender  introduction  to  the  aftcr-stndy  of  logic, 
it  is  not  to  be  despised.  Sir  II'.  Hamilton. 

After-swarm  (aft'er-swarm),  n.  A  swarm 
of  bees  which  leaves  the  hive  after  the  first. 

After-taste  (aft'er-tast),  n.  A  taste  which 
succeeds  eating  or  drinking. 

After-thought  (aft'er-that),  n.  Reflection 
after  an  act;  some  consideration  that  occurs 
to  one's  mind  too  late,  or  after  the  perform- 
ance of  the  act  to  which  it  refers. 

After-thought,  and  idle  care. 
And  doubts  of  motley  hue,  and  dark  despair. 
Dryaen. 

After -time  (aft'er-tlm),  n.  Succeeding 
time. 

Wheresoever  I  am  sung  or  told. 
In  after-time,  this  also  shall  be  known.      Tennyson. 

More  commonly  used  in  the  plural. 

The  mere  possession  of  a  fief,  or  even  of  a  dignity, 
though  originally  a  means  of  acquiring  nobility,  did 
not  of  itself  confer  it  in  after-times.  Brougham. 

Afterward,  Afterwards  (aft'er-werd,  aft'- 
er-werdz),  adv.  [A.  Sax.  a-ftcnccard.  See 
WARD.  ]  In  later  or  subsequent  time. 

After-Wise  (aft'er-wiz),  a.  Wise  after  the 
event;  wise  when  it  is  too  late;  after- witted. 

There  are  such  as  we  may  call  the  after-wise,  who, 
when  any  project  fails,  foresaw  all  the  inconveniences 
that  would  arise  from  it,  though  they  kept  their 
thoughts  to  themselves.  Addison. 

After-wit  (aft'er-wit),  n.  Wisdom  that 
comes  too  late. 

There  is  no  recalling  of  what's  gone  and  past ;  so 
that  after-Tuit  comes  too  late  when  tile  mischief  is 
done.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

After--wits  are  dearly  bought, 
Let  thy  fore-wit  guide  thy  thought.    South-well. 

After-witted  (aft'er-wit-ed).  a.  Character- 
ized by  after-wit;  circumspect  when  it  is 
too  late;  after-wise. 

Our  fashions  of  eating  make  us  slothful!  and  un- 
lusty  to  labour  .  .  .  after-wilted  (as  we  call  it),  un- 
circumspect,  inconsiderate,  heady,  rash.  Tyndate. 

After-yard  (aft'er-yard),  n.  Saut.  a  yard 
belonging  to  the  mizzen-mast. 

Aft-meal  (aft'mel),  71.  A  meal  as  an  acces- 
sory to  the  main  meal,  as  dessert  to  dinner; 
an  after  or  late  meal. 

At  aft-meals  who  shall  pay  for  the  wine!     Thynnt, 

Aftmost  (aft'most),  a.  Xaut.  situated 
nearest  the  stern. 

Aft-ward  (aft'werd),  ode.  Naut.  towards 
the  stern  or  hinder  part  of  a  vessel. 

Aga  (a'ga),  n.  [Turk,  aghd,  a  great  lord, 
commander.]  In  the  Turkish  dominions,  a 
commander  or  chief  officer.  The  title  is 
given  to  various  chief  officers,  whether  civil 
or  military,  also  to  great  landholders,  and 
to  the  higher  officers  of  the  sultan's  seraglio. 
Spelled  also  Agha. 

Agabanee  (ag-a-ba'ne),  n.  A.  cotton  fabric 
embroidered  with  silk  made  in  Aleppo. 

Again  (a-gen'),  adv.  [O.  E.  agen ;  A.  Sax. 
ag£n,  dgegn,  ongegn,  ongedn,  again ;  gen, 
gedn,  gegn,  against.  See  AGAINST.]  1.  A 
second  time;  once  more. 

I  will  not  again  curse  the  ground.     Gen.  viii.  21. 

2.  On  another  occasion. 

For  unto  which  of  the  angels  said  he  at  any  time. 
Thou  art  my  Son,  this  day  have  1  begotten  thee?  And 
again,  I  will  be  to  him  a  father,  and  he  shall  be  to 
measonT  And  again,  .  .  .  Let  all  the  angels  of 
God  worship  him.  Heb.  i.  5. 

3.  On  the  other  hand;  on  the  contrary. 

The  one  is  my  sovereign       .... 

the  other  again 

Is  my  kinsman,  whom  the  king  hath  wronged. 
S/tat. 

4.  Moreover;  besides;  further. 

Again,  there  is  sprung  up 
An  heretic,  an  arch  one,  Cranmer.          Shak. 

B.  In  return;  back;  in  answer;  in  restitution. 

I  knit  my  handkerchief  about  your  brows; 
And  I  did  never  ask  it  you  again.          Shak. 
Bring  us  word  again  which  way  we  shall  go. 

Deut.  i.  22. 

'    6.  Anywhere  else;  in  any  other  place. 

There  is  not  in  the  world  again  such  a  spring  and 


seminary  of  brave  military  people  as  in  England. 
Scotland,  and  Ireland.  Bacon. 

[The  general  idea  involved  in  this  word  is 
that  of  return  or  repetition ;  as  in  these 
phrases— give  it  back  again  ;  give  him  as 
much  again,  that  is,  the  same  quantity  once 
more  or  repeated,  &c.  There  is  an  idioma- 
tic use  ef  the  word  in  such  phrases  as,  he 
struck  it  till  it  rung  again,  implying  energy 
on  the  part  of  the  subject  or  nctor,  and  re- 
ciprocal action  or  return  on  that  of  the  ob- 
ject. 

He  laughed  till  the  glasses  on  the  sideboard  rang 
again.  Dickens] 

—  Again  and  again,  often;  with  frequent 
repetition. 

This  is  not  to  be  obtained  by  one  or  two  hasty  read- 
ings ;  it  must  be  repeated  again  and  again.  Locke. 

Again  (a-gan',  a-gen"),  prep.    [O.E.  and  Sc.] 

1.  Against. 

Through  treason,  again  him  wrought.     Skelton. 

2.  Toward;  in  the  direction  to  meet. 

And  praide  him  for  to  ride  again  the  queue. 

Chaucer. 

Againlmyt  (a-ganTii),  t>.(.    To  redeem. 

We  hopeden  that  he  should  have  againbonght 
Israel.  ll'ickltffe. 

Againrising  t  (a-gan'riz-ing),  n.  Resurrec- 
tion. '  The  againrimng  of  deede  men. ' 
WiMi/e. 

Againsawt  (a-gan'saV  n.    Contradiction. 

Againsayt  (a-gen'sa),  v.t.  [Again  for 
agaimt,  and  say.]  To  gainsay.  For  extract 
see  under  AOAINSTAND. 

Against  (a-gensf),  prep.  [O.E.  agenes, 
ayens,  agayng,  ongaenes,  A.  Sax.  t6-yegnesr 
against.  The  es  is  an  adverbial  or  genit.  ter- 
mination and  the  t  does  not  properly  belong 
to  the  word,  having  been  added,  like  that 
in  amidst,  betwixt.  The  A.  Sax.  gegn,  again 
or  against,  is  only  used  in  compounds;  it  is 
the  same  as  gain  in  gainsay,  Icel.  gegn,  Sw. 
gen,  G.  gegen,  against.]  1.  Opposite  in  place; 
abreast;  as,  a  ship  is  against  the  mouth  of  a 
river ;  in  this  sense  it  is  often  preceded  by 
over. 

Aaron  lighted  the  lamps  thereof  over  against  the 
candlestick.  Num.  viii.  3. 

2.  In  opposition  to ;  in  contrariety  to ;  ad- 
verse or  hostile  to;  as,  twenty  votes  against 
ten ;  this  change  of  measures  is  against  us; 
against  law,  reason,  or  public  opinion. 

His  hand  will  be  against  every  man.     Gen.  xvi.  12. 

3.  Towards  or  upon ;  so  as  to  meet ;  in  an 
opposite  direction  to;  as,  to  strike  against 
a  rock;  the  rain  beats  against  the  window; 
to  ride  against  the  wind.  —  4.  Bearing  or 
resting  upon;  as,  to  lean  against  a  wall. — 
5.  In  provision  for ;  in  preparation  for. 

Against  the  day  of  my  burying  hath  she  kept  this. 
Jn.  xii.  j. 

—Against  time,  as  in  the  phrases,  a  match 
against  time,  a  race  against  time,  signifies 
that  some  specified  things  have  to  be  done 
or  distance  run  before  the  close  of  a  given 
time. 

I  always  felt  as  if  I  was  riding  a  race  against 
time.  Dicxtns. 

Againstand  t  (a-gen'stand),  v.t.  [Again  for 
against,  and  stand.]  To  oppose;  to  with- 
stand. 

Agait  (a-gaf),  adv.    Same  as  Agate. 

Agalactia  (a-ga-lak'ti-a),  n.  [Gr.  a,  prh% 
!  and  gala,  galactus,  milk.]  A  deficiency  of 
milk  in  a  mother  after  child-birth. 

Agal-agal  (a'gal-a'gal),  n.  Same  as  Agar- 
agar. 

Agalaxy  (ag'a-lak-si),  n.   Same  as  Agalactia. 

Agalloch  (ag'al-ok),  n.  Same  as  Agallochum. 

Agallochum  (a-gal'lok-um),  n.  [Gr.  agal- 
lochon.  Origin  unknown.  ]  A  name  given  to 
two  kinds  of  fragrant  wood  largely  used  by 
the  orientals  as  supplying  a  perfume.  The 
agallochum  of  Cochin-Chinais  obtained  from 
Aloexylon  Agallochum,  a  leguminous  tree 
growing  in  the  mountainous  regions  of  that 
country;  while  *he  Indian  variety  is  the 
wood  of  Amiilaria  Agallocha,  a  large  tree 
inhabiting  Silhet.  Both  woods  abound  in 
resin  and  an  essential  oil  which  yield  the- 
highly  esteemed  perfume  used  as  incense 
in  religious  ceremonies.  Agallochum  is  sup- 
posed by  some  to  be  the  almug-tree  of  Scrip- 
ture. Called  also  Agal-wood,  Eagle-wood , 
Lign-aloes,  and  Calambac. 

Agalma  (a-gal'ma),  »i.  [Gr.,  an  image.]  In 
law,  the  impression  or  image  of  anything 
upon  a  seal. 

Agalmatplite  (a-gal-mat'6-lit),  n.  [Gr. 
agalma,  image,  and  lithox,  stone.  ]  A  name 
given  to  a  soft  stone  found  in  China  and 
resembling  steatite.  It  is  a  clay-slate  al- 
tered by  heat,  and  by  the  addition  of  alka- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  mb've;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ti,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


AGAL-WOOD 


55 


AGAZED 


lies  from  the  decomposition  of  felspar.  It 
contains  no  magnesia,  but  otherwise  has 
the  char; ic UTS  of  steatite.  It  can  be  cut 
with  the  knife  and  polished;  and  in  China 
is  thus  funned  into  wurks  «>f  art,  as  gro- 
tesque figures,  pagodas,  Ac.  Called  also 
Fi'ftiri'-i't'iitt',  Lanl-ntftue,  and  Pagwlite. 

Agal-wood  fcnl-wnd),  n.  [Usually  cor- 
rupted to  Bagfc'Vood,]  See  AaALLOCEn  M. 

Agama(.-i^'a-nm),n.  (. Nat  ive  name  in  Guinea.  ] 
A  genus  of  small  saurian  reptiles,  family 
tauanidic.  A.  rgiiptiara  changes  its  colour 
like  the  rhamrlnm. 

Agamse  (u-'am-e),  n.  pi.  [Gr,  a,  priv.,  and 
ifiiuHHt,  marriage.)  A  name  given  by  some 
authors  to  the  large  division  of  ttowerless 
or  cryptogamie  plants,  which  were  sup- 
posed formerly  to  be  without  the  sexes  of 
the  more  perfect  plants. 

Agaml  (ag'a-mi),  n.    [Native  name.]    The 


Agami  (rsophia  crefitans). 

PsopAtacr^itefW.auinterestinggrallatorial 
bird,  family  Gruidte,  a  native  of  South  Ame- 
rica, often  called  the  golden-breaste  I  trum- 
peter. It  is  of  the  size  of  a  pheasant,  runs 
with  great  speed,  is  easily  tamed,  and  be- 
comes as  docile  and  attached  to  man  as  a 
dog. 

Agamlc(a-gam'ik),rt.  [Gr.  a,  priv., and gamox, 
marriage.]  Inzool.  applied  to  reproduction 
without  the  congress  of  individuals  of  the 
opposite  sex,  as  by  fission,  budding,  encyst- 
ment,  or  parthenogenesis. 

Agamidffi  (a-gam'i-de),  n.  pi  [Agama,  the 
name  of  a  lizard,  andGr.  eidos,  resemblance.] 
A  family  of  lacertilian  reptiles,  allied  to  the 
IguaniiUe,  characterized  by  the  absence  of 
palatal  teeth,  a  depressed  head,  inflated 
skin,  and  by  the  caudal  scales  being  imbri- 
cated. There  are  many  genera  found  both 
in  the  Old  and  in  the  New  World.  See 
IOUANID.E. 

Agamist  (ao'am-lstl  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
gain-on,  marriage.  ]  One  who  does  not  marry; 
one  who  refuses  or  rejects  marriage.  '  Aga- 
mixtif  and  wilful  rejecters  of  matrimony,' 
Foxe,  Book  of  Martyrs. 

Agamogenesis  (a-gam'o-jen"e-sis),  n,  [Or. 
a,  priv.,  gamos,  marriage,  undgenesis,  repro- 
duction.] In  zool.  the  production  of  young 
without  the  congress  of  the  sexes,  one  of 
the  phenomena  of  alternate  generation;  par- 
thenogenesis. See  AGAMIC. 

Agamogenetic  (a-gam'6-jen-et"ik),  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  agamogenesis ;  produced 
without  the  congress  of  the  sexes. 

Agamoid  (ag'ani-oid),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Again  Idas. 

Agamous  (ag'am-us),  a.  [Gr.  a,  neg.,  and 
gamos.  marriage.]  In  hot.  of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Aganise  (which  see). 

Agapanthus  (ag-a-pan'tlms),  n,  [Gr.  agape, 
love,  and  anthos,  a  flower.]  A  small  genus 
of  ornamental  plants  belonging  to  the  nat. 
order  Liliaceae.  The  species  are  perennial 
herbs  from  South  Africa,  with  large  umbels 
of  bright  blue  flowers.  They  have  been 
long  in  cultivation. 

Agape  (a-gap'),  adv.  or  a.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
liape.]  Gaping,  as  with  wonder,  expecta- 
tion, or  eager  attention;  having  the  mouth 
wide  open. 

Thou  art  not  come  to  see  this  courtly  show. 
Which  sets  the  young  ayape.       Joanna  Bailtie. 

Agape (ag'a-pe),  n.  [Gr.  agape, love.]  Among 
the  primitive  Christians  a  love-feast  or  feast 
of  charity,  held  before  or  after  the  commun- 
ion, when  contributions  were  made  for  the 
poor.  Such  feasts  were  held  at  first  without 
scandal,  but  afterwards  being  abused,  they 
were  condemned  at  the  Council  of  Carthage, 
A.I).  397. 

Agapemone  (ag-a-pe'mo-ne),  n.  [Gr.  agape, 
love,  and  mfine,  abode, from  mend, to  remain.  ] 
The  abode  of  love;  an  association  of  men  and 


women  living  promiscuously  on  a  common 
fund.  Brewer. 

Agaphlte  (iu/a-flt),  ».  [After  a  naturalist 
Agaphi.]  A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
turquoise,  more  especially  the  flue  blue 
variety  of  that  stone. 

Agar-agar(a'tfrtr-a'Kar),  n.  Tin.'  native  name 
of  Ceylon  moss  or  Bengal  isinglass,  a  ilritrd 
sea-weed,  the  Gracilaria  lichenuidex,  much 
used  in  the  Kast  for  soups  and  jellies. 

Agaric  (a-gar'ik),  n.  [Gr.  agariJcon,  a  fungus 
used  as  tinder,  from  Agaria,  according  to 
Dioscorides,  a  town  of  Sarmatia,  where  this 
fungus  abounded.]  One  of  the  fungi  that 
form  the  genus  Agaricus.  By  the  old  herbal- 
ists the  name  had  a  wider  range,  including 
the  corky  forms  growing  on  trunks  of  trees, 
like  the  'female  agaric'  (Polyponw  ojficin- 
alut),  to  which  the  word  was  originally  ap- 
plied. See  AoARlci'sand  POLYPORUS.— .dpa- 
ric  mineral,  mountain-milk,  or  mountain- 
meal,  one  of  the  purest  of  the  native  carbon- 
atesof  lime, found  chiefly  in  the  clefts  of  rocks 
and  at  the  bottom  of  some  lakes  in  a  loose 
or  semi-indurated  form  resembling  a  fungus. 
The  name  is  also  applied  to  a  stone  of  loose 
consistence  found  in  Tuscany.of  which  bricks 
may  be  made  so  light  as  to  float  in  water,  and 
of  which  the  ancients  are  supposed  to  have 
made  their  floating  bricks.  It  is  a  hydrated 
silicate  of  magnesium,  mixed  with  lime,  alu- 
mina, and  a  small  quantity  of  iron. 

Agaricla  (a-ga-rish'i-a),  n.  [From  Agaricus, 
a  genus  of  fungi.]  The  mushroom  madre- 
pore, a  genus  of  coral  madrepores,  so  named 
from  their  resemblance  to  mushrooms. 

Agaiiclnl  (a-gar'i-srni),  n.  pi.  A  group  of 
fungi  having  the  fruit-bearing  surface  ar- 
ranged in  radiating  gills,  as  in  the  mush- 
rooms and  toad-stools. 

Agaricus  (a-gar'ik-us),  «.  [See  AGARIC.]  A 
large  and  important  genus  of  fungi,  charac- 
terized by  having  a  fleshy  cap  or  pileus,  and 
a  number  of  radiating  plates  or  gills  on 


Agaricus  disseminatus. 

which  are  produced  the  naked  spores.  The 
majority  of  this  species  are  furnished  with 
stems,  but  some  are  attached  to  the  objects 
on  which  they  grow  by  their  pileus.  Over  a 
thousand  species  are  known,  and  are  ar- 
ranged in  five  sections  according  as  the 
colour  of  their  spores  is  white,  pink,  brown, 
purple,  or  black.  Many  of  the  species  are 
edible  like  the  common  mushroom  (A.  cam- 
pestris),  and  supply  a  delicious  article  of 
food,  while  others  are  deleterious  and  even 
poisonous.  See  MUSHKOOM. 

Agast.    See  AGHAST. 

Agastric  (a-gas'trik),  a.  [Gr.  a,  without,  and 
gaster,  gastros,  belly.]  Without  a  stomach 
or  proper  intestinal  canal,  as  the  tape- worm. 

Agate  (a-gat')i  ftdv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and  gate, 
a  road,  a  way.  See  GATE.]  On  the  way; 
going;  agoing;  in  motion.  'Set  him  agate 
again.'  Old  play.  'Set  the  bells  agate.' 
Cotgrave.  [Old  and  Provincial  English  and 
Scotch.] 

Agate  (ag'at),  n.  [Fr.  agate;  L.  achates,  be- 
cause found  near  a  river  of  that  name  in 
Sicily.]  1.  A  siliceous  semi-pellucid  com- 
pound mineral,  consisting  of  bands  or  layers 
of  various  colours  blended  together,  the 
base  generally  being  chalcedony,  and  this 
mixed  with  variable  proportions  of  jasper, 
amethyst,  quartz,  opal,  heliotrope,  and  car- 
nelian.  The  varying  manner  in  which  these 
materials  are  arranged  causes  the  agate 
when  polished  to  assume  some  characteristic 
appearances,  and  thus  certain  varieties  are 
j  distinguished,  as  the  ribbon  agate,  the  for- 
tification agate,  the  zone  agate,  the  star 
agate,  the  moss  agate,  the  clouded  agate, 
Ac  In  some  agates  vegetable  or  animal 
remains  have  been  observed  imbedded. 
Agate  is  chiefly  found  in  trap-rocks  and 
serpentine,  often  in  the  form  of  nodules, 
called  aeodes.  Agates  are  esteemed  the  least 
valuable  of  the  precious  stones.  They  are 
cut  and  polished  in  large  quantities  at 
Oberstein  in  Saxony,  where  also  artificial 


means  are  used  to  produce  striking  varieties 
of  colour  in  these  stones.  In  Scotland  also 
they  are  cut  and  polished,  under  the  name 
of  Scotch  pebbles.  They  are  used  for  rings. 
seals,  cups,  beads,  boxes,  handles  of  small 
utensils,  &c.  Agate  is  used  by  Shakspere 
as  a  symbol  of  littleness  or  smallness,  from 
the  little  figures  cut  in  these  stones  when 
set  in  rings. 

I  was  never  maimed  with  an  a  fate  till  now. 

a  Henry  IV.  act  j,  sc.  y. 

2.  An  instrument  used  by  gold  wire-drawers, 
so  called  from  the  agate  in  the  middle  of  it. 

3.  Naut.  the  cap  for  the  pivots  of  the  com- 
pass-cards, so  named  because  formed  of  a 
hard  siliceous  stone,  a  chalcedony  or  car- 
uelian,  Ac. — 4.  In  printing,  a  kind  of  type, 
called  also  liuby  (which  see). 

Agathis  (ag'a-this),  n.    Same  as  Dammara. 

Agathodffimon  (ag'ath-6-de"mon),  n.  [Gr. 
agathog,  good,  and  daimon,  a  spirit]  The 
good  genius  or  spirit,  a  divinity  to  whom 
the  ancient  Greeks  drank  a  cup  of  unmixed 
wine  at  the  end  of  every  repast. 

Agathosma  (a-ga-thoz'ma),  n.  [Gr.  agathog, 
pleasant,  and  osm3,  smell.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Hutacece,  natives  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  Kaffirs  mix  the 
dried  and  powdered  leaves  of  A.  pulckella, 
with  the  grease  with  which  they  smear  their 
bodies,  giving  them  a  smell  unbearable  by 
Europeans. 

Agathotes  (a-gath'o-tez),  n.  [Gr.  agathotes, 
excellence.]  A  genus  of  plants  found  in 
India,  nat.  order  Gentianacete.  The  A. 
Chirayta  is  the  officinal  chiretta  (which  see). 

Agatiferous  (ag-at-if'er-us),  a.  [E.  agate, 
and  L.  fero,  to  produce.]  Containing  or 
producing  agates.  Craig. 

Agatine  (ag'at-In),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling agate. 

Agatize  (ag'at-iz),  v.t.  To  change  into  agate. 
—Agatizedwood,  a  kind  of  hornatone  formed 
by  petrifaction. 

Agaty  (ag'at-i),  a.  Of  the  nature  of  agate. 
'  An  agaty  flint.'  Woodward. 

Agave  (a-ga've),  n.  [Gr.  agauos,  noble.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Amaryllidacete, 
comprehending  the  American  aloe.  The 
plants  are  generally  large,  and  have  a  mas- 
sive tuft  of  fleshy  leaves  with  a  spiny  apex. 
They  live  for  many  years— ten  to  seventy — 
before  flowering.  When  this  takes  place 
the  tall  flowering  stem  springs  from  the 
centre  of  the  tuft  of  leaves,  and  grows  very 
rapidly  until  it  reaches  a  height  of  15,  20, 
or  even  40  feet,  bearing  towards  the  end  a 
large  number  of  flowers.  The  best-known 
species  isj4.  americana,  which  was  intro- 
duced into  Europe  in  1561.  This  yields  many 
important  products.  The  sap,  obtained  in 
abundance  from  the  plant  when  the  flower- 
ing stem  is  just  ready  to  burst  forth,  pro- 
duces, when  fermented,  a  beverage  resem- 


Atnerican  Aloe  (Afave  americana). 

bling  cider,  called  by  the  Mexicans  pulque. 
The  fibres  of  the  leaves  are  formed  into 
thread  and  ropes,  and  an  extract  of  the 
leaves  is  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap;  the 
flower-stem,  when  withered,  is  cut  up  into 
slices  to  form  razor-strops. 
Agazedt  (a-gazdO,  pp.  or  a.  [This  may  l>e 
either  a  word  independently  formed  from 
prefix  a,  on  or  at,  and  the  noun  gaze  =  & 


eh,  cAain;      eh.  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  *Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


AGE 


56 


AGGLUTINATE 


modified  by  the  influence  anil  somewhat 
similar  meaning  of  gaze.  See  AGHAST.] 
Gazing  with  astonishment. 

The  French  exclaim'd  the  devi]  was  in  arms ; 

All  the  whole  army  stood  agazed  on  him.  Shatt. 
Age  (aj),  n.  [Fr.  Age;  O.Fr.  cage,  and  edage, 
;ige,  through  rustic  or  L.L.  cetatimm,  from 
L  cEtos.  cetatis,  an  abbrev.  of  centos,  from 
lemim.  life-time,  age,  which  word  is  really 
the  same  as  the  Or.  ai(f)6n,  life -time, 
eternity;  and  allied  to  ai,  ever;  Skr.  Ay,  in 
dyus,  life,  and  also  to  E.  aye.  Sternal  is 
also  from  aevum.  1  1.  A  period  of  time  re- 
presenting the  whole  or  a  part  of  the  dura- 
tion of  any  individual  thing  or  being ;  the 
time  during  which  an  individual  has  existed 
or  may  exist;  as,  the  age  of  a  man;  the  age 
of  a  plant;  the  age  of  the  world,  or  of  a 
rock;  my  age  is  twenty  years. 

Jesus  himself  began  to  be  about  thirty  yearsofinv. 

2  The  latter  part  of  life  or  long-continued 
duration;  the  lapse  of  time,  especially  as 
affecting  a  person's  physical  powers;  the 
state  of  being  old;  oldness. 

•    The  eyes  of  Israel  were  dim  for  age.    Gen.  xlviii.  10. 
Age  cannot  wither  her,  nor  custom  stale 
Her  infinite  variety.  Shalt. 

3.  One  of  those  periods  or  stages  of  develop- 
ment into  which  human  life  may  be  divided, 
as  marked  by  certain  characteristics ;  time 
of  life ;  as,  life  is  divided  into  four  ages, 
infancy,  youth,  manhood,  and  old  age. 

AH  the  world's  a  stage. 
And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  players; 
They  have  their  exits  and  their  entrances, 
And  one  man  in  his  time  plays  many  parts. 
His  acts  being  seven  ages.  ShaA. 

4.  The  state  of  having  arrived  at  maturity; 
mature  years;  maturity. 

He  is  of  age.  ask  him.  Jn.  ix.  21. 

6.  Specifically,  the  first  twenty-one  years  of 
one's  life,  at  the  completion  of  which  one  is 
legally  master  of  his  actions;  full  age;  as, 
he  is  of  age;  to  come  of  age.  [There  are 
certain  periods  of  life  before  which  one  is 
not  legally  competent  to  do  certain  things. 
At  the  age  of  fourteen  a  person  of  either  sex 
may  choose  a  guardian.  A  female  at  the 
age  of  twelve  years,  and  a  male  at  the  age 
of  fourteen,  may  make  a  valid  will  of  per- 
sonal estate,  but  no  person  under  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years  can  make  a  will  of  lands. 
A  person  of  either  sex  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen may  be  an  executor  or  executrix.  A 
woman  may,  by  law,  consent  to  marriage  at 
twelve,  and  a  man  at  fourteen;  but  parties 
under  the  age  of  twenty-one  cannot  actually 
marry  without  the  consent  of  guardians.  A 
person  of  either  sex  who  has  attained  the 
age  of  fourteen  years  is  liable  to  prosecution 
and  punishment  for  crimes ;  but  a  child 
above  seven  years  of  age,  and  under  four- 
teen, maybe  tried  and  punished  for  a  crime 
provided  it  clearly  appears  that  he  is  con- 
scious of  the  nature  and  wickedness  of  the 
crime.]— 6.  A  particular  period  of  history, 
as  distinguished  from  others ;  a  historical 
epoch;  as,  the  golden  age;  the  age  of  heroes 
or  of  chivalry.  The  age  is  often  used  of  the 
present  as  a  historical  period ;  the  times  we 
live  in;  as,  to  fully  understand  the  spirit  of 
the  age. 

The  age  of  chivalry  is  gone.  Burke. 

7.  The  people  who  live  at  a  particular  period ; 
hence,  a  generation  and  a  succession  of 
generations;  as,  ages  yet  unborn.  'The 
mystery  hid  from  ages.'  Col.  i.  26. —8.  A 
century;  the  period  of  one  hundred  years. 

Henry  .  .  .  justly  and  candidly  apologizes  for  these 
five  ages.  HalLam. 

9.  Great  length  of  time;  protracted  period; 
as,  I  haven't  seen  you  for  an  age.    'To- 
morrow, and  that's  an  age  away.'  Tennyson. 

10.  Old  people  generally. 

The  hawthorn  bush,  with  seats  beneath  the  shade, 
For  talking  a£ e  and  whispering  lovers  made. 

Goldsmith. 

— Age  of  the  moon,  the  time  elapsed  since 
her 'last  conjunction  with  the  sun. —Geologic 
age,  or  period,  one  of  those  divisions  or 
periods  into  which  geologic  time  has  been 
classified  according  to  the  prevalence  of 
certain  animal  or  vegetable  forms,  and  the 
comparative  antiquity  or  recentness  of  or- 
ganic remains  in  the  strata;  as,  the  mesozoic 
age,  the  age  of  reptiles,  &c. — The  Archaeolo- 
gical Ages  or  Periods  are  three  —  the  Stone 
Age,  the  Bronze  Age,  and  the  Iron  Age,  these 
names  being  given  in  accordance  with  the 
materials  employed  for  weapons,  imple- 
ments, &c.,  during  the  particular  period. 
The  Stone  Age  has  been  subdivided  into 


two  — the  Pateolithic  and  Neolithic.    (See 


estate  as  much  as  satisfies  his  claim,  and  is 
thus  said  to  be  agent  and  patient. 


any  specific  people. — -        ... 

generation,  date,  era,  epoch,  maturity,  npe- 

AgT'faj),  v.i.    To  grow  old;  to  assume  the 
Appearance  of  old  age;  as,  he  ages  rapidly. 

I  am  aging;  that  is.  I  have  a  whitish,  or  rather  a 
light-coloured  hair  hei 


e  and  there. 


l^ndoi 


Age  (aj),  v.t.  To  leave  to  the  influence  of 
time;  to  bring  to  maturity,  or  to  a  state  fit 
for  use-  to  give  the  character  of  age  or  ripe- 
ness to;  as,  to  age  wine;  to  age  clay,  &c. 

Aged  (aj'ed),  a.  1.  Old ;  having  lived  long; 
having  lived  almost  the  usual  time  allotted 
to  that  species  of  being:  applied  to  animals 
or  plants;  as,  an  aged  man,  or  an  aged  oak. 
2  Having  a  certain  age;  having  lived;  as,  a 


man  aged  forty  years. 
Agedly  (aj'ed-li),  adv.   L: 
Aeedness  (aj'ed-nes),  n. 


Like  an  aged  person. 

Agedriesa  (aj'ed-nes),  n.    The  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  old;  oldness. 

Custom  without  truth 


s  but  apedness  of  error. 
Milton. 

Agee  (a-jeO,  adv.    Same  as  Ajee. 
•?eless  (aj'les),  a.    Without  age;  without 
definite  limits  of  existence. 
Agen  t  (a-gen'),  adv.    Again. 

Borne  far  asunder  by  the  tides  of  men, 
Like  adamant  and  steel  they  meet  affen. 

Dryden. 

Agency  (a'jen-si),  «.  [L.L.  agentia,  from  L. 
agens  ppr.  of  ago,  to  act.  See  ACT.  ]  1.  The 
state  of  being  in  action  or  of  exerting  power; 
action ;  operation  ;  instrumentality.  '  The 
agency  of  providence  in  the  natural  world. 
Woodward.—  2.  The  office  of  an  agent  or  fac- 
tor; business  of  an  agent  intrusted  with  the 
concerns  of  another;  as,  the  principal  pays 
the  charges  of  agency. 

Agend  (a'jend),  n.  [Contr.  for  L.  agen- 
dum.] Something  that  is  to  be  done;  spe- 
cifically in  theol.  a  thing  to  be  done,  in  con- 
tradistinction to  a  thing  to  be  believed.  See 
AGENDUM,  1. 

For  the  matter  of  our  worship,  our  credends.  our 
agends  are  all  according  to  the  rule.  H'ilcoct. 

Agendum  (a-jen'dum),  n.  pi.  Agenda  (a- 
jen'da).  [L.,  something  to  be  done.]  1.  In 
theol.  something  which  a  man  is  bound  to 
perform,  in  opposition  to  credendum,  or 
something  which  he  is  bound  to  believe. 
'The  moral  and  religious  credenda  and 
agenda  of  any  good  man.'  Coleridge.—  1.  pi. 
(a)  Memoranda;  a  memorandum-book.  (6)  A 
church  service;  a  ritual  or  liturgy. 

Agenesis  (a-jen'e-sis).  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
genesis,  generation.  ]  In  physiol.  any  ano- 
maly of  organization,  consisting  in  absence 
or  imperfect  development  of  parts. 

Agent  (a'jent),  a.  [L.  agent,  agentis,  acting. 
See  ACT.]  Acting:  opposed  to  patient,  or 
sustaining  action.  '  The  body  agent. '  Bacon. 
[Rare.] 

Agent  (a'jent),  n.  [See  the  adjective.]  1.  An 
actor;  one  thatexerts  power.or  has  the  power 
to  act;  as,  amoral  agent.— 2.  An  active  power 
or  cause;  that  which  has  the  power  to  pro- 
duce an  effect;  as,  heat  is  a  powerful  agent. 
In  physics,  anything  which  has  power  to  act 
upon  something  else  is  an  agent;  in  them. 
substances  which  occasion  the  decomposi- 
tion of  others,  or  produce  a  chemical  change 
on  other  bodies,  are  called  agents;  in  med. 
anything  which  affects  or  tends  to  affect  the 
human  body  is  called  an  agent. — 3.  A  sub- 
stitute, deputy,  or  factor;  one  intrusted 
with  the  business  of  another ;  an  attorney, 
solicitor,  or  other  representative  of  a  per- 
son, the  person  represented  being  called  the 
principal  in  relation  to  his  agent  — Morbific 
agents,  in  med.  causes  of  disease;  therapeutic 
agents,  the  means  of  treating  disease. — A 
voluntary  or  free  agent  is  one  that  may  do 
or  not  do  any  action,  and  has  the  conscious 
perception  that  his  actions  result  from  the 
exercise  of  his  own  will. — A  gent  and  patient, 
in  law,  a  person  who  is  both  the  doer  of  a 
thing  and  the  party  to  whom  it  is  done; 
thus  when  a  person  who  is  due  money  to 
another  dies  and  makes  the  creditor  his 
executor  the  latter  may  retain  out  of  the 


from  palsy  of  the  tongue. 
Aggelationt(a-jel-a'shon),n.  [L.L.  aggelatw, 
~  aagtlationit—L.  ag  for  ad,  to,  and  gelo,  gela- 

tum  to  freeze,  from  gelv,  ice.]    Concretion 

of  a  fluid  into  ice.    Sir  T.  Browne. 
Aggeneration  t  (a-jen'er-a"shon),  n.    [L.  017 

for  ad,  to,  and  E.  geneiation.]  The  state  of 

becoming  absorbed  in  and  so  as  to  form 

part  of  another  substance.    Sir  T.  Browne 
Agger  (aj'er),  n.    [L.  ,  from  ad,  to,  and  gero, 

to  carry.  ]  A  Latin  term  signifying  an  earth- 

work or  any  artificial  mound  or  rampart 

made  use  of  in  the  attack  and  defence  of  a 

military  position. 
Aggerate  (aj'er-at),  v.t.     [L.  aggero,  agger- 

atnm,  to  form  a  heap.]  To  heap  up.  Bailey. 
Aggeration  (aj-er-a'shon),   n.    A  heaping; 

accumulation.   'Aggerations  of  sand.'  Ray. 

[Hare.] 
Aggerose  (aj'er-6s),  a.    In  heaps,  or  formed 

in  heaps.     Dana. 
Aggestt  (ad-jest'),  v.t    [L.  aggero,  aggestum 

—ag  for  ad,  to,  and  gero,  to  carry.]  To  heap 

up. 

The  violence  of  the  waters  aggtsted  the  earth. 
Fuller. 

Agglomerate  (ag-glom'er-at),  TJ.  (.  pret.  &  pp. 
agglomerated;  ppr.  agglomerating.  [L.  agglo- 
mero  —  ad,  and  glomero,  to  wind  into  a  ball, 
from  glomus,  a  ball  of  yarn,  kindred  with 
globus,  a  globe.  ]  To  collect  or  gather  into 
a  mass.  '  In  one  agglomerated  cluster  hung.  ' 
Young. 

Agglomerate  (ag-glom'er-at),  v.i.  To  gather, 
grow,  or  collect  into  a  ball  or  mass.  'Hard, 
agglomerating  salts.'  Thomson. 

Agglomerate  (ag-glom'er-at),  n.  In  geol.  a 
collective  name  for  masses  consisting  of 
angular  fragments  ejected  from  volcanoes: 
when  the  mass  consists  of  fragments  worn 
and  rounded  by  water  it  is  called  a  conglo- 
merate. Called  also  Coarse  Ash. 

Agglomerate,  Agglomerated  (ag-glom'er- 
at,  ag-glom'er-at-ed),  a.  Gathered  into  a 
ball  or  mass  ;  specifically,  in  bot.  collected 
into  a  head,  as  the  stamens  in  Anona  or 
Magnolia,  or  the  male  flowers  in  a  pine-tree. 

Agglomeration  (ag-glom'er-a"shon),  n. 
1.  The  act  of  agglomerating  or  state  of  being 
agglomerated;  the  state  of  being  gathered 
into  a  ball  or  mass.  —  2.  That  which  is  ag- 
glomerated; a  collection;  aheap. 

Agglomerative  (ag-glom'er-at-iv),  a.  Dis- 
posed or  having  a  tendency  to  gather  to- 
gether or  collect. 

Taylor  is  eminently  discursive,  accumulative,  and 
(to  use  one  of  his  own  words)  agglomeralive. 

Coleridge. 

Agglutlnant  (ag-glu'tin-ant),n.  Any  viscous 
substance  which  agglutinates  or  unites  other 
substances  by  causing  an  adhesion  ;  any  ap- 
lication which  tends  to  unite  parts  which 


pli 

have  too  little  adhesion. 

Agglutlnant  (ag-glu'tin-ant),  a.  Uniting  as 
glue;  tending  to  cause  adhesion.  '  Some- 
thing strengthening  and  agglutinant.'  Gray. 

Agglutinate  (ag-glu'tin-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
agglutinated;  ppr.  agglutinating.  [L.  agglu- 
ttno  —  ad,  and  glutino,  from  gluten,  glue. 
See  GLUE.]  To  unite  or  cause  to  adhere, 
as  with  glue  or  other  viscous  substance;  to 
unite  by  causing  an  adhesion  of  substances. 

Agglutinate  (ag-glu'tin-at),  a.  United  as  by 
glue;  joined.  —  Agglutinate  languages,  lan- 
guages in  the  second  stage  of  development, 
or  that  midway  between  the  monosyllabic 
and  inflectional  stages.  The  suffixes  for  in- 
flection are  glued  to  the  root,  but  retain  a 
kind  of  independence,  and  are  felt  to  be 
distinct  from  the  body  of  the  word;  the 
root  stands  at  the  head  of  the  word  and 
undergoes  no  modification,  while  the  suffixes 
often  undergo  vowel  modification  by  what 
has  been  called  the  law  of  harmony,  every 
such  ending  having  two  forms,  one  with  a 
heavy  vowel  and  another  with  a  light,  these 
forms  being  employed  in  conformity  with 
the  character  of  the  vowel  in  the  root; 
thus,  from  Turk,  ba&a,  father,  we  have  baba- 
lar-um-dan,  from  our  fathers,  but  from 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  ley. 


AGGLUTINATING 


57 


AGILE 


dedeh,  grandfather,  dede-ler-in-den,  from 
their  grandfathers.  Called  also  Ayi/latin- 
alive,  Agglutinating,  J'olyxynthetic,  or  Ter- 
minati<nial  Languages. 

Agglutinating  fag-gift 'ttn-4t-taf),  «•  In 
l>hilal.  i-hunu -UTJ/I  :t\  by  agglutination;  ag- 
ulutinate.  See  AGGLUTINATE,  a. 

Agglutination  (ag-glu'tin-a"shon),n.  1.  The 
act  of  uniting  by  glue  or  other  tenacious 
Mihstance;  the  state  of  being  thus  united; 
adhesion  of  parts.  —  2.  In  philot.  the  nmst 
characteristic  feature  of  the  Turanian  lan- 
guages, consisting  in  a  union  of  formative 
elements  with  roots  in  such  a  way  that  both 
retain  a  kind  of  semi-independence  and  the 
root  is  never  obscured.  See  AGGLUTINATE,^ 

In  the  Aryan  languages  the  modifications  of  words, 
comprised  under  declension  and  conjugation,  were 
likewise  originally  expressed  by  agglutination.  But 
the  component  parts  began  soon  to  coalesce,  so  as  to 
form  one  integral  word,  liable  in  its  turn  to  phonetic 
corruption  to  such  an  extent  that  it  became  impos- 
sible after  a  time  to  decide  which  was  the  root  and 
which  the  modificatory  element.  Max  Mutter. 

Agglutinative  (ag-glu'tin-at-iv),a.  1.  Tend- 
ing or  having  power  to  agglutinate  or  unite; 
having  power  to  cause  adhesion;  as,  an  ag- 
glutinative substance.  —  2.  In  philol.  exhi- 
biting or  characterized  by  the  formative 
process  known  as  agglutination;  agglutin- 
ate; as,  an  agglutinative  language. 

There  was  a  very  good  reason  why  the  Turanian 
languages  should  have  remained  in  this  second  or 
nggtufinative  stage.  It  was  felt  essential  that  the 
r.ulical  portion  of  each  word  should  stand  out  in  dis- 
tinct relief  and  never  be  obscured  or  absorbed,  as 
happens  in  the  third  or  inflectional  stage. 

AM  Miitler. 

Aggracet  (ag-gras'),  v.t.  1.  To  show  grace 
or  favour  to.  Spenser.—  2.  To  make  beau- 
tiful or  graceful. 

And  that  which  all  faire  workes  doth  most  aggrace, 
The  art  which  all  that  wrought  appeared  in  no  place. 
Sfenser. 

Aggracet  (ag-grasO,  ».    Kindness;  favour. 

1  Courteous  aggrace.'    Spenser. 
Aggrandizable  (ag'gran-dlz-a-bl),  a.    Capa- 

lile  of  being  aggrandized. 
Aggrandization  (ag'gran-dlz-a"shon),  n. 

l  lu/  act  of  aggrandizing. 

No  part  of  the  body  will  consume  by  the  aggran- 
dixation  of  the  other,  but  all  motions  will  be  orderly, 
and  a  just  distribution  be  to  all  parts.  I  fate  >•  house. 

Aggrandize  (ag'gran-diz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
aggrandized;  ppr.  aggrandizing.  [Fr.  agran- 
dir—L.  prefix  ag  for  ad,  to,  and  grandis, 
grand.  ]  1.  To  make  great  or  greater  in 
power,  wealth,  rank,  or  honour;  to  exalt; 
as,  to  aggrandize  a  family.  '  His  scheme  for 
aggrandizing  his  son.'  Prescott. — 2.f  To 
magnify  or  exaggerate. 

If  we  trust  to  fame  and  reports  these  may  proceed 
.  .  .  from  smalt  matters  aggrattdixed.  iV'ollaston. 

3.  To  widen  the  scope  of;  to  enlarge,  ex- 
lend,  or  elevate. 

These  furnish  us  with  glorious  springs  and  me- 
diums to  raise  ,\w\  aggrandize  our  conceptions. 

It-'afts, 

4.  t   To  increase.     '  Aggrandize    their    tor- 
tures.'   Sir  T.  Herbert.—  SYN.  To  augment, 
exalt,  promote,  prefer,  advance,   enlarge, 
increase. 

Aggrandize  (ag'gran-diz),  v.i.  To  grow  or 
become  greater.  'Follies,  continued  till  old 
age,  do  aggrandize  and  become  horrid.'  Bp. 
llall.  [Rare.) 

Aggrandizement(ag'gran-dlz-ment),  n.  The 
act  of  aggrandizing ;  the  state  of  being  ex- 
alted in  power,  rank,  or  honour;  exaltation; 
enlargement ;  as,  the  emperor  seeks  only 
the  aggrandizement  of  his  own  family. 

The  chief  movers  and  mainsprings  were  the  papal 
and  the  imperial  powers;  the  a£pran4fafm*Ht  or 
diminution  of  which  has  been  the  drift  of  almost  all 
the  politics,  intrigues,  and  wars  which  have  employed 
and  distracted  Europe  to  this  day.  Burke. 

STN.    Augmentation,   exaltation,  enlarge - 

ment.advancement,  promotion,  preferment. 
Aggrandizer  (ag'gran-dlz-er),  n.    One  that 

Rggnudlzea  or  exalts  iii  power,  rank,  or 

honour. 
Aggrappest  (ag-graps'),  n.  pi.     [O.Fr;  Fr. 

•I'tra/e,  a  hook;   O.H.G.   krapfo,  a  clasp; 

allied  to  E.  grab,&c.]  Hooks  and  eyes  used 

in  armour  or  in  ordinary  costume. 
Aggratet  (ag-gr&f).  v.t.  [It,  aggratare~L.  ag 

for  ad,  to,  and  yratus,  pleasing.]    To  please. 
Each  one  sought  his  lady  to  aggrate.    Spenser. 

Aggravablet  (ag'gra-va-bl),  a.  Calculated 
to  aggravate;  capable  of  aggravating. 

This  idolatry  is  the  more  discernible  and  ag%r<t- 
•vable  in  tlie  invocation  of  saints  and  idols. 

Dr.  H.  More, 

Aggravate  (ag'gra-vat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ag- 
gravated; ppr.  aggravating.  (L.  aggravo — 
ad,  and  gravis.  heavy,  whence  grave,  griff, 
Ac.J  1. 1  To  add  to;  to  increase. 


Ford's  a  knave,  and  I  will  ,iggr,tT<ttf  his  style  (that 
is,  add  to  his  titles) :  tlmu.  M.istcr  IJruuk,  sh.iit  ktmw 
him  fur  a  knave  and  cuckold.  J>Vtn4. 

Then,  soul,  live  thou  upon  thy  servant's  loss. 
And  let  that  pine  to  aggravate  thy  store.      Shak. 

2.  To  make  worse,  more  severe,  or  less  toler- 
able ;  to  make  more  enormous,  or  less  ex- 
cusable;  to  intensify;  as,  to  aggravate  the 
evils  of  life;  to  aggravate  pain  or  punish- 
ment. 'To  aggravate  the  horrors  of  the 
scene.'  Prescott—  3.  To  exaggerate;  to  give 
colouring  to  in  description;  to  give  an  ex- 
aggerated representation  of;  as,  to  aggravate 
rii<  umstances.—  4.  xo  provoke  ;  to  irritate; 
to  tease.  [Colloq.] 

I  was  so  aggravated  that  I  almost  doubt  if  I  did 
know.  Dickens. 

SYN.  To  heighten,  raise,  make  worse,  in- 
crease, magnify,  exaggerate,  tease,  irritate. 
Aggravating  (ag'gra-vat-ing),  p.   and  a. 

1.  Provoking;  annoying:  colloquially  applied 
to  persons  as  well  as  things ;  as,  he  is  an 
aggravating  fellow.     'Which  makes  it  only 
the  more  aggravating.'    Thackeray. — 2.  In 
law,  making  worse  or  more  heinous;  as,  ag- 
gravating circumstances. 

Aggravatingly  (ag'gra-vat-ing-li),  adv.  In 
an  aggravating  manner. 

Aggravation  (ag-gra-va'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  making  worse:  used  of  evils,  physical  or 
moral;  hence,  the  act  of  increasing  severity 
or  heinousness;  addition  to  that  which  is 
evil  or  improper;  as,  an  aggravation  of  pain, 
grief,  or  crime. — 2.  Exaggeration  in  a  repre- 
sentation; heightened  description. 

Accordingly  they  got  a  painter  by  the  knight's 
directions  to  add  a  pair  of  whiskers  to  the  face,  and 
by  a  little  aggravation  of  the  features  to  change  it 
into  the  Saracen's  Head.  Addison. 

3. Provocation; irritation.  Dickens.  [Colloq.] 
Aggregate  (ag'gre-gat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ag- 
gregated; ppr.  aggregating.  [L.  agarego, 
aggregatum,  to  collect  in  troops— ad,  and 
grex,  gregis,  a  herd  or  hand,  whence  gre- 
garious.] To  bring  together;  to  collect  into 
a  sum,  mass,  or  body.  *  The  aggregated  soil. ' 
Milton. 

Aggregate  (ag'gre-gat),  a.  Formed  by  the 
conjunction  or  collection  of  particulars  into 
a  whole  mass  or  sum ;  total ;  as,  the  aggre- 
gate amount  of  charges. 

In  making  bread,  for  example,  the  labour  employed 
about  the  thing  itself  is  that  of  the  baker;  but  the 
labour  of  the  miller,  though  employed  directly  in  the 
production,  not  of  bread  out  of  flour,  is  equally  part 
of  the  aggregate  sum  of  labour  by  which  the  bread  is 
produced.  J.  5.  Mill. 

Specifically,  (a)  in  geol.  composed  of  several 
different  mineral  constituents  capable  of 
being  separated  by  mechanical  means;  as, 
granite  is  an  aggregate  rock,  (b)  In  anat. 
formed  into  clusters ;  as,  aggregate  glands, 
those  which  are  clustered  together,  as  the 
tonsils,  the  salivary,  pancreatic,  and  mam- 
mary glands,  (c)  In  bot.  composed  of  many 
small  florets  having  a  common  undivided 
receptacle,  the  anthers  being  distinct  and 
separate,  the  florets  commonly  standing  on 
stalks,  and  each  having  a  partial  calyx:  said 
of  flowers. — Corporation  aggregate,  in  law, 
see  under  CORPORATION. 
Aggregate  (ag'gre-gat),  n.  A  sum,  mass,  or 
assemblage  of  particulars;  as,  a  house  is  an 
aggregate  of  stones,  brick,  timber,  Ac.:  it 
differs  from  a  compound  in  this,  that  the 
particulars  of  an  aggregate  are  less  inti- 
mately mixed  than  in  a  compound.  'Some 
aggregate  whose  units  are  partially  inde- 
pendent.' H.  Spencer. — In  the  aggregate, 
taken  altogether ;  considered  as  a  whole ; 
collectively. 

Our  judgment  of  a  man's  character  is  derived  from 
observing  a  number  of  successive  acts,  forming  in 
the  aggregate  his  general  course  of  conduct. 

Sir  G.  C.  Lewis. 

Aggregately  (ag'gre-gat-li),  adv.  Collect- 
ively; taken  in  a  sum  or  mass. 

Many  little  things,  though  separately  they  seem 
too  insignificant  to  mention,  yet  aggregately  are  too 
material  for  me  to  omit.  Chesterfield. 

Aggregation  (ag-gre-ga'shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  aggregating ;  the  state  of  being  col- 
lected into  a  sum  or  mass. 

Each  genus  is  made  up  by  the  aggregation  of  spe- 
cies. Carpenter. 

2.  An  assemblage  or  conglomeration  of  par- 
ticulars or  units;  an  aggregate. 

Aggregative  (ag'gre-giit-iv).  a.  1.  Taken 
together;  collective.  'In  the  disjunctive 
not  the  aggregative  sense.'  Spelman.  — 
2.  Gregarious;  social.  [Rare.] 

His  (Mirabeau's)  sociality,  his  aggregativt  nature 
.  .  .  will  now  be  the  quality  of  qualities  for  him. 

Carlyle. 

Aggregator  (ag'gre-gat-er),  n.  One  who  col- 
lects into  a  whole  or  mass.  Burton. 


Aggress  (ag-gresO,  v.  i.  \L.  aggredior,  aggres- 
.-"*  ml,  and  <jfadi»r,  to  go,  ffradtitt,  a  st>'p, 
whence  grade,  degree,  <fcc.]  To  make  a  first 
attack ;  to  commit  the  first  act  of  hostility 
or  offence;  to  begin  a  quarrel  or  contro- 
versy; to  be  first  to  assault  or  invade. 

Tell  aggressing  France 
How  Britain's  sons  and  Britain '»  friends  can  fight. 

Aggress  (ag-gres'),  v.t.  To  attack.  Quart, 
lice.  [Rare.] 

Aggresst  (ag-gres'),  n.  Aggression ;  attack. 
'Military  aggrensex  upon  others.'  Sir  M. 
Hale. 

Aggression  (ag-gre'shon),  n.  The  first  attack 
or  act  of  hostility;  the  first  act  of  injury,  or 
first  act  leading  to  a  war  or  controversy;  as, 
to  make  an  aggression,  'Aggressions  of 
power.'  Hallam.—  SYN.  Attack,  invasion, 
assault,  encroachment,  injury,  offence. 

Aggressive  (ag-gres'iv),  a.  Characterized 
by  aggression;  tending  to  aggress;  prone  to 
begin  a  quarrel;  making  the  first  attack;  as. 
the  minister  pursued  an  aggressive  foreign 
policy. 

That  which  would  be  violent  if  aggressive,  might 
be  justified  if  defensive.  Sir  W.  Scott, 

Aggressiveness  (ag-gres'iv-nos),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  aggressive. 

Aggressor  (ag-gres'er),  n.  The  person  who 
first  attacks;  he  who  first  commences  hos- 
tility or  a  quarrel;  an  assaulter;  an  invader. 

The  insolence  of  the  aggressor  is  usually  propor- 
tioned to  the  lameness  of  the  sufferer.  Ames. 

Aggrievance,  Agiievance  (ag-grev'ans),  n. 
[See  AGGRIEVE.]  Oppression;  hardship;  in- 
jury; grievance.  ' Agrievances  late  urged 
against  you  by  your  mother.'  Beau.  <t  t  I. 
[Rare.] 

Aggrieve (ag-grev'),t>.(.  pret.&pp.  aggrieved; 
ppr.  aggrieving.  [O.Fr.  agrever,  to  weigh 
down,  from  grever,  to  oppress,  from  L. 
gravis,  heavy,  whence  also  grief,  grave,  ag- 
gravate, &c.]  1.  To  give  pain  or  sorrow ;  to 
afflict ;  to  grieve.  '  Which  yet  aggrieves  my 
heart.'  Spenser.— 2.  To  bear  hard  upon ;  to 
oppress  or  injure  in  one's  rights ;  to  vex  or 
harass  by  civil  or  political  injustice. 

The  two  races,  so  long  hostile,  soon  found  that  they 
had  common  interests  and  common  enemies.     Both 
were  alike  aggrieved  by  the  tyranny  of  a  bad  king. 
Macaulay. 

Aggrievet  (ag-grevO,  v.i.  To  mourn;  to  la- 
ment. 

My  heart  aggrieved  that  such  a  wretch  should  reign. 
Mir.  for  Mags. 

Aggroup  (ag-gropO,  y.  t,  [Prefix  ag  for  ad,  to, 
and  group.}  To  bring  together;  to  group; 
to  collect  many  persons  in  a  crowd,  or  many 
figures  into  a  whole,  in  statuary,  painting, 
or  description. 

Bodies  of  divers  natures  which  are  aggrouped  (or 
combined)  together  are  agreeable  and  pleasant  to 
the  sight.  Dryden. 

Agha  (a'ga).    See  AGA. 

Aghanee  (ag  ha'ne),  n.  [Hind,  aghani,  the 
produce  of  the  month  Aghan,  the  eighth  in 
the  Hindu  year,  answering  to  the  last  half 
of  November  and  the  first  half  of  December.  ] 
The  name  given  to  the  chief  rice  crop  in 
Hindustan.  It  is  the  middle  of  the  three 
crops,  being  laid  down  along  with  the 
Bhadoee  crop  in  April  and  May,  and  reaped 
in  November  and  December.  Called  Amun 
in  lower  Bengal. 

Aghast  (a-gasf),  a.  or  p.  [From  prefix  a, 
intens.,  and  stem  seen  in  Goth,  gaiajan,  us- 
qaisjan,  to  terrify,  us-geisnan,  to  be  aston- 
ished, Icel.  geiski,  panic,  Dan.  gyt>e,  to  shud- 
der; comp.  also  O.  or  Prov.  E.  gatst,  gaster, 
to  terrify,  gast,  fear,  gastnens,  gaxtful.} 
Struck  with  amazement;  stupefied  with 
sudden  fright  or  horror.  Written  also  agast, 
which  is  etymologically  the  better  spelling. 

Aghast  he  waked,  and  starting  from  his  bed. 
Cold  sweat  in  clammy  drops  his  limbs  o'erspread. 
Drydeti. 

[Formerly  aghast  might  be  used  as  a  pre- 
sent, a  preterite,  or  an  infinitive.  '  Or  other 
grisly  thing  that  him  aghast.'  Spenser. 
'This  bond,  that  Balthasar  so  sore  agaste.' 
Chaucer. 

'Now  dere  suster  myn,  what  may  it  be 
That  me  agasteth  in  my  dreamt'  quod  she. 
Chaucer. 

Followed  by  a  reflexive  pronoun  it  might 
have  a  passive  meaning. 

The  rynges  on  the  temple  dore  that  honge, 

And  eek  the  (lores,  clatered'en  ful  faste. 

Of  which  Arcita  somwhat  hytn  agaste.       Chaucer.} 

Agiblet  (aj'i-bl), a.  [L.  ago,  to  do.]  Capable 
of  being  done;  doable.  'When  they  were 
fit  for  agible  things.'  Sir  A.  Shirley. 

Agile  (aj'il),  a.  {Fr.  agile;  L.  agili*.  from 
ago.  See  ACT.]  Nimble;  having  the  faculty 


ch,  cAaiu;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thia;      w,  trig;    wh,  uAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


AGILELY 


58 


AGNUS  CASTUS 


of  quick  motion  in  the  limbs ;  apt  or  ready 
to  move;  brisk;  active. 

And  bending  forward  struck  his  agile  heels.    Stiak. 

SYN  Active,  alert,  nimble,  brisk,  lively, 
quick,  sprightly,  prompt,  ready.  _ 

Agilely  (aj'il-li),  ado.  In  an  agile  or  nimble 
manner. 

Asileness  (aj'il-nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  beiti"  agile;  nimbleness;  activity;  agility. 

Agility Oi-jil'i-ti-), ».  [L.agilitas.  SeeAoiLE.] 
1  The  state  or  quality  of  being  agile ;  the 
power  of  moving  the  limbsquickly;  nimble- 
ness;  briskness;  activity;  quickness  of  mo- 

A  iimb  overstrained  by  lifting  a  weight  above  its 
power,  may  never  recover  its  former  agility  ana 
vigour.  Watts. 

2.t  Powerful  agency. 

No  wonder  there  be  found  men  and  women  of 
strange  and  monstrous  shapes  considering  the  agility 
of  the  sun's  fiery  heal.  Hollana. 

Agillochum  (a-gil'16-kum),  n.    Aloes-wood. 

See  AGALLOCHVJM. 

Agio  (a'ji-6),  n.  [It.  agio,  aggio,  exchange, 
discount]  1.  In  com.  the  difference  in  value 
between  one  sort  of  money  and  another, 
especially  between  paper  money  and  metal- 
lic coin :  usually  connected  with  continen- 
tal rates  of  exchange. 

It  was  wonderful  to  hear  him  talk  about  millions 
and  agios,  discounts,  and  what  Rothschild  was  doing, 
and  Baring  Brothers.  Thackeray. 

2.  Premium  ;  sum  given  above  the  nominal 

Agiosymandron,  Agiosymandrum  (a'ji- 
6-si-man"dron,  a'ji-6-si-man"drum),  n.  [&r. 
hayios,  holy,  and  semaino,  to  show.]  An 
instrument  of  wood  or  metal  to  make  a 
sound  on  being  struck,  used  by  Christians 
in  place  of  bells,  in  countries  subject  to  the 
Turks  who  forbid  their  use. 

Agiotage  (a'ji-ot-aj),  n.  The  management 
or  manojuvres  by  which  speculators  in  stocks 
or  public  funds  contrive,  by  disseminating 
false  rumours  or  otherwise,  to  lower  or 
enhance  their  price;  stock-jobbing. 

Vanity  and  agiotage  are,  to  a  Parisian,  the  oxygen 
and  hydrogen  of  life.  Lander. 

Agist  (a-jisf),  v.  t.  [O.  Fr.  agister,  to  give 
lodgings,  to  take  in  cattle  to  feed,  from 

gate  (mod.   Fr.   gUe),  a  lodging,  from  L. 

jacitum,  from  jacere,  to  lie.  ]  In  law,  to  take 
the  cattle  of  others  to  graze  at  a  certain 
sum;  to  feed  or  pasture  the  cattle  of  others: 
used  originally  for  the  feeding  of  cattle  in 
the  king's  forests. 

Agistage,  Agistment  (a-jist'aj,  a-jist'ment), 
71.  [See  AGIST.  ]  In  law,  (a)  the  taking  and 
feeding  of  other  men's  cattle  in  the  king's 
forest,  or  on  one's  own  land,  (b)  The  price 
paid  for  such  feeding,  (c)  Generally,  any 
burden,  charge,  or  tax. 

Agistator  (a-jist'at-or),  n.  Same  as  Agiiter. 

Agister,  Agistor  (a-jist'er),  n.  An  officer  of 
a  royal  forest,  having  the  care  of  cattle 
agisted,  and  collecting  the  money  for  the 
same. 

Agitable  (aj'it-a-bl),  a.  [See  AGITATE.]  Cap- 
able of  being  agitated  or  shaken;  capable  of 
being  debated  or  discussed. 

Agitate  (aj'it-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  agitated; 
ppr.  agitating.  [L.  agito,  agitatum,  freq. 
from  ago.  See  ACT.]  1.  To  move  or  force 
into  violent  irregular  action ;  to  shake  or 
move  briskly;  as,  the  wind  agitates  the  sea; 
to  agitate  water  in  a  vessel.— 2.  To  disturb, 
or  excite  into  tumult;  to  perturb. 

The  mind  of  man  is  agitateti  by  various  passions. 

3.  To  discuss ;  to  debate ;  to  arouse  public 
attention  to,  by  speeches,  articles,  pam- 
phlets, and  the  like;  as,  toagitate  a  question. 
'This  controversy  hotly  agitated  among  the 
moderns.'  Boyle.  —4.  To  consider  on  all 
sides;  to  revolve  in  the  mind,  or  view  in  all 
its  aspects;  to  contrive  by  mental  delibera- 
tion. '  When  politicians  most  agitate  des- 
perate designs.'  Eikon  EasilUce.  —  5. t  To 
move  or  actuate. 

Where  dwells  this  sovereign  arbitrary  soul, 
Which  does  the  human  animal  controul. 
Inform  each  part,  and  agitate  the  whole  1 

Blackmore. 

SYN.  To  move,  shake,  excite,  rouse,  disturb, 
distract,  revolve,  consider,  deliberate,  dis- 
cuss, debate,  canvass,  controvert,  examine. 

Agitate  (aj'it-at),  v.i.  To  engage  in  agita- 
tion ;  to  arouse  or  attempt  to  arouse  public 
attention  to  some  political  or  social  ques- 
tion; as,  he  set  out  to  agitate  in  the  country. 

Agitated  (aj'it-at-ed),  a.  Disturbed;  ex- 
cited ;  expressing  agitation ;  as,  in  an  agi- 
tated manner.  'An  agitated  countenance.' 
Thackeray. 


A^ita«ng~(arit^Wng),  a.    Calculated  .to  J    by Jhe.  ™}e  jfalk°l™ce$™e  ]  ' A 


,  - 

occurrence,  discourse, 


, 

Agitation  (aj-it-a'shon),  n.  The  act  of  agi- 
tTuing,  o7  state  of  being  agitated  :  (a)  the 
state  of  being  moved  with  violence,  or  with 
irregular  action;  commotion;  as,  the  si 
after  a  storm  is  in  agitation,  (b)  Disturbance 
of  tranquillity  in  the  mind  ;  perturbation; 
excitement  of  passion,  (c)  Examination  of 
a  subject  in  controversy;  J 


deliberation ; 


Froude.-'The  project  now  In  agitation  for 


ance,  commotion,  excitement,  emotion,  tre- 
pidation, tremor. 

Agitative  (aj'it-at-iv),  a.  Having  a  tendency 
to  agitate. 

Agitato  (aj.e-ta'to).  [It]  In  mune,  a 
broken,  hurried,  or  restless  style  of  perform- 
ance, adapted  to  awaken  surprise  or  pertur- 
bation. 

Agitator  (aj'it-at-er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  agitates;  specifically,  (a)  one  who 
engages  in  some  kind  of  political  agitation; 
one  who  stirs  up,  or  excites  others,  with  the 
view  of  strengthening  his  own  cause  or 
party. 

History  will  prove  Shakspere's  aphorism.  •  There's 
magic  in  a  name,'  especially  for  the  working  of  evil. 
The  political  agitators  who  give  nicknames  are 
guided  by  this  aphorism.  Mi*s  Strickland. 

(b)  In  mach.  a  rotating  beater  for  thoroughly 
mixing  and  agitating  substances  suspended 
mechanically  in  water,  as  the  pulp  in  paper- 
making.— 2.  A  name  given  to  certain  officers 
in  the  time  of  Cromwell  appointed  by  the 
army  to  manage  their  concerns.  There  were 
two  from  each  regiment.  [In  this  sense  the 
proper  spelling  is  probably  Adjti  to  tor,  mean- 
ing not  one  who  agitates  but  one  who  as- 
sists.) 

They  proceeded  from  those  elective  tribunes 
called  agitators,  who  had  been  established  in  every 
regiment  to  superintend  the  interests  of  the  army. 

Ilatlain. 

Aglaia(ag-la'i-a),  n.  1.  In  class,  myth,  one 
of  the  three  Graces.— 2.  A  small  planet  or 
asteroid  between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and 
Jupiter,  discovered  by  M.  Luther,  15th  Sep- 
tember, 1857. 

Aglee,  Agley  (a-gle',  a-giy),  ado.  [Scotch.] 
Off  the  right  line;  obliquely;  wrong.  Burns. 

Aglet,  Aiglet  (as-let,  aglet),  n.  [Fr.  ainui- 
uette,  a  point,  from  aiguille,  a  needle;  L.L. 
acucula  for  acicula,  dim.  of  acus,  a  needle.  ] 
1.  A  tag  or  metal  sheathing  of  a  lace  or  of 
the  points  or  ribbons,  generally  used  in  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  to 
fasten  or  tie  dresses.  They  were  frequently 
formed  of  the  precious  metals,  carved  into 
small  figures,  and  suspended  from  the  rib- 
bon, &c.,  as  ornaments,  and  are  still  so 
used  in  the  form  of  tagged  points  or  braid 
hanging  from  the  shoulder  in  some  military 
uniforms.  In  this  sense  written  also  Al- 
guillette.  'His  gown,  addressed  with  agleti, 
esteemed  worth  25(.'  Sir  J.  Hay  ward.— 
2.t  In  bot.  a  pendant  at  the  ends  of  the 
stamens  of  flowers,  as  in  the  rose  and  tulip; 
an  anther. 

Ag'et-babyt  (ag'let-ba-bi),  n.  A  small  im- 
age on  the  end  of  a  lace.  See  AGLET. 

Marry  him  to  a  puppet  or  an  aglet-baby.    Shak. 

Aglist  t  ( a-glist' ),  a.    Glistening  ;  as,  aglist 

with  dew. 
Aglow  (a-glo'),  a.    [Prefix  a,  on,  and  glow.  ] 

In  a  glow;  glowing;  as,  her  cheeks  were  all 

aglow. 

The  landscape  was  all  aglow  with  the  crimson 
of  the  setting  sun.  IV.  Collins. 

Aglutitiqn  (ag-glu-ti'shon),  n.  [L.  a,  priv., 
and  glutio,  to  swallow.]  Inability  to  swal- 
low. 

Agminalt  (ag'min-al),  a.  [L.  aginen,  a  troop 
or  body  of  men  arrayed,  from  ayo,  to  drive.] 
Pertaining  to  an  army  or  troop.  Bailey. 

Agnail  (ag'nal),  n.  [A.  Sax.  angncegl—ange, 
pain,  and  ncegl,  nail.]  1.  A  hangnail.— 
2.t  A  corn  on  the  foot. 

Agnate  (ag'nat),  n.  [L.  agnatiis,  adnascor — 
ad,  and  nascor,  natus,  to  be  born.  See  NA- 
TURE.] Any  male  relation  by  the  father's 
side. 

Agnate  (agjnat),  a.  [See  the  noun.]  1.  Re- 
lated or  akin  by  the  father's  side. — 2.  Allied; 
as,  'agnate  words.'  Pownall.  [Rare.] 

Agnatic  (ag-nat'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  descent 


AGNATE,  71.]  1.  Relation  by  the  father's  side 
only  or  descent  in  the  male  line :  distinct 
from  cognation,  which  includes  descent  in 
the  male  and  female  lines  —2.  Alliance  or 
relationship  generally.  [Rare.] 

Agnation  may  be  found  amongst  all  the  languages 
in  the  Northern  Hemisphere. 
Agnel  (ag'nel),  n.  [O.Fr.  agnel,  a  lamb,  from 
L.  agnellus,  dim.  of  agnux,  a  lamb,  from  the 
figure  struck  on  the  coin.  ]  An  ancient 
French  coin,  value  twelve  sols,  six  demers, 
bearing  the  figure  of  the  paschal  lamb.  It 
•ailed  also  Mautan  d'Or  and  Agnel  d'Or. 
[L.  agnitio,  from 
recognize  —  ad,  and 
Acknowledgment. 

Agnize  t  (ag-niz'),  v.t.  To  acknowledge ;  to 
own. 

I  do  agnize 

A  natural  and  prompt  alacrity, 
I  find  in  hardness,  and  do  undertake 
These  present  wars  against  the  Otlonntes.  SHak. 

Agncetas,  Agnoitas  ( ag-ne'te,  ag-noi'te),  n. 
•ul  [From  Gr  agnoed,  not  to  perceive  or 
kiiow.]  1.  A  sect  of  the  fourth  century, 
followers  of  Theophronius  the  Cappadocian, 
who  questioned  the  omniscience  of  God.— 
2  A  sect  of  the  sixth  century,  followers  of 
Themistius,  deacon  of  Alexandria,  who  held 
that  Christ,  as  man,  was  ignorant  of  many 
things,  and  specifically  of  the  time  of  the 
day  of  judgment. 

Agnoiology  (ag-noi-ol'p-ji),  n.  [Gr.  agnvia, 
ignorance,  and  logos,  discourse.]  In  metaph. 
the  doctrine  or  theory  of  ignorance,  in 
which  it  is  determined  what  we  are  and 
can  be  ignorant  of,  and  what  we  are  neces- 
sarily ignorant  of:  a  doctrine  having  an 
important  place  in  the  philosophy  of  Prof. 
Ferrier. 

Agnomen  (ag-no'men),  n.  [L.  ag  for  ad,  to, 
and  nomen,  a  name.  See  NAME.]  1.  An 
additional  name  given  by  the  Romans  loan 
individual  in  allusion  to  some  quality,  cir- 
cumstance, or  achievement  by  which  he 
was  distinguished,  as  Africanus  added  to 
P.  Cornelius  Scipio.  Hence— 2.  Any  addi- 
tional name  or  epithet  conferred  on  a  per- 
son. 

Agnominatet  (ag-nom'in-at),  n.t  [L.  agno- 
mina— ag  for  ad,  and  nomino,  from  noinen, 
name.]  To  name. 

The  flowing  current's  silver  streams  .  .  . 
Shall  be  agnominateit  by  our  name.       Locrine. 

Agnomination  (ag-nom'in-a"shon),  n.  1.  An 
additional  name  or  title ;  a  name  added  to 
another,  as  expressive  of  some  act,  achieve- 
ment, &c. ;  a  surname.  — 2.  Resemblance  in 
sound  between  one  word  and  another,  espe- 
cially by  alliteration ;  also,  the  practice  of 
using  words  so  resembling  in  close  proxim- 
ity to  one  another  (see  ANNOMINATION);  as. 
•Scott  of  Scotstarvet'a  Staggering  State  of 
Scots  Statesmen.' 

Our  bards  hold  agnominations  and  enforcing  of 
consonant  words  or  syllables  one  upon  the  other  to 
be  the  greatest  elegance.  ...  So  have  I  seen  divers 
old  rhymes  in  Italian  running  so:  .  .  .  '  In  selva  salvo 
a  me:  Piu  caro  cuore.'  Hmvell. 

Agnostic  (ag-nos'tik  or  a-nos'tik),  n.  [Gr. 
n,  priv.,  and  gnostikos,  good  at  knowing, 
from  gignusko,  to  know.]  One  of  a  school 
of  thinkers  who  disclaim  any  knowledge  of 
God  or  of  the  origin  of  the  universe.  This 
school  holds  that  the  mind  of  man  is  limited 
to  an  a  posteriori  knowledge  of  phenomena 
and  the  relative,  and  that,  therefore,  the 
infinite,  the  absolute,  and  the  unconditioned 
are  beyond  all  experience,  and  consequently 
beyond  its  range. 

Agnostic  (ag-nos'tik  or  a-nos'tik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  agnostics  or  their  doctrines. 

Agnosticism  (ag-nos'ti-sizm  or  a-nos'ti- 
sizm),  n.  1.  The  doctrines  of  the  agnostics. 
2.  The  act  of  holding  the  doctrines  of  the 
agnostics. 

Agnotherium  (ag-no-the'ri-um),  n.  [Gr. 
agnoed,  not  to  know,  and  therion,  a  wild 
beast]  Same  as  Amphicyoii. 

Agnus  (ag'nus),  n.  [L.]  An  image  or  repre- 
sentation of  a  lamb  as  emblematical  of  our 
Saviour;  an  agnus  Dei. 

They  will  kiss  a  crucifix,  salute  a  cross,  carry  most 
devoutly  a  scapulary,  an  agnus,  or  a  set  of  beads 
about  them.  Brmitit. 


Agnus  CastUB  (ag'nus  kas'tus),  n.  A  species 
of  Vitex  ( V.  Agnus  Castm),  nat.  order  Ver- 
benacea;.  called  casttti  (L.),  chaste,  and  hav- 
ing attributed  to  it  the  imagined  virtue  of 
preserving  chastity,  from  the  resemblance 
of  the  Greek  name  agnos  to  Gr.  hagnos. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


AGNUS  DEI 


AGRARIANIKM 


(•haste.    It  rises  8  or  10  feet  high  with  spikes 
of  flowers,  ami  is  a  native  of  the  countries 
round  the  Mediterranean. 
Agnus  Dei  (.ajf'nua  de'i).     [L.,Lambof  God.] 
1.  One  of  the  titles  of  Christ.    John  i.  29.— 


Agnus  Dei  that  belonged  to  Charlemagne. — I;roin 
Aix-la-Chapellc  Cathedral. 

2.  In  R.  Cath.  Ch.  (a)  a  medal,  or  more  fre- 
quently a  cake  of  wax,  consecrated  by  the 
pope,  stamped  with  the  figure  of  a  lamb  sup- 
porting the  banner  of  the  cross ;  supposed 
to  possess  great  virtues,  such  as  preserving 
those  who  carry  it  in  faith  from  accidents, 
<fec.  (6)  A  prayer  in  the  office  of  the  mass 
beginning  with  these  words.  —  3.  In  Greek 
Ch.  the  cloth  which  covers  the  communion 
service,  bearing  the  figure  of  a  lamb. 
Agnus  Scythicus  (ag'nus  sith'ik-us),  n. 
[I.]  The  Scythian  lamb,  a  name  applied  to 
the  rhizome  of  the  fern  Cibotiitm  barometz, 
which  is  covered  with  silky  fibrous  hairs, 


Agnus  Scythicus  (Cibotiitm  barometse), 

and  when  inverted  and  artificially  trimmed 
somewhat  resembles  a  small  lamb.  The 
plant  is  a  native  of  Tartary,  and  was  for- 
merly reported  to  hare  a  semi-animal  semi- 
vegetable  nature. 

Ago  (a-go'),  a.  or  adv.  (really  a  pp.).  [Short- 
ened form  of  agone.]  Past;  gone;  as,  a  year 
ago. 

Agog  (a-gogO,  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and  gog, 
w.  gogi,  to  shake,  of  which  jog  and  Sc.  shog 
seem  to  be  forms;  comp.  Prov.E.  gog,  a  bog, 
ffop-mire,  a  quagmire.]  In  a  state  of  desire; 
highly  excited  by  eagerness  after  an  object. 

Six  precious  souls,  and  ullage? 

To  dash  through  thick  and  thin.       Coivfer. 

Agoggled  (a-gogTd),  a.  Having  staring  eyes. 
'A  little  Offoggled  in  his  eyes.'  Lever.  [Rare.] 

Agoing  (a-go'ing),  adv.  [Prefix  a  for  on,  and 
verbal  noun  going,  lit.  on  the  going.]  1.  In 
motion:  used  only  with  transitive  verbs;  as, 
to  set  a  mill  agoing.  —  2.  On  the  point  of 
going;  about  to  go;  ready  to  go;  as,  he  is 
«;/«<"</  immediately.  [Vulgar.] 

Agon  t  (a'gon),  n.  [Gr.  See  AGONY.]  Aeon- 
test  for  a  prize.  Abp.  Bancroft. 

Agone  (a-gon'),  pp.  or  adv.  [A.  Sax.  agtln, 
K»iie,  past,  from  prefix  a,  away,  atul  gAn, 
!f>'-<jtint  gone.  Wedgwood  and  others,  how- 
ever, regard  this  word  as  changed  from  O.  E. 
;i.n»u!.  in  which  the  y  represents  the  par- 
ticipial augment ge.]  Ago;  past;  since. 

My  master  left  me,  because  three  days  agent  I  fell 
>>ick.  i  Sam.  xxx.  13. 

Agone  (:ig'6u),  n.  An  agonic  line.  See 
(QONIC. 

Agonic  (n-gon'ik),a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,aml<7dm'a, 
an  angle  ]  Not  forming  an  angle.—  Agonic 
lines,  the  name  given  by  Prof.  August  to  two 
lines  on  the  earth's  surface,  on  which  the 
magnetic  needle  points  to  the  true  north,  or 
where  the  magnetic  meridian  coincides  with 
the  geographical.  One  of  these  lines,  called 


the  A  inerican  agonf,  is  in  the  Western 
H  rin  i  ^pin-re,  and  the  other,  or  Axiatic,  is  in 
the  Eastern  Hemisphere.  Although  they 
extend  from  south  to  north,  they  do  not 
coincide  with  the  meridians,  but  intersect 
them  under  different  angles. 

Agonism  (ag'd-nizm),  n.  [Gr.  agnnismo*. 
See  AGUMZE.]  Contention  for  a  prize. 
(Rare.] 

Agonist  (ag'o-nist),  n.  [Gr.  ay&ni#t?».  See 
AUONY.  |  1.  One  who  contends  for  the  prize 
in  public  games;  a  combatant;  a  champion. 
.Milton  has  given  the  name  '  Samson  Agvn~ 
istcs'  to  his  tragedy,  from  .Samson's exploits 
in  slaying  the  Philistines.  —  2.  Ecclat.  a  name 
given  by  Donatus  to  such  of  his  disciples 
as  he  sent  to  contend  for  the  truth  by  preach- 
ing at  markets  and  fairs. 

Agqniatarch  (ag-on-ist'ark),  n.  [Gr.  an«n- 
istes,  a  prize-fighter,  and  arc/iox,  a  ruler.] 
One  who  trained  persons  to  compete  in 
public  games. 

Agonister  t  (ag'o-nist-er),  n.  One  who  con- 
tends in  public  games. 

Agonistic,  Agonistical  (ag-6-nist'ik,  ag-6- 
nist'ik-al),  a.  [See  AGONIST.]  Pertaining  to 
contests  of  strength,  or  athletic  combats, 
or  to  contests  of  any  kind,  as  forensic  or 
argumentative  contests.  [Rare.  ] 

As  a  scholar  he  (Dr.  Parr)  was  brilliant,  but  he 
consumed  liis  power  in  qfWfuftr  dfapfajM 

De  Quincey. 

Agonistically  (ag-6-nist'ik-al-li),  adv.  In 
an  agonistic  manner.  [Rare.] 

AgonistiCS  (ag-6-nist'iks),  n.  The  art  or 
quasi-science  of  contending  in  public  games 
or  prize-fighting. 

Agonize  (ag^o-niz),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  agonized; 
ppr.  agonizing.  [Gr.  agonizomai,  to  contend 
for  a  prize.  See  AGONY.]  To  writhe  with 
extreme  pain;  to  suffer  violent  anguish. 

To  smart  and  agonize  at  every  pore.  Pope. 

Agonize  (ag'o-niz),  v.  t.  To  distress  with  ex- 
treme pain;  to  torture. 

He  agonized  his  mother  by  his  behaviour. 

ThacAtray. 

Agonizing  (ag'o-nlz-ing),  a.  Giving  extreme 
pain ;  causing  great  agony;  as,  agonizing 
pains. 

Agonizingly  (ag'6-niz-ing-li),  adv.  In  an 
agonizing  manner;  with  extreme  anguish. 

Agonothete  (a-go'no-thet),  n.  [Gr.  agdno- 
tiietes  —  agon,  contest,  and  tithemi,  to  ap- 
point.] One  of  the  officials  who  presided 
over  the  public  games  in  Greece. 

Agonothetic  (a-go'no-thet"ik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  office  of  an  agonothete. 

Agonus  (ag'ou-us),  n.  Same  as  Aftpido- 
phoriss. 

Agony  (ag'o-ni),  n.  [Gr.  agonia,  struggle, 
anguish,  from  agon,  an  assembly,  specifi- 
cally applied  to  the  concourse  of  people  at 
the  athletic  games  of  Greece,  thence  to  the 
struggle  for  a  prize,  and  then  to  a  contest  or 
struggle  of  any  kind,  from  ago,  to  lead,  to 
bring  together.]  l.f  A  violent  contest  or 
striving. 

Till  he  have  thus  denudated  himself  of  all  these 
incumbrances,  he  is  utterly  unqualified  for  these 
agonies.  Dr.  H.  .More. 

2.  The  struggle,  frequently  unconscions, 
that  precedes  natural  death;  as,  the  death- 
agony:  in  this  sense  of  ten  used  in  the  plural; 
as,  he  is  in  the  agonies  of  death.  — 3.  The 
supreme  struggle  for  life  in  the  immediate 
presence  of  extreme  danger  or  violent  death, 
accompanied  with  excessive  mental  anguish 
or  terror. 

A  solitary  shriek,  the  bubbling  cry 

Of  some  strong  swimmer  in  hi*  agony.     Byron. 

4.  Extreme  bodily  or  mental  pain;  intense 

suffering. 

That  death  were  better  than  such  agony 

As  grief  and  fury  unto  me  did  bring.       'Spenser. 

Specifically— 5.  The  sufferings  of  our  Saviour 
in  the  garden  of  Gethsemane. — Agony,  An- 
guish. Agony  is  pain  so  extreme  as  to 
cause  writning  of  the  body,  continued  and 
excruciating  general  pain;  anguish  is  now 
generally  used  of  great  mental  distress, 
though  in  older  English  such  expressions  as 
'the  anguish  of  a  wound'  were  common  — 
SYN.  Anguish,  torment,  throe,  struggle,  dis- 
tress, pangs,  suffering. 

Agoodt  (a-gud'X adw.  In  earnest.  'I  made 
her  weep  agood.'  Shak. 

Agora  (ag'6-ra),  n.  The  public  square  and 
market-place  of  a  Greek  town,  answering 
to  the/orum  of  the  Romans. 

Agouara  (a-go'a-ra),  n.  [Name  in  South 
America.]  A  species  of  racoon  (Procyon 
cancrivorus),  called  also  the  crab-eating 
racoon,  from  its  habit  of  eating  all  kinds  of 
crustaceans  and  molluscs,  marine  and  ter- 


restrial. It  is  a  native  of  the  warmer  parts 
of  America,  and  in  size  is  equal  to  an  average 
fox. 

AgOUta  (a-go'ta),  H.  [Native  name.]  An  in- 
sectivorous mammal  peculiar  tit  Hayti,  of 
the  family  Talpida?,  and  the  sole  member  of 
the  genus  Soleiiodon.  It  is -<»  pu//ling  t<- 
naturalists  that  it  has  received  the  mum-  of 
S.  paradoxus.  It  has  the  fur,  ears,  and  tail 


Agouta  (Solenodon  paradoxus), 

of  the  opossum,  but  the  teeth  and  elongated 
nose  of  the  shrews.  AH  the  feet  terminate 
in  five  toes,  and  the  long  claw  s  are  curved 
and  evidently  adapted  for  scraping  in  the 
earth.  The  dentition  is  unique,  the  groov- 
ing of  the  second  incisor  of  the  lower  jaw 
distinguishing  this  genus  from  all  others 
whose  dental  system  is  known.  It  is  of  the 
size  of  a  rat,  and  not  unlike  one. 
Agouti  (a-go'ti),  n.  The  Indian  name  of 
several  species  of  rodent  mammals,  family 
Cavidae,  genus  Dasyprocta  or  Chloromys. 
The  common  agouti,  or  yellow-rumped  cavy 
(D.  Agouti),  is  of  the  size  of  a  rabbit.  The 
upper  part  of  the  body  is  brownish,  witli  a 
mixture  of  red  and  black;  the  belly  yellow- 
ish. Three  varieties  are  mentioned,  all  pe- 
culiar to  South  America  and  the  West  Indies. 
It  burrows  in  the  ground  or  in  hollow  trees, 
lives  on  vegetables,  doing  much  injury  to 
the  sugar-cane,  is  as  voracious  as  a  pig,  and 
makes  a  similar  grunting  noise.  It  holds 
its  food  in  its  fore -paws,  like  a  squirrel. 
When  scared  or  angry  its  hair  is  erect,  and 
it  strikes  the  ground  with  its  hind-feet.  Its 
flesh  is  white  and  well  tasted,  so  that  it  is 


Agouti  (Dasyfrocia  Agouti ). 

pursued  as  game  in  Brazil  Spelled  also 
Agouty. 

Agracet  (a-grasO,  v.t.     Same  as  Aggrace. 

Agrammatist  t  (a-gram'mat-ist),  n.  [Gr.  a, 
priv.,  and  gramma,  a  letter]  An  illiterate 
person.  Bailey. 

Agraphls  (ag'ra-fls),  71.  [Gr.  a,  neg.,  and 
graphs,  to  write,  from  there  being  no  mark- 
ings on  the  petals.]  A  genus  of  plants  be- 
longing to  the  Liliaceac,  and  nearly  allied  to 
the  squills  and  hyacinths.  A.  wttans  is  the 
common  wild  hyacinth,  the  Uyacinthus 
non-scriptua  of  Linnaeus. 

Agrarian  (a-gra'ri-an),  a.  [L.  agrarius,  from 
ager,  a  field.  See  ACRE.]  1.  Relating  to 
lands,  especially  public  lands;  pertaining  to 
the  equitable  division  of  public  lands;  as, 
agrarian  laws. 

His  grace's  landed  possessions  are  irresistibly  in- 
viting to  an  agraritin  experiment.  Burke. 

2.  Growing  in  fields;  wild:  said  of  plants. 

The  charlock  is  only  an  agrarian  form  of  Brassica. 

Prof.  Buctman. 

— Agrarian  laws,  in  ancient  Rome,  laws  for 
regulating  the  distribution  of  the  public 
lands  among  the  citizens. — Agrarian  mur- 
der, agrarian  outrage,  an  outrage  or  mur- 
der brought  about  by  some  dispute  as  to  the 
occupancy  of  land. 

Agrarian  (a-gra'ri-an),  n.  1.  One  in  favour 
of  an  equal  division  of  property,  especially 
landed  property,  among  the  inhabitants  of 
a  country.— 2.  An  agrarian  law.  'An  equal 
agrarian  is  a  perpetual  law.'  Harrington. 
[Rare.] 

Agrarianism  (a-gra'ri-an-izm),  n.  The  act 
of  upholding  an  equal  division  of  lands  and 


ch,  c/tain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     j,  Job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  then;  th,  tAin;      w,  wig;    wh,  tcAig;    zh,  arure.— See  KKT. 


AGRARIAN  IZE 


60 


AGRONOMY 


property  in  general;  the  principles  of  one 
who  does  so. 

Agrarianize  (a-gra'ri-an-iz),  v.t.  To  distri- 
bute amoni!  the  people,  as  land. 

Agre  t  Agree,*  ado.  In  good  part;  Kindly; 
111  a  friendly  manner.  'Took  agree  all  my 
whole  play.'  Chaucer. 

Agree  (a-gre'),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  agreed;  ppr. 
aareeing  [Fn  agreer,  to  give  one's  consent, 
to  agree  — a,  and  are,  O.Fr.  gret,  Pr.  grat, 
good-will,  favour,  from  L.  gratia,  pleasant, 
whence  also  gratitude, grateful,&c.\  l.With 
a  personal  subject,  in  which  case  agree  is 
either  used  absolutely  or  is  followed  by 
with  before  the  person  with  whom  the 
agreement  subsists,  and  by  upon,  on,  for, 
or  to  before  the  person  or  thing  which  is 
the  subject  or  condition  of  the  agreement. 
(a)  To  be  of  one  mind;  to  harmonize  in 
opinion  ;  as,  in  the  expediency  of  the  law 
all  the  parties  agree,  (b)  To  live  in  concord 
or  without  contention;  to  live  together  in 
some  manner  as  regards  harmony. 

How  dost  thou  and  thy  master  agree!       Shak. 

(c)  To  come  to  one  opinion  or  mind ;  to  de- 
termine unanimously;  to  come  to  an  ar- 
rangement or  understanding;  to  arrive  at  a 
settlement. 

If  men.  skilled  in  chymical  affairs,  shall  agree  to 
write  clearly,  .  .  .  they  will  be  reduced  either  to 
write  nothing,  or  books  that  may  teach  us  something. 

Boyle. 

Make  not  a  city  feast  of  it,  to  let  the  meat  cool  ere 
we  can  agree  upon  the  first  place.  Shak. 

Didst  thou  not  agree  with  me/or  a  penny  a  day! 
Mat.  xx.  13. 

Hence,  to  come  to  an  agreement  after  a 
quarrel  or  dispute;  to  be  reconciled. 

Agree  -with  thine  adversary  quickly.     Mat.  v.  25. 

(d)  To  yield  assent;  to  consent;  to  express 
concurrence ;  as,  he  agreed  to  accompany 
the  ambassador.     'Agree  to  any  covenants. 
Shak.    Followed  by  with  before  the  thing 
agreed  on. 

Agree  with  his  demands  to  the  point.        Shak. 

2,  With  a  thing  or  things  for  the  subject,  in 
which  case  agree  now  takes  no  preposition 
except  with  after  it,  though  formerly  to  was 
also  so  used,  (a)  To  be  consistent;  to  har- 
monize; not  to  contradict  or  be  repugnant; 
as,  this  story  agrees  with  what  has  been  re- 
lated by  others. 

Their  witness  agreed  not  together.  Mark  xiv.  56. 
When  we  possess  ourselves  with  the  utmost  secu- 
rity of  the  demonstration,  that  the  three  angles  of  a 
triangle  are  equal  to  two  right  ones,  what  do  we 
more  but  perceive,  that  equality  to  two  right  ones 
does  necessarily  agree  to,  and  is  inseparable  from  the 
three  angles  of  a  triangle.  Locke. 

All  these  qualities  at  ret  just  as  well  to  the  oak, 
against  which  he  contends.  Bp.  LoTutn. 

(b)  To  resemble ;  to  be  similar ;  to  be  appli- 
cable or  appropriate ;  to  tally  ;  to  match ; 
to  correspond;  as,  the  picture  does  not  agree 
with  the  original,  (c)  To  suit;  to  be  accom- 
modated or  adapted;  as,  the  same  food  does 
not  agree  with  every  constitution,  (d)  In 
gram,  to  correspond  in  number,  case,  gen- 
der, or  person ;  as,  a  verb  must  agree  with 
its  nominative.  [In  certain  phrases  the 
verb  to  agree  is  still  conjugated,  like  some 
other  intransitive  verbs,  with  the  auxiliary 
to  be  instead  of  have,  which  gives  these 
phrases,  to  be  agreed,  all  are  agreed,  and 
the  like,  the  appearance  of  being  in  the 
passive.  '  The  traitors  are  agreed '  (that  is, 
the  traitors  have  agreed,  have  or  are  come 
to  an  agreement).  Shak.  ] 
Agree  (a-gre'),  v.t.  To  settle;  to  determine; 
to  arrange. 

He  saw  from  far        .... 
Some  troublous  uprore  or  contentious  fray, 
Whereto  he  drew  in  haste  it  to  agree.      Spenser. 
I  do  believe  the  two  Pretenders  had,  privately, 
agreed  the  matter  beforehand.  Gray. 

[This  use  of  the  verb  agree  is  now  obsolete 
except  in  the  passive  in  the  phrase  it  is 
agreed. 

It  is  thus  agreed 
That  peaceful  truce  shall  be  proclaimed  in  France. 

Agreeability  (a-gre'a-bil"i-ti),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  agreeable ;  easiness  of  disposi- 
tion. [Rare.] 

Agreeable  (a-gre'a-bl),  a.  1.  Suitable;  con- 
formable; correspondent;  consistent:  with 
to ;  as,  the  practice  of  virtue  is  agreeable  to 
the  law  of  God  and  our  own  nature. — 2.  In 
pursuance  of;  in  conformity  with;  as,  agree- 
able to  the  order  of  the  day,  the  House  took 
up  the  report  of  the  committee.  This  was 
formerly  the  common  usage,  and  is  gram- 
matically correct,  agreeable  being  an  ad- 
jective in  concord  with  the  latter  clause  of 
the  sentence:  the  House  took  up  the  report 


of  the  committee  (which  taking  up  was) 

r 'cable  to  the  order  of  the  day.    Agree- 
has  now,  however,  in  this  use,  been 
almost  superseded  by  agreeably.— 3.  Pleas- 
ing, either  to  the  mind  or  senses;  as,  agree- 
able manners ;  fruit  agreeable  to  the  taste. 

My  idea  of  an  agreeable  person,  said  Hugo  Bohun, 
is  a  person  who  agrees  with  me. 

4.  Willing  or  ready  to  agree  or  consent. 

These  Frenchmen  give  unto  the  said  captain  of 


L 

ife  that  is  to 
Dickens. 


Caiais'a  g'reat  sunVoflnoney,  so  that  he  will  be  but 
content  and  agreeable  that  they  may  enler  into  t 
said  town. 

I'll  meet  you  there,  and  bring  my 
be.  .  .      Vou're  agreeable  t 

5  t  Concordant.  '  These  manifold  and  agree- 
able testimonies  of  the  olde  and  new  writers. 
Author  of  1SS6  quoted  by  Fitzcdward  liaU. 
Agreeable  t  (a-gre'a-bl),  ode.  In  an  agree- 
able or  pleasing  manner;  agreeably. 

To  speak  agreeable  to  him  with  whom  we  deal,  is 
more  than  to  speak  in  good  words,  or  in  good  order. 
Bacon. 

Agreeableness  (a-gre'a-bl-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  agreeable ;  as,  (a)  suit- 
ableness ;  conformity ;  consistency  ;  as,  the 
aqreeableness  of  virtue  to  the  laws  of  God. 
(6)  The  quality  of  pleasing;  that  quality 
which  gives  satisfaction  or  moderate  plea- 
sure to  the  mind  or  senses;  as,  an  agreeable- 
ness  of  manners ;  there  is  an  agreeablenest 
in  the  taste  of  certain  fruits.  [This  is  the 
usual  sense  of  the  word.]  (c)t  Concord- 
ance; harmony. 

The  agrceablencss  between  man  and  other  parts 
of  creation.  Grew. 

Agreeably  (a-gre'a-bli).  adv.  In  an  agree- 
able manner;  as,  (a)  suitably;  consistently, 
conformably. 


The  effect  of  which  is.  that 
frequent,  agreeably  to  the  maxi 


arriages  grow  less 


above  laid  down. 
Paley. 

See  remark  under  AGREEABLE,  2.  (b)  Pleas- 
ingly ;  in  an  agreeable  manner  ;  in  a  man- 
lier to  give  pleasure;  as,  to  be  agreeably 
entertained  with  a  discourse.  (c)t  Alike; 
in  the  same  or  a  similar  manner;  similarly. 

Armed  both  as  reeably.  Spenser. 

Agreeingly  (a-gre'ing-li),  adv.    In  conform- 

ity to.     Sheldon.     [Rare.  ] 
Agreement  (a-gre'ment),  n.   1.  The  state  of 

agreeing  or  being  agreed  ;  as,  (a)  concord  ; 

harmony;  conformity;  resemblance. 

What  agreement  hath  the  temple  of  God  with  idols  T 

a  Cor.  vi.  16. 

Expansion  and  duration  have  this  farther  agreement. 
Locke. 

(b)  Union  of  opinions  or  sentiments  ;  as,  a 
'  agreement  subsists  among  the  mem- 


bers of  the  council,  (c)  In  gram,  corre- 
spondence of  words  in  respect  of  number, 
gender,  <Sc.  See  AGREE,  v.i. ,  2  (d).— 2.  The 
act  of  coming  to  a  mutual  arrangement; 
bargain;  compact;  contract:  stipulation;  as, 
he  made  an  agreement  for  the  purchase  of  a 
house. 

Make  an  agreement  with  me  by  a  present. 

2  Ki   xviii.  31. 

Agrefe,t  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on  or  in,  and  grief.] 
In  grief.  Chaucer. 

Agrege,  t  Agregge  t  (a-gre j'),  v.  t. and  t.  [O.  Fr. 
agreger,  aggreger,  from  rustic  L.aggraviare, 
classical  L  aggramre,  to  aggravate,  as 
abridge  from  abbreoiare.]  To  aggravate;  to 
exaggerate. 

Agrestial  (a-gres'ti-al),  a.  Rustic;  countri- 
fied. [Rare.] 

Agrestic,  Agrestical  (a-gres'tik,  a-gres'tik- 
al),  a.  [L.  agrestic,  from  ager,  &  field.] 
Rural ;  rustic ;  pertaining  to  fields  or  the 
country,  in  opposition  to  the  city;  unpol- 
ished. [Rare.  ] 

Agreve.i  v.t.   To  grieve.    Chaucer. 

Agricolationt  (a-grik'o-la"shon),  n.  Culti- 
vation of  the  soil.  Bailey. 

Agricolist  t  (a-grik'61-ist),  n.  [L.  agricola, 
a  husbandman—  ager,  a  field,  aud  cola,  to 
cultivate.  ]  An  agriculturist. 

The  pasture  and  the  food  of  plants 

First  let  the  young  agricolist  be  taught.   Dodsley 

AgriCOlOUS  (a-grik'6-lus),  a.  Agricultural. 
S.  Smith. 

Agricultor  (ag'ri-kult-or),  n.  [L. ,  from  ager, 
a  field,  and  cultor,  a  cultivator.  ]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  till  the  ground ;  a  farmer ; 
a  husbandman;  one  skilled  in  husbandry. 
[Rare.] 

Agricultural  (ag-ri-knl'tur-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to,  connected  with,  or  engaged  in  agri- 
culture. —  Agricultural  societies,  societies 
for  promoting  agricultural  improvements, 
such  as  the  improvement  of  land,  of  imple- 
ments, of  the  breeds  of  cattle,  &c.—  Agri- 
cidtnral  chemistry,  a  branch  of  chemistry 
treating  of  the  composition  and  properties 


of  plants,  soils,  manures,  feeding-stuffs  for 
cattle,  &c.  It  teaches  how  to  improve 
barren  soils  and  renew  exhausted  ones,  as 
also  what  soils  and  manures  are  suitable 
for  specific  crops.  —  Agricultural  geology 
treats  of  the  resources  of  a  country  in  re- 
spect of  soils,  subsoils,  subjacent  strata,  and 
mineral  manures. 

Agriculturalist  (ag-ri-kul'tur-al-ist),  n.  An 
agriculturist.  A.  J.  Ellis. 

Agriculture  (agVi-kul-tur),)!.  [L.  ager, a  field, 
and  culture,,  cultivation.  See  ACRE  and  CUL- 
TURE.] The  cultivation  of  the  ground,  more 
especially  with  the  plough  and  in  large  areas 
or  fields  in  order  to  raise  grain  and  other 
crops  for  man  and  beast,  including  the  art 
of  preparing  the  soil,  sowing  and  planting 
seeds,  removing  the  crops,  and  also  the  rais- 
ing and  feeding  of  cattle  or  other  live 
stock;  husbandry;  tillage;  farming.  Agri- 
culture has  been  divided  into  theoretical  and 
practical.  Theoretical  agriculture,  or  the 
theory  of  agriculture,  is  a  science,  compre- 
hending in  its  scope  the  nature  and  proper- 
ties of  soils,  the  different  sorts  of  plants  and 
seeds  fitted  for  them,  the  composition  and 
qualities  of  manures,  and  the  rotation  of 
crops,  and  involves  a  knowledge  of  chem- 
istry, geology,  and  kindred  sciences.  /Y<«'- 
tical  agriculture,  or  husbandry,  is  an  art, 
comprehending  all  the  labours  of  the  field 
and  of  the  farm-yard,  such  as  preparing  the 
land  for  the  reception  of  the  seed  or  plants, 
committing  the  seed  to  the  earth,  rearing 
the  crop,  gathering  in  the  fruits,  cultivation 
and  economy  of  animal  and  vegetable  pro- 
ductions, &c. 

Agriculturism(ag-ri-kul'tur-izm),n.  The  art 
or  science  of  agriculture.    [Rare.] 
Agriculturist  ( ag-ri-kul'tur-ist ).  n.     One 
skilled  in  the  art  of  cultivating  the  ground; 
a  husbandman. 

They  preferred  the  produce  of  their  nocks  to  that 
of  their  lands,  and  were  shepherds  instead  of  agri- 
culturists. Buckle. 

Agrievance.t  See  AOGRIEVANCE. 
Agrimonia  (ag-ri-mo'ni-a),  n.  [L.L.  agri- 
nwnia,  L.  argewonia,  Gr.  argemon?,  agri- 
mony. Said  to  be  from  Gr.  argema,  a  whitish 
speck  on  the  eye  arising  from  ulceration 
(which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  cure),  from 
argos,  white.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Rosacese;  agrimony.  The  species  are  slender 
perennial  herbs  found  in  temperate  regions. 
The  common  agrimony  (A.  eupatmia)  was 
formerly  of  much  repute  as  a  medicine.  Its 
leaves  and  root-stock  ate  astringent,  and  the 
latter  yields  a  yellow  dye. 
Agrimony  (ag'ri-mon-i),  n.  The  common 
mime  of  the  plants  of  the  genus  Agrimonia. 
Hemp  agrimony  belongs  to  the  genus  Eupa- 
torium  (E.  cannabinum),  nat.  order  Com- 
posite. 

Agriopes,Agriopus(a-gri'6-pes,a-gri'o-pus), 
n.  A  genus  of  acanthopterygious  fishes, 
family  Cataphracti,  particularly  distin- 
guished from  most  other  genera  of  fishes  by 
having  only  nine  rays  in  the  pectoral  fins. 
The  A .  torvus,or  sea-horse,  isupwardsof2feet 
in  length,  and  is  common  on  the  shores  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

Agrippinian  (a-grip-pin'i-an),  n.  Eccles.  a 
follower  of  Agrippinus,  bishop  of  Carthage 
in  the  third  century,  who  first  taught  and 
defended  the  doctrine  of  rebaptism. 
Agrise.t  Agryse.t  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  aqrtsan,  to 
dread.  Allied  to  grlslic,  E.  grulij.]  To 
shiver;  to  shudder,  as  from  fear,  disgust, 
or  sympathy,  and  the  like. 

The  kinges  herte  of  pitee  gan  agrise.     Chaucer. 

Agrise.t  v.t.  1.  To  cause  to  shudder;  to 
terrify;  to  disgust.  'Swiche  peines  that 
your  hertes  might  anrixe.'  Chaucer. — 2.  To 
make  frightful;  to  disfigure.  'Engrostwith 
mud  which  did  them  fowle  agrise. '  Spenser. 

Agrom  (a'grom),  n.  The  native  name  for  a 
disease  frequent  in  Bengal  and  other  parts 
of  the  East  Indies,  in  which  the  tongue  chaps 
and  becomes  rough  and  sometimes  covered 
with  white  spots. 

Agronomic,  Agronomical  (ag-ro-nom'ik, 
ag-ro-nom'ik-al),  a.  [Gr.  agros,  a  field,  and 
nomos,  a  law.]  Relating  to  agronomy,  or 
the  management  of  farms.  [Rare.] 


The  experience  of  British  agriculture  has  shown 
that  the  French  agronomical  division  of  the  soil  is 


infinitely  less  profitable  . 
this  country. 


.   .  than  that  prevailing  in 
Bdin.  Kc 


Agronomist  (a-gron'6-mist),  n.  One  who 
studies  the  management  of  farms.  '  An 
impartial  foreign  agronomist.'  Edin.  Rev. 
[Rare.] 

Agronomy  (a-gron'6-mi),  n.  [Fr.  agronomu, 
from  Gr.  agronomos,  rural,  froma^ro«,afleld, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abuiie;      J',  Sc.  tey. 


AUUOSK 


61 


AIGRE 


anil  nowos,  a  rule.]    The  art  of  cultivating 
tlio  ground;  sericulture. 

Agrose,t  prut,  of  agrise, 

Agrostemma(ag-r6-steni'ma),  n.  [Gr.  a;ti-»x, 
a  hVld,  ami  ntvini/ia,  a  wreath.]  A  Linim-an 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  ordi-r  ('uryophyllacerc. 
It  is  now  generally  regarded  aa  a  section  of 
tht-u'i'inis  Lychnis,  from  which  it  only  ililtrrs 
in  the  elongated  segments  of  the  calyx  limb, 
in  the  petals  being  wit) tout  a  prominent  scale 
at  the  base  of  the  expanded  portion,  and  in 
the  capsule  opening  by  valves  alternate  with 
and  not  opposite  to  the  calyx  segments.  A, 
(Lychnis)  Githrtgo  (the  common  corn-cockle), 
with  large  entire  purple  petals,  ia  the  only 
species  belonging  to  the  section  as  now 
limited. 

Agrostis(a-gros'tis),7i.  [Gr.  agrotttis,  the  name 
of  several  grasses.]  A  genus  of  grasses,  con- 
sisting of  many  species  found  in  the  tem- 
perate and  cold  climates  of  the  world.  They 
are  valuable  as  pasture-grasses.  The  genus 
is  distinguished  from  other  grasses  by  having 
membranous  and  awnless  empty  glumes.  The 
bent-grasses  belong  to  this  genus. 

Agrostograpfcy  (a-gros-tog'ra-fl),  n.  A  de- 
scription of  grasses. 

Agrostology  (a-gros-tol'o-ji),H.  [Gr.  agrostis, 
a  grass,  and  logos,  speech.]  That  part  of 
botany  which  relates  to  grasses. 

Aground  (a-ground7),  adv.  ova.  [Prefixa  =  at 
or  on,  and  ground,]  1.  On  the  ground  — a 
nautical  term  signifying  that  the  bottom  of 
a  ship  rests  on  the  ground  for  want  of  suffi- 
cient depth  of  water.— 2.  Fig.  brought  to  a 
stop  for  want  of  resources,  matter,  and  the 
like ;  as,  the  speaker  is  aground. 

AgTOUpment(a-grdp'ment),tt.  [Fr.  agrouper 
to  group.  See  GROUP.]  The  arrangement  of 
a  group  in  a  picture  or  in  statuary;  grouping. 

Aguardiente  (a'gwar-de-ent"a),n.  [Sp.  .contr. 
for  agua  ardiente,  buniing  water.]  1.  A 
second-class  brandy  made  from  the  red  wines 
of  Spain  and  Portugal,  as  also  from  the  refuse 
of  the  grapes  left  in  the  wine-press,  the  scrap- 
ings of  casks  and  vats,  and  deposits  in  bottles, 
generally  flavoured  with  anise.  It  is  the 
popular  spirituous  beverage  in  these  coun- 
tries.—2.  A  Mexican  alcoholic  drink  distilled 
from  the  fermented  juice  of  the  agave. 
Called  also  Pulque  (which  see). 

Agua-toad  (a'gwii-tod),  n.  The  Bafo  agua, 
family  Bufonidre,  a  gigantic  species  of  toad 
found  in  intertropical  America  and  the  West 
Indies.  It  is  one  of  the  noisiest  of  its  tribe, 
uttering  a  loud  snoring  kind  of  bellow,  chiefly 
during  night.  It  is  very  voracious,  and  being 
believed  to  devour  rats,  has  been  largely 
imported  from  Barbadoes  into  Jamaica  to 
keep  down  the  swarms  of  rats  that  destroy 
the  plantations. 

Ague  OVgu),  n.  [Fr.  aigu,  acute ;  fif'vre  aigue 
(L.L.  febris  acuta),  acute  fever;  L.  acutus, 
sharp.  See  ACUTE,  ACID.]  1.  The  cold  fit  or 
rigor  which  precedes  a  feveror  a  paroxysm  of 
fever  in  intermittents.  — 2.  A  periodical  fever, 
an  intermittent,  whether  quotidian,  tertian, 
or  quartan,  the  paroxysm  leaving  the  patient 
in  apparent  health,  and  returning  daily,  or 
every  second  or  third  day.  It  arises  from 
marsh  miasmata,  a  temperature  above  tiO1 
being  however  apparently  required  to  pro- 
duce it.  —  3.  Chilliness;  a  chill  or  state  of 
shaking  not  resulting  from  disease. 

Ague  (a'gu),  v.t  To  cause  a  shivering  in;  to 
strike  with  a  cold  fit.  Heywood.  [Rare.] 

Ague-cake  (a'gu-kak),  n.  The  tumour  caused 
by  enlargement  and  hardening  of  the  spleen. 
It  is  often  the  consequence  of  intermittent 
fever  or  ague. 

Agued  (a'gud).  ft.  Chilly ;  having  a  fit  of  ague; 
shivering  with  cold  or  fear;  characterized  by 
shivering.  '  With  flight  and  agued  fear. '  Shak. 

Ague-drop  (a'gu-drop),  n.  A  solution  of  the 
arsenite  of  potassium,  or  the  liquor  arseni- 
alis  of  the  Pharmacopceia.  It  is  also  known 
as  Fowler's  Solution. 

Ague-fit  (a'gu-flt),  n.  A  paroxysm  of  cold  or 
shivering;  chilliness. 

This  ague-fit  of  fear  is  overblown.  Shak. 

Ague-proof(a'gu-prof),«.  Proof  against  ague. 
'  I  am  not  ague-proof.'  Shak. 

Aguerry  t  (a-gwe'ri),  v.t.  [Fr.  aguerrir,  from 
ififtre,  war.)  To  inure  to  the  hardships  of 
war;  to  instruct  in  the  art  of  war.  '  An  army 
the  best  aguerried  of  any  troops  in  Europe.' 
Lord  Lyttletmi. 

Ague-spell  (a'gu-spel),  n.  A  spell  or  charm  to 
cure  or  prevent  ague.  'His  pills,  his  balsams, 
and  his  agut-sptus.'  Gay. 

Ague-tree  (a'gu-tre),  n.  A  name  sometimes 
applied  to  sassafras  on  account  of  its  febri- 
fuge qualities. 


Aguiler.t  n.      [Fr  aiguille,  a  needle.]     A 

ncL'i  lie-ease.     Chaucer. 
Aguise,  Aguize  t  (a-gez'),  v.t.    [See  GUISE.] 

To  dress;  to  adorn.     '  Wherewith  above  all 

knights  ye  bravely  seem  ayuiwd.'  Spenser. 
Aguise  t  (n-gez'),  ".  Dress.  '  Their  fashions 

and  brave  00UUV.'    Dr.  11.  More. 
Aguish  (a'gu  ish),  a.     1.  Chilly;  somewhat 

cold  or  shivering;  also,  having  the  qualities 

of  an  ague;  as,  an  aguish,  fever. 

Her  aguish  love  now  glows  and  burns.     Granville, 

2.  Productive  of  agues;  as,  an  aguitth  locality. 

Aguishness  (a'gu-ish-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  aguish;  chilliness. 

Agynous  (a'jin-us),  a.  [Gr.  a,  without,  and 
fft/ne,  a  female.]  In  but  applied  to  plants 
having  no  female  organs. 

Ah  (a).  [A  natural  cry  expressive  of  sudden 
emotion;  comp.  G.  ach,  L.  ah,  Gr.  a,  a, 
Skr.  d,  ah,  ah.]  An  exclamation  expressive 
of  pain,  surprise,  pity,  compassion,  com- 
plaint, contempt,  dislike,  joy,  exultation, 
Ac.,  according  to  the  manner  of  utterance. 

Aha  (a-ha').  [A  lengthened  form  of  ah,  or 
formed  of  ah  and  ha;  comp.  G.  aha,  Skr. 
ah6,  a h nli n.  \  An  exclamation  expressing 
triumph,  contempt,  or  simple  surprise; 
but  the  senses  are  distinguished  by  very 
different  modes  of  utterance,  and  different 
modifications  of  features.  Ps.  xxxv.  21. 

Aha  (a'ha),  n.  [See  HA-HA.]  A  sunk  fence, 
not  visible  without  near  approach.  More 
commonly  spelled  Ha-ha  or  Hah-hah. 

Ahead  (a-hed'),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  at,  and 
head.  ]  1.  Headlong;  without  restraint;  head 
foremost. 

It  is  mightily  the  fault  of  parents,  guardians, tutors, 
and  governors,  that  so  many  men  miscarry.  They 
suffer  them  at  first  to  run  ahead,  and  when  perverse 
inclinations  are  advanced  into  habits,  there  is  no 
dealing  with  them.  Sir  R,  L' Estrange. 

2.  In  or  to  the  front;  in  advance;  before;  as, 
they  walked  ahead  of  us  all  the  way;  he 
soon  ran  ahead  of  us;  specifically  (naut), 
before  or  in  front  of  a  vessel,  or  in  the  di- 
rection to  which  a  vessel's  head  is  directed; 
farther  forward:  in  opposition  to  astern; 
as,  to  lie  ahead;  to  move  ahead. 

The  east  end  of  the  island  bore  but  a  little  ahead 
of  us.  Fielding. 

— To  r^n  ahead  of  one's  reckoning  (naut), 
to  sail  beyond  the  places  erroneously  esti- 
mated in  the  dead-reckoning  as  the  ship's 
station. — To  go  ahead,  a  phrase  originating 
in  the  United  States,  but  now  common  in 
Britain,  signifying  to  push  forward ;  to  be 
enterprising  or  speculative:  generally  used, 
as  an  admonition,  in  the  imperative  mood, 
' go  ahead; '  and  not  rarely  as  an  adjective ; 
as,  a  go-ahead  person. 

Aheap  (a-hepO,  a.  or  adv.  [Apparently  from 
prefix  a,  on  or  in,  and  heap;  but  possibly 
the  word ,  in  first  extract  at  any  rate,  is  really 
another  form  of  the  O.K.  awhape,  to  aston- 
ish. See  AWHAPE.]  1.  In  a  quiver  or  trem- 
ble with  terror ;  having  received  a  shock  of 
fear. 

When  some  fresh  bruit 
Startled  me  all  aHfa/>!  and  soon  1  saw 
The  horridest  shape  that  ever  raised  my  awe. 
Hood. 

2.  Huddled  together  through  fear;  in  a 
crowd. 

So  did  that  sudden  Apparition  scare 
All  close  aheap  those  small  affrighted  things  (fairies). 

Hood. 

Aheight  t  (a-hlf),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on  or  at,  and 
heujKt.]  Aloft;  on  high.  'Look  up  aheight.' 
Shak. 

Anight  (a-hf),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and  high.] 
Oiihigh.  '  One  heav'd  ahigh,  to  be  hurled 
down  below.'  Shak, 

Ahint,  Ahin  (a-hinf,  a-hinO,  prep,  or  adv. 
Behind.  [Scotch.] 

Aholdt  (a-hold'),  adv.  Near  the  wind,  so  as 
to  hold  or  keep  to  it;  as,  to  lay  a  ship  ahold. 
Shak. 

Ahoual  (a  ho'i),  n.  The  native  name  of  a 
Brazilian  tree,  the  Cerbera  Ahouai,  nat. 
order  Apocynacece.  It  is  20  feet  high,  its 
leaves  thick  and  succulent,  the  wood  stinks 
abominably,  and  the  kernels  of  the  nuta  are 
very  poisonous.  Written  also  Ahovai. 

Ahoy  (&-hoi'),exclam.  [Longer  form  of  hoy!] 
A  word  used  chiefly  at  sea  in  hailing. 

Ahriman  (a'ri-man),  n.  [Per.  ahriman,  Zend, 
angro-mainyus,  the  malignant  destroying 
spirit.]  The  evil  genius  or  demon  according 
to  the  dualiatic  doctrine  of  Zoroaster.  Ah- 
riman is  the  personification  of  malignity, 
the  original  source  of  all  moral  and  physical 
evil,  the  chief  of  the  devils  and  malignant 
spirits,  the  king  of  darkness  and  of  death, 
and  the  eternal  foe  of  Ormuzd  and  his  king- 
dom of  light  and  life. 


Ahu  (aim),  n.  One  of  tin:  native  name.-,  <>f 
the  common  gazelle  of  Asia.  Set-  (JA/.KI.I.K. 

A-hull  (a-hul').  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  and 
ftitfl.]  j/aut.  a  word  used  with  MgUQ  to  a 
ship  when  all  her  sails  are  furled,  and  her 
helm  lashed  on  the  lee-side  on  account  of 
the  violence  of  a  storm;  she  then  lies  nearly 
with  her  side  to  the  wind  and  sea,  her  head 
somewhat  turned  toward  the  direction  of 
the  wind:  applied  also  to  a  ship  deserted 
and  exposed  to  tempestuous  winds. 

A-hungeredt  (a-hung'gerd),  a  [Prefix  a 
(for  of),  intens.,  and  hungered;  it  is  the  same 
word  as  Piers  Plowman's  afyngered,  fnnu 
A.  Sax.  of-hyngrian,  to  be  very  hungry.  An- 
hungered is  a  form  of  this  word.]  Pinched 
with  hunger;  hungry. 

A-hungry t (a-hung'gri), a.  [Prefix a,  intens. , 
and  hungry.  See  A-HUNOERED.]  Hungry. 
'  I  am  not  a-hungry. '  Shak. 

Ai(a'e),  n.  The  three-toed  sloth  (Bradypus 
tridactylusoT  torquatus),  so  called  from  hav- 
ing a  feeble  plaintive  cry  somewhat  like  its 
name.  See  SLOTH. 

Alblins  (ab'linz),  adv.  [Probably  from  able, 
and  adv.  term.  Hustling  in  darken/;;  comp. 
Sc.  backZms,  backwards;  or  from  \f,  Goth. 
ibai,G.  ob,  and  same  termination.]  Perhaps; 
peradventure;  possibly.  [Scotch.] 

But  fare-ye-weel,  auld  Nickie-hen! 
Oh  wad  ye  tak'  a  thought  and  men', 
Ye  atbtins  might — I  dinna  ken — 

Still  hae  a  stake.  Burns. 

Alch's  Metal  (iehs  met'al),  n.  An  alloy  of 
iron,  copper,  and  zinc,  said  to  lie  more  tena- 
cious and  ductile  than  gun-metal,  named 
from  the  patentee  Johann  Aich.  Called 
also  Sterro-metal. 

Aid  (ad),  v.t.  [Fr.  aider,  O.Fr.  ajtider,  to 
help;  Pr.  aidar,  ajudar,  adjudar;  L.  adju- 
tare,  freq.  of  adjuvo,  adjutum,  to  help — ad, 
to,  and  juvotjutum,  to  help.]  To  help;  to 
assist ;  to  come  to  the  support  or  relief  of ; 
to  succour,  either  by  furnishing  strength  or 
means  to  effect  a  purpose,  or  by  preventing 
or  removing  obstacles.— SYN.  To  help,  assist, 
support,  sustain,  succour,  relieve. 

Aid  (ad),  n.  [Fr.  aide,  O.Fr.  aide,  ajude.  See 
the  verb.]  1.  Help;  succour;  support;  as- 
sistance. 

Sweet  father,  I  behold  him  in  my  dreams 
Gaunt,  as  it  were  the  skeleton  ofliiinself, 
Death-pale,  for  lack  of  gentle  maiden's  aid. 
Tennyson. 

2.  The  person  or  thing  that  aids  or  yields 
assistance;  a  helper;  an  auxiliary;  an  assist- 
ant. 

It  is  not  g[ood  that  man  should  be  alone;  let  us 
make  unto  him  an  .'/.)',  like  unto  himself. 

Tobit  viii.  6. 

3.  In  law,  a  subsidy  or  tax  granted  by  par- 
liament to  the  crown  for  various  purposes. 

4.  In  feudal  law,  a  tax  paid  by  a  tenant  to 
his  lord ;  originally  a  gift,  which  afterward 
became  a  legal  right.    The  aids  of  this  kind 
were  chiefly  three :  (a)  to  ransom  the  lord 
when  a  prisoner;  (6)  to  make  the  lord's  eld- 
est son  a  knight;  (c)  to  marry  the  lord's  eld- 
est daughter.     Aids  were  abolished   by  12 
Car.  II.  xxiv.— 5.  An  aide-de-camp,  so  called 
by  abbreviation. 

Aid  (ad),  «.  A  Staffordshire  mining  term 
for  a  vein  of  ore  going  downwards  out  of  the 
perpendicular  line. 

Aidance  (ad'ans),  n.  Aid;  help;  assistance. 
'The  means  and  aidances  supplied  by  the 
Supreme  Reason.'  Coleridge.  [Rare.  ] 

Aidantt  (ad'ant),  a.  Helping;  helpful;  sup- 
plying aid. 

Be  aidant  and  immediate 
In  the  good  man's  distress.  Sha&. 

Aide-de-camp  (ad-de-kon),  n.  pi.  Aides- 
de-camp  (ad-de-kon).  [Fr.]  MHit.  an  officer 
whose  duty  is  to  receive  and  communicate 
the  orders  of  a  general  officer,  to  act  as  his 
secretary,  and  the  like.  Written  also  Aid- 
de-camp. 

Aider  (ad'er),  n.  One  who  helps;  an  assistant 
or  auxiliary;  an  abettor;  an  accessory. 

All  along  as  he  went,  were  punished  the  adherents 
and  aiders  of  the  late  rebels.  Rnrnet. 

Aidful  (ad'ful),  a.     Giving  aid;  helpful. 

'Aidfitl  to  the  distresses  of  God's  people.' 

Bp.  Hall.     [Rare.] 
Aidless  (ad'les),  a.    Without  aid ;  helpless ; 

without  succour;  unsupported. 
Aid-majort  (ad'ma-jer),  n.   The  former  title 

of  the  adjutant  of  a  regiment. 
Aiglet  (aglet),  n.  In  her.  an  eaglet  or  young 

eagle. 

Aiglet  (aglet),  n.    See  AC.LKT. 
Aigre  (a'ger),  n.    The  flowing  of  the  sea. 

See  EAGRE. 
Algret  (a'ger),  a.    [Fr  ,from  L.  acrem,  sharp. 

See  ACRID,  ACID.]  Sharp;  sour.  '  Like  aiV//v 

droppings  into  milk.'    Shak. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J,;ob;      h,  JTr.  ton;      ng,  sinrj;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


AIGREMORE 


AIR-BRICK 


Algremore  (a'ger-mor),  n.  [Fr. ;  origin  un- 
known.) A  nam-'  given  to  charcoal  when  in 
that  state  of  preparation  for  the  making  of 
gunpowder  which  renders  it  fit  for  the  ad- 
mixture of  the  other  constituent  materials. 

Aigret,  Aigrette  (a'gret,  a-gret'),  n  [See 
EGRET  ]  1  A  name  of  the  small  white  heron. 
See  EGRET.—  2.  In  bat.  same  as  Egret.— 3.  A 
plume  or  ornament  for  the  head  composed 
of  feathers  or  precious  stones. 

Aisuille  (a'gwil),  ».  [Fr.,  a  needle.  See 
AOLBI  ]  1.  An  instrument  used  by  military 
engineers  and  others  for  piercing  a  rock, 
for  the  lodgment  of  gunpowder  in  a  mine  or 
blast-hole.— 2.  A  name  given  to  the  needle- 
like  points  or  tops  of  granite,  gneiss,  quartz, 
and  other  crystalline  rocks  and  mountain 
masses;  also  applied  to  sharp-pointed  masses 
of  ice  on  glaciers  and  elsewhere. 

Aiguillette  (a'gwil-et),  n.  [Fr.,  a  dim.  of 
aiguille,  a  needle.  See  AGLET.)  1.  A  point 
or  tag  at  the  end  of  a  fringe  or  lace.  — 
2.  Milit.  a  tagged  point  hanging  down  from 
the  shoulder;  also,  a  braid  or  cord  worn  from 
shoulder  to  shoulder  in  some  military  uni- 

Aiguise'  (a-gwez-a),  a.  [Fr.  aiguiser,  to 
sharpen.)  In  her.  applied  to  a  cross  with 
its  four  ends  sharpened,  but  so  as  to  termin- 
ate in  obtuse  angles.  Written  also  Egtuxf. 

Aigulet  (a'gu-let),  n.  [See  AGLET.)  A  tag 
or  point  '  Golden  aigulets.  Spenser. 

All  (al),  v.t.  [O.E.  eylen,  A.  Sax.  eglian,  to 
feel  pain,  to  ail ;  eglan,  to  give  pain ;  egle, 
trouble,  grief ;  egl,  eyel,  that  which  pricks, 
a  thistle,  an  'ail'  or  beard  of  barley  (Prov. 
E);  allied  to  Goth,  agio,  affliction;  aglus, 
troublesome ;  perhaps  to  Sw.  agg,  a  prick ; 
E.  to  egg  on,  and  perhaps  ache,  A.  Sax.  ace, 
ache  pain  and  therefore  to  widely-spread 
rootat.  See  ACID.)  To  affect  with  pain  or  un- 
easiness, either  of  body  or  mind;  to  trouble; 
to  be  the  matter  with :  used  to  express  some 
uneasiness  or  affection  whose  cause  is  un- 
known; as,  what  ails  the  man?  I  know  not 
what  ails  him. 

What  ailtth  thee.  Hagar!      Gen.  «xi.  17. 

Rarely  used  of  a  specific  disease ;  thus  we 
seldom  say  a  pleurisy  ails  him,  but  some- 
tiling  ails  him.  nothing  ails  him. 
All  (al),  v.i.    To  feel  pain;  to  be  in  pain  or 
trouble. 

And  much  he  ails,  and  yet  he  is  not  sick.     Daniel. 

All  (al),  n.  Indisposition  or  morbid  affection; 
ailment.  Pope. 

Ailan.th.us,  Allantus  (a-lan'thus,  a-lan'tus), 
n.  [From  ailanto,  the  Malacca  name  for 
one  species,  signifying  tree  of  heaven.)  A 
genus  of  large  timber-trees,  nat.  order  Sim- 
arubaceie.  A.  glandulosus  is  a  handsome 
tree  of  India  and  China,  attaining  a  height 
of  60  feet.  It  is  planted  in  France  and  Ger- 
many to  shade  public  walks,  and  has  been 
called  false  varni»h-tree.  The  Bombyx  Cyn- 
thia,, a  species  of  silk-worms,  feeds  on  its 
leaves.  In  Japan  the  produce  of  silk- 
worms fed  on  this  tree  is  very  large,  and  the 
material,  though  wanting  the  fineness  and 
gloss  of  mulberry  silk,  is  produced  at  far 
less  cost,  and  is  more  durable. 

Allot  (il),  n.     Same  as  Aifle. 

Aileron  (al'er-on),  n.  Same  as  AUette  (which 

AUette,  AUlette 

(al-lef).  n.  [Fr., 
a  little  wing.  ] 
One  of  the  small 
square  shields  of 
arms  worn  upon 
the  shoulders  of 
knights  during  a 
part  of  the  mid- 
dle ages;  the  pro- 
totype of  the  mo- 
dern epaulet.  Ailettes. 
Called  alsoXiferoii. 

Ailment  (al'ment),  n.  Disease;  indisposition; 
morbid  affection  of  the  body:  but  the  word 
is  not  applied  ordinarily  to  acute  diseases. 

AilurUB  (al-u'rus),  n.  [Gr.  ailouros,  a  cat.] 
A  genus  of  carnivorous  quadrupeds,  family 
Ursidffi.  A.  refulgent,  the  only  known  spe- 
cies, is  the  panda  (which  see). 

Aim  (am),  v.i.  [O.Fr.  esmer,  aesmer,  to  aim 
or  level  at,  purpose,  reckon ;  Pr.  aymar, 
aesmar,  adetmar,  to  reckon — L.  ad,  to,  and 
aatimare,  to  value,  consider,  reckon.  See 
ESTEEM.)  1.  To  direct  a  missile  towards  an 
object— 2.  To  point  to  in  a  figurative  sense; 
to  direct  the  mind  to  an  object;  specifically, 
(a)  to  guess;  to  conjecture. 

In  sadness,  cousin,  I  do  love  a  woman.— 
I  aimed  so  near,  when  I  supposed  you  loved. 
Sftajt. 


[Formerly  common,  but  now  rare  in  this 
sense  1  (M  To  direct  the  intention  or  pur- 
pose- to  attempt  to  reach  or  accomplish;  to 
tend  toward;  to  endeavour;  as,  a  man  aims 
at  distinction,  or  aims  to  be  rich:  in  all  its 
senses  followed  bya<  before  the  object  where 
the  object  is  expressed.— To  cry  aim,  in 
archer,/,  to  encourage  the  archers  by  crying 
out  aim  when  they  were  about  to  shoot. 
Hence  it  came  to  mean  to  applaud  or  en- 
courage in  a  general  sense. 


It  ill  beseems  this  presence  to  cry  a 
To  these  ill-tuned  repetitions. 


Shat. 


Aim  (am),  v.t.  To  direct  or  point  to  a  par- 
ticular object;  to  level  at;  as,  to  aim  a  mus- 
ket or  an  arrow,  the  fist  or  a  blow;  to  awn 
a  satire  or  a  reflection  at  some  person  or 

Aim  (am),  n.  1.  The  pointing  or  directing 
of  a  missile-  the  direction  of  anything  to  a 
particular  point  or  object  with  a  view  to 
strike  or  affect  it.  as  a  spear,  a  blow,  a  dis- 
course or  remark. 

Each  at  head  levelled  his  deadly  aim.    Milton. 

2  t  The  direction    in  which    a   missile  is 
pointed;  the  line  of  shot;  hence,  Jig.  the  di- 
rection in  which  anything  tends. 

And  when  the  cross  blue  lightning  seeni'd  to  open 
The  breast  of  heaven,  I  did  present  myself 
Even  in  the  aim  and  very  flash  of  it.  Ska*. 

3  The  point  intended  to  be  hit,  or  object 
intended  to  be  effected;  the  mark.    'To  be 
the  aim  of  every  dangerous  shot.'    Shak.— 

4.  A  purpose;  intention;  design;  scheme;  as, 
men  are  often  disappointed  of  their  aim. 

But  see,  how  oft  ambitious  aims  are  crost.       Pope. 

5.  t  Conjecture;  guess. 

He  that  seeth  no  mark,  must  shoot  by  aim.  Ep.  Jewel. 
It  is  impossible  by  aim  to  tell  it.         Spenser. 

—To  gice  aim,  in  archery,  to  stand  near  the 
butts  to  tell  the  archers  where  their  arrows 
alight.  The  terms  are  'wide  on  the  shaft 
(right)  hand;' '  wide  on  the  bow  (left)  hand;' 
•short;'  'gone;'  the  distances  being  mea- 
sured by  bow-lengths.  See  BOW-HAND.— 
SYN.  End,  object,  scope,  drift,  design,  pur- 
pose, intention,  scheme. 

Aim-criert  (am'kri-er),  n.  1.  One  who  en- 
couraged an  archer  by  crying  aim  when  he 
was  about  to  shoot.  Hence— 2  An  encour- 
ager  generally;  an  approving  on-looker;  an 
abettor.  'Thou  smiling  aim-crier  at  princes' 
fall '  Markham. 

Aimer  (am'er),  n.     One  that  aims. 

Aim-frontlet  (am'frunt-let),  n.  A  piece  of 
wood  fitted  to  the  muzzle  of  a  gun  so  as  to 
make  it  level  with  the  breech,  formerly  in 
use  among  gunners.  E.  II.  Knight. 

Aimless  (am'les),  a.  Without  aim;  pur- 
poseless. 

The  Turks,  half  asleep,  ran  about  in  aimless  con 
fusion.  Dryden. 

Aimlessly  (amles-li),  ado.  Without  aim; 
purposelessly. 

Ain(an),  a.    [See  OWN.]    Own.    [Scotch.] 
Aince,  Allies  (ans),  adv.    Once.    [Scotch.  ] 
Ainent  (a'nent),  a.   [O.Fr.  a««r(theMod.Fr. 
aUer),  to  go,  from  L.  adnare,  originally  to 
swim  to.]  In  her.  running:  applied  to  beasts. 
Alnsell  (an'sel),  n.    Ownself.    [Scotch.] 
Ain't,  An't  (ant).     A  vulgar  corruption  of 
are  not;  sometimes  also  used  for  is  not  and 
am  not. 

Air(ar),  n.  [Fr.  air,  Pr.  air,  aire,  L.  aer,  Gr. 
aer.air.)  l.The  fluid  which  we  breathe.  Air  is 
inodorous,  invisible,  insipid,  colourless,  elas- 
tic, possessed  of  gravity,  easily  moved,  rare- 
fled,  and  condensed,  essential  to  respiration 
and  combustion,  and  the  medium  of  sounds. 
Atmospheric  air  is  composed  by  volume  of 
20  or  21  oxygen  and  80  or  79  nitrogen;  by 
weight,  of  23  oxygen  to  77  nitrogen.  These 
gases  are  not  chemically  united,  but  mixed 
mechanically.  Air  contains  also  ,  Jiir  of  car- 
bonic acid,  aqueous  vapour,  and  varying 
proportions  of  ammonia,  nitric  acid,  ozone, 
and  organic  matter.  The  body  of  air  sur- 
rounding the  earth  is  called  the  atmosphere. 
The  specific  gravity  of  the  air  is  to  that  of 
water  nearly  as  1  to  828,  and  1000  cubic 
inches  at  mean  temperature  and  pressure 
weigh  30J  grains.  Air  is  necessary  to  life; 
being  inhaled  into  the  lungs,  the  oxygen  is 
separated  from  the  nitrogen,  and  it  is  sup- 
posed to  furnish  the  body  with  heat  and 
animation.  By  the  ancient  philosophers  air 
was  considered  one  of  the  four  elements. — 
2.  t  In  chem.  same  as  Gas;  thus  oxygen  was 
called  dephloffisticated  air. — 3.  Air  in  mo- 
tion; a  light  breeze.  'The  summer  airs  blow 


cool.'  Tennyson.  —  4.  t  Utterance  abroad; 
publication;  publicity. 

You  gave  it  air  before  me.  Dryden. 

Wind  is  used  in  like  manner.  Hence— 5.  t  In- 
telligence; information;  advice. 

It  grew  from  the  airs  which  the  princes  and  states 
abroad  received  from  their  ambassadors  and  agents 
here.  Bacon. 

6.  In  music,  (a)  a  tune ;  a  short  song  or 
piece  of  music  adapted  to  words;  also,  the 
peculiar  modulation  of  the  notes  which 
gives  music  its  character;  melody;  as,  a  xujt 
air.  (6)  A  song  or  piece  of  poetry  for  sing- 
ing; as,  the  air,  'Sound  an  Alarm.'  (c)  The 
soprano  part  in  a  harmonized  piece  of 
music.— 7.  Any  piece  of  poetry.  'The  re- 
peated air  of  sad  Electra's  poet.  Milton. 
[Rare.]— 8.  The  peculiar  look,  appearance, 
and  bearing  of  a  person;  as,  the  air  of  a 
youth;  a  graceful  air;  a  lofty  air.—  9.  The 
general  characterorcomplexion  of  anything; 
appearance;  semblance. 

Too  great  liberties  taken  (in  translation)  in  varying 
either  the  expression  or  composition,  in  order  to  give 
a  new  air  to  the  whole,  will  be  apt  to  have  a  very 
bad  effect.  Bf.  Ltnulk. 

As  it  was  communicated  with  the  air  of  a  secret,  it 
soon  found  its  way  into  the  world.  rope. 

10.  pi.  An  affected  manner ;  manifestation 
of  pride  or  vanity;  assumed  haughtiness: 
chiefly  in  the  phrase  to  give  one's  self  airt. 

Mrs.  Crackenbury  read  the  paragraph  in  bitter- 
ness  of  spirit,  and  discoursed  to  her  followers  about 
the  airs  which  that  woman  wasfiviMg-  herself. 

Thackeray. 

11.  pi.  The  artificial  motions  or  carriage  of 
a  horse.  —12.  In  painting,  (a)  that  which  ex- 
presses action;  manner;  gesture;  attitude. 
(b)  The  representation  of  the  effect  of  the 
atmospheric  medium,   through  which  na- 
tural objects  are  viewed.— To  take  the  air,  to 
go  abroad;  to  walk  or  ride  a  little  distance. 
—To  take  air,\  to  be  divulged ;  to  be  made 
public;  as,  the  story  has  taken  air.    Air  is 
frequently  found  in  composition,  and  as  the 
compounds  are  in  many  cases  words  of  ob- 
vious meaning,  only  those  which  have  a 
peculiar  or  specific  sense  are  entered  below 
in  alphabetical  order. 

Air(ar),  v.t.  1.  To  expose  to  the  air;  to  give 
access  to  the  open  air;  to  ventilate;  as,  to 
air  clothes;  to  air  a  room.  Hence— 2.  To 
expose  ostentatiously;  to  display;  to  bring 
l>efore  public  notice;  as,  to  air  one's  views. 
'A  iriny  a  snowy  hand  and  signet  ring.'  Ten- 
nyson.—3.  To  expose  to  heat;  to  warm;  as.to 
air  linen;  to  air  liquors. 
Air  Ear(ar),  a.  and  ado.  Early.  [Scotch.] 
•  An  air  winter's  a  sair  winter.'  Scotch  pro- 
verb. 

Alra  (ar'a),  n.    [Greek  name  of  a  kind  of 
darnel.  ]    Hair-grass,  a  genus  belonging  to 
the  nat.  order  Graminese,  characterized  by 
two-flowered   spikelets.      The  species  are 
widely  distributed   in  temperate  regions, 
but  few  are  of  much  value  as  fodder  plants. 
A.  ctfspitosa  (the  tufted  hair-grass)  is  from 
2  to  4  feet  high,  growing  in  meadows  and 
boggy  heaths,  where  its  tufts  are  useful  as 
stepping-places.    It  affords  a  fine  cover  for 
game,  and  constitutes  the  bulk  of  bog-hay 
on  moors.     Its  long,  narrow,  rough  leaves 
wound  the  skin  if  drawn  smartly  across  it. 
Alrable  (ar'a-bl),  a.     Suitable  to  be  sung. 
Howell.    [Rare  and  obsolete.] 
Air-balloon  (ar-bal-lbnO  n.    See  BALLOON. 
Air-bath  (ar'bath),»i.  1.  The  exposure  of  the 
person  to  the  action  of  the  air,  recommended 
by  Dr.  Franklin.  — 2.  An  arrangement  for 
drying  substances  by  exposing  them  to  air 
of  any  temperature  desired. 
Air-bed  (ar'bed),  n.    A  bed  made  by  inflat- 
ing an  air-tight  bed-shaped  bag  with  air. 
Air-bladder  (arTjlad-der),  n.    1.  A  vesicle 
filled  with  air. 

The  pulmonary  artery  and  vein  pass  along  the 
surfaces  of  these  air-bladders  in  an  infinite  number 
of  ramifications.  Arbulhnot. 

2.  A  bag  situated  under  the  back-bone  of 
certain  fishes,  and  which,  being  full  of  air, 
is  supposed  to  assist  in  breathing,  and  in 
regulating  the  buoyancy  of  the  animal. 

Air-bone  (ar'bon),  «.  A  bone  with  a  large 
cavity  filled  with  air,  as  in  birds.  Owen. 

Air-brake  (ar'brak),  n.  A  railway  brake  ap- 
plied by  means  of  condensed  atmospheric 

JUr:braving  (ar'brav-ing),  a.  Defying  the 
influence  of  the  air.  'Air-braving  towers. 
Shak. 

Air-brick  (arlirik),  n.  An  iron  box,  com- 
monly made  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a  brick, 
and  perforated  with  holes,  placed  in  the 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtine;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


AIR-BUILT 


03 


AIR-STOVE 


w.-ills  of  houses  so  as  to  facilitate  thu  trails- 
mission  of  air,  and  thus  promote  ventila- 
tion. 

Air-built  (fir'hilt),  tt.  Erected  in  the  air; 
having  no  solid  foundation;  chimerical;  as, 
an  air-built  castle;  air-built  hopes. 

Air-cane  (iir'kiin),  n.     An  air-gun  fitted  up 


Air-cane  (fir'kan),  > 
in  a  walking-stick. 


Air-casing  (fir'kfi«-ina),  n.  An  tlr-tlght 
casing  oFsneet-iron  around  a  pipe  to  prevent 
undue  transmission  of  heat  or  cold;  speci- 
fically, the  casing  round  the  base  of  the 
funnel  of  a  steam-vessel,  to  prevent  too  great 
a  transmission  of  heat  to  the  deck. 

Air-cell  (ar'sel),  n.  In  bol.  one  of  the  cavi- 
ties in  the  leaves,  stems,  or  other  parts  of 
plants,  containing  air.  They  are  well  seen 
in  the  bladders  of  sea  weeds,  and  are  found 
in  other  aquatic  plants,  which  they  serve 
to  float.  Called  also  Air- 
chambers.  —  2.  In  anat.  (a) 
the  minute  bronchial  cells 
constituting  the  texture  of 
the  lungs,  into  which  the 
air  is  conveyed  hy  the  ulti- 
mate ramifications  of  the 
windpipe,  for  the  oxygena- 
tion  of  the  blood ;  (b)  the 
dilatations  of  the  trachea 
or  air-tube  in  insects  form- 
in-  the  respiratory  appa-  Air.ceUs  in  Gulf. 
weed  (Sarxassttm 

Air-chamber    (ar'cham-        mitgar^. 
ber),  n.     1.  Air-cell  (which 
s^e). — 2.  A  cavity  in  a  hydraulic  machine, 
such  as  a  fire-engine,  the  air  in  which,  on 
being  compressed  by  the  admission  of  water 
into  the  chamber,  by  its  elastic  force  acts  as 
a  spring,  and  equalizes  the  flow  of  the  liquid. 

Air-condenser  (ar-kon-dens'er),  n.  An  ap- 
paratus for  condensing  air.  It  consists  of  a 
close  vessel  with  a  syringe  attached  to  it, 
which  is  used  for  injecting  air  into  the 
vessel  until  the  requisite  degree  of  conden- 
sation be  produced. 

Air-cone  (ar'kon),  n.  A  cone  in  a  marine- 
engine  to  receive  the  gases  which  enter  the 
hot-well  from  the  air-pump,  whence,  after 
ascending,  they  escape  through  a  pipe  at 
the  top. 

Air-course  (ar'kors),  n.  A  general  name  for 
the  passages  in  a  coal-mine  intended  for 
ventilation. 

Air-cushion  ( ar'kush-on  ),  n.  A  cushion 
made  by  inflating  a  bag  with  air. 

Atr-dew  (arMu),  ».    Manna.    [Eare.l 

Air-drain  (ar'dran),  n.  A  cavity  formed 
round  the  external  walls  of  a  building  to 
prevent  the  earth  from  lying  against  them 
and  causing  dampness. 

Air-drawn  (ar'dran),  a.  Drawn  or  depicted 
in  the  air.  'The  air-drawn  dagger.'  Shak. 

Air-drill  (aVdril),  n.  A  drill  driven  by  the 
pressure  of  condensed  air.  E.  11.  Knight. 

Air-engine  (ar'en-jin),  n.  An  engine  in 
which  air,  heated  or  compressed,  is  employed 
as  the  motive  power.  Condensed-air  engines 
have  been  fount!  to  be  the  best  and  safest 
for  working  the  rock-drill  in  mining  opera- 
tions, the  waste  air  serving  to  ventilate  the 
mine  and  reduce  the  oppressive  heat. 

Airer  (ar'er),  n.  1.  One  who  airs,  or  exposes 
to  the  air. — 2.  A  screen  for  drying  clothes,  Ac. 

Air-escape  (ar'es-kap),  n.  A  contrivance 
for  permitting  air  which  has  collected  in 
water-pipes  to  escape. 

Air-exhauster  (ar'egz-hast-er),  n.  1.  An 
air-trap  by  which  collected  air  may  escape 
from  water-mains,  &c.— 2.  A  contrivance  for 
removing  exhausted  air  from  any  place  in- 
tended to  be  ventilated. 

Air-fllter  (ar'fll-Wr),  n.  A  contrivance  for 
filtering  or  purifying  air.  The  common 
method  is  to  make  the  air  pass  through 
a  wire  screen,  and  then  expose  the  current 
to  the  action  of  water. 

Air-fountain  (ar'fount-an),  71.    An  appara- 
tus for  producing  a  jet  of  water  by  the  ] 
elastic  force  of  air  compressed  in  a  close  . 
vessel,  and  made  to  act  on  the  surface  of  I 
the  water  to  be  raised. 

Air-funnel  (artun-nel),  n.  Naut.  a  cavity 
formed  by  the  omission  of  a  timber  in  the 
upper  works  of  a  vessel,  to  promote  the 
ventilation  of  the  hold. 

Air-furnace  (arter-nas),  n.  A  term  used  to 
denote  a  furnace  which  has  no  blast,  but 
only  a  natural  draught. 

Air-gas  (ar'gas).  n.  An  inflammable  illumi- 
nating gas  made  by  charging  ordinary  at- 
mospheric air  with  the  vapours  of  petro- 
leum, naphtha,  or  some  similar  substance. 
The  substance  so  used  is  called  gasolene, 
and  must  be  such  as  to  evaporate  with  great  • 


ri-adiness.  Jt  is  placed  in  a  vessel  called  a 
generator,  where  it  is  exposed  to  a  current 
of  air,  and  various  contrivances  are  adopted 
to  promote  the  evaporation,  and  prevent  the 
too  rapid  cooling  which  the  evaporation  is 
liable  to  bring  about. 

Air-grating  (ai-'grat-ing),  n.  A  grating  to 
admit  air  for  ventilation. 

Air-gun  (ai-'gun),  n.   A  kind  of  gun  in  which 


Air-gun. 

highly-condensed  air  is  used  to  project  thu 
ball.  A  common  variety  is  shaped  like  a 
ride  or  musket,  a  hollow  spherical  ball,  into 
which  air  has  been  forced  by  a  condensing 
syringe,  being  attached  to  it  and  serving  as 
a  reservoir  for  the  condensed  air.  A  por 
tion  of  this  air  escapes  into  the  barrel,  by 
the  opening  of  a  valve,  each  time  the  trig- 
ger is  drawn,  so  that  it  presses  against  the 
ball  precisely  in  the  same  way  as  gunpow- 
der. Air  condensed  to  ^th  of  its  bulk  gives 
about  half  the  velocity  of  gunpowder. 

Air-holder  (ar'hold-er),  n.  1.  A  vessel  for 
holding  air  for  various  purposes ;  as  (a)  for 
the  purpose  of  counteracting  the  pressure 
of  a  decreasing  column  of  mercury;  (b)  for 
the  purpose  of  keeping  up  a  moderate  and 
steady  current  of  air.  In  the  latter  case 
the  air  is  contained  in  an  inverted  vessel 
which  rises  and  falls  in  a  tank  of  water,  and 
has  the  air  supplied  to  it  by  one  pipe  and 
carried  off  by  another— 2. t  A  gasometer. 

Air-hole  (ar'hol),  n.  1.  An  opening  to  admit 
or  discharge  air.— 2.  In  founding,  a  fault  in 
a  casting,  caused  by  a  bubble  of  air  passing 
from  a  core  outwards,  and  which  is  retained 
in  the  metal.  Called  also  a  Blow-hole. 

Airily  (art-li),  adv.  lu  an  airy  manner; 
gaily. 

Fanny  bade  her  father  good-night,  and  whisked 
off  airily.  Dickens. 

Airiness  (ar'i-nes),  n.  1.  Exposure  to  a  free 
current  of  air;  openness  to  the  air;  as,  the 
airiness  of  a  country-seat.  —2.  Gaiety ;  levity; 
as,  the  airiness  of  young  persons.  '  A  cer- 
tain talkativeness  and  airiness  in  their  (the 
French)  tongue.'  Sterne. 

Airing  (ar'ing),  n.  1.  An  exposure  to  the 
air,  or  to  a  (Ire,  for  warming  or  drying.— 
2.  Exercise  in  the  open  air;  a  short  excur- 
sion. 

Airing-stage  (ar'ing-staj),  n,  A  platform  on 
which  powder  is  dried  by  exposure  to  sun 
and  air. 

Air-jacket  (fir'jak-et),  n.  A  jacket  inflated 
with  air,  or  to  which  bladders  filled  with 
air  are  fastened  to  render  persons  buoyant 
in  water. 

Airless  (ar'les),  a.  Not  open  to  a  free  cur- 
rent of  air ;  wanting  fresh  air  or  communi- 
cation with  open  air. 

Air-level  (ar'lev-el),  n.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  a  spirit-level  (which  see). 

AJTlingt  (arling),  n.  A  thoughtless,  gay  per- 
son. 

Slight  airlings  will  be  won  with  dogs  and  horses. 
R.  Jonson. 

Air-lock  (arlok),  n.  An  air-tight  chamber 
in  a  caisson  in  which  operations  are  being 
carried  on  under  water,  communicating  by 
one  door  with  the  outer  air  and  the  main 
entrance  shaft  of  the  caisson,  and  by  an- 
other door  with  the  chambers  filled  with 
condensed  air  in  which  the  men  are  at  work. 
Before  entering  the  latter  chambers  one 
must  pass  through  the  air-lock,  where  one 
remains  until  the  air  within  it  has  been 
brought  to  the  same,  degree  of  compression 
as  that  in  the  working  chambers. 

Air-machine  (ar'ma-shen),  n.  In  mining, 
the  apparatus  by  which  pure  air  is  forced 
into  parts  badly  ventilated,  and  the  foul 
air  extracted. 

Aim  (am),  n.     Iron.     [Scotch.] 

Alro-hydro£en(ar-6-hi'dr6-jen).  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  mixture  of  atmospheric  air  and 
hydrogen.  — A  iro-hydrogen  blowpipe,  a  blow- 
pipe in  which  atmospheric  air  and  hydrogen 
are  burned  together  in  order  to  produce  an 
intense  heat. 

Airometer  (ar-om'et-er),  n.  [Air,  and  Gr. 
metron,  a  measure.]  Same  as  A  ir-holder  (b), 

Air-passage  (ar'pas-aj),  n.  1.  In  anat.  one  of 
the  tubes  by  which  air  is  admitted  to  the 
lunjrs,  comprising  the  larynx,  trachea,  bron- 
chial tubes,  and  their  minute  ramifications. 
2.  In  bot.  a  large  intercellular  space  in  the 


stems  and  leaves  of  aquatic  plants,  and  in 
the  stems  of  undo^ens. 

Air-pipe  ( JU-'pip ),  ».  A  pipe  used  to  draw 
foul  air  out  of,  or  conduct  fresh  air  into 
close  places.  Specifically,  (a)  a  jiipc  usctl  to 
draw  foul  air  fr<»m  a Chip's  hold  by  means  of 
a  communication  with  the  furnace,  and  the 
rarefaction  of  the  air  by  the  lire.  This  pipe  is 
intended  to  supply  the  combustion  with  tin- 
air  of  the  hold,  by  preventing  the  access  of 
other  air  to  the  fire,  (b)  In  mining,  a  pipe 
or  tube  made  of  wood  or  iron,  for  conduct- 
ing or  conveying  fresh  air  into  levels  having 
but  one  communication  with  the  atmo- 
sphere. 

Air-plant  (ai-'plant),  n.  1.  A  general  name 
for  the  orchids  belonging  to  the  genus 
Aeridcs  (which  see).— 2.  A  general  term  ap- 
plied to  epiphytes  which  derive  all  their 
food  from  the  atmosphere.  See  EPIPHYTE. 

Air-poise  (ar'poiz),  n.  An  instrument  to 
measure  the  weight  of  the  air. 

Air-port  (ar'port),  n.  A  name  given  to  large 
scuttles  in  snips'  bows  for  the  admission  of 
air  when  the  other  ports  are  down.  The 
Americans  call  their  side-ports  also  by  this 
name. 

Air-pump  (ar*pump),  n.  A  most  valuable 
pneumatic  machine,  for  the  purpose  of  ex- 
hausting the  air  from  a  closed  vessel  called 
a  receiver,  and  thereby  producing  what  is 
called  a  vacuum,  which,  however,  Is  only 
partial.  It  was  invented  by  Otto  Guericke 
in  1654,  but  has  since  been  much  improved. 
The  air-pump  acts  by  the  elastic  force  of  air, 
and  gradually  exhausts  the  air  from  the 
receiver  by  means  of  a  piston,  with  a  proper 
valve,  working  in  a  cylindrical  barrel  or 
tube,  somewhat  after  the  manner  of  a  com- 
mon water-pump;  each  successive  stroke 
rarefies  the  air  more  and  more,  a  barometer 
gauge  showing  the  extent  of  the  rarefaction. 
The  exhaustion  is  limited  by  the  elasticity 
of  the  remaining  air  being  no  longer  capable 
of  opening  the  valves.  Air-pumps  are  vari- 
ously constructed;  the  most  common  forms 


have  two  barrels  and  two  pistons  wrought 
by  a  toothed  wheel,  as  that  represented  in 
the  annexed  cut.  See  VACUUM.— The  air- 
pump  of  a  steam-engine  is  the  pump  by 
which  the  condensing  water  and  condensed 
steam  are  drawn  off  from  the  condenser.  It 
is  an  appendage  of  every  condensing  engine, 
but  is  not,  of  course,  requisite  in  high- 
pressure  or  non-condensing  engines.  See 
cut  STEAM-ENGINE.—  Air-pump  bucket,  an 
open  piston  with  valves  on  the  upper  sur- 
face opening  upwards  so  as  to  admit  the 
air  and  water  in  the  down-stroke,  and  lift  it 
with  the  up-stroke  of  the  pump. 

Air-sac  (ar'sak),  n.  In  physiol.  one  of  the 
membranous  bags  or  receptacles  of  air 
lodged  in  the  hollow  bodies,  the  cavities  of 
the  body,  and  the  quills  of  birds,  and  com- 
municating with  the  lungs.  They  enlarge 
the  respiratory  surface,  accelerate  circula- 
tion, and  thus  increase  muscular  energy. 
They  are  also  supposed  to  render  the  body 
specifically  lighter,  and  to  supply  the  place 
oi  a  muscular  diaphragm. 

Air-scuttle  (ar'skut-1),  n.  Same  as  Air-port. 

Air-shaft  (ar'shaft),  n.  A  passage  for  air 
into  a  mine,  usually  opening  in  a  perpen- 
dicular direction,  and  meeting  the  adits  or 
horizontal  passages,  and  so  causing  a  free 
circulation  of  fresh  air  through  the  mine. 

Air-Slacked  (ar'slakt),  a.  Slacked  or  pul- 
verized by  the  action  of  air,  or  of  the  mois- 
ture in  the  atmosphere;  as,  air-slacked  lime. 

Air-Stove  (ar'stov),  n.  A  stove  which  is 
employed  to  heat  a  current  of  air  directed 
against  its  surface  by  means  of  pipes,  which 
heated  air  is  then  admitted  to  the  apartment 
requiring  to  be  heated. 


eh,  c/ciin;      ch,  Sc.  \och;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  u>ig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


AIRT 


64 


ALABASTRINE 


Airt  Airth  (art,  arth),  n.  [Gael,  aird,  point 
of  the  compass;  or  perhaps  connected  with 
Icel.  tin,  oztt,  a  quarter  of  the  heavens.) 
Point  of  the  compass;  direction.  [Scotch.  ] 

Of  a'  the  airts  the  wind  can  blaw 
I  dearly  like  the  west.  Burns. 

Airt  (art),  ».(.  To  direct.  [Scotch.] 
Air-thermometer  (ar'ther-mom"et-er),  n. 
A  thermometer  in  which  air  is  employed  as 
a  substitute  for  mercury  and  spirit  of  wine. 
Of  these  there  are  several  kinds,  but  the 
most  important  is  Leslie's  Differential  Ther- 
mometer. They  are  well  fitted  for  measur- 
ing high  degrees  of  heat,  but  are  difficult  to 
manage,  wherefore  Eegnault  prefers  vapour 
of  mercury.  See  Differential  Thermometer 
under  DIFFERENTIAL. 

Air-thread  (arthred),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  filaments  attached  by  spiders  to  the 
tops  or  ends  of  branches  of  shrubs  or  trees, 
and  serving  to  support  the  spider  when  in 
quest  of  prey. 

Air-tight  (ar'tit),  a.  So  tight  or  close  as  to 
be  impermeable  to  air.  A  vessel  or  tube  is 
said  to  be  air-tight  when  it  possesses  that 
degree  of  closeness  which  prevents  the  pass- 
age of  air  under  the  circumstances  in  which 
it  is  placed. 

Air-trap  (artrap),  n.  A  contrivance  for 
excluding  the  effluvia  arising  from  drains 
and  sinks.  Also,  a  recess  at  a  knee  of  a 
water-main,  for  receiving  and  retaining  air 
that  may  be  liberated  from  the  water.  It 
is  provided  with  a  valve  for  taking  off  the 
air  from  time  to  time,  as  it  accumulates. 
Air-trunk  (ar'trungk),  n.  A  contrivance  to 
prevent  the  stagnation  of  putrid  effluvia  in 
jails  or  apartments  where  many  people  are 
collected.  It  is  merely  a  square  open  tube, 
passing  from  the  ceiling  to  the  open  air 
above  the  roof,  by  which  the  heated  air 
escapes. 

Air-tube  (artub),  n.  1.  In  zool.  a  name 
given  to  certain  horny  passages  for  air  in 
the  abdomen  of  some  aquatic  insects.  — 
2.  Naut.  a  small  iron  tube  hung  in  a  coal 
box  from  the  deck,  and  filled  with  water, 
for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  temper- 
ature of  the  coals  by  a  thermometer  as  a 
precaution  against  spontaneous  combus- 
tion. E.  U.  Knight.  —  3.  The  tube  of  an  at- 
mospheric railway  (which  see  under  ATMO- 
SPHERIC). 

Air-valve  (ai-'valv),  n.  A  valve  applied  to 
steam-boilers  to  prevent  a  vacuum  when 
the  steam  is  condensing  in  the  boiler ;  the 
safety-valve  fixed  at  the  top  of  the  boiler  of 
the  steam-engine. 

Air-vessel  (ar'ves-sel),  n.  In  hydraulics,  a 
vessel  in  which  air  is  condensed  by  press- 
ure, for  the  purpose  of  employing  the  reac- 
tion of  its  elasticity  as  a  moving  or  as  a  re- 
gulating power.  Such  vessels  are  employed 
in  fire-engines  and  force-pumps. 
Air-way  (ar'wa),  n.  A  passage  for  air;  spe- 
cifically, a  passage  for  the  admission  of  air 
to  a  mine.  To  maliciously  fill  up,  obstruct, 
or  damage  an  air-way  is,  by  24  and  25  Viet, 
xcvii.,  a  felony  punishable  by  penal  servi- 
tude or  imprisonment  at  the  discretion  of 
the  judge. 

Airy  (a'ri),  a.  1.  Consisting  or  having  the 
character  of  air ;  ethereal.  '  The  thinner 
and  more  airy  parts  of  bodies/  Bacon. — 
2.  Relating  or  belonging  to  the  air ;  high  ir 
air.  '  Airy  navies  grappling  in  the  centra 
blue/  Tennyson. — 3.  Open  to  a  free  currem 
of  air;  as,  an  airy  situation.  —  4.  Light  as 
air ;  resembling  air  in  being  impalpable  or 
invisible;  unsubstantial;  hence,  jig.  without 
reality  or  sincerity;  trifling;  empty;  as,  airy 
ghosts;  airy  notions. 

The  poet's  pen  .  .  .  gives  to  airy  nothing 
A  local  habitation  and  a  name.  Snak, 

I  hold  ambition  of  so  airy  and  light  a  quality  tha 
it  is  but  a  shadow's  shadow.  Sttat. 

6.  Gay;  sprightly;  full  of  vivacity  and  levity 
light  of  heart;  lively. 

His   light   airy   brilliancy   has  suddenly  becom 
solemn,  fixed  in  the  earnest  stillness  of  eternity. 

Carlylt. 

6.  In  landscape-painting,  showing  that  pro 
per  recession  of  all  parts  which  expresse 
distance  and  atmosphere. 

Airy  (a'ri),  n.    Same  as  Aerie. 

Aisle  (il),  n.  [O.Fr.  aisle,  Fr.  atte,  a  wing,  ai 
aisle;  L.  ala,  a  wing;  the  s  does  not  proper! 
belong  to  the  word.]  The  wing  of  a  build- 
ing :  usually  applied  to  the  lateral  divisions 
of  a  cathedral  or  other  church,  which  are 
separated  from  the  central  part,  called  the 
nave  and  choir,  by  pillars  or  piers.  The  nave 


is  frequently,  though  incorrectly,  termed 
the  middle  aisle,  and  the  lateral  divisions 
side  aisles.  Sometimes  incorrectly  written 
Isle.  See  figure  showing  ground  plan  of  a 
cathedral  under  CATHKURAL. 


from  L.L.  ailjuxtare,  to  apply,  fit,  or  fix  to 
— L.  ad,  to,  and  juxta,  nigh.  ]  A  sort  of  tube 
fitted  to  the  aperture  of  a  vessel  through 
which  water  is  played. 

Akbeer  (akT)er),n.  A  red  powder  thrown  on 
the  clothes  and  person  at  Hindu  festivals. 

Ake  t  (ak),  7i.  and  u.    Same  as  Ache. 

His  limbs  must  ake  with  daily  toil  opprest.     Prior. 

Utee  (a-ke1),  n.  The  fruit  of  Blighia  aapida, 
nat.  order  Sapindacerc,  a  native  of  Guinea, 
whence  it  was  carried  by  Captain  Bligh  to 
Jamaica  in  1793,  and  thence  disseminated 
over  the  West  Indies  and  South  America. 
It  is  much  esteemed  as  a  fruit.  The  plant 
is  a  tree  30  or  40  feet  high;  the  leaves  some- 


AisJe,  Salisbury  Cathedral. 

Aisled  (iM),  a.    Furnished  with  aisles.     A 

church  which  in  its  breadth  is  divided  into 

three  or  five  parts  is  sometimes  called  a 

three  or  five  aisled  church. 

Alt  (at),  n.  [Another  form  of  eyot,  an  islet.] 
A  small  island  in  a  river  or  lake.  '  Fog  up 
the  river,  where  it  flows  among  green  aitt 
and  meadows.'  Dickens. 

Aitchbone  (ach'bon),  n.  Edgebone  (which 
see). 

Aitch-plece,  H-piece  (ach'pes).  n.  That 
part  of  a  plunger-lift  in  which  the  clack  or 
valve  of  a  pump  of  any  description  is  fixed. 
See  PUMP. 

Aith(ath),  n.    Oath.    [Scotch.] 

Aitiology  (i-ti-ol'o-ji),)i.  [Gr.  aitia,  a  cause 
and  logos,  a  discourse.)  The  doctrine  of 
efficient,  as  opposed  to  final,  causes. 

Alts  (atz),  71.     Oats.     [Scotch.] 

Alver,  Aver  (a'ver),  n.  [Xorm.  and  O.K., 
from  L.  L.  averia,  horses,  cattle,  pi.  of  averi- 
um,  wealth,  from  Fr.  avoir,  L.  habere,  to 
have.]  A  work-horse.  [Scotch.] 

Aix-beds  (as'bedz),  n.  pi.  In  tjeol.  thick 
fresh-water  tertiary  strata,  occurring  near 
Aix,  in  Provence,  in  France,  consisting  o: 
calcareous  marls.calcareo-siliceous  grits  am 
gypsum,  and  full  of  fossil  fishes,  insects,aud 
plants. 

Aizle  (J'z'l),  n.  [A.  Sax.  ysela,  ysla,  a  spark 
an  ember.  ]  A  hot  cinder ;  an  ember 
[Scotch.] 

Aizoon  (ji-zd'on),  n.  [L.  aizoon,  from  Gr 
aeizoon,  ever-living  —  aei,  ever,  aye,  am 
zoon,  living.  ]  A  genus  of  prostrate  herba 
ceous  plants,  nat.  order  Ficoidere,  and  con 
taiaing  about  twenty  species  natives  of  sub 
tropical  regions.  They  are  very  tenaciou 
of  life.  A.  canariense  and  A.  hispanicun 
abound  in  soda. 

Ajar  (a-jai-1),  adv.  [In  O.E.  also  achar  an< 
onchar,  lit.  on  the  turn,  from  prefix  a,  on 
at,  and  jar  or  char,  A.  Sax.  cerre,  a  turn 
seen  also  in  char  or  chare,  cha  rwoman.  ]  Oi 
the  turn ;  neither  quite  open  nor  shut;  parti; 
opened:  said  of  a  door. 
AJee  (a-jeO,  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  at,  and  jee  o 
gee,  to  move,  to  move  to  one  side.  ]  Awry;  of 
the  right  line;  obliquely;  wrong.  [Scotch. 

His  brain  was  a  wee  ajfe,  but  he  was  a  bra 
preacher  for  a'  that.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Ajuga  (a-ju'ga),  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat 
order  Labiat&e,  containing  about  fifty  spe 
cies  of  annual  or  perennial  herbs  occurring 
in  the  temperate  regions  of  the  Old  World. 
Four  of  the  species  are  British,  inhabiting 
pastures  chiefly.  A.  reptans  is  the  com- 
mon bugle. 

AJuru  (a-u'ru),  n.  The  Brazilian  generic 
name  for  parrot. 

AjUSt,t  v.t.    To  adjust ;  to  apply.    Chaucer. 

Ajutage  (a'jut-aj),  n.     [Fr.  ajoutage,  some- 
|    thing  added,  from  ajouter,  to  join,  and  this 


what  resemble  those  of  the  ash;  the  flowers 
are  small  and  white ;   the  fruit  is  oblong, 
ribbed,  of  a  reddish-orange  colour,  and  con- 
tains several  large  seeds  partly  imbedded 
in  a  white,  succulent,  and  slightly  acid  aril, 
which  is  the  part  eaten,  and  is  very  grate- 
ful to  the  palate. 
Ur.ehora,t  n.    Acorn.    Chaucer. 
Akele,  t  r. «.    [Prefix  a,  and  kele,  A.  Sax.  cXan, 
to  cool.  ]    To  cool.    Chaucer. 
Aker-staff  (a'k6r-staf).''  [Alter  -  acre,  field.  ] 
In  agri.  an  instrument  for  clearing  the  coul- 
ter of  the  plough. 

Aketon  (ak'ton),  n.    The  acton  (which  see). 
Akimbo  (a-kim'bo),  a.     [Prefix  o,  on,  and 
kimbo  (which  see).]   Arched;  crooked.    The 
arms  are  akimbo  when  the  hands  are  on  the 
hips  and  Uie  elbows  arched  outwards.  '  With 
one  arm  akimbo.'    Irving. 
Akin  (a-kin'),  a.  or  ado.    [Prefix  a,  of,  and 
kin.    See  KIN.]    1.  Related  by  blood:  used 
of  persons;  as,  the  two  families  are  near 
akin.—  2.  Allied  by  nature;  partaking  of  the 
same  properties ;  as,  envy  and  jealousy  are 
near  0*171.    '  Pity's  akin  to  love.'  SoiiUiern.- 
Aknee  (a-ne"),  adv.    On  the  knee.    [Rare.] 

AUntt  they  fell  before  the  prince.        Satilhey. 

Akrokeraunian  (ak'r»-ke-ra"ni-an),o.  Same 
as  Acroceravnian.     'The  vast  Akrokerau- 
nian walls.'     Tennyson. 
Al,t  o.  adv.  n.    All. 

Ala  (a'la),  n.  pi.  AlSB  (ale).  [L.,  a  wing.) 
1.  In  bot.  one  of  the  two  side  petals  of  a 
papilionaceous  blossom,  or  the  membranous 
expansion  of  an  organ,  as  of  a  fruit,  seed, 
stem,  Ac.  See  WING.—  2.  In  anat.  a  term 
applied  to  many  parts ;  as,  ala  aim's,  the 
upper  and  outer  part  of  the  external  ear; 
al(K  na&i,  the  lateral  cartilages  of  the  nose, 
&c. 

Alabandine  (al-a-ban'din),  n.  Manganese- 
glance  or  blende.  It  is  a  sulphide  of  man- 
ganese. 

Alabarches  (al-a-barltez),  n.  In  ancient 
times,  the  chief  magistrate  of  the  Jews  in 
Alexandria,  whose  duty  lay  chiefly  in  raising 
and  paying  taxes.  Written  also  Arabarchen. 
Alabaster  (al'a-bas-ter),  n.  [L.  alabaster, 
from  Gr.  alabaatros,  from  Alabastron,  a  vil- 
lage in  Egypt  where  there  were  quarries  of 
this  mineral.]  1.  A  marble-like  mineral  of 
which  there  are  two  well-known  varieties— 
the  gypseous  and  the  calcareous.  The  forn.er 
is  a  crystalline  granular  variety  of  sulphate 
of  calcium  or  gypsum  (CaSo42HsO).  It  is 
of  various  colours,  as  yellow,  red.  and  gray, 
but  is  most  esteemed  when  pure  white. 
Being  soft  it  can  be  formed  by  the  lathe  or 
knife  into  small  works  of  art,  as  vases,  sta- 
tuettes, &c.  For  this  purpose  the  snow- 
white,  fine-grained  variety  found  near  Flo- 
rence is  especially  used.  Calcareous  ala- 
baster is  a  variety  of  carbonate  of  lime 
occurring  as  a  stalactite  or  stalagmite  in 
caverns  of  limestone  rocks. — 2.  A  vessel  for 
holding  odoriferous  liquors  or  ointments, 
originally  so  called  because  made  of  alabas- 
ter, but  the  name  was  applied  also  to  similar 
vessels  of  other  materials,  as  gold. 
Alabaster  (al'a-bas-ter),  o.  Made  of  ;iln- 
baster,  or  resembling  it.  'An  alabaster 
column.'  Addison. 

Alabastrian  (al-a-bas'tri-an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  like  alabaster. 

Alabastrine  (al-a-bas'trin),  a.  Of.  or  per- 
taining to,  or  resembling  alabaster. — Ala- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ALABASTRITE 


ALBADARA 


hfinti'hh-  iHixitin1,  in  phot  off.  the  name  given 
to  a  mllodion  positive  in  which  the  tllni. 
after  being  coloured  with  dry  pigments,  K 
rrmlrivd  permeable  to  varnish,  anil  thus 
shows  the  colour  in  the  collodion  itself. 

Alabastrlte  (al-a-ba^'trit),   n.     [L.   alabax- 
tritftt,   alabaster.    See  AI.AHASTER.]    1.   A 
name  sometimes  given  to  alabaster.  H«  in  r 
2  A  vase,  box,  or  other  vessel  formed  of 
alabaster. 

Alabastron  (al-a-bas'tron),  n.  Same  as 
Alabcutor. 

AlabastniB  (al-a-bas'trus),  n.  [L.L.,  from 
alabaater.]  A  name  given  tu  a  flower-bud. 
It  was  originally  applied  to  the  rose-butl. 
Written  also  AlabaKfrinn. 

Alack  (a-lak'),  inter).     [Probably  a  form  of 
fl/rtx.J  An  exclamation  expressive  of  sorrow. 
Alackl  when  once  our  grace  we  have  forgot, 
Nothing  goes  right.  Shak. 

Alackaday  (a-lak'a-da),  interj.  [Alas-the- 
'((ttff  Comp.  Well-a-day !]  An  exclamation 
uttered  to  express  regret  or  sorrow.  Written 
also  A  lack-the-day.  [Obsolescent.  ] 

A  lack-the-day  ...  I   pray  you  tell  me  is  my  hoy 
alive  or  dead.  ShaJt. 

Alacrify  (a-lak'ri-fl),  v.t.  [L.  alacer,  alacris, 
cheerful,  and  facto,  to  make.]  To  make 
cheerful;  to  rouse  to  action;  to  excite. 

Alacrious  (a-lak'ri-us),  a.    Cheerful;  lively. 

'Twere  well  if  we  were  a  little  more  alacn'ous  and 
exact  in  the  performance  of  the  duty.       Hammond. 

Alacriously  (a-lak'ri-us-li),  adv.  Cheerfully. 

Alacriousness  (a-lak'ri-us-nes),  n.  Brisk- 
ness. '  To  infuse  some  life,  some  alacrioits- 
ness  into  you.'  Hammond, 

Alacrity  (a-lak'ri-ti),  n.  [L.  alacritas,  from 
alacer.  alacris,  cheerful.]  Cheerfulness ; 
gaiety;  sprightliness ;  more  usually,  a  cheer- 
ful readiness  or  promptitude  to  do  some 
act;  cheerful  willingness;  as,  the  soldiers 
advanced  with  alacrity  to  meet  the  enemy. 
I  have  not  that  alacrity  of  spirits 
Nor  cheer  of  mind  that  1  was  wont  to  have.  Shak. 

Alactaga  (a-lak-ta'ga),  n.  The  Jumping 
rabbit  of  Siberia,  a  rodent  of  the  family 
Dipodidie  or  jerboas. 

Aladinist  (a-lad'in-ist),  n.  [From  Aladdin, 
a  learned  divine  under  Mohammed  II.  and 
liajazed  II.]  A  free-thinker  among  the  Mo- 
hammedans. 

A-la-grecque,  A-la-grec  (a-la-grek).  [Fr., 
after  the  Greek  fashion.]  In  arch,  a  name 
for  one  of  the  varieties  of  the  fret  ornament, 
used  for  running  t'rei/rs,  borders,  Ac.,  and 


A-la-grecque. 

frequently  seen  in  ancient  Roman  pave- 
ments. 

Alameda  (a-la-me'da),  71.  [Sp.]  A  public 
walk  planted  with  trees. 

A-la-mi-re  (a-lii-me'ra),  n.  [A,  lat  mi,  re, 
notes  on  the  musical  scale.]  In  music,  the 
name  of  the  note  A  in  the  acute  and  super- 
acute  hexachords  of  Guido  A retino'a  system 
of  notation. 

Alamodality  (ara-mo-dal"i-ti),  n.  Confor- 
mity to  the  prevailing  mode  or  fashion  of 
the  times.  [Rare.] 

Alamode  (a-la-mod'),  adv.  [Fr.  a  la  mode, 
after  the  fashion.  ]  According  to  the  fashion 
or  prevailing  mode:  sometimes  used  as  an 
adjective;  as,  'alamode  beef-chops.'  Mac- 
aulay. 

Alaniode  (a-la-mod'),  n.  A  thin  glossy  silk 
for  hoods,  scarfs,  &c. 

A-la-mort  (a-la-morf),  «•     [Fr.,  to,  at,  or 
after  the  manner  of  death,  formed  on  the 
type  of  a-la-mode;  or  a  corruption  of  all 
aiiwrt.     The  corresponding  phrase  all  alive 
gives  probability  to  the  latter  suggestion. 
See  AMORT.  J     In  a  half -dead  or  die-away 
condition;  depressed;  melancholy. 
'Tis  wrong  to  bring  into  a  mixed  resort, 
What  BUM  some  sick  and  others  a-ta-mort. 

CoTufier. 

Aland  t  (a-landO,  adv.  [Prefix  a,  at  or  on, 
and  land.']  At  or  on  land. 

And  in  mid  ocean  left  them  moored  aland. 

Aland, t  Alaun.t  »•  (SP-  alano.]  A  kind  of 
mastiff  chiefly  used  for  hunting  the  boar. 

Around  his  char  there  wenten  white  alauns 

Twenty  and  mn,  as  gret  as  any  stere, 

To  hunten  at  the  leon  or  the  acre.      Chaucer. 

Alane  (a-lanO.  adv.     Alone.     [Scotch.] 
Alant  (Jil'ant).  n.     [See  ALAND.]    In  her.  a 
mastiff  dog  with  short  ears. 


Alantln,  Alantlne  (a-lan'tin),  «.  |(i.  alaitt, 
elecampane.]  An  amylaceous  or  starchy 
substance  obtained  from  elecampane;  iiiulin 
(which  see). 

Alar  (a'lar),  a.  [L.  ala,  a  wing.]  Pertaining 
to  or  having  wings  or  al;i- 

Alargedt  (a-l:irjd'),  pp.     1.  Given  largely. 
±  Knlarged.     Wickli/e. 

Alarla  (a-la'ri-a),  n.  [I,,  aln,  a  wing.]  A 
genus  of  Alga?,  inhabiting  the  colder  parts 
of  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans.  The 
membranous  frond  is  from  3  to  20  feet  long 
and  has  a  thick  midrib.  A.  eacidenta  is 
variously  called  baddertocks,  hcnware,  or 
mitttlins.  The  nutritious  midrib,  stripped 
of  the  membranes  on  each  side,  is  eaten. 
See  BAPDERLOCKS. 

Alarm  (a-larm'),  n.  [Fr.  alarme,  alarm, 
from  It.  all>arme,  =  'L.  ad  arma,  to  arms. 
The  Dan.  larm  and  G.  larm,  noise,  are  fn»m 
the  same  source.]  1.  A  summons  to  arms, 
as  on  the  approach  of  an  enemy;  anysound, 
outcry,  or  information  intended  to  give 
notice  of  approaching  danger.  'Sound  an 
alarm  in  my  holy  mountain.'  Joel  ii.  1.— 

2.  A  hostile  attack;  a  tumult;  a  broil;  a  dis- 
turbance. 

Remove  your  siege  from  my  unyielding  heart; 
To  love's  alarms  it  will  not  ope  the  gate.     Shak. 
Crowds  of  rivals  for  thy  mother's  charms 
Thy  palace  fill  with  insults  and  alarms.      Pope. 

3.  A  sudden  fear  or  painful  suspense  excited 
by  an  apprehension  of  danger;  apprehension ; 
terror;  as,  there  is  nothing  in  his  illness  to 
causefltarm.— 4.  A  mechanical  contrivance, 
in  the  character  of  a  clock  or  watch,  for 
awakening  persons  from  sleep  or  rousing 
their  attention.— 5.  In  fencing,  an  appeal  or 
challenge.— A  larm.  Terror,  Consternation. 
Alarm  is  a  sudden  shock  of  fear  agitating  the 
feelings  and  especially  arising  from  some 
danger  to  ourselves  or  others  dear  to  us;  ter- 
ror, excessive  fear,  affecting  the  understand- 
ing and  the  will,  though  not  necessarily  ac- 
companied by  any  apprehension  of  danger — 
it  might  be  caused  by  some  supposed  super- 
natural appearance  for  instance;  consterna- 
tion, overwhelming  fear  accompanied  with 
a  certain  amount  of  astonishment,  caused 
by  something  both  terrible  and  unexpected, 
completely  paralyzing  the  mental  faculties. 
SYN.  Fright,  affright,  terror,  consternation, 
dismay,  agitation,  disquiet,  disquietude. 

Alarm  (a-larm'),  v.t.  1.  To  call  to  arms  for 
defence;  to  give  notice  of  danger;  to  rouse 
to  vigilance  and  exertions  for  safety. — 2.  To 
surprise  with  apprehension  of  danger;  to 
disturb  with  terror;  to  fill  with  anxiety  by 
the  prospect  of  evil.  '  When  rage  misguides 
me,  or  when  fear  alarms.'  Tickell. 

Alarm-bell  (a-larm  'bel),  n.  A  bell  that 
gives  notice  of  danger,  as  the  approach  of 
an  enemy,  fire,  &c.  'On  the  gates  alarm- 
bells  or  watch-bells.'  Milton. 

Alarm-clock  ( a-larm 'klok),  n.  A  clock 
which  can  be  so  set  as  to  ring  loudly  at  a 
particular  hour,  to  wake  from  sleep  or  ex- 
cite attention. 

Alarmed  (a-larmd'),  fl.  Indicating  alarm; 
as,  an  alarmed  look. 

Alarm-gau^e  (a-larm'gaj),  n.  An  auto- 
matic contrivance  in  a  steam-engine  by 
which  notice  is  given  when  the  pressure  of 
steam  becomes  too  high,  or  the  water  too 
low  in  the  boiler. 

Alarm-gun  (a-larm'gun),  n.  A  gun  fired  as 
a  signalof  alarm. 

Alarming  (a-liirm'ing),  a.  Calculated  to 
rouse  alarm;  of  such  a  nature  as  to  excite 
apprehension;  as,  on  the  fifth  day  alarming 
symptoms  appeared. 

Alarmingly  ( a-larm 'ing-li),  adv.  In  an 
alarming  manner;  with  alarm;  in  a  manner 
to  excite  apprehension. 

This  mode  of  travelling  .  .  .  seemed  to  our  ances- 
tors wonderfully,  and  indeed,  alarmingly  rapid. 
Maeaulay. 

Alarmist  (a-larm'ist),  n.  One  that  excites 
alarm;  one  who  is  prone  to  take  alarm,  and 
to  circulate  and  exaggerate  any  sort  of  bad 
news,  particularly  in  regard  to  political 
matters. 

He  was  frightened  into  a  fanatical  royalist,  and 
became  one  of  the  most  extravagant  alarmists  of 
those  wretched  times.  Maeaulay. 

Alarm-post  (a-larm'post),  n.  A  place  to 
which  troops  are  to  repair  in  case  of  an 
alarm. 

Alarm-watch  (a-larm'woch),  n.  A  watch 
that  can  be  so  set  as  to  strike  rapidly  at  a 
pre-arranged  hour,  to  awaken  from  sleep  or 
rouse  attention. 

You  shall  have  a  gold  alarm -watch,  which,  as 
there  may  be  cause,  shall  awake  you. 

Sir  T.  Herbert. 


Alarum  (a-lar'um),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
(tin >-t/i. \  1.  A. watchword  or  signal  indicat- 
ing danger  or  the  nearness  of  an  enemy. 

Strike  alarum,  drums.  .Vm*. 

2.  Any  loud  noise  or  disturbance.  '  Though 
it  pass  your  patience  and  mine  to  endure 
her  loud  alarum*.'  Shak. 
Alarum  (a-lar'um),  v.t.  To  rouse  to  a  sense 
of  danger,  as  by  sounding  an  alarm ;  to 
alarm. 

Withered  murder 
Alarum'd\>y  his  sentinel  the  wolf 
(Whose  howl's  his  watch),  thus  with  his  stealthy  pace 
Moves  like  a  ghost.  Shak. 

Alarum-bell  (a-laYum-bel),  n.  Same  as 
A  tana-bell.  Shak. 

Alary  (ala-ri),  a.  [L.  ala,  awing.]  1.  Relat- 
ing to  the  wings  of  birds  and  insects.  'The 
alary  system  of  insects.'  Wollaston.—Z.  In 
"nut.  and  bot.  wing-shaped. 

Alas  (a-las'),  exclam.  [Fr.  htlas,  O.Fr.  alax, 
ha  lag,  hailati;  Pr.  ailas,  fern,  ai  lansa;  It. 
ahi  lasso— ahi,  ah,  and  lasso,  weary,  unfor- 
tunate, from  L.  fa«jm«,  weary.]  An  excla- 
mation expressive  of  sorrow,  grief,  pity, 
concern,  or  apprehension  of  evil:  in  old 
writers  sometimes  followed  by  day  orwhilc; 
as,  alas  the  day,  alas  the  while.  See  ALACK- 
ADAY. 

Alas  the  day!  I  never  gave  him  cause.      Shak. 
For  pale  and  wan  he  was  (alas  the  while! )  Sftnsfr. 

Alasmodon  (a  las'mo-don),  n.  A  genus  of 
bivalve  molluscs,  the  river  pearl-mussels  of 
North  America. 

Alate  t  (a-laf),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  of,  and  late.  ] 
Of  late;  lately. 

Where  chilling  frosts  a/ate  did  nip, 

There  flasheth  now  a  fire.  Greene. 

Alated,  Alate  (a'lat-ed,  a'lat),  a.  [L  ala,  a 
wing ;  alatvs,  winged.  ]  Winged ;  having 
membranous  expansions  like  wings.  Spe- 
cifically, (a)  in  bot.  applied  to  stems  and 
leaf-stalks  when  the  edges  or  angles  are 
longitudinally  expanded  into  leaf-like  bor- 
ders. (&)  In  c<mch.  applied  to  shells  having 
an  expanded  lip. 

A  latere  (alat'er-e).  [L.]  From  the  side; 
from  beside  a  person  :  used  in  the  phrase 
Legate  a  latere.  See  under  LEGATE. 
Alatern,  Alaternus  (al'a-tern,  al-a-ter'nus), 
n.  A  speciesof  Rhamnus  or  buckthorn  often 
planted  in  English  town  gardens;  Khamnns 
Alaternus.  See  RHAMNUS. 
Alauda(a-ljv'da),  n.  The  genus  of  insessorial 
birds  to  which  the  lark  belongs,  containing 
many  species,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  globe, 
and  distinguished  everywhere  for  their  vigi- 
lance and  their  singing  on  the  wing  when 
soaring  upward  in 
the  air.  See  LARK. 
Alaudidae  (a-la'di- 
de),  n.  pi.  The  lark 
family.  (See LARK.) 
The  larks  are  some- 
times classed  as  a 
sub-family  (Alau- 
dintc)  of  the  flnches 
(Fringillida?). 
Alb,  Albe  (alb),  n. 
[L.  alba,  white  (f««- 
tis,  garment.xmder- 
stood).]  A  clerical 
vestment  worn  liy 
Roman  Catholic 
priests  while  offici- 
ating in  the  more 
solemn  functions  of 
the  divine  office.  It 
is  a  long  robe  of 
white  linen  reach- 
ing to  the  feet, 
bound  round  the 
waist  by  a  cincture, 
and  fitting  more 
closely  to  the  body  than  the  surplice.  In 
front  at  the  foot,  embroidery  or  orphrey- 
work,  of  a  form  usually  square  or  oblong,  is 
attached,  and  at  the  wrists  several  enrich- 
ments appear.  These  ornaments  are  called 
the  appareli  of  the  alb.  It  was  originally 
the  common  dress  of  ecclesiastics. 

Each  priest  adorn*d  was  in  a  surplice  white, 
The  bishops  domi'il  their  albs  and  copes  of  state. 
Fairfax. 

Albacore  (allja-kor),  «.  [Sp.  albacora,  Tg. 
albacor,  albacora,  Fr.  albicore,  from  Ar. 
battr,  a  young  camel,  a  young  cow  or  heifer, 
and  the  article  «/.  |  A  name  given  to  sev- 
eral fishes  of  the  tunny  or  mackerel  kind, 
especially  to  the  Pacific  tunny  (Thymuis 
Padflctu).  Written  also  Albicore. 

Albadara  ( al-ba-d»'ra ),  n.  The  Arabian 
cabalistic  name  for  the  sesamoid  joint  of 
the  great  toe,  to  which  extraordinary  gifts 
were  anciently  ascribed. 


Alb. 


ch,  cAain;      6h.  Sc  loch; 
VOL.  I. 


g.  go;      j.job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng.  siiijr;      III,  then;  th.  (Ain;      w,  wig;     wh, 


zh,  azure. -^ee  KEY. 
5 


ALBATA 


ALCED1NIDJE 


Albata  (al-ba'ta),  n.  [L.  albus,  white.]  An 
alloy  consisting  of  a  combination  of  nickel, 
zinc,  tin,  and  copper,  often  with  antimony 
anil  silver,  united  in  various  proportions. 
It  is  a  white  metal,  resembling  silver  in  ap- 
pearance, and  is  made  into  spoons,  forks, 
teapots,  &c.  Called  also  British  I'late  ami 
German-silver. 

He  was  not  the  genuine  article,  but  a  substitute,  a 
kind  of  albtita.  G.  A.  Sala. 

Albatros,  Albatross  (al'ba-tros),  n.  [Fr. 
albatros,  in  Flacourt  and  Dampier  algatros, 
a  corruption  of  Sp.  Pg.  alcatmz,  originally 
a  pelican,  but  also  applied  to  other  aquatic 
birds.  Marcel  Devic  (in  supplement  to 
Littre's  Dictionary)  takes  alcatraz  to  be 
equivalent  to  Pg.  alcatruz  (Ar.  al-qadm),  \ 
the  bucket  of  a  noria  or  water-wheel,  this 
term  being  applied  to  the  pelican  for  the 
same  reason  that  the  Arabs  call  it  saqqa 
or  water-carrier,  from  being  supposed  to 
carry  water  to  its  young  ones  in  the  pouch 
below  its  bill.  ]  An  aquatic  natatorial 
bird,  family  Procellariadae,  of  which  the 
wandering  albatros  (Diomedea  exv.la.ns)  is 


Wandering  Albatross  (Diontcrita  txulans). 

the  best  known  species.  The  bill  is  straight; 
the  upper  mandible  crooked  at  the  point, 
and  the  lower  one  truncated ;  the  nostrils 
are  oval,  open  and  little  prominent,  and 
placed  on  the  sides;  the  wings  are  pennated, 
and  there  are  three  webbed  toes  on  each 
foot.  The  upper  part  of  the  body  is  of  a 
spotted  brown,  and  the  belly  white.  It  is 
the  largest  sea-bird  known,  some  measuring 
17J  feet  from  tip  to  tip  of  their  expanded 
wings.  They  abound  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  and  in  Behring's  Straits,  and  have 
been  known  to  accompany  ships  for  whole 
days  without  ever  resting  on  the  waves. 
From  this  habit  it  is  regarded  with  feelings 
of  attachment  and  superstitious  awe  by 
sailors,  it  being  reckoned  unlucky  to  kill 
one.  Coleridge  has  availed  himself  of  this 
feeling  in  his  'Ancient  Mariner.' 

Albe.t  Albee.t  adv.    Albeit.    Spenser. 

Albeit  (al-be'it),  coitj.  [A  compound  of  the 
old  al  in  the  sense  of  though,  be,  and  it,  and 
equivalent  to  be  it  so ;  couip.  Chaucer's  '  al 
speke  he,'  'al  have  I;'  he  also  uses  the  fuller 
form  'al  be  it  so  that.']  Be  it  so;  admit  all 
that;  although;  notwithstanding. 

Whereas  ye  say.  The  Lord  saith  it,  albeit  I  have 
not  spoken.  Ezek.  xiii.  n. 

Albeit  so  masked,  I  speak  the  truth.      Tennyson. 

Alberta  (al-be'ri -a),  n.  [L.  albm,  white.]  In 
her.  a  shield  without  ornament  or  armorial 
bearings,  so  called  from  being  white. 

Albert,  Albert-Chain  (al'nert,  al'bert-chan), 
n.  [After  the  Prince  Consort,  Albert.]  A 
short  chain  attaching  the  watch  to  a  waist- 
coat button-hole,  where  it  is  secured  by  a 
bar  or  hook. 

Albescent  (al-bes'ent),  a.  [L.  albesco,  to 
grow  white,  an  incept,  from  albu*,  white.  ] 
Becoming  white  or  rather  whitish ;  moder- 
ately white;  of  a  pale,  hoary  aspect. 

Albicore  (al'be-kor),  n.    Same  as  Albacore. 

Albiflcation  (al'bi-fi-ka"shon),  n.  [L.  albus. 
white,  and/acio,  to  make.]  The  act  or  pro- 
cess of  making  white.  Chaucer. 

Alblgenses,  Albigeois  (al-bi-jens'ez,  al-be- 
zhwa),  ?i.  pi.  A  party  of  reformers  who 
separated  from  the  Church  of  Rome  in  the 
twelfth  century,  and  were  ruthlessly  perse- 
cuted; so  called  from  Albigeois,  a  small  ter- 
ritory round  Albi,  a  town  of  Languedoc  in 
France,  where  they  resided. 

Albm  (al'bin),  n.  [L.  albus,  white.]  A  min- 
eral of  an  opaque  white  colour,  regarded  as 
a  variety  of  Bohemian  apophyllite. 

Albinism,  Albinoism  (al'bin-izm,  al-bi'no- 
izm),  n.  The  state  or  condition  of  an  albino; 
leucopathy. 

The  peculiarity  of  albinism  or  leucopathy  is  always 
born  with  the  individual,  and  may  occur  amonfj  men 
of  any  colour.  Nor  is  it  confined  to  the  human  race, 
having  been  observed  also  in  horses,  rabbits,  rats, 
mice,  &c.,  birds  (white  crows  and  blackbirds  are  not 


particularly  uncommon),  fishes,  and  perhaps  also  in- 
sects. P°f'  £>>0>- 

Albino  (al-M'no),  «.  pi.  Albinos  or  Albi- 
noes  (al-bi'noz).  [Pg. ,  from  L.  albux,  white.  I 
A  person  of  pale,  milky  complexion,  with 
light  hair  and  pink  eyes.  This  abnormal 
condition  appears  to  depend  on  an  absence 
of  the  minute  particles  of  colouring  matter 
which  ordinarily  occur  in  the  lowest  and 
last  deposited  layers  of  the  epidermis  or 
outer  skin.  Albinos  occasionally  occur 
among  all  races  of  men.  The  term  is  also 
applied  to  animals  characterized  by  the 
same  peculiarity  in  physical  constitution. 
See  ALBINISM. 

Albion  (an>i-on),  n.  [Celt,  albain—alb,  alp, 
height,  cliff,  and  ban,  white ;  a  name  given 
to  the  island  presumably  from  the  white 
cliffs  of  the  south  coast,  the  first  object  seen 
by  the  early  immigrants.  Grimm  regards 
alb,  alp,  a  height,  as  related  to  alb  (L.  OMUt), 
white,  as  indicating  the  whiteness  of  snow- 
clad  summits  ]  An  ancient  name  of  Britain, 
gradually  restricted  to  Scotland ;  still  fre- 
quently used  in  poetry  as  equivalent  to 
Britain. 

Albite  (alTnt),  n.  [L.  albus.  white.]  Tetrar- 
toprismatic  felspar ;  soda  felspar.  A  name 
given  to  felspar  whose  alkali  is  soda  instead 
of  potash.  Albite  forms  a  constituent  part 
of  the  greenstone  rocks  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Edinburgh,  and  of  Aberdeen  granite. 

Alborak  (al-bo'rak),  n.  [Ar.  al-burak,  from 
al,  the  article,  and  baraka,  to  flash,  barkum, 
lightning,  splendour.]  The  white  mule  on 
which  Mohammed  is  said  to  have  journeyed 
from  the  temple  of  Jerusalem  to  heaven. 

Albuginea  (al-bu-jin'e-a),  n.  [See  ALBU- 
GINEOUS]  In  anat.  the  white  fibrous  coating 
of  the  eye ;  the  white ;  also,  a  tough  fibrous 
coating  of  the  testicle. 

Albugineous  (al-bu-jin'e-us),  a.  [Fr.  albu- 
yiiicux,  from  L.  albugo,  albugitiix,  whiteness, 
from  albus,  white.]  Pertaining  to  or  re- 
sembling the  white  of  the  eye  or  of  an  egg.— 
Albngineous  humour,  the  aqueous  humour 
of  the  eye. — Albuginemts  tunic,  the  external 
covering  of  the  eyeball,  the  albuginea. 

Albuginous  (al-bu'jin-us), a.  Same  as  Albu- 
gineous.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Albugo  (al-bu'go),  n.  [L. ,  from  albus,  white.] 
The  disease  of  the  eye,  otherwise  called 
Leucoma  (which  see). 

Album  (al'bum),  n.  [L.,  from  albus,  white.] 
1.  In  Horn,  antiq.  a  white  tablet,  on  which 
the  names  of  public  officers  and  also  public 
transactions  were  written  down.  —2.  A  book, 
originally  blank,  in  which  may  be  Inserted 
autographs  of  celebrated  persons  or  favour- 
ite pieces  of  poetry  or  prose,  generally  con- 
tributed by  friends. —3.  A  blank  book  with 
ornamental  binding  fur  preserving  photo- 
graphic views,  cartes  de  visite,  &c. — 4.  In 
law,  white  or  silver  money  paid  as  rent. 

Albumen  (al-bu'men),  n.  [L.,  from  albus, 
white.]  In  phyniol.  a  substance  so  named 
from  the  Latin  for  the  white  of  an  egg,  in 
which  it  abounds  in  its  purest  natural  state, 
serving  as  the  type  of  the  protein  compounds 
or  the  nitrogenous  class  of  food  stuffs.  It 
is  a  proximate  principle,  entering  largely 
into  the  composition  of  the  animal  and 
vegetable  fluids  and  solids,  is  coagulable  by 
heat  at  and  above  100°,  and  is  composed  of 
carbon,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  oxygen, 
with  a  little  sulphur.  It  abounds  in  the 
sen'm  of  the  blood,  the  vitreous  and  crystal- 
line humours  of  the  eye,  the  fluid  of  dropsy, 
the  substance  called  coagulable  lymph,  in 
nutritive  matters,  the  juice  of  flesh,  &c.  The 
blood  contains  about  7  per  cent,  of  albumen. 
It  is  the  starting-point  of  all  the  tissues. 
Vegetable  albumen  exists  in 
most  vegetable  juices  and 
many  seeds,  and  has  the  same 
composition  and  properties  as 
animal.  Albumen  is  used  to 
clarify  syrupy  liquors,  and  to 
flx  colours  in  printing.  In 
cookery  white  of  eggs  is  em- 
ployed for  clarifying,  but  in 
large  operations  like  sugar-re-  Albumen-Sec- 
fining  the  serum  of  blood  is  tionofagrain 
used.  With  lime  it  forms  a  of  Wheat, 
cement  to  mend  broken  ware. 
In  bot.  the  name  is  applied  to  the  farina- 
ceous matter  which  surrounds  the  embryo. 
It  constitutes  the  meat  of  the  cocoa-nut,  the 
flour  or  meal  of  cereals,  the  roasted  part  of 
coffee,  &c.  Albumen  exists  either  as  soluble 
or  as  insoluble  albumen.  The  former  variety 
is  converted  into  the  latter  by  the  action 
of  heat. 
Albumenize  (al-bu'men-iz),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp. 


Alburnum. 

a  a.  Alburnum  or  sap- 
wood,  bb.  Heart-wood. 
<-,  Pith,  rfrf.  Bark. 


alb  time nized;  ppr.  albvtnenizinp.  To  con- 
vert into  albumen;  to  cover  or  impregnate 
with  albumen,  as  paper  witll  the  white  of 
an  egg  for  photographic  purposes. 
Album  Graecum  (al'bum  gre'kum),  n.  The 
dung  of  dogs,  wolves,  hyamas,  <fec. ,  which, 
from  exposure  to  the  air,  becomes  white  like 
chalk.  It  was  formerly  used  as  a  medicine, 
and  is  still  used  by  tanners  to  soften  leather. 
Albuminin  (al-bu'min-in),  n.  Oonin;  the 
substance  of  the  cells  inclosing  the  white 
of  birds'  eggs.  It  contains  no  nitrogen,  and 
dissolves  in  caustic  potash. 
Albuminoid  (al-hu'min-oid),  a.  [L.  albu- 
men, and  Gr.  eidos,  resemblance.  ]  Like  al- 
bumen. 

Albuminoid  (al-bu'min-oid),  ?i.  A  substance 
resembling  albumen.  Same  as  I'roteul 
(which  see). 

Albuminose,  Albuminous  (al-bu'mln-on, 
al-bu'min-usj,  a.    1.  Pertaining  to  or  having 
the  properties  of  albumen. — 2.  In  bot.  ap- 
plied to  plants  whose  seeds  have  a  store  of 
albumen,  as  all  kinds  of  grain,  palms,  Ac. 
Albuminousness(al-bu'min-us-nes), n.  The 
state  of  being  albuminous. 
Albuminuria  (al-bu'mi-nu"ri-a),  n.    [L.  al- 
bumen, and  Gr.  ouron,  urine.]    In  wed.  a 
granular  disease  of  the  cortical  part  of  the 
kidney,  which  gives  occasion  to  the  secre- 
tion of  urine  that  contains  albumen. 
Alburn  (al'bern),  n.    Same  as  Alburnum. 
Alburn  (al'bern),   n.     [L.    alburnus,  from 
albus,  white.]    A  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  fish  more  commonly  called  the  Bleak. 
Alburnitas  (al-ber'ni-tas),  n.     A  disease  in 
trees,   in    which    the 
wood  remains  like  al- 
burnum. 

Alburnous  (al-ber'- 
1 1 1  is ).  a.  Relating  to  al- 
burnum. 

Alburnum  ( al  -  be  i  '- 
nuin),  n.  [ItMlbumuin, 
sapwood,  from  albut, 
white. )  The  white  and 
softer  partof  the  wood 
of  exogenous  plants  1  ie- 
tween  the  inner  bark 
and  the  heart-wood. 
It  is  frequently  called 
Sapwood,  and  is  grad  u- 
ally  transformed  into  heart-wood  or  dura- 
men. 

Albyn  (al'bin),  n.  [See  ALBION.]  Another 
form  of  Albion;  especially  restricted  to  the 
Highlands  of  Scotland. 

Weep,  Atbynl  to  death  and  captivity  led. 

Campbell. 

Alca(al'ka),  n.  [L.,  from  Norse.  See  AUK.] 
A  genus  of  short- winged  sea-birds,  the  auks. 
See  AUK. 

Alcadse  (al'ka-de),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Alcidce. 

Alcahest  (al'kn-hest),  n.  Same  as  Alka- 
hest. 

Alcaic  (al-ka'ik),  a.  [L.  alcaicus.]  Pertain- 
ing to  AlcfKits,  a  lyric  poet  of  Mitylene,  in 
Lesbos,  who  flourished  about  the  close  of 
the  seventh  and  beginning  of  the  sixth  cen- 
tury B.  c. — A  lea  ic  verse.  See  next  article. 

Alcaic  (al-ka'ik),  n.  A  variety  of  verse  used 
in  Greek  and  Latin  poetry,  so  called  from 
Alcffius,  the  inventor;  also,  a  line  written  in 
this  measure.  It  consists  of  flve  feet,  a 
spondee  or  iambus,  an  iambus,  a  long  syl- 
lable, and  two  dactyls. 

Alcaid  (al-kadO,  n.  [Sp.  and  Pg.  alcaide, 
a  governor— Ar.  al,  the,  and  qdid,  chief, 
governor,  kada,  to  lead.)  In  Spain,  Portu- 
gal, Ac. ,  a  commander  of  a  fortress ;  the 
chief  civil  magistrate  of  a  town  or  city;  also, 
a  jailer. 

Alcalde  (al-kal'da),  n.     [Sp.,  from  Ar.  al- 

tadl,  the  judge,  from  qada,  to  judge.]    A 
panish  magistrate  or  judge. 

Alcali.    Same  as  Alkali  (v/hlch  see). 

Alcanna  (al-kan'na),  n.  [Sp.,  from  Ar.  al- 
hinnd,  henna.]  Same  as  Henna,. 

Alcarraza  (al-ka-ra'za ;  Sp.  pron.  al-ka-ra'- 
tha),  11.  [Sp.,  from  Ar.  al-kurrdz,  an  earthen 
vessel.]  A  vessel  made  of  a  species  of  por- 
ous pottery  manufactured  in  Spain  for  the 
purpose  of  cooling  water. 

Alcazar  (al-ka'zar,  Sp.  pron.  al-ka'thiir),  n. 
[Sp.,  a  castle,  a  fort,  a  quarter-deck,  from 
the  Arabic.)  A  fortress:  applied  also  to 
the  royal  palaces  in  Spain,  even  when  nut 
fortified. 

In  the  ancient  alcazar  of  the  Moors  he  found  a 
stately  residence.  Prtscott. 

Alcedinidaa(al-se-din'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
flssirostral  insessorial  birds,  the  kingfishers, 
typical  genus  Alcedo.  Called  also  Halcy- 
onidce. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


AI.CKDO 


ALDEBARAN 


Alcedo  (al-se'do),  n.  [L.  alcedo,  alcyon,  a 
kingfisher.  SIT  llAU'vuN.i  The  Ungniher; 

;i  ;,'t:nus  of  birds,  family  Alcedinidie.     See 

K  [NdFISHEK. 

Alces  (iil'sos),  n.  [L.  nlccs.  Gr.  alkf,  an  elk.] 
A  genus  of  animals  of  the  Cerridic  or  deer 
family,  characterized  by  short  and  thick 
neck,  thick  and  brittle  hair,  a  mane  on 
throat,  and  by  having  a  tuft  of  hair  above 
the  middle  of  the  metatarsal  bones  of  the 
hind-leg;  the  elk.  It  is  the  size  of  a  horse, 
and  inhabits  Russia,  Poland,  Sweden,  ami 
Norway,  but  particularly  the  north  of  North 
America.  See  ELK. 

Alchemic,  Alchemical  (al-kem'ik,  al-kem'- 
ik-al),  a.  Relating  to  or  produced  by  al- 
chemy. 

Alchemlcally  (nl-kem'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  alchemy. 

Lully  would  prove  it  alchemically.        Camden. 

Alchemilla  (al-ke-mil'ia),  n.  [Arabic  name 
al-keineliich,  it  being  supposed  to  have  won- 
derful alchemic  properties.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  uat.  order  Rosacere ;  lady's-mantle. 
They  are  herbs,  with  lobed  leaves  and  small 
yellow  or  green  flowers.  See  LADY'S-MAN- 
TLE. 

Alchemist  (al'kem-ist),  n.  One  who  prac- 
tises alchemy. 

You  are  an  alchemist;  make  gold  of  that.    Shak. 

Alchemlstlc,  Alchemistical  (al-kem-ist'ik, 
al-kern-ist'ik-al),  a.  Relating  to  or  practis- 
ing alchemy. 

Alchemize  (alTvem-iz),  v.t.  To  change  by 
alchemy;  to  transmute,  as  metals.  Lovelace. 
[Rare.] 

Alchemy,  Alchymy  (al'ke-mi,  al'ki-mi),  n. 
[Ar.  al,  the,  and  Iclinia,  chemistry.  See 
niKMiSTRY.]  l.tChemistry.  ('Alchemywas 
never  at  any  time  anything  different  from 
chemistry.'  Lie&«/.)Hence,from  the  fact  that 
the  early  chemists  were  often  deficient  in 
their  theoretical  views,  and  pursued  in  their 
experiments  delusive  ends,  such  as  the  dis- 
covery of  the  philosopher's  stone,  which, 
being  mixed  with  the  baser  metals,  was  to 
transmute  them  into  gold,  to  be  a  panacea  or 
universal  remedy  for  diseases,  and  an  alka- 
hest or  universal  solvent,  it  came  to  mean, 
specifically — 2.  The  doctrines  and  practice 
of  those  who  dabbled  in  such  arts. — 3.  For- 
merly, a  mixed  metal  used  for  utensils.  It 
was  a  modification  of  brass ;  so  called  be- 
cause believed  to  have  been  originally 
formed  by  the  art  of  alchemy:  used  figura- 
tively by  Hilton  for  a  trumpet. 

Your  speedy  cherubims 
Put  to  their  mouths  the  sounding  alchymy. 

Milton. 

Alchymic,  Alchymlcal  (al-kim'ik,  al-kim'- 
ik-al),  a.  Same  aa  Alchemic,  Alchem- 
ical. 

Alchymieally  (al-kim'ik-al-li),  ado.  Same 
as  Atcketnically. 

Alchymlst  (al'kim-ist),  n.  Same  as  Alchem- 
ist. 

Alchymistic,  Alchymlstlcal  (al-kim-ist'ik, 
al-kim-!st'ik-al),  a.  Same  as  Alchemistic, 
Alchemistical. 

Alchymy  (al'ki-mi),  n.     Same  as  Alchemy. 

Alcid.28  ( al'si-de ),  n.  pi.  [L.  L.  alca,  an  auk. 
See  AUK.]  The  auk  family,  a  family  of 
natatorial  sea-birds,  distinguished  bya  long- 
ish  bill,  mostly  curved  toward  the  tip, wings 
short,  tail  short  and  graduated,  hind  toe 
small  or  absent,  comprehending  the  sub- 
families Alcinte  (auks  proper),  Spheniscinre 
(penguins),  and  Urines  (guillemots). 

Alcinas  (al-si'ne),  n.  pi.  The  auks,  a  sub- 
family of  natatorial  sea-birds, family  Alcida;, 
distinguished  by  a  shorter  bill  than  in  the 
penguins  and  guillemots,  compressed  and 
boldly  keeled  above  and  below,  by  having 
the  tip  of  the  upper  mandible  hooked, 
and  by  narrow  nostrils.  Wings  moderate, 
first  quill  largest.  The  hind  toe  is  absent. 
It  comprehends  the  genera  Alca  or  auks 
proper,  and  Fratercula  or  puffins. 

Alcmanian  (alk-ma'ni-an),  a.  [L.  alcma- 
iiiiiinix.]  Pertaining  to  Alcman,  a  Greek 
lyric  poet  of  the  seventh  century  B.C.,  cele- 
brated for  his  amorous  verses. — Alcmanian 
verse  (Alcinanianum  metrum).  in  pros,  a 
verse  consisting  of  two  dactyls  and  two 
trochees. 

Alco  (al'kfl),  n.  A  small  variety  of  dog  with 
a  small  head  and  large  pendulous  ears, 
found  wild  in  Mexico  and  Peru,  and  now 
domesticji  ted. 

Alcoate,  Alcohate  (al'ko-at,  al'ko-hat),  n. 
Same  as  Alc.uholatp. 

Alcohol  (al'ko-hol),  n.  [Sp.  Pg.  alcohol— AT. 
al,  the,  and  kohl,  a  fine  powder  of  antimony 


1  applied  by  orientals  to  the  eyes.  On  a< •- 
count  of  the  fineness  of  this  powder  the 
name  is  said  to  have  been  transferred  to 
anything  very  fine  or  purified,  as  rectified 
spirits.)  (O2HC;O.)  A  liquid  forming  the 
intoxicating  principle  of  all  vinous  ami 
spirituous  liquors.  It  is  formed  by  the  fer- 
mentation of  aqueous  sugar  solutions,  and 
by  the  destructive  distillation  of  organic 
bodies,  as  coal.  It  has  also  been  produced 
by  causing  water  (II^O)  to  combine  chemi- 
cally with  oleflant  gas  (l^H^,  the  method 
adopted  being  to  shake  the  gas  with  strong 
sulphuric  acid,  and  afterwards  to  dilute  the 
mixture  with  water  and  distil.  Having 
been  first  procured  from  wine,  the  name  of 
spirit  of  wine  is  given  to  the  strongest  alco- 
holic found  in  commerce,  containing  about 
90°  per  cent,  of  pure  alcohol.  Absolute  or 
pure  alcohol  is  a  transparent  fluid,  of  a 
pleasant  spirituous  smell  and  burning  taste; 
sp  gr.  0793  at  «0°  F.  It  has  never  been 
frozen,  but  it  becomes  viscid  at  very  low 
temperatures.  It  is  very  inflammable,  and 
mixes  with  water  in  all  proportions,  is  a 
solvent  of  all  bodies  which  are  rich  in  hy- 
drogen, as  organic  bases,  resins,  and  oils, 
and  as  such  much  used  in  chemical  opera- 
tions, and  for  the  preparation  of  druggists' 
tinctures;  and  is  a  powerful  stimulant  and 
antiseptic.  It  is  employed  in  filling  ther- 
mometers for  low  temperatures.  By  volume 
55  parts  of  alcohol  and  45  of  water,  or  49  2 
parts  by  weight  of  alcohol  and  50  8  of  water, 
form  proof  spirit.  Under-proof  and  over- 
proof  are  the  designations  of  weaker  or 
stronger  solutions.  Alcohol,  mixed  with 
various  proportions  of  water,  essential  oils, 
sugar.aud  extracts,  forms  the  different  kinds 
of  alcoholic  drinks  known  as  ardent  spirits, 
wine,  beer,  &c.  Spirits,  as  whisky,  brandy, 
Ac.,  contain  40  to  50  per  cent,  of  absolute 
alcohol;  wines,  from  17  to  7  or  8;  strong  ale 
and  porter,  6  to  8 ;  and  small  beer,  1  per 
cent.  Alcohol  is  also  the  general  name 
given  to  a  series  of  chemical  compounds,  all 
of  which  are  constituted  similarly. 
Alcoholate  (al'ko-hol-at),  n.  A  salt  in  which 
alcohol  appears  to  replace  the  water  of  crys- 
tallization. 

Alcoholic  (al-ko-hol'ik),  a.    Pertaining  to 
alcohol,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 
Alcoholic  (al-ko-hol'ik),   n.     An  alcoholic 
liquid. 

Alcoholism  (al'ko-hol-izm).  n.  The  condi- 
tion of  habitual  drunkards,  whose  tissues 
are  saturated  with  spirits.  Called  also 
Chronic  A  Icoholism. 

Alcoholization  (al-k6-hol'iz-a"shon),  n. 
1.  The  act  of  rectifying  spirit  till  it  is  wholly 
deprived  of  impurities.— 2.  t  The  act  of  re- 
ducing a  substance  to  an  impalpable  pow- 
der. Johnson. 

Alcoholize  (al'ko-hol-Iz),  v.t.    1.  To  convert 

into  alcohol ;  to  rectify  spirit  till  it  is  wholly 

purified.— 2.  t  To  reduce  to  an  impalpable 

powder.    Johnson. 

Alcoholmeter  (al-ko-hol'me-ter),  n.    Same 

as  Alcoholometer. 

Alcoholometer,  Alcohometer  (al'ko-hol- 
om'et-er,  al'k6-hom"et-er),  n.  [Alcohol,  and 
Gr.  outran,  measure.]  An  instrument  for 
determining  the  quantity  of  pure  alcohol  in 
any  liquid,  with  a  scale  graduated  so  as  to 
indicate  the  percentage,  either  by  weight 
or  volume. 

Alcoholometrical,  Alcohometrical  (al'- 
ko-ho-lo-met"rik-al,  alTio-ho-mefrik-al),  a. 
Relating  to  the  alcoholometer ;  as,  alcoho- 
lometrical  tables. 

Alcoholpmetry,  Alcqometry  (al'ko-hol- 
om"et-ri,  al'ko-om"et-ri),  n.  The  process  of 
estimating  the  percentage  of  pure  or  abso- 
lute alcohol  in  a  spirituous  liquid. 
Alcoometer  (al-ko-om'et-er),  n.  [Fr.  alco- 
ometre.]  Same  as  Alcoholometer  (which 
see). 

Alcoran  (al'ko-ran  or  al'ko-ran).  See  KO- 
RAN and  ALKORAN. 

Alcoranic  (al-ko-ran'ik  or  al-ko-ran'ik).  a. 
Relating  to  the  Alcoran  or  Mohammedan- 
ism. 

Alcoranish  (al-ko-ran'ish  or  al-ko-ran'ish), 
a.  Belonging  to  the  Koran  or  Alcoran,  or 
to  Mohammedanism.  'Some  Alcoranish 
doctors.'  Sir  T.  Herbert. 
Alcoranist  (al-ko-ran'ist  or  al-ko-ran'ist),  n. 
A  strict  adherent  to  the  letter  of  the  Koran 
or  Alcoran. 

Alcove  (al'kov),  71.  [Sp.  alcoba,  Fr.  alcove— 
Ar.  al,  the,  ami  kvbbeh,  an  alcove,  a  little 
chamber.]  A  recess;  especially,  (a)  a  wide 
and  deep  recess  in  a  room,  usually  separated 
from  it  by  a  screen  of  columns,  by  a  balus- 


trade, or  by  draperies,  and  intended  for  the 
nomttoD  of  a  bed  of  state  or  seats,  and  often 
having  its  floor  raised  aliove  that  of  the 


Alcove. 

room.  More  rarely,  (b)  a  lateral  recess  in  a 
library  for  the  reception  of  books,  (c)  An 
arched  or  covered  seat  in  a  garden,  (d)  Any 
natural  recess,  as  a  recess  in  a  grove  or 
wood,  a  small  bay,  a  place  nearly  inclosed 
by  rocks,  hills,  and  the  like.  [Chiefly  poeti- 
cal.] 

On  mossy  banks,  beneath  the  citron  prove. 
The  youthful  wand'rers  found  a  wild  alcove. 
Falconer. 

Alcyon  (al'si-on),  n.  An  old  or  poetical 
name  of  the  kingfisher.  Same  as  Halcyon 
(which  see). 

Alcyouaria  (al' si  -  o-na"ri-a),  n.  pi.  [See 
ALCYONIUM.]  An orderof  actinozoan corals, 
distinguished  by  six  or  eight  broad  leaf-like 
tentacles,  arranged  round  the  mouth  like 
the  rays  of  a  star-fish  (whence  their  alter- 
native name  Asteroida).  They  inhabit  a 
polypidom,  and  consist  of  a  fleshy  external 
layer,  supported  on  a  calcareous  axis  se- 
creted from  the  outer  surface  of  the  animal, 
and  embrace  the  organ-pipe  corals,  the  Al- 
cyonida;  or  dead-men's  fingers,  the  Gorgon- 


Alcyonaria. 

T,  Sea-fan  (Gorgonia  JJabelZum).    2,  Sea-pen  (/Y«- 
natitla  pftoffhorea).    3,  Cornitliiria  nigosa. 

idse  or  sea-fans,  and  the  sea-pens.  Some 
species  very  much  resemble  sponges;  others 
are  like  fans,  feathers,  <fec.  Technically  they 
are  called  Sclerobasic  Zoantharia. 

AlcyoniC  (al-si-on'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Alcyonidce  (which  see). 

Alcyonidae,  Alcyoneae  (al-si-on'i-de,  al-si- 
oire-e),  n.  pi.  [See  ALCYONIUM.]  A  family 
of  asteroid  polypes,  somewhat  resembling 
the  sponges.  Alcyonium  digitatum,  called 
variously,  from  its  occasional  form,  dead- 
man's  hand  or  cow's  paps,  is  the  type.  They 
are  found  in  all  seas  and  at  various  depths. 

Alcyonite  (al'si-on-it),  n.  A  fossil  alcyonium ; 
one  of  the  spongiferous  fossils  common  in 
the  chalk  formation. 

Alcyonium  (al-si-6'ni-um),  n.  [L  alcyonium, 
Gr.  alkyonion,  alkyoneion,  a  zoophyte  so 
called  from  its  resemblance  to  the  Halcyon's 
nest.  See  HALCYON.]  A  genus  of  asteroid 
polypes  or  Actinozoa,  belonging  to  the 
family  Alcyonidaj  (which  see). 

Alcyonoid  (al'si-on-oid),  n.  A  member  of 
the  family  Alcyonida;  or  Alcyoneas.  Written 
also  Halciionoul. 

Aldebarah  (al-deb'ar-an),  n.  [Ar.  name, 
from  al,  the,  debaran,  coming  behind:  so 
called,  it  is  said,  because  it  comes  behind 
the  remarkable  group  of  the  Pleiades.  ]  A 
star  of  the  first  magnitude  in  the  constel- 
lation Taurus.  Vulgarly  called  the  Hull's 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      s,  go;      ],jo\>;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.  —  See  KEY. 


ALDEHYDE 


68 


ALEMBROTH 


Eye.    It  is  the  bright  star  in  the  group  of 

five  called  the  Hyads. 

Aldehyde,  Aldehyd  (al'de-hid),  n.  (Al,  first 
syllable  c,f  alcolwl,  ami  dehyd,  the  first  two 
of  dehydrogenatiis,  deprived  of  hydrogen.] 
1  A  transparent  colourless  liquid  (C2H4O) 
produced  by  the  oxidation  of  pure  alcohol. 
It  is  alcohol  minus  two  atoms  of  hydrogen. 
It  has  a  suffocating  odour,  and  is  so  vola- 
tile that  it  boils  by  the  warmth  of  the  hand.  [ 
When  exposed  to  air  or  oxygen  it  becomes 
entirely  converted  into  acetic  acid  or  vine- 
gar by  the  addition  of  one  atom  of  oxygen. 
Called  also  Acetic  Aldehyde.  —  2.  One  of  a 
class  of  organic  compounds,  intermediate 
between  alcohols  and  acids,  derived  from 
alcohol  by  the  abstraction  of  two  atoms  of  ' 
hydrogen,  and  converted  into  acids  by  the 
addition  of  one  atom  of  oxygen.  They  are 
all  liquids  except  one,  which  is  a  fatty  solid. 
They  are  called  benzoic,  acetic,  bvtynota6Qn 
aldehydes. 

Aldeh'ydiC  (al-de-hid'ik),  o.  Of  or  pertain- 
in"'  to  or  containing  aldehyde. 

Alder  (»l'der),  71.  [0.  and  Prov.  E.  alter, 
eller,  &c. ;  A.  Sax.  <rlr,  (tier,  aim-,  air;  Icel. 
elrir  elri  iilr;  N.  older,  elle;  Sw.  at;  Sw. 
dial,  alder;  G.  eller,  erle ;  all  allied  to  L. 
almis,  an  alder,  and  to  D.  and  G.  else,  Slav. 
olsza,  olsche,  an  alder.  The  d  is  inserted  in 
the  same  way  as  in  alder  for  alter,  old  genit. 
pi.  of  all.  See  next  art.  and  ELDER,  the 
tree.  ]  The  popular  name  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Alnus,  nat.  order  Betulacere.  A.  glu- 
tinosa  is  the  common  alder,  usually  growing 
in  moist  land.  The  wood  of  the  alder  has 


Alder  (Alnits glntinosa). 


the  quality  of  long  endurance  under  water. 
It  is  chiefly  used  for  hurdle-wood  and  the 
manufacture  of  charcoal.  See  ALNUS.  — 
Berry-bearing  or  black  alder,  the  alder- 
buckthorn,  or  Rhamnus  Frangula.  Red 
alder,  the  name  given  at  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  to  Cunonia  capensis.  White  alder, 
the  North  American  name  for  Clithra  alni- 
folia. 

Alder.t  Allert  (al'der,  al'er),  a.  Theancient 
genitive  plural  of  all;  in  A.  Sax.  eal,  genit. 
pi.  ealra,  alra.  It  was  also  written  Alther. 
It  was  formerly  prefixed  to  adjectives  in  the 
superlative;  as, alder-first,  first  of  all;  alder- 
best,  best  of  all;  alder-liefest  or  alder-lievest, 
dearest  of  all.  It  is  largely  used  by  Chaucer. 
'  You,  mine  alder-liefett  sovereign.'  Shak. 

A-morwe  when  the  day  began  to  spring. 

Up  rose  our  hoste,  and  was  our  alter  cok.   Chaucer. 

Alder-buckthorn  (al'der-buk-thorn),  n.  A 
British  plant  of  the  genus  Rhamnus,  nat. 
order  Rhamnacen),  the  R.  Frangula.  It  is 
a  shrub  3  to  10  feet  high,  and  grows  in  woods 
and  thickets.  See  RHAMNUS. 

Alderman  (al'der-man),  n.  pi  Aldermen 
(al'der-men).  [A.  Sax.  aldorman,  ealdorman 
—ealdor,  an  elder,  from  eald,  old,  and  man.  ] 
1.  Among  our  Anglo-Saxon  ancestors,  a  per- 
son of  rank  or  dignity,  a  prince,  a  nobleman. 
It  was  originally  used  as  a  name  of  dignity 
unconnected  with  office,  but  in  later  times 
the  title  had  a  more  specific  sense,  and  was 
applied  to  the  members  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
nobility  next  in  rank  to  the  king,  and  at 
the  head  of  the  government  of  the  shires 
or  other  districts  as  well  as  of  cities  and 
boroughs.— 2.  In  present  usage,  a  magistrate 
or  officer  of  a  town  corporate,  next  in  rank 
below  the  mayor,  possessing  a  certain  judi- 
cial authority  as  well  as  municipal  adminis- 
trative powers.  The  number  of  aldermen 
is  different  in  different  cities,  but  by  5  and 
6  Will.  IV.  Ixxvi.  they  must  be  one-third  of 
the  councillors.  The  corresponding  title  in 
Scotland  is  bailie.  — 3.  Half-a-crowu:  a  mean- 
ing explained  by  Brewer  as  containing  an 
allusion  to  the  fact  that  an  alderman  is  a 
sort  of  half -king.  [Slang.]  —  4.  A  turkey. 
[Slang.]— An  alderman  in  chains,  a  turkey 


hung  with  sausages.    [Slang.]— Aldermaii's 

pace,  a  slow  stately  pace,  equivalent  to  the 

French  pas  d'abbf. 
Aldermancy  (al'der-man-si), ».  The  office  of 

an  alderman. 
Aldermanlc(al'der-man'ik),  a.  Relatmgtoor 

becoming  an  alderman. 
Aldermanity  (al'der-man'i-ti),  71.    1.  Alder- 
men collectively;  the  body  of  aldermen. 

B.  Jonson.—  2.  The  dignity  or  qualities  of  an 

alderman. 
AldermanUke  (al'der-man-lik),  a.    Like  an 

alderman. 
Aldermanly  (al'dcr-man-li),  a.  Pertaining  to 

or  like  an  alderman. 
Aldermanry  (al'der-man-ri),  n.  The  office  or 

quality  of  an  alderman. 
Aldermanshlp  (ai'der-man-ship),  n.     The 

condition  of  an  alderman.    Fabyan. 
Aldern  (al'dern),  a.    Hade  of  alder. 

Then  aldern  boats  first  plowed  the  ocean.     May. 

Aldlne  (al'din),  a.  A  term  applied  to  those 
editions,  chiefly  of  the  classics,  which  pro- 
ceeded from  the  press  of  Aldus  Manutius, 
of  Venice,  and  his  family,  from  1490  to  1597. 
The  distinguishing  mark  is  an  anchor  en- 
twined with  a  dolphin,  generally  with  the 
motto  sudavit  et  alsit  (he  has  sweated  and 
frozen,  that  is,  he  has  endured  all  extremes 
of  hardship).  The  term  has  been  also  applied 
to  certain  editions  of  English  works. 

Aldrian,  t  n.  A  star  in  the  neck  of  the  Lion. 
Chaucer. 

Ale  (al),  n.  [A.  Sax.  eale,  ealu,  eala;  Dan.  Sw. 
and  Icel.  61,  ale.  In  the  O.  Icel.  61  is  used  of 
any  intoxicating  drink,  and  Wedgwood  de- 
rives it  from  a  root  meaning  to  drink,  seen  in 
Gael,  bl,  to  drink.]  1.  A  liquor  made  from  an 
infusion  of  malt  by  fermentation.  It  is  of 
different  sorts,  chiefly  pale  and  brown,  the 
first  made  from  malt  slightly  dried,  the 
second  from  malt  more  considerably  dried 
or  roasted.  It  is  usually  made  with  barley, 
but  sometimes  with  wheat,  rye,  millets, 
oats,  &c.  Pale  ale  is  made  with  the  palest 
hops,  and  the  fermenting  temperature  is 
kept  below  72°  to  prevent  the  formation  of 
acetic  acid. — 2.  A  merry  meeting  in  English 
country  places,  so  called  from  the  liquor 
drunk.  'At  wakes  and  ales.'  £.  Jonson. 
3.t  An  ale-house. 

O    Tom,  that  we  were  now  at  Putney,  at  the  ale 
there.  Thorn.  Lord  Cromwell. 

—Medicated  ales  are  those  which  are  pre- 
pared for  medicinal  purposes  by  an  infusion 
of  herbs  during  fermentation. 

Aleak  (a-lekO,  adv.    In  a  leaking  state. 

Aleatory  (al'e-a-to-ri),  a.  [L.  alea,  a  die, 
chance.  ]  Depending  on  a  contingent  event. 
— Aleatory  contract,  in  law,  an  agreement  of 
which  the  conditionsdepend  on  an  uncertain 
event.  —Aleatory  sale ,  a  sale  the  completion 
of  which  depends  on  the  happening  of  some 
uncertain  event. 

Aleavement  t  (a-lev'ment),  71.    Alleviation. 

Yet  tins  is  some  alftivetrieitt  to  my  sorrow. 

SoliHton  and  Ptrseda,  1599. 

Ale-bench  (al'bensh),  n.  A  bench  in  or  before 
an  ale-house.  'Sit  on  their  ale-bench  with 
their  cups  and  cans. '  Sir  John  Oldcastle. 
Ale-berry  (al'be-ri),  71.  A  beverage  formerly 
made  by  boiling  ale  with  spice,  sugar,  and 
sops  of  bread. 

Ale-brewer  (al'brb-er),  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  brew  ale. 

Alecampane  (al-e-kam-pan'),  n.  A  kind  of 
coarse  sweetmeat.  See  ELECAMPANE,  2. 
Ale-conner  (al'kpn-er),  n.  [Ale,  and  con,  to 
knoworsee.]  Originally, an  officer  appointed 
to  assay  ale  and  beer,  and  to  take  care  that 
they  were  good  and  wholesome,  and  sold  at  a 
proper  price.  The  duty  of  the  ale-conners  of 
London  now  is  to  inspect  the  measures  used 
in  public-houses,  to  prevent  frauds  in  selling 
liquors.  Four  of  these  are  chosen  annually 
by  the  liverymen,  in  common  hall,  on  mid- 
summer's day. 

Ale-COSt  (aVkost),  n.  Costmary,  a  plant  (Bal- 
samita  vulgaru)  put  into  ale  to  give  it  an 
aromatic  flavour.  See  COSTMARY. 
Alector(a-lek'ter), n.  [Gr. alektor, acock.]  A 
genusof  gallinaceous  birds,  commonly  called 
curassows,  family  Cracida?.  They  are  peculiar 
to  the  New  World,  and  somewhat  resemble 
turkeys.  See  CURASSOW. 
Alectoria  (a-lek-to'ri-a),  n.  [Gr.  alektor,  a 
cock.]  1.  Cock-stone;  a  peculiar  stone,  sup- 
posed to  be  sometimes  found  in  the  stomach 
or  liver  of  an  aged  cock  or  capon.  Many 
virtues  were  attributed  to  it,  but  these,  as 
well  as  the  origin  of  the  stone,  are  imaginary. 
2.  A  genusof  lichens.  /t.JH&ata.orrockhair, 
grows  on  trees  and  rocks,  and  affords  food 
for  the  reindeer  during  deep  snow. 


Alectoromachy,  t  Alectryomachy  t  Ca-lek'- 
t6r-oni"a-ki,a-lek'tri-nm"a-ki),>i.[<ir.a(VfrMr. 
a  cock,  and  mache,  a  tight]  Cock-flghttee 

Alectryomancy,  Alectoromancy  (a-lek'- 
tri-6-man-si,  a-lek'to-ro-man-sl),  ».  [lir. 
alektryon,  a  cock,  and  mantein,  divination.] 
An  ancient  practice  of  foretelling  events  by 
means  of  a  cock.  The  letters  of  the  alphabet 
were  traced  on  the  ground,  and  a  grain  of 
com  placed  on  each ;  a  cock  was  then  per- 
mitted to  pick  up  the  grains,  and  the  letters 
under  the  grains  selected,  being  formed  into 
words,  were  supposed  to  foretell  the  event 

Ale-draper  t  (al'dra-per),  71.  A  humorous 
name  for  a  keeper  of  an  ale-house;  mic 
who  sells  ale:  probably  from  the  ancient 
custom  of  measuring  ale  by  the  yard.  See 
ALE-YARD. 

I  get  mee  a  wife ;  with  her  a  little  money ;  when  we 
are  married,  seeke  a  house  we  must ;  no  other  occupa- 
tion have  I  but  to  be  an  alt-draper.  Henry  Chettle. 

Alee  (a-le'),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on  or  at.  and  lee. 
See  LEE.]  Xaut.  on  the  side  opposite  to 
that  on  which  the  wind  strikes:  opposite  of 
a-weather.  The  helm  of  a  ship  is  alee  when 
pressed  close  to  the  lee-side.—  Hard  alee,  or 
luff  alee,  an  order  to  put  the  helm  to  the 
lee-side.  —Helm's  alee,  that  is,  the  helm  is 
alee,  a  notice  given  as  an  order  to  the  sea- 
men to  cause  the  head-sails  to  shake  in  the 
wind  with  a  view  to  bring  the  ship  about. 

Ale-fed  (al'fed),  p.  and  a.  Nourished  with 
ale.  'The  growth  of  his  ale-fed  corps.' 
Stafford. 

Aleft  (a-leff),  adv.  [Prefix  o,  on,  and  left.] 
On  or  to  the  left.  Sotithey.  [Rare.] 

Alegar  (al'e-ger),  n.  [Ale,  and  eager.Vv.  aigre, 
sour.]  Sourale;  vinegar  made  of  ale.  [Rare.] 

For  not,  after  consideration,  can  you  ascertain  what 
liquor  it  is  you  are  imbibing;  whether  .  .  .  Hawkiu's 
entire,  or,  perhaps,  some  other  great  brewer's  penny- 
swipes,  or  even  alegar.  Carlyle. 

Alege,tAlegge,ti>.«  [SeeALLAY.]  Toallay; 
to  alleviate;  to  soothe ;  to  assuage. 

The  joyous  time  now  nigheth  fast 

That  shall  alegge  this  bitter  blast.         Spenser. 

Alegeaunce,  >  n.  [See  ALEGK.]  Allevia- 
tion. Chaucer. 

Aleger  t  (al'e-jer),  a.  [Fr.  allegre,  L.  alacris, 
sprightly.]  Gay;  cheerful;  sprightly. 

Coffee,  the  root  and  leaf  betle,  and  tobacco  .  .  . 
do  all  condense  the  spirits  and  make  them  strong  and 
aleger.  Bacon. 

Ale-gill  (al'jil).  n.  [See  GILL.]  A  kind  of 
medicated  liquor  from  the  infusion  of 
ground-ivy  in  malt  liquor. 

Ale-glass  (al'glas),  71.  A  glass  from  which 
ale  is  drunk. 

Ale-hoof<aniof),n.  [D.  eilnaf,  ivy.  ]  Ground- 
ivy  (fiepeta  Glechoma).  The  word  assumed 
this  form  because  its  leaves  were  used  in 
making  ale  before  the  use  of  hops 

Ale-house  (al'hous),  7».  A  house  where  ale  is 
retailed. 

The  redcoats  filled  all  the  ale-hmiset  of  Westminster 
and  the  Strand.  Macaulay. 

Aleia.t  ii.    [Fr.  alize.}   The lote-tree.    Chau- 
cer. 
Ale-knight  t  (al'nit),  n     A  pot-companion. 

Come,  all  you  brave  wights,  that  are  dubbed  alt- 
knights    .     .     . 
Know  malt  is  of  mickle  might.    H'ift  RecrtetrtoHt 

AlemannlC  (al-e-man'ik),  a.  [L.  Altmanni, 
from  two  German  words  signifying  all  men. 
Comp.  Fr.  Allemagne,  Germany.]  Belonging 
to  the  Alemanni,  a  military  confederacy  of 
several  German  tribes  who  began  to  appear 
on  the  Lower  and  Middle  Maine  about  the 
beginning  of  the  third  century. 
AlemannlC  (al-e-man'ik),  n.  The  language  of 
the  Alemanni,  or  ancient  people  of  Germany. 
Alembdar  (a-lem'dar),  n.  In  Turkey,  an 
officer  who  bears  the  green  standard  of 
Mohammed  when  the  sultan  appears  in 
public. 

Alembic  (a-lem'bik),  71.     [L.L.  alcnibicuin ; 
Srj.alambiqtie—Ar.al, the, amb ik, an  alembic, 
from  Gr.  ambix,ambtiros,a  cup,  a  beaker,  the 
cap  of  a  still.]    A  chemical 
vessel  formerly  used  in  dis- 
tillation, usually  made  of 
glass  or  copper.     The  bot- 
tom  part,  containing  the 
liquor  to  be  distilled,  was 
called  the  ma  trass  or  cucur- 
bit;  the  upper  part,  which 
received  and  condensed  the 
volatile  products,  was  called 
the  A«aaor  capital,  the  be«l| 
of  which  was  fitted  to  the 
neck  of  a  receiver.     The 
Alembic.        head   waa   more   properly 
the    alembic.     It    is   now 
superseded  by  the  retort  and  worm-still 
Alembroth  (a-lem'broth),  n.     [Chal.,  lit 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note.  not.  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil.  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abiine;       }',  Sc.  ley. 


ALENCON  LACE 


ALGAROT 


key  of  art.]  The  salt  of  wisdom  uf  the  al- 
chemists; a  double  chloride  of  mercury  and 
ammonia,  from  which  the  old  white  pre- 
cipitate of  mercury  is  made.  Although 
poisonous  it  was  formerly  used  as  a  stimu- 
lant. 

Alencon  Lace  (ii-lan-soh  Ifis),  a  A  kind  of 
French  lace,  with  a  six-sided  mesh  of  two 
threads,  made  of  pure,  hand -spun  linen 
thread ;  it  is  the  richest,  strongest,  finest, 
and  most  expensive  of  the  French  laces,  and 
is  surpassed  only  by  that  of  Brussels.  It 
receives  its  name  from  Alencon,  the  chief 
town  of  the  department  of  theOrue.  Called 
also  A  tendon  1'oint. 

Alength  t  (a-length'),  adu.  [Prefix  n,  on,  at, 
ami  fenifth.]  At  full  length;  along;  stretched 
at  full  length. 

Alepldote  (a-lep'i-dot), a.  |(ir.  «,  priv.,  and 
/<•/'/*,  a  scale.]  Not  having  scales;  as,  an 
alff>itlote  fish. 

Alepldote  (a-lep'i-dot),  n.  Any  fish  whose 
skin  is  not  covered  with  scales. 

Ale-pole,  Ale-post  (al'pol,  al'post),  n.  See 
ALK-STAKK.  The  term  ale-pole  was  some- 
times applied  to  the  May-pole. 

Ale-pot  (al'pot),  71.  A  pot  or  mug  for  hold- 
ing ale. 

A  clean  cloth  was  spread  before  him,  with  knife, 
fork,  and  spoon,  salt-cellar,  pepper-box,  glass,  and 
pewter  ale-pot.  Dickens. 

Alepplne  (a-lep'pin),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Aleppo,  a  city  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  or  its  in- 
habitants. 

Aleppine  (a-lep'pin),  n.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Aleppo. 

Alert  (a-lerf),  o.  [Fr.  alerte,  alert,  and  (as 
noun)  alarm  or  notice  of  danger,  formerly 
allerte,  and  d  I'erte,  borrowed  from  It. 
all'erta,  on  the  alert,  lit.  on  or  to  the  emi- 
nence, from  all',  to  the,  and  erta,  an  accli- 
vity, adj.  erto,  erect,  from  L.  erectug,  pp.  of 
erigo,  erection,  to  erect.  ]  1.  Active  in  vigi- 
lance ;  watchful ;  vigilant. 

He  was  always  alert .  .  .  to  the  claims  of  friendship. 
Krv.  K.  Graves. 

2.  Moving  with  celerity;  brisk;  nimble.  'An 
alert  young  fellow.'  Addition. — SYN.  Vigi- 
lant, watchful,  heedful,  brisk,  nimble,  active, 
lively,  quick,  prompt. 

Alert  (a-lerf),  n.  A  position  of  vigilance; 
watch ;  guard :  only  in  the  phrase  on  or 
upon  the  alert,  upon  the  watch;  on  the  look- 
out; guarding  against  surprise  or  danger. 
'  The  readiness  of  one  071  the  alert. '  DicJrens. 

Alertness  (a-lert'nes),  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  alert ;  briskness ;  nimbleness ; 
sprightliness.  Addison. 

Ale-scot,  t  Ale-shptt  (al'skot,  al'shot),  n. 
[Ale,  and  scot,  or  its  corrupted  form  shot, 
the  quota  of  a  tavern-bill.  See  SCOT.]  A 
reckoning  to  be  paid  for  ale. 

Ale-silver  (al'sil-ver),  71.  A  duty  anciently 
paid  to  the  Lord-mayor  of  London  by  the 
sellers  of  ale  within  the  city. 

Ale-stake  (al'stak),  71.  A  stake  having  a 
garland  or  bush  of  twigs  at  the  top  of  it,  set 
up  as  a  sign  before  an  ale-house.  Called  also 
Ale-pole,  Ale-post. 

A  garland  had  he  sette  upon  his  hede 

As  gret  as  it  were  for  an  ale-stake.    Chaitcer. 

Ale-taster  (al'tast-er).  The  same  as  Ale- 
conner (which  see). 

Alethlology  (a-18'tM-ol"o-Jl),n.  [Or.  aletheia, 
truth,  ana  logos,  discourse.]  The  doctrine 
of  truth;  the  method  of  investigating  the 
laws  of  truth.  [Rare.] 

Modified  logic  fails  naturally  into  three  parts.  The 
first  part  treats  of  the  nature  of  truth  and  error,  and 
of  the  highest  laws  for  their  discrimination,  Alethi- 
«l<yy.  Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

Alette  (a-lef),  7i.    [Fr;  It.  aletta,  dim.  of 


A,  Arch.     BB,  Pillars.     CC.  Alettes. 

L.  ala,  a  wing.]    In  arch,  a  small  wing  of  a 
building;  a  pilaster  or  buttress;  the  face  of 


the  pier  of  an  arch,  extending  from  the  edge 
of  the  opening;  but  more  particularly  that 
portion  betwixt  the  edge  of  the  opening 
and  the  pillar  or  pilaster  which  is  used  to 
decorate  the  arch. 

Aleurites  (a-lu  ri'tftO,  n.  [Or.  aleurites, 
wheaten  bread,  from  aleuron,  wheaten  flour 
—tiie  plants  being  covered  with  a  mealy 
substance.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Kuphorbiacese.  The  only  species,  A.  triloba 
(the  candle-berry  tree),  a  tree  30  to  40  feet 
high,  is  a  native  of  the  Moluccas  and  some 
of  the  Pacific  islands,  and  is  cultivated  in 
tropical  countries  for  its  nuts,  which  abound 
in  oil,  and  when  dried  are  used  by  the 
Polynesian  islanders  as  a  substitute  for 
candles,  whence  they  are  called  candle-nuts, 
or  candle-be  rriett. 

Aleuromancy  (a-lu'ro-man-si),  n.  [Or.  aleu- 
ron, meal,  and  nutnteia,  divination.]  A  kind 
of  divination  by  meal,  practised  by  the  an- 
cients. 

Aleurometer  (a-lur-om'e  ter),  n.  [Gr.  aleu- 
ron, wheaten  flour,  and  metron,  measure.] 
An  instrument  invented  by  M.  Boland  for 
indicating  the  bread  -  making  qualities  of 
wheaten  flour.  The  indicatiousdepend  upon 
the  expansion  of  the  gluten  contained  in  a 
given  quantity  of  Hour  when  freed  of  its 
starch  by  pulverization  and  repeated  wash- 
ings with  water. 

Ale-vat  (al'vat),  n.  A  vat  in  which  ale  is 
fermented. 

Alew  t  (a-lu'),  n.  Halloo  ;  howling  ;  lamen- 
tation. 

Yet  did  she  not  lament  with  loud  ttfeTv 

As  women  wont.  Spenser. 

Ale-washed  (al'wosht),a.  Steeped  orsoaked 
in  nle.  '  Ale-washed  wits.'  Shale. 

Ale-wife  (al'wif),  n.  pi.  Ale-wives  (al'wlvz). 
A  woman  who  keeps  an  ale-house. 

Perhaps  he  will  swagger  and  hector,  and  threaten 
to  beat  and  butcher  an  ale-U'ife  Sw\ft. 

Alewlfe  (al'wif),  n.  pi.  Alewlves  (al'wivz). 
[Properly  aloof,  the  Indian  name  of  the  fish.  ] 
A  North  American  fresh-water  fish  (Alosa 
tvnmntu),  8  to  10  inches  long,  resembling 
the  shad,  and  taken  in  large  numbers  with 
that  fish. 

Alexanders  (al-egz-an'derz),  n.  The  Eng- 
lish name  of  agenusof  umbelliferous  plants, 
Smyrnium  (which  see).  Called  also  Alin- 
ander. 

Alexandrian  (al-egz-an'dri-an),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Alexandria:  often  applied  as  an  attri- 
bute to,  or  used  as  a  noun  for,  one  who  pro- 
fessed or  taught  in  connection  with  Alex- 
andria, in  Egypt.—  Alexandrian  Codex,  an 
important  manuscript  of  the  Scriptures,  in 
the  British  Museum,  written  on  parchment 
in  uncial  characters.  Its  probable  date  is 
the  fifth  or  sixth  century.  —  Alexandrian 
Library,  the  largest  collection  of  books  of 
the  ancient  world,  founded  by  Ptolemy  Soter 
at  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,  and  said  to  have 
contained  700,000  volumes  of  the  literature 
of  Rome,  Greece,  and  Egypt.  Supposed  to 
have  been  ultimately  destroyed  by  fanatic 
Arabs  A.D.  641. 

Alexandrine  (al-egz-an'drin),  n.  1.  A  kind 
of  verse  consisting  of  twelve  syllables  in 
English  poetry,  or  in  French  of  twelve  and 
thirteen  in  alternate  couplets,  and  properly 
having  the  pause  or  break  at  the  end  of  the 
third  foot:  so  called  from  a  poem  written  in 
French  on  the  life  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
French  tragedies  are  generally  composed  in 
Alexandrines.  The  last  line  of  the  follow- 
ing extract  is  an  example. 

A  needless  Alexandrine  ends  the  song 
That  like  a  wounded  snake  drags  its  slow  length 
along.  Pope. 

2.  The  name  of  several  ancient  medical  pre- 
parations, especially  a  garlic  plaster  in- 
vented by  an  ancient  physician  of  the  name 
of  Alexander.  Dunglison. 

Alexandrite  (al-egz-an'drlt),  n.  [After 
A  lexander  I.  ,  emperor  of  Russia.  ]  A  variety 
of  chrysoberyl  found  in  the  mica-slate  of 
the  Urals. 

Alexipharmacalt  (a-lek'si-farm"a-kal),  a. 
Same  as  Alexiphannic.  Dean  Pierce. 

Alexipharmic,  Alexipharmical  (a-lek'si- 
farnrik,  a-lek'si-farm"ik-al),  o.  [Gr.  alexfl, 
to  ward  off,  pharmakon,  a  drug,  remedy, 
poison.  ]  1.  Acting  as  a  means  of  warding 
off  disease;  acting  as  a  remedy.—  2.  Having 
the  power  of  warding  oft  the  effects  of  poi- 
son; acting  as  an  antidote;  antidotal. 

antidotal  quality  it  may  have,  since  not  only 
e  in  the  heart,  but  the  horn  of  a  deer  is  altxt- 
Sir  T.  Browne. 


Some  a 
the  bon 
pllarmi.  .  . 

Alexipnannlc  (a-lek'si-farni"ik),  n.    1.  A 
medicine;  a  remedy.  • 


landing  his  strength  every  day  less,  he  was  at  last 
terrified,  and  called  for  help  upon  the  sages  of  phy- 
sic :  they  filled  his  apartments  with  alextpHarmics, 
restoratives,  and  essential  virtues.  Johnson. 

2.  An  antidote  to  poison  or  infection. 
Alexlteric,  Alexiterlcal  (n-lck'si-ter"ik,  a- 
lek'si-ter"ik-al),  a.     [Gr.  alexfi,  to  ward  off, 
and    deleterion,   poi- 
son.]   Resisting  poi- 
son ;    obviating    the 
effects  of  venom. 
Alexlteric    (a-lek'si- 
ter"ik),  n.     A  medi- 
cine to  resist  the  ef- 
fects of  poison  or  the 
bite  of  venomous  ani- 
mals. 

Ale-yard  (al'yard),  n. 
A     very     elongated 
form     of     drinking- 
glass  and  measure  for 
ale    formerly    used. 
There  were  also  half- 
yards   and    quarter- 
yards,  for  pints  and 
half -pints      respec- 
tively. A 'tricky 'ale- 
yard  was  also  used, 
In  which  the  narrow 
end    opened    into   a 
small  globe,  so  con- 
trived that,    in    the 
process  of  draining,  the  ale  came  out  on 
the  drinker's  face  with  a  spirt. 
Alfa,  Alfa-grass  (al'fa.  al'fa-gras),  a.    A 
North  African  name  for  Macrochloa  arenaria 
and  its  fibre,  one  of  the  varieties  of  esparto. 
Alfet  (al'fet),  n.    [L.L.  alfetum,  from  A.  Sax. 
celfcet,  a  pot  to  boil  in— eel,  fire,  and/<e(,  a 
vat]    A  vessel  of  boiling  water  into  which 
an  accused  person  plunged  his  arm  as  a  test 
of  his  innocence  or  guilt. 
Al  fresco  (iil  fres'ko),  a.    [It.]    In  the  open 
air;  cool. 

Alga  (al'ga),  71.  [L]  A  sea- weed;  one  of  the 
Algte. 

Algae  (al'je),  71.  pi.  A  nat.  order  of  crypto- 
gamic  or  thallogenous  plants  found  for  the 
most  part  in  the  sea  and  fresh  water,  com- 
prising sea-weeds.  The  higher  forms  have 
stems  bearing  leaf-like  expansions,  and  they 
are  often  attached  to  the  rocks  by  roots 
which,  however,  do  not  take  food  from  the 
rocks.  The  stem  is  most  frequently  absent, 
and  the  plant  consists  of  the  foliar  expansion 


i.  Ale-yard. 
2,  Tricky  Ale-yard. 


Algz. 


T,  Dictyota  elichototrta:  a.  Spore,  fr.  Vertical  view 
of  a  sorus.  c.  Vertical  section  of  a  sorus. 

2.  Ptofamium  coccinentn:  /.  Tetraspore.  f,  Sti- 
chidium.  A,  liranchlet  with  a  tubercle. 

of  one  or  more  cells.  They  are  nourished 
through  their  whole  surface  by  the  medium 
in  which  they  live.  The  species  vary  in 
size  from  the  microscopic  diatoms  to  forms 
whose  trunks  exceed  those  of  forest  trees, 
and  whose  fronds  rival  the  leaves  of  the 
palm.  They  are  entirely  composed  of  cel- 
lular tissue,  and  many  are  edible  and  nutri- 
tious, as  carrageen  or  Irish-moss,  dulse,  &c. 
Kelp,  iodine,  and  bromine  are  products  of 
various  species.  The  AlgtD  are  also  valuable 
as  manure. 

Algal  (al'gal),  n.  One  of  the  Alg»  (which 
see). 

Algal  (al'gal),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Algaj;  having  the  nature  of  the  Algse. 

Alga-roba  (al'ga-ro'ba),  n.  [Ar.]  1.  The 
Arabic  name  of  a  tree,  Ceratonia  Siliqiia 
See  CERATONIA.— 2.  The  name  in  Panama 
for  the  tree  Uymenoea  Courbaril.  See  Hv- 
MKN.KA. 

Algarot,  Algaroth  (al'ga-rot.  al'ga-roth),  71. 
[from  the  name  of  the  inventor,  Algarotti, 
a  celebrated  physician  of  Verona.]  A  vio- 
lently purgative  and  emetic  white  powder, 
which  falls  when  chloride  of  antimony  ig 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton; 


ng, 


TH,  (Aen;  th,  Ma;     w,  wig;    »h,  tcAig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


ALGATE 

dropped  into  water:  it  is  a  compound  of 
chloride  and  oxide  of  antimony. 
Algate,  Algates  (»l't;at,  al'gats),  adv.  [All, 
and  (O.E.  and  Se.)  gate,  a  way;  Icel.  gata, 
a  way.  See  GAIT,  GATE.  ]  1.  In  every  direc- 
tion ;  everywhere.  [Obsolete  except  in 
•Scotch  form  a'gate  or  a'gates.  ]— 2.  In  every 
respect;  altogether;  entirely.  [Obsolete 
and  northern  provincial.  ] 

Una  now  he  alfates  must  forego.        Spenser. 

3.  t  In  any  way;  at  all. 

Fairer  than  herselfe,  if  aught  algetic 
Might  fayrer  be.  Spenser. 

4.t  By  all  means;  on  any  terms. 

And  therefore  would  I  should  be  alfala  slain ; 
For  while  1  live  his  life  is  in  suspense.      fair/ax. 

6  t  Notwithstanding;  nevertheless. 

A  maner  latin  corrupt  was  hir  speche. 
But  algalei  ther-by  was  she  understonde. 

Chattcer. 

Algebra  (al'je-bra),  n.  [Sp.  algebra,  Fr. 
algebre,  from  Ar.  al-gabr  or  al-jabr,  the 
putting  together  of  broken  things,  reduction 
of  fractions  to  whole  numbers,  from  Ar.  ga- 
bara  OTJabara  to  bind  together,  to  consoli- 
date; the  full  name  of  the  science  in  Arabic 
is  al-gebr  w-al-muqdbalah,  (the  science 
of)  reduction  (or  connection)  and  compari- 
son.] That  branch  of  mathematical  analy- 
sis in  which  signs  are  employed  to  denote 
arithmetical  "operations,  and  letters  are 
made  to  represent  numbers  and  quantities; 
a  kind  of  universal  arithmetic.  It  takes  an 
unknown  quantity  sought  as  if  granted; 
and,  by  means  of  one  or  more  quantities 
given,  proceeds  till  the  quantity  supposed 
is  discovered,  by  some  other  known  quan- 
tity to  which  it  is  equal.  It  is  necessary 
for  explaining  the  foundations  and  investi- 
gating the  rules  of  the  more  difficult  parts 
of  arithmetic;  and  by  means  of  its  symbols 
it  affords  directions  for  computation  often 
more  concise,  and  sometimes  more  perspicu- 
ous, than  any  which  rules  expressed  in  ordi- 
nary language  can  convey.  It  is  divided 
into  two  branches  — the  first  treating  of 
equations  involving  unknown  quantities 
having  a  determinate  value ;  the  other, 
called  diophantine,  or  indeterminate  analy- 
sis, treating  of  quantities  having  no  fixed 
value,  but  depending  in  some  degree  on 
assumption.  This  science  was  of  oriental 
discovery;  but  whether  among  the  Arabians 
or  Indians  is  uncertain. 

Algebraic,  Algebraical  (al-je-bra'ik,  al-je- 
bra'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  algebra ;  con- 
taining an  operation  of  algebra,  or  deduced 
from  such  operation.  —Algebraic  curve,  a 
figure  whose  intercepted  diameters  bear 
always  the  same  proportion  to  their  respec- 
tive ordinates. — Algebraic  equation,  an  equa- 
tion of  which  the  terms  contain  only  alge- 
braic quantities.  — Algebraic  geometry,  a 
name  given  to  the  application  of  algebra  to 
the  solution  of  geometrical  problems.— Alge- 
braic signs,  certain  signs  or  characters  used 
in  algebraical  and  mathematical  operations, 
to  denote  the  relations  of  numbers,  magni- 
tudes, and  quantities;  as,  (  =  )  equal  to,  (+) 
plus,(— )  minus, (x) multiplied  by,  &c.  See 
SIGN. 

Algebraically  (al-je-bra'ik-al-li),  adv.  By 
algebraic  process. 

Algebraist  (al-je-bra'ist),  n.  One  who  is 
versed  in  the  science  of  algebra. 

Algebraize  (al-je-bralz),  v.t.  To  perform 
by  algebra;  to  reduce  to  algebraic  form. 

Algerian  (al-je'ri-an),  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
the  French  province  of  Algeria. 

Algerian  (al-je'ri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Algeria  or  its  inhabitants. 

Algerine  (al-je-ren'),  n.  1.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Algiers,  in  Africa.— 2.  Hence, 
from  the  people  of  Algiers  being  much  ad- 
dicted to  piracy,  a  pirate. 

Algerine  (al-je-ren'),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Algiers,  or  its  inhabitants. 

Algid  (al'jidV  a.  [L.  algidits,  cold.]  Cold. 
— Algid  cholera,  in  med.  Asiatic  cholera, 
from  diminution  of  temperature  being  one 
of  its  leading  characteristics. 

Algidity,  Algidneas  (al-jid'i-ti,  al'jid-nes), 
n.  The  state  of  being  algid ;  chilliness ; 
coldness. 

AlgifiC  (al-jifik),  a.  [L.  algificus  —  algus, 
cold,  and/acio,  to  make.]  Producing  cold. 

Algol  (al'gol),  n.  [Ar.  al-ghul,  that  is,  the 
ghoul,  namely  Medusv]  A  blight  star,  (3 
Persei,  called  also  $  Medusa),  remarkable 
as  being  a  'variable'  star,  changing  from 
the  second  or  third  magnitude  to  the  fifth 
in  2  days  20  hours  50  minutes. 

AlgolOgy  (al-gol'o-ji),  n.    [L.  alga,  a  sea- 


70 

weed,  and  Gr.  logos,  discourse.]  A  discourse 
or  treatise  on  algse  or  sea-weeds ;  the  study 
or  science  of  algee. 

Algor  (al'gor),  n.  In  med.  an  unusual  cold- 
ness in  the  human  system;  rigor  or  chill  on 
the  onset  of  fever. 

Algorithm,  Algorism  (al'go-rithm,  al'go- 
rizm),  n.  [Fr.  algorithm*,  0.  Fr.  algorisnie, 
Sp.  algoritmo,  O.  Sp.  alguarixmo  —  Ar.  al, 
the,  and  a  noun  formed  from  Gr.  arithmos, 
number.]  The  art  of  computing  or  reckon- 
ing in  reference  to  some  particular  subject, 
or  in  some  particular  way;  as,  the  algorithm 
of  numbers;  the  algorithm  of  the  differential 
calculus. 

Algose  (al'gos),  a.  [L.  algosus,  from  algus, 
cold.  ]  Cold  in  a  high  degree.  Bailey. 

AlgOUS  (al'gus),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling the  alga;  or  sea -weeds;  abounding 
with  sea-weed. 

Algrimt  (al'grim),  n.  [See  ALGORITHM.  The 
etymology  given  in  the  extract  below  is 
curious.]  An  ancient  name  for  arithmetic. 

The  name  of  this  craft  is  in  Latin  algorismus,  and 
in  English  algrim;  and  it  is  named  ufalgos,  that  is 
to  say.  craft,  and  rismns,  that  is,  nounbre;  and  for 
this  skille  it  is  called  craft  of  nounbringe.  Old  MS. 

Alguazll  (al-gwa-zel"),  "•  [?8-  atguaeil,  al- 
vacil,  alvazil,  alvasir,  Sp.  alguacil,  from  Ar. 
al  wazir,  the  vizier.]  In  Spain,  an  inferior 
officer  of  justice;  a  constable. 

The  corregidor  .  .  .  has  sent  this  alguaxit  to  ap- 
prehend you.  Smollett. 

Algum,    See  ALMUQ. 

Alhagi  (al-ha'ji),  n.  [Ar,  the  camel's- thorn.] 
A  genus  of  Leguminosaj,  sub-order  Papilion- 
acero,  containing  several  species,  inhabiting 
southern  Asia  and  western  Africa.  A.  Ca- 
melorum  is  the  true  camel's-thorn.  The 
leaves  and  branches  of  A.  Maurorum,  an 
evergreen  shrub  in  Persia  and  Bokhara, 
exude  manna  in  hot  weather,  which,  when 
it  hardens,  is  obtained  by  merely  shaking 
the  branches.  This  sweet  secretion  of  the 
Persian  and  Bokharan  plant  is  much  prized 
by  the  Afghans  as  food  for  cattle,  camels 
especially  being  fond  of  it. 

Alnambraic,Alliambresque(aI-ani-bra'ik, 
al-anVbresk),  a.  [The  Alhambra  (from  Ar. 
al,  the,  and  ahmar,  fern,  hamrd,  red;  lit.  the 
red  house)  is  a  Moorish  palace  and  fortress 
near  Granada,  in  Spain,  founded  by  Moham- 
med I.  of  Granada,  about  1253,  and  present- 
ing the  finest  existing  specimen  of  Moorish 
or  Arabesque  architecture.  ]  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Alhambra;  built  or  decorated  after 
the  fanciful  manner  of  the  Alhambra.  The 
style  of  the  Alhambra  is  remarkable  for  the 
elaborate  complexity  and  variety  of  its  de- 
tails, in  which  all  animal  forms  are  omitted. 
and  vegetable  or  floral  ones  so  far  modified 
as  to  distantly  resemble  nature.  See  ARA- 
BESQUE. 

Alhenna  (al-hen'na),  n.  Henna  (which  see). 

Aliaceous  (al-i-a'shus),  a.  Same  as  Alli- 
aceous. 

Alias  (a'li-as),  adv.  (L.,  elsewhere,  other- 
wise.] At  another  time;  in  another  place; 
in  other  circumstances ;  otherwise :  a  word 
used  in  judicial  proceedings  to  connect  the 
different  names  by  which  a  person  is  called 
who  attempts  to  conceal  his  true  name  and 
pass  under  a  fictitious  one :  thus,  Simson 
alias  Smith,  means  a  person  calling  himself 
at  one  time  or  one  place  Smith,  at  another 
Simson. 

Alias  (a'H-as),  n.  pi.  Aliases  (a'li-as-ez). 
1.  In  law,  formerly  a  second  writ,  or  execu- 
tion, issued  when  the  first  has  failed  to  en- 
force the  judgment. — 2.  An  assumed  name; 
another  name. 

An  author  was  forced  to  assume  every  week  new 
aliases  and  new  disguises.  Macaulay. 

Alibi  (al'I-bl),  adv.  [L.]  In  law,  elsewhere; 
at  another  place. 

The  prisoner  had  little  to  say  in  his  defence;  he 
endeavoured  to  prove  himself  alibi.  Arbttthnot. 

Alibi  (al'i-bi),  n.  In  law,  a  plea,  allegation, 
or  defence  which  avers  that  the  accused 
was  in  another  place  at  the  time  of  the 
commission  of  the  offence. 

Aliblet  (al'i-bl),  a.  [L.  alibilis,  from  alo,  to 
nourish.]  1.  Nutritive.  —  2.  That  may  be 
nourished. 

Alicante,  Alicant  (al-i-kan'tii.  al'i-kant).  n. 
[From  Alicante,  a  town  \n  Vaientia,  Spain 
where  it  is  made.]  A  strong,  sweet,  dark- 
coloured  Spanish  wine;  also  known  as  Vino 
tinto. 

Alidade  (al'i-dad).  n.  [Sp.  alidada,  alhi- 
dada,  from  Ar.  al-iddda.]  The  movable  arm 
of  a  graduated  instrument,  as  a  quadrant, 


ALIENEE 

astrolabe,  or  theodolite,  carrying  sights  or 
a  telescope,  by  which  an  angle  is  measured 
from  a  base-line  observed  through  the  sta- 
tionary or  level  line  of  sights. 
Alien  (al'yen),  a.  [L.  alienus,  alien,  from 
aliuK,  another.  The  same  root  appears  in 
E.  else  (which  see).  ]  1.  Not  belonging  to  the 
same  country,  land,  or  government,  or  to 
the  citizens  or  subjects  thereof;  foreign;  as, 
alien  subjects;  alien  property. — 2.  Wholly 
different  in  nature;  estranged;  foreign;  ad- 
verse; hostile. 

They  encouraged  persons  and  principles,  aliett 
from  our  religion  and  government,  in  order  to 
strengthen  their  faction.  Swift. 

— Alien  water,  any  stream  of  water  carried 
across  an  irrigated  field  or  meadow,  but 
which  is  not  employed  in  the  process  of 
irrigation. 

Alien  (al'yen),  n.  1.  A  foreigner;  one  born 
in  or  belonging  to  another  country;  one 
who  is  not  a  denizen,  or  entitled  to  the  pri- 
vileges of  a  citizen.  In  France,  a  child  born 
of  residents  who  are  not  citizens  is  an  alien. 
In  Great  Britain,  the  children  of  aliens  born 
in  that  country  are  mostly  natural  born 
subjects,  and  the  children  of  British  subjects 
owing  allegiance  to  the  crown  of  England, 
though  born  in  other  countries,  are  natural 
subjects,  and  entitled  to  the  privileges  of 
resident  citizens.  —  2.  A  stranger.  'Who 
can  not  have  been  altogether  an  alien  from 
the  researches  of  your  lordship.'  Landor. 
[Rare.] 

Alien  (al'yen),  v.t.  1.  To  transfer  or  convey, 
as  title  or  property,  to  another. 

If  the  son  alien  lands,  and  then  repurchase  them 
again  in  fee,  the  rules  of  descents  are  to  be  observed, 
as  if  he  were  the  original  purchaser.  Sir  At.  Hale. 

2.  To  make  averse  or  indifferent;  to  turn 
the  affections  or  inclinations  of;  to  estrange. 

The  prince  was  totally  aliened  from  all  thoughts 
of,  or  inclination  to,  the  marriage.  Clarendon. 

Alienability  (al'yen-a-bil"i-ti),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  alienable ;  the  capacity 
of  being  alienated  or  transferred.  'The 
alienability  of  the  domain.'  Burke. 

Alienable  (aryen-a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
alienated,  sold,  or  transferred  to  another; 
as,  land  is  alienable  according  to  the  laws, 
of  the  state. 

Alienage  (al'yen-aj),  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
an  alien. 

Why  restore  estates  forfeitable  on  account  of 
alienage  t  Story. 

2.  The  state  of  being  alienated  or  transferred 
to  another;  alienation. 

The  provinces  were  treated  in  a  far  more  harsh 
manner  than  the  Italian  states,  even  in  the  Utter 
period  of  their  alienage.  Brougham. 

Alienate  (al'yen-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  alien- 
ated; ppr.  alienating.  [L.  alieno,  alienatum, 
to  alienate,  from  alienus.  See  ALIEN,  a.) 
1.  To  transfer  or  convey,  as  title,  property,  or 
other  right,  to  another;  aa,  to  alienate  lands- 
or  sovereignty.  —  2.  To  withdraw,  as  the 
affections;  to  make  indifferent  or  averse, 
where  love  or  friendship  before  subsisted; 
to  estrange;  to  wean:  with /rent  before  the 
secondary  object. 

The  nephew  might  alienate  as  many  hearts  by 
trying  to  make  England  a  military  country,  as  the 
uncle  had  alienated  by  trying  to  make  her  a  Roman 
Catholic  country.  Macaulay. 

The  recollection  of  his  former  life  is  a  dream  that 
only  the  more  alienates  Yaxafrom  the  realities  of  the 
present.  /*.  Taylor. 

Alienate  (al'yen-at),  a.    [L.  alienatus.    See 

the  verb.]  Estranged;  withdrawn;  stranger 
to:  with /ram. 

O  alienate  from  God,  O  spirit  accurst !  Milton. 

The  Whigs  were  alienate  from  truth.  Swift. 

Alienate  t  (al'yen-at),  n.  A  stranger;  an 
alien. 

Whosoever  eateth  the  lamb  without  this  house,  he 
is  an  alienate.  Sfapleton. 

Alienation  (al-yen-a'shon),  n.  [L.  alienatio.] 
The  act  of  alienating  or  the  state  of  being 
alienated:  (a)  in  law,  a  transfer  of  title,  or 
a  legal  conveyance  of  property  to  another. 
(&)  A  withdrawing  or  estrangement,  as  of 
the  heart  or  affections.  '  A  lie-nation  of  heart 
from  the  king.'  Bacon,  (c)  Deprivation,  or 
partial  deprivation,  as  of  mental  faculties; 
wandering;  derangement;  insanity.  'Alien- 
ation of  mind.'  Hooker. 

Alienator  (al-yen-a'ter),  n.  One  who  alien- 
ates or  transfers  property. 

Aliene  (al-yenO,  v.t.    Same  as  Alien. 

Alienee  (fil-yen-e'),  n.  One  to  whom  the 
title  of  property  is  transferred.  'If  the 
alienee  enters  and  keeps  possession.'  Black- 
stone. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


ALIENISM 


71 


ALKALIMIDE 


Alienism  (al'yen-izm),  «.  The  state  of  being 
an  alien. 

The  law  was  very  gentle  in  (he  construction  of  the 
disability  ofaftetusrn.  Ck.  Kent. 

Alienor  (fU'yen-or),  n.      One  who  transfers 

property  to  another. 
Allfet  (a-lif),  adv.    [Prefix  a,  on,  and  life.] 

On  my  life. 

A  clean  instep, 
And  that  I  love,  alifet  Beau,  &•  Ft, 

Aliferous  (a-lif'er-us),  a.  [L.  ala,  wing,  and 
fero,  to  bear.]  Having  winu's 

Aliform  (a'li-furm),  a.  [L.  ala,  wing,  and 
/'<rma,  shape.]  Having  the  shape  of  a  wing 

•  or  wings;  in  anat.  a  term  applied  to  the 
pterygoid  processes  and  the  muscles  associ- 
ated with  them.  See  PTERYGOID. 

Aligantt  (al'i-gant),  n.  Wine  of  Alicante  In 
Spain.  'Three  pottles  of  Aligant.'  Dekker, 

Allgerous  (a-lij'ur-us),  a.  [L.  ala,  wing,  and 
i/ero,  to  carry.]  Having  wings. 

Alight  (a-lit'),t).i.  [A.  Sax.  dlihtan,  geWitan, 
to  alight  or  light.  See  the  verb  LIGHT  in 
this  sense.]  1.  To  get  down  or  descend,  as 
from  horseback  or  from  a  carriage.  —2.  To 
fall  or  descend  and  settle  or  lodge ;  as,  a 
bird  alight*  on  a  tree ;  snow  alights  uu  a 
root 

Hut  storms  of  stones  from  the  proud  temple's  height 
Pour  down,  and  on  our  batter'd  helms  alight. 

Dryden. 

Alight  (a-lif),  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  in, 
or  into,  and  light  (which  see).]  1.  Lighted 
up.  'The  lamps  were  alight.'  Dickens. — 
2.  Into  light.  '  He  pretended  to  be  blowing 
it  alight  again.'  Dickens. 

Align,  (a-liu'),  v.t.  [Fr.  aligner,  to  align— a 
for  ad,  to,  and  ligne,  L.  linea,  a  line.]  To 
adjust  to  a  line;  to  lay  out  or  regulate  by  a 
line;  to  form  in  line,  as  troops. 

Alignment  (a-liu'ment),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  The 
act  of  aligning;  the  act  of  laying  out  or  re- 
gulating by  a  line;  an  adjusting  to  a  line; 
the  state  of  being  so  adjusted;  the  line  of 
adjustment ;  the  line  on  which  troops  are 
formed  in  battle  order.  —  2.  In  engin,  the 
ground-plan  of  a  railway  or  other  road,  in 
distinction  from  the  gradients  or  profile. 

Alike  (a-lik'),  a.  [Prefix  a,  and  tike;  A.  Sax. 
aeltc,  alike.  See  LIKE.]  Having  resem- 
blance or  similitude;  similar;  without  dif- 
ference. 

In  birth,  in  acts,  in  arms  alike  the  rest.      Fairfax. 
The  darkness  and  the  light  are  both  alike  to  thee. 
Ps.  cxxxix.  12. 

[This  adjective  never  precedes  the  noun 
which  it  qualifies.] 

Alike  (a-Iik'),  adv.  In  the  same  manner, 
form,  or  degree;  in  common. 

Hefashioneth  their  hearts  alike.      Ps.  xxxiii.  15. 
However  true  it  may  be  that  all  alike  have  sinned, 
it  is  far  from  true  that  all  have  sinned  alike. 

Contemporary  Revie^u. 

Alike-minded  (a-lik'mind-ed),  a.  Having 
the  same  mind;  like-minded.  Bp.  Hall. 

Aliment  (al'i-ment),  v.t.  In  Scots  law,  to 
maintain  or  support,  as  a  person  unable  to 
support  himself :  used  especially  in  refer- 
ence to  the  mutual  obligation  of  parents 
anil  children  to  support  each  other. 

Aliment  (al'i-ment),  n.  [L.alimentum,  nour- 
ishment—alo,  to  nourish,  a  verbal  stem  seen 
also  in  Icel.  ala,  to  nourish;  Goth,  alan,  to 
grow,  aljan,  to  nourish;  Gael,  al,  food,  nur- 
ture.] That  which  nourishes;  food;  nutri- 
ment; anything  which  feedsor  adds  to  a  sub- 
stance, animal  or  vegetable,  in  natural 
growth;  specifically  (Scots  tow), the  sum  paid 
for  support  to  any  one  entitled  to  claini  it, 
as  the  dole  paid  to  a  pauper  by  his  parish. 

The  aliment  was  appointed   to  continue  till  the 
majority  or  marriage  of  the  daughters. 

Erskine's  Inst. 

Alimental  (al-i-ment'al),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  aliment;  supplying  food;  having  the 
quality  of  nourishing;  furnishing  the  mate- 
rials for  natural  growth;  as,  chyle  is  ali- 
mental; alimental  sap. 

AHmentally  (al-i-ment'al-li),  adv.  In  an  ali- 
mental manner;  so  as  to  serve  for  nourish- 
ment or  food. 

Aliment  ariness  (al-i-ment'a-ri-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  alimentary,  or  of  supplying 
nutriment. 

Alimentary  (al-i-ment'a-ri),  a.  Pertaining 
to  aliment  or  food ;  having  the  quality  of 
nourishing;  as,  alimentary  particles. — Ali- 
mentary canal,  in  anat.  the  great  duct  or 
intestine  in  an  animal  body,  from  which  the 
alimentary  portion  of  the  food  is  absorbed 
into  the  system,  the  useless  parts  being 
carried  off  by  it.—  Alimentary  debt,  in  Scots 
law,  a  debt  incurred  for  necessaries  or  main- 
tenance.—  Alimentary  fund,  a  fm\A  set  np&rt 
by  the  destination  of  the  giver  for  an  ali- 


ment to  the  receiver.  If  not  unreasonable 
for  the  rank  of  the  receiver  it  is  not  arrest- 
able  by  creditors. 

Alimentation  (al'i-menW'ihonX  n.  1.  The 
actor  power  of  affording  nutriment.— 2.  The 
state  of  being  nourished. 

Allmentiveness  (al-i-ment'iv-nes),  n.  In 
}ih  re/i.  the  organ  that  is  said  to  communicate 
the  pleasure  which  arises  from  eating  and 
drinking,  and  which  prompts  us  to  take 
nourishment.  Its  supposed  seat  is  in  the 
zygomatic  fossa. 

Alimonious  (al-i-mo'ni-us),  a.  [See  ALI- 
MONY.] Affording  food;  nourishing;  nutri- 
tive. 'Alimonioushumours.' Harvey.  [Rare.] 

Alimony  (al'i-mo-ni),  n.  [L.  alimonia,  from 
alo,  to  feed.  See  ALIMENT.]  In  law,  (a)  an 
allowance  out  of  her  husband's  estate  made 
for  the  support  of  a  woman  legally  separated 
from  him  when  she  is  not  charged  with 
adultery  or  wilful  desertion.  (6)  In  Scots 
law,  aliment.  Erskine. 

AUneation  (a-lin'e-a"shon),  n.  [L.  a,  by  or 
from,  and  tinea,  a  line.]  The  determination 
or  ready  recognition  of  the  position  of  a  more 
remote  object,  by  following  a  line  drawn 
through  one  or  more  intermediate  and  more 
easily  recognizable  objects,  and  imagined 
to  be  produced. 

A  method  of  determining  the  positions  of  the 
stars,  susceptible  of  a  little  more  exactness  than  the 
former,  is  the  use  of  alineatinns,  already  noticed  in 
speaking  of  Hipparchus'  catalogue.  Thus  a  straight 
line  passing  through  two  stars  of  the  Great  Bear 
passes  also  through  the  pole-star.  WheweM. 

Alloth  (al'i-oth),  n.  [The  Arabic  name.]  A 
star  in  the  tail  of  the  Great  Bear  (lUrsae), 
much  used  in  finding  the  latitude.  Also  the 
very  bright  star  Capella  (*Aurigre),  in  the 
constellation  Auriga,  or  charioteer. 

Aliped  (a'li-ped  or  al'i-ped),  a.  [L.  ala,  wing, 
and  pes,  pedis,  a  foot]  1.  Wing -footed; 
having  the  toes  connected  by  a  membrane, 
which  serves  as  a  wing,  as  the  bats.  —2.  t  Swift 
of  foot. 

Aliped  (a'li-ped  or  al'i-ped),  n.    An  animal 


Aliped. 


whose  toes  are  connected  by  a  membrane, 
serving  for  a  wing;  a  cheiropter,  as  the  bat. 

Aliquant  (al'i-kwant),  a.  [L.  aliquantum, 
somewhat.]  In  arith.  applied  to  a  number 
which  does  not  measure  another  without  a 
remainder.  Thus  5  is  an  aliquant  part  of 
16,  for  3  times  5  are  15,  leaving  a  re- 
mainder 1. 

Aliquot  (al'i-kwot),  a.  [L.  aliquot,  some, 
several.  ]  In  arith.  applied  to  a  part  of  a  num- 
ber or  quantity  which  will  measure  it  with- 
out a  remainder.  Thus  5  is  an  aliquot  part 
of  15. 

Alisander  (a-li-san'der),  n.  Same  as  Alex- 
anders. 

Alish  (al'ish),  a.  Like  ale;  having  the  qua- 
lities of  ale.  'A  sweet  alish  taste.'  Morti- 
mer. 

Alisxna  (a-liz'ma),  n.  [Gr.  alisma,  water- 
plantain.]  A  genus  of  plants  belonging  to 
the  nat.  order  Alismacece ;  water-plantain. 
All  the  species  are  aquatic;  one,  A.  Plan- 
tago,  the  common  water-plantain,  is  com- 
mon in  ditches  in  Britain.  See  WATER- 
PLANTAIN. 

Alismace3e(al-iz-ma'se-e),n.  pi.  A  nat.  order 
of  endogenous  plants,  growing  in  water  or 
in  marshes. 

Alitrunk  (a'li-trungk  or  al'i-trungk),  n.  [L. 
ala,  a  wing,  and  truncus.  a  trunk.  ]  The  seg- 
ment of  the  posterior  thorax  of  an  insect  to 
which  the  wings  and  two  posterior  pairs  of 
legs  are  attached. 

Alive  (a-llv'j,  a.  [Preflx  a  for  on,  and  life; 
in  Old  English  it  was  written  on  live,  on  lijve, 
where  live,  lyve  is  a  dat.  form  of  life.  ]  1.  Hav- 
ing life,  in  opposition  to  dead ;  being  in  a 
state  in  which  the  organs  perform  their 
functions;  living;  as,  the  man  or  plant  is 
ali ve.  —2.  In  a  state  of  action;  in  force  or 
operation  ;  unextinguished ;  undestroyed ; 
unexpired ;  as,  keep  the  process  alive. — 
3.  Full  of  alacrity;  cheerful;  sprightly;  lively; 
as,  the  company  were  all  alive.—  4.  Keenly 


interested  in  and  watchful  aftrr;  having 
lively  feelings;  easily  impressed;  sensitive 
to ;  susceptible ;  as,  he  is  sufficiently  alive 
t<>  the  beauties  of  nature,  but  yet  more  alive 
to  his  own  interests.  — 5.  Exhibiting  motion 
or  moving  bodies  in  great  numbers;  aa,  the 
city  was  all  alive  when  the  general  entered. 
6.  Of  all  living,  by  way  of  emphasis. 

The  Earl  of  Northumberland  was  the  proudest 
man  alive.  Clarendon. 

[Alive  always  follows  the  noun  which  it 
qualifies.] 

Alizarine  (al'i-za-rin),  n.  [Fr.  alizarine, 
from  alizai  i,  the  commercial  name  of  mad- 
der in  the  Levant,  from  the  (Ar.)  root  of 
azure,  with  the  article  prefixed.]  (Ci4HHO,.) 
A  peculiar  red  colouring  matter  obtained 
from  madder.  It  has  been  prepared  artifi- 
cially from  coal-tar  residues,  which  contain 
a  substance  called  anthracene  (C14H10).  The 
elimination  of  hydrogen  from,  and  addition 
of  oxygen  to,  this  body  gives  rise  to  the  for- 
mation of  alizarine. 

Alk  (alk),  n.  A  resin  obtained  from  Pit- 
tacia  terebinthus. 

Alkahest  (al'ka-hest),  n.  [Etym.  unknown.] 
The  pretended  universal  solvent  or  men- 
struum of  the  alchemists. 

Alkahestic  (al-ka-hest'ik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  alkahest. 

Alkalescency  (al-ka-les'en-si),  n.  [See  AL- 
KALI.] A  tendency  to  become  alkaline ;  a 
tendency  to  the  properties  of  an  alkali;  the 
state  of  a  substance  in  which  alkaline  pro- 
perties begin  to  be  developed  or  to  be  pre- 
dominant, lire. 

Alkalescent  (al-ka-les'ent),  a.  Tending  to 
the  properties  of  an  alkali;  slightly  alka- 

Alkali  (alTca-li),  n.  pi.  Alkalies  or  Alkalis 
(al'ka-liz).  [Sp.  Fr.  alcali,  Ar.  al-qali,  the 
ashes  of  the  plant  from  which  soda  was 
first  obtained,  or  the  plant  itself —Ar.  al,  the, 
and  qalaj,  to  roast]  A  term  first  used  to 
designate  the  soluble  part  of  the  ashes  of 
plants,  especially  of  sea- weed.  Now  applied 
to  various  classes  of  bodies  having  the  fol- 
lowing properties  in  common: — (1) solubi- 
lity in  water;  (2)  the  power  of  neutralizing 
acids,  and  forming  salts  with  them;  (3)  the 
property  of  corroding  animal  and  vegetable 
substances;  (4)  the  property  of  altering  the 
tint  of  many  colouring  matters— thus,  they 
turn  litmus,  reddened  by  an  acid,  into  blue; 
turmeric,  brown ;  and  syrup  of  violets  and 
infusion  of  red  cabbages,  green.  The  alka- 
lies are  hydrates,  or  water  in  which  half 
the  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  a  metal  or  com- 
pound radical.  In  its  restricted  and  common 
sense  the  term  is  applied  to  four  substances 
only:  hydrate  of  potassium  (potash),  hydrate 
of  sodium  (soda),  hydrate  of  lithium  (lithia), 
and  hydrate  of  ammonium  (an  aqueous  so- 
lution of  ammonia).  In  a  more  general  sense 
it  is  applied  to  the  hydrates  of  the  so-called 
alkaline  earths  (baryta,  strontia,  and  lime), 
and  to  a  large  number  of  organic  substances, 
both  natural  and  artificial,  described  under 
ALKALOID. 

Alkaliflable  (al'ka-li-fi-a-bl  or  al-kal'i-fi-a- 
bl),  a.  Capable  of  being  alkalified  or  con- 
verted into  an  alkali. 

Alkalify  (al'ka-li-fi  or  al-kal'i-fi),  v.t.  pret.  <fe 
pp.  alkalified  ;  ppr.  alkalifying.  [Alkali. 
and  L.  facio,  to  make.]  To  form  or  to  con- 
vert into  an  alkali;  to  alkalize. 

Alkalify-  (al'ka-li-fi  or  al-kal'i-fi),  v.i.  To  be- 
come an  alkali. 

Alkaligenous  (al-ka-lij'en-us),  a.  [Alkali, 
and  Gr.  gennao,  to  generate.]  Producing 
or  generating  alkali. 

Alkalimeter  (al-ka-lim'et-er),  n.  [Alkali, 
and  Gr.  metron,  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  ascertaining  the  strength  of  alkalies,  or 
the  quantity  of  alkali  in  caustic  potash  and 
soda,  by  the  quantity  of  dilute  sulphuric 
acid,  of  a  known  strength,  which  a  certain 
weight  of  them  would  neutralize.  Ure. 

Alkalimetric,  Alkalimetrical  (al'ka-li- 
mef'rik,  arka-li-met"rik-al),  o.  Relating 
to  alkalimetry. 

Alkalimetry  (al-ka-lim'et-ri),  ?i.  The  finding 
of  the  amount  of  real  alkali  in  an  alkaline 
mixture  or  liquid.  This  may  be  done  by 
volumetric  analysis,  that  is,  by  estimating 
the  amount  of  a  standard  acid  solution 
which  the  alkaline  mixture  will  saturate;  or 
by  gravimetric  analysis,  that  is,  by  decom- 
posing the  substance  and  finding  the  weight 
of  the  alkali  contained  in  it.  Ure. 

Alkalimide  (al-kal'i-mid),  n.  {Alkali  and 
amide.]  Ammonia  in  which  two  or  more 
atoms  of  hydrogen  are  replaced  by  acid  and 
base  radicals.  See  AMIDE,  AHINE. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  zing;      TH,  them  th,  *Aiu;      w,  icig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ALKALINE 


ALLAH 


Alkalinity  (u*  — „  — 

being  alkaline;  the  quality  which  consti- 
tutes an  alkali. 

AlkaliOUS  (al-ka'li-us),  a.     Having  the  pro- 
perties of  alkali.     [Rare.] 

Alkalizate  (al'kal-iz-at  or  al-kal'iz-at),  ».(. 
•     ••        ••-•<--      [Rare.]     See 


The  act 


To  make   bodies  alkaline. 
ALKALIZE. 

Alkalization  (al'k-i-liz-a"shon), 
or  process  of  rendering  alkaline  by  impreg- 
nating with  an  alkali. 

Alkalize  (al'ka-liz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  alkalized; 
ppr.  alkalizing.  To  make  alkaline;  to  com- 
municate the  properties  of  an  alkali  to ;  to 
silkalify. 

Alkaloid  (al'ka-Ioid),  n.  [From  alkali,  and 
Or.  eidos,  likeness.)  A  term  applied  to  a 
class  of  nitrogenized  compounds  found  in 
living  plants,  and  containing  their  active 
principles,  usually  in  combination  with  or- 
ganic acids.  They  generally  end  in  in  or  me, 
as  morphine,  quinine,  aconitine,  caffeine, 
&c  Most  alkaloids  occur  in  plants,  but  some 
are  formed  by  decomposition.  Their  alka- 
line  character  depends  on  the  nitrogen  they 
contain.  Most  natural  alkaloids  contain 
carbon,  hydrogen,  nitrogen,  and  oxygen, 
but  the  greater  number  of  artificial  ones 
want  the  oxygen.  The  only  property  com- 
mon to  all  alkaloids  is  that  of  combining 
with  acids  to  form  salts,  and  some  exhibit 
an  alkaline  reaction  with  colours.  Alka- 
loids form  what  is  termed  the  organic  bases 
of  plants.  Although  formed  originally  with- 
in the  plant,  it  has  been  found  possible  to 
prepare  several  of  these  alkaloids  by  purely 
artificial  means. 

Alkaloid  (al'ka-loid),  a.  Relating  to  or  con- 
taining alkali. 

Alkanet  (arka-net),  n.  [Sp.  alcaneta,  dim. 
of  alcana,  alcanna,  from  Ar.  al-hinna, 
henna.]  A  boraginaceous  plant,  Alkanna 
(Anchusa  of  some  writers)  tiiictoria.  The 
root  is  used  to  impart  a  deep  red  colour  to 
oily  substances,  ointments,  plasters,  &c.  It 
is  sometimes  employed  in  the  adulteration 
of  port-wine. 

Alkanna  (al-kan'na),  n.  [Ar.  al-hmna, 
henna.  ]  1.  A  genus  of  Mediterranean  and 
oriental  plants,  nat.  order  Boraginacetc, 
closely  allied  to  Lithospermum  and  An- 
chusa, in  which  latter  genus  it  is  included 
by  some  botanists.  It  differs  from  Litho- 
spermum only  in  having  the  four  small  nuts 
which  form  its  fruit  contracted  at  the  base, 
and  from  Anchusa  in  not  having  the  nuts 
excavated  at  the  base,  and  in  having  no 
scales  closing  the  mouth  of  the  corolla. 
Alkanet  (which  see)  belongs  to  this  genus. 
2.  Henna. 

Alkarsiue  (al-kar'sin),  n.  An  extremely 
poisonous  liquid  containing  kakodyle,  to- 
gether with  oxidation  products  of  this  sub- 
stance, and  formerly  known  as  Cadet's 
fuming  liquor,  characterized  by  its  insup- 
portable smell  and  high  degree  of  sponta- 
neous combustibility  when  exposed  to  air. 
From  this  latter  quality  and  the  poisonous 
fumes  which  it  evolves  it  has  been  pro- 
posed to  employ  it  as  a  deadly  agent  in  war. 
A  shell  filled  with  it  would,  in  bursting,  it 
is  said,  involve  a  ship  in  fire  and  destroy 
the  crew  by  its  vapour.  See  KAKODYLE. 
Alkekengl  (al-ke-ken'ji),  n.  [Ar.  al-kOkenj, 
a  kind  of  resin  obtained  near  Herat.]  The 
winter-cherry,  a  solanaceous  plant  called 
Physalis  Alkekengi.  The  scarlet  fruit  in- 
closed in  the  enlarged  red  calyx  makes  the 
plant  very  ornamental  in  the  beginning 
of  winter.  The  fruit  is  edible,  and  has  a 
slightly  acid  taste. 

Alkenna,  Alhenna  (al-ken'na,  al-hen'na), 
n.     Same  as  Henna. 
Alkermes(al-ker/mez),n.  [Ar.  SeeKERMES.] 
The  name  of  a  once  celebrated  compound 
cordial,  to  which  a  fine  red  colour  was  given 
by  kermes.    Its  ingredients  are  said  to  have 
been  cider,  rose-water,  sugar,  and  various 
fragrant  flavouring  matters. 
Alkohol  (al'ko-hol).    Same  as  Alcohol. 
AlkoholiC  (al-ko-hol'ik),  a.    Same  as  Alco- 
holic. 

Alkoran  (al'ko-ran  or  al-ko-ran'),  n.  [Ar. 
al,  the,  and  kordn,  reading,  book,  from  qartl, 
to  read,  to  teach ;  the  Book  by  way  of  emi- 


Alkoran,  Alcoran  (al'ko-ran),  n. 
tower  on  Persian  buildings. 

Alkoranish  (al-ko-ran'ish  or  al-ko-ran'ish), 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  Koran  or  Alkoran,  or 
to  Mohammedanism. 

Alkoranist  (al-ko-ran'ist  or  al-ko-ran  ist),  n. 
One  who  adheres  strictly  to  the  letter  of 
the  Koran,  rejecting  all  comments.  The 
Persians  are  generally  Alkoranists ;  the 
Turks,  Arabs,  and  Tartars  admit  a  multi- 
tude of  traditions. 

All  (al),  a.  [A.  Sax.  eal,  eall,  al,  Icel.  allr, 
Goth,  alls,  G.  all,  all.  Common  to  all  the 
Teutonic  tongues.  Grimm  is  inclined  to 
regard  all  as  identical  with  W.  oil.  Armor. 
holt  Gr  liolos,  Oscan  sollus,  L.  minus,  Skr. 
sarva,  all,  whole.  In  this  view  all  would 
be  the  same  word  as  E.  safe,  from  Fr.  saw/, 
and  that  from  L.  talma.]  1.  Every  one  of; 
the  whole  number  of,  with  reference  to  in- 
dividuals or  particulars,  taken  collectively; 
as,  all  men,  all  the  men.  —  2.  The  whole 
quantity  of,  with  reference  to  extent,  dura- 
tion amount,  quality,  or  degree;  as,  all  the 
wheat;  all  the  land;  all  the  year;  all  the 
strength;  in  all  probability;  to  all  appear- 
ance.— 3.  It  was  sometimes  used  formerly 
for  any.  'Without  all  doubt '  (that  is,  with- 
out any  particle  of  doubt).  Shak. 

In  like  manner  shall  Iliou  do  with  his  ass;  and  so 
shalt  tliou  do  with  his  raiment ;  and  with  all  lost 
tiling  of  thy  brother's.  Deut.  xxii.  3. 

4  t  Only;  alone.  'Thou  art  all  my  child' 
(my  only  child).  Shak.  This,  however,  may 
be  the  use  of  the  word  in  the  extract  quoted 
after  ALL,  adv.,  3.  When  joined  to  nouns 
accompanied  by  the  definite  article  or  a 
possessive  or  demonstrative  pronoun,  the 
article  or  pronoun  comes  between  it  and 
the  noun ;  as,  all  my  labour ;  all  his  goods ; 
all  these  things.  In  all  day,  all  night,  all 
thesummtr,&c.,all  means  during  the  whole, 
and  the  phrases  are  a  kind  of  adverbial  ac- 
cusatives. The  article  is  generally  omitted 
before  day  and  night,  though  sometimes 
inserted  as  more  emphatic. 

We  will  sing  to  you  all  the  day.  Tttttiysttt. 
[The  definite  article  is  for  the  most  part 
omitted  in  Shakspere  both  before  day  and 
night;  in  the  authorized  version  of  the 
Bible  it  is  in  the  great  majority  of  cases 
supplied  before  day  and  omitted  before 
night.  ]—  Such  phrases  as  two  (or  twos)  all, 
three  all,  six  all,  are  used  in  certain  games 
to  signify  that  all  the  players  are  equal,  and 
they  are  used  even  when  there  are  no  more 
than  two  persons  or  sides  engaged  in  the 
game. — For  all,  an  elliptical  expression, 
meaning  (a)  for  all  times;  for  all  occasions  in 
the  future.  'Learn  now  for  all  .  .  .  I  care 
not  for  you.'  Sltak.  [Now  used  only  in  the 
phrase  once  for  all.  See  FOR,  1.  ]  (6)  For  all 
the  fact  that;  notwithstanding;  although. 
'  For  all  you  are  my  man. '  Shak.  See  FOR,  21. 
All  is  sometimes  found  redundantly  in  the 
phrpse  all  the  whole. 

But  all  the  whole  inheritance  I  give.        Shak. 

See    another    example    in    extract    under 

AGAZED. 

All  (al),  adv.  1.  Wholly;  completely;  en- 
tirely ;  altogether  ;  quite  ;  as,  all  bedewed  ; 
my  friend  is  all  for  amusement ;  it  is  all 
gone. 

He  rode  all  unarmed,  and  he  rode  all  alone. 
Scott. 

In  such  antique  uses  (chiefly  ballad)  as,  'he 
thought  them  sixpence  all  too  dear,'  all  ap- 
pears to  retain  its  appropriate  sense,  though 
in  some  cases  it  is  nearly  pleonastic.or  serves 
only  to  add  a  little  force  to  the  expression. 
'  When  all  aloud  the  wind  doth  blow. '  Shak. 


A  damsel  lay  deploring 
All  on  a  rock  reclined. 


Gay. 


Perhaps  we  may  also  class  here  such  usages 
as  where  the  all  seems  to  draw  attention 
more  strongly  to  a  period  of  time;  as,  'All 
in  the  mornynge  tyde;'  'All  in  the  month 
of  May.'  Comp.  all  as  below.  In  the  fol- 
lowing passage  — 

And  a  certain  woman  cast  a  piece  of  a  millstone 
upon  Abimelech's  head  and  all  to  brake  his  skull. 
Judg.  ix.  53. 

all  is  an  adverb  equivalent  to  altogether, 


while  the  to  belongs  to  the  verb  following, 
being  commonly  used  as  an  intensive  prefix 
to  verbs  by  writers  of  the  fourteenth,  fif- 
teenth, and  sixteenth  centuries ;  thus,  '  he 
to-brac  the  rock.'  WicHi/e.  Ps.  cv.  41,  which 
in  the  common  version  stands  'he  opened 
the  rock.'  — 2.t  Although;  as,  'all  were  it 
as  the  rest.'  Spenner.— 3.t  Only;  exclusively. 
'  I  shall  never  marry  like  my  sisters  to  love 
my  father  all.'  Shak.  — All  as,  (a)  when  ; 
as;  just  when.  'All  as  his  straying  flocks 
he  fed.'  Spenser.  [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

He  their  courtesy  to  requite, 
Gave  them  a  chain  of  twelve  marks  weight, 
All  m  he  lighted  down.  Sir  II',  Stall. 

(&)t  AS  if. 

The  kene  cold  blowes  through  my  beaten  hide. 
All  as  I  were  through  the  body  yryde.     Sfenstr. 

—  AU  but,  nearly;  almost;  not  quite;  as, 
she  is  all  but  nine  years  of  age.  —  All  one, 
the  same  thing  in  effect;  quite  the  same. 

Yet  I  have  the  wit  to  think  that  my  master  is  a 
kind  of  a  knave ;  but  that's  all  otie  if  he  be  but  one 
knave.  •**«*• 

—All  over,  thoroughly;  entirely;  as,  'Dom- 
bey  and  Son'  is  Dickens  all  over.  [Colloq.] 
_  All  out  [O.E.  and  slang],  entirely;  quite. 
•Then  come  these  wykkade  Jewes  and  slewe 
them  all  out.'  Old  MS.  quoted  by  Ilalliwell. 

—  All  the,  to  all  that  extent;  as,  all  the  bet- 
ter; all  the  fitter;  all  the  sooner.    See  THE. 
—AU  there  [Slang],  up  to  the  mark;  wide- 
awake; in  strict  fashion;  first-rate. 

All  (al),  n.  1.  The  whole  number;  as,  all 
have  not  the  same  disposition ;  that  is,  all 
men,  or  all  of  a  certain  number  in  the  mind 
of  the  speaker.— 2.  The  whole;  the  entire 
thing;  the  aggregate;  the  total. 

And  Laban  said,  All  that  thou  seest  is  mine. 
Gen.  xxxi.  43. 

3  One's  whole  property;  as,  she  has  given 
her  all.— And  all,  and  everything  else,  after 
an  enumeration  of  particulars;  as,  the  tree 
fell,  nest,  young,  and  all.  [This  phrase  does 
not  necessarily  imply  that  there  is  anything 
else  than  what  is  mentioned.)— At  all,  a 
phrase  used  by  way  of  enforcement  in  nega- 
tive and  interrogative  and  sometimes  other 
sentences  or  clauses  of  a  negative  import, 
and  meaning,  in  the  least  degree,  to  the  least 
extent,  under  any  circumstances;  as,  he  had 
no  time  at  all  at  his  disposal;  have  you  any 
friends  at  all!  (the  interrogator  implying 
that  he  does  not  believe  the  person  ad- 
dressed has  any).  'An  if  this  be  at  all' 
(where  the  speaker  implies  a  doubt  that 
there  isno  truth  in  what  he  has  heard).  Shak. 
—  When  all  comes  to  all,  in  final  result.— 
All  and  some,  (a)  all  and  sundry,  one  and 
all. 

Stop  your  noses,  readers,  all  and  some.    Dryden. 

(1>)  Altogether ;  wholly.  [Obsolete  in  both 
senses.  ]— A II  in  all.  See  ALL-IN-ALL. — A II  in 
the  wind  (naut.),  a  phrase  implying  that  the 
vessel's  head  is  too  close  to  the  wind,  so 
that  the  sails  are  shivering.—  In  all,  every- 
thing reckoned  or  taken  into  account;  all 
included;  as,  there  were  in  all  at  least  400 
persons  present—  AU,  in  composition,  en- 
larges the  meaning  or  adds  force  to  a  word, 
and  it  is  generally  more  emphatical  than 
most.  In  some  instances  aM  is  incorporated 
into  words,  as  in  almighty,  already,  always; 
but  in  most  instances  it  is  prefixed  to  other 
words,  but  separated  by  a  hyphen.  As  a 
prefix  it  has  sometimes  the  force  of  an  ad- 
verb; as,  all-powerful,  all-perfect,  all-im- 
portant; sometimes  of  a  noun  in  the  objec- 
tive case;  as,  all-seeing;  sometimes  perhaps 
of  a  noun  in  the  instrumental  case;  as,  'all- 
disgraced,'  'all-dreaded '  (Shak.)  =  disgraced, 
dreaded  by  all,  or  entirely,  wholly,  dis- 
graced, dreaded. 

Alia  (al'la).  [It.,  dat.  of  the  fern.  art.  la  =  Fr. 
d  la.]    In  music,  after  the  manner  of;  in 
the  style  of ;  as,  alia  francese,  in  the  French 
style  or  manner. 
Alla-breve  (ana-brev  or  aHa-bra-va).    [It.] 

I    In  music,  a  term  signifying  a  quick  time,  in 
which  the  notes  take  much  less  than  their 
usual  length. 
Alla-capella(ana-ka-pel"la).  [It., according 

]    to  the  chapel.]    In  music,  in  the  ecclesias- 
tical style. 

Allaglte  (alia- jit),  n.  A  mineral,  of  a  brown 
or  green  colour,  massive,  with  a  flat  con- 
choidal  fracture,  and  nearly  opaque,  found 

I    in  the  Hartz,  near  Elbingerode. 

Allah  (al'la),  n.  [  Ar.  allah,  God— al,  the,  and 

Hah,  a  god;  allied  to  Heb.  el,  God.]    The 

Arabic  name  of  the  Supreme  Being,  which, 

through  the  Koran,  has  found  its  way  into 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ALL-ALONG 


73 


ALLEVIATE 


the  languages  of  »U  nations  who  liave  em- 
hrarud  tlie  Mohammedan  faitli. 

Ail-along  (al-a-loiijs').  adv.  Throughout; 
continuously;  uninterruptedly;  from  the  be- 
ginning onwards;  us,  I  knew  t\uit  all-til<m<i. 

All-amort  (al-a-mort'),  «.  See  A-LA-M.OKT, 
A  MORT. 

Allanlte  Oil' Ian-it),  n.  [N'amed  after  Mr. 
Allan,  of  Edinburgh,  the  discoverer.] 
(RjOSijOj+RjOaSiOj.)  An  ore  of  the 
metals  cerium  and  lantlianium,  having  a 
pitch-black  or  brownish  colour. 

Allantoic  (al  lan-to'ik),  a.  1'ertaining  to  or 
contained  in  the  allantois. — Allantoic  acid, 
a  white  crystallizable  acid  of  animal  origin 
fuuml  in  tlie  liquor  of  the  allantoia  of  the 
fetal  c-alf:  formerly  called  Amniotic  Acid. 

Allantoid,  Allantoidal  (al-lan'toid,  al-lan- 
toid'al),n.  (if  or  pertaining  to  the  allantois; 
as.  the  allantoid  membrane. 

Allaiitoin,  Allantome  (al- Ian 'to -in),  n. 
(i  'jHgN^j.)  A  crystalline  substance  found 
in  the  allantoic  fluid  of  the  cow. 

Allantois,  Allantoid  (al-lan'tois,  al-lan'- 
toid), n.  [(Jr.  alia*,  allantos,  a  sausage,  and 
filing,  form.  ]  A  pyriform  sac  developed  from 
the  posterior  end  of  the  abdominal  cavity  in 
vertebrate  embryos.  In  mammals,  as  man, 
it  elongates  and  becomes  the  stalk  of  the 
placenta,  or  the  umbilical  cord  along  which 
vessels  pass  connecting  the  circulation  of 
mother  and  offspring.  The  lower  end  of  the 
atlautoid  sac  remains  through  life  as  the 
urinary  bladder.  In  birds  and  reptiles  it 
comes  to  envelop  the  whole  embryo  within 
the  shell,  and  acts  as  a  respiratory  organ. 
In  amphibians  and  fishes  its  relations  are 
imperfectly  known,  but  it  is  probably  pre- 
sent in  all. 

Allantotoxicum  (al-lan'to-toks"i-kum),  n. 
[Or.  alias,  allanton,  a  sausage,  and  toxicon, 
poison.]  Sausage  poison;  a  poison  found  in 
putrid  sausages  made  of  blood  and  liver. 

Alia  prlma  (al'lii  pre'ma),  ».  [It.]  A  me- 
thod of  painting  in  which  the  pigments  are 
applied  all  at  once  to  the  canvas,  without 
impasting  or  retouching. 

Allatrate  t  (al'la-trat),  v.i.  [L.  allatro,  alia- 
tt-atum,  to  bark  at.]  To  bark  out;  to  utter 
by  barking. 

Let  Cerberus,  the  dog  of  hell,  allatrate  what  he 
list  to  the  contrary.  Stubbes. 

Allaudt  (al-lad"),  v.t.  [L.  allaudo—al  for 
ad,  to,  and  laudo,  to  praise.]  To  praise. 

Allay  (al-la'),  v.t.  [Under  this  form  two 
words  seem  to  have  become  fused  together; 
the  one,  which  would  more  properly  be 
spelled  with  one  I,  from  A.  Sax.  alecgan,  to 
lay  down,  suppress,  tranquillize,  as  to  allay 
thirst,  grief,  Ac. ,  from  prefix  A,  and  lecgan, 
to  lay  (see  LAY);  the  other  from  Fr.  alleger, 
I'r.  aleujar,  all?  oiar,  to  lighten, assuage,  from 
L.L.  alleviare,!,.  allevare,  to  alleviate — aifor 
ad,  and  lesis,  light.  For  change  of  L.  vi  into 
Fr  y,  see  ABRIDGE.  In  Old  English  there 
are  forms,  such  usalegge,  allegge,  alege,  that 
might  belong  to  either.)  1.  To  make  quiet; 
to  pacify  or  appease;  as,  to  allay  the  tumult 
of  the  passions,  or  to  allay  civil  commo- 
tions. —  2.  To  abate,  mitigate,  subdue,  or 
destroy;  to  relieve  or  alleviate;  as,  to  allay 
grief  or  pain;  to  allay  the  bitterness  of 
affliction. 

Yet  leave  me  not!  I  would  allay  that  grief 
Which  else  might  thy  young  virtue  overpower. 
Seattle. 

SYN.  To  check,  repress,  assuage,  appease, 

abate,  subdue,  destroy,  compose,  soothe, 

calm,  quiet,  alleviate. 
Allay  (al-la"),  v.i.    To  abate;  to  subside;  to 

grow  calm.    'When  the  rage  allays.'  Shak. 
Allay  (al-hV),  n.  That  which  allays,  lightens, 

or  alleviates. 

Friendship  is  the  allay  of  our  sorrow.   Je r.  Taylor. 

Allay  t  (al-laO,  t.  (.  [See  ALLOY.)  To  reduce 
the  purity  of;  as,  to  allay  metals:  in  this 
sense  alloy  is  now  exclusively  used.  See 
ALLOY. 

Allayt  (al-la/),  n.  1.  Act  or  process  of  alloy- 
ing. 

Coins  are  hardened  by  the  all.iy.        Hitdibras. 

2.  Mixture;  dilution.     'French  wine  with 
an  allay  of  water.'    S  Jonson. 
Allayer  (al-la'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
allays. 

Phlegm  and  pure  blood  are  the  reputed  allayers 
of  acrimony.  Harvey. 

Allaymeut  (al-la'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
quieting,  or  a  state  of  tranquillity;  a  state 
of  rest  after  disturbance;  abatement;  ease. 
'The  like  allaifment  could  I  give  my  grief.' 
Shot. 


Allecret  Armour,  A.D.  1540. 


All-be  t  (al-be'),  coitj.     Although.     Sjienser. 

Allecret  (al'le-kret),  n.  [Fr.  alec  ret,  halle- 
cret.]  A  kind  of  light  armour,  used  in  the 
sixteenth  century, 
and  more  especi- 
ally by  tlie  Swiss. 
It  consisted  of  a 
breast-plute  anil 
hack-plate,  lighter  •* 
than  a  cuirass, 
with  tassets  reach- 
ing  nearly  to  the 
knee. 

Allectt  (al-!ekt'), 
v.t.  [Lat.  allecto, 
freq.  from  allicio, 
allectum,  to  en- 
tice.] To  entice. 
Chaucer. 

Allectatlout  (al- 
It-k-  ta'shon),  n. 
Enticement ;  al- 
lurement. 

Allectlvet  (al- 
lekf  iv),  a.  Allur- 
ing. '  Allective 
bait.'  Chaucer. 

Allective  t  (al- 
lekt'iv),  n.  Allure- 
ment. 

What  better  allecti-ve  could  Lucifer  devise  to  allure 
men  pleasantly  into  damnable  servitude? 

Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Alledge  (al-lej'),  v.t.     Same  as  Allege. 

Allegant,t  n.     Same  as  Aligant. 

Allegation  (al-le-ga'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
alleging;  affirmation ;  declaration.  '  Errone- 
ous,  allegation  of  fact.'  llallam.—Z.  That 
which  is  affirmed  or  asserted;  that  which  is 
offered  as  a  plea,  excuse,  or  justification. 

I  expect  not  to  be  excused  ...  on  account  of 
youth,  want  of  leisure,  or  any  other  idle  allegations. 

Pope. 

3.  In  law,  the  assertion  or  statement  of  a 
party  to  a  suit  or  other  proceeding,  civil  or 
criminal,  which  he  undertakes  to  prove. 
The  word  is  especially  used  in  ecclesiastical 
suits,  in  which,  if  a  defendant  has  any  cir- 
cumstances to  offer  in  his  defence,  he  must 
do  so  by  way  of  defensive  allegation. 

Allege  (al-lej'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  alleged;  ppr. 
alleging.  [Fr.  alUguer,  to  allege;  L.  alley- 
are,  to  depute,  to  allege— ad,  and  legare,  to 
depute,  to  announce.]  1.  To  pronounce 
with  positiveness;  to  declare;  to  affirm;  to 
assert;  as,  to  allege  a  fact.— 2.  To  produce 
as  an  argument,  plea,  or  excuse ;  to  cite 
or  quote ;  as,  to  allege  the  authority  of  a 
judge.— SYN.  To  bring  forward,  adduce,  ad- 
vance, assign,  produce,  cite,  quote,  declare, 
affirm,  assert. 

Allege.t  Allegge  Hal-leg"),  v.(.  [SeeALLAY.] 
To  alleviate;  to  lighten;  to  mitigate;  to 
allay. 

Allegeable  (al-lej'a-M),  a.  Capable  of  being 
alleged  or  affirmed. 

Allegeas,  AUegias  (al-le'je-as,  al-le'ji-as), 
n.  A  stuff  manufactured  in  the  East  Indies, 
of  two  kinds,  one  of  cotton,  the  other  of 
various  plants,  which  are  spun  like  flax. 

Allegeraent  t  (al  lej'ment),  n.    Allegation. 

Allegiance  (al-le'jans),  n.  [O.Fr.,  from  L. 
alliao — ad,  and  ligo,  to  hind.  See  LIEGE 
and  LEAGUE.]  The  tie  or  obligation  of  a 
subject  to  his  sovereign  or  government;  the 
duty  of  fidelity  to  a  king,  government,  or 
state.  Every  native  or  citizen  owes  allegi- 
ance to  the  government  under  which  he  is 
born.  This  is  called  natural  or  implied 
allegiance,  which  arises  from  the  connection 
of  a  pel-son  with  the  society  in  which  he  is 
born,  and  is  independent  of  any  express 
promise.  Express  allegiance  is  that  obli- 
gation which  proceeds  from  an  express  pro- 
mise or  oath  of  fidelity.  Local  or  temporary 
allegiance  is  due  from  an  alien  to  the  gov- 
ernment or  state  in  which  he  resides. 

The  bond  of  allegiance  is  mutual  and  reciprocal; 
for  while  the  subject  is  bound  to  obey,  the  ruler  is 
bound  to  protect.  Quart.  Rev. 

AUegiantt  (al-le'ji-ant),  a.    Loyal. 

For  your  great  graces  ...  I 
Can  nothing  render  but  allegtant  thanks.     Sftat. 

Allegoric,  Allegorical  (al-le-gor'ik,  al-le- 
gor'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  allegory;  In  the 
manner  of  allegory ;  figurative ;  describing 
by  resemblances. — Allegorical  pictures,  pic- 
tures representing  allegorical  subjects. — 
Allegorical  interpretation,  the  drawing  of  a 
spiritual  or  figurative  meaning  from  literal 
matter;  thus  St.  Paul  gives  an  allegorical 
interpretation  of  the  history  of  free-born 
Isaac  and  slave-born  Ishmael. 

Allegorically  (al-le-gor'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  an 


allegorical  or  figurative  manner ;  by  way  <  I 
aUflgonr, 

AllegoricalnessOil-lu-gor'ik  al-iies),  n.  Tlie 
quality  nl  being  UlMOnod. 

AllegOrtst  (al'If'-go-rUt),  n.  One  who  alle- 
gorizes; a  writer  of  allegory. 

Allegorize  (al'le-go-riz),  a.t.  pret.  &  pp.  al- 
Imrittdi  ppr.  aOfformty.  1.  To  turn  int.. 
allegory ;  to  narrate  in  allegory;  to  treat  al- 
li'gorii-ally;  as,  to  allegorize  the  history  of  a 
people.— 2.  To  understand  in  an  allegorical 
sense;  as,  when  a  passage  in  an  author  may 
be  understood  either  literally  or  figura- 
tively, he  who  gives  it  a  figurative  sense  al- 
legorizes it. 

An  alchemist  shall  .  .  .  allegorize  the  scripture 
itself,  and  the  sacred  mysteries  thereof,  into  the 
philosopher's  stone.  Locke. 

Allegorize  (al'le-go-riz),  v.i.  To  use  alle- 
gory; as,  a  man  may  allegorize  to  please  his 
fancy.  '  He  alleyorizeth  upon  the  sacrifices. ' 
Fulke. 

AUegorizer  (al'le-go-riz-er),  n.  One  who 
allegorizes,  or  turns  things  into  allegory. 

Allegory  (al'le-go-ri),  n.  [Gr.  allegoria— 
alloa,  other,  and  agoreuo,  to  speak,  from 
agora,  a  forum,  an  oration.]  1.  A  figurative 
sentence  or  discourse,  in  which  the  princi- 
pal subject  is  described  by  another  subject 
resembling  it  in  its  properties  and  circum- 
stances. The  principal  subject  is  thus  kept 
out  of  view,  and  we  are  left  to  collect  the 
intentions  of  the  writer  or  speaker  by  the 
resemblance  of  the  secondary  to  tlie  primary 
subject. 

This  word  ttympha  meant  nothing  else  but,  by 
allegory,  the  vegetative  humour  or  moisture  that 
quickeneth  and  giveth  life  to  trees  and  flowers. 

Peacltani. 

2.  In  painting  and  sculp,  a  figurative  repre- 
sentation in  which  something  else  is  in- 
tended than  what  is  exhibited  in  the  repre- 
sentation. It  may  be  of  three  kinds:  physi- 
cal, moral,  or  historical.  — Simile,  Metaphor, 
Allegory,  Parable.  See  under  SIMILE. 
Allegory  t  (al'le-go-ri),  v.i.  To  employ  alle- 
gory; to  allegorize. 

I  am  not  ignorant  that  some  do  allegory  on  this 
place.  irhilgift. 

Allegretto  (al-le-gret'to).  [From  allegro.] 
In  mtwic,  a  movement  or  time  quicker  than 
andante,  but  not  so  quick  as  allegro. 
Allegro  (al-la'gro).  [It.,  merry,  cheerful.] 
In  jmwc,  a  word  denoting  a  brisk  move- 
ment; a  sprightly  part  or  strain;  the  quickest 
except  prento. 

Alleluia,  Alleluiah  (al-le-lu'ya),  n.  [Heh. 
halelu-yAh,  praise  to  Jah — halal,  to  praise, 
and  Yah,  contracted  for  Ytihweh,  Jehovah.  ] 
1.  Praise  Jehovah :  a  word  used  to  denote 
pious  joy  and  exultation,  chiefly  in  hymns 
and  anthems.— 2.  A  song  or  ascription  of 
praise  to  God;  as, loud  alleluiahg.—Z.  A  for- 
mer name  for  Oxalii  Acetosella,  the  common 
wood-sorrel,  because  it  is  plentiful  about 
the  high  religious  festival  of  Easter. 
AUemande  (al-le-mand'),  n.  1.  A  slow  air 
in  duple  time;  or  grave,  solemn  music,  with 
a  slow  movement. — 2.  A  moderately  quick 
dance,  written  in  two-fourth  time.— 8.  A 
figure  in  dancing. 

Allemannic  (al-le-man'ik),  a.  Belonging 
to  the  Alemanni,  or  ancient  Germans.  See 
ALEMASNIC. 

Allenarly(al-len'ar-li),  adv.  [The recognized 
legal  form  of  Sc.  alanerlie,  only,  which  is 
used  both  as  an  adverb  and  an  adjective ; 
from  alane,  alone.  See  ALONE.  ]  Only ; 
merely:  a  technical  word  used  in  Scotch 
conveyancing ;  thus,  where  lands  are  con- 
veyed to  a  father, '  for  his  liferent  use  allen- 
arly,'  the  force  of  the  expression  is,  that  the 
father's  right  is  restricted  to  a  mere  life- 
rent,  or  at  best  to  a  fiduciary  fee,  even  in 
circumstances  where,  but  for  the  word  al- 
lenarly,  the  father  would  have  been  unlim- 
ited lilir. 

Aller,  a.    See  AIDER. 
Allerlon  (al-le'ri-onj,  n.     In  her.  an  eagle 
without  beak  or  feet. 
Allette  (al-lef),  n.    Same 
as  Alette. 

Alleviate  (al-le'vi-at),  v.  t. 
pret.  &  pp.  alleviated;  ppr. 
alleviating.  [  L.  L.  alle- 
viare,  alleviatut,  L.  alle- 
vare, ailevattts  —  ad,  to, 
and  leva,  to  make  light, 
from  levif,  light.]  1.  To 
make  light,  in  a  figura- 
tive sense;  to  remove  in 
part ;  to  lessen,  mitigate,  or  make  easier 
to  be  endured;  as,  to  alleviate  sorrow,  pain, 
care,  punishment,  a  burden,  &c. :  opposed 
to  aggravate.—  2.  To  make  less  by  representa- 


Allerion. 


eh.  chain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j.job;      fi,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  «Aen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  trig;    wh,  u>Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ALLEVIATION 


74 


ALLIUM 


tion-  to  lessen  the  magnitude  or  criminality 
of;  to  extenuate,  applied  to  moral  conduct; 
as  to  alleviate  an  offence.  'He  alternates 
his  fault  by  an  excuse.'  Johnson.  [Rare.] 
—Alleviate,  Mitigate,  Assuage.  Alleviate, 
to  take  weight  off  from,  to  lighten;  mitigate,  j 
to  make  mild,  to  render  less  painful  or  se- 
vere; assuage,  to  appease,  to  pacify,  to  calm 
down :  used  of  things  in  a  state  of  violent 
unrest.— SYN.  To  lessen,  diminish,  soften, 
mitigate,  assuage,  abate,  relieve,  allay. 
Alleviation  (al-le'vi-a"shon),  «.  1.  Ihe  act 
of  alleviating:  (a)  the  act  of  removing  in 
part,  lessening,  mitigating,  or  making  easier 
to  be  endured,  (b)  The  act  of  making  less 
by  representation;  extenuation.  ' Allema- 
tioiu  of  faults.'  South.  -2.  That  which 
lessens,  mitigates,  or  makes  more  tolerable; 
as,  the  sympathy  of  a  friend  is  nn  alleviation 
of  grief. 

I  have  not  wanted  such  alleviations  of  life  as  friend- 
ship  could  supply.  Johnson. 

Alleviative  (al-le'vi-at-iv),  n.  That  which 
alleviates  or  mitigates.  'Some  cheering 
alleviatioe.'  Corah's  Doom. 

Alleviator  (al-le'vi-at-er),  n.  He  who  or 
that  which  alleviates. 

Alley  (al'li),  n.  [Fr.  allre,  a  passage,  from 
aller,  to  go ;  O.Fr.  aler,  aner,  Merovingian 
L  anare,  to  arrive,  a  softened  form  of  L. 
adnare,  to  arrive,  properly  by  sea,  but  also 
by  land  -ad,  to,  and  iiare,  to  swim.  For 
change  of  L.  n  into  Fr.  (  compare  orphelin 
from  orphaninus,  Boulogne  from  Bononia.  ] 
A  passage;  especially,  a  narrow  passage;  as, 
(a)  an  aisle,  or  any  part  of  a  church  left 
open  for  access  to  another  part.  (6)  An  in-  : 
closed  walk  in  a  garden.  'Yonder  alleys 
green.'  Milton,  (c)  A  narrow  passage  or 
way  in  a  town,  as  distinct  from  a  public 
street,  (d)  In  persp.  that  which,  in  order  to 
have  a  greater  appearance  of  length,  is  made 
wider  at  the  entrance  than  at  the  termina- 
tion. 

Alley  (al'li),  n.  [Said  to  be  contracted  from 
alabaster,  from  which  it  was  formerlymade.J 
A  choice  taw  or  large  marble.  Dickens. — 
Alley-tor  (for  alley-taw),  an  alley;  a  marble. 
After  inquiring  whether  he  had  won  any  alley-tors 
or  commontys  lately,  he  made  use  of  this  expression. 

AU-fOOls'-day  (aTfolz-da),  n.  The  first  day 
of  April. 

All-fours  (al-forz'),  n.  [From  all  and  four.] 
A  game  at  cards,  which  derives  its  name 
from  the  four  chances  of  which  it  consists, 
for  each  of  which  a  point  is  scored.  These 
chances  are  high,  or  the  ace  of  trumps,  or 
next  best  trump  out ;  low,  or  the  deuce  of 
trumps,  or  next  lowest  trump  out ;  jack,  or 
the  knave  of  trumps;  game,  the  majority  of 
pips  collected  from  the  tricks  taken  by  the 
respective  players.  The  player  who  has  all 
these  is  said  to  have  all-fours.  —On  all-fours, 
on  four  legs,  or  on  two  legs  and  two  arms 
or  hands;  hence,  even  or  evenly;  consistent 
or  consistently;  parallel;  square. 

This  example  is  on  all.fottrs  with  the  other. 

Macaitlay. 

All-gOOd  (al-guu"),  n.  The  old  English  name 
for  the  plant  Good  Henry,  or  English  mer- 
cury (Chenopodium  bonus-IIenricus). 

All-hail  (al-hal'),  exclam.  and  n.  [All,  and 
liail,  A.  Sax.  heel,  health.  ]  All  health :  a 
phrase  of  salutation,  expressing  a  wish  of  all 
health  or  safetv  to  the  persons  addressed. 

All-nail  (ftl-hal'),  o.(.  To  salute,  with  a 
wish  for  health  or  happiness.  'Who  all- 
hailedme,  Thane  of  Cawdor.'  Shak.  [Rare.] 

All-uallond  t  (al-hal'lond),  n.  All-sain  ts'- 
day.  'All-hallond  eve.'  Shak. 

All-hallow,  All-hallows  (al-hal'16,  al-hal'- 
loz),  71.  All-saints'-day,  the  first  of  Novem- 
ber; a  feast  dedicated  to  all  the  saints  in 
general. 

All-hallowmas  (al-hal'lo-mas),  n.  All-hal- 
low-tide. 

All-hallownt  (al-hal'lon),  a.  Relating  to 
the  time  about  All-saints'-day  or  1st  of  No- 
vember; hence,  as  applied  to  summer,  late. 

Farewell,  thou  latter  spring !  farewell,  All-halloTvn 
summer.  Shak. 

All-hallow-tide  (al-hal'16-tid),  n.  The  time 
near  All-saints,  or  November  1st. 

All-heal  (al-hel'),  n.  The  name  of  a  plant, 
the  cat's  valerian  (Valeriana  officinalii). 
The  clown's  all-heal  is  Stachys  palustris,  or 
wound-wort. 

Alliaceous  (al-li-a'shus),  a.  [L.  allium, 
garlic.  ]  Pertaining  to  the  plants  of  the 
genius  Allium,  including  garlic;  having  the 
properties  of  garlic.  See  ALLIUM. 

Alliance  (al-li'ans),  n.  [O.Fr.  alliance—  al 
for  ad,  to,  and  lier,  L.  ligare,  to  bind,  whence 


also  liege,  league,  allegiance,  ligament,  &c.] 

1  The  state  of  being  allied  or  connected. 
Specifically,(rt)  the  relation  or  union  between 
families,  contracted  by  marriage. 

A  bloody  Hymen  shall  the  alliana  join.    Drydtn. 

(b)  Connection  by  kindred.    '  For  my  father's 
sake  and  f  or  alliance'  sake.'   Shak.    [Rare] 

(c)  The  union  between  nations,  contracted 
by  compact,  treaty,  or  league,    (a)  Any 
union  or  connection  of  interests  between 
persons,  families,  states,  or  corporations; 
as,  an  alliance  between  church  and  state. 

An  intimate  allianct  was  formed    between  the 
Arian  kings  and  the  Arian  clergy. 

2  The  compact  or  treaty  which  is  the  instru- 
ment of  allying  or  confederating;  as,  to  draw 
up  an  alliance.—  3.  The  persons  or  parties 
allied. 

Therefore  let  our  alliatict  be  combined.    Sha*. 

4  In  tot.  the  name  given  by  Lindley  to  a 
group  of  natural  orders  of  plants  possessing 
affinities  to  one  another.  —  Holy  Alliance. 
See  under  HOLY.— SYN.  Connection,  affinity, 
union  confederacy,  league,  coalition. 
Alliance  (al-li'ans),  «.«.    To  unite  by  con- 
federacy ;  to  ally.     'It  (sin)  is  allianced  to 
none  but  wretched  spirits.'    Cudworth. 
Alliant  t  (al-li'ant),  n.     Anally.     '  Alliants, 
electors,  princes,  and  states.'     Wotton. 
Alliant  t   (al-li'ant).  a.    Akin  to;   united; 
confederated.     Sir  T.  More. 
Allice  (al'lis),  n.   [Fr.  alose,  L.  alosa,  a  shad.] 
A  species  of  shad.     See  SHAD. 
Alliciate,  t  AUicitet  (al-li'shi-at,  alli-8it),«.  (. 
[L.  allicio,  allicitum,  to  allure.]    To  allure; 
to  attract.   '  Friction,  irritation,  and  stimula- 
tion to  allicite  blood  and  spirits  to  the  parts. ' 
Dr.  G.  Cheyne. 

Alliciency  (al-li'shi-en-si),!i.  [See  ALLICIEST, 
a  ]  The  power  of  attracting  anything;  attrac- 
tion; magnetism.      'The  magnetieal  allici- 
ency  of  the  earth. '    Browne.     [Rare.] 
Allicientt  (al-li'shi-ent),  a.     [L.   alliciens, 
allicientii,  ppr.  of  allicio,  to  draw  gently, 
to  entice— al  for  ad,  to,  and  lacio,  to  draw 
gently.]    Enticing;  attracting. 
Allicientt  (al-li'shi-ent),  n.     That  which 

attracts. 

Alligarta  t  (al-li-gar'ta),  n.  [Corrupted  from 
Sp.  ellagarto,\it.  the  lizard.  See  ALLIGATOR.] 
The  alligator  or  crocodile.  D.  Jonsoii. 
Alligatet  (al'li-gat),  v.  1.  pret.  &  pp.  allir/ated; 
ppr.  alligating.  [L.  alliyo—ad,  and  hgo,  to 
bind.]  To  tie  together;  to  unite  by  some 
tie.  'Instincts  alligated  to  their  nature.' 
Sir  M.  Hale. 

AUigation(al-li-ga'shon), n.  [Vromalligate.] 
1.  The  act  of  tying  together;  thestateof  being 
tied.  [Rare.  ]— 2.  A  rule  of  arithmetic,  chiefly 
found  in  the  older  books,  relating  to  the 
solution  of  questions  concerning  the  com- 
pounding or  mixing  together  of  different 
ingredients,  or  ingredients  of  different  qua- 
lities or  values.  Thus  if  a  quantity  of  sugar 
worth  ijt/.  the  Ib.  and  another  quantity 
worth  lOd.  are  mixed,  the  question  to  be 
solved  by  alligation  is,  what  is  the  value 
of  the  mixture  by  the  pound! 
Alligator  (al'li-ga-ter),  n.  [In  Ben  Jonson 
alligarta,  a  corruption  of  Sp.  el  lagarto,  lit. 
the  lizard— el,  the,  and  Sp.  and  Pg.  lagarto, 
a  lizard;  L.tac<?r*u«,iacer(a,  whence  E.  lizard. 
The  Spanish  name  is  lagarto  de  Indias  or 
cayman.]  A  genus  of  saurian  reptiles,  of  the 


Alligator  (Alligator  Lucius). 

family  Crocodilidaj,  sub-family  Alligatoridfe 
The  alligators  differ  from  the  true  crocodile 
in  having  a  shorter  and  natter  head,  in  hav 
ing  cavities  or  pits  in  the  upper  jaw,  intc 
which  the  long  canine  teeth  of  the  under  ja\ 
fit,  and  in  having  the  feet  much  less  webbed 
Their  habits  are  less  perfectly  aquatic.  The; 


frequent  swamps  and  marshes,  and  may  be 
seen  basking  on  the  dry  ground  daring  tin- 
day  in  the  heat  of  the  sun.  They  are  most 
active  during  the  night,  when  they  make  a 
loud  bellowing.  The  largest  of  these  animals 
grow  to  the  length  of  17  or  18  feet.  They 
live  on  fish,  and  sometimes  catch  hogs  on 
the  shore,  or  dogs  which  are  swimming. 
In  winter  they  burrow  in  the  mud  of  swamps 
and  marshes,  lying  torpid  till  spring.  The 
female  lays  a  great  number  of  eggs,  which 
are  deposited  in  the  sand,  and  left  to  be 
hatched  by  the  heat  of  the  sun.  The  most 
fierce  and  dangerous  species  is  that  found  in 
the  southern  parts  of  the  United  States,  as 
far  up  the  Mississippi  as  the  Red  River  (A. 
Lucius),  having  the  snout  a  little  turned  up, 
resembling  that  of  the  pike.  The  alligators 
of  South  America  are  there  very  often  called 
Caymans,  and  some  of  them  bear  the  name 
of  Jacare,  particularly  A .  sclerops, called  also 
the  Spectacled  Cayman,  from  the  prominent 
bony  rim  surrounding  the  orbit  of  each  eye. 
The  alligators  are  distributed  over  tropical 
America,  but  are  not  known  to  exist  in  any 
other  part  of  the  world.  Among  the  fossils 
of  the  south  of  England.however.  are  remains 
of  a  true  alligator  (A.  Uantonwnsis)  in  the 
Eocene  beds  of  the  Hampshire  basin. 
Alligator-apple  (al'li-ga-ter-ap-l),  n.  The 
fruit  of  A  noua  palmtris,  a  West  Indian  tree. 
Alligatoridse  (al'li.ga-tor"i-de),  n.  pi.  See 
ALLIGATOR. 

Alligator-pear  (alli-ga-ter-par),  n.  A  West 
Indian  fruit  resembling  a  pear  in  shape. 
Called  also  Avocado-pear.  See  AVOCADO. 
Alligator-tortoise  (al'li-ga-ter-tor'tois),  n. 
A  species  of  chelonian  reptile  (Chelydra 
serpentina),  family  Emydao,  with  long  tail 
and  limbs,  which  cannot  be  entirely  drawn 
within  its  bucklers.  The  alligator-tortoise 
is  a  native  of  the  lakes,  rivers,  and  morasses 
of  Carolina,  where  it  is  very  destructive  to 
fish  and  water-fowl. 

Alligature  (al-lig'a-tur),  n.    A  ligature. 
Allignment  (al-liu'ment),  n.     Same  as 
Alignment. 

All-in-all.  A  phrase  used  both  as  a  noun 
and  as  an  adverb,  (a)  As  a  noun,  (1)  every- 
thing to  a  person;  all  that  he  desires. 

Her  good  Philip  was  her  all-in-all.     Tmtiyson. 

(2)  Everything  in  all  respects;  as  a  whole. 

Take  him  for  all-in-all,  I  shall  not  look  upon  his 
like  again.  ShaA. 

(b)  As  an  adverb,  altogether. 

Trust  me  not  at  all  or  all-in-all.         Tennyson. 

Allision  (al-li'zhon),  n.  [L.  allMo,  aUMonis, 
from  allido,  to  dash  or  strike  against— ad, 
and  Icedo,  laamn,  to  hurt  by  striking.]  A 
striking  against.  '  Islands  .  .  .  severed 
from  it  (the  continent)  by  the  boisterous 
alliiion  of  the  sea.'  Woodward. 
Alliteration  (al-lit-er  a'shon),  n.  lAllm'L. 
ad,  to,  and  litera,  a  letter.]  The  repetition 
of  the  same  letter  at  the  beginning  of  two  or 
more  words  immediately  succeeding  each 
other,  or  at  short  intervals ;  as,  many  ?»en 
many  ?ninds;  death  defies  the  doctor.  'Aft 
alliteration's  artful  aid.'  Churchill.  'Puffs, 
powders,  patches,  Mbles,Mllet-doux.'  Pope. 
In  the  ancient  German  and  Scandinavian  and 
in  early  English  poetry  alliteration  took  the 
place  of  terminal  rhymes,  the  alliterative 
syllables  being  made  to  recur  with  a  certain 
regularity  in  the  same  position  in  successive 
verses.  In  the  vision  of  William  concerning 
Piers  the  Plowman,  for  instance,  it  is  regu- 
larly employed  as  in  the  following  lines  ;— 

Hire  robe  was  ful  riche-  of  red  scarlet  engreyned, 
With  ribanes  of  red  gold'  and  of  riche  stones ; 
Hire  arraye  me  ravysshed'  such  ricchesse  saw  1 

I  had  wondre  Tti hat  she  was"  and  Tfhas  wyl  she  were. 

Alliterative  (al-lit'er-at-iv),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  consisting  in  alliteration ;  characterized  by 
alliteration.  ' TheiraHiteratnieversiflcation, 
which  consisted  in  using  an  aggregate  of 
words  beginning  with  the  same  letter.'  T. 
Warton. 

AUiterativeness  (al-lit'er-at-iv-nes),  ». 
Quality  of  being  alliterative. 

Alliterator  (al-lit'er-at-er),  n.  One  who  uses 
alliteration. 

The  alliterator  must  be  as  busily  employed  to  intro- 
duce his  favourite  vowel  or  consonant  as  the  Greek 
poet  to  shut  out  the  letter  he  had  proscribed. 

Connoisseur. 

Allium (al'li-um), n.  [L.  aU»'«m,aiium.garlic.] 
A  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  nat.  order  Lili- 
acese,  remarkable  for  their  pungent  odour, 
having  grassy  or  flstular  leaves,  and  star- 
shaped, six-parted,  hexandrous  flowers  grow- 
ing in  an  umbel  at  the  top  of  the  scape.  To 
this  genus  belong  the  onion,  leek,  garlic, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,Sc.tey 


ALLNESS 


ALLOWANCE 


chive,  ami  shallot.  They  contain  free  phos- 
phoric acid  ami  nlphontUd  oil. 

Allness  (»rne»X  n.  Totality;  entirety;  com- 
pleteness. 'The  allnex*  of  God,  including 
his  absolute  spirituality,  supremacy,  ami 
rtrrnity.'  Mich.  Turnbull. 

Allocate  (al'16-kat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  allo- 
cated; ppr.  allocating.  [L,  a(/,  to,  and  toco, 
I'x-ntHin,  to  place,  from  locus,  a  place.]  To 
assign  or  allot;  to  set  apart  for  a  particular 
purpose;  to  distribute;  as,  to  allocate  shares 
in  a  public  company. 

The  court  is  empowered  to  seize  upon,  and  allccatt, 
(<  <T  tlie  tn.tintenanceof  such  child,  any  sum  not  exceed- 
ing a  third  of  the  whole  fortune.  Bttrke. 

Allocation  (al-16-ka'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
allocating,  allotting,  or  assigning;  allotment; 
assignment;  apportionment;  as,  the  alloca- 
tion of  shares  in  a  public  company.  ±  An 
allowance  made  upon  accounts  in  the  ex- 
chequer. 

Allocatur  (al'16-kat-er),  n.  [L. ,  it  is  allowed.  ] 
hi  tow,  the  allowance  of  something  hy  a  judge 
or  court;  specifically,  the  certificate  of  the 
allowance  of  costs  of  a  proceeding  by  the 
master  on  taxation,  equivalent  to  the  report 
of  the  auditor  in  Scotch  law. 

AUochroite(al-16-kr6'It),  ?i.  [Or.  allot,  other, 
and  chroia.  colour.]  A  massive,  fine-grained 
variety  of  iron  garnet.  This  name  is  said  to 
be  given  to  it  as  expressive  of  its  changes  of 
colour  before  the  blowpipe. 

Allocution  (al-16-ku'shon),  n.  [L.  allocutio, 
— ad,  to,  and  locutio,  from  loijuor,  to  speak.] 
A  speaking  to ;  an  address,  especially  a 
formal  address,  as  that  of  a  pope  to  his 
clergy. 

Scarcely  a  year  of  his  pontificate  passed  without 
his  having  to  pronounce  an  allocution  on  the  oppres- 
sion of  the  church  in  some  country  or  other. 

Cardinal  Wiseman. 

Allod(ariod),n.  A  freehold  estate.  Chauibers's 
Inf.  See  ALLODIUM. 

Allodial  (al-16'di-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  allo- 
dium or  freehold ;  free  of  rent  or  service; 
held  independent  of  a  lord  paramount:  op- 
posed to  feudal. 

All  over  Norway  the  old  patriarchal  institutions, 
by  which  every  freeman  was  prophet,  priest,  and 
king  in  his  own  family  and  in  his  own  allodial  free- 
hold or  '  odal,'  as  it  was  called,  had  passed  away  into 
an  aristocracy  of  chiefs  of  greater  or  lesser  means 
and  power.  Edin.  Rev. 

Allodial  (al-16'di-al),  n.  Property  held  allo- 
dially. 

The  contested  territory  which  lay  between  the 
Danube  and  the  Naab,  with  the  town  of  Neuburgh 
and  the  atlodials,  were  adjudged,  &c.  Coxe. 

Allodially  (al-16'di-al-li),  adv.  In  an  allodial 
manner. 

Allodian  (al-lo'di-an),  a.     Allodial.    [Rare.] 

Allodium  (al-16'di-um),  71.  [L.L.  allodium., 
a  freehold  estate,  from  root  seen  in  E.  old, 
G.  alt,  and  that  in  A.  Sax.  cethel,  a  coun- 
try, Icel.  6dal,  Dan.  and  Sw.  odelt  a  pa- 
trimonial estate.  '  In  the  Old  Norse  there 
is  a  compound  alda-odal,  a  property  of 
ages,  or  held  for  ages  or  generations.  L. 

fundiis  avitits.  an  ancient  allodial  inheri- 
tance. .  .  .  We  believe  the  Mid.  L.  allo- 
dium to  be  derived  from  this  compound  by 
way  of  assimilation ;  the  old  Teutonic  form 
would  be  alth-odal  ( Goth,  alth  =  cevum) 
whence  all-odal,  allodium,  property  held  in 
absolute  possession,  opposed  to  such  as  is 
held  in  fee,  or  subject  to  certain  conditions. ' 
Vigfiisson.  Ihre  had  proposed  the  same 
etymology.]  Freehold  estate;  land  which  is 
the  absolute  property  of  the  owner;  real 
estate  held  in  absolute  independence,  with- 
out being  subject  to  any  rent,  service,  or 
acknowledgment  to  a  superior.  It  is  thus 
opposed  to  feud.  In  England  there  are  no 
allodial  lands,  all  being  held  of  the  crown. 

Allograph  (al'lo-grafj.n.  [Gr.  alias,  another, 
and  graphd,  to  write.]  In  law,  a  deed  not 
written  by  any  of  the  parties  thereto:  op- 
posed to  autograph. 

Allonge  (al-lunj'),  n.  [Fr.  allonger,  to  length- 
en, as  the  arm,  hence,  to  thrust—  al  for  ad, 
and  long,  long.]  1. 1  A  pass  or  thrust  with 
a  sword  or  rapier;  a  lunge.— 2.  A  long  rein, 
when  a  horse  is  trotted  in  the  hand.  John- 
son. —3.  [A  French  usage.  ]  A  paper  annexed 
to  a  bill  of  exchange,  to  receive  endorse- 
ments too  numerous  to  be  contained  in  the 
bill  itself;  a  rider. 

Allonge1  (al-lunj'),  v.i.  To  make  a  pass  or 
thrust  with  n  rapier;  to  lunge. 

AllOOt  (al-lo'),u.£.  or  i.  To  incite  dogs  by  a 
call.  '  Alloo  thy  furious  mastiff.'  Philips. 
See  HALLOO. 

AllopatnetlC  (ario-pa-thet"ik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  allopathy.  [Rare.] 


Allopathetlcally  (aT  Id-pa  -thet"ik-al-li), 
adv.  Ina  manner  conformable  to  allopathy. 

Allopathic  (al-lop'a-thik,  al-lo-path'ik),  a. 
IV-rtuining  to  allopathy. 

There  are  only  three  imaginable  methods  of  em- 
ploying medicines  against  disease,  and  these  are  de- 
nominated antipathic,  liumuuopathic,  and  allopathic. 
Pertira, 

All  opat  hist  (al-lop'a-thist),  n.  One  who 
practises  medicine  according  to  the  prin- 
ciples and  rules  of  allopathy. 

Allopathy  (al-lop'a-thi),  n.  [Gr.allos,  other, 
and  pathos,  morbid  condition.  ]  That  method 
of  treating  disease  by  which  it  is  endeav- 
oured to  produce  a  condition  of  the  system 
either  different  from,  opposite  to,  or  incom- 
patible with  the  condition  essential  to  the 
disease:  it  is  opposed  to  homoeopathy. 

All  op  h  an  e  (al'16-fan),  n,  [Gr.  alias,  other, 
and  ptiaino,  to  appear.]  A  mineral  of  a  pale 
blue,  and  sometimes  of  a  green  or  brown 
colour.  It  is  a  hydro-silicate  of  aluminium, 
occurring  in  amorphous,  botryoidal,  or  reni- 
form  masses. 

Allophylian  (al-lp-fiTi-an),  n.  [Gr.  allophy- 
los,  of  another  tribe  or  race,  foreign— a llos, 
other,  and  phyle,  a  tribe.]  One  of  another 
tribe  or  race ;  specifically,  a  term  used  by 
some  archaeologists  to  designate  a  member 
of  the  primitive  tribes  or  races  who  are  sup- 
posed to  have  inhabited  Europe  previous  to 
the  earliest  historic  indications  of  the  Aryan 
nations  passing  into  it. 

Allophylian  (al-16-fll'i-an),  a.  Of  another 
race;  foreign;  strange;  specifically,  (a)  per- 
taining to  the  allophylians  or  pre-Aryan  in- 
habitants of  Europe,  (b)  Pertaining  to  vari- 
ous outlying  tribes  of  tongues  which  have 
not  as  yet  been  classified  under  any  of  the 
groups  into  which  human  speech  has  been 
divided.  The  native  dialects  of  America, 
Australia,  most  of  Africa,  the  Polynesian, 
Old  Etruscan,  Basque,  &c.,  are  allophylian. 
Allophylian  tongues  are  mostly  polysyn- 
thetic. 

Alloquyt  (al'16-kwi),  n.  [L.  alloqitium,  from 
ad;  to,  and  loquor,  to  speak.]  A  speaking 
to  another;  an  address. 

Allot  (al-lof),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  allotted;  ppr. 
allotting.  [O.Fr.  allotir,  alloier,  to  divide, 
part  —  al  for  adt  and  lotir,  to  cast  lots  for, 
to  apportion,  from  lot,  a  share,  which  itself 
is  a  Teutonic  word  =  A.Sax.  Mot.  See  LOT.] 
To  divide  or  distribute  as  by  lot ;  to  distri- 
bute or  parcel  out  in  parts  or  portions ;  to 
grant;  to  assign;  to  appoint;  to  set  apart; 
to  destine. 

Now.  of  what  has  been  produced,  a  part  only  is 
allotted  to  the  support  of  productive  labour ;  and 
there  will  not,  and  cannot,  be  more  of  that  labour 
than  the  portion  so  allotted  (which  is  the  capital  of 
the  country)  can  feed  and  provide  with  materials  and 
instruments  of  production.  y.  S.  Mill. 

Allotable  (al-lot'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
allotted. 

Allotment  (al-lot'mont),  n.  1,  The  act  of 
allotting;  distribution  as  by  lot.— 2.  That 
which  is  allotted;  a  share,  part,  or  portion 
granted  or  distributed ;  that  which  is  as- 
signed by  lot  or  by  the  act  of  God.  'The 
allotments  of  God  and  nature.*  L' Estrange. 
3.  A  place  or  piece  of  ground  appropriated. 
'A  vineyard  and  an  allotment  for  olives.' 
Broome.  — Allotment  of  goods,  in  com.  the 
dividing  a  ship's  cargo  into  several  parts, 
which  are  to  be  purchased  by  several  per- 
sons, each  person  s  share  being  assigned  by 
lot. — Allotment  of  land,  such  portions  of 
ground  as  are  granted  to  claimants  on  the 
division  and  inclosure  of  commons  and 
waste  lands.—  Allotment-note,  a  note  signed 
by  a  seaman  authorizing  the  periodical  pay- 
ment of  a  portion  of  his  wages  to  another 
party,  as  to  his  wife.  —  A  llotment  system,  the 
practice  of  dividing  land  into  small  portions 
for  cultivation  by  agricultural  labourers  and 
other  cottagers  after  they  have  performed 
their  ordinary  day's  work. 

Allotropic  (al-16-trop'ik),  a.  In  ckem.  of  or 
pertaining  to  allotropy. 

Allotropy,  Allotropism  (al-lot'ro-pi,  al- 
lot'ro-pizm),  n.  [Gr.  alias,  another,  and  tro- 
pos,  condition.]  In  chem.  the  capability  or 
characteristic  exhibited  by  some  elements 
of  existing  in  more  than  one  form,  and  with 
different  characteristics.  Carbon  is  a  good 
example,  as  it  crystallizes  perfectly  in  the 
diamond,  imperfectly  in  graphite,  and  is 
amorphous,  yet  quite  distinct,  in  anthracite, 
coal,  and  charcoal. 

Allottee  (al'lot'te),  n.  One  to  whom  any- 
thing is  allotted,  as  the  holder  of  an  allot- 
ment-note and  the  like. 

The  allotment  of  gardens,  which  yield  a  partial 
support  to  the  allottee,  is  another  means  of  cheap 
labour.  Mayhevi 


Allotteryt  (al-lot'tur-i),  ».  Allotment;  what 
is  allotted  or  assigned  to  use. 

<iive  me  the  poor  allottery  my  father  left  me  by 
testament.  SHak. 

All-over,  All-overish  (alo'vor,al-6'ver-i8h). 
a.  Giving  a  general  scnst.-  <>f  bodily  uneasi- 
ness or  slight  indisposition;  as,  an  all-ort-rMi 
sort  of  feeling.  [Vulgar.] 

Allow  (al-lou'),  v.t.  [Two  words  are  in  this 
confounded  under  one  form,  the  E.  allow 
being  based  partly  on  Fr.  alloucr,  to  allow, 
to  grant,  to  settle,  from  L.  L.  allocare—ad, 
to,  and  locare  (from  locus,  a  place),  to  place 
or  assign,  to  let  or  lease ;  and  partly  on  an 
obs.  Fr.  allouer,  to  approve  or  praise,  from 
L.  ad,  and  laudare,  to  praise,  from  lau», 
laudis,  praise.  The  French  has  still  the 
two  simple  verbs  louer,  to  let  or  hire,  from 
L.  locare,  and  louer,  to  praise  or  commend, 
from  L.  laudare.  ]  1.  To  grant,  give,  or  yield ; 
to  assign;  to  afford;  as,  to  allow  a  free  pas- 
sage. 

He  was  allowed  about  three  hundred  pounds  a 
year.  Macaulay. 

2.  To  admit;  to  own  or  acknowledge;  as,  to 
allow  the  right  of  the  king  to  dismiss  his 
ministers. 

The  power  of  music  all  our  hearts  allow.       Pope. 
He  would  allow  only  of  two  kinds.       Brougham. 

3.t  To  invest;  to  intrust.  'Thou  shalt  be 
allowed  withabsolute power.'  Shak.—  4.f  To 
approve,  justify,  or  sanction. 

Ye  allow  the  deeds  of  your  fathers.         Luke  xi.  48. 
The  hospitality  and   alms  of  abbeys   is  not   alto- 
gether to  be  allowed  or  dispraised. 

Quoted  by  Trench. 

5.  To  abate  or  deduct ;  to  take  out  of  ac- 
count; to  set  apart;  as,  to  allow  so  much  for 
loss;  to  allow  a  sum  for  tare  or  leakage. — 

6.  To  grant  permission  to;  to  permit;  as,  to 
allow  a  son  to  be  absent— 7.  t  To  grant  spe- 
cial license  or  indulgence  to. 

There  is  no  slander  in  an  allowed  fool.  Shafc. 
—AUow,  Permit,  Su/er,  Tolerate.  Allow 
and  permit  are  often  used  synonymously; 
but  allow  rather  implies  a  formal  sanction; 
permit,  that  we  merely  do  not  hinder;  suf- 
fer is  still  more  passive  than  permit,  and 
may  imply  that  we  do  not  prevent  some- 
thing, though  we  feel  it  to  be  disagreeable, 
or  know  it  to  be  wrong;  tolerate  is  always 
used  in  the  sense  of  permitting  or  bearing 
something  unpleasant. 

Allow  (al-lou'),  v.i.  1.  To  concede;  to  make 
abatement,  concession,  or  provision.  'Al- 
lowing still  for  the  different  ways  of  making 
it.'  Addition.—  2.t  To  connive.  'Her  allow- 
ing husband.'  Shak. — To  allow  of,  to  per- 
mit; to  admit.  'Of  this  allow.'  Shak.  'Ere 
I  will  allow  of  thy  wits.'  Shak. 

Allowable  (al-lou'a-bl),  a.  Proper  to  be  or 
capable  of  being  allowed  or  permitted  as 
lawful,  true,  or  proper;  not  forbidden;  not 
unlawful  or  improper ;  permissible ;  as,  a 
certain  degree  of  freedom  is  allowable 
among  friends. 

In  actions  of  this  sort,  the  light  of  nature  alone 
may  discover  that  which  is  in  the  sight  of  God  allow- 
able. Hooker. 

Allowableness  (al-lou'a-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  allowable;  exemption  from 
prohibition  orimpropriety;  lawfulness. 

I-Ots,  as  to  their  nature,  use,  and  allowableness,  in 
matters  of  recreation,  are  indeed  impugned  by  some. 
South. 

Allowably  (al-lou'a-bli),  adv.  In  an  allow- 
able manner;  with  propriety. 

Allowance  (al-lou'ans),  n.  1.  Permission; 
license;  sanction;  as,  my  allowance  of  this 
course  will  depend  on  circumstances.— 
2.  Assent  to  a  fact  or  state  of  things ;  ad- 
mission; a  granting.— 3.t  Approval;  appro- 
bation. 

Humbly  craving  ...  it  may  receive  approbation 
and  patronage  from  so  learned  and  judicious  a  Prince 
as  your  Highness  is,  whose  allowance  and  accept- 
ance of  Tjur  labours  shall  more  honour  and  encourage 
us  than  all  the  calumniations  and  hard  interpreta- 
tions of  other  men  shall  dismay  us. 

Kfistle  Dedicatory  to  the  Bible. 

4.  A  stated  quantity,  as  of  money,  or  of  food 
or  drink,  allowed  for  maintenance;  a  settled 
rate;  quantity  allowed  or  granted. 

Though  he  drew  a  large  allowance  under  pretence 
of  keeping  a  public  table,  he  never  asked  a  minister 
to  dinner.  Macaulay. 

5.  Charitable  overlooking  of  faults ;  relaxa- 
tion of  severity  in  censure ;  as,  to  make  an 
allowance  for  the  inexperience  of  youth. — 
6. t  Established  character;  reputation.  'His 
pilot  of  very  expert  and  approved  allotr. 
ance.'  Shak. — 7.  Incom.adeductionorabate- 
nient  from  the  gross  weight  of  goods,  ac- 
cording to  the  customs  of  particular  coun- 


ch,  chain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go\      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  fften;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ALLOWANCE 


76 


ALMANAC 


tries  and  ports,  the  chief  of  which  is  called 

Allowance  (al-lou'ans),  v.t.  To  put  upon 
allowance;  to  restrain  or  limit  to  a  certain 
amount  of  money  or  stated  quantity  of  pro- 
visions or  drink;  as,  distress  compelled  the 
captain  of  the  ship  to  allowance  his  crew. 


SYN.  To  hint,  refer,  suggest,  intimate,  glance 
at,  advert  to. 
Alludet  (al-lud'),  v.t.    To  compare. 

To  free  mystlfe  from  the  imputation  of  partiality. 
1'le  at  last  allude  her  to  a  waterman.  John  laylor. 
Allume'e  (al-lum-e'  or  al-lum-a).    In  her.  ap- 
plied to  the  eyes  of  a  bear  or  other  beast, 


I  ord  Lyttleton  i 
dialogues.  i«««0»«. 

Allower  (al-lou'er),  n.    One  who  allows,  per- 
mits, grants,  or  authorizes. 
Alloxan  (al-loks'an),  n.     (C4H2No04.)  One  of 
the  products  of  the  decomposition  of  unc 
acid  by  nitric  acid.    When  treated  with  al- 
kalies it  produces  alloxanic  acid,  the  salts 
of  which  are  termed  alloxanates. 
Alloxanate  (al-loks'an-at),  n.  A  salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  alloxanic  acid  and  a  base. 
Alloxanic  ( al-loks-an'ik ),  «.    Pertaining  to 
or  produced  by  alloxan;  as,  alloxanic  acid. 
Alloxantin  (al-loks-an'tin),  n.    (C8H4N4O7+ 
3  HoO.)    A  white  crystalline  substance  ob- 
tained when  alloxan  is  brought  into  contact 
with  zinc  and  hydrochloric  acid,  with  chlo- 
ride of   zinc,  or   sulphuretted   hydrogen. 
Oxidizing  agents  reconvert  this  substance 
into  alloxan.     Called  also  Uroxin. 
Alloy  (al-loi'),  n.   [Kr.  aloi,  legal  standard  of 
coin— a,  according  to,  and  loi,  law,  from  L. 
lex  legis,  law.     In  O.Kr.  loi  had  the  mean- 
ing of  standard  alloy  for  coin,  as  Sp.  ley  has 
still  ]    1.  A  baser  metal  mixed  with  a  finer; 
the  cheapest  metal  of  a  mixture. —  2.  A 
mixture  of  different  metals;  any  metallic 
compound.     Alloys  of  metallic  substances 
are  either  natural  or  artificial ;  but  those 
which  are  artificial  are  by  far  the  most  im- 
portant.   By  far  the  greater  number  of  the 
metals  may  be  alloyed  together  in  varying 
proportions.    Some  of  the  alloys,  however, 
form  definite  chemical  compounds.    When 
mercury  is  one  of  the  component  parts  the 
alloy  is  called  an  amalgam.  —  3.  Fig.  evil 
mixed  with  good ;  as,  no  happiness  is  with- 
out alloy. 

Alloy  (al-loi'),  v.t.  1.  To  reduce  the  purity 
of  a  metal  liy  mixing  with  it  a  portion  of 
one  less  valuable;  as,  to  alloy  gold  with 
silver,  or  silver  with  copper.— 2.  To  reduce, 
abate,  or  impair  by  mixture ;  as,  to  alloy 
pleasure  with  misfortunes. 
Alloyage  (al-loi'aj),  n.  1.  The  act  of  alloy- 
ing metals,  or  the  mixture  of  a  baser  metal 
with  a  finer,  to  reduce  its  purity;  the  act  of 
mixing  metals.— 2.  A  mixture  of  different 
metals;  an  alloy. 

All-saints'-day  (al'sants-da),  n.  All-Hal- 
lowmas or  Hallowmas,  a  festival  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  instituted  by  Pope 
Gregory  IV.,  in  835,  and  dedicated  to  all 
the  saints  in  general,  on  account  of  the  im- 
possibility of  allotting  a  day  to  each  saint. 
It  is  celebrated  on  the  1st  November,  this 
day  being  chosen  because  it  was  one  of  the 
four  great  heathen  festivals  of  the  northern 
nations,  the  policy  of  the  early  Church 
being,  not  so  much  directly  to  oppose 
paganism  in  many  respects,  as  to  supplant 
it  by  giving  a  Christian  character  to  its  ob- 
servances. 

All-seed  (al'sed),  n.  A  name  applied  to  two 
very  different  British  plants,  the  one  Poly- 
carpon  tetraphyllmn,  a  small  plant  found 
in  the  south-west  of  England,  the  other 
Chenopodium  polyspennum,  found  in  waste 
places. 

All-sorts  (al'sorts),  n.  A  term  used 
taverns  or  beer-shops  to  denote  a  beverage 
composed  of  left  drops  of  liquor  of  various 
descriptions  mixed  together.  —  All  sorts  of, 
a  low  term  used  in  the  Southern  States  ol 
America  for  acute,  capital,  excellent;  as,  all 
sorts  of  a  fellow. 

All-souls'-day  (al'solz-da),  ?».  The  2d  No- 
vember, a  festival  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  when  prayers  are  publicly  offered 
up  for  the  release  of  souls  from  purgatory. 
All-spice  (al'spis),  n.  The  fruit  of  Eugenia 
Pimento,,  a  tree  of  the  West  Indies;  a  spice 
of  a  mildly  pungent  taste,  and  agreeably 
aromatic.  Its  odour  and  flavour  are  sup 
posed  to  combine  those  of  cinnamon,  cloves 
and  nutmeg,  hence  the  name.  Called  also 
Jamaica  Pepper. 

Allude  (al-lud'),  v.t.  [L.  alludo,  to  smile 
upon  or  make  sport  with — ad,  and  ludo,  to 
play.]  To  refer  to  something  not  directly 
mentioned;  to  have  reference;  to  hint  at  by 
remote  suggestions. 

These  speeches  ...  do  seem  to  allude  unto  such 
ministerial  garments  as  were  then  in  use.        Hooker. 

— Advert,  Allude,  Refer.  Seeunder  ADVERT. 


for  lighting  candles,  lamps,  Ac. 

Alluminatel  (al-lu'min-at),  v.t.  To  colour; 
to  embellish. 

Alluminort  (al-lu'min-or),  n.  [lr.  enlumi- 
neur  See  LIMN.]  One  who  anciently  illu- 
minated manuscripts;  an  illuminator. 

Allurancet  (al-lur'ans),  n.    Allurement. 


the  offer  of  some  good,  real  or  apparent; 
to  invite  by  something  flattering  or  accept- 
able •  to  draw  or  try  to  draw  by  some  pro- 
posed pleasure  or  advantage ;  as,  rewards 
allure  men  to  brave  danger.  'Allured  to 
brighter  worlds,  and  led  the  way.  Gold- 
smith.—Allure,  Entice,  Decoy.  Allure,  to 
attract  by  a  lure  or  bait,  to  lead  aside  or 
onwards  by  practising  upon  one's  love  of 
pleasure  or  hope  of  gain ;  entice,  to  seduce 
by  flattering  promises  or  fair  speech,  by 
stirring  up  feelings  within  us;  decoy,  to  lead 
into  a  snare  by  artifice  or  by  false  appear- 
ances- to  deceitfully  lead  into  danger.— 
SYN.  To  attract,  entice,  tempt,  decoy,  se- 

Alluret  (al-lutO,  n.  Something  set  up  to 
entice;  a  lure.  Sir  J.  Ilayward. 

Allurement  (al-lur'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
alluring,  or  that  which  allures ;  any  real  or 
apparent  good  held  forth  or  operating  as  a 
motive  to  action;  temptation;  enticement; 
as,  the  allurements  of  pleasure  or  of  honour. 

Adam,  by  his  wife's  allurement,  fell.       Milton. 

Allurer  (al-lurtr),  n.  One  who,  or  that 
which,  allures. 

Money,  the  sweet  allurer  of  our  hopes. 
Ebbs  out  in  oceans,  and  comes  in  by  drops. 

Alluring  (al-lur'ing),  a.  Inviting;  having 
the  quality  of  attracting  or  tempting.  '  Each 
flatt  ring  hope,  and  each  alluring  joy.'  Lord 
Lyttleton. 

Alluringly  (al-lur'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  allur- 
ing manner;  enticingly. 

Alluringness  (al-lur'ing-nes),  n.  The  qua- 
lity ofalluiing  or  tempting  by  the  prospect 
of  some  advantage  or  pleasure. 

Allusion  (al-lu'zhon), «.  [L.  allusio.  See 
ALLUDE.)  A  reference  to  something  not 
explicitly  mentioned ;  an  indirect  or  inci- 
dental suggestion  of  something  supposed  to 
be  known;  a  reference  by  a  speaker  to  some 
striking  incident  or  passage  which  serves  to 
illustrate  the  subject  on  hand;  a  hint;  as,  a 
classical  allusion. 

The  great  art  of  a  writer  shows  itself  in  the  choice 
of  pleasing  allusions.  Addison. 

Allusive  (al-lu'siv),  a.  Having  reference  to 
something  not  fully  expressed ;  containing 
allusions.  '  An  unsatisfactory  series  of  hasty 
and  allusive  sketches.'  Sir  E.  Creasy. 

Allusively  (al-lu'siv-li),  adv.  In  an  allusive 
manner;  by  way  of  allusion;  by  implication, 


remote  suggestion,  or  insinuation.  Ham- 
mond. 

Allus^veness  (al-lu'siv-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  allusive.  'The  multifarious  allu- 
siveness  of  the  prophetical  style.'  Dr.  II. 
More. 

Allusory  (al-lu'so-ri),  a.  Allusive.  '  Expres- 
sions .  .  .  figurative  and  allusory.1  War- 
burton.  , 

Alluvial  (al-lu'vi-al),  o.  [See  ALLUVIUM.) 
Pertaining  to  or  having  the  character  of 
alluvium ;  deposited  or  thrown  up  by  the 
action  of  waves  or  currents  of  water;  as, 
alluvial  deposits;  alluvial  soil.  —  Alluvial 
formations,  in  aeol.  recent  deposits  in 
valleys  or  in  plains  of  the  detritus  of  the 
neighbouring  mountains,  brought  down 
chiefly  by  the  action  of  water.  Most  of  our 
river-plains— the  haughs,  carses,  and  straths 
of  Scotland,  and  the  dales,  holms,  and  fens 
of  England  —are  alluvial,  having  been  de- 
posited from  the  waters  either  of  a  river,  a 
lake,  or  an  arm  of  the  sea.  See  ALLUVIUM. 

Alluvion,  Alluvio  (al-lu'vi-on,  al-lu'vi-6),  n. 
The  washing  up  of  sand  or  earth  so  as  to 
form  new  soil ;  the  soil  thus  formed ;  allu- 
vium :  now  more  especially  used  as  a  legal 
term,  and  signifying  an  increase  of  land  on 
a  shore  or  bank  of  a  river  by  the  action  of 
water,  as  by  a  current  or  by  waves.  If  the 


addition  has  been  gradual  and  imperceptible 
the  owner  of  the  land  thus  augmented  has 
a  right  to  the  alluvial  earth  ;  but  if  the  ad- 
dition has  been  sudden  and  considerable, 
by  the  law  of  England  the  alluvion  is  the 
property  of  the  crown,  while  by  the  law  of 
Scotland  it  remains  the  property  of  the  per- 
son of  whose  lands  it  originally  fonned  part. 

AUuvious  (al-lu'vi-us),  a.  The  same  as  Al- 
luvial. [Rare.] 

Alluvium  (al-lu'vi-um),  «.  [L.  alluvia,  al- 
lumonin,  an  inundation,  alluvius,  alluvial— 
ad,  to,  and  luo  =  Gr.  loud,  L.  lam,  to  wash. 
Stem  seen  also  in  deluge,  late,  lotion,  dilute, 
Ac  ]  In  geol.  and  phys.  geog.  a  deposit  col- 
lected by  means  of  the  action  of  water,  such 
as  are  found  in  valleys  and  plains,  consist- 
ing of  gravel,  loam,  clay,  or  other  earths 
washed  down  from  the  mountains  or  high 
grounds  Great  alterations  in  the  limits  of 
countries  are  produced  by  alluvial  deposits 
along  the  sea-shores,  the  banks  of  rivers  or 
at  their  mouths,  forming  deltas,  valley-bot- 
toms (straths),  Ac. 

Ally  (al-HO.  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  allied;  ppr.  ally- 
ing. [Kr.  allier,  to  join,  to  unite;  reciprocal 
verb»'aKier.  to  confederateor  become  allied, 
— al  for  ad,  to,  and  Her,  to  tie  or  unite;  L. 
ligo,  to  bind.]  1.  To  unite  by  marriage, 
treaty,  league,  or  confederacy ;  to  connect 
by  formal  agreement:  generally  used  in  pas- 
sive or  with  reflexive  pronouns.— 2.  To  bind 
together ;  to  connect,  as  by  similitude,  re- 
semblance, or  friendship. 

Wants,  frailties,  passions,  closer  still  ally 

The  common  interests,  or  endear  the  tic.   Pope. 

Ally  (al-HO,  v.t.    To  be  closely  united. 

Ally  (al-ln,  u.  A  prince  or  state  united  by 
treaty  or  league;  a  confederate;  one  related 
by  marriage  or  other  tie ;  seldom  applied 
now  to  individuals,  except  to  princes  in  their 
public  capacity. 

The  foe.  the  victim,  and  the  fond  ally 
That  fights  for  all,  but  ever  fights  in  vain.      Byron. 
You  must  talk  much  of  your  kindred  and  allies 
(acquaintance).  B.  JOHSOH. 

Allyl  (allil),  n.  (C3H5.)  A  radicle  which  can- 
not exist  in  the  free  state.  At  the  moment 
of  its  liberation  two  molecules  combine 
together  to  form  diallyl  (2  C,H6  or  C6H,0). 
Diallyl  is  a  pungent  ethereal  liquid.  The 
hydrate  of  this  substance  is  called  allyl  al- 
cohol (C3HCO). 

Allylamine  (al-lil'a-min),  n.  A  mobile  liquid 
having  a  sharp  burning  taste,  produced  by 
the  action  of  potash  on  allyl  cyanate.  It  may 
be  regarded  as  ammonia  in  which  one  hy- 
drogen atom  is  replaced  by  allyl  (NHjC3Hs). 
Allylene  (al'lil-en),  n.  A  gaseous  hydrocar- 
bon (C,H4),  standing  in  the  same  relation  to 
allyl  (C3HS)  as  ethylene  (AH.)  to  ethyl  (C2H5). 
Almacantar  (al-ma-kan'tar),  n.  See  ALML- 
CANTAR. 

Almadie,  Almady  (al'ma-di),  n.  [Fr.  al- 
madie;  Sp.  almadia,  from  Ar.  al-madiyat,  a 
raft.)  A  boat  used  in  India,  about  80  feet 
long  and  6  or  7  broad,  shaped  like  a  shuttle; 
also,  a  small  African  canoe,  made  of  the 
bark  of  trees.  Some  of  the  larger  square- 
sterned  negro  boats  are  also  thus  desig- 
nated. 

Almagest  (al'ma-jest),  n.  [A  hybrid  word 
composed  of  Ar.  al,  the,  and  Gr.  magiiti 
(biblos),  greatest  book.  ]  A  book  or  collection 
of  problems  in  astronomy  and  geometry, 
drawn  up  by  Ptolemy,  and  so  named  by  the 
Arabs  because  it  was  reckoned  the  greatest 
and  most  complete  on  the  subjects.  The 
same  title  has  been  given  to  other  works  of 
a  like  kind. 

Almagra  (al-ma'gra),  n.  [Sp.,  from  Ar.  ni- 
maghrat,  red  clay  or  earth.]  A  fine  deep 
red  ochre,  with  an  admixture  of  purple, 
used  in  India  for  staining  the  person.  Some- 
times used  as  a  paint,  and  for  polishing 
silver  and  glass,  under  the  name  of  Indian 
red. 

Almain-rivet.    See  ALMAYNE-RIVET. 
Alma  Mater  (al'ma  ma'ter).     [L. ,  benign 
mother,  fostering  mother.  ]  An  epithet  first 
given  to  the  earth  as  the  mother  of  all;  then 


applied  by  students  to  the  university  where 
they  have  been  trained. 

Alman  (al'man),  ».  Same  as  Almond-fur- 
nace. 

Almanac,  Almanack  (al'ma-nak),  n.  [Fr. 
almanack,  It.  almanacco,  Sp.  almanaijiie, 
Ar.  al-manakh,  probably  from  a  root  mean- 
ing to  reckon;  Heb.  manah.]  A  table,  book, 
or  publication  of  some  kind,  generally  an- 
nual, comprising  a  calendar  of  days,  weeks, 
and  months,  with  the  times  of  the  rising 
of  the  sun  and  moon,  changes  of  the  moon, 
eclipses,  hours  of  full  tide,  stated  festivals 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


ALMANDINE 


77 


ALMUCE 


of  churches,  stated  terms  of  courts,  A*e.,  for 
a  certain  year  or  years.  Almanacs  owed 
their  origin  tu  astrology,  ami  existed  in  the 
Kast  ;ind  in  Kg.ypt  in  remote,  ages.  Tin- 
agricultural,  political,  ami  statistical  Infor- 
mation which  is  usually  contained  in  popu- 
lar almanacs,  though  as  valuable  a  part  of 
the  work  as  any,  is  comparatively  of  modern 
date.—  Nautical  almanac ,  an  almanac  pub- 
lished annually  by  the  British  government, 
under  the  superintendence  of  the  astrono- 
mer-royal, and  always  several  years  in  ad- 
vance. It  contains,  among  other  things,  the 
distances  of  the  moon  from  the  sun  and 
fixed  stars  for  every  three  hours  of  apparent 
time,  adapted  to  the  meridian  of  Greenwich; 
by  comparing  which  with  the  distances 
carefully  observed  at  sea,  the  mariner  may 
readily  infer  his  longitude  to  a  degree  of 
exactness  that  is  found  sufficient  for  most 
nautical  purposes. 

Almandine  (al'man-din),  n.  [Fr.  almandine, 
Jj.L.  alamandina,  alavandina,  alabandina, 
a  gem  brought  from  Alabanda,  a  city  in 
Asia  Minor.]  Precious  or  noble  garnet,  a 
beautiful  mineral  of  a  red  colour,  of  various 
shades,  sometimes  tinged  with  yellow  or 
blue.  It  is  commonly  translucent,  some- 
times transparent.  It  occurs  crystallized  in 
the  rhombic  dodecahedron.  See  GARNET. 

Almandres, t  n.    An  almond-tree.  Chaitcer. 

Alman-rivet  (al'man-riv-et),  n.  Same  as 
Alma  yne-  rivet. 

Almayne-rivet,  Almain-rivet  (al-man'- 
riv'et),  n.  [Fr.  allemayne,  German.]  In 
inilit.  antiq.  one  of  a  series  of  rivets  or  short 
pieces  of  metal  sliding  in  slot-holes  formed 
in  the  overlapping  plates  of  armour,  so  that 
the  plates  would  yield  to  the  motions  of  the 
human  body;  first  used  by  the  Germans 
about  1450.  The  term  Almayne-rivets  csane 
afterwards  to  be  applied  to  suits  of  armour 
constructed  in  this  manner. 

Alme,  Almeh  (al'me),  n.  The  name  given 
in  some  parts  of  the  East,  and  especially  in 
Egypt*  to  girls  whose  occupation  is  to  amuse 
company  with  singing  and  dancing,  or  to 
sing  dirges  at  funerals.  'The  almehs  lift 
their  arms  in  dance.'  Bayard  Taylor. 

Almelirab,  Alminrab  (al-ma'rab,  al-me'- 
rab),  n.  [Ar.  a£,the,  amlmihrab,  the  pray- 
ing-place in  a  mosque.]  Same  as  Mihrab 
(which  see). 

Almena  (al-me'na),  n.  A  weight  of  2  Ibs., 
used  to  weigh  saffron  in  several  parts  of  Asia. 

Almery  (al'mer-i),  n.  Same  as  Almonry  or 
Ambry. 

Almes'se.t  n.    [See  ALMS.]    Alms. 

Almicantarath  (al-mi-kan'tiir-ath),  n.  Same 
as  AlinHcantar. 

Almightily(al-ml'ti-Ii),  adv.  In  an  almighty 
manner ;  with  almighty  power.  H  Taylor. 
[Rare.] 

Almigntiness  (nl-mi'ti-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  almighty;  omnipotence;  infinite  or 
boundless  power.  'The  force  of  his  al- 
wightiness.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Almighty  (at-mi'ti),  a.  [All  and  mighty.  See 
MIGHT.]  1.  Possessing  all  power;  omnipo- 
tent; being  of  unlimited  might;  being  of 
boundless  sufficiency.— 2.  Great;  extreme. 

Poor  Aroar  can  not  live,  and  can  not  die, — so  that 
he  is  in  an  almighty  fix.  De  Quincey. 

— Almiyhty  dollar,  a  phrase  forcibly  expres- 
sive of  the  power  of  money,  first  used  by 
Washington  Irving  in  a  sketch  of  a  'Creole 
Village '  published  in  1837.  The  idea  of  this 
phrase,  however,  is  much  older  than  Irving's 
time,  Ben  Jonson's  '  Epistle  to  Elizabeth, 
Countess  of  Rutland,'  commencing  thus: — 

Whilst  that  for  which  all  virtue  now  is  sold, 
And  almost  every  vice,  almighty  gold. 

--The  Almighty,  the  omnipotent  God.  'By 
the  Almighty,  who  shall  bless  thee.'  Gen. 
xlix.  25. 

Almond  (a'mund),  n.  [Fr.  amande,  Pr. 
amandola,  It.  amandola,  corrupted  from 
L.  amygdala,  Gr.  amygdalf,  an  almond. 
In  G.  it  appears  as  marnlel,  in  D.  as  aman- 
del.]  1.  The  seed  or  kernel  of  Amygdalwt 
communis,  or  almond-tree,  probably  a  native 
of  Barbary.  The  fruit  is  a  drupe,  ovoid, 
and  with  downy  outer  surface ;  the  fleshy 
covering  is  tough  and  fibrous;  it  covers  the 
compressed  wrinkled  stone  inclosing  the 
seed  or  almond  within  it.  There  are  two 
varieties,  one  sweet  and  the  other  bitter; 
both  are  produced  from .4 .  communfs,  though 
from  different  varieties.  The  chief  kinds 
of  sweet  almonds  are  the  Valentian,  Jordan, 
and  Malaga.  They  contain  a  bland  fixed  oil, 
consisting  chiefly  of  olein.  Bitter  almonds 
come  from  Magadore,  and  besides  a  fixed 
oil  they  contain  an  azotized  substance  called 


I'Hiiihin,  ;ni'l  ;iN<>  ;i  bitter  crystalline  sub- 
stance i;iltei|  <ttti>/'i<t>rl'»,  which,  acting  on 
the  emulsin,  pnnlu<-es  pnissie  acid;  hence 
the  aroma  of  bitter  almonds  when  mixed 
with  water.  Almond-oil  is  expressed  from 
the  kernels.  The  name  almond,  with  a  qua- 
lifying word  prefixed,  is  also  given  to  the 
seeds  of  other  species  of  plants;  thus,  Java 
alniontlx  arc  the  kernels  of  Canarium  com- 
mune.— 2.  In  lapidary  work,  a  piece  of  rock- 
crystal  used  in  adorning  branch  candle- 
sticks: so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  the 
alnmnd.—  Almond  of  the  throat,  one  of  the 
glands  commonly  known  as  tonsils. 

Almond-cake  (n'mund-kak),  n.  The  cake 
left  after  expressing  the  oil  from  the  almond. 
Its  powder  is  used  as  soap  in  washing  the 
hands. 

Almond-furnace  (a'mund-fer-nis),  n.  [Per- 
haps corrupted  from  Fr.  allemand,  German, 
and  meaning  therefore  German  furnace.] 
A  furnace  in  which  the  slags  of  litharge, 
left  in  refining  silver,  are  reduced  to  lead 
by  being  heated  with  charcoal,  which,  com- 
bining with  the  oxygen,  foims  carbonic  acid 
gas,  which  escapes  and  leaves  the  metal 
pure. 

Alinondine  (al'mun-din),  n.  Precious  or 
noble  garnet;  almandine  (which  see). 

But  I  would  throw  to  them  back  in  mine, 
Turkis  and  agate  and  almondine.     Tennyson. 

Almond-oil  (a'mund-oil),  n.  A  bland,  fixed 
oil  obtained  from  almonds  by  pressure,  used 
in  medicine  as  a  demulcent  in  catarrhal 
affections. 

Almond-paste  (a'mund-past),«.  A  cosmetic 
to  soften  the  skin  and  prevent  chaps,  com- 
posed of  bitter  almonds,  white  of  egg,  rose- 
water,  and  rectified  spirit. 

Almond-tree  (a'mund-tre),  n.  A  species  of 
Amygdalus  (A.  cominunitf);  the  tree  which 


Almond  (Amygdalus  co 


produces  the  almond.  The  leaves  and 
flowers  resemble  those  of  the  peach,  but  the 
fruit  is  longer  and  more  compressed,  the 
green  coat  is  fibrous,  thinner,  and  drier 
when  ripe,  and  the  shell  is  not  so  rugged. 
The  almond -tree  is  only  grown  in  this 
country  for  the  sake  of  its  beautiful  vernal 
flowers,  which  appear  before  the  leaves,  as 
it  seldom  ripens  its  fruit  even  in  the  south 
of  England,  except  in  unusually  hot  sum- 
mers, preceded  by  mild  and  uninterrupted 
springs. 

Almond-Willow  (a'mund-wil-16),  n.  The 
Salix  amygdalina,  a  British  species  of  wil- 
low, the  leaves  of  which  resemble  those  of 
the  almond-tree,  being  light  green  on  both 
sides. 

Almoner  (al'mon-er),  n.  [O.Fr.  alnwsnier, 
Fr.  ditmdnier,  L.L.  almonarivs,  eleemosyn- 
ariiw,  from  Gr.  elefmosj/ne,  really  the  same 
word  as  E.  alms.  See  ALMS.]  A  dispenser 
of  alms  or  charity;  more  especially  an  officer 
who  directs  or  carries  out  the  distribution 
of  charitable  doles  in  connection  with  reli- 
gious communities,  hospitals,  or  almshouses, 
or  on  behalf  of  some  superior.  In  England 
there  is  a  lord-almomr,  or  lord  high-al- 
moner, an  ecclesiastical  officer,  generally  a 
bishop,  who  formerly  had  the  forfeiture  of  all 
deodands  and  the  goods  of  self-murderers, 
which  he  had  to  distribute  to  the  poor.  He 
distributes  twice  a  year  the  sovereign's 
bounty,  which  consists  in  giving  a  silver 
penny  each  to  as  many  poor  persons  as  the 
sovereign  is  years  of  age.  There  is  also  a 
sub-almoner,  and  a  hereditary  grand  al- 
moner. The  office  of  the  latter  is  now  almost 
a  sinecure. 

Almonry  (al'mon-ri),  n.  [L.L  almonarium, 
eleemogynarium.  See  ALMS.  Corrupted  into 
ambry,  aumbry,  or  aumery.  See  AMBRY.] 


1.  The  pi  act1  where  an  almoner  resides,  or 
where  alms  are  distributed. --2.  A  receptacle 
for  articles;  a  closet;  n  cupboard;  an  ambry. 

See.   AM  BUY. 

Almory  (al'mo-ri),  n.     Same  as  Almonry. 

Almost  (al'most),  adr.  \,\U  ;<nd  nwttt.  In 
Anglo-Saxon  the  two  elements  were  written 
separately,  thus:  *  All  inottt  who  were  pre- 
nent'(8ax.  Chron.).  We  now  use  a  dui>lie;i 
tion,  almost  all  who  were  present.]  Nearly; 
well  nigh;  for  the  greatest  part. 

Almost  thou  persuadest  me  to  be  a  Christian. 
Acts  xxvi.  28. 

Almryt  (am'ri),  n.     Same  a&  Almonry. 

Alms  (am/.),  n.  [A.  Sax.  alme*t  celmesse,  O.E. 
aline  aw,  almen,  almoitg,  almose,  &c.,  Sc. 
awmous,  borrowed,  like  G.  almogen,  Icel. 
it f in  «-•  n ,  Fr.  aitmosne,  ainndne,  from  L. 
eleemoityna,  alms,  from  Gr.  cleemosynf,  pity, 
from  eleeo,  to  pity.  'This  English  mono- 
syllable aim*  has  descended  to  us  from  the 
Greek  and  Latin  word  of  six  syllables,  and 
it  well  exemplifies  the  remark  of  Home 
Tooke  that '  letters,  like  soldiers,  are  apt  to 
desert  and  drop  off  in  a  long  march. ' '  Wor- 
cester.] Anything  given  gratuitously  to  re- 
lieve the  poor,  as  money,  food,  or  clothing; 
a  charitable  dole;  charity. 

When  thou  doest  alms,  let  not  thy  left  hand  know 
what  thy  right  hand  doeth.  Mat.  vi.  3. 

Enoch  set  himself. 
Scorning  an  alms,  to  work  whereby  to  live. 

Tennyson. 

—Tenure  by  free  aim*,  in  England,  a  tenure 
by  which  the  possessor  is  bound  to  pray  for 
the  soul  of  the  donor,  whether  dead  or  alive; 
frankalmoigne  (which  see).  [This  word  (like 
riches)  is  strictly  a  singular,  but  its  appar- 
ently plural  form  has  caused  it.  to  be  often 
regarded  as  grammatically  plural.] 

Alms-deed  (am/.'ded),  n.  An  act  of  charity; 
a  charitable  gift.  Acts  ix.  36. 

Alms-drink  (amz'dringk),  n.  The  leavings 
of  drink,  such  as  might  be  given  away  in 
alms. 

20"  Serv.  Lepidus  is  high-coloured. 
\st  Serv.  They  have  made  him  drink  alms-drink. 
Sha*. 

Alms-fee  (amz'fe),  n.    Alms-money. 

He  (Edmund),  toward  the  middle  of  the  tenth  cen- 
tury, strictly  commands  payment  of  tithe,  .  .  . 
and  alms-fte.  Kemble. 

Alms-folk  (amz'fok),  n.  Persons  supported 
by  alms. 

Alms-gate  (amz'gat),  n.  The  gate  of  reli- 
gious or  great  houses,  at  which  alms  were 
distributed  to  the  poor. 

Almsglver  (amz'giv-er),  n.  One  who  gives 
alms. 

Almsgiving  (iimz'giv-ing),  n.  The  act  of 
giving  alms. 

Alms-house  (amz/hous),  ?i.  A  house  appro- 
priated for  the  use  of  the  poor  who  are  sup- 
ported by  the  public  or  by  a  revenue  derived 
from  private  endowment;  a  poor-house. 

Alms-man  (amz'man),  n.  pi.  Alms-men 
(aniz'inen).  1.  A  person  supported  by  charity 
or  by  public  provision. 

Even  bees,  the  little  alms-men  of  spring  bowers. 
Keats. 

2.  A  charitable  person.     Becon.     [Obsolete 
and  rare.  ] 

Almucantar.t  Almucantert  (al-mu-kan'- 
tar,  al-mu-kan'ter),  n.  [Ar,  almitoantarat, 
solar  quadrant,  clock—  al,  the,  ana  mitqan- 
tarat,  circles  parallel  to 
the  horizon,  from  qan- 
tara,  to  bend.  Mann.] 
In  a»tron.  a  small  circle 
of  the  sphere  parallel 
to  the  horizon;  a  circle 
or  parallel  of  altitude. 
When  two  stars  have 
the  same  almucantar 
they  have  the  same 
altitude.  —  A  Im  ucanta  r 
.-•'""',  an  instrument 
having  an  arc  of  15% 
formerly  used  to  take 
observations  of  the  sun 
about  the  time  of  its 
rising  or  setting,  to  find 
the  amplitude  and  the 
variations  of  the  com- 
pass. 

Alnmce,  Aumuce  (al'- 
mus,  a'mi.s),  n.    [O.Fr. 

aim  "iv,  IIIIHIII,-'',  a  n 
mtixxe,  Pr.  almvssa,  Sp. 
almucio,  a  hybrid  word 
composed  of  Ar.  al,  the, 
and  the  Teutonic  word 
seen  as  G.  miitze,  a  cap, 
D.  mutse,  Sc.  -mutch.]  A  furred  hood  hav- 
ing long  ends  hanging  down  the  front  of 
the  dress,  something  like  the  stole;  worn  by 


Priest  wearing  the 
Alnmce. — From  a  se- 
pulchral brass. 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locft;      g,  go;      J.  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin0;      TH,  iAen;  th,  thin:      w.  wig;    wh,  u>Mg;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ALMUDE 


78 


ALP 


the  clergy  from  the  thirteenth  to  the  fif- 
teenth centuries  for  warmth  when  officiat- 
ing in  the  church  during  inclement  weather. 
Alimule  (al-mud'),  n.  [Pg.  almude,  Sp.  al~ 
mud,  Ar.  al-mudd,  a  dry  measure;  allied  to 
Heb.  mad,  a  measure.  ]  A  variable  measure 
for  liquids  and  grain  in  Spain  and  Portugal, 
ranging  for  liquids  from  3J  to  5J  English 
gallons;  for  grain,  from  3£  to  11  pints. 
Almug,  Algum  (al'mng,  al'gum),  n.  [Heb. 
ttbnuggim,  alyinnnum,  translated  almug  or 
alguin  trees.]  In  Scrip,  a  tree  or  wood  of 
unknown  species.  Max  MUller  identifies 
the  Hebrew  word  with  the  Sanskrit  valguka, 
a  Malabar  name  for  sandal-wood. 
Alnage  (al'naj),  n.  [Fr.  aulnage,  now  soft- 
ened into  aunage,  from  O.Fr.  nine,  Fr.  aitnt, 
from  L.  ulna,  Gr.  olene,  an  ami,  a  cubit. 
See  ELL.  ]  A  measuring  by  the  ell. 
Alnager,  Alnagar  (al'na-jer,  al'na-gar),  n. 
A  measurer  by  the  ell;  formerly  in  England 
a  sworn  officer,  whose  duty  was  to  inspect 
and  measure  woollen  cloth,  and  fix  upon  it 
a  seal. 

Alnath  t  (al'nath),  n.  The  first  star  in  the 
horns  of  Aries,  whence  the  first  mansion  of 
the  moon  takes  its  name.  Chaucer. 
Alnightt  (al'nit),  «.  A  cake  of  wax  with 
the  wick  in  the  midst  to  burn  all  night. 
fin  con. 

Alnus  (al'nus),  n.  The  alder,  a  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Betulaceaj,  inhabiting 
northern  temperate  regions,  and  living  in 
a  moist  soil.  A.  glutinosa  (the  common 
alder)  is  a  well-known  tree,  which  grows  in 
damp  places  or  by  the  sides  of  rivers.  It 
supplies  excellent  charcoal  for  the  manu- 
facture of  gunpowder ;  the  bark  is  valuable 
for  tanning,  and  the  young  shoots  for  dyeing 
various  colours  when  mixed  with  other  in- 
gredients. Its  stems,  when  hollowed  out, 
are  used  for  water-pipes  and  underground 
purposes,  and  the  veiny  knots  of  the  wood 
are  cut  into  veneers  by  cabinet-makers. 
A.  incana  is  the  Turkey  alder,  which  grows 
to  a  larger  size  than  the  common  alder. 
A.  cordifolia  (the  heart  -  leaved  alder)  is  a 
native  of  Italy,  and  is  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting ornamental  trees  that  have  of  late 
years  been  introduced  into  cultivation. 
There  are  several  American  species. 
Alody  (al'o-di),  n.  In  law,  same  as  Allodium. 
Aloe  (al'6),  n.  [Gr.  aloe,  Heb.  ahalim,  ahd- 
loth,  the  bitter  aloe.]  1.  The  common  name 
of  the  plants  of  the  genus  Aloe,  n  it.  order 
Liliacese.  They  are  natives  of  warm  cli- 
mates, and  especially  abundant  in  the 
Southern  part  of  Africa.  Among  the  Mo- 
hammedans the  aloe  is  a  symbolic  plant, 
especially  in  Egypt ;  and  every  one  who  re- 
turns from  a  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  hangs  it 
over  his  street  door,  as  a  token  that  he  has 
performed  the  journey.  In  Africa  the  leaves 
of  some  species  of  aloe  are  made  into  ropes, 
fishing-lines,  bow-strings,  and  hammocks. 
Several  species  yield  aloes,  the  well-known 
bitter  purgative  medicine.  Many  species 
are  cultivated  in 
Britain,  growing 
easily  on  very  dry 
soil.  —  American 
aloe.  See  AGAVE. 
2.  pi.  A  drug,  the 
juice  of  several  spe- 
cies of  aloe,  ob- 
tained from  the 
leaves,  sometimes 
by  cutting  them 
across,  when  the 
resinous  juice  ex- 
udes and  is  evapor- 
ated into  a  firm 
consistence,  some- 
times by  pressing 


tmes  by  pressing      -      rv 
the  juice  and  muci-  <  ,-,' 
lage  out  together,    " 


A1°e  socotrina. 


and  in  other  cases 
by  dissolving  the 
juice  out  of  the  cut 
leaves  by  boiling  and  then  evaporating 
down  to  a  proper  consistency.  There  are 
several  kinds  sold  in  the  shops,  as  the  Soco- 
trme  aloes,  from  A.  socotrina,  growing  in 
focotra,  an  isle  near  the  mouth  of  the  Red 
Sea;  the  hepatic  or  common  Barbadoes 
aloes,  from  A.  sinuata,  of  the  West  Indies; 
and  the  fetid  or  caballine  aloes.  Aloes  is 
a  stimulating  stomachic  purgative;  when 


ing 
all 


called  aloin  (which  see) 
Aloes-wood  (al'oz-wod),  n. 

LOCHUM. 


See  AGAL- 


Aloetic,  Alpetical  (al-o-et'ik,  al-6-et'ik-al), 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained  from  the  aloe 
or  aloes;  partaking  of  the  qualities,  or  con- 
sisting chiefly,  of  aloes. 

Aloetic  (al-o-et'ik),  n.  A  medicine  or  pre- 
paration consisting  chiefly  of  aloes. 

Aloexylon,  Aloexylum  (al-6-eks'i-lon,  al- 
6-eks'l-lumt,  n.  [Gr.  aloe,  the  aloe,  and 
xylon,  wood.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Leguminosre.  A.  Agallochum,  the  only  spe- 
cies, a  tree  60  feet  high,  said  to  grow  on  the 
high  mountains  of  Cochin-China,  produces 
one  of  the  two  kinds  of  calambac,  or  agal- 
loehum,  a  fragrant  wood  and  resinous  per- 
fume, highly  prized  in  the  East.  The  wood 
is  used  for  inlaying  in  cabinet-work,  and  is 
highly  valued,  costing  £30  per  cwt.  in  Su- 
matra. 

Aloft  (a-loftO,  adv.  [Prefix  a,  and  loft;  Icel. 
d  lopt.  See  LOFT.  )  1.  On  high ;  in  the  air ; 
high  above  the  ground ;  as,  the  eagle  soars 
aloft. 

There's  a  sweet  little  cherub  that  sits  up  aloft 
To  keep  watch  for  the  life  of  poor  Jack.    Dilidin. 

2.  Navi.  in  the  top ;  at  the  mast-head ;  or 
on  the  higher  yards  or  rigging ;  hence,  on 
the  upper  part,  as  of  a  building. 

Aloft  t  (a-lof  f),  prep.  On  the  top  or  surface 
of ;  above.  '  Now  I  breathe  again  aloft  the 
flood.'  Shak. 

Alogian  (a-16'ji-an),  n.  [Gr.  a,  neg.,  and 
logos,  word.]  One  of  a  sect  of  ancient  here- 
tics, who  denied  Jesus  Christ  to  be  the 
Logos,  and  consequently  rejected  the  Gospel 
of  St.  John. 

Alogyt  (al'o-ji),n.  [L.  alogia,  from  Gr.  alogia, 
from  alngos,  unreasonable  —  a,  priv.,  and 
logos,  word,  discourse,  reason.]  Unreason- 
ableness; absurdity. 

The  error  and  alogy  in  this  opinion  is  worse  than 
in  the  last.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Alpln  (al'o-in),  n.  (C,,H,807.)  A  crystalline 
bitter  principle  got  from  aloes  in  pale  yel- 
low prismatic  needles,  grouped  in  stars. 

Alomancy  (al'o-man-si),  n.  [Gr.  hals,  salt, 
and  manteia,  divination.]  Divination  by 
salt. 

Alonde.t  nrft*.     On  land.     Chaucer. 

Alone  (a-16n'),  a.  or  ado.  [All  and  one.  The 
all  and  one  were  formerly  printed  as  sepa- 
rate words,  thus— 'The  Lord  is  God  al  one.' 
Robt.  of  Gloucester.  Gower  has  'wher  he 
made  his  mone,  within  a  gardeine  all  him 
one. '  G.  allein,  Dan.  allene,  D.  alleen,  alone, 
are  all  formed  in  the  same  way.]  1.  Apart 
from  another  or  others;  single;  solitary: 
applied  to  a  person  or  thing ;  as,  to  remain 
alone;  to  walk  alone. 

It  is  not  good  that  man  should  be  alone.  Gen.  ii.  18. 
And   when   they  were  alone,   he   expounded    all 
things  to  his  disciples.  Mark  iv.  34. 

2.  Only ;  to  the  exclusion  of  other  persons 
or  things  r  sole  or  solely ;  as,  he  alone  re- 
mained (different  from  he  remained  alone); 
two  men  alone  returned. 

Man  shall  not  live  by  bread  alone.      Luke  iv.  4. 

3.t  Without  a  parallel;  above  all  things;  ' 
rare ;  par  excellence. 

Her  worth  makes  other  worthies  nothing. 
She  is  alone.  Shak. 

I  am  atone  the  villain  of  the  earth.        Shak. 

[In  second  sense  alone  sometimes  comes  at- 
tributively before  a  noun.  '  The  alone  merits 
of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ.'  John  Wesley. 

Even  one  alone  verse  sometimes  makes  a  perfect 
poer.c.  Ben  youson.] 

—To  let  alone.    See  under  LET. 
Alonely  t  (a-lon'li),  a.    Exclusive. 

The  alonely  rule  of  the  land  rested  in  the  queen. 

Alonelyt  (a-16n1i),odo.  Only;  merely;  singly. 

This  said  spirit  was  not  given  alonely  unto  him, 
but  unto  all  his  heirs  and  posterity.  Latimer. 

Aloneness  (a-16n'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
alone  or  without  company. 

Along  (a-long'),  adv.  [This  word  represents 
the  A.  Sax.  andlang,  endlong,  anlong  — 
Teut.  prefix  and,  ant,  ent,  and  long;  G.  ent-  \ 
lang,  along.  Comp.  Fr.  le  long  de,  through 
the  length  of.]  1.  By  the  length;  length- 
wise; in  a  line  with  the  length. 

Some  laid  altmf, 

And  bound  with  burning  wires,  on  spokes  of  wheels 
are  hung.  Dryden. 

2.  In  a  line,  or  with  a  progressive  motion ; 
onward;  as,  let  us  walk  along.  'A  firebrand 
carried  afojK/leaveth  a  train.'  Bacon  —3  In 
company;  together.  'He  shall  to  England 
along  with  you.'  Shak.  —  AH  along,  the 
whole  length;  through  the  whole  distance; 
in  the  whole  way  or  length. 

Ishmael  went  forth,  weeping  all  alone  as  he  went. 
Jer.  xli.  6. 


Along  (a-long'),  -prep.  By  the  length  of.  ;is 
distinguished  from  across;  in  a  longitudinal 
direction  over;  as,  the  troops  marched  along 
the  banks  of  the  river,  or  along  the  highway. 
1  Sam.  vi.  12. 

Along  (a-lcmgO,  prep.  [A.  Sax.  gelang,  owin^ 
to,  O.E.  Hong,  and  often  contracted  into 
long  (see  Lo.Mi,  prep.);  allied  to  gelingan, 
to  happen.]  Owing  to;  on  account  of.  It 
was  formerly  used  with  a  genitive,  later 
with  the  prepositions  on  or  of,  occasionally 
with.  'All  along  of  the  accursed  gold.' 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

I  cannot  tell  where0«  it  was  along, 
But  well  I  wot  great  strife  is  us  among.    Chaucer. 
'Tis  all  along  of  you  that  I  am  thus  haunted. 

Henry  Brooke. 

This  preposition  is  now  always  followed  by 
of,  and  its  use  is  mainly  confined  to  the 
vulgar  or  uneducated.  Sir  W.  Scott  no 
doubt  used  it  to  give  an  antique  flavour  to 
his  style.  He  also  used  the  shorter  form 
long  similarly  (see  LONG). 

Alongshore  (a-long'shor),  adv.  By  the  shore 
or  coast ;  lengthwise  and  near  the  shore.  — 
Alongshore  man,  a  labourer  employed  about 
shipping. 

Alongside  ( a-long'sid ),  adv.  Along  or  by 
the  side;  beside  each  other;  as.  to  be  along- 
side of  the  wall;  two  vessels  lie  along- 
side. 

Alongside  (a  long'sid),  prep.  Beside ;  by  the 
side  of;  as,  the  vessel  lay  alongside  the 
wharf.  [Here  alongside  may  be  regarded 
as  the  adverb  with  of  omitted.] 

Alongst  (a-longsf),  prep.  Along ;  through 
or  by  the  length  of. 

The  Turks  did  keep  straight  watch  and  ward  in 
all  their  parts  alongst  the  sea-coast.  Kuclles. 

Aloof  (a-lof  0,  adv.  [O.  E.  a-lof  e— prefix  a,  on, 
and  too/  or  luff,  windward ;  to  keep  aloof  ia 
to  keep  to  windward  of  a  person.]  At  a 
distance,  but  within  view;  apart;  separated. 

It  is  necessary  the  Queen  join,  for  if  she  stand 
aloo/l\\cie  will  be  still  suspicions.  Suftliiiff. 

My  lovers  and  my  friends  stand  alofif. 

I's.  xxxviii.  it. 

Aloof  (a-lof),  prep.  At  or  to  a  distance  from ; 
away  or  apart  from. 

The  great  luminary, 
<-//0C/the  vulgar  constellations  thick. 
That  from  his  lordly  eye  keep  distance  due. 
Dispenses  light  from  far.  Milton. 

Aloofness  (a-lbf'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
aloof,  or  of  keeping  at  a  distance.  'Un- 
faithfulness and  aloofness  of  such  as  have 
been  greatest  friends. '  Dan.  Rogers. 

Alopecurus  (a-16-pe-ku'ms),  n.  [Or.  afc^ifcr, 
a  fox,  and  owra,  a  tail.]  Foxtail-grass,  a 
genus  of  grasses,  natives  of  temperate  and 
cold  regions.  Six  species  are  natives  of 
Britain;  some,  like;!,  agrestis,  being  trouble- 
some weeds;  others,  as  A.  pratensis,  being 
good  fodder  plants.  See  FOXTAIL-GRASS. 

Alopecy  (al'o-pe-si),  n.  (L.  alopecia,  Gr.  aU- 
pehia,  from  alopex,  a  fox,  because  foxes  are 
said  to  be  subject  to  this  disease.]  A  disease 
called  the  fox-evil  or  scurf,  which  is  accom- 
panied by  a  falling  off  of  the  hair,  not  only 
from  the  scalp  but  from  the  beard  and  eye- 
brows. Sometimes  loosely  applied  to  any 
kind  of  baldness. 

Alosa  (a-16'sa),  n.  The  genus  of  fishes,  family 
Clupeidre,  including  the  shad  (which  see). 

Alose,  t  v.t.  [Prefix  a,  and  obs.  lose,  to 
praise.]  To  praise;  to  fame.  Chaucer. 

Aloud  (a-loud'J,  adv.  [Prefix  a,  and  loud. 
See  LOUD.]  With  a  loud  voice  or  great 
noise ;  loudly. 

Cry  aloud,  spare  not.  Is.  Iviii.  I. 

Alow  (a-161),  ado.  [Prefix  a,  and  low.]  In  a 
low  place,  or  a  lower  part:  opposed  to  aloft. 
[Rare.] 

And  now  alow  and  now  aloft  they  fly.      Dryden. 

Alowe  (a-lou1),  ado,  [Prefix  a,  on,  and  lowe, 
flame.]  A-flre;  in  a  flame.  [Scotch.]— To 
gang  alowe,  to  take  fire,  or  be  set  on  fire;  to 
blaze;  to  be  burned. 

That  discreet  man  Cardinal  Beaton  is  e'en  to  fang- 
alowe  this  blessed  day  if  we  dinna  stop  it.  7'ennant. 

Aloysia  (a-loi'si-a),  n.  A  genus  of  plant?, 
nat.  order  Verbenaceie,  to  which  belongs  a 
shrub,  A.  ciiriodora,  much  cultivated  in 
greenhouses  and  apartments  in  Britain  for 
the  grateful  fragrance  which  its  leaves  emit 
when  slightly  bruised.  It  is  popularly  known 
as  Verbena,  and  was  formerly  known  to 
botanists  as  Verbena  triphyUa. 

Alp  (alp),  «.  An  old  and  local  name  for  the 
bullfinch. 

Alp  (alp),  «.  [Gael,  alp,  a  height;  W.  alp, 
a  craggy  rock  or  precipice;  Ir.  ailp,  a  ma— . 
Grimm  associates  alp  with  alb,  white,  in 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


ALPACA 

allusion  to  snow-capped  hills.  See  AU:I<>N.  1 
A  high  mountain;  specifically,  in  the  plural, 
the  great  Dumntalo-nngM  in  Switzerland, 
the  north  of  Italy,  and  in  Austria,  cnnip ris- 
ing the  loftiest  mountains  in  Europe. 

North  breath  of  vernal  air  from  snowy  alp.    Milton. 
Hills  peep  o'er  hiUs,  and  alps  on  alj>s  arise.     Pope. 

Alpaca  (al-pak'a),  n.  [IVruv.  paco,  alpaca. 
The  at  is  probably  the  Ar.  art.  the,  through 
the  Spanish.]  1.  A  ruminant  mammal,  of 
the  camel  tribe,  and  genus  Auchenia  (A. 
Paco),  a  native  of  the  Andes,  especially  of 


Alpaca  (Auchenia  Paco). 

the  mountains  of  Chili  and  Peru,  and  so 
closely  allied  to  the  llama  that  by  some  it 
is  regarded  rather  as  a  smaller  variety  than 
a  distinct  species.  1 1  has  been  domesticated, 
and  remains  also  in  a  wild  state.  In  form 
and  size  it  approaches  the  sheep,  but  has 
a  longer  neck.  It  is  valued  chiefly  for  its 
long,  soft,  and  silky  wool,  which  is  straighter 
than  that  of  the  sheep,  and  very  strong,  and 
is  woven  into  fabrics  of  great  beauty.  Its 
flesh  is  pleasant  and  wholesome. — 2.  A  fabric 
manufactured  from  the  hair  or  wool  of  the 
alpaca,  used  for  shawls,  clothing  for  warm 
climates,  coat-linings,  and  very  largely  for 
umbrellas. 

Alpent  (al'pen),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Alps;  Alpine.  ' The  Alpen snow.'  J,  Fletcher. 

Alpen-horn  (al'pen-horn),  n.  [G.  Alpen,  the 
Alps,  and  horn,  a  horn.]  A  very  long,  power- 
ful, nearly  straight  horn,  but  curving  slightly 


Alpen-horn. 

and  widening  towards  its  extremity,  used  on 
the  Alps  to  convey  signals,  and  formerly  by 
the  Swiss  to  sound  the  charge  in  battle. 
Called  also  Alp-horn. 

Alpen-StOCk  ( al'pen-stok ),  n.  [G.,  Alpen, 
the  Alps,  and  stock,  a  stick.]  A  strong  tall 
stick  shod  with  iron,  pointed  at  the  end  so 
as  to  take  hold  in,  and  give  support  on.  ice 
and  other  dangerous  places  in  climbing  the 
Alps  and  other  high  mountains. 

Alpestrine  (al-pes'trin),  a.  Pertaining  or 
peculiar  to  the  Alps  or  other  mountainous 
regions.  M^sfriiiediseases.'  Dana.  [Rare.] 

Alpha  (al'fa).n.  [Gr,  from  Heb.  aleph,  from 
tdlnf,  an  ox;  perhaps  because  originally  the 
outline  of  the  letter  represented  an  ox's 
head,  or  because  the  name  of  the  animal 
commenced  with  this  letter.  ]  The  first 
letter  in  the  Greek  alphabet,  answering  to 
A,  and  used  to  denote  first  or  beginning; 
as,  'I  am  Alphaanti  Omega.'  Rev.  i.  8.  It 
was  formerly  used  also  to  denote  chief; 
as,  Plato  was  the  alpha  of  the  wits. 

Alphabet  (al'fa-bet),  n.  [Gr.  alpha  and 
bf-ta,  A  and  B.]  1.  The  letters  of  a  language 


79 

arranged  in  the  customary  order;  the  series 
of  letters  or  characters  which  form  the  ele- 
ments of  written  language.— 2.  A  series  of 
dashes,  dots,  Ac.,  to  be  used  in  telegraphy 
in  the  transmission  of  messages.  —  3.  First 
elements;  simplest  rudiments;  as,  not  to 
know  the  alphabet  of  a  science. 

Alphabet  (al'fa-bet),  v.t.  To  arrange  in  the 
tinier  of  an  alphabet;  to  mark  by  the  letters 
of  the  alphabet. 

Alphabetarlan  (arfa-bet-a"ri-an),  n.  A 
Irarnrr  uf  the  alphabet. 

Alphabetic,  Alphabetical  (al-fa-bet'ik,  al- 
fa-bet'ik-al),  a.  1'ertaining  to  an  alphabet; 
furnished  with  an  alphabet ;  expressed  by 
an  alphabet;  in  the  order  of  an  alphabet, 
or  in  the  order  of  the  letters  as  customarily 
arranged. 

Alphabetically  (al-fa-bet'ik-al-li),  adv.  In 
an  alphabetical  manner ;  in  the  customary 
order  of  the  letters. 

\  Alphabetize  (al'fa-bet-iz),  v.t.    To  arrange 
alphabetically. 

AlpheniC  (al-fen'ik),  n.  [Sp.  alfenique,  from 
Ar.  al-fdnid,  sweetness,  sugar;  Per.  fdnid, 
pdnid,  sugar- can dy.  ]  In  med.  white  barley- 
sugar,  used  for  colds. 

Alphitomancy  (al-rtt'o-man-si),  n.  [Fr., 
fromGr.alphiton,  barley-meal,  and  inanteia, 
divination.  ]  Divination  by  means  of  barley- 
meal. 

Alphonsin  (al-fon'sin),  n.  A  surgical  instru- 
ment for  extracting  bullets  from  wounds, 
so  called  from  its  inventor,  Alphonso  Ferri 
of  Naples.  It  consists  of  three  arms,  which 
close  by  a  ring,  and  open  when  it  is  drawn 
back. 

Alphonsine  (al-fon'sin),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  any  person  of  the  name  of  Alphonso. — 
Alphonaine  tables,  astronomical  tables  pub- 
lished in  1488  and  succeeding  years,  under 
the  patronage  of  Alphonso  X.,  king  of  Cas- 
tile and  Leon. 

Alp-horn  (alpliorn),  n.  Same  as  Alpen- 
horn. 

AlphOS,  Alphas  (al'fos,  al'fus),  n.  [Gr.  al- 
phox,  white.]  That  species  of  leprosy,  called 
also  vitiligo,  in  which  the  skin  is  rough,  with 
white  patches  and  rose-coloured  areolre. 

Alpia,  n.     See  ALPIST. 

Alplgene  (al'pi-jen),  a.  (L.  Alpcs,  the  Alps, 
and  yigno,  genui,  to  produce.]  Produced  or 
growing  in  alpine  regions.  [Rare.] 

Alpine  (al'pin),  a.  [L.  alpinus,  from  Alpt*.} 
Or  or  pertaining  to,  or  connected  with,  the 
Alps,  or  any  lofty  mountain;  very  high;  ele- 
vated; as,  alpine  plants. 

Alpine  (al'pin),  n.  A  plant,  as  for  instance 
a  kind  of  strawberry,  growing  on  lofty 
hills. 

Alpinery  (al-pm'er-i),  n.  A  place  in  a  garden 
or  pleasure-ground,  specially  adapted  for 
the  cultivation  of  alpine  plants. 

Alpist,  Alpia  (al'pist,  al'pi-a),  n.  The  seed 
of  the  canary-grass  (Phalaris  canariensis), 
raised  largely  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet  for  feed- 
ing birds,  especially  canaries ;  the  seed  of 
various  species  of  Alopecurus,  or  foxtail- 
grass,  also  used  for  feeding  birds. 

Alquier  (al'ker),  n.  [Fr.  from  Pg.  alquiere, 
and  that  from  Ar.  al-kayl,  a  measure  pro- 
perly of  grain,  from  kdla,  to  measure  grain.  ] 
A  dry  as  well  as  a  liquid  measure  in  Portu- 
gal, containing  half  an  almude,  or  about  2 
gallons. 

Alquifou,  Alquifore  (alTd-ftt,  al'ki-for),  n. 
[Fr.  alqui/oux,  Sp.  alquifol:  of  Arabic  origin.  ] 
A  sort  of  lead  ore  found  in  Cornwall,  used 
by  potters  to  give  a  green  varnish  to  their 
wares,  and  called  potter*s  ore.  A  small 
mixture  of  manganese  gives  it  a  blackish 
hue.  Called  also  Arqitifoux. 

Already  (al-red'i),  adv.  [All  and  ready.  See 
REA1>Y.]  Before  the  present  time;  'before 
some  specified  time,  either  future,  present, 
or  past. 

Elias  is  come  already.  Mat.  xvii.  13. 

Joseph  was  in  Egypt  already.  Ex.  i.  5. 

It  has  reference  to  past  time,  but  may  be  used 
for  a  future  past ;  as,  when  you  shall  arrive 
the  business  will  be  already  completed,  or 
will  have  been  completed  already. 

Al8t(als),adu.  or  con;.  [Corrupted  from  A.  Sax. 
eall-swd,  alsiod,  that  is,  ail-so;  whence  al*o 
and  as.]  1.  Also;  likewise.— 2.  As. 

Alsatian  (al-sa'sht-an).  «-  1-  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  province  of  Alsace  (G.  Eteaxx),  in 
Germany.— 2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Alsatia, 
formerly  a  cant  name  for  Whitefriars,  a 
district  in  London  between  the  Thames  and 
Fleet  Street,  and  adjoining  the  Temple, 
which,  possessing  certain  privileges  of  sanc- 
tuary, became  for  that  reason  a  nest  of  mis- 
chievous characters,  who  were  generally 


ALTAR 

obnoxious  to  the  law.  These  privileges  it 
derived  from  having  \teen  an  establishment 
of  the  Carmelites  or  White  Friars  (founded 
in  I'-Ml),  and  .lames  I.  confirmed  and  added 
to  them  by  charter  in  1(>08.  They  were 
abolished  in  10t>7.  The  name  Alsatia  is  a 
Latinized  form  of  Alsace,  a  German  pro- 
vince on  the  frontiers  of  France,  which, 
like  our  own  'debatable  land,' was  a  harbour 
for  necessitous  or  troublesome  characters 
from  both  countries. 

Alsatian  (al-s;Vshi-an),  n.  1.  A  native  or 
inhabitant  of  the  province  of  Alsace  (G. 
Elsass),  in  Germany.- 2.  An  inhabitant  of 
Alsatia,  or  Whitefriars,  London. 

Al-se^no  (al-sa'nyo),  n.  [It.]  In  music,  to 
the  sign :  a  direction  to  the  performer  that 
he  must  return  to  that  portion  of  the  piece 
marked  with  the  sign  .££,  and  conclude  with 
the  first  double  bar  which  follows,  or  go  on 
to  the  word  Fine,  or  the  pause  "\ 

Alsike- clover  (al'slk-klo'ver),  n.  [From 
Alsike,  a  place  in  Sweden.]  A  species  of 
clover  (Tnfolittmhybridum),  with  pinkish  or 
white  flowers.  It  is  called  hybrid  clover  from 
being  apparently  intermediate  between  T. 
pratenge,  or  common  red,  and  T.  repenx, 
white  or  Dutch  clover.  It  is  a  good  pasture 
plant. 

Al  strat(alse'rat),?i.  [Ar.]  In  Mohammedan 
theol.  the  bridge  extending  over  the  abyss  of 
hell  which  must  be  crossed  by  every  one  on 
his  journey  to  heaven.  It  is  finer  than  a  hair, 
as  sharp  as  the  edge  of  a  sword,  and  beset 
with  thorns  on  either  side.  The  righteous 
will  pass  over  with  ease  and  swiftness,  but 
the  wicked  will  fall  into  hell  below. 

Also (al'so),  adv.  and  con}.  [All&ndso.  A.  Sax. 
eall-swd,  ealsiod,  alswd,  from  eall,  eal,  all, 
the  whole,  and  swd,  so.  See  ALS,  As.]  1.  In 
like  manner;  likewise. 

As  the  blame  of  ill-succeeding  things 

Shall  light  on  you,  so  light  the  harmcs  also.  Old  play. 

2.  In  addition;  too;  further. 

God  do  so  to  me,  and  more  also:  for  thou  sh;tlt 
surely  die.  i  Sam.  xiv.  44. 

Alsophila  (al-so'ft-la),  n.  [Gr.  alsos,  a  grove, 
and  phileo,  to  love — from  the  habitat  of  the 
plant.]  A  genus  of  tropical  cyatheaceons 
ferns,  often  becoming  magnificent  trees,  dis- 
tinguished from  the  allied  forms  by  having 
no  indusium  to  the  sorus.  A.  excelsa  of 
Norfolk  Island  rises  to  the  height  of  SO  feet. 

Alstrcemeria(al-stre-me'ri-a),  n.  [In  honour 
of  Baron  Claudius  A  Istroemer,  a  Swedish  bot- 
anist.] A  beautiful  genus  of  South  American 
plants.nat.  order  Amaryllidaceoc.much culti- 
vated in  our  greenhouses. 

Alt  (alt).  In  music,  a  term  applied  to  the  high 
notes  of  the  scale. 

Altaic,  Altaian  (al-ta'ik,  al-ta'yan),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Altai,  a  vast  range  of  moun- 
tains extending  in  an  easterly  direction 
through  a  considerable  part  of  Asia,  and 
forming  part  of  the  boundary  between  the 
Russian  and  Chinese  dominions.—  Altaic  or 
Altaian  family  of  languages,  a  family  of 
languages  occupying  a  portion  of  Northern 
and  Eastern  Europe,  and  nearly  the  whole 
of  Northern  and  Central  Asia,  together  with 
some  other  regions,  and  divided  into  five 
branches,  the  I'grian  or  Finno-Hungarian, 
Samoyedic,  Turkic,  Mongolic,  and  Tungusic. 
Also  called  Scythian,  Ural-Altaic,  Tataric, 
and  Turanian. 

Altalr  (al'ta-er),  n.  The  Arabic  name  for  « 
Aquilffl,  the  most  important  star  in  the  con- 
stellation Aquila.  It  is  one  of  the  stars  of 
which  the  lunar  distances  are  calculated  and 
tabulated  in  the  Nautical  Almanac,  and  is 
therefore  useful  in  finding  the  longitude. 

Altaite  (al-ta'it),  n.  A  mineral  found,  with 
petzite, in  the  Altai  Mountains.  It  consists  of 
lead  and  tellurium,  with  a  small  proportion 
of  silver. 

Altambour(al-tam-bbi'),  n.  [Ar.  al,  the,  and 
titmbur,  a  kind  of  lute  or  guitar,  a  drum.] 
A  large  Spanish  or  Moorish  drum. 

Altar  (a.l'ter),  n.  [L.  alto-re,  from  a  root  seen  in 
L.  altiis,  high.  ]  1.  An  elevated  place  on  which 
sacrifices  were  offered  or  incense  burned  to 
a  deity.  The  earliest  altars  were  turf  mounds, 
large  flat-topped  stones,  or  other  rude  eleva- 
tions, natural  or  artificial;  but  when  tem- 
ples came  to  be  built  altars  were  made  of 
hewn  stone  or  marble,  and  became  progres- 
sively more  and  more  adorned.  Greek  and 
Roman  altars  were  round,  triangular,  or 
square  in  form,  often  adorned  with  sculpture 
of  the  most  tasteful  and  elaborate  descrip- 
tion, and  bearing  inscriptions.  The  Jews 
had  the  altar  of  burnt-offering,  which  stood 
at  the  entrance  to  the  tabernacle,  and  after- 


ch,  c/iain;      eh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  &ing\      TH,  fAcn;  th,  (Ain;      w,  trig;    wh,  ttAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ALTAKAGE 


80 


ALTERCATION 


wards  occupied  a  corresponding  site  in  the 
temple,  and  the  altar  of  incense,  which  stood 
in  the  holy  place.  Both  were  made  of  shittim- 


Ancient  Heathen  Altars. 

wood, and  the  former  was  overlaid  with  brass 
the  latter  with  gold.  --2.  In  some  Christian 
churches  the  term  applied  to  the  commun- 
ion-table. In  the  primitive  church  it  was  of 
wood,  subsequently  of  stone,  marble,  or 
bronze,adorned  with  rich  architectural  orna- 
ments, sculptures,  and  paintings.  With  the 
introduction  of  Gothic  art  altar  architecture 
acquired  a  new  and  exalted  character,  the 
simple  table  being  now  often  developed  into 


temporary  canopy  erected  over  an  altar  on 
special  solemnities.  Rev.  F.  G.  Lee. 

Altar-horn  (arter-horn),  n.  One  of  the 
western  corners  of  the  altar.  The  north 
corner  is  called  the  Gospel  horn,  the  southern 
the  Epistle  horn.  Rev.  F.  G.  Lee. 

Altarist,  Altar-thane  (al'ter-ist,  al'ter- 
than),  n.  In  old  law,  an  appellation  given 
to  the  priest  to  whom  the  altarage  belonged; 
also,  a  chaplain. 

Altar-ledge  (al'ter-lej),  «.  A  step  or  ledge 
behind  an  altar,  on  which  the  cross,  candle- 
sticks, and  flower-vases  are  placed,  Rev.  F. 
G.  Lee. 

Altar-piece  (al'ter-pes),  n.  A  painting  or 
piece  of  sculpture  placed  behind  or  above 
an  altar  in  a  church ;  also  the  decorative 
portion  of  an  altar. 

Altar-rail  (al'ter-ral),  n.  The  low  rail  or 
balustrade  which  fences  off  the  sanctuary 
from  the  choir  in  the  chancel. 

Altar-screen  (al'ter-skren),  n.  In  arch. 
(a)  the  partition  of  stone,  wood,  or  metal, 
behind  the  high  altar,  separating  the  choir 
from  the  east  end  of  the  building.  (6)  The 
shrine  or  tabernacle  work  inclosing  the 
painted  or  sculptured  altar-piece. 

Altar-side  (al'ter-sid),  n.  That  part  of  the 
altar  which  faces  the  congregation. 

Altar-stairs  (al'ter-starz),  n.  pi.  Stairs  lead- 
ing up  to  an  altar. 

The  great  world's  altar-stairs, 
That  slope  thro'  darkness  up  to  God.     Tennyson. 

Altar-stole  (al'ter-stol),  n.  A  mediaeval 
ornament  shaped  like  the  ends  of  a  stole, 
which  hung  down  in  front  of  the  altar- 
cloth.  Rev.  F.  G.  Lee. 

Altar-table  (al'ter-ta'bl),  n.  A  table,  gene- 
rally  of  wood,  and  supported  on  four  legs, 
on  which,  in  the  Church  of  England,  the 
communion  elements  are  placed ;  the  com- 
munion table.  At  first  this  table  was  placed 


Gothic  Altar.— Church  of  St.  Vaudrue,  Mons. 

a  structure  pointing  heavenward,  magnifl- 
cent  as  a  whole,  and  full  of  symbolic  mean- 
ing. See  ALTAR-TABLE. 

Altarage  (al'ter-aj),  n.  1.  Offerings  made 
upon  an  altar  or  to  a  church.  —2.  The  pro- 
fits arising  to  priests  from  oblations,  gifts 
or  dues  on  account  of  the  altar  •  the  small 
tithes.  Called  also  Altar-dues.-  3.  In  Scot- 
land, formerly  an  endowment  granted  for 
the  saying  of  masses  at  a  particular  altar 
for  deceased  friends. 

Altar-bread  (al'ter-bred),  n.  Bread  pre- 
pared for  the  eucharist.  According  to  the 
use  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  it  is 
round  and  unleavened  and  stamped  with 
an  I HS  or  a  crucifix. 

Altar-card  (al'ter-kard),  n.  A  printed  or 
written  transcript  of  certain  portions  of  the 
communion  service  for  the  use  of  the  priest 
officiating  at  the  altar. 

Altar-carpet  (al'ter-kar-pet),  n.  Same  as 
Altar-cloth. 

Altar-cloth  (al'ter-kloth),  n.  The  cloth  that 
covers  the  altar,  and  hangs  down  in  front, 
the  portion  hanging  down  in  front  being 
called  the  antependium,  and  that  which 
covers  the  top  the  super-frontal 

Altar-dues  (al'ter-duz),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Altarage,  1. 

Altar-fire  (al'ter-fir),  n.    Fire  on  an  altar. 

Altar-frontal  (i)l'ter-front-al),  n.  Same  as 
Antependium. 

Altar-hearse  (al'ter-hers),  n.  A  term  some- 
times applied  to  the  frame  supporting  a 


Wooden  Altar-table,  time  of  James  I.— St.  Clement's 
Church.  Townstall.  Devonshire. 

by  the  Reformers  in  the  situation  occupied 
by  the  old  stone  altars,  namely,  attached  to 
an  eastern  wall.  This  position  gave  umbrage 
to  the  Puritans,  and  Cromwell  caused  it  to 
be  removed  to  the  middle  of  the  chancel, 
and  to  be  surrounded  with  seats  for  the 
communicants.  At  the  Restoration  it  was 
almost  universally  replaced  in  its  ancient 
position.  When  used  it  is  covered  with  a 
white  linen  cloth. 

Altar- thane.    See  ALTARIST. 

Altar-tomb  (al'ter-tbm),  n.  In  arch,  a  raised 
tomb,  or  monument  surmounting  a  tomb, 
having  a  general  resemblance  to  an  altar: 


Tomb  of  the  Black  Prince,  Canterbury  Cathedral. 


altar-tombs  are  frequently  surmounted  by 
a  recumbent  effigy. 

Altar- vase  (al'ter-vaz).  n.    A  vase  for  hold- 
ing (lowers  to  decorate  the  altar 


Altar-vessel  (al'ter-ves'el),  n.     One  of  the 
i    vessels  used  in  the  services  of  the  altar 
namely,  the  chalice,  paten,  and  ciborium 
Altar-wall  (al'tt-r-wal),  71.   The  wall  behind 
an  altar. 

Altar-wise  (al't.'-r-wi/),  adv.  Placed  in  the 
manner  of  an  altar,  that  is,  with  its  ends 
towards  the  north  and  south.  Abp  Laud 
Altazimuth  (alt-az'i-muth),  71.  [Abbrev.  of 
altitude-azimuth.]  In  outran,  a  telescope  so 
arranged  as  to  be  capable  of  being  turned 
round  horizontally  to  any  point  of  the  com- 
pass, and  so  differing  from  a  transit-circle, 
which  is  fixed  in  the  meridian.  The  altazi- 
muth is  brought  to  bear  upon  objects  by 
motions  affecting  their  altitude  and  azi- 
muth. Called  also  an  Altitude-and-azimuth 
Instrument. 

Alter  (al'ter),  ».(.  [L.L.  altero,  to  change, 
from  alter,  another  of  two — made  up  of  root 
al,  another,  seen  in  aliux,  Or.  allot,  another, 
and  compar.  suffix  ter,  seen  in  L.  liter. 
whether,  Gr.  heteros,  another  =  E.  ther  in 
other,  &c.]  1.  To  make  some  change  in;  to 
niake  different  in  some  particular;  to  vary 
in  some  degree,  without  an  entire  change. 

My  covenant  will  I  not  break,  nor  after  the  thine 
that  is  gone  out  of  my  lips.  Ps.  Ixxxix.  34. 

2.  To  change  entirely  or  materially ;  as,  to 
alter  an  opinion. 

She  promised  that  no  force. 
Persuasion,  no.  nor  death  could  alter  her. 

S.t  To  exchange.  'She  that  would  att'erser- 
vices  with  thee.'  Shak.  —  4.t  To  agitate 
•Altered  and  moved  inwardly.'  Uilton.— 
Altered  strata,  in  geol.  strata  whose  con- 
stituent mineral  elements  have  undergone 
physical  and  chemical  change,  under  the 
influence  of  heat  and  moisture,  percolation 
of  mineral  solutions,  or  of  pressure.  See 
Hetamorphic  Rocks  under  METAMORPIIIC. 
Alter,  Chanye.  In  general  alter  is  to  change 
partially,  while  change  is  more  commonly 
to  substitute  one  thing  for  another,  or  to 
make  a  material  difference  in  a  thing. 
Alter  (al'ter),  v.i.  To  become,  in  some  re- 
spects, different;  to  vary;  to  change.  'The 
law  of  the  Medes  and  Persians,  which  altereth 
not.'  Dan.  vi.  8. 

Love  is  not  love  which  alters.  Sha*. 

Alterabillty  (al'ter-a-bil"i-ti),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  susceptible  of  alteration. 

Alterable  (al'ter-a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
altered,  varied,  or  made  different. 

AlterablenesB  (al'ter-a-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  alterable  or  admitting  alter- 
ation ;  variableness. 

Alterably  (al'ter-a-bli),  adv.  In  an  alterable 
manner;  so  as  to  be  altered  or  varied 

Alteraget  (al'ter-aj),  n.  (From  alo,  alitnm 
or  altum,  to  feed,  or  from  alter,  another.) 
The  nourishing  or  fostering  of  a  child.  Sir 
J.  Davits. 

Alterantt  (al'ter-ant),  a.  Altering;  gradu- 
ally changing.  '  Whether  the  body  be  alter- 
ant or  altered.'  Bacon. 

Alterant  (al'ter-ant),  n.  An  alterative  (which 
see).  [Rare.] 

Alterate  t  (nl'ter-at),  p.  and  a.  1.  Altered  ; 
changed.— 2.  Fickle;  changeable.  Chaucer  \ 

Alteration  (al-ter-a'shon),  n.  [L.  alteratin.  I 
See  ALTER.)  The  act  of  altering,  making 
different,  or  of  varying  in  some  particular ;  < 
the  state  of  being  altered ;  also,  the  change  '. 
made,  or  the  loss  or  acquisition  of  qualities  I 
not  essential  to  the  form  or  nature  of  a  . 
thing. 

Appius  Claudius  admitted  to  the  senate  the  sons  of     I 
those  who  had  been  slaves;  by  which,  and  succeeding 
alterations,  that  council  degenerated  into  a  mo1.!     \ 
corrupt  body.  Stti/t. 

Alterative  (al'ter-at-iv),  a.    Causing  altera-    j 
tion;  having  the  power  to  alter;  especially, 
in  med.  having  the  power  to  restore  the 
healthy  functions  of  the  body,  without  sen-     . 
sible  evacuations. 

Alterative  (al'ter-at-iv),  n.  A  medicine,  a* 
mercury,  iodine,  etc.,  which,  administered 
in  small  doses,  gradually  induces  a  chain:'' 
in  the  habit  or  constitution,  and  impercep- 
tibly alters  disordered  secretions  and  ac-  ', 
tions,  and  restores  healthy  functions  with- 
out producing  any  sensible  evacuation  by 
perspiration,  purging,  or  vomiting. 

Altercate  (al'ter-kat),  v.i.  [L.  altercor,  al- 
tercatus,  to  wrangle,  from  alter,  another.  J 
To  contend  in  words ;  to  dispute  with  zeal, 
heat,  or  anger;  to  wrangle. 

Altercation  (  al-ter-ka'shon  ),  n.  [  L.  altrr- 
catio.  See  ALTERCATE.]  The  act  of  alter- 
cating; warm  contention  in  words;  dispute 
carried  on  with  heat  or  anger;  controversy: 
wrangle.  'As  if  the  constitution  of  our 


ate,  far,  fat,  fill!;       me,  met,  her:       pine,  pin:      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  .bune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ALTER  EGO 


81 


ALTITUDE 


country  were  to  be  always  a  subject  rather 
of  altercation  than  enjoyment.'  Burke. 

Alter  ego  (al'Wr  e'go).  [L.J  Another  or 
second  I ;  another  self :  a  title  sometimes 
applied  to  a  person  who  has  full  powers  to 
act  for  another,  as  to  a  Spanish  viceroy 
when  exercising  regal  power.  It  was  applied 
to  the  crown-prince  at  Naples  when  he  was 
appointed  vicar-general  during  an  insurrec- 
tion in  July,  1820. 

Alterity  (al-tert-ti),  n.  [L.  alter,  another.] 
State  or  quality  of  being  another,  or  differ- 
ent. [Rare.  ] 

Your  outness  is  hut  the  feeling  of  otherness  (at. 
ferity)  rendered  intuitive,  or  alterity  visually  repre- 
sented. Coleridge. 

Altern  (al'tern),  a.  [L.  aliening,  from  alter, 
another  ]  1. 1  Acting  by  turns;  alternate. 

The  greater  (light)  to  have  rule  l>y  day. 

The  less  by  night,  altern.  Milton. 

2.  In  crystallography,  exhibiting  on  two 
parts,  an  upper  and  a  lower  part,  faces 
which  alternate  among  themselves,  but 
which,  when  the  two  parts  are  compared, 
correspond  with  each  other. — Altern  base, 
in  trigon.  a  term  used  in  distinction  from 
the  true  base.  Thus,  in  oblique  triangles, 
the  true  base  is  the  sum  of  the  sides,  in 
which  case  the  difference  of  the  sides  is  the 
altern  base;  or  inversely,  when  the  true  base 
is  the  difference  of  the  sides,  the  sum  of  the 
sides  is  the  altern  bane. 
Alternacy  (al-ter'na-si),  n.  The  state  of 
being  alternate ;  performance  by  turns. 
[Rare.] 

Thealternacy  of  rhymes  in  a  stanza  gives  a  variety 
that  may  support  the  poet,  without  the  aid  of  music, 
to  a  greater  length.  Mitford. 

Alternal  (al-ter'nal),  a.  Alternative.  [Rare.] 
Alternally  (al-ter'nal-li),  adv.    By  turns. 
[Rare] 

Their  men  obeyed 
Alternally  both  generals'  commands.      May. 

Alternant (al-ter'nant),  a.  Alternating;  spe- 
cifically, in  geol.  composed  of  alternate 
layers,  as  some  rocks. 

Alternat  (al-ter-na),  n.  [Fr. ,  from  L.  alterno, 
alternation,  to  alternate.]  In  diplomacy,  a 
right  in  virtue  of  which  several  states,  in 
order  to  preserve  the  equality  between 
them,  take  each  in  turn  the  first  place;  for 
example,  in  the  signature  of  treaties. 

Alternate  ( al-ter'nat ),  a.  [L.  alternatus. 
See  ALTERN  ]  1.  Being  by  turns;  following 
one  another  in  succession  of  time  or  place; 
hence,  reciprocal. 

And  bid  alternate  passions  fall  and  rise.     Pope. 

Specifically,  in  bot.  (a)  placed  on  opposite 
sides  of  an  axis  on  a 
different  level;  as,  al-  *>•-—. 

ternate     leaves.      ( b ) 
Placed  between  other 
bodies  of  the  same  or 
different  whorls,  as  in 
an  umbellifer,  where 
the  stamens  are  alter- 
nate with,  that  is  be- 
tween,   the    petals.  — 
2.  Belonging  to  a  series 
between  every  pair  in 
which   a   member  of 
another  series    inter- 
venes ;     having     one 
intervening    between 
each  pair;    every  se- 
cond; as,  only  the  alter- 
nate lines  should  be  read;  the  odd  numbers 
form  one  series  of  alternate  numerals,  the 
even  numbers  another.  — 3.  Consisting  of  al- 
ternate parts  or  members,  proceeding  by  al- 
ternation; as,  an  alternate  series;  alternate 
rhyming;  alternate  proportion.— Alternate 
angles,  in  geom.  the  internal  angles  made 
by  two  lines  with 
a  third,  on  oppo-  c\ 

site  sides  of  it    If  \ 

the  two  lines  are     A \® B 

parallel,    the    al-  \ 

ternate  angles  are  \ 

equal.      Thus,   if  \ 

the  parallels  A  B,     c~  — TT — 

CD  be  cut  by  the  \ 

line  EF,  the  angles  \K 

A  a  H,    a  H  D,    as 

also  the  angles  BOH  and  0  H  c,  are  called 
alternate  angles. — Alternate  proportion,  the 
equal  proportion  that  subsists  between  the 
alternate  members  of  the  pairs  of  a  series  of 
proportionals.  Thus,  if  a  :  b  ::  c  :  <t ;  then, 
by  alternate  proportion,  a  :  c ::  b  :  d. — Alter- 
nate quarters,  in  her.  the  first  and  fourth 
quarters,  and  the  second  and  third,  which 
are  usually  of  the  same  nature. — Alternate 


Alternate  Leaves. 


ycnr  ration,  in  ztml.  that  modification  of  gen- 
eration by  which  the  young  do  not  resemble 
their  parent,  but  their  grand-parent  or  some 
remote  ancestor:  called  also  Heterogeneitix, 
Metagenesis,  anil  Xenogenesijt.  See  HETEKU- 


Alternate  (al-ter'nat),  n.  1.  That  which 
happens  by  turns  with  something  else;  vi- 
cissitude. [Rare.] 

Rais'd  in  pleasure,  or  repos'd  in  ease, 
Grateful  alternates  of  substantial  peace. 

Prior. 

2.  In  American  Prettb.  Ch.  one  who  takes 
the  place  of  another  in  performing  duty;  a 
substitute. 

Alternate  (al'ter-nat  or  al-ter'nat),  v.t.  pret 
tfe  pp.  alternated;  ppr.  alternating.  [L.  al- 
terno,  alternatum,  to  do  first  one  thing  then 
a  second.  See  ALTER.]  1.  To  perform  by 
turns,  or  in  succession. 

Who  in  their  course 

Melodious  hymns  about  the  sovereign  throne 
Alternate  all  night  long.  Milton. 

2.  To  cause  to  succeed  or  follow  one  an- 
other in  time  or  place  reciprocally  ;  to  in- 
terchange reciprocally. 

The  most  high  God  .  .  .  alternates  the  disposition 
of  good  and  evil.  Ob.  Grew, 

Alternate  (al'ter-nat  or  al-ter'nat),  v.i.  1.  To 
follow  one  another  in  time  or  place  recipro- 
cally: often  followed  by  with;  as,  the  flood 
and  ebb  tides  alternate  with  each  other. 
1  Different  species  alternating  with  each 
other.  '  Kirwan. 

Race,  shame,  and  grief  alternate  in  his  breast. 
J.  Philips. 

Alternately  (al-ter'nat-li),  adv.  In  an  al- 
ternate manner:  (a)  in  reciprocal  succes- 
sion; by  turns,  so  that  each  is  succeeded  by 
that  which  it  succeeds,  in  the  same  way 
as  night  follows  day  and  day  follows  night. 
(b)  With  the  omission  or  intervention  of  one 
between  each  pair;  as,  read  the  lines  alter- 
nately; in  French  prosody  male  and  female 
rhymes  follow  one  another  in  couplets  al- 
ternately. —  Alternately  pinnate,  in  bot.  a 
term  used  when  the  leaflets  of  a  pinnate 
leaf  are  placed  on  the  one  side  of  a  common 
petiole,  opposite  the  spaces  on  the  other 
side. 

ATternateness  (al-ter/nat-nes),n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  alternate,  or  of  following 
in  succession. 

Alternation  (al-ter-na'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  alternating,  or  state  of  being  alternate  ; 
the  reciprocal  succession  of  things  in  time 
or  place;  the  act  of  following  and  being  fol 
lowed  in  succession;  as,  we  observe  the  al- 
ternation of  day  and  night,  cold  and  heat, 
summer  and  winter.  —  2.  In  math,  (a)  the 
different  changes  or  alterations  of  orders 
in  numbers;  called  more  commonly  Per- 
mutation. (b)  Alternate  proportion.  See 
under  ALTERNATE.  —  3.  In  church  ritual, 
the  response  of  the  congregation  speaking 
alternately  with  the  minister.  —  Alternation 
of  generation.  See  Alternate  Generation 
under  ALTERNATE. 

Alternative  (al-ter'na-tiv),  a.  [Fr.  alter- 
natff.  ]  1.  Offering  a  choice  or  possibility  of 
one  of  two  things. 

The  conscience  of  mankind,  and  the  voice  alike  of 
philosophy  and  of  religion,  reject  with  equal  horror 
nis  (J.  S.  Mill's)  alternative  solution  of  the  origin  of 
evil,  that  the  Creator  of  the  world  is  either  the  author 
of  evil  or  the  slave  of  it.  Ed.  Rev. 

2.t  Alternate;  reciprocal.  Holland.—  $.  In 
bot.  applied  to  the  aestivation  or  arrange- 
ment of  the  flower-buds  of  plants,  where 
the  inner  whorl  alternates  with  the  outer. 
Alternative  (al-ter'na-tiv),  n,  A  choice  be- 
tween two  things,  so  that  if  one  is  taken  the 
other  must  be  left,  or  a  possibility  of  one  of 
two  things,  so  that  if  one  is  false  the  other 
must  be  true.  The  things  in  question  are 
also  called  alternatives,  and  in  strictness  the 
word  cannot  be  applied  to  more  than  two 
things,  and  when  one  thing  only  is  offered 
for  choice,  it  is  said  there  is  no  alternative. 

Between  these  alternatives  there  is  no  middle 
ground.  Cranch. 

Alternatively  (at-ter'na-tiv-H),  adv.  In  an 
alternative  manner  ;  in  a  manner  that  ad- 
mits the  choice  or  possibility  of  one  out  of 
two  things. 

Alternativeness  (al-teVna-tiv-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  alternative. 

Alternityt  (al-ter'ni-ti),  n.  Succession  by 
turns;  alternation.  '  The  alternity  and  vi- 
cissitude of  rest.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Althaea  (al-the'a),  n.  [Or.  althaia,trom  altM, 
or  althaind,  to  heal.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Malvacere,  including  the  holly- 
hock (A.  rosea),  and  the  marsh-mallow  (A. 


officinalin).     The  so-called  A.frutexnl  the 
Burdens  does  not  belong  to  the  genus,  but  is 
a  Hibiscus  (//.  suriacus). 
Althein,  Althelne  (al-the'in),  n.    (r«H»8O4 

I  orC,H,s2(>8.)  A  white  crystallizable  sub- 
stance contained  in  the  root  of  the  mallow 
(Althiea  njficinalis)  and  asparagus;  aapara- 
gin  (which  see). 

Although  (nl-TH<V),  rnnj.  (All  and  though- 
corny,  albeit.  See  THOUGH.]  Grant  all  this; 
be  it  so;  allow  all ;  suppose  that ;  admit  all 
that;  notwithstanding.— Although,  Though 
These  words  approach  very  nearly  in  mean- 

j  ing.  Although  is  perhaps  the  stronger  anil 
more  pronounced,  bringing  the  adversative 

J    proposition  into  greater  prominence.   It  is, 

|  therefore,  generally  preferred  to  commence 
a  sentence. 

Although  all  shall  be  offended,  yet  will  not  I. 

Markxiv.  29. 

The  sound  of  love  makes  your  soft  heart  afraid, 
And  guard  itself,  though  but  a  child  invade. 

Waller 

Altiloquencet  (al-til'o-kwens),n.  [See  ALTI- 
LOQUENT.)  Lofty  speech  ;  pompous  lan- 
guage. Bailey. 

Altiloquentt  (al-til'6-kwent),  a.  [L.  altu*. 
high,  and  loquens,  loquentut,  ppr.  of  loquor, 
to  speak.  ]  High-sounding;  pompous  in  lan- 
guage. Ash. 

Altimeter  (al-tim'et-er),  n.  [L.  altus,  high, 
and  Or.  metron,  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  taking  altitudes  by  geometrical  princi- 
ples, as  a  quadrant,  sextant,  or  theodolite. 

Altimetry  (al-tim'et-ri),  n.  The  art  of  as- 
certaining altitudes  by  means  of  an  alti- 
meter, and  by  trigonometrical  principles 
without  actual  mensuration. 

Altincar  (al-tin'kar),«.  [SeeTiNCAL.]  Crude 
borax,  employed  in  refining  metals;  tincal 
(which  see). 

Altiscope  (al'ti-skop),  n.  [L.  altue,  high,  and 
Gr.  skopeo,  to  look  at.]  An  instrument  con- 
sisting of  an  arrangement  of  lenses  and  mir- 
rors in  a  vertical  telescopic  tube,  by  means 
of  which  a  person  is  able  to  overlook  objects 
intervening  between  himself  and  the  object 
he  desires  to  see.  When  the  sections  of  the 
tube  are  extended,  the  view  is  received  upon 
an  upper  mirror  placed  at  an  angle  of  45° 
and  reflected  thence  down  the  tube  to  a 
lower  mirror,  where  it  is  seen  by  the  ob- 
server. 

Altisonant,  Altisonous  (al-tis'o-nant,  al- 
tis'o-nus),  a.  [L.  altuf,  high,  and  eonann, 
sounding,  from  sonus,  sound.  ]  High-sound- 
ing; lofty  or  pompous,  as  language.  'Alti- 
sonant phrases.'  Evelyn. 

Altitonant  (al-tit'o-nant),  a.  [L.  altus, 
high,  and  (OHO,  to  thunder.]  Thundering 
from  on  high ;  high-thundering.  [Rare  and 
poetical.  1 

Altitude  (al'ti-tud).  7i.  [L.  altitude— altux, 
high,  and  tudo,  a  common  termination  de- 
noting state, condition, ormanner.)  1.  Space 
extended  upward ;  height ;  the  elevation  of 
an  object  above  its  foundation,  the  ground, 
or  a  given  level;  or  the  elevation  of  one  ob- 
ject above  another;  as,  the  altitude  of  a 
mountain  or  column ;  the  altitude  of  a 
cloud,  or  of  a  bird  above  a  tree.  —2.  The 
elevation  of  a  point,  or  star,  or  other  ob- 
ject above  the  horizon,  measured  by  the  arc 
of  a  vertical  intercepted  between  such  point 
and  the  horizon.  It  is  either  apparent  or 
true.  Apparent  altitude  is  that  which  ap- 
pears by  observations  made  at  any  place  on 
the  surface  of  the  earth;  true  altitude,  that 
which  results  by  correcting  the  apparent 
for  refraction,  parallax,  and  dip  of  the 
horizon.— 3.  Highest  point  or  degree. 

He  did  it  to  please  his  mother,  and  to  be  partly 
proud :  which  he  is,  even  to  the  altitude  of  his  vir- 
tue. 5Ao*. 

4.  Elevation  of  spirit,  especially  from  liquor; 
haughty  air:  in  this  sense  generally  used  in 
the  plural. 

The  man  of  law  began  to  get  into  his  altitude!. 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

—Accessible  altitude,  the  altitude  of  an  ob- 
ject whose  base  we  can  have  access  to,  so 
as  to  measure  the  distance  between  it  and 
the  station  from  which  the  measure  is  to  be 
taken.  —  fnaccesKtble  altitude,  the  altitude 
of  an  object  whose  base  cannot  be  ap- 
proached.— Refraction  of  altitude,  an  arc 
of  a  vertical  circle,  by  which  the  true  alti- 
tude of  a  heavenly  body  is  increased,  on  ac- 
count of  refraction. — Parallax  of  altitude. 
See  PARALLAX.  —  Altitude,  or  elevation  of 
the  pole,  the  arc  of  the  meridian  intercepted 
between  the  pole  and  the  horizon.  It  is 
equal  to  the  latitude  of  the  place.— Meri- 
dian altitude,  an  arc  of  the  meridian  be- 


ch,  ch&in;      ch,  Sc.  lt>c/i; 
VOL.  I. 


g,  0o;      j,  ;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Am;     w,  wig;     wh,  u>Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ALTITUDINARIAN 


82 


AM 


tween  the  horizon  and  any  star  or  point  on 
the  meridian. 

Altltudlnarian  (al '  ti  -  tu  -  di  -  na  "  ri  -  an ),  a. 
Aspiring.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

Altivolant  (al-tiv'6-lant),  a.  [L.  altvs,  high, 
and  volans,  flying.]  Flying  high.  Bailey. 
[Rare.] 

Alto  (al'to  or  al'to).  [It.,  from  L.  altus, 
high.]  High;  a  common  element  in  terms 
in  music  and  art,  derived  from  the  Italian ; 
RS,  alto-ripieno,  alto-rilievo. 

Alto  (al'to  or  al'to),  n.  [So  called  from  being 
higher  than  the  tenor,  to  which  in  old  music 
the  melody  was  assigned.]  In  music,  (a) 
Same  as  Contralto,  (b)  The  instrument 
called  in  England  the  tenor-violin,  and  by 
the  Italians  the  viola. 

Alto-clef  (al'to-klef),  n.  In  music,  the  C  clef, 
placed  upon  the  third  line  of  the  staff,  in 
order  that  the  notes  proper  for  the  alto 
voice  may  be  conveniently  represented. 

AltO-faggOtta  (al'to-fag-got"ta  or  al'to-fag- 
gof'ta).  An  old  musical  instrument  played 
with  a  reed  and  mouthpiece  similar  to  a 
clarionet. 

Altogether  (al-tu-geTH'er),  adv.  [All  and 
together.]  Wholly;  entirely;  completely; 
quite. 

Every  man  at  his  best  state  is  altogether  vanity. 
Ps.  xxxix.  5. 

Altometer  (al-tom'et-er),  ».  Same  as  Alti- 
meter (which  see). 

Alto-relievo  (al't6-re-le"vo),  n.  Same  as 
Alto-rttievo  (which  see). 

Alto-rllievo(artd-re-le-a"vo).  [It.  See  ALTO 
and  RELIEF.  ]  High  relief:  a  term  applied  in 
regard  to  sculptured  figures  to  express  that 
they  stand  out  boldly  from  the  back-ground, 
projecting  more  than  half  their  thickness 
without  being  entirely  detached;  thus  a 
piece  of  sculpture  is  said  to  be  an  alto-rilievo 
or  in  alto-rilievo.  In  mezzo -rilievo,  or 


Alto-rtiievo — Battle  of  Centaurs  and  Lapithae. 

middle  relief,  the  projection  is  one-half,  and 
in  basso-rilievo,  or  bas-relief,  less  than  one- 
half.  Alto-rilievo  is  further  distinguished 
from  mezzo-rilievo  by  some  portion  of  the 
figures  standing  usually  quite  free  from  the 
surface  on  which  they  are  carved,  while  in 
the  latter  the  figures  though  rounded  are 
not  detached  in  any  part.  Frequently, 
though  less  properly,  spelled  Alto-relievo. 

Alto-ripieno  (al'to-re-pe-a"no).  [It.]  The 
tenor  of  the  great  chorus,  which  sings  and 
plays  only  in  particular  places. 

Alto-Viola  (al'to-yi'o-Ia  or  al'to-ve'6-Ia),  n. 
[It.]  The  tenor  instrument  of  the  violin 
family. 

Altruism  (al'tro-izm),  n.  [Pr.  altrui,  Fr. 
autrui,  others,  from  L.  alter,  another.]  A 
term  first  employed  by  the  Positivists,  or 
followers  of  the  French  philosopher  Comte, 
to  signify  devotion  to  others  or  to  humanity: 
the  opposite  of  selfishness. 

Altruistic  (al-tro-ist'ik),  a.  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  altruism ;  regardful  of  others ; 
having  regard  to  the  well-being  or  best  in- 
terests of  others :  opposed  to  selfish. 

Aludel  (al'u-del),  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.]  In  old 
chem.  a  name  given  to  a  pear-shaped  glass 
or  earthen  pot  open  at  both  ends,  somewhat 
resembling  the  ancient  alembic,  used  for 
sublimating  mercury. 

Alula  (al-u'la),  n.  [L  ,  dim.  of  ala,  a  wing.] 
In  ornith.  the  bastard  wing  or  winglet,  con- 
sisting of  a  group  of  stiff  feathers  attached 
to  the  bone  of  the  wing  that  represents  the 
thumb. 

Alum  (al'um),  n.  [L.  alumen.]  A  general 
name  for  a  class  of  double  sulphates  con- 
taining aluminium  and  such  metals  as  potas- 
sium, ammonium,  iron,  &c.  Common  or 


potash  alum  has  the  formula  KA12SO4  + 
12  H2O.  It  is  produced  by  adding  potassium 
sulphate  or  chloride  to  crude  aluminium 
sulphate  obtained  from  alum  shale  by  the 
action  of  sulphuric  acid,  or  by  roasting  shale 
which  contains  alumina  and  pyrites,  where- 
by the  sulphur  of  the  latter  a  oxidized  to 
sulphuric  acid,  which,  acting  on  the  alu- 
mina, produces  aluminium  sulphate.  Alum 
crystallizes  in  beautiful  octahedra  which 
are  white,  transparent,  and  very  astringent. 
Alum  is  of  great  use  in  medicine  and  the 
arts.  In  medicine  it  is  used  as  an  astrin- 
gent— internally.inhemoptoe.diarrhtea.and 
dysentery;  externally,  as  a  styptic  applied 
to  bleeding  vessels,  and  as  an  escharotic. 
In  the  arts  it  is  used  in  dyeing,  as  a  mor- 
dant to  fix  colours ;  in  making  candles,  for 
hardening  the  tallow;  in  tanning,  for  re- 
storing the  cohesion  of  skins ;  in  baking  it 
is  employed  to  whiten  bread.  It  occurs  in 
a  native  state  only  in  small  quantities. 

Alum  (al'um),  v.t.  To  steep  in  or  impreg- 
nate with  a  solution  of  alum. 

Alumen  (al'u-men),  n.  [L]  Alum  (which 
see). 

Alumina  (al-u'min-a),  n.  (AI2O:1.)  The  oxide 
of  aluminium,  the  most  abundant  of  the 
earths.  It  is  widely  diffused  over  the  globe 
in  the  shape  of  clay,  loam,  and  other  similar 
substances;  the  adamantine  spar,  the  ruby, 
corundum,  and  sapphire  are  alumina  nearly 
pure  and  crystallized.  In  these  forms  alu- 
mina is,  next  to  the  diamond,  the  hardest 
substance  known.  Its  great  value  in  the 
arts  depends  on  its  affinity  for  vegetable 
colouring  matters  and  animal  fibres.  It 
forms  the  base  of  the  lakes  in  dyeing,  and 
acts  also  as  a  mordant. 

Alumlue  (al'u-min),  n.    Same  as  Alumina. 

Aluminiferous  (al-u'min-if"er-us),  a.  Con- 
taining or  affording  alum,  alumina,  or  alu- 
minium. 

Aluminlform  (al-u-min'i-form),  a.  Having 
the  form  of  alum,  alumina,  or  aluminium. 

Aluminite  (al-u'min-it),  n.  Hydrous  sul- 
phate of  alumina,  a  mineral  that  occurs  in 
small  roundish  or  reniform  masses.  Its 
colour  is  snow-white  or  yellowish-white. 

Aluminium,  Aluminum  (al-u-min'i-um, 
al-u'min-um),  n.  Chemical  sym.  Al.  At.  wt. 
=  275:  sp.  gr.  28  nearly.  The  metallic 
base  of  alumina;  a  white  metal  with  a 
bluish  tinge,  and  a  lustre  somewhat  resem- 
bling, but  far  inferior  to,  that  of  silver.  It 
does  not  occur  native,  but  is  extracted  for 
the  purposes  of  commerce  from  a  mineral 
called  cryolite,  found  in  great  abundance 
in  Greenland.  From  its  lightness,  hardness, 
ductility,  sonorousness,  non-liability  to  rust, 
and  resistance  to  the  action  of  sulphuretted 
hydrogen,  it  is  largely  employed  in  the  pre- 
paration of  alloys  and  for  the  manufacture 
of  articles  for  which  silver  was  formerly 
employed.  — Aluminium  gold,  an  alloy  of 
10  parts  of  aluminium  to  90  of  copper,  of  a 
pale  gold  colour,  harder  than  bronze,  and 
susceptible  of  a  fine  polish.  Its  hardness 
and  tenacity  peculiarly  adapt  it  for  journals 
and  bearings. 

Aluminous  (al-u'min-us),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  containing  alum  or  alumina,  or  partaking 
of  the  same  properties;  as,  aluminous  min- 
erals or  waters. 

Alumish  (al'um-ish),  a.  Having  the  nature 
of  alum;  somewhat  resembling  alum. 

Alumnus (a-Ium'nus),n.  pi.  Alumni  (a-lum'- 
ni).  [L.  alumnus,  a  nursling,  disciple,  from 
alo,  to  nourish.]  A  pupil;  one  educated  at 
a  seminary  or  university ;  a  graduate  or 
undergraduate  of  a  university,  regarded  as 
his  alma  mater. 

Alum-rock  (al'um-rok),  n.  Same  as  Alum- 
stone. 

Alum-root  (arum-rot),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  astringent  root  of  several  plants,  as 
Heuchera  americana. 

Alum-schist,  Alum-slate  (al'um-shist,  al'- 
um-slat),  n.  A  thin  bedded  fissile  rock  of  a 
grayish,  bluish,  or  iron-black  colour,  and 
often  possessed  of  a  glossy  shining  lustre. 
It  is  chiefly  composed  of  silica  and  alumina, 
and  from  it  is  obtained  the  largest  part  of 
the  alum  of  commerce. 

Alum-stone  (al'um-ston),  n.  The  siliceous 
sub-sulphate  of  alumina  and  potash;  a  min- 
eral of  a  grayish  or  yellowish  white  colour, 
found  at  Tolfa  in  Italy,  in  secondary  rocks 

Alunogen  (al'un-o-jen),  n.  [Fr.  alun,  alum, 
and  Gr.  g inomai,  I  produce.]  Native  sul- 
phate of  aluminium,  consisting  of  36-05 
sulphuric  acid,  15-40  alumina,  and  48-55 
water,  occurring  in  fine  capillary  fibres.  It 
is  found  in  volcanic  solfataras,  in  clays,  and 


felspar  rocks  containing  pyrites,  and  as  an 
efflorescence  on  the  walls  of  mines  and 
quarries. 

Aluret  (al'ur),  n.  [Fr.  allure,  pace,  gait, 
from  aller,  to  go.]  1.  An  alley;  a  walk. — 

2.  A  passage,  gangway,  or  gallery  in  a  build- 
ing.     '  The  new  aim  e  between  the  king's 
chamber  and  the  said  chapel.'    Brayley. — 

3.  The  side  pavement  of  a  street. 

The  sides  of  every  street  were  covered  with  fresh 
alures  of  marble.  T.  H'arton. 

Aluta  (a-lu'ta),  n.  [L.,  leather  dressed  with 
alum.]  A  species  of  leather -stone,  soft, 
pliable,  and  not  laminated. 

Alutaceous  (al-u-ta'shus),  a.  Of  a  pale 
brown  colour,  like  that  of  tanned  leather. 

Alutatlont  (al-u-ta'shon),n.  [L.alu ta, tanned 
leather.]  The  tanning  of  leather. 

Alva  Marina  (al'va  ma-ri'na),  n.  [Corrup- 
tion for  alga  marina,  sea-weed.]  A  name 
given  in  commerce  to  certain  dried  sea- 
weeds used  for  stuffing  mattresses,  Ac. 

Alveary(al've-a-ri),n.  [L.  alvearium, alveus, 
a  hollow,  a  cavity,  a  bellowing  vessel,  and 
particularly  a  bee -hive,  from  alms,  the 
belly.]  1.  A  bee-hive,  or  something  resem- 
bling a  bee-hive.— 2.  The  hollow  of  the  ex- 
ternal ear,  or  bottom  of  the  concha  where 
the  wax  is  contained. 

Al  veated  (al've-at-ed),  a.  Formed  or  vaulted 
like  a  bee-hive. 

Alveolar,  Alveolary  (al've-o-ler,  al've-o-la- 
ri),  a.  [L.  alveolus,  a  small  hollow,  a  socket, 
dim.  of  alveus,  a  hollow  vessel.  See  ALVE- 
ARY.] Containing  sockets,  hollow  cells,  or 
pits ;  pertaining  to  sockets,  specifically  the 
sockets  of  the  teeth;  as,  the  mueotar  artery. 
— Alveolar  arches,  the  parts  of  the  jaws 
hollowed  out  by  the  teeth-sockets. — Alveo- 
lar processes,  the  processes  of  the  maxillary 
bones  containing  the  sockets  of  the  teeth. 
—  Alveolar  structure,  a  term  applied  to 
minute  superficial  cavities  in  the  mucous 
membranes  of  the  stomach,  esophagus,  and 
small  intestines. 

Alveolate  (al '  ve-o-lat),  a.  [L.  alveolatut, 
from  alveus,  a  hollow  vessel.  ]  Deeply  pitted, 
so  as  to  resemble  a  honey-comb;  having  the 
surface  covered  with  numerous  deep  hol- 
lows, as  in  the  receptacle  of  some  compound 
flowers. 

Alveole  (al've-61),  n.    Same  as  Alveolui. 

Alveolite  (al've-o-lit),  n.  [L.  alveolus,  a 
socket  ]  In  geol.  a  genus  of  Devonian 
corals  composed  of  concentrically  arranged 
tables  of  short  tubes,  externally  angular, 
and  rounded  within.  Page. 

Alveolus  (al-veVlus),  n.  pi.  Alveoli  (al-ve7- 
o-li).  [L.,  a  little  hollow,  dim.  of  alveus.] 

1.  A  cell  in  a  honey-comb  or  in  a  fossil.— 

2.  The  socket  in  the  jaw,  in  which  a  tooth 
is  fixed. 

Alveus  (al've-us),  n.  [L,  a  hollow  vessel, 
a  channel.]  1.  In  anat.  a  tube  or  canal 
through  which  some  fluid  flows;  especially, 
the  larger  part  of  such  a  tube,  as  the  duct 
conveying  the  chyle  to  the  subclaviau  vein. 
2.  The  bed  or  channel  of  a  river. 

Alvlne  (al'vm),  a.  [From  L.  alvus,  the 
belly.]  Belonging  to  the  belly  or  intestines; 
relating  to  the  intestinal  excrements.— 
Alvine  concretion,  a  calculus  formed  in  the 
stomach  or  intestines. 

Alwayt  (ftl'wa),  adv.    Same  as  Always. 

Mephibosheth  shall  eat  bread  alway  at  my  table. 
2  Sam.  ix.  10. 

Always  (al'waz),  adv  [All  and  way;  A.  Sax. 
eal,  and  weg,  a  way.  Comp.  algate,  algateg, 
from  gate,  a  way ;  It.  tutta  via,,  Sp.  todm 
vias.]  1.  Perpetually;  uninterruptedly;  con- 
tinually; as,  God  is  always  the  same. 

Ev'n  in  heaven  his  (Mammon's)  looks  and  thoughts 
Were  alTvayt  downward  bent.  Milton. 

2.  As  often  as  occasion  recurs;  as,  he  always 
comes  home  on  Saturday. 

Al-uiays  the  dulness  of  the  fool  is  the  whetstone  of 
the  wits.  Skak. 

Alynedt  (a-lind"),  p.  and  a.  [L.  allino,  to 
besmear.]  Anointed. 

Alyssum,  Alysson  (a-lis'sum,  a-lis'sou),  n. 
[Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  lyssa,  canine  madness,  as 
the  ancients  believed  it  to  cure  hydrophobia 
and  allay  anger.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat 
order  Cruciferse,  containing  several  white 
or  yellow  flowered  plants,  much  employed 
for  decorating  rock-work.  A.  maritimutti 
(Koniga  maritima)  is  much  cultivated  in 
gardens,  having  white  and  fragrant  honey- 
scented  flowers,  to  which  the  bees  are  very 
partial.  Several  species  arecultivated  under 
the  name  of  madwort. 

Am  (am).  [A.  Sax.  earn,  for  hypothetical 
conn,  irm,  ism;  compare  the  similar  forms 
in  the  cognate  languages,  Goth,  tm  for  inn, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      y.  Sc.  ley. 


AMA 


83 


AMATORIAL 


Icel.  ein,  for  erm,  etnn,  Lith.  esini,  L.  *wm, 
Or.  eimi,  Per.  am,  Skr.  aami,  made  up  of 

root  as,  to  breathe,  exist,  be,  and  mi,  cog- 
nate with  E.  ?;j(;--I.  In  the  conjugation  of 
the  verb  to  be  three  different  roots  are  em- 
ployed; seen  in  am,  was,  be.]  The  first 
person  of  the  verb  to  be,  in  the  indicative 
mood,  present  tenae. 

I  am  that  I  am.  Ex.  iii.  14. 

Ama  (a'ma),  n.  [L.  hama,  Or.  hamS,  a 
water-bucket,  a  pail.  See  AAM.]  l.Eccles. 
(a)  the  vessel  used  for  holding  the  wine  and 
water  of  the  eucharist.  The  body  of  the 


Amas  which  belonged  to  the  Abbey  of  St.  Denis. 

ama  is  sometimes  formed  of  glass  or  agate, 
mounted  in  gold,  and  jewelled.  Now  called 
Cruet,  (b)  The  wine  itself. —  2.  t  A  wine 
measure. 

Amabllityt  (am-a-l>il'i-ti),  n.  [L.  amabilis, 
from  a  mo,  to  love.]  Lovableness;  amiability. 

No  rules  can  make  amability.        Jer.  Taylor. 

Amacratic  (am-a-krat'ik),  a.  [Gr.  hama, 
together,  and  hratos,  power.]  In  pkotog. 
same  as  Amanthenic  (which  see). 

Amadou  (am'a-do),  n.  [Fr.  amadou,  Ger- 
man tinder,  touchwood:  a  word  believed  to 
be  of  Scandinavian  origin;  comp.  Icel.  ma  to, 
food,  bait;  Dan.  mad,  meat,  made,  to  feed, 
to  bait,  the  word  originally  meaning  the 
food  or  bait  of  fire.]  A  soft  leathery  sub- 
stance used  for  tinder,  consistingof  the  silky 
portion  of  &fungua(Polyporu8fotnentarius) 
found  growing  on  forest  trees,  left  remain- 
ing after  the  plant  has  been  deprived  of  its 
skin  and  pores  by  being  beaten  and  steeped 
in  saltpetre.  It  has  been  employed  by  sur- 
geons as  a  styptic.  Called  Black  Match, 
Pyrotechnical  Sponge,  or  German  Tinder, 
on  account  of  its  inflammability. 

Amain  (a-man'),  ado.  [Prefix  a,  in,  on,  and 
main,  force.  See  MAIN.  ]  With  force, 
strength,  or  violence ;  violently;  furiously; 
suddenly;  at  once.  'When  we  fled  amain.' 
Milton.  —  Let  go  amain  or  strike  amain 
(naut.),  to  let  fall  or  lower  at  once. 

Amaist  (a-masf),  adv.     Almost.     [Scotch.] 

Amalgam  (a-mal'gam),  n.  [Gr.  malagma, 
a  soft  mass,  from  malasso,  to  soften.]  1.  A 
compound  of  mercury  or  quicksilver  with 
another  metal;  any  metallic  alloy  of  which 
mercury  forms  an  essential  constituent  part. 
Specifically— 2.  A  native  compound  of  mer- 
cury and  silver  found  in  fine  crystals  in 
mines  in  which  veins  of  copper  and  silver 
cross  each  other.— 3.  Fig.  a  mixture  or  com- 
pound of  different  things. 

Amalgam  t  (a-mal'gam),  v.i.  To  amalga- 
mate. 'Quicksilver  easily  amalgams  with 
metals.'  Boyle. 

Amalgam, t  Amalgamet  (a-mal'gam),  v.t. 
To  mix,  as  metals  by  amalgamation ;  to 
amalgamate.  '  No  more,  sir,  of  gold  to 
ainalgame  with  some  six  of  mercury.'  B. 
Jonnon. 

Amalgamat  (a-mal'ga-ma),  n.  Same  as 
Amaiyam. 

They  have  divided  this  their  amalgama  into  a 
number  of  republics.  Burke. 

Amalgamate  (a-mal'gam-at),  a.  United  or 
coalesced:  a  term  applied  to  a  language  the 
words  of  which  are  formed  by  the  coalescence 
or  amalgamation  of  roots,  as  the  Aryan  or 
Indo-European  languages. 

Amalgamate  (a-mal'gam-at),  v.t.  1.  To 
compound  or  mix,  as  quicksilver  with  an- 
other metal. — 2.  To  mix  different  things  to 
make  a  compound;  to  blend;  to  unite. 

Ingratitude  is  indeed  their  four  cardinal  virtues 
compacie;)  and  amajfamateit Into  one.        Burke. 

Amalgamat3  (a-mal'gam-at),  t>.  i.  1.  To  com- 
pound or  unite  in  an  amalgam ;  to  blend 
with  another  metal,  as  quicksilver.  Hence — 
2.  To  unite  or  coalesce,  generally;  as,  two 


organs  or  parts  amalgamate  as  the  result 
of  growth. 
Amalgamation  (a-mu]'ga-ma"ahon),  n. 

1.  The  act  or  operation  of  compounding 
mercury  with  another  metal ;  specifically,  the 
process  of  separating  gold  and  silver  from 
their  ores  by  combining  them  with  mercury. 
The  mercury  readily  dissolves  these  metals 
us  disseminated  in  the  minerals,  and  uniting 
with  them  separates  them  from  the  foreign 
matters.    The  mercury  is  afterwards  driven 
otf  from  the  amalgam  by  heat. —  2.  The  mix- 
ing or  blending  of  different  things  or  races; 
the  result  of  such  mixing  or  blending;  com- 
plete union. 

Early  in  the  fourteenth  century  the  amalgamation 
of  the  races  was  all  but  complete.  Macaulay. 

3.  The  junction  or  union  of  two  or  more 
joint-stock  companies  into  one  concern. 

Amalgamator  (a-mal'ga-ma-ter),  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  amalgamates. 

Amalgame.t    See  AMALGAM,  v.t. 

Amalgamize  (a-mal'gam-iz),  v.t.  To  amal- 
gamate. [Bare.] 

Amalphitan  (a-mal'f  i-tan),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Ainalji,  a  seaport  town  of  Italy.  —  Amal- 
phitan  code,  the  oldest  existing  code  of  mari- 
time law,  compiled  during  the  first  crusade 
by  the  authorities  of  Amain,  which  town 
then  possessed  considerable  commerce  and 
maritime  power. 

Amandt  (a-mand')t  v.t.  [L.  amando  —  a, 
away,  and  mando,  to  commit,  to  send  word 
to.]  To  send  one  away. 

Amand  (a-mand'),  n.  [Fr.  amende,  a  fine.] 
In  Scots  law,  sometimes  used  of  a  fine  or 

i>enalty;  formerly  also  a  sum  required  to  be 
odged  by  the  defender  in  a  suit  who  pro- 
poned improbation,  as  a  security  that  he 
did  not  do  so  merely  with  a  view  to  delay 
or  evasion. 

Amandine  (a-man'din),  n.  [Fr.  amande,  an 
almond.  See  ALMOND.]  A  kind  of  paste  or 
cold  cream  for  chapped  hands,  prepared 
from  almonds. 

Amandola  (a-man'do-la),  n.  [It.  and  Pr.,  an 
almond.]  A  green  marble  with  white  spots, 
having  the  appearance  of  honey-comb;  of 
100  parts,  76  are  mild  calcareous  earth,  20 
schist,  and  2  iron.  The  cellular  appearance 
proceeds  from  the  schist. 

Amanitin,  Amanitme  (a-man'i-tin),  n. 
[Gr.  amaniten,  a  sort  of  fungus.  ]  An  organic 
base,  the  supposed  poisonous  principle  of 
certain  mushrooms,  as  Agaricus  muscarius, 
A.  bulbosus,  and  others. 

Amanuensis  (a-man'u-en"sis),  n.  pi.  Aman- 
uenses (a-man'u-en"sez).  [L.  a,  from,  and 
manus,  the  hand  =  sermt«  a  manu,  a  secre- 
tary.] A  person  whose  employment  is  to 
write  what  another  dictates,  or  to  copy  what 
has  been  written  by  another. 

I  had  not  that  happy  leisure;  no  amanuensis,  no 
assistants.  Bu  rton . 

Amaracus  (a-mar'a-kus),  n.  [L.,  marjoram. 
See  MARJORAM.]  Marjoram. 

And  at  their  feet  the  crocus  brake  like  fire, 

Violet,  atnaracMs,  and  asphodel, 

Lotos  and  lilies.  Tennyson. 

Amaranth  (am'a-ranth),  n.  [Gr.  amarantos 
—a,  neg.,  and  maraino.  to  decay:  so  called 
because  when  cropped  it  does  not  soon 
wither.  ]  1.  A  plant  of  the  genus  Amaranthus 
(which  see).— 2.  In  poetry,  an  imaginary 
flower  supposed  never  to  fade. 

Immortal  amaranth!  a  flower  which  once 

In  Paradise,  fast  by  the  tree  of  life. 

Beean  to  bloom ;  but  soon,  for  man's  offence. 

To  neaven  removed,  where  first  it  grew.    Milton. 

3.  A  colour  inclining  to  purple. 

Amaranthaceae  (am'a-ran-tha"se-e),  n.  pi 
A  nat.  order  of  apetalous  plants,  chiefly  in- 
habiting tropical  countries,  where  they  are 
often  troublesome  weeds.  They  are  re- 
markable for  the  white  or  sometimes  red- 
dish scales  of  which  their  flowers  are  com- 
posed. To  this  order  belong  the  cock's- 
comb,  the  globe -amaranth,  the  prince's- 
feather,  and  the  love-lies-bleeding  of  our 
gardens. 

Amaranthine  (am-a-ranth'in),  a.  1.  Belong- 
ing to  amaranth;  consisting  of,  containing, 
or  resembling  amaranth. 

Those  happy  souls  that  dwell 
In  yellow  meads  of  asphodel 
Or  amaranthine  bowers.  Pope. 

2.  Never-fading,  like  the  amaranth  of  the 
poets;  imperishable. 

The  only  amaranthine  flower  on  earth 

Is  virtue;  the  only  lasting  treasure,  truth.     Cowfer. 

3.  Of  a  purplish  colour. 
Amaranthus  (am-a-ranth/us),  n.    A  genus 

of  plants,  nat.  order  Amaranthacetc.     The 


species  are  found  chiefly  in  tropical  coun- 
tries, and  are  all  annuals.  The  tricolour  d 
species  (A.  tricolor),  from  China,  has  long 
been  cultivated  in  gardens  on  account  of 
the  beauty  of  its  variegated  leaves.  A.  hy- 
peatandrwuf  is  princes-feather;  A.  cauda- 
tun,  love-lies-bleeding. 

Amaritude  (a-mamad),  n.  [L.  amaritudo. 
from  atnarutt,  bitter.]  Bitterness.  Harvey. 
[Hare.] 

Amaryllidaceffi  (am-a-ril'Ii-da"se-e),  n.  pi,  A 
nat.  order  of  monocotyledouous  plants,  with 
six  stamens  and  an  inferior  fruit,  which 
comprehends  the  daffodil,  the  Guernsey 
and  belladonna  lilies,  the  ftrunsvigias  and 
blood-flowers  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
The  roots  are  generally  bulbous,  the  flowers 
on  a  spat  lie,  and  the  leaves  sword-shaped. 
The  bulbs  of  some  are  poisonous,  especially 
those  of  Hcemanthmt  toxicarius  and  some 
neighbouring  species,  in  which  the  Hotten- 
tots are  said  to  dip  their  arrow-heads.  The 
bulbs  of  Partisans  poeticus  and  some  other 
species  are  emetic.  The  genus  Amaryllis 
gives  the  name  to  the  order. 

Amaryllis  (am-a-ril'lis),  n.  [Female  name 
in  Virgil  and  Theocritus.  ]  A  genus  of  plants, 
comprising  a  great  number  of  species  and 
varieties,  the  type  of  the  nat.  order  Amaryl- 
lidaceae, many  of  which  are  cultivated  in 
gardens  for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers.  See 
AMARYLLIDACE.E. 

Amarythrin,  Amarythrine  (am-a-rith'- 
rin),  n.  (C12H16O7.)  The  bitter  principle 
of  erythric  acid. 

Amass  (a-mas'),  v.t.  [Fr.  amasser,  It.  am- 
massare,  L.  massa,  a  heap  or  lump.  See 
MASS.)  To  collect  into  a  heap;  to  gather  a 
great  quantity  or  number ;  to  accumulate ; 
as,  to  amass  a  treasure ;  to  amass  a  great 
number  of  quotations. 

The  life  of  Homer  has  been  written  by  amassing 
all  the  traditions  and  hints  the  writers  could  meet 
with.  Pope, 

Amass  t  (a-masO,  n.  An  assemblage,  heap, 
or  accumulation. 

This  pillar  is  nothing  in  effect  but  a  medley  or 
amass  of  all  the  precedent  ornaments.  If 'often. 

Amassette  (am-a-set),  n.  [Fr.]  In  paint- 
ing, an  instrument  of  horn  with  which  the 
colours  are  collected  and  scraped  together 
on  the  stone  during  the  process  of  grinding. 

Amassment  (a-mas'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
amassing;  a  heap  collected;  a  large  quantity 
or  number  brought  together;  an  accumula- 
tion. 'An  amassment  of  imaginary  concep- 
tions.' Glanville. 

Amasthenic  (a-mas-then'ik),  a.  [Gr.  hama, 
together,  and  sthenos,  strength.]  In  photoy. 
a  term  characterizing  a  superior  kind  of  lens 
which  unites  the  chemical  rays  of  light  into 
one  focus;  amacratic. 

Amatet  (a-maf),  v.t.  [Prefix  a,  intens.,  and 
mate,  to  daunt  or  weaken;  Fr.  amatir,  in 
O.Fr.  to  weaken,  in  Mod.  Fr.  to  deaden,  as 
gold  or  silver,  to  deprive  of  lustre,  from 
O.  Fr.  mat,  quelled,  subdued.  See  MATE, 
to  stupefy.]  To  terrify;  to  perplex;  to 
daunt;  to  subdue. 

Upon  the  wall  the  Pagans  old  and  young 
Stood  liush'd  and  still,  amated  and  amaz'd. 

Fairfax. 

Amatet  (a-maV),  *>•*•  [See  MATE,  a  com- 
panion.] To  accompany;  to  entertain,  as  a 
companion. 


A  lovely  bevy  of  fair  ladies  sate, 
Courted  of  many  a  jolly  paramoui 
The  which  did  them  in  modest  wise  e 


Spenser. 

Amateur  (am'a-tiir,  am-a-ter,  e  long),  n. 
[Fr.,  from  L.  amator,  a  lover,  from  amo,  to 
love.]  One  who  cultivates  any  study  or  art 
from  taste  or  attachment  without  pursuing 
it  professionally  or  with  a  view  to  gain;  one 
who  has  a  taste  for  the  arts. 

Amateurish  (am-a-tur/ish)>  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  characteristic  of  an  amateur.  'A  con- 
descending, amateurish  way.'  Dickens. 

Amateurship  (am-a-tur'ship),  n.  The  char- 
acter or  quality  of  an  amateur. 

Amative  (am'at-iv),  a.  [L.  amo,  amatum, 
to  love;  as  if  through  a  form  amatiwt.] 
Full  of  love;  amorous;  amatory:  applied  to 
the  faculties  capable  of  being  acted  on  by 
love. 

Amativeness  (am'at-iv-nes),  n.  In  phren. 
that  propensity  which  impels  to  sexual  pas- 
sion. Its  organ  is  supposed  to  be  in  the 
back  part  of  the  head  between  the  mastoid 
processes.  See  cut  PHRENOLOGY. 

Amatorial  (am-a-to'ri-al).  a.  [L.  amatoriun, 
from  amo,  to  love.]  1.  Relating  to  love;  as, 
amatorial  verses.  'Tales  of  love  and  chiv- 
alry, a  material  sonnets.'  T.  Warton,  — 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go\      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  Men;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig',    zh,  azure.  —See  KEY. 


AMATORIALLY 


84 


AMBERGRIS 


2  Produced  by  sexual  intercourse.  '  A  mala- 
rial progeny.'  Dr.  E.  Darwin.— 3.  In  anat. 
n  term  applied  to  the  oblique  muscles  of  the 
eye  from  their  use  in  ogling. 

Ainatorially  (am-a-to'ri-al-li),  adv.  In  an 
iimatorial  manner;  by  way  of  love. 

Amatorian  (am-a-to'ri-an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  love.  'Horace's  lusory  or  amatorian 
odes.'  Johnson.  [Rare.] 

Amatorioust  (ara-a-to'ri-us),  a.  Pertaining 
to  love.  'The  vain,  amatorious  poem  of  Sir 
I'hilip  Sidney's  'Arcadia."  Milton. 

Amatory  (am'a-to-ri),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
producing  love ;  expressive  of  love;  amato- 
rial;  as,  amatory  potions. 

She  could  repay  each  amatory  look  you  lent 
With  interest. 

Amaurosts  (am-a-ro'sis),  n.  [Gr.  amaurosis, 
from  amauroi,  obscure.)  A  partial  or  com- 
plete loss  of  sight  from  loss  of  power  in  the 
optic  nerve  or  retina,  without  any  visible 
defect  in  the  eye  except  an  immovable 
pupil.  Sometimes  the  disease  is  periodical, 
coming  on  suddenly,  continuing  for  hours 
or  days,  and  then  disappearing,  and  some- 
times it  is  complicated  with  cataract.  It  is 
generally  incurable.  Formerly  and  still 
sometimes  called  Gutta  Serena;  by  Milton 
'the  drop  serene.' 

AmaurotlC  (a-ma-rot'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  affected  with  amaurosis. 

Amauaite  (am-a'sit),  n.    See  PETROSILEX. 

Amayt  (a'ma),  v.t.  and  t.  [O.Fr.  s'esmaier, 
to  be  astonished;  Pr.  esmaiar,  esmagar,  pre- 
fix es  for  ex,  and  Goth,  mat/an,  to  have 
power,  to  be  strong.  See  DISMAY.]  To  dis- 
may; to  be  dismayed.  'Whereof  he  dradde 
and  was  amayed.'  Gower. 

Amaze  (a-maz/),  v.t.  [Prefix  a,  on  or  in,  and 
incize  (which  see).  The  older  spelling  was 
generally  amase.]  1.  To  confound  with  fear, 
sudden  surprise,  or  wonder ;  to  confuse;  to 
perplex. 

They  shall  be  afraid ;  they  shall  be  amazed  at  one 
another.  Is-  *»>•  8- 

Till  the  great  plover's  human  whistle  amazed 
Her  heart,  and  glancing  round  the  waste,  she  feared 
In  every  wavering  brake  an  ambuscade.  Tennyson. 

2.  To  strike  with  simple  astonishment,  sur- 
prise, or  wonder ;  to  astonish ;  to  surprise ; 
as,  you  amaze  me;  I  was  amazed  to  find  him 
there. 

Amaze  (a-maz'),  »•  Astonishment;  confu- 
sion; perplexity  arising  from  fear,  surprise, 
or  wonder:  used  chiefly  in  poetry,  and  nearly 
synonymous  with  amazement. 

It  fills  me  with  amaze, 
To  see  thee,  Porphyrol  fCtnts. 

The  wild,  bewildered  gaze 
Of  one  to  stone  converted  by  amaze.       Byron. 

Amazedly  (a-maz'ed-li),  adv.  With  amaze- 
ment ;  in  a  manner  that  indicates  astonish- 
ment. [Rare.] 

I  speak  amazedly;  and  it  becomes 

My  marvel  and  my  message.  Shak. 

Amazedness  (a-maz'ed-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  amazed  or  confounded  with  fear, 
surprise,  or  wonder ;  astonishment ;  great 
wonder. 

After  a  little  amazedness,  we  were  all  commanded 
out  of  the  chamber.  Sftaif. 

Amazeful  (a-maz'ful),  a.  Full  of  amazement 
calculated  to  produce  amazement. 

Amazement  (a-maz'ment),  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  amazed ;  astonishment ;  confusion 
or  perplexity  from  a  sudden  impression  of 
surprise,  or  surprise  mingled  with  terror. 

They  were  filled  with  wonder  and  amazement  ai 
that  which  happened  unto  him.  Acts  iii.  10. 

His  words  impression  left 
Of  much  amazement  to  the  infernal  crew, 
Distracted  and  surprised,  with  deep  dismay. 

Milton. 

2. t  Infatuation;  madness.  Webster.  —  SVN 
Astonishment,  wonder,  surprise,  confusion 
perplexity,  admiration. 

Amazing  (a-maz'ing),  a.  Very  wonderful 
exciting  astonishment,  perplexity,  or  terror 
'  Fall  like  amazing  thunder.'  Shnk. 

Amazingly  (a-maz'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  amaz 
ing  manner  or  degree;  in  a  manner  to  excite 
astonishment,  or  to  perplex,  confound,  o 
terrify;  wonderfully;  exceedingly;  very 
much. 

If  we  arise  to  the  world  of  spirits,  our  knowledg 
of  them  must  be  amazingly  imperfect.     Watts. 

Amazon  (am'a-zon),  n.  [Gr.  amazfn.  Gen 
erally.but  probably  fancifully  derived  fron 
a,  priv. ,  and  mazos,  a  breast,  from  the  fatal 
that  they  had  the  right  breast  remover 
that  it  might  not  interfere  with  the  use  o 
the  bow.]  1.  One  of  a  fabled  race  of  fernal 
warriors  who  are  mentioned  by  the  ancien 
Greek  writers,  and  are  said  to  have  foundet 


an  empire  on  the  river  Thermodon,  in  Asia 
Minor,  on  the  coast  of  the  Euxine.  They 
are  said  to  have  excluded  men  from  their 


Amazons.— I.  From  Hope's  Cost,  of  the  Ancients, 
a,  From  Museo  Borbomco. 

society,  and  by  their  warlike  enterprises  to 
have  conquered  surrounding  nations.-  2.  A 
warlike  or  masculine  woman;  a  virago. 

Him  (Abbe  Lefevre),  for  want  of  a  better,  they 
suspend  there:  in  the  pale  morning  light:  over  the 
top  of  all  Paris,  which  swims  in  one's  failing  eyes:— 
a  Wrible  end !  Nay.  the  rope  broke,  as  French 
ropes  often  did ;  or  else  an  amazon  cut  it.  Carlyle. 

Amazon-ant  (am'a-zon-ant),  n.  The  For- 
mica rufescem,  a  species  of  ant  which  robs 
the  nests  of  other  species,  carrying  off  the 
neuters  when  in  the  larva  or  pupa  stage  to 
its  own  nests,  where  they  are  brought  up 
along  with  its  own  larva!  by  neuters  stolen 
before. 

Amazonian  (am-a-zo'ni-an),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  an  Amazon:  in  the  fol- 
lowing extract,  smooth;  beardless:— 

When  with  his  Amazonian  chin  he  drove 
The  bristled  lips  before  him. 

2.  (Applied  to  females.)  Bold;  of  masculine 
manners;  warlike.  'To  triumph  like  an 
Amazonian  trull.'  Shak.—S.  Belonging  to 
the  river  Maraiion  (Amazon),  in  South 
America,  or  to  the  country  lying  on  that 
river.  —Amazonian  stone,  a  beautiful  green 
felspar  found  in  rolled  masses  near  the 
Amazon  river. 

Ambaget  (am'baj),  n.  [Sing,  of  the  follow- 
ing word.]  A  winding  or  turning. 

Ambages  (am-ba'jez),  n.  [L.  prefix  ambi, 
amb,  about,  and  ago,  to  drive.]  1.  Wind- 
ings or  turnings ;  hence,  a  circuit  of  words 
to  express  ideas  which  may  be  expressed  in 
fewer  words;  circumlocution. 

They  gave  those  complex  ideas  names,  that  they 
might  the  more  easily  record  and  discourse  of  things 
they  were  daily  conversant  in,  without  long  ambages 
and  circumlocution.  Locbe. 

2.  Subterfuges;  evasions. 

The  other  cost  me  so  many  strains,  and  traps,  and 
ambages  to  introduce  it.  Swt/t. 

Ambagious,  Ambaginous  (am-ba'jus.  am- 
baj'i-nus),  a.  Circumlocutory;  tedious. 
[Rare.] 

Ambagitory  (am-baj'i-to-ri),  a.  [From  am- 
bagesiviliich  see).]  Circumlocutory;  round- 
about. '  Partaking  of  what  scholars  call  the 
periphrastic  and  ambagitory.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 
[Rare.] 

Ambarie  (am'ba-ri),  n.  In  India,  an  oblong 
seat  furnished  with  a  canopy  and  curtains, 
to  be  placed  on  an  elephant's  back  for  the 
accommodation  of  riders. 

Ambary  (am'ba-ri),  n.  An  East  Indian 
plant.  Hibiscus  cannabimis.  See  HIBISCUS. 

Ambassadet  (am'has-sad),  n.  [Fr]  Em- 
bassy. '  You  disgrace  me  in  my  ambaaade. ' 
Shak. 

Ambassador  (am-bas'sa-dor),  n.  [Fr.  am- 
bassadeur,  from  ambassade,  an  embassy,  a 
word  which,  with  the  allied  forms,  such  as 
Pr.  ambaissada,  ambaissat,  It.  ambasciata, 
Sp.  ambaxada,  L.L.  ambassata.  ambasiata, 
Ac.,  is  derived  from  the  L.L.  ambactia, 
'which  figures  in  the  most  ancient  Low 
Latin  texts  with  the  meaning  of  service, 
employment,  mission.'  Littre.  Ambactia 
must  come  either  from  L.  ambactits,  a  vas- 
sal, a  dependant,  a  word  used  by  Caesar,  and 
said  to  be  a  Latinized  form  of  a  Celtic  word; 
or  from  a  Teutonic  word  which  appears  as 
Goth,  andbahts,  a  servant  or  attendant; 
A.  Sax.  ambiht,  ambeht,  a  servant,  a  mes- 


senger;  Icel.  ambdtt,  a  handmaid;  Dan. 
embede,  office,  employment;  V.  ambacM, 
trade  employment;  G.  amt,  office.  The 
Goth,  andbahts  is  probably  (as  Pott  thinks) 
from  prefix  and  (the  an  in  answer),  and  a 
root  allied  to  Skr.  bhaj,  to  serve  or  honour.) 
A  minister  of  the  highest  rank,  employed  by 
one  prince  or  state  at  the  court  of  another 
to  manage  the  public  concerns,  or  support 
the  interests  of  his  own  prince  or  state,  and 
representing  the  power  and  dignity  of  his 
sovereign  or  state.  Ambassadors  are  ordi- 
nary when  they  reside  permanently  at  a 
foreign  court,  or  extraordinary  when  they 
are  sent  on  a  special  occasion.  When  am- 
bassadors extraordinary  have  full  powers, 
as  of  concluding  peace,  making  treaties,  and 
the  like,  they  are  called  plenipotentiaries. 
Ambassadors  are  also  called  ministers;  as, 
the  French  minister  at  the  court  of  St. 
James's.  Envoys  are  ministers  employed 
on  special  occasions,  and  are  of  less  dignity 
than  ambassadors.  The  term  ambaaodor 
is  commonly  used  by  writers  on  public  law 
to  designate  every  kind  of  diplomatic  agent 
or  minister. 

An  ambassador  is  an  honest  man  sent  to  lie  abroad 
for  the  commonwealth.  Sir  H.  Wotton. 

[The  spelling  Einbassador  is  obsolete,  though 
Embassy,  and  not  Ambassy,  is  now  always 
written.] 

Ambassadorial  (am-bas'sa-d6"ri-al),  a.  Be- 
longing to  an  ambassador. 

The  foreign  affairs  were  conducted  by  a  separate 
department,  called  the  ambassadorial  office. 

Brougham. 

Ambassadress  (am-bas'sa-dres),  n.  [Fr.  om- 
bassad rice.  ]  1.  The  wife  of  an  ambassador. 
2.  A  woman  sent  on  a  public  message. 

Well,  my  ambassadress  .  .  , 
Come  you  to  menace  war,  and  loud  defiance? 
Rffwe. 

Ambassage  t  (am'bas-aj),  n.    An  embassy. 

Ambassatrie.t  n.    Embassy.    Chaveer. 

Ambassy  t  (am'bas-i),  ?i.    An  embassy. 

Ambe,  Ambi  (am'be,  am'bi),  n.  [Gr.  ambf, 
a  brim.  ]  1.  In  med.  a  superficial  eminence 
on  a  bone.  —  2.  In  surg.  an  ancient  mecha- 
nical contrivance  for  reducing  dislocated 
shoulders. 

Amber  (am'ber),  n.  [Fr.  ambre,  It.  ambra, 
Sp.  ambar,  from  the  Ar.  ambar,  anbar, 
ambergris.]  1.  A  mineralized  pale-yellow, 
and  sometimes  reddish  or  brownish,  resin 
of  extinct  pine-trees,  occurring  in  beds  of 
lignite  and  in  alluvial  soils,  hut  found  most 
abundantly  on  the  shores  of  the  Baltic, 
where  it  is  thrown  up  by  the  sea  between 
Konigsberg  and  Memel.  It  is  a  hard  trans- 
lucent substance,  brittle,  having  a  specific 
gravity  of  1-07,  without  taste  or  smell,  ex- 
cept when  heated,  when  it  emits  a  fragrant 
odour.  Its  most  remarkable  quality  is  its 
capability  of  becoming  negatively  electric 
by  friction ;  indeed  the  word  electricity  is 
derived  from  elektron,  the  Greek  term  for 
amber.  It  sometimes  incloses  flies  and  re- 
mains of  extinct  species.  It  yields  by  dis- 
tillation an  empyreumatic  oil  consisting  of 
a  mixture  of  hydrocarbons  and  sucdnic 
acid.  It  is  used  now  chiefly  for  pipe  mouth- 
pieces and  beads,  and  in  the  arts  for  amber- 
varnish.  —2.  t  Ambergris.  '  You  that  smell 
of  amber  at  my  charge.'  Beau.  <t-  Fl. 
Amber  (am'ber),  a.  Consisting  of  or  resem- 
bling amber;  of  the  colour  of  amber. 

What  time  the  amber  morn 
Forth  gushes  from  beneath  a  low-hung  cloud. 
Tennyson. 

Amber  t  (am'ber),  u.«.  To  scent  or  flavour 
with  amber  or  ambergris. 

Be  sure 

The  wines  he  lusty,  high,  and  full  of  spirit, 
And  amker'd  all.  Btau.  &•  Fl. 

Amber  (am'ber),  n.  [A.  Sax.]  An  old  Eng- 
lish measure  of  4  bushels. 

Ambergris  (am'ber-gres),  n.  [Fr.  ambre 
yris  (gris,  gray),  ([ray  amlwr.  See  AMBKR  I 
A  solid,  opaque,  ash-coloured  inflammable 
substance,  variegated  like  marble,  remark- 
ably light,  rugged  on  its  surface,  and  hav- 
ing, when  heated,  a  fragrant  odour.  It  does 
not  effervesce  with  acids;  it  melts  easily 
into  a  kind  of  yellow  resin,  and  is  highly 
soluble  in  spirit  of  wine.  It  is  a  morbid 
secretion  of  the  intestines  of  the  spermaceti 
whale,  the  Catodon  (Physeter)  macroce;iha- 
lus.  It  is  usually  found  floating  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  ocean  in  regions  frequented  by 
whales,  or  on  the  shore,  as  on  the  coasts  of 
the  Bahama  Islands;  sometimes  in  masses 
of  from  60  to  225  Ibs.  weight.  In  this  sub- 
stance are  found  the  beaks  of  the  cuttle- 
fish, on  which  the  whale  is  known  to  feed. 
It  is  highly  valued  as  a  material  in  perfum- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;       >',  Sc.  ley. 


AMBER-SEED 


85 


AMBROSIAN 


ery,  and  was  formerly  prized  for  spicing 
wines. 

Amber-seed  (am'ber-sed),  n.  The  seed  of 
Abelmoschus  mogchatus,  imported  from 
Egypt  and  the  West  Indies.  It  resembles 
millet  in  appearance,  has  a  bitterish  taste, 
and  a  smell  like  that  of  musk.  It  is  used 
to  perfume  pomatum.  Called  also  Musk- 

Amber-tree  (am'ber-tre),  n.  The  English 
name  for  the  species  of  Anthospermum,  a 
genus  of  African  shrubs  with  evergreen 
leaves,  which,  when  bruised,  emit  a  fragrant 
odour. 

Ambes-as,t  n.  [See  AMBS-ACE.]  A  double 
ace,  as  when  two  dice  turn  up  the  ace. 
Chaucer. 

Ambidexter  (am-bi-deks'ter),  n.  [L.  ambo, 
both,  and  dexter,  the  right  hand.]  1.  A 
person  who  uses  both  hands  with  equal 
facility.  SirT.  Browne.— 2.  A  double-dealer; 
one  equally  ready  to  act  on  either  side  in 
party  disputes.  Burton.—  3.  In  law,  a  juror 
who  takes  money  from  both  parties  for  giv- 
ing his  verdict. 

Ambidexterity,  Ambidextrousness  (am'- 
bi-deks-ter"i-ti,  am-bi-deks'trus-nes),n.  The 
quality  of  being  ambidextrous :  as,  (a)  the 
faculty  of  using  both  hands  with  equal  facil- 
ity. 

Ignorant  I  was  of  the  human  frame,  and  of  its 
latent  powers,  as  regarded  speed,  force,  and  ambi- 
dexterity. Df  Qttincty. 

(b)  Double-dealing,  (c)  In  law,  the  taking 
of  money  from  both  parties  for  a  verdict. 

Ambidextrous  (am-bi-deks'trus),  a.  [See 
AMBIDEXTER.]  1.  Having  both  hands  right 
hands ;  having  the  faculty  of  using  both 
hands  with  equal  ease.  — 2.  Practising  or 
siding  with  both  parties;  double-dealing. 
'  Shuttling  and  ambidextrous  dealings.'  Sir 
R.  L' Estrange.  [Rare.] 

Ambient  (am'bi-ent),  a.  [L.  ambieng,  am- 
bientis—amb,  around,  and  wnst  ppr.  of  ire, 
to  go.]  Surrounding;  encompassing  on  all 
sides;  investing:  applied  to  fluids  or  diffus- 
ible substances ;  as,  the  ambient  air. 

Ambient  (am'bi-ent),  n.  That  which  encom- 
passes on  all  sides.  '  Air  being  a  perpetual 
ambient.'  Reliquiae  Wottoniance.  [Rare.] 

Ambigenal  (am-bij'en-al),  a.  [L.ambo,  both, 
and  gemt,  a  knee.  ]  A  word  used  only  in  the 
phrase  ambigenal  hyperbola,  a  hyperbola  of 
the  third  order,  having  one  of  its  infinite 
legs  falling  within  an  angle  formed  by  the 
asymptotes,  and  the  other  without. 

Ambigu  (am'bi-gu),  n.  [Fr.  See  AMBIGU- 
OUS. ]  An  entertainment  or  feast,  consisting, 
not  of  regular  courses,  but  of  a  medley  of 
dishes  set  on  the  table  together.  Dr.  W. 
King. 

Ambiguity  (am-bi-gu'i-ti),  n.  The  state  of 
being  ambiguous ;  doubtfulness  or  uncer- 
tainty, particularly  of  signification.  '  The 
words  are  of  single  meaning  without  any 
ambiguity.'  South. 

No  shadow  of  ambiguity  can  rest  upon  the  course 
to  be  pursued.  ft.  Taylor. 

Ambiguous  (am-big'u-us),  a.  [L.  ambiguus, 
from  ambfgo,  to  go  about— anibi,  about,  and 
ago,  to  drive.]  1.  Doubtful  or  uncertain, 
especially  in  respect  to  signification;  equivo- 
cal; obscure. 

What  have  been  thy  answers,  what  but  dark, 
Ambiguous,  and  with  double  sense  deluding. 
Milton. 

2.  Speaking  or  acting  ambiguously.   [Rare.] 

Th'  ambiguous  god,  who  ruled  her  lab'ring  breast, 
In  these  mysterious  words  his  mind  exprest. 

Dryden. 

SYN.  Indeterminate,  indefinite,    doubtful, 

uncertain,  unsettled,  indistinct,  equivocal. 
Ambiguously  (am-big'u-us-li),  adv.  In  an 

ambiguous  manner;  with  doubtful  meaning. 
Ambiguousness  (am-big'u-us-nes),  n.  The 

quality  of   being  ambiguous;   ambiguity; 

obscurity. 
Ambilevoust  (am-bi-le'vus),  a.    [L.  ambo, 

both,  and  Icevus,  left.]    Having  both  hands 

left  hands;  unable  to  use  either  hand  with 

facility. 
Some  are  as  Galen  hath  expressed;  that  is,  ambi- 

Irvous,  or  left-handed  on  both  sides ;  such  as  with 

agility  and  vigour  have  not  the  use  of  either. 

Sir  T.  fliv-rt'iie. 
Ambilogvt  (am-bil'o-ji),  n.    [L.  ambo,  both, 

and  Gr.  logos,  speech.]   Talk  or  language  of 

doubtful  meaning.     Bailey. 
Ambiloquoust  (am-bll'o-kwus),  o.  [L.  ambo, 

both,  and  loquor,  to  speak.  J    Using  ambigu- 
ous expressions.     Bailey. 
Ambiloquyt  (am-bll'o-kwi),  n.    Ambiguous 

m-  dmibtf.nl  language.     Bailey. 
Ambit  (am 'bit),  n.     [L.  ambitus,  a  circuit, 

from  ambio,  to  go  about.    See  AMBIENT.] 


Compass  or  circuit;  circumference.  'Within 
ambit  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Burgundy.' 
Sir  /"'.  Palgrave.  [Rare.] 
Ambition  (am-bi'shon),  n.  [L.  ambitio,am- 
bitionix,  a  going  round,  the  going  about  of 
candidates  for  office  in  Rome— amb,  around, 
round  about,  and  itio,  a  going;  from  eo,  it  u  m , 
to  go,  from  L.  Gr.  and  JSkr.  root  i,  to  go.] 
l.t  The  act  of  going  about  to  solicit  or  ob- 
tain an  office,  or  other  object  of  desire ;  a 
canvassing. 

I  on  the  other  side 
Used  no  ambition  to  commend  my  plans.    Milton. 

2.  An  eager  and  sometimes  inordinate  desire 
after  some  object,  as  preferment,  honour, 
pre-eminence,  superiority,  power,  fame,  or 
whatever  confers  distinction ;  desire  to  dis- 
tinguish one's  self  in  some  way  among 
others. 

Cromwell,  I  charge  thee,  fling  away  ambition: 
By  that  sin  fell  the  angels.  Shat. 

Ambition  (am-bi'shon),  v.t.  To  seek  after 
ambitiously  or  eagerly;  to  aspire  to.  [Rare.] 

This  nobleman  { Lord  Chesterfield),  however,  failed 
to  attain  that  place  among  the  most  eminent  states- 
men of  his  country,  which  he  ambitioned. 

Wingrove  Coofce, 

Ambitionless  (am-bi'shon-les),  a.    Devoid 
of  ambition. 
Ambitious  (am-bi'shus),  a.    [L.  ambitiosus.] 

1.  Possessing  ambition;  eagerly  or  inordin- 
ately desirous  of  power,  honour,  fame,  office, 
superiority,    or    distinction.      '  Trajan,    a 
prince  ambitious  of  glory.'     Arbuthnot. — 

2.  Strongly  desirous. 

I  was  not  ambitious  of  seeing  this  ceremony. 

Evelyn. 

3.  Springing  from,  indicating,   or  charac- 
terized by  ambition;   showy;  pretentious; 
as,  an  ambitious  style;  ambitious  ornament. 

Ambitiously  (am-bi'shus-li),  adv.  In  an 
ambitious  manner. 

Ambitiousness  (am-bi'shus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  ambitious;  ambition. 

Ambitus  (am'bi-tus),  n.  [L.]  1.  A  going 
round ;  a  circuit ;  the  circumference  or  ex- 
terior edge  or  border  of  a  thing,  as  of  a  leaf, 
or  valve  of  a  shell— 2. t  In  arch,  an  open 
space  surrounding  a  building  or  tomb. 

Amble  (am'bl),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  ambled;  ppr. 
ambling,  [O.Fr  ambler,  to  amble,  from  L. 
ambulo,  to  go  about,  to  walk,  from  amb, 
about.]  1.  To  move  with  a  peculiar  pace, 
as  a  horse,  first  lifting  the  two  legs  on  one 
side,  and  then  changing  to  the  other;  hence, 
to  move  easily  and  gently  without  hard 
shocks.  'An  abbot  on  ambling  pad.'  Ten- 
nyson. 

Your  wit  ambles  well,  it  goes  easily.        Shak, 

2.  To  move  affectedly. 

Frequent  in  park,  with  lady  at  his  side, 
Ambling  and  prattling  scandal  as  he  goes. 

Co-wfer. 

Amble  (am'bl),  n.  A  peculiar  pace  of  a  horse 
or  like  animal,  in  which  both  legs  on  one 
side  are  moved  at  the  same  time;  hence, 
easy  motion  ;  gentle  pace.  '  A  mule  well 
broken  to  a  pleasant  and  accommodating 
amble.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Ambler  (am 'bier),  n.  One  who  ambles; 
especially,  a  horse  which  ambles;  a  pacer. 

Amblingly  (am'bling-li),  adv.  With  an 
ambling  gait. 

Amblotic  (am-blo'tik),  a.  [Gr.  ambldsis, 
abortion.]  Having  the  power  to  cause 
abortion. 

Amblygon  (am'bli-gon),  n.  [Gr.  amblyg, 
obtuse,  and  gonia,  an  angle.]  In  geom.  an 
obtuse-angled  triangle;  a  triangle  with  one 
angle  of  more  than  ninety  degrees.  Ency. 
Brit. 

Amblygonal  (am-blig'on-al),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  an  amblygon;  having  an  obtuse 
angle.  Hutton. 

Amblygonite  (am-blig'on-H),  n.  [Or.  am- 
blygomos,  having  an  obtuse  angle.  See 
AMBLYQON.  ]  A  greenish-coloured  mineral, 
of  different  pale  shades,  marked  with  red- 
dish and  yellowish  brown  spots.  It  consists 
of  phosphates  and  fluorides  of  aluminium 
and  lithium.  It  occurs  massive  or  crystal- 
lized in  oblique  four-sided  prisms,  in  granite, 
with  topaz  and  tourmalin,  in  Saxony. 

Amblyopsis  (am-bli-op'sis),  n.  [Gr.  amblys, 
blunt,  dull,  and  opsis,  countenance,  sight.] 
A  genus  of  fishes,  including  the  blind-fish 
(.4.  spelceus).  See  BLIND-FISH. 

Amblyopy  (am'bli-6p-i),  n.  [Gr.  amblys, 
dull,  and  ops,  eye.]  In  med.  dulness  or 
obscurity  of  sight,  without  any  apparent 
defect  of  the  organs:  the  first  stage  of 
amaurosis. 

Amblypterus  (am-blip'ter-us),  n.  [Gr.  am- 
blys, dull,  blunt,  and  pteron,  a  wing,  a  fln.] 
A  genus  of  ganoid  fishes,  with  heterocercal 


tail,  found  only  in  a  fossil  state.  Thesi*'<  it  s 
are  characteristic  of  the  coal  formatinn. 

Amblyrhyncnus  (am-bli-ringk'us),  n.  [Gr. 
amblyn,  blunt,  and  rhynchoit,  snout.]  A 
genus  of  lizards  found  in  the  Galnp;i-«^ 
islands,  resembling  the  iguana.  A.crixtatii*. 
in  length  varying  from  3  to  4  feet,  is  the 
only  known  existing  marine  lizard.  Thm- 
flesh  is  considered  delicate  food. 

Ambo,  Ambon  (am'bo,  am'bon),  n.  [Eccles. 
L.  ambo,  a  pulpit,  a  reading-desk;  Gr.  am- 
bdn,  any  rising,  a  stage,  and  later  a  pulpit.  I 
In  early  Christian  churches  a  raised  dok 
or  pulpit,  from  which  were  read  or  chanted 
certain  parts  of  the  service.  It  was  gener- 
ally an  oblong  inclosure  with  steps  at  both 


Ambo,  Church  of  San  Lorenzo,  Rome. 

ends,  and  was  sometimes  richly  decorated. 
A  tall  ornamented  pillar  for  holding  the 
paschal  candle  is  often  associated  with  the 
ambo. 

Ambodexter  (am-bo-deks'ter),  n.  Same  as 
Ambidexter. 

Amboyna-wood  (am-boi'na-wnd),  n.  [A  m~ 
boyna,  one  of  the  Molucca  or  Spice  Islands.  ] 
A  beautifully  mottled  and  curled  wood,  em- 
ployed in  cabinet-work.  Called  also  Kia- 
booca-wood  (which  see). 

Ambreada  (am-bre-a'da),  n.  [From  amber.  ] 
A  kind  of  fictitious  amber,  sold  by  Euro- 
peans to  the  Africans. 

Ambreic  (am-bre'ik),  a.  In  chem.  formed, 
as  a  certain  acid,  by  digesting  ambrein  in 
nitric  acid. 

Ambrein,  Ambreine  (amT>re-in),  n.  A  pe- 
culiar fatty  substance  obtained  from  am- 
bergris by  digesting  it  in  hot  alcohol.  It  is 
crystallized,  is  of  a  brilliant  white  colour, 
and  has  an  agreeable  odour. 

Ambrose  t  (am'broz),  n.     Ambrosia. 

At  first,  ambrose  itself  was  not  sweeter.     Burton. 

Ambrosia  (am-bro'zhi-a),  n.  [L.  and  Gr. 
ambrosia,  the  food  of  the  gods,  conferring 
immortality,  from  ambrotos,  immortal  (same 
elements  as  in  Skr.  amritas,  immortal)—  a, 
priv.,and&ro(o«,  for  mroto8=mortos,  mortal, 
from  the  widely-spread  Indo-European  root 
mar,  inor,  whence  L.  mors,  death,  and  E. 
murder.  See  Max  Miiller's  Lectures.}  1.  Ac- 
cording to  the  belief  of  the  ancient  Greeks, 
the  food  of  the  gods,  which  conferred  im- 
mortality on  those  who  partook  of  it;  henc* , 
anything  pleasing  to  the  taste  or  tmell,  as 
a  perfumed  draught,  unguent,  or  the  like. 
'  His  dewy  locks  distilled  ambrosia, '  Milton. 
2.  In  bot.  a  genus  of  plants  belonging  to  the 
nat.  order  Composites,  consisting  of  annu.il 
weeds  resembling  wormwood. 

Ambrosiac(am-br6'zhi-ak), a.  Of orpertain- 
ing  to  or  having  the  qualities  of  ambrosia. 
'Ambrosiac  odours.'  B.  Jonson. 

Ambrosial  (am-bro'zhi-al),  n.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  ambrosia;  partaking  of  the  nature  or 
qualities  of  ambrosia;  anointed  or  fragrant 
with  ambrosia;  delighting  the  taste  or  smell ; 
delicious;  fragrant;  as,  ambrosial  dews. 

Thou  too  mayest  become  a  Political  Power:  and 
with  the  shakings  of  thy  horse-hair  wig,  shake  prin- 
cipalities and  dynasties,  like  a  very  Jove  with  his 
ambrosial  curls.  Carlyle, 

Ambrosiali2e  (am-bro'zhi-al-iz),  v.t.     To 

render  ambrosial. 
Ambrosially  (am-bro'zhi-al  li),  adv.    In  an 

ambrosial  manner;  with  an  ambrosial  odour. 

A  fruit  of  pure  Hesperian  gold. 

That  smelt  ambrosially.  Tennyson. 

Ambroslan  (am-bro'zhi-an),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


AMBROSIAN 


86 


AMENABLY 


in"  to  ambrosia  ;  anointed  or  fragrant  with 
ambrosia;  fragrant;  ambrosial.  B.  Jonsmi. 
Ambrosian(ani-bro'/hi-an),a.  Oforpertam- 
in"  to  any  person  of  tbe  name  of  Ambrose, 
especially  St.  Ambrose.  -The  Ambrosian 
office  or  ritual,  a  formula  of  worship  m  the 
church  of  Milan,  instituted  by  St.  Ambrose. 
—Ambrosian  chant,  a  mode  of  singing  or 
chanting  introduced  by  St.  Ambrose.  It 
was  more  monotonous  than  the  Gregorian, 
which  was  used  afterwards. 


two  or  four  wheeled  vehicle  fitted  with  suit- 
able appliances  for  conveying  the  wounded 
from  the  field  of  battle. 

Ambulant  (am'bu-lant),  a.  [L.  ambulant, 
from  ambulo,  to  go  about.]  Walking;  mov- 
ing from  place  to  place.  '  A  knight  .  .  . 
ambulant,  combatant.'  Gay  ton. 

Ambulate  (am'bu-lat),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp. 
ambulated;  ppr.  ambulating.  [L.  ambulo, 
ambulatum,  to  go  about,  formed  from  in- 
separable preposition  amb,  around,  about.] 
To  move  backward  and  forward ;  to  walk. 


Sh^">±^nIStnrOT9e-  !  Am^SvVr(^,at-ivX  .     Havmg 


back,  with  a  whip  in  his  right  hand. 

Ambrotype  (am'bro-tip),  ».  [Or.  ambrotos, 
immortal,  and  typos,  impression.  ]  In  photog. 
a  picture  taken  on  a  plate  of  prepared  glass, 
in  which  the  lights  are  represented  in  silver 
and  the  shadows  by  a  dark  back-ground 
showing  through  the  transparent  portions 
of  the  plate. 

Ambry(am'bri),n.  [Contracted  from  almonry 
(which  see);  but  another  word  seems  to  have 
become  mixed  up  with  this,  namely,  Fr. 
ar  moire,  a  cupboard,  from  L.L.  armaria, 
armarimn,  originally  a  chest  for  keeping 
arms  ]  1  A  place  where  alms  are  deposited 
for  distribution  to  the  poor;  an  almonry; 
also,  a  place  in  ancient  abbeys  and  priories 
where  the  almoner  lived.  —2.  A  niche  or 


Ambry,  Romscy  Church.  Hampshire. 

recess  in  the  wall  of  ancient  churches  near 

the  altar,  fitted  with  a  door,  in  which  the 

sacred  utensils  were  deposited.  In  the 
larger  churches  and  cathedrals  the  ambries 
were  very  numerous,  used  for  various  pur- 
poses, and  sometimes  large  enough  to  be 
what  we  should  now  call  closets,  the  doors 
and  other  parts  that  were  seen  being  usually 
richly  carved.— 3.  A  place  in  which  are  de- 
posited the  utensils  for  housekeeping;  a  cup- 
board; a  place  for  cold  victuals.  [Provincial.  ] 

AmbB-ace  (amz'as),  n.  [Kr.  awbesas— O.  Fr. 
itmbey,  pi.  of  ambe,  from  L.  ambo,  both,  and 
as,  ace.  See  ACE.]  A  double  ace,  as  when 
two  dice  turn  up  the  ace. 

Ambulacral  (am-bu-la'kral),  a.  In  zoo!,  per- 
taining to  an  ambulacrum  or  to  ambulacra. 

Ambulacrum  (am-bu-la'krum),  n.  pi.  Am- 
bulacra (am-bu-la'kra).  [L.  ambulacrum, 
an  alley.  See  AMBULATE.]  In  zool.  one  of 
the  perforated  spaces  or  avenues  through 
which  are  protruded  the  tube  feet,  by  means 
of  which  locomotion  is  effected  in  the  Echino- 
dennata. 

Ambulance  (am'bu-lans),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A  hos- 
pital establishment  which  accompanies  an 
army  in  its  movements  in  the  field  for  the 
purpose  of  providing  assistance,  of  a  more 
or  less  temporary  nature,  to  the  soldiers 
wounded  in  battle.  —2.  A  cart,  waggon,  or 
litteremployed  to  convey  the  wounded  from 
the  place  where  they  fell  to  the  hospital. 

Ambulance -cart,   Ambulance -waggon 


a  tendency  to  walk  or  advance;  walking; 

Ambulator  (am'bu-lat-ert,  n.  I.  One  who 
walks  about.  —2.  In  road  surv.  an  instru- 
ment for  measuring  distances;  a  peram- 
bulator (which  see).— 3.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  original  form  of  the  velocipede. 
See  VELOCIPEDE. 

Ambulatory  (amTju-la-to-ri),  o.  1.  Having 
the  power  or  faculty  of  walking;  as,  an 
ambulatory  animal. —2.  Pertaining  to  a 
walk;  happening  or  obtained  during  a  walk. 
•  The  princes  of  whom  his  majesty  had  an 
ambulatory  view  in  his  travels.'  Wotton.— 

3.  Accustomed  to  move  from  place  to  place; 
not  stationary ;  as,  an  ambulatory  court. 

The  priesthood    .    .    .    before  was  very  ambu- 
latory, and  dispersed  into  all  families.    Jer.  Taylar. 

4.  In  ornith.  formed  or  adapted  for  walking: 
a  term  sometimes  applied  to  the  feet  of  birds 
with  three  toes  before  and  one  behind,  as  in 
the  passerine  birds. -5.  In  law,  not  fixed,  but 
capable  of  being  altered;  as,  a  will  is  ambu- 
latory until  the  death  of  the  testator ;  the 
return  of  a  sheriff  is  ambulatory  until  it  is 

Ambulatory  (am'bu-la-to-ri),  n.  Any  part 
of  a  building  intended  for  walking  in,  as  the 
aisles  of  a  church  or  the  cloisters  of  a  mon- 
astery; specifically,  any  place  inclosed  by  a 
colonnade  or  arcade,  as  a  portico  or  corridor. 

Ambulet  (am'bul),  v.i.  [See  AMBULATE.] 
To  remove  from  place  to  place. 

The  indecency  of  ambuling  communions  is  very 
great.  Lord  Burleigh. 

Amburbial  (am-berb'i-al),  «.  [L.  am,  amb, 
around,  and  urbs,  a  city.]  Encompassing 
or  surrounding  a  city.  [Rare.] 
Ambury  (am'bn-ri),  n.  [A.  Sax.  ampre, 
a  crooked  swelling  vein  ]  1.  A  tumour, 
wart  or  swelling  on  a  horse,  full  of  blood 
and  soft  to  the  touch.— 2.  Club-root,  a  sort 
of  gall  or  excrescence  in  some  plants  of  the 
nat.  order  Cmcifeno,  and  chiefly  in  the 
turnip,  produced  by  a  puncture  made  by 
the  ovipositor  of  an  insect  and  the  deposi- 
tion of  its  eggs. 

Ambuscade  (am-bus-kad'),  n.  [Fr.  embus- 
cade,  from  It.  imboscare,  to  lie  in  bushes— 
t7i,  in,  and  bosco,  a  wood,  the  same  word  as 
E.  bush.  See  BUSH.]  1.  A  lying  in  wait  and 
concealed  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  an 
enemy  by  surprise. — 2.  A  private  station  in 
which  troops  lie  concealed  with  a  view  to 
attack  their  enemy  by  surprise ;  ambush.  — 
3.  A  body  of  troops  lying  in  ambush. 
Ambuscade  (am-bus-kad'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
ambuscaded;  ppr.  ambuscading.  To  lie  in 
wait  for,  or  to  attack  from  a  concealed  posi- 
tion. 

Ambuscading  (am-nus-kad'ing),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  ambuscade;  given  to  form- 
ing, or  forming  ambuscades.  'Ambuscad- 
ing ways.'  Carlyle. 

Ambuscadot  (am-bus-ka'do),  71.  An  ambus- 
cade. Shak. 

Ambuscadot  (am-bus-ka'do),  v.t.  To  post 
in  ambush.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 
Ambush  (am'bush),  71.  [Fr.  embftche,  O.  Fr. 
embusche,  verb  embuscher,  to  go  into  a  wood, 
to  lie  in  wait.  See  AMBUSCADE.]  1.  The 
state  of  lying  concealed  for  the  purpose  of 
attacking  by  surprise ;  a  lying  in  wait ;  the 
act  of  attacking  unexpectedly  from  a  con- 
cealed position. 

Heaven,  whose  high  walls  fear  no  assault  or  siege. 
Or  ambush  from  the  deep. 


Ambulance-waggon  in  use  in  the  British  army,  to 
carry  seven  sick  or  wounded  men. 

(amTju-lans-kart,  amTju-lans-wag-on),  n.   A 


2.  A  private  or  concealed  station,  where 
troops  lie  in  wait  to  attack  their  enemy  by 
surprise  ;  an  ambuscade.  —  3.  The  troops 
posted  in  a  concealed  place  for  attacking 
by  surprise. 

Lay  thee  an  ambush  for  the  city.        Josh.  viii.  2. 

Ambush  (am'bush),  v.t.    To  post  or  place  in 
ambush. 

The  subtil  Turk  having  ambushed  a  thousand 
horse,  .  .  .  charged  the  Persians.      Sir  T.  Herbert. 


Ambush  (am'bush),  v.i.  To  lie  in  wait  for 
the  purpose  of  attacking  by  surprise. 

Nor  saw  the  snake  that  ambush'd  for  his  prey. 

Ambushment  (aml)ush-ment),  n.  An  am- 
bush in  all  its  senses.  2Chr.  xiii.  13. 

Ambustiont  (am-bust'yon),  n.  [L.  ambuslio, 
from  amburo,  to  burn  or  scorch— ami,  about, 
and  uro,  ustum,  to  bum.]  A  bum  or  scald. 
Cockeram. 

Amebean  (am-e-be'an),  o.  Same  as  A  ma- 
bean  (which  see). 

Ameer  Amir  (a-mer1),  n.  [Ar.]  A  noble- 
man; a  chief;  a  ruler;  an  emir  (which  see). 

Ameiva  (a-mi'va),  n.  A  genus  of  small  sau- 
rian reptiles  of  the  family  Teida;.  They  are 
rather  pretty  animals,  with  a  very  long 
whip-like  tail,  and  peculiarly  elongated  toes 
on  the  hinder  feet.  The  tail  is  covered  with 
a  series  of  scales  arranged  in  rings.  The 
general  colour  is  dark  olive  speckled  with 
black  on  the  nape  of  the  neck:  on  the  sides 
are  rows  or  bands  of  white  spots  edged  with 
black.  There  are  many  species,  inhabiting 
either  Central  America  or  the  West  Indian 
Islands. 

Amelt  (am'el),  n.  [Fr.  (mail,  enamel.]  En=- 
mel  (which  see). 

Amelt  (am'el),  v.t.  To  enamel.  'Enlight- 
ened all  with  stars,  and  richly  ameled.' 
Chapman. 

Amel-corn  (am'el-korn),  n.  Same  as  Amyl- 

Ameiiorable  (a-mel'yor-a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  ameliorated. 

Ameliorate  (a-mel'yor-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
ameliorated;  ppr.  ameliorating.  [Through 
Fr.  amfliorer,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  melioro, 
melioratum,  to  make  better,  from  melior, 
better.)  To  make  better;  to  improve;  to 
meliorate. 

In  every  human  being  there  is  a  wish  ^ameliorate 
his  own  condition.  Alacautay. 

Ameliorate  (a-mel'yor-at),  r.i.  To  grow 
better;  to  meliorate.  '  Wine  ameliorates  by 
age.'  Goodrich. 

Amelioration  (a-mel'yor-a"8hon),  n.  The 
act  of  ameliorating,  or  the  state  of  being 
ameliorated;  a  making  or  becoming  better; 
improvement;  melioration. 

The  October  politician  is  so  full  of  charity  and 
good-nature,  that  he  supposes  that  these  very  rob- 
bers and  murderers  themselves  are  in  course  of  ame- 
lioration. Kurt*. 

Ameliorative  (a-mel'yor-at-iv),  a.  Produc- 
ing, or  having  a  tendency  to  produce,  ame- 
lioration or  amendment ;  as,  ameliorative 
medicines. 

Ameliorator  (a-mel'yor-at-er),  n.  One  who 
ameliorates. 

Amen  (li'men1).  [Heb.  amen,  firm,  estab- 
lished, allied  to  Ar.  amun,  faithful;  Chal. 
aman,  to  trust]  A  term  used  in  devotions, 
occurring  generally  at  the  end  of  a  prayer, 
and  meaning  So  be  it.  At  the  end  of  a 
creed  it  is  equivalent  to  a  solemn  assertion 
of  belief. 

One  cried,  God  bless  us!  and.  Amenl  the  other. 
But  wherefore  could  I  not  pronounce  Amen  t 
I  had  most  need  of  blessing,  and  Amen 
Stuck  in  my  throat.  ShaK. 

In  the  Roman  Catholic  version  of  the  New 
Testament,  published  at  Rheims  in  1582,  it 
is  used  where  the  Authorized  Version  has 
verily,  being  the  word  used  in  the  original. 

Amen,  amen  I  say  unto  thee.  Except  a  man  be 
born  again  he  cannot  see  the  kingdom  of  God. 

In.  in.  3. 

It  is  used  as  a  noun  to  denote  Christ  as 
being  one  who  is  true  and  faithful.  '  These 
things  saith  the  Amen.'  Rev.  ill.  14.  It  is 
used  as  an  adjective  to  signify  made  true, 
verified,  fulfilled. 

All  the  promises  of  God  in  him  (Christ)  are  yea, 
and  in  him  Amen.  2  Cor.  1.  20. 

Amenability     See  AMENABI.KSESS. 

Amenable  (a-me'na-bl),  a.  [Fr.  amener,  to 
bring  or  lead  to— a,  to,  and  mener,  to  lead. 
See  DEMEAN.]  l.t  In  old  law,  easy  to  be 
led;  governable,  as  a  woman  by  her  husband. 

2.  Liable  to  answer  or  be  called  to  account; 
responsible ;  answerable ;  accountable ;  as, 
every  man  is  amenable  to  the  laws. 

The  sovereign  of  this  country  is  not  amenable  to 
any  form  of  trial  known  to  the  laws.  Jiitnus. 

3.  Ready  to  yield  or  submit,  as  to  advice ; 
submissive. 

always 


Sterling  . 
counsel. 


as  amenable  enough  to 
.  Carlyle. 

Amenableness,  Amenability  (a-me'na-bl- 
nes.  a-me'na-bil"i-ti),  n.  The  state  of  being 
amenable;  liability  to  answer. 

Amenably  (a-me'na-bli),  adv.  In  an  amen- 
able manner. 


FJte,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  try 


AMENAGE 


87 


AMHARIC 


Amenage  t  (nm'en-aj),  v.t.  [Prefix  a  fur  ail, 
ami  mi'mi'je  fur  maiunjf;  0.  Fr.  amemmjer. 
Sir  MANAGE.)  To  bring  under  or  to  a  state 
of  subordination  ;  to  manage. 

With  her,  whoso  will  raging  Furor  tame, 

Musi  first  begin,  and  well  her  amende.   Spenser. 

Amenance t  (ain'en-ana),  n.  [Frum  r'r. 
iimeuer;  see  AMENABLE,  and  comp.  demean, 
(IfineaniKir.  from  same  stem.]  Conduct : 
mien  or  carriage.  '  With  grave  speech  and 
grateful  anu'iiance.'  I'll.  Fletcher. 

Amend  (a-mend'),  D.  (.  [Fr.  amender.  for 
fniender,  Pr.  erne ndar,  to  correct,  from  L. 
emendo,  to  free  from  faults—  e,  out,  out  of, 
and  me nda,  a  fault.  Sec  MENU.]  To  make 
better,  or  change  fur  the  better,  in  any  way, 
as  by  removing  what  is  erroneous,  corrupt, 
faulty,  superfluous,  and  the  like,  by  supply- 
ing a  want,  or  by  substituting  one  thing  for 
another;  to  correct;  to  improve;  to  reform. 

si  mend  your  ways  and  your  doings,  and  I  will  cause 
you  to  dwell  in  this  place.  Jer.  vii.  3. 

Much  more  was  to  be  done  before  Shakspere  could 
be  restored  to  himself,  such  as  amending  the  cor- 
rupted text,  &c.  Warburton. 

We  shall  cheer  her  sorrows  and  amend  her  blood 
by  wedding  her  to  a  Norman.  Sir  tl'.  Scott. 

Amend  (a-mend'),  v.i.  To  grow  or  become 
better  by  reformation  or  rectifying  some- 
thing wrong  in  manners  or  morals. — Amend, 
Improve.  Amend  differs  from  improve  in 
this,  that  to  amend  implies  something  pre- 
viously wrong,  while  to  improve  does  not 
necessarily  do  so. 

Amendable  (a-mend'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
be  ng  amended  or  corrected;  as,  an  amend- 
abic  writ  or  error. 

Amendatory  ( a-mend'a-to-rl ),  a.  Supply- 
ing amendment;  corrective. 

Amende  (a-mahd).  n.  [Fr.  amende,  L.L. 
anienda,  a  penalty,  reparation.  See  AMEND, 
v.t.]  A  pecuniary  punishment  or  fine;  a 
recantation  or  reparation. — Amende  honor- 
able, formerly  a  punishment  in  France  in 
which  an  offender  against  public  decency 
and  morality,  being  led  into  court  with  a 
rope  about  his  neck,  begged  pardon  of  his 
God,  the  court,  &c.  In  popular  Ian.  the 
phrase  now  signifies  a  public  or  open  recan- 
tation and  reparation  to  an  injured  party 
for  improper  language  or  treatment. 

She  was  condemned  to  make  the  amende  honor- 
able, that  is,  to  confess  her  delinquency,  at  the  end 
of  a  public  religious  procession,  with  a  lighted  taper 
in  her  hand,  and  to  be  imprisoned  during  the  pleasure 
of  the  King  of  France.  Miss  Strickland. 

Amender  (a-mend'er),  n.    One  who  amends. 

We  find  this  digester  of  codes,  amender  of  laws, . .  . 
permitting  .  .  .  one  of  the  most  atrocious  acts  of 
oppression.  Brougham. 

Amendf  ul  t  (a-mend'ful),  a.  Full  of  amend- 
ment or  improvement.  'Your  most  amend- 
ful  and  unmatched  fortunes.'  Beau.  <fc  F I. 

Amendment  (a-mend'ment),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  making  better,  or  changing  for  the  bet- 
ter, in  any  way,  as  by  the  correction  of 
faults,  the  removal  of  superfluities,  the 
supplying  of  deficiencies,  the  substitution  of 
one  thing  for  another,  Ac.;  improvement; 
reformation.  'Amendment  of  life.'  Hooker. 

Her  works  are  so  perfect  that  there  is  no  place  for 
amendments.  Ray. 

2.  The  act  of  becoming  better,  or  state  of 
having  become  better;  specifically,  recovery 
of  health. 

Your  honour's  players,  hearing  your  amendment, 
Are  come  to  play  a  pleasant  comedy.         Shak. 

3.  In  parliamentary  proceedings,  an  altera- 
tion proposed  to  be  made  in  the  draft  of 
any  bill,  or  in  the  terms  of  any  motion  un- 
der discussion;  also,  any  alteration  proposed 
in  the  terms  of  any  motion  or  resolution 
brought  forward  at  a  public  meeting.  Some- 
times an  amendment  is  moved,  the  effect  of 
which  is  entirely  to  reverse  the  sense  of  the 
original  motion. — 4.  In  law,  the  correction 
of  an  error  in  a  writ  or  process.— SYN.  Cor- 
rection, improvement,  reformation,  amelio- 
ration, betterment. 

Amends  (a-mendz'). n.  pi.  Compensation  for 
a  loss  or  injury;  recompense;  satisfaction; 
equivalent.  '  Yet  thus  far  fortune  maketh 
us  amends.'  Shah. 

Amendsful  (a-mendz'ful),  o.  Making 
amends.  Goodrich. 

Amenity  (a-men'i-ti),  n.  [L.  amaenitas,  Fr. 
amtnitf.  L.  aincenus,  pleasant.]  The  quality 
of  being  pleasant  or  agreeable,  whether  in 
respect  of  situation,  prospect,  climate,  tem- 
per, disposition,  manners,  or  the  like;  plea- 
santness; pleasiugness.  'Paradises for  ame- 
nity.' Bp.  Richardson.  'The  amenity  of 
the  story. '  Dr.  II.  More. 

The  climate  has  not  seduced  by  its  amenities. 
If.  Howitt. 


To  this  .  .  .  he  added  a  sweetness  and  amenity  of 
temper  which  extorted  the  praises  even  of  liis  p.tliti- 
cal  opponents.  Buckle. 

—Amenity  damages,  damages  given  for  the 
defacements  of  grounds,  especially  around 
dwelling-houses,  or  otherwise  for  annoyance 
or  loss  of  amenity  caused  by  the  passing  "f 
a  railway,  the  construction  of  public  works, 
and  the  like. 

Amenorrhcea  (a-men'o-re"a),  n.  [Gr.  a, 
priv.,  men,  a  month,  and  rheo,  to  flow.] 
An  obstruction  of  the  menses  from  other 
causes  than  pregnancy  and  advanced  age. 

A  Mensa  et  Thoro.  [L.,  from  board  or 
table  and  bed.]  In  law,  a  phrase  descrip- 
tive of  a  kind  of  divorce  in  which  the  hus- 
band and  wife  separate,  but  the  husband 
maintains  the  wife,  and  the  marriage  bond 
is  not  dissolved;  now  superseded  by  a  decree 
of  judicial  separation. 

Arnent  (am'ent),  n.  Same  as  Amentum 
(which  see). 

Amentacea  (a-men-ta'se-e),  n.  pi.  A  group 
of  plants  whose  flowers  are  arranged  in  an 
amentum  or  catkin,  and  which  were  for- 
merly considered  to  form  anatural  order,  but 
which  later  botanists  have  separated  into 
several  different  orders,  as  Cupulifera,  Sali- 
caceso,  Betulacese,  Platanacea),  and  Myrica- 
cere. 

Amentaceous  (a-men-ta'shus),  a.  In  bot. 
(a)  consisting  of  or  resembling  an  amentum; 
as,  an  amentaceous  inflorescence.  (6)  Fur- 
nished with  amenta;  as,  amentaceous  plants. 

Amentia  (a-men'shi-a),  n.  [L. ,  want  of  rea- 
son —  a,  without,  and  mens,  mentis,  mind. 
See  MIND.)  Imbecility  of  mind  ;  idiocy  or 
dotage. 

Amentum  (a-men'tum),  n.  pi.  Amenta 
(a-men'ta).  [L. 
amentum, a  thong 
for  throwing  a 
spear,  also  a  shoe- 
strap.]  In  bot.  a 
kind  of  inflores- 
cence consisting 
of  unisexual  apet- 
alous  flowers  in 
the  axils  of  scales 
or  bracts  ranged 
along  a  stalk  or 
axis ;  a  catkin. 
The  true  amen- 
tum or  catkin  is 
articulated  with 
the  branch  and 
deciduous,  and  is 
well  seen  in  the 
willow,birch,oak, 
poplar,  and  hazel. 

Amenuse.t  v.t.  [Fr.  amenuiser,  to  make 
small— a  for  ad,  to,  and  menuiser,  from 
menu,  little,  and  that  from  L.  minutus, 
minute.  See  MINUTE.]  To  lessen ;  to  dimi- 
nish. 'If  he  amenuse  or  withdraw  the 
almesse  of  the  poor.'  Chaucer. 

Amerce  (a-mersO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  amerced; 
ppr.  amercing.  [Fr.  amercie,  fined  at  the 
mercy  of  the  court— <l,  at,  and  merci,  mercy  ] 

1.  To  punish  by  a  pecuniary  penalty,  the 
amount  of  which  is  not  fixed  by  law,  but 
left  to  the  discretion  of  the  court ;  as,  the 
court  amerced  the  criminal  in  tne  sum  of 
£100.  —2.  To  punish  by  inflicting  a  penalty 
of  any  kind,  as  by  depriving  of  some  right 
or  privilege,  or  entailing  some  loss  upon;  to 
punish  in  general.     'Millions  of  spirits  for 
his    fault    amerced    of    heaven.'      Milton. 
'Shall  by  him  be  amerced  with  penance 
due.'    Spenser. 

Amerceable  (a-mers'a-bl),  a.    Liable  to 

amercement. 
Amercement  (a-mers'ment),  ».    1.  The  act 

of  amercing,  or  state  of  being  amerced.— 

2.  In  law,  a  pecuniary  penalty  inflicted  on 
an  offender  at  the  discretion  of  the  court. 
It  differs  from  a  fine,  in  that  the  latter  is, 
or  was  originally,  a  fixed  and  certain  sum 
prescribed  by  statute  for  an  offence,  while 
an  amercement  is  arbitrary;  hence  the  prac- 
tice of  a/eering.    See  AFFEER.  —  Amerce- 
ment royal,  a  penalty  imposed  on  an  officer 
for  a  misdemeanour  in  his  office. 

Amercer  (a-mers'er),  n.    One  who  amerces. 

Amerclament  (a-mer'si-a-ment),  n.  Same 
as  ^1  mercement ,  2. 

American  (a-mer'i-kan),  o.  [The  name 
America  arose  from  a  misunderstanding. 
Martin  Waltzemuller  or  Waldseemuller,  a 
native  and  teacher  in  the  gymnasium  of  St 
Die.in  Lorraine.gave  the  name  A  mcn'ciTerra 
in  1507  to  South  America,  or  those  parts  of  it 
said  to  have  been  discovered  by  Amerigo 
Vespucci,  an  Italian  mariner,  who  under 


and  female,  with  separate 
flowers. 


the  Portuguese  made  two  voyages  to  Ame- 
rica between  1501  and  1504.  This  name, 
which  was  rapidly  adopted  In  Germany, 
and  extended  to  the  whole  continent,  was 
gradually  adopted  also  in  other  countries. 
The  mainland  was  first  seen  in  1497  by 
Sebastian  Cabot,  who  sailed  under  the 
patronage  of  Henry  VII.  of  England.  ]  Per- 
taining to  America;  in  a  restricted  sense, 
pertaining  to  the  United  States;  as,  the 
American  navy. — American  leather,  a  kind 
of  varnished  or  enamelled  cloth,  prepared 
in  imitation  of  leather,  for  covering  chairs, 
sofas,  <tc. 

American  (a-mer'i-kan),  n.  A  native  of 
America;  originally  applied  to  the  aborigi- 
nal races  found  there  by  the  Europeans,  but 
now  applied  to  the  descendants  of  Euro- 
peans born  in  America;  and,  in  a  restricted 
sense,  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  United 
States. 

Americanism  (a-mer'i-kan -izm),  n.  1.  The 
love  or  preference  which  American  citizens 
have  to  their  own  country,  or  its  interests, 
customs,  &c. ;  the  exhibition  of  such  pre- 
ference ;  as,  his  Americanism  is  of  the  most 
pronounced  type. — 2.  A  word,  phrase,  or 
idiom  peculiar  to  the  English  language  as 
spoken  in  America,  and  not  forming  part  of 
the  language  as  spoken  in  England.  [There 
are  also  of  course  Spanish  and  Portuguese 
Americanisms  in  a  similar  sense.  ] 

Americanize  (a-mert-kan-iz),  v.t.  pret.  & 
pp.  americanized;  ppr.  americamzivg.  1.  To 
render  American  or  like  what  prevails  or  is 
characteristic  of  America  (especially  the 
United  States)  and  its  institutions. 

The  line  of  argument  has  been  adopted  by  the 
right  honourable  gentleman  opposite  with  regard  to 
what  he  terms  americanixing  the  institutions  of  the 
country.  Gladstone. 

2.  To  naturalize  in  America. 
Ames-ace  (amz'as),  n.    A  double  ace;  an 
ambs-ace. 

I  had  rather  be  in  this  choice  than  throw  ames-ace 
for  my  life.  Slut*. 

Amess  (am'es),  n.  Same  as  Almuce  (which 
see). 

Ametabola,  Ametabolla  (a-me-tab'o-la,  a'- 
met-a-bo"li-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ametabolos,  un- 
changeable —  a,  priv.,  and  metaballo,  to 
throw  in  a  different  position,  to  change — 
meta,  implying  change,  and  ballo,  to  throw  ] 
A  division  of  insects,  including  only  the 
apterous  or  wingless  insects,  as  lice,  spring- 
tails,  Ac. ,  which  do  not  undergo  any  meta- 
morphosis, but  which  escape  from  the  egg 
nearly  under  the  same  form  which  they  pre- 
serve through  life. 

Ametabollan  (a'met-a-bo"li-an),  n.  In  zool. 
an  insect  that  does  not  undergo  a  metamor- 
phosis. See  AMETABOLA. 

Ametabolic  (a-met-a-bol"ik),  o.  [Gr.  a,  priv  , 
and  metabole,  change.  See  AMETABOLA.] 
In  zool.  a  term  applied  to  those  insects 
which  do  not  possess  wings  when  perfect, 
and  which  do  not  therefore  pass  through 
any  well-marked  metamorphosis. 

Amethodical  (a-me-thod'ik-al),  o.  [Prefix 
a,  not,  and  methodical  (which  see).]  Un- 
methodical; irregular;  without  order.  Bai- 
ley. [Rare.] 

Amethodlstt  (a-meth'od-ist),  n.  [Gr.  ameth- 
odos,  without  plan  or  method.  See  METHOD.  ] 
A  quack.  'EmpiricallawwtAodist*.'  Whit- 
lock. 

Amethyst  (am'e-thist).  n.  [L.  amethystus; 
Gr.  amethi/stos—a,  neg.,  and  methyii,  to  in- 
ebriate, from  some  supposed  quality  in  the 
stone  of  preventing  or  curing  intoxication.) 
1.  A  violet-blue  or  purple  variety  of  quart/, 
the  colour  being  due  to  the  presence  of  per- 
oxide of  iron.  It  generally  occurs  crystal- 
lized in  hexahedral  prisms  or  pyramids;  also 
in  rolled  fragments,  composed  of  imperfect 
prismatic  crystals.  Its  fracture  is  con- 
choidal  or  splintery.  It  is  wrought  into 
various  articles  of  jewelry.  The  finest  ame- 
thysts come  from  India,  Ceylon,  and  Brazil. 

Oriental  amethyst,  a  rare  violet-coloured 

gem,  a  variety  of  alumina  or  corundum,  of 
extraordinary  brilliancy  and  beauty.— 2.  In 
her.  a  purple  colour :  the  same  in  a  noble- 
man's escutcheon  as  purpure  in  a  gentle- 
man's and  mercury  in  that  of  a  prince. 

Amethystine  (a-me-thist'in),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  amethyst :  anciently 
applied  to  a  garment  of  the  colour  of  ame- 
thyst, as  distinguished  from  the  Tyrian  and 
hyacinthine  purple.— 2.  Composed  of  ame- 
thyst; as,  an  amethystine  cup. 

AmhariC  (am-ha'rik),  n.  [From  Amhara, 
a  province  in  Abyssinia.]  The  vernacular 
language  of  South-western  Abyssinia,  a  cor- 


ch.cAaln;     6h,  Sc.  locA;     g,  go;     J.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin0;     TH,  «Aen;  th,  «Ain;      w,  rag;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


AMMIRAL 


AMHERSTIA 


rupt  and  barbarous  dialect  of  Arabic,  with 
many  African  elements. 
Amherstia  (am-herst'i-a),  n.    [In  honour  of 
Countess  Amherst,  a  zealous  promoter  of 
botany.  ]     A  genus  of  plants    nat.   order 
LeKuminosic.    The  flowers  are  large  bright 
vermilion  with  yellow  spots,  and  form  a 
raceme  about  3  feet  long.  There  is  only  one 
species,  the  A.  nobili*,  a  native  of  Em-man 
in  which  country  the  flowers  are  collected 
and  laid  before  the  shrines  of  Buddha 
Amla  ( am'i-a ),  n.    A  genus  of  ganoid  fishes 
found  in  the  rivers  of  America,  and  consti- 
tuting the  family  Amiidffi  (which  see). 
Amiability  (a'mi-a-bil"i-ti),  n.    The  quality 
^if  being  amiable  or  lovable ;  excellence  of 
disposition;  amiableness. 
Amiable  (a'mi-a-bl),  a.    [Under  this  form 
there  are  probably  two  kindred  words  mixed 
up,  namely  Fr.  aimable,  lovely,  amiable, 
from  L.  amabilii,  from  amo  to  love;  tr. 
amiable,  amicable,  L.  amicabilm.}    l.t  Ax- 
citing  or  tending  to  excite  love  or  delight ; 
lovely  ;    beautiful ;    delightful  ;   pleasing. 
•How  amiable  are  thy  tabernacles,  O  Lord. 
Ps.  Ixxxiv.  1. 

Come  set  thee  down  upon  this  flow'ry  bed. 


such  as  that  we  do  not  wish  to  disagree 
with  those  with  whom  we  are  on  amicable 
terms;  friendly  means  that  the  relations 
are  of  an  active  character,  that  we  have 
done  something  to  attain,  and  would  do 
more  to  retain,  the  relation. -SYN.  Friendly, 
peaceable,  harmonious. 
Amicableness  (am'ik-a-bl-nes)  n.  The  q 
lity  of  being  amicable,  peaceable,  frl™dj.y' 
or  disposed  to  peace  ,  p  _ 


serve  peace 


Amidward  (a 
middle  line  of  a  ship. 

Amiidas  (am-i'i-de),  n.  pi  A  family  of  re- 
cent ganoid  fishes,  approaching  more  closely 
than  the  other  families  of  the  order  to  the 
ordinary  bony  fishes.  The  skin  is  covered 
with  small,  thin,  rounded  scales,  coated 
with  enamel,  and  the  caudal  fin  is  scarcely 
unsymmetrical.  The  species  of  this  family, 
which  are  few  in  number,  inhabit  the  fresh 
waters  of  America.  One  of  the  largest  is 
the  ^4mia  calua. 


SBS3SSUsaS\BeS^f  ™ 


While  I  thy  am 


iown  upon 
table  cheel 


:ks  do  coy. 


There  is  nothing  more  amiable  in  nature  than  the 
character  of  a  truly  good  man. 

2  Possessing  such  agreeable  moral  qualities 
as  sweetness  of  temper,  kind-heartedness,  or 
the  like;  having  an  excellent  disposition; 
lovable;  as,  an  amiable  girl;  an  amiable 
disposition.  See  extract. 

This  (word)  and  'lovely'  have  been  so  far  differenti- 
ated that  'amiable-  never  expresses  now  any  other 
than  moral  loveliness;  which  in  'lovely' is  seldom 
or  never  implied.  Abp.Jn 

3.t  Exhibiting  love  or  a  show  of  love;  pro- 
ceeding from  love. 

Lay  an  amiable  siege  to  the  honesty  of  this  Ford's 
wife.  *«** 

Amiableness  (a'mi-a-bl-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  amiable;  loveliness;  amiability. 

Amiably  (a'mi-a-bli),  adv.  1.  In  an  amiable 
manner;  in  a  manner  to  excite  or  attract 
love.  — 2. t  Pleasingly;  delightfully.  'The 
palaces  rise  so  amiably.'  Sir  T.  Herbert. 
[Rare.] 

They  (the  parables)  are  so  amiably  perspicuous, 
vigorous.  anJ  bright.  6lackwaU. 

Amiantli,  Amianthus  (am'i-anth,  am-i-an'- 
thus)  n  [Or.  amiantos  —  a,  neg.,  and 
miaino,  to  pollute  or  vitiate:  so  called  from 
its  incombustibility.]  Flexible  asbestos, 
earth-flax,  or  mountain-flax ;  a  mineral  oc- 
curring generally  in  serpentine  veins,  some- 
what resembling  flax,  usually  grayish  or  of 
a  greenish-white  colour.  It  is  composed  of 
delicate  filaments,  very  flexible,  and  some- 
what elastic,  often  long  and  resembling 
threads  of  silk.  It  is  incombustible,  and 
has  sometimes  been  wrought  into  cloth  and 
paper  by  the  aid  of  flax,  which  is  afterwards 
removed  by  a  red  heat.  It  has  also  been 
employed  as  lamp-wicks,  and  for  filling  gas- 
grates,  the  fibres  remaining  red-hot  without 
being  consumed.  It  is  a  finer  variety  of  as- 
bestos (which  see). 

Amianthiform  (am-i-an'thi-form),  a.  [Ami- 
antli  and  form.]  Having  the  form  or  like- 
ness of  amianth. 

Amianthinite  (am-i-an'thin-it),  n.  A  species 
of  amorphous  mineral,  a  variety  of  actino- 
lite;  its  colour  is  ash,  greenish,  or  yellowish- 
gray,  often  mixed  with  yellow  or  red ;  its 
fracture  confusedly  foliated  and  fibrous. 
AmlanthOld  (am-i-an'thoid),  n.     (Amianth, 
and  Or.   eidos,  form.]     A  mineral  which 
occurs  in  tufts,  composed  of  long  capillary 
filaments,  flexible  and  very  elastic;   more 
flexible  than   the  fibres  of   asbestos,   but 
stiffer  and  more  elastic  than  those  of  ami- 
anth. The  colour  is  olive-green  or  greenish- 
white.    It  is  a  variety  of  hornblende. 
AmlanthOld  (am-i-an'thoid),  a.  Resembling 
umianth  in  form. 
Amianthus.    See  AMIANTH. 
Amicability  (am'ik-a-bil"i-ti),  n.    Quality 
uf  being  amicable;  amicableness. 
Amicable  (am'ik-a-bl),    a.     [L.   amicabilis, 
from  auiiciu,  a  friend,  from  amo,  to  love.] 
Characterized  by  or  exhibiting  friendship, 
peaceableness,  or  harmony;  friendly;  peace- 
able; harmonious  in  social  or  mutual  trans- 
actions; as,  an  amicable  arrangement;  an 
amicable  adjustment  of  differences.    'His 
kindness  and  humanity,  and  amicable  dis- 
position, and  affability  and  pleasantness  of 
temper.'    Wood.— Amicable  action,  in  law, 
an  action  commenced  and  prosecuted  ac- 
cording to  a  mutual  understanding,  for  the 


or  friendly . 

controversy ;  as,  the  dispute  was 

Amicalt  (a-mi'kal  or  am'ik-al),  a.  Friendly; 
amicable.  '  An  amical  call  to  repentance. 
W.  Watson. 

Amice  (am'is),  n.  [O.Fr.  ami*,  amit,  Fr. 
amict,  from  L.  amictus,  an  upper  or  outer 
garment  from  amicio,  amietum,  to  wrap 
round -prefix  <HII,  around,  and  jacio,  jac- 
tum,  to  throw.  ]  Something  wrapped  round 
a  person;  specifically,  (a)  a  flowing  cloak 
formerly  worn  by  priests  and  pilgrims. 

A  palmer's  amice  wrapped  him  round. 
With  a  wrought  Spanish  baldnck  bound 


(6)  An  oblong  piece  or  strip  of  fine  linen, 
with  an  embroidered  apparel  sewed  upon 
it  falling  down  the  shoulders  like  a  cope, 
worn  under  the  alb  by  priests  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  when  engaged  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  mass.  It  was  originally  tempo- 
rarily placed  on  the  head  till  the  other  vest- 
ments were  arranged,  after  which  it  was 


i,  Amice  round  the  neck.    ».  Amice  worn  as  a  hood. 

turned  down  with  the  apparel  outwards,  so 
that  when  reposing  on  the  shoulders  it  re- 
sembled an  embroidered  collar.  To  this 
position  on  the  head  is  to  be  referred  its 
later  symbolism  as  a  helmet  of  salvation. 
The  bands  worn  by  some  Protestant  clergy- 
men are  a  relic  of  the  amice. 

Arrayed  in  habit  black  and  amice  thin. 

Like  to  a  holy  monk  the  service  to  begin.    Spenser. 

Amict  (am'ikt),  n.    Same  as  Amice. 

AmiCUBCurise(a-mi'kusku'ri-e),»i.  [L.]  In 
law,  a  friend  of  the  court ;  a  person  in  the 
court  who  informs  the  judge  of  an  error  he 
has  detected. 

Amid,  Amidst  (a-mid',  a-midsf),  prep.  [Pre- 
fix fl,  on,  in.  and  mid,  raids*.  In  A.  Sax.  it 
appeal's  as  on-middan,  on-middum,  later  as 
amidde,  amiddes;  the  t  has  been  tacked  on 
as  in  against;  the  es  is  an  adverbial  genit. 
termination.  See  MID,  MIDDLE,  &c.]  In  the 
midst  or  middle;  surrounded  or  encom- 
passed by;  mingled  with;  among.  Amid  is 
used  chiefly  in  poetry.  '  Placed  far  amid 
'Amidst 


j  as  Emir  (which  see). 
Amirait  (am'i-ral),n.  An  admiral.  See  AM- 
MIRAL 
Amist  (am'is),  n.    An  amice.    Spenser.    See 

Amiss  (a-misO,  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  and  miss. 
See  Miss.]  1.  Wrong;  faulty;  out  of  time  or 
order;  improper:  used  only  as  a  predicate; 
as,  it  may  not  be  amiss  to  ask  advice. 

There's  somewhat  in  this  world  amirs 
Shall  be  unriddled  by  and  by.       Tenuysm. 

—To  be  not  amiss,  to  be  passable  or  suitable: 
to  be  pretty  fair;  to  be  not  so  very  bad  aftt  r 
all:  a  phrase  used  to  express  approval,  but 
not  in  a  very  emphatic  way.  [Colloq.] 

She's  a  miss,  she  is;  and  yet  she  an't  amiss—  eht 
Dickens. 

2.  In  a  faulty  manner;  contrary  to  propi  iety. 
truth,  law,  or  morality. 

Ye  ask  and  receive  not,  because  ye  ask  amiss. 
Jam.  iv.  3. 

Amiss tO-mis1),  «.  Fault;  wrong.  'Some 
great  amiss.'  Shale. 

Pale  be  my  looks  to  witness  my  amiss.      Lyly. 

Amissibility  (a-mis'i-bil"i-ti).  n.  The  cura- 
bility or  possibility  of  being  lost.  [Rare  ] 

Notions  of  popular  rights,  and  the  amissibilily  of 
sovereign  power  for  misconduct,  were  broached. 

Amiasible  (a-mis'i-bl),  a.  [L.  amissiiiJis.) 
Capable  of  being  or  liable  to  be  lost.  [Rare.] 

Amissiont  (a-mi'shon),  n.  [L.  omissio. 
oinissioiiis,  from  amitto-a,  away,  and  mitto, 
to  send  ]  Loss.  '  Emission  of  their  church 
membership.'  Dr.  H.  More. 

Amit  t  (a-mif), «.(.  [L.oniiHo,  to  lose.]  To 
lose.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Amity  (am'i-ti).  n.  ( Fr.  amitU,  0.  Fr.  amuU, 
Pr  amistat;  from  a  L.L.  amieitas  (used  in- 
stead of  Class.  L  amicitia,  friendship),  from 
amina.  a  friend,  from  amo,  to  love.]  Friend- 
ship in  a  general  sense ;  harmony ;  good 
understanding,  especially  between  nations; 
political  friendship ;  as,  a  treaty  of  amity 
and  commerce. 

Great  Britain  was  in  league  and  amity  wirt  all jhe 

SYN.  Harmony,  kindness,  affection,  friend- 
ship, good-will. 

Amma  (am'ma),  n.  [A  word  probably  formed 
from  the  earliest  sound  uttered  by  an  in- 
fant, and  hence  recognized  in  the  name  for 
mother,  nurse,  in  many  tongues;  comp.  G 
omm«,  a  wet-nurse;  O.G.  amma,  amothei; 
Heb  em;  Syr.  ama,  a  mother.  Comp.  als" 
mamma;  L.  mamma,  a  breast.]  An  abbess 
or  spiritual  mother. 


the  melancholy  main.'   Thomson. 
the  garden.'    Hilton. 

Amide,  Amine  (am'id.  am'in).  n.  In  chem 
names  given  to  a  series  of  salts  producec 
by  the  substitution  of  elements  or  radicals 
for  the  hydrogen  atoms  of  ammonia :  often 
used  as  terminations  of  the  names  of  such 
salts.  When  these  hydrogen  atoms  are  re- 
placed by  acid  radicals,  the  salts  are  called 
amides,  as  NHjCjH.,0  (acetamide);  while 
if  the  replacing  radicals  are  basic,  the  salts 
are  termed  amines,  as  NH3K  (potassamine) 
and  NH2CjHs  (ethylamine). 

Amldin,  Amidine  (am'id-in),  n.  (CMH^OJO.) 
A  peculiar  substance  procured  from  wheat 
and  potato  starch.  It  is  opaque  or  semi- 
transparent,  white  or  yellowish-white,  in- 
odorous, insipid,  and  very  friable.  It  forms 
the  soluble  or  gelatinous  part  of  starch. 

Amidogen  (a-mid'6-jen),  n.  [Amide,  and 
Or.  gennao,  to  produce  — the  generator  of 
amides.]  A  basifying  principle  composed 
of  two  equivalents  of  hydrogen  and  one  of 
nitrogen  (NH«).  It  has  not  been  isolated, 


Ul    BUUIMMM    mvvlt^.».  .      ,. 

Amma  (am'ma),  n.  [Or.,  a  band.]  A  girdle 
or  truss  used  in  ruptures. 

Amman  (am'man),  n.  [Contr.  from  G.  ami 
mann  courtman  or  officer—  a7«(,  from  am- 
bacht,  duty,  office.  See  AMBASSADOR.)  An 
officer  who,  in  Switzerland  and  in  some 
parts  of  Germany,  exercises  judicial  func 
tions  in  a  limited  district  of  country. 

Ammi  (am'me),  n.  [Gr.  ammos,  sand.]  A 
genus  of  umbelliferous  plants,  growing  in 
the  Mediterranean  region,  and  having  th 
habit  of  the  carrot,  but  with  the  outer 
petals  of  the  umbel  very  large.  They  are 
sometimes  called  bishop-meeds.  >one  of 
them  are  natives  of  Britain,  our  bishop-weed 
being  the  jKgopodmm  pvdagrana,  other- 
wise called  goutwort. 

Ammiral  t  (am'mi-ral),  n.  1.  Admiral.—  2.  A 
ship  carrying  an  admiral  ;  any  large  ship. 
See  ADMIRAL. 

His  spear—  to  equal  which  the  tallest  pine 
Hewn  on  Norwegian  hills,  to  be  the  mast 


g  , 

Of  some  great  ammiral,  were  but  a  wand- 
He  walk'd  with  to  support  uneasy  steps 
Over  the  burning  marie.  Milton. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abtme;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


AMMIT 


89 


AMCEBA 


Ammitt(am'mit), ».  [Sec  AMICE.]  Aaamiue. 

Their  motley  habits,  maniples  and  stoles, 
Albs  ammits,  rochets,  chimers,  hoods,  and  cowls. 
Oldham. 

Ainmite,Hammite(am'mlt,ham'mit),n.[Gr. 
tttmtiox,  saml.  J  An  ok!  mineralogical  mime 
for  roe-stone  or  oolite,  and  for  all  those 
sandstones  composed  of  rounded  and  loosely 
compacted  grains  like  oolite.  See  OOLITK. 

Ammochryse  (am'mo-kris),  n.  [Gr.  ainmnx, 
Hand,  and  chryxox,  gold.]  A  yellow  soft 
stone,  found  in  Germany,  consisting  of 
glossy  yellow  particles.  When  rubbed  or 
ground  it  has  been  used  to  strew  over  fresh 
writing  to  prevent  blotting. 

Amnioccetes  (am'mo-se-tez), n.  [Gr.  amtnoa, 
sand,  and  koite,  a  bed.]  A  genus  of  cyclo- 
stomous  fishes,  family  Petromyzonidoc  or 
Petromyzidie,  closely  allied  to  the  lampreys, 
one  British  species  is  known,  the  pride  or 
mud-lamprey  (4.  branchialis);  it  is  occasion- 
ally met  with  in  our  rivers,  where  it  lodges 
in  the  mud. 

Ammodytes  (am'mo-dl-tez),  n.  [Gr.  ammos, 
sand,  and  dytos,  from  dyo,  to  jjp  into,  to 
filter.]  A  genus  of  apodal  fishes,  family 
Ammoilytidie,  sub-order  Anacauthini;  the 
sand-eel  (which  see). 

Ammody  tidaj  (am'ino-drti-de),  n.  pi.  [See 
AMMUDYTES.]  A  family  of  fishes,  sub-order 
Anacanthini, or- 
der Teleostei,  of 
which  the  genus 
Ammodytes  is 
the  type.  See 
HAND-EKL. 

Ammon  ( am  '- 
mon),  n.  [Anc. 
Egyptian  .4  mun, 
\  in  a-', i  ]  An 
ancient  Ethio- 
pian, and  sub- 
sequently an 
Egyptian  deity, 
called  by  the 
Greeks  Zeus 
Amman,  and  by 
the  Latins  Ju- 
piter Ammon. 
Alexander  the 
Great  visited  his 
temple  in  the 
desert  of  Libya, 
and  was  sainted, 
it  is  said,  by  the  priests  as  son  of  the  god. 

Ammonalum  (am'mon-al-um),  n.  [Contr. 
for  ammonia  alum.]  A  mineral  consisting 
of  a  hydrosulphate  of  alumina  and  ammonia, 
found  in  thin  fibrous  layers  in  brown-coal 
in  Bohemia.  In  France  it  is  manufactured 
and  used  for  potash-alum. 

Ammonia  (am-md'nl-a),  n.  fGr.  ammoniak- 
on,  sal-ammoniac,  so  called  from  the  salt 
being  first  obtained  by  burning  camels'  dung 
near  the  Temple  of  Ammon  in  Libya.  ] 
(NH,.)  The  modern  name  of  the  volatile 
alkali,  formerly  BO  called  to  distinguish  it 
from  the  more  fixed  alkalies.  It  is  a  gas, 
and  was  first  procured  in  that  state  by 
Priestley,  who  termed  it  alkaline  air.  He 
obtained  it  from  sal-ammoniac  by  the 
action  of  lime,  by  which  method  it  is  yet 
generally  prepared.  Ammonia  is  used  for 
many  purposes,  both  in  medicine  and  scien- 
tific chemistry;  not,  however,  in  the  gaseous 
state,  but  frequently  in  solution  in  water, 
under  the  names  of  liquid  ammonia,  aque- 
ous ammonia,  or  spirits  of  hartehorn.  It 
may  be  liquefied  by  pressure,  and  the  liquid 
may  be  frozen  by  the  same  means.  It  may 
be  procured  naturally  from  putrescent  ani- 
mal substances,  and  artificially  from  the 
destructive  distillation  of  organic  matter, 
except  fat,  by  subjecting  it  to  heat  in  iron 
cylinders.  In  commerce  it  is  chiefly  got 
from  the  distillation  of  pit-coal  and  of  refuse 
animal  substances,  such  as  bones,  clippings 
and  shavings  of  horn,  hoof,  &c.  It  may 
also  be  obtained  from  vegetable  matter 
when  nitrogen  is  one  of  its  elements.  The 
air  contains  a  minute  quantity  of  ammonia 
from  the  putrefaction  of  animal  and  vege- 
table bodies.  It  is  recognized  by  its  pungent 
smell  and  transient  alkaline  effect  on  vege- 
table colours. 

Ammoniac.  Ammoniacal  (am-mo'ni-ak, 
am-mo-m'ak-al),  ft.  Pertaining  to  ammonia, 
or  possessing  its  properties. — Ammoniacal 
gas,  ammonia  in  its  purest  form.  See  AM- 
MONIA. Ammonfac  gnm,  or  gum-ammo- 
niac, a  gum-resin  from  Africa  and  the  East, 
brought  in  large  masses,  composed  of  tears, 
Internally  white  and  externally  yellow;  an 
exudation  from  an  umbelliferous  plant,  the 


Ammon,  from  a  bronze  in 
British  Museum. 


borcma  ammoniacum.  It  has  a  fetid  smell, 
and  a  nauseous  sweet  taste,  followed  by  a 
bitter  one.  It  is  inflammable,  soluble  in 
water  and  spirit  of  wine,  and  is  used  in 
medicine  as  an  antispasmodic,  stimulant, 
and  expectorant  in  chronic  catarrh,  bron-  j 
chitic  affections,  and  asthma.  It  is  also  ! 
used  for  plasters. — Ammoniacal  liquor,  a 
product  of  the  distillation  of  coal  in  gas- 
works, usually  containing  4  to  8  oz.  of  am- 
monia in  a  gallon,  and  used  as  a  manure.— 
A  mmoniacal  salt,  a  salt  formed  by  the  union 
of  ammonia  with  an  acid,  without  the  elim- 
ination of  hydrogen,  differing  in  this  from 
metallic  salts,  which  are  formed  by  the  sub- 
stitution of  the  metal  for  the  hydrogen  of 
the  acid. 

Ammoniac.  Ammoniacum  (am-mo'ni-ak, 
am-mo-m'ak-um),  n.  Same  as  Ammoniac 
Gum  (which  see  under  AMMONIAC,  a.) 

Ammonian  (arn-mo'ni-an),  a.  Relating  to 
A  mmonius,  surnamed  Saccas,  of  Alexandria, 
who  flourished  at  the  end  of  the  second  cen- 
tury, and  was  the  founder  of  the  Neppla- 
tonic  school  of  philosophy;  his  most  distin- 
guished pupils  being  Longinus,  Origen,  and 
Plotinus. 

Ammonite  (am'mon-It),  n.  [Resembling  the 
horns  of  Jupiter  Ammon,  whose  statues  were 
represented  with  ram's  horns.  ]  One  of  the  fos- 
sil shells  of  an  extensive  genus  (Ammonites) 
of  extinct  cephalopodous  molluscs  (cuttle- 
fishes), family  Ammonitidfe,  coiled  in  a  plane 
spiral,  and  chambered  within  like  that  of 
the  existing  nautilus,  to  which  the  ammon- 
ites were  allied.  These  shells  have  a  nacreous 
lining  in  the  inside,  and  a  porcelaneous 
layer  externally,  and  are  smooth  or  rugose, 
the  ridges  straight,  crooked,  or  undulated, 
and  in  some  cases  armed  with  projecting 
spines  or  tubercles.  The  species  already 
described  number  600,  and  range  from  the 
lias  to  the  chalk  inclusive.  They  vary  in 
size  from  mere  specks  up  to  3  or  4  feet  in 
diameter.  Sometiinescalled5naft>e-#t0H«,and 
formerly  Cornu  Ammonis  (Amman's  horn). 


Ammonites  varians. 


Amnionitidse  ( am-mon-it'i-de ),  n.  pi.  A 
numerous  extinct  family  of  tetrabranchiate 
cephalopods  (cuttle-fishes),  of  which  the 
well-known  ammonite  is  the  type.  It  in- 
cludes the  genera  Goniatites,  Ceratites,  Am- 
monites, Scaphites,  Hamites,  and  others. 
They  are  the  most  characteristic  molluscs 
of  the  secondary  rocks.  See  AMMONITE. 

Ammonitiferous  ( am'mon-It-if"er-us ),  a. 
Containing  the  remains  of  ammonites ;  as, 
ammonitiferouii  rocks. 

Ammonium  (am-mo'ni-um),  n.  (NH^)  A 
name  given  to  the  hypothetical  base  of  am- 
monia, analogous  to  a  metal,  as  potassium. 
It  has  not  been  isolated.  If  mercury  at  the 
negative  pole  of  a  galvanic  battery  be  placed 
in  contact  with  a  solution  of  ammonia,  and 
the  circuit  be  completed,  an  amalgam  is 
formed  which,  at  the  temperature  of  70°  or 
80°  Fahr.,  is  of  the  consistence  of  butter, 
but  at  the  freezing-point  is  a  firm  and  crys- 
tallized mass.  This  amalgam  is  supposed 
to  be  formed  by  the  metallic  base  ammonium, 
and  is  the  nearest  approach  to  its  isolation. 
On  the  ceasing  of  the  current  the  amalgam 
decomposes  into  mercury,  ammonia,  and 
hydrogen,  the  two  latter  escaping  as  gas  in 
the  proportions  expressed  by  their  atomic 
weights,  namely,  H  and  NH3.—  Ammonium 
bates,  compounds  representing  one  or  more 
molecules  of  hydrate  of  ammonium,  in 
which  mono-  or  poly-atomic  radicals  replace 
the  whole  or  part  of  the  hydrogen,  as  iodide 
of  tetrethylinm  N.CC-jH^I. 

Ammoniurett  (am-mon-i'u-ret), n.  Inchem. 
one  of  certain  supposed  compounds  of  am- 
monia and  a  pure  metal,  or  an  oxide  of  a 
metal. 

Ammophila  (a-mof'i-la),  n.  [Gr.  ammo*. 
sand,  and  philos,  a  lover.]  1.  A  genus  of 
grasses  growing  on  the  sandy  shores  of 
Europe  and  North  America ;  the  sea-reed. 
A .  arundinacea  (common  marnm.  sea-reed, 
mat-weed,  or  sea-bent)  grows  on  sandy  sea- 


shores, and  is  extensively  employed  in  Nor- 
folk and  Holland  for  preserving  the  shore** 
fnun  inn.;,, |-  of  the  sea,  as  it  serves  to  bind 
down  the  sand  by  its  long  mattiul  rhi/omrs. 
It  is  also  manufactured  into  door-mats  and 
floor-brushes.  In  the  Hebrides  it  is  made 
into  ropes,  mats,  bags,  and  hats.-  2.  A  long- 
bodied  genus  of  fossorial  hymenoptrra,  com- 
monly called  sand-wasps.  See  SAND-WAST. 

Ammunition  (am-nm-ni'shon),  n.  [L  tut, 
and  munitio,  from  rnunio,  to  fortify.]  Mili- 
tary stores  or  provisions  for  attack  or  de- 
fence. In  modem  usage  the  signification  is 
confined  to  the  articles  which  are  used  in 
the  discharge  of  firearms  and  ordnance  of 
all  kinds,  as  powder,  balls,  bombs,  various 
kinds  of  shot,  Ac.  —  A  mmunition  bread, 
shoes,  stockings,  &c.,  in  America  such  as  are 
contracted  for  by  government,  and  distri- 
buted to  the  private  soldiers. 

Ammunition-chest  (am-mu-ni'shon-chest), 
7i.  A  chest  or  box  in  which  the  fixed  am- 
munition for  field  cannon  is  packed.  One 
is  carried  on  the  limber  of  the  gun-carriage, 
and  one  on  the  limber  and  two  on  the  body 
of  each  caisson. 

Amnesia  (am-ne'si-a),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
tnnesis,  memory.]  In  med.  lobs  of  memory. 

Amnesty  (am'nes-ti),  n.  [L.  amnestia,  from 
Gr.  amnestia,  oblivion  —  a,  not,  and  root 
mna»  to  remember.  ]  An  act  of  oblivion ;  a 
general  pardon  of  the  offences  of  subjects 
against  the  government,  or  the  proclamation 
of  such  pardon. 

lie  had  already  given  his  consent  to  an  act  by 
which  an  amnesty  was  granted  to  all  those  who 
during  the  late  troubles  had  been  guilty  of  political 
offences.  Macaulay. 

Amnesty  (am'nes-ti),  v.t.  To  grant  an  am- 
nesty to;  to  pardon. 

In  this  case  the  government  were  asked  to  amnesty 
men  who  had  committed  some  of  the  worst  crimes 
that  could  be  committed.  Scotsman  newspaper. 

Amnion  (am'ni-on),  n.  [Gr.  amnion,  the 
membrane  round  the  fetus.]  1.  The  inner- 
most membrane  surrounding  the  fetus  of 
mammals,  birds,  and  reptiles.  It  is  thin, 
transparent,  soft,  and  smooth  on  the  inside, 
but  rough  on  the  outside:  it  grows  out  from 
the  free  margins  of  the  blastoderm,  which 
ultimately  meet  in  the  middle  line  of  the 
belly.— 2.  In  bot.  a  thin,  semi-transparent, 
gelatinous  fluid,  in  which  the  embryo  of  a 
seed  is  suspended  when  it  first  appears,  and 
by  which  the  embryo  is  supposed  to  be 
nourished  in  its  early  stages. 
Amnios  (am'ni-os),  n.  Same  as  Amnion. 
Amniotic  (am-ni-ot'ik),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
the  amnion ;  contained  in  the  amnion;  as, 
the  amniotic  fluid. — 2,  A  term  applied  to 
those  groups  of  vertebrates  (reptiles,  birds, 
mammals)  of  which  the  fetus  possesses  an 
amnion.  —  Amniotic  acid.  See  Allantoic 
Acid  under  ALLANTOIC.— Amniotic  liquid, 
or  liquor  atnnii,  the  liquid  in  which  the 
fetus  floats  suspended  by  the  umbilical  cord. 
Amoeba  (a-meTba),  n.  [Gr.  amoibe,  change.] 
A  microscopic  genus  of  rhizopodous  Proto- 
zoa, of  which  A.  diffl-uens,  common  in  all 
our  fresh-water  ponds  and  ditches,  is  th<- 
type.  It  exists  as  a  mass  of  protoplasm, 
which,  when  placed  under  the  microscope, 
exhibits  curious  movements.  It  pushes  its 
body  out  into  finger-like  processesorjwset/do- 
podia,  and  by  means  of  these  moves  about 
or  grasps  particles  of  food.  These  processes 
may  be  protuded  from  any  portion  of  the 
body,  and  are  freely  pushed  out  and  as 
freely  withdrawn  again,  or  merged  with  the 
general  protoplasmic  matter  of  the  body. 
From  thus  continually  altering  its  shape  it 
received  its  former  name  of  proteus-aniinal- 
cule.  Within  the  body  a  nucleus  and  nttcle- 
olus  are  usually  perceived,  and  certain  clear 
spaces,  termed  contractile  vesicles,  from  their 
exhibiting  rhythm- 
ical movements  of 
contraction  and  di- 
lation, may  also  be 
noticed.  The  pro- 
toplasm of  the  am- 
oeba's body  is  dif- 
ferentiated into 
layers,  the  outer 
and  firmer  layer 
being  termed  the 
ectosarc,  the  inner 

Amoeba,  or  Fresh-water  Pro-    and  more   fluid   the 

teus,  showing  some  of  the  endosarc.    There  is 

amfAeMcuoIesiniteS    no  distinct  mouth. 

codic  substance.  and     food     seized 

by   means   of    the 

pseudopodia  is  engulfed  within  the  soft 
Barcode  body  and  by  any  portion  of  its  sur- 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,  job;      h,  FT.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  «?ig;    wh.  tfAig;    zh,  antre.-See  KKT. 


AMCEB^EUM 


90 


AMPEL1TE 


face,  the  apertures  by  which  the  food  is 
taken  in  closing  up  immediately  after  recep- 
tion of  the  nutriment.  A  clear  space  forms 
round  each  food  particle  after  it  has  been 
received  into  the  body,  and  the  particle,  if 
digestible,  is  slowly  dissolved,  the  clear 
space  left  for  a  short  time  after  digestion 
being  termed  a  vacuole.  Reproduction  takes 
place  in  several  ways;  as,  by  fission,  where- 
by an  amoeba  simply  divides  into  two  por- 
tions, each  of  which  becomes  a  distinct  ani- 
malcule ;  or  by  a  single  pseudopodium  de- 
taching itself  from  the  parent  body,  and 
developing  into  a  separate  amoeba.  Several 
other  species  have  been  described. 

ArucebEeum  (am-e-be'um),  n.  [L.  amceboeum, 
(carmen),  from  Gr.  amoibaios,  alternate, 
from  amoibe,  change,  an  answer,  from 
aineibo,  to  change.]  A  poem  in  which  per- 
sons are  represented  as  speakingalternately, 
as  in  the  third  and  seventh  eclogues  of 
Virgil. 

Amcebea  (am-e-be'a),  n.  pi.  An  order  of 
Ithizopoda,  of  which  the  genus  Amoeba  is  the 
type.  See  AMOEBA. 

Amoebean (am-e-be'an), a.  [See AMCEB.EUM.] 
Alternately  answering  or  responsive.  'Amoe- 
bean verses  and  the  custom  of  vying  .  .  . 
by  turns.'  J,  Warton. 

Amoebean  (am-e-be'an),  a.  Of  or  relating 
to  the  order  Amcebea. 

Amoeboid  (a-me'boid),  a.  [Amctba  (which 
see),  and  Gr.  eidos,  resemblance.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  or  resembling  the  amoeba;  as, 
aitujeboid  masses. 

Amcebous  (a-meTjus),  a.  Of  or  relating  to 
the  genus  Amoeba;  resembling  the  amteba 
in  structure. 

Amok  (a-mok'),  n.    Same  as  Amuck. 

Amolition  t  (am-o-li'shon),  n.  [L.  amolitio, 
atnolitwnis,  from  amolior,  to  remove — a, 
from,  and  molior,  to  move.]  A  putting  away; 
removal. 

Amomum  (a-mo'mum),  n.  [Gr.  amomon; 
Ar.  hamauma,  from  hamma,  to  warm  or 
heat;  the  heating  plant.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Zingiberacea;,  all  natives  of  warm 
climates,  and  remarkable  for  the  pungency 
and  aromatic  properties  of  their  seeds. 
Various  species  yield  cardamoms  and  grains 
of  paradise  (which  see).  Some  have  been 
introduced  into  our  hothouses  as  ornamental 
plants  because  of  their  handsome  flowers. 

Amoneste.t  v.t.  To  admonish;  to  advise. 
Chaucer. 

Among,   Amongst  (a-mung',    a-mungsf), 

prep.  [A..8&x.amang,onmanff,gemang.  from 
mengan,  to  mingle;  O.K.  amonge,  amonges, 
amongest,  the  en  being  an  adverbial  genitive 
termination,  and  the  «  tacked  on.  Conip. 
amidst.  See  MINGLE.]  1.  Mixed  or  mingled 
with;  in  or  into  the  midst  of;  in  or  into  the 
number  of;  as,  tares  among  wheat. 

Blessed  art  thou  among  women.         Luke  i.  28. 

I  always  thought 

It  was  both  impious  and  unnatural 
That  such  immanity  and  bloody  strife 
Should  reign  flwiow^professors  of  one  faith.  Shak. 

2.  In  the  power  of,  or  by  the  action  of,  all 
jointly,  or  one  or  other  of  the  number;  as, 
I  know  you  have  the  purse  among  you. 

You  have  among  you  killed  a  sweet  and  innocent 
lady-  Shall. 

Amontillado  (a-mon'til-a"do),  n.    [Sp  ]    A 

dry  kind  of  sherry  of  a  light  colour,  highly 

esteemed  by  connoisseurs. 
Amorado  t  (am-o-ra'do),  n.   [Sp.  pp.  of  amo- 

rar,  L.  amo,  to  love;  the  word  is  similar  to 

inamorata,  inamorato.  ]    A  lover. 

Mark  Antony  was  both  a  courageous  soldier  and 
a  passionate  amorado.  Old  tract. 

Amorean  (am-6-re'an),  71.  One  of  a  sect  of 
Gemaric  doctors  or  commentators  on  the 
Jerusalem  Talmud. 

Amoret,  Amorette  (am'o-ret,  am-o-ref),  n 
[Fr.  amourette,  a  love-intrigue;  It.  amoretto, 
a  little  love  or  cupid ;  dim.  from  L  amor 
tore,  from  amo,  to  love.]  1.  A  trifling  love 
affair;  a  slight  amour.— 2.  A  lover;  a  person 
enamoured. 

When  amorets  no  more  can  shine. 

And  Stella  own  she's  not  divine.     T.  n'arton. 

3.  A  love-knot.  —  4.  A  love-song  or  love- 
sonnet.     -His  amorets  and  his  canzonets, 
his  pastorals  and  his  madrigals  to  his  Phyllis 
and  his  Amaryllis.'    Hey  wood. 

Amoretto  (am-o-ret'to),  n.  A  person  enam- 
oured; a  lover. 

The  amoretto  was  wont  to  take  his  stand  at  one 
place  where  sat  his  mistress.  Gayton. 

Amorevoloust  (am-o-rev'o-lus),o.  [L.  amor. 


love,  and  valo,  to  wish.]    Full  of  love  or 
benevolence;  kind;  charitable. 

He  would  leave  it  to  the  Princesse  to  show  her  cor- 
dial and  amoreTjolous  affection.  Bf.  Hacket. 

Amorist  (am'o-rist),  n.  [L.  amor,  love.]  A 
lover;  a  gallant;  an  inamorato.  '  The  pen 
of  some  vulgar  amorixt.  '  Milton. 

A-mornings  (a-mor'ningz),  ado.  [Prefix  a, 
on,  and  ttwrningti,  which  here  is  probably 
the  adverbial  genitive,  not  the  plural.]  In 
the  mornings. 

Such  pleasant  walks  into  the  woods 
A-mornin^s.  Beau.  Gr  Ft. 

Amorosa  (am-6-ro'sa),  n.  [It.]  An  amorous 
or  wanton  woman. 


I  took  them  for  amorosa 
bounds  of  modesty. 


and  violators  of  the 
Sir  T.  Herbert. 


Amoroso  (am-o-ro'so),  n.  [It.,  from  amor, 
love.]  A  man  enamoured;  a  lover. 

It  isagibe  which  an  heathen  puts  upon  an  amoroso, 
that  wastes  his  whole  time  in  dalliance  upon  his  mis- 
tress, viz.  that  love  is  an  idle  man's  business. 

Bp.  Hacbet. 

Amoroso  (am-o-ro'.  o),  adv.  [It.  ]  In  music, 
tenderly;  amorously;  in  a  manner  expressive 
of  love:  resembling  a/etuoso,  but  somewhat 
bolder  and  more  spirited. 

Amorous  (am'or-us),  a.  [Fr.  amoureux.  It. 
amoroso,  L.L.  amorosus^,  L.  amor,  love.] 

1.  Inclined  to  love;  having  a  propensity  to 
love,  or  to  sexual  enjoyment;  loving;  fond; 
as.  an  amorous  disposition.   '  So  amorous  U 
Nature  of  whatever  she  produces.'  Dryden. 
'  Princes  amorous  of  their  chiefs. '  Chapman. 

2.  In  love;  enamoured;  usually  with  of,  for- 
merly sometimes  with  on. 

The  am'rous  master  owned  her  potent  eyes.   Pi  tor. 
Sure  my  brother  is  amorous  on  Hero.        Shak. 

3.  Pertaining  or  relating  to  love;  produced 
by  love;  indicating  love.  'Amorous  delight.' 
Hilton.      'Amorous  airs.'     Waller.  —  SYN. 
Loving,  fond,  tender,  passionate. 

Amorously  (am'or-us-U),  adv.  In  an  amor- 
ous manner;  fondly;  lovingly. 

Amorousness  (am'or-us-ues),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  amorous  or  inclined  to  love,  or  to 
sexual  pleasure;  fondness;  lovingness. 

Amorpha  (a-mor'fa),  n.  [Gr.  a,  neg.,  and 
morphe,  form.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Leguminosaj ;  bastard  indigo.  The  species 
are  shrubs  of  moderate  size,  having  pendu- 
lous branches  and  long  clusters  of  blue- 
violet  flowers.  They  are  natives  of  America. 
A.  fruticosa,  the  commonest  species  in 
European  gardens,  was  introduced  into 
Britain  in  1724.  The  inhabitants  of  Caro- 
lina are  said  at  one  time  to  have  made  a 
coarse  sort  of  indigo  from  its  young  shoots. 

Amorphism  (a-mor'flzm),  n.  State  of  being 
amorphous  or  without  shape ;  specifically, 
a  state  of  being  without  crystallization,  even 
in  the  minutest  particles,  as  in  glass,  opal, 
&c. 

Amorphotsa  (a-mor-fo'te),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  amor- 
phutos,  formless— a,  without,  and  morphe, 
shape.]  In  astron.  stars  not  formed  into 
any  constellation,  and  so  not  constituting  a 
portion  of  any  symmetrical  figure. 

Amorphous  (a-mor'fus).  a.  [Gr.  amorphos 
—a,  neg.,  and  morphe,  form.]  1.  Having  no 
determinate  form;  of  irregular  shape.  Kir- 
wan.—  2.  Having  no  regular  structure;  spe- 
cifically, being  without  crystallization,  even 
in  the  minutest  particles,  as,  glass  and  opal 
are  amorphous.— 3.  Of  no  particular  kind  or 
character;  formless;  characterless;  clumsy. 

Scientific  treatises  .  .  .  are  not  seldom  rude  and 
amorphous  in  style.  Hart. 

Amorphozoa  (&-mar'K-zo"&).  n.  pi.  [Gr.  o, 
without,  morphe,  shape,  and  zoon,  a  living 
creature.]  Lit.  shapeless  animals:  specifi- 
cally, a  term  applied  to  some  of  the  lower 
groups  of  animals,  as  the  sponges  and  their 
allies,  which  have  no  regular  symmetrical 
structure.  Blainvttle. 

Amorphy  (a-mor'fl),  n.  [See  AMORPHOUS.] 
Irregularity  of  form ;  deviation  from  a  deter- 
minate shape.  '  His  epidemical  diseases 
being  fastidiosity,  amorphu,  and  oscitation  ' 
Sutift.  [Rare.] 

A-morrowt  (a-mor'6),  adv.    See  A-MORWE. 

Amort  (a-morf),  a.  A  word  used  only  in 
the  phrase  all  amort  =  half-dead,  depressed, 
spiritless,  regardless.  Nares  thinks  the 
phrase  a  corruption  of  a-la-mort,  but  it  is 
more  probably  the  adv.  all  and  the  Norm. 
amort,  dead. 

How  fares  my  Kate  t    What,  sweeting,  all  atnortl 

She  danced  along  with  vague,  regardless  eyes, 
all  amort.       Keats. 

Amortization,  Amortizement  (a-mor'tiz- 
a"shon,  a-mor'tiz-ment),  ».  [L.L.  amorti- 


satio,  Fr.  atm>rtin»ement,  mortmain.]  1.  The 
act  or  right  of  alienating  lands  or  tenements 
to  a  corporation  in  mortmain.  — 2.  The  ex- 
tinction of  debt,  especially  by  a  sinking  fund. 

Amortize  (a-mol'tiz),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  amor- 
tized; ppr.  amortizing.  [Norm.  Fr.  attwrtiz- 
er;  L.L.  amortisare,  to  sell  in  mortmain- 
L.  ad,  to,  and  morg,  mortis,  death.  See  MORT- 
MAIN.] 1.  In  law,  to  alienate  in  mortmain, 
that  is,  to  sell  to  a  corporation,  sole  or 
aggregate,  ecclesiastical  or  temporal,  and 
their  successors.  See  MORTMAIN. —  2.  To 
extinguish,  as  a  debt,  by  means  of  a  sinking 
fund. 

A-morwe,t  adv.    On  the  morrow. 

A-morwe,  when  the  day  began  to  spring. 
Uprose  our  hoste.  Canterbury  Tales. 

Amotiou  (a-mo'shon),  n.  [L.  amotio,  from 
amoveo,  amotum.  See  AMOVE.]  l.t  Re- 
moval; ejection.— 2.  In  law,  deprivation  of 
possession  or  office;  the  removal  of  an  officer 
or  member  of  a  corporation. 

The  cause  of  his  amotion  is  twice  mentioned  by 
the  Oxford  antiquary.  T.  Warton. 

Amount  (a-mountO,  v.i.  [O.Fr.  amonter, 
to  advance,  ascend,  increase;  Norm.  Fr 
amont,  upwards,  up  the  stream— o,  to,  and 
monter,  to  mount,  from  mont,  L.  mans, 
mantis,  a  hill.  Comp.  avale,  from  L.  ad,  to 
and  vallit,  a  valley.]  l.t  To  get  up;  ascend; 
and  hence,  to  depart.  '  When  the  larke  doth 
fyrst  amounte  on  high.'  //.  Peacham. 

So  up  he  rose,  and  thence  amounted  straight. 
Spenser. 

2.  To  reach  a  certain  amount  by  an  accumu- 
lation of  particulars ;  to  come  in  the  aggre- 
gate or  whole. 

Thy  substance,  valued  at  the  highest  rate. 
Cannot  amount  unto  a  hundred  marks.     .s/i,j* 

3  To  rise,  reach,  or  extend,  in  effect,  sub- 
stance, influence,  or  the  like;  to  be  equiva- 
lent. 

The  errors  of  young  men  are  the  ruin  of  business: 
but  the  errors  of  aged  men  amount  but  to  this,  that 
more  might  have  been  done  or  sooner.  Bacon. 

[Swift  joins  the  pp.  of  this  verb  with  was, 
giving  it  the  appearance  of  a  transitive  verb. 
'  Whose  number  tea*  now  amounted  to  300.  'J 

Amount  (a-mounf),  n.  1.  The  sum  total  of 
two  or  more  particular  sums  or  quantities; 
the  aggregate;  as,  the  amount  of  7  and  9  is 
16.— 2.  The  effect,  substance,  or  result;  the 
sum;  as,  the  evidence,  in  amount,  comes  to 
this. 

Amour  (a-mor"),  n.  [Fr. ,  from  L.  amor,  love. ) 
An  unlawful  connection  in  love ;  a  love 
intrigue;  an  affair  of  gallantry.  —Amour 
propre,  self-love;  self-conceit;  vanity. 

Amourette  (am-or-ef),  n.  Same  as  Amoret. 

Amovalt  (a-mov'al),  n.  Total  removal. 
'Amoval  of  insufferable  nuisances.'  Evelyn. 

Amove  (a-mbv7),  v.t.  [L.  amoveo—  a,  away, 
and  inoveo,  to  move.]  1.  In  law,  to  remove, 
especially  from  a  post  or  station. 

Coroners  may  be  amoved  for  reasonable  cause. 
Sir  M.  Hale. 

2.t  To  move;  to  excite;  to  affect. 

At  her  so  piteous  cry  was  much  amoved 
Her  champion  stout.  Spenser. 

Ampac  (am'pak),  n.  An  East  Indian  tree, 
which  yields  a  highly  odoriferous  resin,  and 
the  leaves  of  which  are  used  to  medicate 
baths.  It  is  a  species  of  Xanthoxylon 

Ampelidae  (am-pel'i-de),n.p£  [See  AMPEI.IS  ) 
The  chatterers,  a  family  of  insessorial  or 
perching  birds,  having  a  wide  gape,  short 
broad  and  slightly  arched  bill,  notched  at 
the  tip,  and  sharp  hooked  claws.  Most  of 
them  inhabit  tropical  America,  and  several 
are  distinguished  for  the  gorgeousness  of 
their  plumage. 

Ampelidese  (am-pel-id'e-e),  n.  pi.  [From  Gr. 
ampelis,  ampelos,  a  vine.]  The  name  given 
by  Endlicher  to  the  natural  order  of  plants, 
called  Vitacea:  (which  see). 

Ampelinaa  (am-pel-i'ne),  n.  pi.  A  sub-family 
of  birds  of  the  family  Ampelida;  or  chatter- 
ers. See  AMPELID.S,  AMPELIS. 

Ampelis  (am'pel-is),  n.  [Gr.,  a  kind  of  sing- 
ing bird.]  A  genus  of  perching  birds,  form- 
ing the  type  of  the  family  Ampelidao  or  chat- 
terers, as  well  as  of  the  sub-family  or  group 
Ampelina;.  This  genus  includes  the  Bohe- 
mian wax-wing  or  waxen  chatterer,  the  only 
chatterer  that  visits  Britain. 

Ampelite  (am'pel-it),  n.  [Gr.  ampelitis,  a 
kind  of  earth  with  which  the  vine  was 
sprinkled  to  preserve  it  from  worms—  atn- 
pelos,  a  vine.]  A  species  of  black  earth 
abounding  in  pyrites,  so  named  from  hav- 
ing been  used  to  kill  insects  in  vines.  The 
name  is  also  applied  to  cannel-coal  and  to 
some  kinds  of  schist. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune; 


y,  Sc.  ley. 


AMPELOPSIS 


1)1 


AMPHIOXID,*: 


Ampelopsis  (am-pel-op'.sis),n.  [Or.  a)H}»'I'>x, 
a  vine,  and  opuin,  appearance,  resemblance.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Vitacecc, 
scarcely  distinguishable  from  Vitis,  except 
that  the  flowers  have  a  ring  round  the  base 
of  the  ovary.  A.  hederacea  is  the  Virginian 
creeper,  a  fast-growing  climbing  shrub,  cul- 
tivated for  covering  walls  and  arbours. 

Ampere's  Theory  (an-parz  the'6-ri),  n. 
An  electro-dynamic  theory  established  by 
Amlre^  Marie  Ampere.  In  this  theory  the 
mutual  attraction  and  repulsion  of  two 
magnets  is  referred  to  the  mutual  action  of 
electric  currents  circulating  parallel  to  each 
other  and  in  the  same  direction  round  the 
magnets.  Ampere  conceived  that  the  mag- 
netic action  of  the  earth  is  the  result  of 
currents  circulating  within  it,  or  at  its  sur- 
face, from  east  to  west,  in  planes  parallel  to 
the  magnetic  equator. 

Ampersand  (am'per-sand),  n.  [E.  and,  L. 
perse,  E.  and— lit.  and  by  itself  and.]  A 
term  applied  to  the  character  <fe,  which  is 
formed  by  combining  the  letters  of  the 
Latin  et,  and :  the  expression  is,  or  was, 
common  in  nursery-books. 

Amphi-  (ani'ti).  [A  Greek  preposition  mean- 
ing about,  on  both  sides,  &c.,  allied  to  L. 
ainb-,  ambo,  both,  and  to  A.  Sax.  ymb,  emb, 
Icel.  G.  urn,  round,  about.]  A  prefix  in 
words  of  Greek  origin,  signifying  about, 
around,  on  both  sides,  in  two  respects,  Ac. 

Amphiarthrosis  (am'n-ar-thrp"sis),  n.  [Gr. 
amphi, &m\arthrdsis, articulation.]  Inanat. 
a  mixed  kind  of  articulation,  in  which  the 
articular  surfaces  of  bones  are  united  by  an 
intermediate  substance  in  a  manner  which 
admits  of  a  small  degree  of  motion:  the 
articulation  of  the  vertebrae  furnishes  an 
example. 

Amphibia  (am-flb'i-a),  n.  pi.  [Or.  amphi- 
biog,  living  a  double  life— amphi,  both,  and 
bios,  life.]  In  zool.  a  term  meaning  properly 
animals  capable  of  living  both  under  water 
and  on  land.  Its  use,  therefore,  ought  to  be 
restricted  to  such  as  have  both  lungs  and 
gills  simultaneously.  Four  genera  ofbatra- 
cliians  do  possess  such  a  double  respiratory 
apparatus,  the  axolotls,  Menobranchi,  sirens 
(all  of  which  inhabit  the  rivers  and  lakes  of 
America),  and  the  proteus,  which  is  found 
in  subterranean  rivers  in  Illyria.  These  are 
the  only  known  vertebrated  animals  which 
are  truly  amphibious.  By  most  naturalists, 
however,  the  term  is  extended  so  as  to  in- 
clude all  animals  which  possess  both  gills 
and  lungs,  whether  at  different  stages  of 
their  existence  or  simultaneously.  By  this 
classification  not  only  the  above  four  genera, 
but  such  batrachians  as  frogs,  Amphiuma, 
Ac.,  which  breathe  by  gills  during  the  tad- 
pole state,  and  by  lungs  in  their  more  mature 
and  perfect  form,  are  included.  In  popular 
Ian.  otters,  seals,  walruses,  crocodiles,  and 
other  animals  inhabiting  or  frequenting 
water,  are  often  called  amphibious,  though 
none  of  them  can  breathe  under  water. 

Amphibial,  Amphibian  (am-fib'i-al,am-flb'- 
i-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Amphibia; 
having  the  power  of  living  in  air  and  water. 
See  AMPHIBIOUS. 

Amphibial,  Amphibian  (am-flb'i-al,  am- 
nbl-an),  71.  One  of  the  Amphibia. 

Amphlbiolite  ( am-flb'i-o-lit),  n.  [Or.  am- 
phwiox,  amphibious,  and  litkos,  stone.]  A 
fossil  amphibious  animal. 

Amphibiological  (am-ftb'i-o-loj"ik-al),  a. 
Pertaining  to  amphibiology. 

Amphibiolory  (am-fib'i-ol"o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  am- 
phibia, and  logos,  discourse.]  A  discourse  or 
treatise  on  amphibious  animals,  or  the  his- 
tory and  description  of  such  animals ;  the 
department  of  natural  history  which  treats 
of  the  Amphibia. 

Amphibious  (am-flb'i-us),  a.  [See  AMPHI- 
BIA.] 1.  A  term  applied  to  animals  which 
have  the  power  of  living  in  two  elements, 
air  and  water,  from  possessing  a  double  res- 
piratory apparatus,  either  simultaneously, 
as  in  the  case  of  axolotls,  sirens,  &c.,  or  at 
different  stages  of  their  existence,  as  in  the 
case  of  frogs:  applied  in  popular  usage  to 
any  lung-breathing  animal  which  can  exist 
for  a  considerable  time  under  water,  as  the 
crocodile,  whale,  seal,  beaver,  Ac.— 2.  Adap- 
ted for  living  on  land  or  water. 

The  amphibious  character  of  the  Greeks  was 
already  determined;  they  were  to  be  lords  of  land 
and  sea.  Hare. 

3.  Of  a  mixed  nature;  partaking  of  two  na- 
tures; as,  an  amphibious  breed.  [Colloq.] 

Not  in  free  and  common  soca^e,  but  in  this  am- 
phibioux  subordinate  class  of  villein  socnge. 

Blaekstone. 


Amphlbiousness  (am-tib'i-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  amphibious;  ability  to  live 
in  two  elements;  the  quality  of  partaking  of 
two  natures. 

Amphibium  (am-flb'i-um),  n.  An  amphi- 
bious animal.  See  AMI'HIBIA. 

Amphibole  (am-flb'o-le  or  am'fl-bol),  n.  [Gr. 
iiinjihibolos,  equivocal.]  A  name  given  by 
Haiiy  and  some  other  mineralogists  to  horn- 
blende, from  its  resemblance  to  augite,  for 
which  it  may  readily  be  mistaken. 

Amphibolic  (am-fi-bol'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  resembling  amphibole,  or  partaking  of 
its  nature  and  character. 

Amphibolite  (am-fib'o-lit),  n.  [Amphibole 
(which  see).  ]  In  mineral,  a  rock  with  a  base 
of  amphibole  or  hornblende;  trap,  or  green- 
stone. 

Amphibological  (am-fib'o-loj"ik-al),  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  amphibology;  of  doubtful 
meaning;  ambiguous.  'Doubtful  or  am- 
phibological expressions.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Amphibologically  ( am-flb' o-loj " ik-al-li ), 
adv.  With  a  doubtful  meaning. 

Amphibology  (am-fl-bol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  am- 
phioologi-a— amphi,  in  two  ways,  ballo,  to 
throw,  and  logos,  discourse.]  A  phrase  or 
discourse  susceptible  of  two  interpretations; 
and  hence,  a  phrase  of  uncertain  meaning. 
We  have  an  example  of  amphibology  in  the 
answer  of  the  oracle  to  Pyrrhus:  'Aio  te 
Romanos  vincere  posse.'  Here  te  and  Ro- 
mano* may  either  of  them  precede  or  follow 
vincere  posse,  and  the  sense  may  be  either, 
you  may  conquer  the  Romans,  or  the  Ro- 
mans may  conquer  you.  The  English  lan- 
guage seldom  admits  of  amphibology.  For 
an  English  example  see  extract  under  AM- 
PHIBOLOUS, 2. 

Amphiboloid  (am-flb'ol-oid),  n.  A  rock 
composed  of  amphibole  (hornblende)  and 
felspar,  in  which  the  amphibole  predomi- 
nates; a  variety  of  greenstone. 

Amphibolous  (am-flb'ol-us),  a.  [Gr.  amphi- 
bolos—amphi,  and  ballo,  to  strike.]  Ambi- 
guous; equivocal.  [Rare.] 

Never  was  there  such  an  amphibolous  quarrel — 
both  parties  declaring  themselves  for  the  king. 

HoTuell. 

Now  used  only  in  logic  as  applied  to  a  sen- 
tence susceptible  of  two  meanings. 

An  amphibolous  sentence  is  one  that  is  capable  of 
two  meanings,  not  from  the  double  sense  of  any  of 
the  words,  but  from  its  admitting  a  double  construc- 
tion; as,  ...  'The  duke  yet  lives  that  Henry  shall 
depose.'  H'hately. 

Amphiboly  (am-flb'o-li),  n.  [Gr.  amphibnlia 
— amphi,  both  ways,  and  ballo,  to  strike.] 
Ambiguity  of  meaning.  [Rare.] 

Amphibrach,  Amphibrachys  (am'fl-brak, 
am-fib'ra-kis),  n.  [Gr.  amphi,  on  both  sides, 
and  brachys,  short.]  In  pros,  a  foot  of  three 
syllables,  the  middle  one  long,  the  first  and 
last  short;  as,  habere",  in  Latin. 

Amphicarpic,  Amphicarpous  (am-fl-kar'- 
pik,  am-fl-kar'pus),  a.  [Gr.  amphi,  in  two 
ways,  two,  and  fcarpos,  fruit]  In  bot.  pos- 
sessing two  kinds  of  fruit,  either  in  respect 
of  form  or  time  of  ripening. 

Ampliicentr uin  (am-fi-sen'trum),  n.  [Gr. 
amphi,  on  both  sides,  and  kentron,  a  spine.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  ganoid  fishes  wanting  ab- 
dominal fins.  The  dorsal  and  ventral  mar- 
gins project  like  spines.  They  are  confined 
to  carboniferous  strata. 

Amphiccelous,Amphicoelian(am-fl-se'lns, 
am-fi-se'li-an),  a.  [Gr.  amphi,  at  both  ends, 
and  koilos,  hollow.]  In  physiol.  applied  to 
vertebra;  which  are  doubly  concave  or  hol- 
low at  both  ends,  as  in  fish  and  one  group 
of  extinct  Crocodilia. 

Amphicome  (am'rt-kom),  n.  [Gr.  amphi, 
around,  and  kome,  hair.]  A  kind  of  figured 
stone  of  a  round  shape,  but  rugged  and 
beset  with  eminences,  anciently  used  in 
divination.  Ency.  Brit. 

Amphictyonic  (am-fik'ti-on"ik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  august  council  or  league  of  Am- 
phictyons. 

Amptiictyons  (am-flk'ti-onz),n.  pi.  [Gr.  am- 
phiktyones  =  dwellers  around,  neighbours.] 
In  Grecian  antiq,  an  assembly  or  council  of 
deputies  from  the  different  states  of  Greece. 
Ten  or  twelve  states  were  represented  in 
this  assembly,  which  sat  alternately  at 
Thermopylae  and  at  Delphi. 

Amphictyony  (am-fik'ti-on-i),  n.  The  Am- 
phictyomc  League  or  Council, an  association 
of  several  neighbouring  states  of  ancient 
Greece,  for  the  furtherance  of  the  general 
interests. 

Amphicyon  (am-fis'i-on),  n.  [Gr.  amphi, 
implying  doubt,  and  kyfm,  a  dog.]  A  large 
fossil  carnivorous  quadruped,  so  called  from 
its  teeth,  which  combine  the  characters  of 


those  of  the  dogs  (Canidic)  ami  bears  (Ur- 
sida-).  It  occurs  principally  in  the  niiocene 
tertiary  formation. 

Amphid,  Amphlde(am'fld).  71.  [Gr.  amphi, 
in  two  ways*,  and  cidot,  form,  appearance.! 
A  term  given  by  Berzelius  to  compounds 
consisting  of  two  sulphides,  oxides,  selen- 
ides,  or  tellurides,  and  therefore  contain- 
ing  three  different  elements,  asdistinguished 
from  littfnid  rnmpoinnls.  Set;  ff  Al.nll> 

Amphidisc  (am'fl-diskX  «.  [Or.  amphi,  at 
both  ends,  and  dittkox,  aquoit.around  plate.] 
In  zool.  one  of  the  spicules  which  surround 
the  reproductive  gemmules  of  Spongillu, 
resembling  two  toothed  wheels  united  by 
an  axle. 

Amphidromical  (am-fl-drom'ik-al),  a.  [Or. 
amphi,  around,  and  dromikos,  good  at  run- 
ning.] Of  or  pertaining  to  the  ancient 
Greek  festival  amphidromia,  celebrated 
when  a  child  received  its  name,  and  BO 
termed  from  the  infant  being  carried  round 
the  hearth  preparatory  to  being  named.  Sir 
T.  Browne. 

Amphidura  (am-fl-du'ra),  n.  [A  corruption 
of  amphithura  (which  see).]  In  the  Greek 
Ch.  the  veil  or  curtain  opening  to  the  dwarf 
folding  doors,  and  separating  the  chancel 
from  the  rest  of  the  church.  It  corresponds 
to  the  cancelhiftot  Roman  Catholic  churches. 


Amphidura,  fi 


ch.  London  Wall. 


When  the  priest  has  passed  through  the 
folding  doors  the  curtain  is  drawn  across, 
so  that  whilst  officiating  at  the  altar  he  is 
hidden  from  the  congregation.  Several 
times  during  the  service  the  curtain  is  drawn 
back  to  allow  the  priest  to  come  forward 
and  read  certain  portions  of  the  services 
outside  the  folding  doors. 

Amphigamous  (am-fig'a-mus),  a.  [Gr. 
amphi,  implying  doubt,  and  gamos,  nup- 
tials.] In  bot.  a  term  formerly  used  as  syn- 
onymous with  cryptogam oits. 

Amp higa stria  (am-ft-gas'tri-a),  n.  pi  [Gr. 
amphi,  around,  and  gatster,  stomach.]  The 
imperfect  leaves  or  so-called  stipules  on  the 
under  or  shaded  side  of  the  axis  of  the  scale- 
mosses  or  Jungermanniaceae. 

Amphigean  (am-fl-je'an),  a.  [Gr.  amphi, 
around,  and  gf,  the  earth.]  Extending  over 
all  the  zones  of  the  globe,  from  the  tropic 
to  either  polar  inclusive.  Dana. 

Amphigen  (am'fi-jen),  n.  [Gr.  amphi, 
around,  and  gennao,  to  produce,  from 
ainomai,  to  be  formed.]  A  plant  which 
nas  no  distinct  axis,  but  increases  by  the 
growth  or  development  of  its  cellular  tissue 
on  all  sides,  as  the  lichens. 

Amphigene  (am'fi-jen),  n.  In  mineral. 
another  name  for  leucite  (which  see). 

Amphigenous  (am-flj'e-nus),  a.  A  term 
applied  to  fungi  when  the  hymenium  is 
not  restricted  to  a  particular  surface. 

Amphihexahedral  ( am-fl-heks'a-he"dral ), 
a.  [Gr.  amphi  andE. hexahedral.]  In  crystal. 
said  of  a  crystal  in  which  the  faces,  counted 
in  two  different  directions,  give  two  hexa- 
hedral outlines,  or  are  found  to  be  six  in 
number. 

Amphilogy  (am-flro-ji),  n.  [Gr.  amphi,  in 
two  ways,  and  logos,  discourse.]  Equivoca- 
tion ;  amphibology. 

Amphimacer  (am-flm'a-ser),  n.  [Gr.  amph  i- 
makros,  long  on  both  sides.  ]  In  pros,  a  foot 
of  three  syllables,  the  middle  one  short  and 
the  otheis  long,  as  in  castltds:  the  opposite 
of  an  amphibrach. 

Amphioxidae,  Amphioxini  (am-fl-oks'i-de, 
am7n-oks-i"ni),  n.  pi.  The  only  family  of 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j.job;    D,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  icig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


AMPHIOXrS 


92 


AMPHORA 


pharyngo-branchial  flshes,  with  gelatinous 
dorsal  chord,  pulsating  vessels  in  place  of 
the  heart,  and  a  branchial  sac  in  the  cavity  of 
the  oesophagus.  The  amphioxus  is  the  type. 

AmphiOXUS  (am-fl-oks'us),  n.  [Gr.  onjpM, 
cm  both  sides,  and  oxut,  sharp,  because  the 
animal  is  sharp  at  both  ends.  ]  An  anomalous 
genus  of  flshes,  otherwise  called  Branchios- 
toma,and  containingonly  the  common  lance- 
let  (Amphiomu  lanceolatu*  or  Branchws- 
totna  Uinceolatmn) and  another  species.  See 
BRANCHIOSTOMA. 

Amphlpneust  (am'fip-nust),  n.  One  of  the 
amphipneusta  (which  see). 

Amphipneusta  (am-flp-nus'ta),  n.  ft.  [Or 
amphi,  in  two  ways,  and  pneo,  to  breathe.] 
A  former  name  of  a  sub-order  of  tailed 
amphibia,  retaining  their  gills  through  life. 
See  URODELA. 

Amphipod,  Ampblpode  (am  fl-pod,  am  fl- 
pod),  ».  One  of  the  amphipoda  (which  see). 

Amphipoda  (am-flp'od-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
amphi,  on  both  sides,  and  pous,  podos,  a 
foot.]  An  order  of  the  sessile-eyed  mala- 


Amphipoda. 

I,  Shore-jumper  (Orchtstia  littoratis).    2,  Portion  of 
Orchestia  to  show  the  respiratory  organs  a  a  a. 

costracan  crustaceans.  The  bodies  of  these 
animals  are  compressed  laterally.and  curved 
upon  the  sides;  the  eyes  are  immovable, 
and  their  feet  are  directed  partly  forwards 
and  partly  backwards.  The  respiratory 
organs  consist  of  membranous  vesicles 
attached  to  the  bases  of  the  thoracic  limbs. 
Many  of  the  species  are  found  in  springs  and 
rivulets;  others  are  met  with  in  salt  water. 
The  sand -hopper  and  shore -jumper  are 
examples. 

Amphipodous  (am-flp'od-us),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Amphipoda. 

Amphiprostile,  Amphlprostyle  (am-flp'- 


Plan  of  Amphiprostile  Temple. 

ro-stil),  n.  [Gr.  amphi,  on  botli  sides,  and 
prostylos,  having  pillars  in  front — pro,  be- 
fore, and  gtyle,  a  column.  ]  Lit.  having  pil- 
lars both  in  front  and  behind.  In 
arch,  a  structure  having  the  f  orm  of  an 
ancient  Greek  or  Roman  oblong  rec- 
tangular temple,  with  a  prostyle  or 
portico  on  each  of  its  ends  or  fronts, 
but  with  no  columns  on  its  sides  or 
flanks. 

Amphisarca  (am'fl-sar-ka),  n.  [Gr. 
amphi,  on  both  sides,  and  ttarx,  gar- 
kos,  flesh.)  In  6o(.a  compound, many- 
celled,  indehiscent,  superior  fruit, 
with  a  woody  or  indurated  shell  in- 
closing an  internal  pulp,  as  seen  in 
the  baobab. 

Arnphlsbaena  (am-fls-be'na),  n.  [Gr. 
amphi*baitta — amphis,  on  both  sides, 
and  baino,  to  go,  from  the  belief 
that  the  animal  moved  with  either 
end  foremost.]  A  genus  of  serpen- 
tiform,  limbless  reptiles,  family  Am- 
phisbrcnidre,  order  Lacertilia,  with  the  head 
small,  smooth,  and  blunt,  the  nostrils  small, 


cylindrical,  destitute  of  scales,  and  divided 
into  numerous  annular  segments ;  the  tail 
obtuse  and  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from 
the  head,  whence  the  belief  that  it  moved 
equally  well  with  either  end  foremost.  There 
are  several  species.  A.  fuligiiuim,  black, 
with  white  spots,  is  found  in  Guinea  and 
Surinam;  and  A.  alba,  the  largest  species, 
about  21  inches  long,  reddish-brown  above 
and  white  below,  is  found  in  Surinam  and 
Brazil,  generally  in  ant-hillocks.  They  feed 
on  ants  and  earthworms,  and  were  for- 
merly but  erroneously,  deemed  poisonous, 
whence  Hilton  classes  it  among  the  most 
noxious  reptiles. 

Complicated  monsters  .  .  . 
Scorpion,  and  asp,  and  tmfkttttnmOn, 
Cerastes  homed,  hydras,  and  elops  drear. 
And  dipsas.  Parodist  Lost,  b.  X. 

—Agitatic  amphwbfzna,  a  name  formerly 
sometimes  given  to  the  common  hair-worm 
(Gordius  aquaticwi).  which,  however,  has  no 
connection  with  the  amphisbrcnas  proper, 
but  is  one  of  the  nematoid  worms,  or  Nema- 
telmia,  class  Scolecida.  See  GORDIUS  and 

GORDIACEA. 

Amphisbsenia  (am-fls-be'ni-a),  n.  pi.  An 
order  of  lacertian  reptiles,  of  which  the 
genus  Amphisbicna  is  the  type. 

Amphlsbaenidse  (am-fls-berni-de),  n.  pi. 
That  family  of  the  Amphisba;nia  which 
includes  the  genus  Amphisbama. 

Amphiscian  (am-flsh'i-an),  ».  One  of  the 
Amphiscii  (which  see). 

Amphiscil  (am-flsh'i-i),  n.  pi.  [Or.  amphi, 
on  both  sides,  and  skia,  shadow.]  luqeog. 
the  inhabitants  of  the  inter-tropical  regions, 
whose  shadows  at  noon  in  one  part  of  the 
year  are  cast  to  the  north  and  in  the  other 
to  the  south,  according  as  the  sun  is  in  the 
southern  or  northern  signs. 

AmpMsile  (am-fls'i-le),  n.    A  genus  of  acan- 


Part  of  Ainphisile  srrfffata. 

thopterygious  flshes,  in  which  the  back  is 
plated,  and  the  flrst  dorsal  fln  is  placed 
quite  at  the  extremity  of  the  body,  and  pro- 
duced into  a  long  and  strong  spine.  It 
belongs  to  the  family  Fistularidre  (Aulo- 
stomidce),  or  sea-snipes.  It  is  closely  allied 
to,  and  was  included  in,  the  genus  Cen- 
triscus  by  Linnaeus. 

Ampliiatomous  (  am  -  fls  '  torn  -  us  ),  a.  [Gr. 
amphi,  on  both  sides,  and  stoma,  a  mouth.  ] 
A  term  applied  to  certain  entozoa  having  a 
cup-shaped  mouth  at  each  extremity,  by 
which  they  adhere  to  the  intestines  of  the 


Per- 


animals in  which  they  are  parasitic. 
Amphitheatral  (am-fi-the'a-tral),  a. 

taining  to  or  resembling  an  amphitheatre. 
Amphitheatre  (am-fl-the'a-ter),  n.  [Gr.  am- 

phitheatron  —  amphi,  about,  and  theatron, 


Amphisbxna  fuliginosa. 

the  eyes  minute  and  blackish,  and  the  mouth 
furnished  with  small  teeth.    The  body  is 


Amphitheatr 


theatre,  from  theaomai,  to  see  or  look.  ] 
1.  An  ancient  Roman  edifice  of  an  oval 
form,  having  a  central  area  encompassed 
with  rows  of  seats,  rising  higher  as  they  re- 
ceded from  the  centre,  on  which  people  used 
to  sit  to  view  the  combats  of  gladiators  and 
of  wild  beasts,  and  other  sports.  The  an- 
cient theatre  was  nearly  semicircular  in 
shape,  with  its  rows  of  seats  fronting  the 
stage ;  the  amphitheatre  is  frequently  de- 
scribed as  a  double  theatre,  as  consisting 
of  two  such  semicircles  or  halves  joined  to- 
gether, the  spaces  allotted  to  their  orches- 
tras becoming  the  inner  inclosure,  area,  or, 
as  it  was  called,  arena,  from  being  generally 
covered  with  sand.  It  is  not  quite  correct 
to  say,  however,  that  an  amphitheatre  was 


formed  by  two  semicircles,  since  it  was 
always  elliptical  in  form.  The  arena  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  wall  about  15  feet  high,  so  that 
the  spectators  were  quite  secure  from  the 
attacks  of  any  of  the  wild  beasts  exhibited. 
The  Colosseum  at  Rome  is  the  largest  of  all 
the  ancient  amphitheatres,  being  capable  of 
containing  from  50,000  to  80,000  persons. 
That  at  Verona  is  one  of  the  best  examples 
remaining.    Its  dimensions  are  502  feet  by 
401,  and  98  feet  high.— 2.  Anything  resem- 
bling an  amphitheatre  in  form,  as  a  hollow 
surrounded  by  rising  ground;  in  hort.  a  slop- 
ing disposition  of  shrubs  and  trees. 
Amphitheatric,  Amphitheatrlcal  (am'fl- 
the-at"rik,  am'fl-the-at"rik-al),  a.     Pertain- 
ing to  or  exhibited  in  an  amphitheatre. 
'  A  mphithea  trical  gladiatures. '    Oayton. 
Amphitheatrically  (am'n-the-at"rik-al-li). 
ailr.   In  an  amphitheatrical  manner  or  form. 
Amphitherium  (am-fl-the'ri-umj,  n.    [Or 
amphi,  implying  doubt,  and  thenon,  a  wild 
beast.]    A  fossil  insectivorous  mammal  of 
the  oolite.    As  its  remains  do  not  furnish 
sufficient  data  to  decide  whether  it  is  pla- 
cental  or  aplacental,  it  has  received  this 
provisional  name.    A .  frevosKi  is  the  only 
species  yet  discovered. 
Amphithura  (am-fl-thu'ra),  n.  [Gr.  amphi, 
both,  twofold,  and  thura,  a  door.  ]     The 
correct  spelling  of  the  word  now  commonly 
written  Amphidura  (which  see). 
Amphitlite  (am-fl-tri'te),  n.  [Name  of  a  sea- 
nymph  in  Greek  mythology,  sister  of  Thetis 
and  wife  of  Neptune.  ]  1.  A  small  planet  or  as- 
teroid between  the  orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupi- 
ter.discovered  by  M.  Marth  on  the  2d  March, 
1864.— 2.  A  genus  of  marine  annelids,  ordtr 
Tubicolre,  and  class  Annulata  of  Cuvier. 
They  are  easily  recognized  by  their  golden- 
coloured  setee,  disposed  in  the  form  of  a 
crown.    Some  of  them  construct  and  carry 
about  with  them  slight,  regularly  conical 
tubes  of  sand,  glued  together  by  mucus  ex- 
uded from  the  skin. 

Amphitropal,  Amphitropous  (am-flt'rop- 
al,  am-fltTop-us),  a.  [Gr.  amphi,  round, 
and  trepo,  to  turn.]  In  bol.  applied  to  an 
ovule  curved  upon  itself  so  that 
/5\  >rv  both  ends  (the  foraminal  and 
ifflffl  I  H  chalazal)  are  brought  near  to 
Wl  1  II  each  otner  wltn  tne  nilum  in 
V*il  Ml  the  middle. 
Amphitropal  AmphltTpe  (am'fl-tip),  n.  [Gr. 
Ovule.  amphi,  both,  and  typot,  an  im- 
pression.] In  photog.  a  pro- 
cess discovered  by  Sir  John  Herschel,  by 
which  light  produces  either  a  positive  or  a 
negative.  The  paper  is  prepared  by  a  solu- 
tion of  ferro-tartrate  or  of  ferro-citrate  of 
protoxide  or  peroxide  of  mercury,  followed 
by  a  solution  of  ammonio-tartrate  or  am- 
monio-citrate.  On  exposure  in  the  camera 
a  negative  is  produced  of  a  rich  brown  tint, 
which  fades  in  the  dark,  but  may  be  restored 
as  a  black  positive  by  immersing  it  in  a  solu- 
tion of  nitrate  of  mercury,  and  ironing  it 
with  a  hot  iron. 

Amphiuma  (am-fl-u'ma),  n.  [Gr. 
amphi,  both,  and  hvma,  from  hud,  to 
wet,  to  water.  ]  A  genus  of  amphi- 
bians which  frequent  the  lakes  and 
stagnant  waters  of  North  America. 
The  adults  retain  the  clefts  at  which 
the  gills  of  the  tadpole  projected. 
The  body  is  of  great  length. 
Amphiumidse  (am-fl-u'mi-de),  n.  pi. 
A  family  of  tailed  amphibians  dis- 
tinguished by  a  small  branchial  aper- 
ture on  each  side,  within  which  are 
the  branchial  arches  with  small  la- 
minae. They  approach,  in  respect  of 
their  respiratory  apparatus,  the  am- 
phipneusts  or  true  amphibians,  in 
which  the  external  gills  are  persist- 
ent. The  genus  Amphiuma  (which 
see)  is  the  type. 

Amphora  (am'fo-ra),  n.  pi.  Amphorae  (am'- 
fo-re).  [L.  amphora,  Gr.  amphoreits,  a  short- 
ened form  of  amphiphureus  —  amphi,  on 
both  sides,  and  phoreo,  to  carry,  from  its 
two  handles.]  Among  the  Greeks  and  Ro- 
mans, a  vessel,  usually  tall  and  narrow, 
with  two  handles  or  ears  and  a  narrow 
neck,  and  generally  ending  in  a  sharp  point 
below  for  being  inserted  in  a  stand  or 
in  the  ground,  used  for  holding  wine,  oil, 
honey,  and  the  like.  The  amphora?  were 
commonly  made  of  earthenware,  but  Homer 
mentions  amphora  of  gold  and  stone ;  the 
Egyptians  had  them  of  brass;  and  glass 
vessels  of  this  form  have  been  found  at 
Pompeii.  The  most  common  use  of  the 
amphora  was  for  keeping  wine.  The  stop- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


AMPHORAL 


AMULET 


per  was  covered  with  pitch  or  gypsum,  anil, 

among  the  Romans,  the  title  of  the  wine 

was  painted  on  the  outside,  the  date  of  the 

vintage  being  marked  by  the  names  of  the 

consuls   then   in 

office.     The  am- 

phora  was   also      M,J  MI    ir-i  i 

the    name    of   a 

fixed      measure, 

the    Greek    am- 

phora being  uqunl 

to  8  gallons,  7  'StiS 

pints       imperial 

measure,  and  the 

Roman  amphora 

two  -  thirds      of 

this,  or  5  gallons, 

7  '577    pints    im- 

perial.   The  am-  Amphorae. 

phora     is    often 

introduced  in  architecture  as  an  ornament 

to  sarcophagi,  Ac. 
Amphoral  (am'fo-ral),  a.    Pertaining  to  or 

resembling  an  amphora. 
Amphoric  (am-for'ik),  a.     In  auscultation, 

emitted  from  a  cavity  in  the  lungs  not  filled 

with  fluid,  and  so  giving  a  sound  like  that 

produced  by  blowing  into  an  empty  decanter; 

as,  amphoric  resonance  or  respiration. 
Amphoterlc  (am-fo-te'rik),  a.     [Or.  ampho- 

teros,  both.  ]    Partly  the  one  and  partly  the 

other.    Smart. 
Ample  (am'pl),  a.     [Fr.  ample,  L.  ampins— 

prefix  am,amb(=Gr.  amphi,on  both  sides), 

and  root  of  pleo,   to  fill  ;  com  p.  double.  ] 

1.  Large  in  dimensions;  of  great  size,  extent, 
capacity,  or  bulk;  wide;  spacious;  extended; 
as,   ample  room.      'Nature's  ample   lap.' 
T/ionwoii. 

Ajl  the  people  in  tliat  ample  house 

Did  to  that  image  bow  their  humble  knees. 

Spenser. 

2.  Fully  sufficient  for  any  purpose  or  for 
some  purpose  intended;  abundant;  liberal; 
copious  ;  plentiful  ;  as,  ample  provision  for 
the  table;  ample  justice. 

An  ample  number  of  horses  had  been  purchased 
in  England  with  the  public  money.          Macaittay. 

3.  Not  brief  or  contracted  ;  extended  ;  dif- 
fusive; as,  an  ample  narrative.  —Ample, 
Copious,  Plenteous.    Ample  has  reference 
to  the  sufficiency  of  the  supply  for  every 
need;  copious  carries  with  it  the  idea  of  un- 
failingness  of  supply  ;  while  plenteous  indi- 
cates largeness  of  quantity  in  actual  posses- 
sion; as,  ample  stores  or  resources;  a  copious 
supply  of  materials;  a  plenteous  harvest  — 
SYN.  Spacious,  extensive,  wide,  capacious, 
abundant,  plentiful,  plenteous,  liberal,  copi- 
ous, rich. 

Amplectant  (am-plek'tant),  a.    [L.  amplec- 

tans,  amplectant  is,   ppr.   of  amplector,  to 

embrace.]    Embracing;  clasping;  specifi- 

cally, in  bot.  encircling  or  clasping  the  stem 

of  a  plant;  as,  amplectant  tendrils. 
Ampleness  (am'pl-nes),  n.    The  state  of 

being  ample;  largeness;  sufficiency;  abun- 

dance. 
Amplexation  t  (am-pleks-a'shon),  n.    [L. 

amplexor,  amplexatus,   to  embrace.  ]    An 

embrace.    'An  humble 

amplexation    of    those 

sacred  feet.'  Bp.  Hall. 
Amplexicaul       (  am  - 

plek'si-kfll),  a.   [L.  am- 

plexus,       embraced  — 

amb,  about,  and  plecto, 

plexus,  to  twist  —  and 

caulift,  a  stem.]    In  bot. 

nearly  surrounding  or 

embracing  the  stem,  as 

the  base  of  a  leaf.    Pa- 

paver  somniferiun  and 

Inula  Ilelenium  have 

amplexicaul  leaves. 
AmpUate  (am'pli-at),  v.t.  pret.  <fc  pp.  ampli- 

ated;  ppr.  ampliating.     [L.  amplio,  ampli- 

atum.    See  AMPLE.]    To  make  more  ample 

or  greater;  to  enlarge;  to  extend.  'To  main- 

tain and  ampliate  the  external  possessions 

of  your  empire.'     ITdall. 
Ampliation  (am-pli-a'shon),  n.    1.  Enlarge- 

ment; amplification;  diffuse  ness. 
Odious  matters  admit  not  of  an  ampliation,  but 

ought  to  be  restrained  and  interpreted  in  the  mildest 

sense.  Ayliffe. 

2.  In  Rom.  antiq.  a  delaying  to  pass  sentence; 
a  postponement  of  a  decision  to  obtain  fur- 
ther evidence. 

Ampliative  (am'pli-at-iv),  a.  Enlarging; 
increasing;  specifically,  in  metaph.  adding 
to  what  is  involved  in  the  meaning  of  the 
subject  of  a  proposition  ;  synthetic:  said  of 
judgments. 

'  All  bodies  possess  power  of  attraction  '  is  an  am- 


Amplexicaul  Leaves 
(/»«/«  Heitmum). 


pliative  judgment,  because  we  i;m  think  of  bodies 
without  thinking  of  attraction  as  one  of  their  imme- 
diate primary  attributes.  But.  if  our  knowledge  of 
any  object  were  complete,  we  should  conceive  it  in- 
vested with  all  its  attributes,  and  no  amptiative  judg- 
ments would  be  required.  Abp.  Thomson. 

Ampliflcatet  (am-plif'i-kat),  v.t.  [L.  ampli- 
jic<>,  amptijicatutn,  to  enlarge— ampltm,  wide, 
and/ffcio,  factunt,  to  make.]  To  enlarge  in 
dimensions;  to  amplify. 

Amplification  (am'pli -fl-ka"8hon),?i.  1.  The 
act  tif  amplifying  or  enlarging  in  diniensions; 
enlargement;  extension.  *  Amplification  of 
the  visible  figure  of  a  known  object.'  Reid. 
2.  In  rhet.  diffusive  description  or  discussion ; 
exaggerated  representation ;  copious  argu- 
ment, intended  to  present  the  subject  in 
every  view  or  in  the  strongest  light;  diffuse 
narrative,  or  a  dilating  upon  all  the  particu- 
lars of  a  subject;  a  description  given  in  more 
words  than  are  necessary,  or  an  illustration 
by  various  examples  and  proofs. 

Ampliflcative(am'pli-n-kat-iv),  a.  Serving 
or  tending  to  amplify;  amplificatory. 

Ampliflcatqry  (am'pli-fl-ka-to-ri),  a.  Serv- 
ing to  amplify  or  enlarge ;  amplittcative. 

Amplifier  (am'pli-fi-er),  71.  One  who  ampli- 
fies or  enlarges.  'That  great  citie  Rome, 
whereof  they  (Romulus  and  Remus)  were 
the  first  amplifiers.'  Bale. 

There  are  amplifiers  who  can  extend  half  a  dozen 
thin  thoughts  over  a  whole  folio.  Pope. 

Amplify  (am'pli-fi),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ampli- 
fied; ppr.  amplifuing.  [Fr.  amplifier,  to 
enlarge  —  L.  ampins,  ample,  and  facto,  to 
make.]  1.  To  make  more  ample,  larger, 
more  extended,  fuller,  more  copious,  and 
the  like;  to  enlarge. 

All  concaves  ...  do  amplify  the  sound  at  the 
coming  out.  Bacon. 

•Troilus  and  Cressida'  was  written  by  a  Lombard 
author,  but  much  amplified  by  our  English  trans- 
lator. Dryden. 

2.  In  rhet.  to  enlarge  in  discussion  or  by 
manner  of  representation;  to  treat  copi- 
ously, so  as  to  present  the  subject  in  every 
view,  and  in  the  strongest  lights. 

I  would  not  willingly  seem  to  flatter  the  present 
{age},  by  amplifying  the  diligence  and  true  judg- 
ment of  those  servitours  who  nave  laboured  in  the 
vineyard.  Sir  y.  Da-vies. 

Amplify  (am'pli-fi),  v.i.  1.  To  grow  or  be- 
come ample  or  more  ample. 

Strait  was  the  way  at  first,  withouten  light. 
But  further  it  did  further  amplify.        Fairfax. 

2.  To  enlarge  by  representation  or  descrip- 
tion ;  to  speak  largely  or  copiously ;  to  be 
diffuse  in  argument  or  description;  to  dilate 
upon:  often  followed  by  on;  as,  to  amplify 
on  the  several  topics  of  discourse. 

Homer  amplifies,  not  invents.  Pc>pe. 

When  you  affect  to  amplify  on  the  former  branches 
of  a  discourse,  you  will  often  lay  a  necessity  on  your- 
self of  contracting  the  latter.  If'atfs. 

Amplitude  (am'pli-tud),  n.  [L,  amplitudo. 
from  ampluft,  large.]  1.  State  of  being 
ample ;  as,  (a)  largeness  of  diniensions ;  ex- 
tent of  surface  or  space;  as,  the  amplitude 
of  the  earth. 

The  cathedral  of  Lincoln  .  .  .  is  a  magnificent 
structure,  proportionable  to  the  amplitude  of  the 
diocese.  Fuller. 

(b)  Largeness,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  as,  ex- 
tent of  capacity  or  intellectual  powers ;  ex- 
tent of  means  or  resources.  'Amplitude  of 
mind.'  Milton. 

It  is  in  the  power  of  princes  and  estates  to  add 
amplitude  and  greatness  to  their  kingdoms.  Bacon. 

2.  In  astron.  an  arc  of  the  horizon  inter- 
cepted between  the  east  or  west  point  and 
the  centre  of  the  sun  or  star  at  its  rising  or 
setting.  At  the  rising  of  a  star  the  ampli- 
tude is  eastern  or  ortive ;  at  the  setting  it 
is  western,  occiduous,  or  occasive.  It  is 
also  northern  or  southern  when  north  or 
south  of  the  equator.  The  amplitude  of  a 
fixed  star  remains  nearly  the  same  all  the 
year  round.  The  sun  at  the  solstices  is  at 
its  maximum  amplitude,  and  at  the  equator 
it  has  no  amplitude.  —  Amplitude  of  the 
range  of  a  projectile,  the  horizontal  line  sub- 
tending the  path  of  a  body  thrown, or  the  line 
which  measures  the  distance  it  has  moved; 
the  range. — Magnetical  amplitude,  the  arc 
of  the  horizon  between  the  sun  or  a  star  at 
rising  or  setting,  and  the  east  or  west  point 
of  the  horizon,  by  the  compass.  The  differ- 
ence between  this  and  the  true  amplitude 
is  the  variation  of  the  compass.—  Amplitude 
compass,  an  azimuth  compass,  whose  zeros 
of  graduation  are  at  the  east  and  west 
points,  for  the  more  ready  reading  of  the 
amplitudes  of  celestial  bodies. 


Amply  (am'pli),  adv.  In  an  ample  manner; 
largely;  liberally;  fully;  sufficiently;  copi- 
ously; abundantly. 

Ampul  (am'pul),  n.    See  AMPULLA,  2. 

Ampulla  (am-pul'la),  n.  pi  Ampull»  (am- 
puPle).  IL.J  In  Horn,  antiq.  a  more  or  less 
globular  bottle,  usually  made  of  glass  or 
earthenware,  rarely  of  more  valuable  ma- 
terials, used  for  carrying  oil  to  the  bath  for 
the  purpose  of  anointing  the  body  after 
bathing.  —  2.  Ecclet.  (a)  a  flask  or  cruet, 
generally  of  precious  metal,  for  holding  the 
wine  and  water  used  at  the  altar.  See  AMA. 
(6)  A  vessel  for  holding  the  consecrated  oil 
or  chrism  used  in  various  church  rites  and 
at  the  coronation  of  kings.  The  ampulla 


Ampulla  and  Spoon  used  at  Coronation  of  English 
Sovereigns. — Regalia,  Tower  of  London. 

used  at  coronations  in  England  is  in  the 
form  of  an  eagle,  of  pure  gold,  richly  chased. 
The  famous  one  formerly  used  in  France 
was  kept  at  Rheims,  and  was  reputed  to 
have  been  brought  from  heaven  by  a  dove 
for  the  baptism  of  Clovis  I.  It  was  broken 
at  the  revolution,  but  a  fragment  is  said 
to  have  been  preserved  and  used  at  the 
coronation  of  Charles  X.  Written  also  .1 «' 
pul  —  3.  In  anat.  the  dilated  part  of  the 
membranaceous  semicircular  canals  in  the 
ear.  —  4.  In  bot.  (a)  a  small  membranaceous 
bag  attached  to  the  roots  and  the  immersed 
leaves  of  some  aquatic  plants,  as  in  the 
Lemna  or  duck-weed.  (b)  A  term  applied 
to  the  hollow  flask-shaped  leaves  formed  in 
certain  aquatic  plants,  as  in  Utricularia 
(which  see). 

Ampullaceous  (am-pul-la'shus),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  or  like  an  ampulla,  bottle,  or 
inflated  bladder. 

Amputate  (am'pu-tat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  am- 
putated; ppr.  amputating.  [L.  amputo,am- 
putatum~amb,  about,  aud  jjufo,  to  prune.] 

1.  To  prune,  as  branches  of  trees  or  vines. 

2.  To  cut  off,  as  a  limb  or  other  part  of  an 
animal  body. 

Amputation  (am-pu-ta'shon),  n.    [L.  atn- 
putatio.]  The  act  of  amputating;  especially, 
the  operation  of  cutting  off  a  limb  or  other 
projecting  part  of  the  body. 
Ampyx  (am'piks),  n.  [Gr. ,  a  fillet  for  tying 
back  the  hair  in  front,  from 
ampecho,  to  encircle  ]  l.In 
Greek  antiq.  (a)  a  broad 
band  or  plate  of   metal, 
often  enriched  with  pre- 
cious stones,  worn  on  the 
forehead  by  ladies  of  rank. 
(6)  The  head -band  of  a 
horse.— 2.  A  species  of  tri- 
lobite  or  fossil  crustacean, 
found  chiefly  in  lower  Silu- 
rian strata. 

Amsel  (am'sel),  n.     Same 
as  Amzel  (which  see). 

Amuck  (a-muk7),  "•  [Malay  or  Javanese 
amuk.]  A  term  used  in  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago in  the  sense  of  slaughter  or  kill,  be- 
ing employed  especially  among  the  Malays 
by  such  of  them  as  are  occasionally  seen  to 
rush  out  in  a  frantic  state  (probably  caused 
by  opium  or  some  other  drug)  with  daggers 
in  their  hands,  yelling  'Amuck,  amuck,' 
attacking  all  that  come  in  their  way:  whence 
the  common  expression  to  run  amuck,  to 
rush  about  frantically,  attacking  all  that 
come  in  the  way ;  to  attack  all  and  sundry. 

Satire's  my  weapon,  but  I'm  too  discreet 

To  run  amuck  and  tilt  at  all  I  meet.         Pofc. 

Amule  (am'ul),  n.    Same  as  Ainyl. 

Amulet  (am'u-let),  n.  [L.  amuletum,  Fr. 
amulette,  Sp.  amuleto,  an  amulet;  amuletum 
in  Latin  was  a  borrowed  word,  and  the  same 


Ampyx. 


eh,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     },  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  zing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  irig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KET. 


AMULETIC 


AN 


as  Ar.hanullat,  anything  worn,  from  hamala, 
to  carry,  to  wear.]  Something  worn  as  a  re- 
medy or  preservative  against  evils  or  mis- 
chief, such  as  diseases  and 
witchcraft.  Amulets  have 
been  used  from  ancient 
times,  and  are  still  worn 
in  many  parts  of  the  world. 
They  consisted  of  certain 
stones,  metals,  or  plants; 
sometimes      of       mystic 
words,  characters,  or  sen- 
tences arranged  in  a  par- 
ticular order.    The  early 
Christian    amulets    were 
commonly  inscribed  with 
the  word  ichthys,  fish,  or 
with  the  shape  of  a  fish, 
because  this  represented 
the  initials  of  the  Greek 
words    for   Jesus  ChrM, 
Son  of  God,  Saviour.  They 
were  suspended  from  the   Amulets,  from  Vati- 
neck, or  affixed  to  the  body,    can  (i),  and  private 
Amuletic  (am-u-let'ik),  a.    collection  (2). 
Pertaining  to  an  amulet. 
Amun  (a-mun),  n.   Same  as  Aghanee  (which 

Amurcosityt  (a-mer-kos'i-ti),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  amurcous.  Bailey. 

Amurcoust  (a-merk'us),  a.  [L.  amurca,  the 
dregs  or  lees  of  olives.]  Full  of  dregs  or 
lees;  foul.  Ash. 

Amusable  (a-muz'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing amused. 

Amuse  (a-muz1),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  amused; 
ppr.  amusing.  [Fr.  amuser,  to  amuse,  to 
divert,  to  hold  in  play  — a,  to,  and  O.Fr. 
muser,  to  muse,  whence  musard,  a  loiterer. 
See  MUSE.]  l.tTo  cause  to  muse;  to  ab- 
sorb or  engage  in  meditation ;  to  occupy  or 
engage  wholly. 

People  stood  amiutd  between  these  two  forms  of 
service.  Fuller. 

Camillus    set    upon    the    Gauls  when  they  we: 
amused  in  receiving  their  gold.  Holland. 

2.  To  entertain  the  mind  of  agreeably;  to 
occupy  or  detain  the  attention  of  in  a  plea- 
sant manner  or  with  agreeable  objects.  'A 
group  of  mountaineer  children  amusing 
themselves  with  pushing  stones  from  the 
top.'  W.  Gilpin.—S.  To  keep  in  expecta- 
tion as  by  flattery,  plausible  pretences,  and 
the  like;  to  delude;  to  keep  in  play. 

He  amused  his  followers  with  idle  promises. 

Johnson  . 

Bishop  Henry  .  .  .  amused  her  with  dubious  an 
swers,  and  kept  her  in  suspense  for  some  days. 

Stvyl. 

—Amuse,  Divert,  Entertain.  Amuse  is  t( 
occupy  one's  time  and  attention  lightly  am 
pleasantly;  divert,  lit.  to  turn  aside;  to  turn 
the  attention  to  some  lighter  subject  than 
a  previous  one,  generally  to  something  abso 
lutely  lively  or  sportive;  entertain,  to  engage 
the  attention  by  the  pleasing  nature  of  the 
objectof  attraction;  to  keep  one  in  a  continu 
ous  state  of  interest,  implying  a  certain 

'activity  if  it  is  a  person  that  entertains 
Trifles  that  amuse  children  may  diner 
grown-up  people ;  while  we  may  be  enter 
tained  by  a  book,  concert,  lecture,  &c.— 
SVN.  To  entertain,  gratify,  please,  divert 
beguile,  deceive,  occupy. 

Amuse  t  (a-muz'),  v.i.  To  muse ;  to  medi 
tate. 

Or  in  some  pathless  wilderness  amusing, 
Plucking  the  mossy  baric  of  some  old  tree.      Lee. 

Amusement  (a-muz'meut),  n.  l.t  Deep 
thought;  meditation. 

Here  I  ...  fell  into  a  strong  and  deep  amuse- 
ment, revolving  in  my  mind,  with  great  perplexity, 
the  amazing  change  of  our  affairs.  Bfi.  Fleet-wood, 

2.  The  state  of  being  amused;  a  slight 
amount  of  mirth  or  tendency  towards  mer- 
riment; as,  I  could  not  conceal  my  amuse- 
ment at  his  pranks.— S.  That  which  amuses, 
detains,  or  engages  the  mind ;  pastime. 

During  his  confinement,  his  amusement  was  to 
give  poison  to  cats  and  dogs,  and  see  them  expire 
by  slower  or  quicker  torments.  Pope. 

SYN.  Diversion,  entertainment,  recreation, 
pastime,  sport. 

Amuser  (a-muz'er),  n.    One  who  amuses. 

Amusing  (a-muz'ing),  p.  and  a.  Giving 
moderate  pleasure  to  the  mind,  so  as  to  en- 
gage it;  pleasing;  diverting;  as,  an  amus- 
ing story. 

Amusingly  (a-muz'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  amus- 
ing manner. 

Amusive  (a-mu'ziv),  a.  Having  power  to 
amuse  or  entertain  the  mind.  [Rare.] 

j^musiite  birds  1  say  where  your  hid  retreat 
When  the  frost  rages  and  the  tempests  beat. 

Gilbert  White. 


Amusively  (a-mu'ziv-li),  adv.  In  an  amusive 
manner. 


are  wanting. 

Amygdalate  (a-mig'da-lat).  a.  [L.  amygaa- 
an  almond.]  Pertaining  to,  resembling, 
or  made  of  almonds. 

Amygdalate  (a-mig'da-lat),  n.  1.  An  emul- 
sion made  of  almonds;  milk  of  almonds.— 
2.  A  salt  of  amygdalic  acid. 

AmygdaliC  (a-mig-dal'ik),  a.  Obtained  from 
almonds;  as,  amyijdalic  acid  (CwS.KOa),  an 
icid  obtained  from  bitter  almonds. 


cessfully,  as  it 
tremely  dangerous. 


ing  III   U1LLCI    t»lllluln»o,  ni^.  "*' 

non  laurel,  and  many  other  plants. 

jdaline  (a-mig'da-lin),  o.  Pertaining 
____  resembling  the  almond. 
Amygdaloid  (a-migMa-loid),  n.  [Or.  arayg- 
da'e.  an  almond,  and  eidos,  form  ]  A  term 
applied  to  an  igneous  rock,  especially  trap, 
containing  round  or  almond-shaped  vesicles 
or  cavities  partly  or  wholly  filled  with  crys- 
talline nodules  of  various  minerals,  particu- 
larly calcareous  spar,  quartz,  agate,  zeolite, 
chlorite,  <fec.  The  nodules  have  been  formed 
during  the  consolidation  of  the  rock,  or  by 
subsequent  infiltration  of  siliceous  or  cal- 
careous solutions.  When  the  imbedded 
minerals  are  detached,  it  is  porous  like 

Amygdaloid,  Amygdaloidal  (a-mig'da- 
loid,  a-mig/da-loid';ai),  a.  1.  Almond-shaped. 
2.  Pertaining  to  amygdaloid. 

Amygdalus  (a-mig'da-lus),  n.  [Gr.  amyg- 
dalos,  an  almond-tree.]  A  genus  of  trees 
and  shrubs,  nat.  order  Rosacere,  especially 
known  by  the  stone  of  the  drupaceous  fruit 
which  incloses  the  kernel  or  seed  being 
coarsely  fun-owed,  and  by  the  young  leaves 
being  folded  in  halves.  A.  communis  is  the 
almond-tree,  and  A.  peraica  the  peach  and 
nectarine.  See  ALMOND,  PEACH,  NECTARINE. 

Amy  1,  Amyle  (am'il),  n.  [  Gr.  amylon,  the 
finest  flour,  starch,  neut.  of  adjective  amylos, 
unground  —  a,  priv.,  and  myle,  a  mill. 
Lit.  not  ground  at  the  mill,  amylon  having 
been  prepared  without  grinding.)  (C6Hn.) 
A  hypothetical  radical,  said  to  exist  in  many 
compounds,  as  amylic  alcohol,  &c.  This 
substance  cannot  exist  in  the  free  state,  the 
molecules  at  the  moment  of  its  liberation 
combining  to  form  the  substance  decane 


us.—  Xitrite  of  amyl  (CsHnNOj),  an 
amber-coloured  fluid,  smelling  and  tasting 
like  essence  of  pears,  which  has  been  em- 
ployed as  a  resuscitator  in  cases  of  drown- 
ing and  prolonged  fainting  or  breathless- 
ness,  as  after  hard  running  or  rowing,  for 
relieving  paroxysms  of  colic,  spasms  of 
tetanus,  spasms  of  the  heart,  <vc.  It  is 
generally  inhaled  by  the  nostrils,  five  to  ten 
drops  being  poured  on  paper  or  cloth,  and 
when  used  in  this  way  it  accelerates  the 
action  of  the  heart  more  than  any  known 
agent.  It  is  absorbed,  whether  introduced 
by  rubbing  on  the  skin,  by  the  stomach,  or 
by  inoculation. 

Amylaceous  (am-il-a'shus),  a.  [See  AMYL.] 
Pertaining  to  starch,  or  the  farinaceous 
part  of  grain;  resembling  starch. 
Amylamine  (a-mil'a-min),  n.  An  organic 
base  produced  by  treating  amyl  cyanate 
with  caustic  potash.  There  are  three  amyl- 
amines  known,  which  are  regarded  as  am- 
monia in  which  one,  two,  and  three  hydro- 
gen atoms  are  respectively  replaced  by  one, 
two,  and  three  molecules  of  the  radical 
amyl  The  formulae  of  these  bodies,  there- 
fore, are  NH2(CsHu),  NH(C5Hn)2,  and  N 
(CjHuV 

Amy  late  (am'il-at),  n.  A  compound  of  starch 
with  a  base. 

Amyl-corn  (am'il-korn),  n.    [Gr.  amylrm, 
the  finest  flour,  starch  (see  AMYL),  and  E. 
corn.  ]  A  species  of  grain  from  which  starch 
was  formerly  produced.     Wright. 
Amyle.    See  AMYL. 

Amylene(am'il-en),  n.  (C5HI0.)  A  hydro- 
carbon obtained  by  the  dehydration  of  amy- 
lic alcohol  by  means  of  zinc  chloride,  &c. 
Amylene  is  a  light,  limpid,  colourless  liquid 
with  a  faint  odour.  At  ordinary  tempera- 
tures it  speedily  evaporates.  It  possesses 
anaesthetic  properties,  and  has  been  tried 
as  a  substitute  for  chloroform,  but  unsuc- 


moval  is  a  great  object  with  distillers,  as 
its  presence,  even  in  small  quantity,  much 
injures  the  properties  of  the  spirit— Amy- 
lie  fermentation,  a  process  of  fermentation 
in  starch  or  sugar,  in  which  amylic  alcohol 
is  produced. 

Amylin  Amyline  (am'i-lin), n.  [See  AMYL.] 
The  insoluble  portion  of  starch  which  con- 
stitutes the  outer  covering  of  the  sphericles. 

Amyloid  (am'il-oid),  a.  [Amyl,  and  Gr.  eidos, 
likeness.  ]  Resembling,  or  being  of  the 
nature  of,  amyl.— Amyloid  degeneration,  in 
tiaUiol.  a  change  of  structure  by  which  the 
tissue  or  organ  affected  presents  chemical 
characters  of  amyloid  compounds  or  some- 
times of  albuminoid  substances. 

Amyloid  (am'il-oid),  n.  In  hot.  a  semi-gela- 
tinous substance,  analogous  to  starch,  met 
with  in  some  seeds,  which  becomes  yellow 
in  water  after  having  been  coloured  blue  by 
iodine. 

Amyraldism  (am'i-rald-izm),  n.  Seoul,  the 
doctrine  of  universal  grace,  as  explained  by 
Amyraldus  or  Amyrault  of  France  in  the 
seventeenth  century.  He  taught  that  God 
desires  the  happiness  of  all  men,  and  that 
none  are  excluded  by  a  divine  decree,  but 
that  none  can  obtain  salvation  without 
faith  in  Chriat;  that  God  refuses  to  none  the 
power  of  believing,  though  he  does  not 
grant  to  all  his  assistance  to  improve  this 

Amyraldist  ( am'i-rald-ist ),  n.  One  who 
believes  in  Amyraldism,  or  the  doctrine  of 
universal  grace. 

Amyridaceae  (a-mir'i-da"se-e),  n.  pi.  A  nat. 
order  of   polypetalous  plants  (sometimes 
called  Burseracecf),  consisting  of  tropical 
trees  or  shrubs,  the  leaves,  bark,  and  fruit 
of  which  abound  in  fragrant  resin.    Myrrh, 
frankincense,  and  the  gum-eleml  of  com- 
merce are  among  their  products. 
Amyris  (am'i-ris),  n.    [From  Gr.  myrrha, 
myrrh.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Amy- 
ridacea;.    The  species,  which  are  found  in 
tropical   climates,    are    fragrant    resinous 
shrubs.    A .  Plmnierii  is  said  to  yield  part 
of  the  gum-elemi  of  commerce;  A.  toxifera 
is  poisonous;  while  the  wood  of  A.  balsam- 
ifera  furnishes  a  sort  of  rosewood. 
Amzel  (am'zel),  n.    A  name  (riven  to  the 
blackbird  or  ouzel.    Written  also  Amsel. 
An,  A  (an,  a),  indefinite  art.     [A.  Sax.  An, 
one,  and  also  an,  the  indefinite  article,  the 
former  being  the  original,  the  latter  a  de- 
veloped meaning.    As  an  indefinite  article 
it  was  in  Anglo-Saxon  declined  both  in  the 
singular  and  the  plural,  in  the  latter  case 
the  meaning  being  some,  sole,  only;  as, 
ane  fedwa  wordd,  a  few  words.    See  ONE.  ] 
A  word  used  before  nouns  in  the  singular 
number  to  denote  an   individual  as  one 
among  many  or  several  belonging  to  the 
same  class,  and  not  having  the  same  definite 
sense  or  the  same  force  of  emphasis  as  the, 
which  marks  a  thing  as  contemplated  by 
itself;  as.  Noah  built  on  ark  of  gopher 
wood  ;  Paul  was  an  eminent  apostle ;  bring 
me  an  orange ;  different  from,  Noah  built 
the  ark ;  Paul  was  the  most  eminent  of  the 
apostles;  bring  me  the  orange  lying  on  that 
plate.  Although  on,  a,  and  one  are  really  the 
same  word,  and  always  have  virtually  the 
same  sense,  yet  by  custom  on  and  a  are  used 
exclusively  as  an  indefinite  adjective,  and 
one  is  used  in  numbering,  or  where  it  is  in- 
tended to  lay  emphasis  on  the  fact  that  one 
and  only  one  is  meant ;  as,  bring  me  one 
orange,  that  is,  one  and  no  more  than  one. 
In  such  phrases  as  'once  an  hour,'  'twice 
an  age,'    '  a  shilling  on  ounce,'  on  has  a  dis- 
tributive force,  being  equivalent  to  each, 
every.     An  was  originally  the  only  form  nf 
this' word,  but  about  the  beginning  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  if  not  earlier,   the   » 
began  to  be  dropped  occasionally  before 
words  beginning  with  a  consonant,  and  on 
is  now  rarely  used  except  before  words  be- 
ginning with  a  vowel  sound,  or  the  souiul  M 
ft  when  the  accent  falls  on  any  syllable  ex- 
cept the  first;  as,  on  t'nn,  an  umpire,  an  heir, 
an  historian,  an  historiographer.    As  words 
beginning  with  the  letter  «  or  the  combina- 
tion eu  are  often  preceded  in  pronunciation 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc.  fey. 


AN- 


95 


ANACLAST1C 


by  the  consonantal  sound  of  y,  such  words 
do  not  take  the  form  an  before  them ;  as,  a 
university,  a  European  reputation.  This 
rule  is  not  always  followed,  however,  even 
by  good  writers.  'An  useless  waste  of  life.' 
Macaulay.  ' An  eunuch.'  Congreve.  Some- 
times the  form  an  is  used  before  h  even  in 
those  words  which  have  the  accent  on  the 
ttrst  syllable.  Byron,  for  example,  has  an 
hero. 

An-.  I-  [The  same  negative  particle  is  seen 
in  L.  in-.  Skr.  an-,  E.  Goth,  and  O.H.O.  «n-, 
all  denoting  negation.]  The  full  form  of 
the  Greek  negative  prefix,  but  only  used 
where  necessary  to  prevent  hiatus  (that  is, 
before  a  vowel),  as  in  anarchy.  Before  a 
consonant  it  becomes  a. — 2.  A  shortened 
form  of  the  prefix  ana,  as  in  anchoret,  an- 
eurism, anode.  See  ANA. 

Ant  (an),  conj.    [See  AND,  if.]    1.  Old  English 
for  if;  as,  'an  thou  wert  my  father  as  thou 
art  but  my  brother.1    Beau.  <fc  FI.—2.  As  if. 
I  will  roar  you  att't  were  any  nightingale.     Sha£. 
—An  if,  if;  though. 

An  */"a  man  did  need  a  poison  now,  ,  .  . 

Here  is  a  caitiff  wretch  would  sell  it  him.      Shak. 

Ana  (an'a).  [Same  word  as  E.  on,  G.  an. 
Goth,  ana.]  1.  A  Greek  preposition  much 
employed  as  a  prefix  in  words  of  Greek 
origin,  and  implying  primarily  up,  up  to, 
motion  upward.  In  composition,  besides 
having  its  primary  sense,  as  in  anabasis, 
it  also  denotes  repetition,  as  in  anabaptist; 
inversion  or  transposition,  as  in  anachron- 
ism, anagram ;  distribution,  as  in  a?ialysis; 
parallelism,  as  in  analogy.  —  2.  In  med. 
used  in  prescriptions  to  indicate  an  equal 
quantity  of  each,  and  often  written  aa;  thus, 
Pulv.  Hhei  et  Zinzib.,  aa  3ij  =  powder  of  j 
rhubarb  and  ginger  of  each  two  drachms. 

Ana  (a'na).  The  neuter  plural  termination 
of  Latin  adjectives  in  anus,  often  forming  an 
affix  to  the  names  of  eminent  men  to  denote 
a  collection  of  their  memorable  sayings  — 
thus  Scaligeriana,  Johnsoniana,  the  sayings 
of  Scaliger,  of  Johnson,  or  to  denote  a  collec- 
tion of  anecdotes,  or  gossipy  matter,  as  in 
boxiana.  Hence,  as  an  independent  noun, 
books  recording  such  sayings ;  the  sayings 
themselves. 

But,  all  his  vast  heart  sherris- warmed 
He  flashed  his  random  speeches; 

Ere  days,  that  deal  in  ana,  swarmed 
His  literary  leeches.  Tennyson. 

Anabaptism  (  an  -  a  -  bap '  tizm ),  n.  [See 
ANABAPTIST.]  The  doctrine  or  practices  of 
the  Anabaptists. 

Anabaptist  (an-a-bap'tist),  n.  [Gr.  ana, 
again,  and  baptistes,  a  baptist.]  One  who 
holds  the  doctrine  of  the  baptism  of  adults, 
or  of  the  invalidity  of  infant  baptism,  and 
the  necessity  of  rebaptism  at  an  adult  age. 
With  this  is  generally  associated  the  doctrine 
of  baptism  by  immersion. 

Anabaptistic,  Anabaptistical  (an'a-bap- 
tis"tik,  an'a-bap-tis"tik-al),  a.  Relating  to 
the  Anabaptists  or  to  their  doctrines. 

Anabaptistry  (an-a-bap'tis-tri),  n.  The 
sect,  practices,  or  doctrine  of  Anabaptists. 
'  Anabaptist ry  was  suppressed  in  Muuster.' 
E-ph.  Pagit.  [Rare.] 

Anabaptizet  fan'a-bap-tiz"),  v.t.  pret. 
<ft  pp.  anabaptized;  ppr.  anabaptizing.  To 
rebaptize. 

Though  some  called  their  profound  ignorances  new 
lights;  they  were  better  anabaftiztd  into  the  appella- 
tion of  extinguishers.  WHitlock. 

Anabas  (an'a-bas),  n.  [Gr.  anabas,  part,  of 
second  aor.  of  a7ia6at'nd,  to  go  up,  to  mount, 
to  climb— ana,  up,  and  baind,  to  go.]  A  genus 
of  flshes,  the  type  of  the  family  Anabasidte 
(which  see). 

Anabasidae,  Anabatldae  (an-a-bas'i-de,  an- 
a-bat'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of  acanthopter- 
ygious  fishes,  remarkable  for  having  the 
pharyngeal  bones  (or  those  supporting  the 


dry  land  in  search  of  pools,  when  deserted 
by  the  water  in  which  it  has  been  living. 
The  statement  that  it  can  climb  the  rough 
stems  of  palm-trees  is  now,  however,  con- 
sidered unworthy  of  credit.  The  Ophice- 
phalits  marginatus,  another  member  of  the 
family,  is  often  seen  traversing  the  grass 
during  the  rainy  season.  Many  of  the  spe- 
cies are  much  esteemed  as  food. 

Anabasis  ( an  -  ab '  a  -  sis ),  n.  [  Gr.  —  ana, 
up,  and  basis,  a  going,  from  baino,  to  go.] 
I.  Lit.  a  going  up;  specifically,  applied  to 
the  work  of  Xeuophon  descriptive  of  the 
expedition  of  Cyrus  from  Sardis,  on  the 
coast  of  Asia  Minor,  into  the  interior,  with 
the  view  of  dethroning  his  brother  Ar- 
taxerxes,  the  great  king  of  Persia,  and  in- 
cluding also  an  account  of  the  retreat  of 
the  ten  thousand  Greek  mercenaries  under 
the  leadership  of  Xenophon.  —  2.  Any  ex- 
pedition from  the  coast  inland,  especially 
military.  'The  anabasis  of  Napoleon.'  De 
Quincey. 

Anabasse  (an  a-bas),  n.  [FT.]  A  coarse  kind 
of  blanketing  made  in  Normandy  and  in 
Holland  for  the  African  market. 

Anabatldse.    See  ANABASID^E. 

AnablepS  (an'a-bleps),  n.  [Gr.  anablepo, 
to  look  up.]  A  genus  of  malacopterygian 
fishes,  remarkable  for  the  structure  of  their 
eyes.  These  project  and  have  two  pupils, 
and  each  eye  appears  as  if  double,  so  that 


Climbing  Perch  (Anabas  scandens). 

orifice  between  the  mouth  and  gullet)  much 
enlarged  and  modified  into  a  series  of  laby- 
rinthine cells  and  duplications,  so  that  they 
can  retain  sufficient  water  to  keep  the  gills 
moist  and  enable  the  fish  to  live  out  of  water 
as  long  as  six  days.  The  Anabas  Kcandens, 
or  climbing  perch  of  India,  a  fish  about 
0  inches  long,  proceeds  long  distances  over 


Anableps  tetraophthalmus. 

the  animal  seems  to  have  four  eyes;  but 
there  is  only  one  crystalline  humour,  one 
vitreous  humour,  and  one  retina.  The 
A.  tetraophthalmus  inhabits  the  rivers  of 
Guiana.  It  has  a  cylindrical  body,  a  flat 
head,  and  a  blunt  snout.  It  brings  forth 
its  young  alive,  and  in  a  considerable  state 
of  development. 

Anabole  (an-ab'6-le),  n.  [Gr.— ana,  up, 
and  bole,  a  throwing,  from  ballo,  to  throw.] 
In  med.  an  evacuation  upwards ;  an  act  by 
which  certain  matters  are  rejected  by  the 
mouth,  including  exspuition,  expectoration, 
regurgitation,  and  vomiting. 

Anacampseros  (an-a-kamp'se-ros),  n.  [Gr. 
anakamptd,  to  make  to  turn  back  (from  ana, 
back,  and  kampto,  to  bend),  and  eros,  love.] 
1.  A  plant  to  which  the  ancients  attributed 
the  quality  of  restoring  or  inducing  the 
return  of  the  passion  of  love. — 2.  A  genus 
of  succulent,  shrubby  plants,  nat.  order  Por- 
tulacese,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
The  flowers  are  large,  white,  rose,  purple, 
or  yellow,  with  twelve  to  twenty  stamens; 
leaves  crowded,  imbricated,  sessile,  ovate- 
trigonous,  terete  or  sub-globose,  with  sti- 
pules cut  into  five  segments,  often  hair- 
like.  Several  species  are  cultivated  in  green- 
houses. 

Anacamptlc  (an-a-kam'tik),  a.  [Gr.  ana, 
back,  and  kampto,  to  bend.]  Reflecting  or 
reflected ;  specifically,  a  term  formerly  ap- 
plied to  that  part  of  optics  which  treats  of 
reflection.  Now  called  Catoptrics.  See  CAT- 
OPTRICS. —Anacamptic  sounds,  sounds  pro- 
duced by  reflection,  as  echoes. 

Anacamptically  (an-a-kam'tik-al-li),  adv. 
By  reflection ;  as,  echoes  are  sounds  ana- 
camptically  produced.  [Rare.] 

Anacamptlcs  (an-a-kam'tiks),  n.  The  doc- 
trine of  reflected  light.  See  CATOPTRICS. 

Anacantli  (an'a-kanth),  n.  An  osseous  fish 
of  the  order  Anacanthini. 

Anacanthlni  (an'a-kan-thi"m),  n.  pi  [Gr. 
neg.  prefix  an,  and  akantha,  a  spine.]  An 
order  of  osseous  flshes,  including  the  cod, 
plaice,  &c.,  with  spineless  fins,  cycloid  or 
ctenoid  scales,  the  ventral  ftns  either  absent 
or  below  the  pectorals,  and  ductless  swim- 
bladder.  This  order  contains  many  existing 
edible  flshes. 

Anacanthous  (an-a-kan'thus),  a.  Spineless; 
specifically,  a  term  applied  to  flshes  of  the 
order  Anacanthini. 

Anacardiacese  (an-a-kar/di-a"se-e),  n.  pi,  A 
nat.  order  of  polypetalous  plants,  with  small 
flowers  and  compound  dotless  leaves,  chiefly 
nativesof  tropical  America,  Afrlca,and  India. 
They  consist  of  woody  plants,  abounding  in 
an  acrid  resin,  their  iuice  being  often  used 
as  a  varnish.  Its  use,  however,  is  dangerous, 
on  account  of  the  extreme  acridity  of  the 
fumes.  To  the  order  belong  the  sumach,  the 
pistacias,  the  mango  (Mangifera  indica),  the 
cashew  (A  nacardium  occidentale),  the  mark- 


ing-nut (Semecarpus  Anacardium),  the  var- 
nish-tree of  Martaban  (Melanorrhcea  itnitt.  - 
ti**iina),  find  the  Japan-lacquer  (lthu»  ver 
nix).  Mastic  is  the  produce  of  1'istacia 
Lentixcitx,  a  bush  10  or  12  feet  high,  grow- 
ing on  the  coasts  and  islands  of  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

Anacardic  (an-a-kar'dik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  shell  of  the  cashew-nut.  —  Atuicardic 
acid  (CHHfi4O7),  an  acid  of  an  aromatic  and 
burning  flavour  found  in  the  pericarps  of 
the  cashew-nut.  It  is  white  and  crystalline. 

Anacardium  ( an  -  a  -  kar '  di  -  um ),  n.  [  Gr, 
anakardion— ana,  according  to,  resembling, 
and  kardia,  the  heart,  the  fruit  being  thought 
to  resemble  the  heart  of  a  bird.]  A  genus 
of  woody  plants,  nat.  order  Anacardiacew, 
natives  of  tropical  America.  They  have  a 
kidney-shaped  fruit,  borne  on  a  fleshy  pear- 
shaped  receptacle.  The  receptacle  is  edible, 
and  has  an  agreeable  acid  and  somewhat 
astringent  flavour.  The  fruits  of  A.  occi- 
dentale are  roasted,  and  the  kernels  having 
their  acidity  thus  destroyed  are  the  plea- 
sant and  wholesome  cashew  -  nuts.  (See 
CASHEW-NUT.)  This  tree  yields  a  gum  having 
qualities  like  those  of  gum-arabic,  imported 
from  South  America  under  the  name  of 
Cadjii  Gum. 

Anacatharsis  (an'a-ka-thar"sis),  n,  [Gr. 
ana,  upward,  and  kathairo,  to  cleanse.]  Hi 
med.  purgation  upward;  also  cough,  at- 
tended by  expectoration. 

Anacathartic  (an'a-ka-thar"tik),  a.  In 
med.  throwingupward;  cleansing  by  exciting 
discharges  from  the  mouth  or  nose,  as  vomit- 
ing, expectoration,  &c. 

AnacathartiC(an'a-ka-thar"tik),  n.  A  medi- 
cine which  excites  discharges  by  the  mouth 
or  nose,  as  expectorants,  emetics,  sternuta- 
tories, and  masticatories. 

Anacephalaeosis  ( an  -  a  -  se  -  f  al'  e  -  6  "  sis  V  n. 
[  Gr.  anakephalaiosis,  from  anakephaloin, 
to  sum  up — ana,  up,  and  kephale,  a  head.] 
In  rhet.  a  summing  up;  recapitulation  of  the 
principal  heads  of  a  discourse. 

Anacharis  (an-ak'ar-is),  n.  [From  ana,  for 
Gr.  neg.  prefix  an-,  and  charis,  favour,  from 
being  often  a  nuisance.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Hydrocharidaceae,  the  species 
of  which  grow  in  ponds  and  streams  of 
fresh  water;  water-thyme  or  water-weed. 
A.  Alsinatttrum  has  been  introduced  from 
North  America  into  British  rivers,  canals, 
and  ponds,  and  by  its  rapid  growth  in  dense 
tangled  masses  tends  to  choke  them  so  as 
materially  to  impede  navigation.  It  is  a 
favourite  food  of  swans  and  some  other 
water-birds.  From  its  weight  it  does  not, 
like  other  plants,  float  when  cut,  but  sinks 
to  the  bottom.  It  was  first  observed  in 
Britain  in  1842. 

Anachorett  (an-ak'6-ret),  n.  An  anchoret. 
'An  anachoret,  the  worst  of  all  prisoners.' 
Bp.  Hall. 

Anachoretical  t  (an-ak'6-ret"ik-al),  a.  Re- 
lating to  or  resembling  an  auachoret  or 
anchoret. 

Anachoritet  (an-ak'6-rit),  n.  Same  as  An- 
choret. '  Monks,  hermits,  anachorites,  that 
contemn  the  world.'  Burton. 

Anachronic,  Anachronical  (an-a-kron'ik, 
an-a-kron'ik-al),  a.  Same  as  Anachronous. 

Anachronism  (an-ak'ron-izm),  n.  [Gr.  ana, 
implying  inversion,  error,  and  chronos, 
time.]  An  error  in  computing  time;  any 
error  which  implies  the  misplacing  of  per- 
sons or  events  in  time,  as  where  Shakspere 
makes  Hector  quote  Aristotle,  who  lived 
several  hundred  years  after  the  assumed 
date  of  Hector,  or  where  an  artist  intro- 
duces cannon  into  an  historical  picture  be- 
longing to  a  date  previous  to  the  invention 
of  gunpowder ;  anything  foreign  to  or  out 
of  Keeping  with  a  specified  time.  Ana- 
chronisms may  be  made  in  regard  to  mode 
of  thought,  style  of  writing,  and  the  like, 
as  well  as  in  regard  to  events.  "The  famous 
anachronism  (of  Virgil)  in  making  .-Eneas 
and  Dido  contemporaries.'  Dryden. 

Anachronistic,  Anachronistical  (an-ak'- 
roii-ist"ik,  an-ak'ron-ist"ik-al),  a.  Same  as 
Anachronous. 

Anachronous  (an-ak'ron-us),  a.  Erroneous 
in  date;  containing  an  anachronism. 

Anaclasis  (an -ak'la-sis),  n.  [Gr.,  a  bending 
back  or  recurvature.J  In  surg.  a  recurva- 
ture  of  any  part,  as  of  a  joint  or  fractured 
limb. 

Anaclastic  (an-a-klas'tik),  a.  [From  Gr. 
anabiosis,  a  bending  back,  reflection  of  light 
or  sound — Gr.  ana,  back,  and  klasis,  a  break- 
ing, from  Wad,  to  break.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
or  produced  by  the  refraction  of  light :  a 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  00;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ma;      w,  wig;    wh,  u-ftig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ANACLASTICS 


ANALCIM 


term  denominative  of  the  apparent  curves 
at  the  bottom  ol  a  vessel  of  water,  caused 
by  the  refraction  of  light  ;  also  sometimes 
applied  to  that  section  of  optics  in  which 
the  refraction  of  light  is  considered,  com- 
monly called  Dioptrics.  —  2.  Bending  back; 
ttexiUe.-Aiuiclastic  glass  or  phial,  a  glass 
with  narrow  mouth  and  wide  convex  bottom 
of  such  thinness  that,  when  a  little  air  is 
sucked  from  it,  the  bottom  springs  into  a 
concave  form  with  a  smart  crack;  and  when 
air  is  blown  in,  the  bottom,  with  a  like 
noise,  springs  into  its  former  convex  form. 
Anaclastics  (an-a-klas'tiks),  n.  A  term 
sometimes  formerly  used  as  equivalent  to 
Dioptrics  (which  see). 

AnaclisiB  (an-ak'li-sis),  n.  [Or.,  from  ana- 
klino,  to  recline  —  ana,  up,  and  klino,  to 
bend.]  In  med.  the  attitude  of  a  sick  per- 
son in  bed,  which  affords  important  indica- 
tions in  several  cases;  decnbitus. 
Anaccenosis  (an-a-se-no'sis),  n.  [Or.  ana- 
koinosix  —  ana,  and  koinos,  common.]  In 
rhet.  a  figure  by  which  a  speaker  applies  to 
his  opponents  for  their  opinion  on  the  point 
in  debate. 

Anacolouthic,  Anakolouthic  (an'a-kol- 
ou"thik).  Same  as  Anacoluthic. 
Anacolouthon,  Anakolouthon  (ana-kol- 
ou"thon).  Same  as  Anacoluthon. 
Anacoluthic,  Anakoluthlc  (an'a-kol-u"- 
thik),  (i.  In  gram,  and  rhet.  wanting  se- 
quence; containing  an  anacoluthon;  as,  an 
anacoluthic  clause  or  sentence. 
Anacoluthon,  Anakoluthon  (an'a-kol-u  - 
thon),  71.  [Or.  neg.  prefix  an,  and  akolou- 
thed,  to  follow.]  In  gram,  and  rhet.  a  want 
of  coherency;  want  of  sequence  in  a  sen- 
tence, owing  to  the  latter  member  of  a  sen- 
tence belonging  to  a  different  grammatical 
construction  from  the  preceding.  It  pre- 
vails especially  in  Greek  literature.  The 
following  are  examples  in  English. 

He  that  curseth  father  or  mother,  let  him  die  the 
death.  Mat.  xv.  4. 


n  soul—  dissimulation 

Coleridge. 


His  young  and  open  s 
Is  foreign  to  its  habit 

Anaconda  (an-a-kon'da),  ».  The  popular 
name  of  two  of  the  largest  species  of  the 
serpent  tribe,  viz.  :  (a)  A  Ceylonese  species 
of  the  genus  Python  (P.  tigru),  brilliantly 
coloured,  its  body  being  covered  with  gold 
and  black  scales  finely  intermixed.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  met  with  33  feet  long. 
(4)  Eunectes  murimw,  a  native  of  tropical 
America,  allied  to  the  boa-constrictor,  and 
the  largest  of  the  serpent  tribe,  attaining, 
it  is  said,  the  length  of  40  feet.  It  is  of  a 
warm  brown  colour,  with  black  and  yellow 
spots  along  the  back  and  sides.  Both  are 
destitute  of  poison  fangs,  and  kill  their  vic- 
tims by  constriction,  twisting  the  tail  round 
a  tree,  and  crushing  them  in  the  folds  of 
the  body.  It  is  said  they  can  distend  the 
throat  so  as  to  admit  of  the  passage  of  a 
buffalo.  One  meal  lasts  them  for  weeks. 
They  live  near  water,  and  prey  on  fish,  and 
animals  that  come  to  drink. 
Anacosta  (an-a-kos'ta),  n.  [9p.]  A  woollen 
fabric  made  in  Holland  and  exported  to 
Spain. 

Anacreontic  (a-nak're-on"tik),  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  after  the  manner  of  Anacreon, 
a  Greek  poet  whose  odes  and  epigrams  were 
celebrated  for  their  delicate,  easy,  and 
graceful  air,  and  for  their  truth  to  nature. 
They  were  devoted  to  the  praise  of  love  and 
wine.  Hence,  relating  to  the  praise  of  love 
and  wine;  convivial;  amatory. 
Anacreontic,  Anacreontlque  (a-nak're- 
on"tik,  a-nak're-on"tek),  n.  A  poem  by 
Anacreon,  or  composed  in  the  manner  of 
Anacreon  ;  a  little  poem  in  praise  of  love 
and  wine. 

To  the  miscellanies  (of  Cowley)  succeed  the  ana- 
creontiqucs.  Johnson. 

Anacrisis  (a-nak'ri-sis),  n.  [Gr.—  ana,  de- 
noting distinction,  and  krisis,  inquiry,  judg- 
ment.] In  former  times,  an  investigation 
of  truth,  interrogation  of  witnesses,  and  in- 
quiry made  into  any  fact,  especially  by  tor- 
ture. 

Anadem  (an'a-dem),  n.  [Gr.  anadema,  a 
head-band  or  fillet  —  ana,  up,  and  deo,  to 
bind.]  A  band,  fillet,  garland,  or  wreath 
worn  on  the  head  by  women  and  young 
men.  'Wreaths  and  anadems.'  Tennyson. 

Anademe  (an'a-dem),  n.  Same  as  Anadem. 
'Garlands,  anademes,  and  wreaths.'  Dry- 
den. 

Anadlplosis  (an-a-dip-16'sis),  n.  [Gr.—  ana, 
again,  and  diplooe,  double.]  A  figure  in 
rhetoric  and  poetry,  consisting  in  the  repe- 


the  next-  as, '  He  retained  his  virtues  amidst 
all  his  misfortunes— misfortunes  which  no 
prudence  could  foresee  or  prevent.'  John- 

Anadrom  (an'a-drom),  n.  [See  ANADROM- 
ous.]  A  fish  that  leaves  the  sea  and  ascends 

AnadrornoUB  (a-nad'rom-us).  a.  [Gr.  ana, 
up  and  dramas,  course.]  Ascending:  a  word 
applied  to  such  fish  as  pass  from  the  sea 
into  fresh  waters  at  stated  seasons,  as  the 
salmon. 

Anaemia  (a-ne'mi-a),  n.  [Or.  -an,  pnv. ,  an<l 
Iniiiiiu  blood.]  In  med.  a  deficiency  ol 
blood.  Except  as  the  result  of  a  wound  or 
the  direct  loss  of  blood,  anaemia  is  strictly 
only  deficiency  in  the  fibrin,  and  especially 
in  the  proportion  of  the  red  corpuscles  of 
the  blood. 

Anaemic  (a-nem'ik),  o.  Pertaining  to  or 
affected  with  anaemia;  deficient  in  blood; 
bloodless;  as,  anaemic  symptoms,  an  ancemic 
patient. 

Anaemied  (a-ne'mid),  a.  Deprived  of  blood. 
'  The  structure  itself  is  aneetiued.  Copland. 
Ansemotrophy  (an-e-mot'ro-fl),  n.  [Gr.  an, 
priv  ,  haima,  blood,  and  tropht,  nourish- 
ment. ]  In  med.  a  deficiency  of  sanguineous 
nourishment. 

Anaesthesia,  Anaesthesia  (an-es-the'si-a. 
an-es-the'sis),  n.  [Gr.  anaisthesia,  anai-s- 
thegis  -an  priv.,  and  aMhanomai,  to  feel.] 
Loss  of  the  sense  of  touch ;  diminished  or 
lost  sense  of  feeling;  specifically,  a  state  of 
insensibility,  especially  to  the  sense  of  pain, 
produced  by  inhaling  chloroform,  or  by  the 
application  of  other  anaesthetic  agents. 
Anaesthetic  (an-es-thet'ik),  a.  1.  Having 
the  power  of  depriving  of  feeling  or  sensa- 
tion; as,  antithetic  agents. —2.  Of  or  be- 
longing to  anaesthesia;  characterized  by 
anesthesia,  or  insensibility  to  sensation;  as, 
anaesthetic  effects. 

Anaesthetic  (an-es-thet'ik),  n.  A  substance 
which  has  the  power  of  depriving  of  feel- 
ing or  sensation,  as  chloroform,  when  its 
vapour  is  inhaled.  Various  agents  have 
been  used  to  produce  anaesthesia  by  inhala- 
tion, the  principal  being  sulphuric,  chloric, 
and  compound  ethers,  amylene,  keroselene, 
but  especially  chloroform.  Anaesthetics  are 
administered  during  parturition  and  in  pain- 
ful diseases ;  but  their  chief  use  is  in  seri- 
ous surgical  operations.  Congelation  of  the 
part  by  the  application  of  freezing-mixtures 
and  of  the  spray  of  ether,  which  freezes  it 
by  its  instantaneous  evaporation,  and  pres- 
sure on  the  nerve  trunk,  are  also  frequently 
employed  as  anaesthetic  agents  in  minor 
operations.  Laughing-gas  is  commonly  ad- 
ministered as  an  anaesthetic  by  dentists. 
Anaesthetize  (an-es'the-tiz),  v.t.  To  bring 
under  the  influence  of  an  anaesthetic  agent, 
as  chloroform,  a  freezing-mixture,  &c. ;  to 
render  insensible  to  the  feeling  of  pain. 
Anagallis  (an-a-gal'lis),  n.  [Gr.  ana,  again, 
and  agallo,  to  adorn.  ]  A  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Primulaceae ;  the  pimpernel  ge- 
nus. Two  of  the  species  are  natives  of  Bri- 
tain, and  several  others  are  grown  in  our 
gardens  as  ornamental  plants.  The  fruit  is 
a  dry  many-seeded  capsule,  which  opens 
when  ripe  by  a  transverse  fissure,  the  top 
falling  off  like  a  lid.  See  PIMPERNEL. 
Anaglyph  (an'a-glif),  "•  [Gr.  anaglyphon, 
embossed  work  —  ana,  up,  and  glypho,  to 
engrave.]  An  ornament  in  relief  chased 
or  embossed  in  precious  metal  or  stone,  as 
a  cameo. 


gives  to  a  subject  the  appearance  of  being 
raised  from  the  surface  of  the  paper,  as  if 
it  were  embossed,  frequently  employed  in 
the  representation  of  coins,  medals,  bass- 
reliefs,  &c. 

Anaglyptography  (an'a-Blip-tog"ra-fl),  n. 
[Sec !  ANAGI.YPTOGKAPH.]  The  art  of  copy- 
ing works  in  relief;  anaglyptographic  en- 
graving. 

Anagnorisis  (a-nag-no'n-sis),  n.  [Gr,  recog- 
nition—ana, again,  gnorizfi,  to  recognize.] 
In  rhet.  recognition ;  the  unravelling  of  a 
plot  in  dramatic  action. 

Anagnostian  (an-ag-nos'ti-an),  n.  [Gr.  anag- 
>iontt''s,  a  reader.]  An  ancient  name  for  a 
curate  who  read  only,  or  for  a  secretary 
that  read  to  his  master. 

Anagoge  (an'a-go-je),  n.  [Gr.  anagoge— ana, 
upward,  and  agoge,  a  leading,  from  0175,  to 
lead.)  1.  In  med.  an  upward  rejection,  as 
the  rejection  of  blood  from  the  lungs  by  the 
mouth.  —2.  An  elevation  of  mind  to  things 
celestial.  Bailey.— 3.  The  spiritual  mean- 
ing or  application  of  words ;  especially,  the 
application  of  the  types  and  allegories  of 
the  Old  Testament  to  subjects  of  the  New. 

Anagogetical  (an'a-go-jet"ik-al),  a.  Per- 
taining to  anagoge  or  spiritual  elevation; 
mysterious;  anagogical. 

Anagogic,  Anagogical  (an-a-goj'ik,  an-a- 
goj'm-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  anagoge; 
mysterious;  elevated;  spiritual;  as,  the  rest 
of  the  Sabbath,  in  an  anagogical  sense,  sig- 
nifies the  repose  of  the  saints  in  heaven. 

We  cannot  apply  them  (prophecies)  to  him,  but  by 
a  mystical,  anagogical  explication.  South. 

Anagoglc  (an-a-goj'ik),  n.  A  mysterious  or 
allegorical  interpretation,  especially  of 
Scripture. 

The  notes  upon  that  constitution  say,  that  the 
Misna  Torah  was  composed  out  of  the  cabalistics 
and  analogies  of  the  Jews,  or  some  allegorical  inter- 
pretations pretended  to  be  derived  from  Moses. 

L.  Addison. 

Anagoglcally  (an-a-goj'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  an 
anagogic  or  mysterious  sense;  with  religious 
elevation. 

Anagogy  (an'a-go-je),  n.    Same  as  Anagoge. 

Anagram  (an'a-gram),  n.  [Gr.— ana,  up, 
agam,  and  gramma,  a  letter.)  In  its  proper 
sense,  the  letters  of  one  or  several  words 
read  backwards,  and  then  forming  a  new 
word ;  thus,  evil  is  an  onaaram  of  live.  In 
a  wider  and  more  usual  sense,  a  transposi- 
tion of  the  letters  of  a  word  or  sentence,  to 
form  a  new  word  or  sentence;  thus,  Galenus 
is  an  anagram  of  angelut.  Dr.  Burney's 
anagram  of  Horatio  Kelson  is  one  of  the 
happiest,  Honor  est  a  Kilo  (Honour  is  from 
Nile). 

Anagram  (an'a-gram),  v.t.  To  form  into  an 
anagram. 

Anagrammatic,  Anagrammatlcal  (an'a- 
gram-mat"ik,  an'a-gram-mat"ik-al),  a.  Per- 


taining to  or  forming  an  anagram. 
Anagrammatically  (an'a-gram-mat"ik-al- 

li),  adv.    In  the  manner  of  an  anagram. 
Anagrammatism  (an-a-gram'mat-izm),  n. 

The  act  or  practice  of  making  anagrams. 
Anagrammatist  (an-a-gram'mat-ist),  n.    A 

maker  of  anagrams. 
Anagrammatize  (an-a-pram'mat-iz),  tj.t. 

To  transpose,  as  the  letters  of  a  word,  so  as 

to  form  an  anagram. 

Others  anasrammatize  it  from  E va  (Eve(  into  Va, 
because  they  say  she  was  the  cause  of  our  woe. 

Austin. 

Anagrarnmatize  (an-a-gram'mat-iz),c.t.  To 
make  anagrams. 
Anagraph  (an'a-graf),  «.    [Or.  anagrapht, 

Anaglyphic    Anaglyphies!  (an-a-glif'ik.  !    a  writing  out— ana,  up,  and  graphs,  to 
an-a-glif'ik-al),  a.     Pertaining  to  anaglyphs  j    write.]    An  inventory ;  a  commentary, 
or  to  the  art  of  chasing  and  embossing  in  I  Anagros  (an'a-gros),  n.     A  measure  of  gram 
relief:  opposed  to  diaglyphic.  [    in  Spain,  containing  something  less  than 

Anaglyphic  (an-a-glif'ik),  n.    In  sculp,  work  ;    two  bushels, 
chased  or  embossed  in  relief. 

Anaglyphy  (an-ag/li-fl),  n.  l.  The  art  of 
sculpturing  in  relief,  or  of  chasing  or  em- 
bossing ornaments  in  relief,  in  the  precious 
stones  or  metals.  —  2.  The  work  thus  exe- 
cuted. ' 

Anaglyptic,  Anaglyptical  (an-a-glip'tik, 
an-a-glip'tik-al),  a.  [L.  anaglypticus.  See 
ANAGLYPH.]  Relating  to  the  art  of  carving, 
engraving,  enchasing,  or  embossing. 

Anaglyptograph  (an-a-glip'to-graf),  n.  [Gr. 


ana,  up,  glyptos,  fit  for  engraving,  from 
glyphs,  to  engrave,  and  grapho,  to  write.] 
An  instrument  for  making  a  medallion  en- 
graving of  an  object  in  relief,  such  as  a 
medal  or  cameo. 

Anaglyptographic  (an-a-glip'to-;:raf"ik),  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  anaglyptography.— 


Anakoluthic.    See  ANACOLUTHIC. 

Anakoluthon.    See  ANACOLUTHON. 

Anal  (a'nal),  a.  [L.  anus,  the  fundament.) 
Pertaining  to  or  situated  near  the  anus;  as, 
the  anal  fin  in  fishes,  the  flu  placed  between 
the  vent  and  tail,  which  expands  perpendi- 
cularly. 

Analcim,  Analcime  (a-nai'sim),  n.  [Or.  an, 
priv.,  and  alkimos,  strong,  from  alke. 
strength.]  A  zeolitic  mineral  found  gener- 
ally crystallized  in  cubic  crystals,  but  also 
amorphous,  and  in  reniform,  mammilla!  y, 
laminated,  or  radiated  masses.  It  is  of  fre- 
quent occurrence  in  trap-rocks,  especially 
in  the  cavities  of  amygdaloid*.  It  melts 
under  the  blowpipe  into  a  semi-transparent 
glass.  By  friction  it  acquires  a  weak  elec- 
tricity; hence  its  name. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  mbve;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  So.  tey. 


ANALECT 


97 


ANAMNESTIC 


Analect  (an'a-lekt),  n.  [See  ANALECTA.J  A 
~>ui.  ill  piece  selected  from  ;m  author;  an  ex- 
tract. 

Analecta  (an-a-lek'ta),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  neut  pi. 
of  analektoa,  select  —ana,  up,  and  lego,  to 
Kather.]  Collections  of  extracts  or  .small 
pieces  from  different  authors. 

Analectic  (an-a-lek'tik),  a.  Relating  to  ana- 
lut'tii,  collections,  or  selections;  made  up  of 
selections;  as,  an  analcctic  magazine. 

Analemma  (iin-a  -K-m'ma),  ><•  [L.  ,  a  sun-dial; 
(Jr.,  a  pedestal—  -ana,  and  lantbano,  to  take, 
hold.J  1.  A  form  of  sun-dial,  now  disused. 
2.  In  geom.  a  projection  of  the  sphere  on 
the  plane  of  the  meridian,  orthographieally 
made  by  straight  lines,  circles,  and  ellipses, 
the  eye  being  supposed  at  an  infinite  dis- 
tance, and  in  the  east  or  west  points  of  the 
horizon.  —3.  An  instrument  of  wood  or  brass 
on  which  this  kind  of  projection  is  drawn: 
formerly  used  in  solving  astronomical  pro- 
blems. —4.  A  tabular  mark,  usually  in  the 
form  of  the  figure  8,  depicted  across  the 
torrid  zone  on  an  artificial  terrestrial  globe, 
to  notify  the  sun's  declination  on  any  day 
of  the  year. 

Analepsis  (an-a-lep'sis),  n.  [Or.,  from  ana, 
up  or  again,  and  te-psw,  a  taking,  from  lam- 
bano,  to  take.  ]  In  med.  recovery  of  strength 
after  disease. 

Analepsy  (an'a-lep-si),  n.  In  med.  a  species 
of  epileptic  attack  of  sudden  and  frequent 
occurrence,  but  not  regarded  as  dangerous. 

Analeptic  (an-a-lep'tik)  a.  [Gr.  anaUptikox, 
restorative.  See  ANALEPSIS.  ]  Corroborat- 
ing ;  invigorating  ;  giving  strength  after 
disease;  as,  an  analeptic  medicine. 

Analogal  t  (an-al'og-al),  a.  Analogous.  Sir 
M.  Hale. 

Analogical  (an-a-loj'ik-al),  n.  1.  Having 
analogy,  resemblance,  or  relation  ;  analo- 
gous. 

There  is  placed  the  minerals  between  the  inani- 
mate and  vegetable  province,  Piirtici  paling  some- 
thing analogical  to  either.  Sir  A/.  Hale. 

2.  Us3d  by  way  of  analogy;  founded  on  or 
directed  by  analogy;  expressing  or  imply- 
ing analogy.  'Analogical  representation.' 


We  have  words  which  are  proper  and  not  analo- 
gical, Reid. 

Analogically  (an-a-loj'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  an 
analogical  manner  ;  by  way  of  similitude, 
relation,  or  agreement. 

A  prince  is  analogically  styled  a  pilot,  being  to 
the  state  as  a  pilot  is  to  the  vessel.  Berkeley. 

Analoglcalness  (an-a-loj'ik-al-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  analogical;  fitness  to  be  ap- 
plied for  the  illustration  of  some  analogy. 

Analogion  (an-a-loj'i-on),  n.  [Gr.]  Eccles. 
a  term  for  a  reading-desk  or  lectern  ;  also 
for  a  movable  pulpit. 

Analogism  (an-al'o-Jizm),  n.  [Gr.  analogis- 
mos.]  1.  In  logic,  an  argument  from  the 
cause  to  the  effect;  an  a  priori  argument  — 
2.  Investigation  of  things  by  the  analogy 
they  bear  to  each  other. 

Aualogist  (an-al'o-jist),  n.  One  who  adheres 
to  analogy. 

Analogize  (an-al'o-jiz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  anal- 
ogized; ppr.  analogizing.  To  explain  by 
analogy;  to  form  some  resemblance  between  ; 
to  consider  with  regard  to  its  analogy  to 
something  else. 

Analogon  (an-al'og-on),  n.  Something  anal- 
ogous; an  analogue.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

Analogous  (nn-al'og-us),  a.  1.  Having  ana- 
logy ;  corresponding  to  something  else  : 
bearing  some  resemblance  or  proportion; 
AS,  there  is  something  in  the  exercise  of  the 
mind  analogous  to  that  of  the  body;  animal 
•organs,  as  the  wing  of  a  bird  and  that  of  a 
but,  which  perform  the  same  function, 
though  different  in  structure,  are  analo- 
gous.—  2.  In  chein.  closely  similar,  but  dif- 
iVrinjj;  in  some  approximate  degree  as  to 
each  of  the  more  prominent  characters. 
Dana.  —  SYN.  Correspondent,  similar,  like. 

Analogously  (an-al'og-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
analogous  manner. 

Analogue  (an'  a-  log),  n.  [Gr.  analogos.] 
Something  having  analogy  with  something 
else  ;  an  object  having  some  agreement  or 
correspondence  in  relations  or  functions 
with  another  object. 
An  ear-trumpet  is  a  true  analogue  of  the  telescope. 

R.  A.  Proctor. 

Specifically,  inphilol.  (a)  a  word  correspond- 
ing with  another;  an  analogous  term.  (&)ln 
ZIH>I.  and  hot.  an  animal  or  plant  belonging 
to  one  group  or  region  corresponding  in 
some  special  and  essential  attributes  or 
relations  to  another  member  of  another 
group  or  region,  so  that  it  is  its  represen- 


tative or  counterpart.  (c)In  cotnpar.  anat. 
an  organ  in  one  species  or  group  having  the 
same  function  as  an  organ  of  different  struc- 
ture in  another  species  or  group.  The  dif- 
ference between  kontulogue  ami  analogue 
may  be  illustrated  by  the  wing  of  a  bird  and 
that  of  a  butterfly;  as  the  two  totally  differ 
in  anatomical  structure,  they  cannot  be  said 
to  be  homologous,  but  they  are  analogous  in 
function,  since  they  both  serve  for  flight. 
Analogy  (an-al'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  analog ia— ana, 
according  to,  and  logos,  ratio,  proportion.] 

1.  An  agreement  or  likeness  between  things 
in  some  circumstances  or  effects,  when  the 
things  are  otherwise  entirely  different;  thus, 
when  we  say  that  learning  enlightens  the 
mind,   we   recognize  an   analogy  between 
learning  and  light,  the  former  being  to  the 
mind  what  light  is  to  the  eye,  enabling  it  to 
discover  things  before  hidden.     Analogy  is 
sometimes  confounded  with  similarity,  but 
iniproperly.      The    latter  denotes  general 
likeness  or  resemblance ;   the  former  im- 
plies general  difference,  with  identity  or 
sameness  in  one  or  more  relations  or  func- 
tions.    Thus  there  is  analogy,  but  no  simi- 
larity between  the  lungs  of  animals  and  the 
gills  of  fishes.     [We  say  that  there  is  an 
analogy  between  things  and  that  one  thing 
has  an  analogy  to  or  with  another.] — 2.  In 
geom.  equality,  proportion,  or  similarity  of 
ratios;  thus,  2  is  to  0  as  3  is  to  9,  is  an  ana- 
logy.—3.  In  grain,  conformity  to  the  spirit, 
structure,  or  general  rules  of  a  language; 
similarity  as  respects  any  of  the  character- 
istics of  a  language,  as  derivation,  inflection, 
pronunciation,  &c. 

Analysable  (an-a-llz'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  analysed. 

Analysableness  (an-a-liz'a-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  analysable. 

Anal  y  sat  ion  (au'a-llz-a"shon),  n.  The  act 
of  analysing. 

Analyse  (an'a-liz),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  analysed; 
ppr.  analysing.  [Fr.  analyser.  See  ANALY- 
SIS.] To  resolve  into  its  elements;  to  sepa- 
rate, as  a  compound  subject,  into  its  parts 
or  propositions,  for  the  purpose  of  an  exa- 
mination of  each  separately;  as,  to  analyse 
a  mineral;  to  analyse  an  action  to  ascertain 
its  morality. 

When  sympathy  is  in  action  we  may,  by  analysing 
our  idea  of  it,  reduce  it  to  five  different  heads,  and 
may  classify  it  as  continued,  or  contiguous,  or  remote, 
or  similar,  or  dissimilar.  Buckle. 

[Analyse  and  its  derivatives  are  sometimes 
incorrectly  written  with  z  instead  of  s.] 
Analyset  (au'a-liz),  n.     Analysis. 

The  analyst  of  it  (a  tractate)  may  be  spared,  since 
it  is  in  many  hands.  Bf.  Hacfctt. 

Analyser  (an'a-llz-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  analyses  or  has  the  power  to  analyse; 
as,  in  optics,  the  part  of  a  polariscope  which 
receives  the  light  after  polarization  and 
exhibits  its  properties,  usually  something 
corresponding  to  the  polarizer,  as  a  movable 
reflecting  plate,  a  tourmaline,  or  a  doubly 
refracting  crystal. 

Analysis  (an-ari-sis).n.  [Gr.—ana,  implying 
distribution,  and  lysis,  a  loosing,  resolving, 
from  lyo,  to  loosen.]  1.  The  resolution  of  a 
compound  object  whether  of  the  senses  or 
the  intellect  into  its  constituent  elements 
or  component  parts;  a  consideration  of  any- 
thing in  its  separate  parts  and  their  relation 
to  each  other;  an  examination  of  the  differ- 
ent parts  of  a  subject,  each  separately,  ns 
the  words  which  compose  a  sentence,  the 
tones  of  a  tune,  or  the  simple  propositions 
which  enter  into  an  argument:  opposed  to 
synthesis. 

Descartes  .  .  .  was  chiefly  pre-eminent  for  his 
power  of  intense  reflection — for  his  acute  analysis 
of  mind  and  its  operations.  J.  D.  Morell. 

2.  In  math,  the  resolving  of  problems  by  alge- 
braic equations.    The  analysis  of  finite  quan- 
tities is  otherwise  called  algebra.    The  an- 
alysis of  infinites  is  the  method  of  fluxions, 
or  the  differential  calculus.    See  Analytical 
Geometry  under  ANALYTIC. — 3.  In  chein.  the 
process  of  decomposing  a  compound  sub- 
stance with  a  view  to  determine  either  (a) 
what  elements  it  contains  (qualitative  ana- 
lysis), or  (&)  how  much  of  each  element  is 
present  (quantitative  analysis). — 4.  \nlogic, 
the  tracing  of  things  to  their  source,  and 
the  resolving  of  knowledge  into  its  original 
principles.  —  6.  A  syllabus  or  table  of  the 
principal  heads  of  a  continued  discourse, 
disposed  in  their  natural  order— 6.  A  brief, 
methodical  illustration  of  the  principles  of 
a  science.   In  this  sense  it  is  nearly  synony- 
mous withsj/7ioj«is.—  Spectrum-analysis.  See 
SPECTRUM,  SPECTROSCOPE.— Assay,  Analy- 
sis.   See  ASSAY. 


Analyst  (an'a-Hst),  n.  One  who  analyses  or 
is  versed  in  analysis. 

Analytic,  Analytical  (an-a-lit'ik.  an-a-lit'- 
ik-»l),  n.  1.  Pertaining  to  analysis;  that  re- 
solves into  first  principles  or  elements;  that 
separates  into  parts  or  original  principles; 
that  resolves  a  compound  body  or  subject; 
as,  an  analytical  experiment  in  chemistry, 
or  an  analytical  investigation  of  facts  to 
determine  principles:  opposed  to  synthetic. 
Specifically.  —  2.  In  philol.  free  from  in- 
flections, and  employing  instead  preposi- 
tions and  auxiliary  verbs  to  express  modi- 
fications of  meaning,  and  show  the  relations 
of  words  in  a  sentence;  as,  an  analytic  lan- 
guage.— Analytical  or  co-ordinate  geometry, 
is  the  method  invented  by  Descartes  of  ap- 
plying algebra  to  the  investigation  of  the  pro- 
perties of  lines,  figures,  and  bodies  of  three 
dimensions,  certain  properties  of  these 
geometrical  magnitudes  being  expressed  by 
means  of  equations,  which  show  the  relations 
subsisting  between  them  and  two  given 
straight  lines  or  three  given  planes  inter- 
secting one  another,  and  from  which  other 
properties  maybe  deduced.  Plane  analyti- 
cal geometry  is  based  on  the  fact  that  every 
point  in  the  same  plane  can  have  its  posi- 
tion determined  by  referring  it  to  two  lines 
that  intersect  one  another,  just  as  any  spot 
on  the  earth  is  determined  when  its  lati- 
tude, or  angular  distance  from  the  equator, 
and  longitude,  or  angular  distance  from  the 
first  meridian,  are  given;  and  the  analytical 
geometry  of  solid  bodies  is  based  on  the 
fact  that  the  position  of  any  point  in  space 
can  be  determined  by  reference  to  three  in- 
tersecting planes.  In  plane  analytical  geo- 
metry the  intersecting  lines  are  called  the 
co-ordinate  axes,  their  point  of  intersection 
the  origin,  and  the  distances  of  any  point 
from  the  two  lines  are  called  the  co-ordin- 
ates of  that  point,  the  one  being  called  the 
ordinate,  and  the  other  (usually  the  hori- 
zontal distance)  the  abscissa.  The  distance 
of  the  point  from  either  of  the  lines  is  always 
measured  by  the  length  of  a  line  parallel  to 
the  other.  The  equation  or  equations  of  any 
line  or  figure  state  some  relation  between 
the  co-ordinates  of  any  point  in  that  line, 
or  in  the  circumference  of  the  figure,  and 
some  other  line  or  lines  derived  from  these 
magnitudes.  Thus  the  equation  of  a  circle 
shows  the  relation  between  the  radius  and 
the  co-ordinates  of  any  point  in  the  cir- 
cumference. In  the  analytical  geometry 
of  solid  bodies  the  intersecting  planes  are 
called  the  co-ordinate  planes,  and  they  are 
always  given  with  their  lines  of  intersec- 
tion, which  are  called  the  co-ordinate  axes, 
passing  through  the  same  point,  called 
the  origin.  Another  method  of  determin- 
ing the  position  of  points  in  space  for  the 
purposes  of  analytical  geometry  is  to  give 
the  distance  of  the  point  from  a  given  point, 
with  the  direction  in  which  that  distance 
must  be  measured  with  reference  to  a  given 
line.  This  is  called  the  system  of  polar  co- 
ordinates, and  is  of  great  importance  in 
mechanics  and  astronomy.  The  point  to 
which  all  others  are  referred  is  called  the 
pole,  and  the  distance  of  any  point  the 
radius  vector  of  that  point.  Most  of  the 
problems  of  analytical  geometry  are  facili- 
tated by  the  differential  and  integral  cal- 
culus. 

Analytically  (an-a-lit'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  an 
analytical  manner;  in  the  manner  of  ana- 
lysis. 

Analytics  (an-a-lit'iks),  n.  The  science  of 
analysis. 

Anamese  (an'a-mez),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Anam,  a  feudatory  dependency  of  China, 
comprising  a  large  part  of  the  south-eastern 
peninsula  of  Asia  from  the  Chinese  Empire 
southward. 

Anamese  (an'a-mez),  n.  1.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant, or  the  natives  or  inhabitants  of 
Anam.— 2.  The  language  spoken  in  Anam. 

Anamesite  (a-nam'e-sit),  n.  [Gr.  anamesog, 
intermediate.]  A  variety  of  basalt  interme- 
diate between  the  very  fine-grained,  compact 
form  (basalt),  and  the  coarse-grained  con- 
spicuously crystalline  form  (dolerite). 

Anamirta  (a-na-mer'ta),  ?i.  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Menispermacene,  consti- 
tuted by  some  botanists  for  the  reception  of 
Cocculus  indicus. 

Anamnesis  (an-am-ne'sis),  n.  [Gr.--a«a, 
again,  and  mnettis,  remembrance.)  In  rhet. 
a  figure  which  calls  to  remembrance  some- 
thing omitted. 

Anamnestic  (an-am-nes'tik),  a.  Aiding  the 
memory. 


ch,  chain;      eh,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL.  I. 


J»  job;      n,  Fr  ton;      ng,  sing; 


TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  irig;     wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.  —See  KEY. 

7 


ANAMNIOTIC 


98 


ANASTOMOSE 


\\ 


AnamniotiC  (an-am'ni-ot"ik),  o.  [Gr.  an, 
,,riv  andom/iion.]  Having  no  anmion;  as, 
fishes  and  amphibia  are  anamnwttc  verte- 

Auamorphism  (an-a-mor'flzm),  n.   Same  as 

Anamorphosis  (an-a-mor'fo-sis  or  an'a-mor- 
fo"sis), ».  [Gr.ona,again,andinorynoj>i»,  for- 
mation, from  morphe,  a 
form.]  l.Inpersp.  a  term 
denoting  a  drawing  exe- 
cuted in  such  a  manner 
as  to  present  a  distorted 
image  of  the  object  re- 
presented, but  which, 
when  viewed  from  a  cer- 
tain point,  or  reflected 
by  a  curved  mirror  or 
through  a  polyhedron, 
shows  the  object  in  its 
true  proportions.— 2.  In 
bot.  an  anomalous  or 
monstrous  development 
of  any  part  of  a  plant, 
owing  to  a  change  in  the 
conditions  accompany- 
ing growth,  so  that  it 
presents  an  appearance 
altogether  unlike  the 
typical  form,  as  when 
the  calyx  of  a  rose  as- 
sumes the  form  of 
a  leaf.  Lichens  are 
so  liable  to  this 
change  of  form  /  J 

from        modifica-      '    

tions    of    climate,  Anamorphosis. 

soil,  Ac., that  some 

varieties  have  been  placed  in  three  or  lour 
genera. —  3.  In  zool.  and  bot.  the  gradual 
change  of  form,  generally  ascending,  traced 
in  a  group  of  animals  or  plants, the  members 
of  which  succeed  each  other  in  point  of 
time  Thus  the  earlier  members  of  any  group 
'observed  in  the  lower  geologic  formations 
are  by  some  assumed  to  be  of  a  lower  type 
and  in  point  of  development  inferior  to 
their  analogues  in  the  more  recent  strata, 
or  now  living;  but  this  has  been  contro- 
verted, especially  by  the  opponents  of  Dar- 
winism. 
Anamorphosy  (an-a-morto-si),  n.  Same  as 

Anamorphosis. 
Allan  I  (a-nan'),  ado.    Anon;  immediately. 

Go  to,  little  blushet,  for  this,  anan       • 

You'll  steal  forth  a  laugh  in  the  shade  of  your  fan. 

Anan  (a-nan1),  inter}.  An  interrogative  par- 
ticle employed  by  uneducated  persons  wher 
they  do  not  understand  or  have  not  heard 
properly  what  has  been  said. 

Well,  what  say  vou  to  a  friend  who  would  take  the 
bitter  bargain  off  your  hand?    Ananl     Goldsmith 

Anana  (an-a'na),  n.  [See  ANANASSA.]  A 
pine-apple.  [Rare.] 

Witness  thou  best  anana,  thou  the  pride 
Of  vegetable  life.  Thotnso 

Ananas  (an-a'nas),  n.    [See  ANANASSA.] 
name  of  the  pine-apple. 

Ananassa (an-a-nas'sa),  n.  [Ananas, anassa 
or  naiua,  native  name  among  the  Tupls  o 
Brazil.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Bro 
meliaceffi.  A.  lativa,  produces  the  pine 
apple  (which  see). 

Ananchytes  (an-ang-ki'tez),  n.  A  genus  o 
subdivision  of  fossil  sea-urchins  belongini 
to  the  tribe  Spatangida;,  called  in  the  soutl 


Anapasstic,  Anapsestical  (an-a-pe/tik,  an- 
a-pes'tik-al).  a.     Same  as  A  napeitic. 
Anapest  (an'a-pest),  n.    [L  anapvitus,  fro 


short  or  unaccented,  the  last  long  or  ac- 
cented :  the  reverse  of  the  dactyl. 
inapestie  (an-a-pes'tik),  n.    The  anapestic 

neasure;  an  anapestic  verse.  The  following 

s  an  example  of  anapestics. 


Vnapestlc,  Anapestical  (an-a-pes'tik,  an- 
Vpes'tik-al),  a.    Pertaining  to  an  anapest ; 
consisting  of  anapestic  feet 
Anapestically  (an-a-pes'tik-al-li),  adv.    I 

Anaphora '(an-afo-ra),  n.  [Gr.,  a  bringing 
again,  a  recurrence— ono,  back,  again,  and 
phero,  to  bring.]  1.  In  rhet.  a  figure  in 
which  the  same  word  or  words  are  repeat< 
at  the  beginning  of  two  or  more  succeeding 
verses  or  clauses  of  a  sentence;  as,  'Where 
is  the  wise?  Where  is  the  scribe?  Where  is 
the  disputer  of  this  world?'  1  Cor.  i.  20.- 
2.  In  astron.  a  term  applied  to  the  oblique 
ascensions  of  the  stars. 
Anaphrodisiac  (an-af'ro-diz"i-ak),  n.  [Gr. 
nc"  prefix  on,  and  aphrodmakos,  venereal, 
from  aphrodisia,  sexual  pleasure.  See 
APHRODITE.]  A  substance  capable  of  dull- 


Ananchytes. 
i,  A.  ovatus.  2,  A.  tuberculatus. 

of  England  'shepherds'  crowns'  and  'fair 
loaves,'  and  especially  characteristic  of  th 
upper  chalk.  They  have  a  raised  helme 
like  form,  simple  ambulacra,  transvers 
mouth,  and  oblong  outlet. 

Anandrous  (an-an'drus),  a.    [Gr.  on,  pnv 
and  anlr,  andros,  a  male  or  stamen.]    I 
bot.  a  term  applied  to  flowers  that  are  de 
titute  of  a  stamen  (female  flowers):  formerly 
applied  to  cryptogamic  plants,  because  they 
were  supposed  to  have  no  male  organs. 

Auangular(an-ang'gu-ler),o.  [Gr.  prefix  an 
for  a,  priv.,  and  E.  angular.]  Having  no 
angle  or  angles. 


Ini 

Ana; 


ig  sexual  appetite;  an  antaphrodisiac. 
^aplastic  (an-a-plas'tik),  a.    Of  or  per- 
taining to,  performed  by,  or  used  in,  the 
operation  of  anaplasty;  as,  an  anaplattic 
instrument. 

Anaplasty  (an'a-plas-ti),  n.  [Gr.  ana,  again, 
and  plasso,  to  fashion.]  In  mrg.  an  opera- 
tion to  repair  superficial  lesions,  orsoliitions 
of  continuity,  by  the  employment  of  adjacent 
healthy  structure.  Artificial  noses,  &c.,  are 
thus  made. 

Anaplerotic  (an'a-ple-rot"ik),  a.  [L.  ana- 
pleroticus,  from  Gr.  anapliroo,  to  fill  up  or 
full— ana,  up,  and  plfroo,  to  till.]  In  wed. 
filling  up;  promoting  granulation  of  wounds 
or  ulcers. 

Anaplerotic  (an'a-ple-rot"ik),  n.  A  remedy 
which  promotes  the  granulation  of  wounds 
and  ulcers. 

Anapophysis  (an-a-pof'i-sis),  n.  (Or.— ana, 
back,  and  apophysis,  an  offshoot.]  Inonat. 
the  process  of  a  vertebra  which,  arising  in 
the  dorsal  region,  recedes  to  the  side  and 

S  rejects  more  or  less  backward.    It  is  well 
eveloped  in  the  hare  and  most  rodents. 
Anarch  (an'ark),  n.    [See  ANARCHY.]    The 
author  of  anarchy;  one  who  excites  revolt. 

Him  thus  the  anarch  old 
With  faltering  speech,  and  visage  incompos'd, 
Answer'd.  "'"'"• 

Anarchal.  Anarchial  (an-ark'al,  an-ark'i- 
al),  a.  Ungoverned ;  lawless;  anarchical. 
[Rare.] 

We  are  in  the  habit  of  calling  those  bodies  of  men 
anarctial  which  are  in  a  state  of  effervescence. 

Anarchic,  Anarchical  (an-ark'ik,  an-ark'- 
ik-al),  o.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  proceeding 
from,  or  dictated  by  a  state  of  anarchy; 
wHhout  rule  or  government ;  in  a  state  of 
confusion. 

They  expect  that  they  shall  hold  in  obedience  an 
anarchic  people  by  an  anarchic  law.  Burke. 

Anarchism  (an'ark-izm),  n.  Confusion;  an- 
archy. '  Absolute  anarchism.'  Sir  E.Dering. 

Anarchist  (an'ark-ist),  n.  One  who  excite! 
revolt  or  promotes  disorder  in  a  state;  an 
anarch. 

Anarchy  (an'ar-ki),  n.  [Gr.  anarchia,  law- 
lessness—an, priv. ,  and  arche,  rule.  1.  Want 
of  government;  a  state  of  society  when  there 
is  no  law  or  supreme  power,  or  when  the 
laws  are  not  efficient,  and  individuals  do 
what  they  please  with  impunity ;  political 
confusion. 

It  seemed  but  too  likely  that  England  would  fall 
under  the  most  odious  and  degrading  of  all  kinds  of 
government,  .  .  .  uniting  all  the  evils  of  despotism 
to  all  the  evils  of  anarchy.  Macaulay. 

2.  Confusion  in  general.  '  There  being  then 
.  .  .  ananorcAy,  as  I  may  term  it,  in  authors 
and  their  reckoning  of  years.'  Fuller. 
Anarrhexis  (an-ar-reks'is),  n.  [Gr.,  from 
anarrhegnymi  —  ana,  up,  and  regnymi,  to 
break.]  In  surg.  the  rebreaking  of  a  united 
fracture. 


Anarrhichas  (a-nar'ri-kaa),  ".  [Gr.  on- 
arfhicluimnai,  to  clamber  or  scramble  up, 
some  of  the  species  being  said  to  be  able  to 
clamber  up  rocks.]  A  genus  of  acanthop- 
terygian  flshes,  family  Blenmoicte.  Hie 
species  are  ravenous  and  found  in  the  north 
seas  A  htpui  is  the  sea-wolf,  wolf-fish, 
or  cat-fish.  See  WOLF-FISH. 

Anarthropoda  (an-ar-throp'o-da),  n.  pi. 
[Or  an  priv., arthros,  joint, aml^xnu,  jxnzo*, 
foot  ]  One  of  the  two  great  divisions  (the 
Arthropoda  being  the  other)  of  the  Anmi- 
losa  or  ringed  animals,  in  which  there  are 
no  articulated  appendages.  It  includes  the 
spoon-worms,  leeches,  earthworms,  tube- 
worms,  and  sand-worms. 

Anarthropodous  (an-ar-thropo-aua),  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  Anarthropoda. 

Anarthrous  (an-ar'thrus),  a.  [Gr.  on,  priv., 
and  art/iron,  a  joint  or  article.]  1.  In  gram. 
without  the  article.— 2.  In  zool.  having  nei- 
ther wings  nor  legs,  as  worms,  leeches,  &c. 

Anas  (a'nas),  n.  [L.]  A  Linnican  genus  of 
birds  included  in  the  order  Palmipedes  (or 
web-footed  birds)  in  the  system  of  Cuvier, 
and  divided  by  recent  ornithologists  into  a 
number  of  genera,  one  of  which,  retaining 
the  name  Anas,  contains  the  true  ducks. 
See  DOCK,  1. 

Anasarca  (an-a-sarTca),  n.  [Gr.  ana,  imply- 
ing distribution,  through,  and  narks,  flesh.) 
1  In  med.  dropsy  of  the  cellular  tissue;  an 
effusion  of  serum  into  the  cellular  substance, 
occasioning  a  soft,  pale,  inelastic  swelling 
of  the  skin;  general  dropsy.— 2.  In  bot.  the 
condition  of  plants  when  the  tissues  get 
gorged  with  fluid  in  very  wet  weather. 
Anasarcous  (an-a-sarTiUs),  a.  Belonging  to 
or  affected  by  anasarca  or  dropsy ;  dropsi- 

AnastaltiC  (an-a-stal'tik),  o.  [Gr.  anastal- 
tikos,  fitted  for  checking,  from  anattellu,  to 
send  up  or  back,  to  check—  ono,  up,  back, 
and  stello,  to  send.]  In  med.  astringent; 
styptic. 

Anastatic  (an-a-stat'ik),  a.  [Gr.  anastaeis, 
a  setting  up— aim,  up,  again,  and  histanai, 
to  stand.]  Raised;  consisting  of  or  furnished 
with  raised  characters;  as,  anastatic  plates. 
— Anastatic  printing  or  engraving,  a  mode 
of  obtaining  facsimile  impressions  of  any 
printed  page  or  engraving  by  transferring 
it  to  a  plate  of  zinc,  which,  on  being  sub- 
jected to  the  action  of  an  acid,  is  etched  or 
eaten  away  with  the  exception  of  the  parts 
covered  with  the  ink,  which  parts  being 
thus  protected  from  the  action  of  the  acid, 
are  left  in  relief  ao  that  they  can  readily 
be  printed  from. 

Anastatica  (an-a-stat'i-ka),  n.  [Gr.  ana,  up, 
and  hiitanai,  to  stand.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Crucifercc.  A.  hierochmitica  is 
the  rose  of  Jericho  or  resurrection  plant. 
found  near  the  Dead  Sea,  and  remarkable 
for  the  power  the  dried  plant  possesses  of 


Rose  of  Jericho  (Anmlalica  hitrochuntica\ 

i.  The  plant,      a.  The  root  dried.      3,  The  root  ex- 
panded after  being  put  in  water. 

absorbing  water  when  placed  in  it  and  ap- 
pearing to  live.  It  is  said  to  have  bloomed 
at  Christmas  to  salute  the  birth  of  Christ, 
and  to  have  remained  expanded  till  Easter 
or  the  resurrection.  The  plant  is  gathered 
in  great  quantities  and  sent  to  Jerusalem, 
where  it  is  sold  to  pilgrims. 

Anastomize  ( a-nas'to-miz ),  r.i.  Same  K 
Anastomose.  [Rare.] 

Anastomose  (a-nas'to-mSz),  ».i.  pret.  &  pp. 
anastomosed;  ppr.  anasto7«o«'no.   [Fr.  on 
tomoser,  Gr.  anastomoo— ana,  again,  anew, 
and  stoma,  a  mouth.]    In  ono(.  and  bot.  1 
inosculate  or  run  into  each  other ;  to  cope 
municate  with  each  other,  as  the  artene 
and  veins.     'The  ribbing  of  the  leaf,  and 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;      (i,  Sc.  abune;       i',  Sc.  ley. 


ANASTOMOSIS 


99 


ANCH1THERIUM 


the 


*.  Ta  i/ 


net-  work  of  its  vessels.' 


.  . 

Anastomosis  (a-nas'to-mo"sis),  n.  In  anat. 
and  but.  the  inosculation  of  vessels,  or  the 
opening  of  one  vessel  into  another,  as  an 
artery  into  another  artery,  or  a  vein  into  a 
vein.  By  means  of  anastomosis,  if  the  course 
of  a  fluid  is  arrested  in  one  vessel  it  can 
proceed  along  others.  It  is  by  anastomosis 
that  circulation  is  re-established  in  ampu- 
tated limbs,  and  in  aneurism  when  the  ves- 
sel is  tied. 

AnastomotlC  (a-nas'to-mot"ik),  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  anastomosis.  —  2.t  Inmed.  having 
the  quality  of  removing  obstructions. 

Anastomotict  (a-nas't6-mot"ik),  n.  A  medi- 
cine supposed  to  have  the  power  of  opening 
the  mouths  of  vessels,  and  promoting  circu- 
lation, such  as  cathartics,  deobstruents,  and 
sudorifies. 

Anastrophe,  Anastrophy  (a-nas'tro-fe),  n. 
[Gr.  ,  a  turning  back—  ana,  back  or  again, 
and  Btrepho,  to  turn.]  In  rhet.  and  grain. 
an  inversion  of  the  natural  order  of  words  ; 
as,  'echoed  the  hills,'  for  'the  hills  echoed.' 

Anatase  (an'a-tas),  n.  [Gr.  anatasis,  exten- 
sion, so  named  from  the  length  of  its  crys- 
tals.] Octahedral  oxide  of  titanium;  a  min- 
eral that  shows  a  variety  of  colours  by  re- 
flected light,  from  indigo  blue  to  reddish 
brown  ;  oetahedrite.  It  is  usually  crystal- 
lized in  acute,  elongated,  pyramidal  octa- 
hedrons. 

Anathema  (a-nath'e-ma),  n.  [Gr.  anathema, 
in  New  Testament  and  ecclesiastical  Greek, 
nn  accursed  thing,  a  thing  devoted  to  evil, 
from  anatithemi,  to  set  upas  a  votive  offer- 
ing, to  dedicate—  ana,  up,  and  titheini,  to 
set  or  place.]  1.  A  curse  or  denunciation 
pronounced  with  religious  solemnity  by 
ecclesiastical  authority,  and  accompanied 
by  excommunication.  This  species  of  ex- 
communication was  practised  in  the  an- 
cient churches  against  notorious  offenders. 
Churches  were  warned  not  to  receive  them, 
magistrates  and  private  persons  were  ad- 
monished not  to  harbour  or  maintain  them, 
and  priests  were  enjoined  not  to  converse 
with  them  or  attend  their  funeral.  Called 
also  Judiciary  Anathema.—  2.  Execration 
generally;  denouncement  of  evil. 

She  fled  to  London,  followed  by  the  anathemas  of 
both.  Thackeray. 

3.  The  person  or  thing  devoted  to  destruc- 
tion. 

The  Jewish  nation  was  an  anathema  destined  to 
destruction.  St.  Paul  .  .  .  says  he  could  wish  to 
save  them  from  it,  and  to  become  an  anathema,  and 
to  be  destroyed  himself.  Locke. 

—  Abjuratory  anathema,  the  act  of  a  con- 
vert who  anathematizes  the  heresy  which  he 
abjures. 

Anathematical(a-nath'e-mat"ik-al),  a.  Per- 

taining to  or  having  the  nature  of  an  anath- 

ema. 
Anathematlcally  (  a-nath'e-mat  "  ik-al-li  ), 

adv.     In  the  manner  of  anathema. 
Anatheinatisiu  (a-nath'6-mat-Izm),  n.    Act 

uf   anathematizing  ;   an  excommuuicatory 

curse. 

We  find  a  law  of  Justinian  forbidding  anathema- 
tisms  to  be  pronounced  airaiust  the  Jewish  Hellenists. 
Jer.  Taylor. 

Anathematization  (  a  -  nath  '  e  -  mat  '  iz-a  "  - 
shon),  n.  The  act  of  anathematizing;  an 
excommunicatory  curse.  '  Anathematiza  - 
tions  of  persons  deceased  in  the  peace  of  the 
church.'  Barrow. 

Anathematize  (a-nath'e-mat-iz),  v.t.  pret. 
&  pp.  anathematized;  ppr.  anathematizing. 
To  pronounce  an  anathema  against. 

Anathematize  (a-nath'e-mat-iz),  v.i.  To 
pronounce  anathemas  ;  to  denounce  ;  to 
curse. 

Well  may  mankind  shriek,  inarticulately  anafhe- 
matizing  as  they  can.  Carlyle. 

Anathematizer  (a-nath'e-mat-iz-er),  n.  One 
who  anathematizes. 
Anatheme  (an'a-them),  n.    An  anathema. 

[Rare.  ] 

Your  holy  father  of  Rome  hath  smitten  with  his 
thunderbolt  of  excommunications  andattntStemes  .  .  , 
most  of  the  orthodox  churches  of  the  world. 

Sheldon. 

Anatidje  (a-nat'i-de),  n.  pi.  [L.  anas,  nntiti*.  & 
duck,  and  Gr.  eidos,  resemblance.]  A  family 
of  web-footed  anserine  or  natatorial  birds, 
of  which  the  genus  Anas  is  the  type. 

Anatifa  (;i-nat'i-fa),  n.    [Contr.  for  Anatifera 

—  L.  anas,  anatix,  a  duck,  and/ero,  to  bear.] 
A  genusof  cirripuds,  now  called  Lepas.  From 
a  fancied  resemblance  of  its  shell  to  a  bird, 
there  arose  an  absurd  fable  that  a  species 
of  goose,  called  the  barnacle  goose  (Anas), 
came  from  this  animal;  hence  the  name 


Anatifa,  as  well  as  goose-mussel.  See  LE- 
PAS,  LEPADIDA. 

Anatifer  (a-nat'i-fer),  n.  A  barnacle.  See 
ANATIFA. 

Anatiferous  (an-a-tif'er-us),  n.  (L.  anas, 
anatis,  a  duck,  and/ero,  to  produce.]  Pro- 
ducing ducks. 

If  there  be  anatt/erotis  trees,  whose  corruption 
breaks  forth  into  barnacles ;  yet,  if  they  corrupt,  they 
degenerate  into  maggots,  which  produce  not  them 
a^ain.  Sir  T.  Browne, 

Anatinse  (an-a-ti'ne),  n.  pi  [L.  anas,  anatis, 
a  duck.]  A  sub-family  of  the  Anatidae,  com- 
prehending the  true  ducks,  distinguished 
from  swans  and  geese  by  having  broader 
bills,  a  more  waddling  gait  from  their  legs 
being  placed  farther  behind,  and  the  exist- 
ence of  a  marked  difference  in  the  plumage 
of  the  sexes.  The  species  are  sometimes 
divided  into  the  oceanic  ducks,  as  the  scoter, 
the  garrot,  the  eider,  the  scaup,  (fee. ;  and 
the  lake  ducks,  as  the  shieldrake,  the  teal, 
the  widgeon,  the  mallard,  and  the  common 
domestic  duck. 

Anatocism  (a-nat'o-sizm),  n.  [L.  anatocis- 
inus,  Gr.  anatokixmo*,  compound  interest — 
ana,  again,  and  tokizu,  to  lend  on  interest, 
tokos,  produce,  from  tikto,  to  bring  forth.] 
Interest  upon  interest ;  the  taking  of  com- 
pound interest,  or  the  contract  by  which 
such  interest  is  secured.  [Rare.] 

Anatomic,  Anatomical  (an-a-tom'ik,  an  a- 
tom'ik-al),  a.  Belonging  to  anatomy  or  dis- 
section; produced  by  or  according  to  the 
principles  of  anatomy  or  natural  structure 
of  the  body ;  relating  to  the  parts  of  the 
body  when  dissected  or  separated;  as,  ana- 
tomical observations. 

Anatomically  (an-a-tom'ik-al-li),  adv.  In 
an  anatomical  manner;  by  means  of  dissec- 
tion; according  to  the  doctrine  of  anatomy. 

Anatomism  (a-nat'o-mizm),  n.  The  doctrine 
of  the  examination  of  the  parts  of  an  organic 
body,  to  explain  the  phenomena  of  the 
organism. 

Anatomist  (a-nat'o-mist),  n.  One  who  dis- 
sects bodies;  more  generally,  one  who  is 
skilled  in  the  art  of  dissection,  or  versed  in 
the  doctrine  and  principles  of  anatomy. 

Anatomization  (a-nat'o-miz-a"shon),  n. 
The  act  of  anatomizing. 

Anatomize  (a-nat'o-miz),  v.t.  pret.  <fc  pp. 
anatomized;  ppr.  anatomizing.  1.  To  dis- 
sect; to  cut  in  pieces,  as  an  animal  or  vege- 
table body,  for  the  purpose  of  displaying  or 
examining  the  structure  and  use  of  the 
several  parts.— 2.  Fig.  to  lay  open  or  expose 
minutely ;  to  analyse  ;  as,  to  anatomize  an 
argument. 

In  her  the  painter  had  anatomized  time's  ruin. 
Sha*. 

Anatomy  (a-nat'o-mi),  n.  [Gr.  anatomi— 
ana,  implying  separation  and  distribution, 
and  tome,  a  cutting.]  1.  The  art  of  dissect- 
ing or  artificially  separating  the  different 
parts  of  an  organized  body,  to  discover  their 
situation,  structure,  and  economy ;  the 
science  which  treats  of  the  internal  struc- 
ture of  organized  bodies;  generally  applied 
more  specifically  to  the  dissection  of  or  to 
the  knowledge  of  the  structure  of  the  human 
body;  that  branch  which  treats  of  the  struc- 
ture of  plants  being  called  vegetable  anat- 
omy, and  that  which  treats  of  the  structure 
of  animals  animal  anatomy  or  zootomy. — 
Special  or  descriptive  anatomy,  that  branch 
which  treats  of  the  organs  of  which  the 
human  body  consists,  with  regard  to  their 
shape,  position,  and  mutual  relations.  — 
General  anatomy,  that  branch  which  treats 
of  the  structure  and  physical  properties  of 
the  different  tissues  which  are  common  to 
several  organs,  without  reference  to  the 
form  or  situation  of  the  organs  themselves. 
— Pathological  anatomy,  that  branch  of  anat- 
omy which  treats  of  the  changes  in  struc- 
ture of  organs  and  tissues  produced  by  dis- 
ease, and  of  congenital  malformations. — 
Comparative  anatomy,  the  science  which 
compares  the  anatomy  of  different  classes 
or  species  of  animals,  as  that  of  man  with 
quadrupeds,  or  that  of  fishes  with  quad- 
rupeds. —  Transcendental  anatomy,  that 
branch  which  investigates  the  plan  or  model 
upon  which  the  animal  frame  or  organs  are 
formed.  —  Surgical  anatomy,  that  branch 
which  demonstrates  the  relative  position  of 
organs  or  parts,  with  a  view  to  those  oper- 
ations which  it  may  be  necessary  to  perform 
upon  them. — Physiological  anatomy,  that 
branch  which  treats  of  the  structure  of 
organs,  only  in  as  far  as  it  elucidates  their 
functions. — Artificial  anatomy,  the  art  of 
making  models  in  wax  or  other  materials. 


to  illustrate  the  healthy  or  diseased  struc- 
ture of  parts.— 2.  Fig.  the  act  of  dividing 
anything,  material  or  intellectual,  for  the 
purposeof  examining  its  parts;  as,thea«a«- 
omyo!  a  discourse.— 3.  The  body  stripped 
of  its  integuments  and  muscles;  a  skeleton, 
or  the  corporeal  frame  of  bones  entire,  with- 
out the  skin,  flesh,  and  vessels;  hence,  a 
thin,  meagre  person. 

The  anatomy  of  a  little  child  ...  is  accounted  a 
greater  rarity  than  the  skeleton  of  a  man  in  full 
btature.  Fuller. 

They  brought  one  Pinch,  a  hungry,  lean-faced 
villain, 

A  mere  anatomy,  a  mountebank,  ShaJk. 

AnatreptiC(an-a-trcp'tik),  a.  [Gr.  anatrepti- 
fcos,  from  anatrepo,  to  overturn— ana,  up, 
and  trepo,  to  turn.]  Overthrowing;  defeat- 
ing; prostrating:  a  word  applied  to  those 
dialogues  of  Plato  which  represent  a  defeat 
in  the  gymnastic  exercises. 

Aiiatripsis  (an-a-trip'sis),  n.  [Gr. , from  ana, 
denoting  repetition,  and  tribd,  tripso,  .to 
rub.  ]  In  med.  friction  employed  as  a 
remedy. 

Anatron(an'a-tron),  n.  [Fr.  anatron;  Ar. 
al-natrun,  al-nitrun,  from  Cr.  nitron,  a 
mineral  alkali,  either  soda  or  potassa,  or 
both.]  1.  Spume  or  glass  gall,  a  scum  which 
rises  upon  melted  glass  in  the  furnace,  and 
when  taken  off  dissolves  in  the  air,  and  co- 
agulates into  common  salt.  —  2.  The  salt 
which  collects  on  the  walls  of  vaults ;  salt- 
petre. 

Anatropal,  Anatropous  (a-nat'rop-al,  a- 
nat'rop-us),  a.  [Gr.  ana, 
noting  inversion,  and  trepo, 
to  turn.  ]  In  lot,  having  the 
ovule  inverted  at  an  early 
period  in  its  development, 
Anatropal  Ovule  so  that  the  chalaza  is  at  its 
apparent  apex. 

AnattO  (a-nat't6),  n.    Same  as  Arnotto. 

Anbury  (anTm-ri),?*.  Same asAmbury (which 
see). 

Ancestor  (an'ses-ter),  n.  [O.Fr.  ancestre,  an- 
cessor,  FT.  ancttre,  an  ancestor,  from  L.  an- 
tecessor,  a  predecessor— ante,  before,  and 
cedo,  cessum,  to  go.  See  CEDE.]  1,  One  from 
whom  a  person  descends,  either  by  the 
father  or  mother,  at  any  distance  of  time;  a 
progenitor;  a  forefather. — 2.  In  law,  one 
who  has  preceded  another  in  the  possession 
of  real  estate ;  one  from  whom  an  inherit- 
ance is  derived:  the  correlative  of  heir. 

Ancestorial  (an-ses-to'ri-al),  a.  Ancestral. 
'Ancestorial  and  national  glories.'  Sir  F. 
Palgrave. 

Ancestorially  (an-ses-to'ri-al-li).  adv.  In 
an  ancestorial  manner;  with  regard  to  an- 
cestors. Sidney  Smith. 

Ancestral  (an-ses'tral),  a.  Pertaining  to 
ancestors;  claimed  or  descending  from  an- 
cestors; as,  an  ancestral  estate;  ancestral 
trees.  'Seated  on  his  ancestral  throne.' 
Macaulay. 

Tenure  by  homage  ancestral  was  merely  tenancy- 
in-chief  by  immemorial  prescription  in  the  family. 
C.  H.  Pearson. 

Ancestress  (an'ses-tres),  n.  A  female  an- 
cestor. [Rare.] 

This  ancestress  is  a  lady,  or  rather  the  ghost  of  a 
lady.  CarlyU. 

Ancestry  (an'ses-tri),  n.  1.  A  series  of  an- 
cestors or  progenitors;  lineage,  or  those 
who  compose  the  line  of  natural  descent. 
'Headless  statues  of  his  ancestry.'  Macau- 
lay.  Hence— 2.  Honourable  descent ;  high 
birth. 

Title  and  ancestry  render  a  good  man  more  illus- 
trious, but  a  bad  one  more  conspicuous. 

Addison. 

Anchilops  (angTd-lops),  n.  [Gr. ,  corrupted 
from  aigilops—aiks,  aigos,  a  goat,  and  ops, 
the  eye.]  In  med.  an  abscess  in  the  inner 
angle  of  the  eye ;  an  incipient  fistula  lach- 
rymalis. 

Anchithere  (ang'ki-ther),  n.  A  member  of 
the  genus  Anchitherium. 

The  horse  can  even  boast  a  pedigree  in  this  quarter 
of  the  world,  in  a  right  line,  through  a  slender  three- 
toed  ancestry,  as  far  back  as  the  anchithere  of  the 
eocene  period.  Edin.  Review. 

Anchithertum(ang-ki-the'ri-um),  n.  [Or. 
angchi,  near,  and  thfrion,  a  wild  beast]  A 
fossil  genus  of  pachydermatous  mammals, 
from  the  upper  eocene  and  lower  miocene. 
belonging  to  the  family  Equidte,  in  which 
each  foot  is  furnished  with  a  single  func- 
tional hoofed  toe,  flanked  by  two  small 
hoofed  digits,  which  are  sufficiently  devel- 
oped to  touch  the  ground.  The  only  recog- 
nized species  was  about  the  size  of  a  sheep, 
and  was  closely  allied  to  the  Pahcothenuin 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go\      j,  job;      n,  FT.  tori;      ng,  aing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  u>Mg;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ANCHOR 


100 


ANCHYLOSED 


Anchor  (ang'ker),  «.  [A.  Sax.  ancor,  ancer, 
G.  D.  and  Dan.  anker,  Icel.  akkeri,  proba- 
bly all  borrowed  from  L.  ancora,  Gr.  ang- 
kyra,  an  anchor,  whence  Fr.  ancre,  Pr.  Sp. 
Pg.  It.  ancora.  From  a  root  ang,  crooked, 
bent,  seen  in  L.  anguine,  a  corner,  and  un- 
c«3,  a  hook,  crooked;  in  Gr.  angkos,  a  bend, 
angkale,  anf/ki/le,  the  bend  of  the  arm,  E. 
ankle,  A.  Sax.  ancleow,  G.  enkel,  the  ankle; 
Bav.  ante,  the  bend  of  the  neck;  and  pro- 
bably in  E.  angle,  a  fish-hook,  to  fish  with  a 
hook;  G.  angel,  a  hook.]  1.  An  implement 
for  holding  a  ship  or  other  vessel  at  rest  in 
the  water.  In  former  times  anchors  were 
merely  large  stones,  baskets  of  stones,  &c. 
The  anchor  now  used  is  of  iron,  formed  with 


Common  Anch 


a  strong  shank  a,  at  one  extremity  of  which 
is  the  crown  c,  from  which  branch  out  two 
arms  bb,  terminating  in  broad  palms  or 
nukes  dd,  the  sharp  extremity  of  which  is 
ttie  peak  or  bill ;  at  the  other  end  of  the 
shank  is  the  stock  e  e,  a  transverse  piece, 
behind  which  is  a  shackle  or  ring,  to  which 
a  cable  can  be  attached.  The  principal  use 
"f  the  stock  is  to  cause  the  arms  to  fall  so 
as  one  of  the  flukes  shall  enter  the  ground. 
According  to  their  various  fonns  and  uses, 
anchors  obtain  the  epithets  of  the  sheet, 
beet  bower,  small  bower,  spare,  stream, 
kedge.,  and  grappling  or  grapnel.  Those  of 
the  largest  size  carried  by  men-of-war  are 
the  best  and  small  bowers,  the  sheet,  and 
the  spare ;  to  which  are  added  the  stream 
and  the  kedge,  which  are  used  for  particular 


Trotman's  Anchor. 

or  for  temporary  purposes.  The  number 
and  weight  of  anchors  ought  to  bear  a 
proper  relation  to  the  size  of  the  ship. 
Many  improvements  and  novelties  in  the 
shape  and  construction  of  anchors  have  been 
introduced  within  recent  times.  The  prin- 
cipal names  connected  with  those  altera- 
tions are  those  of  Lieut.  Rodgers,  who  in- 
troduced the  hollow-shanked  anchor  with 
the  view  of  increasing  the  strength  without 
adding  to  the  weight;  Mr.  Porter,  who  made 
the  arms  and  flukes  movable  by  pivoting 
them  to  the  stock  instead  of  fixing  them 
immovably,  causing  the  anchor  to  take  a 
readier  and  firmer  hold,  and  avoiding  the 
chance  of  the  cable  becoming  foul;  Mr. 
Trotman,  who  has  further  improved  on 
Porter's  invention ;  and  M.  Martin,  whose 
anchor  is  of  very  peculiar  form,  and  is  con- 


Martin's  Anchor. 


structed  so  as  to  be  self-canting,  the  arms 
revolving  through  an  angle  of  30°  either 
way,  and  the  sharp  points  of  the  flukes  be- 
ing always  ready  to  enter  the  ground  — 
The  anchor  is  said  to  be  a-cock-bill  when  it 
is  suspended  vertically  from  the  cat-head, 
ready  to  bo  let  go;  a-peak,  when  it  is  drawn 
in  so  tight  as  to  bring  the  ship  directly 
over  it;  a-trip  or  a-weigh,  when  it  is  just 
drawn  out  of  the  ground  in  a  perpendi- 
cular direction;  a-wash,  when  the  stock  is 
hove  up  to  the  surface  of  the  water.  — 
•Floating  anchor,  an  apparatus  variously 
constructed,  for  being  sunk  below  the  swell 
of  the  sea,  where  there  is  no  anchorage, 


to  prevent  a  vessel  from  drifting.— Foul 
anchor.  See  ForL,  a.  —  Mooring  anchor, 
a  large  heavy  mass  placed  at  the  bottom 
of  the  water,  in  a  harbour  or  roadstead,  to 
which  ships  may  be  attached  by  a  cable. 
— To  back  an  anchor.  See  under  BACK,  v.  t. 
—To  cat  the  anchor,  to  draw  the  anchor 
perpendicularly  up  to  the  cat-head  by  a 
strong  tackle  called  the  cat.  —  To  fish  the 
anchor,  to  hoist  and  draw  up  the  flukes  of 
a  ship's  anchor  towards  the  top  of  the  bow 
by  a  machine  called  a  fish,  in  order  to  stow 
it  after  it  has  been  catted. — To  weigh  the 
anchor,  to  heave  or  raise  it  from  the  ground. 
2.  Something  serving  a  purpose  analogous 
to  that  of  a  ship's  anchor ;  as,  (a)  the  ap- 
paratus at  the  opposite  end  of  the  field  from 
the  engine  of  a  steam-plough,  and  to  which 
pulleys  are  fixed,  round  which  the  endless 
band  or  rope  that  moves  the  plough  passes. 
(6)  The  means  by  which  the  extremities  of 
the  chains  or  wire-ropes  of  a  suspension 
bridge  are  attached  to  the  shore.— 3.  Fig. 
that  which  gives  stability  or  security ;  that 
on  which  we  place  dependence  for  safety. 

Which  hope  we  have  as  an  anchor  of  the  soul, 
both  sure  and  steadfast.  Heb.  vi.  19. 

4.  In  arch,  an  ornament  shaped  somewhat 
like  an  anchor  or  arrow-head.  It  is  used 
along  with  the  egg  ornament,  and  the  com- 
bination is  popularly  called  egg-and-dart 
or  egg  -  and  -  tongue.  See  ECHINUS,  4. — 
Anchor  escapement.  See  ESCAPEMENT. 
Anchor  (ang'ker),  v.t.  1.  To  hold  at  rest  by 
lowering  the  anchor;  to  place  at  anchor; 
as,  to  anchor  a  ship.  —2.  Fig.  to  fix  or  fasten 
on;  to  fix  in  a  stable  condition. 

Let  us  anchor  our  hopes  .  .  .  upon  his  goodness. 
South. 

Anchor  (ang'ker),  ti.t.  1.  To  cast  anchor;  to 
come  to  anchor ;  as,  our  ship  anchored  off 
the  Isle  of  Wight. -2.  l-'ig.  to  keep  hold  in 
any  way. 

Posthumus  anchors  upon  Imogen.       SttaA. 

Anchor  I  (ang'ker),  n.    Same  as  Anchoret. 

An  anchor's  cheer  in  prison  be  my  scope !    Shak. 

Anchorable  (ang"ker-a-bl).  a.  Fit  foranchor- 
age.  'The  sea  everywhere  twenty  leagues 
from  land  anchorable.'  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Anchorage  ( ang'ker-aj ),  n.  1.  Anchoring 
ground ;  a  place  where  a  ship  can  anchor, 
where  the  ground  is  not  too  rocky,  nor  the 
water  too  deep  nor  too  shallow, 

The  fleet  returned  to  its  former  anchorage 

Southey. 

2.  The  hold  of  a  ship  at  anchor. 

If  that  supposal  should  fail  us.  all  our  anchorage 
were  loose,  and  we  should  but  wander  in  a  wild  sea. 
n'ctton. 

3.  The  anchor  and  all  the  necessary  tackle 
for  anchoring.    [Rare.  ] 

The  bark  that  hath  discharged  her  fraught, 
Returns  with  precious  lading  to  the  bay 
I;rom  whence,  at  first,  she  weighed  her  anchorage 
Shak. 

4.  A  duty  imposed  on  ships  for  anchoring  in 
a  harbour. 

This  corporation,  otherwise  a  poor  one.  holds  also 
the  anchorage  in  the  harbour.  Rich.  Cat-em. 

Anchor-ball  'anj'ker-bal),  n.    A  pyrotech- 

nical  combustible  attached  to  a  grapnel  for 

adhering  to  and  setting  fire  to  ships 
Anchor-bolt  (angTcer-bolt),  n.     A  bolt  with 

an  expanded  shank  to  prevent  its  being 

drawn  out.    E.  II.  Knight. 
Anchor-chock  ( ang'ker-chok  ),  n.     A  piece 

indented  into  a  wooden  anchor-stock  where 

it  has  become  worn  or  defective;  also,  a 

piece  of  wood  or  iron  on  which  an  anchor 

rests  when  it  is  stowed. 
Anchor-drag  (ang'ker-drag),  n.    Same  as 

Draff-sheet. 
Anchored  (ang'kerd),  p 

and  a.     1.  Held  at  rest 

by  an  anchor.  — 2.  Shap.'d 

like  an  anchor;   tiukjd; 

forked. 

Her  anchored  tongue 
Threatening  her  venomed  teeth 
Dr.  H.  More. 

3.  In  her.  the  term  applied 
to  a  cross  whose  extremi- 
ties are  turned  back  like 


Anchored. 


the  flukes  of  an  anchor :  in  this  sense  writ- 
ten also  Anchry,  Ancree,  Ancred 
Anchoress,  Anchorltess  (ang-ko-res,  ang'- 
ko-rit-es),  n.    A  female  anchoret. 

And  there  a  saintly  anchoress  she  dwelt. 

...  It'ordsit'orth. 

Pega,  his  sister,  an  anchorifess,  led  a  solitary  life. 

Anchoret,  Anchorite  (ang'ko-ret,  angTJo- 
rit),  n.  [L.  anachoreta;  Gr.  anachoretes  — 
ana,  back,  and  chirred,  to  make  room  for 
retire,  from  choros,  a  place.]  A  hermit-  a 


recluse;  one  who  retires  from  society  into 
a  desert  or  solitary  place,  to  avoid  the  temp- 
tations of  the  world  and  devote  himself  to 
religious  duties;  specifically,  a  monk  who, 
with  the  leave  of  the  abbot,  retires  to  a 
cave  or  cell,  with  an  allowance  from  the 
monastery,  to  live  in  solitude.  '  Macarius, 
I  the  great  Egyptian  anchoret. '  Abp.  Usher. 

Our  Saviour  himself  .  .  .  did  not  choose  an 
anchorite's  or  a  monastic  life,  but  a  social  and  affable 
way  of  conversing  with  mortals.  Boyle. 

Anchoretic,  Anchoretlcal  (ang-ko-ret'ik, 
ang-ko-ret'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  a  her- 
mit, or  his  mode  of  life. 

Anchor-gate  (ang'ker-gat),n.  A  heavy  gate 
'  such  as  is  used  in  canals,  having  for  its  up- 
per bearing  a  collar  embedded  in  the  adja- 
cent masonry. 

Anchor-hold  (ang'ker-hold),  n.  The  hold 
•  or  fastness  of  an  anchor ;  security.  '  The 
one  and  only  assurance  and  fast  anchor-hold 
of  our  souls' health.'  Camden. 

Anchor-ice  (ang'ker-is),  n.  The  ice  which 
is  formed  on  and  incrusts  the  beds  of  lakes 
|  and  rivers;  ground-ice. 

Anchoring  (ang'ker-ing),  p.  and  a.  Held  at 
rest  by  the  anchor;  riding  or  lying  at  an- 
chor. 'Yon  tall  anchoring  bark.'  Shak 

Anchorite,  ».    Sec  ANCHORET. 

Anchoritess,  n.    See  ANCHORESS. 

Anchorltical  (ang-ko-rit'ik-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  an  anchorite  or  hermit,  or  to  iiis 
mode  of  life. 

Anchor-lining  (ang'ker-lin-ing),  n.  Same 
as  Bill  boards.  See  BILL-BOARD. 

Anchor-tripper  (ang'ker-trip-er),  n.  A  de- 
vice for  tripping  or  casting  loose  a  ship's 
anchor. 

Anchor-watch  (angTter-woch),  n.  Punt,  a 
subdivision  of  the  watch  kept  constantly 
on  deck  during  the  time  the  ship  lies  at 
single  anchor,  to  be  in  readiness  to  hoist 
jib  or  stay  sails  to  keep  the  ship  clear  of  her 
anchor,  or  to  veer  more  cable,  or  let  go 
another  anchor  in  case  she  should  drive  or 
part  her  anchor.  This  watch  is  also  in 
readiness  to  avoid  collision  in  close  rivers, 
by  veering  cable,  setting  sail,  using  the 
helm,  Ac. 

Anchovy  (an-cho'vi),  n.  [Pg.  and  Sp.  an- 
chova,  an  anchovy,  referred  by  Mahn  to 
Basque  anchua,  anchuva,  dry.]  An  abdo- 
minal malacopterygiotifi  fish  of  the  genus 
Engraulis,  family  Clupeidw.  The  species 


Anchovy  (Kngraitlis  encrasicholus). 


are  all  of  diminutive  size,  and,  with  excep- 
tion of  the  common  anchovy  (E.  encrasi- 
cholus)  and  E.  tneletta  (both  Mediterranean 
species),  inhabitants  of  the  tropical  seas  of 
India  and  America.  The  common  anchovy, 
so  esteemed  for  its  rich  and  peculiar  flavour, 
is  not  much  larger  than  the  middle  finger. 
It  is  caught  in  vast  numbers  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  pickled  for  exportation.  A 
sauce,  held  in  much  esteem,  is  made  from 
anchovies  by  pounding  them  in  water,  sim- 
mering the  mixture  for  a  short  time,  adding 
a  little  cayenne  pepper,  and  straining  the 
whole  through  a  hair-sieve. 

Anchovy-pear  (an-cho'vi-par),  n.  A  fruit 
of  Jamaica,  produced  by  a  species  of  the 
genus  Grias  (6  cavliflara).  It  is  large,  and 
contains  generally  a  single  seed  protected 
by  a  stony  covering.  It  is  pickled  and  eaten 
like  mango. 

Anchry  (ang'kri),  a.  In  her.  same  as 
Anchored,  3. 

Auchusa  (ang-ku'sa),  n.  [Gr.  angchousa,  al- 
kanet.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  I!,  >ra- 
ginacea:.  The  species  are  chiefly  inhabit, 
ants  of  the  temperate  parts  of  the  earth, 
either  on  the  mountains  of  tropical  climates 
or  the  temperate  zones.  A.  ojficinalis  (com- 
mon alkanet  or  bugloss)  and  A.  sentperru'en* 
are  inhabitants  of  Britain.  The  Anehma 
tinctoria  of  some  botanists  is  the  same  as 
Alkanna  tinctoria.  See  ALKANET. 

Anchusin,  Anchusine  (ang-ku'sin),  n.  The 
name  given  to  a  red  colouring  matter  ob- 
tained from  Anchusa  (Alkanna)  tinrtnria. 
It  is  resinous,  and  emits  violet  vapours 
when  heated. 

Anchylose  (ang'ki-los),  v.t.  A  common,  but 
erroneous,  spelling  of  Ankylose  (which  see). 

Anchylosed  (ang'ki-lost),  j>.  Same  as  An- 
kylosed. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bHU;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y.  Sc.  fqr. 


ANCHYLOSIS 


101 


ANDIRON 


Anchylosis  (ang-ki-16'sis),  n.     Same  as  An- 

AnchylotiC  (ang-ki-lot'ik),  a.  Same  as  An- 
kylotic, 

Anciency  t  (an'shen-si),  n.     Antiquity. 

Ancient  (fm'shent),  a.  [Kr  ancien,  Pr.  an- 
riiin,  LI.  anti'iiius,  from  L.  ante,  before. 
See  ANTK.]  1.  That  happened  or  existed  in 
former  times,  usually  at  a  great  distance  of 
time;  associated  with,  or  bearing  marks  of, 
antiquity;  of  long  standing;  old:  as  opposed 
to  modern;  as,  ancient  authors;  ancient  re- 
cords. —  2.  Having  lasted  from  a  remote 
period ;  having  been  of  long  duration  ;  of 
great  age;old;  as,  an  ancient  city;  an  ancient 
forest:  generally,  but  not  always,  applied  to 
things. 

And  hence  arises  ancient  men's  report, 
That  days  are  tedious,  and  that  years  are  short. 
Crabbe, 

3.  Past;  former. 

If  I  longer  stay, 
We  shall  begin  our  ancient  bickerings.     Shafc. 

--Ancient,  Old,  Antique,  Antiquated,  Ob- 
solete. Ancient  and  old  are  generally  ap- 
plied only  to  things  subject  to  decay.  We 
do  not  say  the  old  or  ancient  sun,  stars, 
angels,  nor  an  old  river  or  mountain.  Old 
refers  to  the  duration  of  the  thing  itself; 
ancient,  to  the  period  with  which  it  is  asso- 
ciated. An  old  dress,  custom,  Ac.,  is  one 
which  has  lasted  a  long  time,  and  which 
still  exists;  an  ancient  dress,  custom,  &c., 
is  one  which  prevailed  in  former  nges,  and 
in  idea  is  still  associated  with  them,  but 
which  may  or  may  not  now  exist  An  old- 
looking  man  is  one  apparently  advanced  in 
years;  an  ancient-looking  man,  one  whose 
quaint  appearance  is  suggestive  of  bygone 
ages.  We  may  apply,  therefore,  either  ad- 
jective to  an  object  still  existing,  as  we 
may  regard  its  age  or  its  associations.  Thus 
we  may  say  an  old  picture,  statue,  author 
(regarding  the  last  as  living  in  his  works), 
or  an  ancient  picture,  Ac.  When  the  ob- 
ject no  longer  exists  we  more  properly  use 
ancient;  as,  the  ancient  republics  of  Greece 
and  Rome.  Ancient  is  opposed  tomodern; 
old,  to  young,  new,  fresh.  Antique  is  ap- 
plied to  style  or  fashion.  An  ancient  temple 
is  one  built  by  the  ancients;  an  antique 
temple  is  one  built  in  the  style  of  the  an- 
cients. Antiquated  is  old,  opposed  to  what 
is  in  fashion  or  established  by  custom;  06- 
solete,  out  of  use,  opposed  to  what  is  cur- 
rent, as  language,  statutes,  ttc.  — SYN.  Old, 
primitive,  pristine,  antique,  antiquated,  old- 
fashioned,  obsolete. 

Ancient  (an'shent),  n.  [See  the  adjective.] 
1.  One  who  lived  in  former  ages ;  a  person 
living  at  an  early  period  of  the  world's  his- 
tory :  generally  used  in  the  plural,  and  as 
opposed  to  moderns, — 2.  A  very  old  man; 
and  hence  an  elder  or  person  of  influence;  a 
governor  or  ruler,  political  or  ecclesiastical. 

The  Lord  will  enter  into  judgment  with  the  an- 
cients of  his  penple.  Is.  iii.  14. 
3.t  A  senior.  'In  Christianity  they  were 
his  ancients.'  Hooker.  —  4.  In  the  Inns  of 
Court  and  Chancery,  one  having  a  certain 
standing  or  seniority;  thus  in  Gray's  Inn 
the  society  consists  of  benchers,  ancients, 
barristers,  and  students  under  the  bar,  the 
ancients  being  of  the  oldest  barristers. 
Wharton. — Ancient  of  days,  the  Almighty 
in  reference  to  his  existence  from  eternity. 

I  beheld  till  the  thrones  were  cast  down,  and  the 
Ancient  of  days  did  sit,  whose  garment  was  white  as 
snow.  Dan.  vii.  9. 

— Council  of  ancients,  in  French  hist,  one  of 
the  two  assemblies  composing  ihe  legisla- 
tive body  in  1795.  It  consisted  of  250  mem- 
bers, each  of  whom  was  at  least  forty  years 
of  age.  It  was  put  an  end  to  by  the  re- 
volution of  13th  Brumaire  (9th  Nov.  1799). 
Ancient  t  (au'shent),  n.  [Corrupted  from 
ensign  (which  see).]  1.  A  flag,  banner,  or 
standard ;  an  ensign,  especially  the  flag  or 
streamer  of  a  ship.  'More  dishonourable 
ragged,  than  an  old  faced  (that  is,  patched 
up)  ancient'  Shak.  —  2.  The  bearer  of  a 
flag;  a  standard  -bearer;  an  ensign. 

This  is  Othello's  ancient,  as  I  take  it.        Sha&. 

Anciently  (iin'shent-li),  adv.    In  old  times ; 

in  times  long  since  pas  ;  as,  Rome  was  an- 
ciently more  populous  than  at  present. 

The  colewort  is  not  an  enemy,  though  that  were 
anciently  received,  to  the  vine  only;  but  it  is  an 
enemy  to  any  other  plant.  Bacon. 

Ancientness  (an'shent-nes),  71.  The  state 
of  being  ancient;  antiquity;  existence  from 
old  times.  Dryden. 

Ancientry  (an'shent-ri).  n.  1.  Dignity  of 
birth;  MIL*  honour  of  ancient  lineage.  'His 
father  being  a  gentleman  of  more  ancientry 


than  estate.'  F»lltr>  —  2.  Character  or  imi- 
tation of  antiquity;  something  belonging  to 
ancient  times. 

They  (the  last  lines)  contain  not  one  word  of  an- 
cientry. West. 

Ancientyt  (an'shent-i),  n.  Age;  antiquity; 
ancientness;  seniority.  'Of  ancient y  above 
a  thousand  years  ago.'  Dr.  Mai-tin. 

Ancile  (an-Hi'le),  n.  [L.  ]  Among  the  ancient 
Romans,  the  sacred  shield  of  Mars,  said 
to  have  fallen  from  heaven,  or  one  of  the 
shields  made  in  imitation  of  It. 

Ancillary  (an'sil-la-ri),  a.  [L.  aneitlariit, 
trmnancilla,  a  maid-servant.]  Subservient, 
as  a  maid-servant;  aiding;  auxiliary;  sub- 
ordinate. 

The  convocation  of  York  seems  to  have  been 
always  considered  as  inferior,  and  even  ancillary, 
to  the  greater  province.  Hallam. 

Ancille.tn.  [L.  ancilla,  a  maid-servant]  A 
maid-servant.  Chaucer. 

Ancipital,  Ancipitous  (an-sip'it-al,  an-sip'- 
it-us),  a.  [L.  ancepK,  ancipitix,  two-headed, 
ambiguous— an  for  amb,  on  both  sides,  and 
caput,  the  head.]  Doubtful  or  double;  am- 
biguous; double-faced  or  double-formed. — 
Ancipitous  stem,  in  bot.  a  two-edged  stem, 
compressed  and  forming  two  opposite  thin 
edges  like  the  stem  of  the  iris. 

Ancle  (ang'kl),  n.     Same  as  Ankle. 

Ancome  (an'kum),  n.  [A.  Sax.  an-cuman,  to 
come  on  or  in;  comp.  Sc.  income.]  A  small 
ulcerous  swelling  arising  suddenly. 

Ancon  (an'kon),  n.  pi.  Ancones  (an-ko'nez). 
[L.  ancon,  Gr.  angkon,  the  elbow.]  1.  In 
anat.  the  olecranon ;  the  upper  end  of  the 
ulna  or  elbow. — 2.  A  carved  drinking-cup 
or  horn.— 3.  In  arch,  a  console,  cantilever, 
corbel,  or  other  stone  projection  contrived 
for  supporting  cornices  or  other  structural 
parts  of  a  building.  The  projections  cut 
upon  the  key-stones  of  arches  to  support 
busts  or  other  ornaments  are  ancones. 

Ancon  (an'kon),  n.  The  name  of  a  celebrated 
breed  of  sheep  in  Massachusetts,  with  short 
crooked  legs  and  long  back  like  a  turnspit, 
and  hence  unable  to  leap  fences.  They 
originated  in  1791  from  a  ram  of  this  shape 
expressly  selected  to  found  a  breed  free 
from  this  vicious  propensity  so  annoying  to 
American  farmers.  Called  also  the  Otter 
Breed. 

Anconal  (an-ko'nal),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
ancou  or  elbow. 

Anconeus  (an-ko-ne'us),  n.  A  name  given 
to  any  of  the  muscles  attached  to  the  ancon 
or  olecranon. 

Anconoid  (an'kon-old),  a.  [Gr.  anylriin,  the 
elbow,  and  eidos,  likeness.]  Elbow  -  like  : 
applied  to  a  process  of  the  forearm. 

Ancony  (an'ko-ni),  n.  [Probably  from  Gr. 
angkon,  the  elbow,  from  its  resemblance  to 
the  arm.]  In  iron-work t  a  piece  of  half- 
wrought  iron  in  the  shape  of  a  bar  in  the 
middle,  but  rude  and  un wrought  at  the 
ends.  A  piece  of  cast-iron  is  melted  off  and 
hammered  at  a  forge  into  a  mass  of  2  feet 
long  and  square,  which  is  called  a  bloom; 
then  carried  to  a  finery,  and  worked  into 
an  ancony. 

Ancylotome  (an-sil'o-tom),  n.  [Gr.  angkylf, 
a  bend,  and  temnn,  to  cut]  In  gurg.  a 
crooked  knife  or  bistoury;  also,  a  knife  for 
dividing  the  frtcnum  lingute  in  tongue-tied 
persons,  as  welL  as  other  adhesions  and  con- 
tractions. 

And  (and),  con}.  [A.  SHX.  and,  and,  O.E.  and, 
ant,  an,  D.  en,  ende,  G.  und,  O.  H.G.  antit 
all  signifying  and;  Icel.  enda,  itnd  yet,  and 
if,  en,  but  This  word  is  probably  really 
the  same  as  that  treated  in  next  article.] 
A  particle  joining  words  and  sentences, 
and  expressing  the  relations  of  connec- 
tion or  addition.  In  Scripture  especially 
it  often  opens  a  narrative,  where  the  con- 
nection with  anything  going  before  is  not 
obvious;  thus,  'And  the  Lord  called  unto 
Moses,'  Num.  i.  1 ;  Ex.  xxiv.  1.  It  is  also 
sometimes  used  as  a  particle  introduc- 
ing interrogative  and  other  clauses,  ex- 
pressive of  surprise,  or  surprise  conjoined 
with  incredulity,  joy,  indignation;  as,  And 
shall  I  see  him  again?  And  you  dare  thus 
address  me  1  It  is  also  found  used  by  a 
Latinism  for  both;  as,  'thrones  and  civil 
and  divine.'  Sylvester,  Du  Bartaa.  By  the 
figure  hendiadys  it  is  made  to  connect  two 
notions  of  which  the  one  is  modificatory  of 
the  other,  both  together  forming  a  single 
idea;  as,  with  dances  and  delight  =  delight- 
ful dances;  '  The  tediousness  and  process  of 
my  travel'  (  =  tedious  process);  'Thy  fair 
and  outward  character'  (=outwardly  fair). 
Shak.  In  old  popular  songs  it  is  sometimes 


a  mere  redundant  expletive;  'when  that  I 
was  and  a  tiny  little  boy.'  Shak.  [In  and 
if.  and  is  the  word  treated  in  next  article.] 
And  t  (and),  conj.  [This  word  may  be  the 
same  as  and  the  connecting  conjunction, 
only  used  with  a  different  meaning,  or  an 
and,  it,  may  be  a  distinct  word,  in  which 
case  an  is  the  proper  form;  comp.  A.  Sax. 
ono,  if,  Goth,  an,  L.  an,  interrogative  par- 
ticles.) If.  'And  I  suffer  this,  may  I  go 
graze.'  Beau.  &  Fl.  [In  older  writers  it 
was  frequently  used  redundantly  before  if. 
'  But  and  if  that  servant  say.'  Luke  xit.  45  ] 

Anda  (an'da),  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Euphorbiacerc,  the  only  known  species 
of  which,  A.  brazilienxis,  is  a  Brazilian  tree 
with  large  yellow  flowers,  and  an  angular 
fruit  about  the  size  of  an  orange,  containing 
two  rounded  seeds  like  small  chestnuts 
The  seeds  yield  a  fine  drying  oil,  and  are 
strongly  cathartic,  and  the  green  outer  por- 
tion or  rind  of  the  shell  is  astringent,  and 
used  in  diarrhoea. 

Andabatismt  (an'da-ba-tizm),  n.  [L.  anda- 
bata,  a  gladiator  who  fought  blindfolded.] 
Uncertainty;  ambiguity;  doubt.  Shelford. 

Andalusite  (an-da-lu'sit),  n.  A  pellucid 
mineral  of  the  garnet  family,  of  a  gray, 
green,  bluish,  flesn  or  rose-red  colour;  some- 
times found  crystallized  in  imperfect  four- 
sided  prisms,  nearly  or  quite  rhombic;  con- 
sisting of  anhydrous  silicate  of  alumina  with 
iron  peroxide.  Its  hardness  is  nearly  equal 
to  that  of  corundum.  It  has  its  name  from 
Andalusia  in  Spain,  where  it  was  first  dis- 
covered. 

Andante  (an-dan'ta),  a.  [It  anddnte,  walk- 
ing moderately,  from  andare,  to  go.]  In 
music,  moving  with  a  moderate,  even, 
graceful,  onward  progression. 

Andante  (an-dan'ta),  n.  In  music,  a  move- 
ment or  piece  composed  in  andante  time; 
as,  the  andante  in  Beethoven's  fifth  sym- 
phony. 

Andantino(an-dan-te'no),  a.  [It]  Inmiwic, 
applied  to  a  movement  quicker  than  an- 
dante. 

Andaquies-wax  (an-da-ke'as-waks),  n.  The 
wax  of  a  bee  found  near  the  Orinoco  and 
Amazon  rivers,  and  used  as  a  substitute  for 
ordinary  bees'-wax  in  making  candles,  &c. 

Andarac  (an'da-rak),  n.  [Corruption  of 
Sandarac.}  Red  orpiment. 

Andean  (an-de'an),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Andes,  the  great  chain  of  mountains  extend- 
ing through  South  America. 

Andesin  (an'dez-in),  n.  A  mineral  resem- 
bling felspar  in  external  appearance,  but 
differing  from  it  essentially  in  composition. 
It  contains  60  per  cent,  silica,  25  alumina, 
7  soda,  6  lime,  1  potash,  and  1  magnesia.  It 
was  originally  obtained  from  the  Andes,  but 
has  since  been  found  in  the  Vosges  and 
other  localities. 

Andesite  (an'dez-It),  n.  A  name  given  by 
Gustavus  Rose  to  a  trachytic  rock  of  the 
Andes,  containing  andesin,  glassy  felspar 
(orthoclase),  and  hornblende,  disseminated 
through  a  dark-coloured  base. 

Andlra  (an-di'ra),  n.  [Brazilian  name  of 
the  cabbage-tree.]  A  genus  of  trees,  nat. 
order  Leguminoste,  with  fleshy  plum -like 
fruits.  The  wood  is  well  fitted  for  building. 
One  species  is  the  A.  inermitt,  or  cabbage- 
tree,  the  bark  of  which  is  narcotic,  and  is 
used  as  an  anthelminthic  in  medicine  under 
the  name  of  Worm-bark. 

Andira-guacu  (an-de'ra-gwii'ku),  n.  In 
South  America,  the  popular  name  of  the 
vampyre-bat  ( I'ampyrvs  spectrum). 

Andiron  (and'i-ern),  n.  (Probably  for  wend- 
iron— wend,  to  turn,  and  iron.  Wedgwood 


Ancient  Andirons,  from  Cobham,  Kent. 

adduces  in  favour  of  this  etymology  the 
FL  wendijser,  the  iron  on  which  the  spit 


ch.  cAain;      ch.  Sc.  loch;      g,  yo;     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinp;      TH.  tten;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    rh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ANDRA 


102 


ANEMONE 


turns.  Others  suggest  hand-iron,  end-iron.] 
A  horizontal  iron  bar  raised  on  short  legs, 
with  an  upright  standard  at  one  end,  used 
to  support  pieces  of  wood  when  burning  cm 
an  open  hearth,  one  being  placed  on  each 
side  of  the  hearth.  The  standards  usually 
ended  with  a  round  knob  at  top,  and  were 
kept  brightly  polished;  those  for  kitchen 
use  had  catches  for  holding  the  roasting- 
spit ;  others  were  richly  ornamented  with 
copper  and  silver  work. 

Her  andirons 

(I  had  forgot  them)  were  two  winking  Cupids 
Of  silver,  each  on  one  foot  standing,  nicely 
Depending  on  their  brands.  Shak. 

Called  also  Fire-dog  and  End-iron. 

Andra  (an'dra),  n.  A  North  African  species 
of  gazelle. 

An cir anatomy  (an-dra-nat'o-mi),  n.  [Gr. 
aner,  andros,  a  man,  and  anatome,  dissec- 
tion.] The  dissection  of  a  human  body,  espe- 
cially of  a  male;  androtomy. 

Andreasacese  (an-dre'e-a"se-e),  n.pl.  [After 
J.  Andrece,  a  German  botanist.  ]  A  nat.  order, 
or,  according  to  some,  a  distinct  tribe  of 
mosses.  They  do  not,  however,  differ  essen- 
tially from  the  true  mosses,  being  distin- 
guished mainly  by  the  longitudinal  splitting 
of  the  valves  at  maturity.  The  plants  are 
mostly  alpine,  and  four  are  found  in  Britain. 
All  the  species  are  of  a  peculiar  dark  hue, 
and  the  leaves,  which  are  of  a  close  texture, 
are  of  a  beautiful  yellow  or  golden  brown 
under  the  microscope. 

Andrenida  (an-dren'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Typical 
genus  Andrena,  from  Gr.  anthrenf,  a  bee.] 
A  family  of  solitary  bees  in  which  the  tongue 
is  short  and  the  chin  elongated.  The  female 
forms  burrows  in  sandy  ground,  provision- 
ing them  with  pollen  and  honey,  in  the 
midst  of  which  she  deposits  her  eggs.  Every 
nest  contains  several  such  masses,  each  pro- 
vided with  an  egg,  and  separated  from  its 
neighbours  by  small  partitions  of  earth. 
The  Andrenidee  consist  only  of  males  and 
females. 

Andreolite  (an'dre-o-l!t),  n.  A  mineral, 
harmotome  or  cross-stone.  See  CROSS-STON  E. 

Andrcecium  (an-dre'si-um),  n.  [Gr.  aner, 
andros,  a  man,  a  male,  and  oikos,  a  house.] 
In  bot.  the  male  system  of  a  flower ;  the 
assemblage  of  the  stamens. 

Androgynal,  Androgynous  (an-droj'in-al, 
an-droj  in-us),  a.  [Gr.  androgyiws— common 
to  man  and  woman— aner,  andros,  a  man, 
and  gyne,  woman.]  1.  Having  two  sexes; 
being  male  and  female ;  hermaphroditical. 
(a)  In  bot.  having  male  and  female  flowers 
in  the  same  inflorescence,  as  in  some  species 
of  Carex.  (6)  In  zool.  applied  to  animals 
with  both  sexes  in  the  same  individual,  as 
the  snail. —  2.  Having  or  partaking  of  the 
mental  characteristics  of  both  sexes. 

The  truth  is,  a  great  mind  must  be  androgynous. 
Coleridge. 

Androgynally  (an-droj'in-al-li),  adv.  With 
the  parts  of  both  sexes.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Androgyne!  (an-dro-jinO,  n.  [Fr. ,  from  Gr. 
aner,  andros,  a  man,  and  yyne,  a  woman.] 
An  hermaphrodite. 

Plato  .  .  .  tells  a  story  how  that  at  first  there  were 
three  kinds  of  men,  that  is,  male,  female,  and  a  third 
mixt  species  of  the  other  two,  called,  for  that  reason, 
Androgynes.  Cftilmead. 

What  shall  I  say  of  these  vile  and  stinking  andro- 
gynes, that  is  to  say,  these  men-women,  with  their 
curled  locks,  their  crisped  and  frizzled  hair! 

Harmar. 

Android,  Androides  (an'droid,  an-droi'dez), 
n.  [Gr.  aner,  andros,  a  man,  and  eidos, 
form.  ]  A  machine  in  the  human  form, 
which,  by  certain  springs,  imitates  some  of 
the  natural  motions  of  a  living  man. 

Andromeda  (an-drom'e-da).n.  [A)idromeda, 
daughter  of  Cepheus  king  of  Ethiopia,  and 
wife  of  Perseus ;  after  death  placed  as  a 
constellation  in  the  heavens.  ]  1.  A  northern 
constellation,  behind  Pegasus,  Cassiopeia, 
and  Perseus,  supposed  to  represent  the 
figure  of  a  woman  chained.  The  stars  in 
this  constellation  in  Flamsteed's  catalogue 
are  eighty-four. — 2.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Ericaceae.  The  species  are  hardy 
shrubs  or  trees,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  and 
North  America.  A.  polifolia  is  found  in 
peat  bogs  in  Britain;  it  is  an  acrid  narcotic, 
hurtful  to  sheep.  Narcotic  properties  have 
also  been  observed  in  several  foreign  species. 
A.  floribunda  is  an  evergreen  ornamental 
shrub  cultivated  in  gardens. 

Andron  (an'dron),  n.  [Gr.  andron,  from 
aner,  andros,  a  man.]  In  Greek  antiq.  the 
apartment  in  a  dwelling-house  appropriated 
to  males.  It  was  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
house. 


AndropetalOUS  (an-dro-pet'al-usj,  a.  [Gr. 
aner,  andros,  a  man,  and  petalon,  a  petal.] 
In  bot.  an  epithet  applied  to  double  flowers 
produced  by  the  conversion  of  the  stamens 
into  petals,  as  in  the  garden  ranunculus. 

Androphagi  (an-drof'a-ji),  n.  [Gr.  aner, 
andros,  a  man,  and  phago,  to  eat]  Man- 
eaters;  anthropophagi. 

AndrophagOUB  (an-drof'a-gus),  a.  Pertain- 
ing or  addicted  to  cannibalism. 

Androphore  (an'dro-for),  n.  [Gr.  aner, 
andros,  a  man,  and  pherd,  to  bear.  ]  1.  In  bot. 
a  stalk  supporting  the  stamens,  often  formed 
by  a  union  of  the  filaments. — 2.  In  zool. 
the  medusiforra  zobid  in  which  the  male 
elements  are  developed,  and  which  differs 
in  form  from  the  gynophore,  or  that  bearing 
the  female  elements. 

Andropogon  (an-dro-po'gon),  n.  [Gr.  aner, 
andros,  a  man,  and  poyon,  the  beard.]  A 
large  genus  of  grasses,  mostly  natives  of 
warm  countries.  A  lemon-scented  fragrant 
oil  is  yielded  by  A.  Schoenanthus,  the  sweet- 
scented  ginger  or  lemon-grass  of  Malabar 
and  our  conservatories.  A.  muricatu*,  the 
Indian  khus,  is  used  to  make  covers  for 
palanquins,  screens,  &c.,  and  yields  a  fra- 
grant attar  called  khus-khuv.  Ginger-grass 
oil  is  obtained  from  A.  Nardus. 

Androsphinx  (an'dro-sflngks),  n.  [Gr.  aner, 
andros,  a  man,  and  sphingx,  a  sphinx.]  In 


Egyptian  Androsphinx. 

anc.  sculp,  a  sphinx  with  a  human  head,  as 
distinguished  from  one  with  the  head  of  a 
ram  or  a  hawk.  See  SPHINX. 

Androspore  (an'dro-spor),  n.  [Gr.  aner, 
andros,  a  man,  and  spore,  seed.]  Jn  bot.  a 
spore  of  some  algae,  from  which  proceed  a 
large  number  of  small  bodies  having  male 
functions. 

Androtomy  (an-drot'o-mi).  n.  [Gr.  aner, 
andros,  a  man,  and  toine,  a  cutting.]  Dis- 
section of  the  human  body,  as  distinguished 
from  zootomy. 

Androus  (an'drus),  a.  [Gr.  aner,  andros,  a 
man.  ]  In  bot.  producing  stamens  only, 
without  pistils;  staminate;  male. 

Aneal  t  (a-neT),  v.  t.    Same  as  A  nele. 

Anear  (a-ner/),  adv.  or  prep.    Near. 

Dark-browed  sophist,  come  not  anear.     Tennyson. 
Much  more  is  needed,  so  that  at  last  the  measure 
of  misery  anear  us  may  be  correctly  taken. 

fs .  Taylor. 

Anecdqtage  (an'ek-dot-aj),  ?i.  1.  Anecdotes 
collectively;  matter  of  the  nature  of  anec- 
dotes. [Rare.] 

AH  history,  therefore,  being  huilt  partly,  and  some 
of  it  altogether,  upon  anecdotage,  must  be  a  tissue  of  ; 
lies.  De  Quincey. 

2.  [ With  a  punning  allusion  to  dotage.]  The 
later  part  of  one's  life,  when  he  is  supposed 
to  be  garrulous  and  fond  of  telling  anecdotes. 
[Colloq.] 

Anecdotal  (an'ek-dot-al),  a.     Pertaining  to 
or  consisting  of  anecdotes.     '  Conversation,  i 
argumentative  or  declamatory,  narrative  or 
anecdotal. '    Prof.  Wilson. 

Anecdote  (an'ek-dot),  n.  [Gr.  anekdotos, 
not  published— a,  neg.,  ek,  out,  and  dotos, 
given,  from  didomi,  to  give.]  A  short  story 
or  narrative,  being  the  relation  of  a  particular 
or  detached  incident  or  fa^t  of  an  interesting 
nature;  a  biographical  incident;  a  single  pas- 
sage of  private  life. — Anecdote,  Story.  An 
anecdote  is  the  relation  of  an  interesting  or 
amusing  incident,  generally  of  a  private 
nature,  and  is  always  reported  as  true.  A 
story  may  be  true  or  fictitious,  and  generally 
has  reference  to  a  series  of  incidents  so 
arranged  and  related  as  to  be  entertaining. 

Anecdotic,  Anecdotlcal  (an-ek-dot'ik,  an- 
ek-dot'ik-al),  a.     Pertaining  to  anecdotes; 
consisting  of  or  of  the  nature  of  anecdotes ; 
anecdotal.     '  Anecdotical  traditions,  whose  : 
authority  is  unknown.'    Bolingbtoke. 

Anecdotist  (an'ek-dot-ist),  71.  One  who  deals  \ 
in  anecdotes. 

Anelace,  Anlace  (an'e-las,  an'las),  7?.    [Pos- 


sibly  O.H.G.  an,  on,  and  laz,  the  side.]  A 
broad  knife  or  dagger,  from  18  inches  to 
2  feet  long,  worn  at  the  girdle.  It  appears 
to  have  been  used  from  an  early  period. 


i,  Anelace  (time  of  Edward  IV.).    2,  Anelace  (time 
of  Henry  VJI.). 

Anele  t  (a-nelO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  aneled;  ppr. 
aneling.  [A.  Sax.  onelan,  to  anoint— prefix 
on,  and  ele,  eel,  oil.]  To  administer  extreme 
unction  to. 

He  was  housled  and  aneled,  and  had  all  that  a 
Christian  man  ought  to  have.          Atorte  d'Arlhtir. 

Anelectric  (an-e-lek'trik),  a.  [Or.  an,  priv., 
and  E.  electric  (which  see).]  Having  no 
electric  properties;  non-electric. 

Anelectrode  (an-e-Iek'trod),  «.  The  positive 
pole  of  a  galvanic  battery.  See  ELECTRODE. 

Anemograph  (a-nem'o-graf),  n.  [Gr. 
anemos,  the  wind,  an,d  grapho,  to  write,  to 
describe.]  An  instrument  for  measuring  and 
recording  the  force  and  direction  of  the  wind. 

Anemography  ( an-e-mog/ra-fl ),  n.  [See 
ANEMOGRAPH.]  A  description  of  the  winds. 

Anemology  (an-e-mol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  anetnon, 
wind,  an  n  logos,  discourse,  j  The  doctrine  of 
or  a  treatise  on  winds. 

Anemometer  (an-e-mom'et-6r),  n.  [Gr. 
anetnos,  wind,  and  metron,  a  measure.]  An 
Instrument  or  machine  for  measuring  the 
force  and  velocity  of  the  wind.  There  are 
various  kinds  of  anemometers,  as  Kind's, 
Osier's,  Robinson's.  Casella,  by  an  elaborate 
combination  of  Robinson's,  with  some  more 
recent  modifications, has  produced  an  instru- 
ment capable  of  registering  the  direction  and 
velocity  of  the  wind  with  greater  precision 
than  any  of  its  predecessors.  The  engraving 
shows  Robinson'sanemometer  in  its  simplest 
form.  Four  hemispherical  hollow  cups  A  A 
are  extended  upon  strong  metal  arms,  with 
their  concave  surfaces  facing  the  same  way, 
upon  a  vertical  axis  B,  which  has  at  its  lower 
extremity  an  endless  screw  z>.  The  axis  is 
strengthened  and  supported  at  c.  The  end- 
less screw  is  placed  in  gear  with  a  train  of 


Robinson's  Anemometer. 

wheel-work ;  and  the  indication  is  given  by 
a  band  which  moves  round  a  dial,  or,  in  some 
instruments,  by  several  bands  moving  round 
different  dials  like  those  of  a  gas-meter. 

Anemometry  (an-e-mom'et-ri),  n.  The  pro- 
cess of  determining  the  pressure  or  force  of 
the  wind  by  means  of  an  anemometer. 

Anemone  (a-nem'o-ne),  n.  [Gr.  anemSnf, 
the  wind-flower,  from  anemos,  the  wind:  so 
named  from  being  easily  stripped  of  its 


Vine-leavfd  Anemone  (A.  vitifdia). 

petals  by  the  wind.]  Wind-flower,  a  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Ranunculacece.  Three 
species  occur  in  Britain.  The  wood  ane- 
mone (A.  nemorosa)  is  the  only  one  truly 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,v  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y",  Sc.  fey. 


ANEMONIC 


103 


native;  it  lias  white  flowers,  sometimes 
tinged  with  purple  cm  the  outside.  A.  ran- 
urutuMdtl.  a  ciiiiiniiiii  Kuropean  plant,  na- 
turalized in  a  few  pluees  in  Britain  lias 
bright  yellow  (lowers,  but  Is  otherwise  like 

the  rood  anci ic.    A.  apennina,  a  native 

of  southern   Europe,  also  naturalized  in  a 
few  British  localities,  has  the  flowers  bright 
blue  on  the  inside  of  the  sepals,  which  are 
narrow  and  more   numerous  than   in  the 
other  two;  the  root-stalk  is  also  shorter  and 
thicker.    Some  species  are  cultivated   in 
gardens  for  their  elegant  double  flowers.  A. 
vitifolia,  vine-leaved  anemone,  a  native  of 
Nepal,  with  its  charming  foliage  and  the 
freshness  of  its  large  pure  white  flower,  is 
one  of  the  loveliest  of  all  our  garden  plants. 
— Sea-aiiemvne.     See  ACTINIA. 
Anemonic  (an-c-monlk),  a.    Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  anemone;  obtained  from  anemonin 
as,  anemnnic  aejil,  an  acid  obtained  by  tl 
action  of  baryta  upon  ancmonin. 
Anemonin,  Anemonlne  (a-nem'o-nin)   ? 
A    crystalline    substance    extracted    frol 
some  speeies  of  anemone. 
Anemony  (a-nem'o-ni)  n.    Same  as  An 
inane. 

AnemophilpuR  (an-e-mof'il-us)  a.  [Gr  aiw 
M'is,  the  wind,  and  phileo,  to  love.)  Lit 
loving  the  wind;  specifically,  in  bot.  denon 
inative  of  flowers  whose  pollen  is  conveye 
from  the  anther  to  the  stigma  by  th 
agency  of  the  wind:  contradistinguishec 
from  tntomepkUmu  (which  see).  Sachs 
Anemoscope(a-nem'o-skop),M.  [Or.  anemos 
wind,  and  ukupetl,  to  view.]  A  contrivanc 
which  shows  the  direction  of  the  wind-  a 
weathercock  ;  a  wind-vane ;  especially  i 
contrivance  for  conveying  the  indications  o 
the  vane  to  a  dial  in  a  chamber  on  th 
ground. 

Anemosis  (an-e-mo'sis), n.  [Gr.  anemos,  tin 
wind.]  In6o«.  the  condition  of  being  wind 
shaken:  an  occasional  condition  of  the  tim 
ber  of  exogenous  trees,  in  which  the  annua 
layers  are  separated  from  each  other,  caused 
it  is  supposed,  by  the  action  of  strong  gales 
Many  doubt,  however,  whether  the  condi- 
tion is  due  to  wind,  and  believe  that  it  should 
be  referred  rather  to  frost  or  lightning 
An-end  (an-endO,  «•  [An,  on,  and  end  , 
1.  On  end;  in  an  upright  position.  'Make 
.  .  each  particular  hair  to  stand  an-end.' 
S/iak.  [Hardly  used  now  except  as  a  nauti- 
cal term.]— 2.  t  Lastly. 

Anenst(a-nenst'),yrep.  [O.E.  andSc.]  Same 
as  Anent.  'And  right  atientt  him  a  dog 
snarling.'  B.  Jonson. 


ANGELICA 


haunted  of  air  through  the  tube  J  B  is  » 
powerful  spring  resting  in  gudgeons  fixed 
in  the  base-plate,  and  attached  to  a  socket 
behind  F.  A  lever  c,  joined  to  the  edge 


Anent  (a-nenf),  prep.  [Also  written  anen- 
tis,  ane.nst,  in  O.E.  anence,  anendes  anent 
anen,  from  A.  Sax.  on  efn,  on  emn;  that  is' 
on  even.  Comp.  G.  an  eban  (lit.  on  even) 
neben,  nebent,  by  the  side  of.  The  termina- 
tion is  similar  to  that  in  against,  amongst  } 
1.  Opposite;  over  against;  as,  he  lives  anent 
the  town-house.  [Provincial  English  and 
Scotch.]- 2.  About;  respecting.  [OldEnglish 
and  Scotch.] 

I  cannot  but  pass  you  my  judgment  anent  those 
six  considerations  which  you  offered  to  inv.ili.l  m- 
those  authorities  that  I  so  much  reverence. 

King  Charles  I. 

T-  "*!i'!?'i  is  ,a  Scotch  word  which  has  been  made 
English  by  the  Scotch  novels.  Byrm. 

Anentera  (an-en'ter-a),  n.  pi.  [See  ANEN- 
TEROUS.)  An  obsolete  name  for  the  Infu- 
soria, from  a  belief  that  they  had  several 
stomachs  round  the  mouth  but  no  intes- 
tines. 

Anenterous  (an-en'ter-us),  o.  [Gr.  an,  priv 
and  entera,   bowels,   from   entos    within  ] 
Destitute  of  intestines;  having  no  alimen- 
tary canal. 


-------  (an'e-roid),  n.    Same  as  Android 

(which  see). 

Aneroid  (an'e-roid),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.  neros 
moisture,  and  eidos,  form;  from  containin" 
no  mercury  or  other  fluid.  ]  Dispensing 
with  fluid,  as  with  quicksilver.—  Aneroid  ba- 
rometer, an  instrument  for  indicating  the 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere,  the  invention 
it  H.  Vnli  of  Paris,  for  whom  a  patent 
was  obtained  in  England  by  M.  Fontaine- 
Moreau  m  1844.  It  answers  the  purpose  of 
the  ordinary  mercurial  barometer,  but  less 
perfectly.  It  is,  however,  very  handy  and 
portable.  The  engraving  represents  the 
latest  improved  mechanism  of  an  aneroid 
The  outer  casing  and  face  of  the  instru- 
ment are  removed,  but  the  index-hand  is 
left  attached  to  the  arbor  p.  A  is  the  cor- 
rugated vacuum  box,  which  has  been  ex- 


Aneroid  Barometer. 

of  the  spring  B,  is  connected  by  the  bent 
lever  at  D  with  the  chain  E,  the  other  end 
of  which  is  coiled  round  the  arbor  F.  As 
the  box  A  is  compressed  by  the  weight  of 
the  atmosphere  increasing,  the  spring  B  is 
tightened,  the  lever  c  depressed,  and  the 
chain  E  uncoiled  from  F,  which  is  thereby 
turned  so  that  the  hand  H  moves  to  the 
right.  In  the  meanwhile  the  spiral  spring  a 
coiled  round  F,  is  compressed.  When' 
therefore,  the  pressure  decreases,  A  and  B 
relax  by  virtue  of  their  elasticity;  E  slack- 
ens, a  unwinds,  turning  F,  which  carries 
the  index-hand  n  to  the  left. 
Anes  (anz,  also  yins),  adv.  Once.  [Scotch 
Anes-errand  (anz-er'rand),arf».  Of  set  pur 
pose;  as,  or  on,  a  sole  errand ;  entirely  on 
purpose.  [Scotch.] 
Anesthesia  (an-es-the'si-a),  n.  Same  as 


human  affairs:  usually  applied  t,,  a  good 
spirit,  but  sometimes  to  an  evil  spirit. 

Ane el,  arc  bright  still,  though  the  brightest  fell 
of  Ettiili  —  """"  "hi^'« 
fliialiS0"' genetally  a  "'Oman,  of  adorable 

Sir,  as  I  have  n  soul,  she  Is  an  angel.          Shalt. 

i'£  j?oltl.coin. /°™erly  current  in  England, 
varying  in  value  from  6«.  sd.  to  10«  so 
called  from  its  bearing  on  its  obverse  a 
figure  of  the  archangel  Michael  piercing  a 


Anesthetic  (an-es-thet'ik),  a.    Same  as  A  n 

asthetic. 
Anethum  (a-ne'thnm),  n.     [Gr.  ana,  and 

aitho,  to  burn.]     A  genus  of  plants,  nat 

order  UmbellifenE.     A.  graneolens  is  the 

common  dill.    See  DILL. 

^tch  i0'"11"*11')'  *•  adv'  or  "•     Enough. 

Aneurlsm(an'ii-rizm),n.  [Qr.aneurysma.an- 
euruxmos,  a  widening— ana,  up,  and  eurys 
wide.)  In  med.  the  swelling  of  an  artery,  or 
the  dilatation  and  expansion  of  some  part  of 
an  artery.  Aneurisms  arise  partly  from  the 
too  violent  motion  of  the  blood,  partly  from 
excessive  debility  of  the  membranes  of  the 
artery,  which  is  sometimes  constitutional 
Ihey  are  therefore  more  frequent  in  the 
great  branches  of  the  arteries;  in  particu- 
lar, in  the  vicinity  of  the  heart,  in  the  arch 
of  the  aorta,  and  in  the  extremities,  for  in- 
stance, in  the  ham  and  at  the  ribs,  where 
the  arteries  are  exposed  to  frequent  injuries 
by  stretching,  violent  bodily  exertions 
thrusts,  falls,  and  contusions. 

Aneurlsmal  (an-u-riz'mal),  a.  Pertaining 
to  an  aneurism;  as,  an  aneurismal  tumour 

Anew  (a-nu1),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  of  or  on,  ami 
new.]  Over  again;  in  anew  form;  afresh- 
as,  to  arm  anew;  to  create  anew. 

Anfractuose  (an-frak'tu-6s),  a.  [See  AN- 
FRACTUOUS.] In  bot.  twisted  or  sinuous,  as 
the  anther  of  a  cucumber. 

Anfractuoslty  (an-frak'tu-os"i-ti),  n  1  A 
state  of  being  anfractuous  or  full  of  wind- 
ings and  turnings.  'The  anfractuosities  of 
his  intellect  and  temper.'  ilacaulay  —  2  In 
anat.  a  sinuous  depression  like  the  depres- 
sions separating  the  convolutions  of  the 

vntta 

Anfractuous  (an-frak'tu-us),  o.  [L.  anfrac- 
tus,  broken  or  bent  round  —  an  for  amb, 
•ound,  and  franc/a,  fractum,  to  break  ] 
Winding;  full  of  windings  and  turnings; 
sinuous.  '  The  anfractuous  passages  of  the 
brain.'  Smith. 

Jifractuousness  (an-frak'tu-us-nes),  n. 
The  state  of  being  anfractuous, 
nfracture  t  (an-frak-tur),  n.  A  mazy  wind- 
ing.   Bailey. 

Angarlatlont(an-ga'ri-a"shon),  n.  [L.L.  an- 
gartatto,  business,  from  Gr.  anggareia,  the 
service  of  the  angr/aros,  a  mounted  courier 
in  Persia  for  carrying  the  royal  despatches 
A  word  of  Persian  origin.]  Effort;  exertion; 
toil. 

The  earth  yields  us  fruit,  ...  not  without  much 
cost  and  angariatifn,  requiring  both  our  labour  and 
patience.  Bf.  Hall. 

Angel  (an'jel),  n.  [L.  angelut,  Gr.  anggelof, 
a  messenger,  from  atiggello,  to  tell  or  an- 
nounce.) 1.  A  messenger. 

The  dear  good  angel  of  the  spring. 
The  nightingale.  B.  ymsm. 

2.  A  spiritual  being  employed  by  God  in 


Angel 

dragon.    It  continued  to  be  coined  down 
to  the  time  of  the  Commonwealth. 

Cousin,  away  for  England ;  haste  before  and  en- 
our  coming  see  thou  shake  the  bags  of  hoarding  ab- 
bots ;  ang eli  imprisoned  set  thouat  liberty.  Stai. 

Angel  (an'jel),  a.  Resembling  angels;  an- 
gelic.  -In  angel  whiteness.'  Shak 

Angelage  (an'jel.aj),  n.  Existence  or  state 
of  angels.  Beau.  <fc  Fl. 

Angel-bed  (an'jel-bed),  n.  An  open  bed 
without  posts. 

Angelet  (an'jel-et),  n.  1.  An  old  English 
gold  com,  equal  to  half  an  angel.  See  AN- 
OELOT.— 2.  A  little  or  young  angel.  [Rare.  | 

And  with  the  noise  of  those  subdued  soundings 
inimi  sPranB  forth,  fluttering  its  rudiments  of 

Angel-fish  (an'jel-ftsh),  n.  A  plagiostomous 
flsh,  Squahna  anyelus,  nearly  allied  to  the 
sharks,  very  ugly  and 
voracious,  preying  on 
other  flsh.  It  is  from 
«  to  8  feet  long,  with 
a  large  head,  teeth 
broad  at  the  base,  but 
slender  and  sharp 
above,  disposed  in  five 
rows  all  around  the 
jaws.  The  flsh  takes 
its  name  from  its  pec- 
toral fins,  which  are 
very  large,  extend  - 
ing  horizontally  like 
wings  when  spread. 
This  flsh  connects  the 
genusof  rays  with  that 
of  sharks,  partaking  of 
the  characters  of  both ; 
but  it  differsfrom  botli 
in  this,  that  its  mouth 
is  placed  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  head. 
It  is  common  on  the 

south  coasts  of  Britain,  and  is  also  called 

Monk-fish  and  Fiddle-fish. 
Angel-gold  t  (an'jel-gold),  n.     1.  Gold  used 

for  coining  angels,  of  a  finer  quality  than 

crown-gold.— 2.  Gold  coin  stamped  with  the 

figure  of  an  angel. 

Having  angel-gold,  strung  on  white  ribbon,  on  his 
'"  Fuller. 

Angelic,  Angelical  (an-jel'ik,  an-jel'ik-al), 
a.  Resembling  or  belonging  to,  or  partak- 
ing of,  or  suitable  to,  the  nature  and  dignity 
of  angels. 

Here,  happy  creature,  fair  angelic  Eve.     Mitten 

Others  more  mild. 
Retreated  in  a  silent  valley,  sing, 
With  notes  angelical  to  many  a  harp.     Milton. 

Angelica  (an-jel'ik-a),  n.  [From  the  sup- 
posed angelic  virtues  possessed  by  some  of 
the  species,  for  not  only  were  they  believed 
to  be  a  remedy  against  poison,  the  plague 
all  kinds  of  infection,  and  malaria,  but  they 
were  believed  to  be  invaluable  against  witch- 
craft and  enchantments.  ]  1.  A  genus  of 
umbelliferous  plants  found  in  the  northern 
temperate  regions  and  in  New  Zealand.  One 
species,  A.  sylwstris,  common  in  Britain 
was  formerly  greatly  prized  for  its  supposed 
virtues.  Its  powdered  seeds  are  used  in 
some  parts  of  Europe  to  kill  lice,  and  its 
roots  and  seeds  are  used  in  preparing  gin 
and  bitters.— 2.  The  garden  name  for  ^rcA- 
angelica  offlcinalut,  a  native  of  the  banks  of 
rivers  and  wet  ditches  in  the  northern  parts 
of  Europe,  and  found  naturalized  in  similar 


Angel-fish  (Scriiatin 
angelus). 


ch.Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     J>job;      fi,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin,,;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  ,ng;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


ANGKLICALLY 


104 


ANGLE 


situations  in  England.  It  has  a  large  fleshy 
aromatic  root,  and  a  strong  -  furrowed 
branched  stem  as  high  as  a  man.  It  is  cul- 
tivated on  the  Continent  for  the  sake  of  its 
agreeable  aromatic  odour  and  carminative 
properties.  Its  blanched  stems,  candied 
with  sugar,  form  a  very  agreeable  sweet- 
meat possessing  tonic  and  stomachic  quali- 
ties. The  roots  were  formerly  employed  in 
scrofulous  diseases,  as  diuretics  and  sudo- 
riflcs. 

Angelically  (an-jel'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  an  an- 
gelic manner;  like  an  angel. 
Angellcalness  (an-jel'ik-al-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  angelic;  the  nature  or  char- 
acter of  an  angel;  excellence  more  than  hu- 
man. 

Angelica -tree  (an-jel'ik-a-tre),  n  The 
American  name  of  Aralta  spmom,  nat.  ora 
Araliacese  (which  see),  a  prickly,  small, 
simple-stemmed  tree,  8  to  12  feet  high,  the 
berries  of  which  are  used  in  an  infusion  of 
wine  or  spirits  for  relieving  rheumatic  pains 
and  violent  colic. 

Angellcize  (an-jel'i-siz),  v.t.  To  make  an- 
gelic or  like  an  angel. 

Angelify  (an-jel'i-fi),  ».t  To  make  like  an 
angel.  'The  soul  .  .  .  refined  and  angeli- 
th'«l. '  Farringdon. 

Angelite  (an'jel-it),  n.  [So  called  from  An- 
geTium  in  Alexandria,  where  the  first  meet- 
ings were  held.)  Eccles.  one  of  a  sect  of 
heretics  near  the  close  of  the  fifth  century, 
who  held  the  persons  of  the  Trinity  not  to 
be  the  same,  nor  to  exist  by  their  own  na- 
ture, but  each  to  be  a  God,  existing  by  par- 
ticipating of  a  deity  common  to  them  all. 
Angellze  (an'jel-iz),  v.t.  To  make  an  angel 
of;  to  raise  to  the  state  of  an  angel. 

David  alone,  whom  with  heav'n's  love  surpriz'd. 

To  praise  tliee  there,  thou  now  hast  angelis'd. 

Sylvester,  Dit  Bartas. 

Angelology  (an-Jel-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Angel,  and 
Gr.  logos.]  A  discourse  on  angels,  or  the 
doctrine  of  angelic  beings.  [Rare.] 

The  same  mythology  commanded  the  general  con- 
sent; the  same  angelology,  demonology.  Milman. 
Angelophany  ( an-jel-of'a-nl ),  n.  [Angel, 
and  Gr.  phaino,  to  appear.]  The  manifesta- 
tion of  an  angel  or  angels  to  man  by  actual 
appearance. 

If  God  seeks  to  commune  more  fully  with  a  man, 
his  messenger  appears  and  speaks  to  him.  The  nar- 
ratives  of  such  angclophanies  vary  in  detail. 

Prff.  If.  R.  Smith. 

AngelOt  (an'jel-ot),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.L.  an- 
gelotiis,  dim.  of  L.  angelus,  an  angel  ]  1.  An 
ancient  English  coin,  of  the  value  of  half 
an  angel,  struck  at  Paris  while  under  the 
dominion  of  England:  so  called  from  the 
figure  of  an  angel  supporting  the  escutcheon 
of  the  arms  of  England  and  France. — 2.  A 
small  rich  sort  of  cheese  made  in  Normandy. 
so  called  because  it  formerly  bore  the  figure 
of  the  coin,  probably  to  indicate  its  price.— 
3.  An  instrument  of  music  somewhat  resem- 
bling a  lute. 

Angel-Shot  (an'jel-shot),  n.  [Fr.  ange,  an 
angel,  also  a  chain-shot.  The  latter  sense  is 
probably  a  grimly  humorous  modification  of 
that  of  heavenly  messenger.  ]  Chain-shot 
(which  see  under  CHAIN). 

Angelus  (an'jel-us),  n.  In  the  Rom.  Cath.  Ch. 
(a)  a  solemn  devotion  in  memory  of  the  in- 
carnation, consisting  mainly  of  versicles  and 
responses,  the  angelic  salutation  three  times 
repeated,  and  a  collect,  so  named  from  the 
word  with  which  it  commences,  'Angelus 
Domini'  (Angel  of  the  Lord).  (6)  The  bell 
tolled  in  the  morning,  at  noon,  and  in  the 
evening  to  indicate  to  the  faithful  the  time 
when  the  angelus  is  to  be  recited. 

Angel- watert  (an'jel-wa-ter),  n.  A  mixture 
of  rose,  orange-flower,  and  myrtle  water, 
musk  and  ambergris,  used  as  a  perfume  and 
cosmetic  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

I  met  the  prettiest  creature  in  New  Spring  Garden. 
.  .  .  Angel.-ivater  was  the  worst  scent  about  her. 
Sedley. 

Anger  (ang'ger),  n.  [From  a  widely-spread 
root,  ang,  expressive  of  compression,  tight- 
ness, and  hence  annoyance,  distress,  the 
word  entered  English  apparently  from  the 
Scandinavian ;  comp.  Icel.  angr,  grief,  sor- 
row, angra,  to  grieve,  annoy,  or  make  angry; 
Dan.  anger,  sorrow,  repentance ;  the  same 
root  also  appears  in  A.  Sax.  ange,  vexation; 
Goth,  aggvus,  G.  enge,  narrow ;  L.  0)130,  to 
squeeze,  to  trouble,  angor,  vexation,  angus- 
(tw,  narrow  (whence  anguish) ;  Gr.  angcho, 
to  choke.]  l.t  Pain  or  smart,  as  of  a  sore 
or  swelling. 

I  made  the  experiment,  setting  the  moxa  where 
the  first  violence  of  my  pain  began,  and  where  the 
greatest  anger  and  soreness  still  continued. 

Sirir.  Temple. 


2. t  Grief;  sorrow;  trouble.  [Old  English.] 
3  A  violent  passion  or  emotion  of  the  mind, 
excited  by  a  real  or  supposed  injury  to  one's 
self  or  others. 

Anger  is  according  to  some,  a  transient  hatred, 
or  at  least  very  like  it.  *•»*• 

4.  t  An  individual  fit  of  anger;  an  expression 
of  anger,  as  a  threat :  in  this  sense  it  may 
be  used  in  the  plural. 

Whose  voices,  angers,  and  terrors,  and  sometimes 
howlings  also,  he  said  he  often  heard.    Abp.  Usher. 

—Anger,  Wrath.  Anger  is  a  sudden,  keen 
feeling  of  displeasure  arising  from  injury, 
real  or  supposed,  done  to  ourselves  or  others. 
It  is  not  necessarily  accompanied  by  any 
outward  manifestation.  Wrath  is  a  stronger 
feeling  of  this  nature,  and  is  accompanied 
by  external  signs  and  a  desire  to  take  ven- 
geance. Wrath  often  implies  a  forgetfulness 
of  the  consequences  to  ourselves  and  others 
of  what  we  do  while  under  its  influence.— 
SVN.  Resentment,  wrath,  rage,  fury,  passion, 
ire,  gall,  choler,  indignation,  displeasure, 
vexation,  grudge,  spleen. 
Anger  (ang'ger),  v.t.  1.  To  make  painful;  to 
cause  to  smart ;  to  inflame ;  as,  to  anger  an 
ulcer.  Bacon.  —  2.  To  excite  to  anger;  to 
rouse  resentment  in. 

There  were  some  late  taxes  and  impositions  intro- 
duced, which  rather  angered  than  grieved  the  people. 
Clarendon. 

SYN.  To  irritate,  enrage,  inflame,  provoke, 
exasperate,  rouse,  incite. 
Angerly  (ang'ger-li),  adv.   In  an  angry  man- 
ner; angrily. 

Then  in  madness  and  in  bliss. 
If  my  lips  should  dare  to  kiss 
Thy  taper  fingers  amorously. 
Again  thou  blushest  angerly.  Tennyson. 

Angerness  t  (ang'ger-nes),  n.    The  state  of 
being  angry.    '  Hail,  innocent  of  angernem. 
MS.  cited  by  T.  Warton. 
Angina  (an-ji'na),  n.  [L. ,  from  ango,  to  choke. 
See  ANQER.  ]     In  med,  any  inflammatory  , 
affection  of  the  throat  or  fauces,  as  quinsy, 
malignant  sore  throat,  croup,  mumps,  Ac 

Angina  pectori*,  a  disease  characterized 

by  an  extremely  acute  constriction  felt  gen-  . 
erally  in  the  lower  part  of  the  sternum,  and  t 
extending  along  the  whole  side  of  the  chest 
and  into  the  corresponding  arm.    It  is  usu- 
ally brought  on  by  violent  exercise,  excessive 
eating,  or  strong  mental  emotion,  and  has  , 
been  known  to  result  from  excessive  use  of 
tobacco.    It  often  proves  fatal.   Called  also  j 
Breast-pang. 

Anglocarpous  ( an'ji-o-kar"pus ),  a.  [Or. 
angeion,  a  case  or  capsule,  and  lea  rpos,  fruit] 
In  bot.  (a)  having  a  fruit  whose  seed-vessels 
are  inclosed  within  a  covering  that  does  not 
forr.i  a  part  of  themselves,  as  the  filbert 
covered  by  its  husk,  or  the  acorn  seated  in 
its  cupule.  (b)  Having  the  seeds  or  spores 
covered,  as  certain  lichens. 
Angiography  (an-ji-og'ra-fl),  n.  [Gr.  an- 
gewn,  a  vessel,  and  graphe.,  description.]  In 
med.  a  description  of  the  vessels  of  the  hu- 
man body. 

Angiology  (an-ji-ol'o-ji),  n.  (Gr.  angeion,  a 
vessel,  and  logos,  discourse.  ]  In  med.  a  trea- 
tise or  discourse  on  the  vessels  of  the  human 
body,  as  the  arteries,  veins,  lymphatics,  &c. 
Angiomonospennous  ( an '  ji  -  6  -  mon '  6  - 
sperm"us),  a.  [Gr.  angeion,  a  vessel,  monos, 
alone,  and  sperma,  seed.  ]  In  bot.  produc- 
ing one  seed  only  in  a  pod. 
Anglopterls  (an-ji-op't*r-is),  n.  [Gr.  an- 
gewn,  a  vessel,  and  pteris,  a  fern.]  A  genus 
of  ferns,  nat.  order  Marattiaceoj,  found  in 
India,  Ceylon,  and  the  islands  of  the  East- 
ern Archipelago,  some  of  whose  species  are 
cultivated  in  our  hothouses.  A.  evecta, 
the  original  species,  is  used  by  the  Sandwich 
Islanders  to  perfume  their  cocoa-nut  oil. 
Angloscope  (an'ji-6-skop),  n.  [Gr.  angeion, 
a  vessel,  and  skopeo,  to  view.]  An  instru- 
ment for  examining  the  capillary  vessels  of 
a  body. 

Angiosperm(an'ji-o-sperm),n.  [Or. angeion, 
a  vessel,  and  sperma,  seed.]  In  bot.  a  plant 
which  has  its  seeds  inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel. 
In  modern  classification  exogens  are  divided 
into  those  whose  seeds  are  inclosed  in  a 
seed-vessel,  and  those  with  seeds  produced 
and  ripened  without  the  production  of  a 
seed-vessel.  The  former  are  angiospenns, 
and  constitute  the  principal  part  of  the  spe- 
cies; the  latter  are  gymnosperms,  and  chiefly 
consist  of  the  Conifern;  and  Cycadaceie. 
Angiospermla  (an'ji-6-sperm"i-a),  n.  pi. 
[See  ANGIOSPERM.  ]  The  second  order  of  the 
Linneean  class  Didynamia,  having  numerous 
seeds  inclosed  in  an  obvious  seed-vessel,  as 
in  Digitalis. 


Angiospermous  (an'ji-6-sperm"us),  a.  Hav- 
ing seeds  inclosed  in  a  seed-vessel,  such  as 
the  pea,  apple,  and  the  great  mass  of  flower- 
ing plants :  opposed  to  gymnospermous,  or 
naked-seeded. 

Angiosporous  (an-ji-os'po-rus),  a.  [Gr.  an- 
geion,  a  vessel,  and  spora,  a  seed.  ]  In  but. 
a  term  applied  to  such  fungi  as  have  their 
spores  inclosed  in  a  bag,  as  Lycoperdon. 

Anglotomy  (an-ji-ot'o-mi),  n.  [Gr.  angeion, 
a  vessel,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  In  anat.  dis- 
section of  the  vessels  of  a  body,  especially 
of  the  human  body. 

Angle  (ang'gl),  n.  [L.  angulue,  a  corner.) 
The  point  where  two  lines  meet,  or  UK- 
meeting  of  two  lines  in  a  point ;  a  comer. 
In  gemn.  a  plain  rectilineal  angle  is  tilt- 
mutual  inclination  of  two  straight  lines 
which  meet  one  another,  but  are  not  in  the 
same  straight  line ;  or  a  rectilineal  angle  is 
the  degree  of  opening  or  divergence  of  two 
straight  lines  which  meet  one  another.  The 
point  where  the  lines  meet  is  called  the 
vertex  of  the  angle  or  the  angular  point, 
and  the  lines  which  contain  the  angle  are 
called  its  sides  or  legs.  A  clear  idea  of  the 
nature  of  an  angle  is  obtained  by  gradually 
opening  a  carpenter's  rule  or  a  pair  of  com- 
passes, as  the  angle  made  by  the  parts  of 
the  rule  or  the  legs  of  the  compasses  will 
become  greater  as  the  opening  widens.  It 
is  evident  that  the  magnitude  of  the  angle 
does  not  depend  upon  the  length  of  the 
lines  which  form  it,  but  merely  on  their  re- 
lative positions.  An  angle  is  best  named 
by  a  single  letter  placed  at  its  vertex,  un- 
less there  be  more  angles  than  one  at  the 
same  point.  In  this  case  the  angle  is  gene- 
rally expressed  by  three  letters,  the  middle 
one  of  which  is  placed  at  the  vertex  or  an- 
gular point,  and  the  other  two  at  some 
other  point  of  the  lines  containing  it.  Thu«, 
in  fig.  1,  the  angle  contained  by  AB  and  BC 


may  be  called  the  angle  B,  or  the  angle  at 
B;  but  in  fig.  2,  where  there  are  more  angles 
thau  one  at  the  point  D,  the  angle  contained 
by  E  D  and  D  B  is  called  the  angle  E  D  B. 
Angles  are  measured  by  an  arc  of  a  circle, 
described  from  the  vertex  with  any  radius: 
thus  the  arc  D  E  (fig.  1),  described  from  B  as 
a  centre,  is  a  measure  of  the  angle  ABC,  and 
the  angle  A  B  c  is  said  to  be  an  angle  of  as 
many  degrees,  and  parts  of  a  degree,  as 
there  are  in  the  arc  D  E,  a  circle  being  always 
supposed  to  be  divided  into  360  degrees. 
(See  ARC  and  CIRCI  E.)  Angles  receive  dif- 
ferent names,  according  to  their  magnitude, 
their  construction,  their  position,  and  the 
different  branches  of  science  in  which  they 
are  employed.  A  right  angle  is  an  angle 
formed  by  a  straight  or  right  line  falling  on 
another  perpendicularly,  or  an  angle  which 
is  measured  by  an  arc  of  90  degrees.  When 
a  straight  line,  as  A  B  (fig.  3),  standing  on 
another  straight  line  C  D,  makes  the  two 


z 


angles  ABCandABD  equal  to  one  another, 
each  of  these  angles  is  called  a  right  angle. 
An  acute  angle  is  that  which  is  less  than  a 
right  angle,  as  E  B  c.  An  obtuse  angle  is 
that  which  is  greater  than  a  right  angle,  as 
EBD.  Acute  and  obtuse  angles  are  both 
called  oblique,  in  opposition  to  right  angles. 
A  rectilineal  angle  is  that  which  is  formed 
by  two  straight  lines.  A  eurnilineal  angle 
is  formed  by  two  curved  lines.  A  mixed 
angle  is  formed  by  a  straight  line  with  a 
curved  line.  Adjacent  or  contiguous  anglrx 
are  such  as  have  one  leg  common  to  boto 
angles,  both  together  being  equal  to  two 
right  angles.  Thus,  in  fig.  3,  A  Be  and  A  BI>, 
or  EEC  and  EBD,  are  adjacent  angles,  in- 
terior or  external  angles,  the  angles  of  any 
rectilineal  figure  without  it,  made  by  pro- 
ducing the  sides;  thus,  if  the  sides  A  B,  BC, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      J,  Sc.  ley. 


ANGLE 


105 


ANGLO-CATHOLICISM 


C  A  of  the  triangle  A  n  c  (fig.  4)  be  produced 
to  the  points  FI»E,  the  angles  CBF,  ACi>, 
H  A  K  are  called  exterior  angles,  in  opposition 
to  the  angles  ABC,  BCA,  CAB,  which  un- 
called interior  angles.  For  exterior,  interior, 
and  alternate  0/nffUt,  in  rcfrrtMice  to  parallel 
lines,  see  KXTKKIOK,  INTERIOR,  and  ALTKK- 
NATK.  -Vertical  angles.  See  VERTICAL.— 
Angles  of  elevation  and  inclination.  See 
HLKVATIOS  and  INCLINATION.  —  Angle*  <>f 
lirjwxxinn.  See  DEi'KKSSlos.  —Angles  of 
incidence,  refaction,  and  refraction.  See 
INCIDENCE,  REFLECTION,  and  REFRACTION. 
—  Angle  of  position,  in  antron.  See  POSI- 
TION.— Angle  of  contact,  the  angle  which  u 
circle  or  other  curve  makes  with  a  tangent 
at  the  point  of  contact.  This  term  lias  been 
discarded  from  mathematics,  and  when  a 
curve  is  supposed  to  be  composed  of  infi- 
nitely small  rectilinear  elements,  the  infi- 
nitely small  acute  angle  formed  by  one 
element  with  the  production  of  the  next 
answers  to  the  old  angle  of  contact,  and  is 
equal  to  what  is  called  the  angle  of  curva- 
ture.—Curvilinear  angle,  the  angle  at  the 
meeting  of  the  tangents  of  two  curves.— 
Angle  of  direction,  in  mech.  an  angle  con- 
tained by  the  lines  of  direction  of  two  con- 
spiring forces.  —  Angle  of  friction,  in  mech. 
the  angle  whose  tangent  is  equal  to  the  co- 
efficient of  friction.  The  coefficient  of  fric- 
tion K  of  a  body  resting  on  an  inclined  plane 
is  found  by  observing  the  angle  of  friction  9 
(the  angle  at  which  the  body  l>egins  to  slide), 
when  F  is  equal  to  $.— Angle  of  repose,  that 
angle  at  which  one  body  will  just  rest  upon 
another  without  slipping.  It  varies,  of 
course,  with  the  natures  of  the  bodies  in 
contact,  but  is  constant  for  the  same  bodies. 
It  is  called  by  Professor  Moseley  the  limit- 
ing angle  of  resistance.  — Angle  of  sight,  in 
ordnance,  the  angle  between  a  line  drawn 
through  the  axis  of  a  bore  and  a  line  drawn 
from  the  rear  of  the  base-ring  to  the  swell 
of  the  muzzle  or  to  the  top  of  the  sight.  — 
Facial  angle.  See  FACIAL.  —Solid  angle,  that 
which  is  made  by  more  than  two  plane  angles 
meeting  in  one  point,  and  not  lying  in  the 
same  plane,  as  the  angle  of  &c\ibe.— Spherical 
angle,  an  angle  on  the  surface  of  a  sphere,  i 
contained  between  the  arcs  of  two  great  cir- 
cles which  intersect  each  other.  Thus,  if 
AB  and  BC  (fig.  5)  be  arcs  of  great  circles 
intersecting  one  another  at  the  point  B,  the 
angle  ABC  is  the  spherical  angle  which  they 
make  with  one  another,  and  it  ia  equal  to 
the  angle  of  inclination 
formed  by  the  planes  of 
the  great  circles  A  n  and 
B  C.  —  Horary,  or  hour 
angle,  the  angle  made  by 
the  arc  through  the  poles 
and  star  with  the  meri- 
dian.— Angle  capital,  (a) 
in  anc.  Ionic  arch,  a 
capital  on  the  flank  column  of  a  portico, 
having  volutes  on  three  sides,  the  exterior 
volute  being  placed  at  an  angle  of  135° 
(or  45°)  witli  the  plane  of  the  frieze  on 
front  and  flank,  (fc)  In  modern  Ionic  arch. 
the  capital  of  a  similarly  situated  column, 
having  four  volutes,  each  of  which  is  at  an 
angle  of  135°  (or  45°)  with  the  plane  of  the 
frieze. — Angle  of  divergence,  in  bot.  the  angle 
made  by  two  leaves  on  the  stem,  generally 
expressed  as  a  fraction  of  the  circumference 
of  the  stem ,  which  is  supposed  to  be  a  circle. 
Angle  t  (ang'gl),  ?i.  [A.  Sax.  angel,  angl.  a 
fish-hook ;  G.  angel,  Icel.  ongua,  a  hook ; 
from  a  root  meaning  crooked,  seen  in  anchor 
(which  see).]  A  hook;  an  apparatus  for 
taking  fish,  consisting  of  a  rod,  a  line,  and 
a  hook,  or  of  a  line  and  hook. 

Give  me  mine  angle—  we'll  to  the  river.      Shak. 

I  am,  sir,  a  brother  of  the  angle.       Iz.  tfalton, 

2.  One  who  may  be  easily  enticed;  a  gull. 

At  last  I  spied 
An  ancient  angle  coming  down  the  hill.     Shak. 

Angle  (ang'gl),  v.i.  pret.  and  pp.  angled; 
ppr.  angling.  To  fish  with  an  angle,  or  with 
line  and  hook. — To  angle  for,  to  fish  for;  to 
try  to  gain  by  some  bait  or  insinuation,  as 
men  angle  for  fish.  '  The  hearts  of  all  that 
he  did  angle  for.'  Shak. 

Angle  (ang'gl),  v.t.  To  fish  for  or  catch,  as 
with  an  angle;  to  lure  or  entice,  as  by  a 
bait,  '  He  angled  the  people's  hearts.'  Sir 
f\  Sidneji. 

You  have  angled  me  on  with  much  pleasure  to  the 
thatclul  house.  /*.  Walton, 

Angle  (ang'gl),  n.     One  of  the  people  called 

Angles.     See  ANGLK-V 
Angle-bar  (ang'gl-bar),  n.     1.  In  carp,  a  ver- 


tical bar  at  the  angles  or  meetings  of  the 
faces  of  a  polygonal  or  bow  window.  — 2.  A 
rolled  bar  of  iron  for  forming  the  edges  of 
iron  safes,  bridges,  and  ships ;  or  to  be 
rf  vetted  to  the  corners  of  iron-boilers,  tanks, 
Ac.,  to  connect  the  side  plates. 

Angle-bead  (•Bg'gl-Wd),  n.  In  huiMing,  a 
piece  of  wood  fixed  vertically  upon  the  ex- 
terior or  salient  angles  of  apartments  to 
preserve  them,  and  also  to  serve  as  a  guide 
by  which  to  float  the  plaster.  Called  also 
Staff -bead. 

Angle-brace  (ang'gl-bras),  n.   In  carp,  (a)  a 


a.  Angle-brace.     l>,  Diagonal  brace. 

piece  of  timber  fixed  at  each  extremity  to 
one  of  the  two  pieces  forming  the  adjacent 
sides  of  a  system  of  framing,  and  subtending 
the  angle  funned  by  their  junction.  When  it 
is  fixed  bet  ween  the  opposite  angles  of  a  quad- 
rangular frame  it  is  called  a  diagonal  brace. 
They  are  also  called  respectively  Angle- 
tie  or  Diagonal  Tie.  (6)  An  instrument  eon- 


Boring  Angle-brace. 

sisting  of  a  rectangular  crank-frame  like  the 
carpenter's  brace  (see  BRACE),  but  usually 
much  stronger,  and  carrying  a  parallel  tool- 
spindle  terminatingin  a  pad  a  ,or  bit-socket  of 
the  ordinary  form.  On  this  spindle  is  a  small 
bevel-wheel, which  gears  into  a  second  wheel 
on  the  axis  of  a  winch-handle,  by  which 
motion  is  communicated  to  the  tool.  This 
instrument  is  chiefly  used  for  boring  holes 
in  angular  positions,  where  the  ordinary 
revolving  brace  cannot  be  conveniently  ap- 
plied. For  heavy  work  it  is  usually  mounted 
in  the  ordinary  drill-frame.  Called  also 
Corner-drill. 

Angled  (ang'gld),  a.  Having  angles :  used 
chiefly  in  compounds. 

Angle-float  (ang'gl -flot),  n.  In  plastering, 
a  float  made  to  any  internal  angle  to  the 
planes  of  both  sides  of  a  room. 

Angle-iron  (ang/gl-i-ern),n.    A  piece  of  iron 
rolled  into  the  shape  of  the  letter  L,  used 
for  forming   the   Joints  of 
iron  plates  in  girders, boilers, 
Ac.,  to  which  it  is  riveted. 

Anglemeter  (ang'gl-  me-  ter), 
n.  [Angle,  and  Or.  metron, 
measure.]  Any  instrument 
for  measuring  angles ;  but 
more  particularly,  an  instru- 
ment used  by  geologists  for 
measuring  the  dip  of  strata. 

Angle-plane  (ang'gl-plan),  n.  In  carp,  a 
plane  whose  bit  reaches  into  a  re-entering 
angle. 

Angler  (ang'gler),  n.  1.  One  that  fishes  with 
an  angle. —  2.  An  acanthopterygious  fish, 
family  Lophiidaj  (the  Lophiua  pixcatorius), 
otherwise  called  the  Sea-devil,  Fishing-frog, 
Toad-Jink,  and  Frog-fish,  3  to  6  feet  long, 
very  ugly  and  voracious.  See  LOPHIUS. 

Angle-rafter  (ang'gl -raft-er),  n.  A  rafter 
placed  in  the  line  of  meeting  of  the  inclined 
planes  forming  a  hipped  roof.  Called  also 
Hip  and  Pie-nd  Rafter.  See  HIP. 

Angles  (ang'glz),  n.  pi  [A.  Sax.  JSngle, 
Angle.]  A  Low  German  tribe  who  in  the 
earliest  historical  period  had  their  seats  in 
the  district  about  Angeln,  in  the  south-east 
of  the  duchy  of  Sleswig,  and  who  in  the  fifth 
century  and  subsequently  crossed  over  to 
Britain  along  with  bands  of  Saxons,  Jutes, 
and  Frisians,  and  colonized  a  great  part  of 
what  from  them  has  received  the  name  of 
England,  as  well  as  a  portion  of  the  Lowlands 


A,  Angle-iron. 


of  Scotland.  The  Angles  formed  the  largest 
body  among  the  Germanic  settlers  in  Britain, 
and  founded  the  three  kingdoms  of  East 
AngUa,  Mercia,  and  Northumbria.  See 
ANGLO-SAXON. 

Anglesite  (antfgl-sit),  n.  [From  Angleaea, 
a  British  locality  of  the  mineral.]  A  sul- 
phate of  lead  occurring  in  prismatic  crys- 
tals. 

Angle-tie  (ang'gl-tl),  n.  Same  as  Angle- 
brace  (a). 

Anglian  (ang'gli-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  tribe  of  the  Angles. 

Anglian  (ang'gli-an),  n.  A  member  of  the 
tribe  of  the  Angles. 

Anglic  (ang'glik),  a.  Same  as  Anglican. 
[Rare.] 

Anglican  (ang'glik-an),  a,  [L  L.  anglicH*, 
from  A.  Sax.  Engle,  Angle.  See  ANQI.KS.] 
English ;  pertaining  to  England  or  the 
English  nation;  as,  the  Anglican  Church. 
—Anglican  Church,  a  term  which  strictly 
embraces  only  the  Church  of  England  and 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  churches  in  Ire- 
land, Scotland,  and  the  colonies,  but  is 
sometimes  made  to  include  also  the  Epis- 
copal churches  of  the  United  States. 

Of  all  the  prelates  of  the  Anglican  Church,  Laud 
had  departed  farthest  from  the  principles  of  the 
Reformation,  and  had  drawn  nearest  to  Rome. 

Macaulay. 

Anglican  (ang'glik-an),  n.  A  member  of  the 
Church  of  England.  '  Catholics,  Anglican*. 
or  Calvinists.  Burke. 

Anglicanism  (ang'glik-an-izm),  n.  1.  The 
principles  of  or  adherence  to  the  Established 
Church  of  England. —2.  Partiality  to  England 
and  English  institutions. 

Anglice  (ang'gli-se).  [L.]  In  English;  in  the 
English  manner. 

Anglicify  (ang-glis'i-fl),  v.t.  To  make  Eng- 
lish; to  anglicize.  [Rare  and  obsolete.] 

Anglicism  (ang'gli-sizm),  n.  1.  The  quality 
of  ueing  English. 

If  Addison's  language  had  been  less  idiomatical  it 
would  have  lost  something  of  its  genuine  Anglicism. 
Johnson. 

2.  An  English  idiom. 

Anglicize  (ang'gl i-siz),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  angli- 
cised; ppr.  anglicizing.  To  make  English;  to 
render  conformable  to  the  English  idiom  or 
to  English  analogies.  '  The  glaring  affecta- 
tion of  anglicizing  English  words. '  T.  Warton. 

Angliflcation  (ang/gli-fl-ka/'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  converting  into  English. 

Anglify  (ang'gli-fi),  v.t.  To  convert  into 
English;  to  anglicize;  as,  to  analtfy  French 
words,  that  is,  to  give  them  an  English  form 
in  orthography,  inflection,  or  pronunciation ; 
to  adopt  into  the  English  language  and 
make  a  part  of  it. 

Angling  (ang'gling),  n.  The  act  or  art  of 
fishing  with  a  rod  and  line;  rod-fishing. 

We  may  say  of  angling  as  Dr.  Boteler  said  of  straw- 
berries: '  Doubtless  God  could  have  made  a  better 
berry,  but  doubtless  God  never  did ; '  and  so,  if  I  miglit 
be  judge,  God  never  did  make  a  more  calm,  quiet, 
innocent  recreation  than  angling.  If.  Walton. 

Anglish  (ang'glish),  a.  and  n.  Anglo-Saxon ; 
the  Anglo-Saxon  or  Early  English  language. 
Prof.  Haldeman. 

Anglo-  (ang'glo),  prefix.  [L.L.  Anghts,  from 
Angli.  See  ANGLES.]  A  prefix  signifying 
English,  or  connected  with  England,  fre- 
quently used  in  composition;  as,  in  Anglo- 
American,  Anglo-lnAi&n. 

Anglo-American  (ang'gl  6  •a-mer'i-kan),  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  descendants  of  Englishmen 
in  America. 

Anglo-American  (ang'glo-a-mer'i-kan),  ?i. 
A  descendant  from  English  ancestors  born  in 
America  or  the  United  States. 

Anglo-Catholic  (ang'Rlo-kath'o-lik),  n.  A 
member  of  the  English  Protestant  Church  ; 
more  specifically,  a  ritualist ;  a  Puseyite;  a 
High  Churchman. 

Anglo-Catholic  (ang'glo-kath'o-lik),  a.  1.  A 
term  employed  to  designate  those  churches 
which  adopt  the  principles  of  the  English 
Reformation ;  sometimes  restricted  to  the 
Anglican  or  Established  Church  of  England 
and  the  allied  churches.  —2.  A  term  some- 
times applied  to  that  party  in  the  English 
Church  which  favours  doctrines  and  the 
adoption  of  religious  forms  closely  approach- 
ing those  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
and  otherwise  known  as  the  Ritualistic, 
High,  or  Pitseyite  section  of  the  Church. 

Anglo  -  Catholicism  ( ang'glo  -  ka  -  thol  "I  - 
sizm),  n.  1.  The  principles  or  doctrines  of  the 
Anglican  Church  as  embodied  in  the  Book  of 
Common  Prayer  and  the  Thirty-nine  Articles 
2.  The  principles  or  doctrines  of  the  Ritual- 
istic or  High-Church  section  of  the  Anglican 
Church. 


ch,  chain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J,  job;      n,  FT.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH.  fAen;  th,  fAin;     w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.  —See  KEY. 


ANGLO-DANISH 

Anglo-Danish  (ang'glo-tlan'ish),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  English  Danes,  or  the  Danes  who 
settled  in  England. 

Anglo-Indian  (ang'glo-in'di-an),  n.  One  of 
the  English  race  born  or  resident  in  the 
East  Indies. 

Anglo-Indian  (ang'glo-m'di-an),  <*>•  Relating 
to  the  Anglo-Indians. 

AnglO-Irish(ang'gl6-i'rish),n.p;.  1.  English 
people  born  or  resident  in  Ireland.— 2.  De- 
scendants of  parents  English  on  the  one  side 
and  Irish  on  the  other. 

Anglo-Irish  (ang'glo-i'rish),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  Anglo-Irish. 

Anglomania  (ang-glo-ma'ni-a),  n.  [Anglo, 
and  Gr.  mania,  madness.]  An  excessive  or 
undue  attachment  to,  respect  for,  or  imita- 
tion of  EnglislHnen  or  English  institutions 
and  customs  by  a  foreigner. 

Anglo-Norman  (ang'glo-nor'man),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  English  Normans. 

Anglo-Norman  (ang'glo-nor'man),  n. 
An  English  Norman ;  one  partly  Norman 
partly  English.  '  Charters  forged  by  Anglo- 
Normans.  Wotton. 

Anglophobia  (ang-glo-fo'bi-a),  n.  [Anglo, 
and  Gr.  phobos,  fear.]  An  excessive  liatred 
to  or  dread  of  English  people,  customs,  or 
institutions. 

Anglo-Saxon  ( ang'glo-sak'son ),  n.  [See 
ANGLES  and  SAXON.]  1.  One  of  the  nation 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  Angles,  Saxons, 
and  other  early  Teutonic  settlers  in  Britain, 
or  one  of  their  descendants;  a  native  of  Eng- 
land or  Lowland  Scotland,  or  one  descended 
from  natives  of  these  countries,  as  an  inhab- 
itantof  the  United  States,  Canada,  Australia, 
&c. ;  one  belonging  to  the  English  race. 
See  extract. 

As  the  Teutons  in  Britain  began  to  grow  together 
into  one  people  they  were  sometimes  called  the 
Anglo-Saxons — that  is  the  people  made  up  of  the 
Angles  and  Saxons, — but  more  commonly  they  were 
called  Angles  or  English  alone.  And  when  so  much 
of  Britain  as  the  Teutons  lived  in  came  to  have  a 
common  name  that  name  was  Englaland  or  England, 
that  is  the  land  of  the  Angles  or  English.  Saxon  by 
itself  always  meant  the  people  of  those  parts  only 
where  the  Saxons  settled,  and  the  whole  people  was 
never  so  called  except  by  the  Celts. 

£.  A.  Freeman. 

[Some  writers  maintain  that  the  proper 
meaning  of  Anglo-Saxon  is  English  Saxon, 
a  Saxon  of  England.]— 2.  The  earliest  form 
of  the  English  language;  the  tongue  brought 
to  England  by  the  Teutonic  invaders,  who 
began  to  make  settlements  there  about  450 
A.D.  Anglo-Saxon  had  two  chief  dialects, 
Northern  and  Southern.  After  Wessex  ob- 
tained the  supremacy  the  Southern  became 
the  literary  language,  and  had  an  extensive 
literature.  After  the  Norman  conquest  the 
dialects  became  more  various,  and  we  dis- 
tinguish three  chief  varieties  —  Northern, 
Midland,  and  Southern,  of  which  the  Mid- 
land was  the  most  widely  spread,  and,  gra- 
dually taking  the  lead,  became  modern  En- 
glish. See  ENGLISH. 

What  is  called  A uglo-Saxon  is  really  the  oldest 
form  of  English.  The  Anglo-Saxon  of  the  first  period 
extends  from  A.D.  450  to  A.D.  noo;  that  of  the  later 
period  from  AD.  noo  to  about  A.D.  1250;  after 
which  date  we  arrive  at  early  Middle  English.  S&tat. 

Anglo-Saxon  (ang'glo-sak'son),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  Anglo-Saxons  or  early  Teutonic 
settlers  in  Britain  and  their  descendants; 
pertaining  to  the  English  race. 

Anglo-Saxonism  (ang'glo-sak'son -izm),  n. 
A  characteristic  of  the  Anglo-Saxons ;  spe- 
cifically, a  word  or  idiom  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  language.  LatKam. 

Angnail  (ang'nal),  n.     Same  as  Hangnail. 

Angola  (an-go'Ia),  n.  Alight  and  fashionable 
cloth,  well  adapted,  from  its  repelling  heat, 
forpaletots,  cloaks,  and  overcoats,  made  from 
the  wool  of  the  Angora-goat.  Stamondi. 
See  ANGORA -wool.. 

Angola-cat  Cm-g6'la-kat),n.  One  of  the  finest 
varieties  of  the  domestic  cat,  distinguished 
for  its  size  and  beautiful  long  silky  hair.  It  is 
originally  from  Angora,  in  Asia  Minor. 

Angola-pea  (an-go'la-pe),  n.  The  Cajanus 
indicus,  so  called  from  Angola,  in  Western 
Africa,  where  it  is  grown,  though  not  a 
native  of  that  region.  Called  also  Congo-pea 
and  Pigeon-pea.  See  CAJANUS. 

Angola-weed  (an-go'la-wed),  n.  A  kind  of 
archil  obtained  from  Angola,  in  Western 
Africa,  from  Roccella  tinctoria. 

Angpr  (ang'gor),  n.  [L.]  1.  Pain;  intense 
bodily  pain.— 2.  In  wed.  extreme  anxiety, 
accompanied  with  painful  constriction  at 
the  epigastrium,  and  often  with  palpitation 
and  oppression.  Dunglison. 

Angora-goat  (an-go'ra-got),  n.  A  variety  of 
goat  (Capra  angorensits),  native  to  the  dis- 


106 

trict  surrounding  Angora  or  Engour,  in 
Asia  Minor,  distinguished  for  its  beautiful 
silky  hair,  about  8  inches  long.  It  is  called 
by  the  Arabs  chamal  goat,  chamal  signifying 
silky  or  fine,  whence  the  name  camlet,  ap- 
plied to  a  fabric  manufactured  in  Angora 
itself  from  the  yam  made  from  its  wool,  and 
known  as  Turkey  Yarn  or  Camel  Yarn. 
See  ANGORA-WOOL. 

Angora-WOOl  (an-go'ra-wul),  n.  The  long 
white  hair  of  the  Angora-goat,  highly  prized 
in  manufactures  for  its  silky  appearance, 
which  fits  it  for  shawls,  laces,  braids,  and 
other  ornamental  fabrics.  It  is  also  largely 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  Angola  cloth, 
lace,  plush,  and  camlets.  Siminonds. 

Angostura-bark  (ang-gos-tu'ra-bark),  n. 
[From  the  town  of  Angostura,  in  Venezuela, 
on  the  river  Orinoco.]  An  excellent  bark, 
possessing  aromatic,  stimulant,  and  febri- 
fugal properties,  produced  by  a  rutaceous 


Angostura -bark  Tree  {Galipea  Cusfaria). 

plant,  Galipea  Cusparia.  It  was  formerly 
prized  as  a  febrifuge,  and  is  now  much 
used  for  a  kind  of  bitters.  Its  use  in  medi- 
cine was  discontinued  because  of  the  intro- 
duction into  the  marketsof  afalseangostura- 
bark,  obtained  from  the  nux-vomica  tree, 
which  produced  fatal  effects.  The  Indians 
stupefy  fishes  with  the  powdered  bark  of 
the  Galipea. 

AngTSBCUm  (an-gre'kum),  n.  [Altered  from 
angurek,  the  Malayan  name  of  such  plants.] 
A  remarkable  genusof  tropical  orchids,  some 
of  which  are  leafless,  and  all  generally  small- 
flowered.  One  species,  A.  sesquipedale,  from 
Madagascar,  has,  however,  the  largest  orchi- 
deous  flower  known.  The  leaves  of  A.frag- 
rans  are  used  in  Bourbon,  and  to  some  extent 
in  France,  as  tea,  under  the  name  otfaham. 

Angrily  (ang'gri-li),  adv.  In  an  angry  man- 
ner ;  peevishly ;  with  indications  of  resent- 
ment. 

Rashly  and  angrily  I  promised;  but  cunningly  and 
patiently  will  I  perform.  Kingsley. 

Angriness  (ang'gri-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  angry. 

Such  an  etngriness  of  humour  that  we  take  fire  at 
everything.  Dr.  H.  More. 

2.  Inflammation  and  pain  of  a  sore  or  swell- 
ing. [Obsolescent.  ] 

Angry  (ang'gri),  a.  [See  ANGER.]  1.  Feeling 
resentment;  provoked*:  followed  generally 
by  with  before  a  person,  and  at  before  a 
thing. 

God  is  angry  with  the  wicked  every  day.  Ps.  vii.  n. 
Wherefore  should  God  be  angry  at  thy  voice? 
Eccl.  v.  6. 

2.  Showing  anger;  wearing  the  marks  of 
anger;  caused  by  anger;  as,  an  angry  coun- 
tenance •  angry  words.  Hence  — 3.  Red. 
'Sweet  rose,  whose  hue  angry  and  brave.' 
G.  Herbert.— 4.  Raging;  furious;  tumultu- 
ous. 

Or  chain  the  angry  vengeance  of  the  waves. 

Judge  Trttmbitll. 

5.  Sharp  in  a  moral  sense ;  stern  ;  rigorous 
[Rare.] 

God  had  provided  a  severe  and  angry  education 
to  chastise  the  forwardness  of  a  young  spirit. 

Jer.  Taylor 

6.  Stimulated;  keen;  vigorous.     [Rare.] 

I  never  ate  with  angrier  appetite.       Tennyson. 

1.  In  tried,  inflamed,  as  a  sore  ;  manifesting 
inflammation. 

This  serum,  being  accompanied  by  the  thinner 
parts  of  the  blood,  grows  red  and  angry. 

SYN.  Passionate,  resentful,  irritated,  indig- 
nant, provoked,  hot,  raging,  furious,  tumul- 
tuous, wrathful,  choleric,  inflamed. 


ANGULARITY 

Anguifer  (an'gwi-fer),  n.  [L.  anguis,  a  ser- 
pent, and  fero,  to  bear.  ]  In  astron.  a  cluster 
of  stars  in  the  form  of  a  man  holding  a  ser- 
pent; Serpentarius,  one  of  the  twelve  signs 
of  the  zodiac. 

Anguilla  (an-gwilla),  n.  [L.,  an  eel,  dim.  of 
anguis,  a  serpent.  ]  A  genus  of  apodal  mala- 
copterygious  fishes,  family  Muramoidei,  the 
true  eels.  See  EEL. 

Angullliform  (an-gwini-form),  a.  [L.  an- 
guilla,  an  eel,  and  forma,  shape.]  Having 
the  form  of  an  eel  or  of  a  serpent;  resem- 
bling an  eel  or  serpent. 

Anguine  (an'gwin),  a.  [L.  anguincus,  from 
anguis,  a  snake.]  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling a  snake;  snakelike.  'The  anguine  or 
snakelike  reptiles.'  Oicen.—  Anguine  lizard, 
a  snake-lizard  of  South  Africa  (Chamcesaura 
anguina).  See  CHAM  .us  AURA. 

Anguineal  (an-gwin'e-al),  a.  [See  ANGUINE.  ] 
Resembling  or  pertaining  to  a  snake  or 
snakes. 

Anguis  (an'gwis),  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  rep- 
tiles belonging  to  the  family  Scincidae.  The 
species  are  innocent  and  harmless,  but  are 
held  in  great  horror  by  the  vulgar.  Their 
eyes  are  very  small,  and  in  consequence 
they  have  been  often  supposed  to  be  blind. 
The  body  is  very  brittle;  the  tail  is  easily 
broken  off,  but  readily  sprouts  out  afresh, 
and  at  the  end  of  a  year  is  quite  renewed. 
A.  fragilis  (the  common  blind-worm  or 
slow-worm)  is  the  best  knowu  species.  See 
BLIND-WORM. 

Anguish  (ang'gwish),  ?i.  [O.E.  anguis,  an- 
goise,  angiiygshe,  <fec.,  Fr.  angoisse,  It.  an- 
goscia,  sorrow,  anguish ;  L.  angustia,  a  strait, 
perplexity,  from  anqu»tust  narrow;  root  attg 
as  in  E.  anger  (which  see).]  1.  Extreme  pain, 
either  of  body  or  mind. 

And  they  hearkened  not  unto  Moses,  for  anguish 
of  spirit,  and  for  cruel  bondage.  Ex.  vi.  9. 

When  pain  and  anguish  wring  the  brow, 

A  ministering  angel  thou.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

2.  Any  keen  affection  of  the  emotions  or 
feelings. 

He  cried  in  an  anguish  of  delight  and  gratitude. 
Thackeray. 

—Agony,  Anguish.  See  under  AGONY.— 
SYN.  Distress,  pang,  throe,  agony,  torture, 
torment. 

Anguish  (ang'gwish),  v.t.  To  distress  with 
extreme  pain  or  grief.  'Thine  anguished 
soul.'  Bp.  Hall.  'But  we  lie  not  anguished.' 
Wickliffe. 

Anguished  (ang'gwisht),  pp.  and  a.  Af- 
fected by  anguish ;  expressing  or  caused  by 
anguish. 

On  thy  cold  forehead  starts  the  anguished  dew. 
Coleridge. 

Angular  (ang'gu-ler),  a.  [L.  anyularis,  from 
angulut,  an  angle.]  1.  Having  an  angle  or 
angles ;  having  corners ;  pointed ;  as,  an 
angular  figure ;  an  angular  piece  of  rock.— 
2.  Consisting  of  an  angle;  forming  an  angle; 
as,  an  angular  point. — Angular  artery  and 
vein,  in  anat.  (a)  the  termination  of  the 
facial  artery  and  vein,  because  they  pass  by 
the  greater  angle  of  the  eye ;  (6)  the  facial 
artery  and  vein  themselves,  because  they 
pass  under  the  angle  of  the  jaw.  Dunglison. 
— Angular  capital.  Same  as  Angle  Capital 
(which  see  under  ANGLE).—  Angular  inter- 
val*, in  atstron.  those  arcs  of  the  equator 
which  are  intercepted  between  circles  of  de- 
clination passing  through  the  objects  ob- 
served. They  are  measured  by  means  of  the 
transit  instrument  and  clock.— A  ngular  mo- 
tion, in  physics,ihe  motion  of  any  body  which 
moves  circularly  about  a  fixed  or  relatively 
fixed  point;  as,  the  angular  motion  of  a  pen- 
dulum or  a  planet :  so  called  because  such 
motion  is  measured  by  the  angle  contained 
between  the  lines  drawn  from  the  fixed  point 
to  the  successive  positions  of  the  moving 
body. — Angular  perspective, in  painting, that 
kind  of  perspective  in  which  neither  of  the 
sides  of  the  principal  object  is  parallel  to  the 
plane  of  the  picture ;  and,  therefore,  in  the 
representation,  the  horizontal  lines  of  both 
converge  to  vanishing  points :  called  also 
Oblique  Perspective. — Angular  processes,  in 
anat.  the  orbital  processes  of  the  frontal 
bone  near  the  angles  of  the  eye. — Angular 
Kections,  that  part  of  mathematics  which 
treats  of  the  division,  of  angles  into  equal 
parts. — Angular  velocity,  in  physics,  the  rate 
at  which  a  body  revolves  round  a  fixed  axis; 
that  is,  the  rate  at  which  a  line  continually 
drawn  from  the  one  body  to  the  other  shifts 
its  position  in  space. 

Angularity  (ang-gu-lar'i-ti),  n.  The.  quality 
of  ueing  angular. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


ANGULARLY 


107 


ANIMALCULE 


-  (un^gii-ler-li),  adv.  In  an  angu- 
lar manner;  with  ungk's  or  cnrm-rs. 

Anffnlarness(ang/gu-ler-nes),n.  The  quality 
ofbetng  angular. 

Angulate,  Angulated  ( ung'gu-lat,  ug^ft- 
lat-ed),  a.  [L.  atif/nlatux.}  Funned  with 
angles  or  corners ;  of  an  angular  form  ;  an- 
gled; cornered;  as,  angidate  stems,  leaves, 
petioles,  ttc. 

Angulation  (ang-gu-la'shon),  n.  The  state 
ofheing  angulated;  that  which  is  angulated. 

Angulo-dentate  (ang'gu-lo-deu'tat),  a.  In 
hut.  angularly-toothed,  as  certain  leaves, 

Angulometer  (ang-gu-lom'et-er),  n.  [L.  an- 
giuus,  an  angle,  and  (Jr.  nwtron,  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  external 
angles. 

Angulosity  (ang-gu-los'i-ti),  n.  A  state  of 
being  angulous  or  angular. 

AngulOUS  (ang'gu-lus).  a.  Angular;  having 
corners;  hooked.  'Held  together  by  hooka 
and  angulous  involutions.'  Glanville. 

AngUSt  (ang-gusf),  a.  [L.  angiutus,  nar- 
row. See  ANGER.]  Narrow;  strait.  Burton. 

Angustate  (ang-gus'tat),  a.  [L.  angittttatuB, 
pp.  of  amjusto,  to  make  narrow.]  Diminish- 
ing rapidly  in  breadth;  attenuated;  narrow. 

Angustation  (ang-gus-ta'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  making  angustate  or  narrow ;  a  straiten- 
ing, or  being  made  narrow. 

AngUStiClave(ang-gus'ti-klav),  ?i.  [L.  an- 
ffitxtux,  narrow,  and  davits,  a  knob,  nail,  a 
purple  stripe.]  A  narrow  purple  stripe  or 
band  reaching  from  the  shoulder  to  the 
bottom  of  the  tunic  worn  by  Roman  knights. 
There  was  probably  a  band  on  each  side. 

Angustifolious,  Angustifoliate  (ang-gus'- 
ti-fo"li-us,  ang-gus'ti-fo"li-at),  a.  [L.  aiigus- 
ttts,  narrow,  and  folium,  a  leaf.]  In  bot. 
having  narrow  leaves. 

Anhangt  (an-hang'),  v-t-  [A.  Sax.  onhengian.] 
To  hang  up. 

He  bad  to  take  him,  and  anftang  him  fast. 

Chaucer. 

AnharmoniC  (an-har-mon'ik),  a.  [Or.  pre- 
fix an,  not,  and  E.  harmonic.]  In  geom.  a 
term  applied  by  Chasles  to  a  double  ratio, 
compounded  of  A  B  to  B  c.  and  of  c  D  to  D  A, 
or  (A  B :  B  c)  (c  i> :  D  A)  when  A,  B,  c,  i>  are 
four  points  taken  in  a  straight  line  in  any 
order,  four  lines  through  a  point,  or  four 
planes  through  a  line. 

An -heirs,  An-heires.  An  expression  of 
Shakspere  which  has  puzzled  commenta-" 
tors,  the  most  probable  conjecture  being 
that  of  Theobald  that  it  is  a  corruption  of 
mynheers.  Others  read  it,  On,  hearts!  On, 
heroes,  Ac.  'Will  you  go,  an-heir»i— Have 
with  you,  mine  host.'  Merry  Wives,  ii.  1. 

Anlielatiou  (an-he-la'shon),  n.  [  L.  anhela- 
tio,  aiihelationis,  from  anhelo,  to  pant,  or 
breathe  with  difficulty,  from  halo,  to 
breathe.]  Shortness  of  breath ;  a  panting; 
difficult  respiration;  also,  eager  desire  or 
aspiration. 

These  anhetations  of  divine  souls  after  the  ador- 
able object  of  their  love.  Glanville, 

Anhelet  (an-heT),  v.i.  [See  ANHELATION.  ] 
To  pant,  especially  with  eager  desire  and 
anxiety.  'They  anhele  ...  for  the  finish 
of  our  convocation.'  Latitner, 

Anhelose  (an -hel' 6s),  a.  Out  of  breath; 
panting;  breathing  with  difficulty.  [Rare.] 

Anhima  (anlie-ma),  n.  A  Brazilian  aquatic 
bird,  the  Palamedea  cornuta,  horned- 
screamer  or  kamichi.  See  PALAMEDEA. 

Anhydride  (an-M'drid),  n.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix 
an,  and  hydor,  water.]  One  of  a  class  of 
chemical  compounds,  which  may  be  con- 
ceived as  formed  from  one  or  more  mole- 
cules of  water,  in  which  the  whole  of  the 
hydrogen  is  replaced  by  one  or  more  nega- 
tive radicals  (which  may  themselves  contain 
hydrogen),  while  the  corresponding  acids 
represent  one  or  more  molecules  of  water 
in  which  the  same  radicals  replace  one  half 
of  the  hydrogen.  Thus,  water  being  H3O, 
hypochlorous  anhydride  is  ClaO  (or  C1C10), 
and  hypochlorous  acid  is  HC1O.  Again, 
sulphuric  anhydride  is  S03  (or  SO.,O),  repre- 
senting H.2O,  while  sulphuric  acid  is  H^SO* 
(or  I^SO-jOg),  representing  2  H2O  (or  H2H2O.2). 
They  are  sometimes,  but  improperly,  called 
anlufdruus  acids. 

Anhydrite  (an-hi'drit),  n.  [  See  ANHYDRIDE.  ] 
Anhydrous  sulphate  of  calcium,  found  in 
the  salt-mines  of  Austria  and  Salzburg,  and 
in  large  masses  in  the  Harz  Mountains.  It 
presents  several  varieties  of  structure  and 
colour.  The  vulpinite  of  Italy  is  the  only 
variety  used  in  the  arts.  This  mineral  is  of 
a  granular  structure,  resembling  a  coarse- 
grained granite.  Its  colour  is  grayish  white, 
intermingled  with  blue. 


Anhydrous  (an-hi'drus),  a.  [dr.  anydrots, 
dry  neg.  prefix  an,  and  hydor,  water.] 
Destitute  of  water;  specifically,  in  chem. 
destitute  of  the  water  of  crystallization;  as, 
anhydrous  salts. 

Anlcut  (an'i-kut),  7i.  Same  aa  Annicut 
(which  see). 

Anidiomatical  (an-id'i-o-mat"ik-al),  a.  [Gr. 
neg.  prefix  an,  and  E.  uliomatical.]  Con- 
trary to  the  idiom  or  analogies  of  a  language ; 
not  idiomaticaL 

You  would  not  say  '  two  times;'  it  is  anidiomatical, 
Landor. 

Anient  (an'i-ent),  v.t.  [Fr.  antantir,  to 
annihilate  — a,  to,  and  nSant,  nothingness. 
Neant  from  scholastic  L.  necentem,  ace.  of 
necens—  L.  nee,  neg.,  and  ens,  entix,  being.] 
1. 1  To  reduce  to  nothing  or  nothingness;  to 
bring  to  naught;  to  frustrate.  Piers  Plow- 
man. —2.  Jn  law,  to  abrogate;  to  make  null. 
Bouvier. 

Anientise.t  v.t.  To  reduce  to  nothing;  to 
annihilate. 

Ire,  coveitise,  and  hastifness,  .  .  .  which  three 
things  ye  have  not  anientissed  or  destroyed. 

Chaucer. 

Anight  (a-nlf),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  at,  or  of, 
and  night.  ]  In  the  night  time. 

I  broke  my  sword  upon  a  stone,  and  bade  him  take 
that,  for  coming  anight  to  Jane  Smile.  iVm-fr, 

Anights  (a-nits'),  adn.  [An  adverbial  geni- 
tive of  the  preceding  word.]  By  night; 
nightly:  used  of  repeated  or  habitual  acts. 

The  turnkey  now  his  flock  returning  sees. 
Duly  let  out  anights  to  steal  for  fees.          Sivi/t. 

Anigosanthus  (a-ni'go-8an"thus),  n.     [Gr. 
anoigro,  to  expand,  and  anthos,  a  flower:  in 
allusion  to  the  long  conspicuous  scapes  upon 
which  the  flowers  are  raised.]    A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Hremodoracete,  natives  ! 
of  Australia,  common  in  our  greenhouses  ! 
because  of  their  curious  woolly  flowers. 

Anil  (an'il),  n.  [Sp.  anil,  Ar.  neel,  Skr.  ntlam, 
indigo,  ntit,  the  indigo -plant,  from  nila,  \ 
blue.]  A  shrub  from  whose  leaves  and  stalks  j 
the  West  Indian  indigo  is  made.   It  belongs 
to  the  genus  Indigofera  (/.  Anil),  and  is  a 
larger  plant  than  /.  tinctoria,  the  indigo- 
plant  of  Asia. 

Anile  (an'!l),a.  [L.a7i#ts,old-womanish,  from 
anus,  an  old  woman.]  Old-womanish;  aged; 
imbecile.  '  Puerile  or  anile  ideas.'  Walpole. 

Aniline  (an'i-lin),  n.  [From  anil  (which 
see).]  (C6HjN.)  A  substance  which  fur- 
nishes a  number  of  brilliant  and  durable 
dyes.  It  is  found  in  small  quantities  in 
coal-tar,  but  the  aniline  of  commerce  is  ob- 
tained from  benzole,  another  product  of 
coal-tar,  consisting  of  hydrogen  and  carbon 
(CaHjj).  Benzole  when  acted  on  by  nitric 
acid  produces  nitro-benzole;  and  this  sub- 
stance again  when  treated  with  nascent 
hydrogen,  generally  produced  by  the  action 
of  acetic  acid  upon  iron  filings  or  scraps, 
produces  aniline.  It  is  a  colourless,  oily 
liquid,  somewhat  heavier  than  water,  with 
a  peculiar  vinous  smell  and  a  burning  taste. 
When  acted  on  by  arsenious  acid,  bichrom- 
ate of  potassium,  stannic  chloride,  &c.,  ani- 
line produces  a  great  variety  of  compounds 
of  very  beautiful  colours,  known  by  the 
names  of  aniline  purple,  aniline  green,  vio- 
line,  magenta,  &c. 

Anility,  Anileness  (n-nil'i-ti,  anll-nes),  n. 
The  state  of  being  anile;  the  old  age  of  a 
woman;  dotage.  'Marks of  anility.'  Sterne. 

Anilla  (an-il'la),  n.  A  commercial  term  for 
West  Indian  indigo,  derived  from  the  name 
of  the  plant  whence  it  is  prepared.  See 
ANIL. 

Anima  (an'i-ma),  71.  [L.  See  ANIMAL.]  Soul; 
vital  principle ;  the  intelligent  principle 
supposed  to  preside  over  vital  actions. 
Anciently  applied  to  the  active  principle  of 
a  dnig  as  if  it  were  its  soul.—  Anima  mundi, 
the  soul  of  the  world ;  the  ethereal  essence 
or  spirit  once  supposed  to  be  diffused 
through  the  universe  organizing  and  acting 
throughout  the  whole  and  in  all  its  different 
parts. 

The  doctrine  of  the  anima  mundi,  as  held  by  the 
Stoics  and  Stratonicians,  is  closely  allied  to  panthe- 
ism; while  according  to  others,  the  soul  of  the  universe 
is  altogether  intermediate  between  the  Creator  and 
his  works.  Fleming. 

Animable  t  (an'im-a-bl),  a.  Susceptible  of 
animation. 

Animadversal  (an'i-mad-ver"sal),  n.  [See 
ANIMADVERSION.  ]  That  which  has  the  power 
of  perceiving.  [Rare  and  obsolete.] 

That  lively  inward  animadi-ersat :  it  is  the  soul 
itself;  for  1  cannot  conceive  the  body  doth  animad- 
vert. Dr.  H.  More, 

Animadversion  (an'i-mad-ver"shon),  n.  [L. 
tiiiiinadverifio,  the  perception  of  an  object, 


censure  —  aniwuit,  the  mind,  ad,  to,  and 
rt-rtn,  version,  to  turn.  ]  1.  The  act  or  faculty 
of  observing  or  noticing ;  observation ;  per- 
ception. 

The  soul  is  the  sole  percipient  which  hath  anim- 
adversion and  sense.  Clattvilft. 

2.  Remarks  by  way  of  censure  or  criticism; 
reproof;  blame. 

He  dismissed  their  commissioners  with  severe  am) 
sharp  animadversions.  Clarendon. 

3.t  A  kind  of  ecclesiastical  punishment.  See 

extract. 

An  ecclesiastical  censure  and  an  ecclesiastical 
animadversion  are  different  things;  for  a  censure 
has  a  relation  to  a  spiritual  punishment,  but  an  ani- 
madversion has  only  a  respect  to  a  temporal  one, 
as,  degradation,  and  the  delivering  the  person  over 
to  the  secular  court.  Ayliffe. 

SYN.  Stricture,  criticism,  censure,  remark, 
reproof,  blame,  comment. 

Animadversive  (an'i-mad-ver"siv),  a.  Hav- 
ing the  power  of  perceiving;  percipient. 
'The  animadversive  faculty.'  Coleridge. 

Animadversiveness(an/i-mad-ver"siv-neR), 
n.  The  power  of  animadverting.  Bailey. 

Animadvert  (an'i-mad-vert"),  v.  i.  [L.  anwi- 
adver  to— animus,  mind,  and  adverto,  to 
turn  to.]  1.  To  take  cognizance;  to  perceive; 
to  notice.  See  extract  under  ANIMADVEK- 
SAL.— 2.  To  make  remark  by  way  of  criticism 
or  censure ;  to  pass  strictures  or  criticisms. 

I  wish,  sir,  you  would  do  us  the  favour  to  animad- 
vert frequently  upon  the  false  taste  the  town  is  in. 

Steele, 

SYN.  To  remark,  criticise,  blame,  censure, 
comment. 

Animadverter  (an'i-mad-vert"er),  n.  One 
who  animadverts  or  makes  remarks  by  way 
of  censure. 

Animal  (an'i-mal),  n.  [L.  animal,  a  living 
being,  from  anima,  air,  breath,  life,  the 
soul,  a  feminine  form  corresponding  toaw- 
mus,  the  soul,  the  emotional  part  of  one's 
being;  Gr.  anemos,  air,  wind,  from  a  root 
an,  to  breathe  or  blow,  seen  also  in  Skr. 
ana,  breath,  spirit;  and  in  Goth,  usanati, 
to  expire— us,  out,  and  anan,  to  breathe; 
O.Sc.  aynde,  O.E.  onde,  breath.]  1.  An  or- 
ganized sentient  living  being.  Animals  are 
essentially  distinguished  from  plants  by  the 
property  of  sensation,  the  power  of  volun- 
tary motion,  the  active  and  intelligent 
ability  of  nourishing  themselves,  by  the 
predominance  of  nitrogen  in  their  composi- 
tion, and  by  their  incapacity  to  originate 
protein  or  nitrogenous  compounds,  plants 
possessing  this  power.  The  contractile  pro- 
perty of  some  plants,  as  the  sensitive  plant, 
has  the  appearance  of  being  the  effect  of 
sensation,  but  it  is  only  the  effect  of  irrita- 
bility. The  history  of  animals  is  called 
zoology.  See  PLANT. — 2.  An  inferior  or  ir- 
rational being,  in  contradistinction  to  man; 
a  brute;  a  beast;  as,  men  and  animals. 

Animal  (an'i-mal),  a.  1.  Belonging  or  relat- 
ing to  animals;  as,  animal  functions.— 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  merely  sentient  part  of 
a  living  being,  as  distinguished  from  the 
intellectual,  rational,  or  spiritual  part;  as, 
the  animal  passions  or  appetites.  —3.  Of  or 
pertaining  to,  or  consisting  of,  the  flesh  of 
animals;  as,  animal  food. — Animal  heat,  a 
certain  amount  of  heat  or  temperature  pos- 
sessed by  animals,  which  is  necessary  for 
the  performance  of  vital  action.  The  only 
classes  of  animals  in  which  a  constantly 
elevated  temperature  is  kept  up  are  birds 
and  mammalia.  The  bodily  heat  of  the 
former  varies  from  100"  F.  to  112°  F.  and 
of  the  latter  from  96°  F.  to  104°  F.  The 
mean  or  average  heat  of  the  human  body  is 
about  99°  F.,  and  it  never  falls  much  below 
this  in  health.  The  cause  of  the  evolution 
of  heat  in  the  animal  body  is  referred  to 
the  union  (by  a  process  resembling  ordinary 
combustion)  of  the  carbon  and  hydrogen  of 
the  system  with  the  oxygen  taken  in  from 
the  air  in  the  process  of  respiration.  It  has 
also  been  found  that  plants  evolve  a  certain 
degree  of  heat  by  a  process  somewhat  ana- 
logous.— Animal  kingdom,  one  of  the  three 
principal  divisions  into  which  all  natural 
bodies  are  divided,  the  others  being  the 
vegetable  and  mineral  kingdoms.  The  study 
of  the  objects  comprehended  within  this 
kingdom  of  nature  is  termed  zoology.  See 
ZOOLOGY.  —  Animal  spirits,  natural  buoy- 
ancy of  spirits;  cheerfulness;  animation; 
gaiety  and  good  humour. 

Animalcular.  Animalculine  (an-i-maTku- 
KT.  an-i-mal'ku-lin),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  an  animalcule  or  animalcules. 

Animalcule  (an-i-mal'kul),  n.  [L.L.  am'- 
inalculitiit,  dim.  of  L.  animal,  an  animal.] 


ch,  chain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin0;      TH,  then;  th.  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  uAig;    zh,  azure.— Ste  KEY. 


ANIMALCULIST 


108 


ANKER 


tly  in 
ponds,  and  in  all  animal  and  vegetable  in 


A  minute  animal,  especially  one  that  is 
microscopic  or  invisible  to  the  naked  eye. 
Animalcules  exist  abundantly  in  rivers  and 
ponds,  s 
fusions. 

AnimalCUlist  (an-i-mal'kiil-ist),  n.  One 
verst-d  in  the  knowledge  of  animalcules. 

Animalculum  (an-i-marku-lum),  n.  pi. 
Animalcula  (au-i-mal'ku-la).  An  animal- 
cule. 

Animal-flower  (an 'i-mal-flou'er ),  n.  A 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  sea-anemones 
or  other  animal  productions  having  some 
resemblance  to  flowers. 

Animalisn  (an'i-mul-ish),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  or  like  an  animal,  especially  an  irra- 
tional animal ;  brutish.  [Rare.] 

The  world  hath  no  blood  nor  brains,  nor  any  ani- 
tnalish  or  humane  form.  Cndworth. 

Animalism  (aii'i-mal-izm),  n.  1.  The  state 
of  a  mere  animal;  the  state  of  being  actuated 
by  sensual  appetites  only,  and  not  by  in- 
tellectual or  moral  qualities;  sensuality. — 

2.  An  animal ;  specifically,  a  human  being 
possessing  mere  animal  appetites  and  pas- 
sions.   [Rare.] 

Girls,  Hetairai,  curious  in  their  art, 
Hired  animalisms,  vile  as  those  that  made 
The  mulberry-faced  dictator's  orgies  worse 
Than  aught  they  fable  of  the  quiet  gods. 

Tennyson. 

3.  In  physiol.  a  theory  which  holds  that  the 
embryo  is  entirely  formed  from  the  sper- 
matic communication  of  the  male. 

Animality  (an-i-mari-ti),  n.  The  state  of 
being  an  animal ;  animal  existence  or  nature; 
specifically,  in  physiol.  the  aggregate  of 
those  vital  phenomena  which,  superadded 
to  vegetality,  constitute  animal  existence. 
See  VEQETALITY. 

Animalization  (an'i-mal-iz-a"shon),  n. 
The  act  of  animalizing :  as,  (a)  the  act  of 
giving  animal  life,  or  endowing  with  the 
properties  of  an  animal.  (6)  Conversion 
into  animal  matter  by  the  process  of  assi- 
milation. '  The  alimentary  canal,  in  which 
the  conversion  and  animalization  of  the 
food  takes  place.'  Owen. 

Animalize  (an'i-mal-iz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ani- 
malized ;  ppr.  animalizing.  1.  To  give 
animal  life  to;  to  endow  with  the  attributes 
of  an  animal.  Warburton.— 2.  To  convert 
into  animal  matter. —  3.  To  cause  to  be  ac- 
tuated chiefly  by  the  animal  part  of  man's 
nature ;  to  reduce  to  the  level  of  an  irra- 
tional animal ;  to  bring  under  the  sway  of 
animal  appetites.  Coleridge.— Toanimalize 
vegetable  fibre,  to  confer  upon  vegetable 
fibre  the  physical  characteristics  of  animal 
fibre,  as  by  treating  cotton  with  a  strong 
solution  of  caustic  soda,  when  the  fibre 
shrinks,  becomes  stronger,  and  has  an  in- 
creased capacity  for  receiving  colouring 
matter. 

Anlmalness  (an'i-mal-nes),  «.  The  state  of 
being  an  animal;  animality. 

Animant  (an'i-mant),  a.  Possessing  or  con- 
ferring the  properties  of  life  and  soul; 
quickening.  Cudworth.  [Rare.] 

Anlmastict  (an-i -mas'tik),  n.  The  doctrine 
of  the  soul;  psychology. 

The  other  schoolmen  .  .  .  carefully  explained  that 
these  operations  were  not  in  their  own  nature  pro- 
posed to  the  logician;  for.  as  such,  they  belonged  to 
animastic,  as  they  called  it,  or  psychology 

Sir  IV.  Hamilton. 

Animate  (an'i-mat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ani- 
mated; ppr.  animating.  [L.  animatus,  ani- 
mated, pp.  of  animo,  to  fill  with  breath 
See  ANIMAL.]  1.  To  give  natural  life  to;  to 
quicken;  to  make  alive;  as,  the  soul  ani- 
mates  the  body.— 2.  To  inspire  or  inform, 
as  if  with  life ;  to  give  life  or  liveliness  to ; 
to  heighten  the  powers  or  effect  of. 

But  none,  ah,  none  can  animate  the  lyre. 
And  the  mute  strings  with  vocal  souls  inspire 

Dryiten. 

3.  To  give  spirit  or  vigour  to;  to  infuse 
courage,  joy,  or  other  enlivening  passion 
into;  to  stimulate  or  incite;  as,  to  animate 
dispirited  troops. 

The  moretOrt«/>«rt/*the  people,  he  stood  on  high 
from  whence  he  might  be  best  heard,  and  cried  unto 
them  with  a  loud  voice.  Knolles. 

SYN.  To  enliven,  inspirit,  stimulate,  exhilar- 
ate, inspire,  instigate,  rouse,  urge,  cheer 
prompt,  incite,  quicken,  gladden. 
Animate  (an  i-mat),  a.     Alive  ;  possessing 
animal  life.     'Creatures  animate.'    Milton. 
Every  acre  of  soil  was  animate,  so  to  speak,  with 
duties,  and  privileges,  which  had  attached  to  it  from 
time  immemorial,  and  could  not  be  lost. 

C.  H.  Pearson. 

Animated  (rm'i-mat-ed),  p.  and  ft.  1.  Being 
endowed  with  animal  life ;  as,  the  various 
classes  of  animated  beings. —2.  Lively; 


vigorous;  full  of  spirit;  indicating  anima- 
tion; as,  an  animated  discourse. 

On  the  report  there  was  an  animated  debate. 

Hctamla}. 

3.  In  the  ./me  arts,  applied  to  a  painting  or 
statue  which  is  executed  with  such  vigour 
and  truth  that  it  appears  full  of  life.  Fair- 
holt. 

Can  stoned  urn  or  animated  bust 

Back  to  its  mansion  call  the  fleeting  breath  T 

Gray. 

Animatenesst  (an'i-mSt-nes),  n.    The  state 
of  being  animate  or  animated. 
Animater  (an'i-mat-er),  n.    One  who  ani- 
mates or  gives  life. 

Animating  (an'i-mat-ing),  p.  and  a.  Giving 
life;  infusing  spirit;  enlivening;  rousing. 
'Animating  strains.'  Worcester. 
Aniraatingly  (an'i-mat-ing-li),  adv.  So  as 
to  animate  or  excite  feeling. 
Animation  (an-i-ma'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
animating  or  state  of  being  animated :  (a) 
the  act  of  infusing  animal  life,  or  the  state 
of  being  animated  or  having  life  infused. 
(6)  Liveliness ;  briskness ;  the  state  of  being 
full  of  spirit  and  vigour ;  as,  he  recited  the 
story  with  great  animation,  (c)  In  the  fine 
arts,  the  character  of  a  figure  or  group  de- 
signed with  such  energy  and  vigour  as  to 
suggest  the  idea  of  life  and  motion. — SYN. 
Life,  vivacity,  spirit,  buoyancy,  sprightli- 
ness,  liveliness. 

Animative  (an'i-mat-iv),  a.  Having  the 
power  of  giving  life  or  spirit. 

Animator  (an'i-mat-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  animates  or  gives  life  or  anything 
analogous  to  life.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Anime  (an'i-me),  n.  [Fr.]  In  her.  of  a  dif- 
ferent tincture  from  the  animal  itself:  said 
of  the  eyes  of  a  rapacious  animal. 

Anime  (an'i-me),  n.  [Sp.J  1.  A  resin  exud- 
ing from  the  stem  of  a  large  American  tree 
of  the  genus  Hymemea  (//.  Courbaril),  called 
in  the  West  Indies  locust-tree.  It  is  of  a 
transparent  amber  colour, with  alight  agree- 
able smell,  and  has  little  or  no  taste.  It  dis- 
solves entirely,  but  not  readily,  in  rectified 
spirit  of  wine,  and  burns  with  a  very  fra- 
grant smell,  and  is  therefore  used  in  scent- 
ing pastilles.  It  produces  one  of  the  finest 
varnishes.  —  2.  Indian  copal  produced  by 
Valeria  indica.  See  VATERIA. 

Animetta  (an-i-met'ta),  n.  [Dim.  of  L.  ani- 
ma.  ]  Eccles.  the  cloth  which  covers  the  cup 
of  the  eucharist. 

Animism  (an'i-mizra),  n.  [L.  anima,  the 
soul.]  1.  The  hypothesis  of  Pythagoras  and 
Plato  of  a  force  (Anima  mttndi,  or  soul  of 
the  world)  immaterial  but  inseparable  from 
matter,  and  giving  to  matter  its  form  and 
movements.  —2.  The  system  of  medicine, 
propounded  by  Stahl,  in  which  the  rational 
soul  is  regarded  as  the  principle  of  life,  the 
body  being  a  matter  incapable  of  self-move- 
ment, and  not  only  originally  formed  by  the 
soul,  but  also  set  in  motion  by  the  working 
of  its  elastic  power.  Hence  it  was  inferred 
that  the  source  of  disease  must  be  looked 
for  in  the  soul,  and  medical  treatment 
should  be  confined  to  an  attempt  to  remove 
the  obstacles  which  have  arisen  to  the  free 
and  full  working  of  the  soul.  —  3.  The 
general  doctrine  of  souls  and  other  spiritual 
beings.  A  philosophy  explaining  all  the 
phenomena  in  nature  not  due  to  obvious 
natural  causes  by  attributing  them  to  spi- 
ritual agency,  seems  to  have  been  devel- 
oped everywhere  among  the  communities 
of  mankind  in  the  earliest  stages  of  their 
existence.  Amongst  the  beliefs  most  cha- 
racteristic of  this  philosophy  is  that  of  a 
human  apparitional  soul,  that  is,  of  a  vital 
and  animating  principle  residing  in  the 
body  but  distinct  from  it,  bearing  its  form 
and  appearance,  but  wanting  its  material 
and  solid  substance. 

Animist  (an'i-mist),  n.  One  who  maintains 
animism  in  any  of  its  various  senses. 

Animistic  (an-i-mist'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
taining  to,  embracing  or  founded  on,  ani- 
mism; as,  animistic  philosophy. 

Animose  (an'i-mos),  a.  [L.  animostis,  full 
of  courage,  ardent,  from  animus,  the  mind 
courage,  pride.)  Full  of  spirit;  hot;  vehe- 
ment; resolute.  Ash. 

Animosity  (an-i-mos'i-ti),  n.  [L.  animosi- 
tas,  from  animomt.  See  ANIMOSE.]  l.f  Ani- 
mation; courage;  spiritedness. 

Cato.  before  he  durst  give  the  fatal  stroke,  spent 
part  of  the  nightin  reading  the  Immortality  of  Plato 
thereby  confirming  his  wavering  hand  unto  the  ani- 
mosity of  that  attempt.  Sir  T.  Brmvne. 

2.  Violent  hatred,  accompanied  with  active 
opposition;  active  enmity. 

The  animosity  produced  by  difference  of  race  was 


increased  by  difference  of  religion,  .  .  .  when  Scot- 
land had  set  the  example  of  successful  resistance, 
when  England  was  distracted  by  internal  quarrels 
the  smothered  rage  of  the  Irish  broke  forth  into  acts 
of  fearful  violence.  Macanlay. 

— Animosity,  Enmity,  Malice.  Animosity 
differs  from  enmity  in  that  it  is  accompa- 
nied by  passion,  and  is  generally  avowed  and 
active;  while  enmity  may  be  secret  and  in- 
active, though  more  deep-seated  and  invet- 
erate. It  is  a  less  criminal  passion  than 
malice.  One  who  harbours  animosity  seeks 
to  gain  a  cause  or  destroy  an  enemy  or  rival, 
from  hatred  or  private  interest ;  a  person 
actuated  by  malice  seeks  to  do  injury  to  an- 
other merely  for  the  sake  of  giving  pain. 
Animus  (an'i-mus),  n.  [L.,  the  mind.]  In- 
tention; purpose;  spirit;  temper;  especi- 
ally, hostile  spirit  or  angry  temper;  as,  the 
animus  with  which  a  book  is  written. 
Anion  (an'i-on),  n.  [Gr.  ana,  upward,  and 
ion,  going.  Lit.  that  which  goes  up.]  In 
elect,  a  term  applied  by  Faraday  to  the  ele- 
ment of  an  electrolyte,  which  in  electro- 
chemical decompositions  appears  at  the 
positive  pole  or  anode,  and  is  usually  termed 
the  electro-negative  ingredient  of  a  com- 
pound, as  oxygen,  chlorine,  and  an  acid. 
See  ANODE,  CATION. 

Anise  (an'is),  n.  [Fr.  and  Pr.  anis,  from  L. 
anisum,  Gr.  unison.]  An  annual  plant  of 
the  genus  Pimpinella  (P.  anisum),  nat.order 
Umbelliferic.  It  grows  naturally  in  Egypt, 
and  is  cultivated  in  Spain  and  Malta,  whence 
the  seed,  or  rather  the  fruit,  is  imported. 
The  flowers  are  small  and  white;  the  fruit 
or  'seed'  is  ovate  with  ten  narrow  ribs,  be- 
tween which  are  oil-vessels.  Anise  seed  has 
an  aromatic  smell  and  a  pleasant  warm 
taste;  it  is  largely  employed  in  the  manu- 
facture of  liqueurs.  When  distilled  with 
water  it  yields  a  volatile  syrupy  oil  having 
an  aromatic  smell,  which  separates  when 
cooled  into  two  portions,  a  light  oil  and  a 
solid  camphor.  Star  or  Chinese  anise  is  II- 
licium  anwatitm.  See  ILLICIUM. 

Aniseed  (an'i-sed),  n.  1.  The  seed  of  the 
anise. — 2.  A  cordial  or  liqueur  prepared 
from  it.  See  ANISE. 

Anisette  (an-i-set),  n.  [Fr]  A  liqueur  fla- 
voured with  anise;  aniseed. 

Anisic  (a-nis'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  anise. 
—  Anisic  add  (C.  H80S),  an  acid  obtained 
from  aniseed  by  the  action  of  oxidizing  sub- 
stances. It  is  crystallizable  and  volatile, 
and  forms  salts  which  crystallize  readily. 

Anisodactyla  (an-i'so-dak"ti-la),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
on  for  a,  not,  isos,  equal,  and  daktylos,  a 
finger,  toe.  ]  One  of  the  four  sections  into 
which  the  pachydermatous  or  thick-skinned 
animals  have  been  subdivided  with  refer- 
ence to  the  conformation  of  their  feet  or 
paddles.  The  Anisodactyla  are  character- 
ized by  having  several  hoofs,  forming  a 
single  series  round  the  bottom  of  the  foot. 
This  section  comprehends  the  bulkiest  ter- 
restrial animals,  as  the  mammoth,  masto- 
don, elephant,  rhinoceros,  hippopotamus, 
tapir,  *c. 

Anlsodactyle  (an-i'so-dak"til),  n.  1.  One  of 
an  order  of  birds  in  the  classification  of  Tem- 
minck,  including  those  insessorial  species 
the  toes  of  which  are  of  unequal  length,  as 
in  the  nut-hatch.— 2.  One  of  the  Anisodac- 
tyla. 

Anisodynamous(an-i'8o-din"am-us),  a.  [Gr. 
anisos,  unequal,  and  dynamic,  power]  In 
bot.  a  name  given  to  monocotyledonous 
plants,  because  having  only  one  cotyledon, 
they  grow  at  first  with  more  force  on  one 
side  of  their  axis  than  on  the  other. 

Anlsomerlc  (an-i'so-mcr"ik),  a.  [Gr.  anims, 
unequal,  and  meros,  a  part.]  Not  consist- 
ing of  symmetrical  or  corresponding  parts ; 
unsymmetrical.  Dana. 

Anisostemonous  ( an-i'so-stem"on-us ),  a. 
[Gr.  anisos,  unequal,  and  stemt'm,  the  wan* 
of  a  web.]  In  bot.  a  term  applied  to  plants 
in  which  the  number  of  the  stamens  does 
not  correspond  with  the  number  of  the  pet- 
als or  the  sepals ;  as,  for  instance,  when  a 
flower  having  five  sepals  has  three  or  seven 
stamens. 

Anitrogenous  (a-ni-troj'en-us),  a.  Not  con- 
taining or  supplying  nitrogen  ;  non-nitro- 
genous. 

Anjeela  (an-je'la),  n.  A  sort  of  floatiiv.'- 
house,  supported  upon  two  large  canm  s, 
connected  with  planks,  and  used  by  the 
Singhalese  both  for  a  habitation  ami  as  a 
meansof  transporting  pottery,  wood,  oil,  Ac. 

Anker  (angler),  n.  [D.]  A  Dutch  liquid 
measure,  formerly  used  in  England,  contain- 
ing 10  wine  gallons. 

Anker.tn.  An  anchorite  or  hermit.  Chaucer. 


Fat«,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub.  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J.  Sc.  tey. 


ANKERITE 


109 


ANNOTATION 


Ankerite  (ang'ker-it),  n.  [After  Prof.  Anker 
of  tirul/.  |  A  rr>>talliy.ed  variety  of  dnlo- 
inite  containing  much  iron.  It  consists  of 
carbonates  of  lime,  iron,  magnesia,  and 
manganese,  aiul  is  inucli  prized  as  an  ore  of 
iron  for  smelting  and  a  flux.  It  occurs  near 
Torness  in  the  Orkneys,  in  amygdaloid. 

Ankle  (ang'kl),  n.  f  A.  Sax.  anclenw,  oncleow, 
O.  Kris,  onklt'f,  anM,  1).  enklaaw,  enkel, 
Dan.  and  Sw.  ankcl.  Irt'l.  utckla,  G.  enkel, 
O.II.U.  anchal.  Probably  from  a  root  any, 
meaning  crooked.  See  ANCHOR.]  The  joint 
which  connects  the  foot  with  the  leg. 

Ankle-bone  (ang'kl-bou),  n.  The  bone  of 
the  ankle. 

Ankled  (ang/kld),  a.  Having  ankles :  used 
in  composition;  as,  w0U-annMi 

Anklet  (ang'klet),  n.  l.  A  little  ankle.  — 
2.  An  ornament,  as  a  ring  of  metal,  for  the 
ankle.  :i.  A  framework  for  the  leg,  intended 
to  stiffen  the  ankle-joint  and  prevent  the 
ankle  turning  sideways  in  skating.  —4.  An 
article  of  dress,  which  forms  an  extension 
above  the  top  of  the  boot  or  the  shoe,  and 
is  in  some  cases  a  protection  for  a  weak 
ankle,  in  others  merely  an  ornamental  ex- 
tension. 

Ankylose  (ang'ki-los),  c.t.  [See  ARKTLO8XB.] 
To  fix  immovably,  as  a  joint;  to  stiffen. 

(tiri-ii. 

Ankylosed  (ang'ki-lost),  p.  and  a.  Immov- 
ably fixed  or  stiffened,  as  the  movable  bones 
of  joints,  by  disease ;  affected  with  or  con- 
solidated by  ankylosis. 

Ankylosis  (ang-ki-16'sis),  n.  [Or.,  a  stiffen- 
ing of  the  joints,  from  angkylox,  crooked, 
angkylc,  a  bend,  a  joint,  the  elbow.]  Stiff- 
ness and  immovability  of  a  joint;  morbid 
adhesion  of  the  articular  ends  of  contiguous 
bones.  This  is  sometimes  caused  by  a  want 
of  the  oily  fluid,  termed  synovial  fluid, 
secreted  at  the  joints.  Improperly  written 
A  nchi/losig. 

Aukylotic  (ang-ki-lot'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
ankylosis. 

Anlace.    See  ANELACE. 

Anlaut  (an'lout),  n.  [G.  prefix  an,  marking 
an  approach  or  beginning,  and  taut,  sound.] 
In  philol.  the  initial  sound  of  a  word. 

Ann,  Annat  (an,  an'nat),  n.  [See  ANNATS.] 
In  Scotts  faip,the  portion  of  stipend  payable 
for  the  half-year  after  the  death  of  a  clergy- 
man of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  to  which 
his  family  or  nearest  of  kin  have  right. 

Anna  (an'na),  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  the 
sixteenth  part  of  a  rupee,  or  about  U</. 
sterling. 

Aimal  (an'nal),  n,  [L.  annalis,  pertaining 
to  a  year,  from  annux,  a  year.]  1.  A  register 
or  record  of  the  events  of  a  year:  chiefly 
used  in  the  plural.  'A  last  year's  annal,' 
Warburton.  See  ANNALS. —2.  In  the  /;. 
Cath.  Ch.  a  mass  said  for  any  person  every 
day  in  the  year;  or  a  mass  said  on  a  particu- 
lar day  every  year. 

Annalist  (an'nal-lst),  n.   A  writer  of  annals. 

The  monks  .  .  .  were  the  only  annalisfs  in  those 
ages.  Hume. 

AnnalistiC  (an-ual-ist'ik),  a.  Pertaining  or 
peculiar  to  an  annalist.  '  Written  in  a  stiff 
annalixtic  method.'  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis. 

Annallze  (an'nal-iz).  v.t.  To  record  manuals, 
or  as  in  annals.  '  Miracle,  deserving  a  Baro- 
nius  to  annetlize  it.'  Sheldon.  [Rare.] 

Annals  (an'nalz),  7t.  pi.  [L.  annalett  (libri, 
books,  understood),  annalte,  pertaining  to 
a  year,  from  annus,  a  year.]  1.  A  history 
or  relation  of  events  in  chronological  order, 
each  event  being  recorded  under  the  year 
in  which  it  happened ;  as,  the  Annals  of 
Tacitus.— 2.  A  periodical  publication  con- 
taining records  of  discoveries,  transactions 
of  societies,  &e.;  as,  the  annals  of  science. 
—Hixtory,  Chronicle,  Annals.  See  HISTORY. 

Annamese  (an'am-ez),  n.  and  a.  Same  as 
Anaiitexc. 

Annats,  Annates  (an'nats,  an'nats),  n.  pi. 
[L.L.  annata,  from  L.  anmis,  a  year.]  A 
year's  income  of  a  spiritual  living;  the  first- 
fruits  originally  given  to  the  pope,  upon  the 
decease  of  a  bishop,  abbot,  or  parish  clerk, 
and  paid  by  his  successor.  In  England  they 
were,  at  the  Reformation,  vested  in  the  king, 
and  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  restored  to 
the  church,  and  appropriated  to  the  aug- 
mentation of  poor  livings. 

Next  ye.ir  the  antnttes  or  first-fruits  of  benefices, 
a  constant  source  of  discord  between  the  nations  of 
Europe  an  1  their  spiritual  chief,  were  taken  away 
by  act  of  parliament.  Hallam. 

Annatto  (an-nat'to),  n.    See  ARNOTTO. 

Anneal  (an-neT).  v.t,  [A.  Sax.  amrlan,  on- 
ii'/itu,  to  set  on  fire,  to  burn,  to  anneal— an 
or  cm,  on,  and  celan,  to  kindle,  from  <>i,  fire.] 


1.  To  heat,  as  glass  or  iron  vessels,  in  an 
oven  or  furnace,  and  then  cool  slowly,  for 
the  purpose  of  rendering  less  brittle;   to 
temper  by  a  gradually  diminishing  heat. 
Metals  made  hard  and  brittle  by  hammering, 
by  this  process  recover  their  malleability. — 

2.  To  heat,  as  glass  or  tiles,  in  order  to  fix 
colours;  to  bake. 

And  like  a  picture  shone  in  glass  antiealed.  Dryden. 

Annect  (an-nekf),  v.t.  [L.  annecto.  See 
ANNKXJ  To  connect  or  join.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

It  is  united  to  it  by  golden  rings  at  every  corner, 
the  like  rings  being  annecttdlo  the  ephod. 

//  'Histon. 

Annectant  (an-nekt'ant),  a.  [L.  anncctere. 
See  ASNECT.]  Connecting;  annexing. 

Annelata,  Annellata  (an  ne-la'ta,  an-nel- 
la'ta),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Annelida. 

Annelid,  Annelidan  (an'ne-lid,  an-nel'i- 
dan),  n.  One  of  the  Annelida  (which  see). 

Annelida  (an-nel'i-da),  n.  [L.  annellus,  a 
little  ring,  and  Gr.  eidos,  form.]  An  exten- 
sive division  or  class  of  Annulosa  or  articu- 
late animals,  so  called  because  their  bodies 
are  formed  of  a  great  number  of  small  rings, 
as  in  the  earthworm.  The  earthworm,  the 
lobworm,  the  nereis,  and  the  leech  belong 
to  this  division.  They  have  red,  rarely  yel- 
low or  green,  blood  circulating  in  a  double 
system  of  contractile  vessels,  a  double  gan- 
glionated  nervous  cord,  and  respire  by  ex- 
ternal branchiae,  Internal  vesicles,  or  by  the 
skin.  Called  also  Anmtlata. 

Annellde  (an'nel-Id),  n.  One  of  the  Annelida. 

Annex  (an-neks'),  v.t.  [L.  annecto,  annexum, 
to  bind  to— ad,  to,  and  necto,  nexuin,  to  bind.  ] 

1.  To  unite  at  the  end;  to  subjoin;  to  affix; 
as,  to  annex  a  codicil  to  a  will.— 2.  To  unite, 
as  a  smaller  thing  to  a  greater;  as,  to  annex 
a  province  to  a  kingdom. — 3.  To  connect, 
especially  as  a  consequence ;  as,  to  annex  a 
penalty  to  a  prohibition,  or  punishment  to 
guilt. 

Industry  hath  annexed  thereto  the  fairest  fruits 
and  the  richest  rewards.  Barrow. 

—Add,  Annex,  Unite.     See  under  ADD. 

Annex  (en-neks'),  f.i.  To  join;  to  be  united; 
to  be  connected  as  a  consequence. 

Annex  (an-neks'),  ?i.  Something  annexed. 
'To  which  I  add  these  two  annexes.'  Jer, 
Taylor.  Now  mainly  used  in  the  specific 
sense,  borrowed  from  the  French,  of  a  sub- 
sidiary building  connected  with  a  great  in- 
dustrial exhibition,  in  which  sense  it  is 
commonly  written  Annexe. 

Annexary*  (an-neks'a-ri),  n.  [See  ANNEX.] 
An  addition ;  a  supernumerary.  Sir  K 
Sandys. 

Annexation  (an-neks-a'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  annexing  or  uniting  at  the  end;  the  act  of 
adding,  as  a  smaller  thing  to  a  greater;  con- 
junction; addition;  the  act  of  connecting; 
union. — 2.  In  law,  (a)  the  union  of  chattels 
with  a  freehold,  so  as  to  give  them  the 
character  of  fixtures.  (6)  In  Scots  law,  the 
appropriating  of  church  lands  to  the  crown, 
and  the  union  of  lands  lying  at  a  distance 
from  the  kirk  to  which  they  belong,  to  the 
kirk  to  which  they  are  more  contiguous. 

Annexatlonlst  (an-neks-a'shon-ist),  n.  One 
favourable  to  annexation,  as  of  a  portion  of 
another  country  to  his  own. 

The  unconditional  annexationists  .  .  .  now  urged 
immediate  appeal  to  the  people,     Westminster  fin: 

Annexe  (an-neks'),  n.    See  ANNEX. 
Annexlont  (an-m;k'shon),  n.     The  act  of 

annexing  or  thing  annexed ;   annexation ; 

addition.    '  With  the  annexions  of  fair  gems 

enriched.'    Shak. 
Annexment  (an-neks'ment),  n.    The  act  of 

annexing,   or  the  thing  annexed.      'Each 

small  annexment.'    Shak.     [Rare.] 
A  tin  i  mi  t  (an'ni-kut),  n.     In  the  East  Indies, 

a  dam.     Annicuts  are  built  across  rivers  to 

raise  the  level  of  the  water  to  facilitate  both 

navigation  and  irrigation. 
Annihilable  (an-ni'hil-a-bl),  a.    Capable  of 

being  annihilated.     '  Matter  annihilate  by 

the  power  of  God.'    Clarke. 
Annihilate  (an-ni'hil-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 

annihilated;  ppr.  annihilating.  [L.  annihilo 

—ad,  to,  and  nihil,  nothing.]    1.  To  reduce 

to  nothing ;  to  destroy  the  existence  of ;  to 

cause  to  cease  to  be. 

It  is  impossible  for  any  body  to  be  utterly  annihil- 
ated. Bacon. 

2.  To  destroy  the  form  or  peculiar  distinctive 
properties,  so  that  the  specific  thing  no 
longer  exists;  as,  to  annihilate  a  forest  by 
cutting  and  carrying  away  the  trees,  though 
the  timber  may  still  exist ;  to  annihilate  a 
house  by  demolishing  the  structure ;  also, 
to  destroy  or  eradicate,  as  a  property  or 
attribute  of  a  thing. 


Annihilate  (an-ni'hil-at).  p.  and  a.  Anni- 
hilated. 'Can  these  also  be  wholly  annihil- 
ate?' Swift. 

Annihilation  (an-ni'hil-a"shon),  n.  The  act 
uf  annihilating  or  reducing  to  nothing  or 
non-existence,  or  the  state  of  being  reduced 
to  nothing ;  the  act  of  destroying  the  form 
or  combination  of  parts  under  which  a  thing 
exists,  so  that  the  name  can  no  longer  be 
applied  to  it;  as,  the  annihilation  of  a  cor- 
poration. 

He  tells  us  that  our  souls  are  naturally  mortal. 
Annihilation  is  the  fate  of  the  greater  part  of  man- 
kind. Afafaulay. 

AnnihllatlqniBt  (an-ni'hil-a"shon-ist),  n. 
One  who  believes  that  annihilation  by  way  of 
punishment  is  the  fate  of  the  wicked  after 
death. 

Annihilator  (an-ni'hjl-at-er),  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  annihilates.  —  Fire  annihil- 
ator,  an  apparatus  for  extinguishing  fire  by 
the  rapid  production  of  carbonic  acid  or 
other  gas,  which  excludes  the  air  from  the 
combustible  material;  an  extincteur. 

Anniversarily  (an-ni-vers'a-ri-li),  adv.  An- 
nually, ftp.  If  all.  [Rare.] 

Anniversary  (an-ni-vers'a-riY  r..  [L.  annt- 
versarius—anwts,  a  year,  and  verto,  vertsum, 
to  turn.  ]  Returning  with  the  year  at  a  stated 
time;  annual;  yearly;  as,  an  anniversary 
feast.  'Anniversary  vicissitudes. '  Jlay.  -  - 
Anniversary  days,  in  the  It.  Cath.  Ch.  the 
days  on  which  an  office  is  yearly  performed 
for  the  souls  of  the  deceased,  or  on  which 
the  martyrdom  of  the  saints  is  yearly  cele- 
brated. 

Anniversary  (an-ni-vers'a-ri),  n.  1.  A  stated 
day  returning  with  the  revolution  of  the 
year,  on  which  some  remarkable  event  is 
annually  celebrated. 

The  primitive  Christians  met  at  the  place  of  their 
(the  early  martyrs')  martyrdom,  to  observe  the  anni- 
versary of  their  sufferings.  Stiiltng/fett. 

2.  In  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  a  day  in  which  an 

office  is  yearly  performed  for  the  souls  of 
the  deceased;  hence,  the  office  itself. 

Anniversary  is  an  office  celebrated  not  only  once 
a  year,  but  which  ought  to  be  said  daily  through  the 
year.  Aylifft. 

3.  The  act  of  celebration ;  performance  in 
honour  of  an  event. 

Donne  had  never  seen  Mrs.  Drury,  whom  he  has 
made  immortal  in  his  admirable  anniversaries. 

Dryden. 

Anniverset  (an'ni-vers),  n.  Anniversary. 
Dryden. 

Annodated  (an'nod-at-ed),  a.  [L.  an  for  ad. 
to,  and  nodun,  a  knot,  j 
In  her.  a  term  applied 
to  anything  bent  some- 
what in  the  form  of  an  8. 
The  serpents  in  the  ca- 
duceus  of  Mercury  are 
said  to  \wannodated,  or 
entwined  about  the  mace 
or  staff.  Called  also  En- 
wrapped and  Bowed-im- 
bowed. 
Annoisancet  (an-noi'- 


Annodated. 


sans),  n.  [An,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  O.E.  noys- 
ance,  a  form  of  nuisance.]  In  law,  a  nui- 
sance; any  injury  done  to  a  place  by  placing 
anything  thereon  that  may  breed  infection, 
or  by  encroachment. 

Annomlnatlon  (an-nom'in-a"shon),  n.  [L. 
ad,  and  nominatio,  from  nomino,  to  name, 
from  nonun,  a  name.]  1.  The  use  of  words 
nearly  alike  in  sound,  but  of  different  mean- 
ings; a  pun;  a  paronomasia.— 2.  Alliteration, 
or  the  use  of  two  or  more  words  successively 
beginning  with  the  same  letter.  See  AGNO- 
MINATION. 

Geraldus  Cambrensis  speaks  of  annomination , 
which  he  describes  to  be  what  we  call  alliteration. 
as  the  favourite  rhetorical  figure  both  of  the  Welsh 
and  English  in  his  time.  TyrwMtt. 

Annona  (an-no'na),  n.  [L.  annonat  from 
unmix,  a  year.]  1.  A  year's  production  or 
increase;  hence,  provisions  for  a  year's  sub- 
sistence.—2.  In  Jtoin.  hint,  a  contribution  or 
tax  in  corn  imposed  on  some  of  the  more 
fertile  provinces. 

Annotate  (an'no-tat),  v.t.  [L.  anno  to,  anno- 
tatum—  ad,  to,  and  note,  to  note.]  To  com- 
ment upon ;  to  make  remarks  on  by  notes ; 
as,  to  annotate  the  works  of  Bacon. 

Annotate  (an'no-tat),  v.i.  To  act  as  an  an- 
notator;  to  make  annotations  or  notes. 

Give  me  leave  to  annotate  on  the  words  thus. 
Vac .  lime. 

Annotation  (an-no-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  annota- 
tio—ad,  and  notatw,  a  marking,  from  noto, 
n"  fa  fa, n.  to  mark.]  1.  The  act  of  annotat- 
ing or  making  notes  on.—  2.  A  remark, note, 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thiu;      w,  wig;    wh,  uhlg;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ANNOTATIONS! 


110 


ANN D LOS  A 


or  commentary  on  some  passage  of  a  book, 
intended  to  illustrate  its  meaning ;  as,  an- 
notations on  the  Scriptures.  —  3.  The  first 
symptoms  of  an  intermittent  fever,  or  attack 
of  a  paroxysm. 

Annotationist  (an-no-ta'shon-ist),  n.  An 
iinnotator. 

Aimotiitor  (an'no-tat-er),  n.  A  writer  of 
annotations  or  notes;  a  commentator;  a 
scholiast;  one  who  writes  notes  to  illustrate 
the  composition  of  an  author. 

The  observation  of  faults  and  beauties  is  one  of 
the  duties  of  an  annotator,  which  some  of  Shakspere's 
editors  have  attempted.  Johnson. 

Annotatory  (an-not'a-to-ri),  a.  Relating 
to  or  containing  annotations. 

Annotinous(an-not'in-us),  a.  [L.  annotinus, 
from  annus,  a  year.]  In  bot.  being  a  year 
old;  lasting  from  the  previous  year. 

Annotto,  Annotta  (an-not'to,  an-not'ta),  n. 
See  ARNOTTO. 

Announce  Can-nouns'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  an- 
nounced; ppr.  announcing.  [Fr.  annoncer; 
It.  annunziare;  L.  annuncio,  to  deliver  a 
message-  ad,  and  nuncio,  to  tell,  from  nun' 
cius,  a  messenger.]  1.  To  publish;  to  pro- 
claim; to  give  notice  or  first  notice;  as,  the 
birth  of  Christ  was  announced  by  an  angel. 

A  heated  pulpiteer, 

Not  preaching  simple  Christ  to  simple  men, 
Announced  the  coming  doom.          Tennyson. 

2.  To  pronounce;  to  declare  by  judicial  sen- 
tence. 

Who  model  nations,  publish  laws,  announce 
Or  life  or  death.  Prior. 

8m.  To  proclaim,  publish,  make  known, 
set  forth,  promulgate. 

Announcement  (an-nouns'ment),  n.  The 
act  of  announcing  or  giving  notice ;  procla- 
mation; publication. 

Announcer  (an-nouns'er),  n.  One  that  an- 
nounces, or  first  gives  notice;  a  proclaimer. 

Annoy  (an-noi'),  v.t.  t  [Norm,  anoyer,  Fr. 
ennuyer,  O.Fr.  anoier,  anttier,  Pr.  enuiar, 
enoiar,  It.  annoiare,  to  annoy,  from  L.  in 
odw,  as  in  the  phrase  Est  mihi  in  odio,  It  is 
hateful  to  me.  In  old  Venetian  the  two 
Latin  words  became  joined  together  un- 
changed in  form  to  make  one  substantive 
inodio,  annoyance.]  1.  To  torment  or  dis- 
turb, especially  by  continued  or  repeated 
acts;  to  tease,  vex,  pester,  or  molest;  as, 
to  annoy  a  person  by  perpetual  questions. 

Say,  what  can  more  our  tortured  souls  annoy 
Than  to  behold,  admire,  and  lose  our  joy!    Prior. 

2.t  To  injure;  to  hurt;  to  harm.— SYN.  To 
molest,  harass,  vex,  trouble,  pester,  em- 
barrass, perplex,  tease. 
Annoy  (an-noi'),  n.  [Fr.  ennui,  O.Fr.  cnui, 
anui,anoi.  See  the  verb.]  1.  Injury;  harm; 
molestation. 

Good  angels  guard  thee  from  the  boar's  annoy. 
Shak. 

As  thou  wert  constant  in  our  ills,  be  joyous  in  our  joy. 

For  cold,  and  stiff,  and  still  are  they  who  wrought 

thy  walls  annoy.  Macaulay. 

2.  Suffering;  pain ;  grief;  annoyance.  '  Worse 
than  Tantalus'  is  her  annoy.'  Shak. 
Annoyance  (an-noi'ans),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
annoying;  the  state  of  being  annoyed.  '  For- 
midable means  of  annoyance.'  Macaulay. 
'To  the  annoyance  of  others.*  Hooker.— 
2.  That  which  annoys;  trouble.  'The  exer- 
cise of  industry  .  .  .  tempereth  all  annoy- 
ances.' Barrow. 

A  grain,  a  dust,  a  gnat,  a  wandering  hair- 
Any  annoyance  in  that  precious  sense!      Skak. 

Annoyer  (an-noi'er),  n.    One  that  annoys. 

Annoyful  t  (an-noi'fui),  a.  Giving  trouble; 
incommoding;  molesting. 

Annoying  (an-noi'ing),  p.  and  a.  Molesting; 
vexing;  vexatious;  troublesome;  as,  his  con- 
duct is  very  annoying, 

Annoyoust  (an-nqi'us),  a.    Troublesome. 

Annualre  (an-nii-ar),  n.  [Fr.]  An  annual ; 
a  work  which  appears  yearly. 

Annual  (an'nu-al),  a.  [L.L.  annualis,  from 
L.  annus,  a  year,  probably  from  a  root  an= 
am,  am&,  round,  as  we  speak  of  the  '  circle 
of  the  year.']  1.  Returning  every  year; 
coming  yearly;  as,  an  annual  feast.— 2.  Last- 
ing or  continuing  only  one  year  or  one 
yearly  season ;  that  requires  to  be  renewed 
every  year.— 3.  Performed  in  a  year;  reckoned 
by  the  year;  as,  the  annual  motion  of  the 
earth.— Annual  rent.  See  ANNUALRENT.— 
Annual  Register,  a  summary  of  the  history 
of  each  year,  commenced  by  the  Dodsleys 
in  1758,  and  continued  to  the  present  time 

Annual  (an'nu-al),  n.  1.  A  plant  that  lives  but 
one  year;  the  name  given  to  all  plants  which 
grow  from  seed,  flower,  perfect  their  seed, 
and  perish  in  the  course  of  the  same  season. 
Annuals  may,  however,  be  carried  over  two 


or  more  years  by  preventing  them  from  fruit- 
ing, as  is  frequently  done  with  the  mignon- 
ette. Hardy  annuals,  such  as  grow  in  the 
open  air.  Tender  annuals,  such  as  require 
artificial  heat.  Half-hardy  annuals,  such  as 
require  artificial  heat  when  young.  —  2.  A 
literary  production  published  annually;  es- 
pecially, an  illustrated  work  issued  towards 
Christmas.  The  name  is  more  especially 
applied  to  a  class  of  publications  now  ex- 
tinct, and  which  were  most  numerous  and 
flourishing  about  1830— handsomely  bound, 
illustrated  with  steel  plates,  and  containing 
prose  tales,  poems,  &e. 

Annualist  (an'nu-al-ist),  n.  An  editor  of, 
or  a  writer  for,  an  annual,  or  publication 
issued  annually.  Lamb. 

Annually  (an'nu-al-li),  adv.  Yearly;  return- 
ing every  year;  year  by  year. 

Annualrent  (an'nu-al-rent),  n.  In  Scots 
law,  a  yearly  profit  due  to  a  creditor  by  way 
of  interest  for  a  given  sum  of  money ;  in- 
terest :  so  called  because  when,  before  the 
Reformation,  it  was  illegal  to  lend  money 
at  interest  the  illegality  was  evaded  by  the 
lender  stipulating  for  a  certain  rent  yearly 
from  land. 

Annuaryt  (an'nu-a-ri),  a.    Annual. 

Supply  anew 
With  annnary  cloaks  the  wandering  Jew. 

John  Hall. 

Annueller.t  n.  [Fr.  annuel,  a  mass  said 
once  a  year.  ]  A  priest  employed  in  singing 
anniversary  masses  for  the  dead.  Chaucer. 

Annuent  (an'nu-ent),  n.  [L.  annuens,  an- 
nuentit,  ppr.  of  ammo,  to  nod.]  1.  Nod- 
ding, as  if  with  the  purpose  of  signifying 
assent  or  consent.  Smart.  [Rare.]— 2.  Serv- 
ing to  bend  the  head  forward :  specifically 
applied  to  the  muscles  used  in  nodding. 

Annuitant  (an-nu'it-ant),  n.  [See  ANNUITY.  ] 
One  who  receives,  or  is  entitled  to  receive, 
an  annuity. 

Annuity  (an-nu'i-ti),  n.  [Fr.  annuite,  from 
annns,  a  year.  See  ANNUAL]  A  periodical 
payment  of  money,  amounting  to  a  fixed 
sum  in  each  year,  and  continuing  for  a  cer- 
tain period,  as  10,  20,  or  100  years,  and 
thence  called  a  certain  annuity;  or  for  an 
uncertain  period,  when  it  is  called  a  con- 
tingent annuity,  which  is  called  a  life  an- 
nuity when  the  period  is  determined  by  the 
duration  of  one  or  more  lives.  A  deferred 
or  reversionary  annuity  is  one  that  does 
not  commence  till  after  a  certain  period  or 
number  of  years,  or  till  the  decease  of  a 
person,  or  some  other  future  event,  has 
happened.  An  annuity  in  possession  is  one 
which  has  already  commenced.  Govern- 
ments often  borrow  money  upon  annuities, 
that  is,  for  a  certain  sum  advanced  on  loan 
the  government  contracts  to  pay  the  lender 
a  specific  sum  for  life,  or  for  a  term  of  years. 
—Annuity  tax,  a  tax  levied  to  provide  sti- 
pends for  the  Established  clergy  of  Edin- 
burgh and  Montrose.  In  Edinburgh  espe- 
cially it  was  a  cause  of  much  discontent  on 
the  part  of  Dissenters,  and  it  lias  now  been 
abolished,  new  provisions  having  been  en- 
acted in  its  place. 

Annul  (an-nul'),  v.t.  pret.  <fe  pp.  annulled; 
ppr.  annulling.  [Fr.  annullcr,  from  L.  ad 
outturn,  to  nothing. )  1.  To  reduce  to 
nothing;  to  obliterate.  [Rare.] 

Light,  the  prime  work  of  God,  to  me  is  extinct, 
And  all  her  various  objects  of  delight 
Annulled.  Millcn. 

2.  To  make  void;  to  nullify;  to  abrogate;  to 
abolish:  used  especially  of  laws,  decrees, 
edicts,  decisions  of  courts,  or  other  estab- 
lished rules,  permanent  usages,  and  the 
like,  which  are  made  void  by  competent 
authority. 

Do  they  mean  to  invalidate,  annul,  or  call  in  ques- 
tion that  great  body  of  our  statute  law?  To  annul 
laws  of  inestimable  value  to  our  liberties?  Burke. 

—Abolish,  Repeal,  Abrogate,  Annul  See 
ABOLISH.— SYN.  To  abolish,  nullify,  abro- 
gate, repeal,  cancel,  reverse,  rescind,  revoke 
destroy,  set  aside,  obliterate. 
Annular  (an'nu-ler),  a.  [L.  annularis,  from 
annulus,  dim.  of  anv»,  a  ring,  probably  from 
same  root  as  annus,  a  year.  See  ANNUAL.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  ring ;  pertaining  to  a 
ring.—  Annular  borer,  a  tube  which  serves 
as  a  rock  or  earth  boring  tool,  making  by 
its  revolution  an  annular  cutting,  with  a 
column  of  rock  or  earth  in  the  middle 
which  is  afterwards  withdrawn.  It  is  usu- 
ally armed  at  the  boring  extremity  with 
diamonds.  See  DIAMOND-BORER.— Annular 
cell,  in  bot.  a  fibrous  or  spiral  cell,  with  the 
fibre  separating  into  rings.— Annular  crys- 
tal, a  hexahedral  prism  having  six,  or  an 


octahedral  prism  having  eight,  marginal 
faces  disposed  in  a  ring  about  each  b;ts« ,  <>r 
when  it  is  truncated  on  all  its  terminal 
edges.  —  Annular  eclipse,  in  astron.  an 
eclipse  of  the  sun  in  which  a  ring  of  liijht 
is  visible  around  the  dark  body  of  the 
moon.  —  Annular  engine,  or  annular-ci/l- 
inder  engine,  a  direct-action  marine  engine, 
having  two  concentric  cylinders;  the  annu- 
lar space  is  fitted  with  a  piston,  which  is 
attached  to  a  T-shaped  cross-head  by  two 
piston-rods;  the  cross-head  is  formed  by  two 
plates,  with  a  space  between  for  the  con- 
necting-rod to  vibrate,  and  the  lower  end 
slides  within  the  inner  cylinder,  and  is  con- 
nected by  the  crank.—  Annular  gear-wheel. 
a  wheel  without  web  or  spokes,  and  having 
gearing  teeth  on  its  inner  circumference. — 
Annular  vault,  in  arch,  a  vaulted  roof  sup- 
ported on  circular  walls. — Annular  vessel, 
in  bot.  a  cylindrical  tube  of  vascular  tissue, 
marked  at  intervals  with  complete  fibres 
round  the  tube. 

Annularly  (an'nu-ler-li),  ado.  Inthemanner 
of  a  ring. 

Annulary  (an'nu-la-ri),  a.  Having  the  form 
of  a  ring. 

Because  continual  respiration  is  necessary,  the 
windpipe  is  made  with  annulary  cartilages,  that  the 
sides  of  it  may  not  flag  and  fall  together.  Ray. 

Annulate  (an-nu-la'ta),  n.  pi.  [L.  annulus, 
a  ring.  ]  Same  as  Annelida. 

Annulate,  Anuulated  (an'nu-lat,  an'nu- 
lat-ed^,  a.  Furnished  with  rings,  or  circles 
like  rings ;  having  belts ;  specifically,  (o)  in 
bot.  a  term  applied  to  a  capsule,  stem,  or 
root  encircled  by  elevated  rings  or  bands. 
(b)  In  her.  applied  to  a  cross  or  saltire 
when  the  extremities  have  a  ring  or  annulet 
attached  to  them.  Also  called  Annuletty. 
—Annulate  animals,  ring-bodied  animals; 
animals  of  the  class  Annulata  or  Annelida. 

Annulatlon  (an-nu-Ia'shon),  n.  A  circular 
or  ring-like  formation. 

Annulet  (an'nu-let),  n.  [A  dim.  from  L. 
annultt*,  a  ring,  as  rivulet  from  rivulus  ] 
A  little  ring. 

Plucked  the  grass 

There  growing  longest  by  the  meadow's  edge. 
And  into  many  a  listless  annulet, 
Now  over,  now  beneath  her  marriage  ring. 
Wove  and  unwove  it.  Ttnnyson. 

Specifically,  (a)  in  arch,  a  small  member 
whose  horizontal  section  is  circular.  Pro- 


perly, annulets  are  the  fillets  or  hands 
which  encircle  the  lower  part  of  the  Doric 
capital  above  the  trachelium;  but  the 
term  Is  indiscriminately  used  as  synony- 
mous with  list,  listel,  cincture,  fillet,  tenia, 
&c.  (6)  In  her.  a  ring  borne  as  a  charge  in 

coats  of  arms,  formerly 

reputed  a  mark  of  no- 
bility and  jurisdiction. 
It  denotes  also  the  dif- 
ference or  mark  of  dis- 
tinction which  the  fifth 
brother  of  a  family  ought 
to  bear  on  his  coat  of 
arms. 

Annuletty  (an'nu-let-i), 
a.  In  her.  same  as  An- 
nulate. 


Annulet. 


Annuller  (an-nul'er),  n.    One  who  annuls. 

'Theannullerot  distinctions.'  Prof.  Maiden. 
Annulment  (an-nul'ment),  n.    The  act  of 

annulling. 
Annulold  (an'nu-loid),  n.  One  of  the  Annu- 

loida. 
Annulold  (an'nu-loid),  a.    Of  or  pertaining 

to  the  Annuloida ;  resembling  an  annuloid. 

The  sluggish  annulate  types,  when  contrasted 
with  the  energetic  kinds  of  Annulosa,  present  de- 
cided deficiencies  of  nerve-substance.  H.  Sfencer. 

Annulolda(an-nu-loi'da),  n.  pi.  [L.  annulus, 
a  ring,  and  Gr.  eidos,  likeness.]  In  some 
modern  zoological  classifications  a  division 
(sub -kingdom)  of  animals,  including  the 
Rotifera,  Scolecida  (tape-worms,  <fcc.),  all 
which  are  more  or  less  ring-like  in  appear- 
ance, and  the  Echinodermata,  whose  em- 
bryos show  traces  of  annulation. 

Annulosa  (an-nu-16'sa),  n.  pi.  [L.  annulus, 
a  ring.]  In  modern  zoological  classifica- 
tions a  division  (sub-kingdom)  of  animals 
regarded  by  some  as  synonymous  with  the 
Arthropoda  or  Articulata  (which  see) ;  ac- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ANNULOSAN 


111 


ANONA 


.  Atimilus  of  a  Funpus 
-Ig-aricHs  rnf>escfns). 


cording  toothersystematists.  including  buth 
the  Artictilata  and  Aimulata  or  worms:  so 
i-allrd  fnmi  tlu-ir  ringed  appearance. 

Annulosan  (im-nu-lo'san),  7*.  A  mem1>er 
of  the  Atmulosa. 

Annulose  (un'nu-los),  a.  Furnished  with 
rings;  composed  of  rings;  as,  MMilaN 
iniiiiiiils. 

Annulus  (an'nu-Ius),  n.  [L.,  a  ring.  See 
ANNULAR.]  1.  Inborn,  the  ring-like  space 
or  area  contained  between  the  circumfer- 
ences of  two  concentric  circles.  —  2.  In 
anat.  a  ring-like  part,  opening,  Ac. ;  as, 
amuftua&aom&uuu,  the  abdominal  ring.— 
3.  In  hot.  (a)  in  ferns, 
the  elastic  ring  which 
surrounds  the  spore- 
case  of  most  ferns,  (b) 
In  mosses,  the  layer 
of  cells  by  which  the 
lid  separates  from  the 
theca.  (c)  In  fungi, 
the  slender  mem- 
brane surrounding  the 
steins  of  some  agarics 
after  the  cap  haa  ex- 
panded.— Annulus  et 
baculuin,  the  ring  and 
pastoral  staff,  the  de- 
livery of  which  by  a  prince  was  the  ancient 
mode  of  granting  investitures  to  bishop- 
rics. 

Annumerate  (an-nu'mer-at),  v.t  pret.  <fepp. 
annumerated;  ppr.  annumerating.  [L.  an- 
numero—  ad,  and  numero,  to  number,  from 
numerux,  number.  See  NUMBER.]  To  add 
to  a  former  number;  to  unite  to  something 
before  mentioned. 

There  are  omissions  of  other  kinds  which  will  de- 
serve to  he  attntimerated  to  these.  T.  ¥.  ft'ollaston. 

Annumeration  (an-nu'mer-a"shon),  n. 
Addition  to  a  former  number.  Sir  T. 
Browne. 

Annunciate  (an -mm 'si -at  or  an -nun' - 
shi-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  annunciated;  ppr. 
annunciating.  [See  ANNOUNCE.]  To  bring 
tidings ;  to  announce.  '  Let  my  death  he 
thus  annunciated.'  Bp.  Bull. 

Annunciation  (an-nun'si-a"shon  or  an-nun'- 
shi-a"shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of  announcing; 
proclamation;  promulgation;  as,  the  annun- 
ciation of  a  peace.  '  The  annunciation  of 
the  gospel.'  Hammond.  Specifically— 2.  The 
tidings  brought  by  the  angel  to  Mary  of  the 
incarnation  of  Christ. — 3.  Eccles.  the  festival 
instituted  by  the  church  in  memory  of  this 
announcement  to  Mary  that  she  should  bring 
forth  the  Messiah.  It  is  solemnized  on  25th 
March. — 4.  Among  the  Jews,  a  part  of  the 
ceremony  of  the  passover. 

Annunciative  (an-mm'si-aMv  or  an-nun'- 
shi-at-iy),  a.  Having  the  character  of  an 
annunciation ;  making  an  announcement. 
'  An  annunciative  but  an  exhortatory  style.' 
Dr.  //.  More. 

Annunciator  (an-nun'si-at-er  or  fin-mm'- 
shi-at-er),  n.  1.  One  who  announces;  specifi- 
cally, an  officer  in  the  Greek  Church  whose 
business  was  to  inform  the  people  of  the 
festivals  which  were  to  be  celebrated.— 2.  A 
kind  of  bell-telegraph  used  in  North  Ame- 
rica, consisting  of  an  apparatus  connected 
by  wires  with  the  bell-pulls  of  the  different 
rooms  of  a  hotel.  When  the  pull  is  drawn 
the  bell  not  only  rings,  but  the  apparatus 
indicates  the  room  or  rooms  whence  it  is 
rung. 

Annunclatory  (an-nun'si-a-to-ri  or  an-nun'- 
shi-a-to-ri),  a.  Making  known ;  giving  public 
notice. 

Annus  deliberandi  (an'nus  de-lib'er-an"di). 
(L.]  In  Scots  law,  a  year  allowed  to  the 
heir  to  deliberate  whether  he  will  enter  and 
represent  his  ancestor. 

Anoa  (an'6-a),  n,  [Native  name.]  An  animal 
(Probubalus  or  Anoa  depressicornis)  closely 
allied  to  the  buffalo,  about  the  size  of  an 
average  sheep,  very  wild  and  fierce,  inhabit- 
ing the  rocky  and  mountainous  localities  of 
the  island  of  Celebes.  The  horns  are  straight, 
thick  at  the  root,  and  set  nearly  in  a  line 
with  the  forehead. 

Anobium  (a-no'bi-um),  n.  [Gr.  ana,  back, 
again,  and  bios,  life,  from  their  feigning 
death.]  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects, 
the  larva;  of  which  often  do  much  damage 
by  their  boring  into  old  wood,  including 
several  known  by  the  name  of  death-watch. 
-i.  i-'fi  i-ii  'in.  a  common  species,  when 
frightened  is  much  given  to  feigning  death. 

Anode  (an'od),  n.  [Gr.  ana,  upwards,  and 
hodos,  a  way.]  The  positive  pole  of  the  vol- 
taic current,  being  that  part  of  the  surface 
of  a  decomposing  body  which  the  electric 


current  enters:  opposed  to  cathode,  the  way 
by  which  it  departs. 

Anodic(a-nod'ik),  a.  [Gr.  ana,  up,andAodo«, 
a  way.]  Proceeding  upwards;  ascending. 
'An  a  noetic  course  of  nervous  influence.'  Dr. 
M.  Hall. 

Anodon,  Anodonta  (an'6-don,  an-6-don'ta), 
n.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix  an,  and  odous,  odontox, 
a  tooth.]  A  genus  of  lamellibranchiute  bi- 
valves, including  the  fresh-water  mussels 
(A.  anatimut  and  A.  cygneus),  without  or 
with  very  slight  hinge  teeth. 

Anodyne  (an'6-dln),  «.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix  an, 
and  odyne,  pain.]  Any  medicine  which 
allays  pain,  as  an  opiate  or  narcotic. 

Strove  with  anodynes  t'  assuage  the  smart, 
And  mildly  thus  her  medicine  did  impart.     Dryeten. 

Anodyne  (an'6-dln),  a.  Assuaging  pain. 
'  The  anodyne  draught  of  oblivion.'  Burke. 

Anodynous  (an'6-din-us),  a.  Having  the 
qualities  of  an  anodyne. 

Anoie.tn.  Hurt;  trouble;  annoyance.  Chau- 
cer. 

Anoie.t  v.t.     To  hurt;  to  trouble.    Chaucer. 

Anoifulfta.  Hurtful;  unpleasant.   Chaucer. 

Anoilt  (a-noil'),  v.t.  To  anoint  with  oil;  to 
anele.  Tyndale. 

Anoint  (a-noint'),  v.t.  [O.E.  anointen,  enoin- 
ten;  O.Fr.  enoindre,  part,  enoint,  from  L. 
imtngere,  inunctum,  from  in,  in,  on,  and 
ungo,  unctum,  to  anoint.  See  UNGUENT.] 

1.  To  pour  oil  upon  ;  to  smear  or  rub  over 
with  oil  or  unctuous  substances. 

My  head  with  oil  thou  didst  not  anoint.  Luke  vii.  46. 

2.  To  consecrate,  especially  a  king,  priest, 
or  prophet,  by  unction,  or  the  use  of  oil. 

Thou  shall  anoint  the  altar  and  sanctify  it. 

Ex.  xxix.  37. 

I  would  not  see  thy  sister 
In  his  anointed  flesh  stick  boarish  fangs.    Skat. 

3.  To  serve  as  an  ointment  or  lubricant  for. 

And  fragrant  oils  the  stiffened  limbs  anoint. 

Dryden. 

Anointer  (a-noint'er),  n.  One  who  anoints. 
Anointment  (a-noint'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
anointing,  or  state  of  being  anointed. 

That  sovran  lord,  who,  in  the  discharge  of  his  holy 
anointment  from  God  the  Father,  which  made  him 
supreme  bishop  of  our  souls,  was  so  humble  as  to 
say,  Who  made  me  a  judge  or  a  divider  over  you? 
Milton. 

Anoious.t  a.  Fatiguing;  wearisome;  annoy- 
ing. Chaucer. 

Anolis  (an'6-lis),  n.  [In  the  Antilles,  anoli, 
anoalli,  a  lizard.]  A  genus  of  saurian  rep- 
tiles, belonging  to  that  section  of  Iguanidre 
which  Cuvier  distinguishes  by  having  teeth 
in  the  palate  of  the  mouth,  as  well  as  in  the 
maxillary  bones.  They  are  entirely  an  Ame- 
rican genus,  and  in  many  respects  supply  in 
the  New  World  the  place  which  the  chame- 
leons occupy  in  the  Old. 

Auomal  (an'om-al),  n.  In  (/ram.  an  anomal- 
ous verb  or  word.  [Rare.] 

Anomaliped,  Anomalipod  (a-nom'a-li-ped, 
a-nom'a-li-pod),  a.  [L.  anomalus,  Gr.  anom- 
alos,  uneven,  and  L.  pes,  pedist  Gr,  pmts, 
podos,  a  foot.]  In  ornith.  having  the  middle 
toe  united  to  the  exterior  by  three  pha- 
langes, and  to  the  interior  by  one  only:  the 
kingfisher  is  an  example. 

Anomaliped,  Anomalipod  (a-nom'a-li-ped, 
a-nom'a-fi-pod),  n.  A  bird  whose  middle 
toe  is  united  to  the  exterior  by  three  pha- 
langes, and  to  the  interior  by  one  only. 

Anomalism  (a-nom'al-izm),  n.  An  anomaly; 
a  deviation  from  rule. 

The  anomait'sms  in  words  have  been  so  many  that 
some  have  eone  so  far  as  to  allow  no  analogy  either 
in  the  Greek  or  Latin  tongue.  Hooker. 

Anomalistic,  Anomalistical  (a-nom'a- 
lisfik,  a-nom'a-list"ik-al),  a.  1.  Irregular; 
departing  from  common  or  established  rules; 
anomalous.  —2.  In  astron.  pertaining  to  the 
anomaly  or  angular  distance  of  a  planet  from 
its  perihelion. — Anomalistic  revolution,  the 
period  in  which  a  planet  or  satellite  goes 
through  the  complete  cycles  of  its  changes 
of  anomaly,  or  from  any  point  in  its  elliptic 
orbit  to  the  same  again. — Anomalistic  year, 
the  time  (365  days,  6  hours,  13  minutes,  45  se- 
conds) in  which  the  earth  passes  through  her 
orbit,  which  is  24  minutes  45  seconds  longer 
than  the  tropical  year,  on  account  of  the 
precession  of  the  equinoxes. 

AJlomalistically(a-nom'a-li8t"ik-aMi),ady. 
In  an  anomalistic  manner;  irregularly. 

Anomalite  (a-nom'a-lit),  n.  An  irregular 
mineral. 

Anomalous  (a-nom'a-lus),  a.  [L.  anomalus, 
QT.andmalos.  See  ANOMALY.  ]  Deviating  from 
a  general  rule,  method,  or  analogy;  irregu- 
lar; abnormal;  as,  an  anomalous  character; 


an  ttiininaloHti  pnmunriiitinn.     'Tin-  afflict- 
ing and  itif.tmi/tntx  illness  which  brim-lit 
him  to  his  grave.'  DcQuinccy.-  Anoma 
chords,  in  music,  chords  which  contain  ex- 
treme sharp  or  extreme  flat  intui  val.s. 

Anomalously  (a-nom'a-lus-li),  adv.  In  an 
anomalous  manner;  irregularly;  in  a  man- 
ner  different  from  common  rule,  method,  or 
analogy. 

Anomaly  (a-nom'a-li),  n.  [Fr.  anomalie; 
L.  anomalia,  Gr.  anomatia,  inequality,  neg. 
prefix  an,  and  homalon,  equal,  similar,  from 
hornw,  the  same.  See  SAME.]  1.  Deviation 
from  the  common  rule ;  something  abnor- 
mal; irregularity;  thus  oxen,  the  plural  of 
ox,  is  an  amnnulij  in  grammar,  as  the  regu- 
lar plural  would  be  oxes. 

We  are  enabled  to  unite  into  a  consistent  whole 
the  various  anomalies  &n<\  contending  principles  that 
are  found  in  the  mind  and  uttairs  of  men.  Burke. 

2.  In  music,  a  small  deviation  from  a  perfect 
interval  in  tuning  instruments  with  fixed 
notes;  a  temperament— 3.  In  astron.  (a)  a 
term  used  to  signify  properly  the  angular 
distance  of  a  planet  from  its  perihelion,  as 
seen  from  the  sun.  It  is  either  true,  mean, 
or  eccentric.  (6)  The  angle  measuring  ap- 
parent irregularities  in  the  motion  of  a 
planet.— 4.  In  nat.  hist,  any  deviation  from 
the  essential  characteristics  of  a  specific 
type. 

Anomodontia  (a-nom'o-don"shi-a),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  anomos,  irregular,  and  odotis,  odontos, 
a  tooth.  ]  A  name  given  by  Owen  to  an  order 
of  extinct  reptiles  of  the  trias,  either  with- 
out teeth  or  having  the  premaxillaries 
sheathed  with  a  horny  plate  like  the  turtles, 
or  only  one  pair  of  canine  tusks  in  the  upper 
jaw,  and  divided  by  him  into  three  families 
in  accordance  with  these  distinctions.  Called 
by  Huxley  Dicynodontia. 

Anomceau,  Anomean  (an-o-me'an),  n. 
[Gr.  anomoios,  unlike— an,  not,  and  ho- 
moios,  like.]  One  of  an  extreme  sect  of 
Arians,  of  the  fourth  century,  who  denied 
the  similitude  of  the  essence  of  the  Son  to 
that  of  the  Father. 

Anomorhomboid  (a-nom'o-rom"boid),  n. 
[Gr.  anomos,  irregular,  and  E.  rhomboid.] 
An  irregular  rhomboidal  mass,  as  a  crystal 
of  this  form. 

Anomoura  (an-o-mou'ra),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
A  nomura. 

Anomoural  (an-o-mou'ral),  a.  Same  as 
Anomural. 

Anoimira  (an-o-mu'ra),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  anomos, 
irregular,  and  oura,  a  tail.]  A  section  of 
the  crustaceans  of  the  order  Decapoda,  with 
irregular  tails  not  formed  to  assist  in  swim- 
ming, including  the  hermit-crabs  and  others. 
The  section  is  intermediate  between  the 
Brachyura  or  crabs  and  the  Macrura  or 
lobsters.  Written  also  Anomoura. 

Anomural(an-o-mu'ral),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Anomura;  irregular  in  the  character 
of  the  tail  or  abdomen;  as,  anomural  crus- 
taceans. Written  also  Anomoural. 

Anomyt  (an'o-mi),  n.  [Gr.  anonria— o.priv., 
and  nomos,  rule.]  A  violation  of  law;  law- 
lessness. 

The  delights  of  the  body  betray  us,  through  our 
over-indulgence  to  them,  and  lead  us  captive  to 
attomy  and  disobedience.  Glanville. 

Anon  (a-nonO,  adv.  [A.  Sax.  on  An,  an  an 
=  in  one,  that  is,  in  one  piece  or  sequence, 
without  break,  O.E.  a  nan,  anoon,  anone  ] 

1.  Forthwith;  on  the  instant;  immediately; 
quickly. 

The  same  is  he  that  heareth  the  word,  and  anon 
with  joy  receiveth  it.  Mat.  xiii.  ao. 

2.  At  another  time;  thereafter;  again;  some- 
times. 

Sometime  he  trots,  anon  he  rears  upright.     Skat. 

--Ever  and  anon,  every  now  and  then; 
time  after  time. 

A  pouncet-box,  which  ever  and  anon 

He  gave  his  nose  and  took't  away  again.    Shak. 

Anon.  (a-nonO-  A  common  contraction  for 
anonymous,  especially  at  the  end  of  literary 
extracts. 

Anona  (a-no'na),  n.  [From  menona,  the 
Malay  name.]  A  genus  of  plants,  the  type 
of  the  nat.  order  Anonaceae.  A.  ggvanwsa 
(sweet-sop)  grows  in  the  West  Indian  Islands, 
and  yields  an  edible  fruit  having  a  thick, 
sweet,  luscious  pulp.  A.  mwnca/a(sour-8op) 
is  cultivated  in  the  West  and  East  Indies; 
it  produces  a  large  pear-shaped  fruit,  of  a 
greenish  colour,  containing  an  agreeable 
slightly  acid  pulp.  The  genus  produces 
other  edible  fruits,  as  the  common  custard- 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,  job;    ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  iAen;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ANONACE^E 


112 


ANSWER 


apple  or  bullock's  heart,  from  A.  reticulattl, 
and  the  ch-'riinoyer  of  Peru,  from  A.  Cheri- 
tnolia. 


Anona  or  Sour-sop  (Anona  ntitricata). 

Anonacero  (an-o-na'se-e),  71.  pi.  A  natural 
order  of  plants,  with  indefinite  stamens  and 
numerous  carpels,  allied  to  the  magnolias, 
and  consisting  of  tropical  or  sub -tropical 
trees  and  bushes,  that  usually  abound  in  a 
powerful  aromatic  secretion.  The  Ethio- 
pian pepper,  sour-sop,  sweet-sop,  and  cus- 
tard-apple are  produced  by  these  trees. 

Anonymity  (a-non-un'i-ti),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  anonymous  or  without  a 
name,  or  of  not  declaring  one's  name;  an- 
onymousness.  'The  rights  of  anonymity.' 
Carlyle.  [Rare.] 

Anonymosity  (an-on'i-mos"i-ti),  n.  State 
of  being  anonymous.  [Kare.] 

Anonymous  (a-non'im-us),  a.  [Gr.  anvny- 
mos —  neg.  prefix  cm,  and  otioma,  name. 
See  NAME.]  1.  Wanting-a  name;  not  named 
and  determined  as  to  species. 

These  animalcules  serve  also  for  food  to  another 
anonymous  insect  of  the  waters.  Kay. 

2.  Without  any  name  acknowledged  as  that 
of  author,  contributor,  and  the  like ;  as,  an 
anonymous  pamphlet ;  an  anonymous  sub- 
scription ;  an  anonymous  supporter ;  an  an- 
onytnous  author. 

Anonymously  (a-non'im-ns-li),  ado.  In  an 
anonymous  manner;  without  a  name. 

I  would  know  whether  the  edition  is  to  come  out 
anonymously.  Slrfft. 

Anonymousness(a-non'im-us-nes),  n.  State 
or  quality  of  being  anonymous.  '  The  anon- 
ymoueness  of  newspaper  writing. '  Sir  ft  C. 
Lewis. 

Anophyta(an-o-fl'ta),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  ano,  above, 
and  phi/ton,  a  plant.  ]  One  of  Endlicher's 
sections  of  cryptogamic  plants,  comprising 
the  Hepatica:  (liverworts)  and  Musci 
(mosses),  which  have  male  and  female  or- 
gans, and  free  spores  in  cases,  but  no  spiral 
vessels. 

Anophyte(an'o-fit),  n.  A  member  of  the 
Auophyta. 

Anoplothere  (an'op-lo-ther),  n.  An  indivi- 
dual of  the  genus  Anoplotherium  (which 
see). 

Anoplotherium  ( an '  op  -  lo  -  the  "  ri  -  um),  n. 
[Gr.  neg.  prefix  an,  hoplon,  armour,  and 
therion,  a  beast-]  A  fossil  genus  of  extinct 
even-toed  pachydermatous  animals,  dis- 
covered in  the  gypsum  quarries  of  Paris  and 
fresh-water  deposits  of  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
A.  commune,  though  much  larger,  must 
have  resembled  the  otter  in  appearance  and 
habits,  living  in  or  close  to  the  water.  See 
ANOPLOTHKROIDEA. 

Anoplotherold  (an'op-lo-the"roid),  n.  A 
member  of  the  extinct  group  Anoplothe- 
roidea. 

Anoplotherpidea,  Anoplotheridaa  (an'op- 
lo-tne-roid"e-a,  an'op-lo-the"ri-de),  n.pl.  An 
extinct  group  of  omnivorous  mammals, 
from  the  lower  tertiary  rocks,  forming  a 
kind  of  connecting  link  between  the  swine 
and  the  true  ruminants.  They  were  slen- 
der in  form,  with  long  tails,  and  feet  termi- 
nated by  two  hoofed  toes  each,  sometimes 
with  small  accessory  hoofs.  There  were 
six  incisors  in  each  jaw,  small  canines  not 
larger  than  the  incisors,  and  seven  molars 
on  each  side.  The  teeth  of  the  anoplother- 
oids  alone  of  all  animals  resemble  those  of 
man  in  being  in  a  continuous  series,  there 
being  no  interval  between  the  molars  and 
the  canines. 

Anoplura  (an-6-plu'ra),  n.  pi.  [Gr  neg 
prefix  an,  hoplon,  a  weapon,  and  oura,  a 


tail.]  An  order  of  minute  apterous  insects, 
having  a  mouth  formed  for  suction,  and 
either  two  simple  eyes  or  none.  They  are 
parasitic  upon  man  (three  species,  Pediculus 
humanus,  P.  capitis,  and  P.  pubis,  being 
said  to  be  peculiar  to  him)  and  other  ani- 
mals, and  are  commonly  known  as  lice. 
They  undergo  no  metamorphosis  like  other 
insects,  the  young  differing  from  the  adult 
in  sizeonly,  and  theyshed  their  skin  periodi- 
cally. See  LOUSE,  PEDICULUS. 

Anopsia  (a-nop'si-a),  n.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix 
an,  and  opsis,  sight]  In  anat.  a  case  of 
monstrosity  in  which  the  eye  and  orbit  are 
wanting. 

Anopsyt  (an 'op -si),  n.  Want  of  sight. 
'Aristotle,  whocomputeth  the  time  of  their 
anopsy  or  invision  by  that  of  their  gestation. ' 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Anorexy  (an'o-rek-si).  n.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix 
an,  and  orexis,  a  longing  after,  desire,  ap- 
petite, from  orego,  to  reach  after.]  Want 
of  appetite  without  a  loathing  of  food. 

Anormal  (a-nor'nial),  a.  [  L.  a,  from,  and 
norma,  rule.]  Not  according  to  rule;  ab- 
normal. 

Anorthic  (an-or'thik),  a.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix 
071,  and  orthoi,  straight,  right.]  1.  Without 
right  angles. — 2.  In  mineral,  having  unequal 
oblique  axes;  as,  anorthie  felspar. 

Anorthite  (a-nor'thit),  71.  [See  ANORTHIC.] 
A  mineral  of  the  felspar  family,  nearly 
allied  to  labradorite,  whose  crystals  are 
clear  and  transparent,  but  small.  It  is  a 
silicate  of  alumina  and  lime. 

Anorthoscope  (an-or'tho-skop),  n,  [Gr. 
anorthos,  not  straight  —  neg.  prefix  a7i, 
orthoK,  straight,  and  shaped,  to  view.  ]  An 
instrument  for  producing  a  peculiar  kind 
of  optical  illusion  by  means  of  two  discs 
rotating  rapidly  opposite  to  each  other. 
The  posterior  one  is  transparent,  and  has 
certain  distorted  figures  painted  upon  it; 
the  first  one  is  opaque,  but  pierced  with  a 
number  of  narrow  slits,  through  which  the 
figures  on  the  posterior  disk  are  viewed. 
The  effect  depends  on  the  persistence  of 
impressions  on  the  retina,  the  instrument 
being  in  principle  the  same  as  the  zoetrope. 

Anorthura  (an-or-thti'ra),  71.  (Gr.  neg. 
prefix  OH,  orthoi,  straight,  and  oura,  a  tail.) 
A  name  applied  by  some  naturalists  to  the 
common  wren,  from  its  cocked-up  tail. 

Anosmia  (an-os'mi-a),  n.  [Gr.  neg.  prefix 
an,  and  osme,  smell.]  In  wed.  a  loss  of  the 
sense  of  smell. 

Another  (an-uiu'er),  a.  [An,  indefinite  art, 

and  other.}    1.  Not  the  same;  different;  as, 

we  have  one  form  of  government,  France 

another ;  he  has  become  another  (different, 

changed,  reformed)  man. 

He  winked,  and  turned  his  lips  another  way.  ShaJk. 

2.  One  more,  in  addition  to  a  former  num- 
ber; as,  grant  one  request,  they  will  ask 
another. 

Another  yet?— a  seventh?    Ill  see  no  more.    Shak. 

3.  Any  other;  any  different  person,  indefi- 
nitely; anyone  else.     'Let  another  praise 
thee,  and   not   thy   own    mouth.'     Prov. 
xxvii.  2.     Often  used  without  a  noun,  as  a 
substitute  for  the  name  of  a  person  or  thing, 
as  in  the  last  example.     It  is  much  used  in 
opposition  to  one;   as,  one  went  O7i«  way, 
another  another.     It  is  also  frequently  used 
with  one  in  a  reciprocal  sense;  as,  'Love 
07i«  another;'     'Bear  ye  one  another's  bur- 
dens;' that  is,  let  one  love  another;  bear  ye 
—the  one  the  burdens  of  another. 

Another-galnest  (an-uiH'er-ganz),  a.  [Cor- 
rupted from  Another-gates  (which  see).]  Of 
another  kind.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Another-gatest  (an-uTH'er-gats),  a.  [An- 
other, and  O.E.  and  Sc.  gate,  way  or  manner 
— es  being  the  adverbial  genitive.  Gate,  like 
way,  means  both  road  and  manner.  Comp. 
algates,  othergales.]  Of  another  sort  'An- 
otlter-gateR  adventure.'  Hudibras. 

Another-guess  t  (an-um'er-ges),  a.  [Cor- 
rupted from  another-guise.  ]  Of  a  different 
kind;  different. 

My  lady  Isabella  is  of  aHother-guess  mould  than 
you  take  her  for.  H.  Walfole. 

Burke  uses  the  word  anotHer-gntss,  in  which  ex- 
pression are  both  vulgarity  and  ignorance  The 
real  term  is  another-gitise;  there  is  nothing  of  guess- 
'"£•  TjiAr. 

Another-gulset  (an-uTH'er-giz),o.  [Another, 
guise,  way,  manner.  See  GUISE.]  Of  a 
different  kind;  different. 

Anotta,  Anotto  (a-not'ta,  a-not'to),  n.  Same 
as  Arnotto. 

Anoura  (an-ou'ra),  71.  pi.    See  ANURA. 

Anous  (an'o-us),  n.  [Gr.  O-TIOOS— a,  without, 
and  notw,  mind,  intellect.]  A  genus  of  sea- 


birds,  family  Laridaj.orgulls,  rare  in  Britain, 
but  common  in  tropical  seas.  The  best 
known  species,  A.  ittolidus  or  'noddy,'  often 
alights  on  vessels  at  night,  and,  as  it  does 
not  see  well  except  by  daylight,  allows  itself 
to  be  easily  caught.  It  is  about  15  inches 
long.  The  eggs  are  good  eating,  and  sailors 
collect  them  largely. 

Anoxoluin  ( an  -  oks  -  ol '  u  -  in ),  n.  [  Gr. 
neg.  prefix  071,  and  oxoluin  (which  see)] 
One  of  the  two  elements  which  constitute 
fibrin,  muscular  fibre,  albumen,  casein,  <£c., 
oxoluin  being  the  other  element.  It  is  dis- 
tinguished from  oxoluin  by  its  fibrous  tex- 
ture, the  latter  being  granular,  and  by  its 
being  insoluble  in  acetic  acid,  but  soluble 
in  a  boiling  saturated  solution  of  tartaric 
acid. 

Ansse  (an'se),  n.  pi.  [L.  ansa,  a  handle.]  In 
antron.  the  parts  of  Saturn's  ring  which  are 
to  be  seen  on  each  side  of  the  planet  when 
viewed  through  a  telescope:  so  called  lie- 
cause  they  are  like  handles  to  the  body  of 
the  planet. 

Ansated  (an'sat-ed),  a.  [L  ansattis,  from 
07i«a,  a  handle.  ]  Having :.  handle  or  handles, 
or  something  in  the  form  of  handles. 
Anse  (ans),  n.  [L.  o?iso,  a  handle.]  The 
handle  of  a  cannon.  These  handles,  espe- 
cially in  some  old  foreign  pieces,  are  cast  in 
the  form  of  dolphins,  serpents,  <tc. 
Ansellla  (an-sel'li-a),  71  [After  Mr.  Ansell, 
a  collector,  who  found  the  plant  growing  on 
the  stems  of  the  oil-palm  at  Fernando  Po.  ] 
A  genus  of  orchids,  with  great  panicles  of 
greenish  flowers  spotted  with  purple.  Only 
one  species  (A.  africana)  is  known;  it  is 
found  both  on  the  west  and  east  coasts  of 
tropical  Africa,  growing  to  the  height  of  2 
feet. 

Anser  (an'ser),  n.  [L.] 
l.Agenusof  birds,  family 
Anseridse.  See  GOOSE.— 
2.  In  astron.  a  small  star 
in  the  Milky  Way,  be- 
tween the  Swan  and 
Eagle. 

Anserated  ( an'ser -at - 
ed),  a.  In  her.  a  term 
applied  to  a  cross,  the 
extremities  of  which  are 
formed  into  the  shape  of  the  heads  of  lions, 
eagles,  serpents,  &c. 

Anseres  (an'ser-ez),  n.  pi.  [L.  pi.  of  anser, 
a  goose.]  In  Linnceus'  system,  the  third 
order  of  birds,  equivalent  to  the  Natatores 
of  modern  naturalists.  See  NATATOKES 
Anseridse  (an-sert-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
web-footed  birds,  containing  the  geese  pro- 
per (genus  Anser),  distinguished  by  having 
the  bill  not  longer  than  the  head,  and  thicker 
at  the  base  than  it  is  broad ;  they  have  longer 


Anserated. 


Characters  of  Anscridar. 

a.  White-fronted  Goose  (Atiser  trytftrffus]. 

b.  The  Tame  Goose  (4  riser  domesticnt). 

and  stronger  legs  than  the  ducks  and  shorter 

wings.     See  GOOSE. 
Anserine  (an'ser-ln),  a.    [L.  anserinvs,  from 

anser,  a  goose.]    Relating  to  or  resembling 

a  goose,  or  the  skin  of  a  goose :  frequently 

applied  to  the  skin  when  roughened  by  cold 

or  disease;  as,  an  anserine  skin. 
Anslalghtt  (an'slat),  n.    [See  ONSLAUGHT.] 

An  attack;  an  affray. 

I  do  remember  yet  that  anslaigkt;  thou  wast  beaten 
And  fled'st  before  the  butler.  Bean.  &•  Ft. 

Answer  (an'ser),  r.  t.  [A.  Sax.  andacarian, 
andxwenan,  answarian,  to  answer  —  and, 
against,  and  swerian,  to  swear.  The  A.  Sax. 
prefix  07id,  Goth,  ondo,  G.  an«,  is  equivalent 
to  Gr.  onto,  L.  ante,  before,  Gr.  071(1.  aguinst. 
Skr.  ati,  beyond.  Answer  is  almost  the  only 
English  word  in  which  it  is  used ;  comp. 
0/071*7.]  1.  To  speak  or  write  in  return  to, 
as  to  a  question  or  call,  or  to  a  speech,  de- 
claration, argument,  or  the  like;  to  respond 
to ;  to  reply  to ;  as,  to  answer  a  person ;  to 
answer  a  request. 

So  spake  the  apostate  angel,  though  in  pain ;  .  .  . 

And  him  thus  a>is-i-er'd  soon  his  bold  compeer. 
Hitto*. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley 


ANSWER 


113 


ANTAGONIST 


2. To  reply  to  satisfactorily;  to  meet  success- 
fully, as  by  way  of  explanation,  argument, 
justification,  and  the  like  ;  to  refute;  some- 
times to  turn  off  with  an  answer;  as  his 
arguments  were  easily  answered;  to  raMMf 
accusations.  '  An  you  will  not  beanawcred 
with  reason.'  Shak. ^3.  To  say  in  reply;  as, 
this  is  what  he  answered.  —  4.  To  act  in  com- 
pliance with,  or  in  f  ullllinent  or  satisfaction 
<>f,  as  an  appeal,  summons,  order,  demand, 
obligation,  or  the  like ;  to  act  so  as  to  suit ; 
as,  his  prayer  was  answered;  the  servant 
answered  the  hell ;  I  was  able  to  answer  his 
claim  upon  me.  '  Tapsters  anmoeriny  every 
call.'  Shak. 

This  proud  king,  who  studies  day  and  night 
To  answer  all  the  debt  he  owes  to  you.         ShaA. 

The  woman  had  left  us  to  answer  the  door. 

If.  Collins, 

5.  To  reply  to  by  way  of  reprisal  or  retalia- 
tion; to  serve  as  return  or  retaliation  for; 
to  respond  to ;  as,  the  enemy  answered  our 
fire.  'Anil  blows  have  answered  blows.' 
Shak.— 6.  To  give  satisfaction  for;  to  atone 
for.  '  And  grievously  hath  Ciesar  answered 
it/  Shak. 

And  do  him  right  that,  ansivering  one  foul  wrong. 
Lives  not  to  act  another.  Shak, 

1.  To  render  account  to  or  for;  hence,  to 
meet  in  combat ;  to  match. 

I  will  .  .  .  send  him  to  answer  thee.        Shak, 

8.  To  be  security  for.  '  Answer  my  life  my 
judgment.'  Shak. —9.  To  be  equivalent  or 
adequate  to;  to  accomplish;  to  serve;  as,  the 
measure  answered  its  end.  'Money  an- 
swereth  all  things.'  Eccl.  x.  19.— 10.  To  be 
in  conformity,  relation,  or  proportion  to; 
to  correspond  to;  to  agree  with;  to  suit. 

Weapons  must  needs  be  dangerous  things  if  they 
answered"  the  bulk  of  so  prodigious  a  person.  Swift. 

11.  To  be  opposite  to  or  over  against ;  to 
face. 

Fire  answers  fire,  and  through  their  paly  flames 
Each  battle  sees  the  other's  uniber'd  face.      Shak, 

The  windows  answering  each  other,  we  could 
just  discern  the  glowing  horizon  through  them. 

//'.  Gilpin. 

12.  To  confront;  to  endure;  to  abide.   [Rare.  ] 

Why,  thou  wert  better  in  thy  grave  than  to  answer 
with  thy  uncovered  body  this  extremity  of  the  skies. 

Shak. 

13.  To  solve,  as  a  mathematical  or  arith- 
metical problem. 

Answer  (an'ser),  v.i.  1.  To  reply;  to  speak 
or  write  by  way  of  return.  '  Answer  to  this. ' 
Shak. 

Lives  he  I    Wilt  thou  not  answer,  mant      Shak. 

2.  To  reply  by  deeds;  to  act  in  reply;  to  re- 
spond to  some  call. 

Now.  play  him  me,  Patroclus, 
Arming  to  answer  in  a  night  alarm.  Shak. 

No,  Ciesar,  we  will  answer  on  their  charge.    Shak. 

3.  To  be  fit  or  suitable;  to  suit ;  as,  gypsum 
answers  as  a  manure  on  some  soils.  — 4.  To 
stand  responsible.     [Bare  in  the  absolute 
construction.  ] 

Thus  far  you  shall  answer:  ...  if  she  remain  un- 
seduccd  .  .  .  you  shall  answer  me  with  your  sword. 

Shak. 

— To  answer  for,  (a)  to  be  accountable  for : 
often  with  to  before  the  person  to  whom 
one  is  accountable ;  as,  the  man  must  an- 
swer to  his  employer/or  the  money  intrusted 
to  his  care. 

Let  his  neck  annverfor  it,  if  there  be  any  martial 
law.  Shak. 

(b)  To  be  ready  to  be  accountable  for;  to 
undertake  responsibility  for;  to  guarantee; 
as,  I  will  answer  for  his  being  in  time. — To 
answer  to,  (a)  to  be  known  by;  to  recognize, 
as  a  name. 

I  answer  to  that  name.  Shak. 

(b)  To  correspond  to,  in  the  way  of  resem- 
blance, fitness,  correlation,  or  even  of  con- 
trast; as,  allegiance  in  the  subject  answers 
to  protection  on  the  part  of  the  prince. 

As  in  water  face  answereth  to  face,  so  the  heart  of 
man  to  man.  Prov.  xxvii.  19. 

Sizar,  a  word  still  used  in  Cambridge,  answers  to 
a  servitor  in  Oxford.  Swift. 

(c)  To  act  or  to  be  moved  in  accordance 
with  or  in  obedience  to. 

Do  the  strings  answer  to  thy  noble  hand?  Dryden. 
—To  answer  with,\  to  deal  with  by  way  of 
answer;  to  answer. 

Well  hast  thou  answered  with  him,  Radogan. 
Greene. 

Answer  (an'ser),  «.  [A.  Sax.  andswaru,  an 
answer;  Icol.  andsvar,  annsvar,  an  answer. 
The  A.  Sax.  has  also  andwyrde,  lit.  back- 
word,  like  Goth,  andavaurd,  G.  antwort. 
See  ANSWER,  v.t.]  1.  A  reply;  that  which 
is  said,  written,  or  done,  in  return  to  a  call, 


question,  argument,  challenge,  allegation, 
petition,  prayer,  or  address. 

A  soft  answer  turnetli  away  wrath.      Prov.  xv.  i. 
I  called  him,  but  he  gave  me  no  answer.    Cant.  v.  6. 

2.  An  account  to  be  rendered  to  justice. 

He  will  call  you  to  so  hot  an  answer  for  it.     Shak. 

3.  Specifically,  in  law,  a  counter-statement 
of  facts  in  a  course  of  pleadings;  a  confuta- 
tion of  what  the  other  party  has  alleged. — 

4.  A  solution,  the  result  of  a  mathematical 
operation.  —  5.   Something  done  in  return 
for,  or  in  consequence  of,  something  else ; 
reparation;  retaliation;  retribution. 

Great  the  slaughter  is 

Here  made  by  the  Roman  ;  great  the  answer  be 
Uritons  must  take.  Shak. 

And  so  extort  from  us 
That  which  we  have  done,  whose  answer  would  be 

death 
Drawn  on  by  torture.  Shak. 

6.  In  fencing,  the  coming  in  or  striking  in 
return,  after  having  parried  or  received  a 
hit. 

I  had  a  pass  with  him,  rapier,  scabbard,  and  all  ... 
and  on  the  answer,  he  pays  you  as  surely  as  your 
feet  hit  the  ground.  Shak. 

SYN.  Reply,  rejoinder,  response,  retort. 
Answerable  (an'ser-a-bl),  a.    1.  Capable  of 
being  answered ;  admitting  of  a  reply,  usu- 
ally implying  that  the  answer  may  be  satis- 
factory. 

Unanswerable  is  a  boastful  w<5rd.  His  best  rea- 
sons are  answerable ;  his  worst  are  not  .worthy  of 
being  answered.  Jeretny  Collier. 

2.  Obliged  to  give  an  account,  or  liable  to 
be  called  to  account;  obliged  or  liable  to 
indemnify  ;  amenable ;  responsible ;  as,  an 
agent  is  answerable  to  his  principal. 

Will  any  man  argue  that  ...  he  cannot  be  justly 
punished,  but  is  answerable  only  to  Godf  Swift. 

3.  Correspondent;  agreeing;  in  conformity; 
suitable  ;  proportionate ;  equal.      [Obsoles- 
cent.] 

It  was  but  such  a  likeness  as  an  imperfect  glass 
doth  give — answerable  enough  in  some  features,  but 
erring  in  others.  Sir  P,  Sidney, 

Had  the  valour  of  the  soldiers  been  answerable,  he 
had  reached  that  year,  as  was  thought,  the  utmost 
bounds  of  Britain.  Milton. 

Hence— 4.  Comparable.    [Rare.] 

This  revelation  .  .  .  -was  answerable  to  that  of  the 
apostle  to  the  Thessalonians.  Milton. 

Answerableness  (an'ser-a-bl -nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  answerable,  liable,  respon- 
sible, or  correspondent.  '  The  correspond- 
ency and  answerableness  which  is  between 
this  bridegroom  and  his  spouse.'  Harmar. 

Answer/ably  (an'ser-a-bli),  adv.  In  due  pro- 
portion,correspondence,or  conformity;  suit- 
ably. 

Continents  have  rivers  anstverably  larger  than 
islands.  Brere^t'0od. 

Answerer  (an'ser-fir),  n.  One  who  answers. 
In  school  diKputatwns,  one  who  answered  a 
question  proposed,  supporting  a  particular 
view;  a  respondent  or  repller.  See  REPLIER. 

At  an  act  of  the  commencement  the  answerer  gave 
for  his  question  that  an  aristocracy  was  better  than 
a  monarchy.  Bacon. 

Answer-Jobber  (an'ser- job'er),  a.  One  who 
makes  a  business  of  writing  answers. 

What  disgusts  me  from  having  anything  to  do  with 
this  race  of  ansiver-jobbers,  is,  that  they  have  no 
sort  of  conscience  in  their  dealing.  Swift. 

Answer  less  (an'ser-les),  a.  Having  no  an- 
swer, or  incapable  of  being  answered. 
Byron. 

Answerlessly  (an'ser-les-li),  adv.  In  an  an- 
swerless  manner ;  in  a  way  that  cannot  be 
answered;  in  a  way  of  insufficient  answer. 
'Answered  indeed;  but,  as  lie  said,  answer- 
lessli/.'  Bp.  Hall. 

An'tt  (an't).  A  contraction  of  an  it,  that  is, 
if  it.  See  AN. 

An't  (ant).    Same  as  Ain't. 

Ant  (ant),  n.  [Contr.  from  A.  Sax.  cem^t, 
cemette,  emeta,  an  emmet  or  ant.  See 
EMMET.]  An  emmet;  a  pismire;  a  hy- 
menopterous  insect  of  the  family  Formi- 
cidie  and  genus  Formica.  Ants  live  in 
communities,  and  the  internal  economy  of 
their  nest  or  hillock  presents  an  extraor- 
dinary example  of  the  results  of  combined 
industry.  Each  community  consists  of  males 
with  four  wings ;  of  females  much  larger 
than  the  males,  and  possessing  wings  only 
during  the  pairing  season ;  and  of  barren 
females,  otherwise  called  neuters,  workers, 
or  nurses,  destitute  of  wings.  The  females 
lay  their  eggs  in  parcels  of  six  or  more. 
The  males  and  females  desert  the  nest  soon 
after  becoming  perfect.  The  male,  like  the 
drone-bee,  becomes  useless  after  impregnat- 
ing the  female.  The  grubs  spin  a  cocoon, 


and  become  pupa;,  which  resemble  barley- 
corns, and  are  popularly  taken  for  eggs. 
Under  the  names  of  ants'  brood,  ants'  egg*, 
they  are  an  article  of  import  in  some  in .nh- 
ern  countries  for  making  formic  acid;  dis- 
solved in  water,  they  are  used  for  vim-gar 
in  Norway.  The  young  grubs  are  fed  by 
the  females  and  by  the  nurses,  who  are  also 
the  formers  of  the  streets  and  galleries.&c., 
of  the  colony,  and  the  performers  generally 
of  the  work  of  the  community.  There  are 
many  species  of  ants,  from  the  operations 
they  perform  called  mining-ants,  carpen- 
ters, masons,  &e.  The  favourite  food  of 
ants  is  honey,  particularly  honey-dew  ex- 
creted by  aphides ;  but  they  also  live  on 
fruits,  insects  and  their  larvae,  and  on  dead 
birds  and  mammals.  They  are  torpid  in 
winter.  Ants  are  bolder  than  any  animal 
of  the, same  size.  Those  of  the  same  or  dif- 
ferent species  have  pitched  battles,  and 
capture  slaves  or  take  larvse  from  other 
nests.  Some  species  have  stings,  others 
squirt  out  an  irritant  fluid  (formic  acid). 
There  are  a  dozen  British  species,  the 
largest  being  the  Formica  rvfa,  the  red  or 
horse  ant,  J  inch  long,  which  raises  hills 
nearly  as  large  as  a  small  hay-cock.  The 
name  ant  is  also  given  to  insects  of  the 
neuropterous  genus  Termes.  See  TERMITES. 

Ant  (ant),  n.  A  native  name  in  some  parts 
of  India  for  a  credit  account. 

Anta  (an'ta),  n.  The  Brazilian  native  name 
of  the  common  or  American  tapir  (Tapirus 
americanius). 

Anta  (an'ta),  n.  pi.  Antse  (an'te).  [L.  ante; 
connected  with  ante,  before,  Gr.  an(t, 
against.]  In  arch,  a  pilaster,  especially  a 
pilaster  in  certain  positions,  as  on  each  side 
of  a  door  or  standing  opposite  a  pillar;  more 
specifically,  the  species  of  pilaster  or  pillar 
used  in  Greek  and  Roman  architecture  to 
terminate  the  side  walls  of  temples  when 


h~H 


Portico  in  Amis.    A,  A,  Ant«. 

they  are  prolonged  beyond  the  face  of  the 
end  walls.  A  portico  in  antis  is  formed 
when  the  side  walls  are  prolonged  in  this 
way  and  when  columns  stand  between  the 
antse. 

Antacid  (ant-as'id),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  against, 
and  E.  acid.]  Inphar.  an  alkali,  ora  remedy 
for  acidity  in  the  stomach.  Dyspepsia  and 
diarrhom  are  the  diseases  in  which  antacids 
are  chiefly  employed.  The  principal  ant- 
acids in  use  are  potash,  soda,  ammonia,  mag- 
nesia, lime,  and  their  carbonates. 

Antacid  (ant-as'id),  a.  Counteracting  acid- 
ity. 

Antacrtd  (ant-ak'rid),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  against, 
and  E.  acrid.]  That  which  corrects  acri- 
mony of  the  secretions. 

Antagoge(an-ta-go'je),  n.  [Qr.anti,  against, 
and  ago,  to  drive.]  Same  as  Antanagogt 
(which  see). 

Antagonism  (an-tag'6-nizm),  n.  [Gr.  an- 
tagoni&na,  a  struggle.]  The  act  of  contend- 
ing against;  opposition  of  action;  counter- 
action or  contrariety  of  things  or  principles. 

And,  toppling  over  all  antagonism, 

So  waxed  in  pride,  that  1  believed  myself 

Unconquerable.  Tennyson. 

Antagonist  (an-tag'o-nist),  n.  [Gr.  antagd- 
nistes — anti,  against,  and  aganixt$«,  a  cham- 
pion, a  combatant,  from  agon,  a  contest 
(whence  agony),  ]  1.  One  who  contends  with 


ch,  cftain; 
VOL.  I. 


Ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;     wh,  tcAig;    zh,  azure. —See  KEY. 


ANTAGONIST 


114 


ANTE-CHAM  HER 


another  In  combat  or  in  argument;  an  op- 
ponent; a  competitor;  an  adversary.  '  An- 
tagonists of  Heaven's  mighty  king.'  Milton. 
•Our  antagonists  in  these  controversies. 
tip.  Hooker.  —  2.  In  anat.  a  muscle  which 
acts  in  opposition  to  another;  as,  a  flexor, 
which  bands  a  part,  is  the  antagonist  of  an 
extensor,  which  extends  il.—  Adversary,  An- 
tagonixt,  Enemy.  See  ADVERSARY. 
Antagonist  (an-tag'6-nist),  a.  Counteract- 
ing; opposing;  combating;  as,  an  antagon- 
ist muscle.  The  flexors  and  extensors  of  a 
limb  are  antagonist  muscles,  as  also  the  ab- 
ductors and  adductors. 


ag 

opposite;  antagonist. 

Their  valours  are  not  yet  so  combatant, 

Or  truly  antagonistic,  as  to  fight.        fl.  yonson. 

Antagonistic  (  an-tag  '  o-nist"ik  ),  n.  Some- 
thing that  acts  as  in  an  antagonistic  manner; 
specifically,  a  muscle  whose  action  counter- 
acts that  of  another. 

In  anaionty  those  muscles  are  termed  antaponis- 
tics  which  are  opposed  to  others  in  their  action,  as 
the  extensors  to  the  flexors,  &c.  Brandt  and  Cox. 

Antagonistically  (an-tag  '  6-nis  "  tik-al-li  ), 
adv.  In  an  antagonistical  manner. 

Antagonize  (an-tag'o-niz),  r.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
antagonized;  ppr.  antagonizing.  [Gr.  an- 
tagonizomai,  to  contend  against.]  To  con- 
tend against;  to  act  in  opposition. 

The  effect  does  not  depend  on  a  single  principle, 
but  on  two  antagonizing  principles.  y.  £  Mill. 

Antagonyt  (an-tag'o-ni),  n.  [Gr.  antagonia 
—  anti,  against,  and  agonia,  a  contest.]  Con- 
test ;  opposition.  '  The  incommunicable 
antagony  that  is  between  Christ  and  Belial.' 
Milton. 

Antal  (ant'al),  n.  A  wine-measure  of  about 
116  gallons,  used  in  the  Tokay  district  of 
Hungary. 

AntalglC  (an-tal'jik),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  against, 
and  alyos,  pain.]  A  medicine  to  alleviate 
pain;  an  anodyne. 

AntalglC  (an-tal'jik),  a.  [See  noun.]  Alle- 
viating pain;  anodyne.  [Rare.] 
Antalkali,  Antalkaline  (ant-al'ka-li  orant- 
al'ka-li,  ant-al'ka-lin),  n.  [Gr.  ant  for  anti, 
against,  and  E.  alkali.}  A  substance  which 
neutralizes  an  alkali,  and  is  used  medicin- 
ally to  counteract  an  alkaline  tendency  in 
the  system.  All  true  acids  have  this  power; 
the  so-called  carbonic  acid,  which  does  not 
possess  it,  being  properly  an  anhydride. 
Antalkaline  (ant-al'ka-lin),  a.  Having  the 
property  of  neutralizing  alkalies. 
Antanablasls  (ant-an'a-kla"sis),  n.  [Gr.  ,  a 
bending  or  breaking  back  —  anti,  against, 
ana,  back,  and  klasis,  from  klao,  to  break.] 
1.  In  rhet.  a  figure  which  consists  in  repeat- 
ing the  same  word  in  a  different  sense;  as, 
whilst  we  line,  let  us  live;  learn  some  craft 
when  young,  that  when  old  you  may  live 
without  craft.  —  2.  In  gram,  a  repetition  of 
words  beginning  a  sentence  after  a  long  par- 
enthesis ;  as,  '  shall  that  heart  (which  not 
only  feels  them,  but  which  has  all  motions 
of  life  placed  in  them),  shall  that  heart,'  &c. 
Antanagoge  (ant-an'a-go"je),  n.  [Gr.  and', 
against,  and  anagoge,  a  taking  up.  See 
ANAGOOE.  ]  In  rhet.  a  figure  which  consists 
in  replying  to  an  adversary  by  way  of  re- 
crimination; as,  when  the  accusation  of  one 
party  is  unanswerable,  the  accused  person 
charges  him  with  the  same  or  some  other 
crime. 

Antaphrodlsiac  (ant-af  ro-diz"i-ak),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against.andapnroa'wios,  venereal,  from 
Aphrodite,  Venus.]  Anti  venereal  ;  having 
the  quality  of  extinguishing  or  lessening 
venereal  desire. 
Antaphrodlsiac  (ant-af'ro-diz"i-ak),  n.  A 

medicine  that  lessens  or  extinguishes  the 

venereal  appetite. 
Antaphroditic  (ant-af'ro-dit"ik),  n.  and  a. 

[Gr.     See  ANTAPHRODISIAC.]    Same  as  An- 

taphrodisiac. 
Antapoplectic  (ant-ap'6-plek"tik),  a.    [Gr. 

anti,  against,  andE.  apoplectic.  ]  Efficacious 

against  apoplexy. 
Antarchism  (ant-ar'kizm),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  and 

arclie,  government.  ]    Opposition  to  all  gov- 

ernment, or  restraint  of  individuals  by  law. 

[Rare.] 
Antarchist  (ant-arldst),  n.    One  who  op- 

poses all  social  government,  or  control  of 

individuals  by  law.    [Rare.] 
AntarcMstlc,  Antarchlstical  (ant  -ar-kis'- 

tik,  ant-ar-kis'tik-al),   a.    Opposed  to  all 

human  government.     [Rare.] 
Antarctic  (ant-ark'tik),  a.    [L.  antarcticus, 


Gr  antarktikos -anti,  against,  and  arktoi, 
the  north,  properly  the  Bear,  a  northern 
constellation.  See  ARCTIC.]  Opposite  to 
the  northern  or  arctic  pole;  relating  to  the 
southern  pole  or  to  the  region  near  it,  and 
applied  especially  to  a  circle  parallel  to  the 
equator  and  distant  from  the  pole  23"  28 , 
the  line  between  light  and  darkness  when 
the  sun  is  on  the  tropic  of  Capricorn.  Uhus 
we  say  the  antarctic  pole,  antarctic  circle, 
antarctic  current,  Antarctic  Ocean,  or  ant- 
arctic region. 

Antares  (ant-ar'ez),  n.  The  Arabic  name 
of  «  Scorpii,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude, 
and  the  principal  star  of  the  constellation 
Scorpio:  called  also  the  Scorpion's  Heart. 

AntarthrltlC  (ant-ar-thrit'ik),  a.  [Gr.  anfj, 
against,  and  arthritic,  gout.]  Counteract- 
ing the  gout. 

AntarthrltlC  (ant-ar-thrit'ik),  n.  A  remedy 
which  cures  or  alleviates  the  gout. 

Antasthmatic  (ant-ast-mat'ik),  a.  [Gr 
anti,  against,  and  asthma,  asthma.]  Fitted 
to  relieve  asthma. 

Antasthmatic  (ant-ast-mat'ik),  n.  A  remedy 
for  asthma. 

AntatrophlC  (an-ta-trof'ik),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  atrophia,  a  wasting  away.] 
Efficacious  against  atrophy  or  consump- 

AntatrophiC  (an-ta-trof'ik),  n.  A  medicine 
for  the  cure  of  atrophy  or  consumption. 

Ant-bear  (ant'bar),  n.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  the  larger  species  of  ant-eaters, 


Ant -bear  (Myrmtcophaga  jubata). 

but  generally  restricted  to  Mi/rmecophaga 
jubata,  a  native  of  the  warmer  parts  of 
South  America.  It  is  from  4  to  6  feet  in 
length  from  the  tip  of  the  long,  slender, 
toothless  muzzle  to  the  origin  of  the  black, 
bushy  tail,  which  is  about  two  feet  long. 
The  body  is  covered  with  long  hair,  parti- 
cularly along  the  neck  and  back.  There  are 
four  strong  curved  claws  on  the  fore-feet, 
and  it  has  five  on  the  hind  ones.  With  these 
claws  it  tears  down  the  ant-hills  and  sweeps 
the  ants  into  its  mouth  with  its  long  exten- 
sile glutinous  tongue,  an  action  that  can  be 
repeated  with  marvellous  rapidity.  It  is  a 
harmless  and  solitary  animal,  and  spends 
most  of  its  time  in  sleep.  Called  also  Tam- 
anoir  and  Great  Ant-eater. 
Ant-bird  (anfberd),  n.  A  name  common  to 
the  members  of  the  family  Formicariidrc 
(which  see). 

Ant-catcher  (anfkach-er),  n.  Same  as  Ant- 
thrush,  (which  see). 

Ante(an'te).  [Gr.  anti,  represented  in  A.  Sax. 
and  Icel.  by  the  inseparable  prefix  and-, 
an-  (as  in  answer).  Goth,  and  (prep,  and 
prefix),  anda-  (prefix),  Lith.  ant,  and  Skr. 
ati.J  A  Latin  preposition  much  used  in  the 
composition  of  English  words,  especially  in 
words  from  the  Latin  language.  It  signifies 
before  in  place  or  time.  —  Ante  meridiem, 
before  mid-day,  usually  contracted  A.M. 
Ante  (an'te),  a.  [For  Fr.  ente,  pp.  of  enter, 
to  engraft.]  Ingrafted :  a  term  extensively 
used  by  foreign  heralds,  but  employed  by 
British  heralds  only  in  the  cases  of  the 
arms  of  King  Philip,  consort  of  Queen  Mary, 
and  of  the  royal  arms,  as  they  were  borne 
during  the  time  our  kings  were  also  sove- 
reigns of  Hanover. 

Anteact  (an'te-akt),  n.   [L.  ante,  before,  and 
E.  act.]    A  preceding  act.     Bailey. 
Anteal  (an'te-al),  a.    Being  before  or  in 
front.    [Rare.] 

Ant-eater  (ant'et-er),  n.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  mammals  of  various  genera  that 
prey  chiefly  on  ants,  but  usually  confined 
to  the  edentate  genus  Myrmecophaga.  In 
this  genus  the  whole  head  is  remarkably 
elongated,  the  jaws  are  perfectly  destitute 
of  teeth,  and  the  mouth  is  furnished  with  a 
long,  narrow,  cylindrical,  extensile  tongue 
covered  with  glutinous  saliva,  by  the  aid  of 
which  the  animals  secure  their  insect  prey. 


The  eyes  are  particularly  small,  the  ears  short 
and  round,  and  the  legs,  especially  the  an- 
terior, very  robust,  and  furnished  with  long, 
compressed,  acute  nails,  admirably  adapted 
for  breaking  into  the  ant-hills.  The  most 
remarkable  species  is  the  Myrmecophaga 

jubata,  or  ant-bear  (which  see).  Two  other 
species,  M.  Tamandua  or  Tamandna  tetra- 
dactyla,  and  M.  didactyla  or  Cuclothurtm 
didacti/lus,  are  smaller  in  size,  have  a  less 
elongated  snout,  and  are  adapted  for  climb- 
ing trees  in  quest  of  the  insects  on  which 
they  feed,  their  prehensile  tails  standing 
them  in  good  stead  in  such  forays.  All  are 
natives  of  South  America.  The  name  ant- 
eater  is  also  given  to  the  pangolins  of  India 
and  Africa  (see  PANGOLIN),  and  to  the  aard- 
vark  of  South  Africa.  (See  ORYCTEROPUS.) 
The  Echidna;  of  Australia  are  sometimes 
called  porcupine  ant-eaters.  See  ECHIDNA. 

Antebrachlal  (an-te-bra'ki-al),  a.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  brachium,  the  arm.]  In  onat. 
of  or  pertaining  to  the  lore-arm :  usually, 
but  less  correctly,  written  AntObrachial, 

Antecedaneous  (an'te-se-da"ne-us),  a. 
[From  antecedc.}  Antecedent;  preceding 
in  time.  'Capable  of  anlecedaneous  proof.' 
Barrow. 

Antecede  (an-te-sedO,  v.t.  [L.  ante,  before, 
and  cedo,  to  go.  See  CEDE.]  To  go  before 
in  time;  to  precede. 

It  seems  consonant  to  reason  that  the  fabric  of  the 
world  did  not  long  antecede  its  motion.  Sir  Af.  Halt. 

Antecedence  (an-te-se'dens),  n.  1.  The  act 
or  state  of  going  before  in  time;  precedence. 
Sir  if.  Hale.  —  2.  In  astron.  an  apparent 
motion  of  a  planet  toward  the  west,  or  con- 
trary to  the  order  of  the  signs. 

Antecedency  (an-te-se'den-si),  n.  Same  as 
Antecedence. 

Unity  is  before  any  multiplied  number.  Which 
antecedency  of  unity  he  (Dionysius)  applieth  unto  the 
Deity.  Bf-  Hacket. 

Antecedent  (an-te-se'dent),  a.  Going  before 
in  time;  prior;  anterior;  preceding;  as,  an 
event  antecedent  to  the  deluge.  In  med. 
(a)  Antecedent  signs,  the  precursory  symp- 
toms of  a  disease.  (M  Antecedent  cause,  the 
exciting  cause  of  a  disease.— SYN.  Prior,  an- 
terior, preceding,  previous,  foregoing. 

Antecedent  (an-te-se'dent),  n.  1.  One  who 
or  that  which  goes  before  in  time  or  place. 

He's  everythinp  indeed  .  .  . 

My  antecedent  or  my  gentleman-usher.    ManiHftr. 

2.  In  gram,  the  noun  to  which  a  relative  or 
other  pronoun  refers ;  as,  Solomon  was  the 
prince  who  built  the  temple,  where  the  word 
prince  is  the  antecedent  of  who. — 3.  In  logic, 
(a)  that  member  of  a  hypothetical  or  condi- 
tional proposition  which  contains  the  con- 
dition, and  which  is  introduced  by  if  or 
some  equivalent  word  or  words ;  as,  if  the 
sun  is  fixed,  the  earth  must  move.  Here 
the  first  and  conditional  proposition  is  the 
antecedent,  the  second  the  consequent,  (b) 
The  premises  of  a  syllogism  taken  together. 
4.  In  watn.  the  first  of  two  terms  of  a  ratio, 
or  that  which  is  compared  with  the  other. 
Thus  if  the  ratio  be  that  of  2  to  3,  or  of  a  to 
b;  then  2  or  a  is  the  antecedent— &.  pi.  The 
earlier  events  of  a  man's  life;  previous 
course,  conduct,  action,  or  avowed  prin- 
ciples. 

We  have  learned  lately  to  speak  of  men's  antece- 
dents: the  phrase  is  newly  come  up;  and  it  is  com- 
mon to  say,  '  If  we  would  know  wnat  a  man  really 
now  is.  we  must  know  his  antecedents,'  that  is,  what 
he  has  been  in  past  time.  Abf.  Trench. 

Antecedental  (an'te-se-den"tal),  a.  Relat- 
ing to  what  is  antecedent  or  goes  before.— 
Antecedental  method,  a  branch  of  general 
geometrical  proportion,  or  universal  com- 
parison of  ratios. 

Antecedently  (an-te-se'dent-li),  adv.  Pre- 
viously; at  a  time  preceding. 

We  consider  him  antecedently  to  his  creation,  while 
he  yet  lay  in  the  barren  womb  of  nothing,  and  only 
in  the  number  of  possibilities.  South. 

Antecessor  (an-te-ses'er),  n.  [L.  See  AN- 
TECEDE.] 1.  One  who  goes  before;  a  leader; 
a  principal.  'A  venerable  regard  not  in- 
ferior to  any  of  his  antecessors.'  Wood. 
'Much  higher  than  any  of  its  antecessors.' 
Carlyle.  [Now  rare.]— 2.  t  A  title  given  to 
those  who  excelled  in  any  science,  and  to 
professors  of  civil  law.— 3.t  In  lain,  one  that 
possessed  land  before  the  present  possessor; 
an  ancestor. 

The  antecessor  was  most  commonly  he  that  i"is- 
sessed  the  lands  in  King  Edward's  tune  before  the 
Conquest.  Brady. 

Ante-Chamber  (an'te  cham-ber),  n.  [Prefix 
ante,  before,  and  chamber.  ]  A  chamber  or 
apartment  before  the  chief  apartment,  to 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


ANTE-CHAPEL 


1U 


ANTEPRANDIAL 


which  it  leads,  and  in  which  persons  wait 
for  audience. 

They  both  were  cast  into  the  dungeon's  gloom, 
That  dismal  a>ite-ihuml>e>-  of  the  tomb. 

l.oH.-Mtaw. 

Ante-Chapel  (an'te-chap-el).  n.  The  part 
of  the  chapel  through  which  is  the  passage 
to  the  choir  or  body  of  it.  T.  Warton. 

Ante-Cursor  (an-te-kcr'ser).  n.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  cursor,  a  runner,  from  citrro,  to 
run.  See  CouRSK.]  One  who  runs  before; 
a  forerunner;  a  harbinger.  Bailey. 

Antedate  (an'te-dat),  n.  (Prefix  ante,  be- 
fore, and  date,}  1.  Prior  date;  a  date  an- 
tecedent to  another. —2. t  Foretaste;  anti- 
cipation. 

Why  ti.ith  not  my  soul  these  apprehensions,  these 
presages,  these  changes,  those  antedates,  those  jeal- 
ousies, those  suspicions  of  a  sin,  as  well  as  my  body 
of  a  sickness?  Donne. 

Antedate  (an'te-dat),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  ante- 
dated; ppr.  antedating.  1.  To  date  before 
the  true  time,  or  beforehand;  to  give  an 
earlier  date  than  the  real  one  to ;  thus,  to 
antedate  a  deed  or  bond  is  to  give  it  a  date 
anterior  to  the  true  time  of  its  execution.— 
2.  To  anticipate ;  to  experience,  or  to  give 
effect  to,  something  l>efore  it  is  due  or  ex- 
pected. 'And  antedate  the  bliss  above.' 
Pope. 

No  hostile  hand  can  antedate  my  doom.      Pope. 

Antediluvial  (an'te-di-lu"vi-al),  a.  Same  as 
Antediluvian. 

Antediluvian  (an'te-di-lu"vi-an),  a.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  diluvium,  a  flood.]  Before  the 
flood  or  deluge  in  Noah's  time;  existing, 
happening,  or  relating  to  what  happened 
before  the  deluge.  '  The  fmtecftfuvtanearth.' 
Woodward.  '  Antediluvian  chronology. ' 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Antediluvian  ( an'te-di-lu"vi-an ),  n.  One 
who  lived  before  the  deluge.  'The  longevity 
of  the  antediluvians.'  Bentley. 

Ante-factt  (an'te-fakt),  n.  That  which  pre- 
figures a  fact  before  it  occurs.  [Rare.] 

There  is  a  proper  sacrifice  in  the  Lord's  supper, 
to  exhibit  Christ  s  death  in  the  post-fact,  as  there 
was  a  sacrifice  to  prefigure,  in  the  old  law,  the  ante- 
fact. — C&pie  of  the  Proceedings  ofsotne  Divines,  1641. 

Antefixse,  Antenxes  ( an-te-flks'e,  an-te- 
flks'ez),  n.  pi.  [L.  ante,  before,  and  fixug, 
fixed.]  In  class,  arch.:  (a)  upright  orna- 


ments, generally  of  marble  or  terra  cotta, 
at  the  eaves  of  a  tiled  roof  opposite  the  end 
of  each  ridge  of  tiling  to  conceal  the  join- 
Ings  of  the  tiles,  (b)  Ornaments  in  the  shape 
of  animals'  heads  or  other  figures  placed 
below  the  eaves  of  a  building,  and  through 
the  mouths  or  other  perforations  of  which 
the  water  from  the  roof  is  allowed  to  escape. 

Anteflexion  (an-te-flek'shon),  n.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  flecto,  flexum,  to  bend.]  In  06- 
stetrics,  a  forward  inclination  of  the  body 
of  the  uterus,  without  displacement  of  the 
os  uteri. 

Ant-egg  (ant'eg),  n.  One  of  a  quantity  of 
little  white  bodies  found  in  the  hillocks  of 
ants,  usually  supposed  to  be  their  eggs,  but 
really  the  young  brood  in  the  state  of  larvae 
or  pupae. 

Antejuramentum  ( an-te-ju'ra-men"tum ), 
n.  |L.  ante,  before,  and  juramentum,  an 
oath,  from  juro,  to  swear.]  In  law,  an  oath 
taken  by  the  accuser  and  accused  before  any 
trial  or  purgation.  The  accuser  swore  that 
he  would  prosecute,  and  the  accused  had  to 
•wear  on  the  day  of  ordeal  that  he  was  in- 
nocent. Wharton. 

Antelope  (an'te-lop),  n.  [Origin  doubtful. 
Some  derive  it  from  a  Gr.  antholops,  an 
antelope,  supposed  to  be  compounded  of 
anthos,  a  flower,  and  dps,  an  eye.]  A  name 
applied  to  many  species  of  ruminant  mam- 
mals closely  resembling  the  deer  in  general 
appearance,  but  essentially  different  in 
nature  from  them.  The  antelopes  are  in- 
cluded with  the  sheep  and  oxen  in  the  sec- 
tion Cavicoruia  or  'hollow-horned'  rumi- 
nants. Their  horns,  unlike  those  of  the 
deer,  are  not  deciduous,  but  are  permanent, 
each  consisting  essentially  of  a  process  of 
the  frontal  bone— the  core  of  the  horn — 


covered  by  a  sheath  of  horny  material. 
Their  horns  are  never  branched  as  those  of 
the  deer  usually  are;  they  are,  hou-rvi-r, 
often  twisted  spindly,  and  may  be  borne  by 
both  sexes.  They  are  found  in  greatest 
number  and  variety  in  Africa,  from  which 
continent  deer,  with  one  or  two  exceptions, 
are  entirely  absent.  Among  the  antelopes 
we  may  mention  the  chamois,  the  saiga  (the 
only  two  European  species),  the  gazelle,  the 
addax,  the  eland,  the  koodoo,  the  gnu,  the 
sasin  or  Indian  antelope,  and  the  prong- 
buck  of  America.  By  some  naturalists  they 
are  formed  into  a  family  (Antilopidiu)  or 
sub-family  (Antilopina)  divided  in  to  genera, 
by  others  almost  the  whole  of  them  are  in- 
cluded in  the  genus  Antilope. 
Antelucan  (an-te-lu'kan),  a.  [L.  antelu- 
txt?iit#—antf,  before,  and  lux,  light.]  Being 
before  light ;  preceding  the  dawn ;  specifi- 
cally applied  to  assemblies  of  Christians, 
in  ancient  times  held  before  light  in  the 
morning,  either  to  escape  persecution,  or 
to  commemorate  the  hour  of  the  resurrec- 
tion. 

Antelucan  worship  possibly  having   reference  to 
the  ineffable  mystery  of  the  resurrection — all  the 
evangelists  agreeing  that   it  was  very  early  in  the 
morning,  and  one  saying  '  while  it  was  yet  dark.' 
De  Qin'ricey. 

Antemeridian  (an'te-me-rid"i-an),  a.  [Pre- 
fix ante,  before,  and  meridian.]  Being  be- 
fore noon ;  pertaining  to  the  forenoon. 

Antemetic  (ant-e-met'ik),  a.  [Prefix  antit 
against,  and  emetic.]  Restraining  or  allay- 
ing vomiting. 

Antemetic  (ant-e-met'ik),  n.  A  medicine 
which  checks  vomiting. 

Ante-mosaic  (an'te-mp-za"ik),  a.  [Prefix 
ante,  before,  and  Mosaic,  relating  to  Moses.] 
Existing,  happening,  enacted,  or  instituted 
before  the  time  of  Moses. 

Antemundane(an-te-mun'dan),  a.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  munduts,  the  world.  ]  Being 
before  the  creation  of  the  world.  'The 
supreme,  great,  antemundane  Father  I ' 
Young. 

Antemural  (an-te-mu'ral),  n.  [L.  antemu- 
rale — ante,  before,  and  inunm,  a  wall.]  A 
barbacan  or  outwork  in  a  castle,  consisting 
of  a  strong  high  wall,  with  turrets  in  front 
of  the  gate  for  defending  the  entrance. 

Antenatal  (an-te-na'tal),  a.  [L.  ante,  before, 
and  natalis,  pertaining  to  birth.]  Existing, 
or  happening,  previous  to  birth. 

And  many  an  antenatal  tomb 

Where  butterflies  dream  of  the  life  to  come. 

Shelley. 

Antenati  (an-te-na'ti),  n.  pi.  [L.,  from  ante, 
before,  and  nati,  pi.  of  natus,  born.]  Those 
born  before  a  certain  time,  as  before  mar- 
riage ;  specifically,  in  English  law,  a  term 
applied  to  Scotsmen  born  before  the  acces- 
sion of  James  I.  to  the  English  crown,  who 
were  considered  aliens.  The  Poat-nati,  or 
those  born  after  the  Union,  claimed  the 
rights  of  native  subjects  of  the  English 
crown. 

Antenicene  (an-te-m'sen),  a.  [Prefix  ante, 
before,  and  Nicene,  from  JV'icc  or  Kiccea,  a 
city  in  Asia  Minor.]  Anterior  to  the  first 
council  of  Nice,  held  in  the  year  325;  as,  an- 
tenicene  faith. 

Antenna  (an-ten'na),  n.  pi.  Antennae  (an- 
ten'ue).  [L.  antenna,  a  sail-yard;  in  new 
Latin  the  feeler  or  horn  of  an  insect.]  A 
hornlike,  jointed,  very  flexible  and  sensitive 


i,  i  Filiform  Antennae  of  Cucujo  Firefly  of  Brazil 
(Pyrophorits  luminosns).  a,  Denticulate  Antenna; 
3,"Bipinnate;  4,  Lamellicorn ;  5,  Clavate;  6,  Genicu- 
late ;  7,  Antenna  and  Antennule  of  Crustacean. 

filament,  proceeding  by  a  ball-and-socket 
joint  from  the  head  in  insects,  Crustacea, 
and  myriapods,  between  the  angle  of  the 


mouth  and  the  eyes.  In  insects,  Aradmida, 
and  Myriapoda,  there  is  one  pair ;  in  CIN> 
tacea  there  are  two  pairs.  The  variations 
in  their  structure  are  very  great;  they  are 
considered  as  the  organs  of  touch  ami  hear- 
ing. In  insects  they  arc  popularly  called 
horns  and  feelers. 

Antennal  (un-tun'nal),  a.  Belonging  to  tin- 
antenmc. 

Antennarla  (an-ten-na'rl-aY,  n.  [From  tin 
tenna,  in  reference  to  the  clown  of  the  pap- 
pus, which  is  like  the  antenna;  of  some 
insects.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Compositrc,  nearly  allied  to  Gnaphalium, 
and  containing  some  of  the  everlastings  of 
our  gardens.  The  most  common  is  A.  inar- 
garitacca,  or  pearly  everlasting. 

Antenniferous  (an-ten-nif'er-us),  a.  Bear- 
ing antenna?. 

Antennifonn  (an-ten'ni-fonn),  a.  Shaped 
like  antenna?. 

Antennula  (an-ten'nu  la),  71.  pi.  Antennu- 
lae  (an-ten'nu-le).  [Dim.  of  antenna.]  One 
of  the  maxillary  feelers  or  palps,  resembl- 
ing small  antennae,  attached  to  the  jaws 
or  lower  lip  of  mandibulate  insects.  They 
seem  to  be  tactile  organs  adapted  to  distin- 
guish foods. 

Antennule  (an-ten'nul),  n.  Same  as  Anten- 
nula. 

Antenumber  (an-te-numTjer),  n.  [Prefix 
ante,  before,  and  number,]  A  number  that 
precedes  another.  Bacon.  [Rare.] 

Antenuptial  (an-te-nup'shal),  a.  [Prefix 
ante,  before,  and  nuptial.]  Occurring  or 
done  before  marriage ;  coming  before  mar- 
riage ;  preceding  marriage;  as,  an  antenup- 
tial agreement;  antenuptial  children. 

Antepagment  (an -te -payment),  n.  An  or- 
namented jamb  of  a  door.  See  ANTEPAG- 

HENTA. 

Antepagmenta  (an'te-pag-men"ta),  n.  pi. 
[L.  —  ante,  before,  and  pagmenta,  things 
joined  together,  trompag,  the  root  of  pan- 
go,  pactum,  to  drive  in,  fasten.]  In  anc. 
arch,  the  three  pieces  constituting  the 
frame  of  a  doorway ;  also,  the  jambs  or 
moulded  architraves  of  a  door. 

Antepaschal  (an  -  te-pas'kal),  a.  [Prefix 
ante,  before,  and  paschal.]  Pertaining  to  the 
time  before  Easter. 

The  dispute  was  very  early  in  the  church  concern- 
ing the  observation  of  Easter;   one  point  whereof 
was,  concerning  the  ending  of  the  antepaschal  fast. 
R.  Nelson. 

Antepastt  (an'te-past),  n.  [L.  ante,  before, 
and  pasttnn,  fed.]  A  foretaste;  something 
taken  before  the  proper  time.  [Rare.] 

Were  we  to  expect  our  bliss  only  in  the  satiating 
our  appetites,  it  plight  be  reasonable,  by  frequent 
antefasts,  to  excite  our  gust  for  that  profuse  per- 
petual meal.  Dr.  H.  More. 

Antependium(an-te-pen'di-um),n.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  pendo,  to  hang.]  The  hanging 
with  which  the  front  of  an  altar  is  covered, 
frequently  made  of  the  richest  silk  or  velvet, 
and  ornamented  with  the  most  costly  and 
elaborate  embroidery ;  the  frontal 

I  saw  the  antfpendiutn  of  the  altar  designed  for 
the  famous  chapel  of  St.  Lorenzo.  Smollett. 

A  young  woman  who  would  get  up  at  five  o'clock 
in  the  morning  to  embroider  an  aniefendittm,  and 
neglect  the  housekeeping.  Mi*s  Braddon. 

Antepenult,  Antepenultima  (an'te-pe- 

nult,  an'te-pe-nul"ti-ma),  n.  [L.  ante,  be- 
fore, pene,  almost,  and  ultimus,  last.]  The 
last  syllable  of  a  word  except  two,  as  syl  in 
monosyllable. 

Antepenultimate  (an'te-pe-nul"ti-mat),  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  last  syllable  but  two. 

Antepenultimate  (an'te-pe-nul"ti-mat),  n. 
The  antepenult. 

Antepileptic(ant-ep'i-lep"tik),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  epiieptikos,  epileptic.]  Resist- 
ing or  curing  epilepsy. 

Antepileptic  (ant-ep'i-lep"tik),  n.  A  remedy 
for  epilepsy. 

Antepileptical(ant-ep'i-lep"tik-al),  a.  Same 
as  A  ntepilcptic.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Anteponet  (an'te-pon),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ante- 
potted;  ppr.  anteponing.  [L.  antepono— 
ante,  before,  and  ponot  to  place.]  To  set 
before.  Bailey. 

Anteport  (an'te-p6rt),  n.  [L.  ante,  before, 
and  portius,  a  port.]  An  outer  port  or  har- 
bour. 

Ante-portico  (an-te-por'ti-ko),  «.  [Prefix 
ante,  oefore,  and  portico.]  An  outer  porch 
or  vestibule. 

Anteposition  (an'te-pd-zi"shon),  n.  [Prefix 
ante,  before,  and  position.]  In  gram,  the 
placing  of  a  word  before  another,  which,  by 
ordinary  rules,  ought  to  follow  it. 

Anteprandial  (an-te-pran'di-al),  a.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  prandium,  a  meal,  a  dinner] 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ANTEPREDICAMENT 


116 


ANTHOPHORE 


Relating  to  the  time  before  dinner ;  occur- 
ring  before  dinner. 

Antepredicament  ( an'te-pre-dik"a-ment ), 
n.     [Prefix  ante,  before,  and  predicament]  ; 
In  logic,  a  prerequisite  to  a  full  under-  j 
standing  of  the  predicaments  and  catego- 
ries, such  as  a  definition  of  common  terms,  j 

Anterldes  (an-ter'i-dez),  n.pl.  [L.]  Inarch. 
buttresses  fur  strengthening  a  wall. 

Anterior  (an-te'ri-er),  a.  [L.,  a  comparative 
from  ante.]    1.  Before  in  time;  prior;  ante-  { 
cedent;  preceding  in  time. — 2.  Before,  or  in 
front,  in  place;  as,  the  anterior  lobes  of  the  , 
brain,  the  anterior  intercostal  nerve,  &c. 

Anteriority  (an-te'ri-or"i-ti),  n.     The  state  , 
of  being  anterior,  preceding,  or  in  front;  a  | 
state  of  being  before  in  time  or  situation; 
priority. 

Our  poet  could  not  have  seen  tlie  prophecy  of  , 
Isaiah,  because  he  lived  100  or  150  years  before  that 
prophet;    and   this  anteriority  of  time  makes  this   • 
passage  the  more  observable.  Pope. 

Anteriorly  (an-te'ri-er-li),  adv.    In  an  an-  , 
terior  manner;  before. 

Anteroom  (an'te-rbm),  n.  [Prefix  ante,  be- 
fore, and  room.]  A  room  before  or  in  front 
of  another ;  an  ante-chamber. 

Antero-posterior  (an'te-ro-pos-te"ri-er),  a.  . 
[  L.  anterior,  from  ante,  before,  and  posterior,  • 
from  post,  behind.]    In  a  direction  from  be- 
hind forward ;  as,  an  antero-posterior  com- 
pression of  the  skull.     Owen. 

Antes  (an'tez),  n.pl.  In  arch,  same  as  Antce. 
See  A  NT  A. 

Ante- solarium  (an'te-so-la"ri-um),  n.  [L. 
ante,  before,  and  solarium  (which  see).]  A 
balcony  facing  the  sun. 

Ante-Stature  t  (an-te-stat'ur),  n.  In  fort. 
a  small  intrenchment  or  work  formed  of 
palisades  or  sacks  of  earth. 

Ante-stomach  (an'te-stum-uk),  n.    [Prefix 
ante,  before,  and  stomach.]    A  cavity  which  , 
leads  into  the  stomach,  as  the  crop  in  birds. 

Aite-temple(ftn'te-tem-pl),  n.  [rreflxonfe,  ; 
before,  and  temple.]    In  ancient  churches 
the  part  now  called  the  nave :  called  also 
the  Narthex. 

Anteversion  (an-te-ver'shon),  n.  [L.  ante, 
before,  and  verto,  versutn,  to  turn.  ]  Dis- 
placement of  the  uterus,  in  which  the  f undus 
is  turned  toward  the  pubes,  whilst  its  ori- 
fice is  towards  the  sacrum :  opposed  to  re- 
troversion. 

Antevertt  (an'te-vert),  v.t.  [L.  anteverto— 
ante,  before,  and  verto,  to  turn.]  To  pre- 
vent ;  to  avert. 

To  antfvert  some  great  danger  to  the  public,  .  .  . 
we  may  and  must  disclose  our  knowledge  of  a  close 
wickedness.  Bf.  Hail. 

Anthseniorrhagic  (ant'he-mor-aj"ik),  a. 
[Gr.  anti,  against,  haitna.  blood,  and  rheo, 
to  flow.]  An  epithet  applied  to  a  medicine 
used  to  check  haemorrhage. 

Antheliqn  (ant-he'li-on),  n.  pi.  Anthelia 
(ant-he'li-a).  [Gr.  anti,  opposite  to,  and 
kelios,  the  sun.]  A  luminous  ring,  or  rings, 
seen  by  an  observer,  especially  in  alpine 
and  polar  regions,  around  the  shadow  of 
his  head,  projected  on  a  cloud  or  fog  bank, 
or  on  grass  covered  with  dew,  50  or  60  yards 
distant,  and  opposite  the  sun  when  rising 
or  setting.  It  is  due  to  the  diffraction  of 
light. 

Anthelix  (ant'he-liks),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  oppo- 
site to,  and  helix,  a  spiral.]  An  eminence 
on  the  cartilage  of  the  ear,  situated  before, 
or  more  properly  within  the  helix,  and  con- 
sisting, at  its  upper  part,  of  two  ridges, 
which  unite  as  they  descend,  the  inner  cir- 
cular ridge  of  the  external  ear. 

Anthelminthic,  Anthelmintic  (an-thel- 
min'thik,  an-thel-min'tik),  a.  [Gr.  arili, 
against,  and  helmins,  helminthos,  a  worm.] 
In  wied.  destroying  or  expelling  worms  in 
the  intestines. 

Anthelminthic,  Anthelmintic  (an-thel- 
min'thik,  an-thel-min'tik),  n.  A  vermifuge; 
a  remedy  for  worms  in  the  intestines,  as  oil 
of  turpentine. 

Anthem  (an 'them),  n.  [0.  E.  antempne, 
antemne,  antefne,  anteine,  antein,  &c. , 
A.  Sax.  antefen,  an  anthem ;  Fr.  antienne, 
Pr.  antifena,  antifona,  L.L.  antiphona,  all 
from  Gr.  antiphonon,  an  antiphon,  from 
antiphonos,  sounding  against,  or  alternately  ' 
-anti,  against,  andp/i6"7ie,sound,thevoice.] 
A  hymn  sung  in  alternate  parts;  in  modern 
usage,  a  sacred  tune  or  piece  of  music  Bet 
to  words  taken  from  the  Psalms  or  other 
parts  of  the  Scriptures,  first  introduced  into 
church  service  in  Elizabeth's  reign ;  a  de- 
veloped motet.  The  anthem  maybe  for  one, 
two,  or  any  number  of  voices,  but  seldom 
exceeds  five  parts,  and  may  or  may  not  have 
an  organ  accompaniment  written  for  it. 


Anthemion  (an-the'mi-on),  n.  [Gr.,  from 
anthoK,  a  flower.]  That  ornament  or  orna- 
mental series  used  in  Greek  and  Roman 
decoration,  which  is  derived  from  floral 
forms,  more  especially  the  honeysuckle.  It 
was  much  used  for  the  ornamentation  of 


Anthemion,  from  pediment  of  temple,  Phigalia. 

anteflxrc  and  friezes  in  architecture,  and  for 
interior  decoration;  also  for  the  painted 
decoration  of  fictile  vases,  and  for  the  bor- 
ders of  dresses.  The  so-called  honeysuckle 
is  alternated  generally  with  some  other 
floral  form. 

Anthemis  (an'the-mis),  n.  [Gr.  ,from  anthos, 
a  flower.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Composite,  sub-order  Corymbiferse.  A.  Co- 
tula  is  the  may-weed  or  stinking  chamomile; 
A.  nobilis  is  the  common  chamomile,  found 
in  pastures  in  England.  The  flowers  con- 
tain a  bitter  principle,  which  has  tonic  pro- 
perties, and  an  aromatic  fragrance  obtained 
from  an  essential  oil.  They  are  conse- 
quently much  used  as  a  light  tonic,  and 
also  as  a  fomentation  or  poultice. 

Anthemwlse  (an'them-wiz),  ado.  In  the 
manner  of  an  anthem;  alternately. 

Several  quires,  placed  one  over  against  another, 
and  taking  the  voice  by  catches,  anthetnwut,  give 
great  pleasure.  Bacon. 

Anther  (an'ther),  n.    [Gr.  antheros,  flowery, 
from  anthos,  a  flower.]   In  bot.  the  essential 
part  of  the  stamen.    It  is  a  capsule  (6),  com- 
monly with  two  lobes  or  cells,  each  opening 
by  a  slit  or  pore  when  mature,  and  dis- 
charging a  powder,  usually         r 
of   a  yellow  colour,  which 
fertilizes  the  ovules  (a)  by 
falling  or  being  deposited  on 
the  stigma(e).  The  anther  is   b, 
generally  borne  at  the  end 
of  a  stalk  or  filament,  but  it 
is  sometimes  sessile.     Theo- 
retically, it  is  a  contracted 
leaf    with    its    parenchyma 
converted  into  pollen,  and  its 
midrib  rendered  fleshy,  and 
connecting    the   two  lobes. 
It  is  called  by  Ray  the  apex, 
and  by  Malpighi  the  capsula     bb,  Anthers. 
staminis. 

Antheral  (an'ther-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  an- 
thers. 

Anther-dust  (an'ther-dust),  n.  The  dust  or 
pollen  of  an  anther. 

Antherlcum(an-ther'i-kuni),  n.  [From  Gr. 
antherix,  antherikos,  the  stalk  of  a  kind  of 
asphodel,  from  anthos,  a  flower.]  A  large 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Liliaceac,  with 
racemes  or  panicles  of  white  flowers.  The 
flowers  of  A.  Liliastrum,  the  St.  Bruno's 
lily,  are  sweet-scented,  and  have  a  dark 
green  spot  on  each  segment. 

Antherid  (au'ther-id),  n.  Same  as  Antiier- 
idium. 

Antherldlan  (an-ther-id'i-an),  a.  In  bot.  of 
or  pertaining  to  the  antheridium;  as,  an- 
theridian  cells. 

Antheridium  (an-ther-id'i-um).  ?i.  pi.  An- 
theridia  (an-ther-id'i-a).  [A  neo-Latin  dim. 
from  E.  anther,  and  Gr.  eidog,  form.]  In 
bot.  the  organ  in  cryptogamic  plants  which 
answers  to  the  anther  in  phanerogams.  It 
is  very  different  in  its  nature  and  position 
in  the  different  groups. 

Antheriferous  (an-ther-if'er-us).a.  [Anther. 
and  L.  fero,  to  bear.]  In  bot.  (a)  producing 
anthers,  (o)  Supporting  anthers,  as  the 
filaments. 

Antherifonn  (an-ther'i-form),  a.  [Anther, 
and  L./onna,  form.]  Having  the  form  of 
an  anther. 

Antherogenous  (an-ther-oj'en-us),  a.  [An- 
ther, ana  Gr.  root  gen,  to  produce.]  In 
bot.  &  term  applied  to  double  flowers,  in 
which  the  anthers  are  converted  into  horn- 
like petals,  as  in  the  double  columbine. 

Antheroid  (an'ther-oid),  a.  [Anther,  and 
Gr.  eidos,  resemblance.]  Resembling  an 
anther. 

Antherozoid  (an'ther-o-zo-id),  n.  [Anther, 
and  zooid  (which  see).]  In  bot.  the  minute 
body  produced  in  the  antheridium  of  cryp- 
togams by  which  the  female  organs  are  fer- 


tilized.   The  antherozoids  are  slender  spiral 

threads  with  a  somewhat  thickened  apex. 

which  are  produced  in  the  antheridian  cells; 

when  mature  they  burst  the  cell,  and  move 

freely  about. 
Anthesis  (an-the'sis).  n.     [Gr.,  from  antheo, 

to  bloom,  from  anthos,  a  flower.]  The  period 

when  flowers  expand;  the  act  of  expansion 

in  a  flower.     Gray. 
Anthiarine  (an-thi'a-rin),  n.    See  ANTIAK- 

INE. 

Ant-hill,  Ant-hlllOCk  (anfhil,  anfhil-ok), 
n.  A  little  tumulus  or  hillock  formed  by 
ants  for  their  habitation,  and  composed  of 
earth,  leaves,  twigs,  <fec.  In  tropical  cli- 
mates the  nests  of  some  species  of  the  white 
ant  (Termites)  are  found  12  feet  high,  in  the 
form  of  pyramids  or  cones,  and  from  their 
height  and  number  sometimes  appear  at  a 
distance  like  a  small  village.  See  TERMITE. 

Anthine  (an'thin),  a,  [Gr.  anthos,  a  flower] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  flower. 

AnthODian  (an-tho'bi-an),  n.  [Gr.  anthos, 
a  flower,  and  bios,  life.]  A  beetle  that  lives 
on  flowers. 

Anthocarpous  (an-tho-kar'pus).  a.  [Gr. 
anthos,  a  Rower,  and  karpos,  fruit.]  In  bot. 
a  term  applied  to  fruits  formed  by  masses 
of  inflorescences  adhering  to  each  other,  as 
the  flr-cone,  pine-apple,  &c. 

Anthochsera  (an'tho-ke-ra),  n.  [Gr.  anthon, 
a  flower,  and  cAcrird,  to  delight  in.]  A  genus 
of  Australian  insessorial  birds,  family  Meli- 
phagidae,  or  honey-suckers.  A.  mellivora, 
the  bush  wattle-bird,  is  found  wherever 
there  are  banksias,  in  New  South  Wales. 
South  Australia,  and  Tasmania.  Its  notes 
are  harsh  and  peculiar,  resembling  the  sound 
made  by  a  person  vomiting,  whence  it» 
local  name,  Googwarruck.  It  feeds  on  the 
blossoms  of  the  bank  si  as. 

Anthocyanin,  Anthocyanine  (an-tho-si'- 
an-in),  n.  [Gr.  anthos,  a  flower,  and  kyanox, 
blue.  1  The  blue  colouring  matter  of  plants. 
See  CYANIN. 

Anthodium  (an-th6'di-um),n.  [Gr.anthodes, 
like  flowers,  full  of  flowers— anthos,  a  flower, 
and  eidos,  likeness,  form,]  In  bot.  the  head 
of  flowers  of  composite  plants,  as  of  a  thistle 
or  daisy.  An  anthodium  is  a  depressed 
spike,  consisting  of  many  distinct  flowers 
on  a  common  receptacle,  and  surrounded  by 
a  set  of  floral  leaves  or  bracts,  called  an 
involucre. 

Antholite  (an'tho-lit),  n.  [Gr.  anthos,  a 
flower,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  In  geol.  the 
general  name  for  the  impress  of  the  inflor- 
escence of  plants  on  rocks,  as  on  the  shales 
of  the  coal-measures. 

Anthological  (an-tho-loj'ik-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  anthology;  consisting  of  beautiful 
extracts,  especially  from  the  poets. 

Anthology  (an-thol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  antholoqia, 
from  antholoffos,  flower-gathering— an  them, 
&  flower,  and  lego,  to  gather.  Anthologiai 
were  collections  of  small  Greek  poems, 
picked  out  and  made  up,  as  it  were,  into  a 
nosegay.]  1.  A  discourse  on  flowers.  [Rare.] 

2.  A  collection  of  flowers;  a  garland.  [Rare.] 

3.  A  collection  of  beautiful  passages  from 
authors;  a  collection  of  poems  or  epigrams, 
particularly   a   collection    of    such   short 
poetical  pieces,  the  work  of  a  large  number 
of  different  Greek  or  Latin  authors.— 4.  In 
the  Greek  Ch.  a  collection  of  devotional 
pieces. 

Antholysis  (an-thol'i-sis),  n.  [Gr.  anthos, 
a  flower,  and  lysis,  a  breaking  up.]  In  bot. 
the  retrograde  change  of  the  parts  of  a 
floral  whorl,  as  the  stamens  changing  more 
or  less  completely  into  petals,  or  the  petals 
into  sepals. 

Anthomania  (an-tho-ma'ni-a),  n.  [Gr.  an- 
thos, a  flower,  and  mania,  madness.]  An 
extravagant  fondness  for  curious  flowers. 

Anthomyla(an-tho-nn'i-a),  n.  [Gr.  antho*. 
a  flower,  and  myia,  a  fly.]  A  genus  of  flies, 
including  the  cabbage,  potato,  turnip,  beet, 
and  lettuce  fly. 

Anthomyzidse(an-tho-miz'i-de),7t.  pi.  [Gr. 
anthos,  a  flower,  and  myzo,  to  murmur.)  A 
division  of  the  Muscidro  (flies),  composed  of 
species  having  the  appearance  of  common 
flies.  The  wings  are  vibratile,  the  legs  of 
moderate  size,  and  the  abdomen  composed 
of  four  joints. 

Anthony's  Fire  (an'to-niz  fir),  n.  Same  as 
Saint  Anthony's  Fire. 

Anthophore,  'Anthophorum  (au'tho-for, 
an-thof'o-rum),  n.  [Gr.  anthos,  a  flower, 
and  pherein,  to  bear.]  In  bot.  a  columnar 
process  arising  from  the  bottom  of  thecalyx. 
and  having  at  its  apex  the  petals,  staiueua, 
and  pistil. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      J*,  Sc.  ley. 


ANTHOPHYLLITE 


117 


ANTHROPOPHAGICAL 


AnthOphyllite(an  tlmf  il-H),n.  [L.L.an!l«>- 
litiyUttm,  a  clove,  from  Gr.  anthon,n  flower, 
and  phyllon,  a  leaf.  From  its  colour.]  A 
clove-brown  variety  of  hornblende,  occur- 
ring in  radiating  columnar  aggregates;  tre- 
molite. 

Anthophyllitic  (an-thuf'il-lit"ik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  antlmphyllite,  or  containing  it. 

Anthorism,  Anthorismus  (an'thor-izm, 
an-tlio -ri/nius),  n.  [(Jr.  anthoritm-on  —  anti, 
Apposite,  and  hnrismox,  a  marking  out,  a 
definition,  from  horoa,  a  boundary.]  In  rhet. 
a  description  or  definition  contrary  to  that 
which  is  given  by  the  adverse  party. 

Anthosiderite  (an-tho-sid'er-it),  n.  [Gr. 
anthoit,  a  (lower,  and  xideri&s,  of  iron.]  A 
native  silicate  of  iron,  of  an  ochreous-yellow 
colour  inclining  to  yellowish-brown,  having 
a  fibrous  radiated  structure,  and  found  at 
Antonio  Pereira,  in  Minas  Geraes,  Brazil. 

Anthotaxis  (an-tho-taks'is),  n.  [Gr.  anthott, 
a  flower,  and  taxis,  order.]  In  hot.  the  ar- 
rangement of  flowers  on  the  axis  of  growth. 
Called  also  inflorescence, 

Anthoxanthih,  Anthoxanthine  (an-tho- 
zan'thin),  n.  [Gr.  antJioa,  a  flower,  and 
xanthos,  yellow.]  The  yellow  colouring  mat- 
ter of  plants;  xanthin  (which  see). 

Anthoxanthum  (an-tho-zan'thum),  n.  [Gr. 
ttnthos,  a  flower,  and  xanthos,  yellow.]  A 
genus  of  grasses  the  flowers  of  which  have 
only  two  stamens.  A.  odoratum  is  well 
known  to  farmers  under  the  name  of  sweet 
venial-grass  or  spring-grass.  The  peculiar 
odour  of  new  hay  is  chiefly  due  to  its  presence. 
See  SPRING-GRASS. 

Anthozasia  (an-tho-za'si-a),  n,  [Gr.  anthos, 
a  flower,  and  zao,  to  live.]  Inbo(.  the  process 
of  the  leaves  of  aplant  assuming  the  appear- 
ance of  petals. 

Anthozoa(an-tho-zo'a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  anthos,  a 
(lower,  and  zoon,  a  living  creature.]  A  term 
formerly  used  to  embrace  such  flower-like 
animals  as  are  now  generally  classed  among 
the  Actinozoa  (which  see). 

Antliozoic  (an-tho-zo'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Anthozoa. 

Anthracene  (an'thra-sen),  n.  [See  ANTHRA- 
CITE,] Paranaphthaline  (which  see).  See 
also  ALIZARINE. 

Anthraciferous  (an-thra-sif'er-us),  a.  [Gr. 
anthrax,  anthrakos,  coal,  and  L.  fero,  to 
bear.]  Yielding  anthracite:  applied  to  geo- 
logical strata. 

All  tliracin  (an'thra-sin),  n.  Same  as  A  nthra- 
cene. 

Anthracite  (an'thra-sit),  n.  [Gr.  anthrax, 
anthrajcot,  a  burning  coal.  ]  Glance  or  blind 
coal,  a  non-bituminous  coal  of  a  shining 
lustre,  approaching  to  metallic,  and  which 
burns  without  smoke,  with  a  weak  or  no 
flame,  and  with  intense  heat.  It  consists  of, 
on  an  average,  90  per  cent,  carbon,  3  hydro- 
gen, and  5  ashes.  There  are  several  varieties 
known  as  massive,  slaty,  and  columnar.  It 
has  some  of  the  properties  of  coke  or  char- 
coal, and,  like  that  substance,  represents  an 
extreme  metamorphism  of  coal  under  the 
influence  of  heat  or  of  volcanic  disturbance, 
[t  is  found  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland, 
and  in  large  quantities  in  the  United  States. 

AnthracitiC  (an-thra-sit'ik),  a.  Pertaining 
r<>  anthracite. 

Antliracolite  (an-thrak'o-llt),  n.  Same  as 
Anthracite. 

Antliracometer  ( an '  thrak  -  om '  et  -  er  ),  n. 
[Gr.  anthrax,  anthrakos,  carbon,  and  metron, 
a  measure.]  An  instrument  for  ascertaining 
the  quantity  of  carbonic  acid  gas  present  in 
any  case. 

Anthraconite  (an -thrak 'on -it),  n.  [Gr. 
anthrax,  anthrakos,  coal.  ]  A  variety  of 
marble  of  a  coal-black  lustre,  occurring  at 
Kilkenny.  The  blackness  is  due  to  the  pre- 
sence of  bitumen.  It  gives  off  a  fetid  sul- 
phureo-bituminous  odour  when  heated,  and 
is  hence  known  under  the  popular  name  of 
StitiJcstone. 

AntUracosaurus  (an  -  thrak '  6  -  sa  "  rus),  n. 
[(Jr.  anthrax,  antfirakott,  coal,  and  saitros.  a 
lizard.]  Alabyrinthodontanimal, first foiind 
in  the  carboniferous  strata  of  the  west  of 
Scotland.  The  head  measured  18  inches  in 
length. 

Antliracothere  (an-thrak'o-ther),  n.  Same 
as  A  nthracothcrium, 

Anthracotherium  (an'thra-ko-the"ri-um), 
rt.  [Gr.  anthrax,  anthrakoa,  a  coal,  and 
therion,  a  beast.]  An  extinct  pachyderma- 
tous mammal,  somewhat  resembling  a  hog, 
allied  to  the  palfeotheria,  so  named  because 
it  was  at  first  only  found  in  the  miocene 
lignite  or  anthracite  of  Tuscany.  It  is  now 
found  in  other  deposits. 


Anthrax  (an'thraks),  n.  (Gr.]  1.  In  med.  a 
carbuncle  ;  a  malignant  ulcer,  with  intense 
burning  sensation.  --'2.  An  ancient  name  for 
a  certain  gem  ;  carbuncle,  ruby,  or  garnet. 
3.  Lithanthrax,  or  pit  or  stone  coal. 
Anthrenus  (an-thre'nus),  n.  [Gr.  antlin'm'', 
a  hornet.  ]  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects, 
family  Dermestidac,  whose  larva?,  especially 
that  of  A.  or  Demifntes  mwteontm,  are  the 
pests  of  our  museums,  on  account  of  their 
ravages  on  specimens  of  dried  animals. 
Anthriscus  (an-thris'kus),  n.  [L.,  the  name 
of  a  plant  described  by  Pliny  resembling 
Srandix.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Umbellifene,  with  thin,  finely-divided  leaves 
and  small  white  flowers.  There  are  two 
British  species,  besides  a  third  (A.  cere- 
folium),  now  found  wild,  but  originating  in 
an  escape  from  our  gardens,  well  known  as 
a  salad  and  pot  herb  under  the  name  of 
garden  chervil. 

Anthropic  (an-throp'ik),  a.  [Gr.  anthropog,  a 
man.]  Belonging  toman;  man-like;  sprung 
from  man. 

The  Greeks  m  their  great  age  are  assumed  to  have 
been  a  purely  Aryan  people,  speaking  a  language 
closely  allied  to  Sanskrit;  yet  their  religion  is  not 
that  of  the  Vedas  or  the  Zend  Avesta.  ,  .  .  Their 
gods  are  anthropic,  and  belong  to  an  ancestral  wor- 
shipping people.  Quart.  Rev. 

Anthropidffl  (an-throp'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  an- 
thropos,  a  man.]  Huxley  s  name  for  the 
highest  group  of  mammals,  of  which  man  is 
the  only  genus  and  species ;  the  Bimana. 

Anthr opoglot  ( an  -  throp '  6  -  glot ),  n.  [Gr. 
anthropos,  a  man,  and  glotta,  the  tongue.] 
An  animal  which  has  a  tongue  resembling 
that  of  man,  as  the  parrot. 

Anthropography  ( an  -  thro  -  pog '  ra  -  fi ),  n. 
[Gr.  anthropog,  a  man,  and  graphe,  a  descrip- 
tion. ]  A  description  of  man  or  of  the  human 
race;  more  particularly,  that  branch  of  phy- 
sical geography  which  treats  of  the  actual  dis- 
tribution of  the  human  race,  as  distinguished 
by  physical  character,  language, institutions, 
and  customs.  See  ETHNOGRAPHY. 

Anthropoid  (an'thro-poid),a.  [Gr.  anthropos, 
a  man,  and  eidos,  resemblance.  ]  Resembling 
man:  specifically  applied  to  such  apes  as  most 
closely  approach  the  human  race,  as  the 
gorilla  and  chimpanzee. 

The  gorilla  is  now  generally  regarded  as  the  most 
human  of  the  anthropoid  apes.  H.  A.  Nicholson. 

Anthropoides(an-thro-ppi'dez),  n.   A  genus 

of  grallatorial  birds,  family  Gruidse,  includ- 
ing the  demoiselle,  the  Stanley,  and  crowned 
cranes. 

Anthropolatry  (an-thro-pol'a-tri),  n. 
[Gr.  antkropos,  a  man,  and  latreia,  service, 
worship.  ]  Lit.  the  worship  of  man— a  charge 
brought  by  the  early  Christians  against  the 
ancient  heathens,  and  retorted  by  the  latter 
on  the  Christians,  on  account  of  their  worship 
of  Christ.  The  word, however.is  better  known 
from  its  employment  by  the  Apollinarians 
against  the  orthodox  Christians  of  the  fourth 
and  fifth  centuries,  who  held  the  doctrine  of 
the  perfect  human  nature  of  Christ. 

Anthropollte  (an-thro'po-lit),  n.  [Gr.  an- 
thropos, a  man,  and  lithos,  a  stone.  ]  A  petri- 
faction of  the  human  body  or  skeleton,  or  of 
parts  of  the  body,  by  the  incrusting  action  of 
calcareous  waters,  and  hence  hardly  to  be 
considered  fossil  or  sub-fossil. 

Anthropologic,  Anthropological  ( an  - 
thro'po-loj  ik,  an-thr6'po-loj"ik-al),  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to  anthropology.  — 2.  According 
to  human  manner  of  speaking.     '  Anthropo- 
logic  wisdom.'    Kingxley. 

Anthropologiat(an-thro-pol'o-jist),  n.  One 
who  writes  on  or  studies  anthropology. 

Anthropology  ( an-thro-pol'o-ji ),  n.  [Gr. 
anthropos,  a  man ,  and  logos,  discourse.  ]  1.  A 
discourse  upon  human  nature.  [Rare.]— 

2.  That  manner  of  expression  by  which  the 
inspired  writers  attribute  human  parts  and  | 
passions  to  God.    [Rare.  ]— 3.  The  science  of  ' 
man  and  mankind,  including  the  study  of 
man's  place  in  nature,  that  is,  of  the  measure  . 
of  his  agreement  with  and  divergence  from  | 
other  animals;  of  his  physical  structure  and  i 
psychological  nature,  together  with  the  ex- 
tent to  which  these  act  and  react  on  each 
other;  of  the  various  tribesof  men,  determin- 
ing how  these  may  have  been  produced  or 
modified  by  external  conditions,  and  conse- 
quently taking  account  also  of  the  advance 
or  retrogression  of  the  human  race.    Anthro- 
pology is  thus  much  more  extensive  in  its 
scope  than  ethnology,  which  concerns  itself 
only  with  the  last  of  these  branches.    It  puts 
under  contribution  all  sciences  which  have 
man  for  their  object , as  archaeology  .compara- 
tive anatomy,  physiology,  psychology,  clima- 


tology, &c.  By  some  anthropology  has  been 
ili  vided  as  follows  :— (a)  Zoological  a  nth  ropo- 
%y,which  investigates  man's  relations  to  the 
brute  creation;  (b)  Descriptive  anthropology 
or  ethnology,  describing  the  divisions  and 

Cups  of  mankind ;  (c)  General  antkropo- 
vj,  or,  as  M.  Broca  calls  it,  the  '  biology  of 
the  human  race.'  This  last  is  anthropology 
proper. 

Anthropomancy  (an-thr6'po-man-si),  tt. 
[Gr.  anthropog,  a  man,  and  inanteia,  divina- 
tion.] Divination  by  inspecting  the  entrails 
of  a  human  being. 

Anthropometry (an-thr6-pom'et-ri),  n.  [Gr. 
anthr>~ipox.  a  man,  and  metron,  measure.] 
The  measurement  of  the  human  body. 

Anthropomorphic  (an'thr6-p6-mor"nk),  a. 

1.  Relating  to  or  characterized  by  anthropo- 
morphism; as,  anthropomorphic  conceptions 
of  Deity.  —  2.  Resembling  man;  approach- 
ing man  in  type;  anthropoid;  as,  anthropo- 
morphic apes. 

Anthropomorphism  ( an  -  thro '  p6  -  morf  "- 
izm),  n.  [Gr.  anthropox,  a  man,  and  mor- 
phe,  form.]  1.  The  representation  or  con- 
ception of  the  Deity  under  a  human  form, 
or  with  human  attributes  a:id  affections. 
Anthropomorphism  is  founded  in  the  natu- 
ral inaptitude  of  the  human  mind  for  con- 
ceiving spiritual  things  except  through  sen- 
suous images,and  in  its  consequent  tendency 
to  accept  such  expressions  as  those  of  Scrip- 
ture when  it  speaks  of  the  eye,  the  ear,  and 
the  hand  of  God,  of  his  seeing  and  hearing, 
of  his  remembering  and  forgetting,  of  his 
making  man  in  his  own  image,  Ac. ,  in  a  too 
literal  sense. 

Although  Milton  was  undoubtedly  a  high  Arian  in 
his  mature  life,  he  does,  in  the  necessity  of  poetry, 
give  a  greater  objectivity  to  the  Father  and  the  Son 
than  he  would  have  justified  in  argument.  He  was 
wise  in  adopting  the  strong  anthropomorphism  of 
the  Hebrew  Scriptures  at  once.  Coleridge. 

2.  The  doctrine  which  attributes  to  animals 
mental  faculties  of  the  same  nature  as  those 
of   man,   though  much    lower  in  degree : 
strictly  called  biological  anthropomorphism, 
to  distinguish  it  from  anthropomorphism 
proper,   or  theological  anthropomorphism. 
See  extract. 

Descartes  .  .  .  deserted  the  old  moderate  view 
which  affirmed  that  between  the  highest  psychical 
powers  of  man  and  brutes  there  is  a  certain  natural 
likeness  and  analogy,  and  gave  rise  to  the  notion  that 
animals  are  nothing  but  wonderfully  complex  ma- 
chines— an  error  naturally  resulting  m  the  opposite 
one  now  so  prevalent— the  error,  namely,  that  there 
is  a  substantial  identity  between  the  brute  soul  and 
the  soul  of  man — biological  anthropcntorfhism. 

St.  George  Mivart. 

Anthropomorphist  (an-thro'p6-morf"ist), 
n.  An  anthropomorphite  (which  see). 

Anthropomorphite(an-thr6'p6-morf"it),7). 
One  who  believes  that  the  Supreme  Beins 
exists  in  human  form  with  human  attributes 
and  passions:  specifically  applied  to  one  of 
a  sect  of  ancient  heretics  who  held  such 
views. 

Though  few jjrofess  themselves nw/Arc/owcr/Ai'^r. 
yet  we  may  find  many  among  the  ignorant  of  that 
oijinion.  Locke. 

An  throp  omorphite  (an-thrd'po-morf"It),«. 
Relating  to  anthropomorphism. 

Anthropomorphitic,  Anthropomorphi- 
tical  ( an-thro 'po-morf-it " ik,  an-thro  'po- 
morf-it"ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  anthropo- 
morphism. 

Anthropomorphitism(an-thr6'p6-morf"it- 
izm),  n.  The  doctrines  of  anthropomor- 
phites. 

Anthropomorphous  (an-thro'p6-morf"uB), 
a.  Having  the  figure  of  or  resemblance  to 
a  man;  as,  an  anthropomorphous  plant. 

Anthropopathical  (an-thro'p6-path"ik-al), 
a.  Subject  to  human  passions. 

Anthropopathically  ( an-thro'po-path"ik- 
al-li),  adv.  In  an  anthropopathieal  man- 
ner. 

Anthropopathism,  Anthropopathy  (an- 
thro-pop'ath-izm,  an-thro-pop'a-thi),  n.  [Gr. 
anthropos,  a  man,  and  pathos,  passion.) 
l.t  The  affections  or  passions  of  man ;  sen- 
sibility of  man.  -2.  The  ascription  of  human 
passions  to  the  Supreme  Being. 

In  its  recoil  from  the  gross  anthropopathy  of  the 
vulgar  notions,  it  falls  into  the  vacuum  of  absolute 
apathy.  Hart. 

Anthropophagi  (an-thro-pof'a-ji),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  anthropoK,  a  man,  and  phago,  to  eat  { 
Man-eaters;  cannibals;  men  that  eat  human 
flesh. 

The  cannibals  that  each  other  eat. 
The  anthropophagi.  Shak. 

Anthrppophagical(fm-thr6'p6-faj''ik-al),tt. 
Relating  to  cannibalism. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locfc;      g,  ffo;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin$;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  toig;    wh,  iMig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ANTHROPOPHAGINIAN 


118 


ANTICIPATE 


Anthropophaglnian  (an-thr6'i>6-fii-jin"i- 
an),  n.  A  cannibal;  one  who  eats  human 
flesh.  [Ludicrous.] 

He'll  speak  like  an  anthropophaginian  unto  thee. 
Shuft. 

Anthropophagite  (an-thro-pof'a-jit), ».  A 
cannibal. 

Anthropophagous  (an-thro-pof  a-gus),  a. 
Feeding  on  liuman  flesh. 

Anthropophagy  (nn-thro-pof a-Ji).  n.  Tlic 
eating  of  numan  flesh,  or  the  practice  of 
eating  it.  '  The  anthropophagy  of  Diomecles 
his  horse.'  Sir  T.  Browne, 

Anthroposcopy  (au-thro-pos'ko-pi),  n.  [Gr. 
anthropos,  a  man,  and  skopRo,  to  view.]  The 
art  of  discovering  or  judging  of  a  man's 
character,  passions,  and  inclinations  from 
the  lineaments  of  his  body. 

AnthropOSOphy  (an-thro-pos'o-fl),  n.  [Or. 
anthropott,  a  man,  and  sophia,  wisdom.] 
Knowledge  of  the  nature  of  man;  acquaint- 
ance with  man's  structure  and  functions, 
comprehending  anatomy  and  physiology. 

Anthropotomical(an'thr6-p6-tom"ik-al),a. 
Pertaining  to  anthropotomy,  or  the  dissec- 
tion of  the  human  body. 

Anthropotomist  (an-thro-pot'6-mist),  n. 
An  anatomist  of  the  human  body.  Owen. 

Anthropotomy  (an-thro-pot'o-mi),  n.  [Gr. 
a nthropos, a  man, and  toine,ft  cutting.]  The 
anatomy  or  dissection  of  the  human  body; 
human  anatomy. 

The  os  innoininatum  is  represented  throughout  life 
in  most  reptiles  by  three  distinct  bones,  answering  to 
the  iliac,  ischial,  and  pubic  portions  in  anthropotomy. 

O7ufH. 

Anthurium  (an-thu'ri-um),  n.  [Gr.  anthos, 
a  flower,  and  oura,  a  tail.]  A  genus  of 
South  American  plants,  nat.  order  Aracese, 
growing  epiphytically  on  forest  trees.  The 
flowers  are  arranged  on  a  fleshy  spike,  rising 
out  of  a  green  or  coloured  spathe.  They 
are  extensively  cultivated  as  ornamental 
plants  in  our  greenhouses. 

An.th.us  (an'thus),  n.  [I*. ,  a  bunting.]  A 
genus  of  iuscssorial  birds,  allied  to  the 
genus  Alauda  (the  larks);  the  pipits  or  tit- 
larks. There  are  four  species  found  in  the 
British  Islands,  the  Anthus  Richardi  (or 
Richard's  pipit),  A.  pratensis  (the  meadow 
pipit  or  moss-cheeper),  A.  arboreus  (the 
tree-pipit),  and  A.  aqyaticux  (the  shore- 
pipit).  The  meadow-pipit  or  titling  is  the 
species  to  whose  fostering  care  the  young 
cuckoo  is  most  generally  consigned.  See 
PIPIT. 

Anthyllis  (an-thillis),  n.  [The  Greek  name 
of  an  unascertained  plant.]  A  genus  of  legu- 
minous plants,  to  which  the  kidney-vetch 
or  lady's-flngers(.4.  Vulneraria}  belongs.  It 
is  found  in  dry  soils,  and  was  formerly 
famous  for  stanching  the  blood  of  wounds. 
See  KIDNEY-VETCH. 

Anthypnotic  (ant-hip-not'ik),  o.  [Corrupt 
orthography.]  See  ANTIHYPNOTIC. 

Anthypochondrlac  (ant-hip'6-kon"dri-ak). 
See  ANTIHYPOCHONDRIAC. 

Anthypophora  (ant-hi-pof"o-ra).  See  ANTI- 

HYPOPHORA. 

Anthysteric  (ant-his-te'rik).  See  ANTIHY- 
STERIC. 

Anti-  (an'ti).  [See  ANTE.]  A  Greek  prepo- 
sition prefixed  to  many  words,  almost  ex- 
clusively of  Greek  origin,  and  signifying 
over  against,  opposite,  adverse,  hostile,  in 
place  of,  equal  to,  like,  in  response  to,  as 
anticlinal,  antichristian,  anttgraph,  anti- 
phony. 

Antlaholltionist  (an'ti-ab-o-li"shon-jst),  n. 
|Gr.  anti,  opposed  to,  and  E.  abolitionist.] 
One  who  opposes  abolition;  specifically,  one 
who  opposed  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the 
rutted  States  of  America. 

Anti-acid  (an'ti-as'id),  n.  and  a.  See  ANT- 
ACID. 

Antiades  (an-ti'ad-ez).  n.  pi.  [Gr.,  from  an- 
tios,  opposite.]  The  tonsils. 

AntiaditiS  (an-ti'a-oT'tis),  n.  [Or.  antiailcs, 
the  tonsils,  and  term,  itis,  denoting  inflam- 
mation.] Inflammation  of  the  tonsils. 

Antiaphrodisiac  (an-ti-af'ro-iliz"i-ak).  See 
ANTAPHRODISIAC. 

Antiar  (an'ti-ar),  ?i.  [Javanese.]  The  milky 
juice  which  exudes  from  wounds  made  in 
the  upas-tree,  and  which  is  one  of  the  most 
acrid  and  virulent  vegetable  poisons.  It  acts 
on  the  nervous  system,  paralyzing  the  heart, 
and  infallibly  causes  death  when  introduced 
even  in  small  quantity  into  a  wound. 

Antiarin,  Antiarine  (an-ti'ar-in),  «.  (C14 
HjoO5-f2H20.)  The  active  principle  of  an- 
tiar,  the  upas-poison.  See  ANTIAB. 

AntiariS  (an-ti-ar'is),  n.  [From  antuir.] 
The  genus  of  Artocarpaceco  to  which  the 
famous  upas-tree  (.4.  toxicaria)  belongs. 


Antiaristocrat  (au'ti-a-ris"to-krat),  n.  [Gr. 
anti,  opposed  to,  and  E.  aristocrat.]  One 
opposeil  to  aristocracy  or  aristocrats. 

Antiaristocrat,  Antiaristocratic  (an'ti- 
a-ris"to-krat,  an'ti-a-ris'to-krat"ik),  a.  Op- 
posed to  aristocracy  or  aristocrats.  'The 
fire  of  antiaristocrat  eloquence.'  Carlyle. 

Antiarthritic  (an'ti-ar-thrit"ik),  a.  [See 
ANTARTHKITIC.]  Efficacious  against  the 
gout. 

Antiasthmatic  (an'ti-ast-mat"ik),  n.  A  re- 
medy for  the  asthma.  See  ANTASTHMATIC. 

Anti-attrition  (an'ti-at-tri"shon),  n.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  attrition  (which  see).  ] 
A  general  name  for  any  oily  compound,  as 
of  oil  or  grease  and  plumbago,  applied  to 
machinery  to  obviate  or  lessen  the  effects 
of  friction.  Called  also  Antifriction  Greate. 

Antibahylonianism  (an '  ti-bab '  i-16"ni-an- 
izm),  n.  Denunciation  of  the  Church  of 
Rome  as  being  the  Whore  of  Babylon  of 
Scripture. 

Our  Boanerges  with  his  threats  of  doom, 

And  loud-lung'd  antibabylonianisms.     Tennyson. 

Antibacchius  (an-ti-bak'ki-us),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
opposed  to,  and  bakcheios,  a  foot  of  one  short 
and  two  long  syllables.  See  BACCHIUS.]  In 
prog,  a  foot  of  three  syllables,  the  two  first 
long  and  the  last  short,  as  ambire:  opposed 
to  the  bacchius,  in  which  the  first  syllable 
is  short,  and  the  two  last  long. 

Antibasillcan  (an'ti-ba-zil"i-kan),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  opposed  to,  and  batnlikos,  royal.  ]  Op- 
posed to  royal  state  and  magnificence. 

AntibiliOUS  (an-ti-Ml'yus),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  E.  bilious.]  Counteractive  of 
bilious  complaints. 

Antlbrachial  (an-ti-bra'ki-al),  a.  [L.  anti- 
brachium  for  antebrachium,  the  forearm — 
ante,  before,  and  brachium,  the  arm.]  Per- 
taining to  the  forearm.  More  properly 
written  Antebrachial. 

Antiburgher  (an-ti-berg'er),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
opposed  to,  and  E.  Burgher,  a  seceder  who 
approved  of  the  burgess  oath.  ]  A  member 
of  one  of  the  two  sections  into  which  the 
Scotch  Secession  Church  was  split  in  1747, 
by  a  controversy  on  the  lawfulness  of  ac- 
cepting a  clause  in  the  oath  required  to  be 
taken  by  burgesses  declaratory  of  '  their 
profession  and  allowance  of  the  true  reli- 
gion professed  within  the  realm  and  author- 
ized by  the  laws  thereof.'  The  Antiburghers 
denied  that  this  oath  could  be  taken  consis- 
tently with  the  principles  of  the  church, 
while  the  Burghers  affirmed  its  compatibi- 
lity. The  result  was  that  the  church  was 
rent  in  two,  each  section  establishing  a 
communion  of  its  own.  They  coalesced  in 
1820  into  the  United  Associate  Synod. 

Antic  (an'tik),  a.  [A  form  of  antique,  L.  an- 
titjnus,  ancient.  The  modern  sense  of  this 
word  is  derived  from  the  grotesque  figures 
seen  in  the  antique  sculpture  of  the  middle 
ages.  See  ANTIQUE.]  l.t  Old.  •  Lords  of 
antic  fame.'  Phaer.—  2.  Odd;  fanciful;  gro- 
tesque; fantastic;  as,  antic  tricks.  'The 
antic  postures  of  a  merry-andrew. '  A  ddiiion. 
Specifically— 3.  In  painting  and  sculp,  irre- 
gular in  combination  or  fancy;  of  heteroge- 
neous character,  as  the  fantastical  combi- 
nation of  the  human  form  with  those  of 
foliage,  birds,  beasts,  *c.,  so  as  to  form  a 
composite  or  interblended  figure,  wherein 
the  one  form  passes  into  and  becomes 
merged  in  the  other.  Fairholt. 

Autic  (an'tik),  n.  1. 1  A  buffoon  or  merry- 
andrew  ;  one  that  practises  odd  gesticula- 
tions. 

Fear  not,  my  lord,  we  can  contain  ourselves. 
Were  he  the  veriest  antic  in  the  world.      SAnt. 

2.  Grotesque  or  fantastic  figure.  '  Old  father 
antic,  the  law.'  Shak.—S.  A  piece  of  mum- 
mery; an  antimask ;  a  ridiculous  interlude. 

Performed  by  knights  and  ladies  of  his  court 
In  nature  of  an  antic.  Ford. 

We  cannot  feast  your  eyes  with  masks  and  revels 
Or  courtly  antics.  Beau.  &  Ft. 

4.  An  absurd  or  ridiculous  gesture ;  an  odd 
gesticulation;  a  piece  of  buffoonery;  acaper. 

5.  In  arch,  a  fanciful  figure  used  as  an  orna- 
ment to  a  building,  as  a  griffin,  a  sphinx,  a 
centaur,   &c. ;   also,   a   natural    ornament 
placed  in  an  unnatural  situation,  as  a  cary- 
atid. 

A  work  of  rich  entail,  and  curious  mold. 

Woven  with  anticts,  and  wild  imagery.   Spenser. 

6.  t  An  antique. 

Antict  (an'tik),  v.t.  To  make  antic;  to  make 
appear  like  a  buffoon. 

The  wild  disguise  hath  almost 
.•tntictedmM.  s*at. 

Anticachectic  (an'ti-ka-kek"tik),  a.    [Gr. 


anti,  against,  and  kachektfs,  of  an  ill  habit 
of  body.  ]  Efficacious  against  cachcxia;  cur- 
ing or  tending  to  cure  an  ill  habit  of  the 
constitution. 

Antical  (an-tTTial),  a.    Same  as  Antianu. 

Anticardium(an-ti-kar'di-um),  n.  [Gr.  tint:. 
opposite  to,  and  kardia,  the  heart.  ]  The 
hollow  at  the  bottom  of  the  breast  or  epi- 
gastrium. Called  also  Scrobiculm  Cordis,  or 
commonly,  the  pit  of  the  stomach. 

Anticarnivorous  (an'ti-kar-niv"6-rus),  a. 
[Gr.  anti,  against,  and  E.  carnivorous.]  Op- 
posed to  feeding  on  flesh;  vegetarian. 

Anticatarrhal  ( an'ti-ka-tar"al ),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  katarrhoos,  a  catarrh.] 
Efficacious  against  catarrh. 

Anticausodic,Anticausotic(an'ti-ks-sod"- 
ik,  an'ti-ka-sot"ik),  o.  IGr.  anti,  against, 
and  kausos,  a  burning  fever.  ]  Efficacious 
against  an  inflammatory  fever. 

Anti-chamber  (an'ti-cham-ber),  n.  See 
ANTE-CHAMBER. 

Anticheir  (an'ti  kir),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  opposed 
to,  and  cheir,  the  hand.]  The  thumb,  as 
opposed  to  the  rest  of  the  hand.  [Rare.] 

Antichlor  (an'ti-klor),  n.   [Gr.  anti,  against, 

and  chlorine  ( which  see ).  ]    A  bleacher's 

term  for  the  reagents  employed  to  remove, 

or  neutralize  the  effects  of,  the  free  chlorine 

left  in  cotton,  linen,  or  paper  which  has 

been  bleached  by  means  of  alkaline  liypn- 

chlorites,  as  chloride  of  lime,  dtc.,  which 

gradually  rot  the  goods.    The  neutral  and 

acid  sulphites  of  sodium  were  first  used,  but 

these  are  now  superseded  by  sodium  hypo- 

,    sulphite,  which  is  both  cheaper  and  more 

i    efficacious.    This  antichlor  forms,  with  the 

I    chlorine  In  the  cloth,  &c.,  sulphate  and 

I    chlorateof  sodium,  which  are  easily  removed 

I    by  washing. 

Antichlpristic  (an'ti-klor-ist"ik),  o.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  an  antichlor. 

Antichrist  (an'ti-krist),  n.  [Gr.  and',  against, 
and  Christ.  ]  An  opponent  of  Christ;  a  person 
or  power  antagonistic  to  Christ. 

As  ye  have  heard  that  antichrist  shall  come,  even 
now  there  are  many  antichrists.  .  .  .  He  is  anti- 
christ that  denieth  the  Father  and  the  Son. 

i  Jn.  ii.  18,  23. 

Antichristian  (an-ti-kris'tyan),  a.  Opposite 
to  or  opposing  the  Christian  religion. 

Antichristlan  (an-ti-kris'tyan),  n.  One  op- 
posed to  the  Christian  religion. 

Antichristianism,  Antichristianity  (an- 
ti-kris'tyan-izm,  an-ti-kris'ti-an"i-ti),  n.  Op- 
position or  contrariety  to  Christianity. 

Have  we  not  seen  many  whose  opinions  have  fas- 
tened upon  one  another  the  brand  of  antuhristian- 
ism  I  Dr.  H.  Mart. 

Anti  christianize   ( an-ti-kris'tyan-iz ),  v.t. 

pret.  ct  pp.  antichristianized;  ppr.  antichris- 

tianizing.      To  seduce   from  Christianity. 

[Rare.] 
Antichrqnical  (an-ti-kron'ik-al),  a.    [Gr. 

ajiti,  against,  ana  chronos,  time.]    Deviating 

from  the  proper  order  of  time;  erroneously 

dated.    [Rare.  ] 
Antichronically  (an-ti-kron'ik-al-li),  adV. 

In  an  antichrbmcal  manner.    [Rare.] 
Antichronism(an-tik'ron-izm),n.  [Gr  anti, 

opposed  to,  and  chronon,  time.  ]    Deviation 

from  the  true  order  of  time ;  anachronism. 

[Rare] 

Our  chronologies  are  by  transcribing,  interpolation, 
misprinting,  and  creeping  in  of  antichronistns,  now 
and  then  strangely  disordered.  Sclden. 

Antichthon  ( an-tik'thon ),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  chthon,  the  earth.]  An  inha- 
bitant of  an  opposite  hemisphere. 

Anticipant  (an-tis'i-pant),  a.  1.  Anticipat- 
ing; anticipative.  '  Wakening  guilt  antici- 
pant of  hell.'  SovOiey.— 2.  In  med.  applied 
to  periodic  diseases,  each  of  whose  attacks 
recurs  at  an  earlier  period  than  the  preced- 
ing. 

Anticipate  (an-tis'i-pat),  r,.t.  pret.  &  pp.  an- 
ticipated; ppr.  anticipating.  [L.  anticipo 
for  antecipo,  to  take  beforehand— ante,  be- 
fore, and  capio,  to  take.]  1.  To  be  before 
in  doing  something;  to  take  action  before; 
to  prevent  or  preclude  by  prior  action.  'To 
anticipate  and  prevent  the  duke's  purpose.' 
Hall. 
Time,  thou  anticifat'st  my  dread  exploits.  Shalt. 

2.  To  take  or  enter  on  before  the  proper 
time ;  to  precipitate,  as  an  action  or  event; 
to  hurry  onwards ;  as,  the  advocate  has  an- 
ticipated that  part  of  his  argument. 

But  the  might  of  England  flushed 

To  anticipate  the  scene. 
And  her  van  the  fleeter  rushed 

O'er  the  deadly  space  between. 

CatnfMt. 

S.  To  realize  beforehand;  to  foretaste  or 
foresee ;  to  have  a  view  or  impression  of 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bu.ll;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;       J',  Sc.  try. 


ANTICIPATE 


IIS) 


ANTIFRICTION 


beforehand  ;  to  look  forward  to;  to  expect; 
as,  I  never  anticipated  such  a  disaster;  tn  an- 
ticipate the  pleasures  of  an  entertainment. 

Why  should  we 

Anticipate  our  sorrows!      Sir  J.  Denham. 
I  would  not  anticipate  the  relish  of  any  happiness, 
nor  feel  tlie  weight  of  any  misery,  before  it  actually 
arrives.  Adftison. 

4.t  To  occupy  the  attention  of  before  the 
proper  time.  '1  shall  not  anticipate  the 
reader  with  farther  descriptions  of  this 
kind.'  Swift. 

Anticipate  (an-tis'i-pat),  v.i.  To  treat  of 
something,  as  in  a  narrative,  before  the 
proper  time. 

Anticipatedly,  t  Anticipately  t  ( an-tis'i- 
pat-ed-li,  au-tis'i-pat-li),  adv.  By  anticipa- 
tion. 

It  may  well  be  deemed  a  singular  mark  of  favour 
that  our  Lord  did  intend  to  bestow  upon  all  pastors, 
that  he  did  antidpately  promise  to  Peter.  Barrow. 

Anticipating  (an-tis'i-pat-ing),  a.  Taking 
in  anticipation;  forestalling;  specifically,  in 
med.  a  term  applied  to  certain  phenomena 
occurring  in  the  human  body  before  their 
customary  period,  as  the  catamenia,  or  the 
paroxysms  of  ague,  &c. 

Anticipation  (an-tis'i-pa"Hhon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  being  before  another  in  doing  some- 
thing; the  act  of  taking  up,  placing,  or  con- 
sidering something  beforehand  or  before 
the  proper  time  in  natural  order;  preven- 
tion by  prior  action. 

So  shall  my  anticipation  prevent  your  discovery. 
5**t. 

2.  Foretaste ;  realization  beforehand ;  pre- 
vious view  or  impression  of  what  is  to  hap- 
pen afterward ;  as,  the  anticipation  of  the 
joys  of  heaven. 

The  remembrance  of  past,  or  the  anticipation  of 
future  good  or  evil,  could  give  me  neither  pleasure 
nor  pain.  Beattif. 

3.  Previous  notion;  preconceived  opinion, 
produced  in  the  mind  before  the  truth  is 
known;  slight  previous  impression. 

What  nation  is  there,  that  without  any  teaching, 
have  not  a  kind  of  anticipation,  or  preconceived 
notion  of  a  Deity,?  Derhatn. 

Many  men  give  themselves  up  to  the  first  anticipa- 
tions of  their  minds.  Locke. 

4.  In  med.  the  occurrence  in  the  human 
body  of  any  phenomenon,  morbid  or  natural, 
lief  ore  the  usual  time.— 5.  In  music,  the  in- 
troduction into  a  chord  of  one  or  more  of 
the  component  notes  of  the  chord  which 
follows,  producing  a  passing  discord.—  An- 
ticipation of  nature,  a  hasty  and  illicit  gen- 
eralization, as  opposed  to  a  generalization 
based  on  due  observation.    Bacon.  —  SYN. 
Pre-occupation,  preclusion,  foretaste,  pre- 
libation,  antepast,  preconception,  expecta- 
tion, foresight,  forethought. 

Antlcipative  (an-tis'i-pat-iv),  a.  Anticipat- 
ing or  tending  to  anticipate ;  containing 
anticipation. 

Anticipatively  (an-tis'i-pat-iv-li),  adv.  By 
anticipation.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Anticipator  (an-tis'i-pat-er),  n.  One  who 
anticipates. 

Anticipatory  (an-tis'i-pa-to-ri),  a.  Taking 
before  the  time ;  anticipative.  '  Prophecy 
being  an  anticipatory  history.'  Dr.  H.  More. 

Anticivism  (an-tis'i-vizm),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  L.  civig,  a  citizen.]  Opposition 
or  hostility  to  the  state  or  condition  of  citi- 
zenship, or  to  republicanism.  [Rare.  ] 

Woe  to  him  who  is  guilty  of  plotting,  of  anticivism, 
royalism,  &c.  Carlyle. 

Anticlimax  (an-ti-kli'maks),  n.     [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  kliinax.  ]    A  sentence  in  which 
the  ideas  first  increase  in  force,  and  then 
terminate  in  something  less  important  and 
striking:  opposed  to  climax.    For  example- 
Next  comes  Dalhousie,  the  great  god  of  war, 
Lieutenant-col'nel  to  the  Earl  of  Mar.     Waiter. 

Anticlinal  (an-ti-kll'nal),  a.  [Gr.  anti,  oppo- 
site, and  klino,  to  incline.]  Inclining  in  op- 
posite directions.—  Anticlinal  line,  or  anti- 
clinal axis,  in  geol.  the  ridge  of  a  wave-like 


aa,T,  Anticlinal  Line.    f-f>.  Synclinal  Line. 

curve,  (he  strata  dipping  from  it  on  either 
side  as  from  the  ridge  of  a  house :  opposed 
to  synclinal.  This  line  is  often  extremely 
useful  in  tracing  disturbances  of  strata  over 
a  country. 


Anticlinal  (an-ti-kh'nul),  n.  In  yeol.  an  an- 
ticlinal line  or  axis. 

Anticlinic,  Anticlinical  (an-ti-klin'ik,  an- 
ti-klin'ik-al),  a.  In  geol.  inclining  in  oppo- 
site directions,  as  strata;  anticlinal  (which 
see). 

Anticly  (an'tik-li),  adv.  In  an  antic  ninnm-i ; 
with  odd  postures  ami  gesticulations;  with 
fanciful  appearance. 

Go  anticty,  and  show  an  outward  hidcousncss. 
And  spea'k  olf  half  a  dozen  dangerous  words. 

£ftoJ. 

Antic-mask  (an'tik-mask),  n.  A  mask  of 
antics;  an  antimusk  (which  see). 

Our  request  is,  we  may  be  admitted,  if  not  for  a 
mask,  for  an  antic-mat*.  B.  Jonson. 

Anticnemion(an-tik-ne'mi-on),n.  [Gr.  anti, 
and  kneme,  the  calf  of  the  leg.]  The  shin- 
bone,  as  opposed  to  the  calf. 

Anticness  (an'tik-nes),  n.  The  quality  or 
condition  of  being  antic ;  grotesqueness ; 
oddness,  as  of  appearance.  '  A  port  of  hum- 
orous anticness  in  carriage.'  Ford. 

Anticonstitutional  (an-ti-kon'sti-tu"shon- 
al),  a.  [Gr.  anti,  opposed  to,  and  E.  consti- 
tutional.] Opposed  to  the  constitution;  un- 
constitutional. '  Anticonstitutional  depend- 
ency of  the  two  houses  of  parliament  on  the 
crown. '  Bolingbroke. 

Anticontagioiis  (an'ti-kon-ta"jus),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  opposed  to,  and  E.  contagious.]  Op- 
posing or  destroying  contagion. 

Anticonvict  (an-ti-kon'vikt),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
opposed  to,  and  E.  convict]  One  opposed 
to  the  introduction  of  convicts,  as  into  the 
colonies. 

Anti-convulsive  (an'ti-kon-vul"siv),  a.  Effi- 
cacious against  convulsions. 

Antlcor  (an'ti-kor),  n.  [Gr.  and',  opposite, 
and  L.  cor,  the  heart.]  A  dangerous  inflam- 
matory swelling  on  a  horse's  breast  opposite 
the  heart ;  a  sort  of  quinsy. 

Anticosmetic  (an'ti-koz-met"ik),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  cosmetic.  ]  Acting 
against,  or  destructive  to  cosmetics. 

I  would  have  him  apply  his  anticosmttic  wash  to 
the  painted  face  of  female  beauty.  Ld.  Lyttleton. 

Antlcourt  (an'ti-kort),  a.  [Gr.  anti,  op- 
posed to,  and  E.  court.]  In  opposition  to 
the  court.  'The  anticourt  party.'  Sir  J. 
Reresby. 

Anticourtler  (an-ti-kort'i-er),  n.  [Gr.  anti. 
against,  and  E.  courtier.]  One  who  opposes 
the  court,  or  the  measures  of  administra- 
tion. 

AntiCOUS  (an-ti'kus),  a.  [L.  anticus,  that  is 
in  front,  from  ante,  before.  ]  In  hot.  (a)  placed 
in  front  of  a  flower,  as  the  lip  in  orchids; 
(b)  opening  on  the  side  next  the  pistil:  said 
of  anthers.  Same  as  Introrse. 

Anticreator  (an'ti-kre-at"er),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  E.  creator.]  1.  One  opposed  to 
the  Creator,  or  to  a  maker. — 2.  A  creator  of 
something  of  no  value. 

Let  him  ask  the  author  of  those  toothless  satires 
who  was  the  maker,  or  rather  the  anticreator  of  that 
universal  foolery.  Milton. 

Anticum  (an-ti'kum),  n.  [L.]  In  anc.  arch. 
a  porch  to  a  front  door,  as  distinguished 
from  posticwn,  a  porch  to  a  door  in  the  rear 
of  a  building;  also,  in  a  temple,  the  space 
between  the  front  columns  of  the  portico 
and  wall  of  the  cells. 

Antidactyl  (an-ti-dak'til),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  op- 
posite to,  and  E.  dactyl.]  A  dactyl  reversed; 
an  anapest ;  a  metrical  foot,  consisting  of 
two  short  syllables  and  one  long,  as  Oculos. 
See  ANAPEST 

Antidemocrat  (an-ti-dem'6-krat),  n.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  democrat]  One  who 
is  opposed  to  democrats  or  democracy. 

Antidemocratic,  Antidemocratical  (an- 
ti-dem'6-krat"ik,  an-ti-dem'6-krat"ik-al),  a. 
[Gr.  anti,  opposed  to,  and  E.  democratic.] 
Opposing  democracy;  contrary  to  govern- 
ment by  the  people. 

Antidesma(an-ti-des'ma),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  like, 
and  tle&mos,  a  bond,  band,  strap,  from  deo, 
to  bind,  the  bark  of  some  species  being  used 
in  making  ropes.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Euphorbiaceso.  The  species  are  trees 
or  shrubs,  and  natives  of  the  tropical  re- 
gions of  the  Old  World.  The  leaves  of  one 
species  are  used  as  an  antidote  to  the  bite 
of  serpents,  and  others  are  employed  in 
native  medicine. 

Antidorcas  (an-ti-dorTcas),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  and 
dorkan,  a  gazelle.]  The  generic  name  of  the 
spring-bok  (which  see). 

Antidotal  (an'ti-dot-al),  a.  Having  the  qua- 
lity of  an  antidote. 

Animals  that  can  innoxioitsly  digest  these  poisons 
become  antidotal  to  the  poison  digested. 

Sir  T.  Browne. 


Antidotally  (an'ti-dot-al-li),  adv.  In  the 
,  manner  <if  mi  antidote;  by  way  of  antiilotr. 

Antidotariura  (an -ti-do -tii'rl -uni),  n.  [L.. 
.  from  antidotum,  an  antidote.  ]  1.  A  treatise 
on  antidotes ;  a  pharmacopeia.  —2.  A  place 
I  where  medicines  are  prepared. 

Antidotary  (an'ti-dot-a-ri),  a.  Same  as  An- 
tidotal. 

Antidotary  (an'ti-dot-a-ri),  n.  A  treatise 
on  antidotes.  Burton. 

Antidote  (an'ti-dot),  n.  [L.  ontidotum,  an 
antidote,  from  Gr.  antidotog,  given  against, 
antidotvn  (pharmakon),  an  antidote— anti. 
and  dototi,  given,  from  didojni,  to  give.  ]  1.  A 
medicine  to  counteract  the  effects  of  poison, 
or  of  anything  noxious  taken  into  the  sto- 
mach. 

Trust  not  the  physician, 
His  antidotes  are  poison.  Sftajt. 

2.  Whatever  tends  to  prevent  mischievous 
effects,  physical  or  mental,  or  to  counteract 
the  evil  which  something  else  might  pro- 
duce. 

My  bane  and  antidote  are  bolh  before  me : 

This  in  a  moment  brines  me  to  an  end ; 

But  this  informs  me  I  snail  never  die.       Addison. 

SYN.  Remedy,  counteraction,  preventive. 
Antidote  (an'ti-dot),  v.t.    To  furnish  with 

preservatives;    to  preserve   by  antidotes. 

[Rare.] 

Fill  us  with  great  ideas,  full  of  heaven. 

And  antidote  the  pestilential  earth.       Young. 

Antidotlcal  (an-ti-d6t'ik-al),  a.  Serving  as 
an  antidote. 

Antidotically  (an-ti-dot'ik-al-li),  adv.  By 
way  of  antidote. 

Antldysenteric(an'ti-dis-en-ter"ik),  a.  [Or. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  dysenteric.  ]  Efficacious 
against  dysentery. 

Antidysenteric  (an'ti-dis-en-ter"ik),  n.  A 
remedy  for  dysentery. 

Antiemetic  (an'ti-e-met"ik),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  E.  emetic.]  Having  the  quality 
of  allaying  vomiting. 

Antienneahedral  (an'ti-en'ne-a-he"dral),  a. 
[Gr.  aitti,  opposite,  and  E.  enneahcdral.]  In 
crystal,  having  nine  faces  on  two  opposite 
parts  of  the  crystal. 

Antlent.    See  ANCIENT. 

Antlenthusiastlc  ( an'ti-en-thu'zi-as  "  tik ), 
a.  [Gr.  anti,  opposed  to,  and  E.  enthusias- 
tic. ]  Opposed  to  enthusiasm.  '  The  anti- 
enthusiastic  poet's  method.'  Shaftesbitry. 

Antientry  (an'shi-ent-ri),  n.  Manner  or 
character  of  antiquity;  that  which  is  an- 
cient. See  ANCIENTRY. 

Antiephialtic  (an'ti-ef'i-al"tik),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  ephialtes,  nightmare.] 
Curative  of  nightmare. 

Antiephialtic  (an'ti-ef'i-al"tik),ji.  A  remedy 
for  nightmare. 

Antiepileptic  (an/ti-ep'i-lep"tik),  a.  and  n. 
Same  as  A  ntepileptic. 

Antieplscopal  (an-ti-e-pis"kop-al),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  episcopal.]  Opposed 
to  Episcopacy. 

Had  I  gratified  their  antiefisccfal  faction  at  first, 
...  I  believe  they  would  have  then  found  no  colour- 
able necessity  of  raising  an  army.  Eifcon  Basilikr. 

Antievangelical  (an'ti-e-van-jel"ik-al^,  a. 
[Gr.  anti,  opposed  to,  and  E.  evangelical.] 
Opposed  to  evangelical  principles. 

Antiface  (an'ti-fas),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  against, 
and  E.  fa  e.]  An  opposite  face;  a  face  of  a 
totally  different  kind.  B.  Jomon. 

Antifebrile  (an-ti-feb'ril  or  an-ti-feT>ril),  o. 
[Gr.  anti,  against,  and  E.  febrile.]  Having 
the  quality  of  abating  fever;  opposing  or 
tending  to  cure  fever. 

Antifederal  (nn-ti-fed'er-al),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  E.  federal.  ]  Opposed  to  or 
opposing  federalism  or  a  federal  constitu- 

Antifederalism  (an-ti-fed'er-al-izm),  n.  Op- 
position to  federalism ;  specifically,  averse 
to  the  ratification  of  the  constitution  of  the 
United  States. 

Antifederalist  (an-ti-fed'er-al-ist),  n.  One 
who  is  averse  to  federalism;  specifically, 
one  who,  at  the  formation  of  the  constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States,  opposed  its  adop- 
tion and  ratification. 

Antifriction  (an-ti-frik'shon),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  E.  friction.]  Obviating  friction; 
specifically,  in  mech.  overcoming  or  reduc- 
ing the  resistance  to  motion;  as,  antifric- 
tion bearing,  antifriction  pulley,  Ac. — An- 
tifriction metal,  an  alloy  composed  of  bell- 
metal  and  aluminium  bronze,  which  of  all 
metals  oppose  the  least  resistance  to  motion 
with  the  greatest  resistance  to  the  effects  of 
friction,  so  far  as  regards  the  wearing  away 
of  the  surfaces  of  contact.  Various  alloys 
of  tin,  zinc,  and  pewter,  as  well  as  of  cop- 


t-h.  c/tain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  f/o;      j,  job:      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  then:  th,  tAin;      w,  wig;    wh,  w/tig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY, 


ANTI-GALLICAN 


120 


ANTINOMY 


per,  antimony,  lead,  <tc.,  have  also  been 
used.—  Antifriction  grease,  a  composition 
for  lubricating  machinery  and  wheels,  com- 
posed of  black-lead  mixed  with  some  tena- 
cious grease.  Peroxide  of  iron  and  finely 
comminuted  hsematite  have  also  been  used 
to  mix  with  the  grease.  Called  also  Anti- 
attrition. 

Anti  -  Galilean  ( an-ti-gal '  lik  -  an ),  a.  [Gr. 
niM,  against,  and  L  Gallia,  Gaul,  France.] 
Hostile  to  France  or  the  French ;  opposed 
to  French  modes  and  customs ;  adverse  to 
French  interests. 

Antigraph,  Antigraphy  (an'ti-graf,  an- 
tig'ra-fl),  ».  [Gr.  anti,  equal  to,  like,  and 
graphs,  to  write.  ]  In  law,  a  copy  or  counter- 
part of  a  deed. 

Antigropelos  (an-ti-grop'el-os),  n.  smg.  and 
pi  [Said  to  be  from  Gr.  anti,  against, 
hygros,  moist,  and  pe.los,  mud.)  Spatter- 
dashes; long  riding  or  walking  boots  for 
wet  weather. 

Her  brother  had  on  his  antigroptlos,  the  utmost 
approach  he  possessed  to  a  hunting  equipment. 

AntlgUggler  (an-ti-gug-ler),  n.  [Or.  anti, 
and  E.  guggle.]  A  crooked  tube  of  metal  so 
bent  as  to  be  introduced  into  the  neck  of 
a  bottle,  for  drawing  out  the  liquor  without 
disturbing  the  sediment  or  causing  a  gug- 
gling noise. 

Antihelix  (an-ti-he'liks).    See  ANTHEUX. 

Antlhypnotic  (an'ti-hip-not"ik),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  and  hypnos,  sleep.]  Counteracting 
sleep;  tending  to  prevent  sleep  or  lethargy. 

Antlhypochondriac  ( an-ti-hip 'o-kon " dri- 
ak)  a.  [Or.  anti,  and  hypochondriakos,  hy- 
pochondriac.] Counteracting  or  tending  to 
cure  hypochondriac  affections  and  depres- 
sion of  spirits. 

Antlhypophora  (an'ti-hi-pof'o-ra),  n.  [Gr. 
anti,  and  hypophora,  an  inference.]  In 
rhet.  a  figure  which  consists  in  refuting  an 
objection  by  the  opposition  of  a  contrary 
sentence. 

AntlhysterlC  (an'ti-his-ter"ik),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  E.  hysteric.]  Preventing  or 
curing  hysterics. 

AntihysterlC(an'ti-his-ter"ik),  n.  A  remedy 
for  hysterics. 

It  raises  the  spirits,  and  is  an  excellent  antihys- 
teric.  Btrttlty. 

Antllegomena(an'ti-le-gom"e-na),H  pi.  [Gr. 
-anti,  against,  and  legomena,  part.  pass,  of 
lego,  to  speak.]  Lit.  things  spoken  against; 
specifically,  applied  to  those  books  of  the 
New  Testament  whose  inspiration  was  not 
universally  acknowledged  by  the  Church, 
although  ultimately  admitted  into  the  canon. 
These  are  the  Second  Epistle  of  Peter. 
James,  Jude,  Hebrews,  the  Second  and 
Third  Epistles  of  St.  John,  and  the  Revela- 
tion. 

Antlllbration  (an'ti-l!-bra"shon),  n.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  libration  (which  see).] 
The  act  of  counterbalancing,  or  state  of 
being  counterbalanced,  as  two  members  of 
a  sentence;  equipoise.  'Having  enjoyed 
his  artful  antithesis  and  solemn  antilibra- 
timl  of  cadences.'  De  Quincey. 

Antilltlllc(an-ti-lith'ik).(i.  [Qr.miti, agninst, 
and  lithos,  a  stone.]  In  med.  tending  to 
prevent  the  formation  of  urinary  calculi,  or 
to  destroy  them  when  formed. 

Antilithic  (an-ti-lith'ik),  n.  A  medicine 
that  tends  to  prevent  the  formation  of 
urinary  calculi,  or  to  destroy  them  when 
formed. 

Antlloblum  (an-ti-lob'i-um),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  lobos,  a  lobe.)  In  anat.  the 
tragus,  or  that  part  of  the  external  ear 
which  is  opposite  the  lobe. 

Antilogarlthm  (an-ti-log'a-rithm),  n.  [Gr. 
on(i,opposite  to, and  ^.logarithm.  ]  In  math. 
(a)  the  complement  of  the  logarithm  of  any 
sine,  tangent,  or  secant  to  90  degrees,  (b) 
The  number  corresponding  to  any  logarithm; 
thus,  according  to  the  common  system  100 
is  the  antilogarithm  of  2,  because  2  is  the 
logarithm  of  100. 

Antilogy  (an-til'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  antilogia,  con- 
tradiction, from  antilogos,  contradictory, 
from  ant'degd,  to  speak  against,  to  gainsay 
— anti,  against,  and  lego,  to  speak.]  A  con- 
tradiction between  any  words  or  passages 
in  an  author;  a  contradiction  between  mem- 
bers of  the  same  body. 

Philosophy  was  thus  again  reconciled  with  nature  ; 
consciousness  was  not  a  bundle  of  antilogies;  cer- 
tainty and  knowledge  were  not  evicted  from  man. 
Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Antiloimic  (an-ti-loi'mik),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  and 
loiinos,  a  plague.]  A  remedy  used  in  the 
prevention  and  cure  of  the  plague. 

Antilope  (an'ti-lop),  ».    Same  as  Antelope. 


Antilope  (an-til'6-pe),  n.  A  genus  of  ante- 
lopes, including  the  sasin  or  Indian  ante- 
lope (A.  ceruicapra). 

AntilOpidEe  (an-ti-lop'i-de),  n.  pi.  The  ante- 
lopes; a  family  of  the  Bovidte  or  hollow- 
honied  ruminants  (Cavicornla),interniud  mte 
between  the  deer  and  the  goats.  Called 
also  as  a  sub-family  Antilopina.  See  ANTE- 

Antiloquistt  (an-til'o-kwist),  n.    A  contra- 

Antiloquyt  (an-til'6-kwi),  n.  [Gr  anti, 
against,  and  L.  loqnor,  to  speak.]  Contra- 
diction. 

Antlloquyt  (an-til'6-kwi),  n.  [t  <a  auteloquy 
—  L  ante  before,  and  lorriwr,  to  speak.] 
1.  A  preface;  a  poem.  Boucher.— 2.  A  stage- 
player's  cue.  Cockeram. 

Anti-macassar  (an' ti-ma-kas 'ar),  n  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  macaaar-ml.]  A  cov- 
ering for  chairs,  sofas,  couches,  &c.,  made 
of  open  cotton  or  worsted  work,  to  preserve 
them  from  being  soiled,  as  by  the  oil  ap- 
plied to  the  hair. 

Antlmagistrical  t  (an'ti-ma-jis"tnk-al),  a. 
[Gr.  anti,  against,  and  L.  mailister,  a  mas- 
ter. ]  Opposed  to  the  office  of  magistrates. 
South. 

Antimanlacal  (an'ti-ma-m"ak-al),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  mania  (which  see).]  Ef- 
fective against  mania. 

With  respect  to  vomits,  it  may  seem  almost  here- 
tical to  impeach  their  antimaniacal  virtues. 

Dr.  Batlif. 

Antimask,  Antlmastiue  (an'ti-mask),  n. 
[Contr.  for  antic-manna.]  A  secondary  or 
lesser  mask,  of  a  ludicrous  character,  intro- 
duced between  the  acts  of  a  serious  mask 
by  way  of  lightening  it;  a  ridiculous  inter- 
lude. 

Let  antitnasks  not  be  long ;  they  have  been  com- 
monly  of  fools,  satyrs,  baboons,  wild  men,  antiques. 


....,.,   — ,  »<llyla,  urtuuuiii,   i,ir 

beasts,  spirits,  witches,  Ethiops,  pigmies,  turguets, 
nymphs,  rustics,  cupids.  Manias  moving,  and  the 
like.  As  for  angels,  it  is  not  comical  enr— ' 


.    A'S  for  angels,  it  is  not  comical  enough  to  put 
them  in  aHtitftasts.  Bacon. 

On  the  scene  he  thrusts  out  first  an  antimasont  of 
bugbears. 

Antimason  (an-ti-ma'sn),  n.  One  hostile  to 
masonry  or  freemasonry. 

Antimasonry  (an-ti-ma'sn-ri),  n.  Opposi- 
tion to  freemasonry. 

Antimenslum  (an-ti-men'si-um),  n.  [L.L., 
from  Gr.  anti,  in  place  of,  and  L.  incnm.  a 
table.  ]  A  portable  altar  or  consecrated 


Antimensium  or  Portable  Altar.— S.  Kensington  Mus. 

table  used  as  a  substitute  for  a  proper  altar 
in  the  eastern  division  of  the  Latin  Church. 

Antimetabole  (an'ti-me-tab"o-le),  n.  [Gr. 
— anti,  against,  and  metabole,  mutation.] 
In  rhet.  antimetathesis  (which  see). 

Antimetathesis  (an'ti-me-tath"e-sis),  n. 
[Gr. — anti,  against,  and  metathesis,  a  trans- 
position.] Lit.  counter- transposition  ;  a 
figure  of  speech  by  which  the  position  of 
the  two  leading  words  in  one  clause  are 
changed  by  inversion  in  a  succeeding  one ; 
as,  'A  poem  is  a  speaking  picture;  a  picture 
a  mute  poem. '  Crabbe. 

Antimeter  (nn-tim'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  and 
tnetron,  measure. ]  An  optical  instrument; 
a  modification  of  Hadley's  quadrant,  for 
measuring  angles  under  10'.  Called  also 
the  Reflecting  Sector. 

Antiminsiou  (an-ti-min'si-on),  n.  [See  AN- 
TIMENSIUM.] A  corporal  or  cloth  blessed  by 
a  bishop  and  used  in  the  Greek  Church  for 
the  same  purpose  as  the  antimensium  in 
the  Latin  Church,  that  is,  in  cases  where 
there  was  no  consecrated  altar.  Sometimes 
a  slab  of  wood  was  used  in  place  of  the 
cloth. 

Antimpnarchlc(an'ti-mon-ark"ik),  a.  Same 
as  Antimonarchicnl.  Bp.  Benson. 

Antimonarchical  (an'ti  mon-ark"ik-al),  a. 
Opposed  to  monarchy;  that  opposes  a  kingly 
government. 

Antimonarchist  (anti-mon'ark-ist),  n.  An 
enemy  to  monarchy. 

Monday,  a  terrible  raging  wind  happened,  which 
did  much  hurt.  Dennis  Bond,  a  great  Oliverian  and 
antimonarchist,  died  on  that  day;  and  then  the 
devil  took  bond  for  Oliver's  appearance. 

Lift  of  A.  Wood. 


Antimonial  (an-ti-mo'ni-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  antimony,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities; 
composed  of  antimony,  or  containing  anti- 
mony as  the  principal  ingredient.  —  Anti- 
monial wine,  in  med.  solution  of  tartar 
emetic  in  sherry  wine. 

Antimonial  (an-ti-imVni-al),  n.     A  prepara- 
tion of  antimony;  a  medicine  in  which  anti- 
mony is  a  principal  ingredient. 
Antiinoniate  (an-ti-mo'ni-at),  n.    A  salt  of 
antimonic  acid. 

Antimoniated  (an-ti-mo'ni-at-ed),  a.  Par- 
taking of  antimony;  mixed  or  prepared  with 
antimony;  as,  antitnoniatcd  tartar. 
Antimonic  (an-ti-mon'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  derived  from  antimony.— .d  ntimonic  acid. 
an  acid  composed  of  two  equivalents  of 
antimony  and  five  of  oxygen. 
AntimoniOUS  (an-ti-mo'ni-us),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  containing  anti- 
mony.— Antimonitnu  acid,  an  acid  consist- 
ing of  two  equivalents  of  antimony  and  four 
of  oxygen. 

Antimonite  (an'ti-mon-It),  n.  1.  A  salt  of 
antimonious  acid.  —  2.  A  mineral,  stilbite 
(which  see). 

Antimony  (an'ti-mo-ni),  n.  [  L.  of  twelfth 
century,  antimonium,  probably  from  Ar. 
athinond,  ithmid,  which  Littrg  derives  from 
Gr.  stimmi,  antimony.  ]  Chemical  sym. 
Sb,  from  L. stibium;  sp.  gr.  a  7;  at.  wt.  122  3. 
A  brittle  metal  of  a  bluish-white  or  silver- 
white  colour  and  plated  or  scaly  texture, 
occurring  in  two  forms,  crystalline  and 
amorphous,  sometimes  found  native  or 
alloyed  with  other  metals.  The  crystallized 
trisulphide  (Sbj  S3)  is  a  native  mineral  called 
stibnite  or  antimony-glance.  (See  STIB- 
NITE.  )  The  metal,  or  as  it  was  formerly 
called,  the  regvluit  of  antimony,  is  not  liable 
to  rust  or  tarnish  when  exposed  to  the  air, 
and  this  property,  combined  with  its  own 
hardness  and  that  of  its  compounds,  renders 
it  of  great  service  in  the  useful  arts  in  the 
construction  of  alloys,  as  Britannia  metal, 
type  metal,  and  pewter.  In  l>ells  it  renders 
the  sound  more  clear;  it  renders  tin  more 
hard,  white,  and  sonorous,  and  gives  to 
printing  types  more  firmness  and  smooth- 
ness It  is  also  useful  in  promoting  the 
fusion  of  metals,  and  especially  in  casting 
cannon-balls.  The  salts  of  antimony  are 
very  poisonous.  The  protoxide  is  the  active 
base  of  tartar  emetic  and  James's  powder, 
and  is  justly  regarded  as  a  most  valuable 
remedy  in  many  diseases.  —  Yellow  anti- 
mony, a  preparation  of  antimony,  of  a  deep 
yellow  colour,  used  in  enamel  and  porcelain 
painting.  It  is  of  various  tints,  and  the 
brilliancy  of  the  brighter  hues  is  not  affected 
by  foul  air.— Argentine  flowers  of  antimony, 
the  tetroxide  of  antimony. 
Antimony-glance  ( an'ti-mo  ni-glans ),  n. 
Stibnite  (which  see). 

Antimoralist  ( an-ti-mo'ral-ist ),  n.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  moralM.]  An  enemy 
to  or  opponent  of  morality.  Bp.  Warbur- 
ton. 

Antinatural  (an-ti-na'tur-al).  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  E.  natural.]  Opposed  to  what 
is  natural  or  common-sense ;  non-natural. 
'This  happy  and  antinatural  way  of  think- 
ing.' Martinvg  Scriblerus. 
Antlnephrltlc(an'ti-ne-frit"ik),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
and  E.  nephritic.  ]  In  med.  counteracting 
diseases  of  the  kidneys. 
Antinomlan  (an-ti-no'mi-an),  a.  [See  AN- 
TINOMY.] Opposed  to  law;  pertaining  to  the 
Antinomians. 

Antinomlan  (an-ti-no'mi-an).  n.  One  of  a 
sect  who  maintain  that,  under  the  gospel 
dispensation,  the  moral  law  is  of  no  use  or 
obligation;  or  who  hold  doctrines  which 
supersede  the  necessity  of  good  works  and 
a  virtuous  life.  This  sect  originated  with 
John  Agricola  about  the  year  1538. 
Antinomianlsm  (an-ti-no'mi-an-izm),  n. 
The  tenets  of  the  Antinomians. 
Antinomist  ( an-tin'om-ist ),  «.  One  who 
pays  no  regard  to  the  law  or  to  good  works. 
[Rare.] 

Great  offenders  this  way  are  the  libertines  anil 
antinomists,  who  quite  cancel  the  whole  law  of  God 
under  the  pretence  of  Christian  liberty. 

Kf.  Sandtrson. 

Antinomy (an-tin'om-i),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  against, 
and  nomoK,  a  taw,  from  nemo,  to  allot,  give 
out.]  1.  The  opposition  of  one  law  or  rule 
to  another  law  or  rule. 

Different  commentators  have  deduced  from  it  tl 
very  opposite  doctrines.     In  some  instances  this  ap- 
parent antinomy  is  doubtful.  f>t  Quinfty. 

2.  Anything,  as  a  law,  statement,  <fec.,  oppo- 
site or  contrary. 

If  God  once  willed  adultery  should  be  sinful,  all 


Fate,  far,  fat,  full;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ANTINOUS 


ANTIQUARY 


his  omnipotence  will  not  allow  him  to  will  the  allow- 
ance that  his  holiest  people  might,  by  his  own  anti- 
nomy or  counter-statute,  live  unrcproved.  Milton. 
Humility,  poverty,  meanness,  and  wretchedness 
are  direct  antinomies  to  the  lusts  of  the  flesh. 

yet-.  Taylor. 

3.  In  wetnph.,  according  in  Kant,  that  natu- 
ral contradiction  which  results  from  the 
law  of  reason,  when,  passing  the  limits 
of  experience  we  seek  to  know  the  absolute. 

Antinous  (an-tin'o-us),  n.  In  astron.  a  part 
of  the  constellation  Aquila  or  the  Eagle. 

Antiochian  (un-ti-ok'i-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Antioclms,  a  contemporary  of  Cicero,  and 
tin*  founder  of  a  sect  of  philosophers.  This 
sect  was  a  branch  of  the  Academics,  though 
Antiochns  was  a  Stoic.  He  attempted  to 
reconcile  the  doctrines  of  the  different 
schools,  and  was  tlie  last  preceptor  of  the 
Platonic  school. 

Antiochian  (an-ti-ok'i-an), «•  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  the  city  of  Antioch. — Antiochian 
epoch,  a  method  of  computing  time,  from 
the  proclamation  of  liberty  granted  to  the 
city  of  Antioch  about  the  time  of  the  battle 
of  Pharsalia(B.C.  48). 

Antipapal  ( an -ti- pa 'pal),  a.  [Gr.  antit 
against,  and  E.  papal.]  Opposed  to  the 
pope  or  to  Popery. 

Me  charges  strictly  his  son  after  him  to  persevere 
in  that  antipapal  schism.  Milton. 

Antipapistical  (an'ti-pa-pist"ik-al),  a.  [Gr. 
untt,  against,  and  E.  papistical.  ]  Anti- 
papal.  J  or  tin. 

Antiparallel  (an-ti-pa'ral-el),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  E.  parallel.]  Running  in  a  con- 
trary direction.  Hammond. 

Antiparallel  (an-ti-pa'ral-el),  n.  Tn  geom. 
one  of  two  or  more  lines  which  make  equal 
angles  with  two  other  lines,  but  in  a  con- 
trary order:  thus,  supposing  AB  and  AC 


any  two  lines,  and  FC  and  PE  two  others 
cutting  them  so  as  to  make  the  angle  ABC 
equal  to  the  angle  A  B  i>,  and  the  angle  A  C  B 
equal  to  the  angle  A  D  E ;  then  B  C  and  I)  E 
are  antiparallels  with  respect  to  A  B  and  A  c ; 
also  these  latter  are  antiparallels  with  re- 
spect to  the  two  former. 

j  Antiparalytic,  Antiparalytical  (an'ti-pa- 
ra-lit"ik,  an'ti-pa-ra-lit"ik-al),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  ami  E.  paralytic.]  In  med.  effective 
against  paralysis. 

I  Antiparalytic  (an'ti-pa-ra-lit"ik),  n.  In 
mt'il.  a  remedy  for  paralysis. 

,|  Antipart  (an'ti-part),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  against, 
and  E.  part]  The  counterpart.  [Rare.] 

Turn  now  to  the  reverse  of  the  medal,  and  there 
we  shall  find  the  antipart  of  this  divine  truth. 

I  Antipathetic,  Antipathetical  ( an'ti-pa- 
theHk,  an'ti-pa-therik-al),  a.  [See  ANTI- 
PATHY.] Having  a  natural  contrariety,  or 
constitutional  aversion,  to  a  thing.  *  The  soil 
is  ...  antipathetical  to  all  venomous  crea- 
tures.' Howell. 

Antipathic  (an-ti-path'ik),  a.  In  med.  re- 
lating to  antipathy;  opposite;  unlike;  ad- 
verse ;  as,  antipathic  humours,  or  humours 
opposed  to  each  other.  Dunglison. 

Antipathist  (an-tip'a-thist),  n.  A  person  or 

thing  having  an  antipathy  to  another,  or 

being  the  direct  opposite  of  another.  [Rare.  ] 

Sole  positive  of  night  I 

Antipathist  of  light.  Coleridge. 

Antipathous  (nn-tip'a-thus),  a.  Having  a 
natural  contrariety;  adverse. 

Still  she  extends  her  hand. 
As  if  she  saw  something  antipathoits 
Unto  her  virtuous  life.  Sean.  &•  Fl. 

Antipathy  (an-tip'a-thf),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  pathos,  feeling.  See  PATHOS.] 
l  Natural  aversion;  instinctive  contrariety 
or  opposition  in  feeling;  an  aversion  felt  at 
the  presence,  real  or  ideal,  of  a  particular 
object;  distaste;  disgust;  repugnance. 

No  contraries  hold  more  antipathy 
Than  I  and  such  a  knave.  Shak. 

A  man  may  have  an  antipathy  to  particular  smells 
T  t.'tstes,  a  turkey-cock  or  bull  to  the  colour  red,  a 
horse  to  the  smell  of  raw  flesh.  Locke, 

A  habit  is  generated  of  thinking  that  a  natural  an- 
tipatiiy  exist1,  between  hope  and  reason.  Is.  Taylor. 
2.  In  nat.  phil.  a  contrariety  in  the  proper- 
ties or  affections  of  matter,  as  of  oil  and 
water,  which  will  not  mix.  Bacon.  (An- 
is  commonly  followed  by  to,  some- 


times by  ayiiitutt,  and  is  opposed  to  sym- 
pathy.] -  Anttjxit/ii/,  Hntri'd,  A  r<>rniotit  Jie-   , 
putjnance.     Antipathy  is  a  natural  and  in-  ' 
stinctive  dislike  or  feeling  of  repulsion,  ami 
may  have  either  persons,  things,  or  actions 
as  its  object;  hatred  properly  applies  only 
to  persons,  and  is  provoked  by  some  cause, 
as  ill-usage;  aversion,  which  applies  to  per-  [ 
sons  and  things,  is  a  strong  dislike,  as  to  [ 
what  shocks  or  disgusts;  repvgna  nee  is  gene- 
rally applied  to  acts.  — SYN.  Aversion,  dis- 
like, disgust,  distaste,  repugnance,  contra- 
riety, opposition. 

Antipatriotic  (an'ti-pa-tri-ot"ik),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  patriotic.]  Opposed  to 
patriots  or  patriotism,  or  one's  country. 

These  antifatriotic  prejudices  are  the  abortions 
of  folly  impregnated  by  faction.  Johnson. 

Anti-periodic  (an-ti-pe'ri-od"ik),  n.  In  med. 
a  remedy  possessing  the  property  of  pre- 
venting the  return  of  periodic  diseases,  as 
intermittents. 

Antiperistaltic  (an-ti-pe'ria-tartik),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  peristaltic.]  In  med. 
opposed  to  or  checking  peristaltic  motion. 

Antiperistasis  (an'ti-pe-ris"ta-sis),  n.  [Gr. 
-anti,  against,  and  perixtasin,  a  standing 
around,  from  pert,  around,  and  huttanai,  to 
stand.]  1.  The  opposition  or  antagonism  of 
naturally  opposed  forces,  as  light  and  dark- 
ness, heat  and  cold ;  specifically,  the  oppo- 
sition of  a  contrary  quality,  by  which  the 
quality  opposed  acquires  strength,  or  the 
action  by  which  a  body  attacked  collects 
force  by  opposition,  or  the  intension  of  the 
activity  of  one  quality  by  the  opposition  of 
another.  Thus,  sensible  heat  is  excited  in 
quicklime  by  mixture  with  water,  and  cold 
applied  to  the  human  body  may  increase  its 
heat.  —  2.  In  rhet.  a  figure  by  which  one 
grants  what  an  adversary  says,  but  denies 
his  inference. 

Antiperistatic  (an-ti-pe'ri-stat"ik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  antiperistasis. 

Antipestilential  (an'ti-pes-ti-len"shal),  a. 
Efficacious  against  the  plague,  or  the  in- 
fection of  the  plague.  '  Antipextilential  un- 
guents to  anoint  the  nostrils  with.'  Harvey. 

Antiphlogistian  (an/ti-flo-jis"ti-an)l  n.  [Gr. 
anti,  and  phlogiston,  from  phlogizo,  to  burn.] 
An  opposer  of  the  chemical  theory  as  to 
the  existence  of  a  substance  called  phlogis- 
ton. 

Antiphlogistic  (an'ti-flo-jis"tik),  a.  1.  In 
chetn.  opposed  to  the  theory  of  phlogiston  ; 
as,  the  antiphlogistic  system.  — 2,  Counter- 
acting inflammation,  or  an  excited  state  of 
the  system. — Antiphlogistic  theory,  asystem 
of  chemistry  by  which  Lavoisier  showed 
that  in  combustion,  instead  of  phlogiston 
escaping,  according  to  the  theory  of  Stahl, 
oxygen  was  absorbed,  and  that  wherever 
phlogiston  was  supposed  to  be  added,  oxy- 
gen was  removed. 

Antiphlogistic  (an'ti-flo-jis"tik),  n.  Any 
medicine  or  diet  which  tends  to  check  a 
phlogistic  or  inflammatory  condition. 

Antiphon,  Antiphone  (an'ti-fon  or  an'ti- 
f6n),  n.  [See  ANTIPHONY.]  1.  The  chant 
or  alternate  singing  in  choirs  of  cathedrals; 
antiphony.— 2.  An  echo  or  response.  [Rare.] 

The  great  synod  .  .  .  that  is  to  meet  at  Hani- 
borough,  to  me  sounds  like  an  antiphone  to  the  other 
malign  conjunction  at  Colen.  ll'otton. 

Antiphonal  (an-tif'o-nal),  a.     Pertaining  to  , 
antiphony  or  alternate  singing. 

He  (Calvin)  thought  .  .  .  that  the  practice  of  an-  \ 
tiphonal  chanting  was  superstitious.       T.  Warton.     • 

Antiphonal  (an-tif'o-nal),  n.     A  book  of  an-  j 
tiphones  or  anthems;  an  antiphonary. 

Antiphonary  (an-tif'o-na-ri),  ».  In  the 
It.  Cath.  Ch.  a  service-book,  compiled  by 
Gregory  the  Great,  containing  all  the  anti- 
phons,  invitatories,  responsories,  collects, 
and  whatever  is  said  or  sung  in  the  choir, 
except  the  lessons. 

Antiphonert  (an-tifo-ner),  n.     A  book  of 
anthems  or  antiphons;  an  antiphonary. 
He  Atma  Redemptoris  herde  sing, 
As  children  lered  hir  antiphonere.     Chaucer. 

Antiphonic,  Antiphonical  (an-ti-fon'ik, 
an-ti-fon'ik-al),  a.  Pert  lining  to  antiphony.  j 

Antiphony  (an-tif'o-ni),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  in 
response  to,  and  phone,  voice.  Anthem  is 
really  a  form  of  this  word.]  1.  The  answer 
of  one  choir  or  one  portion  of  a  congrega- 
tion to  another  when  an  anthem  or  psalm 
is  sung  alternately  by  two  choirs  or  two 
parts  of  a  congregation;  alternate  singing. 

These  are  the  pretty  responsories,  these  are  the 
dear  antifhanies  that  so  bewitched  of  late  our  pre- 
lates and  their  chaplains  with  the  goodly  echo  they 
made.  Milton. 

2.  The  words  given  out  at  the  beginning  of 


a  psalm,  to  which  both  the  choirs  are  to 
•eoomnuxUta  their  singing.— 3.  A  musical 
rnmpositin n  of  several  verses  extracted  from 
different  psalms. 

Antiphrasis  (an-tif'ra -sis),  n.  [Gr.  on**, 
against,  and  phra#i«t  a  form  of  speech.]  In 
rhet.  the  use  of  words  in  a  sense  opposite 
to  their  proper  meaning,  as  when  a  court  of 
justice  is  called  a  court  of  vengeance. 

You  now  find  no  cause  to  repent  that  you  never 
dipt  your  hands  in  the  bloody  high  courts  of  justice, 
so  called  only  by  antiphrasis.  South. 

Antiphrastlc.  Antiphrastical  (an-ti-fnw'- 

tik,  an-ti-fras  tik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  an- 
tiphrasis. 

Antiphrastically  (an-ti-fras'tik-al-li),  adv. 
In  the  manner  of  antiphrasis. 

Antipodal  (an-tip'o-dal),  a.  Pertaining  to 
antipodes. 

Antipodal  (an-tip'o-dal),  n.  One  who  dwells 
at  the  antipodes.  '  The  Americans  are  an- 
tipodal* unfa  the  Indians.'  Str  T.  Browne. 

Antipode  (an'ti-pod),  n.    [See  ANTIPODES.] 

1.  One  of  the  antipodes.— 2.  One  who  or  that 
which  is  in  opposition  or  opposite. 

In  tale  or  history  your  beggar  is  ever  the  just  an- 
tipode  to  your  king.  Lamb. 

Antipodean  (an-tip'o-de"an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  antipodes;  antipodal. 

Antipodes  (an-tip'o-dez),  n.  pi.  (Gr.—anti, 
opposite,  and  pwts,  podos,  foot]  1.  Those 
who  live  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  globe, 
and  whose  feet  are  therefore  directly  oppo- 
site those  of  people  living  on  this  side.— 

2.  The  country  of  persons  living  opposite; 
as,  he  has  gone  to  reside  at  the  antipodes. — 

3.  Fig.  anything  diametrically  opposite  or 
opposed  to  another;  a  contrary. 

Can  there  be  a  greater  contrariety  unto  Christ's 
judgment,  a  more  perfect  antipodes  to  all  that  hath 
hitherto  been  gospel!  Hammond. 

Antipoison  (an-ti-poi'zn),  n.  An  antidote 
for  a  poison;  a  counter-poison.  'Poisons 
afford  antipoisons.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Antipole  (an'ti-pol),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  in  opposi- 
tion, and  E.  pole,]  The  opposite  pole;  any- 
thing diametrically  opposed.  '  That  anti- 
pole to  all  enthusiasm,  'a  man  of  the  world." 
George  Eliot. 

Antipope  (an'ti-pop),  n.  [Gr.  anti,  in  oppo- 
sition, and  £.  pope.]  One  who  usurps  the 
papal  power  in  opposition  to  the  pope;  one 
of  two  or  more  persons  claiming  at  the  same 
time  to  be  in  possession  of  the  papal  dig- 
nity. 

Antiport  (an'ti-port),  n.     Same  taAnteport 

Antipsoric  (an-tip-sorMk),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  psora,  the  itch.]  Efficacious 
in  curing  the  itch. 

Antiptosis  (an-tip-to'sis),  n.  [Gr.  antiptfai* 
—anti,  against, and  ptosis,  case.]  Ingrain. 
the  putting  of  one  case  for  another. 

Antiputrefactive,  Antiputre scent  (an'- 
ti-pu-tre-fak"tiv,  an'ti-pu-tres"sent),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  putrefactive,  putres- 
cent.]  Counteracting  or  preventing  putre- 
faction; antiseptic. 

Antipyretic  (an'ti-pi-ret"ik),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  pyretos,  fever.]  In  med.  a 
remedy  efficacious  against  fever. 

Antiquarian  (an-ti-kwa'ri-an^),  a.  [L.  anti- 
qua-rms,  from  antiques,  ancient.]  1.  Per- 
taining to  antiquaries  or  to  antiquity;  as, 
&n antiquarian  museum.— 2.  A  term  applied 
to  a  size  of  drawing-paper  measuring  52$  x 
:u".  inches,  and  weighing  233  Ibs.  to  the 
ream. 

Antiquarian  (an-ti-k\va'ri-an),  n.  One  de- 
voted to  the  study  of  antiquity ;  an  anti- 
quary. 

Antiquarianism  (an-ti-kwa'ri-nn-izm),  n. 
Character  of  an  antiquarian  ;  love  or  study 
of  antiquities. 

I  have  the  seeds  of  antiquarianism  in  me. 

Rp.  Httrd. 

—Archaeology,  Antiquarianism.  See  under 
ARCHAEOLOGY. 

Antiquary  (an'ti-kwa-ri).n.  [L.  antiqvarivs, 
tromantiqvus,  old,  ancient.  See  ANTIQUE.] 
One  devoted  to  the  study  of  ancient  times 
through  their  relics,  as  old  places  of  sepul- 
chre, remains  of  ancient  habitations,  early 
momiments,iniplementsorweapons,8tatues, 
coins,  medals,  paintings,  inscriptions,  books, 
and  manuscripts,  with  the  view  of  arriving 
at  a  knowledge  of  the  relations,  modes  of 
living,  habits,  and  general  condition  of  the 
people  who  created  or  employed  them;  one 
versed  in  antiquity;  an  archaeologist. 

With  sharpened  sight  pale  antiqttarits  pore, 
The  inscription  value,  but  the  rust  adore.       Pope. 

Antiquary  t  (an'ti-kwa-ri),  a.  Pertaining  to 
antiquities;  old;  antique.  '  The  ant iquary 
times.'  Shak. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  Men;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.  — See  KKY. 


ANTIQUATE 


122 


ANTITROPAL 


Antiquate  (an'ti-kwat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  an- 
tiquated; ppr.  antiquating.  [L.  antiquus, 
old.  See  ANTIQUE.  ]  To  make  old  or  obso- 
lete; to  make  old  in  such  a  degree  as  to  put 
out  of  use;  to  make  void  or  abrogate. 

Christianity  might  reasonably  introduce  new  laws, 
and  antiquate  or  abrogate  old  ones.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

Antiquated  (an'ti-kwat-ed),  p.  and  a.  Grown 
old;  obsolete;  out  of  use;  as,  an  antiquated 
law.  '  Old  Janet,  for  so  he  understood  his 
antiquated  attendant  was  called.'  Sir  W. 
Scott.  —  Ancient,  Old,  Antique,  Antiquated, 
Obsolete.  See  under  ANCIENT. 

Antiquatedness  (an'ti-kwat-ed-nes),  n.  A 
state  of  being  antiquated  or  obsolete. 

Antiquateness  t  (an'ti-kwat-nes),  n.  State 
of  being  antiquated  or  disused. 

Antiquation  (an-ti-kwa'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  antiquating,  or  the  state  of  being  anti- 
quated. '  Which  must  no  change  nor  anti- 
quation  know.'  Beaumont. 

Antique  (an-tek),  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  antiquus, 
ancient,  a  form  equivalent  to  anticus,  from 
ante,  before,  as  posticus,  from  post,  after. 
Antic  is  a  form  of  this  word.]  1.  Having 
existed  in  ancient  times ;  belonging  to  or 
having  come  down  from  antiquity;  ancient ; 
in  this  sense  it  often  specially  refers  to  the 
flourishing  ages  of  Greece  and  Rome ;  as, 
an  antique  statue.  '  The  seals  .  .  .  which 
we  know  to  be  antigue,'  Dryden.—Z.  Be- 
longing to  former  times,  as  contrasted  with 
the  present ;  having  the  characteristics  of 
an  earlier  day;  smacking  of  bygone  days; 
of  old  fashion;  as,  an  antique  robe;  a  poem 
written  in  the  antique  style. 

O  good  old  man !  howwellinthee  appears 
The  constant  service  of  the  antique  world. 
When  service  sweat  for  duty,  not  for  meed.  Shak. 

3.t  Odd;  wild;  fanciful;  antic. 

What  fashion'd  hats,  or  ruffs,  or  suits  next  year, 
Our  giddy-headed  antique  youth  will  wear.    Donne. 

4.  In  printing,  a  term  applied  to  a  style  of 
type  in  which  each  stroke  of  the  face  has  an 
equal  thickness.  —  Ancient,  Old,  Antique, 
Antiquated,  Obsolete.  See  under  ANCIENT. 
SYN.  Antiquated,  old-fashioned,  obsolete. 

Antique  (an-tek),  n.  Anything  very  old; 
specifically,  a  term  applied  to  the  remains 
of  ancient  art,  as  statues,  paintings,  vases, 
cameos,  and  the  like,  and  more  especially  to 
the  works  of  Grecian  and  Roman  antiquity. 

Antiquely  (an-tek'li),  ado.  In  an  antique 
manner. 

Antiqueness  (an-tek'nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  antique;  an  appearance  of  ancient 
origin  and  workmanship. 

Antlquist  (an'ti-kwist),  n.  An  antiquary. 
'  Theoretic  antiquistx.'  Pinkerton.  [Rare.] 

Antiquitarian  (an-tik'wi-ta"ri-an),  n.  An 
admirer  of  antiquity.  [Rare.  ] 

I  shall  distinguish  such  as  I  esteem  to  be  the  hin- 
derers  of  reformation  into  three  sorts: — i,  Antiqtiita. 
rians  (for  so  I  had  rather  call  them  than  antiquaries), 
whose  labours  are  useful  and  laudable ;  2,  Libertines ; 

3,  Politicians.  Milton. 

Antiquity  (an-tik'wi-ti),  n.  [L.  antiquitas. 
See  ANTIQUE.]  1.  The  quality  of  being 
ancient ;  ancientness ;  great  age ;  as,  a 
family  of  great  antiquity. 

This  ring  is  valuable  for  its  antiquity.    Johnson. 

2.  Ancient  times ;  former  ages ;  times  long 
since  past;  as,  Cicero  was  the  most  eloquent 
orator  of  antiquity.  —  S.  The  ancients ;  the 
people  of  ancient  times;  as,  the  fact  is 
admitted  by  all  antiquity. 

That  such  pillars  were  raised  by  Seth  all  antiquity 
has  avowed.  Sir  IV.  Raleigh. 

4.  Old  age.    [Ludicrous.] 

Is  not  your  voice  broken?  your  wind  short?  your 
chin  double?  your  wit  single?  and  every  part  about 
you  blasted  with  antiquity  I  Shak. 

6.  Old  person.    [Ludicrous.] 

You  are  a  shrewd  antiquity,  neighbour  Clench. 
fi.  Jonson. 

6.  The  remains  of  ancient  times;  ancient 
institutions  or  customs :  in  this  sense  usu- 
ally or  always  plural ;  as,  Greek  or  Egyptian 
antiquities. 

Antiremonstrant  (an'ti-re-mon"strant),  n. 
[Gr.  anti,  against,  and  E.  remonstrant.  ]  One 
opposed  to  remonstrance  or  to  those  who 
remonstrate ;  specifically,  one  of  that  party 
in  the  church  opposed  to  the  Arminians 
who  remonstrated  against  the  decisions  of 
the  Synod  cf  Dort  in  1618. 

Antirenter  (an'ti-rent-er),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  E.  rent]  A  person  opposed 
to  paying  rent. 

Antirrhinum  (an-ti-ri'num),  n.  [From  Gr. 
anti,  equal  to,  like,  and  rhin,  a  nose  or  mask. 
The  flowers  of  most  of  the  species  bear  a 
resemblance  to  the  snout  of  some  animal.  ] 
Snap-dragon,  a  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 


Scrophulariaceae.  All  the  species  produce 
showy  flowers,  and  are  much  cultivated  in 
gardens.  The  leaves  of  A .  majus  are  bitter 
and  slightly  stimulant;  and  the  leaves  of  A. 
Orontium,  as  well  as  those  of  other  species, 
have  been  used  as  cataplasms  in  indolent 
tumours.  Both  these  species  are  found  in 
Britain. 

Antisabbatarian  (an-ti-sab'ba-ta"ri-an),  n. 
[Gr.  anti,  against,  and  E.  Sabbatarian.  ] 
One  of  a  sect  who  oppose  the  observance 
of  the  Christian  Sabbath,  maintaining  that 
the  Jewish  Sabbath  was  only  of  ceremonial, 
not  of  moral  obligation,  and  was  conse- 
quently abolished  by  Christ. 
Antiscian  (an-tish'i-an),  n.  [L.  antiscii — 
Gr.  anti,  opposite,  and  skia,  shadow.]  An 
inhabitant  of  one  side  of  the  equator,  whose 
sha  tow  at  noon  is  cast  in  a  contrary  direc- 
tion to  that  of  an  inhabitant  of  the  other. 
Those  who  live  north  of  the  equator  are 
antiscians  to  those  on  the  south,  and  vice 
versa,  the  shadows  on  one  side  being  cast 
toward  the  north,  those  on  the  other  toward 
the  south. 

Antiscii(an-tish'i-i),  n.  pi  [L.]  Antisciaus. 
See  ANTISCIAN. 

Antiscorbutic,  Antiscorbutic*!  (an'ti- 
skor-bu"tik,  an'ti-skor-bu"tik-al ),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  scorbutic.]  In  med. 
counteracting  scurvy. 

Antiscorbutic  (an'ti-skor-bu"tik),  n.  A 
remedy  for  scurvy,  as  lemon -juice,  ripe 
fruits,  &c. 

Antiscriptt  (an'ti-skript),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  L.  wtriptmn,  a  writing,  from 
scribo,  to  write.  ]  A  writing  in  opposition 
to  another  writing. 

Antiscriptural  (an-ti-skrip'tur-al),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  scripture.]  Opposed  to 
the  principles  or  doctrines  of  Scripture,  or  to 
its  genuineness  or  authenticity. 
Antiscripturism  ( an-ti-skrip'tur-izm ),  n. 
Opposition  to  the  Scriptures.  '  Antiscrip- 
turism grows  rife  and  spreads  fast.'  Boyle. 
[Rare.] 

Antiscripturist(an-ti-skrip'tur-ist),  n.  One 
who  opposes  the  truth  of  Scripture;  one  who 
denies  revelation.  '  Atheists  and  antiscrip- 
turists.'  Boyle.  [Rare.] 
Antiseptic,  Antiseptical  (an-ti-sep'tik,  an- 
ti-sep'tik-al),  a.  [Gr.  anti,  against,  saiAseptos, 
putrid,  from  sepo,  to  putrefy.]  Opposing  or 
counteracting  putrefaction,  or  a  putrescent 
tendency;  specifically,  a  term  applied  to  that 
mode  of  treatment  in  surgery  by  which  air  is 
excluded  from  wounds, or  allowed  access  only 
through  substances  capable  of  destroying  the 
germs  in  the  atmosphere,  on  whose  presence 
suppuration  is  assumed  to  depend.  See  GERM- 
THEORY. — Antiseptic  varnish,  in  painting,  a 
glazing  composed  to  insure  the  protection  of 
suchvegetableoranimal  colours  as  are  likely 
to  fade  by  exposure  to  light  and  air. 
Antiseptic  (an-ti-sep'tik),  n.  A  substance 
which  resists  or  corrects  putrefaction,  as 
salt,  alcohol,  charcoal,  creasote,  sulphurous 
acid,  carbolic  acid,  Ac. 
Antisocial  (an-ti-so'shal),  a.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  E.  social.  ]  Averse  to  society; 
tending  to  interrupt  or  destroy  social  inter- 
course. 

Antisocialist  (an-ti-so'shal-ist),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  socialist.]  Opposed 
to  the  doctrine  and  practice  of  socialism. 

The  vitality  of  these  associations  must  indeed  be 
gr  .at  to  have  enabled  about  twenty  of  them  to  sur- 
vive the  antisofialist  reaction.  y.  S.  Mill. 

Antlspasis  (an-tis'pa-si»),  n.  [Gr,  from 
antispao,  to  draw  the  contrary  way—  anti, 
against,  and  spao,  to  draw.  ]  In  med.  a  revul- 
sion of  fluids  from  one  part  of  the  body  to 
another.  Quincy. 

Antispasmodic(an'ti-spaz-mod"ik).  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  spasmodic.]  In  med. 
opposing  spasm ;  resisting  convulsions,  as 
anodynes. 

AntispasmodiC  (an'ti-spaz-mod"ik),  n.  In 
med.  a  remedy  for  spasm  or  convulsions,  as 
opium,  balsam  of  Peru,  and  the  essential 
oils  of  vegetables. 

Antispast,  Antispastus  (an'ti-spast,  an-ti- 
spasrus),  n.  [Gr.  antixpastos.  See  ANTI- 
SPASIS.]  In  pros,  a  tetrasyllable  root,  in 
which  the  flrst  and  last  syllables  are  short 
and  the  middle  syllables  long;  as,  Clytem- 
nestra.  It  is  a  combination  of  an  iambus 
and  a  trochee. 

Antispastic  (an-ti-spast'ik),  a.  [See  ANTI- 
SPASIS.]  In  med.  (a)  causing  a  revulsion  of 
fluids  or  humours,  (b)  Counteracting  spasm ; 
antispasmodic. 

Antispastic  (an-ti-spast'ik),  n.  In  med.  (a) 
a  medicine  supposed  to  act  by  causing  a 


revulsion  of  the  humours,  (b)  A  remedy 
that  counteracts  spasm  ;  an  antispasmodic 
Antisplenetic  (nn-ti-splen'et-ik  or  an'ti- 
sple-net"ik),  a.  [Gr.  anti,  against,  and  E. 
splenetic.]  Good  as  a  remedy  in  diseases  of 
the  spleen. 

Antistasis  (an-tis'ta-sis),  n  [Gr.-  anti. 
opposite,  and  stasis,  station.]  In  rhet.  tin; 
justification  of  an  action  from  the  considera- 
tion that  if  it  had  been  omitted  something 
worse  would  have  happened. 

Antistes  (an-tis'tez),  n.  pi.  Antistites  (an- 
tis'ti-tez):  [L.,  from  antisto  for  antesto,  to 
stand  before— ante,  before,  and  sto,  to  stand.  ] 
A  chief  priest  or  prelate.  '  Unless  they  hail 
as  many  antistites  as  presbyters. '  Milton 

Antistrophe  (an-tis'tro-fe),  n.  (Qr.—anti, 
opposite,  and  strophe,  a  turning.]  1.  A  part 
of  an  ancient  Greek  choral  ode  corresponding 
to  a  preceding  strophe, and  sung  by  the  chorus 
when  returning  from  left  to  right,they  having 
previously  sung  the  strophe  when  moving 
from  right  to  left.  The  strophe,  antistrophe, 
and  epode  (sung  by  the  chorus  standing  still) 
were  the  three  divisions  of  a  choral  ode. 
The  term  was  introduced  into  Latin,  and  is 
also  met  with  in  reference  to  modern  poetry. 
2.  In  rhet.  (a)  the  reciprocal  conversion  of 
the  same  words  in  different  clauses  or  sen- 
tences ;  as,  '  the  master  of  the  servant,  the 
servant  of  the  master.'  (f>)  The  turning  of 
an  adversary's  plea  against  him ;  as,  had  I 
killed  him  as  you  report,  I  had  not  staid  to 
bury  him. 

Antistrophic  (an-ti-strof'ik),  a.  Relating  to 
the  antistrophe. 

Antistrophon  ( an  -  tis '  tro  -  fon ),  n.  [See 
ANTISTROPHE.]  In  rhet.  a  figure  which  re- 
peats a  word  often.  Milton. 

Antistrumatic,  Antistrumous  (an'ti- 
stro-mat"ik,  an  -  ti  -  stro '  mns  ),  a.  [Or. 
anti,  against,  and  L.  gtrunia,  a  scrofulous 
swelling.  See  STRUMA.  ]  Good  against 
scrofulous  disorders. 

AntisyphilitiC  (an-ti-sif'il-lt"ik),  a.  [Gr. 
anti,  and  E.  syphilis  (which  see).]  In  med. 
efficacious  against  syphilis,  or  the  venereal 
poison. 

Antithelsm  (an-ti-the'izm),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  E.  theism.  ]  Opposition  to 
theism. 

Antitheist  (an-ti-the'ist),  n.  An  opponent 
of  theism. 

Antithenar  (an-tith'e-nar),  n.  [Gr.  anti, 
against,  and  thenar,  the  palm  of  the  hand.  ] 
In  a«a(.  a  muscle  which  extends  the  thumb, 
or  opposes  it  to  the  hand;  also,  the  adductor 
muscle  of  the  great  toe. 

Antithesis  (an-tith'e-sis),  n.  pi.  Antitheses 
(an-tith'e-sez).  [Gr.  antithesis-  anti,  against, 
and  thesis,  a  setting,  from  tithemi,  to  place.] 
1.  Opposition;  contrast. 

The  opposition  of  ideas  and  sensations  is  exhibited 
to  us  in  the  antithesis  of  theory  and  fact. 

H.  Spencer. 

Specifically— 2.  In  rhet.  a  figure  by  which 
contraries  are  opposed  to  contraries;  a  con- 
trast or  opposition  of  words  or  sentiments ; 
as. '  When  our  vices  leave  us,  we  flatter  our- 
selves we  leave  them.'  'The  prodigal  rob» 
his  heir,  the  miser  robs  himsetf.'  '  Excess  of 
ceremony  shows  want  of  breeding. '  '  Liberty 
with  laws,  and  government  without  oppres- 
sion.' 

I  see  a  chief  who  leads  tny  chosen  sons, 

All  armed  with  points,  antitheses,  and  puns.    /V/f. 

Antithetic,  Antithetical  (an-ti-thet'ik,  an- 
ti-thet'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  antithesis; 
containing  or  abounding  with  antithesis; 
characterized  by,  or  prone  to  the  use  of, 
antithesis.  'The  sentences  are  too  short 
and  antithetic.'  Drake. 

Tacitus,  who  is  one  of  the  most  antithetical,  is  ... 
one  of  the  least  periodic  of  all  the  Latin  writers. 

<-/*/.  H'hately. 

Antithetically  (an-ti-thet'ik-al-li),  ado.  In 
an  antithetical  manner;  by  means  of  an- 
tithesis. 

Antitragus  (an-tit'ra-gus),  n.  [Gr.—anti. 
opposite  to,  and  tragos,  a  goat.  See  TRACTS  I 
In  anat.  the  process  of  the  external  ear,  op- 
posite to  the  tragus,  and  behind  the  ear- 
passage. 

Antitrinitarian  ( an-ti-trin'i-ta"ri-an ),  n. 
[Gr.  anti,  against,  and  E.  trinitarian.]  One 
who  denies  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  or 
the  existence  of  three  persons  in  the  God- 
head. 

Antitrinitarian  ( an-ti-trin'i-ta"ri-an ),  a. 
Opposing  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity. 

Antitrmitarianism  ( an-ti-trin'i-ta"ri-an- 
izm),  n.  A  denial  of  the  doctrine  of  the 
Trinity. 

Antitropal,  Antitropous  (an-tit'rop-al,  an- 
tit'rop-us),  a.  [Gr.  anti,  opposite,  and  trojtos. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J'.  Sc.  tey. 


ANTITYPE 


ANY 


ii  turning,  from  trcpi'i,  to  turn.]  Ill  but.  same 
as  Orthotropttl. 

Antitype  (an'ti-tip),  n.  [Gr.  antitypon  — 
anti,  opposite  to,  ami  typos,  u  type  or  pat- 
tern.]  That  which  is  correlative  to  a  type ; 
that  of  which  the  type  is  the  pattern  or 
representation;  that  which  is  prefigured  in- 
represented  by  the  type,  and  therefore  stands 
correlative  with  it.  Thus  the  paschal  lamli 
is  the  type  of  which  Christ  is  the  antitype. 
HelMc-lchizedek)  brought  forth  bread  and  wine, 
iniiutim'  the  antitype,  or  the  substance,  Christ  him- 
self, ytr.  Taylor. 

When  once  upon  the  wing  he  soars  to  an  higher 
pitch,  from  the  type  to  the  antitype,  to  the  days  of 
the  Mi-sM.ih  Bf.  Biirnil. 

Autitypical  (an-ti-tip'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  an  antitype;  explaining  the  type. 

Antitypically  Om-ti-tip'ik-al-li),  adv.  By 
way  of  antitype. 

Antltypoust  (au-ti-tip'us),  a.    Antitypical. 

Antivaccinist  (an-ti-vak'sin-ist),  n.  [Or. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  vaccinM.  ]  One  who  ia 
opposed  to  vaccination. 

Antivariolous  (an'ti-va-ri"ol-us),  a.  [Or. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  cariolous.]  Preventing 
the  contusion  of  small-pox. 

Antivenereal  (an'ti-ve-ne"re-al),  a.  [Or. 
anti,  against,  and  E.  venereal.]  Resisting 
or  efficacious  against  the  venereal  poison. 

Antler  (ant'ler),  ».  [Fr.  andouiller,  properly 
the  first  branch  or  brow  antler,  O.  Fr.  endou- 
ilter,  entoillier,  antoillicr;  the  origin  is  ex- 
ceedingly doubtful,  perhaps  G.  ende,  an  end, 
also  an  antler.]  A  start  or  branch  of  the 
horn  of  a  deer,  particularly  of  a  stag;  one  of 
the  horns  of  the  cervine  animals,  as  of  the 
stag  or  moose.  The  first  year  a  stag  has  no 


a,  Brow-antler,      b.  Rex-antler.      f.  Antler-royal. 
ct,  Sur-roya!  or  crown  antler. 

horns,  but  only  frontal  protuberances  or  bos- 
sets;  the  second  year  a  simple  snag  or  stem; 
the  third  a  longer  stem  garnished  with  a 
branch  or  brow-antler;  in  the  fourth,  the  bes-, 
bez-,  or  ban-antler;  in  the  fifth  the  antler- 
royal  is  added;  in  the  sixth  the  crown  orsur- 
royal  diverges  on  the  top  of  the  horn,  forming 
the  cup,  which  consists  of  two  or  three  snags 
or  prongs  curving  upwards,  and  to  these  in 
future  years  others  are  added,  the  total 
number  of  branches  often  amounting  to  ten 
in  a  stag  seven  or  eight  years  old.  In  his 
sixth  year,  and  after,  the  male  deer  is  called 
a  hart,  or  stay  of  ten.  The  stem  of  the  horn 
is  called  the  beam.  The  branches  are  called 
also  tyneft. 

Antlered  (antlerd),  a.  Furnished  with  ant- 
lers. 

Antler-moth  (ant'ler-moth),  n.  A  moth 
found  In  this  country  (Cerapterux  or  Noc- 
tua  yratninix),  the  larvre  of  which  some- 
times destroy  the  herbage  of  whole  mea- 
dows, so  that  their  ravages  are  visible  for 
years  afterwards. 

Antlia  (ant'li-a),  n.  [L.,  from  Or.  antlia,  a 
machine  to  suck  up  water,  a  pump.  ]  The 
spiral  tongue  or  proboscis  of  lepidopterous 
insects  by  which  they  pump  up  the  juices 
of  plants.  It  is  formed  of  the  greatly  elon- 
gated maxiilrc,  forming  a  long  bipartite  suc- 
torial tube,  and  when  coiled  up  represents 
a  flat  spiral,  like  the  spring  of  a  watch. — 
Antlia  pneumatica,  inastron.  the  Air-pump; 
a  constellation  in  the  southern  hemisphere, 
situated  between  Hydra  and  Argo  Navis. 

Ant-lion  (ant'li-un),  n.  The  larva  of  a  neur- 
opterous  insect  (jfynnekonfontticarius')  of 
the  family  Myrmeleonida).  The  larva  has 
attracted  more  notice  than  the  perfect  in- 
sect on  account  of  the  ingenuity  which  it 
displays  in  preparing  a  kind  of  pitfall  for 
the  destruction  of  such  insects  (chiefly  ants) 
as  happen  unwarily  to  enter  it.  It  digs  a 
funnel-shaped  hole  in  the  driest  and  finest 
sand  it  can  find,  working  inside  the  hole  and 


throwing  up  the  particles  of  sand  with  its 
hrsul.  \Vhuii  the  pit  is  deep  enough  and  the 
sides  are  quite  smooth  and  sloping,  the  ant- 


Perfect  insect  {Myrtneleon  formicariMs)  and  larva 
(ant-lion). 

lion  buries  itself  at  the  bottom  with  only 
its  formidable  mandibles  projecting,  and 
waits  for  its  prey.  So  Boon  as  a  victim  falls 
in  it  seizes  it  with  its  mandibles  and  sucks 
its  juices. 

Antonomasia  (an-ton'o-ma"zi-a),  n.  [G  r.  an- 
toiwmaxia—anti,  in  place  of,  instead,  and 
onomazo,  to  name,  from  onoma,  a  name.] 
In  rhet.  the  use  of  the  name  of  some  office, 
dignity,  profession,  science,  or  trade  instead 
of  the  true  name  of  the  person,  as  when  hit 
majesty  is  used  for  a  king,  A  is  lordship  for  a 
nobleman;  or  when,  instead  of  Aristotle,  we 
say,  the  philosopher;  or,  conversely,  the  use 
of  a  proper  noun  instead  of  a  common  noun ; 
as,  a  Cato  for  a  man  of  severe  gravity,  a 
Solomon  for  a  wise  man,  or  a  Napoleon  for 
a  man  of  unbounded  ambition. 

Antonomastic,  Antonomastlcal  (an-ton'- 
o-mas"tik,  an-ton'o-mas"tik-al),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  rhetorical  figure  antono- 
masia. 

Antonomastically  (an-ton'o-mas"tik-al-Ii), 
ado.  By  means  or  in  the  manner  of  the 
figure  antonomasia. 

Antonomasy  (an-ton'o-ma-zi),  n.  Same  as 
A  ntunonnixui. 

Antorbital  (ant-or'bit-al),  a.  [L.  ante,  be- 
fore, and  orbitui,  an  orbit.  ]  Anterior  to  the 
orbit. 

Aiitqsianclrian  (an-tos'i-an"dri-an),  n.  [Gr. 
anti,  against,  and  Osiander.]  One  of  a  sect 
of  rigid  Lutherans,  so  named  from  their  op- 
posing the  doctrines  of  Osiander.  This  sect 
deny  that  man  is  made  just,  but  affirm  that 
he  is  only  imputatively  just,  that  is,  pro- 
nounced so. 

Antret  (an'ter),  n.  [Fr.  antre,  L.  antntm,  a 
cave.]  A  cavern;  a  cave.  '  Anties  vast,  and 
deserts  idle.'  Shak. 

Antrorse  (an-trors'),  a.  [As  if  from  a  L.  an- 
trorsus,foranteroversus—lTom  ante,  before, 
and  uerto,  vermin,  to  turn.  ]  In  bat.  forward 
or  upward  in  direction. 

Ant-thrush  (ant'thrush),  n.  The  common 
name  of  the  birds  of  the  genus  Pitta,  belong- 
ing to  the  dentirostral  section  of  the  order 
Insessores,  and  allied  to  the  Turdidre  or 
thrush  family.  The  great  ant -thrush  (/'. 
yiyas),  which  attains  a  length  of  9  inches, 
inhabits  Surinam.  The  body  is  of  a  light 
blue,  the  quills  of  the  wings  being  black 
tipped  with  light 
blue,  the  head 
and  neck  black, 
and  the  under 
parts  brownish- 
gray.  The  legs 
are  long  and  the 
body  short.  The 
short- tailed  ant- 
thrush  (/'.  ben- 
galensis)  is  com- 
mon in  Bengal, 
and  is  coloured 
of  a  soft  brown 
hue,  marked 
on  the  top  of 
the  head  with 
three  longitu- 
dinal bands. 

Anubis  ( an  -  u'- 
bis),  n.  [L.  ami- 
bis,  Egypt,  ane- 
po.]  An  Egyp- 
tian deity,  the 
conductor  of  de- 
parted spirits 
from  this  world 
to  the  next,  re- 
presented by  a 


Anubis,  from  an  Egyptian 
painting. 


human  figure  with  the  head  of  a  jackal,  and 
sometimes  under  the  form  of  a  jackal.    He 


presided  over  tombs,  and  in  the  lower  world 
he  weighed  the  actions  of  the  deceased  prc 
vious  to  their  admission  to  the  presence  of 
Osiris. 

Anura  (a-nu'ra),  n.vl.  [Or.  an,  priv.,  ami 
oura,  atail.]  An  order  of  batrachians  which 
lose  the  tail  when  they  reach  maturity,  as 
the  toad  and  frog. 

Anuran  (a-uu'raii),  n.    One  of  the  Anura. 

Anurous  (a-nu'rns),  o.  Destitute  of  a  tail, 
as  the  frog;  of  or  pertaining  to  the  Anura. 

Anus  (a'nus),  n.  [L.]  In  anat.  the  circular 
opening  at  the  lower  extremity  of  the  ali- 
mentary canal,  through  which  the  excre- 
ments are  expelled. 

Anvil  (an'vil).  n.  [O.E.  anvilt,  anvild.  A.  Sax. 
anjilt,  an  anvil  ;  1).  aanbeld,  ambeld,  Dan. 
ambolt,  L.O.  anebolt,  ambult,  O.H.O.  ana- 
falz.  The  A.  Sax.  and  O.H.G.  point  pretty 
clearly  to  an,  on,  and  A.  Sax.  fealdan,  G. 
fallen,  fallen,  to  fold.  Comp.  G.  ambom, 
O.H.G.  anapoz,  an  anvil,  from  an,  and  pozan, 
to  beat,  and  L.  incus,  an  anvil,  from  in,  and 
eudere,  to  strike.  ]  1.  An  iron  block  with  a 
smooth,  usually  steel,  face  on  which  metals 
are  hammered 
Rlid  shaped.  — 


2.  Fig.  anything 
on  whi 


Anvil. 


. 

ich  blows 
are  laid.  'The 
anvil  of  my 
sword.'  Shak.— 
To  be  on  the 
anvil,  to  be  in 
a  state  of  dis- 
cussion, forma- 
tion, or  prepara- 
tion, as  when  a 
scheme  or  mea- 
sure is  forming 
but  not  matured. 

Several  members  of  our  house,  knowing  what  icai 
on  the  anvil,  went  to  the  clergy  and  desired  their 
judgment.  Swift. 

Anvil  (an'vil),  r.  (.  To  form  or  shape  on  an 
anvil.  '  Armor,  anvilled  in  the  shop  of  pas- 
sive fortitude.'  Beau.  .1-  Fl. 

Anxietude  (ang-zi'e-tud),  n.  Anxiety. 
[Rare.] 

Anxiety  (ang-zi'e-ti),  n.  [L.  anxietas,  from 
anxius,  solicitous,  from  ango,  to  vex.  See 
ANQEK.  ]  1.  Concern  or  solicitude  respect- 
ing some  event,  future  or  uncertain,  which 
disturbs  the  mind  and  keeps  it  in  a  state  of 
painful  uneasiness. 

To  be  happy  is  not  only  to  be  freed  from  the  pains 
and  diseases  of  the  body,  but  from  anxiety  and  vexa- 
tion of  spirit.  Tillotsoii. 

2.  In  med.  a  state  of  restlessness  and  agita- 
tion, with  general  indisposition,  and  a  dis- 
tressing sense  of  oppression  at  the  epigas- 
trium.— Care,  Solicitude,  Concern,  Anxiety. 
See  under  CARE.  —  SYN.  Solicitude,  care, 
foreboding,  uneasiness,  perplexity,  disquie- 
tude, disquiet,  watchfulness,  restlessness. 
Anxious  (angk'shus),  a.  [See  ANXIETY.] 

1.  Full  of  anxiety  or  solicitude;  greatly  con- 
cerned or  solicitous,  especially  respecting 
something  future  or  unknown  ;  being    in 
painful  suspense:   applied  to  persons;  as. 
anxious  to  please;  anxious  for  the  issue  of 
a  battle.     'Anxious,  and  trembling  for  the 
birth  of  fate.  '    Pope.  —2.  Attended  with  or 
proceeding  from  solicitude  or  uneasiness  : 
applied  to  things  ;  as,  anxious  forebodings 
or  labour. 

His  pensive  cheek  upon  his  hand  reclin'd, 
And  anxious  thoughts  revolving  in  his  mind. 

Dryden. 

Anxiota  is  followed  by  for  or  about  before 

the  object  of  solicitude.  —  SYN.  Solicitous, 

careful,  uneasy,  unquiet,  restless,  concerned, 

disturbed,  watchful. 
Anxiously  (angk'shus-li),  adv.    In  an  anx- 

ious manner;  solicitously  ;  with  painful  un- 

certainty; carefully;  unquietly. 
Anxiousness  (angk'shus-nes),  n.    The  state 

orqualityof  being  anxious;  great  solicitude; 

anxiety. 

She  returns  (to  her  cards)  with  no  little  aiixiotis- 
llttt.  Stttle. 

Any  (cn'ni),  o.  (A.  Sax.  trnig,  from  an,  one, 
and  term,  ig,  y;  O.E.  ami,  cei  ;  the  Sc.  ony 
shows  the  connection  with  one  better.  In 
A.  Sax.  there  was  the  parallel  formation 
nceniff,  none.  Comp.  G.  emig,  D.  eenig,  any  — 
compounded  of  ein,  een,  one,  and  the  ter- 
mination t<7  =  L.  ic,  Or.  ik,  as  in  »nt«ici<», 
mousikos.  ]  1.  One  out  of  many  indefinitely. 

Neither  knoweth  any  man  the  Father,  save  the 
Son.  Mat.  xi.  rj. 

2.  Some;  an  indefinite  number  or  quantity; 
as,  are  there  any  witnesses  present? 

Who  will  show  us  any  good?  Ps.  iv.  6. 


ch,  cfcain;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,;'ob;      6,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH.  then;  th.  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KKY. 


ANY 


124 


APE 


It  is  often  used  as  a  pronoun,  the  person  or 
thing  being  understood. 

And  when  ye  stand  praying  forgive,  if  ye  have 
aught  against  any.  Mark  xi.  25. 

If  any  of  you  lack  wisdom,  let  him  ask  of  God,  .  .  . 
and  it  shall  be  given  him.  Jam.  i.  5. 

Any  (eu'ni),  adv.  In  any  degree;  to  any  ex- 
tent; somewhat;  at  all;  as,  is  he  any 
better? 

Anyhow  (en'ni-hou),  adv.  In  any  manner ; 
at  any  rate;  in  any  event;  on  any  account. 

They  form  an  endless  throng  of  laws,  connecting 
every  one  substance  in  creation  with  every  other, 
and  different  from  each  pair  anyhow  taken. 

Wktwil, 

Any-time  (en'ni-tlm),  adv.  1.  At  any  period; 
as,  the  soldiers  are  liable  to  be  called  out 
anytime.— 2.  Frequently;  repeatedly. 

He  has  been  at  me  for  a  bit  of  my  master's  flock 
any-time  these  three  weeks.  Rich.  Brotne. 

Anywhere  (en'ni-whar),  adv.    In  any  place. 

Anywhither  (en'ni-whiTH-er),  adv.  To  any 
place.  'Inveigle  .  .  .  men  any  whither.' 
Barrow. 

Anywise  (en'ni-wlz),  adv.  [Any,  and  wise- 
guise.  See  WISE,  n.]  In  any  way.  'Any- 
wise a  good  relation.'  Barrow. 

Aonian  (a-6'ni-an),  a.  [From  Aonia,  a  part 
of  Boaotia,  in  Greece.]  Pertaining  to  Aonia, 
in  Bujotia.  or  to  the  Muses,  who  were  sup- 
posed to  dwell  there;  hence,  pertaining  to 
the  Muses;  poetical. 

The  Aonian  hive 
Who  praised  are  and  starve  right  merrily. 

—Aonian  fount,  the  fountain  Aganippe,  at 
the  foot  of  Mount  Helicon— the  Aonian 
Mount — sacred  to  the  Muses. 

Aorist  (a'or-ist), n.  [Gr.  aoristos,  indefinite— 
a,  priv.,  and  haros,  limit.]  In  gram,  a  tense 
in  the  Greek  verb  which  expresses  an  ac- 
tion as  completed  in  past  time,  but  leaves 
it,  in  other  respects,  wholly  indefinite.  The 
difference  between  the  first  and  second 
aorist  is  merely  in  form,  not  in  meaning. 

Aorist  (a'or-ist),  a.  Indefinite  with  respect 
to  past  time. 

AoriatiC,  Aoristical  (a-or-ist'ik,  a-or-ist'ik- 
al),  a.  Pertaining  to  an  aorist  or  indefinite 
tense;  indefinite.  Harris. 

Aorta  (a-or'taj,  n.  [Gr.  aorte,  the  great  ar- 
tery, from  aeiro,  to  lift,  to  heave.]  In  anat. 
the  great  artery  or  trunk  of  the  arterial  sys- 
tem, proceeding  from  the  left  ventricle  of  the 
heart,  and  giving  origin  to  all  the  arteries 
except  the  pulmonary.  It  first  rises  towards 
the  top  of  the  breast-bone,  when  it  is  called 
the  ascending  aorta:  then  makes  a  great 
curve,  called  the  transverse  or  great  arch 
of  the  aorta,  whence  it  gives  off  branches 
to  the  head  and  upper  extremities ;  thence 
proceeding  towards  the  lower  extremities, 
under  the  name  of  the  descending  aorta,  it 
gives  off  branches  to  the  trunk;  and  finally 
divides  into  the  two  iliacs  which  supply  the 
pelvis  and  lower  extremities.  See  HEART. 

Aortal,  Aortic  (a-or'tal,  a-or'tik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  aorta. — Aortic  compressor,  in 
surg.  an  instrument  for  compressing  the 
aorta  to  limit  the  flow  of  blood  from  thence 
to  the  divided  femoral  artery  in  cases  of 
amputation  at  the  hip-joint. — Aortic  valves, 
three  semi-lunar  valves  at  the  origin  of  the 
aorta,  to  prevent  the  blood  getting  back 
into  the  heart. 

Aortitis  (a-ort-i'tis),  n.  In  mtd.  inflamma- 
tion of  the  aorta. 

Aoudad  (a-o'dad).  n.  [The  Moorish  name.] 
The  Ammotragus  tragelaphus,  or  bearded 
argali,  a  bovine  quadruped,  allied  to  the 
sheep,  most  closely  to  the  mouflon,  from 
which,  however,  it  may  be  easily  distin- 


Aoudad  (Ammotrag, 


igtlafhus). 


guished  by  the  heavy  mane  commencing 
at  the  throat  and  falling  as  far  as  the  knees. 
It  is  a  native  of  North  Africa,  inhabiting 
the  loftiest  and  most  inaccessible  precipices, 
being  remarkably  active.  It  is  about  3  feet 


in  height,  and  the  horns  are  about  2  feet 
long.  The  fore-legs  are  encircled  by  a  quan- 
tity of  long  hair  resembling  ruffles,  whence 
its  French  name  JMouJlon  d  inanchettes. 
Apace  (a-pas'),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  and  pace.] 
1.  With  a  quick  pace ;  quick;  fast;  speedily; 
with  haste;  hastily.  '  Gallop  apace,  ye  fiery- 
footed  steeds. '  Shale.  '  Great  weeds  do  grow 
apace.'  Shak.— 2.  Without  stopping;  gra- 
dually and  continuously;  as,  night  draws 
on  apace. 

A  wide  diffusion  and  visible  triumph  of  the  gospel 
draw  on  apace.  Is.  Taylor. 

ApagOge  (ap'a-go-je),  n.  [Gr,  from  apago, 
to  draw  aside— rtpo,  from,  and  ago,  to  drive.  ] 

1.  In  logic,  (a)  abduction  (which  see).     (6)  A 
kind  of  argument  by  which  the  truth  of  a 
thing  is  made  to  appear  by  showing  the  im- 
possibility or  absurdity  of  the  contrary. — 

2.  In  math,  a  progress  or  passage  from  one 
proposition  to  another,  when  the  first,  hav- 
ing   been  demonstrated,  is   employed   in 
proving  others. 

Apagogical  (ap-a-goj'ik-al).  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  apagoge;  proving  indirectly,  by  show- 
ing the  absurdity  or  impossibility  of  the 
contrary;  as,  an  apagogical  demonstration. 

Apagynous  (a-paj'in-us),  a.  [Gr.  hapax, 
once,  and  gyne,  a  female.]  In  hot.  a  term 
applied  to  a  plant  that  fructifies  but  once, 
perishing  thereafter;  monocarpous,  as  an- 
nuals, or  such  plants  as  the  American  aloe. 

Apalachian  (ap-a-Ia'ki-an),  a.  Same  as  Ap- 
palachian. 

Apanage  (ap'an-aj),  n.    Same  as  Appanage. 

Apantfiropy  (ap-an'thro-pi),  n.  [Gr.  apan- 
mropia  —  apo,  from,  and  anthrdpos,  man.] 
An  aversion  to  the  company  of  men;  a  love 
of  solitude. 

Apara  (ap'a-ra),  n.  A  species  of  armadillo 
(Davy pus  tricitictus),  found  in  Brazil  and 
Paraguay.  It  lias  the  power  of  rolling  it- 
self into  a  complete  ball. 

Aparithmesis  (ap-a-rith'me-sis),  n.  [Gr., 
from  aparithmeo,  to  count  off  or  over— apo, 
from,  arithmoK,  a  number.]  In  rhet.  enume- 
ration of  parts  or  particulars. 

Apart  (a-parf),  adv.  [Fr.  d  part,  aside, 
separate.  See  APARTMENT.]  1.  Separately, 
in  regard  to  space  or  company;  in  a  state  of 
separation,  as  to  place. 

Jesus  departed  thence  into  a  desert  place  apart. 
Mat.  xiv.  13. 

2.  In  a  state  of  separation,  exclusion,  or  of 
distinction,  as  to  purpose,  use,  or  character. 

The  Lord  halh  set  apart  him  that  is  godly  for  him- 
self. Ps.  iv.  3. 

3.  Separately,  as  a  subject  of  thought;  dis- 
tinctly ;  as,  consider  the  two  propositions 
apart;  apart  from  all  regard  to  his  morals, 
he  is  not  qualified,  in  other  respects,  for  the 
office  he  holds.  — 4.  In  or  to  pieces;  asunder; 
as,  take  the  watch  apart.—  5.  Away;   off. 
'Wherefore  lay  apart  all  filthiness.'    Jam. 
i.  21. 

A  parte  ante,  A  parte  post  (a  par'te  an'te, 
a  par'te  post).  [L.]  Two  expressions  of 
scholastic  philosophy  referring  to  eternity, 
which  man  can  conceive  only  as  consisting 
of  two  parts,  the  one,  a  parte  ante,  without 
limit  in  the  past,  and  the  other,  a  parte 
post,  without  limit  in  the  future. 

Aparthrosis  (ap-ar-thro'sis),  n.  [Gr.  apo, 
from,  and  arthron,  a  joint.]  In  anat.  abar- 
ticulation  (which  see). 

Apartment  (a-part'ment),  n.  [Fr.  apparte- 
ment — a,  from,  and  partir,  to  part,  divide; 
L.  partiri,  to  part,  to  allot,  from  pars, 
partis,  a  part  (which  see).]  1.  A  room  in 
a  building;  a  division  in  a  house  separated 
from  others  by  partitions;  a  place  separated 
by  inclosure.  — 2.  pi.  A  suite,  or  set,  of 
rooms;  lodgings.  [French  usage.] 

Apastron  ( a-pas' tron ),  n.  [Gr.  apo,  from, 
and  astron,  a  star.]  In  astron.  that  part  in 
the  orbit  of  a  double  star  where  it  is  farthest 
from  its  primary. 

Apathetic,  Apathetical  (ap-a-thet'ik,  ap- 
a-thet'ik-al),  a.  Affected  with  apathy;  de- 
void of  feeling;  free  from  passion;  insen- 
sible. 'Apathetick  like  a  statue.'  Harris. 

Apathist  (ap'a-thist),  n.  One  affected  with 
apathy,  or  destitute  of  feeling. 

Apathistical  (ap-a-thist'ik-al),  a.  Apa- 
thetic. [Rare.] 

Fontenelle  was  of  a  good-humoured  and  apathisti~ 
cat  disposition.  Sewartt, 

Apathy  (ap'a-thi),  n.  [L.  apathia,  Gr.  apa- 
theia—n,  priv.,  and  pathos,  suffering,  from 
pathein,  to  suffer.]  Want  uf  feeling ;  priva- 
tion of  passion,  emotion,  or  excitement; 
insensibility;  indifference. 

As  the  passions  are  the  springs  of  most  of  our 


actions,  a  state  of  apathy  has  come  to  signify  a  sort 
of  moral  inertia  —  the  absence  of  all  activity  or 
energy.  Fleming. 

In  the  first  ages  of  the  church  the  Christians 
adopted  the  term  to  express  a  contempt  of 
earthly  concerns.  —  SYN.  Insensibility,  un- 
feelingness,  indifference,  unconcern. 
Apatite  (ap'a-tit),  n.  [From  Gr.  apatao, 
to  deceive,  it  having  been  often  mistaken 
for  other  minerals.]  Native  phosphate  of 
lime,  generally  crystallized  in  low,  flat, 
hexahedral  prisms,  sometimes  even  tabular. 
Its  powder  phosphoresces  on  burning  coals. 
Apatite  occurs  in  metalliferous  veins  in 
metamorphic  and  granitic  rocks.  Compo- 
sition, 5575  lime  and  44'25  phosphorus. 
Apatura  (ap-a-tu'ra),  n.  A  genus  of  diurnal 
Lepidoptera,  containing  many  beautiful 
exotic  species  of  butterflies,  most  of  which 
are  remarkable  for  their 
iridescent  colours.  There 
is  one  British  species,  the 
Apaturairijt  (the  purple 
emperor),  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  the  butterfly 
tribe.  It  is  found  in  the 
south  and  west  of  Eng- 
land. 

Apaume  (a-pa'ma),  n. 
In  her.  a  term  ap- 


Apaume\ 


[Fr] 

plied  to  a  hand  open  and 
extended,  so  as  to  show  the  palm. 
Apay.t  Appayt  (a-paO,  v.t.  [O.Fr.  apaier, 
to  appease,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  pacare,  to 
pacify,  from  pax,  pads,  peace.]  To  pay;  to 
satisfy;  to  content. 

Thou  art  well  aj>pay'd,  Shak. 

Ape  (ap),  n.  [A.  Sax.  apa;  the  word  is  widely 
spread;  comp.  Icel.  api,  D.  aap,  Dan  abe,  G. 
affe,  O.H.G.  a/o,  Ir.  and  Gael  apa,  W.  fpa, 
O.  Bohem.  op,  Mod.  Boh  em.  opec,  an  ape;  an 
initial  guttural  has  been  lost  in  all  these 
words  seen  in  Gr.  kfpos,  Skr.  kapi,  an 
ape.  ]  1.  One  of  a  family  (Simiada?)  of  quad- 
rumanous  animals  found  in  the  torrid  zone 
of  both  continents,  including  a  great  variety 
of  species.  The  word  ape,  as  well  as  the 
terms  monkey  and  baboon,  were  formerly 
applied  indiscriminately  to  all  quadrumaii- 
ous  mammals;  but  it  is  now  limited  to  such  aa 
have  the  teeth  of  the  same  number  and  form 
as  in  man,  and  which  possess  neither  tails 
nor  cheek-pouches.  The  family  includes  the 
chimpanzee,  gibbon,  gorilla,  orang-outang, 
Barhary  ape,  <tc.,  and  has  been  divided  into 
three  genera,  Troglodytes,  Simia,  and  Hylo- 
bates.  The  feet  are  formed  like  hands,  with 
four  fingers  and  a  thumb,  and  flat  nails. 


Long-armed  Ape  (Hytobates  Catnboja). 

Theirarms  vary  in  length,  reaching  below  the 
knee  in  tlie  chimpanzee  and  nearly  reaching 
the  ground  in  the  gibbon,  when  the  animal 
stands  erect.  Apes  are  generally  fierce  and 
untractable ;  some,  however,  are  grave  and 
gentle.  They  inhabit  the  forests,  and  live 
on  fruits,  leaves,  and  insects.  Some  species 
reach  the  height  of  7  feet,  but  generally 
they  are  from  4  to  5  feet  high.— 2.  One  who 
imitates  servilely,  in  allusion  to  the  imita- 
tive habit  of  the  ape;  a  silly  fellow:  a  term 
of  contempt.  'Mylady'sajw.'  Xabbcs.—  3  An 
impertinent,  mischievous  person  ;  an  imp : 
a  term  of  reproach.  'Boys,  apes,  braggarts.' 
Shak. — 4.  Sometimes  used  as  a  term  of  en- 
dearment. '  Poor  ape,  how  thou  sweatest ! ' 
Shak,  — 5.  t  An  imitator,  in  any  sense;  some- 
thing that  resembles.  '  O  sleep,  thou  ape  of 
death.'  Shak.— To  lead  apes  in  hell,  the 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


APE 


125 


APHORISM 


employment  jocularly  assigned  to  old  maids 
in  the  next  world. 

I  must  dance  barefoot  on  your  wedding-day, 
And  for  your  love  to  her  lead  apes  in  hell. 

S/iak. 

Ape  (iip),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  aped;  ppr.  mptog. 

To  imitate  servilely ;   to  mimie,  as  an  apt- 

imitates  huinan  actions;  as,  weak  persons 

are  always  prone  to  ape  their  betters. 

Curse  on  the  stripling  !     How  he  apes  his  sire  1 

Ambitiously  sententious.  Addison, 

Apeak  (a-pek').  ado.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and  peak, 
a  point  See  PEAK.}  1.  On  the  point;  in 
a  posture  to  pierce.  Johnson. — 2.  Naut. 
perpendicular.  The  anchor  is  apeak  when 
the  cable  is  drawn  so  tight  as  to  bring  the 
ship  dirt'ctly  over  it,  and  the  ship  is  then 
said  to  be  hove  apeak.  A  yard  or  gatf  is 
said  to  be  apeak  when  it  hangs  obliquely  to 
the  mast.  Spelled  also  A  peek. 

Ape-bearer  (ap'bar-er),  n.  A  strolling  buf- 
foon who  bore  an  ape  on  hia  shoulder. 

I  know  tins  man  well;  he  hath  been  since  an  ape- 
bearer.  SAaJb, 

Ape-carrier  (ap'kar-ri-er),  n.  Same  as  Ape- 
bearer. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  earth  so  pitiful;  no,  not  an 
ape-carrier.  Sir  T.  Overtmry. 

Apeek  (a-pek'),  adv.     Same  as  Apeak. 

Apeire,t  v.t.  ort.  [See  APPAIR.]  To  impair; 
to  detract  from ;  to  be  impaired ;  to  go  to 
ruin.  Chaucer. 

Apellous  (a-pel'lus),  a.  [Gr.  a,  without,  and 
L.  pcllin,  a  skin.  ]  Destitute  of  skin. 

Apennine  (ap'en-nin),  a.  [L.  Apenninuv,  an 
adjective  form  from  the  Gym.  pen,  Armor. 
penn,  W.  pen,  a  head,  a  height.]  Pertaining 
to  or  designating  a  chain  of  mountains 
which  extend  from  the  plains  of  Piedmont, 
round  the  Gulf  of  Genoa  to  the  centre  of 
Italy,  and  thence  south-east  to  the  extrem- 
ity. 

Apepsia,  Apepsy  (a-pep'si-a,  a-pep'si),  n. 
[Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  pepto,  to  digest.  ]  Defec- 
tive digestion;  indigestion;  dyspepsia. 

Aper  (ap'er),  n.    One  who  apes. 

Apercu  (a-per-sii),  n.  [Fr]  A  survey  or 
sketch;  an  outline;  a  rough  estimate. 

Aperient  (a-pe'ri-ent),  a.  [L.  aperiens, 
aperientix,  part,  of  aperio,  to  open.]  In  med. 
gently  purgative;  having  the  quality  of  open- 
ing; deobstruent;  laxative. 

Aperient  (a-pe'ri-ent),  n.  A  medicine  which 
gently  opens  the  bowels;  a  laxative. 

Aperitive  (a-per'it-iv),  a.  [Fr.  aperitif,  from 
L.  aperio,  to  open.]  Same  as  Aperient. 

Apertt  (a-perf),  a.  [L.  apertus,  pp.  of  aperio, 
to  open.]  Open;  evident;  undisguised. 
'Apert  confessions.'  Fotherby. 

The  proceedings  may  be  apert,  and  ingenuous, 
and  candid,  and  avowable.  '  Donne. 

Apertion  (a-per'shon),  n.  [L.  apertio,  from 
aperio,  to  open.]  1.  The  act  of  opening; 
the  state  of  being  opened.  '  Either  by 
ruption  or  apertion.'  Wiseman.  [Rare.] — 
2.  Au  opening ;  a  gap ;  an  aperture ;  a  pass- 
age. '  Apertions,  under  which  term  I  do 
comprehend  doors,  windows,  staircases— in 
short,  all  inleta  or  outlets.'  Sir  If.  Wotton. 

Apertly  (a-pert'li),  adv.    Openly. 

In  all  their  discourses  of  him  (Richard  III.)  they 
never  directly  nor  indirectly,  covertly  or  afertly,  in- 
sinuate this  deformity.  Sir  G.  Buck. 

Apertness  (a-pert'nes),  n.  Openness. 
[Rare.] 

Apertor  (a-pert'or),  ».  [L.,  from  aperio,  to 
open.  ]  In  anat.  a  muscle  that  raises  the 
upper  eyelid. 

Aperture  ( ap'er- tur ),  n.  [L.  apertura,  from 
aperio,  to  open.]  l.t  The  act  of  opening. — 
2.  An  opening ;  a  gap,  cleft,  or  chasm ;  a 
passage  perforated;  a  hole  through  any  solid 
substance.  'An  aperture  between  the  moun- 
tains.' Gilpin. — 3.  In  geom.  the  space  be- 
tween two  right  lines,  forming  an  angle.— 
4.  In  optics,  the  diameter  of  the  exposed 
part  of  the  object-glass  of  a  telescope  or 
other  optical  instrument.  The  aperture  of 
microscopes  is  often  expressed  in  degrees, 
called  also  the  angular  aperture,  which  sig- 
nifies the  angular  breadth  of  the  pencil  of 
light  which  the  instrument  transmits  from 
the  object  or  point  viewed;  as,  amicroscope 
of  100°  aperture.  Goodrich.— SYN.  Opening, 
hole,  orifice,  perforation,  passage,  gap,  cleft. 

Apery  (ap'er-i),  /*.  1.  A  collection  of  apes ; 
a  place  where  apes  are  kept.  —2.  The  quali- 
ties or  tricks  of  apes;  the  practice  of  aping. 
[Rare.] 

It  (travel)  makes  .1  wise  man  better  and  a  fool 
worse.  This  gains  nothing  but  the  gay  sights,  vices, 
exotic  gestures,  and  the  apery  of  a  country. 

Feltham. 

Apetalse  (a-pet'al-e),  n.  pi.  [See  APETALOUS.  ] 


Plants  destitute  of  petals.  In  the  natural 
system  of  botany,  a  division  of  dicotyledo- 
nous plants  in  which  the  corolla,  and  often 
the  calyx  as  well,  are  absent.  They  are 
called  also  Incomplete?,  and  are  divided 
into  the  Monochlamydeic,  in  which  the 
corolla  alone  is  absent,  as  in  the  elm,  nettle, 
&c.,  and  the  Aehlamydeic,  in  which  calyx 
and  corolla  are  both  absent,  as  in  the  wil- 
lows, oaks,  <fec. 

Apetalous  (a- pe  fill -us),  a.  [Gr.  a,  neg.,and 
petalon,  a  flower  leaf  or  petal.  ]  In  bot.  hav- 
ing no  petals  or  corolla;  pertaining  to  the 
Apetaloj. 

Apetalousness  (a-pet'al-us-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  apetalous. 

Apex  (fi'peks),  n.  pi  Apices,  Apexes  (a'pi- 
sez,  a'peks-ez).  [L.  apex,  pi.  apices.]  The 
tip,  point,  or  summit  of  anything,  (a)  In 
bot.  the  end  farthest  from  the  point  of  at- 
tachment, or  base  of  an  organ.  (6)  In  geom. 
the  angular  point  of  a  cone  or  conic  section; 
the  angular  point  of  a  triangle  opposite  the 
base. 

Aphseresis  (a-fe're-sis),  n.  [Gr.  aphairesig, 
a  taking  away — apo,  from,  and  haired,  to 
take.]  1.  In  (/ram.  the  taking  of  a  letter  or 
syllable  from  the  beginning  of  a  word ;  as, 
'mid  for  amid. — 2.  In  med.  the  removal  of 
any  tiling  noxious.  — 3.  In  aurg.  amputation. 
Written  also  Apherenis. 

Aphanesite  (a-fan'e-sit),  n.  [See  APHANIS- 
TIC,  AFHANITE.]  A  mineral,  an  arseniate  of 
copper,  so  named  from  the  difficulty  of  re- 
cognizing it  by  its  crystals. 

Aphaniptera  (af-an-ip'ter-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
apkanex,  indistinct — a,  priv.,  phaino,  to  ap- 
pear, and  pteron,  a  wing.]  An  order  of  ap- 
terous, haustellate  insects,  coextensive  with 
the  family  Pulicida;,  having  indistinct  rudi- 
mentary wings.  It  is  composed  of  the  dif- 
ferent species  of  fleas. 

Aphanipterous  (af-an-ip'ter-us),  a.  Desti- 
tute of  conspicuous  wings ;  pertaining  to 
the  Aphaniptera. 

Aphailistic  (af-an-is'tik),  a.  [Gr.  aphanes.] 
In  mineral,  indistinct. 

Aphanite  (af'an-it),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
phaino,  to  appear.]  Compact  amphibole,  a 
mineral  consisting  of  hornblende,  quartz, 
and  felspar  so  intimately  intermixed  as  to 
be  individually  undistinguishable,  whence 
the  name. 

Aphelion  (a-fe'li-on),  n.  pi.  Aphelia  (a-fe'- 
li-a).  [Gr.  apo,  from,  and  helios,  the  sun.] 
That  point  of  a  planet's  or  comet's  orbit 
which  is  most  distant  from  the  sun:  opposed 
to  perihelion. 

Aphellan  (a-fel'lan),  ?i.  The  name  of  a 
bright  star  in  the  constellation  Gemini. 

Apheresis  (a-fe're-sis),  n.  Same  as  Aphce- 
resis. 

Aphides,  Aphidaa  (af'i-dez,  af'i-de),  n.  pi. 
Plant-lice;  a  family  of  homopterous  insects, 
having  for  its  type  the  genus  Aphis.  They 
are  all  injurious  to  vegetation,  living  on  the 
juices  of  plants,  which  they  suck  with  their 
beaks.  Almost  every  species  of  plants  sup- 
ports a  different  variety  of  these  insects, 
which  reside  on  it  in  immense  numbers. 
They  produce  gall  excrescences  on  leaves. 
See  APHIS. 

Aphidian  (a-fid'i-an),  «.  An  insect  of  the 
family  Aphides. 

Aphidian  (a-fld'i-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Aphis  or  Aphides. 

Aphidivorous  ( af-i-div'6-rus ),  a.  [Aphis, 
aphid  in,  an  aphis,  and  L.  vo-ro,  to  eat.J  Eat- 
ing, devouring,  or  subsisting  on  the  aphis  or 
plant-louse. 

Aphilanthropy  (a-ftl-an'thro-pi),  n.  [Gr.  a, 
neg. ,  and  phuanthrdpia—philed,  to  love,  and 
anthropoK,  man.]  1.  Want  of  love  to  man- 
kind; want  of  benevolence.—  2.  In  med.  the 
first  stage  of  melancholy,  when  solitude  is 
preferred  to  society. 

Aphis  (a'fls),  n.  pi.  Aphides  (af'i-dez).     [A 
term  of  modern  origin,  perhaps  derived  from 
Gr.  aphyssd,  to  draw  or  drink  up  liquids.  ]  A 
plant-louse ;  a  puceron  or  vine-fretter ;  one 
of  the  insects  of  the  genus  Aphis,  family 
Aphides.     The  species  are  very  numerous 
and  destructive;  the  A.  rosce  lives  on  the 
rose;  ttieA.fabceon  the  bean;  the  .1  hwnuli 
is  injurious  to  the  hop,  the  A.  lanigera  or  ( 
woolly  aphis  equally  ao  to  apple-trees.    The  j 
aphides  are  furnished  with  an  inflected  beak, 
and  feelers  longer  than  the  thorax.     In  the 
same  species  some  individuals  have  four 
erect  wings,  and  others  are  entirely  without 
wings.   The  feet  are  of  the  ambulatory  kind .  . 
and  the  abdomen  usually  ends  in  two  horn- 
like tubes,  from  which  is  ejected  the  sub-  I 
stance  called  honey-dew.   The  aphides  illus-  , 


trate  parthenogenesis;  hermaphrodite  forms 
produced  from  eggs  produce  viviparous 
wingless  forms,  which  again  produce  others 
like  themselves,  and  thus  multiply  during 


Aphides. 

Wheat  Plant-louse  {Afhis granaria\,— i.  a.  Male. 
enlarged  and  natural  size,  3,  4,  Wingless  Female, 
enlarged  and  natural  size. 

summer,  one  individual  giving  rise  to  mil- 
lions. Winged  sexual  forms  appear  late  in 
autumn,  the  females  of  which,  being  im- 
pregnated by  the  males,  produce  eggs. 

Aphloglstic  (af-lo-jis'tik),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
and  phlogixtos,  inflammable.  ]  Flamelesa ; 
as,  an  aphlogiatic  lamp,  in  which  the  wick, 
usually  of  platinum  wire,  is  kept  constantly 
red  hot  by  the  slow  combustion  of  alcohol, 
heated  by  the  wire  itself. 

Aphnology  (af-nol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  apknos, 
wealth,  and  logon,  a  discourse.  ]  The  science 
of  wealth;  a  treatiseon  the  science  of  wealth; 
plutology. 

The  title  ought  to  have  been  Afhnolony.  Aphtios, 
or  afhenos,  expresses  wealth  in  the  largest  sense  of 
general  abundance  and  well-being. 

Sir  J.  Herschel. 

Aphonia,  Aphony  (a-fo'ni-a,  af'6-ni),  n.  [Gr. 
«,  priv.,  and  phone,  voice.]  A  loss  of  voice; 
dumbness ;  speechlessness. 

Aphonous  (af'o-nus),  a.  [See  APHONIA.] 
Destitute  of  voice. 

Aphorism  (af'or-izm),  n.  [Gr.  aphorismog, 
a  short  pithy  sentence,  from  aphorizo,  to 
mark  out,  to  define— apo,  from,  and  horott, 
a  boundary.]  A  precept  or  principle  ex- 
pressed in  a  few  words;  a  detached  sentence 
containing  some  important  truth;  amaxim; 
as,  the  aphorisms  of  Hippocrates,  or  of  the 
civil  law. 

The  three  commentators  on  Hippocrates  have 
given  the  same  definition  of  an  apnorism,  namely, 
'  a  succinct  saying,  comprehending  a  complete  state- 
ment.* The  first  aphorism  of  Hippocrates  is,  '  Life 
is  short,  but  art  is  long.'  Fleming. 

— Aphorism,  Axiom,  Maxim,  Apophthegm, 
Adage,  Proverb,  Byword,  Saw,  all  concur  in 
expressing  a  short  pregnant  saying,  gene- 
rally in  one  sentence.  Aphorism,  a  truth 
pointedly  set  forth,  relating  rather  to  specu- 
lative principles,  ethics,  or  science  than  to 
practical  matters.  It  is  the  brief  statement 
of  a  doctrine.  '  Moderation  is  the  silken 
string  running  through  the  pearl-chain  of 
all  virtues ; '  '  Maladies  are  cured  by  nature, 
not  by  remedies,'  are  aphorisms.  Axiom,  a 
statement  claiming  to  be  considered  as  a 
self-evident  truth  relating  to  pure  science, 
frequently  assumed  as  a  basis  for  argument 
or  demonstration;  as,  'A  straight  line  is  the 
shortest  distance  between  any  two  points;' 
'  Things  which  are  equal  to  the  same  thing 
are  equal  to  one  another.'  Maxim,  a  truth, 
though  not  so  definite  as  the  axiom,  yet 
equally  acceptable  to  the  mind,  and  refer- 
ring rather  to  practical  than  to  abstract 
truth,  as  to  morals,  policy,  conduct,  and 
the  like.  It  suggests  a  lesson  more  point- 
edly and  directly  than  an  aphorism,  and  is 
the  basis  of  a  rule  for  conduct.  It  differs 
from  a  precept  in  that  the  latter  is  adirect  in- 
junction, whereas  a  maxim  is  the  mere  state- 
ment of  a  truth  from  which  a  precept  may 
be  deduced.  '  Honesty  is  the  best  policy ; ' 
'  The  hand  of  the  diligent  maketh  rich,'  are 
maxim*.  Apophthegm  is  in  common  mat- 
ters what  the  aphorism  is  in  higher.  It  is 
essentially  a  terse  saying  that  makes  on  us 
a  vivid  impression.  Thus,  'God  helps  them 
that  help  themselves;* 

He  that  fights  and  runs  away 
M.iy  fight  again  another  day, 

are  apophthegms.  Adage  and  proverb  are 
habitual  sayings  embodying  the  common 
sense  of  mankind  on  ordinary  subjects. 
The  adage,  however,  refers  generally  to 
a  specific  truth,  and  is  conveyed  directly. 
'Necessity  has  no  law;'  'Adversity  is  the 
best  teacher,'or,  as  the  Greeks  put  it, '  What- 
ever hurts  us  instructs  us,'  are  adages.  The 
proverb  is  usually  allegorical,  conveying  a 


ch,  ch&in;      ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KKV. 


APHORISMATIC 


126 


APOCALYPTIC 


general  truth  in  a  figure  baaed  on  a  specific  i 
instance,  and  is  generally  more  vulgar  than  ' 
the  adage.  '  Burned  bairns  dread  the  fire ; ' 
•  Old  birds  are  not  to  be  caught  with  chaff ; ' 
'Too  many  cooks  spoil  the  broth,'  are  pro- 
verbs. Byword  differs  from  adage  and  pro- 
verb in  that  it  rarely  conveys  any  important 
sentiment,  and  of  later  times  has  assumed 
a  contemptuous  meaning.  A  saw  is  pro- 
perly the  saying  of  a  particular  neighbour - 
hood,  and  is  often  vulgar  and  originating 
in  ignorance  or  superstition. 

Aphorismatic  (af'or-iz-mat"ik),  a.  Same  as 
Aphuristtiic. 

Aphorismer  (af'or-iz-mer),  n.  A  dealer  in 
aphorisms.  'The  tribe  of  aphorisiners.' 
Milton. 

Aphorismic  (af-or-iz'mik),  a.  Relating  to 
or  containing  aphorisms. 

The  style  of  Junius  is  a  sort  of  metre,  the  law  of 
which  is  a  sort  of  balance  of  thesis  and  antithesis. 
When  he  gets  out  of  this  aphorismic  metre  into  a 
sentence  of  five  or  six  lines  long,  nothing  can  exceed 
the  slovenliness  of  the  English.  Coleridge. 

Aphorist  (af'or-ist),  n,  A  writer  of  aphor- 
isms. 

He  took  this  occasion  of  farther  clearing  and  justi- 
fying what  he  had  written  against  the  apltorists. 
R.  Nelson. 

Aphoristic,  Aphorlstical  (af-or-ist'ik,  af- 
or-ist'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resembling 
aphorisms ;  containing  aphorisms ;  in  the 
form  of  an  aphorism ;  in  the  form  of  short 
unconnected  sentences;  as,  an  aphoristic 
style.  ' 

The  method  of  the  book  is  aphoristic.    De  Quincey. 

Aphorfstically  ( af-or-ist'ik-al-li ),  adv.  In 
the  form  or  manure  of  aphorisms. 

These  being  carried  down,  seldom  miss  a  cure,  as 
Hippocrites  aphoristically  tells  us.  Harvey. 

Aphorize  (af'or-iz),  v.  i.  To  make  aphorisms. 
Coleridge. 

Aphrlte  (afrit),  n.  [Or.  aphros,  froth.]  A 
sub-variety  of  carbonate  of  lime  or  calc-spar, 
popularly  known  as/oawi  or  foam-spar,  oc- 
curring in  small  masses,  solid,  or  tender  and 
friable.  It  is  composed  of  lamellae  or  scales, 
of  a  pearly  lustre,  and  is  connected  by  in- 
sensible shades  with  argentine. 

Aphrizlte  (af'riz-it),  n.  [Gr.  aphrizo,  to 
foam,  aphros,  foam,  from  its  appearance.] 
A  variety  of  tourmalin. 

Aphrodisiac,  Aphrodislacal  (af-ro-diz'i- 
ak,  af-ro-diz  i-ak-al ),  a.  [Gr.  aphrodisios, 
aphrodisiakos,  venereal,  from  Aphrodite, 
goddess  of  love  among  the  Greeks.]  Ex- 
citing venereal  desire;  increasing  the  ap- 
petite for  sexual  connection. 

Aphrodisiac  ( af-ro-diz'i-ak ),  n.  Food  or 
medicine  believed  to  be  capable  of  exciting 
sexual  desire. 

Aphrodite  (af-ro-di'te),  n.  [Gr.  Aphrodite, 
the  goddess  of  love,  Venus,  from  aphros,  the 
foam  of  the  sea.]  1.  The  Greek  name  of  the 
goddess  of  love,  called  by  the  Romans  Venus. 
She  is  supposed  to  have  originated  from  the 
foam  of  the  sea. —  2.  A  variety  of  meer- 
schaum. It  is  a  hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia. 
3.  A  beautiful  genus  of  annelidans,  with 
silky  hair  and  bristles.  See  SEA-MOUSE. 

Aphthae  (af'the),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  aphthai.]  In 
med.  small  white  ulcers  upon  the  tongue, 
pums,  inside  of  the  lips,  and  palate,  re- 
sembling particles  of  curdled  milk.  Com- 
monly called  Thrush  or  Milk-thrush. 

Aphthitalite  (af-thit'a-lit),  n.  Prismatoidal 
glauber-salt. 

Aphthong  (af'thong),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priy.,  and 
phthongos,  sound.  ]  A  letter  or  combination 
of  letters  which,  in  the  customary  pronun- 
ciation of  a  word,  have  no  sound.  [Rare.  ] 

Aphthous  (af'thus),  a.  [See  APHTHJB.]  In 
med.  pertaining  to  thrush ;  of  the  nature  of 
thrush  or  ulcerous  affections  of  the  mouth. 

Aphyllse  (a-fllle),  n.  pi.  [See  APHYLLOSE.] 
A  section  of  cryptogamic  plants  without 
true  leaves,  generally  called  Thallogeiis, 
comprising  lichens,  fungi,  and  algae. 

Aphyllose,  Aphyllous  (af'il-os  or  a-fll'6s, 
af'il-us  or  a-ftpus),  a.  [Gr.  a,  neg.,  and  phtjl- 
lon,  L.  folium,  a  leaf.  ]  In  bot.  destitute  of 
leaves:  applied  to  the  group  of  cryptogamic 
plants  called  thallogens,  which  are  without 
true  leaves.  Applied  also  to  flowering  plants 
that  are  destitute  of  leaves,  like  some  eu- 
phorbias. 

Apiacefe  (a-pi-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [L.  apium,  pars- 
ley.] A  term  sometimes  used  to  designate 
the  nat.  order  Umbelliferse  (which  see). 

Apiarian  (a-pi-a'ri-an),  a.  Relating  to  bees. 

Apiarian  (a-pi-a'ri-an),  n.  A  bee-keeper;  an 
apiarist. 
Apiarist  (a'pi-a-rist),  n.    One  who  keeps  an 


apiary ;  one  who  keeps  bee?,  or  studies  the 
nature  of  bees;  a  bee-master. 

Apiary  ( a'pi-a-ri ),  n.  [  L.  apiarium,  from 
apis,  a  bee.]  The  place  where  bees  are  kept; 
a  stand  or  shed  for  bees. 

Apical  (ap'ik-al),  a.  Relating  to  the  apex  or 
top;  belonging  to  the  pointed  end  of  a  cone- 
shaped  body. 

Apices,  Apexes,  pi.  of  apex  (which  see). 

Apician  (a-pi'shan),  a.  [From  Apicius,  a 
celebrated  Roman  gourmand.  ]  Relating  to 
or  resembling  Apicius;  relating  to  cookery 
or  delicate  viands;  peculiarly  refined  or 
dainty  as  regards  cookery. 

Aplcillary  (ap-i-sil'a-ri),  a.  [L.  apex,  apieis, 
apex.]  Situated  at  or  near  the  apex. 

Aplculate,  Aplculated  (a-pik'u-lat,  a-pik'- 
u-lat-ed),  a.  [L.  apex,  apieis,  a  sharp  point.  ] 
In  bot.  tipped  with  a  short  and  abrupt  point: 
applied  to  a  leaf  or  any  other  part  which  is 
suddenly  terminated  by  a  distinct  point 

Apiculture  (ap-i-kul'tur),  n.  The  art  of 
managing  bees  in  hives ;  bee-keeping. 

Apiculus  (a-pik'u-lus),  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  apex. ] 
111  bot.  a  small  point  formed  by  the  projec- 
tion of  the  midrib  beyond  the  leaf. 

Apiece  (a-pea')i  ado.  [Prefix  a,  and  piece.] 
1.  To  each,  as  the  share  of  each ;  as,  here  is 
an  orange  apiece. — 2.  Each  by  itself;  by  the 
individual;  as,  they  cost  a  shilling  apiece. 

Aplecest  (a-pes'ez),  adv.     In  pieces. 

Yield  up  my  sword!    That's  Hebrew; 

I'll  first  be  cut  apieces.  Beau.  &•  Fl. 

Aplin,  Apiine  (a'pi-in),  n.  [L.  apium,  pars- 
ley.] A  gelatinous  substance  from  common 
parsley  by  boiling  with  water. 

Apipcrlnltes  (a'pi-6-kri-m"tez),  n.  [Gr. 
apian,  a  pear,  and  krinon,  a  lily.]  A  sub- 
genus  of  fossil  encrinites,  characterized  by 
their  pear-shaped  receptacles,  and  peculiar 
to  the  chalk  and  oolite  formations;  pear- 
encrinite. 

Apios  (a'pi-os),  n.  [Gr.  apian,  a  pear,  from 
the  shape  of  the  tubers.  ]  A  genus  of  legu- 
minous plants,  containing  three  species. 
They  are  climbing  plants,  producing  edible 
tubers  on  underground  shoots.  An  Ameri- 
can species,  A.  tuberosa,  has  been  used  as  a 
substitute  for  the  potato,  but  its  tubers, 
though  numerous,  are  small. 

Apis  (a'pis), n.  [Egyptian  hapi,  the  hidden.] 
A  bull  to  which  divine  honours  were  paid 
by  the  ancient  Egyptians,  who  regarded  him 
as  a  symbol  of  Osiris.  At  Slemphis  he  had 
a  splendid  residence,  containing  extensive 
walks  and  courts  for  his  amusement.  He 
was  not  suffered  to  live  beyond  twenty-five 
years,  being  secretly  killed  by  the  priests 
and  thrown  into  a  sacred  well.  Another 
bull,  characterized  by  certain  marks,  as  a 
black  colour,  a  triangle  of  white  on  the  fore- 
head, a  white  crescent-shaped  spot  on  the 
right  side,  &c. ,  was  selected  in  his  place. 
His  birthday  was  annually  celebrated,  and 
his  death  was  a  season  of  public  mourning. 

Apis  (a'pis), n.  [L.,abee.]  ALinnaeangenusof 
insects  of  the  order  Hymenoptera;  the  bees. 
The  mouth  has  two  jaws,  and  a  proboscis 
infolded  in  a  double  sheath ;  the  wings  are 
four,  the  two  foremost  covering  the  hinder 
ones  when  at  rest.  The  females  and  work- 
ing bees  have  a  sting.  No  fewer  than  260 
species  are  known  as  natives  of  Britain. 
This  genus  is  now  divided  into  many.  See 
BEE.  —  Apis  Musca,  a  southern  constella- 
tion, consisting  of  four  stars. 

Apis'.,  (ap'ish),  a.  Having  the  qualities  of 
an  ape;  inclined  to  imitate  in  a  servile  man- 
ner; hence,  foolish,  foppish,  affected,  tri- 
fling, insignificant;  as,  an  apish  fellow; 
apish  manners.  '  Nothing  more  serious 
than  the  ni>i*h  gallantry  of  a  fantastic  boy.' 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

Apishly  (ap'ish-li),  adv.  In  an  apish  manner; 
with  servile  imitation;  foppishly. 

Sin  is  so  apishly  crafty,  as  to  hide  itself  under  the 
colours  and  masks  of  goodness  and  honesty. 

yer.  Taylor. 

Apishness  (ap'ish-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  apish;  mimicry;  foppery.  'The  apish- 
ness  of  foreign  manners. '  Warburton. 

Apltpat  (a-pit'pat).  [Another  form  of  pit- 
a-pat, formed  in  imitation  of  the  sound. 
See  PATTER.]  With  quick  beating  or  pal- 
pitation ;  pit-a-pat. 

Welcome,  my  bully,  my  buck ;  agad,  my  heart  is 
gone  apitpat  for  you.  Congreve. 

Apium  (a'pi-um),  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  um- 
belliferous plants,  among  which  is  the  com- 
mon celery  (A.  graveotens). 

Aplacental  (ap-Ia-sen'tal),  a.  [Or.  a,  priv., 
and  E.  placental.  ]  Applied  to  those  mam- 
mals in  which  the  young  are  destitute 
of  a  placenta.  The  aplaceutal  mammals 


comprise  the  Monotremata  and  Marsupialia, 
the  two  lowest  orders  of  iiKimmals,  includ- 
ing the  duck-uiole,  the  porcupine  ant-eater, 
kangaroo,  Ac.  The  young  are  horn  at  a 
much  more  immature  stage  of  fetal  devel- 
opment than  in  the  placental  mammals, 
and  are  so  helpless  that  they  are  unable 
even  to  suck,  and  have,  in  most  cases,  to  be 
fixed  by  the  mother  herself  upon  the  teats, 
whilst  the  milk  is  forced  into  their  mouths 
by  a  muscle  which  is  spread  over  the  mam- 
mary gland. 

Aplanatic  (ap-la-nat'ik),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
and  planao,  to  wander.]  In  optics,  not  ac- 
companied with  aberration ;  corrective  of 
aberration;  specifically  applied  to  reflectors, 
lenses,  and  combinations  of  them,  capable 
of  transmitting  light  without  spherical 
aberration. — Aplanatic  lens,  a  lens  having 
the  proper  figure  and  constructed  of  dif- 
ferent media  to  correct  the  effects  of  the 
unequal  refrangibility  of  the  different  rays. 
— Aplanatic  telescope,  or  inicroncope,  an  in- 
strument having  two  or  more  lenses  so  com- 
bined as  to  correct  the  aberration  of  light. 
This  they  effect  by  neutralizing  or  compen- 
sating the  aberrations  of  each  other. 
Aplanatism  (a-plan'a-tizm),  n.  In  optics, 
the  condition  of  being  free  from  spherical 
aberration. 

Aplastic  (a-plas'tik),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
plastHcos,  plastic.]  Not  plastic;  not  easily 
moulded. 

Aplomb  (a-ploh),  n.  [Fr.,  the  state  of  being 
perpendicular  or  true  to  the  plumb-line, 
perpendicularity,  self  -  possession.  ]  Self- 
possession  springing  from  perfect  self-con- 
fidence ;  assurance. 

Aplome  (a-plomO,  n.  [Gr. 
aploma,  from  haploos, 
simple.]  A  rare  variety  of 
garnet,  found  in  dodecahe- 
drons, with  rhombic  faces. 
Aplotomy  (a -plot'o-mi),  n. 
[Gr.  haploos,  simple,  and 
tome,  a  cutting.]  In  surg. 
a  simple  cutting  or  inci- 
sion. 

Aplustre  (a-plus'tre),  n. 
[L. ;  Gr.  aphlaxton. }  An 
ornament  carried  on  the 
stern  of  ancient  Greek  and 
Roman  ships.  It  was  fre- 
quently shaped  like  a 
plume  of  feathers.  The  aplustre  rose  imme- 
diately behind  the  steersman,  and  served 
when  of  considerable  size  in  some  degree  to 
protect  him  from  wind  and  rain. 
Aplysia  (a-pliz'i-a),  n.  (Gr.  aplysia,  filthi- 
ness,  from  its  dirty  gray  colour— a,  priv., 
and  plynv,  to  wash.]  The  sea-hare,  a  genus 
of  gasteropodous  molluscs,  of  the  order 
Tectibranchiata.  Some  of  the  species  have 
the  power  of  discharging  a  fluid  of  a  deep 
purple  colour,  by  which,  when  in  danger, 
they  can  discolour  the  water  for  a  consider- 
able distance  around.  A.  depilans,  or  de- 
pilatory sea-hare,  is  found  in  the  European 
seas  adhering  to  rocks,  and  it  was  long  sup- 


Depilatory  Sea-hare  (Aplysia  depilans}. 

posed  that  the  acrid  humour  which  it  threw  i 
out  was  capable  of  removing  hair. 

Aplysladse  (a-pli-zi'a-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
tectibranchiate  molluscs,  the  type  of  which 
is  the  aplysia  or  sea-hare.  See  APLYSIA. 

Apo-.  A  prefix  found  in  words  originally 
Greek,  signifying  off,  from,  away  from,  sepa- 
ration, in  respect  of  time,  place,  or  origin. 
It  is  a  preposition  of  cognate  origin  with  L. 
ab,  Skr.  apa,  E.  of,  off  (which  see). 

Apocalypse  (a-pok'a-lips),  n.  [Gr.  apoka- 
lypsis,  from  apokalypto,  to  disclose— prefix 
apo,  and  kalypta,  to  cover]  Revelation; 
discovery,  disclosure ;  specifically,  applied 
as  the  name  of  the  last  book  of  the  New 
Testament,  containing  the  revelation  de- 
livered to  St.  John  in  Patmos,  near  the  close 
of  the  first  century. 

Apocalypt  (a-pok'a-lipt),  n.  The  author  of 
the  Apocalypse.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

Apocalyptic,  Apocalyptical  (a-pok'a-lip"- 
tik,  a-pok'a-lip"tik-al),  a.  1.  Containing  or 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  So.  abtine;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


APOCALYPTIC 


127 


APOLLO 


[Gr.  apo, 


Apocarpous 
Fruit  of 
Aconite. 


pertaining  to  an  apocalypse  or  revelation ; 
specifically,  pertaining  to  the  Revelation  of 
St.  John. —  2.  Undertaking  to  explain  or 
apply  the  prophetical  parts  of  Scripture; 
given  to  the  explanation  or  application  of 
prophecy. 

As  if  (forsooth)  there  coultl  not  be  so  much  as  a 
few  houses  fired.  ...  but  th.it  some  apocalyptic 
ignoramus  or  other  must  presently  find,  and  pick  it 
mil  of  some  abused,  martyred  prophecy  of  lizekicl. 
Daniel,  or  the  Revelation.  South. 

Apocalyptic,  Apocalyptlst  (a-pok'a-lip"- 

tik,  a-pok'a-lip"tist),  n.  A  writer  on  the 
Apocalypse.  '  The  divine  apocalyptic.' 
Light/out. 

Apocalyptically  (a-pok'a-lip"tik-al-li),  adv. 
In  an  apocalyptic  manner,  or  in  relation  to 
the  Apocalypse;  by  revelation. 

Apocarpous  (ap-o-kiir'pus),  a. 
denoting  separation,  and  Icar- 
pos,  fruit.]  In  but.  having  the 
several  pistils  of  the  same 
flower  separate,  or  at  least 
their  styles  free,  as  in  Ranun- 
culus, Aconitum,  Nigella. 

Apocatastasis  (ap'o-ka-tas"- 
t:i-sis,  n.  [Gr.  apo,  from,  kata, 
down,  stasis,  a  standing.]  In 
natron,  the  period  of  a  planet, 
or  the  time  employed  in  return- 
ing to  the  same  point  of  the 
zodiac  from  which  it  set  out. 

Apocopate  (a-pok'6-pat),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp. 
apocopated;  ppr.  apocopating.  [See  APO- 
COPE.] In  gram,  to  cut  off  or  drop  the  last 
letter  or  syllable  of. 

Apocope  (a-pok'o-pe),  n.  [Gr.  apokopi,  a 
cutting  off,  from  apokopto,  to  cut  off — apo, 
and  kopto,  to  cut.]  1.  The  cutting  off  or 
omission  of  the  last  letter  or  syllable  of  a 
word,  as  th'  for  the. — 2.  In  surq.  a  wound 
with  loss  of  substance ;  amputation. 

Apocrisiary,  Apocrlsary  (ap-o-kris'i-a-ri, 
a-pok'ri-sa-ri),  n.  [L.  apocrisiarius,  apocris- 
ariiis,  from  Gr.  apokrisix,  answer,  apokrin- 
oinai,  to  answer,  apokrind,  to  distinguish — 
apo,  from,  and  krino,  to  separate.  ]  Anciently, 
a  resident  in  the  imperial  city  of  Constanti- 
nople, representative  of  a  foreign  church  or 
bishop. 

Apocmstle(ap-o-krus'tik),  a.  [Gr.  apokrons- 
tikos,  able  to  drive  off — apo,  and  kroud,  to 
drive.]  In  med.  repelling;  astringent. 

Apocrustic  (ap-o-krus'tik),  n.  An  astringent 
and  repellent  medicine. 

Apocrypha  (a-pok'ri-fa).  n.  pi.  [Or.,  from 
apokrypto — <yw,away,and  krypto,to  conceal. 
See  CRYPT.]  Lit.  hidden  or  secret  things; 
things  set  apart;  specifically,  eccles.  (a)  a 
name  in  the  earliest  churches  for  various 
sacred  or  professedly  inspired  writings, 
sometimes  given  to  those  whose  authors 
were  unknown,  sometimes  to  those  with  a 
hidden  meaning,  sometimes  to  such  as  were 
considered  objectionable  or  whose  public 
use  was  held  inexpedient.  (6)  The  name 
now  used  to  designate  those  books  of  the 
Old  Testament  not  having  a  place  among  the 
twenty-two  of  the  Jewish  canon,  but  ap- 
pearing for  the  first  time  mixed  indiscrimi- 
nately with  them  in  the  Septuagint.  The  Ro- 
man Catholic  Church  at  the  Council  of  Trent 
declared  them  to  be  inspired  and  canonical, 
and  they  are  consequently  interspersed 
without  distinction  in  the  Vulgate  among 
the  Hebrew  canonical  books.  The  Greek 
Church  pronounced  against  them  at  the 
Council  of  Laodicea,  and  prohibited  their 
use  in  churches.  The  Lutheran  and  English 
Churches  deny  their  inspiration,  but  con- 
sider them  to  contain  wholesome  instruc- 
tion. Presbyterians  and  most  evangelical 
Protestants  prohibit  their  use  in  worship. 

Apocryphal  (a-pok'ri-fal),  a.  I.  Eccles.  (a) 
pertaining  to  the  Apocrypha.  'The  apocry- 
phal:  writers.'  Addison.  (6)  JJot  canonical; 
having  no  authority  ecclesiastically;  of 
doubtful  sanction.  'Jerome,  whosaith  that 
all  writings  not  canonical  are  apocryphal.' 
Hooker.  Hence— 2.  Of  uncertain  authority 
or  credit;  fictitious;  false;  equivocal;  doubt- 
ful. 'Apocryphal  pamphlets.'  Dp.  Barlow. 

Apocryphal  (a-pok'ri-fal),  ».  A  writing  not 
canonical;  a  writing  of  uncertain  authority 
or  credit. 

Nicephonisand  Anastasius,  .  .  .  because  they  were 
interpolated  and  corrupted,  did  rank  these  epistles 
in  the  number  of  apocryphaU.  Hannur. 

Apocryphalist  (a-pok'ri-fal-ist),  n.  An  ad- 
vocate for  the  Apocrypha. 

Apocryphally  (a-pok'ri-fal-li),  ado.  In  an 
•pocryphal  manner;  uncertainly;  equivo- 
cally ;  doubtfully. 

Apocryphalness  (a-pok'ri-fal-nes),  n.    The 


state  or  quality  of  being  apocryphal;  uncer- 
tainty as  to  authenticity;  doubtfulness  of 
credit  or  genuineness. 

Apocryphical  t  (ap-o-krif'ik-al),  a.  Apn- 
cryphal.  '  Apocri/phical  and  ridiculous 
stories.'  Up.  Bull. 

Apocynaceaa  (a-pos'i-na"se-e),  n.  pi.  [See 
APOCYSUM.]  Anat.  order  of  dicotyledonous 
plants,  having  for  its  type  the  genus  Apocy- 
nuin  or  dog's-bane.  It  is  very  nearly  allied 
to  the  order  Asclepiadacea),  from  which  it  is 
distinguished  by  its  stamens  being  free  from 
the  style  and  stigma,  and  anthers  containing 
granular  pollen.  The  species  have  opposite 
or  sometimes  whorled  leaves  without  stip- 
ules; the  corolla  monopetalous,  hypogynous, 
and  with  the  stamens  inserted  upon  it;  the 
style  pulley-shaped,  and  the  fruit  two-celled 
The  stems,  when  wounded,  yield  a  milky 
juice,  which  is  generally  poisonous;  several 
yield  caoutchouc,  and  a  few  edible  fruits. 
To  the  order  belong  the  periwinkle  ( Vinca), 
two  species  of  which  occur  in  Britain ;  the 
ordeal-tree  of  Madagascar  (Tanghinia  ven- 
enifei-a).  the  milk-tree  of  Demerara  (Taber- 
nceinontana  utiliti),  the  cream-fruit  of  Sierra- 
Leone,  &c.  The  bark  of  several  species  is 
a  powerful  febrifuge.  Wrightia  tinctoria 
yields  a  blue  dye  like  indigo. 

Apocynaceous  (a-pos'i-na"shus),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  Apocynacea;. 

Apocynum  (a-pos'in-um),  n.  [Gr.  apo,  from, 
away  from,  and  kyon,  kynos,  a  dog.  ]  Dog's- 
bane,  a  genus  of  perennial  herbs  with  small, 
pale.cymose  flowers, and  possessing  a  fibrous 
bark,  which  in  A.  cannabinum  is  prepared 
by  the  American  Indians  as  a  substitute 
for  hemp,  and  is  called  Indian  hemp.  The 
flowers  of  A.  androscemtfolium  are  furnished 
with  five  irritable  scales,  which  secrete  a 
sweet  liquid  that  tempts  insects  to  settle 
on  them,  and  which  then  close  on  and  kill 
them. 

Apoda,  Apodes  (ap'o-da,  ap'o-dez),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  a,  with- 
out, and  pous, 
podos,  a  foot.] 
1.  A  term  given 
to  certain  tele- 
ostean  fishes, 
from  the  fact 
of  their  being 
destitute  of 
ventral  fins 
(which  corre- 
spond to  the  Sand-eel  (Ammodytts  tobianus), 
legs  and  feet  of  one  of  the  Apoda. 

man),    as    the 

eel,  sand-eel,  sword-fish,  Ac.— 2.  The  former 
name  of  an  order  of  amphibian  or  batra- 
chian  reptiles,  without  apparent  limbs,  and 
of  a  serpent-like  form.  Now  called  Ophio- 
morpha.  —  3.  An  order  of  cirripeds,  desti- 
tute of  locomotive  organs.  Darwin. 

Apodal  (ap'o-dal),  a.  Lit.  having  no  feet; 
specifically,  in  zool.  destitute  of  ventral  flns; 
relating  or  belonging  to  the  Apoda. 

Apode  (ap'od),  n.  An  animal  that  has  no 
feet;  one  of  the  Apoda. 

Apodelctic,  Apodelctlcal  (ap-o-dik'tik,  ap- 
o-dik'tik-al),  a.  [Gr.  apodeiktikos,  from 
apodeiknymi,  to  point  out,  to  show  forth  by 
argument  —  apo,  forth,  and  deiknymi,  to 
show.]  Demonstrative;  evident  beyond  con- 
tradiction; clearly  proving.  Spelled  also 
Apodictic,  Apodictical. 

ApOdeictlcaUy  (ap-o-dik'tik-al-li),  adv. 
Demonstratively;  so  as  to  be  evident  beyond 
contradiction. 

Kant's  marvellous  acuteness  did  not  prevent  his 
transcendental  from  being  apodcictically  resolved 
into  absolute  idealism.  Sir  ft'.  Hamilton. 

Apodeixis,  Apodlxls  (ap-o-diks'is,  ap-o- 
diks'is),  n.  [Gr.  apodeixit.  See  APODEICTIC.] 
Full  demonstration. 

This  might  taste  of  a  desperate  will,  if  he  had  not 
afterwards  given  an  apodixis  in  the  battle,  upon 
what  platform  he  had  projected  and  raised  that  hope. 
Sir  G.  Buct. 

Apodema  (ap-o-de'ma),  n.  pi.  Apodemata 
(ap-o-de'ma-ta).  [From  Gr.  apodaiii,  to  di- 
vide off — apo,  away, off,  and  daiv,  to  divide.] 
A  name  given  to  the  plates  of  chitin  which 
pass  inwards  from  the  integuments,  and 
divide  as  well  as  support  the  internal  organs 
in  crustaceans. 

Apodlctlc,  Apodictical  (ap-o-dik'tik,  ap-o- 
dik'tik-al),  a.  Same  as  Apodeictic,  Apodeie- 
tically. 

Apodictlcally  (ap-o-dik'tik-al-li),  adv.  Same 
as  Apodeicticalltt. 

Apodosis  (a-pod'o-sis),  n.  [Gr.  apodoiis,  a 
giving  back  —  apo,  from,  and  didomi,  to 
give.]  In  pram,  the  latter  part  of  a  condi- 
tional sentence,  which  results  from,  or  is 


dependent  on,  the  protasis  or  condition. 
Thus  in  the  sentence,  if  it  rain,  I  shall  nut 
iju,  the  former  clause  is  the  protasis,  the 
latter  the  apodosis.  When  the  protasis  is  in- 
troduced by  such  conditional  conjunctions  as 
il>jttrithxtatiil<,i:i,  tlt<>u°ili,  ftltlminjh,  the  apo- 
dosis  predicates  something  opposite  to  what 
might  have  been  looked  for;  as,  although 
we  were  few  in  numbers  (protasis'),  we  over- 
threw the  enemy  (apodosu).  By  some  gram- 
marians the  term  is  not  restricted  to  condi- 
tional sentences,  but  is  extended  to  others 
similarly  constructed;  thus  in  a  simile  the 
apodosis  is  the  application  or  latter  part. 

Apodous  (ap'o-dus),  a.    Same  as  Apodal. 

Apodyterium  (ap'o-di-Wri-nmX  n.  [L. ;  Or. 
apvdytfrion,  from  apodyotnai,  to  strip  one's 
self,  apudyo,  to  strip—  apo,  away,  from,  and 
dyo,  to  get  into,  to  put  on.]  An  apartment 
in  Greek  and  Roman  baths  or  in  the  pala-s- 
tra,  where  the  bathers  or  those  engaged  in 
gymnastic  exercises  dressed  and  undressed. 

Apogaeon.t  Apogeumt  (ap-o-je'on,ap-o-Je'- 
uni),  n.  Apogee  (which  see).  '  The  sun  in 
his  apogceon  placed. '  Fairfax. 

It  is  not  yet  agreed  in  what  time,  precisely,  the 
apogcum  absolveth  one  degree.        Sir  T.  Browne. 

Apogean  (ap-o-je'an),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
connected  with  the  apogee ;  as,  apogean 
(neap)  tides,  which  occur  when  the  moon 
has  passed  her  apogee. 

Apogee  (ap'o-je),  n.  [Gr.  apo,  from,  and  ge, 
the  earth.]  That  point  in  the  orbit  of  a 
planet  or  other  heavenly  body  which  is  at 
the  greatest  distance  from  the  earth ;  pro- 
perly this  particular  point  of  the  moon's 
orbit.  The  ancients  regarded  the  earth  as 
fixed  in  the  centre  of  the  system,  and  there- 
fore assigned  to  the  sun,  with  the  planets, 
an  apogee ;  but  now  that  the  sun  is  recog- 
nized as  the  centre,  the  terms  perihelion 
and  aphelion  are  employed  to  denote  the 
least  and  greatest  distance  of  the  planets 
from  that  orb.  The  sun's  apogee,  therefore, 
is  in  strictness  the  earth's  aphelion. 

Apoglatura  (a-poj'a-to"ra),  n.  Same  as  Ap- 
pogffiatura. 

Apograph  (ap'o-graf),  n.  [Gr.  apographon,  a 
copy — apo,  from,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  A 
copy  or  transcript. 

Apolllnarlan  (a-pol'li-na"ri-an),  a.  [L. 
Apollinaris,  from  Apollo.]  Appellative  of 
or  pertaining  to  the  scenic  games  instituted 
at  Rome  in  honour  of  Apollo,  after  the 
battle  of  Canna?,  216  B.C. 

Apolllnarlan,  Apollinarist  (a-poHi-na"ri- 
an,  a-porii-na"rist),  n.  One  of  a  sect  deriv- 
ing their  name  from  Apollinaris,  bishop  of 
Laodicea  in  the  fourth  century,  who  denied 
the  proper  humanity  of  Christ,  maintaining 
that  his  body  was  endowed  with  a  sensitive, 
and  not  with  a  rational  soul,  and  that  the 
divine  nature  supplied  the  place  of  the  in- 
tellectual principle  in  man. 

Apollinaris  Water  (a-pol'li-na"riB  wa'ter), 
n.  A  mineral  water  used  as  a  table  bever- 
age, belonging  to  the  class  of  acidulated 
soda-waters,  and  derived  from  the  Apolli- 
narisbrunnen,  a  spring  discovered  in  1852 
in  the  valley  of  the  Ahr  in  Rhenish  Prussia: 
so  named  after  Apollo  as  the  patron  god  of 
physicians. 

Apollo  (a-pollo),  n.   [Gr.  A  potion.]  In  Greek 


Apollo,  from  a  bas-relief  at  Rome. 

and  Roman  myth,  the  son  of  Jupiter  (Zeus) 
and  Latona  (Leto);  the  god  of  poetry,  music, 


eh,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     ),jo\>;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  tAen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    rh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


APOLLYON 


128 


APOSTATE 


and  prophecy ;  the  patron  of  physicians, 
shepherds,  and  founders  of  cities.  He  in- 
vented the  harp  or  lyre,  and  was  the  father 
of  K-nilaphis — Apollo  Belvidere,  a  cele- 
brated statue  of  Apollo  in  the  Belvidere 
^tilery  of  the  Vatican  palace  at  Rome,  es- 
teemed one  of  the  noblest  representations 
of  the  human  frame,  and  one  of  the  finest 
pieces  of  sculpture  extant.  It  was  dis- 
covered among  the  ruins  of  ancient  Aiitium 
in  the  reign  of  Nero. 

Apollyon.  (a-pol'yon),  n.  [Gr.  apollyon, 
destroying,  ppr.  of  apollyo,  to  destroy  ut- 
terly— apo,  from,  or  utterly,  and  oily  mi,  to 
destroy.  ]  The  destroyer;  a  name  used  (Rev. 
U.  11)  for  the  angel  of  the  bottomless  pit, 
answering  to  the  Hebrew  Abaddon. 

Apologetic,  Apologetlcal  (a-pol'o-jet"ik, 
a-pol'o-jet"ik-al),  a.  [Gr.  apologetikos,  from 
apologeomai,  to  speak  in  defence  of — apo, 
from,  and  logos,  speech.]  Of  or  pertaining 
toorcontaining  apology;  defending  by  words 
or  arguments;  said  or  written  in  defence,  or 
by  way  of  apology ;  excusing;  as,  an  apolo- 
getic essay. 

Apologetically  (a-pol'o-jet"ik-al-!i),  adv. 
In  an  apologetic  manner;  by  way  of  apology 
or  excuse. 

Apologetics  (a-pol'o-jet"iks),  n.  [See  APO- 
LOGETIC.] That  branch  of  theology  which 
has  for  its  object  a  systematic  arrangement 
of  those  external  and  internal  evidences  of 
Christianity,  or  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  by 
which  Christians  are  enabled  scientifically 
to  justify  and  defend  the  peculiarities  of 
their  faith,  and  to  answer  its  opponents. 

Apologist  (a-pol'o-jist),  71.  One  who  makes 
an  apology ;  one  who  speaks  or  writes  in 
defence  of  another. 

Apologize  (a-pol'o-jiz),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  apo- 
logized; ppr.  apologizing.  To  make  an 
apology;  to  write  or  speak  in  favour,  or  to 
make  excuse;  to  plead  in  defence:  followed 
by /or;  as,  my  correspondent  apologized  f(rr 
not  answering  my  letter. 

Apologize  t  (a-pol'o-jiz),  v.t.  To  make  or 
write  an  apology  for;  to  defend. 

Therefore  the  Christians,  in  his  time,  .  .  .  were 
apologized  by  Pltnie  the  second.  Dr.  G.  Benson. 

Apologlzer  (a-pol'o-jiz-er),  n.  One  who 
makes  au  apology  or  defends. 

Apologue  (ap'o-log),  n.  [Gr.  apologos,  an 
apologue,  a  fable— apo,  from,  and  logon,  dis- 
course.] A  moral  fable;  an  allegory;  a  stoiy 
or  relation  of  fictitious  events  intended  to 
convey  useful  truths.  An  apologue  differs 
from  a  parable  in  this:  the  parable  is  drawn 
from  events  which  pass  among  mankind, 
and  is  therefore  supported  by  probability; 
an  apologue  may  be  founded  on  supposed 
actions  of  brutes  or  inanimate  things,  and 
therefore  does  not  require  to  be  supported 
by  probability.  ^Esop's  fables  are  good  ex- 
amples of  apologues. 

Apologuert  (ap'o-log-er),  n.  One  who  writes 
apologues;  a  fabler.  Burton. 

Apology  (a-pol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  apologia,  a  de- 
fence— apo,  away  from,  and  logos,  a  dis- 
course.] 1.  Something  said  or  written  in 
defence  or  justification  of  what  appears  to 
others  wrong  or  unjustifiable,  or  of  what 
may  be  liable  to  disapprobation;  defence; 
justification;  vindication. 

I  shall  neither  trouble  the  reader  nor  myself  with 
any  apology  for  publishing  these  sermons. 

Tillotson. 

Bishop  Watson's  '  Apology  for  the  Bible '  is  a  good 
book  with  a  bad  title.  R.  Hall. 

2.  An  acknowledgment, usually  accompanied 
by  an  expression  of  regret,  for  some  impro- 
per remark  or  act;  as,  he  made  a  handsome 
apology  for  his  rudeness.  —3.  Something 
that  only  serves  a  purpose  in  the  lack  of 
better;  a  temporary  substitute;  a  make- 
shift. 

He  wears  a  wisp  of  black  silk  round  his  neck, 
without  any  stiffener,  as  an  apology  for  a  necker- 
chief. Dictms. 

Apomecometer  (ap'o-me-kom"et-er),  n. 
[See  APOMECOMETRY.  ]  An  instrument  used 
in  measuring  heights,  constructed  in  accord- 
ance with  the  principles  which  govern  the 
sextant. 

Apomecometry  (ap'o-rne-kom"et-ri),n.  [Gr. 
apo,  away,  mekon,  distance,  and  metron,  mea- 
sure. ]  The  art  of  measuring  things  distant. 

Aponeurograpliy(ap'o-nu-rog"ra-n),  «,  A  • 
description  of  aponeuroses. 

Apon.eurology(ap'o-nu-rol"o-ji),  n.    l.The  \ 
anatomy  of  aponeuroses.  —  2.  A  treatise  on 
aponeuroses. 

Aponeurosis  (ap'o-nu-r6"sis),  n.  pi.  Apo- 
neuroses(ap'o-nu-r6"sez).  [Gr.  ajmnmrosit 
— apo,  from,  and  neuron,  a  nerve,  because 


formerly  supposed  to  be  an  expansion  of  a 
nerve  or  nerves.  See  NERVE.]  A  white, 
shining,  and  very  resisting  membrane,  com- 
posed of  interlaced  fibres.  Some  are  con- 
tinuous with  muscular  tibre,  and  differ  from 
tendons,  of  which  they  are  the  expansions, 
only  in  being  flat ;  others  surround  the 
voluntary  muscles  and  keep  them  in  their 
places ;  others  protect  large  arteries. 

Aponeurotlc  (ap'o-nu-rot"ik),  a.  Relating 
to  the  aponeuroses. 

Aponeurotomy  (ap'o-nu-rot"o-mi),  n.  [Gr. 
apo,  neuron,  a  nerve,  and  tome,  a  cutting.  ] 
Dissection  of  the  aponeuroses. 

Apopemptic  (ap-o-pemp'tik),  a.  [Gr.  apo- 
pemptikox,  valedictory  —  apo,  from,  and 
pempo,  to  send.]  Sung  or  addressed  to  a 
stranger  on  his  departure  from  a  place  to 
his  own  country ;  valedictory. 

Apopemptic  (ap-o-pemp'tik),  n.  A  song  or 
hymn  addressed  to  a  stranger  on  his  depar- 
ture to  his  own  country. 

ApopetalouB  (ap-o-pet'al-us),  a.  [Gr.  apo, 
away,  and  E.  petal  (which  see).]  In  bot.  hav- 
ing the  leaves  of  the  perianth-whorl  not 
coherent  but  free;  eleutheropetalous.  Sachs. 

Apophasls  (a-pof'a-sis),  n.  [Gr.  apo,  from, 
and  phasis,  form  of  speech.  ]  In  rhet.  a  fig- 
ure of  speech  by  which  the  speaker  seems 
to  waive  what  he  would  plainly  insinuate; 
as,  '  I  will  not  mention  another  argument, 
which,  however,  if  I  should  you  could  not 
refute.' 

Apophlegmatic  (ar/o-fleg-mat"ik),  a.  [Gr. 
apo,  from,  and  phlegma,  phlegm.  See 
PHLEGMATIC.]  In  med.  having  the  quality 
of  exciting  discharges  of  phlegm  or  mucus 
from  the  mouth  or  nostrils. 

Apophlegmatlsm  ( ap  -  o  -  fleg  'mat-izm ),  n. 
1.  Something  which  excites  discharges  of 
phlegm.  — 2.  The  action  of  apophlegmatic 
medicines. 

Apophthegm  (ap'o-them),  n.  [Gr.  apo, 
from,  and  phthegmu,  word.]  A  short,  pithy, 
and  instructive  saying;  a  terse  remark,  con- 
veying some  important  truth:  a  sententious 
precept  or  maxim.  Written  also  Apothegm. 

Of  Blackmore's  attainments  in  the  ancient  tongues 
it  may  be  sufficient  to  say  that  ...  he  has  con- 
founded  an  aphorism  with  an  apophthegm. 

Macaulay. 

—Aphorism,  Axiom,  Maxim,  Apophthegm, 
Adage,  Proverb,  Byword  Saw.  See  under 
APHORISM. 

Apophthegmatic,  Apophthegmatlcal 
(ap  o-theg-mat"ik,  ap'o-theg-mat'i-kal).  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  or  having  the  character  of 
an  apophthegm;  containing  an  apophthegm 
or  apophthegms  ;  sententious.— 2.  Given  to 
the  use  of  apophthegms.  Written  also 
Apotheijmatic ,  A  po  thegmatical. 

Apophthegmatist  (ap-o-theg'mat-ist),  n.  A 
collector  or  maker  of  apophthegms.  J/ar- 
tinus  Scriblerus. 

Apophthegmatlze  (ap-o-thep-'mat-iz),  v.i. 
To  utter  apophthegms,  or  short  instructive 
sentences. 

Apophyge  (a-pof'i-je),  71.  [Gr.  apo,  from, 
and  phyge,  flight.  ]  In  arch,  the  part  of  a 
column  where  it  springs  out  of  its  base, 
usually  moulded  into  a  concave  sweep  or 
cavetto.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  scape 
or  spring  of  the  column. 

ApophyLUte  (a-pof'i-lit  or  ap-o-flllH),  n. 
[Gr.  apo,  from,  and  phi/lion,  a  leaf :  so  called 
because  of  its  tendency  to  exfoliate.]  A 
mineral  of  the  zeolite  family,  occurring  in 
laminated  masses  or  in  regular  prismatic 
crystals,  having  a  strong  and  peculiar  pearly 
lustre.  Its  structure  is  foliated,  and  when  a 
fragment  is  forcibly  rubbed  against  a  hard 
body  it  separates  into  thin  laminae  like  se- 
lenite.  It  exfoliates  also  under  the  blow- 
pipe. From  its  peculiar  lustre  it  is  some- 
times called  Ichthyophthalmite,  that  is, 
fish-eye  stone.  It  is  a  hydrated  silicate  of 
lime  and  potash,  and  also  contains  fluorine. 

Apopbyllous  (a-pof'il-us  or  ap-o-nllus),  a. 
[Gr.  apo,  away,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.)  In 
bot.  having  a  single  perianth-whorl  with  free 
leaves;  eleutherophyllous.  Sachs. 

Apophysls  (a-pof'i-sis),  n.  pi.  Apophyses 
(a-pof'i-sez).  [Gr.  — apo,  from,  and  physis, 
growth.]  1.  In  anaf.  a  process  or  regular 
prominence  or  swelling;  a  prominent  part 
of  a  bone,  forming  a  continuous  part  of  the 
body  of  the  bone,  in  distinction  from  epi- 
physis  (which  see).  —  2.  In  bot.  a  swelling 
under  the  base  of  the  theca  or  spore-case  of 
some  mosses,  as  in  Splachnum 

Apoplectic,  Apoplectlcal  (ap-o-plek'tik, 
ap-o-plek'tik-al),  o.  (See  APOPLEXY.]  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  consisting  in  apoplexy;  as  an 
apoplectic  fit.— 2.  Predisposed  to  apoplexy; 


I    as,  an  apoplectic  habit  of  body. — 3.  Serving 

to  cure  apoplexy. 

Apoplectic  (ap-o-plek'tik),  it.  A  person  af- 
fected with  apoplexy. 

Apoplex  (ap'o-pleks),  n.  Apoplexy.  'Re- 
pletions, apoplex,  intestate  death. '  Dryden 
[Poetical.] 

Apoplexedt  (ap'o-plekst),  a.  Affected  with 
apoplexy  or  paralysis.  'Sure  that  sense  is 
apoplexed.'  ShaJf. 

Apoplexlous  (ap-o-plek'shus),  a.    Consist- 
ing  in  or  having  the  character  of  apoplexy. 
'  Apoplexious  and  other  congenerous  dis- 
|    eases.'    Arbuthnot. 

Apoplexy  (ap'o-plek-si),  n.  [Gr.  apoptfxia, 
a  being  disabled  in  body  or  mind  by  a  stroke, 
apoplexy— apo,  from,  and  plenso,  to  strike.  ] 
Abolition  or  sudden  diminution  of  sensation 
and  voluntary  motion,  from  suspension  of  the 
functions  of  the  cerebrum,  resulting  from 
congestion  or  rupture  of  the  blood-vessels 
of  the  brain.  The  premonitory  symptoms 
of  this  dangerous  disease  are  drowsiness, 
giddiness,  dulness  of  hearing,  frequent  yawn- 
ing, disordered  vision,  noise  in  the  ears, 
vertigo,  &c.  It  is  accompanied  with  speech- 
lessness,  stertorous  breathing,  heavy  sleep, 
and  slow  pulse.  It  is  most  frequent  between 
the  ages  of  fifty  and  seventy.  Apoplexy  is 
now  used  by  many  writers  to  mean  any 
sudden  engorgement  or  effusion  of  blood 
into  an  organ  or  tissue ;  hence  we  speak  of 
cerebral,  pulmonary,  renal,  cutaneovs,  <Sc., 
apoplexy.  Sunstroke  is  sometimes  termed 
heat  apoplexy. 

Aporia  (a-po'ri-a),  71.  [Gr.  aporia,  diffi- 
culty, doubt,  from  aporvs,  without  passage 
—a,  priv.,  and  pom,  way  or  passage.]  1.  In 
rhet.  a  real  or  professed  doubting  or  being 
at  a  loss  where  to  begin  or  what  to  say  on 
account  of  the  variety  of  matter.  —2.  In  me d. 
febrile  anxiety :  uneasiness  ;  restlessness, 
from  obstructed  perspiration  or  the  stop- 
page of  any  natural  secretion. 

Aporon,  Aporlme  (ap'o-ron,  ap'o-rim),  71. 
[See  APORIA.  ]  A  problem  difficult  to  be  re- 
solved. 

Aporosa  (ap-o-ro'sa),  71.  pi.  [Gr.  aporos, 
without  passage.  ]  A  group  of  corals  of  the 
sclerodermic  section,  having  the  '  corallum  ' 
or  calcareous  cup  solid,  and  not  perforated 
with  minute  apertures. 

Aporose  (ap-o-ros),  a.  Not  porous;  more 
specifically,  belonging  to  those  corals  called 
Aporosa. 

Aporrhais  (ap-or-ra'is),  n.  [Gr.  aporrheo, 
to  flow  away :  name  suggested  by  its  spout- 
like  form.  ]  A  genus  of  marine  gasteropod 
molluscs,  family  Cerithiada;,  containing  the 
well-known  pelican's  foot  or  spout-shell  (A. 
pes-pelicani). 

Aposepalous  (ap-o-sep'al-us),  a.  [Gr.  apo, 
away,  and  E.  sepal  ( which  see).  J  Same  as 
Apopetalous. 

Aposepldln  (ap-o-sep'i-din),  n.  [Gr.  apo, 
away,  and  sfpedon,  putrefaction.]  Lcucin 
(which  see). 

Aposlopesls  (ap'o-si-6-pe"sis),  n.  [Gr.  apori- 
opettis—apo,  from,  and  siopao,  to  be  silent] 
In  rhet.  reticency  or  suppression,  as  when 
a  speaker,  for  some  cause,  as  fear,  sorrow, 
anger,  or  mere  effect,  suddenly  breaks  off 
his  discourse  before  it  is  ended ;  or  speaks 
of  a  thing  when  he  makes  a  show  as  if  he 
would  say  nothing  on  the  subject;  or  aggra- 
vates what  he  pretends  to  conceal  by  utter- 
ing a  part  and  leaving  the  remainder  to  be 
understood;  as,  his  character  is  such— but 
it  is  better  I  should  not  speak  of  that. 

Apostasis  (a-pos'ta-sis),  n.  [Gr.  See  APOS- 
TASY.] 1.  In  old  med.  the  termination  or 
crisis  of  a  disease  by  some  secretion  or  cri- 
tical discharge,  in  opposition  to  metastasis, 
or  the  termination  by  transfer  to  some  other 
part.  Hence — 2.  An  aposteme,  imposthume, 
or  abscess.— 3.  The  throwing  off  or  separa- 
tion of  exfoliated  or  fractured  bones. 

Apostasy  (a-pos'ta-si);  71.  [Or.  apotta*in. 
a  standing  away  from,  a  defection  —  apo, 

from,  and  root  sta,  to  stand.]  1.  An  aban- 
donment of  what  one  has  professed;  a  total 

desertion  or  departure   from  one's  faith, 

principles,  or  party. 

The  canon  law  defines  apostasy  to  be  a  wilful  de- 
parture from  that  .  .  .  faith  which  any  person  has  pro- 
fessed himself  to  hold.  Jyliffe. 

2.  In  med.  apostasis  (which  see). 

Apostatat  (a-pos'ta-ta),  71.  An  apostate. 
Massinger. 

Apostate  (a-pos'tat),  n.  [Or.  apostates. 
See  APOSTASY.]  1.  One  who  has  forsaken 
the  church,  sect,  or  profession  to  which  he 
before  adhered:  in  its  original  sense  applied 
to  one  who  has  abandoned  his  religion,  lint 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


APOSTATE 


129 


APOTHESIS 


correctly  app lied  also  to  one  who  abandons  n 
political  or  other  party. --2.  In  the  /{.  Calh. 
Ch.  one  who,  without  a  legal  dispensation, 
forsakes  a  religions  order  of  which  he  has 
nmilc  pn.fessinn.  t'inn;-ft.  l't'i>*i'f>/ti>.  Apos- 
tate, 1',-rn-rl.  Sec  under  CONVERT. 

Apostate  (a-pos'tat),  a.     False;  traitorous. 

'The  apostate  lords.'    Macaulay. 
Apostate  t  (a-pos'tat),  D.».    To  apostatize. 

Had  Peter  been  truly  inspired  hy  God   ...    he 
would  not  have  tipostateii  from  his  purpose.     Fuller. 

Apostatical  (ap-o-stat'ik-al),  a.  After  the 
manner  of  an  apostate.  '  An  hereticall  and 
apmtatifall  church.'  Up.  Halt. 

Apostatize  (a-pos'ta-tiz),  v.i,  pret.  *  np 
apostatized;  ppr.  apostatizing.  To  abamlol 
one's  profession  or  chureh;  to  forsake  prin 
ciples  or  faith  which  one  has  professed,  o 
the  party  to  which  one  has  been  attached. 

He  apostatized  from  his  old  faith  in  facts,  took  t 
believing  in  semblances.  Carlyle. 

Apostaxis  (ap-o-stak'ais),  n.  [Or.  apo,  away 
from,  and  xt/izi'i,  to  drop.]  1.  In  old  med 
the  dropping  of  any  fluid,  as  of  blood  fron 
the  nose.  —2.  In  bot.  an  abnormal  discharg 
of  the  juices  of  plants,  as  the  gumming  o 
the  plum. 

Apostemate  (a-pos'te-mat),  v.i.  To  torn 
into  an  abscess;  to  swell  and  1111  with  pus. 

Apostemation  (a-pos'te-ma"shon),  n.  The 
formation  of  an  aposteme;  the  process  o 
gathering  into  an  abscess.  Written  cor 
ruptly  Inifxixthuination. 


Appstematous  (ap-os-tem'at-us),  a.  Per 
taining  to  an  abscess;  partaking  of  the 
nature  of  an  aposteme. 

Aposteme  (ap'os-tem),  n.  [Or.  apostema 
distance,  a  large  deep-seated  ulcer — apo 
from,  and  hixii'ini,  to  stand.]  An  abscess 
a  swelling  tilled  with  purulent  matter 
Written  also  corruptly  Impoxthume. 

A  posteriori  (a  pos-te'ri-6"ri).  [L.  poste- 
rior,  after.  ]  A  phrase  denoting  a  mode  of 
reasoning  founded  on  observation  of  effects, 
consequences,  or  facts,  whereby  we  reach 
the  causes  ;  inductive  :  opposed  to  a  priori. 

Aposthume  t  (ap'os-tum),  n.   Same  aa  Apos- 

Apostll,  Apostlll  (a-pos'til),  n.  [Fr.  apos- 
tUle.  See  POSTIL.]  A  marginal  note  or 
reference;  a  postscript.  Motley. 
Apostle  (a-pos'l),  n.  [Or.  apostolos,  one  sent 
forth,  a  messenger,  in  New  Testament  Or. 
an  apostle— apo,  forth,  and  stellii,  to  send.] 
1.  A  person  deputed  to  execute  some  impor- 
tant business;  but  specifically,  a  disciple 
of  Christ  commissioned  to  preach  the  gospel. 
Twelve  persons  were  selected  by  Christ  for 
this  purpose;  and  Judas,  one  of  the  number, 
proving  an  apostate,  his  place  was  supplied 
by  Matthias,  Acts  i.  26.  The  title  of  apostle  is 
applied  to  Christ  himself,  Ueb.  iii.  1.  In  the 
primitive  ages  of  the  church  other  ministers 
were  called  apostles,  Rom.  xvi.  7.  This  title 
was  also  given  to  persons  who  first  planted 
the  Christian  faith  in  different  parts  of  the 
world.  Thus  Dionysius  of  Corinth  is  called 
the  apostle  of  France ;  and  the  Jesuit  mis- 
sionaries are  called  apostles. — 2.  In  law,  a 
brief  statement  of  a  case  sent  by  a  court 
whence  an  appeal  has  been  taken  to  a  supe- 
rior court:  a  sense  which  belonged  to  the  L. 
Mxwtotu*  among  the  Roman  jurists.— 3.  In 
the  Greek  Ch.  a  book  containing  the  epistles 
of  St.  Paul,  prin  ted  in  the  order  in  which  they 
are  to  be  read  in  churches  throughout  the 
year.  — 4.  Naut.  a  knight-head  or  bollard- 
timber  where  hawsers  and  heavy  ropes  are 
belayed.—  Apostles'  creed,  a  confession  of 
faith  supposed  to  have  been  drawn  up  by  the 
apostles.  This  creed  as  it  now  stands  in  the 
liturgy  of  the  English  Church  is  to  be  found 
in  the  worksof  St.  Ambrose,  bishop  of  Milan , 
in  the  fourth  century.—  Apostles' gems.  In 
the  middle  ages  the  apostles  were  often  sym- 
bolized under  the  names  of  various  gems; 
thus.  St.  I'cter  was  symbolized  by  jasper,  St. 
Andrew  byaapvhire,  St.  Johnbyem«ra(d,St. 
Matthew  by  chrysolite,  *c.—  Apostles'  oint- 
»<>'nt,  an  ointment  formerly  used,  owing  its 
virtues  greatly  to  the  fact  that  it  was  com- 
posed of  twelve  ingredients,  resins,  gums, 
>vax,  oil,  vinegar,  verdigris,  Ac.,  thus  corre- 
sponding in  number  to  the  apostles.— Apos- 
Vufmom,  a  spoon  of  silver  gilt,  withahandle 
terminating  in  the  figure  of  an  apostle,  one 
or  more  of  which  formed  the  usual  present 
of  sponsors  to  the  infant  at  christenings. 
Thus  when  Cranmer  (SAo*.  Hen.  VIII.) 
declines  being  sponsor  to  the  princess,  the 
king  replies,  'Come,  my  lord,  you  would 
save  ynur  spoons.' 

Apostleshlp  (a-posl-ship),  n.    The  office  or 
dignity  of  an  apostle. 


Apostle-spoon  (a  p..s'1-spon).  ».    Same  as  '  Apostrophic  (ap-os-trof  ik)  a     Pertaininc 
Al,,i«H,;t  xyiwM  (winch  sec  under  Al'OSTU;).   ;     to  an  apostrophe. 

Apostrophize  (a -pos'trof-I/),  t  (  pret  A  pp 
apostroiihized ;  ppr.  ap<,strophizing.  1.  In 
rhet.  to  address  by  apostrophe. 

There  is  a  peculiarity  in  Homer's  manner  of  apes- 
trof />,,,„?  tunucus,  and  speaking  of  him  In  the 


B.  Jonson. 

Apostolate  (a-pos'tol-at),  n.  1.  The  dignity 
or  office  of  an  apostle;  a  mission.  •  tt  In  u 
Judas  had  miscarried,  and  lost  his  apos- 
ttiln/e.'  Jer.  Taylm:  Specifically  —  2.  The 
dignity  or  office  of  the  pope  :  the  holder  of 
the  apostolic  see.  See  under  APOSTOLIC. 
Apostolic,  Apostolical  (np-os-tol'lk,  ap-os- 
tol'ik-al),a.  1.  1'ertaining  or  relating  tooreha- 
racteristic  of  an  apostle,  or  more  especially 
of  the  twelve  apostles;  as,  the  apostolic  age. 
2.  According  to  the  doctrines  of  the  apostles; 
delivered  or  taught  by  the  apostles;  as,  «/«,.<. 
tolic  faith  or  practice.  —  Apostolic  Conttitu- 
tions  and  Canons,  a  collection  of  regulations 
attributed  to  the  apostles,  but  generally 
supposed  to  be  spurious.  They  appeared 
in  the  fourth  century;  are  divided  into 
eight  books,  and  consist  of  rules  and  pre- 
cepta  relating  to  the  duty  of  Christiana,  and 
particularly  to  the  ceremoniea  and  discip- 
line of  the  church.  —  Apostolic  fathers,  the 
Christian  writers  who  during  any  part  of 
their  lives  were  contemporary  with  th( 
apostles.  There  are  five—  Clement,  Barna 
has,  Hernias,  Ignatius,  Polycarp.  —Apostolic 
king,  a  title  granted  by  the  pope  to  the 
kinga  of  Hungary,  flrst  conferred  on  St 
Stephen  the  founder  of  the  royal  line  ui 
Hungary,  on  account  of  what  he  accom 
plished  in  the  spread  of  Christianity.— 
Apostolic  see,  the  Church  of  Rome:  so  called 
because  the  popes  profeaa  themselves  to  be 
the  successors  of  Peter,  as  the  chief  of  the 
apostles.  —  Apostolic  succession,  the  uninter- 
rupted succession  of  bishops,  and,  through 
them,  of  priests  and  deacons  (these  three  or- 
deraof  ministers  being  called  the  apostolical 
orders),  in  the  church  by  regular  ordination 
from  the  first  apostles  down  to  the  present 
day.  All  Episcopal  churches  hold  theoreti- 
cally, and  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  and 
many  members  of  the  English  Church 
strictly,  that  such  succession  is  essential  to 
the  officiating  priest,  in  order  that  grace 
may  be  communicated  through  his  adminis- 
trations. 

But  a  new  race  of  divines  was  already  rising  in  the 
Church  of  England.  In  their  view  the  eimcopal 
office  was  essential  to  the  welfare  of  a  Christian 
society,  and  to  the  efficacy  of  the  most  solemn  ordi- 
nances of  religion.  To  that  office  belonged  certain 
high  and  sacred  privileges  which  no  human  power 
could  give  or  take  away.  A  church  might  as  well  be 
without  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  or  the  doctrine 
of  the  incarnation,  as  without  the  apostolical  orders; 
and  the  Church  of  Rome,  which,  in  the  midst  of  all 
her  corruptions,  had  retained  the  apostolical  orders, 
was  nearer  to  primitive  purity  than  those  reformed 
societies  which  had  rashly  set  up,  in  opposition  to 
the  divine  model,  a  system  invented  by  men. 

Macattlay. 

—Apostolical  church,  the  church  in  the  time 
of  the  apostles,  constituted  according  to 
their  design  ;  specifically,  a  name  given  to 
the  four  churches  of  Rome,  Alexandria, 
Antioch,  and  Jerusalem. 

Apostolic  (ap-os-tol'ik),  n.  1.  A  member  of 
one  of  certain  sects  which  arose  at  various 
times  :  so  called  from  their  pretending  to 
imitate  the  practice  of  the  apostles,  abstain- 
ing from  marriage,  from  wine,  flesh,  pecu- 
niary reward,  &c.,  and  wandering  about 
clothed  in  white,  with  long  beards  and  bare 
heads.  —  2.  A  priest  who  obtained  a  letter 
from  the  pope  to  a  vacant  benefice.—  3.  An 
archbishop. 

Apostolically  (ap-os-tol'ik-al-li),  ado.  In 
an  apostolical  manner. 

Apostollcalness  (ap-os-tol'ik-al-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  apostolical  or  according  to 
the  doctrines  of  the  apostles. 

Apostollcism  (ap-os-tol'i-sizm),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  apostolical. 

Apostollcity  (ap-os'tol-is"i-ti),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  apostolical.  [Rare.  ] 

Apostrophe  (a-poa'tro-fe),  n.  [Or.  apo,  from, 
and  strophe,  a  turning.  ]  1.  In  rhet.  a  diver- 
sion of  speech;  a  digressive  address;  strictly, 
a  changing  the  course  of  a  speech,  and 
making  a  short  address  to  a  person  different 
from  those  to  whom  the  speech  is  generally 
directed,  or  even  to  an  inanimate  object  ; 
but  often  applied  to  any  abrupt  interjec- 
tional  speech. 

Mark  how  D'Espr^menit  .    .   .  produces  at  the 
ght  moment  in  parliamentary  harangue  a 
crucifix,  with  the  apostrophe.  '  Will  yc  cruci 
' 


second  person. 

2.  In  gram,  (a)  to  contract  by  omittin 
letter  or  letters,    (b)  To  mark  with  the  aig 


Pofe. 

ng  a 

aign 


.    .   . 

right  moment  in  parliamentary  harangue  a  pocket 
crucifix,  with  the  apostrophe.  '  Will  yc  crucify  him 
afresh  I'  Carljle. 

2.  In  gram.  (a)  the  contraction  of  a  word 
by  the  omission  of  a  letter  or  letters,  which 
omission  is  marked  by  a  sign  like  a  comma, 
but  placed  at  the  top  instead  of  at  the  foot 
of  the  letter,  as  call'd  for  called,  (b)  The 
sign  used  to  mark  the  omission. 


that  indicates  the  omission  of  a  letter. 
Apostrophize  (a-pos'trof-iz),  v.i.    To  make 
an  apostrophe  or  short  detached  address  in 
speaking;  to  address  by  apostrophe 
Apostrophyt  (a-poa'tro-fl),  n.  Same  as  Apos- 
trophe. 

Apostumel  (ap'os-tum),  n.  Same  aa  Apos- 
teine. 

Apotactlte  (ap-o-tak'tlt),  n.  [Or.  apotaktos, 
set  apart,  from  apotatto,  to  renounce— apo. 
from,  and  tatto,  to  ordain.]  One  of  a  sect 
of  ancient  Christians,  who,  in  imitation  of 
the  first  believers,  renounced  all  their  effects 
and  possessions. 

Apotelesmt  (a-pot'el-ezm),  n,  [Or.  apotel- 
esma,  an  effect  of  the  stars,  from  apoteleo, 
to  complete— apo,  from,  and  telos,  the  end  J 
1.  The  result  or  termination  of  a  disease 
Dungliion.  —2.  The  calculation  of  a  nativity. 
Bailey. 

Apotelesmatict(ap'o-tel'ez-mat"ik),  a.  (Or. 
apotelesinatitcos.  See  APOTELESM.  ]  Relat- 
ing to  astrology;  teaching  by  the  science  of 
the  stare. 

Apothecary  (a-poth'e-ka-ri),  n.  [L.L.  opo- 
thecamis,  the  keeper  of  a  shop,  store,  or 
magazine,  from  Gr.  apotheki,  a  repository— 
apo,  away,  and  their!,  a  cheat,  from  tithemi, 
to  place.  The  Gr.  apotheki,  we  may  men- 
tion, appears  in  It.  as  bottega,  in  Fr.  as  6ow- 
tique,  a  shop,  in  Sp.  as  bodega,  a  wine  cel- 
lar.) One  who  practises  pharmacy;  a  skilled 
person  who  prepares  drugs  for  medicinal 
uses,  and  keeps  them  for  sale.  Formerly  the 
apothecary  merely  compounded  and  dis- 
pensed the  prescriptions  of  the  physician 
and  surgeon.  In  England  and  Ireland  the 
term  is  now  specifically  applied  to  an  infe- 
rior sort  of  practitioners,  who  are  licensed 
to  practise  medicine  and  at  the  same  time 
deal  in  drugs.  The  apothecary  cannot 
charge  for  both  advice  and  medicine,  but 
imist  make  his  election  and  charge  for 
either  singly.  In  Scotland  the  apothecary, 
as  such,  is  only  a  dispenser  of  drugs.  — Apo- 
thecaries' Company,  one  of  the  worshipful 
companies  of  London  incorporated  by  royal 
charter  in  1606.  It  is  empowered  to  grant  a 
qualification  to  practise  medicine.  —Apothe- 
caries' Hall,  the  hall  of  the  corporation  of 
apothecaries  of  London  where  genuine  medi- 
cines are  prepared  and  sold  under  their  di- 
rection.— Apothecaries'  weight,  the  weight 
employed  in  dispensing  drugs,  differing  only 
in  its  subdivisions  from  troy  weight. 


Apotheclum  (ap-o-the'si-um),  n.  pi.  Apo- 
thecla  (ap-o-the'ai-a).  [Gr.  apo,  away,  and 
theke,  a  case  to  put  anything  in,  a  capsule. 
See  APOTHECARY.]  In  bot.  the  receptacle 
of  lichens,  consisting  of  the  spore-cases  or 
asci,  and  of  the  paraphyses  or  barren 
threads.  It  is  either  expanded  in  the  form 
of  a  round  horny  shield,  as  in  the  gynmocarp- 
pua  lichens,  or  is  contained  in  a  cavity  hav- 
ing an  orifice  through  which  the  spores 
escape,  as  in  the  angiocarpous  lichens. 

Apothegm  (ap'o-them),  n.  Same  as  ,4po- 
phthegm. 

Apottiegmatic,  Apothegmatleal  (ap'o- 
tneg-mat"ik,  ap'o-tneg-mat"ik-al),  a.  Same 
as  Apophthegmatic,  Apophthcgmatical.  'A 
witty  apothegmatical  comparison.'  T.  War- 
ton. 

Apotheosis  (ap'o-the-6"sis  or  ap-o-the'o-eis), 
n.  [Gr.  apotheosis— apo,  away,  and  Theos. 
God.]  Deification;  consecration;  the  act  of 
placing  a  prince  or  other  distinguished 
person  among  the  heathen  deities.  This 
honour  was  often  bestowed  on  illustrious 
men  in  Rome. 

A  regular  custom  was  introduced,  that  on  the  de- 
cease of  every  emperor  who  had  neither  lived  nor 
died  like  a  tyrant,  the  senate,  by  a  solemn  decree, 
should  place  ntm  in  the  number  of  the  gods:  and  the 
ceremonies  of  his  apotheosis  were  blended  with  those 
of  his  funeral.  Gibbon. 

Apotheosize  (ap'o-the-6"siz  or  ap-o-the'6- 
aiz),  v.t.  To  consecrate  or  exalt  to  the  dig- 
nity of  a  deity;  to  deify. 

Apothesls  (a-poth'e-sis),  n.  [Gr.  apothesis, 
a  putting  back  or  away  —  apo,  away,  and 
tithemi,  to  place.]  l.f  In  «urjr.  the  reduc- 
tion of  a  dislocated  bone. — 2.  In  arcA.  a  place 
on  the  south  side  of  the  chancel  in  the 


ch,  r/iain;      6h,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL.  I. 


8,  S°'<      J,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  «Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig; 


wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.  —See  KSY. 
9 


APOTOMB 


130 


APPEAL 


primitive  churches,  furnished  >vith  shelves 
for  books,  vestments,  <fcc. 

Apotome,  Apotpmy  (a-pot'o-mi),  n.  [Gr. 
npotome,  a  cutting  away — apo,  from,  off, 
and  temno,  to  cut.  ]  1.  In  math,  the  differ- 
ence between  two  incommensurable  quan- 
tities, or  which  are  commensurable  only  in 
power.  _Such  is  the  difference  between  1 
and  V^Tor  the  difference  between  the  side 
of  a  square  and  its  diagonal. — 2.  In  music, 
u  major  semitone. 

Apotrepsis  (ap-o-trep'sis),  n.  [  Or. ,  a  turn- 
ing away,  aversion— apo,  from,  and  trepo,  to 
turn.  ]  In  med.  the  resolution  of  a  suppur- 
ating tumour. 

Apozem  (ap'o-zem),  n.  [Gr.  apozema,  from 
apuzeo,  to  throw  off  by  fermenting— apo, 
off,  and  zed,  to  boil.]  In  med.  a  decoction 
in  which  the  medicinal  substances  of  plants 
are  extracted  by  boiling. 

Squirt  reads  Garth  till  apozetns  grow  cold.     Gay. 

Apozemical  (ap-o-zem'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  an  apozem. 

Appatrt  (ap-par7),  v.t.  [O.K.  apaire,  apeire, 
Ac.;  same  as  impair,  except  that  prefix  is 
different;  from  Fr.  pire,  L.  pejor,  worse,  and 
prefix  ap  for  L.  ad,  to.]  To  impair.  'Gentle- 
women which  fear  neither  sunne  nor  winde 
for  appairing  their  beautie.'  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Appalrt  (ap-par'),  ti.t.    To  degenerate. 

AppaL  Appall  (ap-palO,  ».(.  pret.  &  pp.  ap- 
palled; ppr.  appalling.  [Probably,  at  least 
in  first  and  second  meanings,  from  pall,  to 
grow  weak,  to  deaden,  W.  pallu,  to  fail,  pall, 
failure,  decay,  loss  of  energy.  In  the  third 
sense  it  may  be  the  same  word  as  O.Fr. 
appalir,  to  make  pale.]  l.t  To  cause  to  lose 
vigour;  to  weaken,  reduce,  allay,  or  destroy; 
'An  old  appalled  wight.'  Chaucer.  'All 
other  thirst  appalled.'  Thornton. 

Wine,  of  its  own  nature,  will  not  congeal  and  freeze, 
only  it  will  lose  the  strength,  and  become  appalled 
in  extremity  of  cold.  Holland. 

Severus,  being  appalled  with  age,  was  constrained 
to  keep  his  chamber.  Stow. 

2.  To  depress  or  discourage  with  fear;  to  im- 
press with  fear,  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
mind  shrinks  or  loses  its  firmness ;  to  con- 
found with  terror;  as,  the  sight  appalled 
the  stoutest  heart. 

Does  neither  rage  inflame  nor  fear  affallt    Pope. 

3.t  To  cause  to  grow  pale;  to  blanch. 

The  answer  that  ye  made  to  me,  my  dear  .  .  . 
Hath  so  appalled  my  countenance.  IVyatt. 

SYN.  To  dismay,  terrify,  daunt,  frighten, 
scare. 

Appal,  Appall  (ap-palO,  v.i  To  grow  faint; 
to  be  dismayed.  '  Therewith  her  wrathfull 
courage  'gan  appall.'  Spenser. 

Appal  (ap-pal'),  n.  Terror;  affright;  dis- 
may. 

Him  (Ajax)  viewed  the  Greeks  exulting;  with  appal 
The  Trojans.  Cvwper. 

Appalachian  (ap-pa-lalti-an),  a.  [From 
Appalaches,  an  Indian  tribe.]  Pertaining 
to  a  chain  of  mountains  in  the  eastern  part 
of  the  United  States,  called  also  the  Alle- 
ghany  Mountains.  —  Appalachian  tea,  the 
American  name  for  the  leaves  of  two  plants 
(Viburnum  cassinoides  and  Prinos  glaber) 
sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  Chinese 
tea. 

Appalling  (ap-pal'ing),  a.  Calculated  to 
cause  dismay  or  horror;  as,  an  appalling 
accident;  an  appalling  sight. 

Appallingly  (ap-pal'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner to  appal. 

Appalment  (ap-pal  'ment),  n.  State  of  being 
appalled ;  depression  occasioned  by  fear ; 
discouragement  through  fear. 

The  furious  slaughter  of  them  was  a  great  dis- 
couragement and  appalement  to  the  rest.  Bacon. 

Appanage  (ap'pan-aj),  n.  [Fr.  appanage, 
apanage,  an  estate  assigned  to  a  younger 
son,  from  O.Fr.  apaner,  L.L  apanare,  to 
furnish  with  bread  — L.  ad,  to,  and  pants, 
bread.  ]  1.  In  feudal  law,  an  allowance  to 
younger  branches  of  a  sovereign  house  out 
of  the  revenues  of  the  country,  generally 
together  with  a  grant  of  public  domains, 
from  which  it  was  customary  for  the  sons 
to  take  their  surnames.  Hence— 2.  What- 
ever belongs  or  falls  to  one  from  rank  or 
station  in  life.  Written  also  Apanage,  and 
sometimes  Appenage. 

'I  prefer  respect  to  admiration,' said  Flora:  'but 
I  fear  that  respect  is  not  the  appanage  of  such  as  I 
am-  Disraeli. 

Appanaglst  (ap'pan-aj-ist),  n.    A  prince  to 
whom  an  appanage  was  granted 
Apparaile,  1 1>.  t.    To  prepare. 

For  there  he  would  her  wedding  apparaile. 

Chaucer. 


Apparate  t  (ap'pa-rat),  n.  Same  as  Appa- 
ratus. '  Such  apparate  and  order  for  public 
sacrifices. '  Sheldon. 

Apparatus  (ap-pa-ra'tus),  n.  sing,  and  pi.; 
pi.  also  rarely  Apparatuses  (ap-pa-ra'tus- 
ez).  [L.,  from  apparo,  to  prepare — ad,  and 
paro,  to  make  ready.]  1.  Things  provided  as 
means  to  some  end ;  a  collection  or  com- 
bination of  articles  or  materials  for  the  ac- 
complishment of  some  purpose ;  more  spe- 
cifically, (a)  a  set  of  instruments  or  utensils 
for  performing  any  operation  or  experiment, 
or  for  practising  any  art ;  as,  chemical  ap- 
paratus; philosophical  apparatus;  surgical 
apparatus,  &c.  (b)  In  physiol.  a  collection 
of  organs  all  ministering  to  the  same  func- 
tion; as,  the  respiratory  apparatus;  the 
digestive  apparatus,  (c)  A  methodical  col- 
lection or  arrangement  of  materials  for  the 
critical  study  of  a  classical  author. — Appa- 
ratus  Sculptoris,  the  Sculptor's  Workshop,  a 
constellation  situated  in  that  region  of  the 
heavens  immediately  to  the  eastward  of  the 
large  star  Fomalhaut,  and  hardly  rising 
above  the  horizon  in  our  hemisphere. 

Apparel  (ap-par'el),  n.  [Fr.  appareil,  pre- 
paration,  furniture,  habiliments.appa  reiser, 
to  put  together  things  suitable,  to  match, 
to  fit,  to  suit — a,  to,  and  pareil,  like,  L.L 

pariculus,  from  L.  par,  equal.  ]  1.  Clothing; 
vesture;  garments;  dress;  external  array. 

For  the  apparel  oft  proclaims  the  man.     Shak. 
At  publick  devotion  his  resigned  carriage  made  re- 
ligion appear  in  the  natural  apparel  of  simplicity. 
Taller. 

2.  An  appendage  worked  in  silk  and  gold, 
embroidered    with   or- 
naments or  sacred  im- 
agery,   sometimes    en- 
riched with  pearls  and 

precious  stones,  worn 
from  the  thirteenth  to 
the  fourteenth  century, 
attached  to  the  alb  and 
other  ecclesiastical  vest- 
ments. Apparels  either 
went  round  the  wrist, 
the  bottom  edge  of  the 
garment,  or  the  collar, 
and  were  often  quad- 
rangular pieces  attach- 
ed to  the  end  of  the 
maniple,  the  cuds  of 
the  stole,  or  the  bot- 
tom edge  of  the  dress. — 

3.  Naut.   the  furniture 
or  equipment  of  a  ship, 
as    sails,    rigging,    an- 
chors, guns,  &c.  —  SVN. 
Dress,  clothing,  vesture, 
garments,    array,    rai- 
ment, costume,  attire, 
habiliments. 

Apparel  (ap-par'el),  v.t. 
pret.     &      pp.     appar- 
elled;  ppr.   apparelling, 
clothe. 

They  which  are  gorgeously  afparelled,  and  live 
delicately,  are  in  kings'  courts.  Luke  vii.  25. 

2.  To  set  off ;  to  adorn  ;  to  deck  with  exter- 
nal ornaments ;  to  cover  with  something 
ornamental;  to  cover  as  with  garments. 

She  did  apparel  her  apparel,  and  with  the  precious- 
ness  of  her  body  made  it  most  sumptuous. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

You  may  have  trees  apparelled  with  flowers  by 
boring  holes  in  them,  putting  into  them  earth,  and 
f,  -ttmg  seeds  of  violets.  Bacon. 

3.  To  furnish  with  external  apparatus;  to 
equip;  as,  ships  apparelled  for  sea. 

Apparence.t  Apparenoyt  (ap-pa'rens,  ap- 
pa  ren-si),  n.  Appearance.  '  Vain  and  gaudy 
apparencies.'  Bp.  Wren. 

Apparent  (ap-pa'rent),  a.  [L  apparens, 
apparent!*,  ppr.  of  appareo.  See  APPEAR.] 
1.  That  may  be  seen,  or  easily  seen ;  visible 
to  the  eye;  within  sight  or  view. 


Apparels,  from  a  brass 
inHe  '     • 
Norfc 


in  Heylesden  Church, 
-  rfolkshin 


1.  To  dress  or 


Let  us  have  knowled 


some  apparent  sign 
fe  at  the  court  of  guard. 

2.  Obvious;  plain;  evident;  indubitable;  as, 
the  wisdom  of  the  Creator  is  apparent  in 
his  works.    [In  this  sense  the  adjective  is 
now  used  predicatively  only.] 

At  that  time  Cicero  had  vehement  suspicions  of 
Cassar,  but  no  apparent  proof  to  convince  Mm. 

3.  Appearing  to  the  eye  or  to  the  judgment; 
seeming,  in  distinction  from  true  or  real; 
as,  the  apparent  motion  or  diameter  of  the 
sun;  his  anger  was  only  apparent. 

For  the  powers  of  nature,  notwithstanding  their 
apparent  magnitude,  are  limited  and  stationary 

Buckle. 

—Hew  apparent,  one  whose  right  to  an 


estate  is  indefeasible  if  he  survive  the 
ancestor:  in  distinction  from  heir  presump- 
tive, who,  if  the  ancestor  should  die  im- 
mediately, would  inherit,  but  whose  right 
is  liable  to  be  defeated  by  the  birth  of  other 
children.  According  to  the  law  of  Scotland 
an  apparent  heir  is  the  person  to  whom  the 
succession  has  actually  opened,  and  who 
remains  apparent  heir  until  his  regular 
entry,  in  dare  constat.— Apparent  altitude 
of  a  heavenly  body.  See  ALTITUDE.—  Apjm- 
rent  diameter  of  a  heavenly  body  is  the  angle 
which  its  diameter  subtends  at  the  eye,  that 
is,  the  angles  made  by  lines  drawn  from  its 
extremities  to  the  eye.  —  Apparent  fgure, 
the  figure  or  shape  under  which  an  object 
appears  when  seen  at  a  distance.— Apparent 
horizon,  the  same  as  Visible  Horizon.  See 
HORIZON.— Apparent  magnitude.  See  MAG- 
NITUDE.— Apparent  noon.  See  NOON.—  Ap- 
parent place  of  a  planet,  &c.,  that  point  in 
the  surface  of  the  celestial  sphere  where  the 
centre  of  the  luminary  appears  when  seen 
from  the  surface  of  the  earth.— Apparent 
place  of  an  object,  in  optics,  that  in  which 
it  appears  when  seen  in  or  through  glass 
water,  or  other  refracting  mediums,  which 
is  commonly  different  from  the  true  place. 
—  Apparent  place  of  the  image  of  an  object, 
in  optics,  that  where  the  image  of  an  object 
made  by  the  reflection  of  a  speculum  ap- 
pears to  be.—  Apparent  time.  See  TIME.— 
SYN.  Visible,  obvious,  clear,  distinct,  plain, 
certain,  evident,  manifest,  indubitable,  no- 
torious. 

Apparent*  (ap-pa'rent),  n.  1.  Heir  apparent 
or  presumptive.  '  I'll  draw  it  (my  sword)  as 
apparent  to  the  crown.'  Shak.  Hence  — 
2.  Fig.  one  who  has  a  claim  to  something. 

Next  to  thyself,  and  my  young  rover,  he's 
Apparent  to  my  heart.  Shat. 

Apparently  (ap-pa'rent-li),  adv.  1.  Openly; 
evidently. 

I  would  not  spare  my  brother  in  this  case, 
If  he  should  scorn  me  so  apparently.      Shak. 

2.  Seemingly;  in  appearance;  as,  a  man  may 
be  apparently  friendly,  yet  malicious  in 
heart. 

Apparentness  (ap-pa'rent-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  apparent ;  plainness  to 
the  eye  or  the  mind ;  visibleness ;  obvious- 
ness. 

Apparition  (ap-pa-ri'shon),  n.  [See  APPEAR.  ) 

1.  The  act  of  appearing  or  coming  into 
sight;  appearance;  visibility.    'The  sudden 
apparition  of  the  Spaniards.'    Prescott.— 

2.  The  thing  appearing ;  a  visible  object ;  a 
form.     'A  glorious  apparition  of  strength 
and  beauty.'     Edin.  Rev.     Specifically  — 

3.  A  ghost ;  a  spectre ;  a  visible  spirit :  this 
is  now  the  usual  sense  of  the  word. 

Tender  minds  should  not  receive  early  impressions 
of  goblins,  spectres,  and  apparitions,  wherewith 
maids  fright  them  into  compliance.  Locke. 

6.  In  astron.  the  first  appearance  of  a  star 
or  other  luminary  after  having  been  ob- 
scured: opposed  to  occultation. 

Apparitional  (ap-pa-ri'shon-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  an  apparition  or  appa- 
ritions. 

Apparitor  (ap-partt-or),  n.  [L.,  from  ap- 
pareo, to  attend.  See  APPEAR.]  1.  In  Rom. 
antig.  any  officer  who  attended  magistrates 
and  j udges  to  execute  their  orders. —2.  Ecclei. 
a  messenger  or  officer  who  serves  the  pro- 
cess of  a  spiritual  court;  the  lowest  ecclesi- 
astical officer. 

They  swallowed  all  the  Roman  hierarchy  from  the 
pope  to  the  apparitor.  .-tylijfe. 

3.  The  beadle  in  a  university,  who  carries 
the  mace. 

Appay  t  (ap-pa7),  t>.  t.  [0.  Fr.  appayer,  apaier; 
L.L.  appacare,  appagare,  to  pay— L  ad,  to, 
and  pacare,  to  pacify,  from  poo:,  peace.  See 
PAY.]  To  pay;  to  satisfy;  to  content 

Well  appaid  she  was  her  bird  to  find. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Appeacht  (ap-pech'J,  v.t.  [Same  as  im- 
peach, but  with  a  different  prefix.  See  IM- 
PEACH. ]  1.  To  impeach. 

He  did,  amongst  many  others,  appeach  Sir  William 
Stanley,  the  lord  chamberlain.  KacoH. 

2.  To  censure;  to  reproach;  to  accuse.  'Anil 
oft  of  error  did  himself  appeach.'  Spenser. 

Appeachert  (ap-pech'er),  n.    An  accuser. 

Appeachmentt  (ap-pech'ment),  n.  Accu- 
sation ;  charge  exhibited. 

The  duke's  answers  to  his  appeachtnents ,  in  num- 
ber thirteen,  I  find  very  diligently  and  civilly  couched. 
Sir  J/.  ll'ata*. 

Appeal  (ap-pel1),  r.t.  [Fr.  appeler,  to  call, 
to  summon,  to  appeal,  from  L.  appellare, 
to  call,  to  address,  to  appeal  to.  ]  1.  To  call. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull; 


oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  fey. 


APPEAL 


131 


APPEND  ANCE 


as  (or  aid,  mercy,  sympathy,  and  the  like ; 
to  make  an  appeal  or  earnest  entreaty. 

Force  .  .  .  upon  the  person  of  another,  where 
there  is  no  common  superior  on  earth  to  appeal  to 
fur  relief,  is  the  state  of  war.  Locke, 

2.  In  law,  to  refer  to  a  superior  judge  or 
court  for  the  decision  of  a  cause  depending, 
or  the  revision  of  a  cause  decided  in  a  lower 
court. 

I  appeal  unto  Cajsar.  Acts  xxv.  ir. 

3.  To  refer  to  another  person  or  authority 
fur  tile  decision  of  a  question  controverted, 
or  the  counteraction  of  testimony  or  facts. 
'  I  appeal  to  the  Scriptures  in  the  original.' 
Homey. 

Appeal  (ap-peT),  v.  t.  1.  To  call;  to  summon; 
to  challenge,  [Rare.] 

Man  to  man  will  I  appeal  the  Norman  to  the  lists 
Sir  U'.  Scat. 

2.  In  law,  (a)  to  remove,  as  a  cause,  from  an 
inferior  to  a  superior  judge  or  court.  This 
may  be  done  after  trial  and  judgment  in  the 
lower  court;  or  by  special  statute  or  agree- 
ment a  party  may  appeal  before  trial. 

Causes  of  any  importance  were  appealed  from  the 
Sculdasco  to  the  GastaUlo.  Brottghatn. 

(b)  To  charge  with  a  crime ;  to  accuse  ;  to 
institute  a  criminal  prosecution  for  some 
heinous  offence;  as,  to  appeal  a  person  of 
felony.  '  I  <ipp«a(  you  of  murder.'  B.  Jorum. 
See  APPEAL,  n.  2  (a).  —  3.t  To  address;  to 
offer  up,  as  an  appeal. 

They  took  their  ready  way 
Unto  the  church  their  praiers  to  appele.    Spenser. 

Appeal  (ap-peT),  n.  [Fr.  appel.  See  the 
verb.  ]  1.  An  address  or  invocation ;  a  call 
for  sympathy,  mercy,  aid,  and  the  like;  a 
supplication;  an  entreaty;  as,  an  appeal 
tot  help;  an  appeal  for  mercy. — 2.  In  law, 
(a)  the  removal  of  a  cause  or  suit  from 
nil  inferior  to  a  superior  tribunal,  in  order 
that  the  latter  may  revise,  and,  if  it  seem 
needful,  reverse  or  amend  the  decision  of 
the  former.  By  the  Judicature  Acts  of  1873 
and  1875  a  new  court,  specially  called  the 
Court  of  Appeal,  was  formed  to  take  the 
place  of  the  Exchequer  Chamber  and  the 
Court  of  Appeal  in  Chancery,  and  for  other 
appellate  purposes.  From  it  there  is  no 
appeal.  The  highest  court  of  appeal  in 
Scotland  is  the  Court  of  Session  ;  its  judg- 
ments may  be  appealed  to  the  House  of 
Lords,  (ft)  The  mode  of  procedure  by  which 
such  removal  is  effected,  (c)  The  right  of 
appeal;  as,  he  has  always  hisappeal  to  the 
higher  court.  (<i)  Formerly  a  vindictive 
action  at  the  suit  of  a  party  injured  when 
the  supposed  criminal  had  been  previously 
acquitted  on  an  indictment,  or  pardoned, 
the  appellant  raising  an  action  (it  had  to  be 
brought  within  a  year)  and  demanding  the 
punishment  of  the  accused,  who  had  either 
to  submit  to  a  first  trial  by  jury  or  could 
demand  a  trial  by  wager  of  battle. 

He  was  threatened  with  an  appeal  of  murder  by 
the  widow  of  a  Protestant  clergyman.        Macattlay. 

3.  A  summons  to  answer  to  a  charge ;  a 
challenge. 

Nor  shall  the  sacred  character  of  king 

B«  urged  to  shield  me  from  thy  bold  appeal. 

Dryden. 

4.  A  call  upon  a  person ;  a  reference  to 
another  for  proof  or  decision;  as,  in  an  oath 
a  person  makes  an  appeal  to  the  Deity  for 
the  truth  of  his  declaration.  —  5.  Resort  • 
recourse. 

Every  milder  method  is  to  be  tried  before  a  nation 
makes  an  appeal  to  arms.  Kent. 

Appealable  (ap-pel'a-bl),  a.  1.  Liable  to 
lie  appealed;  removable  to  a  higher  tribunal 
for  decision;  as,  the  cause  is  appealable.— 
2.  Liable  to  be  accused  or  called  to  answer 
pj  appeal:  applied  to  persons;  as,  a  criminal 
is  appealable  for  manslaughter. 

Appealaut  t  (ap-pel'ant),  ».  One  who  ap- 
peals; an  appellant. 

Tliis  is  the  day  appointed  for  the  combat ; 
ind  ready  are  the  appealant  and  defendant.  SHat. 

Appealer  (ap-pel'er),  n.  One  who  appeals- 
an  appellor. 

I  should  become  an  appealer,  or  every  bishop's  espie. 

Foxe 

Appear  (ap-per1),  r.t.  [L.  appareo,  to  ap- 
I" •:"•  "fl.  to,  and  pareo,  to  come  forth,  to 
•Bow  one's  self;  kindred  with  pario,  to  pro- 
duoe. )  1.  To  come  or  be  in  sight;  to  be  in 
view;  to  be  or  become  visible  to  the  eye. 

And  Cod  said.  Let  the  dry  land  appear.     Gen.  i.  o. 


We  must  all  appear  before  the  judgmcnt-seat  of 
Christ.  ,  Cor  ,   I0 

3.  To  be  obvious;  to  be  known,  as  a  subject 
of  observation  or  comprehension;  to  be  clear 
or  made  clear  by  evidence. 

It  doth  not  yet  appear  what  we  shall  be. 

i  John  iii.  2. 

4.  To  seem ;  to  have  a  certain  semblance 
or  appearance;  to  look  like;  as,  he  appeared 
to  be  tipsy;  it  appears  to  me  that  this  is 
unsafe. 

They  disfigure  their  faces  that  they  may  appear 
unto  men  to  fast.  Mat.  vi'io. 


.  . 

6.  t  To  be  understood.    '  Do  I  now  appear!' 
Cotgrave. 

Appear  t  (ap-perO,  n.  Appearance.  'The 
sun  s  appear.'  J.  Fletcher. 
Appearance  (ap-peVans),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
coining  into  sight;  the  act  of  becoming 
visible  to  the  eye;  as,  the  appearance  of  the 
sun  above  the  horizon.  — 2.  A  coming  into 
the  presence  of  a  person  or  persons ;  exhi- 
bition of  the  person;  as,  his  sudden  appear- 
ance surprised  me;  he  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance on  the  stage.  — 3.  The  thing  seen ; 
a  phenomenon ;  sometimes,  specifically, 
something  believed  to  have  a  supernatural 
character;  an  apparition;  as,  an  appearance 
in  the  sky. 

The  advancing  day  of  experimental  knowledge 
discloseth  such  appearances  as  will  not  lie  even  in 
(that  is,  fit  into  or  agree  with)  any  model  extant. 

Glanville. 

4.  External  show ;  semblance  assumed,  in 
opposition  to  reality  or  substance;  apparent 
likeness ;  as,  we  are  often  deceived  by  ap- 
pearances.— 5.  Outward  look  or  aspect;  mien 
build  and  carriage;  figure;  as,  a  man  oi 
noble  appearance. 

(I)  now  am  come  to  see  of  whom  such  noise 
Hath  walk'd  about,  and  each  limb  to  survey, 
If  thy  appearance  answer  loud  report.     Milton. 

6.  Exhibition  of  the  character;  introduction 
of  a  person  to  the  public  in  a  particular  cha- 
racter; as,  a  person  makes  his  appearance  in 
the  world  as  an  historian,  an  artist,  or  an  ora- 
tor.—7.  t  Seeming;  probability;  likelihood. 
'  There  is  that  which  hath  no  appearance. ' 
Bacon.— S.  In  law,  (a)  the  coming  into  court 
of  either  of  the  parties ;  the  being  present 
in  court ;  the  coming  into  court  of  a  party 
summoned  in  a  process  either  by  himself  or 
by  his  attorney,  expressed  by  a  formal  entry 
by  the  proper  officer  to  that  effect ;  the  act 
or  proceeding  by  which  a  party  proceeded 
against  places  himself  before  the  court  and 
submits  to  its  jurisdiction.  (6)  la  Scots  law, 
the  stating  of  a  defence  in  a  cause.  Where 
a  defender  in  writing,  or  by  counsel  at  the 
bar,  states  a  defence,  he  is  said  to  have 
appeared. —  To  put  in  an  appearance,  to 
appear  in  person.  —  SYN.  Coming,  arrival, 
presence,  semblance,  pretence,  air,  look, 
manner,  mien,  figure,  aspect. 
Appearer  (ap-per'er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  appears;  specifically,  he  who  or  that 
which  appears  supernaturally  or  with  a  su- 
pernatural purpose  or  influence. 

Owls  and  ravens  are  ominous  appearers,  and  pre- 
signify  unlucky  events.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

adv.    Appar- 


Tlie  :uiijel  of  the  Lord  appeared-oxAQ  him  in  a  flame 
of  fire  out  of  the  midst  of  a  bush.  Ex.  iii.  a. 

2.  To  stand  in  presence  of,  as  parties  or  ad- 
V"r;ii,.s  before  a  court,  or  as  persons  to  be 
tried. 


Appearingly  (ap-per'ing-li), 
ently;  seemingly. 

A  flourishing  branch  shall  grow  out  of  his  appear- 
ingly  sere  and  sapless  root.  Bp.  Hall. 

Appeasable  (ap-pez'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
l«ins  appeased,  quieted,  calmed,  or  pacified. 

Appeasableness  (ap-pez'a-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  appeasable. 

Appease  (ap-pez'),  ».(.  pret.  &  pp.  appeased; 
ppr.  appeasing.  [Fr.  apaiser,  to  pacify— 
a,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  O.Fr.  pain  (Fr.  paix), 
L.  pax,  pads,  peace.  Comp.  appay,  of  which  ' 
the  elements  are  the  same.]  To  make  quiet; 
to  reduce  to  a  state  of  peace;  to  still;  to 
calm;  to  pacify;  to  reconcile;  as,  to  appease 
the  tumult  of  the  ocean,  or  of  the  passions; 
to  appease  hunger  or  thirst 

O  God  1  if  my  deep  prayers  cannot  appease  thee, 

But  thou  wilt  be  avenged  on  my  misdeeds. 

Yet  execute  thy  wrath  in  me  alone.  Skat. 

SYN.  To  pacify,  quiet,  conciliate,  propitiate, 
assuage,  compose,  calm,  allay,  hush,  cool, 
soothe,  tranquillize. 

Appeasement  (ap-pez'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
appeasing,  or  state  of  being  appeased,  or  in 
peace.  'For  its  appeasement  and  mitiga- 
tion.' Cudworth.  [Rare.] 

Being  neither  in  number  nor  in  courage  great. 
partly  by  authority,  partly  by  entreaty,  they  were 
reduced  to  some  good  appeasement. 

Sir  J.  Hay-aiard. 

Appeaser  (ap-pez'er),  n.   One  who  appeases 

or  pacifies. 
Appeaslve  (ap-pez'iv),  a.  Having  the  power 

to  appease;  mitigating;  quieting. 


Appellant  (ap-pel'ant),  n.  [See  APPKAI. .  l 
1.  one  who  appeals  or  removes  a  cause  from 
a  lower  to  a  higher  tribunal.— 2  One  who 
prosecutes  another  for  a  crime.  —3.  One  who 
challenges  or  summons  another  to  simile 
combat. 

Answer  thy  appellant,  .  . 
\V  ho  now  defies  thee  thnce  to  single  fight. 
„  Milton. 

4.  tccles.  one  who  appeals  from  the  Consti- 
tution 1  nigenitus  to  a  general  council 

Appellant  (ap-pel'ant),  a.  Relating  to  an- 
peals;  appellate.  'The  first  having  an 
appellant  jurisdiction  over  the  second  ' 
Jlallam. 

Appellate  t  (ap-pel'at),  n.  A  person  ap- 
pealed or  prosecuted  for  a  crime;  an  ap- 
pellee. 

Appellate  (ap-pel'at),  a.  Pertaining  to  ap- 
peals; having  cognizance  of  appeals.  '  An- 
pellate  judges."  Burke. 

He  exercised  an  appellate  jurisdiction  over  all 
ecclesiastical  disputes.  Eroufkam. 

Appellation  (ap-pel-a'shon),  n.  [L.  appel- 
tatio.  See  APPEAL.]  1.  The  word  by  which 
a  thing  or  person  is  called  and  known- 
name;  title.— 2. t  Appeal. 

There  is  such  a  noise  i'  the  court  .  .  with  their 
several  voices  of  citations,  appellations,  allegations 
certificates,  &c.  B.  yomon. 

SYN.  Name,  title,  denomination,  appellative 
epithet. 

Appellative  (ap-pel'a-tiv),  a.  1.  Having  the 
character  of  an  appellation;  serving  to  name 
or  mark  out;  serving  as  a  distinctive  denom- 
ination; denominative;  as,  hydrochloric  is 
a  term  appellative  of  a  certain  acid.— 2.  In 
gram,  common,  as  applied  to  a  noun ;  gen- 
eral ;  denominative  of  a  class :  opposed  to 
proper. 

Nor  is  it  likely  he  (St.  Paul)  would  give  the  common 
appellative  name  of  'Books'  to  the  divinely  inspired 
wnttngs,  without  any  other  note  of  distinction. 

Appellative  (ap-pel'a-tiv),  n.  1.  In  grain. 
a  common  name  in  distinction  to  a  proper 
name ;  a  name  standing  for  a  whole  class 
Thus  man  is  the  appellative  of  the  whole 
human  race,  fowl  of  all  winged  animals,  tree 
of  all  plants  of  a  particular  class,  &c  — 
2.  Title;  appellation. 

There  (in  the  rosary)  also  the  blessed  Virgin  Mary, 
after  many  glorious  appellati-ves,  is  prayed  to  in  these 
»°'ds-  Jer.  Taylor. 

Appellatlvely  (ap-pel'a-tiv-li),  adv.  In  an 
appellative  manner ;  in  gram,  according  to 
the  manner  of  nouns  appellative;  in  a  man- 
ner to  express  whole  classes  or  species ;  as, 
Hercules  is  sometimes  used  appellatively, 
that  is,  as  a  common  name  to  signify  a 
strong  man. 

Appellativeness  (ap-pel'a-tiv-nes),  n.  Qual- 
ity of  being  appellative.  Fuller. 

Appellatory  (ap-pel'a-to-ri),  a.  Containing 
an  appeal. 

An  appellatory  libel  ought  to  contain  the  name  of 
the  party  appellant.  Mylifft. 

Appellee  (ap-pel-le7),  n.  In  law,  the  person 
against  whom  an  appeal  is  brought 

Appellor  (ap-pel'or),  n.  In  law,  (a)  the  per- 
son who  institutes  an  appeal,  or  prosecutes 
another  for  a  crime.  [This  word  is  rarely 
or  never  used  for  the  plaintiff  in  appeal  from 
a  lower  court,  who  is  called  the  appellant.] 
(b)  One  who  confesses  a  felony  and  turns 
king's  evidence  against  his  associates.  Whar- 
ton.  (c)  One  who  challenges  a  jury.  Whar- 
ton. 

Appenage  (ap'pen-aj).    Same  as  A  ppanagc. 

Append  (ap-pendO,  v.t.  [L.  appendo— ad, 
and  pendo,  to  hang.]  1.  To  hang  or  attach, 
as  by  a  string,  so  that  the  thing  is  sus- 
pended ;  as,  a  seal  appended  to  a  record. 
'  If  amulets  do  work  .  .  .  upon  those  parts 
whereunto  they  are  appended.'  Sir  T. 
Browne.— 2.  To  add,  as  an  accessory  to  the- 
principal  thing;  to  subjoin;  to  annex.  'One 
hundred  passages  from  the  fathers  appended 
in  the  notes.'  J.  II .  Xewman. 

Appendage  (ap-pend'aj),  n.  1.  Something 
added  to  a  principal  or  greater  thing,  though 
not  necessary  to  it,  as  a  portico  to  a  house. 

Modesty  is  the  appendage  of  sobriety,  and  is  to 
chastity,  to  temperance,  and  to  humility,  as  the 
fringes  are  to  a  garment.  Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  In  bot.  a  part  subordinate  to  another  part 
as  hairs  and  glands  to  a  stem  or  leaf,  or 
nectaries  to  the  corolla ;  more  strictly,  any 
part  arising  from  and  around  the  axis  as 
leaves  around  the  stem.— Svs.  Addition,  ad- 
junct, concomitant. 

Appendance.t  Appendencet  (ap-pend'ans, 
ap-pend'ens),  n.  Something  annexed.  'High 


ch,  dmin;      ch,  So.  locA;      g,  go;      j,;ob;    D,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin?;      TH,  «len;  th,  lAin;     w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;     zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


APPENDANT 


132 


APPLE 


titles,  rich  cents,  long  pedigrees,  large 
revenues  .  .  .  the  just  appendances  of  civil 
greatness.'  Bp.  Rail. 

Appendant  (ap-pend'ant),  a.  1.  Hanging 
to;  annexed;  attached;  concomitant;  as,  a 
seal  appendant  to  a  paper.—  2.  In  law,  ap- 
pended to  something  by  prescription:  ap- 
plied to  a  right  or  privilege  attached  to  a 
principal  inheritance;  thus,  we  speak  of  an 
advowson,  that  is,  the  right  of  patronage  or 
presentation,  appendant  or  annexed  to  the 
possession  of  a  manor. 
ppendant  (ap-pend'ant),  n.  That  which 
belongs  to  another  thing,  as  incidental  or 
subordinate  to  it. 


App 

belo 


Appendencyt  (ap-pend'en-si),  n.  The  state 
or  condition  of  being  appendant. 

Abraham  bought  the  whole  field,  and  by  right  of 
appendency  had  the  cave  with  it.  Spelmaii. 

Appendlcate  t  (ap-pend'i-kat),  v.  t.  [From 
L.  appendix,  a/ipendicii,  something  ap- 
pended. ]  To  append  ;  to  add  to.  '  Divers 
things  appendicatfd.'  Sir  if.  Hale. 

Appendicationt  (ap-pend'i-ka"shon),n.  An 
appendage  or  adjunct.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

Appendicatory  (ap-pend'i-ka-to-ri),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  appendix. 
W.  Taylor. 

Appendlcle  (ap-pend'i-kl),  n.  [L.  appendi- 
cula,  dim.  of  appendix  (which  see).]  A 
small  appendage. 

Appendicular  (ap-pen-dik'u-ler),  a.  Hav- 
ing the  character  of  an  appendage;  appen- 
diculate:  a  term  chiefly  used-in  botany. 

Appendlcularia  (  ap-pen-dik'u-la"ri-a  ),  n. 
A  genus  of  tunicate  molluscoid  animals, 
which  presents  a  permanent  larval  form, 
like  the  proteus  among  Amphibia. 

Appendiculate  (ap-pen-dik'u-lat),  a.  [L. 
appendimlattu.  See  APPENDICLE.  ]  Pro- 
vided with  appendages;  having  the  charac- 
ter of  an  appendage  or  appendages:  a  term 
used  especially  in  botany,  being  applied,  for 
instance,  to  leaves,  or  to  organs  appended  to 
leaves,  leaf-stalks,  Ac.,  as  the  pitcher-like 
appendage  of  the  leaf  of  the  Nepenthes  de- 
stillatoria  or  pitcher-plant. 

Appendix  (ap-pen'diks),  n.  pi.  Appendixes 
(ap-pen'diks-ez)  and  Appendices  (ap-peu'- 
di-sez).  [L.,  from  appendo.  See  APPEND.] 
1.  Something  appended  or  added;  anadjuuct, 
concomitant,  or  appendage. 

Normandy  became  an  appendix  to  England. 

Hale. 

Specifically—  2.  An  addition  appended  to  a 
book  relating,  but  not  essential,  to  the  main 
work,  aud  thus  differing  from  a  supplement, 
which  properly  is  to  correct  inaccuracies 
aud  supply  deficiencies. 

AppendixiOUS  (ap-pen-dik'shus),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  of  the  nature  of  an  appendix  ; 
appendicatory.  Bentham. 

Appense  (ap-pens'),  a.  [L.  appendo,  appen- 
xwn.  See  APPEND.]  Hanging  from  above; 
specifically,  in  bot.  applied  to  an  ovule  at- 
tached to  the  placenta  by  some  point  inter- 
mediate between  the  apex  and  the  middle. 

Appentis  (ap-pen'tis),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  ap- 
pendicium  —  ad,  to,  and  pendo,  to  hang.] 
An  architectural  name  for  a  lean-to  roof  or 
a  kind  of  open  shed  supported  on  columns  or 
brackets  let  into  a  wall,  or  otherwise,  with 


Appentis,  Cathedral  of  Meaux  (fifteenth  century). 

the  view  of  affording  protection  from  the 
weather  to  a  door,  window,  flight  of  steps, 
Ac.,  over  which  it  projects.  Corrupted  in 
English  into  penthouse. 
Appercelvet  (ap-per-sevO,  v.t.  [Fr.  aperce- 
voir.  See  PERCEIVE.  ]  To  perceive;  to  com- 
prehend. 

Apperceivlng,  t  n.    Perception.    Chaucer, 
Apperception  ( ap-per-sep'shon),  n.     [Pre- 
fix ap  for  ad,  and  perception.]   1.  Perception 
that  reflects  upon  itself ;  consciousness. 

The  philosopher  makes  a  distinction  between  per- 
ception and  what  he  calls  apperception.    By  apper- 


cettion he  understands  that  degree  of  perception 
which  reflects,  as  it  were,  upon  itself;  by  which  we 
are  conscious  of  our  own  existence,  and  conscious  of 
our  own  perceptions. 

2.  Spontaneous  thought  without  volition  or 
reflection. 

Apperil  t  ( ap-pertl ),  n.  [Prefix  ap,  from  L. 
ad,  md  peril.}  Peril;  danger.  'Let  me  stay 
at  thine  apperil.'  Shak. 

Appersi-and,  n.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  character  &  ;  ampersand.  '  Piece  of 
deformity  in  the  shape  of  an  izzard  or  an 
appersi-and.'  Macklin. 

Appertain  (ap-per-tan'),  v.  i.  [Fr.  appartenir 
— L.  ad,  and  pertineo,  to  pertain.  See  PER- 
TAIN, j  To  belong  or  pertain,  whether  by 
right,  nature,  custom,  or  appointment. 

The  Father,  to  whom  in  heav'n  supreme 
Kingdom,  and  power,  and  glory  appertains. 

Milton. 

Hang  mournful  epitaphs,  and  do  all  rites 
That  appertain  unto  a  burial.  Shak. 

Appertaining  (ap-per-tan'ing),  n.  That 
which  appertains  or  belongs  to  a  person  or 
tiling;  an  appurtenance;  appendage  of  rank 
or  dignity. 

His  real  habitude  gave  life  and  grace 

To  appertainings  and  to  ornament.       Sfiaff. 

Appertalnment  (ap-per-tan'ment),  n.  That 
which  appertains  or  belongs ;  an  appurten- 
ance; external  attribute  pertaining  to  one  s 
rank  or  dignity.  '  We  lay  by  our  appertain- 
ments.'  Shak.  [Rare.] 

Appertenance  (ap-perten-ans),  v.  t.  To  fur- 
nish with  by  way  of  appurtenance;  to  supply 
or  equip. 

The  buildings  are  antient,  large,  strong,  and  fair, 
and  appertenanced  with  the  necessaries  of  wood, 
water,  fishing,  parks,  and  mills.  Rich.  Careai, 

Appertenence.t  Appertenance  t  (ap-per*- 
ten-ens,  ap-perten-aus),  n.  Same  as  Appur- 
tenance. 

Appertlnentt  (ap-pei'tin-entXo.  Belonging; 
appurtenant.  'All  the  other  gifts  apper- 
tinent  to  man.'  Shak. 

Appertlnentt  ( ap-per'tin-ent ),  n.  That 
which  belongs  to  something  else;  an  appur- 
tenance. '  Furnish  him  with  all  appertin- 
enti  belonging  to  his  honour.'  Shak. 

Appete.t  !>.(.  [L.  ad,  to,  and  peto,  to  seek.] 
To  crave  for;  to  desire.  Chaucer. 

Appetence,  Appetency  (ap'pc-tens,  ap'pe- 
ten-si),  n.  [L.  appetentia,  from  appetcns, 
appetentis,  ppr.  of  appeto,  to  desire— ad, 
and  peto,  to  strain  after,  aim  at,  desire,  ask. 
See  PETITION.]  1.  Desire;  inclination;  pro- 
pensity. 

They  had  a  strong  appetency  for  reading.  Merivale. 

Specifically— 2.  Strong  natural  craving  for 
what  satisfies  some  bodily  want ;  appetite ; 
animal  desire.  'Lustful  appetence.'  Milton. 

3.  The  tendency  of  organized  bodies  to  select 
and  imbibe  such  portions  of  matter  as  serve 
to  support  and  nourish  them,  or  are  de- 
signed to  carry  on  the  animal  or  vegetable 
economy. 

These  lacteals  have  mouths,  and  by  animal  selec- 
tion or  appetency  they  absorb  such  part  of  the  fluid 
as  is  agreeable  to  their  palate.  Dr.  E.  Darwin. 

4.  Continuous  effort  on  the  part  of  an  organ- 
ized body  to  perform  a  certain  action. 

The  present  example  .  .  .  precisely  contradicts 
the  opinion  that  the  parts  of  animals  may  have  been 
all  formed  by  what  is  called  appetency,  i.e.  endeavour 
perpetuated,  and  imperceptibly  working  its  effect 
through  an  incalculable  series  of  generations. 

Paley. 

5.  Attraction,  or  the  tendency  in  bodies  to 
move  toward  each  other  and  unite.   [Rare.] 

Attpetent  (ap'pe-tent),  a.  [L.  appetentr,  ap- 
petentis, ppr.  of  appeto.  See  APPETENCE.] 
Desiring;  very  desirous.  'Thirsty  and  ap- 
petent  after  glory.'  Sir  0.  Buck. 

Appetibility  (ap'pet-i-bil"i-ti),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  desirable.  'The  appetibility  of 
the  object.'  Bramhall. 

Appetible  (ap'pet-i-bl),  a.  [L.  appetibilis, 
from  appeto.  See  APPETENCE.  ]  Desirable; 
capable  of  being  the  object  of  appetite. 
'Power  both  to  slight  the  most  appetible 
objects,  and  to  controul  the  most  unruly 
passions.'  Bramhall. 

Appetite  (ap'pe-tit),  n.  [L.  appetitut,  de- 
sire in  general,  from  appeto.  See  APPE- 
TENCE.] 1.  The  natural  desire  of  pleasure 
or  good ;  the  desire  of  gratification,  either 
of  the  body  or  of  the  mind;  taste;  inclina- 
tion. 

They  have  no  appetite  for  bustle  or  contention. 
Brougham. 

Specifically — 2.  A  desire  to  supply  a  bodily 
want  or  craving;  a  desire  for  food  or  drink. 

Fairest  fruit,  that  hung  to  th'  eye 
Tempting,  stirred  in  me  sudden  appetite 
To  pluck  and  eat.  Milton. 

3.  Strong  desire;  eagerness  or  longing.     'II 


God  had  given  to  eagles  an  appetite  to 
swim.'  Jer.  Taylor.  —  4.  t  The  thing  de- 
sired. 'Power  being  the  natural  appetite 
of  princes.'  Swift.  [In  old  authors  appe- 
tite is  followed  by  to;  as,  'an  appetite  to 
praise  '(Dr.  More);  but  regularly  it  should 
be  followed  by  fur  before  the  object;  as,  an 
appetite  for  pleasure.  ]— SYN.  Craving,  long- 
ing, appetency,  desire. 
Appetite  t  (ap'pe-tit),  ».(.  To  desire;  to 
long  for. 

A  man  in  his  natural  perfection  is  fierce,  .  .  .  «/- 
petiting  by  generation  to  bring  forth  his  seinblable. 
Sir  T.  Klyot. 

Appetitiont  (ap-pe-ti'shon),  n.    Desire. 

We  find  in  animals  an  estimative  or  judicial  fa- 
culty, an  appetition  or  aversation.       Sir  M.  Hale. 

Appetltioust  (ap-pe  ti'shus),  a.  Palatable; 
desirable.  'Appetitwug,  passable,  and  tooth- 
some.' Brief  Dencr.  of  l"'ana  ticks. 

Appetitive  (ap'pe-tit-iy),  o.  Having  the 
quality  of  desiring  gratification. 

The  will  is  not  a  bare  appetitive  power  as  that  of 
the  sensual  appetite.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

Appetize  (ap'pe-tiz),  t>.  t.  To  give  an  ap- 
petite to;  to  increase  or  whet  the  appetite  of; 
as,  to  appetize  one  for  his  food. 

Appetizer  (ap'pe-tiz-er),  n.  That  which  ap- 
petizes  or  whets  the  appetite,  as  a  walk. 

Appetizing  (ap'pe-tiz-ing),  p.  and  o.  Giving 
an  appetite;  producing  an  appetite.  'Could 
not  be  very  appetaiiuj.'  Mrs.  Gaskell. 

Appian  (ap'pi-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  Appius. 
—Appian  Way,  &  celebrated  road  from 
Rome  south  through  Capua  to  Erundusium 
(Brindisi),  commenced  by  the  censor  Appitu 
Claudius  B.C.  312.  It  is  above  830  miles  in 
length,  14  to  18  feet  in  breadth,  and  is 
formed  of  hard,  hexagonal  stones,  exactly 
fitted  to  one  another,  and  resting  on  an  ad- 
mirable substructure  of  considerable  depth. 

Applaud  (ap-pladO,  v.t.  (L.  applaudo,  ap- 
plausum — ad,  and  plaudo,  to  make  a  noise 
by  clapping  the  hands.  ]  To  praise  or  show 
approbation  of  by  clapping  the  hands,  ac- 
clamation, or  other  significant  sign;  to 
praise  in  general,  by  words,  actions,  or  other 
means ;  to  commend ;  to  approve,  with  or 
without  demonstration. 

By  the  gods,  I  do  applaud  his  courage.         Shak. 
O  that  our  fathers  would  applaud  our  loves  1    Shot. 

SYN.  To  extol,  praise,  commend,  cry  up, 
magnify. 

Applaud  (ap-pladO,  v.i.  To  give  praise ;  to 
express  approbation;  to  approve,  with  or 
without  demonstration. 

And  there  he  kept  the  justice  of  the  king 
So  vigorously,  yet  mildly,  that  all  hearts 
Applauded.  Tennyson. 

Applauder  (ap-plad'er),  n.  One  who  praises 
or  commends.  'Two  hundred  and  eighty 
applaitders  at  three  shillings  a  day.'  Carlyle. 

Applause  (ap-plaz'),  n.  [See  APPLAUD] 
Praise  loudly  expressed;  approbation  and 
praise,  expressed  by  clapping  the  hands,  ac- 
clamation, or  huzzas;  approbation  expressed 
in  any  way;  commendation;  approval. 

Shall  he  for  whose  applause  I  strove— 
I  had  such  reverence  for  his  blame — 
See  with  clear  eye  some  hidden  shame. 

And  I  be  lessened  in  his  love!  Tennyson. 

SYN.  Acclaim,  acclamation,  plaudit,  com- 
mendation. 

Applauseful  (ap-plaz'fvil),  a.  Laudatory; 
signifying  applause.  [Rare.] 

All  France  and  Britain  ring  with  acclamation. 
And  with  applause  fnl  thanks  they  do  rejoice. 
John  Taylor. 

Applausive  (ap-plaz'iv),  a.  Applauding; 
containing  applause. 

Greet  her  with  applausive  breath.      Tennyson. 

Apple  (ap'l),  n.  [A.  Sax.  ceppel,  <epl,  a  wo 
common  to  the  Teutonic,  Celtic,  Slavonh 
and  Lithuanian  tongues.  Comp.  Icel.  epl . 
Sw.  iiple,  Dan.  able,  D.  appel,  Q.  apfel,  Ir. 
ttbhal  abhal,  W.  afal,  Gael,  ubhall,  Riis. 
jabloko,  Pol.  jablko,  Lith.  obolys.]  1.  The 
fruit  or  pome  of  the  apple-tree  (Pyrus  ila- 
lui).  The  apple  is  a  fruit  of  the  temperate 
regions  of  the  globe,  over  which  it  is  uni- 
versally cultivated.  It  is  used  for  bakhu,'. 
for  dessert,  and  the  manufacture  of  cider. 
It  contains  13  to  21  per  cent,  of  solid  mat- 
ter, and  the  juice  contains  malic  acid.  In 
its  wild  state  it  is  the  austere  crab-apple  of 
the  hedges.— 2.  The  tree  itself,  fynu  Ma- 
lus.  See  APPLE-TREK.  —  3.  A  name  popu- 
larly given  to  various  exotic  fruits  or  trees 
having  little  or  nothing  in  common  with 
the  apple;  as,  the  balsam  apple  (Jfomoro'uM 
balsamina),  the  custard-apple  (Anona  rett- 
culata\theegg-app\e(Solanumescul(iituin), 
the  pine-apple  (Ananassa  satira),  etc.—  Ap- 
ple of  the  eye,  the  pupil. — Apple  of  Sodom, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


APPLE 


133 


APPOGGIATURA 


a  fruit  described  by  old  writers  as  exter- 
nally of  fiiir  appearance,  'nit  turning  to 
UbM  Mln-n  pliii-kud;  probably  the  fruit  of 
Siildtiitiit  miduiin'iiiii,  -<r  of  Calotropit  pro- 
cera,  — Adam's  apple,  (a)  the  lime;  (b)  a 
prominence  on  the  throat.  See  ADAM.— 
A  Mile  <>f  'Uncord,  cause  of  envy  and  conten- 
tion, in  allusion  to  the  story  in  the  Greek 
mythology  of  the  golden  apple  thrown  into 
an  assembly  of  the  gods  by  the  goddess  of 
discord  (Kris),  bearing  the  inscription  'for 
the  fairest. '  Aphrodite  ( Venus),  Hera(Juno), 
and  Pallas  (Minerva)  became  competitors 
for  it,  and  its  adjudication  to  the  first  by 
Paris  so  inflamed  the  jealousy  and  hatred 
of  Hera  to  all  of  the  Trojan  race  that  she 
did  not  cease  her  machinations  till  Troy 
was  destroyed. 

Apple  (ap'l),  v.t.    To  form  like  an  apple. 

Apple  (ap'l),  v.i.     To  grow  into  the  form  of 
an  apple. 
One  (turnip)  apples  above  the  ground.      Marshall. 

Apple-blight  (ap'1-blif),  «  A  species  of 
apliis.  See  APHIS. 

Apple-brandy,  Apple-Jack  (ap'1-bran'di, 
up  1-jak),  n.  A  liquor  distilled  from  cider; 
also  called  Culer-brandi/.  [American.] 

Apple-butter  (ap'1-but'ter),  n,  A  sauce 
made  of  apples  stewed  down  in  cider. 
[American.] 

Apple-COrer  (ap'1-kor-er),  n.  One  who  or 
tliat  which  removes  the  core  from  apples; 
specifically,  an  instrument  in  the  form  of  a 
long  conical  tube  with  a  sharpened  end  which 
cuts  into  the  fruit,  the  core  passing  into  the 
tube.  When  this  is  fitted  with  radial  knives 
it  is  called  an  apple-quarterer,  or  apple- 
xlicer. 

Apple-drink  (ap'1-dringk),  n.    Cider. 

Apple-faced  (ap'1-fast),  a.  Having  a  round, 
plump,  glowing  face,  like  an  apple.  'Ap- 
ple-faced children.'  Dickens, 

Apple-graft  (ap'1-graft),  71.  A  scion  of  the 
apple-tree  engrafted. 

Apple-lack.    See  APPLE-BRANDY. 

Apple-John  (ap'l-jon),  n.  A  kind  of  apple, 
considered  to  be  in  perfection  when  shri- 
velled and  withered. 

I  am  withered  like  an  old  apple-John.        Shak. 

Apple-moth  (ap'1-moth),  n.  The  Tortrix 
jininntiana,  a  lepidopterous  insect,  the  lar- 
vte  of  which  take  up  their  abode  in  apples. 

Apple-parer  (ap'1-par-er),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  pares  apples;  specifically,  an  im- 
plement of  many  various  forms  used  for  re- 
moving the  rind  from  apples. 

Apple-pie  (ap'l-pi),  n.  A  pie  made  of  apples 
stewed  or  baked,  inclosed  in  paste,  or  cov- 
ered with  paste. — Apple-pie  bed.abed  mnde 
up  with  the  sheets  doubled  so  as  to  prevent 
anyone  from  getting  his  legs  down  between 
thorn:  so  called  from  the  apple  turnover,  a 
kind  of  pie  in  which  the  crust  is  turned  over 
the  apples  so  as  to  render  a  dish  unneces- 
sary.— Apple-pie  order,  an  expression  used 
in  familiar  conversation,  denoting  perfect 
order;  as,  everything  in 
the  house  was  in  apple- 
pie  order. 

Apple-pip  (apl-pip),  n. 
An  apple-seed. 

Apple-quarterer(ap1- 
kwart-er-erl  n.  One 
who  or  that  which 
divides  apples  into 
quarters ;  specifically, 
an  instrument  of  vari- 
ous forms  (one  of  which 
is  described  under 
APPI.K-CORER)  used  for 
this  purpose. 

Apple -scoop  (ap'l- 
sk6p),H.  Ascooporslice 
in  shape  of  a  hollow 
chisel,  formed  of  bone 
or  ivory,  sometimes  of 
silver  or  wood, formerly 
used  much  as  the  fruit- 
knife  is  now  used  for 
eating  apples.  It  was 
about  7  or  8  inches  in  length,  often  highly 
decorated,  and  of  very  fanciful  design. 

Some  spent  the  hour  in  leisure's  pleasant  toil, 
Making  their  apple-scoops  of  bone  the  while. 

CUre, 

Apple-slicer  (ap'l-slla-er).     See  APPLE- 

OORIR. 

Apple-squire  (apl-skwir).  n.  [From  apple, 
the  forbidden  fruit,  and  squire.]  1.  A  pimp; 
a  kept  gallant;  a  page  who  waited  on  women 
of  bad  character.  '  Cut-purses,  liars,  bawds, 
whores,  pimps,  panders,  and  apple-squires.' 
r<><>r  AVmi.— 2.  A  wittol. 

Apple-tree  (ap'l-tre),  n.     A  tree  of  the 


\nple -scoop,  said 
have  belonged 
John  Bunyan. 


genus  Pyrus,  iiat.  order  Rosacerc.  The  fruit 
of  this  tree,  ralN-d  a  prime  (which  see),  is 
indefinitely  various,  and  new  varieties  arc 
being  annually  introduced.  The  crab-apple 
(I't/rim  Malu-tf)  is  the  original  kind,  from 
wliii-h  all  others  have  sprung.  The  wood 
is  hard,  durable,  and  fine-grained, and  much 
used  in  turnery;  that  of  the  crab-tree  is  used 
for  the  teeth  of  mortise- wheels.  Apple- 
trees  are  propagated  by  seeds,  layers,  graft- 
ing, and  tnuMiii^. 

Apple-wine  (apT-wta),  n.    Cider. 

Appliable  (ap-plT'a-bl),  a.  [See  APPLY.] 
Capable  of  being  applied;  applicable.  [Rare 
or  obsolete.  ] 

All  that  I  have  said  of  heathen  idolatry  is  >ipp.li- 
able  to  idolatry  of  another  sort.  South. 

Appliance  (ap-pli'ans),  n.  1.  The  act  of  ap- 
plying.—2.  The  thing  applied;  specifically, 
(a)  an  appendage;  an  appurtenance;  as,  an 
engine  with  its  appliances.  (b\  Resource; 
means  to  an  end;  device.  'With  all  appli- 
ances and  means  to  boot.'  Sfiak. 

Material  appliancet\\avc  been  lavishly  used  ;  arts, 
inventions,  and  machines  introduced  from  abroad, 
manufactures  set  up,  communications  opened,  roads 
made,  canals  dug,  mines  worked,  harbours  formed. 
Buckle. 

(c)t  Application;  medicament;  remedy. 

Diseases  desperate  grown 
By  desperate  appliance  are  relieved.       Shak. 

Applicability  (ap'pli-ka-bil"i-ti),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  applicable  or  fit  to  be  ap- 
plied. 

Applicable  (ap'pli-ka-bl),  a.  JFr,  from  L. 
applicare.  See  APPLY.]  Capable  of  being 
applied;  fit  to  be  applied,  as  connected  with 
a  thing;  having  relevance;  as,  this  observa- 
tion is  applicable  to  the  case  under  con- 
sideration. 

The  use  of  logic,  although  potentially  applicable 
to  every  matter,  is  always  actually  manifested  by 
special  reference  to  some  one.  Sir  It'.  Hamilton. 

Applicableness  (ap'pli-ka-bl-nes),  n.  Fit- 
ness to  be  applied;  the  quality  of  being  ap- 
plicable. 

Applicably  (ap'pli-ka-bli),  adv.  In  an  ap- 
plicable manner. 

Applicancy  (ap'pli-kan-si),  n.  The  state  of 
being  applicable. 

Applicant  (ap'pli-kant),  n.  [L.  applicant, 
applicants,  ppr.  of  applico.  See  APPLY.] 

1.  One  who  applies;  one  who  makes  request; 
a  petitioner;  a  candidate. 

The  applicant  for  a  cup  of  water  declares  himself 
to  be  the  Messias.  Plnmtree. 

2.  A  diligent  student;  one  who  applies  him- 
self closely.    [Rare  and  American.] 

Appllcate  (ap'pli-kat),  n.  A  right  line  drawn 
across  a  curve,  so  as  to  be  bisected  by  the 
diameter;  an  ordinate. 

Appllcate  (ap'pli-kat),  a.  Applied  or  put 
to  some  use.  [Rare.] 

Those  applicate  sciences  which  extend  the  power 
of  man  over  the  elements.  Is.  Taylor. 

— Applicate  number,  a  number  applied  in  a 
concrete  case,  flutton. — Applicate  ordinate, 
a  straight  line  applied  at  right  angles  to  the 
axis  of  any  conic  section,  and  bounded  by  the 
curve. 

Applicate t  (ap'pli-kat), v.t.  To  apply.  'The 
act  of  faith  is  applicated  to  the  object.' 
Bp.  Pearson. 

Application  (ap-pli-ka'shon),  n.  [L.  appli- 
catio.  See  APPLY.]  1.  The  act  of  applying 
or  putting  to;  the  act  of  laying  on ;  as,  the 
application  of  emollients  to  a  diseased  limb. 
2.  The  thing  applied;  as,  the  pain  was  abated 
by  the  application.—  3.  The  act  of  making 
request  or  soliciting;  as,  he  made  applica- 
tion to  the  Court  of  Chancery —4.  The  act 
of  making  use  of,  as  means;  the  employ- 
ment of  means. 

If  a  right  course  be  taken  with  children,  there  will 
not  be  much  need  of  the  application  of  the  common 
rewards  and  punishments.  Locke. 

5.  The  act  of  fixing  the  mind  on  something; 
intenseness  of  thought;  close  study;  atten- 
tion; as,  to  injure  the  health  by  application 
to  study. 

The  curate,  surprised  to  find  such  instances  of  in- 
dustry and  application  in  a  young  man,  who  had 
never  met  with  the  least  encouragement,  asked  him 
if  he  did  not  extremely  regret  the  want  of  a  liberal 
education.  Fielding. 

6.  The  act  of  applying  or  referring  some- 
thing, as  a  general  principle,  to  a  particular 
case ;  the  testing  of  something  theoretical 
by  applying  it  in  practice. 

He  laid  down  with  clearness  and  accuracy  the 
principles  by  which  the  question  is  to  be  decided, 
but  he  did  not  pursue  them  into  their  detailed  appli- 
cation. Sir  G.  C.  Lents. 

Applicative  (ap'pli-kiit-iv),  a.  Applying; 
applicatory.  Bramhatt.  [Rare.] 


Applicator  (ap>H-kat-cr),n.  A  surgical  in- 
strument for  applying  caustic,  a  tent,  or 
some  other  application  to  a  deep-seated 
part.  £.  U.  Kniaht. 

Applicatory  (apTpU-ka-to-ri),  a.  That  in- 
cludes the  act  of  applying;  having  an  appli- 
cation; applicative.  'Awlica 
tion.'  Bp.  Wilfciiui.  [Rare.] 

Applicatory  (ap'pli-ka-to-ri),  n.  That  which 
applies.  [Rare.] 

Faith  is  the  inward  applicatory  (of  Christ's  death), 
and  if  there  be  any  outward,  it  must  be  the  sacra- 
ments. Jcr.  Taylor. 

Applied  (ap-plid'X  p.  and  a.  Put  on  ;  put 
to;  directed;  employed:  said  specifically  of 
a  science,  when  its  laws  are  employed  and 
exemplified  in  dealing  with  concrete  pheno- 
mena; as,  applied  mathematics. 

Appliedly  (ap-pli'ed-li),  adv.  By  applica- 
tion. [Rare.] 

All  superstition  whatsoever  reflccteth  upon  reli- 
gion. It  is  not  but  in  such  acts  as  be  of  themselves. 
or  appliedlyt  acts  of  religion  and  piety.  Monntagit. 

Applier  (ap-pli'er),  n.    One  that  applies. 

Applimentt  (ap-pli'ment),  n.  Application. 
Sfarston. 

Applique  Lace  (a p  pick'  las),  n.  [Fr.  ap- 
phqiter,  to  put  on.]  A  name  given  to  lace 
whose  pattern  has  been  cut  out  and  sewed 
on  a  foundation  of  net.  By  this  means  a 
piece  of  lace  may  be  transferred  from  a  veil 
to  a  scarf  or  lappet. 

Applet t  (ap-plof),  v.t.  1.  Lit.  to  divide  Into 
plots  or  plats;  to  plot  out. —2.  To  allot  or 
apportion  the  proportions  of  an  assessment; 
to  assess. 

Applotment  t  (ap-plot'ment),  n.  An  appor- 
tioned assessment. 

Applumbature  (ap-plum'ba-tur),  n.  [L.  ad, 
to,  and  plumbum,  lead.]  A  soldering  with 
lead. 

Apply  (ap-pin.  v.  (.  pret.  &  pp.  applied;  ppr. 
applying.  [O.Fr.  applier,  Pr.  aplicar,  L. 
applicare,  to  fasten  to— ad,  to,  and  plico,  to 
fold,  to  double  up.  See  PLY.]  1.  To  lay  on; 
to  put  one  thing  to  another ;  as,  to  apply 
the  hand  to  the  breast ;  to  apply  medica- 
ments to  a  diseased  part  of  the  body.  'Ap- 
ply to  her  some  remedies.*  Shak.  —  2.  To 
use  or  employ  for  a  particular  purpose  or 
in  a  particular  case;  as,  to  apply  a  sum  of 
money  to  the  payment  of  a  debt.  'Craft 
against  vice  I  must  apply.'  Shak.  —  3.  To 
put,  refer,  or  use  as  suitable  or  relative  to 
some  person  or  thing ;  as,  to  apply  the  tes- 
timony to  the  case. 

Great  Agamemnon,  Nestor  shall  apply 
Thy  latest  words.  Shak. 

I  repeated  the  verses  which  I  formerly  applied  to 
him.  JjryeUn. 

4.  To  engage  and  employ  with  attention ; 
to  occupy;  as,  'Apply  thine  heart  to  instruc- 
tion.' Prov.  xxiii.  12. 

Every  man  is  conscious  to  himself  that  he  thinks, 
and  that  which  his  mind  is  applied  about,  whilst 
thinking,  is,  the  ideas  that  are  there.  Locke. 

5.  t  To  address  or  direct. 

Sacred  vows  and  mystic  song  applied 

To  grisly  Pluto  and  his  gloomy  bride.      Pope. 

O.t  To  busy;  to  keep  at  work;  to  ply:  super- 
seded by  ply  (which  see). 

Whose  busy  feet  so  fast  their  way  apply 'd, 

That  round  about  a  cloud  of  dust  did  fly.    Spenser. 

7.t  To  visit;  as,  'He  applied  each  place  so 
fast.'  Chapman.— To  apply  one's  self,  (a)  to 
give  the  chief  part  of  one's  time  and  atten- 
tion ;  to  dedicate  or  devote  one's  self  (to  a 
thing) ;  as,  to  apply  one's  self  to  the  study 
of  botany.  (&)t  To  make  an  application;  to 
have  recourse  by  request ;  to  address  one's 
self  (to  a  person).  '  I  applied  myself  to  him 
for  help.'  Johnson. 

Apply  (ap-pliO,  v.i.  1  To  suit;  to  agree;  to 
have  some  connection,  agreement,  analogy, 
or  reference  to ;  as,  this  argument  applies 
well  to  the  case;  the  remarks  were  not 
meant  to  apply  to  you. — 2.  To  make  request; 
to  solicit;  to  nave  recourse  with  a  view  to 
gain  something;  as,  to  apply  to  government 
for  an  office;  I  applied  to  a  friend  for  infor- 
mation. 

Appoggiato  (ap-po-ja'to).  [It.,  propped.] 
In  music,  a  direction  signifying  that  the 
notes  are  to  be  performed  so  that  they  in- 
sensibly glide  and  melt  into  each  other 
without  any  perceptible  break. 

Appoggiatura  (ap-poj'a-W"ra),n.  [It,  from 
appoggiare,tole&T\.]  In  music, 

0  ^ a  small  additional  note  of 

— F~cr*"~  embellishment,  preceding  the 
^j-—  t—  note  to  which  it  is  attached, 
and  taking  away  from  the 
principal  note  a  portion  of  its  time. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  0o;      J,  job;      fi,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  w?ig;    wh,  to/tig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


APPOINT 


134 


APPREHEND 


Appoint  (ap-poinf),  v.t.  [Fr.  appointer,  to 
refer  a  cause,  to  give  a  salary;  O.Fr.  ap- 
poittcter,  to  determine,  to  finish  a  contro- 
versy, to  decree;  L.L.  appunctare,  to  bring 
to  the  point,  to  fix  the  points  in  a  contro- 
versy or  agreement  — L.  ad,  to,  and  punc- 
tuin,  a  point.  See  POINT.  ]  1. 1  To  make  fast 
or  firm;  to  establish;  to  secure. 

When  he  appointed  the  foundations  of  the  earth. 
Prov.  viii.  29. 

2.  To  constitute,  ordain,  or  fix  by  decree, 
order,  or  decision;  to  decree;  to  command. 

Unto  him  thou  gavest  commandment,  which  he 
tr.insgressed.and  immediately  thou  appointedst  death 
to  him  and  his  generations.  2  Esdras  iii.  7. 

Thy  servants  are  ready  to  do  whatever  my  lord 
the  king  shall  appoint.  z  Sam.  xv.  15. 

3.  To  allot,  set  apart,  or  designate ;  to  no- 
minate, as  to  an  office. 

These  cities  were  appointed  for  all  the  children  of 
Israel.  Josh.  xx.  9. 

Let  Pharaoh  appoint  officers  over  the  land. 

Gen.  xli.  34. 

4.  To  settle ;  to  fix,  name,  or  determine  by 
authority  or  upon  agreement ;  as,  they  ap- 
pointed a  time  and  place  for  the  meeting. — 
5.t  To  point  at  by  way  of  censure;  to  ar- 
raign.    'Appoint  not  heavenly  disposition.' 
Milton.—  6.  To  provide  with  all  that  is  re- 
quisite; to  equip. 

You  may  be  armed  and  appointed  well.      Shak. 

7.  In  law,  to  allot  or  divide,  in  virtue  of  a 
clause  contained  in  a  conveyance,  confer- 
ring a  power  on  some  person,  who  is  called 
the  appointor,  to  do  so ;  as,  where  a  parent 
lias  the  liferent  of  a  fund  with  a  power  to 
appoint  the  fund  to  his  children  after  death. 
The  parent  in  that  case  is  the  appointor, 
and  the  children  are  said  to  be  appointees. 
Appoint  (ap-pointO,  v.i.  1.  To  ordain;  to 
determine. 

The  Lord  had  appointed  to  defeat  the  good  coun- 
sel of  Ahitophel.  2  Sam.  xvii.  14. 

2.  In  law,  to  exercise  a  power  of  appoint- 
ment. 

Appointable  (ap-point'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  appointed  or  constituted. 

Appointee  (ap-point-e'),  n.  1.  A  person  ap- 
pointed. [Rare.] — 2.  Formerly,  a  soldier  in 
the  French  army,  who  for  long  service  and 
bravery  received  more  pay  than  other  pri- 
vates.—3.  In  law,  the  person  who  benefits 
by  the  execution  of  a  power  of  appoint- 
ment. See  APPOINT,  7. 

Appointee  (ap-point-e'),  a.  In  her.  same  as 
Aiguise. 

Appointer  (ap-point'er),  n.  One  who  ap- 
points. 

Appointment  (ap-point'ment),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  appointing ;  designation  to  office;  as, 
he  erred  by  the  appointment  of  unsuitable 
men.  —  2.  An  office  held  by  a  person  ap- 
pointed ;  as,  he  holds  a  high  appointment 
in  the  civil  service.  — 3.  Stipulation;  assig- 
nation ;  the  act  of  fixing  by  mutual  agree- 
ment ;  as,  they  made  an  appointment  to 
meet  at  six  o'clock.— 4.  Established  order 
or  constitution ;  decree ;  ordinance ;  direc- 
tion; order;  command;  as,  it  is  our  duty  to 
submit  to  the  divine  appointments. 

Wheat,  salt,  wine,  and  oil,  let  it  be  given  accord- 
ing to  the  appointment  of  the  priests.  Ezra  vi.  9. 

5.  Equipment,  furniture,  as  for  a  ship,  an 
army,  an  officer,  soldier,  and  the  like;  what- 
ever is  appointed  for  use  and  management; 
accoutrements:  in  this  sense  used  frequently 
in  the  plural.     '  We'll  set  forth  in  best  ap- 
pointment all  our  regiments.'    Shak. 

The  cavaliers  emulated  their  chief  in  the  richness 
of  their  appointments.  Prescott. 

6.  Act  of  preparing;  preparation.    [Rare.] 

Therefore  your  best  appointment  make  with  speed 
Skat. 

7.  An  allowance  to  a  person ;  a  salary  or 
pension,  as  to  a  public  officer:  properly  used 
only  in  the  plural. 

An  expense  proportioned  to  his  appointments  and 
fortune  is  necessary.  Chesterfield. 

8.  In  law,  (a),  a  devise  or  grant  to  a  charit- 
able use.    (b)  A  common  law-deed  or  con- 
veyance of  a  derivative  nature,  relating  to 
or  dependent  on  some  precedent  assurance 
in  which  a  power  to  appoint  to  certain  uses 
has  been  created  or  preserved  to  the  party 
thereby  granting   or   appointing.  —  9.  -An 
honorary  part  to  perform  at  a  public  exhibi- 
tion of  a  college.     [United  States.] 

Appointor  (ap-point'or),  n.  In  law,  one 
who  has  a  power  of  appointment. 

Apportert  (ap-port'er),  n.  [Fr.  apporter,  to 
bring  in— L.  ad,  to,  and  porto,  to  carry.]  A 
bringer  in ;  one  that  brings  anything  into 
the  country. 

This  makes  only  the  apporters  themselves,  their 
aiders,  abettors,  and  assistants,  traitors. 

Sir  M.  Hale. 


Apportion  (ap-por'shon),  v.t.  [O.Fr.  appor- 
tioner  —  L.  ad,  and  portio,  portion.  See 
PORTION.]  To  divide  and  assign  in  just 
proportion ;  to  distribute  among  two  or 
more  a  just  part  or  share  to  each;  to  distri- 
bute ;  to  allot ;  as,  to  apportion  undivided 
rights ;  to  apportion  time  among  various 
employments. 

Apportionatenesst  (ap-ppr'shon-at-nes),  n. 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  adapted ;  just 
proportion.  'The  apportionateness  of  it 
(the  liturgy)  to  the  end  for  which  it  was 
designed. '  Hamm  ond. 

Apportioner  (ap-por'shon-er),  n.  One  that 
apportions. 

Apportionment  (ap-por'shon-ment),  n.  The 
act  of  apportioning ;  a  dividing  into  just 
proportions  or  shares ;  a  dividing  and  as- 
signing to  each  proprietor  his  just  portion 
of  an  undivided  right  or  property. 

Apposet  (ap-poz'),  v-t.  [Fr.  apposer,  to  set 
to;  O.Fr.,  to  question;  L.  appono,  apposi- 
tum  —  ad,  to,  and  pono,  to  place,  whence 
pose,  position,  depose,  <fec.]  1.  To  place  be- 
side; to  set  down  before.  '  He  food  apposed 
before  them.'  Chapman.— 2.  To  apply.  'Ap- 
posed to  the  parts.'  Harvey. — 3.  To  put 
questions  to;  to  examine;  to  pose. 

Christ  was  found  bitting  in  the  temple,  not  to  gaze 
on  the  glory  of  the  house,  .  .  .  but  to  hear  and 
appose  the  doctors.  Bp.  Hall. 

Apposer  (ap-poz'er),  n.  1.  An  examiner; 
one  whose  business  is  to  put  questions. 
Specifically  —  2.  An  officer  in  the  court  of 
exchequer,  commonly  called  the  poser. 

Apposite  (ap'po-zit),  a.  [L.  appositiis,  set 
or  put  to,  from  appono— ad,  and  pono,  to 
put  or  place.  ]  Suitable ;  fit ;  appropriate ; 
very  applicable;  well  adapted :  followed  by 
to;  as,  this  argument  is  very  apposite  to  the 
case.  'Ready  and  apposite  answers.'  Bacon. 

Appositely  (ap'po-zit-li),  adv.  In  an  appo- 
site manner;  suitably;  fitly;  properly;  ap- 
propriately. 

Apposlteness  (ap'po-zit-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  apposite ;  fitness ;  pro- 
priety; suitableness. 

Apposition  (ap-po-zi'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  adding  to;  addition;  a  setting  to.  'The 
apposition  of  new  matter.'  Arbuthnot. — 

2.  Ingram,  the  relation  in  which  one  or  more 
nouns  or  substantive  phrases  or  clauses  stand 
to  a  noun  or  pronoun,  which  they  explain  or 
characterize  without  being  predicated  of  it, 
and  with  whicli  they  agree  in  case.     In  the 
following  examples  the  nouns  and  phrases 
in  italics  are  in  apposition  to  the  nouns  or 
pronouns  immediately  preceding.    Cicero, 
the  orator,  lived  in  the  first  century  before 
Christ;   he,  the  commander  of  the  tenth 
regiment,  now  led  his  troops  towards  the 
hill ;  the  desire  to  attain  eminence  is  one  of 
the  leading  motives  to  activity;  the  opinion, 
that  a  severe  winter  is  generally  followed  by 
a  good  summer,  is  a  vulgar  error.  —  3.  In 
physiol,  that  part  of  the  function  of  nutri- 
tion by  which  the  components  of  the  blood 
are  transformed  on  the  free  surface  of  an 
organ  into  a  solid  unorganized  substance, 
which  is  the  mode  of  growth  of  the  tissues 
that  are  not  vascular. 

Appositlonal  (ap-po-zi'shon-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  apposition,  especially  grammatical 
apposition. 

Appositive  (ap-poz'it-iv),  a.  1.  Apposite; 
applicable.  — 2.  In  gram,  placed  in  apposi- 
tion. 'Appositive  to  the  words  going  imme- 
diately before.'  Knatchbull. 

Appraisal  ( ap-praz'al ),  n.  Valuation  by 
authority;  an  appraisement. 

Appraise  (ap-praz'),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  ap- 
praised; ppr.  appraising.  [O.Fr.  appreiser; 
L.  appretiare,  to  set  a  price  on— ad,  to,  and 
pretium,  a  price.  See  PRAISE,  PRICE,  AP- 
PRECIATE.] 1.  To  value;  to  set  a  price  upon; 
to  estimate  the  value  of.  [It  is  generally 
used  for  the  act  of  valuing  by  men  appointed 
for  the  purpose,  under  direction  of  law  or 
by  agreement  of  parties;  as,  to  appraise  the 
goods  and  estate  of  a  deceased  person,  or 
goods  taken  under  a  distress  for  rent.  See 
note  under  APPRAISER.]  — 2.  To  estimate 
generally. 

The  sickly  babe,  .  .  . 

Whom  Enoch  took,  and  handled  all  his  limbs. 
Appraised  his  weight,  and  fondled  father-like. 
Tennyson. 

3.  To  praise.    [Rare.] 
Appraisement  (ap-praz'ment),  n.    The  act 

of  setting  a  value  under  some  authority  or 
appointment;  also,  the  rate  at  which  a  thing 
is  valued;  the  value  fixed,  or  valuation. 
In  England,  when  goods  have  been  taken 
under  a  distress  for  rent,  it  is  necessary,  in 
order  to  enable  the  landlord  to  sell  them, 


that  they  should  be  previously  appraised  or 
valued  by  two  appraisers,  who  are  sworn  to 
appraise  the  goods  truly,  according  to  the 
best  of  their  understanding.  See  note  under 
next  article. 

Appraiser  (ap-praz'er),7i.  One  whoappraises; 
specifically,  a  person  licensed  and  swoni  to 
estimate  and  fix  the  value  of  goods  and 
estate. 

Note. — Appraise,  appraiser,  appraisement, 
are  now  almost  uniformly  used,  instead  of 
apprize,  apprizer,  apprizement,  although 
the  latter  were  formerly  used  by  good  Kn,u- 
lish  authors,  as  Lord  Bacon,  Bishop  Hall, 
&c.,  and  are  still  frequently  used  in  the 
United  States,  where  the  former  words  are 
often  pronounced  like  the  latter. 

Apprecationt  (ap-pre-ka'shon),  n.  [L.  ap- 
precor,  apprecatus,  to  pray  to— ad,  and  pre- 
cor,  to  pray.]  Prayer.  'Fervent  avpreca- 
tions.'  Bp.  Hall. 

Apprecatoryt  (ap'pre-ka-to-ri),  a.  Contain- 
ing a  prayer.  "Die  (benedictions)  not  so 
Tciuchapprecatory  as  declaratory.'  Bp.  Hall. 

Appreciable  (ap-pre'shi-a-bl),  a.  [See  AP- 
PRECIATE.] Capable  of  being  appreciated 
or  estimated ;  sufficiently  great  to  be  cap- 
able of  estimation. 

A  twelfth  part  of  the  labour  of  making  a  plough  is 
an  appreciable  quantity.  y.  S.  Mill. 

Appreciably  (ap-pre'shi-a-bli),  adv.  To  a 
degree  that  may  be  appreciated  orestimated; 
perceptibly;  aa,  he  is  appreciably  better. 

Appreciant  (ap-pre'shi-ant),  a.  Capable  of 
appreciating ;  having  the  faculty  of  setting 
a  proper  value  on  persons  or  things. 

Such  was  the  man  whom  Henry,  of  desert 
Appreciant  alway,  chose  for  highest  trust. 

Soulhry. 

Appreciate  (ap-pre'shi-at),  v.t,  pret.  &  pp. 
appreciated;  ppr.  appreciating.  [Fr.  ap- 
precier,  to  set  a  value,  L.  appretio,  appreci- 
atum — ad,  and  pretium,  value,  price.  See 
PRICE.]  1.  To  value;  to  set  a  price  or  value 
on;  to  estimate;  as,  we  seldom  sufficiently 
appreciate  the  advantages  we  enjoy. 

The  sectaries  of  a  persecuted  religion  are  seldom 
in  a  proper  temper  of  mind  calmly  to  investigate  or 
candidly  to  appreciate  the  motives  of  their  enemies. 
Gibbon. 

2.  To  estimate  duly ;  to  place  a  sufficiently 
high  estimate  on  ;  as,  he  thinks  he  is  not 
appreciated.  [Colloq.]— 3.  To  raise  the  value 
of.  'Lest  a  sudden  peace  should  appreciate 
the  money.'  0.  Ramsay. 

Appreciate  (ap-pre'shi-at),  v.i.  To  rise  in 
value;  to  become  of  more  value;  as,  the  coin 
of  the  country  appreciates;  public  securi- 
ties appreciated  when  the  debt  was  funded. 

Appreciation  (ap-pre'shi-a"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  appreciating ;  as,  (cr)  the  act  of  valu- 
ing or  estimating;  the  act  of  setting  a  price 
or  value  on.  (b)  The  act  of  setting  a  due  value 
on.  (c)  A  rising  in  value;  increase  of  worth 
or  value. 

Appreciative  (ap-pre'shi-a-tiv),  a.  Capable 
of  appreciating ;  manifesting  due  apprecia- 
tion; as,  an  appreciative  audience. 

Appreciatory  (ap-pre'shi-a-to-ri),  a.  Appre- 
ciative; as,  appreciat ory  praise. 

Appredicate  (ap-pre'di-kat),  n.  [Ap  for  L. 
ao,  to,  and  E.  predicate.]  An  addition  to 
the  predicate;  the  copula  in  a  proposition. 

By  Aristotle  the  predicate  includes  the  copula,  and 
from  a  hint  by  him  the  latter  has  by  subsequent 
Greek  logicians  been  styled  the  appreaicate. 

Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

Apprehend  (ap-pre-hend'),  v.t.  [L.  appre- 
hendo—ad,  and  prehendo,  to  take  or  seize, 
prce,  before,  and  hendo  (not  used),  to  seize.] 
1.  To  take  or  seize;  to  take  hold  of. 

There  is  nothing  but  hath  a  double  handle,  or  at 
least,  we  have  two  hands  to  apprehend  it. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

[In  this  literal  sense  it  is  now  used  solely 
with  a  personal  object,  and  is  applied  chiefly 
to  taking  or  arresting  persons  by  legal  pro- 
cess, or  with  a  view  to  trial ;  as,  to  appre- 
hend a  thief.]— 2.  To  take  or  lay  hold  of  by 
the  mind;  to  become  cognizant  of;  to  under- 
stand; to  recognize;  to  discern. 

Full  to  the  utmost  measure  of  what  bliss 
Human  desires  can  seek  or  apprehend.      Milton. 
He  seems  to  hear  a  heavenly  friend. 
And  thro'  thick  veils  to  apprehend 
A  labour  working  to  an  end.  Tennyson. 

3.t  To  take  cognizance  of  voluntarily;  to 
notice.  [Rare.] 

The  Duke  of  Ormond  knew  well  enough  that  the 
fellow  threatened  it,  and  was  like  enough  to  act  it; 
but  that  he  thought  it  below  him  to  apprehend  it. 
Clarendon. 

4.  To  entertain  suspicion  or  fear  of:  said  of 
a  future  evil;  as,  we  apprehend  calamities 
from  a  feeble  or  wicked  administration.— 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


APPREHEND 


135 


APPROBATION 


A/>itrt'hfn>l,    f'.,,,,/,,  ./,,•„,/        Sec    following 
extract. 

We  apprehend  many  truths  which  we  do  not  com- 
prehend. The  great  mystery,  for  instance,  of  the 
Holy  Trinity—we  lay  hold  upon  it  {ad prehendo),  we 
•UK  upon  it.  our  souls  live  by  it;  but  we  do  not  take 
it  au  ill.  we  do  not  comprehend  it.  It  belongs  to  the 
idea  of  (;-xl  that  he  may  be  apprehended  though  not 


comprehended  by  his  reasonable  creatures ;  he  has 
made  them  to  know  him.  though  not  to  know  him  all, 
to  apprehend  though  not  to  comprehend  him. 

Trench. 

STN.  To  catch,  seize,  arrest,  detain,  capture, 
conceive,  understand,  believe,  fear,  dread. 
Apprehend  (ap-pre-hend'),  v.i.  1.  To  seize 
with  the  mind;  to  form  a  conception;  to 
conceive;  to  think;  to  suppose;  to  imagine. 
'You  apprehend  passing  shrewdly.'  Shak. 

2.  To  think;  to  believe  or  be  of  opinion,  but 
without  positive  certainty:  used  as  a  modest 
way  of  introducing  an  opinion ;  as,  all  this 
is  true,  but  we  apprehend  it  is  not  to  the 
purpose.  —  3.  To  be  apprehensive ;  to  be  in 
fear  of  a  future  evil.    '  It  is  worse  to  appre- 
hend than  to  suffer.'    Rowe. 

Apprehender  (ap-pre-hend'er),  n.  One  who 
apprehends. 

Apprehensible  (ap-pre-hen'si-bl),  o.  Cap- 
able of  being  apprehended  or  conceived. 

Apprehension  (ap-pre-hen'shon),  n.  I.  Lit. 
the  act  of  seizing  or  taking  hold  of;  as,  the 
hand  is  the  organ  of  apprehension. — 2.  The 
act  of  arresting  or  seizing  by  legal  process 
as,  the  felon. after  hisapprehemion,  escaped. 

3.  The  mere  contemplation  of  things withoul 
ufllrming.denying,  or  passing  any  judgment 
the  operation  of  the  mind  in  contemplating 
ideas,  without  comparing  them  with  others 
or  referring  them  to  external  objects;  sim- 
ple intellection  ;  the  simple  reception  of  a 
notion,  without  necessarily  full  comprehen- 
sion of  it,  as  of  the  Trinity:  specifically 
called  by  logicians  simple  apprehension.— 

4.  Opinion;  conception;  sentiments;  belief; 
as.  in  our  apprehension  the  facts  prove  the 
issue. 

To  be  false,  and  to  be  thought  false,  is  all  one  in 
respect  of  men  who  act,  not  according  to  truth,  but 
apprehension.  South. 

6.  The  faculty  by  which  new  ideas  are  con- 
ceived; power  of  perceiving  and  under- 
standing ;  intellect.  '  In  apprehension  how 
like  a  god.'  Shak.  —6.  Distrust  or  fear  at 
the  prospect  of  future  evil,  accompanied 
with  uneasiness  of  mind. 

The  sense  of  death  is  most  in  apprehension.   Sha&. 
Claudius  was  in  no  small  apprehension  for  his  own 
l"e-  Addison. 

—Incomplcx  apprehension  regards  one  ob- 
ject or  several,  without  any  relation  being 
perceived  between  them,  as  a  man,  a  horse, 
cards;  complex  apprehension  is  of  several 
objects  with  such  a  relation,  as  of  a  man  on 
horseback,  a  pack  of  cards.— Apprehension, 
Comprehension.  Apprehension  is  properly 
simply  cognizance  or  consciousness  of  the 
existence  of  an  object,  and  is  analogous  to 
perception  by  the  senses.  It  implies,  there- 
fore, only  partial  knowledge.  Comprehen- 
sion, in  its  fullest  sense,  implies  a  knowledge 
of  all  the  properties  and  relations  of  its 
object,  and  implies,  therefore,  full  know- 
ledge. See  extract  from  Abp.  Trench  under 
the  verb. 

Apprehensive(ap-pre-hen'siv),a.  l.t  Ready 
to  catch  or  seize;  desirous  to  lay  hold  of. 

I  shall  be  very  apprehensive  of  any  occasions 
wherein  I  may  do  any  kind  offices.  Lord  Strafford. 

2.  t  Quick  to  learn  or  understand ;  quick  of 
apprehension. 

A  good  sherris  sack  .  .  .  ascends  me  into  the 
brain.  .  .  .  makes  it  apprehensive,  quick,  forgetive. 
full  of  nimble,  fiery,  delectable  shapes.  Shak. 

3.  Conscious;  cognizant    [Rare.] 

A  man  that  has  spent  his  younger  years  in  vanity 
and  folly,  and  is,  by  the  grace  of  God,  apprehensive 


of  it. 


Taylo 


4.  Fearful ;  anticipating,  or  in  expectation 
of  evil. 

The  leading  reformers  .  .  .  began  to  be  appre- 
hinti-ve  for  their  lives.  Gladstone. 

5.  Inclined  to  believe  or  fear;  suspicious;  as. 
I  am  apprehensive  he  does  not  understand 
me. 

He  (the  king)  became  apprehensive  that  his  mo- 
tives were  misconstrued,  even  by  his  friends. 

6.  Perceptive;  feeling;  sensitive. 

Jrmentors,  armed  with  deadly  stings. 


Thoughts,  my  to: 

Mangle  my  ,i//rrA«uiWtenderc.st  parts!     'Milton 


7.  In  metaph.  relating  to  the  mental  power 
or  faculty  of  apprehension. 

It  yields  as  a  corollary  that  judgment,  that  com- 
parison, that  the  cognition  relativity  is  implied  in 
every  apprchensroe  act.  Sir  It'.  Hamilton. 


new;  fond  of  novelty;  new-fangled ;  capri- 
cious. 

Younger  spirits,  whose  appreheusn-e  senses 
All  but  new  things  disdain.  Shalt. 

Apprehensively  (ap-pre-hen'slv-li),  ado. 

In  an  apprehensive  manner. 
Apprehensiveness  (ap-pre-hen'siv-nes),  n. 
Ine  quality  of  being  apprehensive;  readi- 
ness to  understand;  fearfulness. 
Apprentice  (ap-prcn'tis),  n.    [O.Fr.  appren 
tif,  Fr.  apprtna,  a  learner,  one  taken  k 
learn  a  trade,  from  L.L  apprendious,  en 
gaged  in  learning,  from  L.  apprehendo,  ap 
prendo,   to  seize,  and  metaphorically,   t 
seize  the  meaning,  to  understand,  learn— 
ad,  to,antl]>rekendo,  to  catch;  Vr.apprendr 
to  learn.  ]  1.  One  who  is  hound  liy  indentu. 
to  serve  some  particular  individual,  or  com 
pany  of  individuals,  for  a  specified  time,  in 
order  to  learn  some  art,  trade,  profession 
manufacture,  or  the  like,  in  which  his  ma» 
ter  or  masters  become  bound  to  instruc 
him.    Hence— 2.  A  learner  in  any  subject  o 
in  any  thing;  one  not  well  versed  in  a  sub 
Ject.  —3.  In  old  law,  a  barrister  under  sixteen 
years'  standing,  after  which  he  might  be 
called  to  the  rank  of  Serjeant. 
Apprentice  (ap-pren'tis),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp 
apprenticed;  ppr.  apprenticing.    To  bind  to 
or  put  under  the  care  of  a  master,  for  the 
purpose  of  instruction  in  the  knowledge  01 
an  art,  trade,  profession,  or  the  like. 
Apprentice-fee  (ap-pren'tis-fe),  n.    A  sum 
given  to  the  master  of  an  apprentice  as  a 
premium  for  the  instruction  of  the  latter. 
Apprenticehoodt  (ap-pren'tis-hud),  n.  Ap- 
prenticeship. 'A  long  apprenticehood, '  Shak 
Apprenticeship  (ap-pren'tis-ship),  n.    The 
service,  state,  or  condition  of  an  apprentice; 
a  state  in  which  a  person  is  gaining  instruc- 
tion under  a  master;  also,  the  term  during 
which  one  is  an  apprentice. 
Apprentisage  t  (ap-pren'tis-aj),  n.  Appren- 
ticeship. 

Appressed,  Apprest  (ap-presf),  a.  [L. 
appresium,  adpressum—ad,  to,  and  premo 
pressum,  to  press.]  In  bot.  same  as  Ad- 
pressed. 

Apprest  t  (ap-presf),  n.  [L.  ad,  to,  and 
pramto,  in  readiness,  whence  the  verbs  im- 
press and  press,  to  compel  to  enter  the  pub- 
lic service,  as  seamen.  ]  Preparation,  espe- 
cially for  war,  by  enlisting  soldiers. 

Vespasian  lay  at  York  making  his  arrests  .  . 
to  go  against  the  Scots  and  Picts.  Holinshed. 

Appretlation  (ap-pre'shi-a"shon),  n.  Jn 
Scots  law,  the  valuing  of  poinded  goods. 
Apprise  (ap-prizO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  apprised; 
ppr.  apprising.  [O.E.  apprise,  notice,  infor- 
mation, from  Norm,  apprise,  learning,  in- 
formation, formed  from  appris,  apprise,  pp. 
of  apprendre,  to  inform,  to  advise,  also  to 
learn,  L.  apprendo,  apprehendo.  See  AP- 
PREHEND.] To  give  notice,  verbal  or  writ- 
ten; to  inform:  followed  by  of  before  that 
of  which  notice  is  given;  as,  we  will  apprise 
the  general  of  an  intended  attack ;  he  ap- 
prised the  commander  of  what  he  had  done. 

He  had  been  repeatedly  apprised  that  some  of  his 
friends  in  England  meditated  a  deed  of  blood. 

Apprise,  t  Apprize  t  (ap-prtz-),  n.  Informa- 
tion. 

Apprise  (ap-prizO,  v.t.  To  value.  See  AP- 
PRIZE. 

Apprize  (ap-prizO,  v.t.  To  give  notice.  See 
APPRISE. 

Apprize  (ap-prizO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  apprized; 
ppr.  apprizing.  To  set  a  value  on,  in  pur- 
suance of  authority;  to  value;  to  appraise. 
See  APPRAISE.— To  apprize  a  heritage,  in 
Scots  law,  to  invest  a  creditor  with  the 
heritable  estate  of  his  debtor. 

Apprizement  (ap-priz'ment),  n.  Appraise- 
ment (which  see). 

Apprtzer  (ap-priz'er),  n.  An  appraiser 
(which  see). 

Approach(ap-proch'),u.i.  [fr.approcher,  Pr. 
apropchar,  appropjar,  O.It,  approcciare, 
L.L.  appropiare,  to  approach,  to  come 
nearer — ad,  to,  and  prope,  near,  propius, 
nearer.  For  a  change  similar  to  that  of  pi 
into  ch  see  ABRIDGE.]  1.  To  come  or  go 
near  in  place  or  time;  to  draw  near;  to  ad- 
vance nearer. 

Absolute  command  of  countenance  and  figure,  un- 
broken ease  and  sustained  dignity,  the  semblance  of 
esteem  or  even  love  for  anything  that  approaches 
.  .  .  are  the  constituents  of  highly  refined  and 
courteous  manners.  firovgham. 

2.  To  draw  near,  in  a  figurative  sense ;  to 
approximate;  as.  he  approaches  to  the  char- 
acter of  the  ablest  statesman. 


to  advance;  as,  he  «/., 

till-  rti|i 

Even  as  a  resolved  general  approaches  his  came 
...  «s  nearly  as  he  can  to  the  besieged  city 

Sir  It'.  Scott 

2.  To  come,  or  draw  near  to,  either  literally 

or  figuratively;  as,  to  apjtrnach  the  gate' 

who  will  venture  to  approach  the  great  man  » 

Now  these  points  are  wont  to  be  approached  with 

Brougham. 

3-  To  come  near  to,  so  as  to  be  compared 

He  was  an  admirable  poet,  and  thought  even  to 
have  approached  Homer.  Sir  if.  Temple. 

Approach  (ap-prSch"),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
drawing  near;  a  coming  or  advancing  near 
as,  he  was  apprised  of  the  enemy's  approach 
2.  Access;  opportunity,  or  liberty  of  drawing 
near.  'The  approach  to  kings.'  Bacon  — 
S.  A  passage  or  avenue  by  which  buildings 
are  approached.  —  4.  pi.  In  fort,  the  works 
thrown  up  by  the  besiegers  to  protect  them 
In  their  advances  towards  a  fortress  - 
Counter  approaches,  in  fort,  works  carried 
on  by  the  besieged  against  those  of  the  be- 
siegers.— Curce  of  equal  approach,  in  math 
a  curve  down  which  a  body  descending  by 
the  force  of  gravity  makes  equal  approaches 
to  the  horizon  in  equal  portions  of  time.— 
Method  of  approaches,  in  alg.  a  method  of 
resolving  certain  problems  by  assigning 
limits  and  making  gradual  approximations 
to  the  correct  answer. —  To  graft  by  ap- 
proach, in  hort.  to  inarch  (which  see). 

Approachable  (ap-prdch'a-bl),  o.    Capable 
of  being  approached;  accessible. 

Approachableness  (ap-proch'a-bl-ne»),  n. 
1  he  state  of  being  approachable. 

Approacher  (ap-proch'er),  n.    One  who  ap- 
proaches or  draws  near. 


Approaching  (ap-pr6ch'ing).  n.  In  hort. 
the  act  of  ingrafting  a  sprig  or  shoot  of  one 
tree  into  another,  without  cutting  it  from 
the  parent  stock.  Called  also  Inarching 
and  Grafting  by  Approach. 

Approachless  (ap-proch'les),  a.  That  can- 
not be  approached. 

Approachment  (ap-proch'ment),  n.  The 
act  of  approaching;  approach.  'Ice  will 
not  concrete,  but  in  the  approachment  of 
the  air.'  Sir  T.  Browne.  [Rare  ] 

Approbate  (ap'pro-bat),  a.  l.t  Approved 
Sir  T.  £lyot.  —  2.  In  Scots  law,  accepted 
See  under  the  verb. 

Approbate  (ap'pro-bat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp 
approbated;  ppr.  approbating.  [L.  approbo. 
approbatum,  to  approve— the  same  word 
as  approve,  except  that  the  latter  has  come 
to  us  through  the  French,  while  this  word 
has  been  taken  direct  from  the  Latin  ]  To 
express  approbation  of;  to  manifest  a  liking 
for  or  degree  of  satisfaction  in;  to  express 
approbation  of  officially,  as  of  one's  fitness 
for  a  public  trust;  to  approve. 

The  cause  of  this  battle  every  man  did  allow  and 
approbate.  HaU 

Mr.  Hutchinson  approbated  the  choice.    J.  Eliot. 

—Approbate  and  reprobate,  in  Scots  law, 
a  phrase  employed  when  a  person  takes 
advantage  of  one  part  of  a  deed  but  rejects 
the  rest;  as,  for  example,  where  a  disposi- 
tion on  death-bed  revokes  a  previous  liege 
mustie  conveyance  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
.ieir-at-law,  but  still  gives  the  estate  past 
the  heir.  The  heir  who  abides  by  the  deed 
in  so  far  as  it  revokes  the  liege  ponstie  deed 
to  his  prejudice,  while  he  challenges  it  on 
the  head  of  death-bed,  in  so  far  as  it  defeats 
his  interest  in  the  estate,  is  said  to  appro- 
bate and  reprobate  the  deed  But  this,  as 
a  rule,  is  contrary  to  law.  In  America  this 
word  is  used  pretty  frequently  in  the  tech- 
nical sense  of  to  license;  as,  to  approbate  a 
person  to  preach;  to  approbate  a  man  to 
keep  a  public-house,  *c. 
Approbation  (ap-pro-ba'shon),  n.  [L  o»- 
probatio.  See  APPROBATE.]  1.  The  act  of 
approving;  that  state  or  disposition  of  the 
mind  in  which  we  assent  to  the  propriety 
of  a  thing  with  some  degree  of  pleasure  or 
satisfaction ;  approval.  •  The  silent  appro- 
bation  of  one's  own  breast'  Melmoth. 

For  God  doth  know  how  many  now  in  health  shall 
drop  their  blood  in  approbatiw  of  what  your  rever- 
ence shall  incite  us  to.  Shat 

2.  The  commendation  of  a  book  licensed  or 
permitted  to  be  published  by  authority,  as 
was  formerly  the  cose  in  England.  —3.  t  Con- 
clusive evidence:  proof.  Shak.— 4.  Proba- 
tion; trial;  novitiate. 

This  day  my  sister  should  the  cloister  enter. 
And  there  receive  her  approbation.          Sheik 

STN.  Approv«l,  liking,  sanction,  consent, 
concurrence. 


l.t  Ready  t..  catch  ..r  take  up  with  what  is      Approach  (a'p-prOcii').  r'.'t.    1.  To  hull-  nrar: 

ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g.  go:      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;     TH,  «Aen;  th,  ttin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. —See  KET 


APPROBAT1VE 


136 


APRICOT 


Approbative  (ap'pro-bat-iv),  a.  Approving; 
Implying  approbation. 

Approbator  (up'pro-bat-er),  n.  One  who  ap- 
proves. '  Judges  and  approbators.'  Evelyn, 
[Rare.] 

Approbatory  (ap'pro-ba-to-ri),  a.  Contain- 
ing or  expressing  approbation.  'Letters.  .  . 
confirmatory  and  approbatory.'  Hacklityt. 

Approclivity  t  (ap-pro-kliv'i-ti),  n.  Pro- 
clivity. 

Appromptt  (ap-prompf).  v.t  To  prompt. 
'To  apjiroinpt  our  invention.'  Bacon. 

ApprOOf  t  (ap-prof),  n.  Approval. 
He  was  pleased  a  marriage  feast  to  crown 
With  his  great  presence,  and  appravfofit.  Beaumont. 

Approperatet  (ap-prop'er-at),  v.t  [L  ap~ 
propero,  approperatum—ad,  unA  propero,  to 
hasten,  from  properus,  quick.]  To  hasten. 

Appropinuate  t  (ap-pro-pingTcwat),  v.  i. 
[ 

p 
near.]    To  draw  near. 

Appr  opinquation  t  (ap'pro-pi  ng-  k  wa"shon), 
n.  A  drawing  nigh.  '  There  are  many  ways 
of  our  appropinq  nation  to  God.'  Bp.  Hall. 

Appropinque  t  (ap-pro-phigkO,  v.t.  To  ap- 
proach. 

The  clotted  blood  within  my  hose    .    .    . 

With  mortal  crisis  doth  portend 

My  days  to  appropinque  an  end.        Hndibras. 

Appropret  (ap-pro'per),  v.t.  To  appro- 
priate. Fuller. 

Appropriable  (ap-pro'pri-a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  appropriated,  set  apart,  seques- 
tered, or  assigned  exclusively  to  a  par- 
ticular use. 

Appropriament  t  (ap-pro'pri-a-ment),  n. 
Anything  properly  or  peculiarly  one's  own; 
a  peculiar  quality  or  qualification. 

If  you  can  neglect 

Your  own  appropriaments,  but  praising  that 
In  others  wherein  you  excel  yourself. 
You  shall  be  much  beloved  here.  Ford. 

Appropriate  (ap-pro'pri-at),  vJ.  pret.  &  pp. 
appropriated;  ppr.  appropriating.  [L.  ap- 
proprw,  appropriatum.  to  make  one's  own 
—ad,  to,  proprius,  one  s  own,  proper.  See 
PROPER,  PROPRIETY.]  1.  To  claim  or  take 
to  one's  self  in  exclusion  of  others ;  to 
claim  or  use  as  by  an  exclusive  right;  as, 
let  no  man  appropriate  the  use  of  a  common 
benefit.  'To  themselves  appropriating  the 
Spirit  of  God.'  Milton.—  2.  To  set  apart  for 
or  assign  to  a  particular  purpose  or  use  in 
exclusion  of  all  other  purposes  or  uses;  as, 
a  spot  of  ground  is  appropriated  foragarden. 

The  profits  of  that  establishment  had  been  appro- 
priated by  Parliament  to  the  Duke  of  York. 

Macaulay. 

3.  In  f-ccles.  law,  to  annex,  as  a  benefice, 
to  a  spiritual  corporation,  for  its  perpetual 
use. 

Appropriate  (ap-pro'pri-at),  a.  Set  apart 
for  a  particular  use  or  person ;  hence,  be- 
longing peculiarly;  peculiar;  suitable;  fit; 
proper ;  as,  religious  worship  is  an  appro- 
priate duty  to  the  Creator. 

It  might  be  thought  to  be  rather  a  matter  of  dig- 
nity than  any  matter  of  diffidence  appropriate  to  his 
own  case.  Bacon. 

It  is  not  at  all  times  easy  to  find  words  appropriate 
to  express  our  ideas.  Locke. 

Appropriate  (ap-pro'pri-at),  n.  Peculiar 
characteristic;  proper  function;  property. 

The  Bible's  appropriate  being  ...  to  enlighten 
the  eyes  and  make  wise  the  simple.  Boyle. 

Appropriately  (ap-pro'pri-at-li),  adv.  In 
an  appropriate  or  proper  manner. 

Appropriateness(ap-prd'pri-at-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  appropriate  or  peculiarly 
suitable. 

Appropriation  (ap-prd'pri-a"shon),7i.  l.The 
act  of  appropriating,  setting  apart,  or  assign- 
ing to  a  particular  use  or  person  in  exclusion 
of  all  others;  application  to  a  special  use  or 
purpose,  as  of  a  piece  of  ground  for  a  park, 
of  a  right  to  one's  self,  of  words  to  ideas,  or 
of  money  to  carry  out  some  object. 

Fisheries  in  the  sea  are  in  most  cases  a  gift  of  nature 
practically  unlimited  in  extent,  but  the  Arctic  whale 
fisheries  have  long  been  insufficient  for  the  demand, 
.  .  .  even  at  the  very  considerable  price  necessary 
to  defray  the  cost  of  appropriation.  y.  S.  Mill, 

2.  Anything  appropriated  or  set  apart  for  a 
special  purpose,  as  money.—  3.t  Acquisition; 
addition. 

He  does  nothing  but  talk  of  his  horse,  and  he  makes 
it  a  great  appropriation  to  his  own  good  parts  that  he 
can  shoe  him  himself.  Shak. 

4.  In  law,  (a)  the  annexing  or  setting  apart  of 
a  benefice  to  the  perpetual  use  of  a  spiritual 
corporation.   (b)  The  application  by  a  credi- 
tor to  one  of  several  debts  of  a  sum  of  money 
paid  by  debtor  on  a  general  account. 


Appropriative(ap-pro'pri-itt-iv),  a.  Appro- 
priating; making  appropriation. 

Appropriator  (ap-pro'pri-at-er),  n.  i.  One 
who  appropriates. 

Pitt  knew  very  well  that  he  (Rawdon)  was  the  appro- 
printor  of  the  money  which  ought  to  have  fallen  to  his 
younger  brother.  Thackeray. 

2.  In  law,  one  who  is  possessed  of  an  appro- 
priated benefice. 

Approprietary  (ap-pro'pri-e-ta-ri),  n.  A  lay 
possessor  of  the  profits  of  a  benefice. 

Approvable  (ap-proy'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  approved;  meriting  approbation. 

Approvableness  (ap-prov'a-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  approvable. 

Approval  (ap-prov'al),  n.  The  act  of  approv- 
ing; approbation;  commendation;  sanction; 
ratification.  'A  censor,  .  .  .  without  whose 
approval  no  capital  sentences  are  to  be  exe- 
cuted.' Sir  W.  Temple. 

Approvance(ap-prb'v'ans),  n.  Approbation. 
See  APPROVE. 

Approve  (ap-provQ,  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  approved; 
ppr.  approving.  Tennyson  has  the  pp.  ap- 
proven.  '  Till  he  by  miracle  was  approval 
ting.'  [Fr.  approuver,  approver,  Pr.  ap- 
robar,  from  L.  approbo,  to  approve,  to  find 
good— ad,  to,  andprobus,  good.  See  APPRO- 
BATE.] 1.  To  be  pleased  with;  to  admit  the 
propriety  or  excellence  of;  to  think  orjudge 
well  or  favourably  of;  to  express  approba- 
tion of;  as,  on  trial  the  goods  were  approved; 
to  approve  the  measures  of  administration. 
'Yet  their  posterity  approve  their  sayings.' 
Ps.  xlix.  13. 

There  can  be  nothing  possibly  evil  which  God  ap- 
proveth,  and  he  afproveth  much  more  than  he  doth 
command.  Hooker. 

2.  To  show  to  be  real  or  true ;  to  prove ;  to 
confirm. 

Would'st  thou  approve  thy  constancy?    Approve 
Hirst  thy  obedience.  Alilton. 

What  damned  error  but  some  sober  brow 
Will  bless  it,  and  approve  it  with  a  text.     Shak. 

3.  To  put  to  the  test ;  to  prove  by  trial ;  to 
try.     'Of  approved  valour.'    Shak. 

Nay,  task  me  to  my  word ;  approve  me,  Lord. 
SMai. 

Hence— 4.  To  convict  upon  trial  or  by  proof. 
'He  that  is  approved  in  this  offence.'  Shak. 

5.  To  make  or  show  to  be  worthy  of  appro- 
bation;   to    commend    to    the    favourable 
notice  of. 

Study  to  show  thyself  approved  unto  Cod. 

3  Tim.  ii.  15. 

6.  In  law,  to  augment  the  value  or  profits 
of  to  the  utmost,  as  of  waste  land  by  inclos- 
ing and  cultivating  it;  to  improve.    Black- 
stone.— 7.  To  sanction  officially;  to  ratify; 
as,  the  decision  of  the  court-martial  was 
approved. — Approved  bill,  in  com.  a  bill  to 
which  no  reasonable  objection  can  be  made. 

Approve  (ap-provO,  v.i.  To  be  pleased;  to 
feel  or  express  approbation;  to  think  or 
judge  well  or  favourably. 

I  showed  you  a  piece  of  black  and  white  stuff,  just 
sent  from  tne  dyer;  which  you  were  pleased  to  ap~ 
prove  of  and  be  my  customer  for.  Swift. 

Approvement  (ap-prov'ment),  n.  l.f  The 
act  of  approving ;  approbation ;  liking.  '  I 
did  nothing  without  your  approvement.' 
Hay  ward.  —  2.  In  law,  (a)  a  confession  of 
guilt  by  a  prisoner  (the  approver)  charged 
with  a  crime,  and  accusation  of  his  accom- 
plices. The  term  is  no  longer  in  use;  it  cor- 
responds to  what  is  now  known  as  turning 
king's  (queen's)  evidence,  (b)  Improvement 
of  common  lands  by  inclosing  and  convert- 
ing them  to  the  uses  of  husbandry. 

Approver  (ap-prov'er),  n.  1.  One  who  ap- 
proves ;  formerly,  one  who  made  proof  or 
trial.— 2.  In  law,  one  who  confesses  a  crime 
and  accuses  another.  See  APPROVEMENT, 
2.  (a).— 3.t  One  who  bad  the  letting  of  the 
king's  domains  in  small  manors;  a  bailiff  or 
steward  of  a  manor. 

Approvingly  (ap  prov'ing-li),  adv.  In  an 
approving  manner. 

Approximaut  t  (ap-prok'si-mant),  a.  Ap- 
proaching in  character.  '  Approxiwant  and 
conformant  to  the  apostolical  aud  pure 
primitive  church.'  Sir  E.  Dering. 

Approximate  (ap-prok'si-matj,  a.  [L.L.  ap- 
proximattts,  pp.  of  approximo.  See  verb.] 

1.  Near;  approaching,  especially  approach- 
ing some  state  or  condition ;  as,  a  state- 
ment closely  approximate  to  a  falsehood. — 

2.  Nearly  approaching  correctness;  nearly 
true  or  accurate;  not  carried  out  to  perfect 
accuracy;  as,  an  approximate  result;  an  ap- 
proximate value. — 3.  Imool.  applied  to  teeth 
so  arranged  in  the  jaw  that  there  is  no  dias- 
tema  or  vacancy  between  them,  as  the  teeth 
of  the  human  species.— 4.  In  bot.  applied  to 


a  leaf  that  stands  close  to  the  stem.  —Ap- 
proximate quantities,  in  math,  quantities 
which  are  nearly  but  not  absolutely  equal. 

Approximate  (ap-prok'si-mat),  v.  t.  pret.  & 
pp.  approxim  a  ted  ;  ppr.  approxima  ting. 
[L.L.  approximo,  approximatum,  to  briii,^ 
or  come  near— ad,  to,  and  proximus,  a  con- 
tracted superlative  from  prope,  near.]  To 
carry  or  advance  near;  to  cause  to  approach. 
'To  approximate  the  inequality  of  riches 
to  the  level  of  nature.'  Burke. 

Approximate  (ap-prok'si-mat),  v.i.  To  come 
near;  to  approach. 

It  is  the  tendency  of  every  dominant  system  .  .  .  tn 
force  its  opponents  into  the  most  hostile  and  jealous 
attitude,  from  the  apprehension  which  they  naturally 
feel,  lest,  in  those  points  in  which  they  approximate 
toward  it,  they  should  be  misinterpreted  and  over- 
borne by  its  authority.  J.  H.  Newman. 

Approximately  (ap-prok'si-mat-li),ad0.  In 

an  approximate  manner;  by  approximation. 

Approximation  ( ap-prok'si-ma"shon ).  n. 

1.  The  act  of  approximating ;  a  drawing, 
moving,  or  advancing  near;  approach. 

The  largest  capacity  and  the  most  noble  disposi- 
tions are  but  an  approximation  to  the  proper  stan- 
dard and  true  symmetry  of  human  nature. 

/s.  Taylor. 

2.  In  math,  and  physics,  (a)  a  continual  ap- 
proach to  a  true  result;  the  process  by  which 
we  can  get  nearer  and  nearer  to  the  actual 
value  of  a  quantity,  without  being  able  per- 
haps ever  to  arrive  at  it.    (b)  A  result  so 
obtained  ;  a  result  which  is  not  rigorously 
exact,  but  is  so  near  the  truth  as  to  be  suf- 
ficient for  a  given  purpose. 

Approximative  (ap-prok'si-mat-iv),  a.  Ap- 
proaching ;  coming  near,  as  to  some  state 
or  result. 

Appul  (ap-pwe),  n.  [Fr.— L.  ad,  to,  and  po- 
dium, a  foot-hold,  a  height;  Gr.  pous,  podos, 
a  foot.]  1.  A  support  or  prop. 

If  a  vine  be  to  climb  trees  that  are  of  any  great 
height,  there  would  be  stays  and  appities  set  to  it. 
Holland. 

2.  In  the  manege,  a  reciprocal  action  between 
the  mouth  of  the  horse  and  the  hand  of  the 
rider,  the  bit  and  rein  forming  the  line  of 
communication;  thus,  a  horse  with  a  sensi- 
tive mouth  may  be  said  to  have  a  good  appui, 
and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  rider  if  bis 
hand  be  good. — Point  d' appui  (milit.)t  a  part 
of  the  field  of  operations  suited  to  give  sup- 
port or  shelter  to  troops,  as  a  morass,  a 
wood,  a  rising  ground. 

Appulse  (ap'puls  or  ap-puls'),  71.  [L.  appul- 
8U8— ad,  to,  and  pello,  to  drive.]  1.  The  act 
of  striking  against.  '  In  all  consonants  there 
is  an  appulse  of  the  organs.'  Holder. — 2.  In 
QKtron.  the  approach  of  any  planet  to  a  con- 
junction with  the  sun  or  a  star.— 3.  Arrival; 
landing.  'The  appulse  ot  the  ark.'  Bryant. 
[Hare.] 

Appulsion  ( ap-pul'shon ),  n.  The  act  of 
striking  against. 

Appulsive  (ap-puls'iv),  a.  Striking  against: 
impinging ;  as,  the  appulsive  influence  of 
the  planets. 

Appulsively  (ap-puls'iv-li),  adv.  By  appul- 
sion. 

Appurtenance  (ap-per'ten-ans),  n.  fFr.  ap- 
partenance.  See  APPERTAIN.]  That  which 
appertains  or  belongs  to  something  else; 
something  belonging  to  another  thing  as 
principal;  an  adjunct;  an  appendage;  speci- 
fically, buildings,  rights,  and  improvements 
belonging  to  a  principal  property ;  as,  a 
right  of  pasture  in  a  common  attached  to  an 
estate;  outhouses,  gardens,  &c.,  attached  t<> 
a  mansion,  and  the  like.  '  Appurtenance* 
of  majesty.'  Barrow. 

Appurtenant  (ap-per'ten-ant),  a.  Apper- 
taining or  belonging;  pertaining;  incident 
'Right  of  way  appurtenant  to  land.'  Black- 
stone. 

A  part  (of  land  common  to  a  tribe)  is  allotted  in  a 
special  way  to  the  chief,  as  appurtenant  to  his  office, 
and  descends  from  chief  to  chief  according  to  a 
special  rule  of  succession.  F.din.  Rev. 

—Common  appurtenant,  in  law,  a  common 
which  is  annexed  to  land,  and  can  be  claimed 
only  by  prescription  or  immemorial  usage, 
on  a  legal  presumption  of  a  special  grant. 
Apricatet  (ap'ri-kat),  v.i.    [L.  apricor,  apri- 
catus,  from  apricus,  lying  open,  exposed  U> 
the  sun.]    To  bask  in  the  sun.     Boyle. 
Apricityt  (a-pris'i-ti),  ?i.   Sunshine,  liailru 
Apricock  (a'pri-kok),  n.     The  original  Eng- 
lish form  of  Apricot. 
Feed  him  with  apricoctts  and  dewberries. 
With  purple  grapes,  green  figs,  and  mulberries. 
Shak. 

Apricot (a'pri-kot),  n.  [O.E.  apricock,abrifot, 
Fr.  abricot,  Sp.  albarcoque,  from  Ar.aZbfryfift 

albiirquq,  which  seems  to  be  from  L.  Gr 
praikokfrion,  prekokkion,  from  L.  prcecox, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


APRIL 


137 


APTERYX 


pr(eco(/itufi,  early  ripe,  praecoqwt  bein^  used 
by  Martial  f»r  apricots  in  opposition  tti^c/-- 
gica  or  peaches  —prat,  before,  and  cw/"«,  to 
cook,  to  make  ready,  to  ripen.]  A  roundish, 
pubescent  fruit  of  a  delicious  flavour,  the 
produce  of  a  tree  of  the  plum-kind,  1'rnmtx 
Arnifitiaai,  nat.  order  Kosaeeaj.  Its  specific 
name  is  due  to  tin;  belief  that  it  is  a  native 
of  Armenia;  but  this  opini-m  bus  been  con- 
troverted by  M  .Rcgnier.  a  Kivnch  naturalist. 
who  asserts  that  it  has  not  been  found  wild 
either  in  that  district  or  in  any  of  the  neigh- 
bouring provinces,  and  states  his  belief  that 
it  is  a  native  of  Africa,  where  it  flourishes 
in  such  abundance  on  the  oases  that  the 
fruit  is  dried  and  carried  to  Kjjypt  as  an 
article  of  commerce.  It  was  introduced  into 
Kn.u'land  in  1624  by  the  gardener  of  Henry 
VIII.  The  tree  rises  to  the  height  of  from 
15  to  20,  and  even  30  feet,  and  its  flowers 
appear  before  its  leaves.  In  its  wild  state 
the  fruit  is  agreeably  subaeid.  In  gardens 
the  apricot-tree  is  chiefly  raised  against 
walls,  and  propagated  by  budding  upnti 
plum-tree  stocks. 

April  ^a'pril),  n.  [L.  aprilis,  contr.  from 
aperiluf,  the  month  in  which  the  earth  opens 
for  the  growth  of  plants,  from  aperio,  to 
open.  See  APERIENT.]  The  fourth  month 
of  the  year.  With  poets  April  is  the  type 
of  inconsistency,  from  the  variableness  of 
its  weather. 

April-fool  (a'pril-fol),  n.  One  who  is  sport- 
ively imposed  upon  by  others  on  the  1st  of 
April,  as  by  being  sent  on  some  absurd 
errand. 

A  priori  (a  prl-o'ri).  [L.,  from  something 
prior  or  going  before.]  The  opposite  of 
a  posteriori,  a  mode  of  reasoning  by  which 
we  proceed  from  the  cause  to  the  effect. 
To  demonstrate  anything  a  priori,  means 
to  do  it  on  grounds  or  reasons  preceding 
actual  knowledge  or  independent  of  it. 
Mathematical  proofs,  for  example,  are  of 
the  a  priori  kind.  On  the  contrary,  judg- 
ments or  proofs  founded  on  knowledge  pre- 
viously acquired,  such  as  the  conclusions  of 
natural  history  and  of  all  experimental 
science,  are  termed  a  posteriori.  Plato  is 
the  type  of  a  priori  reasoners,  Bacon  and 
Locke  of  a  posteriori.  Reasoning  a  priori 
is  called  the  synthetic  method;  reasoning  a 
posteriori  the  analytic.  A  priori  knowledge, 
in  the  philosophy  of  Kant,  means  not  know- 
ledge independent  of  this  or  that  experience, 
but  knowledge  independent  of  all  experi- 
ence, such  as  the  knowledge  of  the  fact  that 
space  has  three,  and  no  more  than  three, 
dimensions.  The  marks  of  a  priori  know- 
ledge are,  first,  that  it  is  necessarily  true, 
and  second,  that  it  is  true  of  the  whole  sub- 
ject. 

Apron  (a'prun),  n.  [O.E.  apperon,  apern, 
napro  n,  nap-rune  t  nappe  rn,  &c.,  Fr.  nap- 
peron,  from  nappe,  a  table-cloth,  &c.  (whence 
E.  napkin),  nappe  being  another  form  of 
mappe,  E.  map.  Apron  has  therefore  lost 
an  initial  n,  probably  from  its  being  con- 
founded with  the  n  of  an  the  indefinite 
article;  comp.  adder,  nadder;  eft,  newt,  the 
last  word  having  received  the  n.]  1.  A  piece 
of  cloth  or  leather  worn  when  at  work  on 
the  fore-part  of  the  body  to  keep  the  clothes 
elean  or  defend  them  from  injury.  The 
aprons  of  silk  or  other  fine  material  now 
worn  by  ladies  as  a  fashionable  piece  of 
dress  or  an  ornament  are  really  relics  of  the 
time  when  ladies  of  rank  personally  super- 
intended the  housekeeping,  spending  much 
of  their  time  in  the  kitchen  and  larder.  — 
2.  Part  of  the  dress  of  an  English  bishop, 
probably  the  remains  of  the  cassock  cut  olf 
to  the  knee.—  3.  A  piece  of  leather  or  other 
material  spread  before  a  person  riding  in  a 
gig  or  other  vehicle,  to  defend  him  from 
rain,  mud,  dust,  and  the  like.—  4.  The  fat 
skin  covering  the  belly  of  a  goose.  [Provin- 
cial.] 5.  The  abdo- 
men of  the  short- 
tailed  decapod  crus- 
taceans, as  the  crab. 
—  6.  A  flat  piece  of 
lead  that  covers  the 
vent  of  a  cannon  — 
7.  A  strengthening 
piece  of  curved  tim- 
ber in  a  ship  just 
above  the  foremost 
end  of  the  keel. 
Called  alsoSYomrtf  ft-  i.  Apron.  2,  Lower  apron. 
piece.  —  8.  A  plat- 

form or  flooring  of  plank  at  the  entrance  of 
a  dock;  the  sill  —  9.  The  sill  or  lower  part 
of  a  window.  —10.  The  piece  that  hold*  the 


cutting  tool  of  a  planar.  -  11.  A  wtii 

w  hirli  leads  the  drip  of  a  wall  int.  i  a  gutter. 
Apron  (ii'prun),  v.t.     To  put  an  apron  on;  to 

furnish  with  an  apron.    'A  cobbler  «j 

and  a  parson  gowned  '    J'ope. 
Apron-lining  (a'prun-lm-ing),n.  In  join.Tn, 

MM  piece  of  wrought  hoarding  which  covers 

the  rough  apron-piece  of  a  staircase. 
Apron-man  (a'prun-man),  n.     A  man  who 

wears  an  apron;  a  labouring  man;  a  me- 

chanic. 

You  have  made  good  work, 

You  and  your  apron-men.  Sttak. 

Apron-piece  (a'prun-pes),  n.  In  joinery,  a 
piece  of  timber  fixed  into  a  wall  and  pro- 
jecting horizontally  to  support  the  carriage 
pieces  and  joistiugs  in  tin-  half  spaces  or 
landings  of  a  staircase.  Called  also  Pitch- 
ing-piece. 

Apron-string  (a'prun-string),«.  The  string 
by  which  an  apron  is  attached  to  the  per- 
son. —  To  be  always  at  a  woman's  apron- 
string,  to  follow  a  woman  subserviently;  to 
keep  dangling  about  a  woman  in  a  fond  or 
childish  manner. 

Apropos  (ap-ro-po),  adp.  and  a.  [Fr—  A,  to, 
according  to,  and  propos,  purpose,  from  L. 
propositnm,  a  tiling  proposed  or  purposed— 
pro,  before,  and  pono,  positum,  to  place.] 
1.  Opportunely  or  opportune;  seasonably; 
seasonable  ;  to  the  purpose  :  as,  his  reply 
was  apropos;  an  apropos  remark.  —2.  By  the 
way;  that  reminds  me;  speaking  of  that:  a 
word  used  to  introduce  an  incidental  obser- 
vation, suited  to  the  occasion,  though  not 
strictly  belonging  to  the  narration  :  often 
followed  by  of;  as,  apropos  of  that  I  may 
mention,  &c. 

Mr.  Brown  is  now  busy  upon  his  work.  Apropos 
I  heard  very  lately  that  my  friend  was  the  author  of 
that  fine  little  pamphlet  that  has  so  irretrievably 
spoiled  the  credit  and  sale  of  that  vain  simple  book 
of  Weston's.  Waroitrton. 

Apse  (aps),  "•     [An  anglicized  form  of  apsis, 


Apse,  Church  of  Sta  Maria-in-Trastevere,  Rome. 

but  now  more  commonly  used  than  the  latter 
in  the  architectural  sense.  See  APSIS.]  In 
arch,  (a)  a  portion  of  any  building  forming 
a  termination  or  projection  semicircular  or 
polygonal  in  plan,  and  having  a  dome  or 
vaulted  roof;  especially,  the  vaulted  semi- 
circular or  polygonal  recess  at  the  east  end 
of  the  choir  or  chancel  of  a  church,  in  which 
the  altar  is  placed.  Apses  are  found  at- 
tached to  churches  in  various  other  posi- 
tions than  at  the  east  end,  as  projecting 
from  the  eastern  walls  of  the  transept,  or 
north  and  south  from  the  transept  gables, 
sometimes  at  the  west  end.  (M  An  arched 
roof,  as  of  a  room  or  of  an  oven. 

Apsidal  (ap'sid-al),  a.  1.  In  astron.  per- 
taining to  the  apsides.  See  APSIS.  — 2.  In 
arch,  of  or  pertaining  to,  or  resembling  an 
apse ;  as,  the  aptsidal  termination  of  the 
chancel;  an  apsidal  chapel. 

Apsis  (ap'sis),  n.  pi.  Apsides  (ap'sid-ez).  [Or. 
/iajwrw,atying,fastening,thehoopofawheel, 
a  wheel,  a  bow,  arch,  vault,  from  hapto,  to 
connect.  ]  1.  In  aatron.  one  of  the  two  points 
of  the  orbit  of  a  heavenly  body  situated  at 
the  two  extremities  of  the  major  axis  of  the 
ellipse  formed  by  the  orbit,  one  of  the 
points  being  that  at  which  the  body  Is  at 
its  greatest  and  the  other  that  at  which  it  is 
at  its  least  distance  from  its  primary.  The 
point  at  the  greatest  distance  is  called  the 
higher  apsis,  and  that  at  the  least  the  lower 
apsis.  In  regard  to  the  earth  and  the 
other  planets,  these  two  points  correspond 
to  the  aphelion  and  perihelion;  and  in 
regard  to  the  moon  they  correspond  to  the 


apogee  and  p.-iijer  'I  In-  line  of  the  ap- 
sides has  a  slow  forward  angular  motion  in 
the  plane  of  the  planet's  orbit,  being  n-tn, 
grade  only  in  Venus.  This  in  the  earth's 
orbit  produces  the  anomalistic  year.  2.  In 
arch,  same  aa  Apse.  —  8.  A  reliquary  or  case 
in  which  the  ivlirs  of  saints  w»  iv  kept. 
Apsis  gradata,  the  bishop's  throne  in  cathe- 
dral churches,  so  called  from  being  raised 
by  steps  above  the  stalls  of  the  other  clergy. 
Apt  (apt),  a.  [L.  aptnu.  tltu-d,  tit,  pp.  of  a 
verb  (not  used),  of  which  <tf<t<>,  to  tit,  is  a 
frequentative;  Or.  hapto,  to  tie,  to  fasten,  i.. 
reach  ;  Skr.  apr  to  come  up  to,  to  attain  j 

1.  Fit;   suitable.      'A  river  .  .  .  apt  to  be 
forded  by  a  lamb.'    Jcr.  Tai/tor.     'AH  the 
men  of  might,  strong  and  apt  for  war.'  2Ki. 
xxiv.  10. 

They  have  not  always  aft  instruments.         Burke. 

2.  Apposite;  pertinent;  appropriate;  as,  he 
used  very  apt  metaphors.     'Apt  and  gra- 
cious words.    Shak.  —  3.  Ilaving  a  tendency; 
liable:  used  of  things;  as,  wheat  on  moist 
land  is  apt  to  blast  or  be  winter-killed. 

My  vines  and  peaches  .  .  .    were  aft  to  have  a 
sort  of  smuttiness  upon  their  leaves  ami  fruit. 

Sir  I''.  Temfle. 

4.  Inclined;  disposed  customarily;  ready: 
used  of  persons;  as,  men  are  too  apt  to  slan- 
der others. 

Affer^o  give  than  thou  wilt  be  to  ask.  Beau,  fr  Fl. 

6.  Ready;  quick;  expert;  as,  a  pupil  apt  to 
learn;  an  apt  wit.  'Supple,  sinew-corded, 
apt  at  arms.'  Tennyson,  —  6.t  Prepared; 
ready. 

Live  a  thousand  years, 
I  shall  not  find  myself  so  aft  to  die.  Shak. 

7  t  Capable  of  easy  explanation;  natural. 

That  Cassio  loves  her,  I  do  well  believe  It; 
That  she  loves  him,  't  is  apt,  and  of  great  credit. 
Shak. 

SYN.  Fit,  meet,  suitable,  qualified,  inclined, 
disposed,  liable,  ready,  quick,  prompt. 

Aptt  (apt),  v.t.  To  fit;  to  suit  or  adapt. 
'That  our  speech  l>e  apted  to  necessary  edi- 
fication.' Jer.  Taylor. 

Aptablet  (apt'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
adapted.  Sherwood. 

Aptatet  (apt'at),  v.i.    To  make  fit. 

Aptenodytes  (ap-te'uo-di"tez),  n.  [Gr.  ap- 
tfnos,  wingless,  and  (/>/'<>',  a  diver.  ]  The  pen- 
guins, a  genus  of  web-footed  diving-  birds, 
peculiar  to  the  Antarctic  shores,  by  some 
naturalists  included  in  the  Alcidrc  or  auk 
family,  by  others  referred  to  a  distinct  fa- 
mily called  Aptenodytidae  or  Sphenisddae. 
The  great  penguin  (A.patagonica)  is  the  re- 
presentative of  the  genus.  See  PENGUIN. 

Aptenodytidae  (ap-te'no-dit'i-de),  n.  pi.  A 
family  of  natatorial  birds,  including  the 
genus  Aptenodytes.  See  A  PTESODYTKS, 
PENGUIN. 

Aptera  (ap'ter-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  apteros,  with- 
out wings--a,  priv.,  and  pteron,  a  wing.] 
The  seventh  order  of  insects  in  Linnteus'  sys- 
tem comprehending  many  genera.  To  it 
belong  spiders,  fleas,  earwigs,  Ac.  ;  also  lob- 
sters, crabs,  prawns,  and  shrimps.  But  later 
zoologists  have  distributed  these  animals 
very  differently,  and  restricted  this  term  to 
the  orders  of  insects  called  Suctoria,  Epi- 
zoa,  and  Thysanura,  which  have  no  wings. 

Apteral  (ap'ter-al),  a.  [See  above.]  1.  Desti- 
tute of  wings.  —2.  In  arch,  applied  to  a 
building  which  has  no  series  of  columns 
along  its  flanks  or  sides,  but  is  either  pro- 
style or  amphiprostyle  :  opposed  to  perip- 
teral. 

Apteran  (ap'ter-an),  n.  One  of  the  Aptera; 
a  wingless  insect. 

Apterous  (ap'ter-us),  a.  1.  In  zool  destitute 
of  wings  :  applied  to  insects  of  the  order 
Aptera.—  2.  In  bot.  destitute  of  membranous 
expansions,  as  a  stem  or  petiole  :  opposed 
to  alate  or  alated. 

ApterySltlaj  (ap-ter-ij'i-de),  n.  pi.  One  of  the 
two  families  of  birds  (Struthionidae  being 
the  other)  into  which  the  Cursores  are  di- 
vided by  some  naturalists,  comprising  only 
the  single  genus  Apteryx.  See  APTERYX. 

Apteryx  (ap'ter-iks),  n,  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
pteryx,  a  wing.]  A  nearly  extinct  genus  of 
cursorial  birds  constituting  the  family  Ap 
terygidte,  distinguished  from  the  ostriches 
by  having  three  toes  with  a  rudimentary 
hallux,  which  forms  a  spur,  and  a  very  long 
bill.  Of  all  the  Cursores  the  Apteryx  de- 
parts most  widely  from  the  general  type  of 
the  class  of  birds.  Its  wings  are  trifling 
rudiments,  there  is  no  vestige  of  a  tail,  its 
plumage  consists  of  long  hair-like  feathers, 
the  nostrils  are  placed  at  the  tip  of  the  bill, 
and  the  diaphragm  is  more  complete  than 
in  any  other  bird.  There  are  three  species, 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,  job;      ii,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  t/teu;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  u/dg;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


APTITUDE 


138 


AQUILARIA 


nil  natives  of  New  Zealand,  found  only  in  the 
southern  parts  of  the  Middle  Island,  fre- 
quenting fern -brakes,  where  they  feed  on 


Apteryx  (Apteryx  Mantelli). 

worms  and  insects.  Of  these  the  A.  aiw- 
tralis,  called  kivi-kivi,  or  kiwi-kiwi  by  the 
natives,  from  its  cry,  is  best  known.  It  is 
about  the  size  of  a  small  goose,  breeds  in 
deep  holes,  is  nocturnal,  and  is  hunted  by 
torchlight  for  its  skin,  which  is  much  prized 
as  a  material  for  chiefs'  dresses.  It  defends 
itself  when  attacked,  inflicting  dangerous 
wounds  with  its  spur-armed  feet. 
Aptitude  (ap'ti-tud),  n.  [L.L.  aptitudo,  from 
L.  aptus,  fit,  apt]  The  state  or  quality  of 
being  apt;  as,  («)  a  natural  or  acquired  dis- 
position or  tendency;  as,  oil  has  an  aptitude 
to  burn ;  men  acquire  an  aptitude  to  parti- 
cular vices. 

He  that  is  about  children  should  learn  their  nature 
and  aptitudes.  Locke. 

(6)  Fitness;  suitableness.  'Aptitude  .  .  . 
for  the  end  to  which  it  was  aimed.'  Decay 
of  Piety,  (c)  Readiness  in  learning;  doci- 
lity. '  He  was  a  boy  of  remarkable  apti- 
tude.' Macaulay. 

Aptitudinalt  (ap-ti-tud'in-al),  a.  Suitable; 
tit. 

Aptly  (aptli),  adv.  In  an  apt  or  suitable 
manner;  as,  (a)  properly;  justly;  pertin- 
ently. 'That  part  was  aptly  fitted.'  Shak. 
'Irenseus  very  aptly  remarks.'  Addison. 
(6)  Readily;  quickly;  cleverly.  'To  learn 
.  .  .  aptly.'  Worcester. 

Aptness  (apt'nes),  ?i.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  apt;  as,  (a)  fitness;  suitableness; 
as,  'the  aptness  of  things  to  their  end.' 
Hooker.  (&)  Disposition  of  the  mind ;  pro- 
pensity; as,  the  aptness  of  men  to  follow 
example,  (c)  Quickness  of  apprehension ; 
readiness  in  learning;  docility. 

What  should  be  the  aptness  of  birds,  in  compari- 
son of  beasts,  to  imitate  speech  may  be  inquired. 
Bacon. 

(d)  Tendency:  used  of  things ;  as,  the  apt- 
ness of  iron  to  rust. 

Aptornis  (ap-tor'nis),  n.  A  fossil  bird  about 
the  size  of  a  swan,  found  in  New  Zealand 
along  with  the  remains  of  the  moa.  Both 
belong  to  the  same  family  (Struthionidse)  of 
cursorial  birds. 

Aptote  (ap'tot),  n.  [Gr.  aptotos,  indeclin- 
able— a,  priv.,  and  ptotos,  verbal  adjective 
from pipto,  to  fall.]  Ingram,  a  noun  which 
has  no  variation  of  termination  ordistinction 
of  cases;  an  indeclinable  noun. 

Aptotic  (ap-tot'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
an  aptote :  a  term  applied  to  a  language 
which  has  no  declensions,  &c. 

Apus,  ApOUS  (a'pus,  a'pus),  n.  [Gr.  a,  not, 
without,  and  pous,  a  foot.  ]  A  genus  of  phyl- 
lopod  crustaceous  animals  of  the  sub-class 
Entomostraca  (which  see).  They  inhabit 
ditches,  lakes,  and  standing  waters,  gener- 
ally in  innumerable  quantities. 

Apyretic  (ap-i-ret'ik),  a.  [Gr.  a,  without, 
and  pyretos,  fever,  from  pyr,  fire.]  With- 
out fever ;  specifically,  in  med.  applied  to 
those  days  in  which  the  intermission  hap- 
pens in  agues,  and  also  to  local  affections 
which  are  not  accompanied  with  febrile  ex- 
citement. 

Apyrexia,  Apyrexy  (ap-i-rek'si-a,  ap'i-rek- 
si),  n.  [Gr.  apyrexia — a,  priv.,  and  pyresso, 
to  be  feverish,  from  pyr,  fire.]  The  absence 
or  intermission  of  fever;  the  interval  be- 
tween the  paroxysms  in  intermittent  fevers. 

Apyrous  (a-pi'rus),  a.  [Gr.  apyros,  flreless 
—  a,  priv.,  and  pyr,  fire.]  Incombustible, 
or  capable  of  sustaining  a  strong  heat  with- 
out alteration  of  form  or  properties,  as  as- 
bestos, mica,  talc.  Apyrous  bodies  differ 
from  those  simply  refractory,  inasmuch  as 
the  latter,  though  they  are  not  fused  by  heat, 
may  be  altered  by  it,  while  the  former  are 
not  even  altered. 


Aqua  (ak'wa),  n.  [L.  This  won!  assumes 
the  form  eau  in  French;  it  is  allied  to  Goth. 
ahva,  A.  Sax.  ed,  Icel.  rf,  O.H.G.  aha,  water, 
river.]  Water:  a  word  much  used  in  phar- 
macy and  old  chemistry.  —  Aqua  fortix 
(  =  strong  water),  a  name  given  to  weak  and 
impure  nitric  acid.  —  Aqua  marina.  See 
AQUAMARINE.—  A  qua  regia  or  aqua  regalis 
(  =  royal  water),  a  name  given  to  a  mixture 
of  nitric  and  hydrochloric  acids,  from  its 
power  of  dissolving  gold  and  other  noble 
metals.  —Aqua  Tofana,  a  poisonous  fluid 
made  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century  by  an  Italian  woman  of  the  name 
of  Tofana  or  Toffania,  who  is  said  to  have 
procured  the  death  of  no  fewer  than  600 
individuals  by  means  of  it.  It  consisted 
chiefly,  it  is  supposed,  of  a  solution  of  crys- 
tallized arsenic.  —Aqua  vitce  (=  water  of 
life),  a  name  familiarly  applied  to  native 
distilled  spirits:  it  answers  to  the  whisky  of 
Scotland,  the  usque'baiigh  of  Ireland,  the 
eau  de  vie  of  the  French.— Aquce  ductus  et 
aquce  haustus,  in  Scots  law,  two  servitudes, 
the  former  consisting  in  a  right  of  carrying 
a  water-course  through  the  grounds  of  an- 
other ;  the  latter,  of  watering  cattle  at  a 
river,  well,  or  pond  in  the  ground  of  an- 
other. 

Aquamarine  (ak'wa-ma-ren'),  n.  [L.  aqua, 
water,  and  marinus,  pertaining  to  the  sea.] 
A  name  for  the  finest  beryl,  so  called  from 
its  bluish  or  sea-green  tint. 

Aquarian  (a-kwa'ri-an),  n.  One  of  a  sect 
of  Christians  in  the  primitive  church  who 
consecrated  water  in  the  eucharist  instead 
of  wine,  either  under  a  pretence  of  absti- 
nence or  because  it  was  unlawful  to  drink 
wine. 

Aquarium  fa-kwa'ri-um),  n.  [L.]  1.  An  ar- 
tificial pond,  cistern,  or  place  in  a  garden  or 
elsewhere  for  cultivating  aquatic  plants.— 
2.  A  vessel,  or  series  of  vessels,  constructed 
wholly  or  partly  of  glass  in  which  live  ani- 
mals are  kept  either  in  salt  or  fresh  water, 
along  with  rocks  and  aquatic  plants.  Aqua- 
riums on  a  large  scale  have  been  constructed 
in  connection  with  public  parks  or  gardens, 
or  as  distinct  institutions,  in  many  cities 
and  towns,  as  London,  Brighton,  Berlin, 
Hamburg,  tfec. 

Aquarius  (a-kwa'ri-us),  n.  [L.]  The  Water- 
bearer;  a  sign  in  the  zodiac  which  the  sun 
enters  about  the  21st  of  January :  BO  called 
from  the  rains  which  prevail  at  that  season 
in  Italy  and  the  East. 

Aquatic  (a-kwat'ik),  a.  [L.  aquaticus.  See 
A<iUA.]  Pertaining  to  water;  living  in  or 
frequenting  water ;  as,  aquatic  animals ; 
aquatic  fowls;  aquatic  plants;  practised  on 
or  in  water;  as,  aquatic  sports.— Aquatic 
box,  an  accessory  to  the  microscope,  gene- 
rally in  the  form  of  a  glass  cell,  in  which 
algae  or  animalcule  are  placed  for  obser- 
vation. 

Aquatic  (a-kwat'ik),  n.  1.  A  plant  which 
grows  in  water— 2.  pi.  Sports  or  exercises 
practised  on  or  in  water,  as  rowing  or 
swimming. 

Aquatical  (a-kwat'ik-al),  a.  Same  as  Aqua- 
tic. [Rare.] 

Aquatile  t  (ak'wa-til),  a.  Inhabiting  the 
water.  '  The  aquatile  or  water  frog.  Sir 
T.  Browne. 

Aquatint  (ak'wa-tint), «.  1.  Same  as  Aqua- 
tinta.  —  2.  An  engraving  in  the  aquatint 
method. 

Aquatint  (ak'wa-tint),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
method  of  engraving  called  Aquatinta 
(which  see). 

Aquatinta  (ak-wa-tin'ta),  n.  [L.  aqua, 
water,  and  It.  tinta,  dye,  tint.]  A  method 
of  etching  on  copper  by  which  a  beautiful 
effect  is  produced,  resembling  a  fine  draw- 
ing in  water-colours  or  Indian  ink.  This 
is  performed  by  covering  a  prepared  cop- 
per plate  with  a  ground  of  resin  coloured 
black  by  powder  of  asphalt.  On  this  the 
design  is  traced,  and  a  complicated  series 
of  operations  with  varnish  and  dilute  aqua 
fortis  is  gone  through  till  the  effect  is  pro- 
duced. 

Aquatinter  (ak-wa-tint'er),  n.  One  who 
practises  the  art  of  aquatinting. 

Aquatinting  (ak-wa-tint'ing),  n.  The  art 
or  process  of  engraving  in  the  aquatint 
method. 

Aqua-vivarium  (ak'wa-vi-va"ri-um),  n.  [L. 
aqua,  water,  and  vivarius,  pertaining  to 
living  creatures,  from  vivo,  to  live.]  Same 
as  Aquarium  (which  see). 

Aqueduct  (ak'we-dukt),  n.  [L.  aquceductus 
—aqua,  water,  and  ductus,  a  pipe  or  canal, 
from  duco,  to  lead.  See  DUKE.]  1.  A  con- 


duit or  channel  for  conveying  water  from 
one  place  to  another:  more  particularly  ap- 
plied to  structures  for  conveying  water 
from  distant  sources  for  the  supply  of  large 
cities.  Aqueducts  were  extensively  used  by 
the  Romans,  and  many  of  them  still  re- 
main in  different  places  on  the  Continent. 
They  were  constructed  of  stone  or  wood, 
sometimes  tunnelled  through  hills,  and 
carried  over  valleys  and  rivers  on  arches. 
The  aqueduct  at  Segovia,  originally  built 


Aqueduct  of  Segovia,  Spain. 

by  the  Romans,  has  in  some  parts  two  tiers 
of  arcades  100  feet  high,  is  2921  feet  in 
length,  and  is  one  of  the  most  admired 
works  of  antiquity.  The  most  remarkable 
aqueduct  of  modern  times  is  that  con- 
structed by  Louis  XIV.  for  conveying  the 
waters  of  the  Eure  to  Versailles.  The  aque- 
duct of  the  present  day  formed  of  iron  pipes 
has  rendered  these  expensive  structures 
unnecessary. — 2.  In  anat.  a  term  applied  to 
certain  canals  occurring  in  different  parts 
of  the  body. 

Aqueity  t  (a-kwe'i-ti),  n.  Wateriness;  aque- 
ousness.  'Aqueity,  terreity,  and  sulphur- 
eity.'  B.  Jonson.  [Used  ludicrously.] 

Aqueous  (ak'we-us),a.  [From L.aqua, water.) 
Partaking  of  the  nature  of  water,  or  abound- 
ing with  or  formed  by  it ;  watery ;  as,  an 
aqueous  solution.— A  queou*  humour  of  the 
eye,  the  limpid  watery  fluid  which  fills  the 
space  between  the  cornea  and  the  crystal- 
line lens  in  the  eye.  See  EYE.—  Aqueous 
rocks,  in  geol.  mechanically  formed  rocks, 
composed  of  matter  deposited  by  water. 
Called  also  Sediment ary  or  Stratified  Rocks. 
— Aqueous  vapour, the  gaseous  vapour  which 
is  produced  from  the  surface  of  water  by 
evaporation,  and  which  rises  into  the  atmos- 
phere and  returns  again  to  the  earth  in  the 
form  of  rain,  dew,  and  snow. — Aqueous 
tint,  in  painting,  a  nearly  colourless  tint. 

Aqueousness  (ak'we-us-nes),  n.  The  qua- 
lity or  state  of  being  aqueous  or  watery ; 
waterishness;  wateriness. 

Aquetta  (a-kwet'ta),  n.  [It.,  little  water.  J 
A  celebrated  Italian  poison,  more  commonly 
known  under  the  name  of  Aqua  Tofana 
(which  see  under  AQUA). 

Aquiferous  (a-kwif'er-us),  a.  [L.  aqua, 
water,  and  fero,  to  bear.  ]  Conducting  water 
or  watery  fluid;  as,  the  aquiferous  system 
of  the  sponges;  aquiferous  vessels. 

AquifoliacesB  (ak-wi-f6ai-a"se-e),  n.  pi  [L. 
acus,  a  needle,  and  folium,  a  leaf.]  A  nat. 
order  of  polypetalous  exogens;  the  holly 
tribe.  The  species  consist  of  trees  and 
shrubs,  with  alternate  coriaceous  leaves, 
small  flowers  in  axillary  cymes,  and  a  fleshy 
indehiscent  fruit.  The  useful  plants  of  the 
order  are  found  in  the  genus  Ilex.  The  bark 
of  the  common  holly  (/.  Aquifolium)  yields 
bird-lime ;  and  from  the  leaves  of  another 
species,  /.  paraguayensis,  is  prepared  the 
'  Mate* '  or  Paraguayan  tea. 

Aquiform  (ak'wi-form),  a.  [L.  aqua,  water, 
and/orma,  form.]  In  the  form  of  water. 

Aquila  (ak'wi-la),  n.     [L.     Bopp  and   Pott 

I    refer  this  word  to  the  root  ac,  swift,  sharp. 

See  ACID.]  1.  A  genus  of  raptorial  birds  con- 

I     taining  the  true  eagles.     See  EAGLE.  —2.  A 

northern  constellation  containing,  accord- 

i    ing  to  the  British  catalogue,  seventy-one 

stars. 

Aquilaria  (ak-wi-la'ri-a),  n.  The  type  genus 
of  the  nat.  order  Aquilariacese  (which  see). 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;       y,  Sc.  ley. 


AQUILARIACE^E 


13!) 


ARACHN1DA 


Aqullariacese  Oik  'wi-ia-ri-a  "&••{•),   n.  pi. 

[Kctiu-i  A'jif'fiiriti,  I'M >n i  I.  «</'"''"•  a"  <':^1''. 
eagle-wood  bL'injf  the  name  given  to  /I.  A<jat~ 
locha.]  A  nat.  order  of  apetalous  exogens. 
The  spedcs  are  trees  with  smooth  branches 
and  a  tough  bark  ;  alternate,  entire  leaves; 
the  fruit  a  capsule,  pear-shaped,  and  valved. 
The  order  consists  of  only  three  genera— 
Aquiliirin,  OpWotpennom,  and  Gyrinops. 
All  the  species  of  the  order  are  natives  of 
the  East  Indies.  A.  Agallockn  yields  agal- 
loi-huin,  ajjal-wood,  or  eagle-wood.  See 
AOAI.LOCHUM. 

Aquilated  (ak'wil-at-ed).rt.  In  her.  adnnu-d 
with  eagles'  heads;  as,  a  cross  aquilal* •</ 

Aquilegia  (ak-wi-le'ji-a),  n.  [From  aquila, 
an  eagle,  whose  claws  the  spurs  of  the  petals 
are  supposed  to  resemble.]  A  genus  of  acrid 
plants,  nat.  order  Rannnculacete,  widely 
distributed  over  the  temperate  parts  of  the 
northern  hemisphere.  The  flowers  have 
five  flat,  elliptical,  coloured  sepals,  alter- 
nating with  as  many  spurred  petals;  the 
fruit  consists  of  five  follicles  with  numerous 
seeds.  The  spurred  petals  with  incurved 
heads  have  been  compared  to  five  pigeons, 
the  sepals  representing  the  wings,  and  to 
this  the  English  name  columbine  refers 
(from  L.  columba,  a  pigeon). 

Aquillnse  (ak-wi-li'ne),  n.  pi.  A  sub-family 
of  birds,  family  Faleonidce,  order  Accipitres 
or  Raptores;  the  eagles.  See  EAGLE. 

Aquiline  (ak'wil-In),  a.  [L.  aquilinus.  See 
AQUILA.J  1.  Of  or  belonging  to  the  eagle. 
' Aquiline  ascent.'  Ymmg.—Z.  Resembling 
an  eagle's  beak;  curving;  hooked;  promi- 
nent. 

Terribly  arched  and  aytn'/iiie  his  nose.      Cowper* 

Aqullon  (ak'wil-on),  n.  [L.  aguilo.]  The 
north  wind.  Skak.  [Rare.] 

Aquitanian  (ak-wi-ta'ni-an),  a.  [Cett.Aqui, 
the  name  of  a  people,  and  tan,  country— 
the  country  of  the  Aqui.  ]  Pertaining  to 
Aquitania,  one  of  the  great  divisions  of 
Gaul,  which, according  to  Cajsar,  lay  between 
the  Garonne,  the  Pyrenees,  and  the  ocean, 
now  called  Gascony. 

Aquite,t  v.t.    To  pay  for.    Chaucer. 

Aquoset  (a-kwos'),  a.  Watery;  aqueous. 
Bailey. 

Aquosity(a-kwos'i-ti),  71.  The  state  of  being 
aquose  or  watery;  wateriness;  moisture. 

We  do  not  assume  that  a  something  called  aquo- 
sity  entered  into  and  took  possession  of  the  oxide  of 
hydrogen  as  soon  as  it  was  formed,  and  then  glided 
the  aqueous  particles  to  their  places  in  the  facets  of 
the  cryst.il,  or  among  the  leaflets  of  the  hoar-frost. 
Huxley. 

AT  (ar),  n.  [Sc.  aur,  Icel.  orr,  Dan  art  a 
scar.)  A  scar  or  cicatrix;  a  pockmark. 

Arab  {ar'ab),  n.  [Ar.  arabah,  a  desert.]  1.  A 
native  of  Arabia.— 2.  A  neglected  outcast  of 
the  streets,  particularly  an  outcast  boy  or 
girl:  generally  called  Street  Arab.  This  use 
of  the  word  is  based  on  the  Arabs  having  no 
fixed  dwelling-places,  but  being  nomadic. 

When  he  read  about  the  street  drabs,  and  of  the 
doings  of  the  younn  fry  of  thieves,  he  ...  wiped  his 
eyes,  and  said,  '  God  bless  me ! '  Mrs.  Riddelt. 

Arab  (ar'ab),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Arabs  or  Arabia;  as,  an  Arab  steed.  '  The 
delicate  Arab  arch  of  her  feet.'  Tennyson. 

Araba  (itr'a-ba),  n.  An  Indian  or  Turkish 
cart  drawn  by  oxen  or  cows,  and  used  for 


Araba. — From  Lewis's  Constantinople. 

travelling:  those  for  the  higher  classes  are 
usually  highly  ornamented  by  carvings  on 
the  sides,  rich  fringes  depending  from  the 
covering,  Ac. 

Arabesk  (ar'ab-esk),  a.  and  n.  Same  as 
Arabesque. 

Arabesque  (ar'ab-esk),  n.  [Fr,  from  It. 
arabesco.  From  the  Arabs,  who  brought  the 
style  to  high  perfection, and  were  at  one  time 
supposed  to  be  the  originators  of  it.]  A  spe- 
cies of  ornamentation  for  enriching  flat  sur- 
faces, either  painted, inlaid,  or  wrought  in  low 
relief.  There  may  l>e  said  to  be  three  periods 
and  distinctive  varieties  of  Arabesque- 


fa)  the  Roman,  or  Gneco-Koman,  introduced 

into  Rome  from  the  East  when  pure  art  waa 

declining;  (b)  the  Arabesque  of  the  Moors, 

as  seen   in  the  Alhambra,  introduced   by 

them    into    Europe   in    the   middle  ages; 

(c)  Modern  Arabesque,  which  took  its  rise 

in  Italy  in  the  Renaissance  period  of  art, 

on  the  discovery  of  the  decorations  on  the 

baths  of  Titus,  and 

was  speedily  brought 

to  perfection  by  Kat 

faelle  and  his  scho- 

lars.   The  designs  of 

Roman  and  modern 

arabesques  are  gener- 

ally composed  of   a 

fanciful  combination 

of  figures  of  men  and 

animals,  real  and  im- 

aginary, with   floral 

and  other  ornamen- 

tal forms.  The  human 

figures  are  generally 

represented    trunca- 

ted and  as  growing 

out  of  plants  or  orna- 

ments, or  as  support- 

ed by  them,  and  in 

their  natural  colours. 

There  are,  however. 

many   classical    and 


ornamental  work,  s.Hctro-m-Vinculo.Rome. 
plants,  fruits,  flowers, 

and  the  like.  The  arabesques  of  the  Moors, 
who  are  prohibited  by  their  religion  from 
representing  animal  forms,  consist  essen- 
tially of  complicated  ornamental  designs 
based  on  the  suggestion  of  plant-growth, 
combined  with  extremely  complex  geometri- 
cal forms.  The  colouring  of  Moorish  ara- 
besques is  entirely  conventional  and  bril- 
liant, yet  harmonious.  Raffaelle's  arabesques 
on  the  Loggia  of  the  Vatican  owe  their  ex- 
cellence to  his  combining  allegory  with 
ornamentation,  thus  giving  poetical  expres- 
sion to  what  had  previously  been  only  a 
pleasure  to  the  eye. 

Arabesque  (ar'ab-esk),  a.  In  the  manner 
of  the  Arabians  ;  specifically,  in  arch,  re- 
lating to  or  exhibiting  the  style  of  orna- 
mentation described  in  the  preceding  ar- 
ticle. 

Arabesque  (ar'ab-esk),  v.t.  pret.  &pp.  arab- 
esqued;  ppr.  arabegquing.  To  enrich  with 
arabesque  ornaments.  '  W  ith  its  vermilioned 
initial  letters,  so  prettily  arabesqved.'  Eclec. 
Ken. 

Arabian  (a-ra'bi-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Arabia. 

Arabian  (a-ra'bi-an),  n.  A  native  of  Arabia; 
an  Arab. 

Arabic  (ar'ab-ik),  a.  Belonging  to  Arabia 
or  the  language  of  its  inhabitants.  —  Arabic 
figures  or  characters,  the  numeral  charac- 
ters now  used  in  our  arithmetic,  which  were 
introduced  into  England  about  the  eleventh 
century,  and  are  probably  of  Indian  origin. 

Arabic  (ar'ab-ik),  n.  The  language  of  the 
Arabians. 

Arabical  (a-rab'ik-al),  a.    Arabian;  Arabic. 

Arabically(a-rab'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  an  Arabic 
or  Arabian  manner. 

Arabln,  Arabine  (ar'a-bin),  n.  (CuH^O,,.) 
A  variety  of  gum  soluble  in  cold  water,  the 
principal  constituent  of  gum-arabic. 

Arabia  (ar'a-bis),  n.  [From  Arabia,  of  which 
the  more  important  species  are  natives.] 
A  genus  of  plants  of  the  cruciferous  order; 
wall  or  rock  cress.  Several  species  are  na- 
tives of  Britain,  but  they  are  of  little  inter- 
est. Foreign  specimens  with  white  or  some- 
times purple  flowers  are  largely  cultivated 
in  rock-work  and  borders  in  our  gardens. 

Arabism  (ar'ab-izm),  n.  An  Arabic  idiom 
or  peculiarity  of  language. 

Arabist  (ar'ab-ist),  n.  One  well  versed  in 
the  Arabic  language  or  literature. 

Arable  (ar'a-bl),  a.  [Fr.  arable,  from  L.  ara- 
bila,  that  can  be  tilled,  from  ore,  to  plough, 
from  a  widely  spread  root  seen  also  in 
Gr.  aroo,  A.  Sax.  erian,  E.  to  ear,  Icel.  erja, 
Goth,  erjan,  G.  ahren,  eren,  O.H.G.  aran, 
erran,  Lith.  orti,  Rus.  orati,  to  plough,  to 
till;  Ir.  W.  ar,  tillage;  W.  aru,  to  plough.] 
Fit  for  ploughing  or  tillage.—  Arable  land, 
land  which  is  chiefly  cultivated  by  means  of 
the  plough,  as  distinguished  from  grass- 
land, wood-land,  common  pasture,  and 
waste. 

Arabo-tedesco  (iir'ab-6-ta-des'ko),  n.  [It., 
from  arabo,  Arabic,  and  tedesco,  German.) 
In  arch,  a  style  of  art  composed  of  Moorish, 


Roman,  and  Gentian-Gothic.  Almost  syn- 
onymous with  Byzantine. 

Aracanese  (ar'a-kan-ez"),  n.  A  native  or  an 
inhabitant,  or  natives  or  inhabitants,  of 
Aracan  or  Arracan,  in  province  of  liritisb 
Hurmah, 

Aracanese  (ar'a-kan-ez").  a.  Pertaining  to 
Aracan  or  its  inhabitants. 

Aracarl  (a-ra-sa'ri),  n.  [Native  name.]  A 
name  of  the  birds  belonging  to  the  genus 
I'tcroglnssus,  included  in  the  Kamphastidic 
or  toucan  family,  and  differing  from  the  true 
toucans  by  a  smaller  bill  and  smaller  size. 
The  aracaris  breed  in  the  hollows  of  decayed 
trees,  which  they  enlarge  by  means  of  tbcii 
beak.  The  prevailing  colour  of  their  plum- 
age is  green,  often  varied  with  spaces  or 
bands  of  black,  or  brilliant  red  anil  yellow. 
They  are  natives  of  the  warm  parts  of  South 
America. 

Arace.t  v.t.  [O.Fr.  aracer,  Fr.  arracher,  to 
pull  up,  from  L.  eradicare — e,  out,  and  radix, 
radicis,  a  root.]  To  tear  up  by  the  rootn; 
to  draw  away  by  force. 

The  children  from  hir  arm  they  conne  nrace. 

Ckauar. 

Aracese  (a-ra'se-e),  n.  pi.  A  nat.  order  of 
monocotyledonous  plants,  having  the  genus 
Arum  as  the  type.  The  species  are  herba- 
ceous, with  leaves  sheathing  at  the  base ; 
the  flowers  are  unisexual  and  without  a 
perianth,  on  a  spadix  protected  when  young 
by  a  spathe;  the  anthers  are  nearly  sessile, 
and  the  fruit  succulent.  Most  of  the  species 
have  tuberous  roots  abounding  in  starch, 
which  forms  a  wholesome  food  after  the 
acrid  juice  has  been  washed  out.  British 
or  Portland  arrow-root  ismanufactured  from 
the  roots  of  Arum  maculatum  (the  wake- 
robin  or  cuckoo-pint).  The  species  are  na- 
tives chiefly  of  tropical  countries,  and  a 
principle  of  acridity  generally  pervades 
them,  existing  in  so  strong  a  degree  in  some 
as  to  render  them  dangerous  poisons,  as 
Dieffenbachia  eegitina  (the  dumb-cane  of 
the  West  Indies  and  South  America),  which 


Araceae. 

Cuckoo-pint  or  Wake-robin  (Arum  inaatlatum). 
a,  Spadix.  bb.  Stamens  or  male  flowers,  cc.  Ova- 
ries or  female  flowers,  d,  Spathe  or  sheath,  e.  Cor- 
mus. 

receives  its  popular  name  from  its  acrid 
juice  swelling  the  tongue  of  any  one  chew- 
ing it, and  so  destroying  the  power  of  speech. 
A  gigantic  species  (Oodwinia  gigax),  disco- 
vered in  Nicaragua  and  brought  to  Britain, 
produces  but  one  leaf  supported  on  a  stalk 
10  feet  long.  See  GODWINIA. 

Araceous  (a-ra'shus),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
nat.  order  of  plants  Aracese. 

ArachiS  (ar'a-kis),  n.  A  genus  of  leguminous 
plants  much  cultivated  in  warm  climates, 
and  esteemed  a  valuable  article  of  food. 
The  most  remarkable  feature  of  the  genus 
is  that  when  the  flower  falls  the  stalk  sup- 
porting the  small  undeveloped  fruit  length- 
ens, and  bending  towards  the  ground  pushes 
the  fruit  Into  the  ground,  when  it  begins  to 
enlarge  and  ripen.  The  best-known  species 
is  A.  hypogmi.  Its  pod  (popularly  called 
ground,  earth,  or  pea  nut),  when  mature,  is 
oblong,  often  contracted  in  the  middle, 
wrinkled,  of  a  pale  yellow  colour,  and  con- 
tains two  seeds  the  size  of  a  hazel-nut,  in 
flavour  sweet  as  almonds,  and  yielding, 
when  pressed,  an  oil  not  inferior  to  that  of 
olives.  It  grows  to  the  height  of  1  or  2  feet. 
— Arachis  oil,  the  oil  expressed  from  the 
seeds  of  Arachis  hypogota,  the  fine  limpid 
nut-oil  of  commerce. 

Aractmida  (a-rak'ni-da),  n.pJ.  [Gr.  arachne, 
a  spider,  and  eidog,  form.]  A  class  of  articu- 
lated, annulose,  and  wingless  animals,  in- 
termediate between  Insects  and  Crustacea, 


ch,  cftain;      ch,  Sc  .loch;      g,  go;     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zb.  azure. -See  KEY. 


ARACHNIDAN 


140 


ARBITRAMENT 


including  spiders,  mites,  and  scorpions. 
They  are  oviparous  animals,  provided  with 
articulated  members  and  a  united  head  and 
thorax ;  but  they  do  not  undergo  a  meta- 
morphosis similar  to  insects.  The  antenme 
are  modified  into  jaw-like  organs.  They 
respire  by  trachea;,  or  by  pulmonary  sacs, 
or  by  the  skin. 

Arachnidau  (a-rak'ni-dan),  n.  One  of  the 
Arachnida. 

Arachnoid  (a-rak'noid),  a.  [Gr.  arachne,  a 
spider,  and  eidus,  form.]  1.  Resembling  a 
spider's  web;  specifically,  in  bot.  seeming  to 
be  covered  with  cobweb,  in  consequence  of 
the  entanglement  of  long  white  hairs. — 
2.  Pertaining  to  the  Arachnida. — Arachnoid 
canal,  in  anat.  a  canal  formed  by  the  exten- 
sion of  the  arachnoid  membrane  over  the 
transverse  and  longitudinal  fissures  of  the 
brain.  —  Arachnoid  membrane,  in  anat.  (a) 
a  semi-transparent  thin  membrane  which  is 
spread  over  the  brain  and  pia  mater,  and 
for  the  most  part  closely  connected  with 
the  latter.  Also  called  the  Arachnoid  Tunic. 
The  term  has  also  been  applied  to  that  cap- 
sule of  the  crystalline  lens  which  is  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  hyaloid  membrane.  (6)  A 
membrane  supposed  by  some  anatomists  to 
exist  between  the  sclerotic  and  choroid 
membranes  of  the  eye. 

Arachnoid  (a-rak'uoid),  n.  1.  A  species  of 
madrepore  occurring  fossil. — 2.  In  anat.  the 
arachnoid  membrane  or  tunic.  See  under 
the  adjective.  —Arachnoid  of  the  eye.  See 
under  the  adjective,  Arachnoid  membrane, 

Arachnoiditis,  Arachnitis  (a-rak'noi-di"- 
tis,  a-rak-ni'tis),  n.  Inflammation  of  the 
arachnoid  membrane. 

Arachnologist  (ar-ak-nol'o-jist),  n.  One 
versed  in  arachnology. 

Arachnology  (ar-ak-nol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  ar- 
achne, a  spider,  and  logos,  discourse.  ]  That 
branch  of  natural  history  which  treats  of 
spiders. 

Arack  (ar'ak),  n.    See  ARRACK. 

Arad  (ar'ad),  n.  A  member  of  the  natural 
order  Aracero.  Lindley. 

Araeometer  (ar-e-orn'e-ter),  n.  See  AREOM- 
ETER. 

Arseostyle  (a-re'o-stil),  n.  [Gr.  araios,  thin, 
rare,  and  stylos,  a  column.]  In  arch,  a  col- 
umnar arrangement  where  the  columns  are 
placed  far  apart.  The  interval  usually  as- 
signed is  four  diameters. 

Araeosystyle  (a-re'o-sis"til),  n  [Gr.  araios, 
rare,  syn,  together  with,  and  stylos,  a  col- 
umn.] In  arch,  an  arrangement  in  which 
columns  are  coupled  or  placed  in  pairs,  with 
an  interval  generally  of  half  a  diameter  be- 
twixt the  coupled  columns,  and  of  three  dia- 
meters and  a  half  betwixt  the  pairs. 

Aragonese  (ar-a-gon-ez'),  n.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant, or  natives  or  inhabitants,  of  the 
province  of  Aragon  in  Spain. 

Aragonese  (ar-a-gon-ez'),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Aragon  or  its  inhabitants. 

Aragonite  (ai-Vgon-it),  n.  [From  Aragon 
in  Spain.  ]  The  name  given  to  carbonate  of 
calcium  when  it  occurs  in  trimetric  crystals. 
This  mineral  is  essentially  of  the  same 
chemical  constitution  as  calc-spar,  but  its 
crystalline  form  is  different,  carbonate  of 
calcium  being  a  dimorphous  mineral.  Writ- 
ten also  A  rragonite. 

Araguato  (a-ra-gwa'to),  n.  The  Mycetcs 
Ursiimi,  or  ursine  howler,  the  largest  of 
the  New  World  monkeys  hitherto  noticed, 
its  length  being  nearly  3  feet,  and  the  tail 
reaching  to  even  a  greater  length.  Like  all 
the  family  it  is  characterized  by  its  discord- 
antly dismal  yells,  heard  at  a  mile's  dis- 
tance. 

Araignee,  Arraign  (a-ran-ya.  a-ran'),  n. 
[Fr.,  properly  a  spider.]  In  fort,  a  kind  of 
underground  work  consisting  of  several 
branches  or  galleries  starting  from  one 
point. 

Aralnae  (a-ra-i'ne),  n.  pi.  [Ara,  a  native 
name  of  the  macaws.]  The  macaws,  a  sub- 
family of  scansorial  birds,  family  Psittacidse; 
the  Psittacinie  of  Finsch.  See  MACAW. 

Araiset  (a-raz'),  t>.(.  [A.  Sax.  arasian,  to 
raise.  ]  To  raise,  especially  from  the  dead. 
'(A  medicine)  whose  simple  touch  is  power- 
ful to  araite  King  Pepin.'  Shak. 

Arak  (ar'ak),  n.  An  alcoholic  drink  made  in 
Tartary  from  mare's  milk  fermented.  Called 
also  Arki,  Area. 

AraM  (ar'ak-e),  n.  An  Egyptian  intoxicat- 
ing drink  prepared  from  dates;  a  kind  of 
arrack. 

Aralia  (a-ra'li-a),  n.  A  genus  of  plants  with 
small  flowers  arranged  in  umbels,  and  sue- 


culent  berries,  the  type  of  the  nat.  order 
Araliaceaj  (which  see). 

Araliacese  ( a-ra'Ii-a"se-e ),  n.  pi.  A  nat. 
order  of  plants  nearly  related  to  the  Umbel- 
liferffi,  from  which  they  are  distinguished 
chiefly  by  their  three  or  more  celled  fruit, 
simple  epigynous  disc,  usually  valvate  co- 
rolla, and  more  shrubby  habit.  The  species 
are  natives  chiefly  of  the  tropical  and  sub- 
tropical regions  of  the  world,  and  are  some- 
times called  ivy-worts.  The  order  is  re- 
presented in  Britain  by  the  ivy  ( Hedera 
Helix).  The  ginseng,  highly  esteemed  by 
the  Chinese  as  a  stimulant,  is  produced  by 
Panax  schinseng,  a  plant  found  in  Northern 
Asia;  the  ginseng  of  North  America  (/*. 
quinquefolium)  is  less  valued.  A  species  of 
Aralia  (A.  midicaulis)  is  used  in  North 
America  as  a  substitute  for  sarsaparilla. 
The  true  rice-paper  of  the  Chinese,  obtained 
only  from  the  island  of  Formosa,  is  made 
from  the  pith  of  another  species,  A.  papy- 
r(fera. 

Aramaic  (ar-a-ma'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Aram,  a  son  of  Shem,  or  to  the  Chaldeans 
and  Syrians,  his  descendants ;  Chaldean ; 
Chaldaic;  specifically,  a  term  appellative  of 
the  northern  family  of  the  Semitic  class  of 
languages.  Written  also  Aramean,  Ara- 
incean. 

Aramaic  (ar-a-ma'ik),  n.  The  name  applied 
to  the  northern  group  of  the  Semitic  class  of 
languages.  It  comprises  the  tongues  spoken 
in  Syria  and  Assyria,  the  earliest  specimens 
being  the  Chaldee  passages  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment and  Apocrypha,  especially  in  Esdras 
and  Daniel;  Chaldaic;  Chaldee. 

Aramean,  Aramaean  ( ar-a-me'an ),  a.  See 
ARAMAIC. 

Aramism,  Arameanism  (ar'am-izm,  ar-a- 
me'an-izm),  n.  An  idiom  of  the  Aramaic 
or  Chaldee  language;  a  Chaldaism. 

Araneidse(a-ra-ne'i-de),  n.pl.  [L.  aranea, 
a  spider.  ]  The  spider  family,  a  tribe  of 
the  pulmonary  order  of  arachnidans,  and 
containing  the  true  spinning  spiders.  See 
SPIDER. 

Araneide,  Araneidan  (a-ra'ne-id,  a-ra-ue'i- 
dan),  7i.  One  of  the  Araneidrc. 

Araneiform  (a-ra-ne'i-form),  «.  [L.  aranea, 
a  spider,  and  E.  form.  ]  Resembling  a  spider; 
having  the  form  of  a  spider. 

Araneilbrmia  (a-ra-ne'i-for"mi-a),  n.pl. 
[See  ARANEIFORM.  ]  An  order  of  spider-like 
Crustacea,  including  only  a  small  number  of 
species.  They  have  a  suctorial  mouth,  and 
four  pairs  of  long  jointed  legs,  adapted 
solely  for  walking. 

Araneose  (a-ra'ne-os),  a.  Covered  with  hairs 
crossing  each  other,  like  the  rays  in  a  spi- 
der's web. 

Araneous  ( a-ra'ne-us ),  a.  [L  aranea,  a 
spider  or  cobweb.  ]  Resembling  a  cobweb ; 
extremely  thin  and  delicate,  like  a  cobweb; 
as,  the  araneous  membrane  of  the  eye.  See 
ARACHNOID. 

Arangq  (a-rang'go),  n.  pi.  Arangoes  (a- 
rang'goz).  A  species  of  bead  made  of  rough 
carnelian,  generally  of  a  cylindrical  shape. 
They  constituted  an  article  of  traffic  with 
Africa  previous  to  the  abolition  of  the  slave- 
trade,  and  were  imported  from  Bombay. 

Arapalma  (ar-a-pi'ma),  n,  A  genus  of  fresh- 
water malacopterygian  abdominal  fishes, 
remarkable  for  their  size  and  the  mosaic 
work  of  their  strong  bony  compound  scales. 
They  are  the  largest  known  fresh-water 
fishes,  some  being  15  feet  long  and  weighing 
4  cwt.  See  SUDIS. 

Arapungafar-a-pung-ga),?!.  AgenusofSouth 
American  dentirostral  insessorial  birds,  fa- 


Head  of  Arapunga  or  Bell-bird  (A.  alba). 

mily  Ampelidse,  including  the  curious  bell- 
bird  or  campancro  (A.  alba),  remarkable  for 
its  clear,  far-sounding,  bell-like  notes,  ren- 


dered all  the  more  striking  that  they  are 
continued  through  the  heat  of  the  day  when 
all  other  birds  are  silent.  It  is  about  the 
size  of  a  pigeon,  but  is  easily  distinguished 
from  it  by  the  strange  tubular  horn-like 
structure  which  grows  on  its  forehead, 
and  when  empty  of  air  is  pendulous,  but 
rises  when  the  bird  is  excited  to  the  height 
of  3  inches.  As  this  horn  has  a  communi- 
cation with  the  palate  it  has  probably  some- 
thing to  do  with  the  peculiar  sound  of  the 

I    bird's  voice.     Its  plumage  is  pure  white. 
Ara-root  (ar'a-rot),  n.    Same  us  Arrow-root. 
Aration  (a-ra'»hon),  n.    [L.  aratio.    See  AR- 

'    ABLE.]    Ploughing;  tillage.    [Rare.] 

It  would  suffice  to  teach  these  four  parts  of  apri- 
culture;  first  oration,  and  all  things  belonging  to  it. 
Ctnvley. 

Aratory  (ai-Vto-ri),  o.  Relating  or  contri- 
buting to  tillage. 

Aratrum  terras  (a-ra'trum  tert-e).  In  Scots 
law,  a  ploughgate  of  land,  consisting  of 
eight  oxgates  of  land,  because  anciently  the 
plough  was  drawn  by  eight  oxen. 

Araucaria  (ar-a-ka'ri-a),  n.  (From  the  A  rati- 
canos.  a  tribe  of  Indians  in  the  southern 
parts  of  Chili.  ]  A  genus  of  Conif ene,  found 
in  South  America,  Australia,  and  some  of 
the  islands  of  the  Pacific.  The  species  are 
large  evergreen  trees  with  verticillate 
spreading  branches, and  bearing  large  cones, 
each  scale  having  a  single  large  seed.  The 
species  best  known  in  Britain  is  A.  imbri- 
cata,  (the  Chili  pine  or  puzzle-monkey), 
which  is  quite  hardy.  It  is  a  native  of  the 
mountains  of  Southern  Chili,  where  it  forms 
vast  forests  and  yields  a  hard  durable  wood. 
Its  seeds  are  eaten  when  roasted.  The  More- 
ton  Bay  pine  of  N.  S.  Wales  (A,  Cminina- 
liatrtii)  supplies  a  valuable  timber  used  in 
house  and  boat  building,  in  making  furni- 
ture, and  in  other  carpenter-work.  A  spe- 
cies, A .  excelsa,  abounds  on  Norfolk  Island, 
attaining  a  height  of  200  feet.  See  NORFOLK- 
ISLAND  PINE. 

Araucarian  ( ar-a-ka'ri-an ),  a.  Related  to 
the  araucarias. 

Araucarite  (a-raTta-rit),  n.  The  name  given 
to  fragments  of  plants  found  fossil  in  strata 
of  different  ages,  and  which  are  believed  to 
be  related  to  the  living  araucaria.  Trunks 
occur  in  the  coal-measures  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Edinburgh,  which  have  belonged 
to  immense  coniferous  trees,  referred,  but 
with  some  doubt,  to  this  genus.  The  fruits 
and  foliage  found  in  the  secondary  rocks 
are  certainly  closely  related  to  the  Austra- 
lian araucarias. 

Arauha  (a-ra'u-a),  n.  The  native  name  for  a 
gigantic  spider  of  the  genus  Mygale,  found 
on  the  Alvolhos  Islands,  Brazil,  which  preys 
on  lizards  and  even  on  young  chickens. 

Arbalist,  Arbalest  (artal-ist,  ar^al  est),  n. 
(Contr.  tromarcubalist,O.¥r.  arbaleste,trom 
L.  aJTM«,abow,and  ballfsta,baliKta,fin  engine 
to  throw  stones,  from  Gr.  ballo,  to  throw.  ] 
A  cross-bow,  consisting  of  a  steel  bow  set  in 
a  shaft  of  wood,  furnished  with  a  string 
and  trigger.  The  shaft  or  stock  had  a  stir- 
rup at  the  end,  and  the  bow  was  wound  up 
by  a  moulinet  or  windlass  worn  at  the 
girdle.  (See  MOULINET. )  It  served  to 
throw  bullets,  darts,  arrows,  A-c.  Called 
also  Arblast,  and  Arbalet. 

Arbalister  (artml-ist-er),  n.  A  cross-bow- 
man. 

Arbiter  (art)it-er),n.  [L.,  a  witness,  an  um- 
pire.] 1.  A  person  appointed  or  chosen  by 
parties  in  controversy  to  decide  their  differ- 
ences. 

The  civilians  make  a  difference  between  art-iltr 
and  arbitrator,  the  former  being  obligee!  to  judge 
according  to  the  customs  of  the  law :  whereas  the 
latter  is  at  liberty  to  use  his  own  discretion,  and 
accommodate  the  difference  in  that  manner  which 
appears  most  just  and  equitable.  H'hartoii. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  a  person  who  has  the 
power  of  judging  and  determining  without 
control;  one  whose  power  of  deciding  and 
governing  is  not  limited.  'For  Jove  is  ar- 
iiiterofbothtoman.'  Cowper.  'Hismajesty, 
.  .  .  the  sole  arbiter  of  the  affairs  of  Chris- 
tendom.' SirW.  Temple.— SYS.  Arbitrator, 
umpire,  controller,  ruler,  governor. 

Arbiter  t  (arTrit-er),  v.t.  To  act  as  arbiter 
between;  to  judge.  Hall. 

Arbitrable  t  (ar'bi-tra-bl),  a,  1.  Arbitrary: 
depending  on  the  will.  Spelman.—  2.  Deter- 
minable. 

The  value  of  moneys  is  arbitrable  according  to  the 
use  of  several  kingdoms.  Bp.  Hall. 

Arbitrage  (a/bit-raj),  n.    Arbitration.    /(. 
Cobden.    [Rare.] 
Arbitrament  (ar-bit'ra-mcnt),  n.    1.  Deter- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tu'o,  bull;       oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abttne;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


ARBITRARILY 


141 


ARCANUM 


iriinatiou;   ilrrisinn;   srttlemeilt ;   a*,  to  put 

to  the  arbitrament  of  the  sword. 

Gladly  at  this  moment  wouM  M.idvor  have  put 
their  quarrel  to  personal  arbiti  ament. 

Sir  IV.  Scott. 

2.  The  award  of  arbitrators:  iu  this  sense 
nii'unl  is  more  generally  used.     Cowetl. 

Arbitrarily  (ar'bi-tra-ri-li),  ado.  In  an  ar- 
bitrary manner;  according  to  one's  pleasure 
or  raprico;  capru-ioiisuess. 

Arbitrariness  (arOii-tra-ri-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  arbitrary. 

Arbitrariousfr  (ar-bi-tra'ri-us), a.  Arbitrary. 
fforrit, 

Arbitrariouslyt  (ar-bi-tru'ri-us-li),  ad».  Ar- 
bitrarily. Harrow. 

Arbitrary  (ar'bi-tra-ii),  a.  [L.  orfrttrarfw, 
from  arbitmri,  to  decide  on  one's  own  judg- 
ment, from  arbiter.]  1.  Given,  adjudged, 
or  done  according  to  one's  will  or  discrete  >n ; 
as,  an  arbitrary  decision;  an  arbitrary  pun- 
ishment. 'Arbitrary  calculations, and  such 
as  vary  at  pleasure.'  Sir  T.  lirowne. — 2.  Ex- 
ercised according  to  one's  will  or  discretion. 
Arbitrary  power  is  most  easily  established  on  the 
ruins  of  liberty  abused  to  licentiousness. 

MfeMAtfftw. 

3.  Despotic;  absolute  in  power;  having  no 
external  control;  as,  an  arbitrary  prince  or 
government.  — 4.  Dependent  on  one's  own 
will  or  choice ;  to  be  determined  by  one's 
own  will.     'Indifferent  things  are  left  arbi- 
trary to  us.'  Bp.  Hall.    [Rare.]— 5.  Held  at 
the  will  or  pleasure,  whether  of  one's  self 
or  another.  '  A rbitrary  curacies.'  //.  Whar- 
ton.  —  SYN.  Capricious,  absolute,  despotic, 
unlimited,  uncontrolled,  tyrannical,  impera- 
tive, imperious,  peremptory. 

Arbitrate  (ar'bi-trat),  u.t.  pret.  &  pp.  arbi- 
trated; ppr.  arbitrating.  [L.  arbitror,  arbi- 
tratu»t  to  be  witness  of  a  thing,  hence  to 
judge  of  it,  to  give  a  decision,  from  arbiter 
(which  see).]  1.  To  act  as  an  arbitrator;  as, 
to  choose  men  to  arbitrate  between  us.— 
2.  To  decide;  to  determine. 

In  this  contest  strokes  must  arbitrate.     Shak. 

Arbitrate  (ar'bi-trat),  v.t.  1.  To  hear  and 
decide  as  arbitrator;  as,  to  arbitrate  a  dis- 
puted case.  —2.  To  decide  or  determine  gen- 
erally. 

Things  must  be  compared  to  and  arbitrated  by 
her  (wisdom's)  standard,  or  else  they  will  contain 
something  of  monstrous  enormity.  Barrow. 

Arbitration  (ar-bi-tra'shon),  n.  The  hear- 
ing and  determination  of  a  cause  between 
parties  in  controversy,  by  a  person  or  per- 
sons chosen  by  the  parties.  This  may  be 
done  by  one  person,  but  it  is  common  to 
choose  more  than  one.  Frequently  two  are 
nominated,  one  by  each  party,  with  a  third, 
who  is  called  the  umpire  (or,  in  Scotland, 
sometimes  the  overs-man),  and  who  is  called 
on  to  decide  in  case  of  the  |  rimary  arbitrators 
differing.  In  such  a  case  the  umpire  may 
be  agreed  upon  either  by  the  parties  them- 
selves, or  by  the  arbitrators,  when  they  have 
received  authority  from  the  parties  to  the 
dispute  to  do  so.  The  determination  of  ar- 
bitrators is  called  an  award.  By  the  law  of 
England  the  authority  of  an  arbitrator  can- 
not be  revoked  by  any  of  the  parties  without 
the  leave  of  the  court  or  of  a  judge.—  Arbi- 
tration bond,  a  bond  by  which  a  party  to  a 
dispute  engages  to  abide  by  the  award  of 
arbitrators.  —Arbitration  of  exchange,  an 
operation  by  which  the  currency  of  one 
country  is  converted  into  that  of  another 
through  the  medium  of  intervening  curren- 
cies, for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  whether 
direct  or  indirect  drafts  and  remittances 
are  preferable. 

Arbitrator  (ar'bi-trat-er),  n.  1.  A  person 
chosen  by  parties  who  have  a  controversy, 
to  determine  their  differences,  or  one  of  two 
or  more  persons  chosen  for  that  purpose.— 
2.  One  who  has  the  power  of  deciding  or 
prescribing  without  control;  an  absolute 
governor,  president,  or  arbiter.  See  ARBI- 
TER. 

Though  heaven  be  shut, 
And  heaven's  high  Arbitrator  sit  secure.     Milton, 

The  end  crowns  all. 

And  thrtt  old  common  arbitrator.  Time, 
Will  one  day  end  it.  Shak. 

Arbitratiix  (arlri-trat-riks),  n.  A  female 
who  arbitrates  or  judges. 

Arbitrament  (ar-bit're-meut),  n.  Same  as 
Arhitfdni'  if 

Arbitreas  Cu-'bit-res),  ».    A  female  arbiter. 

Arbltry.t  n  [L.  arfritriutn,  freo-wflL]  Free- 
will; judgment.  Chauo'i: 

Arblast  (ar'blast),  n.  A  crossbow;  an  arba- 
list. 

The  warder  was  ready  with  his  arblast. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 


Arbor  (Ur'bor).  ».  [L.,  a  tree,  and  hence  a 
mast, a  wooden  bar,<tc.j  1.  In  but.  a  tree, as  , 
distinguished  from  a  shrub,  that  is,  a  woody  i 
perennial  plant  having  a  distinct  bole  or 
trunk  from  which  the-  main  branches  grmv. 
Lituil'-if.  -.  In  uiffh.  tin-  principal  spiii'lh; 
oraxis of  amachine, communicating  motion 
to  the  other  moving  parts.  Aitmr  /»mm/>, 
or  tree  of  silver  (that  metal  having  been 
called  Diana  by  the  alchemists),  a  beautiful 
arborescent  precipitate,  produced  by  silver 
in  mercury.  Other  similar  precipitates  are 
formed  by  other  metals. 

Arbor,  n.     Same  as  Arbour. 

Arboraryt  ( ai'bo-ra-ri ),  o.  Belonging  to 
trees.  Bailey. 

Arboratort  (ar'bo-rat-er),  n.  One  who  plants 
or  who  prunes  trees. 

Arboreal,  «.    See  ARBOREOUS. 

Arbored  (ar'bord),  a.  Furnished  with  an 
arbor  or  axis. 

Arboreous,  Arboreal  (ar-b6're-us,;ir-b6're- 
al),  a.  [L.  arboreitn,  from  arbor,  a  tree.] 

1.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  trees ;  living 
on  or  among  trees;  frequenting  woods. — 

2.  Having  the  form,  constitution,  and  habits 
of  a  tree;  having  more  or  less  the  character 
of  a  tree. 

Arborescence  (ar-bor-es'ens),  n.  [L.  arbor- 
esco, to  grow  to  a  tree.  ]  1.  The  state  of  being 
arborescent.  — 2.  Something  having  the  figure 
of  a  tree;  the  resemblance  of  a  tree  in  min- 
erals or  crystallizations,  or  groups  of  crys- 
tals in  that  form. 

Arborescent  (ar-bor-es'ent),  a.  [L.  arbor- 
escens,  pp.  of  arboresco,  to  grow  to  a  tree.  ] 
Resembling  a  tree ;  specifically,  in  hot.  par- 
taking of  the  nature  and  habits  of  a  tree ; 
possessing  certain  qualities  of  a  tree  though 
wanting  others;  dendritic. 

Arborett  (ar'bor-et), n.  1.  [See  next  article.] 
A  place  planted  with  trees;  an  arboretum. 
'Thick-woven  arborets.'  Milton.—  2.  [Pos- 
sibly from  It.  arboretto,  a  little  tree.]  A 
shrub. 

No  arborett  with  painted  blossomes  drest 
And  smelling  swecte,  but  there  it  might  be  fownd 
To  bud  out  faire,  and  throwe  her  sweete  smels  al 
arownd.  Spenser. 

Arboretum  (ar-bo-re'tum),  n.  [L.,  a  plan- 
tation of  trees  or  shrubs.]  A  place  in  which 
a  collection  of  different  trees  and  shrubs  is 
cultivated  for  scientific  or  educational  pur- 
poses. 

Arboricalt  (ar-bor'ik-al),  a.  Relating  to 
trees.  Smart. 

Arboricultural  (ar-bor'i-kurtur-al),  a.  Re- 
lating to  arboriculture. 

Arboriculture  (ar'bo-ri-kul"tur),  n.  [L.  ar- 
bor, a  tree,  and  cultura,  cultivation.  See 
CULTURE.]  The  cultivation  of  trees;  the  art 
of  planting,  dressing,  and  managing  trees 
and  shrubs. 

Arboriculturist  ( ar'bo-ri-kurtur-ist ),  n. 
One  who  practises  arboriculture. 

Arboriform  (ar-bor'i-form),  a.  [L.  arbor,  a 
tree,  and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  tree. 

Arborist  t  (arTjor-ist),  n.  One  who  makes 
trees  his  study,  or  who  is  versed  in  the 
knowledge  of  trees.  '  Our  cunning  arboritsts, ' 
Evelyn. 

Arborization  (ar/bor-iz-a"shon),  11.  A  growth 
or  appearance  resembling  the  figure  of  a 
tree  or  plant,  as  in  minerals  or  fossils. 

Arborized  (iir'bor-izd),  a.  Having  a  tree-like 
appearance.  'An  arborized  or  moss  agate.' 
Wright. 

Arborous  (ar'bor-us),  a.  Having  the  appear- 
ance or  nature  of  an  arbour.  'From  under 
shady  arborous  roofs."  Milton. 

Arbor- vitsa  (ar'bor-vi'te),  n.  [L.,  the  tree  of 
life.]  1.  In  bot.  a  common  name  of  the  spe- 
cies of  Thuja,  belonging  to  the  nat.  order 
ConiferiB.  Thuja  occidentals  is  the  Ameri- 
can or  common  arbor- vitie  of  gardens.  —2.  In 
anat  a  dendriform  arrangement  which  ap- 
pears in  the  medullary  substance  of  the  brain 
when  the  cerebellum  is  cut  vertically. 

Arbour,  Arbor  (ar'ber),  «.  [Either  from 
O.E.  herbere,  a  place  for  the  cultivation  of 
herbs  or  plants,  or  another  form  of  harbour.] 
A  seat  in  the  open  air  sheltered  by  trees,  the 
branches  of  which  are  trained  so  as  to  form 
a  roof,  or  by  climbing  plants  growing  on 
trees  or  a  frame  of  lattice-work ;  a  bower. 
'A  fine  close  arbor.'  Sir  P.  Sidney. 
Arboured  (ar'berd),  a.  Furnished  with  an 
arbour. 

Arbour-vine  (ar'ber-vin),  n.  A  species  of 
bindweed.  [United  States.] 
Arbuscle  (ar'bus-l),  n.  [L.  arbuscula,  a 
little  tree,  dim.  of  arbor,  a  tree.]  A  dwarf 
tiee,  in  size  between  a  shrub  and  a  tree. 
Bradley. 


ArbUSCUlar  (ar-lmVku-K-r).  f(.  (Krnm  \..nr- 
bi'si'titit.  Sn-  preceding  article.  |  Iti  .-.nnbling 
a  shrub;  having  the  li^-uri-  of  small  trets. 

Arbustive  (ar-lmst'iv),  a.  [L.  arbvsticux, 
from  ni-bntttttii,  a  plantation.  ]  ('cntaiiiin^ 
•  •"pses  of  trees  or  shrubs;  covered  with 
shrubs, 

Arbustum  (ar  Imst'um),  n.  [L.,  from  arbos 
»i  nt-bo-r,  a  tree.]  A  copse  of  shrubs  or  trees; 
an  orchard. 

Arbute  (ar-buf),  "•  [L-  arbutus.]  The  straw- 
berry-tree. See  AKBUTUS. 

Arbutean  (iir-bu-te'an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  arbutus  or  straw berry- tree. 

Arbutus  (ar'bu-tus),  n.  [L.,  the  straw- 
berry-tree.] A  genus  of  evergreen  shrubs. 
nat.  order  Ericaeete,  characterized  by  its 
fruit  being  a  berry,  containing  many  seeds. 
The  bright  red  or  yellow  berries,  some  what 
like  the  strawberry,  have  an  unpleasant 
taste  and  narcotic  properties.  The  Corsicana 
make  wine  from  them.  Arbutus  Unedo 
abounds  near  the  lakes  of  Killarney,  where 
its  fine  foliage  adds  charms  to  the  scenery. 
— Trailing  arbutu*,  the  American  name  of 
Epigcea  repens,  nat.  order  Ericaceae. 

Arc  (ark),  n.  [L.  arcus,  a  bow.]  1.  In  geom. 
any  part  of  a  curve  line  which  is  not  of 
contrary  curvature;  an  arc  of  a  circle,  for  ex- 
ample, is  any  portion  of 
its  circumference.  It  is 
by  means  of  circular  arcs 
that  all  angles  are  niea- 
Arc.  sured,  the  arc  being  tie- 

scribed  from  the  angular 
point  as  a  centre.— Concentric  arcs  are  such 
as  have  the  same  centre.— Equal  arcs  are 
such  arcs  of  the  same  circle,  or  of  equal 
circles,  as  contain  the  same  number  of  de- 
grees and  parts  of  a  degree.—  Similar  area, 
of  unequal  circles,  are  such  as  contain  the 
same  number  of  degrees,  or  that  are  the  like 
part  or  parts  of  their  respective  whole 
circles.— 2.  In  arch,  an  arch.  [Rare.] 

Turn  arcs  of  triumph  to  a  garden  gate.     Pope. 

—  Arcs  doubleaux,  in  arch,  a  French  term 
sometimes  employed  by  English  writers  for 
arch  band. 
Area  (ar'ka),  n.  [L.,  a  box,  drawer,  or  coffin.  | 

1.  In  the  early  church,  (a)  a  chest  for  receiv- 
ing pecuniary  offerings.    (6)  A  box  or  cas- 
quet  in  which  the  eucharist  was  carried.— 

2.  A  genus  of  lamellihranchiate  mollusca. 
the  type  of  the  family  Arcada;;  the  ark- 
shells. 

Arcadae  (ar'ka-de),  n.  pi.  The  ark-shells,  a 
family  of  lamellibranchiate  molluscs,  sec- 
tion Asiphonida,  having  the  shell  equivalve, 
the  hinge  long,  with  many  comb-like  equal 
teeth.  They  burrow  in  sand  near  the  coast, 
or  are  attached  to  rocks,  stones,  &c.  Their 
distribution  is  world-wide,  their  first  ap- 
pearance being  in  the  Lower  Silurian  rocks. 
Area  is  the  typical  genus  of  the  family. 

Arcade  (ar-kad'),  n.  [Fr,  from  L.L.  arcata. 
and  that  from  L.  arcus,  an  arch.]  1.  Pro- 
perly, a  series  of  arches  supported  on  piers 
or  pillars :  used  generally  as  the  screen  aud 
roof  support  of  an  ambulatory  or  walk,  but 


Arcade,  Komsey  Church,  Hampshire. 

in  the  architecture  of  the  middle  ages  more 
commonly  applied  as  on  ornamental  dress- 
ing to  a  wall,  as  in  the  figure.— 2.  A  simple 
arched  opening  in  a  wall.  [Rare.]  — 3.  A 
vault.  [Rare.]  — 4.  A  lane  or  passage  in  a 
town,  containing  shops  or  stalls,  and  usually 
covered  with  glass;  as,  the  Burlington  Ar- 
cade; the  Lowther  Arcade . 

Arcaded  (ar-kad'ed),  a.  Furnished  with  an 
arcade. 

Arcadian  (iir-ka'di-an),  n.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Arcadia. 

Arcadian,  Arcadic  (ar-ka'di-an,  ar-ka'dik), 
a.  Pertaining  to  Arcadia,  a  mountainous 
district  in  the  heart  of  the  Peloponnesus. 

Arcane  t  (ar-kan^.a.  [L.  arcamu.]  Hidden; 
secret.  '  The  arcane  part  of  divine  wisdom.  * 
Berkflcii. 

Arcanum  (ar-kan'um),  n.  pi.  Arcana  (ar- 


ch, cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;      j,  job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  zing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ARCBOUTANT 


142 


AECH-BOARD 


kan'a).  [L.,  from  arcanus,  closed,  secret, 
from  arceo,  to  keep  in.  ]  1.  A  secret;  a  mys- 
tery :  generally  used  in  the  plural ;  as,  the 
arcana  of  nature.  '  Inquiries  into  the  ar- 
cana of  the  Godhead.'  Warburton.  —  2.  In 
old  med.  a  secret  remedy  reputed  to  lie  very 
efficacious.— 3.  In  old  chem.  the  secret  virtue 
of  anything. 

Arcboutant  (ark-bo-tan),  n.  [Fr.  arc-bou- 
tant—arc, an  arch,  and  O.Fr.  boutant,  ppr. 
of  bouter,  to  prop.]  In  arch,  an  arch-formed 
buttress.  See  FLYING-BUTTRESS. 

Arch  (arch),  n.  [Fr.  arche,  L.  L.  archia,  from 
L.  arcus,  a  bow,  an  arch,  an  arc.]  1.  In 
geoni.  any  part  of  the  circumference  of  a 
circle  or  other  curve;  an  arc.  See  ARC,  1. — 
2.  In  arch,  a  structure  composed  of  separate 
inelastic  bodies,  having  the  shape  of  trun- 
cated wedges,  arranged  on  a  curved  line,  so 
as  to  retain  their  position  by  mutual  pres- 
sure. Arches  are  usually  constructed  of 
stones  or  of  bricks.  The  separate  stones 
which  compose  the  arch  are  called  voussoirs 
or  arch-stones;  the  extreme  or  lowest  vous- 
soirs are  termed  springers,  and  the  upper- 
most or  central  one  is  called  the  keystoiie. 
The  under  or  concave  side  of  the  vonssoirs 


Extradosed  Arch. 

a,  Abutments.            i.  Impost.  f.  Piers. 

v,  Voussoirs  or  arch-stones.  k.  Keystone. 

5,  Springers.           In.  Intrados.  Ex.  Extrados. 

is  called  the  intrados,  and  the  upper  or 
convex  side  the  extrados  of  the  arch.  When 
the  curves  of  the  intrados  and  extrados  are 
concentric  or  parallel,  the  arch  is  said  to  be 
extradoied.  The  supports  which  afford 
resting  and  resisting  points  to  the  arch  are 
called  piers  and  abutments.  The  upper  part 
of  the  pier  or  abutment  where  the  arch 
rests— technically  where  it  springs  from— is 
the  impost.  The  spoil  of  an  arch  is  in  cir- 
cular arches  the  length  of  its  chord,  and 
generally  the  width  between  the  points  of 
its  opposite  imposts  whence  it  springs.  The 
rise  of  an  arch  is  the  height  of  the  highest 
point  of  its  intrados  above  the  line  of  the 


Seffmental. 


Semicircular. 


impost ;  this  point  is  sometimes  called  the 
under  side  of  the  crown,  the  highest  point 
of  the  extrados  being  the  crown.  Arches 
are  designated  in  two  ways :  first,  in  a  gen- 
eral manner,  according  to  their  properties, 


Cycloidal. 


Elliptical. 


their  uses,  their  position  in  a  building,  or 
their  exclusive  employment  in  a  particular 
style  of  architecture.  Thus,  there  are  arches 
of  equilibration,  equipollent  arches,  arches 
of  discharge,  askew  and  reversed  arches, 


and  Roman,  pointed,  and  Saracenic  arches. 
Second,  they  are  named  specifically,  accord- 


ing to  the  curve  the  intrados  assumes,  when 
that  curve  is  the  section  of  any  of  the  geo- 
metrical solids,  as  segmental,  semicircular, 


Ogee. 


Equilateral. 


cycloidal,  elliptical,  parabolical,  hyperboli- 
cal, or  catenarian  arches ;  or  from  the  re-  \ 
semblance  of  the  whole  contour  of  the  curve  i 
to  some  familiar  object,  as  lancet  arch  and  | 
horse-shoe  arch;  or  from  the  method  used  in 
describing  the  curve,  as  equilateral,  three- 
centred,  four-centred,  ogee,  and  the  like. 
When  any  arch  has  one  of  its  imposts  higher 
than  the  other  it  is  said  to  be  rampant.— 
Foil  arches,  arches  whose  outlines  are  curved 
into  a  series  of  subordinate  arches  called 
foils,  the  points  of  which  are  termed  ctups. 
A  numeral  is  usually  employed  to  designate 
the  number  of  foils,  as  a  trefoil  arch,  a 
cinqwjoil  arch,  &c.  —  3.  Any  place  covered 
with  an  arch;  as,  to  pass  into  the  arch  of  a 
bridge.  — 4.  Any  curvature  in  the  form  of  an 
arch;  as,  the  arch  of  the  aorta. 

Whereon  a  sapphire  throne,  inlaid  with  pure 
Amber,  and  colours  of  the  flowery  arch.      Milton. 

5.  In  mining,  a  piece  of  ground  left  un- 
worked  near  a  shaft—  Triumphal  arch,  in 
Rom.  antia.  originally  a  simple  arch  fes- 
tooned and  otherwise  decorated,  erected 
generally  at  the  entrance  of  a  city,  though 
sometimes  in  the  street,  under  which  a  vic- 
torious general  and  army  passed  in  triumph. 
At  a  later  period  the  triumphal  arch  was 
a  richly  sculptured,  massive,  and  perman- 
ent structure,  having  an  archway  passing 
through  it,  with  generally  a  smaller  arch  on 
either  side.  The  name  is  sometimes  given 
to  an  arch,  generally  of  wood  decorated 
with  flowers,  erected  on  occasion  of  some 
public  rejoicing,  <fcc. 

Arch  (arch),  v.t.  1.  To  cover  or  span  with 
an  arch;  as,  to  arch  a  gate. 

The  proud  river  .  .  .  \sarchcdovcr  with  a  curious 
pile  of  stones.  Hotvtll. 

2.  To  curve  or  form  into  the  shape  of  an 
arch ;  as,  the  horse  arches  his  neck.     '  Fine 
devices  of  arching  water  without  spilling.' 
Bacon. 
Arch  (arch),  v.i.  To  make  an  arch  or  arches. 

The  nations  of  the  field  and  wood 
Build  on  the  wave  or  arch  beneath  the  sand.     Popt. 

Arch  (arch),  a.  [G.  D.  Sw.  Dan.  arg,  crafty, 
roguish;  Icel.  argr,  A.  Sax.  earg,  faint- 
hearted. See  ARRANT]  Cunning;  sly; 
shrewd;  waggish;  mischievous  for  sport; 
roguish.  '  So  arch  a  leer. '  Tatler. 

He  had  the  reputation  of  an  arch  lad  at  school. 
S-utft. 

Arch  (arch),  a.  [From  Gr.  archi,  from  stem 
of  arche,  the  beginning,  first  place  or  power, 
archo,  to  be  first,  to  command,  to  rule.) 
Chief;  of  the  first  class;  principal. 

The  tyrannous  and  bloody  deed  is  done, 
The  most  arch  act  of  piteous  massacre 
That  ever  yet  this  land  was  guilty  of.     Shat. 

[This  word  is  principally  used  in  composi- 
tion as  the  first  part  of  many  compound 
words;  as,  arcAbishop,  arcA-priest,  &c.] 
Arc!]  I  (arch),  n.    [Gr.  archos,  a  leader.    See 
ARCH,  a.]    A  leader;  a  chief. 

My  worthy  arch  and  patron  comes  to-night.   Shak. 

Archseocidaris  (ar'ke-6-sid"a-ris),  n.  [Gr. 
archaiog,  ancient,  and  kidarig,  a  turban.]  A 
genus  of  fossil  sea-urchins  or  Cidaris,  found 
in  the  coal-measures  and  Permian  strata, 
characterized  by  their  small  hexagonal 
plates  and  long  spines,  which  in  some  spe- 
cies are  smooth,  in  others  notched  and 
sharply  denticulated. 

Archaeography  (ar-ke-og'ra-n),  n.  [Gr.  ar- 
chaios, ancient,  and  grapho,  a  writing.]  A 
writing  or  treatise  on  antiquity. 

Archseolpgian  (arTje-o-16"ji-an),  n.  An  ar- 
chteologist. 

Archaeological,  Archseologic  (arTte-o-loj"- 
ik-al,  ar/ke-o-loj"ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  archae- 
ology; as,  archaeological  researches. 

Archaeologist  (ar-ke-ol'o-jist),  n.  One  skilled 
in  archaeology. 

Archaeology  (ar-ke-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  archaios, 
ancient,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  science 
of  antiquities,  especially  prehistoric  antiqui- 
ties; that  science  or  branch  of  knowledge 
which  investigates  the  history  of  nations 
and  peoples  by  means  of  the  remains,  archi- 


tectural, implemental,  or  the  like,  which 
belong  to  the  earlier  epoch  of  their  exist- 
ence. —  Archaeology,  Antiquarianism.  Ar- 
chaeology, in  its  strict  application,  treats  of 
prehistoric  matters,  and  is  thus  allied  to 
geology;  antiquarianism  deals  more  parti- 
cularly with  subjects  within  the  period  em- 
braced by  history.  Archaeology  interprets 
without  the  aid  of  written  record  or  trust- 
worthy tradition;  antiquarianism  avails 
itself  of  both. 

Archaeopteryx  (ar-ke-op'ter-iks),  n.  [Gr. 
archaios,  ancient,  and  pteryx,  wing.]  A 
unique  fossil  bird  from  the  oolitic  lime- 
stone of  Solennofen,  of  the  size  of  a  rook, 
and  differing  from  all  known  birds  in  having 
two  free  claws  representing  the  thumb  and 
forefinger  projecting  from  the  wing,  and. 
about  twenty  tail  vertebras  free  and  pro- 
longed as  in  mammals. 

Arcliseus  (ar-ke'us),  n.  [L.  L.  archceus,  from 
Gr.  arche,  beginning.]  A  term  used  especially 
by  Paracelsus  and  Van  Helmont,  and  signi- 
fying the  vital  principle  which  presides  over 
the  growth  and  continuation  of  living  beings; 
the  principle  or  power  which  presides  over 
every  particle  of  organized  bodies,  and  to 
which  it  gives  form;  an  immaterial  prin- 
ciple existing  in  the  seed  prior  to  fecunda- 
tion. 

Archaic,  Archaical  (iir-ka'ik,  ar-ka'ik-al), 
a.  [Gr.  archaikos,  old-fashioned,  from  ar- 
chaios, ancient]  Characterized  by  archa- 
ism; obsolete;  antiquated. 

A  person  familiar  with  the  dialect  of  certain  portions 
of  Massachusetts  will  not  fail  to  recognize,  in  ordinary 
discourse,  many  words  now  noted  in  English  vocabu- 
laries as  archaic,  the  greater  part  of  which  were  in 
use  about  the  time  of  the  King  James  transla- 


tion of  the  Bible.    Shakspere  stands  less  in  need  of 
New  Englanders  than  to  many  a 
native  of  the  old  country.  J.  R.  La-well. 


a  glossary  to  most 


Archalology  (ar-ka-ol'o-ji),  n.  Same  as  Ar- 
chaeology. 

Archaism  (arTsa-izm),  n.  [Fr.  archaisme, 
from  Gr.  archaios,  ancient,  from  arche, 
beginning.]  1.  An  ancient  or  obsolete  word, 
expression,  or  idiom.—  2.  Antiquity  of  style 
or  use;  obsoleteness.  [Rare.] 

A  select  vocabulary  corresponding  (in  point  of  ar- 
chaism and  remoteness  from  ordinary  use)  to  our 
Scriptural  vocabulary.  De  Quittcey. 

Archall  (ar'kal),  n.  Same  as  Archil  (which 
see). 

Archangel  (ark-an'jel),  n.  1.  An  angel  of  the 
highest  order;  an  angel  occupying  the  eighth 
rank  in  the  celestial  hierarchy.—  2.  A  name 
common  to  plants  of  the  genus  Lamium  ;  also 
applied  to  Archangelica  officinalis. 

Archangellc  (ark-an-jel'ik),  a.  Of  or  per- 
tainingto  archangels.  'Archangelic  pomps.' 
E.  B.  Browning. 

ArchangeUca(ark-an-jel'i-ka),  n.  A  genusof 
umbelliferous  plants.  A.  ojjicinalw  is  pun- 
gent and  agreeably  aromatic,  and  the  can- 
died stalks  are  stomachic.  It  is  chiefly  used 
in  the  manufacture  of  gin.  The  seeds  and 
leaves  are  employed  by  country  people  as 
medicines  from  their  supposed  virtues  as 
stimulants  and  tonics. 

Archapostate  (arch-a-pos'tat),  n.  A  chief 
apostate. 

Archapostle  (arch-a-pos'l),  n.  A  chief 
apostle. 

Archarchitect  (arch-ar'ki-tekt),  n.  The  su- 
preme architect. 

I'll  ne'er  believe  that  the  Archarchittct 

With  all  these  fires  the  heavenly  arches  decked 

Only  for  show.  Sylvester,  Dit  Bartas. 

Arch-band  (arch/band),  n.  A  name  given  by 
tradesmen  to  that  portion  of  an  arch  or  rib 
seen  below  the  general  surface  of  vaulting. 

Archbishop  (arch-bish'up),  n.  A  chief 
bishop;  a  cnurch  dignitary  of  the  first  class; 
a  metropolitan  bishop  who  superintends  the 
conduct  of  the  suffragan  bishops  in  his  pro- 
vince, and  also  exercises  episcopal  authority 
in  his  own  diocese.  There  are  in  England 
two  archbishops—  the  Archbishop  of  Canter- 
bury and  the  Archbishop  of  York  ;  the  former 
is  primate  of  all  England  and  metropolitan, 
and  has  precedence  over  all  the  clergy  of 
the  English  Church;  the  latter  is  primate  of 
England,  and  ranks  next  to  the  Archbishop 
of  Canterbury. 

Archbishopric  (arch-bish'up-rik),  n.  The 
jurisdiction  or  place  of  an  archbishop;  the 
province  over  which  an  archbishop  exercises 
authority.  There  are  in  England  two  arch- 
bishoprics—Canterbury and  York  —  called 
the  Archiepiscopal  Sees;  the  former  is  the 
metropolitan  see  of  all  England. 

Arch-board  (arch'bord),  n.  In*Mp-6toM«ift 
a  plank  placed  along  a  ship's  stern,  and 
immediately  under  the  knuckles  of  the 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;     J,  Sc.  t(f. 


ARCHBOTCHER 


143 


ARCHIL 


stern-timbers.  On  this  board  the  ship's 
i. .Mm-  is  sometimes  painted. 

Archbotcher  (arcli-buch'trl  n.  A  chief 
botcher  (»r  mender.  '  A  rchbotchcr  of  a 
psalm  or  prayer.'  Bp  Corbet.  [Ironiral.] 

Arch-brick  (arc  blink),  n.  A  wedge-shaped 
brick  employed  in  building  arches. 

Archbutler(:irch-but'l«'-r),  n.  A  chief  butler; 
f  i  irmerly,  an  officer  of  the  old  German  Empire 
who  presented  the  cup  to  the  emperor  on 
sidemn  occasions.  The  office  belonged  to 
the  King  of  Bohemia. 

Arch-buttress  (iirch-but'tres),  n.  In  arch. 
u  flying-buttress  (which  see). 

Arch  ch  amber  lain  (arch-cham'ber-lin),  n. 
A  chief  chamberlain;  formerly,  an  officer 
of  the  old  German  Empire,  whose  office 
was  similar  to  that  of  the  great  chamber- 
lain in  England.  This  office  belonged  to 
the  Elector  of  Brandenburg. 

Archchancellor  (arch-chan'sel-ler),  n.  A 
chief  chancellor;  formerly,  an  officer  in 
the  old  German  Empire  who  presided  over 
the  secretaries  of  the  court.  Under  the 
first  races  of  French  kings,  when  Germany 
and  Italy  belonged  to  them,  three  arch- 
chaucellors  were  appointed;  and  this  insti- 
tution gave  rise  to  the  three  archchancellors 
formerly  in  Germany,  who  were  the  Arch- 
bishops of  Mentz,  of  Cologne,  and  of  Treves. 

Archchanter  (iirch-chant'er),  n.  The  chief 
chanter  or  president  of  the  chanters  of  a 
church. 

Archchemic  (arch-kem'ik),  a.  Of  supreme 
chemical  powers.  'The  arckchemic  suii.' 
Milton. 

Archcount(arch-kount'),  n.  A  chief  count;  a 
title  formerly  given  to  the  Count  of  Flanders 
on  account  of  his  great  riches  and  power. 

Archdapifer  (arch-dap'i-fer),  n.  [Arch, 
chief,  and  L.  dapifer,  a  food-bearer,  from 
daps,  meat  or  a  feast,  and  fero,  to  carry.] 
An  officer  in  the  old  German  Empire,  whose 
office  was,  at  the  coronation  of  the  emperor, 
to  carry  the  first  dish  of  meat  to  table  on 
horseback. 

Archdeacon  (arch-de'kn),  n.  In  England, 
an  ecclesiastical  dignitary,  next  in  rank 
below  a  bishop,  who  has  jurisdiction  either 
over  a  part  of  or  over  the  whole  diocese. 
He  is  usually  appointed  by  the  bishop,  and 
has  an  authority  originally  derived  from 
the  bishop,  but  now  independent  of  him. 

Archdeaconate  ( arch-deOcn-at ),  n.  The 
district  over  which  an  archdeacon  has 
jurisdiction;  an  archdeaconry. 

Archdeaconry  (arch-deltn-ri),  n.  The  office, 
jurisdiction,  or  residence  of  an  archdeacon. 
In  England  every  diocese  is  divided  into 
archdeaconries,  and  each  archdeaconry  into 
rural  deaneries,  and  each  deanery  into 
parishes. 

Archdeaconship  (arch-deTm-ship),  n.  The 
office  of  an  archdeacon. 

Arch  designer  (arch-de-sin'er),  n.  A  chief 
designer. 

It  is  a  little  hard  when  one,  probably  numbered 
among  the  arcMtsjpfttrs  against  us,  thinks  fit  to 
come  and  charge  us  with  the  want  of  reality  in  the 
debate.  Gladstone. 

Archdiocese  (arch-dl'o-ses),  n.    The  diocese 

of  an  archbishop. 
Archdruid  (arch-dru'id),  n.    A  chief  druid, 

or  pontiff  of  the  ancient  druids. 
Archducal(arch-duk'al),a.   Pertaining  to  an 

archduke. 

In  the  Austrian  assembly  of  states  Vienna  has  as 
many  votes  as  all  the  other  archducal  towns  together, 
Brougham. 

Archduchess  (arch-duch'es),  n.  The  wife  of 
an  archduke ;  a  princess  of  the  reigning 
families  of  Russia  and  Austria. 

Archduchy  (arch-duch'i),  n.  The  territory 
or  rank  of  an  archduke  or  archduchess. 

Archduke  (arch-duk'),  n.  A  prince  belong- 
ing to  the  reigning  families  of  Austria  or 
Russia. 

Archdukedom  (arch-duk'dum),  n.  The  ter- 
ritory or  dignity  of  an  archduke  or  arch- 
duchess; archduchy. 

Archealt  (ar-ke'al),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
archeus  or  internal  efficient  cause  of  all 
tilings;  as,  archeal  ideas.— 2.  Caused  by  the 
archeus;  as,  archeal  diseases.  See  AKCHEUS. 

Archebiosis  (ar-ke-bi'o-sis),  n.  [Or.  arche, 
beginning,  and  bios,  life.]  The  origination 
«>f  living  matter  from  not  living;  abiogenesis 
(which  see). 

Arched  (an/lit),  p.  and  a.  1.  Made  with  an 
arch  or  curve;  covered  with  an  arch;  having 
the  form  of  an  arch.  'His  arched  brows.' 
S/KiA1.— 2.  In  her.  a  term  applied  to  an  or- 
dinary, both  sides  of  which  are  bowed  alike 
in  the  form  of  an  arch.  Called  also  Archy. — 
Arched  double,  having  two  arches  or  bends. 


Archedlacre.t  n.   An  archdeacon.  Chaucer. 

Archegonium,  Archegone  (ar-ke-go'ni- 

um,  ar'ke-gon),  n.     [Or.  archf,   bMtmifalg, 

and  ijonos,  offspring.  ]  The  ptstillidium  or 
female  organ  of  cryptogamic  plants,  having 
the  same  function  as  the  pistil  in  the  flower- 
ing plants.  It  is  a  cellular  sac,  containing  at 
the  bottom  a  cell,  analogous  to  the  embryo- 
sac  of  phtcnogamous  plants,  which  is  im- 
prrgnuted  by  the  spermatozooids.  From 
this  after  fertilization  the  plant  is  produced. 
Archegony  tar-keg'o-ni),  n.  (See  ARCHE- 
GONIUM.] The  doctrine  of  the  origin  of  life; 
specifically,  the  doctrine  of  spontaneous 
generation;  archebiosis;  abiogenesis. 

He  (Haeckel)  considers  that,  though  the  doctrine 
of  spontaneous  generation  (or  archtgouy)  has  not 
been  proved,  it  is  quite  possible,  and  even  probable, 
the  arguments  against  it  resting  on  merely  negative 
results.  Scotsman  ncwsfafer, 

Archegosaurus  (arTte-g6-sa"rus),  n.  [Gr. 
archegoa,  primeval,  and  sauros,  a  lizard.] 
A  fossil  reptile  of  the  carboniferous  era,  hav- 
ing a  near  alliance  to  the  proteus,  lepido- 
siren,  and  other  perennibranchiate  reptiles 
of  the  present  day. 

Archelogv  (ar-kel'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  archf,  be- 
ginning, first  principle,  and  logos, discourse.] 
The  science  of,  or  a  treatise  on  first  princi- 
ples. 

Arehelogy  treats  of  principles,  and  should  not  be 
confounded  with  archaology,  which  treats  of  anti- 
quities. Fleming. 

Archemy  t  (ar'ke-mi),  n.  An  alchemical  term 
for  the  transmutation  of  the  imperfect 
metals  into  the  more  perfect. 

Archencephala  <ar-ken-sef 'a-laV  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
arche,  rule,  dominion,  and  enkephalos,  brain.] 
The  highest  of  the  primary  sub-classes  into 
which  Owen  has  subdivided  the  mammals 
in  accordance  with  the  structure  of  the 
brain,  distinguished  by  the  enormous  verti- 
cal and  posterior  development  of  the  cere- 
bral over  the  cerebellar  lobes,  the  former 
completely  overlapping  the  latter  as  well  as 
the  olfactory  lobes.  In  this  sub-class  the 
number  of  convolutions  attains  ita  maxi- 
mum, and  there  is  a  corpus  callosum.  It  in- 
cludes the  solitary  order,  family,  genus,  and 
species,  Man. 

Archenemy  (arch-en'e-mi),  n.  A  principal 
enemy;  specifically,  Satan,  the  grand  adver- 
sary of  mankind. 

Archeology  (iir-ke-ol'o-ji),n.  Same  as  Arch- 
aeology. 

Archer  (arch'er),  n.  [Fr.  archer,  from  arc, 
L.  arcw«,  a  bow.  See  ARCH.  ]  1.  One  who 
uses  a  bow;  one  who  is  skilled  in  the  use  of 
the  bow  and  arrow;  a  bowman. —  2.  The 
archer-fish  (which  see). 

Archeress  (arch'er-es),  n.  A  female  archer. 
'  She, therefore, glorious  archeress  of  heaven. ' 
Cowper. 

Archer-fish  (arch'er-flsh),  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  Toxotes  jaculator,  a  acaly- finned, 


Archer-fish  (Toxotes  jaculator), 

acanthopterygian  fish,  about  0  inches  long, 
inhabiting  the  seas  around  Java,  which  has 
the  faculty  of  shooting  drops  of  water  to  the 
distance  of  3  or  4  feet,  with  sure  aim,  at  in- 
sects, thereby  causing  them  to  fall  into  the 
water,  when  it  seizes  and  devours  them. 
The  soft,  and  even  the  spiny  portion  of 
their  dorsal  fins,  are  so  covered  with  scales 
as  to  be  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the 
rest  of  their  body.  Called  also  Darter-fish. 
Archery  (areh'er-i),  n.  1.  The  use  of  the 
bow  and  arrow;  the  practice,  art,  or  skill  of 
archers;  the  art  of  shooting  with  a  bow  and 
arrow.— 2.  Archers  collectively. 

The  monarch  saw  the  gambols  flag, 
And  bade  let  loose  a  gallant  stag,  .  .  . 
That  venison  free,  and  Bordeaux  wine, 
Might  serve  the  archery  to  dine. 

Sir  If'.  Scott. 

3.  In  old  law,  a  service  of  keeping  a  bow  for 
the  lord's  use,  in  the  defence  of  his  castle. 
Arches  Court,  Court  of  Arches,  n.  The 
chief  and  most  ancient  consistory  court,  be- 
longing to  the  archbishopric  of  Canterbury, 
for  the  debating  of  spiritual  causes,  and  held 
in  Westminster  Hall.  It  is  so  called  from 
the  church  in  London,  commonly  St.  Mary 


le  Bow  (de  arciibng),  where  it  was  formerly 
held.  The  jurisdiction  of  this  court  extends 
over  the  province  of  Canterbury.  The  chief 
judge  is  called  the  dean  of  arches. 
Archetypal  (ar'ku-tip-al).  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  an  archetype;  constituting  a  model 
orpattern;  original  'One  archetypal  mind.' 
Cud  worth. 

Among  Platonists  the  arctietvfal  world  is  the  world 
as  it  existed  in  the  idea  of  God  before  the  creation. 
Goodrich. 

Archetype  (arTte-tip),  n.  [Gr.  archetypon— 
arche,  beginning,  and  typos,  fortn.j  1.  A 
model  or  first  form;  the  original  pattern  or 
model  after  which  a  thing  is  made,  or  to 
which  it  corresponds. 

In  the  philosophy  of  Locke  the  archetypes  of  our 
Ideas  are  the  things  really  existing  out  of  us. 

Fleming. 

Then  it  was  that  the  House  of  Commons,  the  ar- 
chetype of  all  the  representative  assemblies  which 
now  meet,  either  in  the  Old  or  the  New  World,  held 
its  first  sittings.  Macaulay. 

2.  In  coining,  the  standard  weight  by  which 
others  are  adjusted.— 3.  In  c&inpar.  anat. 
that  ideal,  original,  or  fundamental  pat- 
tern on  which  a  natural  group  of  animals 
or  system  of  organs  is  assumed  to  have 
been  constructed;  as,  the  vertebral  arche- 
type. 

Archetype-skeleton  (arTce-tlp-skel'e-ton), 
n.  In  anat.  an  ideal  skeleton,  constructed 
by  Professor  Owen,  and  to  which  the  endo- 
skeletons  of  all  the  Vertebrata  are  referred 
as  modifications.  In  this  skeleton  is  ar- 
ranged the  succession  of  vertebral  segments 
of  those  animals,  together  with  their  various 
processes,  foramina,  and  appendages. 
Archetypical  (iir-ke-tip'ik-al),  a.  Relating 
to  an  archetype;  archetypal. 
Archeus  (ar-ke'us),  n.  Same  as  Archceus. 
Archiater  (ar-ki'a-ter),  n.  [Gr.  archos,  chief, 
and  iatros,  physician.]  Chief  physician;  a 
term  applied  on  the  continent  of  Europe 
to  the  first  or  body  physician  of  princes,  and 
to  the  first  physician  of  some  cities;  speci- 
fically, in  Russia,  the  first  imperial  phy- 
sician. 

Archicalt  (arTnk-al),  a.  Chief;  primary. 
'Principality  and  archical  rule.'  llatti- 
well. 

Archidiaconal  (ar/ki-di-ak"on-al),  a.  Per- 
taining to  an  archdeacon;  as,  an  archidia- 
conal  visitation. 

Archiepiscopacy  (ar'ki-e-pis"k6-pa-8i),  n. 
The  state  or  dignity  of  an  archbishop. 
Archieplscopal  (arlci-e-pis"ko-pal),  a.     Be- 
longing to  an  archbishop ;  as,  Canterbury  is 
an  archiepis copal  see. 

Archiepiscopality  ( ar/ki-e-pis'k6-pal"i-ti ), 
n.  The  dignity  or  state  of  an  archbishop; 
archiepiscopacy.  Fuller. 
Archiepiscopate  (ar'ki-e-pis"k6-pat),n.  The 
office  or  jurisdiction  of  an  archbishop;  an 
archbishopric. 

Archierey  (ar-ki'e-ri),  n.  [Rus.  archierei, 
Gr.  archiereus,  a  high -priest,  from  prefix 
archi,  arch,  and  hieretts,  a  priest.]  A  col- 
lective term  for  the  higher  order  of  ecclesi- 
astics in  the  Greek  Church  in  Russia,  in- 
cluding metropolitans,  archbishops,  and 
bishops.  Pinkerton. 

Archigraphert(ar-kig'ra-fer),n.  \Gr.archog, 
chief,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  A  chief  secre- 
tary. 

Archil  (arTcil),  n.  [Fr.  orseUle,  lorchel—&tter 
Rucellai  or  Oricellari,  who  about  1300  first 
employed  the  lichen  for  dyeing  purposes.] 
A  rich  violet,  mauve,  or  purple  colouring 
matter  obtained  from  certain  lichens,  espe- 
cially the  Roccella 
tinctoria  and  It. 
fucifonnis,  grow- 
ing on  rocks  in  the 
Canary  and  Cape  de 
Verd  Islands.  The 
lichen  is  bruised 
between  stones  and 
moistened  with 
putrid  urine,  mixed 
with  quicklime  or 
other  alkaline  liq- 
uor. It  first  takes 
a  purplish  red  col- 
our, and  then  turns 
to  violet.  In  the 
first  state  it  is  call- 
ed archil;  and  in 
the  second,  lacmus 
or  litmus.  Dyers 
rarely  use  archil  by 
itself,  on  account  of 
itsdearnessand  the 
perishableness  of  its  beauty.  They  employ 
it  to  give  a  bloom  to  other  colours,  as  pinks. 


Roccella  tinctoria.  from 
which  archil  is  obtained. 


ch,  c/tain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  to?»;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  tt-Mg;    zh,  arure.-See  KEY. 


ARCHILOCHIAN 


144 


ARCH-PROPHET 


blues,  and  blacks,  but  this  bloom  soon  de- 
cays. Archil  is  used  for  colouring  the  spirits 
of  thermometers,  and  also  by  chemists  as  a 
test  for  detecting  the  presence  of  an  acid. 
Written  also  Orchal,  Orchil,  Ac. 

Archilochian  (ar-ki-16'ki-an),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Archilochus,  the  Greek  poet.  In  anc. 
pros,  the  term  is  used  to  denote  the  four 
metrical  combinations  which  he  invented. 
There  are  three  dactylic  Archilochian  dis- 
tichs,  and  one  iambic  Archilochian  distich. 

Archilowe  (areh'i-lou),  n.  (D.  her,  again, 
and  r/elag,  shot  or  share  of  expenditure  cit 
an  inn.  Comp.  Sc.  laming.}  The  return 
which  one  who  has  been  treated  in  an  inn 
or  tavern  sometimes  reckons  himself  bound 
in  honour  to  make  to  the  company.  When 
he  calls  for  his  bottle  he  is  said  to  give  his 
anhilouie.  Also  written  A  rchilagh.  [Scotch.] 

I  propose  that  this  good  little  gentleman  that  seems 
sair  forfoughten,  as  I  may  say,  in  this  tuilyie,  shall 
send  for  a  Mss  of  brandy,  and  111  pay  for  another  by 
way  of  archilinve.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Archilute  (arch'i-lut),  n.  Same  as  Arch- 
lute. 

Archimagus  (ar- 
ki-ma'gus),  n.  The 
high-priest  of  the 
Persian  Magi,  or 
worshippers  of 
fire. 

Archimandrite 
(ar-ki-man'drit),». 
[From  inandrite,  a 
Syriac  word  for 
monk;Gr.?n<Midm, 
a  monastery.  ]  In 
the  Greek  Ch.  an 
abbot,  or  abbot- 
general,  who  has 
the  superintend- 
ence of  many  ab- 
bots and  convents. 
In  Sicily  the  ab- 
bots are  called  ar- 
chimandrites be- 
cause their  con- 
vents were  origin- 
Greek  Archimandrite, 
from  an  original  sketch. 


ally  of  Greek  in- 
stitution, and  con- 
form to  the  rules 

of  St.  Basil.  The  abbots-general  of  the  United 
Greeks  in  Poland,  Galicia,  Transylvania, 
Hungary,  and  Venice  also  bear  the  title. 
Archimedean  (ar/ki-me-de"an),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Archimedes,  or  to  the  screw  invented 
by  him. — Archimedean  propeller,  a  propel- 
ler consisting  of  a  continuous  spiral  vane  on 
a  hollow  core  running  lengthwise  of  the 
vessel.  It  is  an  amplification  and  extension 
of  the  screw. — Archimedean  screw,  an  in- 
strument said  to  have  been  invented  by 
Archimedes  to  raise  water  to  a  small  height. 
It  is  formed  by  winding  a  flexible  tube  round 


Archimedean  Screw. 

a  cylinder  in  the  form  of  a  screw.  When 
the  screw  is  placed  in  an  inclined  position, 
as  in  the  accompanying  wood-cut,  and  the 
lower  end  immersed  in  water,  by  causing 
the  screw  to  revolve  the  water  is  raised  to 
the  upper  end.  Whatever  quantity  of  water 
first  enters  the  screw  immediately  descends 
by  its  own  weight  to  the  lowest  point  of 
the  spiral ;  but  this  point  being  always 
shifted  higher  up  by  the  revolution  of  the 
screw,  water  or  other  fluid  may  thus  be 
raised  to  a  limited  height.  Called  also  Water 
Screw  and  Spiral  Pump.  —  Archimedean 
principle,  or  principle  of  Archimedes,  (a)  the 
principle  of  the  equilibrium  of  the  lever, 
namely,  that  a  lever  loaded  with  two  weights, 
on  opposite  sides  of  the  fulcrum,  is  in  equi- 
librium when  the  weights  are  inversely  pro- 
portional to  the  length  of  the  arms  at  whose 
ends  they  hang,  and  that  the  pressure  on 
the  fulcrum  of  the  lever  is  then  exactly 
equal  to  the  sum  of  the  two  weights.  (6)  The 
hydrostatical  principle,  also  discovered  by 


Archimedes,  that  a  body  immersed  in  a 
fluid  loses  exactly  as  much  of  its  weight  as 
is  equal  to  the  weight  of  the  water  it  dis- 
places. 

Arching  (rireh'ing),  n.  The  arched  portion 
of  a  structure. 

Archipelagic  (ai-'ki-pe-laj"ik),  a.  Relating 
to  an  archipelago. 

Archipelago  (iir-ki-pel'a-go),  n.  pi.  Archi- 
pelagos (ar-ki-pel'a-go/).  [Gr.  archos,  chief, 
and  pelagos,  the  sea.]  Originally  and  spe- 
cifically, the  sea  which  separates  Europe 
from  Asia,  otherwise  called  the  Egean  Sea, 
studded  with  a  number  of  small  islands:  in 
a  general  sense,  any  body  of  water  inter- 
spersed with  many  islands;  the  group  <>f 
islands  themselves. 

Architect  (ar'ki  tekt),  n.  [Fr.  architecte, 
L.  architects,  from  Gr.  prefix  archi,  chief, 
and  tekton,  a  workman.  ]  1.  A  person  skilled 
in  the  art  of  building;  one  who  understands 
architecture,  or  makes  it  his  occupation  to 
form  plans  and  designs  of  buildings,  and 
superintend  the  artificers  employed.— 2.  A 
contriver;  a  former  or  maker.  'Chief  archi- 
tect  and  plotter  of  these  woes.'  Shak. 

Architectlve  (ar-ki-tek'tiv),  a.  Used  in 
building;  proper  for  building. 

Architectonic,  Architectonical  (arTd-tek- 
ton"ik,  ar'ki-tek-ton"ik-al),  a.  [Gr.  archi- 
tekton,  an  architect.]  Pertaining  to  or 
skilled  in  architecture ;  evincing  skill  in 
designing  or  constructing.  'Architectonic 
wisdom.'  Boyle.  'Geometrical  and  archi- 
tectonical  artists.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Architectonics  (ar'ki-tek-ton"iks),  n.  The 
science  of  architecture. 

Archltectort  (ar'ki-tek-ter),  n.  An  archi- 
tect. 

Architectress  (arld-tek-tres),  n.  A  female 
architect.  Wottun.  [Rare.] 

Architectural  (ar-ki-tek'tur-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  architecture  or  the  art  of  building ; 
according  to  the  rules  of  architecture. 

Architecture  (arTd-tek-tur),  «.  [L.  archi- 
tectura,  from  architectits.  See  ARCHITECT.] 
1.  The  art  or  science  of  building  or  con- 
structing; workmanship;  construction. 

The  formation  of  the  first  earth  being  a  piece  of 
divine  architecture,  ascribed  to  a  particular  provi- 
dence. Bitrnet. 

Specifically—  2.  The  art  of  constructing 
houses,  bridges,  and  other  buildings  for  the 
purposes  of  civil  life  —  often  called  civil 
architecture;  or.  in  a  still  more  limited 
sense,  the  principles  of  fine  art  applied  to 
building;  that  branch  of  the  fine  arts  which 
has  for  its  object  the  production  of  edifices 
pleasing  to  a  cultivated  and  artistic  taste, 
gratifying  the  feeling  of  the  beautiful.  The 
leading  styles  of  architecture  have  been 
characterized  as  Egyptian,  Indian,  Greek, 
Gothic,  &c.  An  admixture  of  styles,  chiefly 
of  the  Classic  with  Gothic,  gave  rise  in  the 
middle  ages  to  the  Byzantine,  Romanesque, 
and  Norman,  and  at  a  later  date  to  the 
Renaissance,  Ac.  The  Greek  style  was 
divided  into  three  orders,  mainly  with  re- 
ference to  the  proportions  and  ornamenta- 
tion of  its  columns,  named  respectively  the 
Doric,  Ionic,  and  Corinthian;  and  to  these 
the  Romans  added  the  Tuscan  and  Compo- 
site. Each  style  has  various  stages,  indica- 
tive generally  of  the  age  or  the  country  in 
which  each  modification  took  its  rise.  '1  hus 
the  Gothic  has  been  divided  into  the  Nor- 
man, the  Early  English,  Decorated,  Flam- 
bojant,  &c. — Military  architecture,  the  art 
of  fortification.— Xaval  architecture,  the  art 
of  building  ships  and  other  structures  use- 
ful in  naval  warfare. 

Architrave  (ar'ki-trav),  n.  [Fr.  It.  archi- 
trave— prefix  arch  i,  chief,  and  It.  tram,  from 
L.  trabs,  a  beam.]  In  arch,  (a)  the  lower 
division  of  an  entablature,  or  that  part 
which  rests  immediately  on  the  column.  See 
COLUMN,  (b)  The  ornamental  moulding  run- 
ning round  the  exterior  curve  of  an  arch, 
(c)  The  moulded  enrichment  on  the  faces  of 
the  jambs  and  lintel  of  a  door,  window,  or 
other  opening. — Architrave  cornice,  an  en- 
tablature consisting  of  an  architrave  and 
cornice  only,  the  frieze  being  omitted. 

Archlvat  (ar-kl'va),  n.  pi.    Archives. 

The  Christians  were  able  to  make  good  what  they 
asserted  by  appealing  to  those  records  kept  in  the 
Roman  archiva.  Dr.  //.  More. 

Archival  (arTuv-al  or  ar'ki-val),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  archives  or  records;  contained  in 
records. 

Archive  (arTilv),  n.  [L  L.  archimtm,  a  place 
for  keeping  public  records,  hence  applied  to 
the  records  themselves,  from  Gr.  archeion, 
a  government  building,  from  archi,  rule, 


government.  ]  1.  A  record  or  document  pre- 
served in  evidence  of  something;  almost 
always  in  plural  and  signifying  documents 
or  records  relating  to  the  rights,  privileges, 
claims,  treaties,  constitutions,  &c.,  of  a 
family,  corporation,  community,  city,  or 
kingdom.  'A  most  unpleasant  archive  or 
register.'  Holland.  —  2.  t  The  chamber  nr 
apartment  where  such  documents  are  kejit. 
SYN.  Registers,  records,  chronicles,  muni- 
ments. 

Archivist  (ar'kiv-ist  or  arTd-vist),  n.  The 
keeper  of  archives  or  records. 

Archivolt  (ar'ki-volt),  n.  [Fr.  archivolle, 
It.  archivolto.}  The  architrave  or  ornamen- 
tal band  of  mouldings  on  the  face  of  an  arch 
following  the  contour  of  the  intrados.— 
Archicolt  of  a  bridge,  the  curve  line  formed 
by  the  upper  sides  of  the  arch-stones  in  the 
face  of  the  work. 

Archlute  (arch'lut),  n.  \Arch,  chief,  and 
lute.}  A  large  lute,  a  theorbo,  the  bass 
strings  of  which  are  doubled  with  an  octave 
and  the  higher  strings  with  a  unison. 

Archly  (arch'li),  adv.  In  an  arch  manner; 
shrewdly;  wittily;  jestingly. 

Archly  he  looked  and  slily  leered.     Somerville. 

Arch -magician  (arch-ma-ji'shan),  n.  A 
chief  magician;  a  great  magician. 

Archmarshal  (arch-mar'shal),  n.  The  grand 
marshal  of  the  old  German  Empire,  a  dig- 
nity which  belonged  to  the  Elector  of  Saxony. 

Arch-mockt  (arch-mok'),».  Principal  mock- 
ery or  jest;  the  most  extreme  scorn. 

O.'tis  the  spite  of  hell,  the  fiend's  arch-mock!  Shale. 

Archness  (arch'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  arch;  slyness  without  malice;  cunning; 
shrewdness;  waggishness.  'Dryness  and 
archness  of  humour.'  T.  Warton. 
Archon  (ar'kon),  n.  [Or.  archmi,  a  ruler  ] 
One  of  the  chief  magistrates  of  Athens  chosen 
to  superintend  civil  and  religious  concerns. 
They  were  nine  in  number;  the  first  was 
properly  the  archon,  or  archon  eponiftnos; 
the  second  was  called  archon  tasileus,  or 
king  archon;  the  third  polemarchog,  or  gen- 
eral of  the  forces.  The  other  six  were  called 
thesmothetai,  or  legislators. 

Archonshlp  (ar'kon-ship),  n.  The  office  of 
an  archon,  or  the  term  of  his  office. 

Archontlc  (ar-kon'tik),  n.  Eccles.  one  of  a 
branch  of  the  Valentmians,  who  held  that 
the  world  was  not  created  by  God,  but  by 
angels  called  archontes. 

Archonts  (iir'kouts),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  archon,  a 
ruler,  from  archi,  rule.  ]  One  of  the  great 
groups  into  which  some  naturalists  have 
classified  mammals,  including  man  alone, 
and  remarkable  for  the  extent  to  which  all 
the  parts  of  the  physical  structure  are  sub- 
ordinated to  the  purposes  of  the  head,  the 
fore-limbs  being  removed  from  the  locomo- 
tive to  the  cephalic  series;  for  the  enormous 
vertical  and  posterior  development  of  the 
cerebral  over  the  cerebellar  lobes ;  for  the 
number  of  convolutions  of  the  brain ;  and 
especially  for  the  possession  of  a  spiritual 
nature. 

Arch-pastor  (arch-past'er),  n.  A  chief  pas- 
tor. Barrow. 

Arch-philosopher  (arch-fi-los'o-Kr),  n.  A 
chief  philosopher;  an  eminent  philosopher. 
Hooker. 

Arch-pillar  (arch-pil'ler),  n.  A  main  or 
principal  pillar;  the  chief  support  'Arch- 
pillar  and  foundation  of  human  society.' 
Harmar. 

Arch-poet  (arch-po'et),  n.  A  chief  or  pre- 
eminent poet.  'The  title  of  archipoeta  or 
arch-poet.'  Pope. 

Arch-politician  (arch-pol'i-ti"shan),  n.  A 
chief  or  leading  politician;  a  great  politician. 
Bacon. 

Arch-prelate  (arch-prel'at),  n.  A  chief 
prelate.  Hooker. 

Arch-presbyter  (arch-pres'bit-er),  n.  A 
chief  presbyter.  Ayli/e. 

Arch -presbytery  (arch-pres'bi-ter-i),  n. 
The  highest  degree  of  presbytery;  presby- 
tery as  claiming  supreme  or  sovereign  power 
or  absolute  dominion.  [Rare.  ] 

Arch-presbytery  .  .  .  claiming  to  itself  a  1 
power  and  superintendency,  both  over  riot  k 
pastors,  over  persons  and  congregations  no  way 


Milcott. 

Arch-priest  (arch-prosf),  »•  A  chief  priest. 
'  Ecclesiastical  dignity,  which  included  the 
arch-prientg.'  Ayli/e. 

Arch-primate  (arch-pri'mat),  n.  A  chief 
primate;  an  archbishop  over  other  arch- 
bishops. 'One  arch-primate,  or  Protestant 
pope.'  Milton. 

Arch-prophet  (arch-prof'et),  n.  A  chief 
prophet;  a  great  prophet.  T.  Warton. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  h&r;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;     J,  9c.  ley. 


ARCH-PROTESTANT 


145 


ARE 


Arch-protestant  (Hroh-profe»-t«nt),  n.    A 

leading  or  eminent  ProtOMUlt.  '  These  «/-ch- 
f,i-i>!fx>'tiit.<  and  inastor  ministers  of  Ger- 
many.' Slfij/lctuii. 

Arch-rebel  (arch-reb'el),  n.  A  chief  or  pro- 
minent rebel.  Milton. 

Arch-see  (arch-se'),  n.  The  see  of  an  arch- 
bishop. Iti-injfiui. 

Arch-stone  (iirch'ston),  n,  A  stone  that 
forms  an  arch. 

Arch-traitor  (arch-tra'ter),  n.  A  transcend- 
ent traitor:  sometimes  applied  specifically 
to  the  devil.  IlakewiU. 

Arch-treasurer  (arch-tre'zhur-er),  n.  The 
^reat  treasurer  of  the  German  Empire,  a 
dignity  formerly  claimed  by  the  Elector  of 
Hanover. 

Arch-type  (iirch'tip),  n.  An  archetype. 
Cartwriijht. 

Arch-tyrant  (arch-ti'rant),  n.  A  chief  ty- 
rant. /(;).  Hall. 

Arch-villain  (arch-vH'lan),  n.  A  desperate, 
continued  villain. 

An  arch-i'iltain  keeps  him  company.     Shak. 

Arch-villany  (arch-vil'lan-i),  n.    Atrocious 

villany.     Beau,  d:  Fl. 
Archway  (arch'wa),  n.     An  entrance  or 

passage  under  an  arch. 
Arch-wife  (arch-wif),  n.  A  woman  of  strong 

masculine  character ;   a  hardy  masculine 

woman  disposed  to  rule  her  husband. 

Ye  archnvyvei,  stondeth  at  defence, 

Sin  ye  be  strong  as  is  a  greet  camaille  (camel) ; 

Ne  nffentfa  iiat  that  men  yow  don  offence 

Chaucer. 

Archwise  ( arch'wiz ),  adv.  In  the  form  of 
an  arch.  '  In  the  fashion  of  a  bow  bent 
archwise.'  Ayliffe. 

Archy  (iirch'i),  a.  1.  Resembling  or  having 
arches;  arching. 

Beneath  the  black  and  archy  brows  shined  forth 
the  bright  lamps  of  her  eyes. 

Partheneia  Sacra,  1633. 

2.  In  her.  same  as  Arched,  2. 

Arc-Indicator  (ark'in-di-kat-er),  n.  In  bot. 
an  apparatus  for  measuring  the  develop- 
ment of  an  internode,  that  is,  the  space  in- 
tervening between  two  nodes,  or  parts  of 
the  stem  from  which  leaves  arise.  Sachs. 

Arcltenentt  (ar-sit'e-nent),  a.  [L.  arena, 
a  bow,  and  tenens,  holding,  teneo,  to  hold.] 
Carrying  a  bow. 

Arcograph  (ark'6-graf),  n.  [L.  arcus,  a  bow, 
and  Or.  graphs,  to  describe.  ]  An  instrument 
for  drawing  a  circular  arc  without  the  use 
of  a  central  point;  a  cyclograph. 

Arctatlon  (ark-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  arctus,  tight.] 
Narrowness  or  constriction  in  any  sense; 
arctitude;  in  meet,  unnatural  contraction  of 
any  natural  opening,  as  of  the  anus ;  con- 
stipation from  inflammation. 

Arctic  (ark'tik),  a.  (L.  areticus;  Or.  arkti/cos, 
from  arctos,  a  bear,  the  northern  constella- 
tion Ursa  Major.]  Pertaining  to  the  north- 
ern constellations  called  the  Great  and 
Little  Bears ;  northern ;  as,  the  arctic  pole, 
circle,  region,  or  sea.  The  arctic  circle  is  a 
lesser  circle  parallel  to  the  equator,  23°  28' 
from  the  north  pole.  This  and  the  antarc- 
tic circle  are  called  the  polar  circles,  and 
within  these  lie  the  frigid  zones.  —Arctic 
/at,  a  small  species  of  fox  (Cants  lagopus), 
family  Canidro,  celebrated  for  the  beauty 
and  fineness  of  its  fur,  which  is  a  valuable 
article  of  commerce.  It  is  2  feet  in  length, 
and  its  tail  1  foot.  It  is  gray  in  summer 
and  «  bite  in  winter. 

Arctlctls  (iirk-tik'tis),  n.  [Gr.  arktos,  a  bear, 
:m<l  iktis,  a  ferret  or  marten.]  A  genus  of 
ursine  carnivores,  of  which  the  best-known 
species  is  A.  binturong  (the  white-fronted 
binturong  of  Nepal),  of  the  size  of  a  large 
cat.  It  is  chiefly  distinguished  by  its  strong 
tail,  which  aids  it  in  climbing  trees. 

Arctild.se  (ark-ti'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Or.  arktos,  a 
bear.]  A  family  of  lepidopterous  insects 
belonging  to  the  section  Heterocera ;  the 
tiger-moths.  The  types  of  the  family  are 
distinguished  by  their  larva;  being  very 
thickly  clothed  with  long  hairs,  whence  they 
li.ivr  obtained  the  name  of  woolly  bears. 
They  feed  upon  the  external  parts  of  plants, 
ami  inclose  themselves  in  cocoons  when 
about  to  undergo  their  transformations. 

Arctitude  (ark'ti-tud),  n.  Same  as  Arcta- 
tlon, 

Arctlum  (ark'shi-um),  n.  [Or.  arkteion,  from 
arkton,  a  bear,  from  its  rough  prickly  flowers, 
called  Imrs  ]  A  genus  of  plants  of  the  nat. 
order  Compositor  There  are  several  spe- 
cies which  are  troublesome  weeds.  The 
roots  of  A.  Lappa  (the  burdock)  were  sup- 
posed to  be  aperient,  diuretic,  and  sudorific. 
They  have  been  used  as  a  substitute  for 


sarsaparilla.  In  Japan  the  burdock  is  used 
,  as  a  vegetable,  and  is  called  (iiilm 

Arctomys  (iirk'tu-mis),  n.  [Or.  arktos,  a 
bear,  and  inys,  a  rat]  A  genus  of  rodent 
animals;  tlie  marmots.  Sec  MARMOT. 

Arctostaphylos  (ark-to-staf'i-los),  n.  [Gr. 
arktos,  a  bear,  and  staphtjli,  a  bunch  of 
grapes.  ]  A  genus  of  ericaceous  plants  nearly 
related  to  Arbutus,  but  consisting  of  two 
species  of  small  procumbent  shrubs,  both 
natives  of  Britain.  See  BEARBERRY. 

Arctotls  (ark-to'tis),  n.  (Cir.  arkto>,  a  bear, 
and  o««,  otos,  an  ear,  from  the  shaggy  fruit] 
A  genus  of  composite  plants,  natives  of  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Several  species  are 
favourites  in  the  greenhouse  from  their 
heads  of  showy  orange-coloured  flowers. 

Arcturus  (ark-tu'rus),  n.  [Gr.  arktos,  a 
bear,  and  cum,  tail.]  A  fixed  star  of  the 
first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  of 
Bootes,  and  thought  by  some  to  be  the 
nearest  to  our  system  of  any  of  the  fixed 
stars.  It  is  one  of  the  stars  observed  to  have 
a  proper  motion. 

Arcuate  (ark'u-at),  a.  [L.  arcuatus,  bent 
like  a  bow,  from  arcus,  a  bow.]  Bent  or 
curved  in  the  form  of  a  bow.  '  Oblique  and 
arcuate  lines.'  Bacon. 

Arcuatile  t  (ark'u-a-tll),  o.    Bent  or  curved. 

Arcuatlon  (ark-u-a'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
bending;  incurvation;  the  state  of  being 
bent;  curvity;  crookedness.— 2.  A  method  of 
raising  trees  by  layers;  that  is,  by  bending 
branches  to  the  ground  and  covering  the 
small  shoots  with  earth;  layering  (which 
see). 

Arcuaturet  (ark'u-a-tur),  n.  The  curvature 
of  an  arch.  Bailey. 

Arcubalist  (ark'u-bal-ist),  n.  [L.  arcus,  a 
bow,  and  balista,  an  engine  for  throwing 
stones.  See  ARBALIST.  ]  A  cross-bow ;  an 
arbalist  (which  see). 

It  is  an  historical  fact  that  Richard  was  killed  by 
the  French  from  the  shot  of  an  arcubalist. 

T.  H'arton. 

Arcubalister  (ark'u-bal-ist"er),  n.  A  cross- 
bowman;  one  who  used  the  arcubalist. 

King  John  was  espied  by  a  very  pood  arcttbalister, 
who  said  that  he  would  soon  despatch  the  cruel 
tyrant.  Camacn. 

Arcubua  (ark'u-bus),  n.  Same  as  Arguebuse. 

Arcus  senllis  (ark'us  sen-i'lis), n.  [L]  The 
bow  of  old  age ;  an  opacity  round  the  mar- 
gin of  the  cornea  occurring  in  advanced 
age. 

-Ard.  The  termination  of  many  English 
words,  (a)  It  is  the  adjective  hard,  G.  hart, 
A.  Sax.  heard,  as  in  O.  H.G.  proper  names ; 
as,  Adelhart,  very  noble ;  ReginAarf,  Rein- 
hart,  E.  Reynard,  strong  in  counsel;  Bern- 
hart,  E.  Bernard,  strong  like  a  bear;  Got- 
hart,  E.  Goddard,  strong  through  God. 
(6)  It  appears  to  be  a  Teutonic  suffix,  signi- 
fying kind,  sort,  nature,  mode  of  life  (G.  art, 
kind,  species,  nature,  D.  aard),  and  has  the 
force  of  an  augmentative,  meaning  one  who 
naturally  is,  or  who  habitually  performs, 
what  is  implied  in  the  root;  as,  braggart 
(braggard),  dotard,  drunkard,  dullard,  slug- 
gard, wizard.  In  some  of  these  or  similar 
words  it  is  probably  a  modified  form  of 
the  English  noun  termination  -er,  there 
being  a  tendency  in  Teutonic  tongues  to  add 
a  final  a  or  t  after  a  liquid  for  the  sake  of 
euphony;  thus  vulgar  E.  drownd  for  drown, 
swound  for  swoon,  scholard  for  scAoJar.Prov. 
E.  and  Sc.  misert  and  orphant  for  miser  and 
orphan.  In  a  few  words  -ard  appears  to 
have  a  passive  force ;  as,  loppard,  pollard, 
a  tree  that  is  lopped,  polled. 

Ardassine  (ar-das'sin),  n.  [Fr,  from  ardasse; 
said  to  be  from  the  district  of  Ardeshir,  in 
Persia.]  A  very  fine  sort  of  Persian  silk, 
the  finest  used  in  the  looms  of  France. 

Ardea  (ar'de-a),  71.  [L.,  a  heron.]  A  genus 
of  grallatorial  or  wading  birds,  family  Ar- 
deidnj,  consisting  of  the  different  species  of 
herons,  of  which  our  common  heron  (A.  cin- 
erea)  is  the  type.  See  ARDEID.&,  HERON. 

Ardeb  (ar'deb),  n.  An  Egyptian  weight  and 
measure  equivalent  to  226  Ibs.,  or  to  about 
404  gallons. 

Ardeldse  (ar-de'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of  gral- 
latorial or  wading  birds,  including  the 
herons  (genus  Ardea),  cranes,  storks,  bit- 
terns, spoonbill,  ibis,  Ac.  The  beak  is  long, 
thick,  and  stout,  usually  with  cutting  edges 
as  well  as  a  point. 

Ardeinse  (iir-de-i'ne),  n.  pi.  A  sub-family  of 
the  Ardeidte  or  herons. 

Ardency  (arMen-si),  n.  [L.  ardent,  from 
ardeo,  to  burn.]  1.  Heat.  'The  ardencyot 
thesun.'  Sir  I".  Herbert.  Hence -2.  Warmth 
of  passion  or  affection ;  ardour ;  eagerness ; 


as.  the  ardency  ot  love  or  zeal.  —  3.  Kaut. 
tendency  in  a  vessel  to  come  miickly  to  the 
wind. 

Ardent  (artlentV  a.  [L.  ardent,  ardentis, 
pp.  of  ardeo,  to  burn,  to  be  eager.]  1.  Hot; 
burning;  causing  a  sensation  of  burning;  as 
ardent  spirits;  an  ardent  fever.  ».  Having 
the  appearance  or  quality  of  fire;  vehement; 

lirirc. 

With  flashing  fire  his  ardent  eyes  were  filled. 

3.  Warm:  applied  to  the  passions  andPaffec- 
tions;  vehement;  passionate;  affectionate; 
much  engaged ;  zealous ;  as,  ardent  love  or 
vows;  ardent  zeal.  — 4.  Kant,  applied  to  a 
ship  having  a  tendency  to  gripe  or  come 
quickly  to  the  wind.  — Ardent  spirits,  alco- 
holic drinks,  as  brandy,  whisky,  gin  rum 
Ac.  They  are  all  produced  by  the  distilla- 
tion of  fermented  vegetable  juices  contain- 
ing sugar.  —  SYN.  Burning,  hot,  fiery,  in- 
tense, fierce,  vehement,  eager,  zealous,  keen, 
fervid,  fervent,  passionate,  affectionate 

Ardently  (arMent-li),  adc.  In  an  ardent 
manner;  with  warmth ;  affectionately;  pas- 
sionately. 

Ardentness  (arMent-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  ardent;  ardency. 

Arder  (ar'der),  n.  [From  root  ar,  to  plough 
or  till ;  see  ARABLE,  and  comp.  G.  art, 
ploughing,  Icel.  arthr,  a  plough.  ]  A  fallow- 
ing or  ploughing  of  ground.  [Obsolete  or 
provincial.] 

Ardisia  (ar-dis'i-a),  n.  [Gr.  ardis,  a  sharp 
point,  from  the  acute  segments  of  the  co- 
rolla.] A  genus  of  tropical  plants,  nat.  order 
Hyrsinaceic.  They  are  evergreen  shrubs 
with  whitish  flowers,  not  infrequent  in  Eng- 
lish gardens. 

Ardmaer  (ard-marO,  n.  [Gael,  ard,  high, 
and  moor,  bailiff  or  steward.)  High  bailiff 
or  steward  under  the  ardrigh  or  chief  king 
of  ancient  Scotland. 

Ardor  (arMer),  n.    Same  as  Ardour. 

Ardour  (ar'der),  n.  [L.  ardor,  from  ardeo,  to 
burn.]  1.  Heat  in  a  literal  sense;  as,  the 
ardour  of  the  sun's  rays. —  2.  Warmth  or 
heat,  as  of  the  passions  and  affections;  eager- 
ness; as,  he  pursues  study  with  ardour; 
they  fought  with  ardour.  [In  the  following 
passage  the  word  has  been  understood  to 
mean  a  bright  or  effulgent  spirit,  but  this 
seems  doubtful ;  it  may  mean  glory  or  bril- 
liancy. 

The  winged  saint  .  .  .  from  among 
Thousand  celestial  ardors,  where  he  stood 
Veiled  with  his  gorgeous  wings,  upspringinij  light 
Flew  through  the  midst  of  heaven.  Milton.} 

3.  In  med.  a  feeling  of  heat  or  burning. 
Ardrigh,  Ardriagh  (ard-re',  ard-re'ach),  n. 

[Gael,  ard,  high,  righ,  king.]    In  the  early 

history  of    Ireland  and  Scotland  a  chief 

monarch  or  king. 
Ardultyt  (ar-du'i-ti),  n.    Height;  difficulty. 

Blount. 
Arduous  (ar'du-us).  a.  [L.  arduvs;  allied  to 

Ir.  and  Gael,  ard,  W.  hardd,  high.)  1.  Steep, 

and  therefore  difficult  of  ascent;  hard  to 

climb. 

High  in  Parnassus'  top  her  sons  she  show'd, 
And  pointed  out  those  arduous  paths  they  trod. 
Pof*. 

2.  Attended  with  great  labour,  like  the  as- 
cending of  acclivities;  difficult;  as,  an  ar- 
duous employment,  task,  or  enterprise.  — 
Arduous,  Difficult,  Hard.  Arduous,  requir- 
ing extraordinary  effort,  energy,  and  perse- 
verance to  overcome,  and  mostly  applied  to 
a  protracted  undertaking;  hard,  requiring 
less  endurance  and  energy,  and  more  within 
the  reach  of  common  powers  than  arduous, 
but  tasking  the  energies  more  than  difficult; 
difficult,  not  easy,  laborious,  but  attainable 
or  to  be  accomplished  by  fair  effort  or  appli- 
cation. Hard  sometimes  applies  to  passive 
suffering,  as  a  Aard  lot;  arduous  and  difficult 
do  not. 

It  is  often  difficult  to  control  our  feelings:  it  is  still 
harder  to  subdue  our  will ;  but  it  is  an  arduous  un- 
dertaking to  control  the  contending  will  of  others. 
Crabt. 

Arduously  (arMQ-us-li),  ado.  In  an  arduous 

manner;  with  laboriousness. 
Arduousness  (arMQ-us-nes),  n.    The  state 

or  quality  of  being  arduous;  difficulty  of 

execution. 
Ardure  t  (ar'dur),  n.    [L.  ardor.  ]    Burning. 

'The  wicked  enchaufing  or  ordure  of  tills 

sinne. '    Chaucer. 
Ardurous(ar'du-rus),  a.    Burning;  flaming. 

Lo  1  further  on 
Where  flames  the  arduroits  Spirit  of  Indore. 

Cary. 

Are  (ar).  [A.  Sax  earon,  arm,  arn,  we  (you, 
they)  are;  Icel.  erum,  we  are,  eru,  they  are. 
Are  is  a  northern  or  Scandinavian  form, 


ch,  rfiain;      ch,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL.  I. 


6,  ?o;      J,  job;      *><  Fr.  ton;      ng,  si«0;      TH,  then;  th,  Win; 


w,  wig;    wh,  U'Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
10 


ARE 


146 


AROEI. 


the  southern  form  in  A.  Sax.  being  rind  or 
sindon.  The  r  is  changed  from  s,  the  root 
being  a*.  See  AM.]  The  plural  of  the  sub- 
stantive verb  to  be,  but  differing  etymologi- 
cally  from  be  and  was. 

Are(arorar),7i.  [L.  area.]  The  unit  of  French 
superficial  or  square  measure,  containing 
100  square  metres,  a  little  less  than  2  square 
perches  of  22  feet  in  the  ancient  measure, 
or  1076'44  English  square  feet. 

A-re  (a'ra).  The  note  immediately  above  the 
tonic,  ut,  in  the  grave  hexachord  of  Guide's 
scale  of  music. 

Area  (a're-a),  n.  [L.  area,  a  thrashing-floor, 
then  any  open  level  piece  of  land.]  l.  Any 
plain  surface  within  boundaries ;  as,  the 
floor  of  a  room,  of  a  church,  or  other  build- 
ing, or  a  piece  of  inclosed  ground ;  the 
space  or  site  on  which  a  building  stands. 
Specifically— 2.  A  yard  attached  to  a  house; 
or  a  space  sunk  below  the  general  surface  of 
the  ground  before  windows  in  the  basement 
story  of  a  building.  The  doors  of  the  cel- 
lars, kitchen,  &c.,  generally  open  into  this 
passage,  which  is  fenced  off  from  the  pave- 
ment by  area  railings,  and  reached  by  de- 
scending the  area  steps. — 3.  In  geom.  the 
superficial  contents  of  any  figure;  the  sur- 
face included  within  any  given  lines;  as,  the 
area  of  a  square  or  a  triangle.  — 4.  In  mining, 
a  compass  of  ore  allotted  to  diggers. 

Aread, t  Areed,t  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  artxdian,  to 
read,  to  guess ;  arcedan,  to  counsel ;  reed, 
counsel.  See  READ,  REDE.]  1.  To  read. 
'  Her  hardly  opened  book,  which  to  aread 
is  easie.'  John  Hall. — 2.  To  declare;  to  tell; 
to  interpret;  to  explain. 

Arede,  good  gentle  swaine. 

If  in  the  dale  below,  or  on  yon  plaine, 

Or  is  the  village  situate  in  a  grove.       W.  Browne. 

3.  To  counsel;  to  advise;  to  direct;  to  teach. 

But  mark  what  I  areed  thee  now;  Avaunt. 

Milton. 

4.  To  discover;  to  detect. 

So  hard  this  idole  was  to  beared, 
That  Florimell  herselfe  in  all  men's  vew 
She  seem'd  to  passe.  Spenser. 

Areal  (a're-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  an  area;  as, 

areal  interstices. 
Areare,t  Arere.t  adv.  or  a.    [See  ARREAR.] 

To  the  rear;  backward. 

But  grownd  he  gave,  and  lightly  lept  areart. 

Spenser. 

Area-sneak  (a're-a-snek),  n.  A  thief  who 
lurks  about  areas  for  the  purpose  of  com- 
mitting depredations  on  kitchens  and  cel- 
lars. 

Areca  (a-re'ka),  n.  [The  Malabar  name.]  A 
genus  of  lofty  palms  with  pinnated  leaves, 
and  a  drupe-like  fruit  inclosed  in  a  fibrous 
rind.  A.  Catechu  is  the  pinang  or  betel-nut 
tree  of  the  Coromandel  and  Malabar  coasts, 
aud  yields  the  astringent  juice  catechu. 
A.  oleracea  is  the  cabbage-tree  or  cabbage- 
palm  of  the  West  Indies.  See  BETEL-NUT, 
CABBAGE-TREE. 

Arede, t  v.t.  Same  as  Aread  (which  see). 
Chaiicer. 

Areedt  (a-red'),  n.  Advice;  discourse;  nar- 
ration. '  Fayre  arecdes  of  tydinges  straunge, 
and  of  adventures  rare.'  Spenser. 

Areek  (a-rek'),  adv.   In  a  reeking  condition. 

A  messenger  comes  all  areek.  Swift. 

Arefaction  (ar-e-fak'shon),  n.  [L.  arefacio, 
to  dry,  from  areo,  to  be  dry,  and  facto,  to 
make.]  The  act  of  drying;  the  state  of 
growing  dry.  Bacon. 

Arefy  (ar'e-fi),  v.t.  To  dry  or  make  dry. 
'So  doth  time  or  age  arefy.'  Bacon.  [Rare.] 

Areise,t  v.t.     To  raise.     Chaucer. 

Arena  (a-re'na),  n.  [L.  arena,  originally  an 
adjective  from  areo,  to  be  dry— arena  (terra, 
dry  earth,  sand.  ]  1.  The  inclosed  space  in  the 
central  part  of  the  Roman  amphitheatres, 
in  which  took  place  the  combats  of  gladia- 
tors or  wild  beasts.  It  was  usually  covered 
with  sand  or  sawdust  to  prevent  the  gladia- 
tors from  slipping,  and  to  absorb  the  blood. 

2.  Fig.  the  scene  or  theatre  of  exertion  or 
contest  of  any  kind;  as,  the  arena  of  debate. 
'Rival  politicians  contending  in  the  open 
arena  of  public  life.'    Sir  G.  C.  Lewes.— 

3.  In  med.  sand  or  gravel  in  the  kidneys.— 

4.  In  arch,  the  middle  of  a  temple  or  other 
inclosed  place. 

Arenaceous  (ar-e-na'shus),  a.  [From  L. 
arena,  sand.]  1.  Sandy;  abounding  with 
sand;  having  the  properties  of  sand.— 
2.  Composed  of  grains  of  sand;  granular; 
as,  arenaceous  limestone.  'An  arenaceous, 
friable  substance.'  Woodward. 

Arenarlous  (ar-e-na'ri-us),  a.  Sandy;  com- 
posed wholly,  or  for  the  greater  part,  of 
sand;  as,  arenarious  soil. 


Arenation  (ar-e-n:Yshon),n.  In  med.  a  sand- 
bath;  a  sprinkling  of  hot  sand  upon  a  dis- 
eased person. 

Arendalite  (a-ren'dal-It),  n.  A  lime  and 
iron  epidote  from  Arcndal,  in  Norway,  con- 
sisting of  silica,  alumina,  iron-peroxide,  and 
lime.  See  EPIDOTE. 

Areng,  Arenga  (a-reng',  a-reng'ga),  n.  The 
sago-palm  (Saguerus  saccharifer).  See  SA- 
OUERUS. 

Arenicola  (ar-en-ik'6-la).  n.  [L.  arena,  sand, 
and  colo,  to  inhabit.]  A  genns  of  dorsi- 
branchiate  annelids,  common  on  our  coasts, 
and  sought  for  by  fishermen  for  bait;  the 
lobworms,  or  lugworms.  See  LUOWORM. 

Arenicolida  (a-ren'i-kol"i-da),  n.  pi.  [Are- 
nicola (which  see),  and  Or.  eidog,  likeness.  ] 
A  family  of  dorsibranchiate  marine  annelids, 
dwelling  constantly  in  the  sand,  in  which 
they  burrow  to  the  depth  of  12  or  IS  inches. 
The  common  Arenicola  is  the  type.  See 
ARENICOLA. 

Arenicolite  (ar-en-ik'6-lit),  n.  The  geolo- 
gical name  for  circular  holes  or  markings, 
seen  on  some  sandstones,  and  which  are 
supposed  to  have  been  the  burrows  of  some 
annelid  resembling  the  Arenicola  or  lug- 
worm.  See  ARENICOLA. 

Arenilitict  (a-re'ni-Iit"ik),  a.  [L.  arena,  sand, 
and  Gr.  lithos,  a  stone.  ]  Pertaining  to  sand- 
stone; consisting  of  sandstone;  as,  arenilitic 
mountains. 

Arenose  (a-re'nos),  a.    Sandy;  full  of  sand. 

ArenulOUS  (a-re'nu-lus),  a.  Full  of  fine 
sand. 

Areola  (a-re'o-la),  n.  pi.  Areolse  (a-re'6-le), 
[L.,  dim.  of  area  (which  see).]  1.  In  entom. 
a  term  applied  to  the  smaller  spaces  into 
which  the  wing  is  divided  by  the  nervures, 
termed  basal,  middle,  and  apical,  according 
to  their  relative  positions.  —2.  In  fcoe.aterm 
sometimes  used  to  designate  the  meshes  of 
cellular  tissue  or  little  distinct  angular 
spaces  on  a  surface. — 3.  In  mint,  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  interstices  between  the  fibres 
composing  organs  or  vessels,  or  those  which 
exist  between  lamina?,  or  between  vessels 
interlacing  witli  each  other.  — 4.  The  coloured 
circle  or  halo  surrounding  the  nipple  or 
surrounding  a  pustule. 

Areolar  (a-re'6-ler),  a.  Pertaining  to  an 
areola  or  to  areolse.—  Areolar  tissue,  in  bot. 
and  anat.  cellular  tissue. 

Areolate  (a-re'6-lat),  a.  [See  AREOLA.] 
Characterized  by  areola?;  exhibiting  areolBD, 
as  the  leaves  of  plants  or  the  receptacle 
of  composite  plants,  when  the  florets  are 
placed  so  completely  upon  its  surface  that 
many  pentagonal  areas  or  spaces  are  left 
when  they  drop  off. 

Areolation  (a-re'6-la"shon),  n.  Any  small 
spa.ce  having  an  areolate  character,  as  the 
spaces  bounded  by  the  nervures  of  the  wings 
of  insects,  or  by  the  veins  of  leaves. 

Areole  (ar'e-ol),  n.    Same  as  Areola. 

Areometer  (ar-e-om'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  araios, 
rare,  thin,  and  metron,  a  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  specific  gravity 
of  liquids;  a  hydrometer. 

Arepmetric,  Areometrical  (a-re'6-met"rik, 
a-re'6-met"rik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  an  areo- 
meter. 

Areometry  (ar-e-om'et-ri),  n.  The  measur- 
ing or  act  of  measuring  the  specific  gravity 
of  fluids. 

Areopagist,  Areopagite  (ar-e-op'a-jist,  ar- 
e  op'a-jit),  ».  A  member  of  the  Areopagus 
(which  see).  Acts  xvii.  34. 

Areopagitlc  (ar-e-op'a-jit"ik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  Areopagus. 

Areopagus  (ar-e-op'a-gus),  n.  [Gr.  Ares, 
the  god  of  war,  liars,  and  pagos,  hill.  ]  A 
sovereign  tribunal  at  Athens,  existing  from 
the  most  ancient  times,  and  famous  for  the 
justice  and  impartiality  of  its  decisions,  so 
called  because  held  on  a  hill  in  the  city 
named  in  honour  of  Ares  or  Mars.  By  a 
law  of  Solon  no  person  could  be  a  member 
of  this  tribunal  until  he  had  been  archon  or 
chief  magistrate.  This  court  took  cogniz- 
ance of  high  crimes,  impiety,  and  immoral- 
ity, and  watched  over  the  laws  and  the  pub- 
lic treasury. 

Areopagyt  (ar-e-op'a-ji),  n.  An  Areopagus 
or  tribunal.  'The  ...  Areopagy  of  hell. ' 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Areostyle  (a-re'o-stil),  n.    See  ARJKOSTTLE. 

Areosy style  (a-re'o-sis"til),  n.    See  AR.SO- 

SYSTVLE. 

AreotiC  (ar-e-ot'ik),  a.  [Gr.  araios,  thin.] 
In  med.  attenuating  the  humours;  effica- 
cious in  opening  the  pores.  Bailey. 

AreotiC  (ar-e-ot'ik),  n.  A  medicine  which 
was  formerly  supposed  to  attenuate  the  hu- 


mours or  fluids  of  the  body,  open  the  pores, 
and  increase  perspiration;  an  attenuant. 

Arere.t  ».(.  [A.  Sax.  arceran.  See  REAR.] 
To  rear  or  raise  up. 

Ares  (a'rez),  n.  In  the  mythology  of  the  an- 
cient Greeks,  the  god  of  war,  identified  by 
the  Romans  with  their  Mars,  and  generally 
so  treated  by  the  moderns.  See  MARS. 

Areson,t  v.t.  [O.Fr.  arraisoner,  to  reason.] 
To  reason  with;  to  censure;  to  arraign. 
Chaucer. 

Arethusa  (ar-e-thu'sa),  n.  [In  Greet  myth. 
a  nymph,  but  changed  into  the  fountain 
Arethusa,  in  the  island  of  Ortygia,  near 
Syracuse.]  A  genus  of  orchids,  consisting 
of  a  single  species, .4.  bulbosa,  a  small  swamp 
plant  of  North  America,  with  a  handsome 
rosy-purple,  sweet-scented  flower. 

Aretology  (ar-e-tol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  arete,  vir- 
tue, and  logos,  discourse.  ]  That  part  of 
moral  philosophy  which  treats  of  virtue,  its 
nature,  and  the  means  of  attaining  to  it. 

Arew.t  Arewet  (a-rb'),  adv.  In  a  row ;  in 
regular  succession.  'All  her  teeth  arew.' 
Spenser. 

Arfwedsonite  (arf-wed'son-H),  n.  [From 
J.  A.  Arfwedson,  a  Swedish  mineralogist  of 
the  first  half  of  this  century.  ]  A  ferruginous 
variety  of  hornblende,  composed  of  silicates 
of  iron  and  soda  with  a  little  alumina  and 
lime. 

Argal  (ar'gal),  n.  [See  ARGIL.]  Unrefined 
or  crude  tartar;  a  hard  crust  formed  on  the 
sides  of  vessels  in  which  wine  has  been  kept, 
red  or  white  according  to  colour  of  the  wine. 
It  is  an  impure  bitartrate  of  potassium. 
Argal  is  of  considerable  use  among  dyers, 
as  serving  to  dispose  the  stuffs  to  take  their 
colours  the  better.  Written  also  Argol. 

Argalt  (ar'gal),  adv.  A  ludicrous  corruption 
of  the  Latin  ergo,  therefore.  Shak. 

Argala  (ar'ga-la),  n.  The  Indian  name  of 
the  adjutant-bird  (Ciconia  Argala).  See  AD- 
JUTANT-BIRD. 

Argali  (ai'ga-li),  n.  [The  Mongolian  name.  ] 
A  species  of  wild  sheep  (Caprovis  Argali  or 
Ovis  ammon),  found  on  the  mountains  of 
Siberia,  Central  Asia,  and  Kamtchatka.  It 
is  nearly  as  large  as  a  moderately  sized  ox, 
being  4  feet  high  at  the  shoulders,  and  pro- 
portionately stout  in  its  build.  The  horns 
of  a  full-grown  argali  are  very  nearly  4  feet 
in  length  if  measured  along  the  curve,  and 
at  their  base  are  about  19  inches  in  circum- 


Argali  {Caprmjis  Argali), 

ference.  They  spring  from  the  forehead, 
and,  after  rising  upward  for  a  short  distance, 
they  curve  boldly  downwards  till  they  reach 
the  chin,  when  they  recurve  upwards  and 
come  to  a  point.  The  argali  is  gregarious, 
living  in  small  herds.  The  bearded  argali 
is  the  aoudad  (Ammotragus  tragelaphus). 
(See  AOUDAD.)  The  name  argali  is  also  ap- 
plied to  the  Rocky  Mountain  sheep  of  Ame- 
rica, or  bighorn. 

Argand-lamp  (ar'gand-lamp),  n.  [From 
name  of  inventor.]  A  lamp  with  a  circular 
hollow  wick, allowing  an  outside  and  inside 
current  of  air,  which  greatly  increases  the 
brilliancy  of  the  flame.  Invented  by  M. 
Argand.  1789.—  Argand  burner,  a  gas-burner 
in  the  form  of  a  hollow  cylinder,  admitting 
a  current  of  air  through  the  centre  to  facili- 
tate combustion. 

Argean  (ar-je'an),  a.  [SeeAROO.]  Pertam- 
iug  to  the  ship  Argo  or  the  constellation  of 
the  same  name. 

Argel,  Arghel  (ar-gel),  n.  [A  Syrian  name  ] 
A  plant  found  in  Upper  Egypt  and  Arabia 
Petrsea,  the  Solenostemma  Argel,  nat.  order 
Asclepiadacese,  used  for  adulterating  Egyp- 
tian senna. 


Tate,  far,  fat,  fall;       m6,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ARGEMONE 


147 


ARGUMENT 


Argemone  (ar-je-mo'nO),  ».  [L. ,  from  Or. 
argema,  a  cataract  in  the  eye,  from  its  sup- 
posed medicinal  qualities.  ]  A  small  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Papaveraccro.  The  spe- 
cies are  all  ornamental,  and  natives  of  Ame- 
rica. From  the  seeds  of  A .  mexicana  the 
Mexicans  obtain  an  oil  very  useful  to  paint- 
era.  The  handsomest  species  is  A.  tjrtnnli 
flora,  which  has  large  flowers  of  a  pure  white 
colour. 

Argent  (iir'Jeiit).  n.  [Fr..  from  L.  argentum, 
silver;  allied  to  Or.  argyrot,  silver,  from 
argos,  white;  Ir.  arg,  white,  airgiod,  silver, 
money;  Skr.  raja-tain,  silver,  raj,  to  shine.) 
1. 1  Silver ;  iu  a  more  general  sense,  money. 
'Rafters  of  argent.'  Uarnjield.  'Touudoc 
the  world  for  argent.'  John  Taylor.  — 2.  Fig. 
whiteness,  like  that  of  silver.  [Poetical.] 

With  that  she  tore  her  robe  apart,  and  half 
The  polished  argent  of  her  breast  to  sight 
Laid  bare.  Tennyson. 

3.  In  her.  the  white  colour  in  coats  of  arms, 
intended  to  represent  silver,  or  purity,  in- 
noeence,beauty,  and  gentleness:  represented 
iu  engraving  by  a  plain  white  surface. — Ar- 
gent comptant,\  ready  money. 

Argent  (iir'jeut),  a.  Hade  of  silver;  resem- 
bling silver;  bright  like  silver;  silvery;  white. 
•Commingling  with  her  argent  spheres.' 
Keats. 

Argental  (ar-jent'al).  a.  Pertaining  to, 
consisting  of,  resembling,  containing,  or 
combined  with  silver. — Argental  mercury, 
native  amalgam  of  silver. 

Argentan  (iir'jen-tan),  n.  An  alloy  of  nickel 
with  copper  and  zinc;  German  silver. 

Argentation  (ar-jen-ta'shon),  n.  An  over- 
laying with  silver. 

Argentic  (ar-jent'ik),  a.  Relating  to  or  ob- 
tained from  silver. 

Argentiferous  (ar-jen-tif'cr-us),  a.  [L.  ar- 
gentum, silver,  and/ero,  to  produce.]  Pro- 
ducingorcontaining  silver;  as,  argentiferous 
ore,  veins,  &c. 

Argentina  (ur-jen-ti'na),  n.  [L.  argentum, 
silver.]  A  genus  of  malacopterygious  fishes, 
belonging  to  the  salmon  family,  so  named 
from  their  silvery  scales.  A.  sjihyraena  is  a 
well-known  species,  caught  iu  the  Mediter- 
ranean. 

Argentine  (ar'jen-tin),  a.  Pertaining  to, 
resembling,  or  sounding  like  silver;  silvery; 
argent.  'Celestial  Diau,  goddess  argentine.' 
Shak. — Argentine  glass, an  ornamental  glass- 
ware having  the  sheen  of  silver. 

Argentine  (ar'jen-tin),  n.  [L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver.] 1.  A  silvery- white  slaty  variety  of  calc- 
spar,  containing  a  little  silica  with  lamina) 
usually  undulated.  It  is  found  in  primitive 
rocks  and  frequently  in  metallic  veins.  — 
2.  The  tetroxide  or  antimoniate  of  anti- 
mony.—  3.  A  name  common  to  the  species 
of  Argentina  (which  see).  The  Sheppy  ar- 
gentine of  Pennant  is  Scopelus  Pennantii, 
and  is  sometimes  taken  on  our  coasts.  — 

4.  White  metal  coated  with  silver. 
Argentite  (ar'jen-tit),  n.    [L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver.]   Sulphide  of  silver,  a  blackish,  lead- 
gray  mineral,  occurring  in  crystals,  in  crusts, 
and  massive.    It  is  a  valuable  ore  of  silver 
found  in  the  crystalline  rocks  of  many  couu- 
tries. 

Argentometer  (ar-jen-tom'et-er),  n.  [L.  ar- 
gentum, silver,  and  Or.  metron,  a  measure.] 
A  graduated  glass  tube  for  ascertaining  the 
quantity  of  silver  in  a  solution  by  the  ad- 
mission of  chloride  of  sodium. 

Argentry  (ar'jent-ri),  n.  [L.  argentum,  sil- 
ver. See  ARGENT,  n.]  1.  Materials  formed 
of  silver;  plate.  '  Pawning  his  .  .  .  argentry 
and  Jewels.'  Uowell.— 2.  Silvery  appearance. 

And  there  the  glittering  argentry 
Ripples  and  glances  on  the  confluent  streams. 
Soittftey. 

Arghel,  n.    See  AEGEL. 

Argil  (ar^jil),  n.  [Fr.  argile,  L.  argilla,  white 
Clay,  allied  to  argentum,  silver;  Gr.  argon, 
white.  See  ARGENT,  «.]  Clay  or  potter's 
earth ;  sometimes,  pure  clay  or  alumina. 

Argillaceous  (iir  jil-la'shus),  a.  [L.  argil- 
laceus.]  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  argil  or 
clay ;  consisting  of  clay ;  as,  argillaceous 
earth.  —  Argillaceous  earth,  white  clay  or 
putter's  earth;  the  earth  or  clay  called  by 
chemists  alumina.  —  A  rgillaceous  rocks, 
rocks  of  sedimentary  origin,  soft  in  texture, 
deposited  for  the  most  part  in  thin  layers: 
clay  forms  the  basis,  but  with  it  other  sub- 
stances may  be  associated,  as  vegetable 
matter  (carbonaceous  shale),  iron  (clayband 
ironstone),  lime  (marl),  &c.  When  the  shale 
is  tolerably  pure  it  is  readily  distinguished 
by  the  peculiar  odour  it  emits  when  breathed 
on,  known  as  argillaceous  odour.—  Argilla- 


ceous slate  or  schist,  clay-slate,  a  metauior- 
phic  rock  which  in  Scotland  is  characteristic 
of  thu  Silurian  formation. 

Argilliferous  (ar-jil-lif'er-us),  a.  [L.  argilla, 
clay,  and  /era,  to  produce.]  Producing  or 
containing  clay  or  argil. 

Argllllte  (aVjil-lit),  M.  [See  ARGIL.]  Argil- 
laceous  schist  or  slate;  clay-slate.  See 
CLAY-SI.ATE. 

Arglllltlc  (ar-jil-lit'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  ar- 
Killite. 

Arglllo-arenaceous(ar-jino-ar.e-na"shus), 
a.  Consisting  of  clay  and  sand. 

Argillo-calcareous  (ar-jil'lo-kal-ka"re-us), 
a.  Consisting  of  clay  and  calcareous  earth. 

Arglllocalcite  (ar-jil'lo-kal"sit),  n.  [L.  ar- 
gilla ,  clay,  and  calx,  calcis,  lime.  ]  A  species 
of  calcareous  earth  with  a  large  proportion 
of  clay;  marl. 

Arglllo-ferruginous(ar-jil'lo-fe-ru"jin-us), 
a.  Containing  clay  and  iron,  as  a  mineral. 

Argtllous  (iir-jil'lus),  a.  Consisting  of  clay; 
partaking  of  clay;  belonging  today;  clayey. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Arglve  (ar'jiv),  a.  [L.  argiiius.]  Relating 
to  Argos,  the  capital  of  Argolis  in  Greece, 
or  to  its  inhabitants.  The  Argive  tribe, 
during  the  Trojan  war,  was  the  most  power- 
ful of  any  in  Greece;  and  hence  Argive  is 
often  used  as  a  generic  term,  equivalent  to 
Grecian  or  Greek. 

Arglve  (ar'jiv),  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant 
of  Argos,  the  capital  of  Argolis,  in  Greece ; 
a  Greek. 

Argle-bargle  (iir'gl-bar'gl),  v.i.  [A  kind  of 
reduplicated  form  of  argue.]  To  contend  in 
tedious  and  fractious  argument ;  to  bandy 
backwards  and  forwards;  to  haggle.  [Scotch.  ] 

Argo  (iir'go),  n.  [Gr.]  1.  In  Greek  myth,  the 
name  of  the  ship  which  carried  Jason  and 
his  fifty-four  companions  to  Colchis  in  quest 
of  the  golden  fleece. — 2.  In  astron.  a  constel- 
lation. See  ARGO-NAVIS. 
Argoll,  t  n.  [  See  ARGIL.  ]  Potter's-clay. 
Cnaitcer. 

Argol  (ar'gol),  n.    Same  as  Argal. 
Argolett  (iu-'gol-et),  ».    [O.Fr.]    A 
horseman. 

Take  a  cornet  of  our  horse, 
As  many  argolets,  and  armed  pikes. 
And  with  our  carriage  march  away  before. 

Peele. 

ArgollC  (fir-gol'ik),  a.  Belonging  to  Argolis, 
a  territory  or  district  of  Peloponnesus,  be- 
tween Arcadia  and  the  ^Egean  Sea ;  as,  the 
A  rgolic  Gulf. 

Argonaut  (ar'go-nat),  n.  [Gr.  Argii,  Jason's 
ship,  and  nautis,  a  sailor.]  1.  One  of  the 
persons  who,  according  to  the  Old  Greek 
legend,  sailed  to  Colchis  with  Jason,  in  the 
ship  Argo,  in  quest  of  the  golden  fleece.— 
2.  One  of  the  molluscous  animals  belonging 
to  the  genus  Argonauta,  family  Argonau- 
tidte,  and  class  Cephalopoda  or  cuttle-fishes, 
more  especially  the  Argonauta  Argo  (com- 
mon argonaut,  paper-nautilus,  or  paper- 


light 


Argonaut  (Argonaut*  Argo). 

sailor  of  the  Mediterranean).  The  genns 
Argonauta  belongs  to  the  dibranchiate  or 
two-gilled  cuttle-fishes,  and  is  distinguished 
by  the  females  possessinga  single-chambered 
external  shell,  which  is  not  a  true  mollus- 
cous shell,  however,  not  being  secreted  by 
the  mantle  or  pallium,  but  by  two  of  the 
arms  which  are  developed  to  form  mem- 
branous expansions,  and  ordinarily  folded 
round  it  so  as  to  protect  and  cover  it,  the 
shell  not  being  organically  connected  with 
the  body  of  the  animal.  The  males  have  no 
shell,  and  are  of  much  smaller  size  than  the 
females.  The  shell  is  fragile,  translucent, 
and  boat-like  in  shape  ;  it  serves  as  the  re- 
ceptacle of  the  ova  or  eggs  of  the  female, 


which  sits  in  it  with  the  respiratory  tube  or 
'  funnel '  turned  towards  the  carinaor '  keel. ' 
This  famed  mollusc  swims  only  by  ejecting 
water  from  its  funnel,  and  it  can  crawl  In  a 
reversed  position,  carrying  its  shell  over  its 
back  like  a  snail.  The  account  of  its  float- 
ing on  the  surface  of  the  sea,  with  its  sail- 
shaped  arms  extended  to  catch  the  breeze, 
and  with  the  six  other  arms  as  oars,  is  a 
mere  poetic  fable.  The  argonaut,  or  paper 
nautilus,  must  be  carefully  distinguished 
from  the  pearly-nautilus  or  nautilus  proper 
(Nautilus  Poinpiliun),  which  belongs  to  a 
different  division  of  the  cuttle-fishes,  namely, 
the  tetrabranchiate  or  four-gilled. 

Argonauta  (ar-go-na'ta),  n.  A  genus  of  cut- 
tle-fishes to  which  the  argonauts  belong. 
See  ARGONAUT. 

Argonautlc  (ar-go-na'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
tiie  Argonauts,  or  to  their  voyage  to  Colchis; 
as,  the  Argonautic  story. 

Argqnautidae  (ar-go-na'ti-de),  n.  pi.  The 
family  of  cephalopodous  molluscs,  order  Te- 
trabranchiata,  which  contains  the  argonaut, 
paper-sailor,  or  paper-nautilus.  See  ARGO- 
NAUT. 

Argo-Navis  (ar'go-na'vis),  n.  In  astron.  the 
southern  constellation  of  the  Ship,  contain- 
ing 9  clusters,  3  nebula:,  13  double  and  640 
single  stars,  of  which  about  64  are  visible. 

Argosy  (aijg6-si),  ».  [Probably  from  argo, 
Jason  s  ship  (see  ARGONAUT),  whence  also 
apparently  L.L.  argls,  a  ship,  though  the 
origin  of  the  form  argosy  is  not  clear.  ]  A 
large  merchantman  or  vessel  of  war. 


There  v 
Likes 


where  your  nrgosit 
gniors  and  rich  burghers  on 
Do  over-peer  the  petty  traffickers.  Shot. 


with  portly  sail, 
ghers  on  the  flood,  . 


Argot  (ar'got  or  ar-go),  n.  [Fr.  ]  The  con- 
ventional slang  of  thieves  and  vagabonds, 
invented  for  the  purpose  of  disguise  and 
concealment;  cant;  slang. 

Argot  is  formed  ...  by  the  adoption  of  foreign 
words,  by  the  absolute  suppression  of  grammar,  by 
grotesque  tropes,  wild  catachresis,  ana  allegorical 
metonymy.  Ferrrar. 

Arguable  (ar^gu-a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
argued;  admitting  argument. 

Argue  (ar'gu),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  argued;  ppr. 
arguing.  [L.  arguo,  to  show,  argue,  to  make 
clear.]  1.  To  invent  and  offer  reasons  to 
support  or  overthrow  a  proposition,  opinion, 
or  measure ;  to  use  arguments ;  to  reason ; 
as,  A  argues  in  favour  of  a  measure,  B 
argues  against  it. 

Yet  I  argue  not 

Against  Heaven's  hand  or  will,  nor  bate  ft  jot 
Ofheart  or  hope.  Milton. 

2.  To  contend  in  argument;  to  dispute:  fol- 
lowed by  with;  as,  you  may  argue  with  your 
friend  a  week  without  convincing  him. 

For  even  though  vanquished,  he  could  arprte  still. 
Goldsmah- 

— Argue,  Dispute,  Debate.  Argue  is  to  de- 
fend one's  self,  or  to  exhibit  reasons  or 
proofs  in  favour  of  some  assertion  or  prin- 
ciple. Dispute  is  to  call  in  question  or  deny 
the  statements  or  arguments  of  an  opposing 
party.  Debate  is  to  interchange  arguments 
in  a  somewhat  formal  manner,  as  in  a  pub- 
lic assembly.— SYN.  To  reason,  evince,  dis- 
cuss, debate,  expostulate,  remonstrate. 
Argue  (ar'gu),  r.t  1.  To  debate  or  discuss: 
to  treat  by  reasoning;  as,  the  counsel  argued 
the  cause  before  the  supreme  court ;  the 
cause  was  well  argued.  —  2.  To  prove  or 
evince  ;  to  manifest  by  inference  or  deduc- 
tion, or  to  show  reasons  for ;'  as,  the  order 
visible  in  the  universe  argues  a  divine  cause. 

These  were  words 
As  meted  by  the  measure  of  himself 
Arguing  boundless  forbearance.     Tennyson. 

3.  To  persuade  by  argument  or  reasons. 

It  is  a  sort  of  poetical  logic  which  I  would  make 
use  of  to  argue  you  into  a  protection  of  this  play. 
Congrevt. 

4.t  To  accuse  or  charge  with. 

I  have  pleaded  guilty  to  all  expressions  of  mine 
which  can  be  argued  of  obscenity,  .  .  .  and  retract 
them.  Dryden. 

Arguer  (ar'gu-er),  71.    One  who  argues;  a 

reasoner;  a  disputer. 
Argufy  (ar'gu-f  i),  v.i.     1.  To  argue.  —2.  To 

have  weight,  as  an  argument;  to  import;  to 

signify.    [In  both  uses  vulgar.] 
Argufy  (ar'gu-fi),  v.t.    To  argue.    [Vulgar.] 
Argument(ar'gu-ment),n.  [L.  argumentinn. 

proof,    evidence,    theme,    subject-matter, 

from  arguo,  to  argue.]    l.t  Proof;  evidence. 

There  is  ...  no  more  palpable  argument  of  the 
existence  of  a  Deity.  Ray. 

2.  The  subject  of  a  discourse  or  writing;  an 
abstract  or  summary  of  a  book  or  section  of 
a  book. 

The  abstract  or  argument  of  the  piece  is  shortly 
as  follows.  Jeffrey. 


ch,  c/iain;      eh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,  job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  Ma;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ARGUMENT 


148 


ARISE 


3.  t  A  theme  or  subject  for  talk. 

It  would  be  argument  for  a  week,  laughter  for  a 
month,  and  a  good  jest  for  ever.  Shak. 

4.  A  reason  offered  for  or  against  a  proposi- 
tion, opinion,  or  measure ;  a  reason  offered 
in  proof  to  induce  belief  or  convince  the 
mind:  followed  by  for  or  against;  as,  he  ad- 
duced many  arguments  against  the  proceed- 
ing. — 5.  A  debate,  controversy,  or  discussion ; 
a  process  of  reasoning;  as,  an  argument  was 
laid  before  the  court,  in  which  argument  all 
the  reasons  were  urged.  —  6.  t  Matter  for 
question  or  controversy ;  business  in  hand ; 
something  to  make  one  take  action.     '  And 
sheathed  their  swords  for  lack  of  argument.' 
Shak. — 7.  In  logic,  the  middle  term  of  a  syl- 
logism. —  8.  In  math,  the  independent  vari- 
able upon  whofe  value  that  of  a  function 
depends.  — 9.  In  astron.  the  angle  or  quan- 
tity on  which  a  series  of  numbers  in  a  table 
depends.     If,  for  example,  a  table  of  the 
sun's  declination  were  formed  correspond- 
ing to  every  degree,  &c.,  of  longitude,  so 
that,  the  longitude  being  known,  the  de- 
clination might  be  found  opposite  to  it, 
then  the  longitude  would  be  called    the 
argument  of  the  declination. 

Argument!  (ar'gu-ment),  v.i.  To  reason;  to 
discourse,  Gower. 

Argumentable  (ar'gu-ment-a-bl),  a.  Admit- 
ting of  argument;  capable  of  being  argued. 

Argumental  (ar-gu-ment'al),  a.  Belonging 
to  or  consisting  in  argument. 

I  am  at  length  recovered  from  my  argiimental 
delirium.  Johnson. 

Argumentation  ( ar '  gu  -  men  -  ta  "  shon ),  n. 
The  act  of  inventing  or  forming  reasons, 
making  inductions,  drawing  conclusions, 
and  applying  them  to  the  case  in  discussion; 
the  operation  of  inferring  propositions,  not 
known  or  admitted  as  true,  from  facts 
or  principles  known,  admitted,  or  proved  to 
be  true;  reasoning. 

Argumentation  or  reasoning  is  that  operation  of 
the  tnind  whereby  we  infer  one  thing,  that  is,  one 
proposition,  from  two  or  more  propositions  premised. 
/falls. 

Argu.mentatlve(ar-gu-ment'a-tiv),<i  1.  Con- 
sisting of  argument;  containing  a  process  of 
reasoning ;  as,  an  argumentative  discourse. 

2.  Showing  reasons  for. 

Another  thing  argumentative  of  Providence  is,  &c. 

Ray. 

3.  Addicted  to  argument ;  as,  an  argumen- 
tative writer;  he  is  very  argumentative. 

Argumentatlvely(ar-gu-ment'a-tiv-li),ado. 
In  an  argumentative  manner. 

Argumentatlveness(ar-gu-ment'a-tiv-nes), 
n.  Quality  of  being  argumentative. 

Argumentlze  \  (ar'gu-ment-lz),  c.i.  To  ar- 
gue; to  debate;  to  reason.  ' Argumentizing 
philosophy.'  Mannyngham. 

Argumentum  (ar-gu-ment'um), ».  [L]  An 
argument.  —  Argumentum  ad  hominem,  an 
argument  which  presses  a  man  with  conse- 
quences drawn  from  his  own  principles  and 
concessions,  or  his  own  conduct.  —Argu- 
mentum ad  verecundiam,  an  address  to 
our  modesty;  an  argument  drawn  from  the 
sentiments  of  some  wise,  great,  or  good 
men  whose  authority  we  reverence  and 
scarcely  dare  oppose. — Argumentum  ad  ig- 
norantiam,  the  employment  of  some  logical 
fallacy  towards  persons  likely  to  be  deceived 
by  it. 

Argus  (ar^gus),  n.  [Gr.  argos,  from  argot, 
bright— his  eyes  beingeveropenand  bright.] 


Argus  Pheasant  {Argus giganteus). 


1.  A  fabulous  being  of  antiquity,  said  to 
have  had  a  hundred  eyes,  placed  by  Juno  to 


guard  lo.  Hence— 2.  Any  watchful  person; 
as,  he  is  a  very  Argus  in  watchfulness. — 
3.  The  Argus  giganteus,  family  Phasianidse, 
a  large,  beautiful,  and  very  singular  species 
of  pheasant,  found  native  in  the  south-east 
of  Asia,  more  especially  in  Sumatra  and 
some  of  the  other  islands.  The  males  mea- 
sure from  5  to  0  feet  from  the  tip  of  the 
t  beak  to  the  extremity  of  the  tail,  which 
has  two  greatly  elongated  central  feathers. 
The  plumage  is  exceedingly  beautiful,  the 
secondary  quills  of  the  wings,  which  are 
longer  than  the  primary  feathers,  being 
each  adorned  with  a  series  of  ocellated  or 
eye-like  spots  of  brilliant  metallic  hues. 
The  general  body  plumage  is  brown.  When 
divested  of  its  plumage  the  bird  is  not  much 
larger  than  a  barn-door  fowl,  and  is  the 
only  species  of  the  genus  Argus.  Called 
also  Argus  Pheasant. 

Argus-eyed  (ar'gus-Id),  a.  Vigilant;  watch- 
ful; extremely  observant.  See  ARGUS. 

Argus-shell  (ar'gus-shel),  n.  A  species  of 
porcelain-shell,  beautifully  variegated  with 
spots,  resembling  in  some  measure  a  pea- 

1  cock's  tail. 

Argutationt  (ar-gu-ta'shon),  n.  [See  AR- 
GUTE.] Cavil;  over-refinement  in  arguing; 
quibble;  subtlety,  'Frivolous  argutations.' 
J3p.  Hall. 

Argute  (ar-gut'),a.  [L  argutui,  sharp,  subtle, 
sagacious.]  l.t  Sharp;  shrill.  Johnson.— 
2.  Subtle ;  ingenious  ;  sagacious ;  shrewd. 
'The  active  preacher,  the  restless  mission- 
ary, the  argute  schoolman.'  Milman. 

I  will  hare  him,  continued  my  father,  .  .  .  vigilant, 
acute,  argute,  inventive.  Sterne. 

Argutely  (ar-gutli),  adv.  In  a  sharp  or 
subtle  manner ;  sagaciously ;  shrewdly. 
Sterne. 

Arguteness  (ar-gut'nes),  n.  Acuteness; 
wittiness;  sagacity;  shrewdness. 

This  (Seneca)  tickles  you  by  starts  with  his  ar- 
guteness,  that  (Plutarch)  pleases  you  for  continuance 
with  his  propriety.  Dryden. 

Arhlzous  (a-ri'zus),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
rhiza,  a  root.]  Destitute  of  a  root :  applied 
to  parasitical  plants  which  have  no  root, 
but  adhere  to  other  plants  by  any  part  of 
their  surface,  and  derive  their  nourishment 
from  them. 

Aria  (a'ri-a),  n.  [It.  aria,  from  L.  aer,  the 
air.]  A  song;  an  air;  a  tune. 

Arian  (a'ri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  Arius  or  to 
his  doctrines. 

Allan  (a'ri-an),  n.  One  who  adheres  to  the 
doctrines  of  Arius,  who  held  Christ  to  lie  a 
created  being  inferior  to  God  the  Father  in 
nature  and  dignity,  though  the  first  and 
noblest  of  all  created  beings;  and  also  that 
the  Holy  Spirit  is  not  God,  but  created  by 
the  power  of  the  Son.  Arius,  who  was  a 
priest  of  Alexandria,  promulgated  his  doc- 
trines in  the  early  part  of  the  fourth  century. 
They  were  authoritatively  condemned  by 
the  Council  of  Nice  in  325. 

Arianism  (a'ri-an-izm),  n.  The  doctrines  of 
the  Arians. 

Arianize  (a'ri-an-Iz),  r.  i.  To  admit  the  tenets 
of  the  Arians;  as,  an  Arianizinn  sect  of 
Christians. 

Arianize  (a'ri-an-iz),  r.  (.  To  render  conform- 
able to  Arianisrn;  to  convert  to  Arianism. 

Artclne  (art-sin),  n.  [From  Arica,  the  name 
of  a  place  in  Peru  where  the  bark  was  dis- 
covered. ]  An  alkaloid  discovered  in  1829  by 
Pelletier  and  Coriol  in  a  bark  resembling  in 
many  of  its  properties  the  Cinchona  Jtava. 
See  CUSCO-CHIXA. 

Arid  (arid),  a.  [L.  aridus,  dry,  from  area,  to 
bedry.]  Dry;exhaustedofmoisture;parched 
with  heat;  as,  an  arid  waste. 

Fountains  are  never  so  fresh,  and  vegetation  never 
so  glorious,  as  when  you  stumble  upon  them  in  some 
oasis  after  wandering  over  an  arid  wilderness 

Edin.  Rev. 

Artdas  (ar'id-as),  n.  A  kind  of  taffeta  from 
the  East  Indies,  made  of  thread  from  certain 
plants. 

Aridity,  Aridness  (a-rid'i-ti,  artd-nes),  n. 
1.  The  state  of  being  arid ;  dryness ;  want 
of  moisture.— 2.  Fig.  want  of  interest;  dry- 
ness. 

He  was  ordered  to  read  all  the  objectionable  parts 
...  in  all  their  logical  aridity.  Milman. 

3.  Want  of  unction  or  tenderness ;  insensi- 
bility. 

Strike  my  soul  with  lively  apprehensions  of  thy 
excellences,  to  bear  up  ray  spirit  under  the  greatest 
aridities  and  dejections.  Norris. 

Aridness  (artd-nes),  n.     Aridity. 
Arierban  (art-er-ban).    Same  as  Arriere- 
ban. 


Aries  (a'ri-ez),  n.  [L.  aries,  a  ram.]  1.  The 
Ram,  a  northem  constellation  of  156  stars, 
of  which  fifty  are  visible.  It  is  the  first  of 
the  twelve  signs  in  the  zodiac,  which  the  sun 
enters  at  the  vernal  equinox,  about  the  21st 
of  March.  The  first  point  in  Aries  is  that 
where  the  equator  cuts  the  ecliptic  in  the 
ascending  node,  and  from  which  the  right 
ascensions  of  heavenly  bodies  are  reckoned 
on  the  equator,  and  their  longitudes  upon 
the  ecliptic.  Owing  to  the  precession  of  the 
equinoxes  the  sign  Aries  no  longer  corre- 
sponds with  the  constellation  Aries,  which 
it  did  2000  years  ago.  The  present  sign  is 
in  the  constellation  Pisces.  — 2.  The  battering- 
ram  of  the  ancients. 

Arietate  t  (a'ri-et-at).  v.i.  [L.  arieto,  from 
aries.  ]  To  butt,  as  a  ram.  Johnson. 

Arietatlon  t  (a'ri-et-a"shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
butting,  as  a  ram;  the  act  of  battering  with 
the  aries  or  battering-ram.  '  Ordinance  do 
exceed  all  arielations  and  ancient  inven- 
tions.' Bacon.  —  2.  The  act  of  striking  or 
conflicting.  Glanville.  [Rare.] 

Arietta,  Ariette  (a-re-et'ta,  ii-ri-ef),  n.  [It, 
dim.  of  aria  (which  see).  ]  A  short  song;  an 
air,  or  little  air. 

She  hastened  to  beseech  their  attention  unto  a  mili- 
tary ariette.  Sir  IV.  Scott. 

Aright  (a-rif),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  and  right;  A 
Sax.  ariht,  geriht,  right,  aright.  ]  1.  Rightly; 
in  a  right  way  or  form;  without  mistake  or 
crime. 

If  thou  wouldst  view  fair  Melrose  aright, 

Co  visit  it  by  the  pale  moonlight.       Sir  IV.  Scott. 

2.  To  or  towards  the  right.    [Rare.] 

The  affrighted  foemen  scatter   from  his  spear, 
aright,  aleft.  Southey. 

Aril,  Arillus  (aril,  a-rillus),  n.  [L.L.  arillus, 
from  L.  areo,  to  be  dry,  because  it  falls  off 
when  dry.  ]  In  some  plants,  as  in  the  nut- 
meg, an  extra  covering  of  the  seed,  outside 
of  the  true  seed-coats,  proceeding  from  the 
placenta,  partially  investing  the  seed,  and 
falling  off  spontaneously :  by  some  writers 
called  Calyptra.  It  is  either  succulent  or 
cartilaginous;  coloured,  elastic,  rough,  or 
knotted. 

Arillate  (a-rillat),  a.  Relating  to  or  formed 
like  an  arillus. 

Arillated  Arilled  (a-rillat-ed,  artlrt),  a. 
Furnished  with  an  aril,  as  the  fruit  of  the 
spindle- tree. 

Arillode  (a-ril'16d),  n.  In  bot.  a  false  aril; 
an  extra  covering  of  the  seed  developed  from 
itself  and  not  from  the  placenta. 

Arlman  (a'ri-man).    See  AHRIMAN. 

Ariolation.t  (ar/i-o-la"shon),  n.  [L.  ariolut 
or  hariolug,  a  soothsayer. ]  A  soothsaying;  a 
foretelling.  '  Ariolation,  soothsaying,  and 
such  oblique  idolatries.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 
Spelled  also  Harialation. 

Ariose  (art-os),  a.  [From  arioso.)  Charac- 
terized by  melody,  as  distinguished  from 
harmony.  [Rare.  ] 

Mendelssohn  wants  the  ariose  beauty  of  Handel; 
vocal  melody  is  not  his  forte;  the  interest  of  his  airs 
is  harmonic.  For.  Qitar.  Rev. 

Arioso  (a-re-6'so).  [It,  from  aria,  air]  In 
•music,  in  the  manner  of  an  air,  as  contradis- 
tinguished from  recitative:  the  word  is  used 
especially  with  reference  to  pieces  in  which 
a  recitative  passage  is  treated  more  in  the 
smooth  and  melodious  style  of  an  air  than  in 
the  ordinary  style  of  recitative.  In  instru- 
mental music  arioso  denotes  in  a  sustained 
vocal  style.  Prefixed  to  an  air  it  denotes  a 
sustained  elaborate  style,  appropriate  to  the 
great  airs  of  the  opera. 

Arise  (a-rizO,  v.i.  pret.  arose;  pp.  arisen;  ppr. 
arising.  [Prefix  a,  and  rise;  A.  Sax.  ariam. 
to  arise.  See  RISE.  ]  1.  To  ascend,  mount 
up,  or  move  to  a  higher  place;  as,  vapours 
arise  from  humid  places. —2.  To  appear  from 
below  the  horizon;  as,  the  sun  or  a  star  arises 
orrises.  Hence — 3.  Toappear,  ascominginto 
being  or  as  entering  on  a  new  sphere  of 
activity;  to  become  visible,  sensible,  or  oper- 
ative; to  spring  up;  to  start  into  action. 

Whence  heavy  persecution  shall  arise 
On  all  who  in  the  worship  persevere 
Of  spirit  and  of  truth.  Milton. 

For  the  mighty  wind  arises  roaring  seaward,  and 
I  go.  Tennyson. 

4.  To  get  out  of  bed ;  to  leave  a  place  or 
state  of  rest;  to  leave  a  sitting  or  lying  pos- 
ture. 

Then  the  Wng  arose  very  early  in  the  morning. 
Dan.  vi.  19. 

5.  To  revive  from  death;  to  leave  the  grave; 
to  awake  from  lethargy. 

Many  bodies  of  the  saints  which  slept  arose. 

Mat.  xxvii.  52. 

6.  To  begin  sedition,  insurrection,  or  mutiny; 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pjn;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      }',  Sc.  ity. 


ARISE 


149 


ARM 


to  invade,  assault,  nr  Infill  hostility :  fol- 
lowed l>y  uiiniiixi;  as,  the  uiun  arose  or  rose 
against  their  officers. 

When  hi:  arose  against  me  I  caught  him  by  his 
beard.  i  Sam.  xvii.  35. 

Arise  t  (a-riz'),  n.  Rising.  '  Upon  the  arise 
or  descent  of  the  stars.'  Sir  7.  Browne. 

Arista  (a-ris'ta),  n.  [L.  ]  In  bnt.  awn;  the 
long  pointed  beard  or  liristle-like  process 
which  issues  from  the  glume  of  some  grasses. 
It  is  of  different  kinds,  as  naked,  feathered, 
straight,  genienljited,  recurved,  twisted,  <fec. 

Aristarch  (arMs-tiirk),  n.  [VromAristarchutt, 
an  ancient  critic  distinguished  for  severity.  ] 
A  severe  critic.  'The  aristarch  Johnson.' 
.Sir  W.  Scott. 

Aristarc]iiii.u  (a-ris-tartii-an),  a.  Like  the 
ancient  critic  Aristarch.ua;  severely  critical. 

Aristarchy  t  (ar'is-tar-ki),  n.  Severe  criti- 
cism like  that  of  the  ancient  critic  Ari&tar- 
chus.  [Rare.] 

Howbeit,  the  ground  on  which  I  would  build  his 
chief  praise  (to  some  of  the  Aristarchy  and  sour 
censures  of  these  days)  requires,  first,  an  apology. 
Sir  y.  Harington. 

Aristate  (a-ris'tat),  a,.  [L.  aristatus,  from 
arista,  an  awn.  ]  Awned;  having  a  pointed 
beard-like  process  like  that  of  barley. 

Aristocracy  (ar-is-tok'ra-si),  n.  [Or.  arista- 
kratitt,  rule  of  the  best  or  of  the  best-born, 
aristocratic  government— aristos,  best,  and 
kratetj,  to  hold  sway  or  govern.]  l.t  Govern- 
ment by  the  best  men  in  the  state;  a  govern- 
ing body  composed  of  the  best  men  in  the 
state. 

He  (Periandcr)  reckoned  that  popular  estate  the 
best,  which  came  nearest  to  an  aristocracy  or  regi- 
ment of  wise  and  noble  senate.  Holland. 

2.  A  form  of  government  in  which  the  su- 
preme power  is  vested  in  those  members  of 
the  state  who  are  distinguished  by  their 
rank  and  opulence:  when  there  is  only  a 
small  number  of  rulers,  the  government  is 
called  an  oligarchy. 

The  aristocracy  of  Venice  hath  admitted  so  many 
abuses  .  .  .  that  the  period  of  its  duration  seems  to 
approach.  Swift. 

3.  The  nobility  or  chief  persons  in  a  state. 

Between  the  aristocracy  and  the  working  people 
had  sprung  up  a  middle  class,  agricultural  and  com- 
mercial. Macautay. 

Aristocrat  (arfs-to-krat  or  a-ris'to-krat),  n. 

1.  A  member  of  the  aristocracy  or  men  of 
rank  in  a  community ;  hence,  a  person  of 
haughty  and  overbearing  temper  and  man- 
ners.   '  A  born  aristocrat.'   E.E.Browning. 

2.  One  who  favours  an  aristocracy;  one  who 
is  a  friend  to  an  aristocratical  form  of  go- 
vernment. 

Aristocratic,  Aristocratical  (a-ris'to- 
kraf'ik,  a-ris'to-krat"ik-al),  o.  1.  Pertaining 
to  aristocracy  or  the  rule  of  aristocrats;  con- 
sisting in  or  pertaining  to  the  rule  of  nobles 
or  principal  men;  as,  an  aristocratic  consti- 
tution; an  aristocratic  government. — 2.  Per- 
taining to  the  nobility  or  men  of  rank;  re- 
sembling in  manners  or  sharing  the  feelings 
of  the  aristocracy  or  higher  classes  in  a 
community;  as,  aristocratic  pride;  aristo- 
cratic in  sentiment. 

Aristocratically  (a-ris'to-krat"ik-al-li),a<ii>. 
In  an  aristocratical  manner. 

Aristocraticalness(a-ris'to-krat"ik-al-nes), 
it.  The  quality  of  being  aristocratical. 

Aristocrat  ism  ( a-ris' to-krat-izm  or  ar-is- 
tok'rat-izm),  n.  1.  The  condition  of  belong- 
ing to  an  aristocracy;  support  of  or  belief  in 
an  aristocracy  or  privileged  class;  aristo- 
cratic tendency. — 2.  The  aristocracy  collec- 
tively. [Rare.] 

Arisfocratiim  rolls  in  its  carriage,  while  patriotism 
cannot  trail  its  cannon.  Cartyte. 

Aristocratlze  (ar-is-tok'rat-iz),  v.t.  To  ren- 
der aristocratic.  Quart.  Rev.  [Rare.] 

Aristocratyt  (ar-is-tok'ra-ti),  n.  Same  as 
.1  rittoeracy.  Burton. 

Aristo-democracy  ( a-ris'to-de-mok"ra-si ), 
«.  A  form  of  government  composed  of  nobles 
and  the  commonalty ;  a  government  com- 
posed of  aristocratic  and  democratic  ele- 
ments combined. 

Aristolochia(a-ris'to-lo"ki-a),?(.  [Gr.aristos, 
best,  and  tocheia,  childbirth,  because  plants 
of  this  genus  were  supposed  to  promote  the 
lochial  discharges  after  childbirth.  ]  A  genus 
of  gynandrous  plants,  nat.  order  Aristolo- 
chiacerc,  with  remarkable  flowers,  and  re- 
quiring the  aid  of  insects  to  produce  fertil- 
ization. The  flowers  are  bent  in  the  middle, 
and  lined  with  hairs  pointed  downwards. 
The  plants  are  chiefly  climbers,  and  the 
lanre  striking  flowers  are  of  a  dingy  hue. 
They  are  cultivated  in  hothouses.  For  re- 
puted medical  qualities  of  the  species  see 

AKISTOLOCHIACEjE. 


Aristolochiaceae  (a-rls'to-16'ki-a"se-e),  n. 
pi.  The  birthwort  tribe  of  plants,  a  nat. 
order  of  dicotyledonous  nionorlilniiiydrouw 
plants,  with  an  inferior  3-6-celled  fruit, 
with  numerous  ovules,  small  embryo,  and 
copious  albumen.  The  species  principally 
inhabit  the  hotter  parts  of  the  world,  and 
are  in  many  cases  used  medicinally  on  ac- 
count of  their  tonic  and  stimulating  pro- 
perties, and  some  of  them,  as  the  Aristolo- 
chia  Serpentaria,  or  Virginian  snake-root, 
are  reputed  remedies  for  the  bite  of  venom- 
ous serpents,  as  also  for  various  kinds  of 
fever.  The  genus  Aristolochia  has  emmen- 
agogic  qualities,  especially  the  European 
species  A.  rotunda,  A.  longa,&mi  A.  Clema- 
titis.  A.  bracteata  is  used  in  India  as  an 
anthelminthic ;  A.  odoratissima,  a  West  In- 
dian species,  is  a  valuable  bitter  and  alexi- 
pharmic.  A.  anguicida  (snake-killing  birth- 
wort)  has  its  name  from  its  juice  stupefying 
serpents  and  being  also  an  antidote  to  their 
bite.  Several  species  of  Asarum  are  also 
used  medicinally. 

Aristology  (ar-is-tol'o-ji),  n.  [Or.  ariston,  a 
midday  meal,  and  logos,  doctrine.]  The 
science  of  dining.  Quart.  Rev.  [A  humor- 
ous word.  ] 

Aristophanic  (a-ris'to-fan"ik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  writings  or  style  of  Aristophanes 
the  comic  poet,  of  Athens;  shrewd;  witty. 

Aristotelia  (a-ris'to-te'11-a),  >».  [After  Aris- 
totle, the  Greek  philosopher.]  A  genus  of 
plants  of  the  nat.  order  Tiliaceee.  They  are 
shrubs  or  small  trees  with  opposite  or  ter- 
nate  stalked  leaves;  the  flowers  are  small 
and  white,  arranged  in  axillary  fascicles  or 
in  racemes ;  the  berries  are  roundish,  vary- 
ing in  colour  from  pink  to  black,  and  in  size 
from  a  small  tree  to  a  cherry.  The  princi- 
pal species  is  A.  Maqui.  See  MAQUI. 

Aristotelian  (a-ris'to-te"li-an),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Aristotle,  the  celebrated  Greek  phi- 
losopher, a  disciple  of  Plato,  and  founder 
of  the  sect  of  the  Peripatetics,  who  was  born 
at  Stagira  in  Macedon  about  384  years  before 
Christ.  The  A  rUtotelian  philosophy  is  other- 
wise called  peripatetic. 

Aristotelian  (a-ris'to-te"li-an),  n.  A  fol- 
lower of  Aristotle.  See  PERIPATETIC. 

Aristotelianism  (a-ris'to-te"li-an-izm),  n. 
The  philosophy  or  doctrines  of  Aristotle. 

Aristotelic  (a-ris'to-tel"ik ),  a.  Pertaining 
to  Aristotle  or  to  his  philosophy. 

Aristulate  (a-ris'tu-lat),  a.  [L.  arista,  an 
awn.  ]  In  bot.  having  a  short  beard  or  awn. 
Asa  Gray. 

Arithmancy(ar'ith-man-siora-rith'man-si), 
n.  [Gr.  arithmos,  number,  and  manteia, 
divination.]  Divination  or  the  foretelling 
of  future  events  by  the  use  or  observation 
of  numbers. 

Arithmetic  (a-rith'met-ik),  71.  [Gr.  arith- 
jnetike,  the  art  of  numbering,  from  arithmos, 
number.]  The  science  of  numbers  or  the 
art  of  computation  by  figures  or  numerals. 
Decimal  or  common  arithmetic  is  that  which 
employs  ten  symbols  or  digits  from  0  to  9 
inclusive,  which  are  usually  called  the  Ara- 
bic numerals,  but  originated  among  the 
Hindus.  Symbols  written  to  the  left  of 
the  unit's  place  indicate  tens,  hundreds, 
&c. ;  those  written  to  the  right  of  the  unit's 
place  indicate  tenths,  hundredth^,  die. ,  and 
whole  numbers  are  separated  from  frac- 
tional by  a  point  called  the  decimal  point, 
thus,  12-43.  —  Instrumental  arithmetic,  a 
mode  of  computing  numbers  by  means  of 
some  instrument,  as  the  abacus,  Napier's 
bones,  Ac.—  Political  arithmetic,  statistics 
relating  to  the  condition  of  a  country. — 
Specious,  literal,  or  universal  arithmetic, 
names  sometimes  given  to  algebra. 

Arithmetic  (ar-ith-met'ik),  a.  A  less  com- 
mon form  of  Arithmetical. 

Arithmetical  (ar-ith-met'ik-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  arithmetic;  according  to  the  rules  or 
methods  used  in  arithmetic.— Arithmetical 
complement  is  that  which  a  number  wants  of 
the  next  higher  power  of  10;  3,  for  example, 
is  the  arithmetical  complement  of  7;  56of44. 
— Arithmetical  complement  of  a  logarithm, 
the  sum  or  number  which  a  logarithm  wants 
of  10. — Arithmetical  mean,  the  middle  term 
of  three  quantities  in  arithmetical  progres- 
sion, or  half  the  sum  of  any  two  proposed 
numbers.  — Arithmetical  progression,  a  se- 
ries of  quantities  or  numbers  increasing  or 
decreasing  by  a  common  difference,  as  1,  3, 
5,  7,  &c.  See  SERIES. — Arithmetical  pro- 
portion, the  equality  of  two  arithmetical 
ratios  or  differences,  as  in  the  numbers  12, 
9, 6,  where  12— 9  =  9-6. — Arithmetical  ratio, 
the  difference  between  any  two  adjacent 


terms  in  arithmetical  progression.—  Arith- 
metical signs,  thearbitrarysymbolsus.il  t •• 
:  denote  the  operations  performed  on  num- 
bers or  the  relations  subsisting  between 
them;  as,  +  ,  -,  =,  &c. 

Arithmetically  (ar-ith-met'ik-al-ll),  adv. 
According  to  the  rules,  principles,  or  method 
of  arithiu'  t  ii 

Arithmetician  (a-rith'me-ti"shan),  n.  One 
skilled  in  arithmetic. 

Arithmometer  (ar-ith-mom'et-er),  n.  [Gr. 
arithmos,  a  number,  and  metrmi,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  assisting  in  making 
arithmetical  computations. 

Ark  (ark),  n.  [A.  Sax.  arc,  earc,  ere,  Goth. 
arka,  D.  Dan.  ark,  Icel.  ork,  G.  arche,  a 
chest,  an  ark,  especially  Noah's  ark,  all  pro- 
bably from  L.  area,  a  chest.  ]  1.  A  small 
close  vessel,  chest,  or  coffer;  as,  a  meal-art. 
[Old  English  and  Scotch.] 

Forth  came  Sir  Satyrane 
Bearing  that  precious  relick  in  an  arke.    Sftnser. 

2.  In  Scrip,  the  repository  of  the  covenant 
or  tables  of  the  law,  perhaps  also  of  the  pot 
of  manna  and  Aaron's  rod.  The  ark  was 
made  of  shittim-wood,  overlaid  within  and 
without  with  gold,  about  3J  feet  long  by 
21  feet  high  and  broad,  and  over  it  were 
placed  the  golden  covering  or  mercy-seat 
and  the  two  cherubim. —The  same  name  is 


Ark,  containing  the  rolls  of  the  Law.— Great 
Synagogue,  Aldgate,  London. 

given  to  a  repository  of  the  same  kind  in 
modern  Jewish  synagogues.  —  3.  The  large 
floating  vessel  in  which  Noah  and  his  family 
were  preserved  during  the  deluge;  also,  the 
vessel  of  bulrushes  in  which  the  infant 
Moses  was  laid.— 4.  A  large  boat  used  on 
American  rivers  to  transport  produce  to 
market.  — 5.  In  zool.  a  name  common  to  the 
mollusca  of  the  family  Arcadffi. 

Arkansite  (ar-kan'sit), ».    Sameas^wrmi/c. 

Arid  (ar'ke),  n.    Same  as  Arak. 

Arkite  (ark'it),  n.  One  of  the  persons  who 
were  preserved  in  the  ark.  Bryant.  [Rare.] 

Arkite  (ark'it),  a.  Belonging  to  the  ark. 
Bryant.  [Rare.] 

Arkose  (ar'kos),  71.  [Fr.  ]  A  felspathic  sand- 
stone formed  from  the  disintegration  of 
granite,  and  composed  of  the  materials  of 
the  parent  rock  embedded  in  a  matrix  of 
siliceous  cement.  It  occurs  as  a  sort  of  talus 
at  the  junction  of  granite  with  formations 
of  different  ages.  In  Sweden  it  is  found 
resembling  a  coarse  sandstone  grit. 

Ark-shell  (ark'shel),  n.  A  name  common 
to  the  shells  of  those  mollusca  belonging  to 
the  family  Arcadre  (which  see). 

Arle-penny,  Aries-penny  (arl'pen-ni,  iirlz'- 
pen-ni),  n.  Same  as  A  rles. 

Aries  (iirlz),  n.  pi.  [Probably  from  L.  arrha, 
earnest-money;  comp.,  however,  Gael,  iar- 
las,  earlas,  Ir.  iarlus,  earnest-money,  which 
may  be  the  original,  if  not  themselves  bor- 
rowed. ]  Earnest-money  given  in  confirma- 
tion of  a  bargain,  contract,  or  agreement. 
The  practice  is  now  almost  discontinued 
except  in  the  case  of  hiring  servants.  [Scotch 
and  North  of  England.] 

Arm  (arm),  n.  [A.  Sax.  arm,  earn,  Goth. 
arms,  Icel.  armr,  G.  Fris.  D.  Dan.  and  Sw. 
arm;  allied  to  L.  armus,  the  shoulder  where 
it  is  fltted  to  the  shoulder-blade;  Gr.  armot. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J,  job;      (i,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KKT. 


ARM 


150 


ARMENTAL 


a  fitting,  from  aro,  to  fit;  Skr.  ar,  to  bring 
one  thing  to  another.]  1.  The  limb  of  the 
human  body  which  extends  from  the  shoul- 
der to  the  hand.  In  her.  the  arm  is  vari- 
ously borne  as  a  charge  upon  the  shield 
and  for  crest. — 2.  Anything  formed  on  the 
type  of  or  resembling  the  arm,  as  fore-legs 
of  animals,  the  bough  of  a  tree,  the  slender 
parts  of  a  machine  projecting  from  a  trunk, 
axis,  or  fulcrum,  as  the  arms  of  a  lever; 
anything  projecting  from  a  main  body,  as  a 
narrow  inlet  of  waters  from  the  sea.— 3.  Fig. 
power,  might,  strength;  as,  the  secular  ami. 
In  this  sense  the  word  is  often  used  in  the 
Scriptures. 

To  whom  is  the  arm  of  the  Lord  revealed? 

Is.  liii.  i. 

—  Daggering  or  stabbing  arms,  a  practice 
once  observed  among  gallants  of  piercing 
their  arms  with  daggers  so  as  to  draw  blood, 
which  they  mixed  with  wine  and  drank  to 
the  health  of  their  mistresses.  Nares. 

Have  I  not  .  .  .  stabb'd  arms,  and  done  all  the 
offices  of  protested  gallantry  for  your  sake? 

Marston. 

Armt  (arm),  v.t.  To  take  by  the  arm;  to 
offer  the  arm  to;  to  take  up  in  the  arms. 

Arnt  your  prize; 

I  know  you  will  not  lose  him.         £eau.  &  Ft, 
And  make  him  with  our  pikes  and  partizans 
A  grave.     Come,  arm  him.  Shaft. 

Arm  (arm),  n.  [Fr.  arme,  a  weapon,  from 
L.  arma,  arms.]  1.  Milit.  (a)  a  weapon :  in 
this  sense  most  commonly  used  in  the 
plural,  and  when  used  in  the  singular  it  is 
for  the  most  part  rather  with  reference  to 
a  particular  kind  of  weapon  than  with  refer- 
ence to  an  individual  piece. 

We  are  sending  an  army  of  rifles  against  an  army 
of  muskets,  though  the  Russian  musket  is,  we  be- 
lieve, a  superior  and  powerful  arm. 

Leader  newspaper. 

(b)pl.  Armour;  coverings  for  the  body  in- 
tended as  defences  against  weapons  of  war. 

Look,  a  prize ! 

Three  horses  and  three  goodly  suits  of  arms, 
And  all  in  charge  of  whom?  a  girl :  set  on. 

Tennyson. 

(c)  A  branch  of  the  military  service,  as 
cavalry  or  artillery ;  as,  the  enemy  was 
strong  in  artillery,  but  we  were  weak  in 
that  arm.  [This  use  is  possibly  in  part  due 
to  a  figurative  use  of  the  other  word  arm  in 
the  sense  of  a  branch  of  anything.  ]  Hence— 

2.  pi.  Deeds  or  exploitsof  war;  war;  hostility. 

Arms  and  the  man  I  sing.  Dryden. 

3.  pi.  Armorial  bearings ;  the  devices  armo- 
rial of  a  community,  office,  or  family,  con- 
sisting of   figures  and    colours    borne  on 
shields,  on  banners,  &c.,  as  marks  of  dignity 
and  distinction,  and,  in  the  case  of  family 
and  feudal  arms,  descending  from  father  to 
son.    Armorial  bearings  have  been  classed 
as — (1)  Arms  of  dominion,  or  the  national 
arms  borne  by  the  sovereign ;  (2)  of  preten- 
sion, quartered  by  a  sovereign  to  express 
his  claim  to  a  foreign  kingdom,  as  those  of 
France  borne  by  the  kings  of  England  till 
1801;  (3)  of  succession,  or  feudal  arms,  arms 
of  a  lordship  or  estate,  as  those  of  Mar 
quartered  by  the  earls  of  Derby;   (4)  of 
family,  borne  by  all  the  descendants  of  the 
first  bearer ;  (5)  of  assumption,  arms  of  a 
captive  in  war  borne  by  his  captor;  thus 
the  Prince  of  Wales  bears  the  arms  of  Bo- 
hemia ;  (6)  of  alliance,  as  those  of  a  wife 
which  a  husband  impales  with  his  own ; 
(7)  of  office,  as  of  lyon  king-at-arms ;  (8)  of 
community,  as  of  corporations,  sees,  &c.— 
Canting  arms,  sometimes  called  allusive  or 
punning  arms,  and  in  French  armes  par- 
lantes,  contain  charges  alluding  to  the  name 
of  the  bearer ;  thus  the  arms  of  the  family 
of  Arundel  are  six  swallows  (hirondelles  in 
French)  argent  Armorial  bearings  were  first 
employed  by  the  Crusaders,  and  became  her- 
editary in  families  at  the  close  of  the  twelfth 
century.      They  took  their  rise  from  the 
knights  painting  their  banners  each  with  a 
figure  or  figures  proper  to  himself,  to  enable 
him  to  be  distinguished  in  battle  when  clad 
in  armour. — 4.  In  law,  anything  which  a 
man  takes  in  his  hand  in  anger  to  strike  or 
assault  another.— 5.  pi.  In  bot.  anything  that 
serves  as  a  defence  to  a  plant,  as  prickles, 
thorns,    or    spines.  —  6.   pi.    In  falconry, 
the  legs  of  a  hawk  from  the  thigh  to  the 
foot.—  Arms  of  precision,  firearms  rifled,  fur- 
nished with  scientifically  graduated  sights, 
accurately  prepared  bullets,  and  all  appli- 
ances calculated   to  enable   them  to  act 
with  great  precision,  rapidity,  and  at  much 
greater  distances  than  the  arms  which  pre- 
ceded them.    The  Armstrong  gun  and  Mar- 
tini-Henry rifle  are  examples  of  arms  of  pre- 


cision.— Small  arms,  arms  that  can  be  car- 
ried by  those  who  use  them.  — A  stand  of 
arms,  a  complete  set  of  arms  for  one  soldier, 
consisting  of  a  musket,  bayonet,  cartridge- 
box  and  belt,  with  a  sword.— To  be  in  arms, 
to  be  in  a  state  of  hostility,  or  of  prepara- 
tion for  war. 

Sir  Edward  Courtenay  and  the  haughty  prelate, 
With  many  more  confederates,  aft  in  artns. 

Shak. 

—To  be  under  arms,  to  be  armed  and  in  a 
state  of  readiness  for  fighting.— -To  arms!  a 
call  to  persons  to  take  up  arms  for  war  or 
hostility. — To  take  (or  take  up)  arms,  to 
arm  for  attack  or  defence.  —  Bred  to  arms, 
educated  to  the  profession  of  a  soldier. 
Arm  (arm),  v.t.  [L.  anno;  Fr.  anner;  It. 
armare;  from  L.  anna,  arms.]  1.  To  fur- 
nish or  equip  with  weapons  of  offence  or 
defence;  as,  to  arm  the  militia  1.  To  cover 
or  provide  with  whatever  will  add  strength, 
force,  or  security ;  as,  to  arm  the  hilt  of  a 
sword ;  to  arm  a  man-of-war  with  armour 
plates.  —  3.  To  furnish  with  means  of  defence ; 
to  prepare  for  resistance;  to  fortify. 

Arm  yourselves  likewise  with  the  same  mind. 

i  Pet.  iv.  i. 

There  is  no  terror,  Cassius,  in  your  threats, 
For  I  am  armed  so  strong  in  honesty, 
That  they  pass  by  me  as  the  idle  wind.     Shak. 

4.  To  fit  up ;  to  furnish  with  the  means  of 
action  or  effect ;  as,  to  arm  a  hook  in  ang- 
ling; to  arm  a  dressing  in  surgery.— To  arm 
a  magnet,  to  fit  it  with  an  armature.  See 
ARMATURE. 

Arm  (arm),  v.i.  To  provide  with  arms, 
weapons,  or  means  of  attack  or  resistance; 
to  take  arms;  as,  the  nations  arm  for  war. 
'  'Tis  time  to  arm.'  Shak. 

Armada  (ar-ma'da),  n.  [Sp. ,  an  armed  naval 
force.]  A  fleet  of  armed  ships;  a  squadron. 
The  term  is  usually  applied  to  the  Spanish 
fleet,  called  the  Invincible  Armada,  con- 
sisting of  130  ships,  intended  to  act  against 
England  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth, 
A.D.  1588. 

Armadillo  (ar-ma-dil'16),  n.  pi.  Armadillos 
(ar-ma-dil'loz).  [Sp.,  dim.  of  annado,  one 
who  is  armed,  so  called  from  its  bony 
shell.  ]  An  edentate  mammal  peculiar 
to  South  America,  of  the  genus  Dasypus, 
family  Dasypodida;,  consisting  of  various  spe- 
cies. These  animals,  with  the  allied  genera 
Chlamyphorus  and  Orycteropus,  form  a  fam- 
ily intermediate  between  the  sloths  and 
ant-eaters,  and  are  characterized  by  having 


Yellow-footed  Armadillo  (Dasyfus  E 


molar  teeth  only.  The  armadillos  are 
covered  with  a  hard  bony  shell,  divided  into 
belts,  composed  of  small  separate  plates  like 
a  coat  of  mail,  flexible  everywhere  except 
on  the  forehead,  shoulders,  and  haunches, 
where  it  is  not  movable.  The  belts  are  con- 
nected by  a  membrane,  which  enables  the 
an.  inal  to  roll  itself  up  like  a  hedgehog. 
These  animals  burrow  in  the  earth,  where 
they  lie  during  the  daytime,  seldom  going 
abroad  except  at  night.  They  are  of  differ- 
ent sizes;  the  largest,  Dasypus  gigas,  being 
3  feet  in  length  without  the  tail,  and  the 
smallest  only  10  inches.  They  subsist  chiefly 
on  fruits  and  roots  ;  sometimes  on  insects 
and  flesh.  When  attacked  they  roll  them- 
selves into  a  ball,  presenting  their  armour 
on  all  sides  to  any  assailant  ;  but  they  are 
inoffensive,  and  their  flesh  is  esteemed  good 
food.  Cuvier  divides  the  whole  genus  into 
five  small  groups,  which  are  principally  dis- 
tinguished from  each  other  by  the  number 
and  form  of  their  teeth  and  claws. 

Armadot  (ar-ma'do),  n.  Same  as  Armada 
(which  see).  'A  whole  annado  of  convicted 
sail.'  Shak. 

Armament  (ar'ma-ment),  n.  [L.  armamen- 
ta,  utensils,  tackle,  from  arma,  arms.]  1.  A 
body  of  forces  equipped  for  war:  used  of  a 
land  or  naval  force.  'The  whole  united 
armament  of  Greece/  Glover. 

It  was  necessary  for  him  ...  to  proceed  with  his 
twenty  men-of-war  to  the  Mediterranean,  while  his 
superiors,  with  the  rest  of  the  armament,  returned 
to  the  Channel.  Macaulay. 


2.  The  munitions  of  a  fort  or  ship;  the  num- 
ber and  weight  of  all  the  guns  which  a  ship 
of  war  carries. 

Armamentary  (ar-ma-ment'a-ri),  n.  An 
armoury;  a  magazine  or  arsenal.  Bailey. 
[Rare,] 

Armature  (ar'ma-tur),  n.  [L.  armatura,  an 
outfit, armour.]  1.  Armour;  somethingworn 
to  defend  the  body;  hence,  anything  serving 
as  a  defence,  as  the  prickles  and  spines  of 
plants,  and  horns  of  animals,  these  having 
been  conferred  on  them  for  protection. 
'  Others  armed  with  hard  shells;  others  with 
prickles;  others  having  no  such  armature.' 
Ray. 

It  is  remarkable  that  man,  who  is  endowed  with 
reason,  is  born  without  armature.  Derham. 

2.f  A  body  of  armed  troops.     *  Ground  fit 
for  the  archers  and  light  armature. '  Raleigh. 

3.  Iron  framing  or  bars  employed  to  strength- 
en a    building,  as   in    sustaining  slender 
columns,  holding  up  canopies,  <fcc.  —  4.  A 
piece  of  iron  connecting  the  two  poles  of  a 
magnet  or  electro-magnet,  serving  to  main- 
tain the  magnetic  power  undiminished. 

Arm-band  (arm'band),  n.  A  piece  of  crooked 
iron  attached  to  a  rail  or  stone  block,  fixed 
against  the  walls  in  barrack-rooms  to  retain 
the  soldiers*  muskets  when  not  in  use,  the 
butt-ends  resting  on  the  floor. 

Arm-chair  (arm'char),  n.  A  chair  with 
arms  to  support  the  elbows. 

Armed  (armd),  p.  and  a.  1.  Furnished  with 
weapons  of  offence  or  defence ;  furnished 
with  the  means  of  security ;  fortified,  in  a 
moral  sense.  —  2.  In  her.  applied  to  beasts 
and  birds  of  prey  when  the  beaks,  talons, 
horns,  or  teeth  are  of  a  different  colour  from 
the  rest  of  the  body. — 3.  In  magnetism, 
furnished  with  an  armature  or  a  piece  of 
iron  so  as  to  connect  the  poles,  as  a  horse- 
shoe magnet.— 4.  In  bot.  having  prickles  or 
thorns.—  A rmed  ship,  a  ship  which  is  taken 
into  the  service  of  a  government  for  a  parti- 
cular occasion,  and  armed  like  a  ship  of  war. 
—  Armed  at  all  points,  a  term  used  for  a 
man  completely  covered  with  armour  ex- 
cepting his  face  when  his  vizor  is  up.  When 
it  is  closed  he  is  totally  sheathed,  or  armed 


Armed  at  all  points. — From  Tower  of  London. 

cap  a  pie.  The  engraving  shows  two  views 
of  a  complete  suit  of  armour  made  for 
Henry  VIII.  when  a  young  man.  —  Armed 
in  Jtute.  See  under  FLCTE.— Armed  neu- 
trality, the  condition  of  affairs  when  a  na- 
tion assumes  a  threatening  position,  and 
maintains  an  armed  force  to  repel  any  ag- 
gression on  the  part  of  belligerent  nations 
between  which  it  is  neutral. — Armed  peace, 
the  condition  of  a  country  which  in  the  time 
of  peace  maintains  its  military  establish- 
ments on  a  war  footing,  so  as  to  be  ready 
for  war  at  any  moment. 

Armenian  (ar-me'ni-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Armenia,  a  country  and  formerly  a  king- 
dom in  Asia,  divided  into  Major  and  Minor. 
The  greater  Armenia  is  now  called  Turco- 
man ia.  —  Annenian  bole,  a  species  of  clay 
from  Armenia.  See  BOLE. — Armenian  stone, 
a  soft  blue  carbonate  of  copper;  also  a  com- 
mercial name  for  lapis-lazuli. 

Armenian  (ar-me'ni-an),  n.  i.  A  native  of 
Armenia,  or  the  language  of  the  country.— 
2.  Eccles.  an  adherent  of  the  Christian 
Church  of  Armenia. 

Armental,  t  Armentine  t  (ar-ment'al,  ar- 
ment'In),  a.  [L.  annentalis,  from  armentum, 
a  herd.]  Belonging  to  a  drove  or  herd  of 
cattle.  Bailey. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abuue;       y,  Sc.  fey. 


AKMENTOSE 


151 


ARMOUR 


Armentoset  (ar-ment'os),  a.  Abounding 
\\ithfiittle.  Kailey. 

Armeria  (ilr-me'ri-a),  n.  [L. ,  a  kind  of  pink.  1 
A  ui'iiiisof  plants,  nat.  order  ritlmbaginaceie, 
ihMiiimuishril  ii'oin  staliceby  the  hairy  styles 
iind  capitate  Bowers;  thrift  or  sea-pink.  A. 
mariliina.  a  well-known  specieson  our  shores 
ami  on  tile  higher  Scottish  mountain  tops,  is 
much  used  for  edgings  in  gardens. 

Arrnet  (ar'met),  »i.    [Fr.]   A  helmet  used  in 


Armet-grand. 


Armet-petit. 


the  fourteenth,  fifteenth,  and  sixteenth  cen- 
turies. When  worn  with  the  beaver  it  was 
called  armet-grand;  when  without,  and  sup- 
plied with  a  triple-barred  face-guard,  it  was 
called  armet-petit. 

Armful  (arm'ful),  n.  As  much  as  the  arms 
can  hold;  what  one  holds  in  one's  arms  or 
embrace. 

"Pis  not  the  wealth  of  Plutus.  nor  the  gold 
Lock1!  in  the  heart  of  earth,  can  buy  away 
This  armful  from  me.  Beau.  &•  Ft. 

Arm-gaunt  (arm'gant),  a.  An  epithet  applied 
toahorse  by  Shakspere,  of  disputed  meaning. 

So  he  (Antony)  nodded. 
And  soberly  did  mount  an  arm-gaunt  steed. 
Who  neigh  d  so  high  that  what  I  would  have  spoke 
Was  beastly  dumbed  by  him.         Ant.  &  Cleo.  i.  5. 

Arm-flaunt,  a  word  peculiar  to  Shakspere,  of  which 
the  meaning  has  been  much  disputed.  Warburton 

?ave  the  interpretation  best  suited  to  the  text,  warn 
y  military  service.  Nans. 

Arm-grete,t  a.    As  thick  as  a  man's  arm. 

Chanci'r. 
Armhole  (ann'hol),  n.    1.  The  cavity  under 

the  shoulder,  or  the  arm-pit. 

Tickling  is  most  in  the  soles  of  the  feet,  and  under 
the  armkoies,  and  on  the  sides.  The  cause  is  the  thin- 
ness of  the  skin  in  these  parts,  joined  with  the  rareness 
of  being  touched  there.  Bacon. 

2.  A  hole  for  the  arm  in  a  garment. 

Anniferous(ar-mif'er-us),a.  [L. arma, arms, 
and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing  arms. 

Armiger  (ar'mi-jer),  n.  [L. ,  one  that  bears 
arms — arma,  arms,  and  gero,  to  carry.]  1.  In 
times  of  chivalry,  an  armour-bearer  to  a 
knight;  a  squire;  the  second  in  rank  of  the 
aspirants  to  chivalry  or  knighthood.  —  2.  In 
later  times,  one  with  a  right  to  armorial 
bearings;  an  esquire.  See  ESQUIRE. 

Armigero  (ar-mij'er-6),  n.  [Dative  or  abla- 
tive of  L.  armiyer.  See  above.]  Latin  equi- 
valent of  English  'esquire.' 

A  gentleman  born,  master  parson ;  who  writes  him- 
self 'Armigtro,'  in  any  bill,  warrant,  quittance,  or 
obligation,  'Armigero.  Sflak. 

Armlgerous  (ar-mij'er-us),  a.  [L.  armiaer 
—arma,  arms,  and  gero,  to  bear.]  Bearing 
arms.  [Rare.] 


They  belonged  to  the 
population. 


'.rtnipcrous  part  of  the 
De  Quincey. 


Armil  (iir'mil'),  n.  [L.  armilla,  an  armlet, 
from  artiinx,  the  upper  arm.]  An  armillary 
sphere,  or  a  ring  in  such  a  sphere. 

Armilausa  (ar-mi-la'ea),  n.  [L.  Said 
by  Isidorus  to  be  contracted  for  anni- 
•WIHO— armuft,  the 
shoulder,  and  clau- 
sits,  shut  in,  from 
daitdcre,  to  shut.] 
A  name  of  an  an- 
cient garment  worn 
in  England  and 
on  the  Continent, 
which  probably  dif- 
fered in  shape  at 
different  times. 
Meyrick  describes 
it  as  'a  body  gar- 
ment the  prototype 
of  the  surcoat.' 
One  form  of  it,  a 
kind  of  short  cloak 
with  a  hood,  is  re- 
presented in  the 
accompanying  cut. 

Armilla  (ar-mil'Ia),  n.  [See  AEMIL.]  1.  An 
armlet;  a  circular  or  spiral  ornament  worn 
round  the  upper  arm ;  also,  a  bracelet  or 
ornament  for  the  wrist. —2.  In  mack,  an 
iron  ring,  hoop,  or  brace,  in  which  the 
gudgeons  of  a  wheel  move.— 3.  In  anat. 


Armilausa,  from  an  illu- 
mination of  14th  century. 


a  circular  ligament  of  the  wrist  binding 
the  tendons  of  the  whole  hand. 
Armillary  (ai-'mil-la-ri),  a.    Resembling  a 
bracelet  or  armilla;  consisting  of  rings  or 
circles. — AnniUary  xphere,  an  arrangement 


Armillary  Sphere. 

of  rings,  all  circles  of  one  sphere,  Intended 
to  show  the  relative  positions  of  the  prin- 
cipal circles  of  the  heavens.  This  arrange- 
ment of  rings  revolves  upon  its  axis  within 
a  horizon,  divided  into  degrees,  and  movable 
every  way  upon  a  brass  supporter.  There 
are  two  sorts  of  armillary  spheres,  one  with 
the  earth  and  one  with  the  sun  in  the  centre; 
but  as  the  main  use  of  such  a  contrivance  is 
to  give  an  accurate  representation  of  the 
apparent  motions  of  the  solar  system,  the 
former,  known  as  the  sphere  of  Ptolemy,  is 
the  one  mostly  used,  the  latter,  the  sphere 
of  Copernicus,  being  of  little  practical  value. 

Armillate,  Armillated  (ar'mil-lat,  ar'mil- 
lat-ed),  n.  [L.  armiUatus.  See  ARMIL.] 
Furnished  with  an  armlet  or  bracelet. 
Bailey. 

Armillet  (ar'mil-let),  n.  A  small  armilla  or 
armlet. 

Armint  (ar'min),  n.  [A.  Sax.  earm,  G. 
arm,  miserable,  poor.]  A  beggar;  a  men- 
dicant. London  Prodigal. 

Armined  (artnind),  a.     In  her.  ermined. 

Arming  (arm'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  arming; 
as,  an  extensive  arming  of  the  people.  — 2.  t  In 
her,  a  coat  of  arms. 

When  the  Lord  Beaumont,  who  their  armings  knew, 
Their  present  peril  to  brave  Suffolk  shews.  Drayton. 

3.  Naut.  («)  a  piece  of  tallow  placed  in 
a  cavity  at  the  lower  end  of  a  sounding 
lead  to  bring  up  the  sand,  mud,  &c. ,  of  the 
sea-bottom.  (6)  pi.  A  kind  of  boarding- 
nettings,  (c)  pi.  Red  dress  cloths  formerly 
hung  fore  and  aft  outside  the  upper  works 
on  holidays:  still  used  by  foreigners.  Smyth. 

Arming-point  (arm'ing-point),  n.  A  tie 
holding  together  parts  of  a  suit  of  armour. 

Arming-press  (arm'ing-pres),  n.  A  screw- 
press  with  a  platen  heated  by  gas-jets,  used 
by  book-binders  in  applying  gold-leaf  to  the 
boards  of  books. 

Arming-sword  t  (arm'ing-sord),  n,  A  large 
two-handed  sword. 

A  helmett  of  proofe  shee  strait  did  provide, 
A  strong  arming~STuord  shee  girt  by  her  side. 
Percy  Reliq. 

Arminian  (ar-min'i-an),  n.  One  of  a  sect 
or  party  of  Christians,  so  called  from  James 
Arminius  or  Harmensen,a  Protestant  divine 
of  Leyden,  Holland,  who  died  in  1609.  They 
were  called  also  Remonstrants,  from  their 
having  presented  a  remonstrance  to  the 
States-general  in  1610.  They  separated  from 
the  Calvinists,  objecting  to  their  views  of  pre- 
destination. The  Armmian  doctrines  are — 

(1)  Conditional  election  and  reprobation, 
in  opposition  to  absolute  predestination. 

(2)  Universal  redemption,  or  that  the  atone- 
ment was  made  by  Christ  for  all  mankind, 
though  none  but  believers  can  be  partakers 
of  the  benefit.    (3)  That  man,  in  order  to 
exercise  true  faith,  must  be  regenerated  and 
renewed  by  the  operation  of  the  Holy  Spirit, 
which  is  the  gift  of  God;  but  that  this  grace 
is  not  irresistible  and  may  be  lost,  so  that 
men  may  relapse  from  a  state  of  grace  and 
die  in  their  sins. 

The  Arminian  has  entangled  the  Calvinist,  the  Cal- 
vinist  has  entangled  the  Arminian  in  a  labyrinth  of 
contradictions.  The  advocate  of  free-will  appeals  to 
conscience  and  instinct — toana/n'or*  sense  of  what 
ought  in  equity  to  be.  The  necessitarian  falls  back 
upon  the  experienced  reality  of  facts.  Froude. 

Arminian  (ar-min'i-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Arminius  or  his  principles. 


AiTninIanism(:ir-ini]i'i-:in-iziii).  /<,  The  pe- 
culiar <lnrtrint'B  <>r  tenets  of  tin-  Anniniuns. 

Armlpotence  (ar-mip'6 -tens),  n.  Power  in 
arms.  Jolumon. 

Armlpotent(nr-mfp'd-tcnt),  a.  (L.  armipo- 
ten*if  (u  iiiifiotetituf-—  arma,  arms,  andpotenx, 
powerful]  Powerful  in  arms;  mighty  in 
battle. 

The  manifold  linguist  and  the  arntifotcnt  soldier 
Shak. 

Armisonant,tArmisonouBt<ar  mis'O-nant, 
ar-mis'6-nus),  a.  [L.  arma,  arms,  and  gonug, 
sound.]  Sounding  or  rustling  in  arms. 
Bailey. 

Armistice  (aVmis-tis),  n.  [L.  arma,  arms, 
and  term,  -stitium,  as  in  fobotfutn  (solstice), 
from  sisto,  to  stand  still.]  A  cessation  of 
arms  for  a  short  time  by  convention;  a  truce; 
a  temporary  suspension  of  hostilities  by 
agreement  of  the  parties. 

Armless  (arm'les),  a.  Without  an  arm;  hav- 
ing lost  an  arm  or  both  arms. 

Armless  (armies),  a.  Destitute  of  weapons; 
defenceless.  'Spain  lying  armies* and  open.' 
Howell. 

Armlet  (armlet),  n.  [Dim.  of  arm.]  1.  A 
little  arm;  as,  an  armlet  of  the  sea.  — 2.  A 
piece  of  protective  armour  frr  the  arm.— 
3.  An  ornament  for  any  part  of  the  arm ;  a 
bracelet.  [Though  armlet  and  bracelet  are 
frequently  employed  as  convertible  terms, 
yet  the  armlet  worn  on  the  upper  arm  should 
be  distinguished  from  the  bracelet,  which 
is  an  ornament  worn  on  the  wrist.  In  the 
East  another  feature  distinguishes  the  arm- 
let from  the  bracelet,  the  latter  being  worn 
exclusively  by  women,  and  the  former  only 
by  men,  with  whom  it  is  regarded  as  one  of 
the  insignia  of  sovereign  power.  The  most 


Persian.  Egyptian. 

Armlets. 

famous  existing  armlets  are  those  which 
form  part  of  the  Persian  regalia,  and  which 
formerly  belonged  to  the  Moguls.  ]— 4.  Part 
of  the  sleeve  of  a  dress.  Trollope. 

Armorer,  n.     Same  as  Armourer. 

Armorial  (ar-mo'ri-al),  a.  Belonging  to  ar- 
mour, or  to  the  arms  or  escutcheon  of  a 
family.  '  A  rmorial  signs  of  race  and  birth. ' 
Wordsworth. — Armorial  bearings.  See  ARM, 
a  weapon,  3. 

Armoric,  Armorican  (ar-mor'ik,  ar-mor'ik- 
an),  a.  [Celt,  ar,  upon,  and  mor,  the  sea;  lit. 
maritime.]  Pertaining  to  the  north-western 
part  of  France,  formerly  called  Armorica, 
now  Bretagne  or  Brittany.  It  is  inhabited 
by  a  Cymric  race  who  emigrated  or  fled 
from  Britain  in  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries. 

Armoric  (ar-mor'ik),  n.  The  language  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Brittany,  one  of  the  Celtic 
dialects  which  have  remained  to  the  present 
times:  it  is  a  member  of  the  Cymric  group, 
of  which  the  Welsh,  to  which  it  is  closely 
allied,  is  the  only  other  living  member. 

Armorican  (ar-mor'ik-an),  n.  A  native  of 
Annorica  or  Brittany. 

Armorlstt  (ar'mer-ist),  n.  One  skilled  in 
coat-armour  or  armoury.  Bailey. 

Armory.    See  ARMOURY. 

Armour  (ar'mer),  n.  [O.E.  armure,  O.Fr. 
anneure,  Pr.  armadura,  from  L.  armatura, 
armour,  from  armare,  to  arm.]  1.  Defensive 
arms ;  any  covering  worn  to  protect  the 
body  in  battle;  also  called  Harness.  Metal 
armour  was  used  from  the  tenth  to  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  at  first  consisted  of 
a  tunic  made  of  iron  rings  firmly  sewn  flat 
upon  strong  cloth  or  leather,  and  called 
mail.  The  rings  were  afterwards  inter- 
linked one  with  another  so  as  to  form  a  gar- 
mentof  themselves,calledcAam-ma#.  Great 
variety  is  found  in  the  pattern  of  the  ar- 
mour, and  in  some  cases  small  pieces  of 
metal  were  used  instead  of  rings,  forming 
what  is  called  scale-armour.  Other  parts, 
consisting  of  single  pieces  of  metal,  called 
plate-armour,  were  afterwards  added,  until 
the  whole  body  came  to  be  incased  in  a 
metal  covering.  The  various  forms  of  ring 
or  scale  armour  were  gradually  superseded 
by  the  complete  plate- armour,  which  con- 
tinued to  be  worn  until  the  introduction  of 
firearms  and  field -artillery  rendered  it  use- 
less. Armour  for  distinguished  personages 
was  often  embossed,  engraved,  and  gilded 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go\     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  icig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KBT. 


ARMOTJR-BEAKER 


152 


AROMATIZE 


in  a  costly  manner.  In  the  engraving  are 
shown  the  various  parts  of  a  complete  suit  of 
plate-armour  of  the  fifteenth  century.  In 
English  statutes,  armour  is  used  for  the 


A,  Bascinet. 

B,  Jewelled   orle   round 

the  bascinet. 

C,  Gorget,  or  gorgiere  of 

plate. 

D,  Pauldrons. 

E,  Breastplate-cuirass. 

F,  Rere-braces. 

G,  Coudes     or     elbow- 

plates. 

H,  Gauntlets. 
I,  Vambrace. 
j.  Skirt  of  laces. 

K,  Military  belt  or  cin- 
gulum,  richly  jewel 
led. 

L,  Turtles  or  tuillets. 

M,  Cuisses. 

N,  Genouilleres  or  knee- 
pieces. 

O,  Jambes. 

P,  Spur-straps. 

Q.  Sollerets. 

K,  Misericorde  or  dag- 
ger. 

s.  Sword,  suspended  by 
a  transverse  belt. 


ARMOUR,  from  the  effigy  of  Sir  Richard  Peyton,  in 
Tong  Church,  Shropshire. 

whole  apparatus  of  war,  including  offensive 
aa  well  as  defensive  arms.  —2.  The  steel  or 
iron  covering  intended  as  a  protection  for 
a  ship  of  war.  — 3.  In  magnetism,  same  as 
Armature.  [Rare.]  —  Coat-armour,  the  es- 
cutcheon of  a  person  or  family,  with  its 
several  charges  and  other  furniture,  as  mant- 
ling, crest,  supporters,  motto,  &c.  —  Sub- 
marine armour,  a  water-tight  covering  worn 
by  a  diver;  a  diving-dress. 

Armour-bearer  (ar'mer-bar'er),  n.  One  who 
carries  the  armour  of  another. 

Armourer  (ar'mer-er),  n.  1.  A  maker  of 
armour  or  arms,  or  one  who  keeps  them  in 
repair;  a  manufacturer  of  instruments  of 
war.  The  armourer  of  a  ship  has  the  charge 
of  the  arms,  to  see  that  they  are  in  a  condi- 
tion fit  for  service.  In  the  British  army  an 
armourer  is  attached  to  each  troop  of  ca- 
valry and  to  each  company  of  infantry,  to 
clean  the  arms.— 2.  One  who  has  the  care  of 
the  arms  and  armour  of  another,  as  of  a 
knight,  and  who  dresses  him  in  armour. 


Hector  was  moved ; 
He  chid  Andromache  and  struck  hisar 


Sftak. 


Armour-plate  (ar'me'r-plat),  n.  An  iron 
or  steel  plate  intended  to  be  attached  to  the 
side  of  a  ship,  or  the  outer  wall  of  a  fort, 
with  the  view  of  rendering  them  shot-proof. 
See  IRON-CLAD. 

Armour-plated  (ar'mer-plat'ed).a.  Covered 
or  protected  by  iron  plates,  as  a  vessel  for 
naval  warfare;  iron-clad. 

Armoury,  Armory  (ar'mer-i),  n.  1.  A  place 
where  arms  and  instruments  of  war  are 
made  or  deposited  for  safe  keeping.— 2.  Ar- 
mour; arms  offensive  as  well  as  defensive. 
Celestial  armoury,  shields,  helms,  and  spears. 
Milton. 

3.  An  armorial  ensign ;  a  crest  or  heraldic 
emblem. 

Henry  VII.  united,  by  the  marriage  of  Elizabeth  of 
York,  the  white  rose  and  the  red,  the  armories  of 
two  very  powerful  families.  Wotton. 

4.  The  knowledge  of  coat-armour;  skill  in 
heraldry.      Burke.  —  5.  A  manufactory  of 
arms.     [United  States.] 

Annozeen,  Armozine  (jir-mo-zen'),  n.  [Fr. 
armoisin,  sarcenet.]  A  thick,  plain,  black 
silk. 

Armpit  (arm'pit),  n.  The  hollow  place  or 
cavity  under  the  shoulder. 

Arm-rack  (arm'rak),  n.  A  frame  or  fitting 
for  the  stowage  of  arms. 

Arms,  n.  pi.    See  ARM,  a  weapon. 

Arm'S-end  (armz'end),  n.  The  end  of  the 
arm;  a  good  distance  off.  Dryden. 

Arm's-length  (armzlength),  n.  The  length 
of  the  arm. — To  keep  at  arm's-length,  figur- 
atively, to  keep  off  or  at  a  distance;  not  to 
allow  to  come  into  close  contact  or  famili- 
arity.—  To  work  at  arm's-length,  to  work 
awkwardly  or  disadvantageously.  Goodrich. 

Arm's-reacli  (armz'rech),  n.    The  reach  of 


the  arm;  the  distance  to  which  the  arm  can 
reach;  as,  to  be  within  arm's-reach. 

Annstrong-gun(arm'strong-gnn),  n.  [After 
its  inventor,  Sir  William  Armstrong.]  A 
gun  of  wrought-iron,  constructed  princi- 
pally of  spirally-coiled  bars,  and  occasion- 
ally having  an  inner  tube  or  core  of  steel, 
rifled  with  numerous  shallow  grooves,  rang- 
ing from  the  smallest  field-piece  to  pieces 
of  the  highest  calibre.  The  projectile  is 
coated  with  lead,  and  inserted  into  a  cham- 
ber behind  the  bore.  This  the  explosion 
drives  forward,  compressing  its  soft  coating 
into  the  grooves,  so  as  to  give  it  a  rotary 
motion,  and  at  the  same  time  obviate  wind- 
age. The  commonest  form  of  the  gun  is 
breech -loading;  but  muzzle-loading  Arm- 
strong-guns are  also  made,  and  those  of  the 
highest  calibre  are  all  of  this  kind. 

Annulet  (ar'mu-let),  n.  Same  as  Armlet. 
[Rare.  ] 

Annure  (ar'niur),  n.  [Fr]  A  twilled  fabric 
used  for  ladies'  dresses,  having  a  cotton  warp 
and  a  woollen  woof. 

Army  (ar'mi),  a.  Consisting  in  anus  or 
branches;  branching;  spreading. 

Though  large  the  forest's  monarch  throws 

His  army  shade.        Burns. 

Army  (ar'mi),  n.  [Fr.  arm^e,  an  armed 
force  or  army,  a  participial  noun  from  the 
verb  armer,  to  arm.  See  ARM,  a  weapon.] 

1.  A  collection  or  body  of  men  amu-d  for 
war,  and  organized  in  companies,  battalions, 
regiments,   brigades,  or  similar  divisions, 
under  proper  officers.     In  general,  an  army 
in  modern  times  consists  of  infantry  and  ca- 
valry, with  artillery,  although  the  union  of 
all  is  not  essential  to  the  constitution  of  an 
army.—  Standing  army,  a  body  of  men  hired 

I  and  covenanted  to  serve  the  state  as  sol- 
diers, kept  permanently  under  arms,  disci- 
pline, and  training,  their  numbers  being 
always  kept  up  to  a  certain  standard. 

England,  protected  by  the  sea,  and  rarely  engaged 
in  warlike  operations  on  the  Continent,  was  not  yet 
under  the  necessity  of  employing  regular  troops. 
The  sixteenth  century,  the  seventeenth  century 
found  her  still  without  a  standing  army.  Macanlay. 

2.  A  great  number;  a  vast  multitude. 

The  locust,  ...  the  cankerworm,  and  the  cater* 

Fillar,  and  the  palmerworm,  my  great  army  which 
sent  among  you,  Jocf  ii.  25. 

'The  noble  army  of  martyrs.'  Common 
I'rayer. 

Army-corps  (ar'mi-kor),  n.  One  of  the 
largest  divisions  of  an  army  in  the  field ;  a 
corps  d'arme'e. 

Army-list  (ar'mi-list),  n.  1.  A  publication, 
issued  periodically,  containing  a  list  of  the 
officers  in  the  army,  the  stations  of  regi- 
ments, &c. — 2.  Fig.  the  officers  whose  names 
are  recorded  in  the  list. 

They  ride  and  walk  with  half  the  army-list,  .  .  . 
and  yet  the  Miss  O'CJradys  arc  Miss  O'Gradys  still. 
Thackeray. 

Arn(arn),  n.    The  alder-tree.    [Scotch.] 

Arnatto  (ar-nat'to),  n.    See  ARNOTTO. 

Arnaut,  Arnaout  (ar-nouf),  n.  [The  native 
name.]  A  native  of  Albania;  an  Albanian. 

Arnee,  Aral  (ar'ne),  n.  One  of  the  numer- 
ous Indian  varieties  of  the  buffalo  (Btibalus 
ami),  remarkable  as  being  the  largest  ani- 
mal of  the  ox  kind  known.  Its  horns  often 
measure  from  4  to  6  feet  in  length,  and 
10  feet  between  the  tips.  It  is  found  chiefly 
in  the  forests  at  the  base  of  the  Himalayas. 

Arnica  (ar'ni-ka),  n.  [By  some  supposed  to 
be  from  Gr.  arnakis,  a  sheep's  skin;  from 
the  texture  of  the  leaves.  ]  A  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Composite.  There  are  twelve 
species,  one  of  which  is  found  in  Central 
Europe,^.,  montana  (the  mountain-tobacco), 
so  called  because  the  whole  plant,  espe- 
cially the  root,  possesses  a  peculiar  and 
not  pleasant  odour,  and  a  nauseous  taste. 
In  every  part  of  the  plant  there  has  been 
found  an  acrid  resin  and  a  volatile  oil,  and 
in  the  flowers  an  acrid  bitter  principle 
called  arnicin.  The  root  contains  also  a 
considerable  quantity  of  tannin.  This  plant 
was  at  one  time  admitted  into  all  the  British 
pharmacopoeias,  and  in  Germany  all  parts 
of  it  are  still  used  as  a  stimulant  in  low 
fever,  while  a  tincture  of  it  is  much  em- 
ployed as  an  exteraal  application  to  wounds 
and  bruises. 

Arnlcln,  ArniClne  (ar'ni-sin),  n.  An  acrid 
bitter  principle  in  the  flowers  of  Arnica 
montana. 

Arnoldlst  (ar'nold-ist),  n.  A  disciple  of 
Arnold  of  Brescia,  who  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury preached  against  the  Romish  Church, 
for  which  he  was  banished,  afterwards,  how- 


ever, being  permitted  to  return.  By  his 
subsequent  preaching  an  insurrection  was 
excited,  for  which  he  was  condemned  and 
executed. 

Arnot,  Arnut  (aVnot,  ar'nut),  n.  [A  cor- 
ruption of  earth-nut.]  A  name  of  the  agree- 
ably flavoured  farinaceous  tubers  of  Bitnium 
flexuosum  and  B.  Bttlbocantamtm  (pig-nut  or 
earth-nut).  The  first  of  these  plants  is  very 
common  on  elevated  and  hilly  grass  pas- 
tures, and  the  second  is  met  with  in  chalky 
fields  in  the  south  of  England;  pigs  are  fed 
on  its  tuberose  roots  in  Hertfordshire. 

Arnotto,  AnnottO  (ar-not'to,  an-not'to),  n. 
[Native  South  American  name.]  1.  Bixa 
Orellana,  a  small  tree,  nat.  order  Flacourti- 
aceze,  a  native  of  tropical  America.  It  is 


Arnotto  (Bixa  Orellana). 

extremely  common  in  Jamaica  and  other 
parts  of  the  West  Indies,  and  has  been  in- 
troduced into  tropical  regions  of  the  Old 
World.— 2.  The  dye  or  colouring  matter  ob- 
tained from  the  seeds  of  this  plant.  The 
seeds  are  covered  with  a  reddish  or  reddish 
yellow  waxy  pulp,  which  is  dissolved  off  in 
water,  then  dried  to  the  consistency  of 
putty,  and  made  up  in  rolls  or  folded  in 
leaves,  or  still  more  dried  and  made  into 
cakes.  It  is  employed  in  England  as  a  dye 
for  silken  stuffs,  or  as  an  auxiliary  in  giving 
a  deeper  shade  to  the  simple  yellows.  It  is 
employed  also  as  a  colouring  ingredient  for 
butter,  cheese,  and  chocolate.  Called  also 
Annotta,  Annatto,  Arnatto. 

Arnut,  n.    See  ARNOT. 

Aroid  (ar'oid),  n.  One  of  the  Aroides  or 
Araceic. 

Aroidese  (a-roid'e-e),  n.  pi.  [Genus  Arum.] 
An  order  of  monocotyledonous  plants;  same 
as  Aracece  (which  see). 

Aroint,  v.t.    See  AKOYNT. 

Aroma  (a-ro'ma),  n.  [Gr.  aroma,  spice, 
sweet  herb.]  1.  An  odour  arising  from 
plants  or  other  substances,  more  especially 
an  agreeable  odour;  fragrance;  perfume;  an 
odorous,  often  somewhat  spicy  emanation. 
2.  Fig.  a  characteristic  but  subtle  and  in- 
describable intellectual  or  moral  quality; 
delicate  intellectual  quality;  flavour.  '  The 
subtle  aroma  of  genius.'  Sot.  llev. 

Copyright  spoils  the  native  aroma  of  the  popular 
tale.  Sir  F.  Palgrftvc. 

Aromatic  (ar-6-mat'ik),  o.  1.  Giving  out  an 
aroma;  fragrant;  sweet-scented;  odoriferous; 
having  an  agreeable  odour. — 2.  Caused  by 
an  aroma  or  fragrant  odour.  '  Die  of  a  rose 
in  aromatic  pain.'  Pope.— Aromatic  con- 
fection, a  medicine  composed  of  chalk  and 
aromatics,  a  remedy  for  diarrhoea.—  Aro- 
matic vinegar,  a  very  volatile  and  powerful 
perfume  made  by  adding  the  essential  oils 
of  lavender,  cloves,  &c.,  and  often  camphor, 
to  crystallizable  acetic  acid.  It  is  a  power- 
ful excitant  in  fainting,  languor,  and  head- 
ache. 

Aromatic  (ar-6-mat'ik),  n.  A  plant,  drug, 
or  medicine  which  yields  a  fragrant  smell, 
and  often  a  warm,  pungent  taste,  as  sage, 
certain  spices  and  oils,  Ac. 

Aromatical  (ar-6-mat'ik-al),  a.  Same  as 
Aromatic. 

Aromatlte  (a-ro'mat-it),  n.  1.  A  bituminous 
stone,  in  smell  and  colour  resembling  myrrh. 
2.  A  factitious  wine,  containing  various 
aromatics. 

Aromatizatlon  (a-ro'mat-i-za"shon  or  ar'o- 
mat-i-za"shon), «.  The  act  of  impregnating 
or  scenting  with  aroma,  or  rendering  aro- 
matic. 

Aromatize  (a-ro'mat-iz  or  ar'o-mr.t-iz),  v.t 
pret.  &  pp.  aromatized;  ppr.  aromatizing. 
To  impregnate  with  aroma;  to  infuse  an 
aromatic  odour  into;  to  give  a  spicy  scent 
or  taste  to;  to  render  fragrant;  to  perfume. 

Unto  converted  Jews  no  man  imputeth  this  un- 
savoury odour,  as  though  arematixed  by  their  con- 
version. Sir  T.  Bivwut. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


AROMATIZER 


153 


ARRASTRE 


Aromatizer  (a-ro'mat-I/.-t'T  or  ar'O-inat-iz- 
er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which  aromatizes; 
that  which  ronimuniratt.'*  an  ammatic  qua- 
lity. 'Aromatizer*  to  enrich  our  sallets.' 
I;'i;-tiin. 

AromatOUS  (a-nVmat-us),  n.  Containing 
aroma,  or  an  aromatic  principle;  aromatic. 

Aroph  (U'rof),  it.  [A  contraction  of  L.  aroma 
phttotophorum,  aroma  of  the  philosophers.  ] 

1.  A  name  by  which  salfron  is  sometimes 
called-  2.  A  chemical  preparation  of  Para- 
celsus, as  a  solvent  for  the  stone.     Called 
also  Aroph  Paracelsi. 

Arose  (a-roz'),  pret.  &  pp.  of  arise. 

Around  (a-round'),  prep.  [Prefix  a,  and 
round.  See  ROUND.}  1.  About;  on  all  aides; 
encircling;  encompassing.  '  A  lambent  flame 
around  his  brows.'  Dryden.— 2.  From  place 
to  place;  at  random;  as,  to  travel  around 
the  country.  [I'nited  States.] 

Around  (a-round'),  adv.  1.  In  a  circle ;  on 
every  side;  as,  a  dense  mist  lay  around. — 

2.  From  place  to  place ;  here  and  there ; 
about ;  as,  to  travel  around  from  city  to 
eity.     [United  States.]— 3.  About;  near;  as, 
he  kept  standing  around  till  the  fight  was 
over.    [United  states.] 

Aroura  (a-mu'ra),  n.  [Or.  aroura,  tilled 
land.]  An  ancient  Grecian  measure  of  sur- 
face, containing  21,904  English  square  feet 
or  D  poles  KXi'3  feet.  Written  also  Arura. 

Arousal  (a-rouz'al),  n.  The  act  of  arousing 
or  awakening;  the  state  of  being  aroused  or 
awakened.  'The  arousal  and  activity  of 
our  better  nature.'  Hare. 

Arouse  (a-rouz'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  aroused; 
ppr.  a  rowing.  [  Prefix  a,  with  intens. 
force,  and  rouse  (which  see).]  To  excite 
into  action  that  which  is  at  rest ;  to  stir  or 
put  in  motion  or  exertion;  as,  to  arouse  at- 
tention; to  arouse  one  from  sleep;  to  arouse 
dormant  faculties. 

Fantastic  woes  aroused  rage  in  each  thought. 
Thomson. 

SYN.  To  excite,  stir  up,  call  forth,  awaken, 
animate,  rouse. 

ATOW  (a-roO,  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  in,  and  row.  ] 
In  a  row;  successively;  one  after  the  other. 

And  twenty  rank  and  rank  they  rode  artnv.  Dryden. 

Aroynt,  Aroint  (a-roinf),  interj.  [Prov.  E. 
roynt  thcc,  rynt  thee,  used  to  a  cow  which 
is  being  milked  when  pressing  too  close  to 
the  milker,  equivalent  to  stand  off,  pro- 
bably from  A.  Sax.  ryinan,  geryman,  to 
make  room,  to  give  place,  from  rum,  room; 
the  imperat.  geryma  tk  might  become  an/nth, 
arynt  (like  emmet,  ant).]  An  interjection 
equivalent  to  begone !  avaunt !  away ! 
'Aroynt  thee,  witch.'  Shak.  Mrs.  Brown- 
ing has  made  a  verb  of  this  interjection. 
'Whiskered  cats  arointed  fiee.'  [Bare.] 

Arpeggio  (iir-ped'je-6),  n.  [From  It.  arpa,  a 
harp.]  The  distinct  sound  of  the  notes  of 
an  instrumental  chord ;  the  striking  the 
notes  of  a  chord  in  rapid  succession,  as  in 
the  manner  of  touching  the  harp  instead  of 
playing  them  simultaneously. 

Arpen  (ai'pen),  n.     Same  as  Arpent. 

Arpent  (ar-pan),  n.  [Fr.  arpent,  Norm,  ar- 
pen.  In  Domesday  it  is  written  arpennus, 
arpendus,  and  arpent.  Columella  mentions 
that  the  arepennia  was  equal  to  half  the 
Roman  jugerum.  The  Latin  word  was  bor- 
rowed from  the  Gallic.  ]  Formerly,  a  French 
measure  for  land,  usually  containing  100 
square  rods  or  perches,  each  of  18  feet, 
equal  to  4088  square  yards,  or  five-sixths  of 
an  English  acre.  The  arpent,  however, 
varied  in  different  parts  of  France.  Written 
also  Arpen. 

Arpentator  t  (ar-pen-ta'ter),  n.  A  measurer 
or  surveyor  of  land.  Bouvier. 

Arpinet  (ar'pin),  n.  Same  as  Arpent  (which 
sec).  '  Master  of  poor  ten  arpines  of  laud.' 
Wi'bxter. 

Arquated  (ar'kwat-ed),  a.  Shaped  like  a 
how;  arcuate.  [Rare.] 

Arquebus  (iir'kwe-bus),  n.    Same  o&Arque- 

fa*6. 

Arquebusade  (ai-Tcwe-bus-ad"), «    1.  A  dis- 

tilfvd  aromatic  spirituous  liquor  applied  to 
sprains  or  bruises;  originally  invented  for 
wounds  inflicted  by  the  arquebuse. 

You  will  find  a  letter  from  my  sister  to  thank  you 
for  the  iirqnebusacie  water  which  you  sent  her, 

Chesterfield. 

2.  The  shot  of  an  arquebuse. 
Arquebuse,  Arquebus  (iu  'kwe-bus),n.  [Fr. 
arifuebuse,  a  corrupted  form  of  O.Fr.  haijitc- 
bute,  from  D.  haakbu-s  or  G.  hakenbuchse,  a 

C  fired  from  a  rest,  from  haak,  haken,  a 
k,  a  forked  rest,  and  bus,  biichse,  a  gun 
or  barn  1.  Tin-  word  appears  also  in  English 
MAopbttf,  hackbut.  The  form  arquebuse  was 


•  assumed  pnib.-iltly  through  imitation  of  the 
'  corrupt  It.  arclnbuHo  (borrowed  from  the 
German  wurd),  which  arose  from  a  supposed 
connection  with  arco,  a  bow.]  A  hand  gun; 
a  species  of  firearm  resembling  a  musket 
anciently  used.  It  was  fired  from  a  forked 


Arqucbusier  of  the  seventeenth  century. 

rest,  and  sometimes  cocked  by  a  wheel,  and 
carried  a  ball  that  weighed  nearly  2  ounces. 
A  larger  kind,  used  in  fortresses,  carried  a 
ball  of  3J  ounces.  Spelled  also  Arquebus, 
llarquebuse,  Harquebuss,  Ilaquebut,  Ilag- 
but,  <fec. 

Arquebusier(ar'kwe-bus-er"),  n.  A  soldier 
armed  with  an  arquebuse. 

Before  leaving  the  place  he  was  joined  by  a  body 
of  two  hundred  mounted  arquebusicrs,  wearing  his 
own  yellow  uniform.  Prescott. 

Arquerite  (ar'kwe-rit),  n.  A  mineral  silver 
amalgam,  occurring  in  small  octahedrons 
and  arborescent.  It  contains  86  per  cent. 
silver,  and  is  the  chief  ore  of  the  rich  silver 
mines  of  Arqueros,  near  Coquimbo. 

Arquifoux  (ar-ke-fo),  n.  [Fr.]  A  sort  of 
lead  ore,  used  to  give  a  green  varnish  to 
works  of  potters.  See  ALQUIFOU. 

Arracacha  (iir-ra-ka'eha),  n.  [The  Spanish 
name  of  several  tuberose-rooted  plants.]  A 
genus  of  umbelliferous  plants,  including  a 
species  of  as  much  importance  in  the  tropi- 
cal parts  of  America  as  the  parsnip  and 
carrot  are  in  Europe.  The  root  of  A.  escu- 
lenta  is  divided  into  several  lobes,  each  of 
which  is  about  the  size  of  a  large  carrot. 
These  are  boiled  like  potatoes,  and  form  a 
staple  nutriment  in  the  South  American 
provinces.  Its  flavour  resembles  that  of 
the  parsnip,  but  is  finer,  and  it  is  said  to 
be  more  prolific  and  nourishing  than  the 
potato. 

Arrach  (ar'aeh),  n.     A  plant.     See  ORACH. 

Arrack  (ar'ak),  n.  [Ar.  araq,  juice,  spirits; 
from  araqa,  to  sweat.  It  is  sometimes  con- 
tracted into  rack.]  A  spirituous  liquor 
manufactured  in  the  East  Indies  from  a 
great  variety  of  substances;  specifically, 
(a)  a  spirituous  liquor  distilled  from  fer- 
mented rice.  (&)  A  spirituous  liquor  dis- 
tilled from  the  juice  of  the  cocoa-nut  and 
other  palms,  obtained  by  bleeding  the  young 
flower-spike. 

Arragonite  (ar'a-gon-It),  n.  Same  as^ra- 
gonite. 

Arraign  (a-ran').  v.t.  [O.Fr.  arrai-sonner, 
arettner,  aregnier,  arraigner,  aragnier,  &c.t 
to  arraign,  to  call  one  to  plead  —  L.  adt  to, 
and  ratw,  rationis,  account,  a  pleading  in  a 
suit.]  1.  In  law,  (a)  to  call  or  set  at  the  bar 
of  a  court,  to  plead  guilty  or  not  guilty  to 
the  matter  charged  in  an  indictment  or  in- 
formation. This  term  is  unknown  in  the 
law  of  Scotland,  except  in  trials  for  high 
treason,  in  which  the  forms  of  procedure 
in  England  and  Scotland  are  the  same. 
(&)  To  set  in  order ;  to  fit  for  trial ;  as,  to 
arraign  a  writ  of  novel  disseisin.— 2.  To  call 
before  the  bar  of  reason  or  taste ;  to  call  in 
question,  for  faults,  before  any  tribunal;  to 
accuse  or  charge. 

They  will  not  arraign  you  for  want  of  knowledge. 
Dryden. 

—  Accuse,  Charge,  Indict,  Arraign,  Im- 
peach. See  under  ACCUSE.— SYN.  To  accuse, 
impeach,  charge,  censure. 

Arraign  (a-ran7),  «.  Arraignment ;  as,  the 
clerk  of  the  arraigns.  Blackatone. 

Arraigner  (a-ran'er),  n.    One  who  arraigns. 

The  only  name  for  the  Iconoclasts  is  the  ar- 
raigners  of  Christianity.  Miltnan. 


Arraignment  (a-mn'ment),  n.  1.  The  act 
"t  arraigning;  tin-  art  <>f  falling  and  getting 
a  prisontt  ln-f-iiv  a  court  to  answer  to  an 
Mi  n-atimi,  and  to  choose  his  triers.— 2.  Ac- 
cusation. 

But  this  secret  arraignment  of  the  kin^  did  not 
content  the  unquiet  prelate.  Mumun. 

3.  A  calling  in  question  for  faults ;  accusa- 
tion. 

The  sixth  satire  .  .  .  seems  only  an  arraignment 
of  the  whole  sex.  Dryden. 

Arraimentt  (a-ra'ment),  n.  [See  ARRAY.) 
Clothes;  garments;  raiment. 

Arrand  (art-ami),  n.  An  old  form  of  Er- 
rand. Ifowell. 

Arrange  (a-ranj'),  r.t.  pret.  A  pp.  arranged; 
ppr.  arranging.  [Fr.  arranger — ar  =  L.  ad. 
and  ranger,  to  set  in  order,  from  rang,  a 
rank.  See  RANK.]  1.  To  put  in  proper 
order ;  to  dispose  or  set  out  in  such  a  way 
as  to  be  suitable  for  a  purpose  intended;  to 
give  a  certain  collocation  to ;  to  marshal ; 
as,  to  arrange  troops  for  battle.  'Arrange 
the  board  and  brim  the  glasses.'  Tennyson. 

2.  To  adjust;  to  settle;  to  come  to  an  agree- 
ment or  understanding  regarding ;   as,  to 
arrange  the  terms  of  a  bargain.  —  3.    In 
music,  to  adapt  or  alter  BO  as  to  Tit  for  being 
performed  by  other  voices  or  instruments 
than  those  designed  by  the  composer ;  as, 
to  arrange  an  opera  for  the  piano. 

Arrange  (a-ranj'),  v.i.  To  make  or  come  to 
terms;  to  come  to  a  settlement  or  agree- 
ment. 

We  cannot  arrange  with  our  enemy  at  this  con- 

tjncture,  without  abandoning  the  interest  of  inan- 
ind.  Burke. 

Arrangement  (a-ranj'ment),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  arranging  or  putting  iu  proper  order;  the 
state  of  being  put  in  order;  disposition  in 
suitable  form;  specifically, in  the/ne  err&,the 
placing  together  of  parts  in  a  manner  con- 
formable to  the  character  and  aim  of  the 
work.— 2.  That  which  is  disposed  in  order; 
system  of  parts  disposed  in  due  order. 

The  interest  of  that  portion  of  social  arrangement 
is  in  the  hands  of  all  those  who  compose  it.     Burke. 

3.  Preparatory  measure ;  previous  disposi- 
tion; preparation;  as,  we  have  made  arrange- 
ments for  receiving   company.  —  4.   Final 
settlement ;  adjustment  by  agreement ;  as, 
the  parties  have  made  an  arrangement  be- 
tween themselves  concerning  their  disputes. 
5.  In  music,  (a)  the  adaptation  of  a  compo- 
sition to  voices  or  instruments  for  which  it 
was  not  originally  written.    (6)  A  piece  so 
adapted ;  a  transcription ;  as,  an  orchestral 
arrangement  of  a  song,  an  opera,  and  the 
like. 

Arranger  (a-ranj'er),  n.  One  that  arranges 
or  puts  in  order. 

Arrant  (ai-'ant),^.  [Wedgwood  thinks  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  this  word  is  really  the 
same  as  E.  arch,  roguish,  G.  arg,  bad,  L.G. 
argen,  arrant,  'een  argen  drog,'  an  arrant 
rogue;  if  so,  arrant  would  seem  to  be  a  soft- 
ened form  of  argen,  with  the  addition  of  the 
dental  to  close  the  sound  of  the  liquid,  as  in 
vulgar  English  orphant  for  orphan,  droicnd 
for  drown,  scholard  for  scholar.  But  this 
etymology  is  by  no  means  certain,  and  the 
word  may  be  simply  another  form  of  errant, 
wandering,  and  hence  vagabond,  worthless.] 
1.  Notorious,  in  a  bad  sense;  thorough;  un- 
mitigated; downright;  as,  an  arrant  rogue 
or  coward. 

I  discover  an  arrant  laziness  in  my  soul.      Fuller. 

2.t  Thorough;  earnest,  in  a  good  sense.  'An 
arrant  honest  woman.'    Burton. 
Arrantly  (ar'ant-li),  adv.    In  an  arrant  man- 
ner; notoriously,  in  a  bad  sense;  infamously; 
impudently;  shamefully. 

Funeral  tears  are  as  arrantly  hired  out  as  mourn- 
ing clokes.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

Arras  (ar'as),  n.  [From  Arras,  the  capital 
of  the  department  of  Pas-de-Calais,  in  the 
north  of  France,  where  this  article  was 
manufactured.]  Tapestry;  hangings,  con- 
sisting of  woven  stuffs  ornamented  with 
figures. 

I  have  of  yore  made  many  a  scrambling  meal, 
In  corners,  behind  arrases,  on  stairs. 

Beau,  &  Fl. 

Arras  they  prick'd  and  curtains  with  their  swords. 
And  wounded  several  shutters  and  some  boards. 
Byron. 

Used  sometimes  as  an  adjective.  '  In  Ar- 
thur's arras  hall  at  Camelot.'  Tennyson, 

Arras  (ar'as),  v.t.  To  hang  or  furnish  with 
arras.  Chapman. 

Arras  t  (ar'as),  n.  A  kind  of  powder  prob- 
ably made  of  the  root  of  the  orris.  Halli- 
»<.•>'/. 

Arrastre  (a-ras'tra),  n.  [Sp.]  In  gold-min- 
ing, a  machine  for  comminuting  ore,  one 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;    h,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Am;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;      rh,  azure.— See  KKT. 


ARRASWISE 


154 


ARRIERE 


form  of  which  consists  of  a  circular  pave- 
ment of  stone,  about  12  feet  in  diameter, 
on  which  quartz  is  crushed  by  two  or  more 
large  stones  dragged  continually  over  its 
surface  by  horses  or  mules.  It  has  been 
superseded  to  some  extent  by  improved 
forms  of  grinding  mills. 


Arraswise. 


[Probably  corrupted  from 
arriswise.  SeeAHRis.]  In 
her.  a  term  employed 
when  any  thing  of  a  square 
form  is  placed  with  one 
corner  in  front,  showing 
the  top  and  two  of  the 
sides,  in  the  same  way  as 
lozenges  are  set. 

Arraughtt  (a-raf),  pret. 
and  pp.  of  arreach. 

Array  (a-ra/),  n.  [O.Fr.  array,  arroi,  arrei, 
arrai  (Sp.  arreo,  It.  arredo),  order,  arrange- 
ment, dress— a,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  roi,  rai, 
order,  arrangement.  Roi  is  from  the  Teu- 
tonic root  seen  in  E.  ready ;  Sc.  redd,  redd 
up,  to  put  in  proper  order ;  Sw.  reda,  to 
prepare,  reda,  order;  Dan.  rede,  G.  bereit, 
ready;  Goth,  raidjan,  to  arrange.]  1.  Regu- 
lar order  or  arrangement ;  disposition  in 
regular  lines;  specifically,  disposition  of  a 
body  of  men  for  attack  or  defence;  as,  troops 
in  battle  array. — 2.  An  orderly  collection  or 
assemblage ;  especially,  a  body  of  men  in 
an  imposing  order;  a  body  of  men  iu  order 
of  battle  or  prepared  for  battle;  hence,  mili- 
tary force ;  soldiery ;  troops.  '  A  gallant 
array  of  nobles  and  cavaliers.'  Prescott. 

What  was  that  mighty  array  which  Elizabeth 
reviewed  at  Tilbury?  Afacaulay. 

3.  Dress ;  garments  disposed  in  order  upon 
the  person;  raiment  or  apparel. 

Emily  ere  day 
Arose,  and  dress'd  herself  in  rich  array.    Dryden. 

4.  t  Situation;  circumstances;  position. 

Thou  stondcst  yet  (quod  sche)  in  swiche  array, 
That  of  thy  lyf  hastow  no  sewerte.        Chaucer. 

6.  In  law,  («)  the  number  of  persons  sum- 
moned to  serve  upon  a  jury.  (&)  The  act  of 
impannelling  a  jury ;  that  is,  the  act  of  the 
proper  officer  setting  a  jury  in  order  for  the 
trial  of  a  cause,  or  calling  them  man  by 
man.  (c)  The  jury  impannelled. 

Challenges  are  of  two  kinds;  first,  to  the  array, 
when  exception  is  taken  to  the  whole  number  impan- 
nelled; and  secondly,  to  the  polls,  when  individual 
jurymen  are  objected  to.  j.  Fonblanque, 

6.  Formerly  in  England,  the  muster  of  a 
county  for  military  purposes;  the  men  so 
mustered;  as,a  commission  of  array.  'Elect- 
ed to  lead  the  array  of  his  county.'  Ketnble. 
Previous  to  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  in  order  to 
protect  the  kingdom  from  domestic  insurrections  or 
the  prospects  of  foreign  invasions,  it  was  usual  from 
time  to  time  for  our  princes  to  issue  commissions  of 
array.  ffAartan. 

Array  (a-ra'),  v.t.  1.  To  place  or  dispose  in 
order,  as  troops  for  battle. 

The  very  men  who  had  most  loudly  professed  this 
extravagant  loyalty  were,  in  almost  every  county  in 
England,  arraye d  against  him.  Alacaitlay. 

2.  To  deck  or  dress;  to  adorn  with  dress:  it 
is  applied  especially  to  dress  of  a  splendid 
kind.     'Morn  by  morn  arraying  her  sweet 
self.'    Tennyson. 

Array  thyself  with  glory.  Job  xl.  10. 

3.  In  law,  to  set  (a  jury)  in  order  for  the 
trial  of  a  cause ;  that  is,  to  call  them  man 
by  man. — 4.  To  envelop;  to  wrap.    'In  gelid 
caves  with  horrid  glooms  arrayed.'    Judge 
Trumbull. — SYN.  To  arrange,  dispose,  mar- 
shal, deck,  dress,  attire,  clothe. 

Arrayer  (a-ra'er),  n.  1.  One  who  arrays.— 
2.  In  English  hist,  an  officer  who  had  a  com- 
mission of  array  to  put  the  soldiers  of  a 
county  in  a  condition  for  military  service. 

Arraymeut  (a-ra'ment),  n.  l.  The  act  of 
arraying.— 2.  t  That  in  which  one  is  arrayed; 
raiment.  '  Sheep  clothed  in  soft  arrayment. ' 
Quarles. 

Arre  (ar),  v.i.  [From  sound.]  To  snarl. 
[Old  English  and  Scotch.] 

A  dog  is,  by  nature,  fell  and  quarrelsome,  given  to 
arre  and  war  upon  a  very  small  occasion.  North. 

Arreach  t  ( a-rech'),  v.t.  [Ar  for  L.  ad,  to, 
and  reach.]  To  reach  to;  to  seize;  to  lay 
hold  of. 

Then  hh  ambitious  sonnes  unto  them  twayne 
Arrau£ht  the  rule.  Spenser. 

Arrear  t  (a-reV),  adv.  [Fr.  arrtere,  behind 
— L.  ad,  to,  andretro,  behind.  See  ARRIERE.] 
Behind;  at  the  hinder  part;  backwards. 
'  Forst  him  back  recoyle  and  reele  arreare.' 
Spenser. 

Arrear  (a-rerO,  n.    1.  The  state  of  being  be- 


hindhand;  as,  his  work  is  sadly  in  arrear. — 
2.  That  which  is  behind  in  payment,  or 
which  remains  unpaid,  though  due.  It  is 
generally  used  in  the  plural,  as,  the  arrears 
of  rent,  wages,  and  taxes,  and  supposes  a 
part  of  the  money  already  paid. 

For  much  I  dread  due  payment  by  the  Greeks 
Of  yesterday's  arrear.  Cou'for. 

Arearage  (a-rer'aj),  n.  Arrears;  any  sum  of 
money  remaining  unpaid,  after  previous 
payment  of  a  part.  'The  old  arrearages 
.  .  .  being  defrayed.'  Ilowell. 

Arrearancet  (a-reVans),  n.  Same  as  Ar- 
rear. 

Arrect  (a-rekf),  a.  [Lat.  arrectus,  raised, 
erect,  from  arrigo,  to  raise,  to  animate  or 
encourage  —  ad,  to,  and  rego,  to  direct  or 
govern.]  1.  Erect;  erected. —  2.  Attentive, 
as  a  person  listening. 

Eager  for  the  event 
Around  the  beldame  all  arrect  they  hang. 

Aktnside. 

Arrect  (a-rektO,  v.t.    [See  the  adjective.] 

1.  To  raise  or  lift  up;  to  make  erect.   'Hav- 
ing  large   ears   perpetually  exposed    and 
arrected.'  Swift. — 2.t  To  direct.   'Arrecting 
my  sight  towards  the  zodyake.'    Skelton. — 
3.t  To  impute.     'Therefore  he  arrecteth  no 
blame  to  them.'    Sir  T.  More. 

Arrectaryt  (a-rek'ta-ri),  n.  A  beam  or  post 
standing  upright,  as  opposed  to  one  which 
is  horizontal.  '  The  arrectary  or  beam  of  his 
cross.'  Bp.  Hall. 

Arreedt  (a-red^,  v.t.  [See  AHEAD.]  To  ad- 
monish; to  warn;  to  advise. 

But  mark  what  I  arreed  thee  now,  avaunt ! 

Milton. 

Arrentt  (a-renf),  «.*-  [Fr.  arrenter,  to  rent. 
See  RENT.]  To  let  for  a  rent.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

Arrentation  (a-ren-ta'shon),  n.  Iu  old  Eng- 
lish law,  the  giving  of  permission  to  the 
owner  of  land  in  a  forest  to  inclose  it  with 
a  small  ditch  and  low  hedge,  in  considera- 
tion of  a  yearly  rent. 

Arreption  (a-rep'shon),  n.  [L.  arripio, 
to  snatch  away.  See  next  article.]  The  act 
of  taking  away. 

The  arreption  was  sudden,  yet  Elisha  sees  both 
the  chariot  and  the  horses.  tip.  Hail. 

AireptitiOUS  (a-rep-tish'us),  a.  [L.L.  ar- 
reptitius,  seized  in  mind,  delirious,  from  L. 
arreptus—ad,  and  rapio,  to  snatch,  whence 
rapid,  rapacious,  &c.  ]  Snatched  away ; 
hence,  seized  or  possessed ;  frantic ;  crack- 
brained;  mad.  'Odd,  arreptitwus,  frantick 
extravagances. '  Ilowell. 

Arreptitioust  (a-rep-ti'shus),  a.  [L.  ar  for 
ad,  and  repo,  to  creep.]  Creeping  or  having 
crept  in  privily.  Bailey. 

Arrest  (a-resf),  v.t.  [O.Fr  arrester,  arestcr, 
<frc.  (Fr.  arrtter),  It.  and  L.L.  arrestare,  to 
stay  back ;  L.  ad,  to,  and  restare,  to  remain. 
See  REST.]  1.  To  stop;  to  check  or  hinder  the 
motion  or  action  of;  as,  to  arrest  the  current 
of  a  river;  to  arrest  the  course  of  justice. 

Ascribing  the  causes  of  things  to  secret  proprie- 
ties hath  arrested  and  laid  asleep  all  true  inquiry. 
Bacon. 

2.  To  take,  seize,  or  apprehend  by  virtue  of 
a  warrant  from  authority;  as,  to  arrest  one 
for  debt  or  for  a  crime.     [Shakspere  most 
commonly  construes  this  verb  with  of  like 
accuse;  as,  'of  capital  treason  we  arrest  you 
here. '] 

According  to  law  no  Englishman  could  be  arrested 
and  detained  in  confinement  merely  by  the  mandate 
of  the  sovereign.  Macaulay. 

3.  To  seize  and  fix;  to  engage;  to  secure;  to 
jatch;  as,  to  arrest  the  eyes  or  attention. 
[Shakspere  has  'to  arrest  one's  word/  in 
the  sense  of,  to  keep  one  to  one's  word,  to 
take  one  at  one's  word.] 

The  appearance  of  such  a  person  in  the  world,  and 
at  such  a  period,  ought  to  arrest  the  consideration 
of  every  thinking  mind.  Bufkminster. 

4.f  To  rest  or  fix. 

We  may  arrest  our  thoughts  upon  the  divine  mer- 
cies. yer.  Taylor. 

SYN.  To  stop,  obstruct,  delay,  detain,  check, 
hinder,  apprehend,  seize,  lay  hold  of,  catch, 
secure. 

Arrest  (a-resf),  v.i.    To  rest.    [Rare.] 
Arrest  (a-resf),  n.    1.  The  act  of  stopping 
a  moving  body;  as,  '  the  stop  and  arrest  of 
the  air.'    Bacon.— 2.  Any  seizure  or  taking  j 
by  power,  physical  or  moral;  hinderance;  in- 
terruption ;  stoppage  ;  restraint ;  as,  arrest  I 
of  judgment. 

This  fell  sergeant  Death, 
Is  strict  in  his  arrest.  Shai. 

To  the  rich  man,  who  had  promised  himself  ease 
for  many  years,  it  was  a  sad  arrest  that  his  soul  was 
surprised  the  first  night.  jer.  Taylor. 

3.  In  law,  the  taking  or  apprehending  of  a 
person  by  virtue  of  a  warrant  from  authority. 


An  arrest  is  made  by  seizing  or  touching  the 
body.  In  civil  cases,  a  person  is  laid  under 
arrest  for  the  purpose  of  securing  a  debt  to 
an  individual;  and  in  criminal  or  penal 
cases,  the  arrest  is  made  for  the  purpose  of 
compelling  the  person  charged  with  a  crime 
or  offence  to  appear  and  submit  to  justice. 
In  civil  cases  arrests  cannot  be  legally 
effected,  except  by  virtue  of  a  precept  or 
writ  issued  out  of  some  court,  but  every 
person  has  authority  to  arrest  criminals. 
Arrest  in  civil  cases  is  of  two  kinds,  viz., 
that  which  takes  place  before  trial,  and  is 
called  arrest  on  mesne  process;  and  that 
which  takes  place  after  trial  and  judgment, 
and  is  called  arrest  on  final  process,  or  ar- 
rest  in  execution. — 4.  A  mangy  humour  on 
the  back  part  of  the  hind-legs  of  a  horse. — 
Arrest  of  judgment,  in  law,  the  staying  or 
stopping  of  a  judgment  after  verdict,  for 
causes  assigned.  Courts  have  power  to  ar- 
rest judgment  for  intrinsic  causes  appear- 
ing upon  the  face  of  the  record;  as  when 
the  declaration  varies  from  the  original 
writ;  when  the  verdict  differs  materially 
from  the  pleadings;  or  when  the  case  laid 
in  the  declaration  is  not  sufficient  in  point 
of  law  to  found  an  action  upon.  The  mo- 
tion for  this  purpose  is  called  a  motion  in 
arrest  of  judgment. 

Arrestatfon  (a-rest-a'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
arresting;  an  arrest  or  seizure.  [Rare.] 

The  arrestation  of  the  English  residing  in  France 
was  decreed  by  the  NationaTConvention. 

H.  M,  Williams, 

Arrestee  (a-rest-eO,  n.     In  Scots  law,  the 

person  in  whose  hands  an  arrestment  is  laid. 

Arrester,  Arrestor  (a-rest'er,  a-rest'or),  n. 

1.  One  who  arrests.  — 2.  In  Scots  law,  the 
person  at  whose  instance  an  arrest  is  made. 

Arrestment  (a-rest'ment),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
arresting  or  stopping;  obstruction;  stop- 
page. 

The  first  effect  Isarrestmentof  the  functions  of  the 
spinal  cord.  Sir  K.  Christison. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  (a)  a  process  by  which  a 
creditor  may  attach  money  or  movable  pro- 
perty which  a  third  party  holds  for  behoof 
of  his  debtor.     It  bears  a  general  resem- 
blance to  foreign  attachment  by  the  custom 
of  London.     In  1870  an  act  was  passed  for 
Scotland  which  provides  that  only  that  part 
of  the  weekly  wages  of  labourers,  and  of 
work-people  generally,  which  is  in  excess  of 
20*.  is  liable  to  arrestment  for  debt.    See 
ATTACHMENT.    (&)  The  arrest  or  detention 
of  a  criminal  till  he  find  caution  or  surety 
to  stand  trial,  or  the  securing  of  a  debtor 
until  he  pays  the  debt  or  gives  security  for 
its  payment. 

Arret  (a-ra  or  a-ref),  n.  [Fr.  arr£t]  1.  The 
decision  of  a  court,  tribunal,  or  council ;  a 
decree  published;  the  edict  of  a  sovereign 
prince:  a  French  term,  and  applied  parti- 
cularly to  the  judgments  and  decisions  of 
courts  and  tribunals  in  France.— 2.  An  ar- 
rest; a  seizure  by  legal  authority. 

Arrett  (a-ref),  v.t.  1.  To  assign;  to  allot. 
'The  charge  which  God  doth  unto  me  arret.' 
Spenser.— 2.  InScotslaw,  to  impute;  as,  '  no 
folly  can  be  arreted  to  one  under  age.' 
Cowell. 

Arrette,t  v.t.  [Fr.  arrtter,  to  adjust]  1.  To 
reckon,  value,  or  estimate.— 2.  To  lay  to  the 
charge;  to  impute.  'He  that  arretteth  upon 
God,  or  blameth  God  of  the  thing  of  which 
he  is  himself  guilty.'  Chaucer. 

Arrhse  (ar'a),  n.pl.  [L.]  Anciently,  ear- 
nest-money on  betrothment.  In  Scots  law, 
earnest:  used  in  evidence  of  a  completed 
bargain.  See  ARLES. 

Arrhaphostic  (ar-ra-fos'tik),  a.  [Gr.  ar- 
raphos,  seamless — a,  priv.,  and  raptein,  to 
sew.]  Seamless.  Clarke.  [Rare.] 

Arrhytluny(ar-rith'mi),  n.  [Gr.  arrythmia, 
from  a,  priv.,  and  rythmos,  rhythm.]  Want 
of  rhythm.  [Rare.] 

Arriage  (ar'ij),  n.  [Probably  from  L.L.  aria,  a 
field,  a  piece  of  land,  L.  area,  an  area.]  In 
Scots  law,  an  indefinite  service  performed  by 
horses,  formerly  demandable  from  tenants, 
but  now  abolished :  used  chiefly  in  the 
phrase  arriage  and  carriage. 

Arride t  (a-ridO,  v.t.  [L.  arrideo—ad,  tn.uinl 
rideo,  to  laugh.]  To  please;  to  gratify.  />'• 
Jonson;  Wither. 

Above  all  thy  rarities,  old  Oxenford,  what  do  most 
arride  and  solace  me  are  thy  repositories  of  moul- 
dering learning.  Lamb. 

Arriere  (ar-yar),  n.  [Fr.— L.  ad,  to,  towards, 
and  retro,  back,  like  derritre,  last,  from  de 
and  retro.  1.  (Pronounced  also  a-reV.)  The 
last  body  of  an  army:  now  called  llea /-(which 
see).— 2.  In  her.  the  back.— Volant  en  ar- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ARRIERE-BAN 


155 


ARROW- WOOD 


ritrc,  a  term  in  heraldry  for  a  bird  or  insect 
living  from  the  spectator  upwards.  —A r- 
ritrefee  or  fief,  a  fee  or  fief  dependent  on  a 
superior  fee,  or  a  fee  held  of  a  feudatory. 
.trri'i-i'  vassal,  the  vassal  of  a  vassal.— 
Arris-re  mmssure,  a  rear-vault;  an  arch 
placed  within  the  opening  of  a  window  or 


Arriere  voussure. 

door,  and  of  a  different  form,  to  increase 
the  size  of  the  aperture  internally. 

Arriere-ban  (a-reVban), »».  [Fr.  arritre-ban, 
L.L.  aribanum,  herebannum,  from  O.H.G. 
heriban,  the  summoning  of  an  nrniy  to  the 
field—  O.H.G.  heri  (Q.  heer),  an  army,  and 
ban,  a  proclamation,  summons.  See  BAN. 
As  in  the  case  of  arquebuse,  this  word  has 
received  a  false  form  from  a  mistaken  ety- 
mology.] An  edict  of  the  ancient  kings  of 
France  and  Germany  commanding  all  their 
noblesse  and  vassals  to  assemble  with  their 
vassals  and  follow  them  to  war  or  forfeit 
their  estates.  Written  also  Arierban. 

Arris  (arts),  n.  [O.Fr.  arreste,  areste,  Mod. 
Kr.  arete,  the  edge  of  a  stone  or  piece  of 
wood ;  L.  arista,  an  ear  of  corn,  used  in 
later  times  in  the  sense  of  the  vertebral 
column  of  a  fish.]  In  arch,  the  line  in  which 
the  two  straight  or  curved  surfaces  of  a 
body,  forming  an  exterior  angle,  meet  each 
other. 

Arris-fillet  (ar'is-fil-et),  u.  A  triangular 
piece  of  wood  used  to  raise  the  slates  of  a 
roof  against  the  shaft  of  a  chimney  or  a 
wall,  to  throw  off  the  rain  more  effectually. 
Called  also  TUtituj-fillet. 

Arris-gutter  (arls-gut-ter),  n.  A  wooden 
gutter  of  the  form  of  a  V,  fixed  to  the  eaves 
of  a  building. 

Arrislont  (a-ri'zhon),  n.  [L.  arrisio,  from 
arruleo,  to  smile  upon.  See  ARIDE.  ]  The 
act  of  smiling ;  a  smiling  upon.  Blount. 

Arris-piece  (ar'is-pes),  n.  One  of  the  por- 
tions of  a  built  mast  beneath  the  hoops. 

Arriswise  (ar'is-wiz),  adv.  Diagonally  ar- 
ranged: said  of  tiles  or  slates. 

Arrival  (a-ri'val),  ».  1.  The  act  of  arriving; 
a  coming  to  or  reaching  a  place  from  some 
distance.— 2.  The  reaching  or  attainment  of 
any  object  or  state  by  effort,  or  in  natural 
course ;  as,  we  trust  the  result  will  be  the 
arrival  at  a  just  conclusion.— 3.  The  person 

or  thing  which  comes;  as,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 

were  the  last  arrivals.  '  Harangue  the  fresh 
arrivals.'  Tennyson. 

The  next  arrivals  here  will  gladlier  build  their 
nests.  ll'artter. 

Arrivance  (a-ri'vans),  n.  1. 1  Company  com- 
ing. '  Every  minute  is  expectancy  of  more 
•  rnnas.'  Shak.—Z.  Arrival;  reaching  in 
progress.  'Its  (an  animal's)  sudden  arrin- 
ance  into  growth  and  maturitie.'  Sir  T. 
Browne. 

Arrive  (a-riv'),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  arrived; 
ppr.  arriving.  [Fr.  arriver,  Pr.  aribar, 
It.  arrivare,  L.L.  adripare,  to  come  to 
shore  —  L.  ad,  to,  and  ripa,  Fr.  rive,  the 
shore  or  bank  of  a  river.]  1.  To  come  to 
or  reach  a  certain  point  in  progress  either 
by  water  or  land :  followed  by  at;  as,  we 
arrived  at  Havre-de-Grace.— 2.  To  reach  a 
point  or  stage  by  progressive  advance;  to 
attain  to  a  certain  result  or  state;  as,  to  ar- 
rttt  at  an  unusual  degree  of  excellence  or 
wickedness;  to  arrive  at  a  conclusion:  in 
this  sense  sometimes  with  to.  '  The  Greek 
language  was  arrived  to  its  full  perfection.' 
Dryden.—3.  To  happen  or  occur.  [Obsoles- 
cent. ] 

He  to  whom  this  glorious  death  arrii'ts.      H'aller. 

Arrive  t  (a-rivO,  n.t.  1.  To  reach.  'Ere  he 
arrive,  the  happy  isle.'  Milton.— 2.  To  come 
to;  to  happen  to.  '  Lest  a  worse  woe  arrive 
him.'  Milton.  —  3.  To  cause  to  arrive;  to 


bring.     '  When  Fortune  .   .   .  had  ft/ -i-ii-'^l 
me  in  the  most  joyful  port.'    G.  Cavendush. 
Arrive  t  (a-riv'),  n.    Arrival. 

How  should  I  joy  of  thy  arrive  to  hear !     Drayton. 

Arroba  (a-ro'ba),  n.  [Ar.  arrub,  the  fourth 
part.]  1.  A  weight  formerly  used  in  Spain, 
1'ortugal,  Goa,  Brazil,  and  in  all  Spanish 
America,  and  still  used  in  the  greater  part 
of  Central  and  South  America.  In  the  states 
of  Spanish  origin  its  weight  is  generally 
equal  to  25 '35  Ibs.  avoirdupois;  in  Brazil  it 
equals  3238  Ibs.— 2.  A  measure  for  wine, 
spirits,  and  oil;  in  Spain  and  Mexico  equal 
to  3J  imperial  gallonsl  for  wine  and  spirits, 
and  to  2J  imperial  gallons  for  oil;  in  chili, 
Peru,  and  Bolivia  equal  to  67  imperial  gal- 
lons for  wine. 

Arrode  (a-rod').  v.t.  [L.  arrodo,  to  gnaw  at 
— ad,  to,  and  rndo,  to  gnaw,  whence  corrode, 
rodent,  &c.]  To  gnaw  or  nibble  at. 

Arrogance  (a'ro-gans),  n.  [L  arroyantia, 
from  arroyo,  to  claim— ad,  and  rogo,  to  beg 
or  desire.]  The  act  or  quality  of  taking 
much  upon  one's  self;  that  species  of  pride 
which  consists  in  exorbitant  claims  of  rank, 
dignity,  estimation,  or  power,  or  which  exalts 
the  worth  or  importance  of  the  person  to 
an  undue  degree ;  pride  with  contempt  of 
others;  conceitedness ;  presumption. 

Pride  hath  no  other  glass 
To  show  itself,  but  pride ;  for  supple  knees 
Feed  arrogance,  and  are  the  proud  man's  fees.  Shak. 

SYN.  Assumption,  haughtiness,  presump- 
tion, pride,  disdain,  overbearing,  conceit, 
conceitedness. 

Arrogancy t  (a'ro-gan-si),7i.  Arrogance. '  Pre- 
sumptuous arroganty. '  North. 

Arrogant  (a'ro-gant),  a.  1.  Making  or 
having  the  disposition  to  make  exorbitant 
claims  of  rank  or  estimation ;  giving  one's 
self  an  undue  degree  of  importance; 
haughty ;  full  of  assumption :  applied  to 
persons.  'Arrogant  Winchester,  that 
haughty  prelate.'  Shak. --2.  Characterized 
by  aiTogance ;  proceeding  from  undue 
claims  or  self-importance :  applied  to  things; 
as,  arrogant  claims. 

His  (Lord  Clarendon's)  temper  was  sour,  arrogant, 
and  impatient  of  opposition.  Macauiay. 

—  Magisterial,  Dogmatic,  Arrogant.  See 
under  MAGISTERIAL.— SYN.  Proud,  assum- 
ing, overbearing,  presumptuous,  haughty. 

Arrogantly  (a'ro-gant-li),  adv.  In  an  arro- 
gant manner;  with  undue  pride  or  self- 
importance. 

Arrogantness  (a'ro-gant-nes),  n.  Arrogance. 
Bailey. 

Arrogate  (a'ro-gat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  arro- 
gated; ppr.  amoatmg.  [L.  arrogo,  arroga- 
tmn—ad,  to,  and  rogo,  to  beg  or  desire.]  To 
claim  or  demand  unduly  or  presumptuously; 
to  claim  from  vanity  or  false  pretensions; 
to  lay  claim  to  in  an  overbearing  manner; 
as,  to  arrogate  power  or  dignity  to  one's 
self.  'To  arrogate  the  right  of  deciding 
dogmatically.'  Macauiay. 

Who,  not  content 
With  fair  equality,  fraternal  state. 
Will  arrogate  dominion  undeserved 
Over  his  brethren.  Milton. 

Arrogation  (a-ro-ga'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
arrogating,  or  making  exorbitant  claims; 
the  act  of  taking  more  than  one  is  justly 
entitled  to. 

Where  selfnessis  extinguished  all  manner  of  arroga- 
tion  must  of  necessity  be  extinct.        Dr.  H.  More. 

2.  In  Rom.  law,  same  as  Adrogation. 

Arrogative  t  (a'ro-gat-iv),  a.  Assuming  or 
making  undue  claims  and  pretensions.  Dr. 
II.  More. 

Arrondee,  Arondie  (a-ron'de),  a.  [See  next 
article.]  In  her.  applied  to  a  cross,  the  arms 
of  which  are  composed  of  sections  of  a  circle. 
Written  also  Arondy. 

Arrondissement  (a-ron-des-mah),  n.  [Fr., 
from  arrondir,  to  make  round— or,  from  L. 
ad,  and  rond,  L.  rotundue,  round.]  In 
France,  an  administrative  district  forming 
a  subdivision  of  a  department. 

Arondy  (a-ron'di),  a.  In  her.  same  as  Ann- 
dee. 

Arrope  (Sr-r6'p»  or  ar-ropO,  n.  [Sp.  ]  Must 
or  new  wine,  especially  sherry,  boiled  to  a 
syrup,  in  order  to  be  used  as  a  colouring 
matter  for  other  wines. 

Arroset  (a-rozO,  v.  t.  [Fr.  arroser,  to  sprinkle.  ] 
To  bedew;  to  sprinkle;  to  wet;  to  drench. 

The  blissful  dew  of  heaven  does  arrose  you. 

Bam.  Sr  Fl. 

Arrosiont  (a-ro'zhon),  n.  [L.  arrodo,  to  gnaw 
or  nibble  at]  A  gnawing  at.  Bailey. 

Arrow  (a'ro),  n.  [A.  Sax.  arewe,  aruwe,  arwe; 
same  word  as  Icel.  or,  pi.  orvar,  an  arrow,  and 
probably  allied  to  A.  Sax.  earh,  cam,  swift, 


also  an  arrow  (the  swift  thing),  Ici-1 
swift,  ready;  O.C.  nrf,  a  javelin.)  1.  A  mis- 
sile weapon,  straight,  slender,  pointed,  and 
barbed,  t"  be  shut  with  a  bow. —  2.  Any- 
thing resembling  an  arrow;  as.  (a)  in  tun.  a 
smiill  pointed  iron  rod,  or  a  stick  shod  with 
iron,  to  stick  into  the  ground  at  the  end  of 
the  chain.  (b)  In  fort,  a  work  placed  at  the 
salient  angles  of  a  glacis,  communicatim: 
with  the  covert  way.— Broad  arrow.  See 
BROAD-ARROW. 

Arrow  (a'ro),  r.  /.  To  shoot  up  into  a  long 
pointed  stalk  like  an  arrow. 

The  West  Indian  planter  must  prevent  his  sugar* 
canes  from  arrowing.       Simmcnds'  Colonial  Mag. 

Arrow-grass  (a'ro-gras),  n.  A  common 
name  for  plants  of  the  genus  Triglochin, 
and  order  Juncaginacere;  also  applied  some- 
times to  the  members  of  the  order  generally. 

Arrow-head  (a'ro-hed),  n.  1.  The  head  of 
an  arrow.  —2.  A  genus  of  aquatic  plants,  so 
called  from  the  shape  of  their  leaves.  See 
SAQITTARIA.— 3.  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  a  belemnite. 

Arrow-headed  (a'ro-hed-cd),  a.  Shaped 
like  the  head  of  an  arrow.— Arrow-headed 
characters,  alphabetical  characters  formed 
by  a  combination  of  triangular  or  wedge- 
like  figures;  hence  called  also  Cuneiform 


Arrow  headed  Characters. 

Characters.  They  are  found  inscribed  on 
pottery,  bricks,  rocks,  and  monuments  at 
Persepolis,  Babylon,  Nineveh,  Susa,  and 
other  places  of  the  East,  The  characters 
were  deciphered  by  Grotefend,  Rawlinson, 
Burnouf,  and  others. 

Arrow-root  (a'ro-rb't),  n.  A  starch  largely 
used  forfood  and  for  other  purposes.  Arrow- 
root proper,  sometimes  called  Bermuda  or 
West  Indian  arrow-root,  is  obtained  from 
the  horizontal  rhizomes  of  several  species  of 
Maranta,  and  perhaps  owes  its  name  to  the 
scales  which  cover  the  rhizome,  which  have 
some  resemblance  to  the  point  of  an  arrow, 
aa  may  be  seen  from  the  cut.  Some,  how- 
ever, suppose  that  the  name  is  due  to  the 
fact  of  the  fresh  roots  being  used  as  an 
application  against  wounds  inflicted  by  poi- 
soned arrows,  and  others  say  that  arrow  is  a 
corruption  of  ara,  the  Indian  name  of  the 
plant.  The  species  from  which  arrow-root  is 
most  commonly  obtained  is  M.  a  rundinacea, 
hence  called  the  arrow-root  plant.  Brazilian 


Arrow-root  Plant  (Maranta  arnn(iinaeea). 
a  a.  Rhizomes. 

arrow-root,  or  tapioca  meal,  is  got  from  the 
large  fleshy  root  of  Manihot  tttuuwima,  after 
the  poisonous  juice  has  been  got  rid  of;  East 
Indian  arrow-root,  from  the  large  root-stocks 
of  Curcuma  angustifolia;  Chinese  arrow- 
root, from  the  creeping  rhizomes  of  Kelum- 
ilium  gpeciosum;  English  arrow-root,  from 
the  potato;  Portland  arrow-root,  from  the 
conns  of  Arum  macttlatttm;  and  Oswego 
arrow-root,  from  Indian  com. 

Arrow-stone  (a'ro-ston),  n.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  a  belemnite  (which  see). 

Arrow-wood  (a'ro-wud),  n.  A  Western 
American  plant  of  the  genus.  Viburnum, 
so  named  because  the  Indians  dwelling 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin0;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  *Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ARROWY 


156 


ARTERlOTOMY 


between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Pacific 
make  their  arrows  of  it. 
Arrowy  (a'ro-i), a.  Resembling  an  arrow  or 
arrows  in  any  quality,  as  shape  or  rapidity 
and  directness  of  motion.  '  Iron  sleet,  of 
arrowy  shower.'  Gray.  *  The  lambent 
homage  of  his  arrowy  tongue.'  Cowper. 

The  carrion  bird  released 
Points  to  one  cherished  spot  his  arrwy  flight. 
J.  Baillie. 

Arroyo  (ar-roi'6),  n.  [Sp.]  A  water-course; 
a  rivulet.  Bartlett. 

Arschin  (ar'shin),  n.     See  ARSHIN. 

Arse  (ars),  7i.  [A.  Sax.  ears,  cers,  Icel.  and 
Sw.  ars,  Dan.  arts,  D.  aars,  G.  arsch.]  The 
buttocks  or  hind  part  of  an  animal. — To 
Jiang  an  arse,  a  low  expression  signifying  to 
lag  behind;  to  be  sluggish  or  tardy.  Uudi- 
bras. 

Arsenal  (ar'se-nal),  n.  [Fr.  arsenal,  Sp.  ar- 
senal, darsena,  It.  arsenale,  arzenale,  dar- 
tsena,  from  Ar.  dar  as-sina'a,  house  for  work- 
ing in.]  A  repository  or  magazine  of  arms 
and  military  stores,  necessary  either  for 
assault  or  defence,  whether  for  land  or 
naval  service;  a  public  establishment  where 
naval  and  military  engines,  or  warlike  equip- 
ments, are  manufactured  or  stored,  as  at 
Woolwich. 

Arsenate,  Arseniate  (ar'sen-at,  ar-se'ni-at), 
n.  A  salt  formed  by  arsenic  combined  with 
any  base. 

Arsenic  (ar'sen-ik),  n.  [Fr.  arsenic,  from 
L.  arsenicutn,  Gr.  arsenikon,  yellow  orpi- 
ment,  from  amen,  arsenos,  male  — from  its 
powerful  qualities.]  1.  A  chemical  element 
of  a  steel-blue  colour,  quite  brittle.  It 
forms  alloys  with  most  of  the  metals.  Com- 
bined with  sulphur  it  forms  orpiment  and 
realgar,  which  are  the  yellow  and  red  sul- 
phides of  arsenic.  Orpiment  is  the  true 
arsenicinn  of  the  ancients.  With  oxygen 
arsenic  forms  two  compounds,  the  more 
important  of  which  is  arsenious  oxide  or 
arsenic  trioxide  (As2O3),  which  is  the  white 
arsenic,  or  simply  arsenic,  of  the  shops.  It 
is  usually  seen  in  white,  glassy,  translucent 
masses,  in  which  state  it  is  obtained  by  the 
process  of  sublimation  from  several  ores, 
particularly  that  of  cobalt,  and  from  arseni- 
cal pyrites.  Of  all  substances  arsenic  is 
that  which  has  most  frequently  occasioned 
death  by  poisoning,  both  by  accident  and 
design.  The  best  remedies  against  the 
effects  of  arsenic  on  the  stomach  are  hy- 
drated  sesquioxide  of  iron  or  gelatinous 
hydrate  of  magnesia,  or  a  mixture  of  both, 
with  copious  draughts  of  bland  liquids  of  a 
mucilaginous  consistence,  which  serve  to 
procure  its  complete  ejection  from  the  sto- 
mach. Like  many  other  virulent  poisons  it 
is  a  safe  and  useful  medicine,  especially  in 
skin  diseases,  when  judiciously  employed. 
It  is  used  as  a  flux  for  glass,  and  also  for 
forming  pigments.  It  is  illegal  to  retail 
arsenic  without  marking  the  word  'Poison' 
on  the  envelope  and  entering  the  purchaser's 
name  in  a  book.  — 2.  The  popular  name  of 
arsenious  oxide,  the  preparation  of  arsenic 
usually  retailed  in  the  shops.  See  above. 

Arsenic  (ar-sen'ik),  a.  Containing  arsenic ; 
specifically,  containing  arsenic  in  smaller 
proportion  than  arsenious  compounds.  — 
Arsenic  acid  (Hs  AsO^),  an  acid  formed  from 
arsenic  oxide.  —  Arsenic  oxide  (As.,  O5),  a 
compound  of  oxygen  and  arsenic  having  a 
larger  proportion  of  oxygen  than  arsenious 
oxide :  often  improperly  called  A  rsenic 
A  cid. 

Arsenical  (ar-sen'ik-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  arsenic;  containing  arsenic.— Arsenical 
minerals,  a  family  or  class  of  minerals  in 
which  arsenic  acts  the  part  of  the  electro- 
negative element.  They  occur  in  primitive 
districts  in  metalliferous  veins,  usually  as- 
sociated with  metallic  sulphides. — Arseni- 
cal silver,  an  ore  of  silver  containing  ar- 
senic. 

Arsenicate  (ar-sen'ik-at),  v.t.  To  combine 
with  arsenic. 

Arsenide  (ar/seii-id),  n.  A  compound  of 
arsenic  and  a  metallic  base. 

Arsenious  (ar-se'ni-iis),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  containing  arsenic.  —  Arsenioux  acid 
(HAsO^,  an  acid  formed  from  arsenious 
oxide.  —Arsenious  oxide  (As-jOs),  a  com- 
pound of  oxygen  and  arsenic  having  a 
smaller  proportion  of  oxygen  than  arsenic 
oxide.  Also  called  White  Arsenic,  and  often 
improperly  Arsenious  Acid.  See  under 
ARSENIC. 

Arsenite  (ar'sen-it),  n.  A  salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  arsenious  oxide  with  a  base. 

Arseniuret,  Arsenuret  (ar-sen'u-ret),  ». 


A  combination  of  arsenic  with  a  metallic 
1    or  other  base.    The  arseniurets  of  cobalt, 
nickel,  and  iron  are  found  both  in  veins 
and  in  beds. 

Arseniuretted  (ar-sen'u-ret-ed),  a.  Com- 
bined with  arsenic  so  as  to  form  an  arseni- 
uret. — Arseniuretted  hydrogen  (AsH3),  a  gas 
generated  by  fusing  arsenic  with  its  own 
weight  of  granulated  zinc,  and  decompos- 
ing the  alloy  with  strong  hydrochloric  acid. 
It  is  colourless,  has  a  fetid  odour  like  that 
of  garlic,  and  is  frightfully  poisonous  when 
breathed. 

Arsenous  (ar'sen-us),  a.  Same  as  Arseni- 
ous. 

Arse-smart  (ars'smart),  n.  A  plant,  Poly  go- 
num  Hyaropiper.  Called  also  Smart-weed 
(which  see). 

Ar  seversy,  t  Ar  sie-yersle  t  (ar'se-  ver'si),a  d  v. 
[Probably  a  corruption  of  Fr.  d  renverse,  d 
revers.]  Reverse  or  turned  backwards; 
placed  preposterously;  upside  down;  topsy- 
turvy. 'The  world  goes  arsie-vente.'  The 
Passenger  of  Benvenuto. 

Arshin,  Arshine  (ar'shin),  n.  A  Russian 
measure  of  2  feet  4 '242  inches. 

Arsis  (ar'sis),  n.  [Gr.  arsis,  from  airo,  to 
elevate.]  1.  In  gram,  the  elevation  of  the 
voice,  in  distinction  from  thesis,  or  its  de- 
pression. —  2.  In  pros,  that  syllable  in  a 
measure  where  the  ictus  is  put,  or  which  is 
marked  by  a  greater  stress  or  force. — Arsis 
and  thesis,  in  music,  the  strong  position  and 
weak  position  of  the  bar,  indicated  by  the 
down-beat  and  up-beat  in  marking  time. 

Arsmetrlke.t  n.    Arithmetic.    Chaucer. 

Arson  (aVson),  n.  [O.Fr.  arson,  from  L.  ar- 
deo.  arsum,  to  burn.]  In  law,  the  malicious 
burning  of  a  dwelling-house  or  out-house  of 
another  man,  which  by  the  common  law  is 
felony,  and  which,  if  any  person  is  therein, 
is  capital.  Also,  the  wilful  setting  fire  to 
any  church,  chapel,  warehouse,  mill,  barn, 
agricultural  produce,  ship,  coal-mine,  and 
the  like.  In  Scotland  it  is  called  wilful 

fire-raising,  and  in  both  England  and  Scot- 
land it  is  a  considerable  aggravation  if  the 
burning  is  to  defraud  insurers. 

Art  (art).  The  second  person  singular  indi- 
cative mood,  present  tense,  of  the  verb 
to  be.  See  AM,  Ann. 

Art  (art),  n.  [L.  ars,  art  if,  art,  from  same 
root  as  Gr.  aro,  to  join,  to  fit.  ]  1.  The  arti- 
ficial disposition  or  modification  of  things 
to  answer  some  special  purpose ;  the  appli- 
cation of  knowledge  or  power  to  effect  a 
purpose ;  the  employment  of  means  to  ac- 
complish some  desired  end:  in  this  sense 
art  stands  opposed  to  nature.  '  Blest  with 
each  grace  of  nature  and  of  art.'  Pope. 

Mr.  Mill  says,  *  Art  is  but  the  employment  of  the 
powers  of  nature  for  an  end.'  Yes;  but  the  employ- 
meat  is  the  art.  That  use  or  employment  of  the 
natural  elements  is  precisely  the  function  of  the  in- 
telligence and  the  will,  which  differs  from  nature,  in 
its  proper  sense,  as  the  active  differs  from  the  pas- 
sive. Edin.  Rev. 

2.  A  system  of  rules  serving  to  facilitate 
the  performance  of  certain  actions ;  know- 
ledge of  such  rules  or  skill  in  applying  them, 
as  in  any  trade,  handicraft,  or  other  special 
subject;  as,  the  art  of  building;  the  art  of 
engraving;  the  fine  arts:  in  this  sense  art  is 
opposed  to  science. 

Theorists,  by  an  observation  of  particulars  and  by 
generalizing  on  them,  attempt  to  construct  a  system 
of  scientific  propositions  with  respect  to  a  certain 
subject;  upon  which  system  a  set  of  rules  intended 
for  the  guidance  of  practice  may  be  founded.  These 
rules  form  an  art.  Sir  G".  C.  Lewis. 

It  is  in  this  sense  that  we  speak  of  the  use- 
ful or  mechanical  arts,  that  is,  those  in 
which  the  hands  and  body  are  more  con- 
cerned than  the  mind,  as  in  making  clothes 
and  utensils;  the  ./me  arts  (see  under  FINE); 
and  the  liberal,  polite,  or  elegant  arts,  in 
which  category  may  be  classed  all  the 
branches  of  academical  learning,  as  well  as 
fine  art.  Formerly  the  circle  of  the  sciences 
was  confined  to  the  seven  liberal  arts  — 
grammar,  rhetoric,  logic,  arithmetic,  music, 
geometry,  and  astronomy.  In  this  sense 
the  term  arts  is  still  employed  when  we 
speak  of  the  arts  classes  in  the  universities, 
a  master  of  arts,  &c. 

In  America,  literature  and  the  elegant  arts  must 
grow  up  side  by  side  with  the  coarser  plants  of  daily 
necessity.  /f.  Irving. 

3.  (a)  One  of  the  fine  arts,  more  especially 
one  of  the  imitative  members  of  the  group, 
and  in  particular  painting  or  sculpture;  as, 
he  has  adopted  art  as  his  profession. 

'Who  are  the  critics! '  'Men  who  have  failed  in 
literature  and  art.'  Disraeli. 

(6)  The  special  skill  required  by  those  who 


practise  these  arts;  artistic  faculty;  skill  in 
counterfeiting  nature  or  natural  expression. 

Nothing-  is  better  founded  than  the  famous  apho- 
rism of  rhetoricians,  that  the  perfection  of  art  con- 
sists in  concealing  art.  Campbell. 
4.  Skill,  dexterity,  or  the  power  of  perform- 
ing certain  actions  acquired  by  experience, 
study,  or  observation ;  knack.  '  There,  is 
art  in  roasting  eggs.'  Old  adage.—  5.  Art- 
fulness; cunning.  'More  matter  with  less 
art.'  Shak. —Art,  Science.  Art  differs  from 
science  in  being  practical,  while  the  latter 
is  theoretical  or  speculative.  Art  in  this 
sense  is  based  on  rules  deduced  from  expe- 
rience and  designed  to  facilitate  work  or 
give  superior  excellence  or  precision  to  it. 
The  rules  of  art  partake  less  or  more  of  the 
nature  of  directions.  They  are,  however, 
ultimately  based  on  principles;  thus,  the 
art  of  building  is  based  on  the  principles  or 
laws  of  mechanics.  Science  concerns  itself 
with  what  is  true  without  any  necessary 
regard  to  its  utility.  It  is  knowledge  co- 
ordinated, arranged,  and  systematized,  and 
is  based  on  or  consists  of  laws  discovered 
by  observation,  comparison,  abstraction, 
and  generalization. 

The  fundamental  conception  of  the  occupation  of 
the  architect  embraces  the  two  ideas  of  science  and 
art.  Architecture  as  an  art  is  the  work  of  the  skilled 
hand ;  as  a  science,  it  is  that  of  the  informed  and 
cultivated  brain.  Edin.  Rev. 

SYN.  Aptitude,  readiness,  skill,  dexterity, 
adroitness,  contrivance,  profession,  busi- 
ness, trade,  calling,  cunning,  artifice,  de- 
ceit, duplicity. 

Art  (art), «.  In  Scots  law,  instigation;  abet- 
ment: used  now  only  in  the  phrase  art  and 
part. 

By  art  is  understood  the  mandate,  instigation,  or 
advice  that  may  have  been  given  towards  committing 
the  crime;  fart  expresses  the  share  that  one  takes 
to  himself  in  it  by  the  aid  or  assistance  which  he 
gives  the  criminal  in  the  execution  of  it.  Erskine. 

Arte.t  v.t.  [L.  artvs  for  arctvs,  confined, 
narrow,  from  areeo,  to  shut  in.]  To  force; 
to  compel;  to  constrain. 

Love  arted  me  to  do  my  observaunce 

To  his  estate.  Chaucer. 

Arted  t  (art'ed),  a.    Skilled. 

It  hath  been  counted  ill  for  great  ones  to  sine,  or 
play,  like  an  arted  musician.  Sylvester,  Dtt  Bartas. 

Artelries,  t  n.  pi.    Artillery.    Chaucer. 

Artemis  (ar'te-mis),  n.  1.  In  Grecian  myth. 
the  goddess  of  the  moon  and  of  hunting: 
called  by  the  Romans  Diana.  See  DIANA. — 
2.  A  genus  of  lamelli branchiate  molluscs, 
family  Veneridte,  order  Siphonida,  with 
pallial  margin  sinuous. 

Artemisia  (ar-te-mis'i-a),  n.  [Gr.  artemisia, 
wormwood.  ]  A  genus  of  plants  of  numerous 
species,  nat.  order  Composite,  compriHiut 
mugwort,  sou  them -wood,  and  wormwoodT 
Of  these  the  A.  Absinthium,  or  common 
wormwood  of  our  cottage  gardens,  is  well 
known.  Several  of  the  species  are  used  as 
remedies  for  worms.  Certain  alpine  species 
are  the  flavouring  ingredient  in  the  favour- 
ite French  liqueur,  absinthe. 

Arteriac  (ar-te'ri-ak),  a.     Same  as  Arterial. 

Arteriac  (ar-te'ri-ak),  n.  [Gr.  art&ria,  the 
windpipe.]  A  medicine  prescribed  in  dis- 
eases of  the  windpipe.  Dwnglison. 

Arterial  (ar-te'ri-al),  a.  [See  ARTERY.] 
1.  Pertaining  to  an  artery  or  the  arteries; 
as,  arterial  action. — 2.  Contained  in  an  ar- 
tery ;  as,  arterial  blood.  Arterial  blood 
differs  from  venous  blood,  particularly  by 
its  lighter  florid  red  colour  and  its  greater 
warmth  and  coagulability  —  changes  pro- 
duced by  the  process  of  respiration.— Arte- 
rial navigation,  navigation  by  means  of 
rivers,  deepened  streams,  canals,  and  arti- 
ficial water-courses. 

Arterlalization  (ar-te'ri-al-iz-a"shon),  n. 
The  process  of  making  arterial;  the  conver- 
sion of  the  venous  into  the  arterial  blood 
during  its  passage  through  the  lungs,  l»y 
the  evolution  of  carbonic  acid,  and  the  ab- 
sorption of  oxygen  from  the  air;  hremat 

Arteriallze  (ar-te'ri-al-Iz),  v.t.  pret.  «fr  pp. 
arterialized;  ppr.  arterializing.  To  com- 
municate, as  to  venous  blood,  the  qualities 
of  arterial  blood. 

Arteriography  (ar-te'ri-og"ra-fi),  n.  [Gr. 
arteria,  artery,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  A 
description  of  the  arterial  system. 

Arteriology  (ftr-te'ri-ol"o-ji),n.  [Gr.arteria, 
artery,  and  logos,  discourse.]  A  treatise  or 
discourse  on  the  arteries. 

Arteriotomy  (ar-te'ri-ot"o-nii),  «.  [Gr.  ar- 
teria,  an  artery,  and  tome,  a  cutting  j  In 
anat.  (a)  the  opening  of  an  artery  by  the 
lancet  or  other  instrument,  for  the  purpose 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ARTERITIS 


157 


ARTICULATE 


of  letting  blood.  (6)  Tliat  part  of  anatomy 
which  treats  of  the  dissection  of  the  arteries. 

ArteritiS  (iir-te-ri'tib),  «.  [Gr.  arteria,  ar- 
tery, and  term.  His,  denoting  inflammation.] 
Inflammation  of  an  artery  or  arteries. 

Artery  (artir-i),  "•  [L.  arteria,  from  Or. 
ortlna,  the  windpipe:  the  term  was  after- 
wards applied  to  the  arteries  proper,  which, 
since  they  were  commonly  found  void  of 

1,1 1  after  death,  were  supposed  to  be  air- 

ilucts,  and  to  inclose  the  vital  spirit.] 
1 t  The  trachea  or  windpipe. 

Under  the  artery  or  windpipe  is  the  mouth  of  the 
stomach.  Holland. 

2.  One  of  a  system  of  cylindrical  vessels  or 
tubes,  membranous,  elastic,  and  pulsatile, 
which  convey  the  blood  from  the  heart  to 
all  parts  of  the  body,  by  ramifications  which 
us  they  proceed  diminish  in  size  and  in- 
crease in  number,  and  terminate  in  minute 
capillaries  uniting  the  ends  of  the  arteries 
with  tile  beginnings  of  the  veins.  There  are 
two  principal  arteries :  the  aorta,  which 
rises  from  the  left  ventricle  and  ramifies 
through  the  whole  body;  and  the  pulmonary 
artery,  which  conveys  venous  blood  from 
the  right  ventricle  to  the  lungs,  to  undergo 
respiration.  An  artery  is  composed  of  three 
coats:  the  outer  consists  of  condensed  cellu- 
lar membrane,  and  is  supplied  with  numer- 
ous blood-vessels  and  nerves ;  the  middle 
coat  consists  of  circular  fibres,  generally 
supposed  to  be  muscular;  the  inner  coat, 
thin,  smooth,  and  dense,  confines  the  blood 
within  its  canal,  and  facilitates  its  motion. 
Artesian  (ar-te'zi-an),  a.  [Fr.  artettien,  pro- 
perly pertaining  to  Artois  in  France,  also 
term  descriptive  of  a  particular  kind  of 
well.]  1.  Of  or  belonging  to  Artois  in 
France.  —2.  Term  descriptive  of  a  particular 
kind  of  well,  believed  to  have  been  first 
used  in  Artois.  An  artesian  well  is  a  per- 
pendicular boring  into  the  ground  through 
which  water  rises  to  the  surface  of  the  soil, 
producing  a  constant  flow  or  stream.  Ar- 
tesian wells  are  generally  sunk  in  plains  and 
districts  where  the  lower  pervious  strata  are 
bent  into  basin-shaped  curves.  The  rain 
falling  on  the  outcrops  of  these  saturates 
the  whole  porous  bed,  so  that  when  the  bore 
reaches  it  the  water  by  hydraulic  pressure 


curve.  A,  B,  C,  three  wells  communicating  at  b,  c,  d. 
e.  f  with  underground  pervious  strata  containing 
water  which  descends  by  gravitation  from  the  higher 
levels  D,  E,  F. 

rushes  up  towards  the  level  of  the  highest 
portion  of  the  stratum.  Such  wells  are  com- 
monly of  great  depth,  that  at  Crenelle, 
I'aris,  being  1800  feet  deep,  while  another 
at  Rochefort  is  2765  feet. 

Artful  (art'ful),  a.  [See  ART.]  l.t  Performed 
with  or  characterized  by  art  or  skill.  'Our 
psalms  with  artful  terms  inscribed.'  Mil- 
ton.— 2.t  Artificial,  as  opposed  to  natural. 
'Too  artful  awriter.'  Dn/den.—3.  Cunning; 
practising  art  or  stratagem;  crafty;  charac- 
terized by  or  proceeding  from  art  or  craft. 
'The  artful  Dodger.'  Dickens.  'Artful  in 
speech,  in  action,  and  in  mind.'  Pope.— 
/'mining,  Artful,  Sly.  See  under  CUNNING. 
SVN.  Skilful,  adroit,  dexterous,  cunning, 
crafty,  deceitful. 

Artfully  (iirt'ful-li),  adv.  In  an  artful  man- 
ner; with  art  or  cunning;  skilfully;  dexter- 
ously. 

Artfulness  (iirt'fnl-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  artful;  art;  craft;  cunning;  address. 

Arthen  (iir'then),  a.  An  old  form  of  Ear- 
then. '  An  arthen  pot.'  Holland. 

Arthritic,  Arthritical(ar-thrit'ik,  ar-thrit'- 
ik-al),  a.  1'ertaining  to  the  joints,  or  to  the 
gout;  affecting  the  joints. 

Arthritis  (iir-thri'tis),  n.  [Or.,  from  art/iron, 
a  joint,  anil  itis,  a  term  denoting  inflam- 
mation.] Any  painful  disease  of  the  joints; 
any  Inflammation  of  the  joints,  but  more 
particularly  the  gout. 


Arthrodia  (ai'-throMi-a),  n.  [Or.  uri«fuu<u, 
from  arthrodcs,  well  articulated,  from  ar- 
thron,  a  joint.]  A  species  of  articulation,  in 
which  the  head  of  one  bone  is  received 
into  a  shallow  socket  in  another,  as  is  the 
case  with  the  articulation  of  the  humerus 
and  the  scapula;  a  kind  of  ball-and-socket 
joint. 

Arthrodial,  Arthrodic  (ar-thro'di-al,  ar- 
throd'ik),  a.  1'crtainiug  to  that  form  of 
joint  called  an  arthrodia,  akiud  of  ball-and- 
socket  joint. 

Arthrodynia  (ar-thro-din'i-a),  n,  [Gr.  ar- 
t/iron, a  joint,  and  odyne,  pain.]  Fain  in 
the  joints. 

Arthrodynic  (ar-thro-din'ik),  a.  Relating 
to  arthrodynia,  or  pain  in  the  joints. 
Arthrogastra  (ar-thro-gas'tra),  n.  pi  [Gr. 
arthron,  a  joint,  and  gaster,  the  belly.]  A 
name  sometimes  given  to  those  members  of 
the  Arachnida  which  agree  in  having  the 
abdomen  more  or  less  segmented,  and  not 
separated  by  any  line  of  division  from  the 
cephalothorax,  including  the  true  scorpions, 
book-scorpions,  <fcc. 

Arthrology  (ar-throl'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  arthron, 
a  joint,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  know- 
ledge of  the  joints. 

Arthropoda  (ar-throp'o-da),  «.  pi.  [Gr. 
arthron,  a  joint,  and  pous,  podos,  a  foot.] 
One  of  the  two  primary  divisions  (Anar- 
thropoda  being  the  other)  into  which  mo- 
dern naturalists  have  divided  the  sub-king- 
dom Annulosa,  characterized  by  a  body 
composed  of  a  series  of  segments  arranged 
about  a  longitudinal  axis,  each  segment 
occasionally  and  some  always  being  provided 
with  articulated  appendages. 
Arthrosia  (ar-thro'si-a),  n.  [Gr.  arthron, 
a  joint.]  Severely  painful  inflammation, 
mostly  confined  to  the  joints,  bat  occasion- 
ally extending  to  the  surrounding  muscles; 
arthritis. 

Arthrosis  (iir-thro'sis),  n.     [Gr.  arthron,  a 
joint.]    In  anat.  articulation. 
Artichoke  (ai-'ti-chok),  n.     [Fr.  artichaut, 
G.  artischoke,arti8choclce,  from  It.  artidocco, 
said  to  be  from  Ar.  ardi  shauki,  earth-thorn, 
but  the  existence  of  such  an  Arabic  word 
seems  doubtful.     Marcel  Devic,  in  Supple- 
ment to  Littre's  Dictionary,  derives  it  from 
Gr.  artytiktos,  fit  for  seasoning,  artyo,  to 
dress  meat,  to  season.]    The  Cynara  Sco- 
lymus,  a  plant  of  the  nat.  order  Com- 
posita),  somewhat  resembling  a  thistle, 
with  large  divided  prickly  leaves.     The 
R    erect  flower-stem  terminates  in  a  large 
I    round  head  of  numerous  imbricated  oval 
spiny  scales  which  surround  the  flowers. 
The  fleshy  bases  of  the  scales  witli  the 
large  receptacle  are  the  parts  that  are 
eaten.     Artichokes  were  introduced  into 
England  early  in  the  sixteenth  century. 
The  Jerusalem  artichoke,  or  Hclianthus 
|    tuberosuts,  is  a  species  of  sunflower,  whose 
'    roots  are  used  like  potatoes.     See  JERU- 
SALEM ARTICHOKE. 

Article  (ar'ti-kl),  n.  [L.  articulus,  a  joint, 
a  division,  part,  or  member,  a  point  or 
moment  of  time,  a  dim.  of  artus,  a  joint, 
allied  to  Gr.  arthron,  a  joint,  from  aro,  to 
fit]  1.  A  single  clause,  item,  point,  or  par- 
ticular, as  in  a  contract,  treaty,  or  other 
formal  agreement  between  parties;  a  dis- 
tinct proposition  or  statement  in  a  con- 
nected series  of  such;  one  of  the  particulars 
composing  a  system ;  a  separate  charge  or 
item  in  an  account;  a  condition  or  stipula- 
tion in  a  contract  or  bargain ;  a  point  of 
faith,  doctrine,  or  duty ;  as,  to  object  to  an 
article  in  a  protocol ;  to  sign  articles  of 
agreement ;  an  account  consisting  of  many 
different  article*;  this  was  one  of  the  articles 
of  his  belief.  '  Upon  each  article  of  human 
duty.'  Paley.—Z.  A  complete  and  indepen- 
dent, or  partially  independent,  portion  of  a 
literary  publication,  especially  of  a  news- 
paper, magazine,  review,  or  other  periodical; 
as,  he  wrote  three  articles  for  the  Edinburgh 
Review,  and  a  series  of  articles  for  the 
Times;  he  alwajs  writes  the  leading  articles 
in  his  paper.— 3.  A  particular  commodity  or 
substance;  as,  an  article  of  merchandise; 
salt  is  a  necessary  article:  in  common  usage 
this  word  is  applied  to  almost  every  separate 
substance  or  material.— 4. t  Precise  point  of 
time;  moment.  'An  infirm  building  just  in 
the  article  of  falling.'  Wollaston. 

This  fatal  newes  coming  to  Hicks's  Hall  upon  the 
article  of  my  Lord  Russell's  trial  was  suid  to  have 
had  no  little  influence  on  the  jury  and  all  the  bench 
to  his  prejudice.  E-vtiyn. 

—In  the  article  of  death  [L.  in  articulo  mor- 
tis], lit.  in  the  moment  of  death;  in  the  last 


struggle  or  apiiiy. -  r».  In  bot.  the  name  for- 
merly givi-n  to  that  part  of  a  stalk  or  stem 
j  which  is  between  two  joints,  <;  In  <jnmt. 
a  part  of  speech  used  before  nouns  to  limit 
or  define  their  application.  In  the  Knxli^h 
language  a  or  an  is  the  indefinite  article, 
and  the  the  definite  article.  See  A,  AN,  THE. 
— Article*  of  war,  the  code  of  regulations 
for  the  better  government  and  discipline  of 
the  army  and  navy,  embodied  in  the  Mu- 
tiny Act,  which  is  passed  each  year.— The 
Six  A  rticlee,  articles  imposed  by  a  statute 
(often  called  the  Bloody  Statute)  passed  in 
1M1,  the  thirty-third  year  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  They  decreed  the  acknowledg- 
ment of  transubstantiation,  the  sufficiency 
of  communion  in  one  kind,  the  obligation  of 
vows  of  chastity,  the  propriety  of  private 
masses,  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  and  auricular 
confession.  Acceptance  of  these  doctrines 
was  made  obligatory  on  all  persons  under 
the  severest  penalties ;  the  act,  however, 
was  relaxed  in  1544,  and  repealed  in  1549. — 
The  Thirty-nine  Articles,  a  statement  of  the 
particular  points  of  doctrine,  thirty-nine  in 
number,  maintained  by  the  English  Church, 
first  promulgated  by  a  convocation  held  in 
London  in  1582-03,  and  confirmed  by  royal 
authority,  founded  on  and  superseding  an 
older  code  issued  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI. 
They  were  adopted  by  the  Irish  Episcopal 
Church  in  1635,  and  by  the  Scottish  in  the 
end  of  the  eighteenth  century.— Articles  of 
the  peace,  an  obligation  imposed  on  an  in- 
dividual against  whom  some  one  has  ex- 
hibited a  complaint  that  he  has  just  cause 
to  fear  that  the  other  party  will  bum  his 
house,  do  him  some  bodily  harm,  or  procure 
a  third  person  to  do  it,  to  keep  the  peace  for 
a  certain  time,  under  a  penalty  and  with  or 
without  sureties. — Lords  of  the  articles.  See 
under  LORD. 

Article  (iir'ti-kl),  v.t.  pp.  articled;  ppr.  ar- 
ticling. 1.  To  draw  up  in  distinct  particu- 
lars. '  If  all  his  errors  and  follies  were  ar- 
ticled against  him.'  Jcr.  Taylor. — 2.  To  ac- 
cuse or  charge  by  an  exhibition  of  articles 
or  charges.  '  He  shall  be  articled  against  in 
the  high  court  of  admiralty,'  33  George  III. 

3.  To  bind  by  articles  of  covenant  or  stipu- 
lation; as,  to  article  an  apprentice  to  an  en- 
gineer. 

Article  (ar'ti-klY  r.  t.  To  agree  by  articles; 
to  stipulate.  [Rare.  ] 

Then  he  articled  with  her  that  he  should  go  away 
when  he  pleased.  Seldeit. 

Articled  (arti-kld),  a.  Bound  by  articles ; 
indentured,  as  an  apprentice. 

Articular  (ar-tik'u-ler),  a.  [L.  articularw. 
See  ARTICLE.]  Belonging  to  the  joints  or 
to  a  joint;  as,  the  gout  is  an  articular  dis- 
ease ;  an  articular  process. 

Artlcularly  (ar-tik'u-lcr-li).  adv.  1.  In  an 
articular  manner  —2.  Articulately.  Uuloet. 

Articulata  (ar-tik'u-lii"ta),  n.pl.  1.  The 
third  great  section  of  the  animal  kingdom 
according  to  the  arrangement  of  Cuvier, 
including  all  the  invertebrates  with  the  ex- 
ternal skeleton  forming  a  series  of  rings  ar- 
ticulated together  and  enveloping  the  body, 
distinct  respiratory  organs,  and  an  internal 
ganglionatcd  nervous  system  along  the 
middle  line  of  the  body.  They  are  divided 
into  five  classes,  viz.  Crustacea,  Arachnida, 
Insecta,  Myriapoda,  andAnnelida,  The  first 
four  classes  are  now  commonly  placed  to- 
gether under  the  name  of  Arthropoda. — 
2.  A  term  sometimes  given  to  one  of  two 
sections  into  which  the  Brachiopoda  or 
lamp-shells  are  divided,  comprising  those 
in  which  the  valves  of  the  shell  are  united 
along  the  hinge-line,  the  lobes  of  the  mantle 
are  not  completely  free,  and  the  intestine 
terminates  with  a  closed  extremity. 

Articulate  (ar-tik'u-lat),  a.  [L.  articulates, 
jointed,  distinct.)  1.  Jointed;  formed  with 
joints;  as,  an  articulate  animal.— 2.  Formed 
by  the  distinct  and  intelligent  movement  of 
the  organs  of  speech ;  uttered  by  suitably 
modifying  the  position  of  the  vocal  organs; 
as,  an  articulate  sound;  articulate  speech. 
Hence  —  3.  Pronounced  articulately  ;  ex- 
pressed clearly ;  clear ;  distinct ;  as,  articu- 
late enunciation. 

Wherever  articulate  contemporary  declarations 
have  been  preserved,  ethnological  is  not  less  certain 
than  other  sorts  of  history.  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis. 

4.  Expressed  in  articles,  or  in  separate  par- 
ticulars.    'Total  changes  of  party  and  arti- 
culate opinion.'  Cartyle.  [Rare.]— Articulate 
adjudication,    in   Scots   law,  adjudication 
which  is  often  used  where  there  are  more 
debts  than  one  due  to  the  adjudging  credi- 
tor; in  which  case  it  is  usual  to   accu- 


ch,  chain;      cli,  Sc.  locA;      g,  jo;      j,  job;    t,  Fr.  ton;      ng, ! 


TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  azure. — See  KEY. 


ARTICULATE 


158 


ARTLESS 


mulate  each  debt  by  itself,  so  that,  in  case 
of  an  error  in  ascertaining  or  calculating 
one  of  the  debts,  the  error  may  only  affect 
that  debt. 

Articulate  (ar-tik'u-lat),  n.  One  of  the  Ar- 
ticulata. 

Articulate  (ar-tik'u-Iat),  v.i.  1.  To  utter  ar- 
ticulate sounds;  to  utterdistinct  syllables  or 
words;  as,  to  articulate  distinctly. 

It  was  the  eager,  inarticulate,  uninstructed  mind 
of  the  whole  Norse  people,  longing  only  to  become 
articulate,  to  go  on  artfcidattng  ever  farther. 

Carlyle. 

2.t  To  enter  into  negotiations;  to  treat;  to 
stipulate;  to  make  terms. 

Send  us  to  Rome 

The  best,  with  whom  we  may  articulate, 
For  their  own  good  and  ours.  Shaft. 

Articulate  (ar-tik'u-lat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ar- 
ticulated; ppr.  articulating.  1.  To  joint;  to 
unite  by  means  of  a  joint;  as,  two  pieces 
loosely  articulated  together— 2.  To  utter 
by  intelligent  and  appropriate  movement 
of  the  vocal  organs;  as,  to  articulate  letters 
or  sounds. 

The  dogmatist  knows  not  by  what  art  he  directs 
his  tongue  in  articulating  sounds  into  voices. 

Glan-ville. 

3.  To  utter  in  articulate  sounds;  to  utter  in 
distinct  syllables  or  words;  as,  he  articulated 
his  speech  distinctly.— 4.  To  draw  up  or 
write  in  separate  particulars  or  in  articles. 

These  things,  indeed,  you  have  articulated, 
Proclaimed  at  market  crosses,  read  in  churches. 
Shak. 

SYN.  To  speak,  utter,  pronounce,  enunciate. 
Articulated  (ar-tik'u-lat-ed),  p.  and  a. 

1.  Jointed;  having  joints  or  articulations,  as 
a  plant  or  animal.    See  ARTICULATION,  2.— 

2.  Uttered  distinctly  in  syllables  or  words. 

3.  Exhibited  in  articles;  drawn  up  or  stated 
under  separate  heads. 

Articulately  (iir-tik'u-lat-li),  adv.  1.  In  an 
articulate  manner ;  with  distinct  utterance 
of  syllables  or  words.— 2.  Article  by  article; 
in  detail. 

I  had  articulately  set  d»wn  in  writing  our  joints. 

Articulate  ness  (ar-tik'u-lat-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  articulate. 

Articulation  (ar-tik'u-la"shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  articulating  or  the  state  of  being  ar- 
ticulated; as,  the  articulation  of  sounds. 
— Articulation  school  or  class,  a  school  or 
class  in  which  pupils  who  are  dumb  in  con- 
sequence of  deafness  are  taught  to  speak 
articulately  through  diagrams  showing  the 
positions  of  the  vocal  organs,  and  other 
means. — 2.  In  a  concrete  sense,  (a)  in  anat.  a 
joint ;  the  joining  or  juncture  of  the  bones. 
This  is  of  three  kinds:  (1)  Diarthrosis,  or  a 
movable  connection,  including  enarthrosis, 
or  the  ball-and-socket  joint;  arthrodia,  which 
is  the  same,  but  more  superficial;  ginglymus, 
or  hinge- like  joint;  and  troche-id,  or  the 
wheel  and  axle :  (2)  Synarthrosis,  immov- 
able connection,  as  by  suture,  or  junction 
by  serrated  margins;  harmony,  or  union  by 
straight  margins;  and  gomphosis,  like  a 
nail  driven  in  a  board,  as  the  teeth  in  their 
sockets:  (3)  Symphysis,  or  union  by  means 
of  another  substance;  as,  synchondrosis, 
union  by  a  cartilage;  syssarcosis,  union  by 
muscular  fibres;  synneurosis,  union  by  a  ten- 
don; syndesmosis,  union  by  ligaments;  and 
synostosis  and  suture,  union  by  a  bony  sub- 
stance. (&)  In  bot.  (1)  a  joint,  a  place  where 
separation  takes  place  spontaneously,  as 
at  the  point  of  attachment  of  a  deciduous 
organ,  such  as  a  leaf  or  a  flower  peduncle; 
or  easily,  as  at  the  divisions  of  the  stem  of 
the  horse-tail.  (2)  One  of  the  parts  between 
two  joints  of  a  stem  or  other  axis,  (c)  In 
gram,  a  consonant;  a  letter  representing  a 
sound  which  requires  a  jointing  or  closing 
of  the  organs  for  its  utterance. 

Articulator  (ar-tik'u-lat-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
articulates. —2.  An  apparatus  for  obtaining 
the  correct  articulation  of  artificial  sets  of 
teeth.— 3.  A  contrivance  for  preventing  or 
curing  stammering. 

Artier  (ar'ti-er),  ?i.  An  artery.  Marlowe. 
[Rare.] 

Artifice  (ar'ti-fls),  n.  [L.  artificium—ars, 
ar(is,art,  and/acio,  to  make.]  1.  Artful  con- 
trivance. 

His  ( Congreve's)  plots  are  constructed  without 
much  artifice.  Craik. 

2.  t  An  ingenious  or  skilfully  contrived  work. 

The  material  universe,  which  is  the  artifice  of  God, 
the  artifice  of  the  best  mechanist.  Cudivorth. 

3.  A  crafty  device ;  trick ;  shift ;  piece  of 
finesse. 

Those  who  were  conscious  of  guilt  employed 
numerous  artifices  for  the  purpose  of  averting  in- 
quiry. Macaulay. 


4.t  Art  of  making. 

Strabo  affirmeth  the  Britons  were  so  simple,  that 
though  they  abounded  in  milk,  they  had  not  the  ar- 
tifice of  cheese.  Sir  T,  Browne. 

SYN.  Trick,  finesse,  stratagem,  deception, 
cheat,  fraud,  guile,  imposition,  cunning, 
craft. 

Artificer  (ar-tif'is-er),  n.  [L.  artifex—ars, 
artis,  art,  aud/acio,  to  make.]  1.  A  maker; 
a  constructor ;  a  skilful  or  artistic  worker; 
a  handicraftsman;  a  mechanic.— 2.  One  who 
contrives  or  devises;  an  inventor;  espe- 
cially, an  inventor  of  crafty  or  fraudulent 
artifices.  'Artificer  of  fraud.'  Milton.  'Ar- 
tificer of  lies.'  Dryden.  *  Let  you  alone,  cun- 
ning artificer.'  B.  Jonson.—S.  Milit.  a 
soldier-mechanic  attached  to  the  artillery 
and  engineer  service,  whose  duty  is  to  con- 
struct and  repair  military  materials. 

Artificial  (ar-ti-fish'al),  a.  1.  Made  or  con- 
trived  by  art,  or  by  human  skill  and  labour, 


not  genuine  or  natural ;  as,  he  displeased 
people  by  his  artificial  airs.  'Wet  my 
cheeks  with  artificial  tears.'  Shak. 

O  let  them  (the  linnets)  ne'er  with  artificial  note. 
To  please  a  tyrant,  strain  the  little  bill. 
But  sing  what  Heaven  inspires,  and  wander  where 
they  will.  Beattie. 

3.  Full  of  affectation;  not  natural :  said  of 
persons;  as,  he  is  very  artificial  in  his  man- 
ners.— 4.  Cultivated;  not  indigenous;  not 
being  of  spontaneous  growth;  as,  artificial 
grasses.— 5.  t  Contrived  with  skill  or  art;  ar- 
tistic. 

Artificial  strife 
Lives  in  these  touches,  livelier  than  life.    Shak. 

G.t  Artful;  subtle;  crafty;  ingenious. 

We,  Hermia,  like  two  artificial  gods, 
Have,  with  our  needles,  created  both  one  flower. 
Shak. 

—Artificial  argument,  in  rhet.  an  argument 
invented  by  the  speaker,  in  distinction  from 
laws,  authorities,  and  the  like,  which  are 
called  inartificial  arguments  or  proofs. — 
Artificial  horizon.  See  under  HORIZON.— 
Artificial  light,  any  light  except  what  pro- 
ceeds from  the  heavenly  bodies.—  Artificial 
lines,  on  a  sector  or  scale,  are  lines  so  con- 
trived as  to  represent  the  logarithmic  sines 
and  tangents,  which,  by  the  help  of  the  line 
of  numbers,  solve,  with  tolerable  exactness, 
questions  in  trigonometry,  navigation,  <Jfcc. — 
Artificial  numbers,  the  same  as  logarithms. 
— Artificial  sines,  tangents,  &c.,  the  logar- 
ithms of  the  natural  sines,  tangents,  Ac. 
— Artificial  or  sexual  system,  in  bot.  the  Lin- 
nrcan  classification  of  plants  founded  on  a 
few  well-marked  'characters,  and  not  unit- 
ing them  by  their  natural  affinities. 

Artificial  (ar-ti-flsh'al),  n.  A  production  of 
art.  Sir  W.  Petty.  [Rare.] 

Artificiality  (ar-ti-flsh'al"i-ti),  n.  The 
quality  of  "being  artificial ;  appearance  of 
art. 

ArtiflCiallze  (ar-ti-flsh'al-iz),  v.t.  To  ren- 
der artificial.  [Rare.] 

It  has  artificialized  large  portions  of  mankind. 
J.S.Miil. 

Artificially  (ar-ti-flsh'al-li),  adv.  1.  In  an  ar- 
tificial manner;  by  art  or  human  skill  and 
contrivance. —2.  With  good  contrivance; 
with  art  or  ingenuity.  'The  spider's  web, 
finely  and  artificially  wrought.'  Tillotson. 
3.  Artfully ;  craftily. 

So  artificially  did  this  young  Italian  behave  her- 
self that  she  deceived  even  the  eldest  and  most 
jealous  persons,  both  in  the  court  and  country. 

Bf.  Burnet. 

ArtiflcialneBS  {ar-ti-flsh'al-nes),».  The  qua- 
lity of  being  artificial. 

Artificioust  (ar-ti-flsh'us),  a.  Same  as  Ar- 
tificial. Johnson. 

Artilize  (ar'ti-liz),  v.t.  To  give  an  appear- 
ance of  art  to. 

If  I  was  a  philosopher,  says  Montaigne,  I  would 
naturalize  art,  instead  of  artilizing  nature.  The  ex- 
pression is  odd,  but  the  sense  is  good.  Boliiigbroke. 

Artillerist  (ar-tiner-ist),?i.  A  person  skilled 
in  gunnery. 

Artillery  (ftr-tirifir-i),  n.  This  word  has  no 
plural.  [Fr.  artillerie,  originally  offensive 
weapons,  and  specifically  missile  weapons, 
from  an  old  verb  artiller,  to  work  with  ar- 
tifice, to  fortify,  to  arm,  from  L.  ars,  artis, 
art.  Comp.  engine,  from  L.  ingenium,  a 
contrivance,  invention,  and  machine,  from 
Gr.  medians,  art  or  contrivance.]  l.t  In  a 
general  sense,  offensive  weapons  of  war, 
whether  large  or  small:  used  in  the  follow- 
ing passages  of  bows  and  arrows. 

And  Jonathan  gave  his  artillery  unto  his  lad,  and 
said  unto  him,  Go,  carry  them  to  the  city. 

i  Sam.  xx.  40. 


The  Parthians,  having  all  their  hope  in  artillery, 
overcame  the  Romans  oftcner  than  the  Romans 
them.  Ascham. 

2.  Cannon;  great  guns;  ordnance;  also  ord- 
nance and  its  necessary  equipment  both  in 
men  and  material  (thus  including  carriages, 
horses,  ammunition,  <fcc.);  or  simply  the 
men  and  officers  that  manage  the  guns  in 
land  battles  and  sieges. —3.  The  science 
which  treats  of  the  use  and  management  of 
great  guns. — Artillery  level,  an  instrument 
adapted  to  stand  on  a  piece  of  ordnance,  and 
having  a  pendulous  pointer  by  which  it  in- 
dicates the  angle  between  the  axis  of  the 
piece  and  the  plane  of  the  horizon. — Park 
of  artillery.     See  PARK. — Royal  regiment  of 
artillery,  a  collective  name  for  the  whole  of 
the  artillery  belonging  to  the  British  army. 
This  force  is  divided  into  a  number  of  bri- 
gades which  in  respect  of  size  would  corre- 
spond with  the  regiments  into  which  the 
other  forces  are  divided. — Train  of  artillery, 
a  number  of  pieces  of  ordnance,  mounted 
on  carriages,  with  all  their  furniture,  fit  for 
marching. 

Artillery-man  (ar-til'ler-i-man),  n.  A  man 
who  manages  a  large  gun  in  firing;  a  solditr 
in  the  Royal  Artillery. 

Artimorantico  (ar-te-m6'ran-te"k6),  n.  [It.  ] 
An  alloy  of  tin,  sulphur,  bismuth,  and  cop- 
per, made  in  imitation  of  ancient  jewelry. 
It  resembles  18-carat  gold  in  appearance. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

Artiodactyla  (ar'shi-6-dak"ti-la),  n.pl.  [Gr. 
artios,  even-numbered,  and  daktylos,  a  toe.] 
A  section  of  the  Ungulata  or  hoofed  mam- 
mals, comprising  nil  those  in  which  the 
number  of  the  toes  is  even  (two  or'  four), 
including  the  ruminants,  and  also  a  number 
of  non- ruminating  animals,  as  the  hippo- 
potamus and  the  pig.  The  section  includes 
all  the  ungulate  animals  used  for  human 
food,  and  domesticated  from  time  imme- 
morial. 

Artisan  (ar'ti-zan),  n.  [Fr.  artisan,  It. 
arttgiano,  from  L.  artitus,  skilled  in  art, 
through  a  L.L.  adjective,  artitianus,  from 
L.  ars,  artis,  art.  See  ART.]  1.  One  skilled 
in  any  art,  mystery,  or  trade;  a  handi- 
craftsman ;  a  mechanic. — 2.f  One  skilled  in 
high  or  fine  art ;  an  artist. 

Best  and  happiest  artisan, 

Best  of  painters.  Guardian. 

Artist  (art'ist),  n.  [Fr.  artiste,  It  artitta, 
from  L.  ars,  artis,  art.  See  ART.]  l.t  One 
skilled  in  an  art  or  trade;  one  who  is  master 
or  professor  of  a  manual  art ;  a  good  work- 
man in  any  trade. 

When  I  made  this  an  artist  undertook  to  imitate 
it,  but  using  another  way,  fell  much  short.  Newton. 

2.t  A  person  of  skill  or  learning;  an  accom- 
plished person.  'The  wise  and  fool,  the 
artist  and  unread.'  Shak. 

Some  will  make  me  the  pattern  of  ignorance  for 
making  this  Scaliger  (Julius  Caesar)  the  pattern  of 
the  general  artist,  whose  own  son  Joseph  might  have 
been  his  father  in  many  arts.  Fuller. 

3.  One  who  professes  and  practises  one  of 
the  fine  arts,  in  which  science  and  taste 
preside  over  the  manual  execution,  as  paint- 
ing, sculpture,  engraving,  and  architecture. 

Love,    .         .    a  more  ideal  artist  he  than  all. 
Tennyson. 

Specifically,  and  most  frequently,  a  painter. 

Miss  Sharp's  father  was  an  artist,  and  in  that 
quality  had  given  lessons  of  drawing  in  Miss  P.'» 
school.  Thackeray. 

Artiste  (ar-test),  n.  [Fr.]  A  term  of  very 
extensive  application,  denoting  one  who  is 
peculiarly  dexterous  and  tasteful  in  almost 
any  art,  as  a  public  singer,  an  opera-dancer, 
and  even  a  hair-dresser  or  a  cook. 

Artistic,  Artistical  (ar-tist'ik,  ar-tist'ik  al), 
a.  Pertaining  to  art  or  artists;  trained  in  art; 
made  in  the  manner  of  an  artist;  conformable 
to  art;  characterized  by  art.  '  He(Dyer)sees, 
too,  with  an  artistic  eye.'  Craik. 

Artistically  (ar-tist'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  an 
artistic  manner. 

Artist-like  (art'ist-lik),  a.  1.  Resembling 
an  artist. — 2.  Executed  in  the  manner  of  an 
artist;  conformable  to  the  rules  of  art. 

To  this  day,  though  we  have  more  finished  draw- 
ings, we  have  no  designs  that  are  more  artist-like, 
ll'hftveu. 

Artistry  (art'ist-ri),  n.    1.  Artistic  finish  or 

touch ;  artistic  effect.     Browning.    [Rare.] 

2.  Works  of  art.     West.  Rev. 
Artizan  (ar'ti-zan),  n.    Same  as  Artisan. 
Artize  t  (art'iz),  v.t.   To  form  by  art.   ;•'('.;. '•• 
Artless  (artaes),  o.    l.t  Unskilful:  wanting 

art,  knowledge,  or  skill.  '  A  rtless  empiricks. 

Ant.  Brewer.     With  of. 

The  high-shoed  plowman,  should  he  quit  the  land, 
Artless  IT/"  stars,  and  fl/the  moving  sand.     Drydtn. 


Fate,  tar,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  ubune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ARTLESSLY 


159 


AS 


2.  Kvi.lrn.  ins,'  no  artistic  skill ;  inartistic; 
rude.  [Kiuv.J 

II. id  it  been  a  practice  of  the  Saxons  to  set  up  these 
assemblages  of  artlts s  and  massy  pillars,  more  speci- 
mens would  have  remained.  T.  Wnrton. 

8.  Free  from  guile,  art,  craft,  or  stratagem; 
simple;  sincere;  unaffected;  undesigning; 
uns.iphisticatcd;  as,  an  artless  mind. 

The  little  artless  Rosey  warbled  on  her  pretty 
ditties.  rtacttrajt. 

4.  Without  artificial  adornment;  not  evi- 
d.  ii.-ing  resort  to  artificial  mrthOQl  of  mak- 
ing attractive ;  plain;  Dnadonud;  simple; 
as,  an  «i-(iv.«  tab-.  -SVN.  Simple,  unaffected, 
sincere, undesigniug,  guileless,  open,  candid, 
frank,  unsophisticated,  plain,  unadorned. 

Artlessly  (art'les-li),  adv.  In  an  artless 
mmint'r;  without  art  or  skill;  without 
(jiiile;  naturally;  sincerely;  unaffectedly. 

Artlessness  (art'les-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  artless;  simplicity;  sincerity;  uuaffect- 

Artly  (art'li),  a.  Artistic;  skilful;  artful. 
•  Their  artly  ami  pleasing  relation.'  Chap- 
man. [Rare.] 

Artocarpacese,Artocarpe8e(ar't6-kar-pa"- 
se-e,  ar-to-kar'pe-e), n.  pi.  [Gr.  artos,  bread, 
and  karpos,  fruit.]  A  nat.  order  of  plants, 
the  bread-fruit  order,  by  some  botanists 
ranked  as  a  sub-order  of  the  Urticacerc  or 
nettles.  They  are  trees  or  shrubs,  with  a 
milky  juice,  which  in  some  species  hardens 
into  caoutchouc,  and  in  the  cow-tree  (Brosi- 
inum  Galactodendron)  is  a  milk  as  good  in 
quality  as  that  obtained  from  the  cow.  Many 
of  the  plants  produce  an  edible  fruit,  of  which 
the  best  known  is  the  bread-fruit,  Artocarpus 

Sivhich  see).  The  virulent  antiar  poison  of 
aya  is  obtained  from  the  upas-tree  (Anti- 
arits  toxicaria\ 

Artocarpad  (ar-to-kar'pad),  71.  A  member 
of  the  nat.  order  Artocarpaceie. 

Artocarpous,  Artocarpeous  (ar-to-kar'- 
pus,  ar-to-kar'pe-us),  a.  Relating  to  bread- 
fruit or  the  bread-fruit  tree. 

Artocarpus  (ar-to-kar'pus).  n.  The  bread- 
fruit, a  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Artocar- 
pacere.  Many  species  are  known,  some  of 
which  yield  valuable  timber  in  the  forests 
of  Bengal  and  Malabar;  but  the  most  im- 
portant species  is  A.  incisa,  the  bread-fruit 
tree  of  the  South  Sea  Islands.  (See  BREAD- 
FRUIT TREE.)  The  jaca-tree  or  jack-tree 
(A.  integrifulia)  is  the  bread-fruit  of  tro- 
pical Asia,  where  it  is  extensively  used  for 
food.  The  leaves  of  the  tree  are  entire, 
the  fruit  is  oblong,  and  contains  numerous 

.  seeds,  which  are  roasted  and  eaten  like  the 
chestnut. 

Artotyrlte  (ar-to-tl'rit),  n.  [Gr.  artos, 
breaif,  and  tyros,  cheese,  j  One  of  a  sect  of 
heretics  in  the  primitive  church,  who  cele- 
brated the  eucharist  with  bread  and  cheese, 
alleging  that  the  first  oblations  of  men  were 
not  only  the  fruit  of  the  earth,  but  the  pro- 
duce of  their  flocks.  They  admitted  females 
to  the  priesthood  and  episcopacy. 

Arts-man*  (arts'man),  n.  A  man  skilled 
in  art  or  in  arts;  a  learned  man;  an  adept. 

The  pith  of  all  sciences  which  makcth  the  arts:man 
differ  from  the  inexpert  is  in  the  middle  proposition. 

Art-Union  (iirt-u'ni-un),  n.  An  association 
or  society,  the  object  of  which  is  to  aid  in 
extending  the  knowledge  of  and  love  for 
the  arts  of  design,  and  to  give  encourage- 
ment to  artists  beyond  that  afforded  by 
private  patronage.  Each  member  subscribes 
annually  a  certain  sum,  and  a  part  of  the 
aggregate  sum  thus  raised  is  generally  set 
apart  for  the  purpose  of  engraving  some 
work  of  art,  a  copy  of  which  is  given  to 
every  subscriber.  The  greater  part  of  the 
sum  annually  subscribed  is  employed  for 
the  purchase  of  pictures,  sculpture,  and 
other  works  of  art,  which  are  distributed 
by  lot  among  the  members.  A  part  of  the 
funds  is  also  sometimes  applied  as  premiums 
for  the  production  of  original  designs.  Art- 
unions  seem  to  have  originated  in  France 
during  the  time  of  Napoleon  I.  They  soon 
afterwards  took  root  inGermany,  where  they 
have  been  very  successful.  The  first  art- 
union  established  in  Britain  was  that  at 
Edinburgh  in  1834. 

Arum  (u'rum),  n.  [L.  arum,  Gr.  arm,  the 
wake-robin.)  A  genus  of  plants,  nat." order 
Aracea?.  A.maeulatum  (the  common  wake- 
robin,  or  lords-and-ladies)  is  abundant  in 
woods  and  hedges  in  England  and  Ireland. 
It  has  acrid  properties,  but  its  conn  yields 
a  starch,  which  is  known  by  the  name  of 
Portland  sago  or  arrow-root.  At  one  time 
tlu's  was  prepared  to  a  considerable  extent 


in  Portland  Island.     All  the  species  of  this 
genus  develop  much  heat  during  lluwcring. 


Wake-robin  (Arum  maculatum). 

Aruncielian  (ar-un-deli-an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  Earl  of  Arundel.—  Arundel  or  Arun- 
delian  marbles.  See  under  MARBLE. 

Arundlferous  (ar-un-dif  er-us),  a.  [L. 
arundo,  &  reed,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Pro- 
ducing reeds  or  canes. 

Arundinaceous  (a-run'di-na"shu8),  a. 
[L.  arundo,  a  reed.]  Pertaining  to  a  reed; 
resembling  the  reed  or  cane. 

Arundineous,  Arundinose  (ar-un-din'e-us, 
a-run'din-6s),  a.  Abounding  with  reeds. 

Arundo  (a-run'do),  n.  [L.  arundo,  a  reed, 
said  to  be  from  Celt,  am,  water,  from  their 
growing  in  or  beside  water.)  A  reed;  a 
genus  of  grasses,  now  usually  limited  to  the 
A.  Donax  and  the  species  which  most  nearly 
agree  with  it.  A.  Donax  is  a  native  of  the 
south  of  Europe,  Egypt,  and  the  East.  It  is 
one  of  the  largest  grasses  in  cultivation,  and 
attains  a  height  of  9  or  10  feet,  or  even  more, 
with  broad  and  long  leaves.  Its  canes  or 
stems  are  imported  from  Spain  and  Portugal 
for  the  use  of  weavers  and  for  fishing-rods. 

Arura  (a-ro'ra),  n.  [Gr.  aroura,  tilled  land, 
from  aroo,  to  plough.]  Same  as  Aroura. 

Aruspex,  Haruspex  (a-rus'peks,  ha-rus'- 
peks),  n.  Same  as  Aruxpice  (which  see). 

Aruspice,  Haruspice  (a-rus'pis,  ha-rus'pis), 
7i.  [L.  aruspexoT  haruxpex.]  One  of  a  class 
of  priests  in  ancient  Rome,  of  Etrurian 
origin,  whose  business  was  to  inspect  the 
entrails  of  victims  killed  in  sacrifice,  and  by 
them  to  foretell  future  events. 

Aruspicy,  Haruspicy(a-rus'pi-si,  ha-rus'pi- 
si),  n.  The  act  of  prognosticating  by  in- 
spection of  the  entrails  of  beasts  slain  in 
sacrifice. 

A  flame  more  senseless  than  the  roguery 

Of  old  aruspicy  and  augury.  Hitdibras. 

Arvelt  (arVelY  n.  [W.  arwyl,  a  funeral— ar, 
over,  and  teyto,  to  weep.]  A  funeral.  Grose. 

Arvicola  (iir-vik'6-la),  n.  [L.  armtm,  a  field, 
and  colo,  to  inhabit.]  A  genus  of  rodent 
animals,  sub-order  Muridie  or  Mice.  A. 
amphibia  is  the  water-vole  (or  water-rat), 
and  A.  agrestic  is  the  field-vole,  or  short- 
tailed  field-mouse.  The  latter  is  a  most  de- 
structive species,  multiplying  as  it  does  pro- 
digiously in  some  seasons,  when  it  proves  a 
great  nuisance  in  gardens,  plantations,  and 
fields. 

Aryan  (ar'i-an  or  a'ri-an),  n.  [Skr.  drya, 
noble,  eminent,  probably  fromar,  to  plough, 
from  the  tribes  that  follow  husbandry  being 
more  civilized  than  purely  nomadic  races. 
From  theAsame  root  we  have  Iran,  Airan, 
Persia ;  Arydvarta,  the  Vedic  name  of 
Hindustan ;  Ariovistus,  Ariobarzanes,  &c. 
See  Max  Mailer's  Lectures.}  An  Indo- 
European;  a  member  of  that  division  of  the 
human  race  which  includes  the  Hindus  and 
Persians  as  its  eastern  branch,  and  the 
Celts,  the  Greeks  and  Italians,  the  Slaves 
and  the  Teutons,  as  its  western.  'The 
parent  stock  was,'  says  Max  Muller, '  a  small 
clan  settled  probably  on  the  highest  eleva- 
tion of  Central  Asia,  speaking  a  language 
not  yet  Sanskrit,  or  Greek,  or  German,  but 
containing  the  dialectic  germs  of  all.'  Even 
before  the  earliest  migration,  however,  the 
family  had  multiplied  and  spread  in  its 
native  region,  separating  into  distinct  tribes. 
The  roots  common  to  the  various  Aryan 
tongues  show  that  even  then  the  race  had 
cities  and  rulers,  knew  the  use  of  metals, 
and  the  arts  of  agriculture,  weaving,  &c. 
The  first  mention  of  the  Aryans  is  in  the 
Rig-Veda,  1600  B.C.,  which  describes  them 
as  a  white  race  that  had  come  into  Hindu- 
stan from  the  north-west,  bringing  with 


thi-m  the  worship  of  Brahma.  The  earliest 
Aryan  colonists  of  Eurojte  were  the  Celts, 
who  probably  found  it  in  a  jungle  traversed 
by  bands  of  wandering  Finns  and  Iberians. 

Many  words  still  live  in  Ituii.i  .mil  I-nylnnd  that 
have  witnessed  the  first  separation  of  the  northern 
and  southern  slryans,  and  these  arc  witnesses  not 
to  be  shaken  by  any  cross-examination.  The  terms 
for  God,  for  house,  for  father,  mother,  son,  daughter, 
for  do*  and  cow,  for  heart  and  tears,  for  axe  and 
tree,  identical  in  all  the  Indo-liuropcan  idioms,  are 
like  the  watchwords  of  soldiers.  We  challenge  the 
seeming  stranger;  and  whether  he  answer  with  the 
lips  of  a  Greek,  a  German,  or  an  Indian,  we  recog- 
nize him  as  one  of  ourselves.  There  was  a  time 
when  the  ancestors  of  the  Celts,  the  Germans,  the 
Slavonians,  the  Greeks,  and  Italians,  the  Persians 
and  Hindus,  were  living  together  beneath  the  same 
roof,  separate  from  the  ancestors  of  the  Semitic  and 
Turanian  races.  Max  Mtiller, 

Aryan  (ar'i-an  or  a'ri-an),  a.  A  term  applied 
to  a  division  of  the  human  family,  as  well 
as  their  speech.  See  the  noun. 

In  continual  struggle  with  each  other,  and  with 
Semitic  and  Turanian  races,  these  Aryan  nations 
have  become  the  rulers  of  history,  and  it  seems  to 
be  their  mission  to  link  all  parts  of  the  world  together 
by  the  chains  of  civilization,  commerce,  and  religion. 
Max  Mitller. 

Arytaenoid,  Arytenoid  (ar-i-to'noid),  a. 
[Gr.  arytaina,  a  ladle  or  cup,  and  eidos, 
shape.]  Ladle-  or  cup-shaped;  in  anat. 
applied  to  two  small  cartilages  at  the  top 
of  the  larynx,  and  also  to  the  muscles, 
glands,  &c.,  connected  with  these  cartilages. 

As  (az),  adv.  and  conj.  [Contr.  from  A.  Sax. 
eallswa,  that  is  all  so,  through  the  forms 
alswa,  also,  alse,  als,  ase;  O.  Fris.  a  tea,  alse, 
ase,  G.  als,  also,  as.]  1.  Equal  or  similar  to; 
like. 

Ye  shall  be  as  gods,  knowing  good  and  evil. 

Gen,  ill.  5. 

2.  In  the  manner  in  which ;  in  the  same 
manner  as ;  in  proportion  to  or  with ;  in 
accordance  with. 

I  live  as  I  did:  I  think  as  1  did;  I  love  you  as  I  did. 

SA0*. 
As  thy  days,  so  shall  thy  strength  be. 

Deut.  xxxiii.  25. 

3.  t  That,  introducing  or  expressing  a  conse- 
quence. 

The  relations  are  so  uncertain  as  they  require  a 
great  deal  of  examination.  Bacon. 

4.  t  As  if. 

Contented  in  a  nest  of  snow 

He  lies,  as  he  his  bliss  did  know.          Waller. 

6.  While;  when;  during;  at  the  same  time. 

And  whistled  as  he  went  for  want  of  thought. 
Dry&x. 

6.  For  example;  for  instance;  to  wit;  thus. 

A  simple  idea  is  one  idea;  as  sweet,  bitter. 

Locke. 

7.  In  the  state,  idea,  condition,  or  character 
of.     'That  law  which  concerneth  men  as 
men.'    Hooker. 

Long  accustomed  to  regard  the  pope  as  the  suc- 
cessor of  the  chief  of  the  apostles,  as  the  bearer  of 
the  keys  of  earth  and  heaven,  they  had  learned  to 
regard  htm  as  the  Beast,  the  Antichrist,  the  Man  of 
Sin.  Macaulay. 

8.  Because;  since. 

Then  I  brought  her  as  pitying  her  hard  usage. 
Alas  tin fer. 

As  the  wind  was  favourable  I  had  an  opportunity 
of  surveying  this  amazing  scene.  Bf.  Berkeley. 

9.t  Than.    [Probably  an  oversight] 

The  king  was  not  more  forward  to  bestow  favours 
on  them,  as  they  free  to  deal  affronts.  Fuller. 

10.  Equivalent  to  the  relative  that  when 
in  a  subsequent  part  of  a  sentence,  and 
answering  to  such  in  the  preceding  part;  as, 
appoint  to  office  such  men  a*  deserve  public 
confidence ;  give  us  such  things  a*  you  please. 
Formerly,  and  in  vulgar  speech  to  this  day, 
used  in  other  positions  as  a  relative  =  who 
or  that,  without  a  preceding  such ;  as,  the 
man  as  goes  to  market.     'That  gentleness 
as  I  was  wont  to  have.'    Shak.     'Under 
these  hard  conditions  a*  this  time  is  like  to 
lay  upon  me.'    Shak. 

Here  I  do  bequeathe  to  thee 

In  full  possession  half  that  Kendal  hath 

And  what  as  Bradford  holds  of  me  in  chief. 

Old  flay. 

11.  Even;  just;  with  the  effect  of  marking 
time  or  place  a  little  more  emphatically, 
formerly  common  in  such  expressions  as, 
when  as,  there  as.     [Obsolete  or  vulgar,  ex- 
cept in  the  common  phrase,  as  yet.] 

There  is  no  Christian  duty  that  is  not  to  be  sea- 
soned and  set  off  with  cheerishness— which  in  a  thou- 
sand outward  and  intermitting  crosses  may  yet  b« 
done  well,  ax  in  this  vale  of  tears.  Milton. 

Before  punishment  he  was  to  be  heard  as  to-mor- 
row. Warburton, 

As,  in  the  protasis  or  preceding  part  of  a 
sentence,  has  so  in  the  apodosis  to  answer 
it;  as,  as  with  the  people,  so  with  the  priest. 
Formerly  as  was  frequently  used  after  so, 


ch,  c/miu;      cli,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     J,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  wftig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


AS 


160 


ASCENSION 


where  we  would  now  use  that  he,  that  it, 
that  they,  &c. 

Indeed  the  prospect  of  affairs  here  is  so  strange 
and  melancholy,  as  would  make  any  one  desirous  of 
withdrawing  from  Che  country  at  any  rate.  Hume. 

— As—  as,  with  an  adjective  or  adverb,  fre- 
quently of  quantity,  between,  signifies  (a)  to 
the  extent,  number,  distance,  &c.,  of;  equal 
to  or  equally  with;  proportionally  to,  or  in 
the  proportion  of;  to  a  number,  extent,  &c., 
equal  with  or  the  same  as ;  as,  Jack  is  as 
good  as  his  master;  I  accompanied  him  as 
far  as  the  church  ;  he  has  as  many  as  you. 
In  poetry  and  rhetorical  prose  the  first  as 
is  sometimes  omitted.  'Thou  pood  old  man 
benevolent  as  wise.'  Pope.  (6)  Although; 
however;  notwithstanding;  as,  for  as  mighty 
as  he  is  I  dread  him  not. — As  if,  in  some 
way,  manner,  or  character  that  would  be 
observed  if :  formerly  as  was  often  used  for 
as  if.  See  4,  above.  —As  for,  as  to,  in  or 
with  regard  or  respect  to;  as,  as  for  him,  I 
despise  him.—  As  it  were,  a  phrase  used  to 
soften  or  excuse  some  expression  that  might 
be  regarded  as  improper,  incongruous,  or  in 
any  way  unsuitable.  —  As  though,  same  as  As 
\f. — As  welt,  also;  in  addition;  in  like  man- 
ner; as,  I  did  it  and  he  did  it  as  well— As 
well  as,  equally  with ;  as,  he  as  loell  as  she 
was  there.—  As  yet,  up  to  the  present  time, 
up  to  this  moment. 

As  (as),  n.  pi.  Asses  (as'ez).  1.  A  Roman 
weight  of  12  ounces,  answering  to  the  libra 
or  pound. — 2.  A  Roman  copper  or  bronze 
coin,  originally  of  a  pound  weight,  but  re- 
duced after  the  first  Punic  war  to  2  ounces, 


As  (half  real  size).— Specimen  in  British  Museum. 

in  the  second  Punic  war  to  1  ounce,  and 
latterly  to  J  ounce.  The  most  common  form 
had  the  two-faced  head  of  Janus  on  one  side 
and  the  prow  of  a  ship  on  the  other. — 3.  An 
integer;  a  whole  or  single  thing;  hence  the 
English  ace. 

As  (as),  n.  pi.  .ffislr  (a'sir).  [Icel.  rfss.]  In 
Scaiid.  myth,  one  of  the  gods,  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Asgard.  It  appears  in  the  os  of 
such  names  as  Oscar,  Osborn,  Oswald.  See 
ASGARD. 

Asa  (as'a),  ?i.  [New  L.  asa,  of  oriental  origin.  ] 
An  ancient  name  of  a  gum. 

Asadulcis  (as-a-dul'sis),  n.    Benzoin. 

Asafetida,  Asafoetida  ( as-a-fe'tid-a ),  n. 
[Asa,  gum,  and  L.  fxtidus,  fetid.]  A  fetid 
inspissated  sap  from  the  East  Indies,  the 
concrete  juice  of  the  Narthex  Asafetida,  a 
large  umbelliferous  plant  found  in  Western 
Tibet.  It  is  used  in  medicine  as  an  anti- 
spasmodic,  and  is  useful  in  cases  of  flatu- 
lency, in  hysteric  paroxysms,  andother  nerv- 
ous affections.  An  inferior  sort  is  the  pro- 
duct of  certain  species  of  Ferula. 

AsagTSBa  (a-sa-gre'a),  71.  [So  called  in 
honour  of  Asa  Gray,  who  wrote  a  treatise 
on  the  Melanthacea;  of  America.]  A  genus 
of  plants  belonging  to  the  nat.  order  llelan- 
thacea?  or  colchicums,  including  but  a  single 
species(4.  oj/icinalis).  This  plant  is  bulbous, 
with  long,  linear,  grass-like  leaves,  and  a 
long  bractless  cluster  of  flowers.  From  its 
seeds  (called  Cebadilla  seeds)  is  obtained  the 
alkaline  poison  called  veratrine,  which  has 
been  employed  in  rheumatic  and  neuralgic 
affections. 

Asaphes  (as'a-fez),  n.  [Or.  asaphes,  obscure.  ] 
A  genus  of  very  minute,  parasitic  ichneu- 
mon flies,  which  prey  on,  and  keep  in  check, 
the  aphides,  so  destructive  to  our  crops  and 
fruits.  The  female  punctures  the  wingless 
female  aphides  with  her  oviduct,  and  lays 
an  egg  in  each ;  these  hatch,  become  mag- 
gots, and  eat  out  the  inside  of  the  aphis. 

Asaphus(as'a-fus),  n.  [Or.  asaphes,  obscure.  ] 
A  genus  of  trilobites,  characteristic  of  the 
lower  palaeozoic  rocks,  so  called  from  their 
true  nature  having  been  long  obscure. 

Asarabacca  (as'a-ra-bak"ka),  n.  [A  corrup- 
tion of  asarum  and  baccharis,  two  plants 
which  were  confounded.]  A  small  hardy 


plant,  nat.  order  Aristolochiacen;,  and  bot- 
anically  called  Asarum  europcKum.  Its 
leaves  are  acrid,  bitter,  and  nauseous,  and 
its  root  is  extremely  acrid.  Both  the  leaves 
and  root  were  formerly  used  as  an  emetic. 
The  French  call  it  cabaret  or  public-house 
plant,  because  it  was  formerly  used  to  relieve 
the  stomachs  of  those  who  had  been  drinking 
too  heavily.  It  entered  into  the  composition 
of  medicated  snuffs  recommended  in  cases 
of  headache. 

Asarin,  Asarine  (as'a-rin),  n.  (C^Ryfl.,.) 
A  volatile  solid  obtained  from  Asarum 
europteitm.  It  has  a  remarkable  tendency 
to  crystallize  in  beautifully  denned  forms, 
and  also  to  pass  into  the  amorphous  condi- 
tion, from  which  it  may  be  again  brought 
into  the  crystalline  state.  It  has  an  aro- 
matic taste  and  smell  like  those  of  camphor. 
Called  also  Asarone. 

Asarone  (as'a-ron),  n.  Same  as  Asarin. 
Asarum  (as'a-rum),  n.  [Or.  asaron,  asara- 
bacca.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Aris- 
tolochiacete,  distinguished  by  its  bell- 
shaped,  three  -cleft  perianth,  twelve  sta- 
mens inserted  at  the  base  of  the  style,  and 
with  the  connective  of  the  anthers  prolonged 
into  an  awl-shaped  process.  The  fruit  is  a 
six-celled  capsule,  surmounted  by  the  per- 
sistent limb  of  the  calyx.  The  species  are 
dispersed  over  Europe  and  the  temperate 
parts  of  Asia  and  North  America.  A.  euro- 
pceum  is  asarabacca.  See  ASARABACCA. 
AsbestlC  (as-bes'tik),  a.  Relating  to  or  con- 
taining asbestos. 

Asbestiform  (as-bes'ti-form),  a.  Having 
the  structure  of  asbestos. 
Asbestine  (as-bes'tin),  a.  Pertaining  to 
asbestos,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  'and 
qualities  ;  incombustible. 
Asbestinite  (as-bes'tin-it),  n.  [See  ASBES- 
TOS.] Actinohte  or  strahlstein.  —  Calciferols 
asbestiiute,  a  variety  of  steatite. 
Asbestos,  Asbestus  (as-bes'tos,  as-bes'tus), 
n.  [Gr.  asbestos,  inextinguishable  —  a,  neg., 
and  sbennumi,  to  extinguish.]  A  fibrous 
variety  of  several  members  of  the  horn- 
blende family,  as  augite,  actinolite,  and  tre- 
molite,  composed  of  separable  filaments, 
with  a  silky  lustre.  The  fibres  are  some- 
times delicate,  flexible,  and  elastic;  at  other 
times  stiff  and  brittle.  Its  powder  is  soft  to 
the  touch  ;  its  colours  are  some  shade  of 
white,  gray,  or  green,  passing  into  brown, 
red,  or  black.  It  is  incombustible,  and  has 
been  wrought  into  a  soft,  flexible  cloth, 
which  was  formerly  used  as  a  shroud  for 
dead  bodies.  It  has  been  also  manufactured 
into  incombustible  paper  and  wicks  for 
lamps.  Some  varieties  are  compact  and 
take  a  fine  polish,  others  are  loose,  like  flax 
or  silky  wool.  Ligniform  asbestos,  or  moun- 
tain-wood, is  a  variety  presenting  an  irregu- 
lar filamentous  structure,  like  wood.  Rock- 
cork,  mountain-leather,  fossil  paper,  and 
fossil  flax  are  varieties.  Asbestos  is  found 
chiefly  in  connection  with  serpentine,  and 
is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  all  its  varieties 
at  Portsoy,  Banffshire,  and  in  many  other 
localities.  A  fine  variety  is  called  ainianth 
or  amianthus. 

Asbestous  (us-bes'tus),  a.  Same  as  Asbestic. 
Asbolin,  Asboline  (as'bol-in),  71.  [Gr.  as- 
bole,  soot.]  An  oil-like,  nitrogenous  matter, 
acrid  and  bitter,  obtained  from  soot  of  wood. 
Ascaridss  (as-kart-de),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  askarizo, 
to  leap.  ]  A  family  of  Entozoa,  or  thread- 
like, intestinal  worms.  The  body  is  cylin- 
drical, elastic,  and  tapering  toward  each 
end,  and  the  head  trivalved.  Two  species 
infest  the  human  body  —  one  large,  found  in 
the  small  intestines,  called  Ascaris  Imnbri- 
coides,  the  other  very  small,  found  in  the 
rectum,  called  A.  vertnicularis.  But  some 
authorities  have  separated  this  species  from 
the  Ascarida)  and  called  it  Oxyuris 
Ascaris  (as'ka-ris),  n.  pi.  Ascarides  (as-kar"- 
i-dez).  A  genus  of  intestinal  worms.  See 


. 

Ascauncet  (as-kans'),  adv.  See  ASKANCE. 
Spenser. 

Ascend  (as-seiuV),  r.i.  [L.  ascendo—ad,  to, 
andscaTido,  to  mount  or  climb.]  1.  To  move 
upwards;  to  mount;  to  go  up;  to  rise, 
whether  in  air  or  water,  or  upon  a  material 
object. 

In  our  proper  motion  we  ascend 
Up  to  our  native  seat  ;  descent  and  fall 
To  us  is  adverse.  Milton. 

2.  To  rise,  in  a  figurative  sense;  to  proceed 
from  an  inferior  to  a  superior  degree,  from 
mean  to  noble  objects,  from  particulars  to 
generals,  &c. 

By  these  steps  we  shall  ascend  to  more  just  ideas 
of  the  glory  of  J  esus  Christ.  ll'atts. 


3.  To  proceed  from  modern  to  ancient  times; 
to  go  backward  in  the  order  of  time;  as,  our 
inquiries  ascend  to  the  remotest  antiquity. 

4.  To  rise,  as  a  star;  to  appear  above  the 
horizon. 

Higher  yet  that  star  ascends.    Sir  y.  Bo-wring. 

5.  In  in\tsic,  to  rise  in  vocal  utterance;  to 
pass  from  any  note  to  one  more  acute. — 
SYN.  To  rise,  arise,  mount,  climb,  scale, 
soar,  tower. 

Ascend  (as-sendO,  v.t.  1.  To  go  or  move 
upwards  upon;  to  climb;  as,  to  avcend  a  hill 
or  ladder;  to  ascend  a  tree.  'Ascend  the 
rampart.'  Cowper.—2.  To  move  upwards 
along ;  to  go  towards  the  source ;  as,  to 
ascend  a  river. 

Ascendable  (as-send'a-bl ),  a.  Capable  of 
being  ascended.  Written  also  Ascendible. 

Ascendance,  Ascendancy  (as-send'ans,  as- 
send'an-si),  n.  Same  as  Ascendency,  which 
is  the  more  common  spelling. 

Fear  had  too  much  ascendance  on  the  mind. 

Fitldinf. 

Its  (nobility's)  true  type  being  august  descent,  and 
ascendancy  over  masses  of  vassals.  Fdin.  Rev. 

Ascendant  (as-send'ant),  n.  1.  Superiority 
or  commanding  influence ;  predominance ; 
as,  one  man  has  the  ascendant  over  another. 

Chievres  had  acquired  over  the  mind  of  the  young 
monarch  the  ascendant  not  only  of  a  tutor,  but  of  a 
parent.  Robertson. 

2.  An  ancestor,  or  one  who    precedes  in 
genealogy  or  degrees  of  kindred  :  opposed 
to  descendant. 

The  most  nefarious  kind  of  bastards  are  incestuous 
bastards,  which  are  begotten  between  ascendants 
and  descendants.  Aylijfe. 

3.  One  possessing  superiority  or  great  in- 
fluence. 'Je&louiascendants.' Btirke.  [Rare.) 

4.  Height ;  elevation.     '  Sciences  that  wen- 
there  in  their  highest  attendant.'    Sir  W. 
Temple. 

Marlborough  had  not,  when  Popery  was  in  the 
ascendant,  crossed  himself,  shrived  himself,  don« 
penance,  taken  the  communion  in  one  kind,  and,  as 
soon  as  a  turn  of  fortune  came,  apostatized  back 
again.  Macaulay. 

6.  In  astral,  that  sign  of  the  zodiac  which 
rises  above  the  horizon  at  the  time  of  one's 
birth,  supposed  to  have  influence  on  a  per- 
son's life  and  fortune.     The  first  of  the 
twelve  houses  of  heaven,  and  the  planet  or 
other  heavenly  body   which  rules  in  this 
house,  is  called  lord  of  the  ascendant;  hence, 
to  be  in  the  ascendant  signifies  to  have  com- 
manding power  or  influence,  to  occupy  a 
ruling  position;  and  lord  of  the  ascendant, 
one  who  has  possession  of  such  power  or 
influence ;  as,  to  rule,  for  a  while,  lord  of 
the  ascendant. 

Ascendant,  Ascendent  (as-send'ant,  a»- 
send'ent),  a.  l.t  Proceeding  upward;  rising; 
mounting. — 2.  Superior;  predominant;  sur- 
passing. 'An  ascendant  spirit  over  him.' 
South.— 3.  In  astral,  above  the  horizon. 

The  constellation  ...  is  about  that  time  ascendant. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

4.  In  bot.  said  of  an  ovule  or  seed  attached 
to  the  middle  of  the  ovary  or  fruit,  and 
directed  upward. 

Ascendency  (as-send'en-si),  n.  Governing 
or  controlling  influence;  power. 

Custom  has  an  ascendency  over  understanding. 
H'atts. 

SYN.   Control,  authority,  influence,  sway, 
dominion,  prevalence,  domination. 
Ascendent  (as-send'ent),  a.  See  ASCENDANT. 
Ascendible  (as-seud'i-bl),  a.    Same  as  As- 
cendable. 

Ascending  (as-send'ing),  p.  and  a.  1.  Pro- 
ceeding from  a  low  position  to  a  higher; 
rising ;  moving  upwards ;  proceeding  from 
the  less  to  the  greater;  proceeding  from  a 
later  to  an  earlier  time;  rising  from  grave 
to  more  acute.  A  star  is  said  to  be  ascend- 
ing when  rising  above  the  horizon  in  any 
parallel  of  the  equator.  —  Ascending  lati- 
tude, the  latitude  of  a  planet  when  mc>\  in;; 
toward  the  north  pole. — Ascending  node, 
that  point  of  a  planet's  orbit  wherein  it 
passes  the  ecliptic  to  proceed  northward. 
It  is  also  called  the  northern  node.  —A  *• 
iiig  signs,  the  signs  Capricornus,  Aquarius, 
Pisces,  Aries,  Taurus,  and  Gemini,  are  so 
called  because  the  sun,  while  in  them,  is 
approaching  the  north  celestial  pole,  which 
is  elevated  to  us. —2.  In  bot.  growing  up- 
wards; as,  the  stem  of  a  plant,  which  is 
called  the  ascending  axis. — Ascending 

sets,  in  anat.  those  which  carry  the  1>1 1 

upward  or  toward  the  superior  parts  of  UK- 
body. 

Ascension  (as-sen'shon),  n.  [L.  atcewtio  \ 
1.  The  act  of  ascending ;  a  rising ;  specifi- 
cally, the  ascension,  the  visible  elevation  of 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


ASCENSIONAL 


161 


Ascertalnable  (as-ser-tan'a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  mcertained ;  capable  of  being  cer- 
tainly known  or  reduced  to  a  certainty. 

Ascertainer  (as-ser-tau'er),  n.  One  who 
ascertains. 

Ascertainment(as-ser-tan'ment),n.  1. 1  The 
let  of  fixing  or  determining ;  a  reducing  to 


our  Saviour  to  heaven.    2.t  The  thing  rising 
or  ascending. 

Men  err  in  the  theory  of  inebriation,  conceiving  the 
tir.tin  doih  only  suffer  from  vaporous  ascensions 
from  the  stomach.  Sir  7".  Hrowne. 

AV'/A  I  ascension  of  the  sun  or  of  a  star,  in 
astron.  the  arc  of  the  equator  intercepted 
between  the  flrst  point  of  Aries  and  that 
point  of  the  equator  which  conies  to  the 
meridian  at  the  same  instant  with  the  star. 
-~0bliti[ue  ascension,  in  natron,  an  arc  of  the 
equator  intercepted  between  the  first  point 
of  Aries  and  that  point  of  the  equator  which 
(-nines  to  the  horizon  at  the  same  time  with 
the  star.  The  terms  Miaut  ascension  and 
BMfniionoI  difference  (see  below)  are  nearly 

nut  of  use. 

Ascensional  (as-sen'shon-al),  a.     Relating  ! 
to  ascension;  ascending  or  rising  up — As- 
cenxional  difference,  in  astron.  the  differ- 
ence between  the  right  and  oblique  ascen- 
sion of  the  same  point  on  the  surface  of  the  ! 
sphere:  used  chiefly  as  expressing  the  differ-  ' 
ence  between  the  time  of  the  rising  or  set- 
ting of  a  body  and  six  o'clock,  or  six  hours 
from  its  meridian  passage. 
Ascension-day  (as-sen'shon-da),  n.  The  day 
on  whicli  tlie  ascension  of  the  Saviour  is 
commemorated:  often  called  Holy  Thurs- 
day.    It  is  a  movable  feast,  always  falling 
on  the  Thursday  but  one  before  Whitsun- 
tide. 

Ascensive  (as-sen'siv),  a.  1.  In  a  state  of 
ascent;  rising;  tending  to  rise,  or  causing 
to  rise.  Sir  T.  Browne. —2.  In  gram,  in- 
creasing the  force;  intensive;  augmentative 
[Rare.  ] 

Ascent  (as-senf),  n.  [Formed  from  the  verb 
ascend,  Fr.  ascendre,  on  the  type  of  descent, 
Fr.  descente,  from  descendre.]  1.  The  act  of 
rising ;  motion  upwards,  whether  in  air, 
water,  or  other  fluid,  or  on  elevated  objects; 
rise;  a  mounting  upward;  as,  the  ascent  of 
vapours  from  the  earth. 

To  him  with  swift  ascent  he  up  returned.    Milton. 

2.  The  way  by  which  one  ascends;  the  means 
of  ascending;  acclivity. 

It  was  a  rock 
Conspicuous  far;  winding  with  one  ascent.    Milton. 

3.  An  eminence,  hill,  or  high  place.     '  De- 
pressed valleys  and  swelling  ascend. '  Bent- 
ley.  —4.  The  degree  of  elevation  of  an  object 
or  the  angle  it  makes  with  a  horizontal  line; 
as,  a  road  has  an  ascent  of  five  degrees.— 
5.  The  act  of  proceeding  from  an  inferior  to 
a  superior  degree,  from  particulars  to  gen- 
erals, &c. 

The  ascents  from  particular  to  general  are  all  suc- 
cessive, and  each  step  of  tliis  ascent  requires  time 
and  labour.  y.  5.  Miu_ 

Ascertain  (as-ser-tanO,  «•<•  [O.Fr.  ascer- 
tainer,  acertener,  to  certify,  to  ascertain,  to 
assure— a,  as,  forL.  ad,  to,  Fr.  certain,  as  if 
from  a  L.  L.  form  certanwt,  from  L  certus 
sure.  See  CERTAIN.]  1.  To  make  certain ; 
to  define  or  reduce  to  precision  by  removing 
iloubt,  obscurity,  or  ambiguity;  to  deter- 
mine. 

The  divine  law  ascertains  the  truth.        Hooker. 

The  two  first  lines  of  the  following  book  seem  to 

ascertain  the  true  meaning  of  the  conclusion  of  this. 

Confer. 

Whatever  may  be  thought  of  the  effect  which  the 

study  of  the  law  had  upon  the  rights  of  a  subject  it 

conduced  materially  to  the  security  of  good  order  by 

ascertaining  the  hereditary  succession  of  the  crown. 

Hallam. 

'-  To  find  out  by  trial,  examination,  or  ex- 
wnment,  so  as  to  know  for  certain ;  to  ac- 
quire an  accurate  knowledge  of;  as,  to  as- 
certain  the  weight  of  a  commodity  or  the 
purity  of  a  metal.— 3.  t  To  make  sure  of  by 
adopting  previous  measures;  to  ensure. 

The  ministry,  in  order  to  ascertain  a  majority  in 
e  House  of  Lords,  persuaded  the  queen  to  create 
twelve  new  peers.  Smollett. 

4.t  To  make  certain  or  confident;  to  cause 
«  feel  certain ;  to  assure ;  as,  to  ascertain 
us  of  the  goodness  of  our  work.  [Rare.] 

Muncer  assured  them  that  the  design  was  approved 
of  by  Heaven,  and  that  the  Almighty  had  in  a  dream 
asctrtainea  him  of  its  effects.  Robertson. 

5.  To  establish  with  certainty ;  to  render 
invariable,  and  not  subject  to  caprice;  to  fix 
(Rare.] 

The  mildness  and  precision  of  their  laws  ascer- 
rantett  the  rule  and  measure  of  taxation.  Giooor 


ASCOMYCETOUS 


certainty. -2.  The  act  of  becoming  certain- 
acquirement  with  certainty  ;  a  finding  out.' 
We  can  proceed  in  the  ascertainment  of  internal 
truths  as  we  proceed  in  the  ascertainment  of  exter- 
"al  O""-  II.  .-.fencer 

Ascessancy,  Ascessant  (as-ses'san-si,  as- 
ses sant)  Same  as  Acescency,  Acescent 

Ascetic  (as-set'ik),  a.  [Or.  asketos,  exercised 
hardened,  from  askeo,  to  exercise.  In  an- 
cient Greece  askesis  meant  the  discipline 
undergone  by  the  athletes  while  training 
In  the  schools  of  the  Stoics  the  same  word 
was  applied  to  the  controlling  of  the  appe- 
tites and  passions,  and  the  practice  of  aus- 
tere virtue.  In  these  senses  of  the  Stoics 
it  passed  into  the  Christian  Church.]  Un- 
duly strict  or  rigid  in  devotions  or  mortifi- 
cations; severe;  austere.  '  A  constant  ascetic 
course  of  the  severest  abstinence  and  devo- 
tion.' South. 

Ascetic  (as-set'ik),  n.  1.  One  who  retire 
from  the  customary  business  of  life,  an. 
devotes  himself  to  the  duties  of  piety  an 
devotion;  one  who  practises  excessive  rigou 
and  self-denial  in  religious  things;  a  hermit 
a  recluse. 

He  that  preaches  to  man,  should  understand  wha 
is  in  man  j  and  that  skill  can  scarce  be  attained  by 
an  ascetic  In  his  solitudes.  Atterbury. 

2.  pi.  The  title  of  certain  books  on  devou 
exercises;  as,  the  Ascetics  of  St.  Basil 
Asceticism  (as-set'i-sizm),  n.  The  condition 
or  practice  of  ascetics. 
Asci  (as'si),  n.  pi.  of  ascus  (which  see). 
Ascian  (as'si-an),  n.  [L.  ascius,  shadowless 
Or.  askios— a,  priv.,  and  skia,  a  shadow.]  A 
person  who,  at  certain  times  of  the  year,  has 
no  shadow  at  noon.  The  inhabitants  of  the 
torrid  zone  alone  fulfil  this  condition,  having 
the  sun  twice  a  year  in  their  zenith  at  noon 
Ascidia  (as-sid'i-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  askidion,  a 
little  bottle,  from  askos,  a  leathern  bag  a 
bottle.]  A  name  given  to  the  Tunicata  or 
'sea-squirts,'  molluscous  animals  of  a  low 
grade.  They  are  found  at  low-water  mark 
on  the  sea-beach,  and  are  dredged  from 
deep  water  attached  to  stones,  shells,  and 
fixed  objects.  An  ascidian  presents  exter- 
nally the  appearance  of  a  wine-jar  or  double- 
necked  bottle,  the  one  aperture  of  the  bottle 
corresponding  to  the  mouth,  and  the  other 
to  the  vent  or  excretory  aperture.  A  feature 
in  the  organization  of  these  animals  is  that 
a  large  proportion  of  the  tough  outer  case 
or  test  is  composed  of  cellulose,  a  starchy 
substance  highly  characteristic  of  plants. 
The  mouth -opening  leads  into  a  large 
branchial  or  breathing  sac;  and  from  the 
:  tfi,  - 


Hvlly    MV)    .11111    ilulll    me 

bottom  of  this  sac  the  digestive  system, 


Ascidians. 

i,  Perophora :  a,  mouth;  b,  vent;  c,  intestinal  canal; 
ft,  stomach ;  e,  common  tubular  stem,  y,  Ascidia 
echinata.  3.  Ascidia  virginea.  4,  Cynthia  quadran- 
gularis.  5,  Botryllus  violaceus. 


less  gelatinous,  and  some  are  used  as  food 
hum  and  on  the  shores  of  the  Mcditer- 

Ascldiadas  (as-sid'i-a-de),  n.  pi.  (Ascidia 
(which  see)  and  Or.  eidas,  resemblance] 

£K  h  M    wve',am"'es"f  ''"•ll<i»>-"id.ii)to 
winch  Mr.  Woodward  has  divide,!  the  class 

ian's         '  and  comPri9i"B  the  simple  ascid- 
Ascidian  (as-sid'i-an),  a.    Of  or  belonging 
to  the  Ascidia  or  Tunicata.    See  ASCIHIA. 
Ascidian  (as-sid'i-an),  n.   One  of  the  Ascidia 
or  1  unicata;  a  sea-squirt. 
Ascidiform  (as-sid'i-form).  a.    Shaped  like 
an  ascidian;  bottle-shaped. 
Ascldloida(as-sid'i-oid"a),  n.pl.  [See  ASCID- 
IA IXK  ]    A  name  sometimes  used  as  syno- 
nymous with  Ascidia  or  Tunicata. 
Ascidlum  (as-sid'i-um),  n.     [See  ASCIDIA  ] 
In  but.  a  hollow  tube  or  pitcher-like  appen- 
dage found  in  some  plants,  and  formed  by 
a  modified  leaf.    It  is  often  closed  by  a  lid 
as  in  the  true  pitcher-plant.    The  pitcher 
contains  fluid,  in  which  flies  and  other  in- 
sects are  drowned. 

Ascigerous  (as-sij'er-us).  a.  [Or.  askoi,  a 
bag,  and  aero,  to  bear.]  In  b?t.  bearing 
asci,  as  lichens  and  ascomycetous  fungi 

Ascitan  (as'si-tan),  n.  [Gr.  askos,  a  bag  or 
wine-skin.]  Eccles.  hist,  one  of  a  sect  or 
branch  of  Montanists  who  appeared  in  the 
second  century.  They  introduced  into  their 
assemblies  certain  bacchanals,  who  danced 
around  a  bag  or  skin  distended  with  air  in 
allusion  to  the  bottles  filled  with  new  wine 
Mat.  ix.  17. 

Ascltes  (as-si'tez),  n.  [Gr.  askos,  a  bladder.  ] 
In  med.  dropsy  of  the  abdomen,  or  of  the 
peritoneal  cavity,  from  a  collection  of  serous 
fluid  within  the  peritoneum. 

Ascitlc,  Ascltical  (as-sit'ik,  as-sit'ik-al)  a 
Relating  to  ascites;  dropsical. 

AscititiOUS  (as-si-tish'us),  a.  [L.L.  asciti- 
tms,  from  L.  adscifco,  ascisco,  ascitutn  to 
receive  with  approval,  to  unite  to  one's  self 
— aa,  to,  and  scisco,  to  inquire,  to  approve 
from  8oo,  to  know.]  Additional;  added; 
supplemental;  not  inherent  or  original- 
adscititious. 

Homer  has  been  reckoned  an  ascititious  name. 
Pofe. 

Asclepiad  (as-kle'pi-ad),  n.  [From  Asclepi- 
ades,&  Greek  poet, who  invented  this  metre  ] 
In  anc.  pros,  a  verse  consisting  of  four  feet, 
a  spondee,  two  choriambi,  and  an  iambus  • 
or  of  a  spondee,  a  dactyl,  a  long  syllable 
followed  by  a  cesura,  then  two  dactyls. 

Ma;ce  |  nas  itavts  |  edltj  re  |  gibus. 
Masce  |  nas  ata  J  vis  |  edUe  |  reglbus. 


consisting  of  stomach  and  intestine,  is  con- 
tinued, the  intestine  opening  into  a  second 
sac,  the  atrial  chamber.  This  latter  cavity 
opens  externally  by  the  second  aperture  of 
the  body,  and  also  emits  the  effete  water 
which  has  been  used  in  breathing.  A  single 
nervous  mass  or  ganglion  represents  the 
nervous  system,  this  mass  being  placed  be- 
tween the  two  apertures  of  the  body.  Male 
and  female  reproductive  organs  exist  in 
each  ascidian.  The  ascidians  pass  through 
peculiar  phases  of  development,  the  young 
appearing  like  a  tadpole  body.  These  animals 
may  be  single  or  simple,  social  or  compound. 
In  social  ascidians  the  peduncles  of  a  num- 
ber of  individuals  are  united  into  a  common 
tubular  stem,  with  a  partial  common  circu- 
lation of  blood.  The  species  are  more  or 


Asclepiadaceas  (as-kle'pi-a-da"se-e),  n.  pi. 
[From  Asclepias,  the  typical  genus.]  A 
nat.  order  of  monopetalous  dicotyledonous 
plants,  known  by  the  grains  of  pollen  ad- 
hering together  in  a  wax-like  mass  within 
the  cell  of  the  anther,  and  by  the  fruit  con- 
sisting of  two  spreading  follicles.  Over  a 
thousand  species  are  known,  chiefly  from 
the  tropical  regions  of  the  world.  The 
genera  Stapelia,  Hoya,  Asclepias,  Vincetoxi- 
cum,  Ceropegia,  Periploca,  Ac.,  belong  to 
this  order.  The  species  are  generally  poi- 
sonous, being  eminently  emetic  and  purga- 
tive. Marsdenia  tinctoria  yields  a  blue  (lye 
resembling  indigo, and  M.  tenacissima  yields 
the  fibre  called  jettee. 

Asclepiadlc  (as-kle'pi-ad"lk),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  asclepiad,  a  kind  of  verse. 
See  ASCLEPIAD. 

Asclepias  (as-kle'pi-as),  n.  [Gr.  asklepiat, 
an  uncertain  plant,  named  after  A  sklepios, 
the  god  of  medicine,  L.  ^sculapitts.  ]  A  genus 
of  plants,  the  type  and  the  largest  genus  of 
the  nat.  order  Asclepiadacece.  Most  of  the 
species  are  North  American  herbs,  having 
opposite,  alternate,  or  verticillate  leaves. 
Many  of  them  possess  powerful  medicinal 
qualities.  A.  decumbent  is  diaphoretic  and 
sudorific,  and  has  the  singular  property  of 
exciting  general  perspiration,  without  in- 
creasing in  any  sensible  degree  the  heat  of 
the  body;  A.  curassavica  is  emetic,  and  its 
roots  are  frequently  sent  to  England  as 
ipecacuanha;  the  roots  of  A.  tuberosa  are 
famed  for  diaphoretic  properties.  Many 
other  species  are  also  used  as  medicines, 
and  several  are  cultivated  for  the  beauty  of 
their  flowers. 

Ascomycetes  (asTto-mi-se-'tez),  n.  pi.  [Or. 
askos,  a  bag,  and  mykis,  a  mushroom.]  A 
large  group  of  fungi,  whose  spores  or  spo- 
ridia  are  contained  within  asci. 
Ascomycetous  (asTto-mi-se"tus),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  ascomycetes. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL.  I. 


8.  9<>',     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wn, 


zh,  azure.—  See  K«T. 
11 


ASCOPHOROUS 


162 


ASIDE 


Ascophorous  (as-kof  or-us),  a.  [Or.  askos, 
a  ba^,  and  phero,  to  bear.]  In  bot.  bearing 
an  asuus  or  asci.  Sachs. 

Ascospore  (as'ko-spor),  a.  [Gr.  askos,  a  bag, 
and  spora,  a  seed.]  In  bot.  a  cluster  of 
spores  borne  within  an  ascus. 

Ascribable  (as-krib'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing ascribed  or  attributed. 

Ascribe  (as-kril/),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ascribed; 
ppr.  ascribing.  [L.  ascribo — ad,  to,  and  scribo, 
to  write.  See  SCRIBE.]  1.  To  attribute, 
impute,  or  refer,  as  to  a  cause ;  to  assign ; 
to  set  down;  as,  losses  are  often  to  be  as- 
cribed to  imprudence. 

The  rapid  decomposition  of  Cromwell's  corpse  was 
ascribed  by  many  to  a  deadly  potion  administered 
in  his  medicine.  Macaulay. 

1  To  attribute,  as  a  quality  or  an  appur- 
tenance; to  consider  or  allege  to  belong. 

I  will  ascribe  righteousness  to  my  Maker. 

Job  xxxvi.  3. 

They  have  ascribed  unto  David  ten  thousands,  and 
to  me  they  have  ascribed  but  thousands. 

i  Sam.  xviii.  8. 

Ascription  (as-krip'shon),  n,  1.  The  act  of 
ascribing,  imputing,  or  affirming  to  belong. 
2.  The  thing  ascribed. 

Ascriptitious  (as-krip-tish'us),  o.  [L.  as- 
criptitius,  enrolled  as  a  soldier,  &c.,  and 
hence  bound  to— ad,  to,  and  scribo,  to  write.  ] 
1.  That  is  bound  or  attached  to  the  soil. 
[The  word  was  applied  to  villains  under  the 
feudal  system,  who  were  annexed  to  the  free- 
hold and  transferable  with  it.]-2.  Added, 
as  to  a  list ;  enrolled.  '  An  ascriptitious  and 
supernumerary  god.'  Faringdon. 

Ascus  (as'kus),  n.  pi.  Aacl  (as'ki).  [Gr.  askos, 
a  leather  bottle.]  In  bot.  a  bag:  a  term 
applied  to  the  little  membranous  bags  or 
thecse  in  which  the  reproductive  particles 
or  spores  of  lichens,  some  fungi,  and  some 
other  cryptogams  are  produced. 

Aseptic  (a-sep'tik),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
sepomai,  to  putrefy.]  Not  liable  to  putrefy. 

Asexual  (a-seks'u-al),  a.  [Prefix  a,  neg.,  and 
sexual.}  Not  sexual ;  having  no  distinctive 
organsof  sex  or  imperfect  organs;  performed 
without  the  union  of  males  and  females; 
as,  asexual  forms  are  observed  both  among 
animals  and  plants ;  an  asexual  method  of 
reproduction. 

Asexually(a-seks'u-al-li),ady.  In  an  asexual 
manner. 

Though  the  axes  which,  budding  one  out  of  an- 
other, compose  a  tree,  are  the  equivalents  of  asex- 
«rt//y-produced  individuals;  yet  the  asexual  produc- 
tion of  them  stops  short  of  separation.  H.  spencer. 

Asgard  (as'gard),  n.  [Icel.  As,  A&&,  a  god, 
and  gard,  an  inclosure— lit.  ^ods'  yard,  or 
the  abode  of  the  gods.]  In  Scand.  myth,  the 
home  of  the  gods,  rising  like  the  Greek 
Olympus  from  midgard,  or  the  middle 
world,  that  is,  the  earth.  It  was  here  that 
Odin  and  the  rest  of  the  gods,  the  twelve 
Aesir,  dwelt  —  gods  in  the  mansion  called 
Gladsheim,  the  goddesses  dwelling  in  Yin- 
gulf.  Walhalla,  in  which  heroes  slain  in 
battle  dwelt,  was  also  here.  Below  the 
boughs  of  the  ash-tree  Yggdrasill  the  gods 
assembled  every  day  in  council. 

Ash  (ash),  n.  [A.  Sax.  CESC,  Icel.  askr,  Sw. 
and  Dan.  ask,  D.  esch,  G.  esche;  allied  to 
L.  (Bsculus,  a  kind  of  oak.]  1.  The  common 
name  of  the  trees  belonging  to  the  genus 
Fraxinus,  nat.  order  Oleacere.  The  common 
ash  is  F.  excelsior.  See  FRAXINUS.—  Moun- 
tain-ash, the  rowan-tree  (Pyrus  A  ucuparia), 
so  called  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  its 
leaves  to  the  ash.  — 2.  The  wood  of  the  ash- 
tree  ;  hence,  the  shaft  of  a  lance  or  spear 
niadeofash.  'My grained 
ash  a  hundred  times 
hath  broke.'  Shak. 

Ash  (ash),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  like  the  ash;  made 
of  ash.  —  Ash  keys  or 
ashen  keys,  the  keys  or 
fruit  of  the  ash-tree,  in 
her.  a  somewhat  conven- 
tional figure  as  repre- 
sented in  the  adjoining 
cut. 


Ash  Keys, 


Ash  (ash),  n.  What  remains  of  a  body  that 
is  burnt;  incombustible  residue;  as,  the  ash 
of  a  cigar:  when  used  in  the  singular  gener- 
ally denoting  a  particular  kind  of  ash,  or 
marking  a  certain  kind  of  matter  in  contra- 
distinction 10  some  other  kind.  '  A  residue 
consisting  of  carbon,  or  carbon  and  ash.' 
Ure.  See  ASHES. 

Ash  (ash),  v.t.  To  strew  or  sprinkle  with 
ashes.  'They  ash  and  powder  their  peri- 
craniums. '  Howell. 

Ashame  (a-shamO,  v.t.  [Prefix  a,  intens., 
for  of,  and  shame.]  To  make  ashamed;  to 


shame.  'It  should  humble,  ashame,  and 
grieve  us.'  Barrow. 

Ashamed  (a-shamd'),  pp.  of  ashame.     Af- 
fected or  touched  by  shame;  abashed  or  con- 
fused by  guilt  or  a  conviction  of  some  wrong 
action,  indecorous  conduct,  or  other  impro- 
priety:  followed  by  of.     'Enough  to  make 
us  ashamed  of  our  species.'    Macaulay. 
Israel  shall  be  ashamed  of  his  own  counsel. 
Hos.  x.  6. 

Ashamed  rarely  precedes  the  noun  or  pro- 
noun which  it  qualifies.  It  is  sometimes 
used  in  the  Bible  to  mean  disappointed  or 
defeated. 

They  shall  be  turned  back,  they  shall  be  greatly 
ashamed,  that  trust  in  graven  images.     Is.  xlu.  17. 

Ashamedly  (a-sham'ed-li),  adv.    Bashfully. 

Ashantee  (ash-an-te'),  n.  Ingeog.  a  native 
or  inhabitant  of  Ashantee,  a  state  in  West- 
ern Africa. 

Ashantee  (ash-an-te'),  a.  In  geog.  of  or  per- 
taining to  Ashantee. 

Ash-bin  (ash/bin),  n.  A  receptacle  for  ashes 
and  other  refuse. 

Ash-bud  (ash/bud),  n.    The  bud  of  the  ash. 

Hair 

More  black  than  ash-buds  in  the  front  of  March. 
Tennyson. 

Ash-colour  (ash'kul-er),  n.  The  colour  of 
ashes,  or  of  the  bark  or  leaves  of  the  ash-tree. 

Ash-coloured  (ash'kul-erd),  a.  Of  the  colour 
of  ashes,  or  of  the  bark  or  leaves  of  the  ash- 
tree. 

A-shelft  (a-shelf),  adv.    On  a  shelf. 

Ashen  (ash'en),  a.  Pertaining  to  the  ash- 
tree  or  its  timber;  made  of  ash.  'His  ashen 
spear,  that  quivered  as  it  flew.*  Dryden. 

Ashen  (ash'en),  a.  Consisting  of  or  resem- 
bling ashes;  ash-coloured.  'The  ashen  hue 
of  age.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Ashen, t  n,  pi    Ashes.     Chaucer. 

Ashery  (ash'er-i),  n.  1.  A  place  for  ashes ; 
an  ash-hole.  — 2.  A  manufactory  of  pot  or 
pearl  ashes. 

Ashes  (ash'ez),  n.  pi.  See  ASH.  [A.  Sax. 
asca,  asce,  axe,  Goth,  azgo,  Icel.  Sw.  aska, 
Dan.  aske,  D.  asch,  G.  asche,  all  meaning 
ashes.]  1.  Properly  the  incombustible  re- 
sidue of  organic  bodies  (animal  or  vegetable) 
remaining  after  combustion ;  in  common 
usage,  any  incombustible  residue  of  bodies 
used  as  fuel;  as  a  commercial  term,  the  word 
generally  means  the  ashes  of  vegetable  sub- 
stances, from  which  are  extracted  the  alka- 
line matters  called  potash,  pearl-ash,  kelp, 
barilla,  &c.— 2.  The  remains  of  the  human 
body  when  burned ;  hence,  a  dead  body  or 
corpse. 

Poor  key-cold  figure  of  a  holy  king! 

Pale  ashes  of  the  house  of  Lancaster  1 

Thou  bloodless  remnant  of  that  royal  blood  \  Shak. 

— Dust  and  ashes,  a  Scriptural  phrase  ex- 
pressive of  vileness,  meanness,  frailty,  humi- 
liation, <fcc.  '  I  who  am  but  dust  and  ashes. ' 
Gen.  xviii.  27.  —Sedimentary  ashes,  or  ash, 
in  geol.  a  term  applied  to  ashes  and  cinders 
deposited  in  beds  by  the  agency  of  water, 
after  having  been  ejected  from  fissures  or 
craters  into  the  sea,  and  prevalent  in  the 
grauwacke  group;  the  English  synonym  for 
the  Italian  tufa  (which  see). 

Ashet  (ash'et),  n.  [Fr.  assiette,  a  plate- 
one  of  those  words  that  came  direct  to  Scot- 
land from  France  without  entering  Eng- 
land.] A  large  flat  plate,  generally  of  an 
oval  shape,  on  which  meat  is  brought  to  the 
table.  [Scotch.] 

Ash-fire  (ash'flr),  n.  A  low  fire,  consisting 
of  cinders,  used  in  chemical  operations,  by 
bakers,  and  others. 

Ash -fly  (ash'fli),  n.  The  oak-fly  (Cynips 
quercuftfolii). 

Ash-furnace  ( ash'fer-nas ),  n.  A  kind  of 
furnace  or  oven  in  which  the  materials  for 
glass-making  are  fritted. 

Ash-hole  (ashliol),  n.  A  repository  for  ashes; 
the  lower  part  of  a  furnace;  an  ash-bin. 

Ashine  (a-shm1),  a.  Shining;  bright;  lumi- 
nous. Charlotte  Bronte. 

Ashlar,  Ashler  (ashler),  n.  [O.Fr.  aiseler, 
from  aisselle,  the  hollow  beneath  the  arm 
where  it  joins  the  shoulder  (L.  axilla),  and 
hence  applied  to  analogous  hollow  joinings, 
also  the  part  of  the  vault  of  an  oven  for 
some  distance  above  the  springing.  Aiseler 
or  aisselier  thus  came  to  denote  a  binding- 
stone  generally,  and  hence  any  hewn  or 
squared  stone.  Wedgwood.  F.  Miiller  is 
inclined  to  derive  it  from  L.  assula,  a  small 
board,  a  chip  or  splinter,  through  Pr.  asclar, 
to  split,  ascla,  a  splinter.  ]  1.  Common  free- 
stones, as  they  are  brought,  rough  and 
chipped,  from  the  quarry.  —2.  A  facing  made 
of  squared  stones  on  the  front  of  buildings; 


hewn  stone  for  such  facing.  Ashlar  is  said 
to  be  plane  when  it  is  smoothed;  tooled 
proper  is  when  the  tooling  is  in  grooves; 
random-tooled,  when  cut  without  regularity; 
chiselled  or  boasted,  when  wrought  with  a 
narrow  tool;  pointed,  when  wrought  with  a 
tool  still  narrower;  rimticated,  when  the 
joints  only  are  hewn,  the  face  of  the  stone 
being  left  irregular;  and  prison  rustic,  when 
pitted  into  deep  holes. 

Ash-leach  (ash'lech),  n.  A  hopper  in  which 
ashes  are  placed,  while  the  soluble  salts  are 
removed  by  lixiviation. 

Ashlering_  (ashler-ing),  n.  In  carp,  short 
upright  pieces  between  the  floor-beams  and 
rafters  in  garrets  for  nailing  the  laths  to. 

Ashore  (a-shor'),  adv.  [A,  at  or  on,  and 
shore.  See  SHORE.  ]  1.  On  shore ;  on  the 
land  adjacent  to  water;  to  the  shore;  as, 
bring  the  goods  ashore;  the  ship  was  driven 
ashore. — 2.  On  land,  opposed  to  aboard;  as, 
the  captain  of  the  ship  remained  ashore.— 
3.  Stranded ;  run  out ;  in  difficulties ;  come 
to  grief;  as,  the  orator  is  ashore.  [Colloq.J 

Ash-pit  (ash'pit),  n.  1.  A  place  of  deposit 
for  ashes  and  other  house-refuse. — 2.  The 
place  where  the  cinders  fall  under  a  furnace. 

Ashtaroth  (ash'ta-roth),  n.  A  Phoenician 
goddess;  Ashtoreth. 

Mooned  Ashtaroth, 
Heaven's  queen  and  mother  both.    Milton. 

[Properly  the  plural  of  Ashtoreth.  As  used 
in  the  Old  Testament  it  probably  signifies 
different  forms  of  the  goddess  Ashtoreth. 
See  ASHTORETH.  ] 

Ashtoreth,  Astoreth  (ash'to-reth,  as'to- 
reth),  n.  (Heb.  gha&toreth,  Fortune,  the 
Astarte  of  Phoenician  and  Aramean  mytho- 
logy, the  companion  and  spouse  of  Baal.] 
A  Phoenician  goddess,  whose  worship  was 
introduced  by  Solomon  among  the  children 
of  Israel. 

With  these  in  troops 

Came  Astoreth,  whom  the  Phoenicians  called 
Astarte,  Queen  of  Heaven,  with  crescent  horns. 
Milton. 

Ash -Wednesday  ( ash-wenz'da ),  n.  The 
first  day  of  Lent:  so  called  from  a  custom  in 
the  Western  Church  of  sprinkling  ashes  that 
day  on  the  heads  of  penitents,  then  admit- 
ted to  penance.  The  fast  of  Ash-Wednesday 
was  instituted  by  Pope  Felix  III.,  A.D.  487. 
The  ashes  were  consecrated  on  the  altar, 
sprinkled  with  holy  water,  signed  with  the 
cross,  and  then  strewn  on  the  heads  of  the 
clergy  and  people,  the  priest  repeating  Me- 
mento quod  cinis  es,  et  in  cinerem  reverteris, 
'Remember  that  thou  art  dust,  and  wilt  to 
dust  return.' 

Ashy  (ashi),  a.  Belonging  to,  consisting  of, 
or  resembling  ashes;  ash-coloured;  pale; 
as,  a  quantity  of  ashy  matter.  'A  timely 
parted  ghost  of  ashi/  semblance.'  Shak. 

Ashy-pale  (ash'i-pal),  a.    Pale  as  ashes. 

Asian  (a'shi-an),  a.  [L.  and  Gr.  Asia.]  Per- 
taining to  Asia,  one  of  the  four  quarters  of 
the  globe,  extending  from  the  strait  of  Con- 
stantinople and  the  Arabian  Gulf  to  the 
Pacific  Ocean  on  the  east. 

Asiarch  (a'shi-ark),  n.  [Asia,  and  Gr.  archog, 
chief.]  A  chief  or  pontiff  of  proconsular 
Asia,  who  had  the  superintendence  of  the 
public  games.  Milner. 

Asiatic  (a-shi-at'ik),  a.  Belonging  to  Asia 
or  its  inhabitants. 

Asiatic  (a-shi-at'ik),  n.    A  native  of  Asia. 

Aslaticism  (a-shi-at'i-sizm),  n.  Something 
characteristic  of  Asiatics. 

Aside  (a-sid'),  adv.    [Prefix  a,  on,  and  side.] 

1.  On  or  to  one  side ;  to  or  at  a  short  dis- 
tance off;  apart;  away  from  some  normal 
direction;  as,  to  turn  or  stand  aside;  to 
draw  a  curtain  aside.     '  The  flames  were 
blown  aside.'    Dryden. 

Thou  shall  set  aside  that  which  is  full.  2  Ki.  ir.  4. 
He  took  him  aside  from  the  multitude.  Mark  vii.  33. 

2.  Out  of  one's  thoughts,  consideration,  or 
regard;  away;  oG ;  as,  to  lay  aside  one's  ani- 
mosity ;  to  put  one's  cares  aside. 

Without  laying  aside  that  dauntless  valour  which 
had  been  the  terror  of  every  land  from  the  Elbe  to 
the  Pyrenees,  the  Normans  rapidly  acquired  all. and 
more  than  all,  the  knowledge  and  refinement  which 
they  found  in  the  country  where  they  settled. 

Macaulay. 

3.  So  as  not  to  be  heard  by  some  one  pre- 
sent: chiefly  a  dramatic  usage;  thus  on  the 
stage,  to  utter  a  speech  aside,  is  to  utter  it 
in  such  a  manner  that  it  is  supposed  not  to 
be  heard  by  the  other  actors,  or  heard  only 
by  those  for  whom  it  is  intended. 

Aside  (a-sidO,  n.  Something  spoken  and 
not  heard,  or  supposed  not  to  be  heard  by 
some  one  present;  especially,  a  speech  or 
other  remark  uttered  by  an  actor  on  the 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ASIDK 


Ki3 


ASPECT 


stage,  and  supposed  not  to  be  heard  by  the 
other  characters  on  the  stage,  or  heard  only 
by  those  for  whom  it  is  intended. 
As'ide  (a  bid'),  prep.     By  the  side  of.    [Rare 
except  in  old  English  and  Scotch.] 

Here  bUke  your  thirst  aside  their  liveliest  rill. 

Landar. 

Aslnary  (as'i-na-ri),  a.    Asinine.    [Rare.] 
Aslnego.t  Asslnegot  (as-i-ne'go),  n.    (Pg. 
<t«'ui'yt>,  a  little  ass.]    A   foolish    fellow. 
•They  apparell'd  me  as  you  see,  made  a 
fixil  or  an  a.v/w</o  of  me.'    Sir  T.  Herbert. 
'An  assinego  may  tutor  thee.'    Skak. 
Asinine  (as'i-nin).  a.     [L.   asininus,   from 
asinus,  an  ass.  ]   Belonging  to  the  ass ;  hav- 
ing the  qualities  of  the  ass. 

This  one  act  .  .  .  proclaims  his  asinine  nature. 

Asinus  (as'i-nus),  n.  [L.]  The  zoological 
name  of  the  ass  (which  see). 

Aslphonata,  Aslphonlda  ( a-si'fon-a"ta, 
a-si-fon'i-da ),  n.  pi.  [  Gr.  a,  without,  and 
siphon,  a  siphon.  ]  An  order  of  lamelli- 
branchiate  bivalve  molluscs,  destitute  of  a 
siphon  or  tube  through  which  in  the  Siphon- 
ata  the  water  which  enters  the  gills  is 
passed  outward.  It  includes  the  oysters, 
the  scallop-shells,  the  pearl-oyster,  the 
mussels,  and  in  general  those  molluscs  most 
useful  and  valuable  to  man. 

Asitla  (a-si'ti-a),  n.  [Gr.,  from  a,  priv.,  and 
sitos,  food.  ]  Loss  of  appetite ;  loathing  of 
food. 

Ask  (ask),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  ascian,  acsian, 
axian,  O.E.  axen,  axe,  asci,  &c.,  Dan. 
ceske.  D.  eischen,  O. Fris.  askia,  O.G.  eixon, 
to  ask,  inquire ;  allied  to  Lith.  jeszkan,  to 
seek.  The  vulgar  English  ax  is  no  mere 
modern  corruption,  but  the  descendant  of  a 
form  existing  in  A.  Sax.,  in  which  such  a 
transposition  of  letters  was  very  common.  ] 

1.  To  request;  to  seek  to  obtain  by  words; 
to  petition:  with  of,  in  the  sense  of  from, 
before  the  person  to  whom  the  request  is 
made. 

Ask  counsel  (j/'God.  Judg.  xviii.  5. 

2.  To  require,  expect,  or  claim;  as,  what 
price  do  you  ask) 

Ask  me  never  so  much  dowry.       Gen.  xxxiv.  12. 

3.  To  require  as  necessary  or  useful;  to 
demand;  to  exact. 

The  exigence  of  a  state  asks  a  much  longer  time  to 
conduct  the  design  to  maturity.  Addison. 

4.  To  interrogate  or  inquire  of ;  to  put  a 
question  to. 

He  is  of  age,  ask  him.  Jn.  ix.  21. 

5.  To  inquire  concerning ;  to  seek  to  be 
informed   about;   as,    to  ask  the   way  to 
Edinburgh.  —6.  To  invite ;  as,  to  ask  guests 
to  a  wedding  or  entertainment;    ask  my 
friend  to  step  into  the  house.     [The  verb 
to  ask  is  often  construed  with  two  objec- 
tives, the  one  expressing  the  thing  requested 
or  required  and  the  other  the  person  of 
whom  it  is  requested  or  required,  as  in  the 
example  from   Genesis  under  the  second 
meaning ;  or  the  one  expressing  the  thing 
inquired  about,  and  the  other  the  person 
of  whom  the  inquiry  is  made ;  as,  ask  him 
the  time.    Frequently  a  substantive  clause 
takes  the  place  of  the  objective  of  the  thing; 
as,  to  ask  a  person  how  he  is.]— To  ask  in 
church,  to  publish  banns  of  marriage.    [The 
verb  ask  is  used  in  this  phrase  because  the 
asking  is  really  an  inquiry  whether  any  one 
can  state  any  valid  objection  to  the  mar- 
riage.]— Ask,  Demand,  Claim,  Require,  Beg, 
Beseech.   A  sk  is  distinguished  from  demand, 
claim,  and  require  in  that  these  words  imply 
ft  claim  or  a  request  put  imperatively  or 
authoritatively,  while  ask  is  general,  and 
infers  neither  a  claim  nor  a  favour,  but  may 
be  applied  indifferently  to  either.    Beg  and 
beseech  imply  more  urgency  than  ask,  and 
in  their  natural  sense  include  the  idea  of 
asking  a  favour.  —  SYN.  To  request,  seek, 
petition,  solicit,  beg,  entreat,  require,  de- 
mand, claim,  inquire,  interrogate. 

Ask  (ask),  v.  i.  1 .  To  request  or  petition :  fol- 
lowed by  for  before  an  object ;  as,  ask  for 
bread. 

Ask,  and  it  shall  be  given  you.          Mat.  vii.  7. 

2.  To  inquire  or  seek  by  request ;  to  make 
inquiry :  often  followed  by  after. 

Wherefore  dost  thou  ask  after  my  name! 

Gen.  xxxii.  29. 

-To  ask  of.  to  ask  concerning  or  for;  as,  to 
ask  of  his  health,  'Ask  of  Doctor  Caius' 
house.'  Shak. 

Ask  (ask),  n.  [Same  word  (by  metathesis)  as 
rie,  echse,  in  A.  Sax.  athexe,  G.  eidechse,  a 
lizard.]  An  asker  or  water-newt.  [Old  and 
provincial  English  and  Scotch.] 


Askance  (a-skansO.arfc.  [Etymology  rtmil.it- 
ful.  I'robalily  connected  with  D.  schuins, 
obliquely,  schuinte,  a  slope,  and  E.  squint. 
Wedgwood  refers  it  to  0.  Fr.  a  scancne,  It. 
schiancio,  athwart,  across,  aschianchiare,  to 
go  away,  scanzare,  scansare,  to  slip  aside, 
words  which  he  connects  with  aslant,  Sc. 
asklent,  W.  ysglentiaw,  to  slide,  O.Fr.  esclin- 
cher,  to  slip.  ]  Sideways ;  obliquely ;  out  of 
one  corner  of  the  eye.  Written  also  As- 
kaunce. 

My  palfrey  eyed  them  askance.          Laniior. 

Askant  (a-skanf),  adv.  A  less  common  form 
of  Askance,  '  With  his  eyes  askant.'  Cowper. 
Written  also  Askaunt. 

Asker  (ask'er),  n.  One  who  asks;  a  petitioner; 
j  an  inquirer.  'To  give  to  every  asker.'  Ham- 
mond. 'Every  asker  being  satisfied.'  SirK. 
Digby. 

Asker  (ask'er),  n.  [See  ASK,  n.  ]  The  water- 
newt 

Askew  (a-sku'),  ado.  [Prefix  a,  and  skew 
(which  see);  Icel.  d  skd.]  In  an  oblique 
position;  obliquely;  awry;  hence,  askance; 
out  of  the  regular  way.  'AH  things  pro- 
ceed askew.'  Oayton. 

But  when  ye  lower  ye  look  on  me  askew.    Sfenser. 

Askile  (a-skilO,  adv.    Askew.    Bp.  Hall. 

Asking  (ask'ing),  p.  and  a.  1.  Requesting;  pe- 
titioning; interrogating;  inquiring.— 2.  Si- 
lently expressing  request  or  desire. 

Explain  the  asking  eye.  Pope. 

Asking  (ask'ing),  ,,.  1.  The  making  of  a 
request;  a  petition;  as,  it  may  be  had  for 
the  asking.— 2.  Proclamation  or  publication 
in  church  of  banns  of  marriage.  See  note 
on  To  ask  in  church,  under  ASK,  v.t. 

Aslaket  (a-slak'),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  aslacian. 
See  SLAKE,  SLACK.  ]  To  satisfy;  to  quench, 
as  hunger  or  thirst;  to  slake;  to  mitigate. 

But  this  continual,  cruel,  civil  war. 

No  skill  can  stint,  nor  reason  can  tislafce.  Sfenser. 
The  beast  that  prowls  about  in  search  of  blood, 
Or  reptile  that  within  the  treacherous  brake 
Waits  for  the  prey,  upcoiled,  its  hunger  to  aslake. 
Soiitfiey. 

Aslanl  (as-la'ui),  n.  A  Turkish  silver  coin 
worth  from  115  to  120  aspers.  See  ASPER. 

Aslant  (a-slanf),  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on, 
and  slant.  ]  On  one  side;  obliquely;  not  per- 
pendicularly or  at  right  angles:  as  an  adjec- 
tive not  used  attributively. 

The  shaft  drove  through  his  neck  aslant.    Dryden. 

Asleep  (a-slep1),  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
sleep.  ]  1.  In  or  into  a  state  of  sleep ;  as,  to 
fall  asleep:  not  used  attributively.  'By 
whispering  winds  soon  lulled  asleep.'  Mil- 
ton. 

Sisera  was  fast  asleep.  Judg.  iv.  2r. 

2.  Fig.  (chiefly  in  Scriptures  and  religious 
literature)  dead;  in  or  into  a  state  of  death. 

Concerning  them  who  are  asleep,  sorrow  not 

i  Thes.  iv.  13. 

3.  Naut.  applied  to  the  canvas  when  the 
wind  is  just  strong  enough  to  distend  the 
sails  and  prevent  them  from  shaking. 

Aslope  (a-slop1),  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
slope.]  With  leaning orinclination;deflected 
from  the  perpendicular;  with  declivity  or 
descent,  as  a  hill. 

Set  them  not  upright,  but  aslope.  Bacon. 

Aslug  t  (a-slug1),  adv.  In  a  sluggish  manner. 
[Rare.] 

His  boat 
That  conies  aslug  against  the  stream.     Fotherby. 

Asmatography  t  (as-ma-togYa-fl),  n.  [Gr. 
asma,  a  song,  and  grtipho,  to  write.]  The 
art  of  composing  songs. 

Asmonaeau  (as-mo-ne'an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Asmonteus  (a  Latinized  form  of  Chasmon), 
the  ancestor  of  the  Maccabees,  in  the  second 
and  first  centuries  B.C. ;  pertaining  to  the 
Maccabees,  a  family  that  reigned  over  the 
Jews. 

Asmonsean  (as-mo-ne'an),  n.  One  of  the 
family  of  Asmonrcus;  a  Maccabean. 

Asmonean,  a.  and  n.    Same  as  Asmonaan. 

Asoak  (a-sok'),  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on  or 
in,  and  soak.]  Soaking  in  water ;  in  a  state 
of  soaking :  not  used  attributively. 

AsomatOUS  (a-so'ma-tus).  a.  [Or.  a,  priv. , 
and  sotna,  body.]  Without  a  material  body; 
incorporeal.  [Rare.] 

Asp,  AaplC  (asp,  as'pik),  n.  [Fr.  and  Pr. 
aspic,  from  L.  and  Gr.  aspis,  an  asp.]  1.  A 
species  of  viper  (  Vipera  haje )  found  in 
Egypt,  resembling  the  cobra-da-capello  or 
spectacle-serpent  of  the  East  Indies,  except 
that  the  neck  of  the  asp  is  not  so  capable  of 
expansion.  Its  colour  is  greenish,  mingled 
with  brown.  It  is  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Nile,  and  has  been  celebrated  forages  on 


account  of  the  quick  and  easy  death  resulting 
from  its  bite.  The  figure  of  this  reptile  is 
often  found  carved  on  the  portals  of  the 
temples  of  the  an- 

cit'Iit  lv_'ypti;iIIS,  who 

regarded  it  as  an  em- 
blem of  the  protect- 
ing genius  of  the 
world.  It  is  repre- 
sented with  its  head 
and  part  of  its  body 
erect,  in  an  attitude 
to  repel  aggression. 
2.  A  species  of  viper 
found  all  over  the 
continent  of  Europe 
(  Vipera  aspit). 


Asp,  from  ancient  Egyp- 
tian monument. 


,  See  ASPEN. 

Aspalathus  (as-pal'a-thus),  n.    [Or.  aspal- 

athos.]     1.   A  thorny  shrub  of  uncertain 

species. 

I  gave  a  sweet  smell  like  cinnamon  and  aspala. 
thus,  and  I  yielded  a  pleasant  odour  like  the  best 
myrrh.  Ecclus.  xxiv.  15. 

2.  The  African  broom,  a  large  genus  of  Afri- 
can plants,  nat.  order  Leguminosse,  with 
small  heath-like  leaves  and  generally  yellow 
flowers. 

Asparagin,  Asparagine  (as-par'a-jin),  n. 
(C^gNoOo.)  A  crystallized  substance  dis- 
covered in  the  juice  of  asparagus,  potato, 
lettuce,  chestnut,  marsh-mallow,  Ac.,  some- 
times called  Althein  or  Asparamid.  It  is 
an  aspartate  of  ammonia,  in  which  two 
equivalents  of  the  hydrogen  of  the  ammonia 
and  one  equivalent  of  the  oxygen  of  the 
acid  have  left  the  salt  and  combined  to  form 
water. 

Asparaginous  (as-pa-raj'in-us),  a.  Belong- 
ing to  asparagus;  resembling  asparagus; 
specifically,  having  tender  edible  shoots  like 
those  of  asparagus;  as,  asparaginous  plants. 

Asparagus  (as-par'a-gus),  »i.  [Gr.asparagos.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Liliaceic ; 
sparagus;  sperage;  vulgarly,  sparrow-grass. 
That  which  iscultivated  in  gardens,  thecom- 
mon  asparagus,  or  Asparagus  officinalis,  has 
a  much-branched  stem  rising  from  thickand 
matted  perennial  root -stocks,  and  small 
greenish-yellow  flowers  on  jointed  stalks. 
The  narrow  thread-like  leaves  are  really 
branchlets  growing  in  clusters  in  the  axils 
of  the  true  but  scale-like  leaves.  Prussian 
or  French  asparagus  of  the  Bath  market  is 
the  fleshy  spike  of  Ornithogalum  pyrenai- 
cum.  The  roots  have  a  bitterish  mucilagin- 
ous taste;  and  the  stalk  is,  in  some  degree, 
aperient  and  deobstruent,  but  not  very 
efficacious.  The  part  eaten  is  the  turio,  or 
young  shoot  covered  with  scales  in  place  of 
leaves.  The  sprouts  contain  the  crystalline 
substance  called  asparagin. 

Asparamid  (as-par'a-mid),  n.  Asparagiu 
(which  see). 

Aspartate  (as-par'tat),  n.  Any  salt  of  as- 
partic  acid. 

Aspartic  (as-part'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
obtained  from  asparagin.  —  Aspartic  acid 
(C4HTNO,),  a  crystalline  acid  derived  from 
asparagin. 

Aspasia  (as-pa'shi-a),  n.  [Gr.  aspazomai,  to 
embrace.]  A  genus  of  elegant  epiphytal 
plants,  nat.  order  Orchidacete,  with  the  as- 
pect of  Epidendrum;  natives  of  South  Ame- 
rica. The  flowers  are  violet  mottled  with 
purple;  those  of  A.  variegatum  are  deli- 
ciously  sweet  In  the  morning. 

Aspe.t  n.  A  species  of  poplar.  See  ASPEN. 
Chaucer. 

Aspect  (as'pekt),  n.  (L.  aspectut,  from  o»- 
picie,  to  look  on — ad,  to,  and  specio,  to  see  or 
look.  ]  1.  Look ;  view ;  appearance  to  the 
eye  or  the  mind;  as,  to  present  an  object  or 
a  subject  in  its  true  aspect,  under  a  double 
aspect,  or  in  a  favourable  aspect.  '  The  as- 
pect of  a  world  lying  in  rubbish.'  Bp.  Bur- 
net.— 2.  Countenance;  look  or  particular 
appearance  of  the  face;  mien;  air;  as,  amild 
or  severe  aspect.  '  With  aspect  open  shall 
erect  his  head.'  Pop*.— 8.  Act  of  seeing; 
view;  sight;  gaze.  '  His  aspect  was  bent  on 
the  ground.'  Sir  W.Scott.  [Rare.  ]— 4.  View 
commanded ;  prospect ;  outlook. 

This  town  has  a  good  aspect  toward  the  hill  from 
whence  we  descended.  Evelyn. 

Now  used  in  this  sense  mainly  with  refer- 
ence to  the  pointsof  the  compass;  as,  a  house 
has  a  southern  aspect.  —  5.  In  astrol.  the 
situation  of  one  planet  with  respect  to  an- 
other. The  aspects  are  five :  sextile,  when 
the  planets  are  60°  distant;  qnartile  or  quad- 
rate, when  their  distance  is  90",  or  the  quar- 
ter of  a  circle ;  trine,  when  the  distance  is 
120";  opposition,  when  the  distance  is  180', 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,;'ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin0;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  Ma;     w,  wig;    »h,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEV. 


ASPECT 


104 


ASPHYXIAL 


or  half  a  circle;  and  conjunction,  when 
they  are  in  the  same  degree.  Hence— 6.  The 
influence  of  a  planet  in  a  particular  situa- 
tion. '  Correct  the  ill  aspects  of  planets 
evil.'  Shak.—7.  In  her.  the  position  of  an 
animal  with  reference  to  the  spectator. — In 
full  aspect.  Same  as  Affront^,  2  —In  trian 
aspect,  in  a  position  between  affronte  and 
passant.  [This  word  was  formerly  always 
accented  on  the  last  syllable. 

And  then  our  arms,  like  to  a  muzzled  bear, 

Save  in  aspect,  have  all  offence  sealed  up.    Shak,"\ 

Aspect!  (as-pekf),  v.t  To  behold;  to  look 
upon. 

Happy  in  their  mistakes  those  people  whom 
The  northern  pole  aspects.  Sir-  If.  Temple. 

Aspectablet  (as-pekt'a-bl),  a.    That  may  be 

seen.     'What  is  in  this  aspectable  world?' 

Kay. 
Aspectant,  Aspecting  (as-pekf  ant,  as- 

pekt'ing),  a.     In  her.  same  as  A/ront6,  1. 
Aspectedt  (as-pekt'ed),  a.  Having  an  aspect 

or  look.     'A  face  every  way  aspected.'    B. 

Jonson, 
Aspectiont  (as-pek'shon),  n.     The  act  of 

viewing;  view. 

A  Moorish  queen  upon  aspection  of  the  picture  of 
Andromeda,  conceived  and  brought  forth  a  fair  one. 
Sir  T,  Browne. 

Aspen  (asp'en),  n.  [A.  Sax.  aspen,  cesp,  ceps, 
cespe,  the  aspen;  D.  esp,  Icel.  osp,  Sw.  and 
Dan.  asp,  Q.  espe,  the  aspen-tree.]  A  species 
of  the  poplar  (Popuhis  tremula,  tremulous 
poplar),  that  has  become  proverbial  for  the 
trembling  of  its  leaves,  which  move  with  the 
slightest  impulse  of  the  air.  The  leaves  are 
cordate  or  roundish  ovate  and  silky  beneath. 
They  have  a  long,  slender,  compressed  stalk 
or  petiole.  It  is  generally  distributed  over 
Britain,  being  grown  as  an  ornamental  tree, 
for  its  wood  is  of  little  value.  Called  also 
Asp. 

Aspen  (asp'en),  a.  Pertaining  to  the  aspen, 
or  resembling  it;  made  of  aspen  wood. 

Nor«jyV«  leaves  confess  the  gentlest  breeze.  Gay. 
Asper  (as'per),  a.  [L.  asper,  rough. ]  Rough; 
rugged.  [Rare.] 

All  base  notes  .  .  .  have  an  asper  sound.     Bacon. 

Asper  (as'per),  n.  [L.  spiritus  asper,  the 
rough  breathing.]  In  Greek  gram,  a  sign  (') 
placed  before  an  initial  vowel  or  r  to  show 
that  it  is  aspirated,  that  is,  pronounced  as 
if  h  preceded  it;  thus,  '6s,  so  =  Ads;  'ris,  the 
nose  =  Am.  [In  modern  words  derived  from 
the  Greek  this  aspirate  is  represented  (but 
only  in  spelling)  by  an  h  after  ther;  as, 
rAinoplastic.] 

Asper  (as'per),  n.  A  Turkish  coin,  of  which 
three  make  a  medine.  Its  value  is  about 
three-fifths  of  a  penny. 

Asperate  (as'per-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  asper- 
ated; ppr.  asperating.  [L.  aspero,  from 
asper,  rough.]  To  make  rough  or  uneven. 
'  The  level  surface  of  clear  water  being  by 
agitation  asperated.'  Boyle. 

Asperatlon  (as-per-a'shon),  n.  A  making 
or  becoming  rough. 

Aspergeoire  (as'per-zhwar), n.  [O.Fr.from 
L.L.  aspergerium,  from  L.  aspergo.  See  As- 
I'ERGILLUS.]  Same  as  Aspergillus,  1. 

Asperges  (as-per'jes),  n.  [L.L.  See  ASPER- 
QILLUS.]  In  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  a  short  service 
introductory  to  the  mass,  during  which  the 
congregation  is  sprinkled  with  holy  water 
by  the  priest-officiant.  Rev.  F.  G.  Lee. 

Aspergill  (as'per-jil),  n.  Same  as  Asper- 
gulus,  1. 

Aspergilliform  (as-per-jil'li-form).a.  [From 
L.  aspergillus,  the  brush  for  sprinkling  holy 
water.]  Anything  shaped  like  an  aspergil- 
lus, or  sprinkler:  chiefly  used  in  speaking 
of  the  stigmas  of  grasses. 

Aspergillus,  Aspergillum  (as-per-jil'Ius, 
as-per-jil' mm),  n,  [Med.L.,  dun.  from  L. 
aspergo,  to  sprinkle — 
ad,  to,  and  spargo,  to 
sprinkle.  ]  1.  In  the 
R.  Cath.  Ch.  the  brush 
used  for  sprinkling  holy 
water  on  the  people : 
said  to  have  been  ori- 
ginally made  of  hyssop. 
2.  A  genus  of  hyphomy- 

-eetous  fungi,  the  spe- 
cies of  which,  along 
with  others,  form  mould 
on  various  substances. 
They  grow  on  decaying 
substances.  A.  glaucusia  the  blue  mould 
which  forms  on  cheese,  lard,  bread,  Ac. 

Asperlfoliae  (as'per-i-fo"li-e),  n.  pi  [L.asper, 
rough,  and  folium,  a  leaf.  ]  A  name  formerly 
given  to  the  nat.  order  Boraginacese,  because 


Aspergillus. 


the  plants  composing  it  have  generally  rough 
leaves. 

Asperifoliate,  Asperifolious  (as'per-i-fo"- 
li-at,  as'per-i-ftV'li-us),  a.  [See  above.]  Hav- 
ing leaves  rough  to  the  touch. 

Asperity  (as-pei-'i-ti),  n.  [L.  asperitas,  from 
asper,  rough.]  1.  Roughness  of  surface; 
unevenness:  opposed  to  smoothness.  'The 
pores  and  asperities  of  bodies.'  Boyle.— 

2.  Roughness  of  sound ;  harshness  of  pronun- 
ciation.    'Those  dissonances  and  asperities 
which  adhered  to  our  diction.'    T.  Warton. 

3.  Roughness  to  the  taste;  sourness.     'The 
asperity  of    tartarous  salts.'     Berkeley.— 

4.  Roughness   or  ruggedness  of   temper ; 
crabbedness;   bitterness;  severity;   as,  to 
chide  one  with  asperity.     'Asperity  of  cha- 
racter.'   Landor. 

It  is  no  very  cynical  asperity  not  to  confess  obliga- 
tions where  no  benefit  has  been  received.  Johnson. 

5.  Disagreeableness ;  unpleasantness ;  diffi- 
culty.     'The  acclivities  and  asperities  of 
duty.'  Barrow.— Acrimony,  Asperity, Harsh- 
ness, Taitness.    See  under  ACRIMONY. 

Asperlyt  (as'per-li),  adv.  Roughly;  sharply; 
vigorously. 

Aspermatozie  (as-per-ma-to-ze),  n.  [Fr] 
The  condition  of  having  no  spermatozoa  in 
the  seminal  fluid. 

Aspermous,  Aspermatous  (a-sperm'us, 
a-sperm'a-tus),  a.  [Gr.  a,  without,  and 
sperma,  seed.]  In  bot.  destitute  of  seed. 

Aspernationt  (as-per-na'shon),  n.  [L.  as- 
pernatio—ab,  from,  and  spernor,  to  disdain.] 
Neglect;  disregard;  contempt.  Bailey. 

Asperoust  (as'per-us),  a.  [L.  asper,  rough.] 
Rough;  uneven.  Boyle. 

Asperse  (as-pers'),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  aspersed; 
ppr.  aspersing.  [L.  aspergo,  aspersus—ad, 
and  spargo,  to  scatter  or  sprinkle.]  1.  To 
besprinkle;  to  scatter  over.  'Asperse  and 
sprinkle  the  attendants.'  J.  Heath.— 2.  To 
bespatter  with  foul  reports  or  false  and  in- 
jurious charges;  to  tarnish  in  point  of  repu- 
tation or  good  name ;  to  slander  or  calum- 
niate. ' With  blackest  crimes  aspersed.' 
Cowper.  —  Asperse,  Defame,  Calumniate, 
Slander  are  all  descriptive  of  attempts  to 
injure  character.  Averse,  lit.  to  sprinkle 
over,  to  bespatter,  equivalent  to  the  collo- 
quial '  throw  dirt  upon;'  to  injure  the  char- 
acter of  a  person  by  attributing  serious  blots 
to  it,  or  insinuating  their  existence;  defame, 
to  assail  character  by  advancing  and  spread- 
ing abroad  charges  injurious  to  reputation; 
calumniate,  to  injure  another's  character  by 
inventing  charges,  or  propagating  such  as 
the  person  so  doing  knows  to  be  false;  slan- 
der differs  from  defame  in  that  it  does  its 
evil  work  not  only  publicly,  but  also  secretly 
and  underhand.  The  slanderer  is  not  so  in- 
ventive as  the  calumniator. 

Aspersed  (as-persf),  p.  and  a.  In  her.  strewed 
or  powdered;  seinf. 

Asperser  (as-pers'er),  n.  One  that  asperses 
or  vilifies  another. 

Aspersion  (as-per'shon),  n.  l.  A  sprinkling, 
as  of  water.  'Behold  an  immersion,  not  an 
aspersion.'  Bp.  Taylor. 

No  sweet  aspersion  shall  the  heavens  let  fall 
To  make  this  contract  grow.  Shat. 

2.  The  spreading  of  calumnious  reports  or 
charges;  calumny;  censure. 

Every  candid  critic  would  be  ashamed  to  cast 
wholesale  aspersions  on  the  entire  body  of  profes- 
sional teachers.  Grate. 

Aupersive  (as-pers'iv),  a.  Tending  to  as- 
perse; defamatory;  calumnious;  slanderous. 

Asperslvely  (as-pers'iv-li),  adv.  In  an  as- 
persive  manner;  by  way  of  aspersion. 

Aspersorium  (as-per-so'ri-um),  n.  [L.  as- 
persorium-ad,  to,  and  spargo,  to  sprinkle.] 
1.  The  stoup  or  vessel  for  holy  water  in 
Roman  Catholic  churches.  Such  vessels  are 
commonly  of  stone, 
basin -shaped,  fre- 
quently richly  sculp- 
tured, and  fixed  per- 
manently close  to 
the  entrance.  Some- 
times, however,  the 
aspersorium  is  por- 
table, ordinarily  in 
the  form  of  abucket, 
frequently  fashion- 
ed of  metal  or  ivory, 
and  highly  orna- 
mented with  has-  Portable  Aspersorium. 
reliefs.  Such  asper- 

soria  are  still  used  in  several  religious  cere- 
monies, especially  out  of  church,  as  at  in- 
terments. Little  portable  aspersoria,  some- 
times of  earthenware,  are  frequently  to  be 
found  in  private  houses  for  domestic  use.— 


2.  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  as- 
pergillus or  brush  with  which  the  priest 
sprinkles  the  people. 

Aspersory  (as-per'so-ri),  a.     Tending  to  as- 
perse; defamatory. 

Asperula  (as-per'u-la),  n.  [From  I.  asper, 
rough.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Ru- 
biaceec;  woodruff  (which  see). 
Asphalt,  Asphaltum  (as-falf,  as-falt'um), 
n.  [Gr.  axphaltos,  derived  from  the  Pheni- 
cian.]  The  most  common  variety  of  bitu- 
men; mineral  pitch.  Asphalt  is  a  compact, 
glossy,  brittle,  black  or  brown  mineral, 
which  breaks  with  a  polished  fracture,  melts 
easily  with  a  strong  pitchy  odour  when 
heated,  and  when  pure  burns  without  leav- 
ing any  ashes.  It  is  found  in  a  soft  or  liquid 
state  on  the  surface  of  the  Dead  Sea,  which, 
from  this  circumstance,  is  called  Lake  As- 
phaltites.  It  is  found  also  in  the  earth  in 
many  parts  of  Asia,  Europe,  and  America. 
A  composition  of  asphalt,  lamp-black,  and 
oil  is  used  for  drawing  black  figures  on  dial 
plates.  Asphalt  is  produced  artificially  in 
making  coal-gas.  During  the  process  much 
tarry  matter  Is  evolved  and  collected  in  re- 
torts. If  this  be  distilled  naphtha  and  other 
volatile  matters  escape,  and  asphalt  is  left 
behind.  Sometimes  called  Jew's  Pitch.— 
2.  Asphalte.  See  next  article.  —Asphalt 
stone,  asphalt  rock,  a  kind  of  limestone  con- 
taining a  considerable  percentage  of  as- 
phalt. See  next  article. 
Asphalte  (as-falf),  n.  1.  An  artificial  bitu- 
minous compound,  employed  for  the  cover- 
ing of  roofs  and  arches,  the  lining  of  tanks, 
for  pavement  and  flooring,  and  as  a  cement; 
asphaltic  cement.  The  chief  ingredient  in 
this  compound  is  asphalt  stone,  a  brown 
bituminous  limestone  found  in  Switzerland 
and  elsewhere.  This  stone  is  broken  small 
and  mixed  with  bitumen,  sand,  or  other 
ingredients,  according  to  the  purpose  for 
which  it  is  intended.  For  pavement  it  ia 
commonly  formed  into  a  melted  mass  with 
bitumen  and  sand,  and  then  laid  down.— 
2.  Among  opticians,  the  name  applied  to  a 
thick  solution  of  the  finest  asphalt  in  spirits 
of  turpentine,  used  formaking  cellson  pieces 
of  glass,  in  which  objects  may  be  preserved 
in  liquid,  for  examination  by  the  micro- 
scope. 

Asphaltic  (as-falt'ik),  a.    Pertaining  to  or 
containing  asphalt;  bituminous. — Asphaltic 
cement  or  asphaltic  mastic.   See  ASPHALTE. 
Asphaltite  (as-faltlt),  a.    Asphaltic. 

Asphaltos,  Asphaltus 
(as-falt'os,  as-falt'us),n. 
Same  as  Asphalt. 
Asphodel  (as'fo-del),  n. 
[Gr.  asphodelos,  king's- 
spear.  This  is  the  fam- 
ous herb  which  Homer 
represents  as  growing 
in  the  meadows  of  Ely- 
sium.] The  name  of 
the  plants  of  the  genus 
Asphodeius,  a  genus 
of  monocotyledonous 
plants,  nat.  order  Lili- 
aceee,  cultivated  for  the 
„._.._  ,„,,. beauty  of  their  flowers. 

(Asphodeius  ramosits).   A.    lllteUS    IS   the   COni- 

mon  yellow  asphodel,  a 
beautiful  perennial;  A.  albus  is  the  white 
asphodel;  and  A.  ramosus,  so  common  in 
gardens,  is  probably  a  variety  of  this  species. 
The  name  is  popularly  applied  also  to  spe- 
cies of  other  genera ;  thus  the  asphodel  of 
our  early  English  poets  is  the  daffodil  or 
Narcissus  Pseudo-narcissus,  bog  or  Lanca- 
shire asphodel  is  Narthecium  ossifragum, 
Scotch  asphodel  is  Tqfieldia  palitstris. 

Asphodelea  (as-fo-de'le-e),  n.  pi.  The  as- 
phodel tribe,  a  sub-order  of  the  Liliaceie, 
including  the  onion,  garlic,  hyacinth,  squill, 
star  of  Bethlehem,  and  aloes. 

Asphodeius  (as-fod'e-lus),  n.  Asphodel,  a 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Liliacea;.  See 
ASPHODEL. 

Asphyxia,  Asphyxy  (as-fik'si-a,  as-fik'si),  n. 
[L.  and  Gr.  asphyxia  —  Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
sphyxis,  sphygmos,  the  pulse,  from  tphyzn, 
to  throb.]  Originally,  interrupted  pulse, or 
cessation  of  the  motion  of  the  heart  and 
arteries;  but  as  now  used,  apparent  death, 
or  suspended  animation ;  interrupted  re- 
spiration, particularly  from  suffocation  or 
drowning,  or  the  inhalation  of  irrespiraWe 
gases:  applied  also  to  the  collapsed  state  in 
cholera,  with  want  of  pulse. 

Asphyxia!  (as-flk'si-al),  a.  Relating  to  as- 
phyxia; resulting  from  or  indicating  as- 
phyxia ;  as,  asphyxial  symptoms. 


Branched  Asphodel 


Fate,  far,  fat,  /all;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  tfy. 


ASPHYXIANT 


ic>r> 


ASSART 


Asphyxiant  (as-llk'si -nut),  n.     A  poisonous 

chemical  substance  which  acts  by  producing 

asphyxia. 
Asphyxiate,  Asphyxy  (as-flk'si-at,  as-flk'- 

si),  c.(.     To  bring  to  a  state  of  asphyxia;  to 

i-.'itisr  asphyxia  ill. 

Asphyxiation  (as-flk'si-iV'shon),  n.  The  act 
nf  running  asphyxia;  a  state  of  asphyxia. 

Asphyxy.    See  ASPHYXIA. 

Aspic.  Aspick  (as'pik),  n.  [Fr.  aspic  for 
Omdt  from  L.  aspis,  aspidis,  Gr.  aspis,  as- 
pidott,  au  asp,  a  viper.  ]  l.The  asp  (which  see). 

Thereto  she  pointed  with  a  laugh, 
Showing  the  aspidk's  bite.  Tennyson. 

2.  An  old  piece  of  ordnance  carrying  a  12-lb. 
shot. 

Aspic  (as'pik),  n.  [Fr. ;  O.Fr.  espie,  from 
L.  spica,  a  spike,  ear  of  corn.]  A  plant 
growing  in  France  (Lavamlula  spica),  a 
species  of  lavender,  which  it  resembles  in 
the  blue  colour  of  its  flowers,  and  in  the 
figure  ami  green  colour  of  its  leaves.  It  is 
also  called  Mate-lavender,  Spica  Nardi,  and 
Px'-tnln-nardu*.  The  oil  of  this  plant  is 
used  by  painters,  farriers,  and  other  arti- 
ficers. It  is  very  inflammable,  of  a  white 
colour,  and  aromatic;  and  it  is  almost  the 
only  solvent  of  sandarac. 

Aspic  (as'pik),  n.  [Littre  conjectures  that 
the  dish  may  be  nnmed  from  aspic,  the  ser- 
pent, from  its  coolness,  there  being  a  French 
proverbial  saying,  'Cold  as  an  aspic. 'J  In 
ctwkrry,  a  side  dish  consisting  of  a  clear, 
savoury,  meat  jelly,  and  containing  fowl, 
game,  fish,  &c.  Thackeray. 

Aspidium(as-pid'i-um),  n.  [From  Gr.  aspis, 
anpidw,  a  shield.]  Shield-fern,  a  genus  of 
ferns  including  all  those  which  have  round 
sori  protected  with  a  roundish  covering  or 
imlusium.  See  SHIELD-FERN. 

AspidObranchia(as'pi-do-brang"ki-a),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  aspiti,  aspidos,  a  shield,  and  branchta, 
gills.  ]  A  name  sometimes  given  to  an  order 
of  dicecious  gasteropoda  with  a  shield-like 
shell,  having  a  very  large  aperture  close  on 
the  pectinate  branchia.  It  includes  the 
Fissurella  and  Haliotis  or  ear-shell. 

Aspidophorus  (as-pi-dof'or-us),?i.  [Gr.  aspis, 
aspidos,  a  shield,  and  phero,  to  bear.]  A 
genus  of  acanthopterous  fishes  including 
A,  europceiis  (the  armed  bull-head  or  pogge), 
0  inches  long,  common  on  many  parts  of 
the  British  coasts,  hiding  in  the  sand  or 
among  stones.  Called  also  Aaonus. 

Aspidosperma  (as'pi-dd-sper"ma),  n.  [Gr. 
aspis,  aspidos,  a  shield,  and  sperma,  a  seed.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Apoeynacere, 
natives  of  tropical  America.  They  are  all 
trees  yielding  good  wood.  One  species  (A. 
excelnum),  paddle-wood,  has  a  deeply-fluted 
stem  composed  of  solid  projecting  radii, 
« liich  the  Indians  separate  and  use  as  natu- 
ral planks. 

Aspie.t  v.t.    To  espy.    Chaucer. 

Aspirant  (as-plr'ant),  n.  [See  ASPIRE.]  One 
who  aspires,  breathes  after,  or  seeks  with 
eagerness;  a  candidate.  'Our  young  aspir- 
ant to  the  name  and  honours  of  an  English 
senator.'  Bp.  Ilurd. 

Aspirant  (as-plr'ant),  a.  Aspiring;  ambi- 
tious. Southey.  [Rare.  ] 

Aspirate  (a«'pi-rat),v.e.  pret&pp.  aspirated; 
I>pr.  aspirating.  [L.  aspiro,  to  breathe  or 
Mow.  See  ASPIRE.]  To  pronounce  with  a 
breathing  or  au.lible  emission  of  breath ;  to 

nnounce  with  such  a  sound  as  our  letter 
as;  to  add  an  A-souud  to;  as,  we  aspirate 
the  words  horse  and  house,  but  not  the 
words  hour  and  honour;  Cockneys  aspirate 
iiiiiny  words  beginning  with  a  vowel.  '  Such 
mutes  as  were  originally  aspirated— that  is 
to  say,  had  au  audible  bit  of  an  h  pronounced 
after  them.'  Prof.  Whitney. 

Aspirate  (as'pi-rat),  v.t.  To  be  uttered  with 
an  aspirate  or  strong  breathing.  'Our  W 
and  II  aspirate.'  Dryden.  [Rare.] 

Aspirate  (as'pi-rat),  n.  1.  An  aspirated 
sound,  or  sound  like  or  the  same  as  our  A; 
the  letter  h  itself,  or  any  mark  of  aspira- 
tion, as  the  Greek  spiritus  asper,  or  rough 
breathing  (');  in  philol.  a  character  or 
sound  with  which  the  A-sound  is  combined, 
or  which  corresponds  historically  to  a  char- 
acter or  sound  of  this  nature;  thus  the 
Sanskrit  kh,  gh,  bh,  and  the  Gr.  ch,  th,  ph, 
are  called  aspirates,  as  are  also  the  English 
/,  fA,  which  are  more  properly  called 
'breathings,'  or  spirants. 

Aspirate,  Aspirated(as'pi-rat,as'pi-rat-ed). 
a.  Proaooncod  with  the  aspirate  or  rough 
breathing;  pronounced  with  the  A-sound,  or 
with  a  strong  emission  of  breath. 

They  are  not  aspirate,  i.e.  with  such  an  aspiration 
as  h.  Holder. 


Aspiration  (as  j»i-r;Vslion),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
aspirating;  an  aspirated  sound.  'Containing 
the  aspiration  as  a  distinctly  audible  ele- 
ment following  the  mute.'  Pmf.  Whitney. 
'  H  is  only  a  guttural  attpiration.  Uolder. — 
2.  The  act  of  aspiring  or  of  ardently  desir- 
ing; an  ardent  wish  or  desire  chiefly  after 
u  hat  is  elevated  or  spiritual. 

She  feels  neither  inclination  to  pleasure  nor  uj/'- 
rattffn  after  virtue.  Johnson. 

3.t  Countenance;  aid. 

To  God's  honour  without  the  aspiration  and  help 
of  whobu  especial  y  race  no  labours  of  man  can  profit. 
Sir  T.  Afore. 

Aspirator  (as'pi-rat-er),  n.  An  apparatus 
devised  by  Brunner  to  draw  a  stream  of  air 
or  gas  through  a  tube  or  other  vessels,  much 
ii-«  il  in  the  chemical  analysis  of  gases. 

Aspiratory  (as-plr'a-to-ri),  a.  Pertaining 
to  breathing;  suited  to  the  inhaling  of  air. 

Aspire  (as-pir*),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  aspired;  ppr. 
aspiring.  [L.  aspiro,  to  breathe  —  ad,  to, 
and  spiro,  to  breathe,  to  endeavour  after. 
See  SPIRIT.]  1.  To  desire  with  eagerness; 
to  pant  after  a  great  or  noble  object;  to  aim 
at  something  elevated  or  above  one ;  to  be 
ambitious:  followed  by  to  or  after;  as,  to 
aspire  to  a  crown  or  after  immortality. 

Asfiring  to  be  gods,  if  angels  fell ; 
Aspiring  to  be  angels,  men  rebel.       Pope. 

2.  To  ascend ;  to  tower ;  to  point  upward ; 
to  soar.  '  The  flames  aspire.  Pope. 
Aspire t  (as-pir*),  v.t  1.  To  aspire  to;  to 
long  or  try  to  reach  ;  to  attempt.  '  Who 
dare  aspire  this  journey?'  Donne.—  2.  To 
mount  to. 

That  gallant  spirit  hath  aspired  ttis  clouds.    Shak. 

Aspire  I  (as-pirO.n.  Aspiration;  ardent  wish 
or  desire. 

And  mock  the  fondling  for  his  mad  aspire. 

Chapman. 

Aspirement  (aa-nir'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
aspiring.  'By  which  aspirement  she  her 
wings  displays.'  Ant.  Brewer, 

Aspirer  (as-pir'er),  n.  One  who  aspires;  an 
aspirant. 

Aspiring  (as-pir'ing),  a.  Animated  with  an 
ardent  desire  of  power,  importance,  or  ex- 
cellence ;  ambitious.  'Aspiring  nobles.' 
Macaulay. 

Aspiringly  (as-pir'ing- li),  adv.  In  an  aspir- 
ing manner. 

Aspiringness  (as-pir'ing-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  aspiring. 

Asplenium  (as-ple'ni-um),  n.  [For  L.  a»- 
ptenum,  Gr.  asplenon—a,  priv.,  and  spUn, 
the  spleen ;  because  it  was  believed  to  cure 
hypochondria  (the  spleen).]  Spleenwort,  a 
genus  of  ferns  characterized  by  their  free 
veins  and  linear  or  oblong  son  placed  ob- 
liquely on  the  segment  of  the  frond.  It  is  a 
large  genus  containing  many  varied  forms, 
generally  evergreen,  and  often  cultivated  for 
their  beauty.  Nine  species  are  natives  of 
Britain,  among  them  ,1  Adiantum-nigrum 
(the  black  spleenwort),  A.  Trichomanes  (the 
maiden-hair  spleenwort),  A.  Ruta-muraria 
( the  wall-rue  spleenwort), and  A.maritimum 
(the  sea-spleenwort). 

Aspprtatfon  (as-por-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  aspor- 
tatio—abs,  from,  andporto,  to  carry.]  1.  A 
carrying  away.— 2.  In  law,  the  felonious  re- 
moval of  goods  from  the  place  where  they 
were  deposited,  which  is  adjudged  to  be 
theft,  though  the  goods  are  not  carried  from 
the  house  or  apartment. 

Aspre.t  a.  [L.  asper,  rough.]  Rough;  sharp. 
Chaucer. 

Asprely  t  (as'per-li),  adv.  Roughly;  sharply; 
vigorously.  'Enforced  their  enemies  to 
strike  on  land,  and  there  assaulted  them  so 
asprely.'  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Asprenesse.t  n.  Roughness;  sharpness. 
Cnaucer. 

Asquint  (a-skwinf).  adv.  [Prefix  a,  and 
squint.  ]  To  the  corner  or  angle  of  the  eye; 
obliquely ;  toward  one  side ;  not  in  the 
straight  line  of  vision.  '  Who  look  asquint, 
or  shut  their  eyes.'  Ste(ft, 

Ass(as),  n.  [A.  Sax.  assa,  a  male  ass,  asse,  the 
female,  a.\soesol,asal;  Goth.  a«#tur,O.Sax.e#tf, 
D.  ezel,  Q.  eset,  Icel.  asni,  asna,  Dan.  asen, 
Lith.  asilas,  Rus.  oselz,  Gael,  asal,  W.  asyn, 
L.  aainuti  (whence  Fr.  dne) — ass.  How  far 
borrowing  has  taken  place  between  the  dif- 
ferent languages  is  doubtful.]  1.  A  solid- 
ungulate  quadruped  of  the  family  Equidae, 
the  Equus  asinus.  This  animal  has  long 
ears,  a  short  mane,  and  a  tail  covered  with 
long  hairs  at  the  end.  It  is  usually  of  an 
ash  colour,  with  a  black  cross  over  the 
shoulders,  formed  by  a  longitudinal  and  a 
transverse  dark  streak.  The  tame  or  do- 


mestic u>  is  patient,  and  carries  a  heavy 
burden.  It  U  flow,  but  very  sure-fo<,t«l, 
and  for  this  reason  very  useful  on  r*»tr,'li, 
steep,  and  hilly  ground.  The  ass  is  sup- 
posed to  be  a  native  of  Central  Asia,  where 
vast  troops  roam  over  the  great  deserts  in 
a  wild  state.  The  wild  ass  is  a  fine  fleet 
animal,  and  is  accounted  the  noblest  game 
In  Persia,  where  its  flesh  fs  prized  as  veni- 
Bon  is  with  us.  In  the  Kant  and  fn  Spain 
and  elsewhere  the  domesticated  ass  is  a 
much  finer  animal  than  ours.  In  our  own 
and  other  countries,  however,  the  ass  has 
become  the  type  of  obstinacy  and  stupidity 
Hence— 2.  A  dull,  heavy,  stupid  fellow;  a 
dolt;  a  fool;  a  blockhead. 

Ass,  Aise  (as,  as),  n.    Ashes.    [Scotch.] 

Assacon  (as'sa-kon),  n.  The  Brazilian  name 
for  the  Hunt  braziliensis  (Martins),  a  eti- 
phorbiaceous  tree,  the  bark  and  sap  of  which 
contain  a  very  poisonous  acrid  principle. 
The  natives  prepare  from  them  a  poisonous 
drink,  against  which  no  antidote  is  known. 
The  decoction  of  the  bark  is  used  as  a  remedy 
for  elephantiasis. 

Assafcetida,  n.    Same  as  Asafetida. 

Assagai  (as'sa-ga),  n.  [Sp.  azagayo,  Ar.  al- 
khazeqah.  \  An  instrument  of  warfare  among 
the  Kaffirs;  a  throwing  spear;  a  species  of 
javelin.  Written  also  Assegai. 

Assai  (as-sa'e).  [It.  assai,  Vr.assez,  enough— 
L. »<t.  to,  and  satis,  enough.  ]  A  term  in  music 
denoting  increase ;  thus,  added  to  a  word 
signifying  slow  it  denotes  much  slower,  and 
to  a  word  signifying  quick  it  denotes  much 
quicker ;  as,  allegro,  quick,  allegro  assai, 
much  quicker,  or  very  quick. 

Assai  (as-siO,  n.  A  favourite  beverage  in 
South  America,  made  from  the  fruit  of  the 
Euterpe  edulis  or  assai  palm.  See  EUTERPE. 

Assail  (as-sal'),  v.t.  [Fr.  assaillir,  from  L. 
assilio,  to  leap  or  rush  upon  — ad,  to,  and 
salio,  to  leap,  to  rise.]  1.  To  fall  upon  with 
violence;  to  assault;  to  attack. 

With  greedy  force  he  gan  the  fort  t'  assail. 

Spenser. 

2.  To  attack  with  what  bears  upon  the 
mind  or  feelings,  as  with  arguments,  cen- 
sure, abuse,  criticism,  appeals,  entreaties, 
or  the  like. 

The  prince  next  assailed  the  baron  on  the  sub)ect 
of  settling  his  estate  on  his  daughter.  Sir  It-'.  Scott. 

They  assailed  him  with  keen  invective ;  they  as- 
sailed him  with  still  keener  irony;  but  they  found 
that  neither  invective  nor  irony  could  move  him  to 
anything  but  an  enforced  smile  and  a  good-humoured 
curse.  Macautay. 

— AssaU,  Assault,  Invade.  Assail,  lit.  to 
leap  upon,  to  attack  vehemently,  suddenly, 
and  unexpectedly ;  assault,  stronger  than 
assail,  often  used  of  attacking  the  person 
with  violence,  and  not  so  frequently  em- 
ployed as  the  latter  word  to  signify  attack- 
ing by  non-physical  means;  invade,  to  enter 
by  force  or  encroach  upon  what  belongs  to 
another;  especially,  to  enter  upon  the  ter- 
ritory of  another  nation  with  the  purpose 
of  making  war.  —  SVN.  To  assault,  invade, 
attack,  fall  upon,  set  upon. 

Assailable  (as-sal'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing assailed,  attacked,  or  invaded. 

Assailant  (as-sal'ant),  n.  One  who  assails, 
attacks,  or  assaults. 

Assailant  (as-sal'ant).  a.  1.  Assaulting;  at- 
tacking; invading  with  violence.  Milton. — 

2.  In  her.  applied  to  various  beasts  borne  in 
coat  armour,  when  placed  rather  bendwise 
than  mounted  upright.   Called  also  Assault- 
ant  and  Salient. 

Assailer  (as-sal'er),  n.    One  who  assails. 
Assailment  (as-sal'ment),  n.    Attack  of  ill- 
ness.   [Rare.] 

His  most  frequent  assailment  was  the  headache. 
Johnson. 

Assai  Palm  (as-si'  pam),  n.  A  Brazilian 
tree,  the  Euterpe  edulis.  See  El'TERPE. 

Assamese  (as-sam-eY),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Assam  or  its  inhabitants. 

Assamese  (as-sam-eV).  n.  A  native  or  in 
habitant,or  natives  or  inhabitants, of  Assam. 

Assapan.  Assapanic(as-Ba-pau',  as-sa-pan'- 
1k),  n.  [N.  American  Indian  name.]  One 
of  the  species  of  flying-squirrels  (Pteromys 
volucella). 

Assartt  (as-sarf).  »•  [O.Fr.  essart,  a  cleared 
space  in  a  wood;  essarter,  to  clear  the  land 
of  bushes,  to  grub  up  — L.  ex,  from,  ami 
sario,  sartum,  to  hoe,  to  weed.]  1.  In  old 
law,  the  offence  of  grubbing  up  trees,  and 
thus  destroying  thickets  or  coverts  in  a 
forest.  -  2.  A  tree  grubbed  up  by  the  roots.  — 

3.  A  piece  of  land  cleared,  as  by  grubbing. 
Assart  t  (as-sarf),  v.t.  To  grub  up  trees;  to 

commit  an  assart. 


ch,  cAaiu;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  po;      j,  ;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinp;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Aiu;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ASSASSIN 


166 


ASSEMBLY 


Assassin  (as-sas'sin),  n.  [From  Ar.  hash- 
ish, a  maddening  drink  made  from  hemp. 
Uashiihin  was  hence  the  name  given  to 
those  who  under  the  influence  of  this  drug 
were  wont  to  execute  the  savage  orders 
of  their  chiefs  or  sheiks.  (See  below.)  The 
word  was  carried  to  Europe  by  the  Cru- 
saders.] 1.  One  of  a  military  and  religious 
order  in  Syria,  founded  by  Hassan  -ben- 
Sabbah  about  the  year  1090  in  Persia,  whence 
a  colony  migrated  and  settled  on  the  moun- 
tains of  Lebanon,  and  became  remarkable 
for  their  assassinations  in  blind  obedience 
to  the  will  of  their  chief.  Their  religion  was 
a  compound  of  Magianism,  Judaism,  and 
Christianity.  One  article  of  their  creed  was, 
that  the  Holy  Spirit  resided  in  their  chief, 
and  that  his  orders  proceeded  from  God 
himself.  'He  was  called  Sheik,  and  is  better 
known  by  the  denomination  of  old  man  of 
the  mountain.  These  barbarous  chieftains 
and  their  followers  spread  terror  among 
nations  far  and  near  for  almost  two  cen- 
turies. In  the  time  of  the  Crusades  they 
mustered  to  the  number  of  50,000,  and  pre- 
sented a  formidable  obstacle  to  the  arms 
of  the  Christians.  They  were  eventually 
crushed  by  the  Sultan  Bibaris.  Hence— 
2.  One  who  kills  or  attempts  to  kill  by  sur- 
prise or  secret  assault.  The  circumstance 
of  surprise  or  secrecy  seems  essential  to  the 
strict  signification  of  this  word  as  now  used, 
though  it  is  sometimes  applied  to  one  who 
takes  any  advantage  in  killing  or  attempt- 
ing to  murder,  as  by  attacking  one  when 
unarmed. 

Assassin  t  (as-sas'sin),  v.t.  To  murder;  to 
assassinate.  'With  him  that  assassins  his 
parents.'  StUlitigjleet. 

Assasslnacyt  (as-sas'sin-a-si),  n.  The  act 
of  assassinating.  Hammond. 

Assassinate  (as-sas'sin-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
assassinated;  ppr.  assassinating.  1.  To  kill 
or  attempt  to  kill  by  surprise  or  secret 
assault;  to  murder  by  sudden  violence. 

Help,  neighbours,  my  house  is  broken  open  .  .  . 
and  I  am  ravished  and  tike  to  be  assassinated. 

Dry  den. 

2.  t  To  assault  ;  to  maltreat.  [This  usage  is 
borrowed  from  Fr.  assassiner  or  It.  assassi- 
nare.] 

Such  usage  as  your  honourable  lords 

Afford  me,  assassinated  and  betrayed.  Milton. 

Assassinate  (as-sas'sin-at),  v.i.  To  commit 
murder  by  assassination.  '  Where  now  no 
thieves  assassinate.'  Sandys. 

Assassinate  t  (as-sas'sin-at),  n.  [Fr.  assas- 
sinat.  I  1.  An  assassin. 

Seize  him  for  one  of  the  assassinates.    Dryden. 

2.  Assassination.  'Assassinates  and  popular 

insurrections.'    Pope. 
Assassination  (as-sas'sin-a"shon),  n.    The 

act  of  assassinating,  that  is  of  killing  or 

murdering  by  surprise  or  secret  assault; 

murder  by  violence. 
Assassinator  (as-sas'sin-at-er),  n.    An  as- 

sassin (which  see).     'The  assassinators  of 

kings.'    Bates. 
Assassin-like  (as-sas'in-lik),  a.    Like  an 

assassin.    Milton. 
Assassinoust  (as-sas'sin-us),a.  Treacherous. 

•To  smother  them  in  the  basest  and  most 

assassinous  manner.'    Milton. 
Assationt  (as-sa'shon),  n.  [Fr.  assatian,  L.L. 

assatio,  from  L.  assatus,  perf.  p.  of  asso,  to 

roast.  ]    A  roasting. 

Atsation  is  a  concoction  of  the  inward  moisture  by 
heat.  Burton. 

Assault  (as-salf),  n.  [O.Fr.  assault  (Fr.  as- 
saut),  from  L.L.  eutaltul.  from  L.  ad,  to,  and 
saltus,  a  leap,  from  salio,  to  leap.  Assail, 
insult,  result,  &c.  ,  are  from  the  same  stem.] 

1.  An  attack  or  violent  onset  with  physical 
means;  an  onslaught;  specifically,  a  sudden 
and  vigorous  attack  on  a  fortified  post  ;  a 
storm. 

Able  to  resist 
Satan's  assaults  and  quench  his  fiery  darts. 

Milton. 

After  some  days'  siege  he  resolved  to  try  the  for- 
tune of  an  at  fault.  Bacon. 

2.  An  attack  in  which  physical  force  is  not 
resorted  to,  as  by  means  of  legislative  mea- 
sures or  other  proceedings,  or  by  means  that 
bear  upon  the  mind  or  feelings,  as  by  argu- 
ments, invective,  appeals,  &c.  ;  as,  an  assault 
upon  the  prerogatives  of  a  prince,  or  upon 
a  constitution  of  government. 

Her  spirit  had  been  invincible  against  all  assaults 
of  affection.  s/iai. 

3.  In  law,  an  unlawful  setting  upon  one's 
person;  an  attempt  or  offer  to  beat  an- 
other, without  touching  his  person  ;  as,  by 
lifting  the  fist  or  a  cane  in  a  threatening 


manner.  If  the  blow  aimed  takes  effect  it 
is  a  battery.  In  Scotland  there  is  no  divi- 
sion, as  in  England,  into  assault  and  assault 
and  battery.  Assaults  are  variously  pun- 
ished. —  SYN.  Attack,  onset,  onslaught,  ag- 
gression, storm,  charge. 
Assault  (as-salt'),  v.t.  1.  To  attack  with 
physical  means;  to  fall  upon  by  violence  or 
with  a  hostile  intention  ;  as,  to  assault  a 
man,  a  house,  or  town.  —  2.  To  attack  with- 
out physical  means  ;  to  fall  on  with  force  ; 
to  assail. 

The  cries  of  babes  new-born 
Assault  his  ears.  Dryden. 

—Assail,  Assault,  Invade.  See  under  AS- 
SAIL.— SYN.  To  attack,  assail,  invade,  storm, 
charge. 

Assaultable  (as-salt'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  assaulted. 

The  a8th  day  of  October  the  walls  were  made  low, 
and  the  town  assaitltattle.  Hall. 

Assaultant  (as-salt'ant),  a.  See  ASSAILANT. 

Assault-at-arms  (as-salt'at-armz),  n.  A 
name  sometimes  given  to  an  exhibition  of 
fencing  or  similar  military  exercises. 

Assaulter  (as-salt'er),  ».  One  who  assaults 
or  violently  attacks. 

Assaut,*  n.    [Fr.]    Assault.     Chaucer. 

Assay  (as-sal,  n.  [0.  Fr.  ami,  essay,  a  trial, 
examination,  essayer,  to  test,  It.  assagiare, 
to  try,  from  L.  exagium,  a  weighing.  Essay 
is  the  same  word,  but  now  differently  used.  ] 
l.t  Examination;  trial;  attempt;  essay.  'He 
hath  made  an  assay  of  her  virtue.'  Shak. 

Neither  is  it  enough  to  have  taken  a  slender  taste 
or  assay  thereof.  I'dall. 

This  cannot  be,  by  no  assay  of  reason.      Shak. 

Hence  —  2.  t  Trial  by  danger;  risk;  adventure. 

Through  many  hard  assays  which  did  betide. 
Spenser. 

3.t  Emotion. 

She  heard  with  patience  all  unto  the  end, 

And  strove  to  master  sorrowful  assay.      Sfenser. 

4.  The  trial  of  the  goodness,  purity,  weight, 
value,  Ac.  ,  of  metals  or  metallic  substances, 
as  ores  and  alloys;  any  operation  or  experi- 
ment for  ascertaining  the  quantity  of  a 
precious  metal  in  an  ore  or  mineral,  or  in 
coin  or  bullion.  See  ASSAYING.  —  5.  The 
substance  to  be  assayed.  Ure.—  6.  t  Value  ; 
ascertained  purity;  as,  'Stones  of  great  at- 
say.'  Spenser.  —  7.  In  law,  an  examination 
of  weights  and  measures  by  the  standard. 
Cowell.  —  Assay,  Analysis.  Assay  is  the 
analysis  of  metals,  and  is  thus  a  word 
of  narrower  signification  than  the  latter. 
[Essay  formerly  had  the  meaning  of  assay, 
but  it  is  now  confined  to  bodily  and  intel- 
lectual efforts.] 

Assay  (as-sa'),  v.t.  1.  To  examine  by  trial; 
to  put  to  trial;  as,  to  assay  armour.  [Obsolete 
or  poetical.]  Specifically—  2.  To  make  trial 
of,  as  an  ore  or  metallic  compound,  with 
the  view  of  determining  the  proportion  of 
a  particular  metal  present.—  3.  t  To  attempt; 
to  endeavour. 

She  hath  assayed  as  much  as  may  be  proved.  Shaie. 

Often  with  an  infinitive  as  object. 

He  assayed  to  go.  i  Sam.  xvii.  39. 

[In  this  sense  essay  is  now  used.]—  4.  t  To 
endeavour  to  influence.  '  Bid  herself  assay 
him.'  Shak.—  5.  To  try  the  effect  of. 

Soft  words  to  his  fierce  passion  she  assayed.  Milton. 

6.t  To  affect;  to  move.  'When  the  heart 
is  ill  assayed'  Spenser. 

Assay  t  (as-sa1),  v.i.  To  make  an  attempt  or 
endeavour. 

Assayer  (as-sa'er),  n.  1.  One  who  examines 
metallic  ores  or  alloys  for  the  purpose  of 
determining  the  amount  of  any  particular 
metal  in  the  same,  particularly  of  gold  and 
silver.  Specifically—  2.  Anofflcerof  the  Mint, 
whose  office  it  is  to  test  bullion  and  coin. 

Assaying  (as-sa'ing),  n.  The  act  or  art  of 
testing  metals,  ores,  or  alloys  in  order  to 
ascertain  the  quantity  of  gold  or  silver  or 
any  other  metal  present  in  them.  There 
are  two  modes  by  which  the  art  of  assaying 
is  performed,  and  sometimes  the  one  is  em- 
ployed to  corroborate  the  other.  The  one  is 
called  the  humid  or  wet  process,  by  which  a 
solution  of  the  metals  is  effected  by  means 
of  acids,  after  which  those  sought  for  are 
precipitated  by  proper  reagents.  The  other 
is  called  the  dry  process,  and  is  performed 
by  the  agency  of  fire.  The  first  is  generally 
employed  for  the  purpose  of  estimating  the 
quantity  of  gold  or  silver  in  an  alloy,  and  the 
second  is  chiefly  applied  to  ores.  In  Great 
Britain  each  article  of  silver  or  gold  plate  is 
assayed  at  Goldsmiths'  Hall  previously  to 
being  sold  to  determine  the  exact  richness  of 
the  metal  of  which  it  is  made. 


Assay-master  (as-8a'mas-tcr),n.  Anassayer; 
an  officer  appointed  to  try  the  weight  and 
fineness  of  the  precious  metals. 

Asse  (as),  n.  The  Vulpis  Cams,  the  smallest 
member  of  the  genus  fox,  a  native  of  South 
Africa,  and  highly  valued  for  its  fur.  It  lives 
on  eggs,  especially  on  those  of  the  ostrich, 
which,  being  too  large  and  smooth  to  be 
grasped  by  its  teeth  it  manages  to  break  by 
rolling  with  its  fore-feet  against  a  stone  or 
against  each  other. 

Assectatlont  (as-sek-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  assec- 
tatio,  from  assector,  to  attend  upon  —  ad, 
and  sector,  freq.  of  sequor,  to  follow.]  At- 
tendance or  waiting  upon.  Bailey. 

Assecurancet  (as-se-kur'ans),  n.  [L.  ad,  to, 
and  eecurus,  secure.]  Assurance.  'These 
assecurances  which  they  give  ID  the  Popish 
Church.'  Sheldon. 

Assecurationt  (as'se-ku-ra"shon),  n.  Assur- 
ance; a  making  secure. 

How  far  then  reaches  this  assecurntion  1  so  far  as  to 
exclude  all  fears,  all  doublings!  Bp.  Hall. 

Assecuret  (as-se-kur'),  v.t.  [L.L.  assecuro— 
L.  ad,  to,  and  secunis,  secure.]  To  make 
secure;  to  make  sure  or  certain. 

Sin  is  not  helped  but  by  being  assecttred  of  pardon. 
Bf.  Hall. 

Assecution  (as-se-ku'shon).  n.  [thorn  L. 
assequor,  assecutum,  to  obtain  —  ad,  and 
sequor,  to  follow.]  An  obtaining  or  ac- 
quiring. 

His  first  (benefice)  ...  is  immediately  void  by  his 
assecution  of  a  second.  stylijft. 

Assegai,  n.    See  ASSAGAI. 

Assege.t  n.    Siege.    Chaucer. 

Assemblage  (as-sem'blaj),  n.  [See  ASSEM- 
BLE.] 1.  The  act  of  assembling,  or  state  of 
being  assembled;  association.  'In  sweet 
assemblage  every  blooming  grace.'  Fenian. 
2.  A  collection  of  individuals  or  of  particular 
things  ;  as,  an  assemblage  of  men  of  note  ; 
an  assemblage  of  various  materials.  —  3.  The 
act  of  fitting  together,  as  parts  of  a  machine. 
See  ASSEMBLING. 

Assemblance  t  (as-sem'blans),  n.  [As,  for 
L.  ad,  to,  and  semblance  (which  see).] 
Representation;  likeness;  semblance. 

Care  I  for  the  .  .  .  assemblanct  of  a  man  T  fcive 
me  the  spirit.  SHaJe. 

Assemblance  t  (as-sem'blans),  n.  An  assem- 
blage ;  a  collection.  '  To  weet  the  cause  of 
their  assemblaunce  wide.'  Spenser. 

Assemble  (as-sem'bl),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  assem- 
bled; ppr.  assembling.  [Fr.  assembler,  to  bring 
or  gather  together,  from  L.L.  assimulo,  to 
assemble—  L.  ad,  to,  and  iimul.  together; 
ultimately  from  the  same  root  as  E.  same 
(which  see).]  1.  To  collect  into  one  place  or 
body;  to  bring  or  call  together;  to  convene; 
to  congregate.  '  Thither  he  assembled  all  his 
train.'  Milton.—  2.  To  fit  together.  See 
ASSEMBLING.  —  SYN.  To  convene,  collect, 
congregate,  muster,  convoke. 

Assemble  (as-sem'bl),  v.i.  1.  To  meet  or 
come  together  ;  to  convene,  as  a  number  of 
individuals.  'Thechurlsassem&fe.'  J>ryden. 
2.  t  To  have  carnal  connection  ;  to  cohabit. 
Chaucer;  Gower. 

Assemble  '  (as-sem'bl),  v.  t.  [L.  assimulo,  to 
compare—  ad,  to,  and  Simula,  to  liken,  from 
similifj,  like.]  To  liken  or  compare. 

Assemble  (as-sem'bl),  n.    An  assembly. 

Assembler  (as-sem'bl-er),  n.  One  who 
assembles. 

Assembling  (as-sem'bl-ing),  n.  1.  A  collect- 
ing ormeeting  together.  Heb.  x.  25.  Specifi- 
cally —  2.  The  act  of  fitting  together  parts  of 
machines  and  instruments,  such  as  sewing- 
machines,  guns,  microscopes,  &c.,  especially 
when  the  parts  are  made  exactly  to  certain 
shapes  and  dimensions  so  as  to  be  promis- 
cuously interchangeable.  E.  H.  Knight.  — 
Assembling  bolt,  a  bolt  for  holding  together 
two  or  more  removable  pieces  of  a  machine 
or  instrument. 

Assembly  (as-semljli),  n.  [Fr.  assembler 
See  ASSEMBLE.]  1.  A  company  or  collection 
of  human  beings  in  the  same  place,  usually 
for  the  same  purpose,  whether  religious, 
political,  instructive,  or  social.  —  2.  Specifi- 
cally, (a)  the  name  given  to  the  legislative 
body  or  one  of  the  divisions  of  it  in  various 
states,  (b)  A  company  of  persons  of  both 
sexes  met  for  dancing  ;  a  ball  ;  especially. 
a  subscription-ball  ;  a  ball  the  expenses  of 
which  are  defrayed  by  the  subscriptions  of 
those  who  take  part  in  it.  —  3.  MUit.  the 
second  beating  of  the  drum  before  a  march, 
when  the  soldiers  strike  their  tents.— 
4.  t  An  assemblage  or  collection  of  inani- 
mate objects.  'From  Murano  to  Venice. 
or  to  any  of  the  little  assembly  of  islands 
about  her.'  Howell.—  The  General  Assembly 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc.  fey. 


ASSEMBLY-ROOM 


107 


ASSIDUITY 


of  the  Established  or  Free  Church  of  Scot- 
land, the  supreme  church  judicature  meet- 
ing annually,  and  composed  of  ministers 
and  ruling  elders  delegated  by  each  pres- 
bytery, and  also,  in  the  case  of  the  Estab- 
lished Church,  of  au  elder  from  each  royal 
burgh  am!  university.—  Assembly  of  Itirfm  --.• 
at  Westminster,  a  convocation  summoned 
Ity  the  Long  Parliament  to  determine  the 
constitution  of  a  church  for  England  and 
.Scotland,  consisting  of  135  English  clerical 
and  lay  members,  and  six  from  Scotland. 
1'resbyteriaus  formed  a  large  majority.  The 
chief  fruits  of  its  labours  were  the  Direc- 
tory of  Public  Worship,  the  Confession  of 
Faith,  and  the  Larger  and  Shorter  Cate- 
chisms. 

Assembly-room  (as-aem'bli-rom),  n.  A 
room  in  which  persons  assemble,  especially 
for  dancing.  See  ASSEMBLY. 

Assent  (as-sent'),  «.  [O.Fr.  assent,  assens, 
from  L.  assensus,  from  assentior,  to  assent 
—ad,  and  sentio,  to  think,  a  stem  which 
appears  also  in  consent,  dissent,  sense,  Ac.] 

1.  The  act  of  the  mind  in  admitting  or  agree- 
ing to  the  truth  of  a  proposition. 

Faith  is  the  assent  to  any  proposition  on  the  credit 
of  the  proposer.  Locke. 

2.  Consent ;    concurrence  ;    acquiescence ; 
agreement    to    a    proposal ;    as,    the   bill 
before  the  house  has  the  assent  of  a  great 
majority  of  the  members. 

Without  the  king's  assent  or  knowledge 
You  wrought  to  ue  a  legate.  Sftab. 

3.  Accord;  agreement;  approval. 

Too  many  people  read  this  ribaldry  with  assent 
and  admiration.  Macaulay. 

—Royal  assent,  the  approbation  given  by 
the  sovereign  in  parliament  to  a  bill  which 
has  passed  both  houses,  after  which  it 
becomes  law.  Thia  assent  may  be  given 
in  two  ways:  (a)  In  person,  when  the 
sovereign  comes  to  the  House  of  Peers,  the 
commons  being  sent  for,  and  the  titles  of 
all  the  bills  which  have  passed  are  read. 
The  royal  assent  is  declared  in  Norman- 
French  by  the  clerk  of  the  parliament, 
with  several  singular  ceremonies.  (6)  By 
letters-patent  under  the  great  seal,  signed 
by  the  sovereign,  and  notified  in  his  absence. 
A  money  bill,  or  bill  of  supply,  passed  by 
the  House  of  Commons,  is  presented  by 
the  speaker  for  the  royal  assent.—  Assent, 
Consent.  Assent  is  a  word  of  wider  appli- 
cation than  consent,  the  latter  having  only 
the  meaning  of  acquiescence  in  a  proposal, 
while  assent  has  both  that  meaning  and 
that  of  agreement  to  an  abstract  proposi- 
tion. Baxter  speaks  of  justifying  faith  as 
the  assenting  trust  of  the  understanding 
and  the  consenting  trust  of  the  will.  — SYN. 
Accord,  agreement,  concurrence,  approba- 
tion. 

Assent  (as-senf),  v.i.  To  admit  a  thing  as 
true ;  to  express  an  agreement  of  the  mind 
to  what  is  alleged  or  proposed ;  to  concur ; 
to  acquiesce. 

The  Jews  also  assented,  saying  that  these  things 
were  so.  Acts  xxiv.  9. 

Damn  with  faint  praise,  assent  with  civil  leer. 
And,  without  sneering,  teach  the  rest  to  sneer.  Pofe. 

SYN.  To  agree,  concur,  acquiesce,  approve. 
Assentation  (as-sen-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  assen- 
tatio,  flattering  or  servile  assent,  from  as- 
sentor,  to  assent  from  interested  motives, 
to  flatter,  from  assentior,  to  assent.  See 
ASSENT,  n.]  Obsequious  aasent  to  the  opin- 
ion of  another;  flattery;  adulation. 

It  is  a  fearful  presage  of  ruin  when  the  prophets 
conspire  in  assentation.  Bp.  Hall. 

Words  smooth  and  sweeter-sounded  are  to  be  used, 
nther  than  rough  or  harsh,  as  adore  for  worship,  as- 
sentation for  flattery.  Instructions/or  Oratory,  1682, 

Assentator  t  (as-sent'at-er),  n.    A  flatterer. 

Sir  T.  Elyot. 
Assentatbrily  t  (as-sent 'a- to-ri-li),  adv. 

With  adulation  or  obsequiousness.  Bacon, 
Assentatory  t  (as-  sent  'a-  to  -ri),  a.  Flat- 

ti'rini;;  adulatory. 

Assenter  (as  sent'er),  n.  One  who  assents. 
Assentient  (as-sen'shi-ent),  a.  [L.  assentior, 

to  assent.  See  ASSENT,  n.]  Yielding  assent. 

Quart,  Her. 
Assentient  (as-sen'shi-ent),  n.     One  who 

assents;  an  assenter.     North  Brit.  Rev. 
Assentingly  (aa- sent 'ing -11),  adv.    In  a 

manner  tn  express  assent;  by  agreement. 
Assentiye  (as-sent'iv),  a.     Giving  assent ; 

complying     Savage.     [Rare.] 
Assentmentt  (as-sent'ment),  n.    Assent; 

agreement     Sir  T.  Browne. 
Assert  (as-s6rtO,  v.t.    [L.  assero,  assertion, 

to  claim  or  challenge,  to  maintain  or  assert — 


. 
Glanvillt. 

as- 


ad, ami  aero,  sertum,  to  join,  connect,  bind.  ] 

1.  To  vindicate,  maintain,  or  defend  by 
words  or  measures;  to  support  the  cause  or 
claims  of;  to  vindicate  a  claim  or  title  to; 
as,  to  assert  our  rights  and  liberties.     For- 
merly it  might  be  followed  by  a  personal  ob- 
ject and  might  also  take  from  after  it,  but 
it  is  hardly  so  used  now.    'And  will  assert  it 
from  the  scandal  if  it  be  expedient.'    Jer. 
Taylor. 

I  could  and  would  myself  assert  the  British  from 
his  scandalous  pen.  Fuller. 

2.  To  affirm  positively;  to  asseverate;  to  aver. 
—To  assert  one's  self,  to  come  forward  and 
assume  one's  rights,  claims,  or  authority; 
sometimes  to  thrust  one's  self  forward  un- 
duly or  obtrusively.— To  assert  into  (a  state 
of)  liberty,  to  set  free.   Bp.  Patrick.   [A  rare 
Latinism  =  L.  asserere  in  libertatem,  to  de- 
clare free.]— SYN.  Toafflrm,  aver,  asseverate, 
protest,  declare,  maintain,  defend,  vindicate. 

Assertation,  t  n.  An  assertion.  Sir  T. 
More. 

Asserter  (as-sert'er),  n.  One  who  asserts ; 
an  assertor. 

Assertion  (as-ser'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
asserting;  as,  (a)  the  act  of  affirming.  'As- 
sertion unaupported  by  fact  is  nugatory.' 
Junius.  (6)  The  maintaining  of  a  claim; 
as,  the  assertion  of  one's  rights. — 2.  A  posi- 
tive declaration  or  averment;  an  affirma- 
tion ;  as,  his  assertion  proved  to  be  false. 

Assertional  (as-ser'shon-al),  a.  Containing 
an  assertion.  [Rare.] 

Assertive  (as-sert'iv),  a.  Positive;  affirming 
confidently;  peremptory. 

Proposing  them  not  in  a  confident  and  assertive 
form,  but  as  probabilities  and  hypotheses. 
Gi 

Assertively  (as-sert'iv-li),  adv.     In  a-i 
sertive  manner;  affirmatively. 

Assertor  (as-sert'er),  n.  One  who  asserts; 
one  who  affirms  positively ;  one  who  main- 
tains or  vindicates  a  claim,  cause,  prin- 
ciple, and  the  like ;  an  affirmer,  supporter, 
or  vindicator.  'Faithful  assertor  of  thy 
country's  cause.'  Prior. 

Such  have  been  some  of  the  results  of  the  principle 
of  the  condition  of  existence  as  applied  by  its  great 
assertor.  Whtwell. 

Assertory  (as-sert'o-ri),  a.  Affirming;  main- 
taining; declaratory. 

We  have  not  here  to  do  with  afrontissory  oath,  it 
is  the  assertory  oath  that  is  now  under  hand. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

As  serve  t  (as-scrv'),  v.t.     [L.  asservio,  to 

serve.  ]     To  help ;    to  serve ;    to  second. 

Bailey. 
Asservilet  (as-serVil),  v.t,    [As  for  L.  ad, 

to,  and  E.  servile.}     To  render  servile  or 

obsequious. 

(I)  am  weary  of  asservtiing  myself  to  every  man's 
charity.  Bacon. 

Assess  (as-ses^.  v.t.  [O.Fr.  assesser,  to  regu- 
late, settle;  L.L.  assessare,  to  value  for  taxa- 
tion; L.  assideo,  assessum,  to  sit  beside,  and 
hence  to  act  as  assessor— ad,  to,  and  sedeo,  to 
sit.]  1.  To  set,  fix,  or  charge  a  certain  sum 
upon,  by  way  of  tax;  aa,  to  assess  each  in- 
dividual in  due  proportion. 

His  method  of  raising  supplies  was  to  order  some 
rich  courtier  to  pay  a  sum,  and  then  sell  this  order  to 
some  speculator  with  the  power  of  torturing  the  per- 
son assessed.  Brougham, 

2.  To  value,  aa  property,  or  the  amount  of 
yearly  income  for  the  purpose  of  being  taxed. 

3.  To  set,  fix,  or  determine;  as,  it  is  the  pro- 
vince of  a  jury  to  assess  damages. 

Assess  t  (as-sea7),  n.     Assessment. 

Assessable  (aa-sea'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
assessed. 

Assessably  (as-ses'a-bli),  adv.  By  assess- 
ment. 

Assessed  (as-sesf),  p.  and  a.  Rated;  valued; 
fixed  by  authority;  charged  with  a  certain 
sum  on  value  of  rated  property  or  income. 

Assession  t  (as-se'shon),  n.  A  sitting  down 
beside  a  peraon.  Bailey. 

Assessionary  (as-se'shon-a-ri),  a.  Per- 
taining to  assessors.  'At  the  assessionary 
court. '  Carew.  [Rare.  ] 

Assessment  (as-ses'ment),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
assessing;  as,  (a)  the  act  of  determining  the 
amount  of  damage,  as  by  a  jury.  (&)  A  valua- 
tion of  property,  profits,  or  income,  for  the 
purpose  of  taxation.  An  assessment  isa  valua- 
tion made  by  authorized  persons  according 
to  their  discretion,  as  opposed  to  a  sum 
certain  or  determined  by  law.  It  may  be  a 
direct  charge  of  the  tax  to  be  paid,  or  a  valua- 
tion of  the  property  of  those  who  are  to  pay 
the  tax,  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  the  propor- 
tion which  each  man  shall  pay,  on  which 
valuation  the  law  imposes  a  specific  sum 


npuii  a  given  amount.— 2.  A  tax  or  specific 
sum  charged  on  a  person  or  property. 
Assessor  (as-ses'er),  n.  1.  One  appointed  t<> 
make  assessments,  especially  for  purposes  nf 
taxation.— 2.  An  inferior  officer  of  justice, 
who  aits  to  assist  a  judge.  In  England 
assessors  are  persons  choaen  to  assist  the 
mayor  and  aldermen  of  corporations  in 
matters  concerning  elections.  In  Scotland 
the  magistrates  of  corporate  burghs  who 
exercise  judicial  powers  generally  employ 
some  professional  lawyer  to  act  as  their 
assessor,  whose  duty  it  is  to  see  that  proper 
judicial  control  is  exercised  over  the  plead- 
ings, and  to  make  out  drafts  of  the  judg- 
ments. 

Minos  the  strict  inquisitor  appears. 

And  lives  and  crimes  with  his  assessors  hears.  Dryden 

3.  One  who  sits  by  another,  as  next  in  dignity 
or  as  an  associate  in  office.  '  Don  Quixote, 
or  his  assessors,  the  curate  and  the  barber.' 
Warton.  In  the  Scotch  universities  the  title 
assessor  is  given  to  the  elected  or  nominated 
members  of  the  university  court  or  supreme 
governing  body  of  the  university. 

Assessorial  (as-ses-ao'ri-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  an  assesaor,  or  a  court  of  assessors. 

Asset  (as 'set),  n.  [O.  FT.  aset,  asez,  assetz, 
assietz,  FT.  assez,  Pr.  assats,  Sp.  asaz, 
enough,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  satis,  enough. 
The  O.  £.  asseth,  aseeth,  enough,  satisfac- 
tion, may  perhaps  be  a  form  of  this  word, 
but  more  probably  it  is  of  different  origin. 
See  ASSYTHEMENT.]  1.  In  law,  an  article  of 
goods  or  property  available  for  the  payment 
of  a  bankrupt  or  deceased  person's  obliga- 
tions or  debts:  generally  used  in  the  plural  in 
the  sense  of  money,  goods,  or  estate  of  a  de- 
ceased or  insolvent  person,  subject  by  law 
to  the  payment  of  his  debts  and  legacies 
Assets  are  real  or  personal.  Real  assets  are 
lands  which  descend  to  the  heir,  subject  to 
the  fulfilment  of  the  obligations  of  the  ances 
tor;  personal  assets  are  the  money  or  goods 
of  the  deceased  or  insolvent,  or  debta  due  to 
him,  which  come  into  the  hands  of  the 
executor  or  administrator,  or  which  he  is 
bound  to  collect  and  convert  into  money.— 
2.  Any  portion  of  the  entire  property  or 
effects  belonging  to  a  person;  as,  I  consider 
these  shares  a  valuable  asset;  my  assets  are 
much  greater  than  my  liabilities. 

Asseth.t  a.  or  n.  [See  ASSET.]  Sufficient; 
enough. 

Yet  never  shall  make  his  richesse 
Asseth  unto  his  greediness.          Chaucer. 

Assever  t  (as-sev'er),  v.t.    To  asseverate. 

Anselmus    ...    not  only  assevereth  it,  but  also 
endeavoureth  ...  to  set  out  the  true  proportion  of  it 
Fotherby. 

Asseverate  (as-sev'er-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
asseverated;  ppr.  asseverating.  [L.  assevero, 
asseveratum,  to  affirm  earnestly,  to  maintain 
—ad,  to,  and  severus,  serious,  earnest]  To 
affirm  or  aver  positively,  or  with  solemnity 

It  !s  impossible  to  calculate  the  good  that  such 
a  work  would  have  done  if  half  which  is  asseverated 
had  only  been  proved.  J.  J.  Blunt. 

SYN.  To  affirm,  assert,  proteat,  pronounce. 
assure,  declare. 

Asseveration  (as-8ev'er-a"shon),  n.  Positive 
affirmation  or  assertion;  solemn  declaration 

He  (Leeds)  denied  with  the  most  solemn  assevera- 
tions that  he  had  taken  any  money  for  himself. 

Macaulay. 

Ass-head  (as'hed),  n.  One  dull,  like  the  ass; 
one  slow  01  apprehension ;  a  blockhead.  '  An 
ass-head,  and  a  coxcomb,  and  a  knave,  a  thin- 
faced  knave,  a  gull.'  Shak. 

Assimilate  (as-sib'i-lat),  v.t.  To  make  uibil- 
lant,  as  a  letter. 

Assidean,  Chasidean  (as-si-de'an,  kas-i- 
de'an).  [Heb.  chesed,  ardour,  love,  piety.] 
One  of  a  sect  of  Jews  who  resorted  to 
Mattathias,  the  father  of  the  Maccabees, 
to  fight  for  their  religion  and  the  liberties 
of  their  country.  From  these  sprung  the 
Pharisees  and  Essenes. 

Assident  (as'si-dent),  a.  [L.  assideo,  assidenit 
— a <t.  &nd  sedeo,  to  sit.]  Accompanying;  con- 
comitant.—  Assident  or  accessory  signs  or 
symptoms,  in  ined.  such  as  usually  attend 
a  disease,  but  not  always;  distinguished 
from  pathognomic  signs,  which  are  insep- 
arable from  it. 

Assiduatet  (as-sid'u-at),  a.  [L.  assiduattix, 
pp.  of  assiduo,  to  use  assiduously.]  Con- 
stant; continual;  assiduous.  'My  long  and 
astridiiate  course  of  suffering.'  Fabyan. 

Assiduity  (as-si-du'i-ti),  n.  [L.  assiduitas. 
See  ASSIDUOUS.]  i.  Constant  or  close 
application  to  any  business  or  enterprise; 
diligence. 

I  have,  with  much  pains  and  assiduity,  qualified 
myself  for  a  nomenclator.  Addison. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ASSIDUOUS 


168 


ASSIZE 


2.  Constant  or  servile  attention  to  a  person 
or  persons;  sycophancy;  servility.  'The  ob- 
sequiousness and  assiduity  of  the  court.' 
Fuller. — SYN.  Diligence,  constancy,  care, 
attention,  watchfulness,  perseverance. 
Assiduous  (as-sid'u-us),  a.  [L.  assiduus, 
from  assideo,  to  sit  close — ad,  and  sedeo, 
to  sit.]  1.  Constant  in  application;  atten- 
tive; devoted;  unremitting;  as,  a  person 
assiduous  in  his  occupation;  an  assiduous 
physician  or  nurse. 

The  most  assiduous  tale-bearers  .  .  .  are  often 
half-witted.  Dr.  H.  Man. 

2.  Performed  with  constant  diligence  or  at- 
tention. '  Assiduous  cries.'  Milton.  '  Con- 
stant and  assiduous  culture.'  Spectator.  — 
SYN.  Diligent,  attentive,  sedulous,  unwea- 
ried, uninterraitted,  persevering,  laborious, 
indefatigable. 

Assiduously  (as-sid'u-us-li),  adv.  In  an 
assiduous  manner ;  diligently;  attentively; 
with  earnestness  and  care ;  with  regular 
attendance. 

Assiduousness  (as-sid'u-us-nes),  •».  The 
quality  of  being  assiduous ;  constant  or 
diligent  application. 

Assieget  (as-sej'),  v.t.  [Fr.  assifger,  from 
L.  L.  assediare  —  L.  ad,  to,  and  sedeo,  to  sit. 
See  SIEGE.]  To  besiege. 

On  the  other  side  the  assieged  castle's  ward 

Their  steadfast  stand  did  mightily  maintain.  Spenstr. 

Assientist  (as-si-en'tist),  n.  One  connected 
with  the  furnishing  of  slaves  by  assiento. 
Bancroft. 

Assiento  (as-se-en'to),  n.  [Sp.  asiento.]  A 
contract  or  convention  formerly  existing 
between  Spain  and  other  powers  for  fur- 
nishing slaves  for  the  Spanish  dominions  in 
South  America. 

Assign  (as-sinO,  v.t.  [Fr.  assigner,  L.  assigno, 
to  assign— ad,  and  signo,  to  allot,  to  mark 
out,  from  lignum,  a  mark.]  1.  To  mark  out 
as  a  portion  allotted ;  to  appoint  or  grant 
by  distribution  or  apportionment;  to  appor- 
tion; to  allot. 

The  priests  had  a  portion  assigned  them. 

Gen.  xlvii.  22. 

2.  To  fix,  specify,  designate,  point  out,  or 
show.     '  An  assigned  quantity. '    Locke. 

It  is  not  easy  to  assign  a  period  more  eventful. 
De  Quincey. 

[Seldom  used  with  the  meaning  of  to  point 
out  in  a  literal  sense.] 

All  as  the  dwarf  the  way  to  her  assigned.    Spenser. 

3.  In  law,  (a)  to  transfer  or  make  over  to 
another,  as  the  right  one  has  in  any  object,  as 
an  estate,  chose  in  action,  or  reversion,  (b)  To 
show  or  set  forth  with  particularity ;  as,  to 
assign  error  in  a  writ ;  to  assign  false  judg- 
ment. —  To  assign  in  bankruptcy,  to  transfer 
property  to  and  vest  it  in  assignees  for  the 
benefit  of  the  creditors.— To  assign  a  dower. 
to  allot  or  portion  out  to  a  widow  the  third 
part  forming  her  dower ;  to  fix  the  bound- 
aries of  the  widow's  share  in  an  estate. 

Assign  (as-sin'),  n.  1.  A  person  to  whom 
property  or  an  interest  is  or  may  be  trans- 
ferred; as,  a  deed  to  a  man  and  his  heirs  and 
assigns. 

Scrooge  was  his  sole  executor,  his  sole  administra- 
tor, his  sole  assign.  Dickens. 

[In  this  sense  assignee  is  also  used,  but 
assign  is  not  used  like  the  latter  word  with 
reference  to  the  thing  assigned,  but  only 
with  reference  to  the  person  assigning. 
Thus  we  do  not  speak  of  the  assign,  but  the 
assignee  of  a  policy  of  insurance.  ]— 2.  A  thing 
pertaining  to  something  else;  an  appurten- 
ance; an  appendage:  so  used  in  the  follow- 
ing passage,  where  it  is  intended  as  an  af- 
fected expression. 

Six  French  rapiers  and  poniards,  with  their  as- 
signs, as  girdle,  hangers,  and  so.  Shak. 

Assignable  (as-sin'a-bl),  a.  1.  Capable  of 
being  allotted,  appointed,  or  assigned ;  as, 
an  assignable  note  or  bill.— 2.  Capable  of 
being  specified,  shown,  designated,  or  ex- 
pressed with  precision ;  as,  an  assignable 
reason;  an  assignable  magnitude. 

While  on  the  one  hand  industry  is  limited  by 
capital,  so  on  the  other  every  increase  of  capital 
gives,  or  is  capable  of  giving,  additional  employment 
to  industry:  and  this  without  assignable  limits. 

J.  S.  Mill. 

Assignat  (as'sig-nat  or  as-sin-ya),  n.  [Fr., 
from  L.  assiijnatus,  pp.  of  assigno.  See  AS- 
SIGN.] 1.  A  public  note  or  bill  in  France 
during  the  first  revolution,  based  on  the  se- 
curity of  the  lands  belonging  to  the  state 
and  those  appropriated  by  it,  especially  the 
estates  of  emigres.  — 2.  In  French  law,  the 
assignment  of  an  annuity  on  an  estate,  by 
which  the  annuity  is  based  on  the  security 
of  the  latter. 


Assignation  (as-sig-na'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  assigning  or  allotting;  the  actof  fixing  or 
specifying.  'The  assignation  of  particular 
names  to  denote  particular  objects.'  Adam 
Smith. — 2.  An  appointment  of  time  and 
place  for  meeting:  used  chiefly  of  love-meet- 
ings. 'Vile  assignations  and  adulterous 
beds.'  Byron.— 3.  In  Scots  law,  a  making 
over  by  transfer  of  title,  or  the  deed  by 
which  this  is  done.  See  ASSIGNMENT. 

Assignee  (as-sin-e'),  n.  A  person  to  whom 
an  assignment  is  made ;  a  person  ap- 
pointed or  deputed  to  do  some  act,  perform 
some  business,  or  enjoy  some  right,  privi- 
lege, or  property;  as,  an  assignee  of  a  bank- 
rupt. An  assignee  may  be  by  special  ap- 
pointment or  deed,  or  be  created  by  law,  as 
an  executor.  See  ASSIGN,  n. — Assignees  in 
bankruptcy,  in  England,  are  persons  ap- 
pointed under  a  commission  of  bankruptcy 
to  manage  the  estate  of  the  bankrupt  for 
the  benefit  of  his  creditors:  now  called 
Trustees. 

Assignor  (as-sin'er),  n.  One  who  assigns  or 
appoints. 

Assignment  (as-sin'ment),  ».  1.  The  act 
of  assigning,  fixing,  or  specifying. 

The  only  thing  that  malceth  any  place  publick  is 
the  publick  assignment  thereof  unto  such  duties. 
Hooker. 

Specifically,  in  law,  (a)  the  transference  of  a 
right  or  interest.  (6)  A  pointing  out  or  set- 
ting forth ;  as,  the  assignment  of  error. — 
2.  The  writing  by  which  an  interest  is  trans- 
ferred.—  Assignment  of  dower.  See  under 
ASSIGN,  v.t. 

Assignor  (as-sin-orO,  n.  An  assignor;  a  per- 
son who  assigns  or  transfers  an  interest;  as, 
the  assignor  of  a  bill  of  exchange. 

Assimilability  (as-sim'il-a-bil"i-ti),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  assimilable.  Coleridge. 

Assimilable  (as-sim'il-a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  assimilated ;  as,  the  most  wholesome 
diet  is  the  most  assimilable. 

Assimilable  (as-sim'il-a-bl),  n.  That  which 
can  be  assimilated.  'Meeting  no  assimil- 
ables  wherein  to  re-act  their  natures.'  Sir 
T.  Browne.  [Rare.] 

Assimilate  ( as -sim'il-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
assimilated;  ppr.  assimilating.  [L.  assimUo 
—ad,  to,  and  similis,  like.  See  SIMILAR.] 

1.  To  make  alike ;  to  cause  to  resemble. 

Fast  falls  a  fleecy  shower ;  the  downy  flakes  .  .  . 
Assimilate  all  objects.  Cowper. 

2.  To  convert  into  a  substance  suitable  for 
absorption  by  the  animal  system;  to  absorb 
and  incorporate  into  the  system ;  to  incor- 
porate with  organic  tissues ;  as,  to  assimi- 
late food.— 3.  To  liken;  to  compare.  [Rare.] 

He  assimilated  the  relation  between  teacher  and 
pupil  to  that  between  two  lovers  or  two  intimate 
friends.  Grote. 

Assimilate  (as-sim'il-at),  v.i.  1.  To  become 
similar;  to  become  like  something  or  some- 
body else;  to  harmonize.  [Bare.] 

He  stands  aloof  from  all,  maintains  his  state. 
And  scorns  like  Scotchmen  to  assimilate 

Cnttrcnill. 

2.  To  be  taken  into  and  incorporated  with 
the  body;  to  be  converted  into  the  substance 
of  the  body  by  digestion. 

For  whatsoever  assimilates  not  to  flesh  tumeth 
either  to  sweat  or  fat.  Bacon. 

3.  To  perform  the  act  of  converting  food  to 
the  substance  of  the  body;  as,  '  birds  assimi- 
late less  .  .  .  than  beasts.'    Bacon. 

Ass'mllatenesst  (as-sim'il-at-nes),  n.  Like- 
ness. Bailey. 

Assimilation  (as-sim'il-a"shon),  n  1.  The 
act  or  process  of  assimilating  or  being  as- 
similated; the  act  or  process  of  making  or 
becoming  like,  or  identical;  resemblance; 
identity:  followed  by  to  or  with. 

The  pleasing  illusions  .  .  .  which  by  a  bland  as- 
similation, incorporated  into  politics  the  sentiments 
which  beautify  and  soften  private  society.  Burke. 

It  is  as  well  the  instinct  as  duty  of  our  nature  to 
aspire  to  an  assimilation  -with  God.  Dr.  H.  Metre, 

2.  In  physiol.  the  act  or  process  by  which 
organisms  convert  and  absorb  nutriment  so 
that  it  becomes  part  of  the  fluid  or  solid  sub- 
stances composing  them. 

Plants  and  animals  increase  by  assimilation  and 
transformation,  minerals  by  attraction  and  aj 


3.  In  pathol.  the  supposed  conversion,  ac- 
cording to  an  obsolete  theory,  of  the  fluids 
of  the  body  to  the  nature  of  any  morbific 
matter. 

Assimilative  (a3-sim'il-at-iv),a.  Having  the 
power  of  assimilating  or  converting  to  a  like- 
ness or  to  a  like  substance.  '  An  assimila- 
tive .  .  .  virtue.'  Hakewill. 

Assimllatory  (as-sim'il-a-to-ri),  a.   Tending 


to  assimilate;  producing  assimilation;  as- 
similative. ' A ssimilatory organs.'  Goodrich. 

Assimulate  (as-sim'u-lat),  v.t.  [L.  o«- 
simulo,agsimulatum=a8similo.  See  ASSIMI- 
LATE. ]  To  feign ;  to  simulate.  Bailey. 

Assimulation  (as-sim'u-la"shon),  n.  A 
counterfeiting;  simulation. 

Assinego.t  ».    See  ASINEQO. 

Assise,  n.    Same  as  Assize. 

Assiser,  n.    Same  as  Assizer. 

Assish  (as'ish),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling an  ass ;  asinine ;  absurdly  stupid  or 
obstinate.  'The  assish  kind.'  ITdall.  'An 
assish  phrase.'  Mrs.  Cowden  Clarke. 

Asslsor  (as-siz'or),  n.    See  ASSIZOR. 

Assist  (as-sdsf),  v.t.  [Fr.  assMer,  to  stand 
by,  to  help;  L.  assisto,  to  stand  at  or  by- 
ad,  to,  and  sisto,  to  cause  to  stand,  to  stand. 
See  STAND.]  To  help;  to  aid;  to  succour; 
to  give  support  to  in  some  undertaking  or 
effort,  or  in  time  of  distress. 

Assist  her  in  whatsoever  business  she  hath  need 
of  you.  Rom.  xvi.  a. 

SYN.  To  aid,  help,  second,  back,  support, 
further,  relieve,  succour,  befriend,  sustain, 
benefit,  favour. 
Assist  (as-sisf),  r.i.     1.  To  lend  aid. 

God  .  .  .  constituted  several  ranlcs  and  qualities 
of  men,  that  they  might  mutually  assist  to  the  sup- 
port of  each  other.  Nelson. 

2.  To  be  present,  as  at  a  public  meeting;  to 
take  part  in  a  ceremony  or  discussion. 
Macaulay;  J.  H.  Newman.  [A  Gallicism.] 
It  would  require  the  pen  of  Tacitus  (if  Tacitus  had 
assisted  at  tins  assembly)  to  describe  the  various 
emotions  of  the  senate  ;  those  that  were  suppressed 
and  those  that  were  affected.  Gibbon. 

Assistance  (as-sist'ans),  n.  1.  Help ;  aid : 
furtherance;  succour;  a  contribution  in  aid. 
by  bodily  strength  or  other  means.  'With- 
out the  assistance  of  a  mortal  hand.'  Shak. 

2.  t  An  assistant  or  helper. 

Wat  Tyler  (was)  killed  by  valiant  Walworth  .  . 
and  his  assistance  .  .  .  John  Cavendish.     Fuller. 

3.  Associates;  partners.   [Perhaps  a  corrupt 
form  of  assistants.    See  ACQUAINTANCE,  3.] 

Caius  Marcus  was  ambitious  past  all  thinking, 
Self-loving,  and  affecting  one  sole  throne 
Without  assistance.  Shat. 

Assistant  (as-sist'ant),  a.  Helping;  lending 
aid  or  support;  auxiliary;  acting  as  an  as- 
sistant. '  Mutually  and  greatly  assistant  to 
each  other.'  Beattie. 

Assistant  (as-sist'ant),  n.  One  who  aids  or 
who  contributes  his  strength  or  other  means 
to  further  the  dtsigns  or  welfare  of  another; 
an  auxiliary.— 2  t  An  attendant. 

Some  young  towardly  noblemen  or  gentlemen  were 
usually  sent  as  assistants  or  attendants.  Bacon. 

3.t  [Sp.  asistente.]  The  chief  officer  of  jus- 
tice at  Seville.  '  The  assistant  sits  to-mor- 
row.' Beau,  tt  Fl. 

Assistantly  t  (as-sist'ant-li),  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner to  give  aid.  Sternhold. 

Assister  (as-sist'er),  n.  One  that  assists  or 
lends  aid. 

Assistless  (as-sisMes),  a.  Without  aid  or 
help;  helpless.  'Stupid  he  stares,  and  all 
assistless  stands.'  Pope.  [Rare.] 

Assize,  Assise  (as-siz'),  n.  [Fr.  assists, 
assizes,  from  Fr.  asseoir,  O.Fr.  assire,  to  set, 
to  settle,  whence  pp.  assis,  seated,  settled, 
and  osrise,  a  set  rate,  a  tax,  from  L.  assideo, 
to  sit  by,  to  be  an  assessor— ad,  and  sedeo,  to 
sit]  1.  Originally,  an  assembly  of  knights 
and  other  substantial  men,  with  a  bailiff  or 
justice,  in  a  certain  place  and  at  a  certain 
time,  for  public  business.— 2.  A  jury.  [In 
this  sense  the  word  was  applied  to  the 
grand  assize  for  the  trial  of  property,  and 
to  the  petty  assize  for  the  trial  of  posses- 
sion. This  use  has  become  obsolete  in 
England,  but  in  Scotland  it  is  still  techni- 
cally applied  to  a  jury  in  criminal  cases.]— 
3.  The  periodical  sessions  held  by  royal 
commission  by  at  least  one  of  the  judges 
of  the  superior  courts  directed  to  take 
the  assizes  or  verdicts  of  a  particular  jury 
(anciently  called  the  assize)  in  each  of  the 
counties  of  England  and  Wales  (with  the 
exception  of  London  and  the  parts  adjoin- 
ing) for  the  purpose  of  trying  issues  nuti 
prius  and  jail  delivery  for  criminal  cases; 
popularly  called  the  assizes.  [This  is  the 
only  sense  in  which  the  word  is  an  existing 
English  law  term.]  The  commission  by 
which  assizes  are  held  is  either  general 
or  special.  A  general  commission  is  issued 
twice  a  year  to  the  judges  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice,  two  judges  being  usually 
assigned  to  every  circuit.  A  special  com- 
mission is  granted  to  certain  judges  to  try 
certain  causes  and  crimes. —4.  The  time 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  fey. 


ASSIZE 


109 


ASSUME 


and   place   for  holding  the   above  murt : 
generally    iu   the   plural.  —  6.    Ill   a   more 
general  sense,  any  court  or  session  of  a 
court  of  justice.— 0.  In  the  sense  of  ordin-  , 
ance,   decree,    assessment,   the    word    had 
various  uses,  all  of  which  are  altogether 
or  nearly  obsolete.    Thus,  (a)  it}  the  plural, 
the   code   of   feudal    law   framed   for   the 
Kingdom  of  Jerusalem. 
Their  code  of  law  was  the  assixes  of  Jerusalem. 
Milman. 

(t>)  An  ordinance  formerly  fixing  the  weight, 
measure,  and  price  of  articles  sold  in  market; 
as,  the  assize  of  bread ;  an  ordinance  fixing 
the  standard  of  weights  and  measures;  hence, 
(c)  The  standard  weights  and  measures  ap- 
pointed to  be  kept  in  any  district ;  as,  the 
custody  of  the  asxize.  (d)  In  a  more  general 
sense,  a  measure  or  rating  of  any  kind. 

I  saw  a  stately  frame 
An  hundred  cubits  higli  by  just  assize.     Spenser. 

[From  its  use  in  the  two  last  senses  has 
arisen  the  more  modern  form  size.]— Rents 
of  assize,  the  established  rents  of  the  free- 
holders and  ancient  copyholders  of  a  manor, 
rents  which  cannot  be  departed  from  or 
varied,  (c)  The  name  given  to  certain  writs 
commanding  juries  to  be  summoned  for  the 
trial  of  causes.  {/)The  verdict  of  a  jury  in 
such  a  case.— 7-t  Situation;  place.  Chaitcer. 
8.  A  course  of  masonry,  or  in  a  column  a 
single  cylindrical  stone,  forming  a  complete 
segment  of  the  column.  E.  H.  Knight. 
Assize  (as-siz'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  assized;  ppr. 
attxizing.  1.  To  fix  the  weight,  measure,  or 
price  of  by  an  ordinance  or  regulation  of 
authority.— 2.  t  To  fix  the  rate  of ;  to  assess, 
as  taxes.— 3. t  In  a  general  sense,  to  fix;  to 
appoint. 

Thou  shalt  have  day  and  time  assisted.      Gower. 

Assize-ball  (as-sl//bal),  71.  A  ball  held  in  a 
town  at  the  time  of  holding  the  assizes,  and 
attended  by  the  barristers,  AC.,  attending 
the  assizes. 

Assizement  (as-siz' men  t),  n.  An  inspection 
of  weights  and  measures,  and  of  the  quality 
of  commodities,  legalized  by  statute. 

Asslzer  (as-slz'er),  n.  An  officer  who  has  the 
care  or  inspection  of  weights  and  measures. 

Assize  -  sermon  (u-alz'aAr-mon),  n.  A 
sermon  preached  to  the  judges,  barristers, 
and  others  attending  the  assizes. 

Assizor  (as-siz'or),  n.  In  Scot*  law,  a  juror. 
Written  also  Assittor. 

Assobert  (as-so'ber),  v.t.  [As,  from  L.  ad, 
and  E.  sober.]  To  keep  or  make  sober.  'Att- 
sobre  thyne  herte.'  Gower. 

Associability  (as-s6'shi-a-bil"i-ti),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  associable ;  specifically,  in 
med.  the  quality  of  suffering  some  change 
by  sympathy,  or  of  being  affected  by  the 
affections  of  another  part  of  the  body. 

Associable  (as-so'shi-a-bl),  a.  [See  ASSOCI- 
ATE.] 1.  Capable  of  being  joined  to  or  as- 
sociated. —  2.  Capable  of  being  associated 
with;  companionable;  social.  — 3.  In  med, 
liable  to  be  affected  by  sympathy,  or  to  re- 
ceive from  other  parts  correspondent  feel- 
ings and  affections. 

Associableness  (as-so'ahi-a-bl-nes),  n.  As- 
sociability. 

Asspciate  (as-so'shi-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  as- 
sociated; ppr.  associating.  [L.  associo,  as- 
sociatum,  to  join  in  company  with— ad,  to, 
and  sociwt,  a  partner,  companion.  See 
SOCIAL.]  1.  To  join  in  company,  as  a  friend, 
companion,  partner,  confederate,  and  the 
like;  to  join  or  connect  intimately;  to  unite; 
to  combine ;  as,  to  associate  others  with  us 
in  business  or  in  an  enterprise;  particle*  of 
earthy  matter  associated  with  other  sub- 
stances. 

_He  succeeded  in  lUfoctattHfbb  name  inseparably 
with  some  names  which  will  last  as  lone  as  our  Ian- 
puage.  Macaulay. 

2.t  To  keep  company  with;  to  attend. 

Friends  should  associate  friends  in  Brief  and  woe. 
Shak. 

Associate  (as-so'shi-at),  tJ.t.  1.  To  unite  in 
company;  to  keep  company,  implying  inti- 
macy; as,  congenial  minds  are  disposed  to 
associate. 

They  appear  in  a  manner  no  way  assorted  to  those 
with  whom  they  must  associate.  Bitrkt. 

2-  To  join  in  a  confederacy  or  association.— 
3  To  unite  in  action  or  be  affected  by  the 
action  of  a  different  part  of  the  body. 
Associate  (as-so'shi-at),  a.  1.  Joined  in  in- 
terest, object  or  purpose,  office  or  employ- 
ment ;  combined  together ;  joined  with  an- 
other or  others;  as,  an  associate  judge  or  pro- 
fessor. 'My  associate  powers.'  Milton. — 
2.  In  med.  connected  by  habit  or  sympathy; 


as,  associate  movements,  movements  which 
occur  sympathetically,  in  consequence  of 
preceding  motions.  Thus,  the  eye  cannot 
be  moved  round  towards  the  nose  without 
contraction  of  the  iris  being  produced. 
Associate  (as-so'shi-at),  n.  I.  A  companion; 
one  frequently  in  company  with  another, 
implying  intimacy  or  equality;  a  mate;  a 
fellow.  '  Eve,  ammctate  sole.'  Milton.— 2.  A 
partner  in  interest,  as  in  business;  a  con- 
federate; an  accomplice;  an  ally.  'Their 
defender  and  his  associates.'  Hooker.  — 
3.  Anything  usually  accompanying  or  asso- 
ciated with  another. 

The  one  (idea)  no  sooner  comes  into  the  under- 
standing than  its  associate  appears  with  it.  Locke. 

SYN.  Companion,  mate,  fellow,  friend,  ally, 
partner,  coadjutor. 

Assoclateship  (as-so'shi-at-ship),  n.  The 
state  or  office  of  an  associate.  [Rare.] 

Association  (aa-86'shi-a"ahon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  associating  or  state  of  being  associ- 
ated; connection  of  persons  or  things;  union. 

Self-denial  is  a  kind  of  holy  association  with  God. 
Boyle. 

The  changes  of  corporeal  things  are  to  be  placed 
only  in  the  various  separations  and  new  associations 
of  these  permanent  particles.  Sir  f.  Newton. 

2.  A  society,  the  members  of  which  are 
united  by  mutual  interests  or  for  a  common 
purpose;  a  body  of  persons  united  for  carry- 
ing on  some  business  for  mutual  advantage; 
a  partnership ;  as,  the  British  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  a  political 
association, 

The  old  company  .  .  .  was  able,  with  the  help  of 
its  Tory  friends,  to  prevent  the  rival  association  from 
obtaining  similar  privileges.  Macaulay. 

3.  In  metapk.  mental   association  or  the 
association  of  ideas ;  that  is,  the  tendency 
which  one  state  of  consciousness  (cognition, 
feeling,  volition,  muscular  movement  ac- 
companied by  sensation)  has  for  one  reason 
or  another  to  recall  another  state  of  con- 
sciousness.    The    principles  according  to 
which  this  tendency  operates  are  called  the 
laws  of  association,  and  have  been  differently 
stated  by  different  philosophers.    Aristotle 
enumerated  four  such  principles  — proxi- 
mity in  time,  coadjacence  in  space,  simi- 
larity, and  contrast;  but  many  subsequent 
philosophers  have  reduced  them  to  two  — 
contiguity  (in  time  or  place)  and  similarity. 
—  Association  of  ideas.     See  above,  3. 

Associations!  (as-so'shi-a"shon-al),«.  1.  Per- 
taining to  an  association. —2.  Pertaining  to 
the  metaphysical  theory  which  takes  mental 
association  as  the  basis  of  intelligence. 

Associationist(as-s6'shi-a"shon-ist),  n.  One 
who  supports  the  doctrine  of  association 
advocated  by  M.  Fourier  and  known  as 
Fourierism  (which  see). 

Associative  (as-so'shi-at-iv),  a.  Capable  of 
associating ;  tending  to  associate  or  unite ; 
leading  to  association.  '  The  associative 
faculty.'  Hugh  Miller. 

Associator  (as-so'shi-at-er),  n.  l.  One  who 
associates  or  connects  things  together. — 
2.t  An  associate  or  partner  iu  any  scheme; 
a  confederate. 

Our  late  associators  and  conspirators  have  made 
a  third  copy  of  the  League.  Dryden. 

Assoilt  (as-soil'),  v.  t.  [O.  Fr.  assoiler,  absoiler, 
to  absolve,  from  L.  absolvo,  to  absolve,  to 
release  from— 06,  from,  and  ttolvo,  to  loose.] 
1.  To  solve ;  to  clear  up.  '  To  assoil  this 
seeming  difficulty.'  Waterland.— 2.  To  re- 
lease; to  set  free;  to  acquit;  to  pardon;  to 
absolve.  '  At  my  own  tribunal  stand  assoil'd,' 
Sir  S.  Titke. 

To  some  bishop  we  will  wend, 
Of  all  the  sins  that  we  nave  done. 
To  be  assorted  at  his  hand.         Percy  Relig. 

Assoil  t  (as-soil'),  v.t.  [Prefix  as  from  L.  ad, 
to,  and  K  soil.]  To  soil;  to  stain.  Beau.&Fl. 

Assoilize  (as'soil-iz),  v.t.    Same  as  Astsoilzie. 

Assoilmentt  (as-soil'ment),  it.  Act  of  assoil- 
ing;  absolution.  More. 

Assoilzie,  Assoilyie  (as-soil'ye),  v.t.  [See 
ASSOIL,  to  absolve.]  To  acquit;  to  pro- 
nounce innocent;  to  absolve. 

God  assoitxit  him  for  the  sin  of  bloodshed. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

Assomon, '  v.t.    To  summon. 

Were  ye  not  assomoned  to  apere  t     Chaucer. 

Assonance  (as'so-nans), n.  [See  ASSONANT.] 
1.  Resemblance  of  sounds,  'The  disagree- 
able assonance  of  'sheath'  and  'sheathed." 
Steevens.  Specifically— 2.  In  pros,  a  species 
of  imperfect  rhyme,  or  rather  a  substitute 
for  rhyme,  especially  common  in  Spanish 
poetry,  and  which  consists  iu  using  the 
same  vowel  with  different  consonants,  re- 
quiring a  repetition  of  the  same  vowels  in 


the  assonant  words  from  the  lust  accented 
vowel  inclusive,  thus  n«in  and  Imt,  nation 
and  traitor,  penitent  and  reticence  are  ex- 
amples of  assonant  couples  of  Knglish  words. 
Marsh. 

Assonant  (as'so-nant),  a.  1.  Having  a  re- 
semblance of  sounds.  — 2.  In  pro*,  pertain- 
ing to  the  peculiar  species  of  imperfect 
rhyme  called  assonance  (which  see). 

Assonant  (as'sd-nant),  n.  [L.  assonant,  ppr. 
of  assono  (ad,  to,  and  sono,  to  sound),  to 
sound  to,  to  correspond  in  sound.]  1.  A 
word  resembling  another  in  sound.  Speci- 
fically— 2.  In  pros,  a  word  forming  an  asso- 
nance with  another  word.  See  ASSONANCE. 

Assort  (as-sorf),  v.t.  [Fr.  assortir,  to  sort, 
arrange,  match,  to  assort— as  for  L.  ad,  to, 
and  sors,  sortis,  a  lot.  See  SORT.]  1.  To 
separate  and  distribute  into  classes,  sorts,  or 
kinds;  to  put  in  lots;  to  arrange;  as,  to  as- 
sort goods. —2.  To  furnish  with  a  suitable 
variety  of  goods;  to  make  up  of  articles 
likely  to  suit  a  demand;  as,  to  assort  a  cargo. 
'  Well-assorted  warehouses.'  Burke.— 3.  To 
adapt  or  suit.  '  No  way  assorted  to  those 
with  whom  they  must  associate.'  Burke. 
[Rare.] 

Assort  (as-sorf),  v.i.  I.  To  agree;  to  be  in 
accordance  with;  to  suit.  Mitford.—2.  To 
associate;  to  keep  company,  as  with  friends. 

Assort  no  more  with  the  menials  of  the  goddess. 
Lord  Lytton. 

Assortment  (as-sort'ment),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  assorting  or  distributing  into  sorts,  kinds, 
or  classes,  or  of  selecting  and  suiting  things. 
2.  A  collection  of  things  assorted;  as,  an 
assortment  of  goods.  '  An  assortment  of 
paintings.'  Coxe. — 3.  A  sort  or  class  into 
which  objects  are  assorted.  '  Under  their 
proper  classes  and  assortments.'  Adam 
Smith. 

Assott  (as-sof),  v.t.  [Fr.  aseoter— as  for  L. 
ad,  to,  and  sot,  foolish.  ]  To  infatuate;  to  be- 
sot; to  bewitch;  to  deceive. 

That  monstrous  error  which  doth  some  assort. 
Spenser. 

Assoylet  (as-soil'),  v.t.  [See  ASSOIL.]  To 
remove ;  to  liberate  or  set  free ;  to  assoil. 
'Seeking  him  that  should  her  pain  assoyle.' 
Spenser. 

Ass'S-foot  (as'ez-fut),  n.  A  plant,  the 
colt's-foot  (Tussilago  Farfara),  so  called 
from  the  shape  of  its  leaves. 

Assuage  (as-swaj'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  assuaged; 
ppr.  assuaging.  [O.Fr.  assouager,  assoua- 
gier,  Pr.  aasuavar,  assua  viar,  from  L.  suavi*, 
sweet.  Assouager  is  thus  formed  from  a 
L.  L.  assuaviare,  from  #wivt#,  as  abrfger 
(E.  abridge)  from  abbreviarc,  from  brevi*. 
See  ABRIDGE.]  To  soften,  in  a  figurative 
sense;  to  allay,  mitigate,  ease,  or  lessen,  as 
pain  or  grief ;  to  moderate ;  to  appease  or 
pacify,  as  passion  or  tumult  'Refreshing 
winds  the  summer's  heats  assuage.'  Addi- 
son.  '  To  assuage  the  sorrows  of  a  desolate 
old  man.'  Burke.  'The  fount  at  which  the 
panting  mind  assuages  her  thirst  of  know- 
ledge.' Byron. — Alleviate, Mitigate,  Assuage. 
See  under  ALLEVIATE. 

Assuage  (as-swaj'),  v.i.  To  abate  or  sub- 
side. '  Let  thin  hert  assuage.'  Gower. 

Assuagement  (as-swaj'ment),  n.  Mitiga- 
tion; abatement.  Spenser. 

Assuager  (as-swaj'er),  n.  One  who  assuages 
or  allays;  that  which  mitigates  or  abates. 

Assuasive  (as-swa'siv),  a.  [Really  from  as- 
suage, but  formed  as  if  it  were  from  a  L. 
axsuadeo,  to  persuade  to.  Comp.  persua- 
sive.} Softening;  mitigating;  tranquilliz- 
ing. [Rare.] 

Music  her  soft  assuasn-e  voice  applies.      Ptpt. 

Assubjugate  t  (as-sub'ju-gat),  v.t.  [As  tor 
L.  ad,  to,  and  E.  subjugate  (which  see).]  To 
put  into  a  low  or  unworthy  position;  to  de- 
base. [Rare.  ] 

This  thrice  worthy  and  ri^ht  valiant  lord 
Must  not  ...  assubjugate  his  merit  .  .  . 
By  going  to  Achilles.  Shak. 

Assuefaction  (as-swe-fak'shon),  n.  [From 
L.  assu^facio,  to  accustom— assitesco,  assuf- 
turn,  to  accustom  to,  and  faciot  to  make. 
See  ASSCETUDE.]  The  act  of  accustoming. 

Right  and  left,  as  part  inservient  unto  the  motive 
faculty,  are  differenced  by  degrees,  by  use,  and  as- 
SHtfactioH.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Assuetude  (as'swe-tud),  n.  [L.  atsuetudo, 
from  assuettts,  part,  of  assuesco,  to  accus- 
tom—ad, to,  ana  svesco,  incept,  of  sueo,  to 
be  wont.]  Custom;  habit;  habitual  use. 

.litnf  fmff  of  things  hurtful  doth  make  them  lose 
their  force  to  hurt.  Bacon. 

Assume  (as-sum'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  assumed; 
ppr.  assuming.  [L.  assumo  —  adt  to,  and 
sumo,  to  take.]  1.  To  take  upon  one's  self; 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc,  locA;      g,  go;     J,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  Bing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Am;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    rh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ASSUME 


170 


ASTEL 


to  take  on;  to  appear  in;  as,  the  cloud  as- 
sumed the  figure  of  an  animal.  '  To  assume 
man's  nature.'  Milton.  'Lose  the  child, 
assume  the  woman.'  Tennyson. 

The  god  assumed  his  native  form  again.     Pope. 

2.  To  apply  to  one's  self;  to  appropriate. 

His  majesty  might  well  assume  the  complaint  of 
King  David.  Clarendon. 

3.  To  take  for  granted  or  without  proof;  to 
suppose  as  a  fact;  as,  to  assume  a  principle 
in  reasoning. 

In  every  hypothesis,  something  is  allowed  to  be 
assumed.  Boyle. 

4.  To  receive  or  adopt;  to  take  in;  to  admit. 
[Rare.] 

The  sixth  was  a  young  knight  .  .  .  assumed  into 
that  honourable  company.  Sir  IV.  Scott. 

5.  To  take  what  is  fictitious ;  to  pretend  to 
possess;  to  take  in  appearance;  as,  to  assume 
the  garb  of  humility. 

Assume  a  virtue  if  you  have  it  not.  Shak. 

6.f  To  claim. 

Like  a  bold  champion  I  assume  the  lists.     Shak. 

SYN.  To  arrogate,  usurp,  appropriate,  take 
on,  suppose. 

Assume  (as-sum'),  v.i.  1.  To  be  arrogant;  to 
claim  more  than  is  due. — 2.  In  law,  to  take 
upon  one's  self  an  obligation ;  to  undertake  or 
promise ;  as,  A  assumed  upon  himself  and 
promised  to  pay. 

Assumentt  (as-su'ment),  n.  [L.  assu- 
mentumt  from  astsuo,  to  sew  on  —  ad,  to, 
and  suo,  to  sew.]  A  piece  sewed  on;  a 
patch;  an  addition. 

This  assument  or  addition  Dr.  Marshall  never 
could  find  anywhere  but  in  this  Anglo  -Saxonick 
translation.  Rev.  J.  Lewis. 

Assumer  (as-sum'er),  n.  One  who  assumes; 
an  arrogant  person.  'These  high  assumers 
and  pretenders  to  reason.'  South. 

Assuming  (as -sum 'ing),  a.  Taking  or  dis- 
posed to  take  upon  one's  self  more  than  is 
just;  haughty;  arrogant. 

His  haughty  looks  and  his  assuming  air, 

The  son  of  Isis  could  no  longer  bear.        Dryden. 

Assuming  (aB-sum'ing),  n.  Presumption. 
'  The  vain  assumings  of  some.'  B.  Jonson. 

Assumpsit  (as-sum'sit),  n.  [Fret,  tense  of 
L.  assume.  See  ASSUME.]  In  law,  an  action 
lying  for  the  recovery  of  damages  sustained 
through  the  breach  of  a  simple  contract 
(that  is,  a  promise  not  under  seal),  and  in 
which  the  pursuer  alleges  that  the  de- 
fendant assumpsit,  that  is,  promised  or 
undertook  to  perform  the  act  specified.  It 
fell  into  desuetude  by  the  passing  of  the 
Judicature  Acts,  1873  and  1875. 

Assumptt  (as-sumf),  v.t.  To  take  up;  to 
raise.  '  She  was  assitmpted  into  the  cloud  ' 
Bp.  Hall. 

Assumptt  (as-sumf),  n.  That  which  is 
assumed;  an  assumption.  'The  sum  of  all 
your  assumpts.'  Chillingworth. 

Assumption  (as-sum 'shon),  n.  [L.  as- 
sumptw.]  1.  The  act  of  taking  to  one's 
self;  a  taking  upon  one's  self;  undertaking. 
'  His  assumption  of  our  flesh  to  his  divinity.' 
Hammond.  —2.  The  act  of  taking  for  granted, 
or  supposing  a  thing  without  proof;  suppo- 
sition. 

The  assumption  of  a  final  cause  in  the  structure  of 
each  part  of  animals  and  plants  is  as  inevitable  as  the 
assumption  of  an  efficient  cause  for  every  event. 
fl'hewelt. 

3.  The  thing  supposed;  a  postulate  or  propo- 
sition assumed. 

Hold  I  says  the  Stoic,  your  assumption's  wrong. 
Dryden. 

4.  In  logic,  the  minor  or  second  proposition 
in  a  categorical  syllogism. 

Still  more  objectionable  are  the  correlative  terms 
proposition  ana  assumption  as  synonymous  for  the 
major  and  minor  premises.  Sir  IV.  Hamilton. 

5.  The  taking  up  a  person  into  heaven; 
hence,  a  festival  in  honour  of  the  miraculous 
ascent  of  Mary,  celebrated  by  the  Roman 

Catholic  and  Greek  churches.— 6.  Adoption, 
or  making  use  of. 

It  is  evident  that  the  prose  psalms  of  our  liturgy 
were  chiefly  consulted  and  copied  by  the  perpetual 
assumptions  of  their  words  and  combinations. 

T.  IVarton, 

—  Deed  of  assumption,  in  Scots  law,  a  deed 
executed  by  trustees  under  a  trust  deed  or 
deed  of  settlement,  assuming  a  new  trustee 
or  trustees. 

Assumptive  (as-sum'tiv),  a.  Capable 
of  being  assumed  ;  assumed.  *  Writing 
under  an  assumptive  character.'  Wycherly. 
—Assumptive  arms,  in  her.  (a)  arms  that 
a  person  has  a  right,  with  the  approbation 
of  his  sovereign  and  of  theheralds,  to  assume, 
in  consequence  of  an  exploit.  (6)  Armorial 


bearings  improperly   assumed.      [Rare  in 

latter  use.] 
Assumptively  (as-sum'tiv-Ii),  adv.     In  an 

assumptive  or  assumed  manner ;  by  way  of 

assumption. 
Assurable  (a-shbr'a-bl),  a.    Capable  of  being 

assured;  suitable  for  insurance;  as,  an  attsur- 

able  property. 
Assurance  (a-shbYans),  n.    [See  ASSURE.] 

1.  The  act  of   assuring,  or  of  making   a 
declaration  in  terms  that  furnish  ground  of 
confidence;  a  pledge  furnishing  any  ground 
of  full  confidence;  as,  1  trusted  to  his  assur- 
ances. 

Whereof  he  hath  given  assurance  to  all  men.  in  that 
he  hath  raised  him  from  the  dead.  Acts  xvii.  31. 

2.  Firm  persuasion;  full  confidence  or  trust; 
freedom  from  doubt ;  certain  expectation ; 
the  utmost  certainty. 

Let  us  draw  near  with  a  true  heart,  in  full  assurance 
of  faith.  Hcb.  x.  22. 

I'll  make  assurance  double  sure, 
And  take  a  bond  of  fate.  Shot. 

3.  Firmness  of  mind;  undoubting  steadiness; 
intrepidity;  courage. 

Brave  men  meet  danger  with  assurance.     Knollts. 

4.  Excess  of  boldness;  impudence;  as,  his 
assurance  is  intolerable. 

Immoderate  assurance  is  perfect  licentiousness. 
SHenstone. 

5.  Freedom  from  excessive  modesty  or  bash- 
fulness;  laudable  confidence;  self-reliance. 

Conversation  with  the  world  will  give  them  know- 
ledge and  assurance.  Locke. 

6.  In  law,  any  writing  or  legal  evidence 
of  the  conveyance  of  property. — 7.  t  Affiance; 
betrothal. 

The  day  of  their  assurance  drew  nigh. 

Pembroke's  Arcadia. 

8.  Insurance;  a  contract  for  the  payment  of 
a  sum  on  occasion  of  a  certain  event,  as  loss 
or  death.— 9.  t  Certain  proof;  clear  evidence; 
ocular  demonstration, 

A  form  indeed. 

Where  every  god  did  seem  to  set  his  seal 
To  give  the  world  assurance  of  a  man.     Shak. 

10.  t  Surety;  guarantee. 

You  should  procure  him  better  assurance  than 
Bardolph;  he  would  not  take  his  bond  and  yours;  he 
liked  not  the  security.  Shak. 

Assure  (a-shbr'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  assured; 
ppr.  assuring.  [Fr.  assurer,  O.Fr.  asseurer, 
L.L.  asseurare  and  assecurare,  to  assure,  to 
tranquillize— L.  ad,  to,  and  securus,  secure, 
certain,  composed.]  1.  To  make  sure  or 
certain ;  to  convince  or  make  confident, 
as  by  a  promise,  declaration,  or  evidence: 
with  a  person  as  immediate  object  and  a 
thing  governed  by  of  as  the  more  remote; 
as,  to  assure  a  person  of  one's  favour  or 
love. 

Who  can  him  assure  Chappy  dayf         Shak. 

2.  To  declare  solemnly  to;  to  assert  earnestly 
to;  to  endeavour  to  convince  by  assertion;  as, 
I  assure  you  I  am  speaking  the  truth. 

I  do  assure  thee  that  no  enemy 

Shall  ever  take  alive  the  noble  Brutus.       Shak. 

3.  To  confirm;  to  secure:  followed  by  two 
objects,  the  nearer  governed  by  the  verb, 
the  more  remote  by  the  preposition  to, 

So  irresistible  an  authority  cannot  be  reflected  on 
without  the  most  awful  reverence,  even  by  those  whose 
piety  assures  its  favour  to  them.  H.  Rogers. 

4.  To  free  from  obscurity,  ambiguity,  or 
uncertainty. 

So  reason's  glimmering  ray 
Was  lent,  not  to  assure  our  doubtful  way. 
But  guide  us  upward  to  a  better  day.      Drycten, 

5.  To  embolden;  to  make  confident. 

And  hereby  we  shall  assure  our  hearts  before  him. 

6.t  To  affiance;  to  betroth. 

This  drudge  or  diviner  laid  claim  to  me;  called  me 
Droinio ;  swore  I  was  assured  to  her.  Shak. 

7.  To  insure.    See  INSURE.—  Ensure,  Insure, 
Assure.    See  under  ENSURE.— SYN.  To  de- 
clare, assert,  or  asseverate  to,  to  convince, 
confirm,  secure,  insure. 

Assured  (a-shbrd'),  p.  and  a.  1.  Certain; 
indubitable;  undoubted.  'An  assured  ex- 
perience.' Bacon.—  2.  Convinced;  not  doubt- 
ing; certain.  '  Be  assured  you  shall  not  find 
me.'  Shak.—  3.  Bold  to  excess;  impudently 
confident. 

He  came  forth  with  an  assured" air  and  bade  defiance 
to  the  messenger.  Macaulay. 

4.t  Affianced.  Shak.— 5.  Insured;  having  life 
or  goods  insured :  in  this  sense  the  word  is 
frequently  used  as  a  noun;  as,  in  any  event 
the  assured  are  secured  against  risk 
Assuredly  (a-shbr'ed-li),  adv.  Certainly; 
indubitably. 

Assuredly  Solomon  thy  son  shall  reign,     i  Ki.  i.  13. 


Assuredness  (a-shoVed-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  assured;  certainty;  full  confidence. 

Assurer  (a-shoVer),  n.  One  who  assures; 
one  who  insures  against  loss;  an  insurer  or 
underwriter. 

Assurgency  (as-ser'jen-si),  n.  [See  Assrn- 
GENT.  ]  The  act  of  rising  upward.  '  The 
continual  asstirgency  of  the  spirit  through 
the  body.'  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

Assurgent  (as-ser'jent),  a.  [L.  asntryens, 
assui-gentis,  ppr.  of  aasurgo—ad,  to,  and 
surgo,  to  rise,  SeeSURQE.]  Risingupward; 
specifically,  (a)  in  her.  applied  to  a  man  or 
beast  when  depicted  as  rising  out  of  the  sea. 
(6)  In  bot.  rising  in  a  curve  to  an  erect  posi- 
tion. —  A ssurgent  leaves,  leaves  first  bent 
down,  but  rising  erect  towards  the  apex. 

Assuringly  (a-shbr'ing-Ii),  adv.  In  an  assur- 
ing manner;  in  a  way  to  create  assurance. 

Asswage.  Same  as  Assuage.  'And  the 
waters  asswaged.'  Gen.  viii.  1. 

Assyrian  (as-sir'i-an),  a.  Pertaining  or 
relating  to  Assyria  or  to  its  inhabitants. 

Assyrian  (as-sir'i-an),  n.  1.  A  native  or 
inhabitant  of  Assyria. —2.  The  language 
of  the  Assyrians. 

AssythemenUas-sIth'ment), n.  [O.Sc. sithe, 
syith,  gratification,  satisfaction ;  perhaps 
same  as  Gael,  sioth,  sitht  peace,  reconcilia- 
tion, or  connected  with  Icel.  sdtt,  scett,  re- 
conciliation, agreement]  In  Scots  taw,  an 
indemnification  due  to  the  heirs  of  a  person 
murdered  from  the  person  guilty  of  the 
crime.  Where  the  criminal  has  suffered  the 
pains  of  law  no  claim  for  assythement  lies. 

Astacian  (as-ta-si-an),  n.  A  crustaceous 
animal  of  the  family  Astacina. 

Astacina,  Astacidse(as-ta-sFna,  as-tas'i-de), 
?i.  pi.  [See  ASTACUS.]  A  family  of  macrur- 
ous  crustaceans,  of  the  order  Podophthal- 
niata  (stalk-eyed),  and  sub-order  Decapoda, 
or  those  having  five  pairs  of  thoracic  limbs. 

Astacite,  Astacolite  (as'ta-sit,  as-tak'o-llt), 
n.  [Gr.  antakos.  a  crayfish,  and  lithos,  a  stone.  ] 
A  petrified  or  fossil  crayfish,  or  other  cru-- 
taceous  animal. 

Astacus(as'ta-kus),  n.  [Gr.  astakos,  acrayflsh 
or  lobster.]  A  genus  of  long-tailed  crusta- 
ceoua  animals,  including  the  crayfish  (A. 
fluviatilis),  and  the  curious  species  without 
eyes  (A.  pellucidus)  found  in  the  caves  of 
Kentucky.  Themarinelobsters(.4.?narmw*, 
Ac.)  are  now  referred  to  another  genus, 
Homarus,  of  which  Nephropa  is  a  sub-genus. 
See  ASTACINA. 

AstaiV  Astert  t  (a-starf,  a-sterf),  v.t.  To 
cause  to  start;  to  startle. 

No  danger  there  the  shepherd  can  astert.    Spenser 

Astart.t  Astertt  (a-start',  a-sterf),  v.i.  1.  To 
start  up. — 2.  To  escape.  Chaucer. 

Astarte  (as-tar'te),  «.  [See  ASHTORETH.] 
1.  Ashtoreth,  the  principal  female  divinity 
of  the  Phenicians. — 2.  The  moon. 

Astarte's  bediamonded  crescent. 
Distinct  with  its  duplicate  horn.  Pee. 

3.  A  genus  of  1  am elli branch! ate  molluscs, 
section  Siphonida,  family  Cyprinidm.  Some 
of  them  are  English  shells,  and  they  are 
found  generally  on  the  sand  mud  of  coasts 
There  are  also  many  fossil  species. 

Astatic  (a-stafik),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
stao,  to  stand.]  Being  without  polarity 
— Astatic  needle,  a  magnetic  needle,  having 
its  directive  property  destroyed  by  the 
proximity  of  another  needle  of  the  same 
intensity  fixed  parallel  to  it,  but  with  the 
poles  reversed,  so  that  the  north  pole  of 
the  one  is  adjacent  to  the  south  pole  of 
the  other.  In  this  position  the  needles 
neutralize  each  other,  and  are  therefore 
unaffected  by  the  magnetism  of  the  earth, 
while  at  the  same  time  they  are  subject 
to  the  influence  of  galvanic  action.  They 
were  formerly  employed  in  the  electric 
telegraph. 

Astatically  (a-stat'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  an 
astatic  manner. 

Astay  (a-sta')(  adv.  Naut.  said  of  the 
anchor  when,  in  heaving  in,  the  cable  forms 
such  an  angle  with  the  surface  of  the  water 
as  to  appear  in  a  line  with  the  stays  of  the 
ship. 

Asteer  (a-ster7),  adv.  or  a.  In  a  state  of  stir; 
stirring.  [Scotch.  ] 

Asteism  (as'te-izm),  n.  [Gr.  asteiamoe, 
clever  talk,  wit,  from  asteios,  of  the  towii 
— astu,  a  town;  as  polite,  from  polis,  a  city; 
civil,  from  civis,  a  citizen;  urbane,  from 
urbs,  a  city.  ]  In  rhet.  genteel  irony :  a 
polite  and  ingenious  manner  of  deridiim 
another. 

Astel  (as'tl),  n.  In  mining,  a  board  or  plank: 
an  arch  or  ceiling  of  boards  over  the  men's 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ASTER 


171 


ASTOUND 


head  in  a  mine,  to  protect  them  from  any 
portion  uf  the  roof  falling. 

Aster  (as'ter),  n.  [Gr.  aster,  a  star.]  A  large 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Compositor,  scat- 
tered over  the  world,  but  specially  abundant 
in  .Y  America.  One  species,  A.  Tripoliutn 
(the  sea-side  aster),  is  found  abundantly  in 
salt  marshes  in  Britain.  It  has  a  pretty 
purple  flower.  Asters  are  generally  called 
Mii-haclinas  or  Christinas  daisies,  because 
of  their  (lowering  late  in  the  season,  ami 
on  this  account  they  are  highly  prized  in  i 
our  gardens.  The  China  aster  does  not 
belong  to  this  genus ;  it  is  Calliatephus 
chinemtis. 

Asteracantlms  (n.s't6r-a-kan"thus),  n.  [Or. 
aster,  a  star,  and  akanthos,  a  spine.]  A 
genus  of  placoicl  fossil  fishes,  occurring  in 
the  oolite  and  lias. 

Asteraceaa  (as-ter-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [Or.  astir, 
a  star.]  In  bot.  a  name  given  by  some  to 
the  nat.  order  Composite. 

Asteria  (as-te'ri-a),  n.  A  variety  of  sapphire, 
not  perfectly  transparent,  hut  showing  a 
star-like  opalescence  in  the  direction  of  the 
axis,  if  cut  round. 

AsteriadSB  (as-ter-1'a-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
star-fishes,  order  Asteridte,  possessing  four 
rows  of  tentacular  feet  in  each  ray,  all  the 
others  having  only  two. 

Asterias  (as-te'ri-as),  ».  [Gr.  aster,  a  star.  ] 
A  genus  of  Echinodermata.family  Asteriadeo, 
order  Asteridae  or  star-fishes.  See  ASTER- 
ID.S. 

Asteriated  (as-te'ri-at-ed),  a.  [See  above.] 
Radiated  ;  presenting  diverging  rays,  like  a 
star;  as,  asteriated  sapphire. 

Asterid,  Asteridan  (as'ter-id,  as-ter'i-dan), 
».  Same  as  Attteridian. 

Asteridse  (as-tert-de),  n.  pi.  The  star-fishes, 
an  order  belonging  to  the  class  Echinodcr- 
mata,  so  called  from  their  star-like  form. 
They  have  a  coriaceous  skin,  in  which  are 
implanted  spines  or  tubercles.  Their  body 
is  expanded  into  arms,  the  under  surface  of 
which  is  marked  with  grooves,  radiating 
from  the  centre,  and  pierced  with  rows  of 
holes,  whence  issue  tentacular  feet,  by 
means  of  which  the  animals  move.  Most 
have  five  arms  or  rays,  but  some  have  more, 
varying  from  eight  to  thirty.  They  have  the 
power  of  reproducing  these  arms  if  broken 
off;  and  if  an  entire  arm,  with  a  small  por- 
tion of  the  body  attached  to  it,  be  torn  off, 
a  fresh  perfect  animal  is  formed.  Their 
mouth  is  in  the  inferior  centre  of  the  rays, 
is  not  provided  with  teeth,  and  leads  by  a 
short  gullet  into  a  large  stomach,  from 
which  a  pair  of  lateral  tubes  are  prolonged 
into  each  ray.  A  distinct  intestine  and  anus 
may  or  may  not  be  present.  They  feed 
chiefly  on  molluscs. 

Asteridian  (as-ter-id'i-an),  n.  A  member  of 
the  Asteridae. 

Asterisk  (as'ter-isk),  n.  [Gr.  asteriskos,  a 
little  star,  from  astir,  a  star.  ]  The  figure  of 
a  star,  thus  •,  used  in  printing  and  writing, 
as  a  reference  to  a  passage  or  note  in  the 
margin,  or  to  fill  the  space  when  a  name  is 
omitted. 

Asterisin  (as'ter-izm),  n.  [Gr.  asterismos,  a 
marking  with  stars,  from  aster,  a  star.  ]  1.  A 
collection  of  stars,  formerly  used  for  con- 
stellation, but  now  appropriated  to  signify 
any  small  cluster  which  it  is  either  desirable 
to  distinguish  from  the  rest  of  the  constel- 
lation in  which  it  lies,  or  which  is  not  a  part 
of  any  particular  constellation. — 2.  An  as- 
terisk, or  mark  of  reference.  [Rare.  ]  — 
3  Three  asterisks  placed  thus  *,*  to  direct 
attention  to  some  passage.— 4.  That  branch 
of  astrology  which  is  based  only  on  the  fixed 
stars,  as  cultivated  in  India  and  Arabia. 

Asterite,  Asterites  (as'ter-it,  as-ter-i'tez), 
n.  Same  as  Astritc. 

Astern  (a-stern'),  adv.  (A  for  at,  and  stern. 
1.  In  or  at  or  toward  the  hinder  part  of  a 
ship;  as,  to  go  astern. — 2.  Behind  a  ship,  at 
any  indefinite  distance:  as,  she  was  far  astern 
of  us.— 3.  Backward ;  back :  said  of  a  ship ; 
as,  the  current  drove  us  far  astern.  —  to 
back  astern,  to  go  stern  foremost :  said  of  a 
ship. —  To  be  astern  of  the  reckoning,  to  be 
iM-himl  the  position  given  for  a  vessel  by 
the  reckoning. 

Asteroid  (as'ter-oid).  n.  [Gr.  aster,  a  star, 
and  eidos,  form.  ]  One  of  the  small  planets, 
about  200  in  number,  between  the  orbits  of 
Mars  and  Jupiter,  more  accurately  called 
planetoids.  See  PLANETOID. 

Asteroid  (as'ter-oid),  a.  Star-like;  specifi- 
cally belonging  to  the  Alcyonaria,  or  at- 
teroid  polypes. 


Asterolda  (as-ter-oid'a),  it.  pi.  Same  as 
A  (ryunaria  (which  see). 

Asteroidal  (;is-tr-r-oid'al),  o.  1.  Resembling 
a  star. — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  asteroids. — 
3.  Pertaining  to  the  star-fishes. 

Asterpldea  (as-ter-oid'e-a),  n.  pi.  A  term 
sometimes  used  as  the  equivalent  of  Aster- 
idae,  sometimes  as  including,  along  with  that 
order,  the  Ophiuroidea,  or  star-tishcs  with 
discoid  bodies. 

Asterolepis  (as-ter-ol'e-pis),  n.  [Gr.  astir,  a 
star,  and  lepin,  a  scale  ]  A  genus  of  gigantic 
ganoid  fishes,  now  found  only  in  a  fossil  state 
in  the  old  red  sandstone.  From  the  remains 
it  would  seem  that  these  fishes  must  have 
sometimes  attained  the  length  of  18  or  20 


I,  Hyoid  plate  of  Asterolepis,  i-oth  natural  size. 
3,  Internal  ridge  of  hyoid  plate,  i-4th  natural  size. 

feet.  The  structure  of  this  curious  fossil 
was  elucidated  by  Hugh  Miller  in  his  work 
Footprints  of  the  Creator;  or,  the  Asterolepis 
of  Stromness.  The  engraving  shows  one  of 
its  most  characteristic  bones,  the  hyoid 
plate,  with  its  central  strengthening  ridge. 
The  stellate  markings  from  which  the  genus 
derives  its  name  seem  to  have  been  restricted 
to  the  dermal  plates  of  the  head. 

Asterophylllte  (as-ter-of'il-it),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  genus  Asterophyllites. 

Asterophyllites  (as'ter-o-fll-li"tez),  n.  [Or. 
aster,  a  star,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.  ]  Star-leaf, 
a  genus  of  fossil  plants,  so  called  from  the 
stellated  disposition  of  the  leaves  round  the 
branches.  They  abound  in  the  coal-measures, 
and  are  believed  to  be  the  foliage  of  the 
Calamites. 

Astert.t  v.t.  and  i.    See  ASTART. 

Asthenia,  Astheny(as-the-in'a,  as'the-ni),n. 
[Gr.  aMeneia.  See  ASTHENIC.]  Debility; 
want  of  strength. 

AsthenlC  (as-then'ik),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
sthenos,  strength.]  Weak;  characterized  by 
debility. 

Asthenology  (as-then-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  a, 
priv. ,  sthenos,  strength,  and  logos,  discourse.  ] 
The  doctrine  of  diseases  connected  with 
debility. 

Asthma  (ast'ma),  n.  [Or.  asthma,  short- 
drawn  breath.]  A  chronic  disorder  of  re- 
spiration, with  intermissions  between  its 
attacks.characterized  by  difficulty  of  breath- 
ing (which  is  accompanied  by  a  wheezing 
sound  and  feeling  of  tightness  about  the 
chest),  a  cough,  and  expectoration.  Asthma 
generally  attacks  persons  advanced  in  years, 
and  seems,  in  some  instances,  to  be  heredi- 
tary. It  seldom  proves  fatal  except  as  in- 
ducing dropsy,  consumption,  &c. 

Asthmatic,  Asthmatical  (ast-mat'ik, 
ast-mat'ik-al),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  asthma ; 
as,  asthmatic  symptoms. —2.  Affected  by 
asthma;  as,  an  asthmatic  patient. 

Asthmatic  (ast-mat'ik),  n.  A  person  troubled 
with  asthma. 

Asthmatlcally  (ast-mat'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  an 
asthmatical  manner. 

Astigmatism  (a-stig'mat-izm),  n.  [Gr.  a, 
neg. ,  and  stigma,  stigmatos,  a  mark.]  In 
optics,  the  name  given  to  a  malformation, 
congenital  or  accidental,  of  the  lens  of  the 
eye,  of  such  a  nature  that  rays  of  light  pro- 
ceeding from  one  centre  do  not  converge  in 
the  same  point. 

Astipulate  t  (as-tip'u-lat),  t.i.    To  agree. 

All,  but  an  hateful  Epicurus,  have  astipulated  to 
this  truth.  if.  Hall. 

Astipulation  t  (as-tip'u-la"shon),  n.  Agree- 
ment; concurrence.  '  Gracing  himself  .  .  . 
with  the  antipulation  of  our  reverend  Jewell.' 
Bp.  Hall. 

Astir  (a-ster"),  adv.  or  a.  [Prefix  o,  on  or  in, 
and  Mr.}  On  the  stir;  on  the  move;  stirring; 
active:  not  used  attributively. 

For  the  Nantes  youth,  the  Angers  youth,  all  Brittany 
was  astir.  Carlylt. 

Astomata  (as-tom'a-ta).  n.  pi.  One  of  the  two 
groups  into  which  the  Protozoa  are  divided 


witli  regard  t"  the  presence  or  absence  of 
a  mouth,  of  which  organ  the  Astomata  are 
destitute.  The  group  comprises  two  classes, 
Gregarinidaand  Rhizopoda.  See  PROTOZOA. 

AstomatOUS  (as  tom'a-tus),  a.    [See  AsTO- 

I    Not  possessing  a  mouth ;  astomous; 

specifically,  belonging  or  pertaining  to  that 

group  of  the  Protozoa  known  as  Astomata. 

Astomous  (as'to-mus),  a.  (Gr.  a,  without, 
and  stoma,  a  mouth.  ]  Without  a  mouth : 
specifically  applied  in  bot.  to  a  division  of 
mosses  the  capsules  of  uhich  have  no 
aperture. 

Aston, t  Astone  t  (as-tou',  as-toiO,  v.t.  pret. 
&  pp.  astoiied,  astond,  or  astound  (in  Spen- 
ser). Same  as  Astony.  Spenser;  Starstun. 

Astoniedness  t  (as-ton'id-nes),  n.  State  of 
being  astonished. 

Astonish  (as-ton'ish),  n.t.  [O.Fr.  estonner, 
Fr.  etonner,  to  astonish,  from  a  L.L.  exlonare, 
formed  on  the  model  of  L.  attonare,  to  stun 
or  astonish,  lit.  to  make  thunder-struck,  from 
("ii".  to  thunder,  from  root  ton,  seen  in 
thunder.  (See  THUNDER.)  Skeat,  however, 
rejects  this  etymology,  and  connects  it  with 
G.  eritaunen,  to  astonish,  deriving  it  from 
a  prefix  o-  or  e-  (G.  er-)  and  the  root  seen 
in  A.  Sax.  stunian,  to  stun,  G.  staunen,  to  be 
astonished.  See  ASTONY.)  l.tTostun,  as 
with  a  blow;  to  benumb;  to  give  a  stupefy- 
ing shock  to. 

The  very  cramp-fish  (torpedo)  knoweth  her  own 
force  or  power,  and  being  herself  not  benumbed, 
is  able  to  astonish  others.  Holland. 

The  knaves  that  lay  in  watt  behind  rose  up  and 
rolled  down  two  huge  stones,  whereof  the  one  smote 
the  king  upon  the  head,  the  other  astonished  his 
shoulder.  HiUand. 

2.t  To  stun  or  strike  dumb  with  sudden  fear; 
to  confound  with  some  sudden  passion. 

It  is  the  part  of  men  to  fear  and  tremble 
When  the  most  mighty  gods  by  token  send 
Such  dreadful  heralds  to  astonish  us.        SAa/r. 

3.  To  strike  or  impress  with  wonder,  sur- 
prise, or  admiration;  to  surprise;  to  amaze; 
as,  I  am  astonished  to  hear  that ;  I  was 
astonished  at  his  size.  '  Thou  hast  aston- 
ished me  with  thy  high  terms.'  Shak.  — 
SYN.  To  amaze,  astound,  overwhelm,  sur- 
prise. 

Astonishable  (as-ton'ish-a-bl),  a.  Aston- 
ishing. Dekker.  [Rare.  ] 

Astonishedly  (as-tou'ish-ed-li),  adv.  In  an 
astonished  manner.  Bp.  Hau.  [Rare.] 

Astonishing  (as-ton'ish-ing),  p.  and  a.  Cal- 
culated to  astonish;  amazing;  wonderful;  as, 
with  astonishinff  celerity.  — SYN.  Amazing, 
surprising,  wonderful,  marvellous. 

Astonishingly  (as-ton'ish-ing-li),  adv.  In 
an  astonishing  manner. 

Astonishingness  ( as  -  ton '  ish  -  ing  -  nes ), 
n.  The  quality  of  exciting  astonishment. 
[Rare.] 

Astonishment  (as-ton'ish-ment),  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  astonished;  as,  (a)t  the 
state  of  being  stunned  or  benumbed.  '  A 
coldness  and  astonishment  in  his  loins,  as 
folk  say.'  Holland,  (b)  t  Confusion  of  mind 
from  sudden  fear  or  other  passion;  conster- 
nation. 

Astonishment  is  that  state  of  the  soul  in  which 
all  its  motions  are  suspended  with  some  degree  of 
horror.  Burkt. 

(c)t  Passion;  excitement;  frenzy. 

Furious  ever  1  knew  thee  to  be, 

Yet  never  in  this  strange  astonishment.     Spenser. 

(d)  Great  surprise  or  wonder. 

We  found,  with  no  less  wonder  to  us  than  aston- 
ishment to  themselves,  that  they  were  the  two  valiant 
and  famous  brothers.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  A  cause  or  matter  of  astonishment. 

Thou  shalt  become  an  astonishment,  a  proverb, 
and  a  byword  among  all  nations.  Deut.  xxviii.  37. 

SYN.  Amazement,  wonder,  surprise,  ad- 
miration. 

Astony  (as-to'ni),  v.t.  [See  ASTONISH. 
•Astuuifd  is  one  of  a  numerous  class  of 
words  derived  from  the  Norman  French, 
which  had  two  coexistent  forms,  one  of 
which  only  has  survived.  For  instance, 
abash  and  abaye  or  aliawe,  burnish  and 
burny,  betray  and  betrash,  chastie  and  chas- 
tise.' W.  A.  Wright.]  1.  To  astonish;  to 
terrify ;  to  confound.  '  And  I  attonud  fell 
and  could  not  pray.'  Brooming.  [Obsolete 
or  poetical.  ] 

AstonyiHf  with  their  suddenness  both  their  friends 
and  their  enemies.  Knolles. 

2.t  To  stun,  as  with  a  blow. 

The  captain  of  the  Helots  .  .  .  strake  Palladia* 
upon  the  side  of  his  head  that  he  reeled  astonied. 

Sydney. 

Astound (as-tound'),  r  t.  [A.  Sax.  astvntlian. 
to  astound,  to  grieve,  with  which  the  parti- 
ciples astoned,  astound,  seem  to  have  be- 


ch.  o/inin;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      IB,  (Aen;  th,  <Ain;     w,  irig;     »h,  wAig;    ih,  azure.-Sce  KIT. 


ASTOUND 


ASTKOLOGICALLY 


come  fused.]    To  astonish;  to  strike  dumb 
with  amazement. 

well,  but  not  astound 
Milton. 


These  thoughts  may  startle  \ 
The  virtuous  mind. 


Astound  t  (as-tound'),  v.i.  To  strike  terror; 
to  be  a  cause  of  terror. 

The  lightnings  flash  a  larger  curve,  and  more 
The  noise  astounds.  Thomson. 

Astound,  t  Astown'dt  (as-tound'),  p.  and  a. 
Astonied ;  astonished  ;  confounded.  See 
ASTON. 

The  elf  therewith  astound 
Upstarted  lightly.  Spenser. 

Astounding  (as-tound'ing),  p.  and  a.  Fitted 
or  calculated  to  astound;  causing  terror; 
astonishing. 

The  third  is  your  soldier's  face,  a  menacing  and 
astounding  face.  B.  Jonson. 

Astoundment  (as-tound'ment),  n.  Amaze- 
ment. Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

Astraddle  (a-stradl),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
straddle.  See  STRADDLE.]  With  one  leg 
mi  either  side;  astride ;  as,  to  sit  astraddle. 

Astraa,  Astrea  (as-tre'a),  n.  [Or.  Astraia, 
the  goddess  of  justice,  from  aster,  a  star; 
lit.  the  star-bright  maiden.  During  the 
golden  age  Astrsea  dwelt  on  earth,  but  on 
that  age  passing  away  she  withdrew  from 
the  society  of  men  and  was  placed  among 
the  stars.]  1.  A  name  sometimes  given  to 
the  sign  Virgo.— 2.  One  of  the  small  planets 
or  asteroids  between  the  orbits  of  Mars 
and  Jupiter,  discovered  by  Encke,  a  Prussian 
astronomer,  December  8,  1845.  It  revolves 
round  the  sun  in  1511  -10  solar  days,  and 
is  about  2J  times  the  distance  of  the  earth 
from  the  sun. — 3.  A  genus  of  fixed  coral- 
forming  zoophytes,  family  Astraidai,  class 
Actinozoa,  comprising  numerous  species 
which  form  important  constituents  of  coral 
reefs. 

Astraid8B(as-tre'i-de),»i.p!.  The  star-corals, 
a  family  of  the  radiated  polyps  (Actinozoa), 
so  called  from  the  star-like  arrangement  of 
their  tentacles,  by  the  calcareous  secretions 
in  whose  body  walls  the  coral  reefsare  mainly 
formed.  The  Astrtea,  or  star-coral,  is  a 
familiar  example.  See  ASTR^EA. 

Astragal  (as'tra-gal),  n.  [Gr.  astragalos,  a 
huckle-bone,  a  moulding  on  a  pillar.]  1.  In 
arch,  a  small  semicircular  moulding,  with 
a  fillet  beneath  it,  which  surrounds  a  column 
in  the  form  of  a  ring,  separating  the  shaft 
from  the  capital.  It  is  often  cut  into  beads 
or  berries,  and  is  used  in  ornamented  en- 
tablatures to  separate  the  several  faces  of 
the  architrave.  —  2.  In  gunnery,  a  round 
moulding  on  cannon  near  the  mouth.— 3.  In 
carp,  one  of  the  rabbeted  bars  which  hold 
the  panes  of  a  window.  —  4.  In  anat.  the 
buckle,  ankle,  or  sling  bone;  the  upper  bone 
of  the  foot  supporting  the  tibia. 

Astragalar  (as-trag'al-er),  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  astragalus. 

Astragalomaucy  (as-trag'al-o-man-si),  n. 
[Gr.  astragalos,  the  ankle-bone,  also  a  die, 
and  inanteia,  divination.]  Divination  by 
means  of  bones  or  dice. 

Astragalus (as-trag'al-us),j«.  [Gr.  astragalus, 
the  ankle-bone,  also  a  leguminous  plant.) 
1.  In  anat.  same  as  Astragal,  4.  — 2.  A  large 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Leguminosse,  con- 
taining more  than  600  species,  found  every- 
where except  in  Australia  and  South  Africa; 
the  milk-vetches.  They  are  herbs  or  shrubs, 
with  unequally  pinnate  leaves,  and  often 
strong  spines.  Three  species  are  found  in 
Britain,  the  most  common  being  the  liquorice 
vetch  (A.  glycyphylluK),  which  has  a  sweet 
root.  Gum-tragacanth  is  obtained  from  A. 
gummifer  and  other  spiny  species  which 
grow  in  Syria  and  other  countries  of  Western 
Asia.  Some  species  are  to  be  found  in  gardens. 

Astral  (as'tral).  a.  [L.  astralis,  from  astrmn, 
Gr.  nitron,  aster,  a  star.]  Belonging  to  the 
stars;  starry. 

Some  astral  forms  I  must  invoke  by  pray'r 
Framed  of  all  purest  atoms  of  the  air.      Dryden. 

—  Astral  spirits,  spirits  believed,  in  the 
middle  ages,  to  people  the  heavenly  bodies 
or  the  aerial  regions.  They  were  variously 
conceived  as  fallen  angels,  souls  of  departed 
men,  or  spirits  originating  in  fire,  and  hover- 
ing between  heaven,  and  earth,  and  hell.  By 
the  demonologists  of  the  fifteenth  century 
they  were  regarded  as  occupying  the  first 
rank  among  the  evil  or  demoniacal  spirits.— 
Astral  lamp,  a  lamp  whose  light  is  placed 
under  a  concave  glass,  and  so  constructed  as 
to  throw  a  strong  and  uninterrupted  light  on 
the  table  below. 

Astrantia  (as-tran'shi-a),  n.  [Gr.  aster,  a 
star,  from  the  star-like  umbels.]  A  genus 


of  umbelliferous  plants,  natives  of  Europe 
and  Western  Asia,  remarkable  for  the  large 
white  or  rose-coloured  leaf-like  involucres. 
One  species  (A.  major)  is  naturalized  in  the 
woods  of  the  middle  of  England. 

Astrapaea(as-tra-pe'a),  n.  [Gr.  astrape,  light- 
ning. ]  A  genus  of  plants  from  Madagascar, 
nat.  order  Sterculiacere.  The  species  are 
small  trees,  with  cordate,  lobed  leaves,  fur- 
nished with  large  stipules,  and  umbels  of 
large  coloured  flowers  inclosed  in  a  leafy 
involucre.  A.  Wallichii  is  cultivated,  and 
flowers  readily  in  our  gardens,  and  may  be 
considered,  says  Taxtou,  one  of  the  finest 
plants  that  ever  were  introduced.  When 
loaded  with  its  magnificent  flowers  nothing 
can  exceed  its  grandeur. 

Astraught  t  (as-traf),  p.  and  a.  [L.  a,  abs, 
from,  and  traho,  tractitm,  to  draw.]  Dis- 
tracted; distraught;  aghast.  Guiding. 

Astraunget  (as-tranj'),  v.t.  To  estrange. 
Udall. 

Astray  (a-stra'),  ado.  [Prefix  a,  and  stray. 
See  STRAY.  ]  Out  of  the  right  way  or  proper 
place,  both  in  a  literal  and  figurative  sense. 

Thou  shalt  not  see  thy  brother's  ox  or  his  ass  go 
astray,  and  hide  thyself  from  them.     Deut.  xxii.  i. 

Astre  t  (as'tr),  n.    [Fr.]    A  star. 
Astrea,  n.    See  ASTREA. 
Astrean  (as-tre'an),  a.    [L.  astrurn,  a  star.] 
Of  or  belonging  to  the  stars.    [Rare.] 

Every  star  in  heaven  is  colonized  and  replenished 
with  astrean  inhabitants.  Ho-well. 

Astreated  (as'tre-at-ed),  p.  and  a.  Orna- 
mented with  star-like  ornaments. 

Astrelatore, t  n.    Astrolabe.     Chaucer. 

Astrict  (as-trikf),  ».(.  [L.  astringo,  as- 
trictum,  to  draw  close.  See  ASTRINOE.] 
l.t  To  bind  fast;  to  confine.  Hall.— 2.  In 
Scots  law,  to  limit.  See  ASTRICTION.— 3.  To 
constrict;  to  contract.  'The  solid  parts 
were  to  be  relaxed  or  astricted.'  Arbuthnot. 
4.  To  constrain.  [Rare.  ] 

The  mind  is  astricted  to  think  in  certain  forms. 
Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

Astrict  t  (as-trikf),  a.  Brought  into  small 
compass;  compendious;  concise. 

Astriction  (as-trik'shon),  n.  1. 1  Restriction. 
Milton.— 2.  In  med.  (a)  the  act  of  binding 
close  or  compressing  with  ligatures.  (b)  A 
contraction  of  parts  by  applications ;  the 

4 topping  of  hemorrhages,  (c)  Constipation. 
.  In  Scots  law,  the  obligation  imposed  by  the 
servitude  of  thirlage,  by  which  certain  lands 
are  astricted  to  a  particular  mill,  and  the 
possessors  obliged  to  grind  their  grain  there. 
See  THIRLAGE. 

Astrlctlve  (as-trikt'iv),  a.  Binding;  com- 
pressing; styptic. 

Being  sodden,  it  is  astricti-ve,  and  will  strengthen  a 
weak  stomach.  Holland. 

Astrictoryt  (as-trik'to-ri),  a.  Astringent; 
binding;  apt  to  bind. 

Astride  (a-strid'),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
stride  (which  see).]  With  one  leg  on  each 
side ;  with  the  legs  wide  apart.  '  Placed 
astride  upon  the  bars  of  the  palisade.'  Sir 
W.  Scott. 

Astriferoust  (as-trif'er-us),  a.  [L.  astrifer 
— astrmn,  a  star,  and/ero,  to  bear.]  Bearing 
or  containing  stars.  Bailey. 

Astrigerous  t  (as-trij'er-us),  a.  [L.  astriger 
— astrum,  astar,  and  gen,  to  carry.]  Bearing 
stars. 

Astrlnge(as-trinj'),  v.i.  pret.  <Spp.  astringed; 
ppr.  aslringing.  [L.  astringo—ad,  to,  and 
strinyo,  to  bind  fast,  to  strain.  See  STRAIN.  ] 
1.  To  compress ;  to  bind  together ;  to  con- 
tract by  pressing  the  parts  together.  [Rare.] 

Which  contraction  .  .  .  astringeth  the  moisture  of 
the  brain,  and  thereby  sendeth  tears  into  the  eyes. 
Baton. 

2.t  Fig.  to  oblige ;  to  constrain;  to  bind  by 
obligation. 

Astringe  (as-trinj'),  v.i  To  become  solid; 
to  congeal.  Holland. 

Astringency  (as-trin'jen-si),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  astringent ;  that  quality  in  medi- 
cines by  which  they  cause  contraction  of 
soft  or  relaxed  parts  of  the  body;  as,  the  at- 
tringency  of  acids  or  bitters. 

Astringent  ( as  -  trin '  jent ),  a.  Binding; 
contracting;  strengthening:  opposed  to 
laxative.  '  A  strengthening  and  astringent 
diet.'  Arbuthnot. 

Astringent  (as-trin'jent),  n.  A  medicine 
which  contracts  the  organic  textures  and 
canals  of  the  body,  condensing  the  soft 
solids,  and  thereby  checking  or  diminishing 
excessive  discharges.  The  chief  astringents 
are  the  mineral  acids,  alum,  lime-water, 
chalk,  salts  of  copper,  zinc,  iron,  lead,  silver; 
and  among  vegetables  catechu,  kino,  oak- 


bark,  and  galls.  Vegetable  astringents  owe 
their  efficacy  to  the  presence  of  tannin. 

Astringently  (as-trin'jeut-li),  adv.  In  an 
astringent  manner. 

Astringer  t  (as-trin'jer),  n.  [O.  Fr.  avstmir, 
Fr.  autour,  a  goshawk.]  Afalcouer.  Written 
also  Ostringer. 

Astrlte  (as'trit),  n.  [Gr.  aster,  a  star.]  A 
radiated  or  star-like  fossil,  as  one  of  the 
detached  articulations  of  fossil  encrinitcs; 
star-stone.  See  ENCRINITE. 

Astrocaryum(as-tr6-ka'ri-um),  n.  [Gr 
astron,  a  star,  and  kanjon,  a  nut.]  A  genus 
of  palms  inhabiting  the  tropical  parts  of 
America,  from  10  to  40  feet  in  height,  with 
beautiful  pinnated  leaves.  The  stems  are 
covered  over  with  stiff  and  sharp  spines 
often  1  foot  in  length.  The  seed  is  inclosed 
in  a  hard  stony  nut,  and  that  is  enveloped 
by  a  fleshy  fibrous  pericarp.  The  cattle  of 
the  Upper  Amazons  feed  on  the  fleshy  peri- 
carp of  A.  Murumwru.  The  wood  of  A.  Ayri 
is  much  used  for  bows  and  similar  purposes; 
and  the  fibres  of  the  leaves  of  A.  Tucuma 
are  used  for  fishing-nets. 

AstrofeM  Astrofellt  (as'tro-fel),  n.  [L. 
astrum,  a  star,  and/ei,  gall.]  A  species  of 
bitter  herb,  probably  the  same  as  aster  or 
star-wort.  Written  also  Astrophell. 

My  little  flock  whom  erst  I  loved  so  well, 
And  wont  to  feed  on  finest  grasse  that  grew. 
Feed  ye  henceforth  on  bitter  astrophell.  Spenser. 

Astrognosy  (as-trog'no-si),  n.  Knowledge 
of  the  stars  in  respect  to  their  names,  mag- 
nitudes, situations,  and  the  like. 

Astrography  (as-trog'ra-fl),  n.  [Gr.  aster 
or  astron,  a  star,  and  grapho,  to  describe.] 
A  description  of,  or  the  art  of  describing  or 
delineating,  the  stars. 

Astroid(as'troid),  n.  In  her.  astar  consisting 
of  six  points  or  more,  in  distinction  from  a 
mullet,  consisting  only  of  five. 

Astrolt(as'troit),  n.  Star-stone.  See  ASTRITE. 

Astrolabe  (as'tro-lab),  n.  [Gr.  aster,  a  star, 
and  lambano,  labs,  to  take.)  1.  An  instru- 
ment formerly  used  for  taking  the  altitude 


Sir  Francis  Drake's  Astrolabe.— Royal  Naval  Coll. 

of  the  sun  or  stars  at  sea,  now  superseded  by 
Hadley's  quadrant  and  sextant.  — 2.  A  stereo- 
graphic  projection  of  the  sphere,  either  up<ui 
the  plane  of  the  equator,  the  eye  being  sup- 
posed to  be  in  the  pole  of  the  world,  or  upon 
the  plane  of  the  meridian,  the  eye  beinj;  in 
the  point  of  intersection  of  the  equinoctial 
and  the  horizon.  —  3.  t  The  same  as  the 
modern  armillary  sphere.  Called  Astrvlaby 
by  Chaucer. 

Astrolatry  (as-trol'a-tri),  n.  [Gr.  aster,  a 
star,  and  latreia,  worship.]  The  worship  of 
the  stars. 

Astrolithology  (as'tr6-li-thol"o-ji),  n.  [Or. 
aster,  a  star,  litkos,  a  stone,  and  logos,  dis- 
course.) The  science  of  aerolites.  Dana. 

Astrologer  (as-trol'o-jer),  n.  [L.  astrologus 
— Gr.  astron,  a  star,  and  logos,  discourse.] 
1.  One  who  professes  to  foretell  future 
events  by  the  position  and  appearance  of  the 
stars.  '  Astrologers  that  future  fates  fore- 
show.' Pope.— 2.  t  An  astronomer. 

A  worthy  astrologer,  by  perspective  glasses, 
hath  found  in  the  stars  many  things  unknown  to 
the  ancients.  Sir  W.  Raleigh. 

The  astrologer  is  he  that  knoweth  the  course  and 
motion  of  the  heavens  and  teacheth  the  same.  Hooper. 

Astrologian  (as-tro-16'ji-an),  n.     Same  as 

A  strologer. 
Astrologic,  Astrological   (as-tro-loj'ik 

as-tro-loj'ik-al),  a.    Pertaining  to  astrology; 

professing  or  practising  astrology.      'No 

astrologic  wizard.'    Dryden. 
Astrologlcally  (as-tro-lofik-al-li),  adr.    In 

an  astrological  manner ;  in  the  manner  of 

astrology. 


fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      J>,  Sc.  ley. 


ASTROLOGIZE 


173 


AT 


Astrologize  (as-trol'o-jlz),  v.i.  To  practise 
astrology. 

Astrology  (as-trol'o-ji),  n.  [Or.  astron,  astar, 
and  lotjos,  rational  discourse,  reason,  theory, 
science.  ]  Lit.  the  science  or  doctrine  of  the 
stars,  ami  formerly  often  used  as  equivalent 
to  astronomy,  but  now  restricted  in  meaning 
to  the  pseudo-science  which  pretends  to 
enable  men  to  judge  of  the  effects  and  influ- 
ences of  the  heavenly  bodies  on  human  and 
other  mundane  affairs,  and  to  foretell  future 
events  by  their  situations  and  conjunctions. 
— Natural  astrolvyy,  that  branch  of  astrology 
which  professed  to  predict  natural  effects, 
aschangesof  the  weather,  winds,  storms,  &c. 
—Judicial  astrology,  that  branch  which  pre- 
tended to  foretell  moral  events,  such  as  have 
a  dependence  011  the  free-will  and  agency  of 
man,  as  if  they  were  produced  or  directed  by 
the  stars.  Astrology  was  formerly  in  great 
repute,  as  men  iguorantly  supposed  the  hea- 
venly bodies  to  have  a  ruling  influence  over 
the  physical  and  moral  world  ;  thus  one's 
temperament  was  ascribed  to  the  planet 
under  which  he  was  born,  as  saturnine  from 
Saturn,  jovial  from  Jupiter,  mercurial  from 
Mercury,  Ac. ;  and  the  virtues  of  herba,  gems, 
and  medicines  were  supposed  to  be  duo  to 
their  ruling  planets. 

Astrometeorology  (as'tr6-me'te-or-ol"o-ji), 
n.  [Gr.  astron,  a  star,  mctron,  measure,  and 
logos,  discourse.]  The  art  of  foretelling  the 
weather  and  its  changes  from  the  appear- 
ance of  the  moon  and  stars. 

Astrometer  (as-trom'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  astron, 
a  star,  and  metron,  a  measure.]  One  who 
or  that  which  measures  the  stare,  or  the 
light  of  the  stars ;  specifically,  an  instru- 
ment invented  by  Sir  John  Herschel  for 
estimating  the  brightness  of  the  fixed  stars. 
The  object  of  the  instrument  is  to  bring 
an  image  of  Jupiter,  the  moon,  or  some 
other  object  of  recognized  brightness  into 
direct  comparison  with  a  star,  so  that  star 
and  image  are  seen  in  the  same  direction. 
By  adjusting  the  distance  of  the  image  so 
that  it  appears  equal  in  brightness  to  the 
star,  and  by  measuring  this  distance,  the 
lustre  of  the  star  is  readily  determined. 

Astrometry  (as-trom'et-ri),  n.  The  art  of 
determining  by  measurement  the  relative 
distances  and  magnitudes  of  the  stars. 

Astronomer  (as-tron'o-mer),  n.  1.  One  who 
is  versed  in  astronomy;  one  who  has  a  know- 
ledge of  the  laws  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  or 
the  principles  by  which  their  motions  are 
regulated,  with  their  various  phenomena. — 
2.  t  An  astrologer.  '  Astronomers  foretell  it. ' 
Shafc. 

Astronomian t  (as-tro-no'mi-an),  n.  An 
astronomer.  '  Astronomians  came  from  the 
East.'  Wickli/e. 

Astronomic,  Astronomical  (as-tro-nom'ik, 
as-tro-nom'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  astron- 
omy.— Astronomical  clock,  a  clock  regulated 
to  keep  sidereal,  not  wean  time.  —  Astro- 
nomical  signs,  the  signs  of  the  zodiac. — Astro- 
nomical year.  See  YEAR. 

Astronomically  (as-tro-nom'ik-al-li),  adv. 
In  an  astronomical  manner;  by  the  prin- 
ciples of  astronomy. 

Astronomlcon.  t  (as-tro-nom'ik-on),  n.  A 
treatise  on  the  stars. 

Astronomlze  (as-tron'o-miz),  v.i.  To  study 
astronomy.  'They  astronomized  in  caves.' 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Astronomy  (as-tron'o-mi),  n.  [Gr.  astron, 
a  star,  and  nomos,  a  law  or  rule.]  1.  The 
science  which  treats  of  the  celestial  bodies 
—fixed  stars,  planets,  satellites,  and  comets 
—  their  nature,  distribution,  magnitudes, 
motions,  distances,  periods  of  revolution, 
eclipses,  Ac.  That  part  of  the  science 
which  gives  a  description  of  the  motions, 
figures,  periods  of  revolution,  and  other 
phenomena  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  is  called 
descriptive  astron  omjj ;  that  part  which 
teaches  how  to  observe  the  motions,  figures. 
periodical  revolutions,  distances,  &c.,  of 
the  heavenly  bodies,  and  how  to  use  the 
necessary  instruments,  is  called  practical 
astronomy ;  and  that  part  which  explains 
the  causes  of  their  motions,  and  demon- 
strates the  laws  by  which  those  causes 
operate,  is  termed  physical  astronomy. — 
2-t  Astrology. 

Not  from  the  stars  do  I  my  judgments  pluck, 
A  ml  yet  nn  thinks  I  have  astronomy.         Shak. 

Astrophotography  (as'tr6-f6-tog"ra-fl),  n. 
[Gr.  astron,  \\  star,  ana  E.  photography.]  In 
pkotog,  a  term  expressing  the  application 
of  photography  to  the  delineation  of  solar 
spots,  the  moon's  disc,  the  planets,  and 
constellations. 


Astroscope  (as'tro-skop),  n.      [Gr.  astron,  a 

star,  and  ttkopeo,  to  view.  ]    An  astronomical 

instrument,  composed  of  two  cones. on  whose 

1    surface  the  constellations,  with  their  stars, 

are  delineated,  by  means  of  which  the  stars 

[    may  be  known ;  an  old  substitute  for  a 

celestial  globe. 

Astroscopy  t  (as-tros'ko-pi),  n.    [See  ASTRO- 
,    SCOPE.]    Observation  of  the  stars. 
Astro -theology  (as'tr6-the-ol"o-ji),   n. 
[L.  astrum,  a  star,  and  theoloyia,  divinity.] 
]    Theology  founded  on  the  observation  of  the 
I    celestial  bodies. 

Astructive  t  (a-strukt'iv),  a.  [L.  astruo, 
to  build  up— a  for  arf,  to,  and  struo,  to 
build.  ]  Building  up ;  erecting :  opposed 
to  destntctive. 

The  true  method  of  Christian  practice  is  first 
destructive,  then  astructfvt.  .  .  .  'Cease  to  do 
evil,  learn  to  do  well.'  Bp.  Hall. 

Astrut(a-8trutO,  a.  [See  STRUT.]  Strutting; 
pompous.  '  Inflated  and  astrut  with  self- 
conceit.  '  Cowper.  [Rare.  ] 

Astuciously  (a-stu'shus-li),  adv.  [Based  on 
Fr.  astucieux,  astute.  See  ASTUTE.]  As- 
tutely. 

'  But  marked  you  not  how  astueiously  the  good 
father  eluded  the  questions!'  said  the  queen. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

Astun  t  (a-stun'),  v.t.    To  stun. 

Breathless  and  astunn'd 
His  trunk  extended  lay.  Somerville. 

Astur  (as'ter),  n.  [Fr.  autour,  It.  astore, 
the  goshawk.]  A  genus  of  hawks,  including 
the  goshawk  (Astur  palumbarius). 

Asturiau  (as-tu'ri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Asturiaor  the  Asturias,  a  district  of  northern 
Spain. 

Asturlan  (as-tu'ri-an),  n.  A  native  or 
inhabitant  of  Asturia. 

Astute  (as -tut'),  a.  [L.  astntn-s,  from 
".it".;,  craft,  subtlety.]  Of  a  shrewd  and 
penetrating  turn ;  cunning;  sagacious.  '  That 
astute  little  lady  of  Curzon  Street.'  Thack- 
eray.— SYN.  Shrewd,  keen,  eagle-eyed,  pene- 
trating, cunning,  sagacious,  subtle,  wily, 
crafty,  smart,  clever,  wide-awake. 

Astutely  (as -tut Mi),  adv.  In  an  astute 
manner ;  shrewdly ;  sharply ;  cunningly. 

Astuteness  (as-tut'nes),  ».  The  quality  of 
being  astute;  cunning;  shrewdness. 

Astyiar  (a-sti'lar),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and 
stylos,  a  column.  ]  In  arch,  having  no 
columns. 

Astyllen  (a-stil'en),  n.  In  mining,  a  small 
ward  or  stoppage  in  an  adit  or  mine  to 
prevent  the  free  passage  of  water,  made 
by  damming  up.  Weale. 

Asunder  (a-sun'der),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  and 
sunder;  A,  Sax.  onsundran.  See  SUNDER.] 

1.  In  a  sundered  or  divided  state ;  apart ; 
into  parts ;  separately. 

The  Lord  hath  cut  asunder  the  cords  of  the  wicked. 

Ps.  cxxix.  4. 

What  therefore  God  haih  joined  together,  let 
not  man  put  asunder.  Mat.  xix.  6. 

2.  Fig.  of  different  minds  or  conditions. 

When  the  disputing  parties  conic  to  understand  one 
another,  they  are  found  not  to  be  so  widely  asunder. 

Aswail  (as'wal),  n.  The  native  name  for 
the  sloth-bear  ( Ursus  labiatus)  of  the 
mountains  of  India.  It  is  an  uncouth, 
unwieldy  animal,  with  very  long  black 
hair,  inoffensive  when  not  attacked.  Owing 


Aswail  (Ursus  ladt'atus). 

to  its  exceeding  sensitiveness  to  heat  it 
confines  itself  to  its  den  during  the  day. 
It  never  eats  vertebrate  animals  except 
when  pressed  by  hunger,  its  usual  diet 
consisting  of  roots,  bees'  -  nests,  grubs, 
snails,  ants,  Ac.  Its  flesh  is  in  much 
favour  as  an  article  of  food,  and  its  fat 
is  highly  valued  for  the  lubrication  of  the 
delicate  steel  work  in  gun-locks.  When 
captured  young  it  is  easily  tamed,  and  can 
be  taught  to  perform  many  curious  tricks. 


Asweve,t  v.L  [A.  Sax.  asice/an,  to  stun 
or  astonish,  from  ewe/an,  to  sleep.]  To 
stupefy,  as  by  terror.  'Astonied  and  as- 
weved.'  Chaucer. 

Aswoon,t  Aswoune.t  ado.  In  a  swoon. 
'  Fell  to  the  ground  MtPOM.1  Gower. 

Asyle  t  (a-sil'),  n.     An  asylum. 

Asylum  (a-si'lum),  n.  [L.  asylum,  from  Gr 
asylon,  a  place  of  refuge,  sanctuary— a,  priv. , 
and  sylao,  to  strip,  plunder.  ]  1.  A  sanctuary 
or  place  of  refuge,  where  criminals  and 
debtors  sheltered  themselves  from  justice, 
and  from  which  they  could  not  be  taktMi 
without  sacrilege.  Temples  were  anciently 
asylums,  as  were  Christian  churches  in  later 
times. 

So  sacred  was  the  church  to  some  that  it  had 
the  right  of  an  asyium  or  sanctuary.  Aylijffi. 

2.  Any  place  of  retreat  and  security. 

Earth  has  no  other  asylum  for  them  than  its  own 
cold  bosom.  Sontkey. 

Specifically— 3.  An  institution  for  receiving, 
maintaining,  and,  so  far  as  possible,  ameli- 
orating the  condition  of  persons  labouring 
under  certain  bodily  defects  or  mental  mala- 
dies; as,  an  asylum  for  the  blind,  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb,  for  the  insane,  Ac. ;  some- 
times also  a  refuge  for  the  unfortunate;  as, 
a  magdalen  asylum. 

Asymmetralt  (a-sim'met-ral),  a.  Incom- 
mensurate ;  incommensurable.  Cudworth. 
[Rare.] 

Asymmetrical  (a-sim-met'rik-al),  a.  [-4 
priv.,  and  symmetrical.  ]  1.  Not  having 
symmetry. 

No  one  imagines  the  Pleuronectidae  belong  to  an 
asymmetrical  type,  because  they  are  asymmetrical 
in  their  adult  shape.  Huxley. 

2.f  In  math,  not  having  commensurability ; 

incommensurable. —3.  Inharmonious;  not 

reconcilable.    Boyle.     [Rare.  ] 
AsynunetroUB  t  (a-sim'met-rus),  a.    Same 

as  Asymmetral  (which  see). 
Asymmetry  (a-sim'met-ri),  n.    [Gr.  a,  priv., 

and  symmetria,  symmetry.]     1.  The  want 

of  symmetry  or  proportion  between  the  parts 

of  a  thing. 

The  asymmetries  of  the  brain,  as  well  as  the  defor- 
mities of  the  legs  or  face,  may  be  reclined  in  time. 
A'.  Grew. 

2.t  The  want  of  a  common  measure  between 
two  quantitiesiincommensurability.  Barrow. 

Asymptote  (as'im-tot),  n.  [Gr.  asymptotost 
not  falling  together— a,  priv. ,  gyn,  with,  and 
pipto,  to  fall;  not  meeting  or  coinciding.] 
In  math,  a  line  which  approaches  nearer 
and  nearer  to  some  curve,  but  though  infi- 
nitely extended  would  never  meet  it.  This 
may  be  conceived  as  a  tangent  to  a  curve  at 
an  infinite  distance. 

Asymptote  (as'im-tot),  a.  In  math,  gradu- 
ally approaching,  as  a  line  to  a  curve,  but 
never  converging.  See  the  noun. 

Asymptotic,  Asymptotical  ( as-im-tot'ik, 
as-im-tot'ik-al),  a.  Belonging  to  or  having 
the  character  of  an  asymptote.—  Asymptoti- 
cal lines  or  curves  are  such  as  continually 
approach  when  extended,  but  never  meet. 

AsymptoticaUy(as-im-tot'ik-al-li),  adv.  In 
an  asymptotic  manner;  in  a  manner  so  as 
gradually  to  approach  though  never  meet- 
ing. 

The  theory  is  not  a  thing  complete  from  the  first, 
but  a  thing  which  grows,  as  it  were,  asymptotically 
towards  certainty.  Prof.  Tyndall. 

Asynartete  (a-sin'ar-tet),  a.  [Gr.  asynar- 
tetos,  disconnected,  from  a,  not,  and  synar- 
fao,  to  hang  up  with,  to  join  together—*!/;), 
with,  and  artao,  to  fasten  to.  ]  Disconnected ; 
not  fitted  or  adjusted.  —Anjnartete  sen- 
tences, those  whose  members  are  not  united 
by  connective  particles;  as,  '  I  came,  I  saw, 
I  conquered.'  Brande.—  Asynartete  verse,  a 
verse  consisting  of  two  members  differing 
from  each  other  in  rhythm,  as  when  the  one 
consists  of  dactyls  and  the  other  of  iambuses. 

Asyndetic  (as-in-det'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  characterized  by  the  use  of  asyndeton. 

Asyndeton  (a-sin'de-ton),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
and  syndeo,  to  bind  together.]  In  rhet.  a 
figure  of  speech  by  which  connectives  are 
omitted;  as,  veni,  vidi,  vici;  I  came,  I  saw, 
I  conquered. 

Heal  the  sick,  cleanse  the  lepers,  raise  the  dead, 
cast  out  devils.  Mat.  x.  8. 

It  stands  opposed  to  polysyndeton,  which  is 
a  multiplication  of  connectives. 
At  (at),  prep.  [A.  Sax.  ant,  Goth.  O.Sax.  at, 
Icel.  at,  ath,  Dan.  ad,  O.H.G.  az;  allied  to  L. 
ad,  to,  Skr.  adhi,  upon.  '  Lost  in  modem 
German,  and  rare  in  Swedish  and  Danish;  in 
more  frequent  use  in  English  than  any  other 
kindred  language,  Icelandic  only  excepted.' 
Vigfusson.]  In  general  at  denotes  the  reln- 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.  job;    ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng.  sinj/;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;      zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ATABAL 


174 


ATHENAEUM 


tions  (1)  of  coincidence  or  contiguity  in  time 
or  place,  actual  or  approximate;  presence  or 
nearness;  (2)  of  direction  towards :  in  both 
senses  it  is  used  both  literally  and  figura- 
tively. 1.  Coincidence  or  contiguity ;  (a)  in 
time;  as,  at  the  ninth  hour;  at  flrst;  adast; 
at  length;  at  once;  at  the  same  time.  (b)ln 
apace;  as,  at  home;  at  church;  aisea;  aihand. 
(c)  In  occupation  or  condition;  as,  at  work; 
at  hunting;  at  arms;  at  prayer;  at  peace;  at 
war.  (d)  In  degree  or  condition;  as,  at  best; 
at  the  worst;  at  least;  at  all;  at  his  last  shift; 
at  his  utmost  need,  (e)  In  effect,  as  coinci- 
dent with  the  cause;  as,  at  the  word;  at  the 
sight.  (/)  /n  relation,  as  existing  between 
two  objects;  as,  allshallbeatyourcommand; 
he  deserves  well  at  your  hands;  at  my  cost. 
j7)/»jmj!we;as,  a(ashillingahead.—  2.  Direc- 
tion towards,  lit.  or  Jig. ;  as,  fire  at  the  target; 
look  at  him  ;  up,  Guards,  and  at  'em ;  what 
would  he  be  at;  she  set  her  cap  at  him. — At 
last.  At  length.  At  last  implies  difficulties 
overcome,  or  impediments  causing  unfore- 
seen delay;  as,  I  brought  him  to  hear  reason 
at  last;  we  reached  the  top  at  last;  or  disap- 
pointment by  having  had  to  wait  longer  for 
ail  object  than  we  expected ;  as,  you  have 
come  at  last.  Atlength  implies  long  continu- 
ance of  effort,  either  mental  or  physical,  for 
a  definite  end,  or  long-continued  hope,  expec- 
tation, suspense,  or  suffering ;  as,  at  length 
my  toils  are  rewarded;  at  length  my  wishes 
are  realized;  at  length  my  sufferings  have 
come  to  an  end. — At  large  is  an  adverbial 
phrase,  and  means  (1)  generally  as  a  whole; 
as,  the  country  at  large  must  be  consulted; 
(2)  at  liberty;  unconflned;  as,  the  culprit  is 
at  large. 

Atabal(at'a-bal),n.  [Sp.,from  Ar.  attabl,  the 
drum.]  A  kettle-drum;  a  kind  of  tabor  used 
by  the  Moors. 

Don  John  gave  orders  for  trumpet  and  atabal  to 
sound  the  signal  for  action.  Prescott. 

Atacamlte(a-tak'a-mlt),  n.  [From Atacama, 
a  province  of  Chili,  where  it  was  flrst  found.] 
A  native  muriate  of  copper,  consisting  of  a 
combination  of  the  protoxide  and  chloride  of 
copper.  It  occurs  abundantly  in  some  parts 
of  South  America,  as  at  Atacama,  whence  it 
has  its  name ;  is  found  on  the  crust  of  the 
lavas  of  Vesuvius  and  Etna,  and  appears  on 
copper  long  exposed  to  the  air  or  sea-water, 
and  is  the  aerugo  nobilis  seen  on  ancient 
bronzes.  It  is  worked  as  an  ore  in  South 
America,  and  considerable  quantities  are 
exported  to  England.  It  occurs  massive  or 
in  small  prismatic  crystals. 

Atagas  (at'a-gas),  n.  Same  as  Attagas 
(which  see). 

Ataghan  (at'a-gan),  n.    See  YATAGHAN. 

Atak  (at'ak),  n.  The  harp-seal,  or  Phoca 
Grcenlandica.  See  SEAL. 

Atake.t  v.t.    To  overtake.     Chaucer. 

Ataman  (at'a-man),  n.  [Rus.;  Pol.  hetman, 
from  G.  hauptman,  headman,  captain.]  The 
chief  military  commander  of  the  Cossacks ; 
the  hetman. 

Ataraxla,  t  Ataraxyt  (at-a-rak'si-a  at'a-rak- 
si),  71.  [Gr.  ataraxia,  freedom  from  passion — 
a,  priv.,  and  tarasso,  taraxo,  to  trouble.] 
Calmness  of  mind:  a  term  used  by  the  Stoics 
and  Sceptics  to  denote  a  freedom  from  the 
emotions  which  proceed  from  vanity  and  self- 
conceit.  '  Their  ataraxia  and  freedom  from 
passionate  disturbances.'  (flanville. 

A-taunt,  A-taunto  (a-tanf,  a-tant'6). 
[A,  and  taunt  (which  see).]  Saut.  high 
or  tall ;  set  on  end :  commonly  applied  to 
the  masts  of  a  ship.  —  All  a-taunt,  or  all  a- 
taunto,  denotes  that  a  vessel  is  fully  rigged, 
with  all  her  upper  masts  and  yards  aloft. 

Atavism  (at'a-vizm),  n.  [L.  atavus,  an 
ancestor.  ]  1.  The  resemblance  of  offspring 
to  a  remote  ancestor  or  to  a  distant  member 
in  the  collateral  line;  the  return  to  the 
original  type,  or  the  restoration  of  char- 
acters acquired  by  crossing  or  otherwise 
at  a  remote  period.  See  HEREDITY.— 2.  In 
med.  the  recurrence  of  any  peculiarity  or 
disease  of  an  ancestor  in  remote  generations. 

Ataxia  (a-taks'i-a),  n.    Same  as  Ataxy. 

Ataxic  (a-taks'ik),  a.  Irregular;  disorderly; 
characterized  by  irregularity:  more  espe- 
cially used  in  medicine.  —A  taxic  fever,  a 


characterized  by  irregularity:  more  espe-  , 
cially  used  in  medicine.  —A  taxic  /ever,  a 
term  applied  by  Pinel  to  malignant  typhus 
fever. 

Ataxy  (at'ak-si),  n.    [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  taxis, 
order.]  1.  Want  of  order;  disturbance. 

Three  ways  of  church  government  I  have  heard  of 
and  no  more;  the  Episcopal,  the  Presbyterial  and 
that  new-born  bastard  Independency  .  .  .the  last  of 
these  is  nothing  but  a  confounding  atajyt 

Sir  K.  tiering. 

Specifically— 2.  In  med.  irregularity  in  the 


functions  of  the  body  or  in  the  crisis  and 
paroxysms  of  disease. 

Atchlevement  (at-chev'ment),  n.  Achieve- 
ment (which  see).  [Frequently  spelled  thus 
when  expressing  armorial  bearings,  espe- 
cially those  of  a  deceased  person  as  dis- 
played at  his  funeral,  &c. ;  but  in  non- 
heraldic  language  more  commonly  abbrevi- 
ated into  Uatchment.  ] 

Atchlson(at'chi-son),  n.  [From  A  tkinson,  an 
Englishman,  master  of  the  Scottish  mint  in 
the  reign  of  James  VI.,  whose  name  in  Scot- 
land was  pronounced  Atchison.]  A  billon 
coin,  or  rather  one  of  copper  washed  with 
silver,  struck  in  Scotland  in  the  reign  of 
James  VI.,  of  the  value  of  eight  pennies 
Scots,  or  two-thirds  of  an  English  penny. 

Ate  (at).    The  preterit  of  eat  (which  see). 

Ate  (a'te),  n.  [Gr.  ate,  mischief,  a  personifi- 
cation of  evil,  mischief,  or  malice.]  In 
myth,  the  goddess  of  mischief,  who  was  cast 
down  from  heaven.  '  An  Ate,  stirring  him  to 
blood  and  strife. '  Shak. 

-Ate.  The  English  equivalent  of  the  Latin 
pp.  termination.  In  adjectives  it  has  much 
the  force  of  our  own  termination  ed. 

AtechnlC  (a-tek'nik),  n.  [Gr.  a,  without,  and 
techne,  art.]  A  person  unacquainted  with  art, 
especially  with  its  technology. 

In  every  fine  art  there  is  much  which  is  illegible  by 
atechnifs,  and  this  is  due  to  the  habits  of  interpreta- 
tion into  which  artists  always  fall.  North  Brit.  Rev. 

Ateclmic  (a-tek'nik),  a.  Destitute  of  a  know- 
ledge of  art. 

Atelene  (at'e-len),  a.  [Gr.  atelis,  imperfect] 
In  in  inerali  mperf ect ;  wanting  regular  forms 
in  the  genus. 

Ateles(at'e-lez),  n.  [Gr.  ateles,  incomplete — 
a,  without,  and  telos,  a  completion.  ]  A  genus 
of  platyrhine  American  monkeys,  with 
long,  attenuated,  and  powerfully  prehensile 
tails,  and  fore-hands  either  entirely  deprived 
of  thumbs  or  with  only  a  very  small  rudi- 
ment of  that  organ,  in  allusion  to  which  pe- 
culiarity the  name  was  given.  These  mon- 
keys are  often  called  sapajous. 

Atelier  (at-le-a),  n.  [Fr.,  a  workshop.]  A 
workshop:  applied,  when  used  in  English 
literature,  specifically  to  the  workroom  of 
sculptors  and  painters.  Also  called  a  Studio. 

Atellan,  Atellane  (a-tel'lan,  a-tel'lan),  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  Atella,  a  town  of 
ancient  Italy,  in  Campania;  pertaining  to 
or  resembling  in  character  certain  dramatic 
pieces  (called  fabulie  Atellance)  originating 
there,  and  acted  among  the  ancient  Romans. 
(See extract.)  'Their. . .  -dteKanwayofwit' 
Sltaftesbury. 

These  Atellane  plays  .  .  .  seem  to  have  been  a  union 
of  high  comedy  and  its  parody  .  .  .  being  remarkable 
for  a  refined  humour,  such  as  could  be  understood  and 
appreciated  by  educated  people.  They  were  not  per- 
formed by  regular  actors  (histriones),  but  by  Roman 
citizens  of  noble  birth,  who  were  not  on  that  account 
subjected  to  any  degradation.  Dr.  It'.  Smith. 

Atellan  t  (a-tel'lan),  n.  A  dramatic  repre- 
sentation, satirical  or  licentious.  '  Atellans 
and  lascivious  songs.'  Burton. 

Atelochellia  (at'el-o-ki"li-a),  n.  [Gr.  atclls, 
imperfect,  and  chcilos,  lip.]  Imperfect  de- 
velopment of  the  lip. 

Ateloeneephalia  (at'el-o.en-se-fa"li-a),  n. 
[Gr.  ateles,  imperfect,  and  enkephalos,  the 
brain.  ]  Imperfect  development  of  the  brain. 

Ateloglossla(at'el-o-glos"i-a),  n.  [Gr.  ateles, 
imperfect,  and  glossa,  the  tongue.  ]  Imper- 
fect development  of  the  tongue. 

Atelognathla  (at'el-og-na"thi-a),  n.  [Gr. 
ateles,  imperfect,  and  gnathos,  the  jaw.] 
Imperfect  development  of  the  jaw. 

Atelomyelia(at'el-o-mi-e"li-a),  n.  [Qr.ateles, 
imperfect,  and  myelos,  marrow.  ]  Imperfect 
development  of  the  spinal  marrow. 

Ateloprosopla  (at'el-o-pro-so"pi-a),  n.  [Gr. 
atelis,  imperfect,  and  prosopon,  the  face.] 
Malformation  of  the  face. 

Atelostomla(at'el-o-stom"i-a),n.  [Gr.  atelis, 
imperfect,  aud  'fttoma,  mouth.]  Imperfect 
development  of  the  mouth. 

A  tempo,  A  tempo  primo  (a  tem'po,  a  tem'- 
popre'mo).  [It]  In  music,  a  direction  that, 
after  any  change  of  movement  by  accelera- 
tion or  retardation,  the  original  movement 
be  restored. 

A  tempo  giusto  (a  tem'po  jos'to).  [It. ;  L. 
in  tempore  jvsto.]  In  music,  a  direction  to 
sing  or  play  in  an  equal,  true,  or  just  time. 
It  is  seldom  used  but  when  the  time  has  been 
interrupted,  as  during  a  recitative  to  suit  the 
action  and  passion  of  the  scene. 

Ateuohus  (a-tu'kus)  n.  [Gr.  a,  without,  and 
tenchos,  armour— in  allusion  to  the  absence 
of  a  scutellum.J  A  genus  of  coleopterous 
insects,  family  Scarabsoidie.  A.  jEgyptiorum 
or  sacer  seems  to  have  been  the  sacred  beetle 


figured  on  Egyptian  monuments,  ornaments, 
and  amulets.  It  is  characterized  by  long 
hind-feet,  filiform  tarsi,  and  slender  tibia; 

Athalamous(a-thal'a-mus),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv  , 
and  thalamos,  a  maTriage-bed.  ]  In  bot.  not 
furnished  with  shields  or  beds  for  the  spores, 
as  the  tliallus  of  certain  lichens. 

Athalia  (a-tha'li-a),  n.  [Gr.  athalrs,  with- 
ered, from  the  devastation  produced  by  its 
larva:.]  The  generic  name  of  the  turnip-Hy 
(A.  centifolice),  a  hymenopterous  insect, 
family  Tenthredinida:,  or  saw-Hies  (so  named 
from  the  character  of  the  ovipositor), 
whose  larvae  occasionally  devastate  our 
turnip  fields.  The  parent  insect  appears 
about  the  end  of  May.  and  deposits  its 
egg  in  the  substance  of  the  leaf,  and  in 
about  six  d«ys  the  larva;  are  hatched. 
These  are  twenty -two  footed,  and  from 
their  greenish-black  colour  are  known  as 
nigger  caterpillars.  In  a  few  days  more 
a  whole  field  is  laid  waste  by  their  eating 
the  soft  tissue  of  the  leaf,  leaving  only 
skeletons  and  stalks. 

Athanasian  (ath-a-na'si-an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  Athanasius,  bishop  of  Alexandria,  in  the 
fourth  century.  —Athanasian  creed,  a  creed, 
confession,  or  exposition  of  faith,  supposed 
formerly  to  have  been  drawn  up  by  Athan- 
asius,  though  this  opinion  is  now  generally 
rejected,  and  the  composition  often  ascribed 
to  Hilary,  bishop  of  Aries  (about  430).  It  is 
an  explicit  avowal  of  the  doctrines  of  the 
Trinity  (as  opposed  to  Arianism)  and  of  the 
incarnation,  and  contains  what  are  kmmn 
as  the  'damnatory  clauses,'  in  which  it  de- 
clares that  damnation  must  be  the  lot  of 
those  who  do  not  believe  the  true  and  catho- 
lic faith :  '  Which  Faith,  except  every  one 
do  keep  whole  and  undefiled,  without  doubt 
he  shall  perish  everlastingly. '  Book  nf  Com- 
mon Prayer. 

Athanasian  (ath-a-na'si-an),  n.  A  follower 
of  Athanasius  or  a  believer  in  his  creed. 

Atlianor  (ath'a-nor),  n.  [Ar.  at-tanmir, 
Heb.  tun, i <>r.  an  oven  or  furnace.]  A 
digesting  furnace  formerly  used  by  alche- 
mists, so  constructed  as  to  maintain  a 
uniform  and  durable  heat  by  feeding  itself 
with  fuel. 

Atheism  (a'the-izm),  7i.  [See ATHEIST]  The 
disbelief  of  the  existence  of  a  Uod  or  Su- 
preme intelligent  Being. 

A  little  philosophy  incline!]]  men's  minds  to  atheism, 
but  depth  in  philosophy  bringeth  men's  minds  to 
religion.  Bacon. 

It  is  a  fine  observation  of  Plato  in  his  La-ws  that 
atheism  is  a  disease  of  the  soul  before  it  becomes  an 
error  of  the  understanding.  Fleming. 

Atheist  (a'the-ist),  n.  [Gr.  atheos-a,  priv., 
and  Theos,  God.  ]  One  who  disbelieves  in  the 
existence  of  a  God  or  Supreme  intelligent 
Being. 

By  night  an  atheist  half  believes  a  God.     Voting. 

Atheist  (a'the-ist),  a.  Atheistical.  'The 
atheist  crew.'  Milton. 

Atheistic,  Atheistical  (a-the-ist'ik,  a-the- 
i.-i'ik  nl i.  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  implying,  or 
containing  atheism;  as,  atheistic  or  atheist- 
ical doctrines,  writings,  beliefs,  actions,  <fec. 
2.  Disbelieving  the  existence  of  a  God ;  im- 
pious: applied  to  persons.  '  Atheistic  gaiu- 
sayers.'  Ray. 

Men  are  atheistical,  because  they  are  first  vicious ; 
and  question  the  truth  of  Christianity,  because  they 
hate  the  practice.  South, 

Athelstically  (a-the-ist'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  an 
atheistic  manner;  impiously. 

I  entreat  such  as  are  atlieistically  inclined  to  con- 
sider these  things.  Tillotson. 

Athelstlcalness  (a-the-ist'ik-al-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  atheistical. 

Purge  out  of  all  hearts  urofaneness  and  atheist- 
ifatness.  Hammond. 

Athelze  t  (a'tne-Iz),  v.i.     To  discourse  as  an 

atheist.   'This  way  of  atheizing. '  Cudworth. 

Athelze  (a'the-iz),  p.  t.     To  render  atheistic. 

They  endeavoured  to  atheiee  one  another.  Berkeley. 

Athelzer  t  (a'the-iz-er),  n.  One  who  atheizes. 
Cudworth. 

Atheling,  .Sthellng  (ath'el-ing.  eth'el-iii'.O. 
[A.  Sax.  cetheting,  from  cethele,  noble;  G.  edt'l, 
noble,  adel,  nobility.  This  element  appears 
in  many  names ;  as,  in  Ethelred,  noble 
counsel;  Hthelbert  (contr.  Albert),  bright 
or  illustrious  noble;  Ethelbald,  bold  noble; 
Athelney,  isle  of  nobles;  &c.J  In  An;,'!"- 
Saxon  times,  a  prince;  one  of  the  royal 
family;  a  nobleman. 

Athenaeum,  Atheneum  (ath-e-ne'um),  «. 
[L.,fromGr.  Athene,  the  goddess  of  wisdom.] 
1.  A  Grecian  temple  dedicated  to  Athene,  the 
patroness  of  literature,  art,  aud  industry.  — 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bnll;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


ATHENE 


175 


ATMOMETER 


2.  An  institution  founded  at  Rome  by  Hadrian 
for  the  promotion  of  literary  and  scientific 
studies,  and  imitated  in  the  provinces.  — 

3.  In  modern  times,  an  institution  for  the 
encouragement  of  literature  and  art,  where 
a  library,  periodicals,  Ac. ,  are  kept  for  the 
use  of  the  members. 

Athene,  Athe"na  (a-the'ne,  a-the'na),  n.  In 
(Jret'lc  myth,  the  goddess  of  wisdom,  of  arts 
and  sciences,  known  to  the  Romans  as  Min- 
erva. 

Athenian  (a-the'ni-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
A  then*,  the  metropolis  of  Attica,  in  Greece. 

Athenian  (a-the'ni-an),  n.  A  native  or  inhab- 
itant of  Athens. 

Atheologlan  t  (ii'tlio -o  lo"ji-an),  n.  One  who 
is  opposed  to  a  theologian. 

They  (the  Jesuits)  are  the  only  atttcolociaHS,  whose 
heads  entertain  no  other  object  but  the  tumult  of 
realms.  Sir  y.  Hayward. 

Atheolpgy  t  (a-the-ol'o-ji),  n.  The  doctrines 
of  atheism,  or  that  there  is  no  God;  atheism. 

Several  of  our  learned  members  have  written  many 
profound  treatises  on  anarchy,  but  a  brief,  complete 
l»ody  oiatheology  seemed  yet  wanting.  Swift. 

Atheous  t  (a'the-us),  a.  [Gr.  atheos,  without 
Cod.  See  ATHEIST.]  Atheistic;  impious. 
'  The  hypocrite  or  atheous  priest.'  Milton. 

Athericera  (ath-e-ris'er-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  athir, 
a  beard  or  awn  of  corn,  and  keras,  a  horn, 
a  feeler.]  A  section  of  dipterous  insects, 
including  the  Muscidie,  or  flies  strictly  so 
called,  the  ffistridso,  or  bot-flies,  and  the 
Syrphida;,  or  drone-fly,  spring  wild  bee,  &c. 
The  last  family  bears  an  extremely  close 
resemblance  to  the  humble-bees  and  wasps. 
The  larva;  of  some  species,  as  parasites, 
restrain  the  excessive  multiplication  of 
aphides. 

Atherina  (a-the-ri'na),  n.  A  genus  of  abdom- 
inal tislies,  characterized  by  a  somewhat  flat 
upper  jaw,  by  having  six  rays  in  the  gill 
membrane,  and  by  its  side  belt  or  line  shin- 
ing like  silver.  One  species,  the  atherine, 
or  sand  smelt  (A.  presbyter),  is  found  on 
the  British  coasts,  especially  in  the  south 
and  west  of  England.  It  is  an  elegant  little 
flsh,  about  6  inches  in  length,  and  is  con- 
sidered good  eating. 

Atherine  (ath'e-rin),  n.  A  kind  of  flsh. 
See  ATHEKINA. 

Athermanous  (a-thertnan-us),  a.  [Gr.  a, 
priv.,  and  therme,  heat.]  A  term  applied 
to  those  substances  which  have  the  power 
of  retaining  all  the  heat  which  they  receive. 
Those  bodies  which  transmit  the  heat  they 
receive  through  their  substance  are  called 
diathermanous. 

Atheroma,  Atherome  (ath-e-ro'ma,  ath'e- 
rom),  n.  [Gr. ,  from  athera,  pap.  ]  A  species 
of  wen  or  encysted  tumour,  whose  contents 
resemble  bread  sauce. 

Atheromatous  (ath-e-ro'mat-us),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  resembling  an  atheroma ; 
having  the  qualities  of  an  atheroma. 

Atherospermacese  (ath'e-r6-sper-ma"se-e), 
».  pi  [Gr.  ather,  an  awn,  and  sperma, 
seed.  ]  A  small  nat.  order  of  apetalous 
plants.  They  have  unisexual  flowers,  an- 
thers opening  by  valves,  several  single- 
seeded  carpels,  the  styles  of  which  become 
feathery,  and  opposite  leaves  without  stip- 
ules. There  are  only  three  genera— Athero- 
sperma,  Laurelia,  and  Doryophora — two  of 
which  are  from  Australia,  the  third  from 
Chili.  All  are  trees,  generally  fragrant, 
and  the  nuts  are  aromatic. 

Atherura  (ath-e-ru'ra),  n.  [Or.  ather,  an 
awn,  and  aura,,  a  tail.]  The  generic  name 
of  the  tufted-tailed  porcupine  of  India  and 
the  Eastern  Archipelago.  See  PORCDPINE. 

Athirst  (a-thersf),  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  o  for 
"/,  intens.,  and  thirst.}  1.  Thirsty;  wanting 
drink.— 2.  Having  a  keen  appetite  or  desire. 
'Their  bounding  hearts  alike  athirst  for 
battle.'  Cowper. 

Athlete  (ath'let),  n.  pi  Athletes  (athlets) 
«r  Athletw  (ath-le'te).  [Gr.  athletes,  an 
athlete,  a  prize-fighter.  ]  1.  One  who  con- 
tended for  a  prize  in  the  public  games  of 
Greece.  Hence  — 2.  Any  one  trained  to 
exercises  of  agility  and  strength;  a  vigorous 
contender. 

Here  rose  an  athlete,  strong  to  break  or  bind 

All  force  in  bonds  that  might  endure.       Tennyson. 

Athletic  (ath-let'ik),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  ath- 
letesorsuch  exercises  as  are  practised  by  ath- 
letes; as,  athletic  sports.  Hence— 2.  Strong; 
lusty;  robust;  vigorous. 

That  athletic  soundness  and  vigour  of  constitution 
which  is  seen  in  cottages,  where  Nature  is  cook  and 
Necessity  caterer.  South. 

Athletically  (ath-let'ik-al-Ii),  adv.  In  a 
strung,  robust,  or  athletic  manner. 


Athleticism  (ath-let'i-sizm),  «.  The  act 
or  practice  of  engaging  in  games  or  sports 
in  which  strength,  agility,  and  muscular 
training  are  required. 

Athletlsm  (ath'let-izm),  n.  The  state  or 
profession  of  an  athlete;  muscularity. 

Athole-brose(ath'61-broz), n.  [VromAtholr, 
a  district  in  Perthshire.  ]  Honey  mixed  with 
whisky,  used  in  the  Highlands  and  other 
parts  of  Scotland  as  a  cure  for  colds  and 
as  a  cordial.  Oatmeal  is  sometimes  sub- 
stituted for  honey. 

A-thre,t  adv.     In  three  parts.     Chaucer. 

Athwart  (a-thwarf),  prep.  [Prefix  a,  and 
thwart;  O.K.  athirt,  Icel.  um  thvert.  See 
THWART.]  1.  Across;  from  side  to  side  of. 

At  eve  the  beetle  boometh 

Athwart  the  thicket  lone.  Tennyson. 

2.  Naut.  across  the  line  of  a  ship's  course; 
as,  a  fleet  standing  athwart  our  course.  — 
Athwart  house,  said  of  a  ship  when  she  lies 
across  the  stem  of  another,  whether  near  or 
at  some  distance.  —  Athwart  the  fare  foot,  a 
phrase  applied  to  the  flight  of  a  cannon  ball 
across  another  ship's  course  ahead  as  a  signal 
for  her  to  bring  to.  — A  thwart  ships,  reaching 
across  the  ship  from  side  to  side,  or  in  that 
direction. 

Athwart  (a-thwarf).  adv.  In  a  manner  to 
cross  and  perplex ;  crossly ;  wrong ;  wrong- 
fully. 'Quite  athwart  goes  all  decorum.' 
Shak.  [Rare.) 

Athymlat  (a-thira'i-a),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv., 
and  tliymos,  courage.]  Lowness  of  spirits; 
despondency;  melancholy. 

Atllt  (a-tilf),  ado.  [Prefix  a,  and  tilt.  See 
TILT.]  1.  In  the  manner  of  a  tilter ;  in  the 
position  or  with  the  action  of  a  man  making 
a  thrust;  as,  to  stand  or  run  atiit.  'Thou 
run'st  atilt.'  SAo*.  —  2.  In  the  manner  of 
a  cask  tilted  or  with  one  end  raised. 

Speak :  if  not,  this  stand 

Of  royal  blood  shall  he  abroach,  atilt.  and  run 
Even  to  the  lees  of  honour.  Beau.  &  Ft. 

[In  this  passage  the  word  may  be  a  verb.] 

Athny  (at'i-mi),  n.  [Gr.  atimia— a,  priv., 
and  time,  honour.]  In  Greek  antiq.  dis- 
grace ;  exclusion  from  office  or  magistracy  by 
some  disqualifying  act  or  decree,  ttitford. 

A-tlptoe(a-tip't6),adt>.  1.  On  tiptoe. —2.  Fig. 
in  a  state  of  high  expectation  or  eagerness. 

Atlanta  (at-lan'ta),  n.  A  genus  of  gaster- 
opddous  molluscs ;  the  typical  genus  of  the 
family  Atlantidte.  See  ATLANTIC^,  2. 

Atlantean  (at-lan-te'an),  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  Atlas;  resembling  Atlas. 

Sage  he  stood. 

With  Atlantean  shoulders,  fit  to  bear 
The  weight  of  mightiest  monarchies.       Milton. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  island  Atlantis,  or  to 
Bacon's  ideal  commonwealth  of  that  name. 
Atlantes  (at-Ian'tez),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Atlantes, 
pi.  of  Atlas  (which  see).]  In  arch,  figures 
or  half  figures  of  men  used  in  the  place  of 


Atlantes. 

columns  or  pilasters  to  support  an  entab- 
lature.   They  are  also  called   Telamones.  \ 
Female   figures    so   employed    are   called 
Caryatides. 

Atlantic  (at-lan'tik),  a.  [L.  Atlanticus, 
from  Gr.  Atlas,  Atlantos,  a  mountain  in 
West  Africa  whose  shores  the  Atlantic 
Ocean  washes,  so  named  because  fabled 
to  be  the  pillar  of  heaven.  See  ATLAS.) 

1.  Pertaining  to  or  descended  from  Atlas. 
•The   seven  Atlantic   sisters.'     Milton. — 

2.  Pertaining  to  that  division  of  the  ocean 
which  lies  between  Europe  and  Africa  on 
the  east  and  America  on  the  west. 

Atlantic  (at-lan'tik),  n.  The  ocean,  or  that 
part  of  the  general  sea  bounded  by  Europe 
and  Africa  on  the  east  and  America  on  the 
west. 


Atlantldse  (at-lan'ti-de),  »i.  pi  1.  One  of  thr 
tliri-f  great  divisions  into  which  Dr.  Latham 
divides  the  human  family,  the  other  two 
being  Mungolidae  and  Jaiietidae.  It  com- 
prises all  the  tribes  of  Africa,  as  well  as 
those  of  Syria  and  Arabia.  It  consists  of 
seven  groups- viz.  Kegro  Atlantida,  Ca/rc 
Atlantida-,  Hottentot  Atlantidai.  Kitotic 
Atlantidte  (occupying  the  water  system  of 
the  Upper  and  Middle  Nile,  and  comprising 
the  Abyssinians,  Nubians,  &c.),  the  Ama- 
zirgh  Atlantida  (usually  called  Berbers, 
occupying  the  Sahara,  the  ranges  of  the 
Atlas,  and  the  Canary  Islands),  the  /.'/<//<//<*, 
Atlantidce  (or  Old  Egyptians,  represented 
by  the  modern  Copts),  and  the  Semitic  At- 
lantidce  (of  which  the  chief  types  are  the 
Jews  and  Arabs).— 2.  In  zool.  a  family  of 
gaoteropodous  molluscs  of  the  order  Nucleo- 
branchiata,  with  a  small  shell  resembling 
that  of  the  nautilus,  and  at  one  time  sup- 
posed to  be  the  living  representatives  of 
the  fossil  ammonites.  They  are  distin- 
guished by  having  the  branchiae  inclosed  in 
a  regular  dorsal  chamber,  and  are  found  in 
the  seas  of  warm  climates.  In  Atlanta,  the 
typical  genus,  both  shell  and  opcrculum  are 
dextral. 

Atlantides  (at-lan'ti-dez),  n.  pi  A  name 
given  to  the  Pleiades  or  seven  stars,  which 
were  feigned  to  be  the  daughters  of  Atlas, 
or  of  his  brother  Hesperus,  who  were  trans- 
lated to  heaven. 

Atlaa  (at'las),  n.  [Gr.  A  tlas,  one  of  the  Titans, 
who  attempted  to  storm  heaven,  and  was 
therefore  condemned  to  bear  the  vault  of 
heaven,  or,  according  to  other  legends,  the 
earth,  on  his  shoulders.]  1.  A  collection  of 
maps  in  a  volume:  first  used  in  this  sense  by 
Mercator  in  the  sixteenth  century,  in  allusion 
to  the  Atlas  of  mythology,  whose  figure,  re- 
presented as  bearing  a  globe  on  the  shoul- 
ders, was  given  on  the  title-page  of  such 
works.— 2.  A  volume  of  plates  or  tables  illus- 
trative or  explanatory  of  some  subject.— 

3.  The  supporter  of  a  building.  See  ATLANTES. 

4.  A  variety  of  satin  manufactured  in  the 
East.    Atlases  are  plain,  striped,  or  flowered; 
but  they  have  not  the  fine  gloss  and  lustre 
of  some  French  silks.  — 5.  The  first  vertebra 
of  the  neck,  so  named  because  it  supports 
the  head,  as  Atlas  was  fabled  to  support 
the  globe. — 6.  A  size  of  writing  or  drawing 
paper  34  by  26  inches. 

Atlas-folio  (at'las-fo'li-6),  n.  A  term  applied 
to  books  of  a  large  square  folio  size. 

Atmldometer  (at-mi-dom'et-er),  n.  .[Gr. 
atmis,  atmidos,  vapour,  and  metron,  a 
measure.)  An  instrument  for  measuring 
the  evaporation  from  water,  ice,  or  snow. 
It  consists  of  two  oblong  hollow  glass  or 
copper  bulbs,  communicating  by  a  neck, 
the  lower  one  being  weighted  by  mercury 
or  shot.  On  the  upper  bulb  is  a  graduated 
stem,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a  metal  pan. 
The  instrument  is  immersed  in  a  vessel  of 
water,  the  stem  going  through  a  hole  in  the 
cover,  and  distilled  water  put  into  the  pan, 
so  as  to  sink  the  zero  of  the  stem  to  a  level 
with  the  cover  of  the  vessel.  The  water  in 
the  pan  evaporates,  and  the  stem  rises, 
showing  theamount  of  evaporation  in  grains. 

Atmological(at-mo-loj'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  atmology. 

A  classification  of  clouds  can  then  only  be  consis- 
tent and  intelligible  when  it  rests  on  their  atmologital 
conditions.  Whewell. 

Atmologlst  (at-mol'o-jist),  n.  One  skilled 
in  atmology;  a  student  of  atmology.  "The 
alnutlogists  of  the  last  century.'  Whewell. 

Atmology  (at-mol'o- ji),  n.  [Gr.  atmog, 
vapour,  and  logos,  discourse.  ]  That  branch 
of  science  which  treats  of  the  laws  and 
phenomena  of  aqueous  vapour. 

The  relations  of  heat  and  moisture  give  rise  to 
another  extensive  collection  of  laws  and  principles, 
which  I  shall  treat  of  in  connection  with  themistics, 
and  shall  term  atmology.  Wheicell. 

Atmolysis  (at-mori-sis),  n.  [Gr.  atmog, 
vapour,  and  lysis,  a  loosing,  from  /;/•..  to 
loose.)  A  method  of  separating  the  con- 
stituent elements  of  a  compound  gas,  as 
atmospheric  air,  by  causing  it  to  pass 
through  a  vessel  of  porous  material,  such 
as  graphite :  first  made  known  in  1863  by 
the  discoverer,  Professor!'.  Graham,  master 
of  the  mint. 

Atmometer  (at-mom'et-er),  n.  [Or.  ahaos, 
vapour,  and  metreo,  to  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment, invented  by  Sir  John  Leslie,  to  mea- 
sure the  quantity  of  exhalation  from  a  humid 
surface  in  a  given  time;  an  evaporometer. 
It  consists  of  a  thin  hollow  ball  of  porous 
earthenware,  joined  to  which  is  a  tube  of 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  yn;      j.job:      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  Men;  th,  (Ain;      w,  ing;    wh,  irAig;    ih,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ATMOSPHERE 


176 


ATONE 


glass  with  divisions.  The  cavity  of  the  ball 
and  the  tube  are  filled  with  water,  and  the 
top  of  the  tube  closed.  In  this  state  the 
instrument  is  exposed  to  the  free  action  of 
the  air,  when  the  water  transudes  through 
the  porous  substance,  and  is  evaporated  by 
the  air,  the  extent  of  evaporation  being 
shown  by  the  sinking  of  the  water  in  the 
graduated  tube. 

Atmosphere  (at'mos-fer),  n.  [Gr.  atmos, 
vapour,  and  sphaira,  a  sphere.  ]  I.  The  whole 
mass  of  aeriform  fluid  surrounding  the  earth, 
and  generally  supposed  to  extend  to  the 
height  of  40  or  50  miles  above  its  surface. 
It  is  a  mechanical  mixture  of  79  volumes 
nitrogen,  with  21  of  oxygen,  with  a  trace 
of  carbonic  acid  gas,  and  a  variable  quan- 
tity of  ozone,  aqueous  vapour,  ammonia, 
and  organic  matter.  The  composition  of 
the  atmosphere  varies  very  slightly  in 
different  localities.  In  towns  the  air  usu- 
ally contains  impurities,  such  as  sulphuric 
acid,  hydrochloric  acid,  &c.  These  are  dis- 
solved in  rain-water,  which  then  has  in  many 
places  an  injurious  effect  on  the 
buildings.  The  motions  of  the  at- 
mosphere constitute  the  winds,  and 
in  it  occur  clouds,  rain,  snow,  thun- 
der, and  lightning.  Its  greatest  den- 
sity is  at  the  earth's  surface,  and  the 
density  decreases  as  the  height  in- 
creases. The  atmosphere,  like  other 
bodies,  gravitates  toward  the  earth, 
and  therefore  has  weight  and  pres- 
sure. The  weight,  at  an  average,  at 
the  level  of  the  sea,  is  found  to  be 
about  15  Ibs.  on  the  square  inch. 
(See  Atmospheric  Pressure,  under 
ATMOSPHERIC.)  If  air  be  condensed 
so  as  to  exert  a  pressure  of  30  Ibs.  on 
the  square  inch  the  pressure  is  said 
to  be  two  atmospheres ;  a  condensa- 
tion which  gives  45  Ibs.  is  termed 
three  atmospheres;  and  so  on.  Pres- 
sures arising  from  other  causes,  such 
as  the  weight  of  liquids  and  the  force  of 
steam,  are  also  frequently  counted  by  atmo- 
spheres. The  atmosphere  acts  on  light,  pro- 
ducing the  phenomena  of  refraction,  diffrac- 
tion, reflection,  and  interference. — 2.  The 
gaseous  envelope  surrounding  any  other  of 
the  heavenly  bodies.— 3.  Any  gaseous  me- 
dium. 'An  atmosphere  of  cold  oxygen.' 
Miller.—  4.  Fig.  pervading  influence;  as,  a 
moral  atmosphere. 

By  the  hearth  the  children  sit. 

Cold  in  that  atmosphere  of  Death.          Tennyson, 

Atmospheric  (at-mos-fer'ik),  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to,  existing  in,  or  consisting  of  the 
atmosphere;  as,  atmospheric  air  or  vapours. 

2.  Dependent  on  the  atmosphere. 

I  am  an  atmospheric  creature.  Pope. 

3.  Caused,  produced,  or  operated  on  by  the 
atmosphere;   as,   rust,   decomposition,   or 
souring  is  often  an  atmospheric  effect.  — 
Atmospheric   churn,    a   churn    of    various 
forms,  in  which  atmospheric  air  is  driven 
into  the  milk  in  order  to  agitate  it,  and 
also  to  obtain  the  specific  effect  of  the 
air  upon  the  milk  in  aggregation  of  the 
oleaginous  globules.  —  Atmospheric  engine, 
a  variety  of  steam-engine,   in  which  the 
steam  is  admitted  only  to  the  under  side 
nf  the  piston  and  for  the  up  stroke,  the 
steam  being  then  condensed,  and  a  vacuum 
thereby  created  under  the  piston,  which  in 
consequence  descends  by  the  pressure  of 
the  atmosphere  acting  on  the  upper  surface 
of  it.  Marine  engines  on  this  principle  have 
three  cylinders  connected  to  one  crank-shaft 
to  obtain  uniformity  of  action.  — A  tmospheric 
Aammer,apower-hammerdrivenbytheforce 
of  compressed  air, — Atmospheric  line  (of 
a  steam-pressure  diagram),  a  line  drawn  by 
the  pencil  when  the  steam  is  shut  off  from 
the  piston  of  the  indicator,  and  it  is  acted 
on  by  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  alone. 
The  height  of  the  steam-line  above  this 
shows  the  pressure  of  the  steam,  and  the 
depth  of  the  vacuum-line  below  shows  the 
degree  of  condensation  which  is  then  taking 
place  in  the  engine. — Atmospheric  pressure, 
the  weight  of  the  atmosphere  on  a  unit  of 
surface,  as  a  square  inch.    The  mean  atmo- 
spheric pressure  referred  to  this  unit  is 
147  Ibs.    It  is  also  measured  by  the  height 
of  a  mercurial  column  which  it  supports  in 
a  barometer;  referred  to  this  measurement 
the  atmospheric  pressure  is  equal  to  29-9 
inches. — Atmospheric  railway,  a  railway  so 
constructed  that  the  motive  power  is  derived 
from  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  acting 
on  a  piston  working  in  a  continuous  iron 
tube  of  uniform  bore  laid  from  one  place 


to  another,  the  pressure  being  created  by 
exhausting  the  air  from  that  end  of  the  tube 
towards  which  it  is  desired  the  piston  should 
advance,  or  by  forcing  in  air  behind  it,  or 
both  methods  may  be  employed  together. 
The  system  has  not  been  found  suitable  for 
the  ordinary  purposes  of  a  railway,  though 
it  is  successfully  worked  in  some  large  towns 
for  the  conveyance  of  letters,  telegrams, 
Ac.,  through  pneumatic  despatch  tubes. — 
Atmospheric  spring,  a  spring  formed  by  a 
confined  body  of  air  operating  either  by 
means  of  a  cylinder  and  piston  or  by  an  air- 
tight bag.  — A  tmospheric  tides,  diurnal  oscil- 
lations of  the  atmosphere,  produced  by  the 
attractions  of  the  sun  and  moon,  similar 
to  the  tides  of  the  ocean, indicated  by  minute 
variations  of  pressure  on  the  barometer. 

Atmospherical  (at-mos-fer/ik-al),  a.  Same 
as  Atmospheric. 

Atoll  (a-tol').  n.  [Name  of  such  islands 
in  the  Mai  dive  group.  ]  A  coral  island, 
consisting  of  a  strip  or  ring  of  coral  sur- 
rounding a  central  lagoon.  Such  islands 


2.  Extremely  minute.— Atomic  philosophy,  a 
system  of  philosophy  developed  by  Demo- 
critus  and  Epicurus,  which  teaches  that 

!ued  with  gra^ 
and  that  by  these  atoms  all  things  were 


atoms  are  e 


Atotl. 


are  very  common  in  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
They  present  often  an  exceedingly  pictur- 
esque appearance :  a  comparatively  narrow 
strip  of  coral  rock  thinly  coated  with  soil, 
and  covered  with  a  vigorous  growth  of 
cocoa-nut,  pandanus,  and  bread-fruit  trees, 
inclosing  a  large  still  sheet  of  water,  usually 
of  considerable  depth,  and  often  well  sup- 
plied with  fish.  The  circle  of  coral  is  some- 
times complete,  showing  no  apparent  com- 
munication between  the  inclosed  lagoon  and 
the  surrounding  sea;  but  generally  it  is 
interrupted,  and  presents  one  or  more  open- 
ings, frequently  of  sufficient  extent  and 
depth  to  be  used  as  a  boat-passage.  Atolls  are 
produced  by  a  coral  reef  being  formed  in  the 
shallow  water  surrounding  an  islet  which 
is  in  course  of  becoming  slowly  submerged, 
the  encircling  reef  continuing  to  crow 
steadily  upwards  as  the  peak  of  land  which 
it  at  first  surrounded  continues  to  descend. 

Atom  (at'om),  n.  [L.  atoimts,  Gr.  atomos, 
an  atom,  properly  an  adjective  signifying 
uncut,  indivisible  —  a,  not,  and  temno,  to 
cut]  1.  An  extremely  minute  particle  of 
matter;  a  term  used  generally  with  certain 
philosophic  or  scientific  limitations,  (a)  A 
particle  of  matter  so  minute  as  to  admit  of  no 
division;  an  ultimate  indivisible  particle  of 
matter.  Such  particles  have  been  conceived 
by  some  to  be  the  first  principles  or  ultimate 
component  parts  of  all  bodies.  (6)  An  ulti- 
mate particle  of  matter,  without  regard  as 
to  whether  it  is  divisible  or  indivisible;  a 
molecule,  (c)  In  ckem.  a  hypothetical  par- 
ticle of  matter— the  smallest  quantity  of  an 
element  which  can  enter  into  chemical  com- 
bination— having  a  definite  weight,  magni- 
tude, and  form,  alike  for  the  atoms  of  the 
same  material,  and  indivisible  by  chemical 
force,  (d)  In  physics,  the  smallest  particle 
of  any  kind  of  matter  which  can  exhibit  the 
properties  of  that  matter :  the  atom  of  the 
physicist  is  synonymous  with  the  molecule, 
while  the  molecule  of  the  chemist— that  is, 
the  smallest  part  of  a  substance  which  can 
exist  in  a  free  state-  contains  two  or  more 
atoms.  Hence  —2.  Anything  extremely  small ; 
a  minute  quantity;  as,  he  hasn't  an  atom  of 
sense. 

Atom  t  (at'om),  v.t.  To  reduce  to  atoms;  to 
atomize.  '  And  atom'd  mists,  turn  instantly 
to  hail.'  Dray  ton. 

Atomic  (a-tonvik),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  atoms; 
consisting  of  atoms.  'The  atomic  constitu- 
tion of  bodies.'  Whewelt. 

If  all  be  atoms,  how  then  should  the  gods 

Being  atomic  not  be  dissoluble. 

Not  follow  the  great  law?  Tennyson. 


,1  with  gravity  and  motion, 
;se  atoms  all  things  were 
formed  without  the  aid  of  a  Supreme  intel- 
ligent Being.  —  A  tomic  theory,  or  doctrine  of 
definite  proportions,  in  ckem,  the  hypothesis 
which  teaches  that  all  chemical  combina- 
tions take  place  between  the  ultimate  par- 
ticles or  atoms  of  bodies,  and  that  these  unite 
either  atom  with  atom,  or  in  proportions  ex- 
pressed by  some  simple  multiple  of  the  num- 
ber of  atoms.— -A  tomic  weights,  in  chem.  the 
numbers  expressing  the  proportionsin  which 
bodies  unite,  and  which  must,  according  to 
the  atomic  theory,  likewise  indicate  the 
relative  weights  of  atoms.  In  constructing 
a  table  of  atomic  weights  hydrogen  is  taken 
as  the  unit;  the  atomic  weights  of  the  other 
elements  therefore  express  how  many  times 
the  atoms  of  these  elements  are  heavier 
than  the  atom  of  hydrogen.—  Atomic  vol- 
ume, in  chem.  the  space  occupied  by  a  quan- 
tity of  a  body  proportional  to  its 
atomic  weight,  and  expressed  by  the 
quotient  of  the  atomic  weigh  t  divided 
by  its  specific  gravity.  This  repre- 
sents the  relation  by  volume  in  which 
substances  combine  as  elementary 
or  compound  gases.—  Atomic  or  mo- 
lecular heats  of  bodies,  the  product 
of  the  specific  heats  of  bodies  into 
their  atomic  weights.  These  pro- 
ducts are  nearly  the  same  for  all 
elementary  bodies,and  in  compounds 
of  like  atomic  composition  the  spe- 
cific heats  are  inversely  as  the  atomic 
weights,  though  the  products  of  the 
specific  heats  into  the  atomic  weights 
may  differ  in  different  classes  of  com- 
pounds. 

Atomical  (a-tom'ik-al),  a.    Same  as 
Atomic. 

Atomiclan  (at-om  i'shan),  n.   An  ad- 
herent  of  the  atomic  philosophy  or  theory- 
Atomiclsmt  (a-tom'i-sizm),  n.     Atomism. 
Atomicity  (at-om-is'i-ti),  n.     In  chem.  the 
same  as  Equivalency  (which  see). 
Atomism  (at'om-izm),  n.     The  doctrine  of 
atoms;  atomistic  philosophy. 

Atomism  also  is  inconceivable;  for  this  supposes 
atoms,  minima,  extended  but  indivisible. 

Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

Atomist  (at'om-ist),  n.  One  who  holds  to 
the  atomic  philosophy  or  theory. 

Atomistic  (at-om-ist'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
atomism. 

It  is  the  object  of  the  mechanical  atomistic  philo- 
sophy to  confound  synthesis  with  synartesis. 

Coleridge. 

Atomization(at'om-iz-a"shon),  n.  The  pro- 
cess of  atomizing  or  state  of  being  atomized; 
specifically,  in  med.  the  reduction  of  liquids 
to  the  form  of  spray  for  inhalation  or  appli- 
cation to  the  throat. 

Atomize  (at'om-Iz),  v.i.  To  speculate 
respecting  atoms.  Cudworth.  [Rare.  ] 

Atomize  (at'om-iz),  v.  t.    To  reduce  to  atoms. 

Atomizer  (at'om-iz-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  atomizes  or  reduces  to  atoms;  spe- 
cifically, an  apparatus  of  various  forms 
designed  to  reduce  a  liquid  into  spray  for 
disinfecting,  cooling,  perfuming,  and  other 
purposes. 

Atomology  (at-om-ol'o-ji),  «.  The  doctrine 
of  atoms. 

Atomy  t  (at'om-i),  n.  1.  An  atom;  a  minute 
creature.  '  Drawn  by  a  team  of  little 
atomies.'  Shale. 

Epicurus  makes  them  (souls)  swarms  of  atomies, 
Which  do  by  chance  into  our  bodies  flee. 

Sir  y.  Davits. 

2.  A  ludicrous  abbreviation  of  anatomy,  in 
sense  of  skeleton.  'Thoua(omi/,thou.'  Shak. 

Atouable  (a-ton'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
atoned  for;  reconcilable. 

Atone.t  Attone,*  adv.  [At  and  one.]  1.  At 
one.  Chaucer. — 2.  At  once;  together.  'All 
his  senses  seemed  bereft  attone.'  Spenser. 

Atone  (a-ton*),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  atoned;  ppr. 
atoning.  [Compounded  of  at  and  one,  often 
found  together  in  such  phrases  as  'to  be  at 
one,'  'to  set  at  one.'  Comp.  alone,  from  aU 
and  one,  only  (onc-ly).  See  ATONEMENT, 
ATONE-MAKER.  ]  l.t  To  agree;  to  be  in  ac- 
cordance; to  accord. 

He  and  Aufidius  can  no  more  atone, 
Than  violentest  contrariety.  Sftat. 

2.  To  stand  as  an  equivalent;  to  make 
reparation,  amends,  or  satisfaction,  as  for 
an  offence  or  a  crime ;  to  make  expiation. 
'  The  ministry  not  atoning  for  their  former 
conduct  by  any  wise  or  popular  measure.' 
Junius. 

The  murderer  fell,  and  blood  atoned  for  blood.  Pope. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  mbve;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


ATONK 

Atone  (a-ton'),  v.t.  1.  To  expiate;  to  answer 
or  make  satisfaction  for. 

Soon  should  yon  boasters  cease  their  haughty  strife, 
Or  each  atone  his  guilty  love  with  life.  Pofe. 

2.t  To  bring  to  concord;   to  reconcile,  as 

parties  at  variance.  '  To  atone  two  Israel- 
ites at  variance.'  Fuller. 

I  would  do  inn.  h 
T'  atone  them  for  the  love  1  bear  to  Cassio.     Shall. 

:i. t  To  put  in  accordance;  to  bring  on  a 
level.  'To  nfirn*1  your  fi'urs  with  my  more 
noble  meaning.'  Shak.  -  4.t  To  unite  in 
forming. 

The  four  elements   .    .    .   have  atoned 

A  m.bk-  league.  Font. 

Atone-maker,  t  n.  [At-one-maker.  ]  One 
who  makes  reconciliation  or  atonement ; 
it  reconciler;  a  mediator. 

And  by  that  word  (mediator)  understand  an  atone- 
i/iuker,  a  peace-maker,  and  bnngcr  into  grace  and 
f.ivour.  Tyndale. 

Atonement  (a-ton'inctit).  n.  [Lit.  a  bring- 
ing to  be  at  one.  Bishop  Hall  speaks  of 
•  Discord  .  .  .  Which  never  can  be  set  at 
inioncnt  more.']  l.f  Agreement;  concord; 
reconciliation,  after  enmity  or  controversy. 

He  seeks  to  make  atonement 
llet ween  the  Duke  of  Glo'ster  and  y our  brothers-5/ia*. 

2.  Satisfaction  or  reparation  made  by  giving 
an  equivalent  for  an  injury,  or  by  doing  or 
suffering  that  which  is  received  in  satisfac- 
tion for  an  offence  or  injury;  expiation. 

And  Moses  said  to  Aaron,  Go  to  the  altar  and  offer 
thy  sin-offering,  and  thy  burnt-offering,  and  make  an 
atonement  for  thyself,  and  for  the  people.  Lev.  ix.  7. 

When  a  man  has  been  guilty  of  any  vice  the  best 
atonement  he  can  make  for  it  is  to  warn  others  not 
to  fall  into  the  like.  Spectator. 

3.  In  theol.  the  expiation  of  sin  made  by 
the  obedience  and  personal  sufferings 

of  Christ. 

The  price  of  redemption  (to  use  a  scriptural 
metaphor)  has  been  paid;  the  justice  of  God  is 
satisfied ;  a  full  and  complete  atonement  has 
been  made.  R.  Hall. 

Atoner  (a-ton'er),  n.  He  who  makes 
atonement. 

Atonic  (a-ton'ik),  a.  1.  In  med.  charac- 
terized by  atony,  or  want  of  tone  or 
vital  energy;  as,  an  atonic  disease.— 
2.  In  gram,  or  philol.  (a)  unaccented, 
(ft)  Produced  by  the  breath  alone;  surtl. 

Atonic  (a-ton'ik),  n.  1.  In  med.  a  drug 
capable  of  allaying  organic  excitement 
or  irritation.  —  2.  In  gram,  or  philol. 
(a)  a  word  that  has  no  accent,  (b) 
An  elementary  sound  produced  by  the  ™ 
breath;  a  surd  consonant;  a  breathing. 
Goodrich. 

Atony  (at'o-ni),  n.  [Gr.  atonia,  defect 
—  a,  priv.,  and  tones,  tone,  from  teino,  to 
stretch.  ]  In  med.  a  want  of  tone ;  defect  of 
muscular  power;  weakness  of  every  organ, 
particularly  of  those  that  are  contractile; 
debility. 

Atop  (a-top'),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and  top. 
See  TOP.]  On  or  at  the  top.  'The  oil, 
which  often  swims  atop  of  the  decoction.' 
Arbuthnot. 

Atrabilarian  (at'ra-bi-la"rt-an),  a.  [L.  atra 
bilis,  black  bile.  ]  Affected  with  melancholy, 
which  the  ancients  attributed  to  black  bile; 
very  bilious.  'The  atrabilarian  constitu- 
tion, or  a  black,  viscous,  pitchy  consistence 
of  the  fluids.'  Arbuthnot. 

Atrabilarian  (at'ra-bi-la"ri-an),  n.  A  person 
of  an  atrabiliar  temperament;  a  hypochon- 
driac. Disraeli. 

Atrabilarious  (at'ra-bi-la"ri-us),  a.     Same 
i  Atrabilarian. 

Atrabilazlousness(at/ra-bi-la"ri-us-nes),n. 
The  state  of  being  atrabilious,  melancholy, 
or  affected  with  disordered  bile. 

Atrabiliar,  Atrabiliary  (at-ra-bil'i-ar,  at- 
ra-bil'i-a-ri),  a.  Melancholic  or  hypochon- 
driacal;  atrabilious.  'Complexion of  acom- 
pU-x  atrabiliar  character,  the  final  shade  of 
which  may  be  the  pale  sea-green.'  Carlyle. 
~ Atrabiliary  capsule*,  the  renal  or  supra- 
renal glands  or  capsules. 

Atrabilious  (at-ra-bil'i-us),  a.  [See  ATRA- 
BILARIAN, a.]  Melancholic  or  hypochon- 
ilriacal:  from  the  supposed  preponderance 
of  black  bile. 

A  hard-faced,  atrabilious,  earnest-eyed  race,  stiff 
from  long  wrestling  with  tlie  Lord  in  prayer,  and 
wlio  had  taught  Satan  to  dread  the  new  Puritan 
hug.  J.  R.  Lowell, 

Atramentaceous  (at'ra-men-ta"shus),  a. 

|See  ATKAMKNTAL.]  Black  as  ink.  Derham. 
Atramental  fat-ra-ment'al),  a.  [L~atra- 

inentum,  ink,  from  ater,  black.]  Inky;  black 

like  ink.     [Rare  ]    Sir  T.  Brotone, 
Atramentarious  (at'ra-men-ta"ri-us),  a. 

(See  ATHAMENTAL.]    Like  ink;  suitable  for 


ATTACHMENT 


making  ink.  The  sulphate  of  iron,  or  cop- 
peras, is  called  atratitentariotts,  as  being  a 
material  in  ink. 

AtramentOUS  (at-ra-ment'us),  a.  Same  as 
Atramental. 

Whenever  provoked  by  anper  or  labour,  an  atra- 
mentous  quality  of  must  malignant  nature  was  seen 
to  diitil  from  hii  l.ps.  Smt/t. 

Atred,t  a.  [L.  ater,  black  ]  Tinged  with 
a  black  colour.  'Yellow  choler  or  atred.' 
Whitaker. 

Atrial  (a'tri-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  an  atrium; 
in  ziiol.  of  or  pertaining  to  the  atrium  in  the 
Tunicata. 

Atrip  (a-trip'),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  and  trip.] 
\aut.  said  of  an  anchor  when  the  purchase 
has  just  made  it  break  ground,  or  raised  it 
clear.  Sails  are  atrip  when  they  are  hoisted 
from  the  cap,  sheeted  home,  and  ready  for 
trimming.  Yards  are  atrip  when  swayed 
up,  ready  to  have  the  stops  cut  for  crossing; 
so  an  upper  mast  is  said  to  be  atrip  when 
the  fid  is  loosed. 

Atriplex  (at'ri-pleks),  n.  [Said  to  be  from 
ater,  black,  and  plexus,  woven  together, 
from  the  dark  colour  of  some  of  the  species.  ] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Chenopodi- 
acere;  orache.  They  are  mealy  or  scaly  herbs 
or  shrubs,  with  small  unisexual  flowers, 
growing  on  shores  and  waste  places.  Five 
species  are  found  in  Britain.  The  garden 
orache,  or  mountain-spinach  (A.  hortenaig), 
a  native  of  Tartary,  is  much  used  in  France 
as  a  spinach. 

Atrium  (a'tri-um),  n.  [L.]  1.  In  anc.  Rom. 
arch,  the  entrance-hall  and  most  important, 
and  usually  the  most  splendid,  apartment 
of  a  Roman  house,  generally  ornamented 


Atrium  of  the  House  of  Pansa  in  Pompeii  (restored). 

|    with  statues,  family  portraits,  and  other  j 

,  pictures,  and  forming  the  reception-room 
for  visitors  and  clients.  In  it  the  matron 
with  her  female  slaves  sat  and  span,  and 
the  nuptial  couch  constituted  part  of  its 
furniture.  It  was  lighted  by  an  opening  in 
the  roof  called  the  compluvium,  towards 
which  the  roof  sloped,  so  as  to  throw  the 
rain-water  into  a  cistern  in  the  floor  called 
the  imphtvium.—  2.  A  hall  or  court  in  front 
of  the  entrance  of  certain  great  ancient 
temples,  pagan  and  early  Christian.  — 3.  An 

,     auricle  of  the  heart.— 4.  In  zool.  applied  to 

I    the  large  chamber  or  'cloaca'  into  which 
the  intestine  opens  in  the  Tunicata. 
Atrocious  (a-tro'shus),  a.    [L.  atrox,  fierce, 

,  cruel.]  1.  Extremely  heinous,  criminal,  or 
cruel;  enormously  or  outrageously  wicked. 

I  'The  atrocious  guilt  of  being  a  young  man.' 
Lord  Chatham.— 2.  Expressing  or  revealing 

|    great  atrocity.     '  Revelations  ...  so  atro- 

,  cwus  that  nothing  in  history  approaches 
them.'  De  Quincey.— 3.t  Very  grievous; 

I  violent ;  as,  atrocious  distempers.  —  SYN. 
Flagrant,  enormous,  outrageous,  flagitious, 

,     violent,  heinous,  horrible. 
Atrociously  (a-tro'shus-li),  adv.     In  an 

I    atrocious  manner ;  with  enormous  cruelty 

1    or  guilt. 
AtrOCiOUSness  (a-tro'shus-nes),  n.  The  state 

!    or  quality  of  being  atrocious;  atrocity. 

The  atrocioitsness  of  the  crime  made  all  men  look 
,  with  an  evil  eye  upon  the  claim  of  any  privilege 
|  which  might  prevent  the  severest  justice.  Burke. 

Atrocity  (a-tros'i-ti).n.  1.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  "being  atrocious ;  enormous  wicked- 
ness; extreme  heinousness  or  cruelty. 

The  desired  justice  might  be  done  upon  offenders, 
as  the  atrocity  of  their  crimes  deserved.    Clarendon. 

2.  A  specific  act  of  extreme  heinousness  or 
cruelty.  '  The  atrocities  which  attend  a 
victory.'  Macaitlay. 

Atropa  (at'ro-pa),  n.  [Gr.  Atropos,  the  Fate 
who  cut  the  thread  of  life— a,  not,  and 
trepein,  to  turn,  lit.  that  which  cannot  be 
avoided.]  A  genus  of  poisonous  narcotic 


ch,  c/iain; 
VOL.  1 


ch,  Sr.  locA;      g,  go;      J,  job;      n,  Fr.  Urn;      ng,  sing:      TH,  then;  th,  thin; 


plants,  nat.  order Solanacere.  A .  ftelladonna, 
or  deadly  nightshade,  is  a  British  species, 
with  a  shining  black  berry  like  a  cherry,  in- 
closed in  the  peimanent  calyx. 
1ih    f\       ^  *ia8  a  Bwet'tiHl'  taste,  but  is 
f  ';  \  f  I      poisonous.    See  BELLADONNA. 
VV/  VJ     Atropal  (at'ro-pal),  a.     [Gr.  a, 
Xlir     w       priv.,  and  trepti,  to  tarn.]    In 
Atropal  Ovule,   bot.  erect;  orthotropous :  said 

of  an  ovule. 

Atrophy  (at'ro-tt),  «.  [Or.  atrophia~a, 
priv.,  and  trepho,  to  nourish.]  A  wasting  of 
the  flesh  with  loss  of  strength,  the  result  of 
a  morbid  condition  of  the  body,  especially 
of  the  digestive  organs;  emaciation. 
Atropia  (a-tro'pi-a),  n.  Same  as  Atropin. 
Atropin,  Atropine  (at'ro-pin),  n.  (CnH.^ 
NO3.)  A  crystalline  alkaloid  obtained  from 
the  deadly  nightshade  (Atropa  Belladonna). 
It  is  very  poisonous,  and  produces  persistent 
dilatation  of  the  pupil. 

AtropOUS  (at'ro-pus),  a.     Same  as  Atropal. 
Atroust  (a'trns),  a.    [L.  ater,  black.]    In- 
tensely black. 

Attabal,  AttabaU  (at'a-bal),  n.  Same  as 
AtabaT 

Attacca  (at-tak'ka).  [It.]  In  music,  a  di- 
rection which  denotes  that  the  next  move- 
ment is  to  follow  immediately,  without  any 
pause. 

Attach  (at-tachO,  v.t.  [Fr.  attacher,  to  tie 
or  fasten,  the  same  word  (in  a  modified  form) 
as  attaquer,  to  attack,  and  It.  attacare,  to 
fasten,  to  hang  up,  to  attack,  the  root  being 
seen  in  Arm.  tach,  Ir.  taca,  a  peg,  a  nail,  E. 
tack,  a  small  nail;  also  in  Icel.  '"/.",  to  take; 
O.D.  tacken,  to  touch,  to  fix.  ]  1.  To  make  to 
adhere;  to  tie,  bind,  or  fasten;  as,  to  attach 
one  thing  to  another  by  a  string,  by  glue, 
Ac.— 2.  Fig.  to  connect;  to  associate;  as, 
to  attach  great  importance  to  a  particu- 
lar circumstance.— 3.  t  To  lay  hold  of;  to 
seize.  'Attached  with  weariness.'  Shak. 

Then  homeward  every  man  attach  the  hand 
Of  his  fair  mistress.  ShaA. 

4.  In  law,  to  take  by  legal  authority;  to 
arrest  the  person  by  writ  to  answer  for  a 
debt:  applied  to  a  taking  of  the  person  by 
a  civil  process,  being  now  never  used  for 
the  arrest  of  a  criminal,  although  for- 
merly applied  to  arrests  of  all  kinds. 
Thus  we  find  Shakspere  using  it  with  of 
before  the  charge— 'Of  capital  treason  I 
attach  you  both. '  Hen.  IV.  part  ii.  act  iv. 
2.  The  term  attach  is  now  applied  also  to 
the  taking  of  goods  and  real  estate  by  an 
officer,  by  virtue  of  a  writ  or  precept,  to 
hold  the  same  to  satisfy  a  judgment  to 
be  rendered  in  the  suit.— 5.  To  take,  seize, 
and  lay  hold  on,  by  moral  force,  as  by  affec- 
tion or  interest;  to  fasten  or  bind  by  moral 
influence;  to  gain  over;  to  win;  as,  his  kind- 
ness attached  us  all  to  him. 

Songs,  garlands,  flow'rs, 
And  charming1  symphonies  attached  the  heart 
Of  Adam.  Milton. 

SYN.  To  affix,  bind,  tie,  tack,  fasten,  con- 
nect, subjoin,  annex,  win,  gain  over,  charm, 
enamour. 

Attach  (at-tach1),  v.i.  To  be  attached  or 
connected ;  to  be  joined  or  bound  up  with  ; 
to  belong :  with  to. 

The  ffreat  interest  which  attaches  to  the  mere 
knowledge  of  these  facts  cannot  be  doubted. 

Attacht  (at-tachO,  n.     Attachment.    Pope. 

Attachable  (at-tach 'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  attached,  legally  or  otherwise;  liable 
to  be  taken  by  writ  or  precept. 

Attache"  (a-ta-sha),  n.  [Fr.  ]  One  attached 
to  another,  as  a  part  of  his  suite  or  attend- 
ants; specifically,  one  attached  to  an  em- 
bassy or  legation  to  a  foreign  court. 

George  Gaunt  and  I  were  intimate  in  early  life:  he 
was  my  junior  when  we  were  attache's  at  Pumper- 
nickel together.  Thackeray. 

Attached  (at-tachf),  p.  and  a.  I.  Closely 
united;  bound  by  interest,  affection,  or  spe- 
cial preference  of  any  kind;  as,  an  attached 
friend;  more  attached  to  one  set  of  opinions 
than  another.  —  2.  In  taw,  seized  under 
attachment;  taken  by  writ  or  precept;  as, 
attached  property. 

Attachment  (at-tach'ment),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  attaching;  specifically,  in  law,  a  taking 
of  the  person,  goods,  or  estate  by  a  writ  or 
precept  in  a  civil  action  to  secure  a  debt  or 
demand.  Attm'tinn'nt  is  distinguished  from 
arrest  by  proceeding  out  of  a  higher  court 
by  precept  or  writ,  whereas  the  latter  pro- 
ceeds out  of  an  inferior  court  by  precept 
only,  and  by  extending  to  a  man's  goods  as 
well  as  to  his  person,  and  from  distress  by 
extending  to  a  man's  person  as  well  as  his 

w,  wig;    \vh.  c-Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KKV 
12 


ATTACK 

goods.  Attachment  is  the  method  which 
has  always  been  used  by  the  superior  courts 
of  justice  for  the  punishment  of  all  con- 
tempts of  court.  Mozley  and  Whiteley. — 
Foreign  attachment  is  the  taking  of  the 
money  or  goods  of  a  debtor  in  the  hands 
of  a  stranger;  as,  when  the  debtor  is 
not  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court, 
or  has  absconded.  Any  person  who  has 
goods  or  eifects  of  a  debtor,  is  considered 
in  law  as  the  agent,  attorney,  factor,  or 
trustee  of  the  debtor ;  and  an  attachment 
served  on  such  person  binds  the  property 
in  his  hands  to  respond  the  judgment 
against  the  debtor.  The  process  of  foreign 
attachment  has  existed  from  time  immemo- 
rial in  London,  Bristol,  Exeter,  Lancaster, 
and  some  other  towns  in  England,  and  by 
the  Common  Law  Procedure  Act  of  1854  has 
been  made  general.  In  Scotland  this  pro- 
ceeding is  called  arrestment.  In  the  case 
of  wages  attachment  was  abolished  in 
England  in  1870.— Court  of  attachments,  a 
court  formerly  held  in  England,  before  the 
verderors  of  the  forest,  to  attach  and  try 
offenders  against  vert  and  venison.  —  2.  A 
writ  directing  the  person  or  estate  of  a  per- 
son to  be  taken,  to  secure  his  appearance 
before  a  court.— 3.  Close  adherence  or  affec- 
tion; fidelity;  regard;  any  passion  or  affec- 
tion that  binds  a  person. 

Cromwell  had  to  determine  whether  he  would  put 
to  hazard  the  attachment  of  his  party,  the  attachment 
of  his  army  ...  to  save  a  prince  whom  no  engage- 
ment could  bind.  Macaulay. 

4.  That  which  attaches  one  thing  to  another, 
or  a  person  to  an  object;  as,  the  attachments 
of  a  muscle;  the  attachments  of  home. — 

5.  That  which  is  attached  to  a  principal 
object;  an  adjunct;  as,  the  ^Eolian  attach- 
ment to  the  piano. 

Attack  (at-takO,  v.t.  [Fr.  attaquer;  It.  at- 
taccare,  to  fasten,  to  engage  in  battle.  This 
is  another  form  of  attach.  See  ATTACH.] 

1.  To  assault;   to   fall  upon  with  force; 
to  assail,  as  with  force  and  arms.     It  is 
the  appropriate  word  for  the  commencing 
act  of  hostility  between  armies  and  navies. 

2.  To  endeavour  to  injure,  overthrow,  or 
bring  into  discredit  by  any  act  or  proposal, 
or  by  unfriendly  words  or  writing,  whether 
satire,  calumny,  criticism,  or  argument;  as, 
to  attack  the  constitution  by  legislative 
measures;  to  attack  a  man  or  his  opinions 
in  a  pamphlet. 

The  people's  interest  is  the  only  object  that  we 
have  any  right  whatever  to  consider  in  deciding  the 
question,  whether  or  not  the  present  state  of  things 
shall  be  submitted  to  or  attacked.  Brougham. 

3.  To  begin  to  destroy  or  affect  injuriously; 
to  oome  or  fall  upon;  to  seize:  said  of  dis- 
eases and  other  destructive  agencies;  as, 
yesterday  he  was  attacked  by  fever;  caries 
attacked  the  bones;  the  grub  attacked  the 
crops.    Specifically— 4.  In  chem.  to  begin  to 
decompose  or  dissolve.    [The  word  attack 
is  of  comparatively  recent  origin  or  intro- 
duction.   It  occurs  in  Milton  but  not  in 
Shakspere.]  SYN.  To  assail,  assault,  invade, 
beset,  besiege,  beleaguer,  combat,  impugn, 
encounter. 

Attack  (at-tak'),  v.i.  To  make  an  attack  or 
onset;  as,  the  enemy  attacked  with  great 
boldness. 

Those  that  attack  generally  get  the  victory. 

Rick.  Kant 

Attack  (at-tak'),  n.  1.  A  falling  on,  with 
force  or  violence,  or  with  calumny,  satire, 
or  criticism;  an  onset;  an  assault;  a  seizure 
by  a  disease;  as,  to  make  an  attack  upon 
the  enemy;  a  calumnious  attack  upon  a  per- 
son; an  attack  of  fever.— 2.  Battle  generally- 
light.  [Bare.] 

Long  time  in  even  scale 
The  battle  hung ;  till  Satan  .  .  . 
.  .  .  ranging  through  the  dire  attack, 
Saw  where  the  sword  of  Michael  smote,  and  fell'd 
Squadrons  at  once.  Milton. 

SYN.  Assault,  invasion,  onset,  inroad,  charge. 

Attackable  (at-tak'a-bl).a.  Capable  of  being 
attacked;  assailable. 

Attacker  (at-tak'er),  ».  One  who  attacks, 
assaults,  or  invades. 

Attacottic  (at-ta-kot'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Attacotti,  a  tribe  of  ancient  Britons, 
allies  of  the  Scots.  Pinkerton. 

Attacque  t  (at-takO,  v.t.    To  attack. 

Attagas,  Attagen  (at'ta-gas,  at'ta-jen),  n. 
[L.  attagen,  Gr.  attagas,  attagen.}  A  beau- 
tiful gallinaceous  bird  of  the  grouse  family, 
the  Syrrhaptes  Pallasii,  allied  to  the  sand- 
grouse  and  partridge,  and  resembling  the 
pheasant,  with  a  short  black  bill  and  a  fine 
crest  of  yellow  feathers,  variegated  with 
black  and  white  spots.  It  is  a  native  of  the 


wledge  is  too  wonderful  for  me;  it  is  high; 
•tain  unto  it  Ps.  cxxxix.  6. 


178 

deserts  of  Central  Asia,  and  is  rarely  met 
with  in  the  south  of  Europe.  It  is  the  only 
species  of  the  genus. 

Attaghan  (afta-gan),  n.  [See  YATAGHAN.  ] 
A  dagger -like  sabre  used  by  the  Turks. 
More  frequently  written  Yataghan. 

Attain  (at-tan'),  v.t.  [O.Fr.  ataindre,  Fr. 
atteindre,  Pr.  ateigner,  atenher,  L.  attingo, 
to  reach,  come  to,  or  overtake— at?,  to,  and 
tango,  to  touch.  Attaint,  attainder,  come 
from  the  same  Latin  word,  while  from  sim- 
ple tango  come  tact,  tangent,  <fec.]  1.  To 
reach  by  effort;  to  achieve  or  accomplish; 
to  acquire;  to  gain:  said  of  an  end  or  ob- 
ject. 'Attain  the  wise  indifference  of  the 
wise.'  Tennyson. — 2.  To  come  to;  to  arrive 
at;  to  reach:  said  of  a  place. 

Canaan  he  now  attains.  Milton. 

3.  Toreachinexcellenceordegree;  toequal. 

So  the  first  precedent,  if  it  be  good,  is   seldom 
attained  by  imitation.  Bacon. 

4.t  To  overtake;  to  come  up  with.  'Not 
attaining  him  in  time.'  Bacon.  —  Attain, 
Obtain,  Procure.  A  ttain  differs  from  obtain 
and  procure  in  that  it  involves  the  idea  of 
considerable  effort,  while  obtain  does  not 
necessarily  imply  effort  at  all,  and  procure 
only  a  small  degree  of  it.  Thus  we  may 
obtain  an  estate  by  inheritance,  we  may 
procure  a  book  by  loan  or  purchase,  but  we 
attain  an  end  only  by  exertion.  Inattention 
to  this  distinction  has  led  even  good  writers 
into  mistakes  in  the  use  of  this  word  and 
its  derivatives.  See  note  under  ATTAIN- 
ABLE.—SYN.  To  reach,  achieve,  accomplish, 
acquire,  obtain,  procure,  gain,  get. 
Attain  (at-tan'),  v.i.  To  reach;  to  come  or 
arrive  by  motion,  bodily  or  mental  exertion, 
or  efforts  of  any  kind  toward  a  place  or 
object :  followed  by  to  or  unto. 

Such  In 
I  can  not 

Attaint  (lit- tan'),  n.  Something  attained. 
Glanviile. 

Attainability  (at-tan'a-bil"i-ti),  n.  Attain- 
ableness.  Coleridge. 

Attainable  (at-tan'a-bl),o.  Capable  of  being 
attained;  capable  of  being  reached  by  efforts 
of  the  mind  or  body;  capable  of  being  com- 
passed or  accomplished  by  efforts  directed 
to  the  object;  as,  perfection  is  not  attain- 
able in  this  life.  [From  an  inattention  to 
the  true  sense  of  this  word  authors  have 
very  improperly  used  it  for  obtainable,  pro- 
curable; as  in  the  following  passages:  'The 
kind  and  quality  of  food  and  liquor;  the 
species  of  habitation,  furniture,  and  cloth- 
ing, to  which  the  common  people  of  each 
country  are  habituated,  must  be  attainable 
with  ease  and  certainty.'  Paley.  'General 
Howe  would  not  permit  them  to  be  pur- 
chased in  Philadelphia,  and  they  (clothes 
and  blankets)  were  not  attainable  in  the 
country.'  Marshall's  Life  of  Washington. 
In  each  case  the  word  should  be  obtainable 
or  procurable.] 

Attainableness  (at-tan'a-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  attainable. 

Attainder  (at-tan'der),  n.  [O.Fr.  atteindre, 
ataindre,  to  touch  or  reach,  as  with  law;  to 
attaint,  from  L.  attingo.  See  ATTAIN,  v.t. 
The  idea  of  taint,  stain,  or  corruption  has 
been  erroneously  connected  with  this  word 
See  ATTAINT, to  affect  with  attainder.]  l.The 
act  of  attainting  or  state  of  being  attain  ted; 
the  legal  consequences  of  judgment  of  death 
or  outlawry  pronounced  in  respect  of  trea- 
son or  felony;  as,  a  bill  of  attainder;  to 
remove  an  attainder.  The  consequences  by 
the  common  law  were,  forfeiture  of  lands 
tenements,  and  hereditaments,  incapability 
of  suing  in  a  court  of  justice,  or  of  perform- 
ing any  of  the  duties,  or  enjoying  any  of  the 
privileges  of  a  free  citizen,  and  '  corruption 
of  blood '  rendering  the  party  incapable  of 
inheriting  property  or  transmitting  it  to 
heirs.  By  32  and  33  Viet,  cxxiii.  it  is  now 
provided  that  no  conviction  for  treason  or 
felony  shall  cause  attainder  or  forfeiture.— 
2.  A  bringing  under  some  disgrace,  stain,  or 
imputation;  state  of  being  in  dishonour. 

So  to  the  laws  at  large  I  write  my  name : 
And  he  that  breaks  them  in  the  (east  degree 
Stands  in  attainder  of  eternal  shame.        SJiai. 

Attainment  (at-tan'ment),  n.  i.  The  act  of 
attaining;  the  act  of  arriving  at  or  reaching; 
the  act  of  obtaining  by  exertion  or  effort. 
'  The  attainment  of  every  desired  object ' 
Sir  W.  Jones.— 2.  That  which  is  attained  or 
obtained  by  exertion;  acquisition;  acquire- 
ment; as,  a  man  of  great  attainments. 

Attaint  (at-tan f),  v.t.  [Fr.  atteindre,  to 
reach,  as  with  law,  to  convict,  pp.  atteint; 


ATTASTE 

O.Fr.  attaint,  convicted.  (See  ATTAINDER.) 
This  word  is  generally,  but  erroneously, 
confounded  with  attaint,  to  disgrace.  ]  1.  To 
affect  with  attainder;  to  find  guilty  of  a 
crime,  as  of  felony  or  treason,  involving 
forfeiture  of  civil  privileges. 

I  must  offend  before  I  be  attainted.         Shak. 

Attaint  (at-tanf),  n.  1.  An  ancient  mode  of 
inquiring  whether  a  jury  had  given  a  falte 
verdict,  abolished  by  4  Geo.  IV.  1.— 2.  In 
old  law,  (a)  a  conviction ;  (b)  impeachment. 

Edmund,  I  arrest  thee 
On  capital  treason  ;  and.  in  thine  attaint, 
This  gilded  serpent.  SAat. 

[The  folios  and  many  modern  editions  read 
arrest  instead  of  attaint  in  this  passage  ] 

Attaint!  (at-tanf),  v.t.  [Prefix  at,  from 
L.  ad,  to,  and  taint,  from  L.  tinctus,  pp. 
of  tingo,  to  dye ;  Fr.  teindre,  pp.  teint, 
stained.  See  TAINT.]  1.  To  disgrace;  to 
cloud  with  infamy;  to  stain;  to  taint;  in 
corrupt.  '  Lest  she  with  blame  her  honour 
should  attaint.'  Spenser.— 2.  To  affect  with 
any  passion  or  emotion.  '  This  noble  woman 
.  .  .  attainted  with  extreme  sorrow.'  Tranx. 
of  Historia  Anglica. 

Attaint  t  (at-tanf),  n.  l.f  A  stain,  spot,  or 
taint;  hence,  a  disgrace. 

What  simple  thief  brags  of  his  own  attaint  I  Skat. 

2.  t  Infection;  injurious  or  deleterious  action. 
'  The  marrow-eating  sickness  whose  attaint 
disorder  breeds.'  Shak.— 3.  A  blow  or  wound 
on  the  hinder  feet  of  a  horse. 
Attaint  t  (at-tanf),  pp.  1.  Tainted;  cor- 
rupted; infected;  attacked. 

My  tender  youth  was  never  yet  attaint 

By  any  passion.  S*a*. 

2.  Attainted;  convicted. 
Attaintrnent,t  Attainture  t  (at-tant'ment, 
at-tanfur),  n.  The  act  or  state  of  being 
attainted  or  affected  with  attainder;  con- 
viction; arrest;  impeachment.  'Cardinal 
Wolsey's  attaintment.'  Ashmole. 

Her  altaiiitnri  will  be  Humphrey's  fall.      Shot. 

Attake,*  Atake.t  v.t.  [Prefix  a,  and  take. ] 
To  overtake. 


.t  Boughton  under  Blee  us  gan  atalte 

t  man,  that  clothed  was  in  clothes  blake.   Cha 


Attal  (aftal),  n.  [Corn.]  Rubbish  of  mines 
or  impure  off-cast  containing  little  or  no 
ore;  refuse.  Called  also  Attle. 

Attalea  (at-ta-le'a),  n.  [In  allusion  to  the 
beauty  of  the  trees,  from  Attahis,  a  rich 
king  of  Pergamos.  ]  A  genus  of  palms  found 
chiefly  in  the  tropical  parts  of  America,  dis- 
tinguished by  its  nut  containing  three  cells, 
each  inclosing  a  single  seed.  The  leaves  are 
large  and  pinnate,  form  an  excellent  thatch, 
and  are  woven  into  hats,  mats,  and  baskets. 
The  fibres  of  the  leaf-stalksof  A.funiferanre 
made  in  to  ropes  and  brooms  and  its  hard  nuts 
are  the  coquilla-nuts,  which  are  3  or  4  inches 
long,  brown  in  colour,  hard,  and  of  sufficient 
thickness  to  be  turned  into  door  handles, 
small  cups,  &c. 

Attamet  (at-tamO,  v.t.  To  tame;  to  over- 
come. Sylvester. 

Attame,t  v.t.  [L.attamino,  to  attack.  See 
ATTAMINATE.)  1.  To  open;  to  broach.— 
2.  To  begin;  to  commence.  — 3.  To  taste;  to 
feel.— 4.  To  hurt;  to  injure.  [Chaucer  uses 
the  word  in  all  the  above  senses.] 

Attaminatet  (at -tarn 'in -at),  v.t.  [L. 
attamino,  attaminatmn,  to  touch,  to  attack, 
to  contaminate  —  ad,  to,  and  tamino,  to 
violate,  whence  also  contaminate.  ]  To  con- 
taminate. Blount. 

Attaque  t  (at-takO,  v  .t.  To  attack.  Feltham, 

Attar  (at'tar),  n.  [Ar.  air.  Hind,  utr,  per- 
fume. ]  In  the  East  Indies,  a  general  term 
for  a  perfume  from  flowers;  in  Europe  gene- 
rally used  only  of  the  attar  or  otto  of  roses, 
an  essential  oil  made  in  Turkey  and  various 
other  eastern  countries  from  Rosa  centi- 

folia,  the  hundred-leaved  or  cabbage  rose, 
.R.  damascena,  or  damask-rose,  R.  motchattt, 
or  musk -rose,  &c. ,  100,000  roses  yielding 
only  180  grains  of  attar.  The  oil  is  at  first 
greenish,  but  afterwards  it  presents  various 
tints  of  green,  yellow,  and  red.  In  this 
country  it  is  concrete  at  all  ordinary  tempera- 
tures, and  becomes  liquid  about  84"  Fahr. 
It  is  a  well-known  perfume,  but  the  odour 
is  agreeable  only  when  diffused,  being  tuo 
powerful  when  it  is  concentrated. 

Attask  t  (at-taskO,  v.  t.  [Prefix  a,  and  task  ] 
To  task;  to  tax;  to  reprove;  to  blame. 

You  are  much  more  attasked  for  want  of  wiMlpm 
than  praised  for  harmful  mildness.  Shak. 

Attaste.t  v.t.  [Prefix  a,  and  taste.]  To  taste. 
'  To  attaste  the  cup.'  Chaucer. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


ATTEMPER 


179 


ATTENUATE 


Attemper  (at-tcm'per),  v.t.    [L.  «»(,„/.,/., 

ail,    and   tnnpero,    to   temper,   mix,   or  ' 
moderate.     See   TE.MPKH.]      1.   Tn   reduce, 
modify,  or  moderate  by  mixture;   88,  to  ' 
attemper  heat  by  a  cooling   mixture,   or 
spirits  liy  diluting  them  with  water.     •  No- 
bility   attempers   sovereignty.'      Bacon.— 
2.   To  soften,   mollify,    or  moderate ;   as, 
to  attemper  rigid  justice   with  clemency. 
'  Those  smiling  eyes  attempering  every  ray.' 
/'«;«. —3.  To  mix  in  just  proportion;   to 
regulate;  as,  a  mind  well  attempered  with 
kindness  and  justice.     '  God  hath  so  attem- 
pered the  blood  and  bodies  of  fishes.'    Hay. 
4.  To  accommodate;  to  fit  or  make  suitable. 
'Arts  attempered  to  the  lyre.'    Pope.    [In 
all  its  uses  now  obsolete  or- nearly  so,  tem- 
per being  generally  used.] 
Attemperance  t  (ut-tcm'per-ans),  ».    Tern 
perance, 

Attemperatet  (at-tcm'per-at),  p.  and  a 
[See  ATTEMPER.]  Tempered;  proportioned 
suited. 

JIopo  must  be  proportioned  and  attentperate  to  the 
promise.  Hammond. 

Attemperate  (at-tem'per-at),  v.t.  l.t  To 
attemper;  to  regulate.  ' If  any  do  attein- 
perate  his  actions  accordingly.'  Barrow. — 
2.  In  brewing  and  dittilling,  to  regulate  the 
temperature  of,  as  the  wort. 

Attemperation  (at-tem'per-a"shon),  n. 
1. 1  The  act  of  attempering,  regulating, 
adjusting,  or  accommodating.  Bacon.— 
2.  The  act  of  regulating  the  temperature 
of  the  wort  in  brewing  and  distilling. 

Attemperator  (at-tem'per-at-er),  n.  In 
brewing  and  distilling,  a  contrivance  for 
regulating  the  temperature  of  the  wort 
during  the  progress  of  fermentation. 

Attempennent  (at-tem'per-ment),  n.  A 
tempering  or  mixing  in  due  proportion. 
J^r.  Chalmers. 

Attempre,  t  a.  Temperate.  •  Attempre 
diete  was  all  hire  physike.'  Chaucer. 

Attemprely,  t  adv.  In  a  temperate  manner. 
CAaucer. 

Attempt  (at-temf),  v.t.  [O.Fr.  attempter, 
Mod.  Fr.  attenter,  from  L  attento,  attempto, 
to  attempt— ad,  to,  and  tento,  tempto,  to  try, 
freq.  of  tendo,  tentum,  to  stretch,  to  try.) 

1.  lo  make  an  effort  to  effect;  to  endeavour 
to  perform;  to  undertake;  to  try;  as,  to 
attempt  a  bold  flight. 

The  wise  and  prudent  conquer  difficulties  by  darine 
to  allrmfl  [hem.  JtOH, 

2.  To  attack;  to  make  an  effort  upon;  as,  to 
attempt  the  enemy's  camp;   to  attempt  a 
person's  life.— 3.  To  make  an  assault  upon 
the  feelings  or  passions  of;  to  try  to  win  or 
seduce.    'He  will  never  attempt  us  again.' 
Shak. 

It  made  the  laughter  of  an  afternoon 

That  Vivien  should  attetnpt  the  blameless  king. 

4.t  To  prove;  to  test.  '  Vf ell-attempted 
plate.'  Fairfax. 

Attempt  (at-temf),  «.»'.  To  make  an  at- 
tempt, effort,  or  trial.  'Not  that  they  durst 
without  his  leave  attempt.'  Milton. 

Attempt  (at-temf),  n.  An  essay,  trial,  or 
endeavour;  an  attack;  an  effort  to  gain 
a  point  '  By  his  blindness  maimed  for 
high  attempts,'  Milton. 

The  attempt  and  not  the  deed  confounds  us.    Shak. 

•"YN.  Endeavour,  trial,  undertaking,  enter- 
prise, attack,  onset,  assault. 
Attemptability  (at-temt'a-bil"i-ti),  n. 
1.  The  state  or  condition  of  being  attempt- 
able.— 2.  A  thing  that  may  be  attempted. 

Short  way  ahead  of  us  is  all  dim ;  an  unwound  skein 
of  possibilities,  of  apprehensions,  aittmptadilitics, 
vague  .looming  hopes.  Carlyle. 

Attemptable  (nt-temt'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  attempted,  tried,  or  attacked;  liable 
to  an  attempt  or  attack.  '  Less  attemptable 
than  any  the  rarest  of  our  ladies  in  France.' 
Shale. 

Attempter  (at-temt'er),  n.  One  who  at- 
tempts or  attacks.  '  Against  the  attempter 
"f  thy  father's  throne.'  Milton 

Attemptive  t  (at-temt'iv),  o.  Ready  to  at- 
tempt; enterprising;  adventurous.  Daniel. 

Attend  (at-tend'),  v.  t.  [L.  atttndo,  to  turn 
one's  mind  to,  to  turn  to;  Fr.  attendre,  to 
wait,  await,  expect— L.  ad,  to,  and  tendo,  to 
stretch,  as  the  mind,  to  tend.  See  TEND.] 
.T  To  llx  the  mind  upon ;  to  listen  to;  to 
have  regard  or  pay  heed  to;  to  consider. 

The  pilot  doth  not  attend  the  unskilful  words  of 
the  passenger.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

The  crow  doth  sing  as  sweetly  as  the  lark 
When  neither  is  attended.  ShaJe. 

Their  hunger  thus  appeased,  their  care  attends 
The  doubtful  fortune  of  their  absent  friends. 

Drydett. 


2.  To  accompany  or  !»•  present  with,  as  a 
companion,  minister,  or  servant,  or  for  the 
fulfilment  of  any  duty. 

Let  one  attend  him  with  a  silver  basin.      Shalt. 
The  fifth  had  charge  hick  persons  to  attend. 

3.  To  be  present  at  or  in  for  purposes  of 
duty,  business,  curiosity,  pleasure,  or  the 
like;  as,  he  attends  church  regularly;  law- 
yers or  spectators  attend  a  court;  he  at- 
tended the  concert.  — 4.  To  accompany  or 
follow  in  immediate  sequence,  especial!  • 
from  a  causal  connection:  said  of  tilings 
as,  a  cold  attended  with  fever;  a  measure 
attended  by  bad  results. —5. t  To  wait  o 
stay  for;  to  expect,  as  a  person  or  event. 

Thy  intercepter  .  .  .  bloody  as  the  hunter  attend 
thee  at  the  orchard-end,  Shak. 

Three  days  I  promised  to  attend  my  doom. 

6.t  To  be  in  store  for;  to  await.  'life  state 
that  attends  all  men  after  this.'  Locke. 
Attend  (at-tend'),  v.i.  1.  To  exercise  at 
tention ;  to  pay  regard  or  heed,  often  to 
pay  such  regard  as  combines  with  it  com- 
pliance: mostly  followed  by  to;  as,  my  son 
attend  to  my  words, 

Attend  to  the  voice  of  my  supplications, 

Ps.  Ixxxvi.  6. 
lie  hath  attended  to  the  voice  of  my  prayer. 

2.  To  be  present,  in  pursuance  of  duty;  to 
act  as  an  attendant:  used  by  itself  or  fol- 
lowed by  on  or  upon;  as,  who  attends  here? 
to  attend  upon  a  committee.  —  Hence 

3.  To  wait  on  in  worship;  to  serve. 

That  ye  may  atttn d  upon  the  Lord  without  distrac- 
"<>"•  1  Cor.  vii.  35. 

4.t  To  stay;  to  wait;  to  delay. 

For  this  perfection  she  must  yet  attend, 

Till  to  her  Maker  she  espoused  be.         Da-vies. 

Attendance  (at-tend'ans),  n.  \.  The  act  of 
attending  or  attending  on:  as  (a)  the  act  of 
waiting  on  or  serving ;  the  act  of  being  pre- 
sent for  purposes  of  duty,  business,  pleasure 
or  the  like;  service;  ministry. 

No  man  gave  attendance  at  the  altar.      Heb.  vii.  13. 
Lindamira,  a  lady  whose  .  .  .  constant  attendance 
at  church  three  times  a  day  had  utterly  defeated 
many  malicious  attacks  upon  her  reputation. 

Fielding. 

The  other,  after  many  years'  attendance  upon  the 
duke,  was  now  one  of  the  bed-chamber  to  the  prince. 

(6)t  Attention;  regard;  careful  application 
of  mind. 

Give  attendance  to  reading.      i  Tim.  IT.  13. 

(c)  t  A  waiting  on,  as  in  expectation. 

That  which  causeth  bitterness  in  death  is  the  lan- 
guishing attendance  and  expectation  of  it  ere  it  come. 
Hooker. 

2.  The  persons  attending  for  any  purpose; 
specifically,  persons  waiting  on  to  render 
service;  a  train;  a  retinue. 

Attendance  none  shall  need,  nor  train.      Milton. 
The  attendance  of  the  Tories  was  scanty,  as  no 
important  discussion  was  expected.        Afacaulay. 

—To  dance  attendance.    See  DANCE. 
Attendancyt  (at-tend'an-sl).  n.    1.  Attend- 
ance; a  train  or  retinue.    Fuller. 


Of  honour  another  part  is  attendancy;  and  there- 
is  of  the  glory  of  God,  angels  are 


spoken  of  as  his  attendants.  ...  It  showeth  what 
honour  is  fit  for  prelates,  and  what  attendancy 

Hooter 

2.  Relation;  relative  position.      'To  name 
lands  by  the  attendancy  they  have  to  other 
lands  more  notorious.'    Bacon. 
Attendant  (at-tend'ant),  a.   1.  Accompany- 
ing; being  present  or  in  attendance  upon. 

Other  suns  with  their  attendant  moons.    Milton. 

2.  Accompanying,  connected  with,  or  imme- 
diately following,  as  consequential;  as,  in- 
temperance, with  all  its  attendant  evils.— 

3.  In  law ,  depending  on  something  or  some 
person;  owing  service  to.—  Attendant  keys. 
in  music,  same  as  Relative  Keys.   See  under 
RELATIVE. 

Attendant  (at-tend'ant),  n.  1.  One  who 
attends  or  accompanies  another,  in  any 
character  whatever,  as  a  friend,  companion, 
minister,  or  servant;  one  who  belongs  to 
the  train;  a  follower.  'Brave  attendants 
near  him.'  Shale.— i  One  who  attends  on 
or  waits  the  pleasure  of  another,  as  a  suitor 
or  the  like. 

To  give  an  attendant  quick  despatch  is  a  civility. 
Up.  Burnt/. 

Specifically— 3.  In  law,  one  who  owes  a  duty 
or  service  to,  or  depends  on  another. — 4.  One 
who  is  present  for  any  purpose. 

He  was  a  constant  attendant  at  all  meetings  relat- 
ing to  charity.  Swift. 

5.  That  which  accompanies  or  is  consequent 
on. 

A  love  of  fame,  the  attendant  of  noble  spirits. 
Pope. 


Attender  (at-tend'er),  M.    one  who  attends; 
a  companion  ;  an  associate.    B.  Jonion 
Attendingly  (at-tondlng-U),  udi.    With  ;it 

tention;  attentively. 

Attendmentt  (at-tend'ment),;i.    An  accom- 
panying circumstance.    •  DncomforUbl*  at- 

tendments  of  hell.'    Sir  T.  Browne 
Attendress  t  (at-tend'res),  n.    A  female  at- 
tendant    Fuller. 

Attentt  (at-teuf),  a.  [L.  attentus,  pp  of 
atUndo.  See  ATTEND]  Attentive;  Intent 

An  attent  car.'  Shalt.  'Let  thine  ears  be 
attent.'  2  Clir.  vi.  40. 

Attent  t  (at-tent1),  n.    Attention.    Spenter 
Attentate,  Attentat  (at-tentat,  at-tent'at), 
n.  [L.  attriitutum,  an  attempt,  from  attentv 
to  attempt.  See  ATTEMPT.)  1. 1  An  attempt 

Affrighted  at  so  damnable  an  attentate  ' 
Time's  Storehouse.— 2.  In  law,  (a)  a  proceed- 
ing in  a  court  of  judicature  after  an  inhibi- 
tion is  decreed.  (M  A  thing  done  after  an 
extrajudicial  appeal,  (c)  A  matter  impro- 
perly innovated  or  attempted  by  an  inferior 
judge. 

Attention  (at-ten'shon),  n.  [L.  attentio, 
attentions,  attention,  from  attendo,  atten- 
tum,  to  stretch  or  direct  towards,  to  direct 
the  attention— ad,  to,  and  tendo,  tentum  to 
stretch.]  1.  The  act  of  attending  or  heed- 
ing; the  voluntary  application  of  the  ear  to 
sounds,  or  of  the  mind  to  objects  presented 
to  its  contemplation ;  earnest  regard  or  con- 
sideration ;  needfulness ;  observation. 

O.  but  they  say  the  tongues  of  dying  men 
Enforce  attention  like  deep  harmony.        Sha*. 

2.  Act  of  civility  or  courtesy;  as,  attention 
to  a  stranger;  pi.  acts  of  courtesy  indicating 
regard:  said  especially  of  a  suitor  or  ad- 
mirer of  a  lady;  as,  his  attentions  were  most 
marked.  —  A  ttentian,  Consciousness.  A  tten- 
tion  is  a  voluntary  act;  it  requires  an  active 
exertion  to  begin  and  continue  it;  but  con- 
scioumess  is  involuntary.  Reid.  —  SYN.  Care, 
heed,  heetlf  illness,  mindf  ulness.observatlon, 
observance,  study,  consideration,  applica- 
tion, regard. 

Attentive  (at-tent'iv),  a.  ].  Heedful;  intent; 
observant;  regarding  with  care;  mindful 
Specially  applied  to  the  senses  of  hearing 
and  seeing;  as,  an  attentive  ear  or  eye;  to 
the  application  of  the  mind,  as  in  contem- 
plation; or  to  the  application  of  the  mind, 
together  with  the  senses  above  mentioned, 
as  when  a  person  is  attentive  to  the  words, 
the  manner,  and  matter  of  a  speaker  at  the 
same  time. 

Like  Cato,  (five  his  little  senate  laws. 

And  sit  attentive  to  his  own  applause.      Pope. 

2.  Habitually  heedful  or  mindful;  sedulous; 
ready  or  willing  to  give  attention,  or  pay 
attentions;  as,  an  attentive  scholar;  a  most 
attentive  servant. 

Herbert  proved  one  ofthe  most  attentive  guards  on 
>"  I'M-  G.  A.  Sala. 

SYN.  Heedful,  intent,  observant,  mindful, 
regardful,  circumspect,  watchful 

Attentively  (at-tent'iv-li),  adv.  In  an  at- 
tentive manner;  heedfully;  carefully;  with 
fixed  attention. 

Attentiveness  (at-tent'iv-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  attentive;  needfulness;  attention. 

Attentlyt  (at-tent'li),  adv.  Attentively. 
Barrow. 

Attenuant  (at-ten'u-ant),  a.  [L.  attenuate, 
attenuantii,  ppr.  of  attenuo.  See  ATTENU- 
ATE.] Attenuating;  making  thin,  as  fluids; 
diluting;  rendering  less  dense  and  viscid. 
'  Things  that  be  attenuant. '  Holland. 

Attenuant  (at-ten'u-ant),  n.  A  medicine 
which  increases  the  fluidity  of  the  humours; 
a  diluent. 

Attenuate  (at-ten'u-at),  t>.  t.  pret  &  pp.  a(- 
tenuated;  ppr.  attenuating.  [L.  attenuo — 
"•',  and  ttnuo,  to  make  thin;  tenuis,  thin, 
from  same  root  as  E.  thin.]  1.  To  make 

thin;  to  render  less  viscid:  said  of  liquids. 

The  finer  part  belonging  to  the  juice  of  grapes, 
being  attenuated  and  subtilized,  was  changed  into 
an  ardent  spirit.  Boyle. 

2.  To  comminute;  to  break  or  wear  down 
into  finer  or  very  minute  parts.    [Rare.] 

This  uninterrupted  motion  must  attenuate  and 
wear  away  the  hardest  rocks. 

Trans.  ofChaptal,  1791. 

3.  To  reduce  in  thickness;  to  make  slender. 

He  pities  his  long,  clammy,  attenuated  fingers. 

4.  To  lessen  in  complexity.    [Rare.] 

To  undersell  our  rivals  ...  has  led  the  manufac- 
turer to  attenuate  his  processes,  in  the  allotment  of 
tasks,  to  an  extreme  point.  Is.  Taylor. 

5.  Fig.  to  render  meagre  or  jejune,  by  wear- 
ing or  frittering  away,  as  facts;  to  fine  down. 

We  may  reject  and  reject  till  we  attenuate  history 
into  sapless  meagreness.  Sir  F.  Palgravt. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j.j'ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  tAen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  u>Aig;    ih,  azure.— See  KBY. 


ATTENUATE 


180 


ATTORNEY 


Mentschikof  tried  \.o  attenuate  the  extent  and  effect 
of  his  demands.  Kin£take. 

6.t  To  lessen;  to  diminish:  said  of  number. 
II  owe!  I. 

Attenuate  (at-ten'u-at),  v.i.  To  become 
thin,  slender,  or  fine;  to  diminish;  to  lessen. 

The  attention  attenuates  as  its  sphere  contracts. 
Coleridge. 

Attenuate,  Attenuated  (at-ten'u-at,  at- 
teu'u-at-ed),  a.  1.  Made  thin  or  less  viscid. 
'Spirits  attenuate,  which  the  cold  doth 
congeal  and  coagulate.'  Bacon.—  2.  Made 
slender.— 3.  In  bot.  growing  slender  towards 
a  point  or  extremity. 

Attenuation  (at-ten'u-a"shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  making  thin,  as  fluids;  as,  the  attenuation 
of  the  humours.  —2.  The  act  of  making  fine  by 
comminution  or  attrition.  [Rare.] 

The  action  of  the  air  facilitates  the  attenuation  of 
these  rocks.  Traits.  o/Chaptal,  1791. 

3.  The  act  or  process  of  making  slender,  thin, 
or  lean;  the  state  of  being  thin;  anything  very 
thin.  '  I  am  ground  even  to  an  attenuation.' 
Donne. — 4.  In  brewing  and  distillation,  the 
change  which  takes  place  on  the  saccharine 
worts  during  fermentation  by  the  sugar  being  j 
converted  into  alcohol  and  carbonic  acid. 

Atter  t  (after),  «.  [A.  Sax.  cetter,  atter,  &c.,  | 
poison.]  Poisou;  venom;  pus.  Holland. 

Atter,  t  Atterrt  (at-tei'),  v.t.  [Fr.  A  terre, 
or  L.  ad  and  terra,  to  the  earth.]  To  place 
upon  or  in  the  earth;  to  cast  down  to  the 
earth;  to  humble ;  to  subdue.  '  Atterrs  the 
stubborn  and  attracts  the  prone.'  Sylvester, 
Dit  Bartas. 

Atterate.t  Atterratet  (at'ter-at),  v.t.  [L.L. 
attero,  atterro,  atteratum,  atterratum,  to 
carry  earth  to  another  place  —  ad,  to,  and 
terra,  earth.  ]  To  add  soil  to  by  transporting 
earth  or  alluvium  from  one  place  and  de- 
positing it  in  another,  as  water  does.  *  At- 
terated  by  land  brought  down  by  floods." 
Ray. 

Atteration.t  Atterrationt  (at-ter-a'shon), 
n.  The  operation  of  forming  land  by  the 
action  of  water  in  wearing  away  the  earth 
in  one  place  and  depositing  it  in  another. 

Atter.  cop  (at' ter-kop),  n.  [A.  Sax.  attercoppa, 
a  spider,  Sc.  ettercap,  Dan.  edderkop— alter, 
Dan.  edder,  poison,  and  copp,  Dan.  kop,  Icel. 
Jcoppr,  a  cup.  The  cob  in  cobweb  is  the  last 
syllable  of  this  word.]  1.  A  spider.  [Old 
and  provincial  English.]— 2.  Fig.  a  peevish, 
testy,  ill-natured  person.  [North  of  Eng- 
land.] In  Scotland  ettercap  (which  see). 

Atterrate.    Same  as  Atterate. 

Atterration.    Same  as  Alteration, 

Atteryt  (at'ter-i),  a.  [See  ATTER,  n.  ] 
1.  Mattery;  purulent.— 2.  Virulent;  severe. 
*  Attn/  anguish. '  Chaucer. 

Attest (at-tesf),  v.t.  [Fr.  attester,  L.  attestor 
~ad,  and  testor,  to  affirm  or  bear  witness, 
from  testis,  a  witness.]  1.  To  bear  witness  to; 
to  certify;  to  affirm  to  be  true  or  genuine;  to 
declare  the  truth  of  in  words  or  writing: 
especially  used  for  the  affirmation  of  persons 
in  their  official  capacity;  as,  to  attest  the 
truth  of  a  writing;  to  attest  a  copy  of  a  docu- 
ment.—2.  To  bear  witness  to;  to  give  proof 
or  evidence  of;  to  manifest. 

The  birds  their  notes  renew,  and  bleating  herds 
Attest  their  joy  that  hill  and  valley  rings.      Milton. 

3.  To  call  to  witness;  to  invoke  as  knowing 
or  conscious. 

The  sacred  streams  which  heaven's  imperial  state 
Attests  in  oaths,  and  fears  to  violate.  Dryden. 

Attest  t  (at-tesf),  ».  Witness;  testimony; 
attestation. 

An  esperance  so  obstinately  strong 
That  doth  invert  the  attest  of  eyes  and  ears.     ShaJt. 

Attestation  (at-test-a'shon),n.  1.  The  act  of 
attesting;  a  solemn  or  official  declaration, 
verbal  or  written,  in  support  of  a  fact;  evi- 
dence; testimony;  as,  the  truth  appears  from 
the  attestation  of  witnesses  or  of  the  proper 
officer.— 2.  Milit.  a  soldier's  certificate  signed 
by  a  magistrate  completing  the  act  of  en- 
listment. 

Attester,  Attestor  (at-test'er),  n.  One  who 
attests. 

Attestive  (at-test'iv),  a.  Giving  attestation; 
attesting.  [Rare.] 

Attic  (at'tik),  a.  [L.  Atticus,  Gr.  Attikos.] 
Pertaining  to  Attica,  in  Greece,  or  to  its 
principal  city,  Athens ;  marked  by  such 
qualities  as  were  characteristic  of  the 
Athenians;  as,  Attic  wit,  Attic  salt,  a  poig- 
nant, delicate  wit  for  which  the  Athenians 
were  particularly  famous;  Attic  faith,  in- 
violable faith;  Attic  style,  a  pure,  chaste, 
and  elegant  style.  —  The.  Attic  dialect,  the 
dialect  of  Greek  used  by  the  ancient  Athe- 
nians, was  the  most  cultivated  and  finished 


of  all  the  Greek  dialects.  It  was  the  chief 
literary  language  of  the  Greeks.  Milton 
calls  the  nightingale  the  'Attic  bird'  for 
the  same  reason  that  it  was  called  Phil- 
omela by  the  Greeks  and  Atthia  by  the 
Romans,  because  Philomela,  daughter  of 
Pnndion,  kins;  of  Athens,  was  said  to  have 
been  changed  into  one  :  — 

The  olive  grove  of  Academe, 
Plato's  retirement,  where  the  Attic  bird 
Trills  her  thick-warbled  notes  the  summer  long. 

Gray  has  imitated  this  :— 

The  Attic  warbler  pours  her  throat 
Responsive  to  the  cuckoo's  note. 

— Attic  base,  a  peculiar  base  used  by  the 
ancient  architects  in  the  Ionic  order  or 
column,  and  by  Palladio  and  others  in  the 
Doric,  consisting  of  an  upper  torus,  a 
scotia,  and  lower  torus,  with  fillets  between 
them.— Attic  order,  a  term  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  small  pillars  decorating  an 
attic  or  low  story  at  the  top  of  a  building. 
— Attic  story.  See  ATTIC,  n.  1. 
Attic(at'tik),n.  1.  Inarch,  a  low  story  erected 
over  a  principal,  generally  decorated  with 
pilasters  and  a  cornice,  but  having  neither 


A,  Attic  of  Somerset  House,  London. 

capital  nor  base.    Called  also  Attic  Story.— 

2.  An  apartment  in  the  uppermost  part  of 
a  house,  with  small  windows  in  the  cornice 
or  the  roof;  a  garret. 

They  stare  not  on  the  stars  from  out  their  attics. Byron. 

3.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of  Attica.    Bentley. 

4.  The  Attic  dialect;  Attic  Greek. 
Atticalt  (at'tik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  Atticaor 

Athens;  Attic;  pure;  classical.  Hammond. 
Atticism  (at'ti-sizm),  n.  1.  A  peculiarity  of 
style  or  idiom  belonging  to  the  Greek  lan- 
guage as  used  by  the  Athenians;  Attic  ele- 
gance of  diction;  concise  and  elegant  expres- 
sion. 

An  elegant  atticism  occurs  Luke  xiii.  3 :  '  If  it  bear 
fruit,  well.'  Ntwcome, 

2.  A  siding  with  or  favouring  the  cause  of 
the  Athenians.  '  Put  to  death  by  Ptcdaritus 
for  atticism.'  Hobbes. 

Atticize  (at'ti-siz),  v.t.  To  conform  or  make 
conformable  to  the  language  or  idiom  of 
Attica;  as,  Greek  adjectives  in  ost  when 
atticized,  become  6*. 

Atticize  (at'ti-siz),  v.i.  1.  To  use  atticisms 
or  idioms  peculiar  to  the  Athenians.— 2.  To 
favour  or  side  with  the  Athenians.  Dean 
Smith. 

AttigUOUS  t  (at-tig'u-us),  a.  [L.  attiguus 
—  ad,  and  tango,  tetigi,  to  touch;  comp. 
contiguous.]  Near;  adjoining;  contiguous. 

Attiguousness  t  (at-tig'u-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  attiguous. 

Attinge  t  (at-tinjO,  y.t.  [L.  attingo,  to  touch 
upon.]  To  touch  lightly. 

Attire  (at-tlr/),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  attired;  ppr. 
attiring.  [O.Fr.  attirer,  to  array,  adjust, 
adorn,  a  word  which,  though  the  same  in 
form,  probably  differs  in  origin  as  in  mean- 
ing from  the  modern  Fr.  attircr,  to  draw 
to,  to  attract,  allure,  &c.,  the  latter  being 
from  A,  to,  and  tirert  to  draw,  which  is  of 
Teutonic  origin,  and  akin  to  E.  tear,  to  rend, 
the  former  being  from  the  root  seen  in 
G.  zier,  ornament,  zieren,  to  adorn.  A.  Sax. 
ttr,  splendour,  Icel.  tlr,  glory,  Dan.  zur.orna- 
ment  Wedgwood  considers  attire  another 
form  of  Fr.  atour,  dress,  ornaments,  the 
words  attour,  atour,  and  attire  being  some- 
times used  in  O.E.  with  apparent  indiffer- 
ence; but  this  seems  unlikely.  (See  ATTOUR.) 
Comp.  tire,  to  adorn,  tirewoman. }  To  dress; 
to  deck;  to  array;  to  adorn  with  elegant  or 
splendid  garments.  '  The  women  who  attired 
her  head.'  Tennyson. 

With  the  linen  mitre  shall  Aaron  be  attired. 

Lev.  xvi.  4. 

[In  the  above  passages  the  word  seems  to 
have  the  specific  meaning  which  it  formerly 
sometimes  had  of  decking  the  head.  See 
the  noun.  ] 

Attire  (at-tirO,  n.  1.  Dress;  clothes;  garb; 
apparel.  '  Poor  and  mean  attire.'  Shak. 


Earth  in  her  rich  aftire 
Consummate  lovely  smiled.  Milton. 

Now.  Channian ! 

Show  me,  my  women,  like  a  queen:  go  fetch 
My  best  attires.  Shak. 

[Formerly  the  word  was  sometimes  used 
specifically  for  a  head-dress  or  ornaments 
for  the  head,  as  in  Ezek.  xiii.  15,  'Dyed 
attire  upon  their  heads. '  The  specific  mean- 
ing of  head-dress  may  have  been  acquired 
through  the  influence  of  tiara.}— 2.  In  her. 
a  term  applied  to  the  horns  of  stags  and 
similar  animals  in  blazoning  arms.  The  at- 
tires of  a  stag  are  both  the  horns  affixed  to 
the  scalp.  — 3.  In  bot.  a  name  formerly  applied 
to  the  stamens. 

Attired  (at-tird').j).  and  a.  In  her.  an  epithet 
used  in  blazoning  in  application  to  such 
animals  as  stags,  harts,  &c.,  which  are  pro- 
vided with  horns. 

Attirer  (at-tir'er),  n.  One  who  dresses  or 
adorns  with  attire. 

Attire-woman  (at- tir'w u-man),  n.  Same 
as  Tire-woman. 

Attiring  (at-tir'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  decking 
ordressing.—  2-tAttire;  dress;  array.  'Earli 
tree  in  its  best  attiring.'  Sir  P.  Sidney. 
Speciflcally-3.t  The  head-dress.  Huloet. 

Attitlet  (at-tl'tl),  v.t.     To  entitle.     Goieer. 

Attitude  (at'ti-tud),  71.  [Fr,  from  It.  atti- 
tudine,  fitness,  posture,  from  L.L.  aptitudo, 
fitness,  from  L.  aptux,  fit.  See  APT.]  Pos- 
ture or  position  of  a  person,  or  the  manner 
in  which  the  parts  of  his  body  are  disposed. 
especially  a  posture  or  position  as  indicating 
emotion,  purpose,  or  the  like,  or  as  appro- 
priate to  the  performance  of  some  act; 
hence,  as  applied  to  things,  state,  condition, 
or  conjuncture,  as  likely  to  have  a  certain 
result;  aspect;  as,  a  graceful  attitude;  an 
attitude  of  entreaty;  an  attitude  of  devo- 
tion; I  do  not  like  the  attitude  affairs  are 
assuming. 

England,  though  she  occasionally  took  a  menacing 
attitude,  remained  inactive.  Alacaulay. 

Where  so  warm  and  so  wide  an  interest  is  felt  in  one 
departed  there  cannot  but  be  much  desire  to  know 
what,  in  this  agitated  and  expectant  age,  was  his 
mental  attitude  with  respect  to  religion. 

Content?.  Rn\ 

—Posture,  Attitude.    See  POSTURE. 

Attitudinal(at-ti-tud'in-al),a.  Pertaining  to 
attitude. 

Attitudinarian  (at-ti-tud'in-a"ri-an),?i.  One 
who  studies  or  practises  attitudes.  '  Attitti- 
dinarians,  and  face  makers ;  these  accom- 
pany every  word  with  a  peculiar  grimace 
and  gesture.'  Cowper. 

Attitudinize  (at-ti-tud'in-iz),  v.i  To  assume 
affected  attitudes,  airs,  or  postures. 

Maria,  who  is  the  most  picturesque  figure,  was 
put  to  attitudinize  at  the  harp.  Airs.  H.  More. 

Attle  (at'l),  n.  Same  as  Attal  (which 
see). 

Attollent  (at-tol'Ient),  a.  [L.  attolleng,  at- 
tollentis,  ppr.  of  attollo — ad,  and  tollo,  to 
lift]  Lifting  up;  raising;  as,  an  attollent 
muscle.  Derham. 

Attollent  (at-tollent),  n.  A  muscle  which 
raises  some  part,  as  the  ear,  the  tip  of  the 
nose,  or  the  upper  eyelid.  Otherwise  called 
Levator  or  Elevator. 

Attone,t  adv.  [At  and  one.]  Together;  at 
once.  Spenser. 

Attorn  (at-tern'),  v.i.  [O.Fr.  attorner,  L  L. 
attornare,  to  transfer  a  thing  into  the  power 
of  another— at,  for  ad,  to,  and  O.Fr.  torner, 
L.L.tornare.  See  TURN.]  1.  In  feudal  (an. 
to  turn  or  transfer  homage  and  service  from 
one  lord  to  another.  This  is  the  act  of  feuda- 
tories, vassals,  or  tenants  upon  the  aliena- 
tion of  the  estate.— 2.  In  modern  law,  to 
agree  to  become  tenant  of  one  to  whom  re- 
version has  been  granted. 

Attorn  (at-tern*),*.  t  In  law,  to  turn  or  trans- 
fer, as  homage  or  service,  to  a  new  pos- 
sessor, and  accept  tenancy  under  him. 

Attorney  (at-ter'ui),  n.     [O.Fr.  attorn*,  one 
to  whom  power  or  business  is  transferred: 
pp.  of  attorner,  to  transfer.     See  ATTui.N 
1.  One  who  is  appointed  by  another  to  act 
in  his  place  or  stead;  a  proxy. 

I  will  attend  my  husband,  .  .  .  for  it  is  my  office ; 
And  will  have  no  attorney  but  myself.  Shak. 

Specifically,  in  tew,  one  who  is  appointed  or 
admitted  in  the  place  of  another  to  transact 
any  business  for  him.  An  attorney  may  be 
either  private  or  public.  A  priva  tc  a  ttorney 
or  attorney  in  fact,  is  one  authorized  to 
make  contracts  and  do  other  acts  for  his 
principal,  out  of  court,  for  which  purpose  a 
verbal  authority  is  in  general  sufficient;  l> 
for  the  performance  of  some  acts,  as  to  de- 
liver seisin  of  land,  to  transfer  bank  stork. 
&c.,  a  formal  power  of  attorney  is  neces- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       m6,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  fey 


ATTORNEY 


181 


ATTWOOD'S   MACHINE 


sary.  A  public  attorney  or  ittlnrnrii  tit  Ion- 
ia a  persnii  qualified  to  appear  for  another 
before  a  court  <>f  law  to  prost-nitr  urdrfmd 
any  action  on  behalf  of  his  client.  The  term 
was  formerly  applied  especially  to  those 
practising  before  the  supreme  courts  of 
eommon  law  at  Westminster,  and  corres- 
ponded to  tin-  term  snlicitiir  used  in  regard 
to  the  Courts  of  Chancery.  As  an  attor- 
ney was  almost  invariably  a  solicitor,  the 
two  terms  came  to  be  generally  regarded  its 
synonymous.  By  the  Judicature  Act  of  1873 
all  persons  practising  before  the  supreme 
courts  at  Westminster  are  now  called  soli- 
citors. Attorneys  or  solicitors  do  not  plead 
or  argue  in  court  on  behalf  of  their  clients, 
this  being  the  part  of  the  barristers  or 
counsel;  their  special  functions  may  be  de- 
ilned  tn  be,  to  institute  actions  on  behalf  of 
their  clients  and  take  the  necessary  steps  for 
defending  them,  to  furnish  counsel  with  the 
necessary  materials  to  enable  them  to  get  up 
their  pleadings,  to  practise  conveyancing,  to 
juvpiiiv  legal  deeds  and  instruments  of  all 
kinds, and  generally  to  ad  vise  with  and  act  for 
their  clients  in  all  matters  connected  with 
law.  An  attorney,  whether  privateor  public, 
may  have  general  powers  to  act  for  another; 
or  his  power  may  be  special,  and  limited  to 
a  particular  act  or  acts.  In  Scotland  there  is 
no  class  of  practitioners  of  the  law  who 
take  the  name  of  attorney x.~2.  The  name 
in  the  West  Indies  for  the  general  super- 
visor or  manager  of  plantations.  —  Letter, 
warrant,  or  power  of  attorney,  an  instru- 
ment by  which  one  person  authorizes  an- 
other to  do  some  act  or  acts  for  him,  as  to 
execute  a  deed,  to  collect  rents  or  debts,  to 
sell  estates,  &c. 

Attorney t  (at-ter'ni),  v.t.  1.  To  perform  by 
proxy. 

Their  encounters,  though  not  personal,  have  been 
royally  attorneyed.  Shak, 

2.  To  employ  as  a  proxy. 

I  am  still 
Attorneyed  at  your  service.  Shak. 

Attorney-general  (at-ter'ni-jen'er-al),  n. 
The  first  ministerial  law  officer  of  the  crown, 
specially  appointed  by  letters-patent.  He 
is  the  public  prosecutor  on  behalf  of  the 
crown,  having  general  powers  to  act  in  all 
legal  proceedings  in  which  the  crown  is  a 
party,  particularly  to  prosecute  in  criminal 
matters  affecting  the  state. 

Attorney-generalship  (at-ter'ni -jen'er-al- 
sbip),  n.  The  office  of  attorney-general. 

Attorneyship  (at-ter'ni-ship),  n.  The  office 
of  an  attorney;  agency  for  another. 

Marriage  is  a  matter  of  more  worth 

Than  to  be  dealt  in  by  attorntyship.  Shak. 

Attornment  (at-tern'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
a  feudatory,  vassal,  or  tenant,  by  which  he 
consents,  upon  the  alienation  of  an  estate, 
to  receive  a  new  lord  or  superior,  and 
transfers  to  him  his  homage  and  service; 
the  agreement  of  a  tenant  to  acknowledge 
the  purchaser  of  the  estate  as  his  landlord. 

AttOUT.t  AtOUT.t  n.  [Fr.  atour,  dress,  or- 
naments, from  O.Fr.  atourner,  to  attire,  to 
adorn  — prefix  a,  to,  and  tourner,  to  turn. 
HeeTURN.]  Attire;  dress;  specifically,  head- 
dress. '  Her  rich  attour.'  Chaucer. 

Attract  (at-trakf),  v.t.  [L.  attraho,  attrac- 
ttttn — adt  to,  and  traho,  to  draw.  See  DRAG.] 
1.  To  draw  to  or  toward;  to  exert  the  power 
of  attraction  on;  to  cause  or  tend  to  cause 
to  move  toward  and  cohere  to  or  unite  with; 
as.  all  physical  bodies  mutually  attract  each 
"tlier.  2.  To  draw  by  influence  of  a  moral 
kind;  to  invite  or  allure;  as,  to  attract  at- 
tention; to  attract  admirers. 

Adorned 

She  was  indeed,  and  lovely,  to  attract 
Thy  love.  Milton. 

SYX.  To  draw,  allure,  invite,  entice. 

Attract  (at-trakf),  v.i.  1.  To  possess  or 
f xert  the  power  of  attraction ;  as,  it  is  a 
property  of  matter  to  attract.—  2.  Fig.  to  be 
attractive  or  winning;  as,  his  manners  are 
calculated  to  attract. 

Attract!  (at-trakf),  n.     Attraction. 

Feel  darts  and  charms,  attracts  and  flames. 

Attractability  ( at-trakf a-bil"i-ti ),"  H.  The 
quality  of  being  attractable,  or  of  being  sub- 
ject to  the  law  of  attraction. 

Thini  wilt  not  find  a  corpuscle  destitute  of  that  na- 
tural attractafaify.  Sir  It',  pouts. 

Attractable  (at-trakfa-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
bein-  attracted;  subject  to  attraction. 

Attracter  (at-trakt'er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  attracts;  an  attractor. 

Attractic,t  Attracticalt  (at-trakfik,  at- 


trakt'ik-al),  a.     Having  power  to  draw  to; 
attractive. 

Some  stones  arc  endued  with  an  cltctricitl  or  at- 
tratftital  virtue.  Ray. 

Attractlle  (at-trakf  il),«.  Having  the  power 
to  attract;  attractive. 

Attractingly  (at -trakt'ing-li),  ado.  By  way 
of  attraction;  so  as  to  attract. 

Attraction  (at-trak'shon),  n.  1.  The  act, 
pHurr,  or  property  of  attracting;  specifi- 
cally, (a)  in  phyxicx,  the  tendency,  force,  or 
forces  through  which  all  particles  of  matter, 
as  well  as  all  individual  masses  of  matter, 
are  attracted  or  drawn  towards  each  other; 
the  inherent  tendency  in  bodies  to  approach 
each  other,  to  unite  and  to  remain  united. 
By  attraction  every  body  tends  to  the  earth, 
and  if  raised  from  its  surf  ace  falls  to  it  again. 
The  plumb-line,  which  is  usually  vertical,  is 
deflected  in  the  vicinity  of  a  large  moun- 
tain by  the  attraction  of  the  mass.  The 
moon  is  constantly  drawn  towards  the 
earth ;  the  earth  and  the  other  planets 
towards  the  sun.  Attraction  is  exhibited 
in  various  ways,  which  has  led  to  the  use 
of  various  specific  designations.  When 
bodies  tend  to  come  together  from  sensible 
distances,  that  tendency  is  called  either  the 
attraction  of  gravitation,  magnetism,  or 
electricity,  according  to  circumstances;  when 
the  surfaces  of  bodies  in  contact  tend  to- 
gether, it  is  by  adhexion;  when  the  particles 
of  the  same  body  tend  together,  it  is  by 
cohesion;  and  when  the  particles  of  differ- 
ent bodies  in  contact  tend  together  it  is  by 
affinity;  the  tendency  of  fluids  to  rise  in  fine 
tubes  or  in  small  interstices  of  porous 
bodies  is  called  capillary  attraction.  See 
CAPILLARY,  CHEMICAL,  COHESION,  ELEC- 
TRICITY, GRAVITATION,  MAGNETISM.  (6)  The 
power  or  act  of  alluring,  drawing  to,  invit- 
ing, or  engaging ;  allurement ;  enticement; 
as,  the  attraction  of  beauty  or  eloquence. 

Setting  the  attraction  of  my  good  parts  aside, 
I  have  no  other  charm.  Shak. 

2.  That  which  attracts;  a  charm;  an  allure- 
ment.     '  Her   sweet   harmony    and   other 
chosen  attractions.'    Shak. 
Attractive  (at-trakfiv),  a.    [Fr.  attractif.} 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  attracting ;  draw- 
ing to;  as,  the  attractive  force  of  bodies. — 

2.  Having  the  power  of  charming  or  allur- 
ing by  agreeable  qualities;  inviting;  engag- 
ing ;  enticing.     '  Here's  metal  more  attrac- 
tive.'   Shak. 

For  contemplation  he  and  valour  formed. 
For  softness  she  and  sweet  attractive  grace. 
Milton. 

Attractive  (at-trakt'iv),  n.  That  which 
draws  or  incites;  allurement;  charm. 

The  gospel  speaks  nothing  but  attractive*  and 
invitation.  South. 

So  pure  and  spiritual  a  pleasure  is  a  very  allowable 
attractive.  Koyle. 

Attractively  (at-trakf  iv-li),  adv.  In  an  at- 
tractive manner;  with  the  power  of  attract- 
ing or  drawing  to;  as,  to  smile  attractively. 

Attractiveness  (at-trakt'iv-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  attractive  or  engaging. 
'The  same  attractiveness  in  riches.'  South. 

Attractor  (at-trakfer),  n.  The  person  or 
thing  that  attracts.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Attrahent  (aftra-hent),  a.  [L.  attrahem, 
attrahentix,  ppr.  of  attraho.  See  ATTRACT.] 
Drawing  to;  attracting. 

Attrahent  (aftra-hent),  n.  l.t  That  which 
draws  to  or  attracts,  as  a  magnet.  Glan- 
ville.  —  2.  In  nted.  an  application  that  at- 
tracts fluids  to  the  part  where  it  is  applied, 
as  a  blister  or  a  rubefacient  Dunglison. 

Attrapt  (at-trap'),  v.t.  [Prefix  at,  from  t. 
ad,  and  trap.  See  TRAP  and  TRAPPINGS.] 
To  clothe;  to  dress.  'With  oaken  leaves 
attrapt.'  Spenser. 

Attrapt  (at-trap'),  v.t.  [Fr.  attrapcr.]  To 
ensnare. 

He  (Richard  III.)  was  not  attrafped  either  with 
net  or  snare.  Grafton. 

Attrectatlon  (at-trek-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  attrec- 
tatio,fromattrecto— ao*, and  tracto, to  handle, 
freq.  of  traho,  tractum,  to  draw.]  Frequent 
handling. 

Attributable  (at-trib'ut-a-bl ),  a.  Capable 
of  being,  or  liable  to  be  ascribed,  imputed, 
or  attributed  ;ascribable;  imputable;  as,  the 
fault  is  not  attributable  to  the  author. 

Hybernation.  although  a  result  of  cold,  is  not  its 
immediate  consequence,  but  is  attributable  to  that 
deprivation  of  Food  and  other  essentials  which  ex- 
treme cold  occasions.  Sir  J .  E.  Tentient. 

Attribute  (at-trib'ut),  v.t.  pret  *  pp.  aftri- 
buted;  ppr.  attributing.  [L.  attribuo,  attri- 
btitum—ad,  and  tribuu,  to  divide,  to  bestow, 
to  assign ;  tribus,  a  tribe,  division,  or  ward. 


S.-.-TKIHK.  1  To  ascribe;  to  impute;  tin-on 
aider  as  belonging  or  as  due;  to  assign. 

We  attribute  nothing  to  (;od  that  hath  any  repug- 
nancy or  contradiction  in  it.  Tillotton. 

The  merit  of  service  is  seldom  attributed  to  (he 
true  performer.  Shak. 

!•- mliy  men  use  oftentimes 
To  attribute  their  folly  unto  fate.         Sfrettstr. 

Attribute  (at'tri-but),  n.  1.  Any  property, 
quality,  or  characteristic  that  can  be  as- 
cribed to  a  person  or  thing;  as,  strength  ami 
bravery  are  two  of  his  attribute.  '  All  tin* 
gentle  attributes  of  his  lost  child.'  Ten- 
nyson. 

But  mercy  is  above  this  sceptred  sway ;  .  .  . 
It  is  an  attribute  to  God  himself.  Shak. 

In  logic,  the  word  is  sometimes  used  as  equiv- 
alent to  predicate  ;  it  is  also  sometimes  re- 
stricted to  an  essential  and  inherent  qua- 
lity, something  inseparable  from  the  essence 
and  individuality  of  the  thing,  thus  unity. 
identity,  and  activity  are  attributes  of  the 
soul.  Fleming.— 2.  In  gram,  the  word  thnt 
expresses  what  is  affirmed  concerning  an- 
other, as  an  adjective ;  an  attributive. 

3.  An  epithet  as  descriptive  of  an  attribute 
or  quality,  or  of  a  combination  of  such. 
[Rare.] 

'The  heart-blood  of  beauty,  love's  invisible  soul.* 
'  Who?  my  cousin  Cressidaf  '  No.  sir,  Helen;  could 
you  not  find  out  that  by  her  attributes)'  Shak. 

4.  In  the  fine  arts,  a  symbol  of  office  or  cha- 
racter added  to  any  figure ;  thus  the  eagle 
is  the  attribute  of  Jupiter,  a  club  of  Her- 
cules, the  bow  and  arrow  of  Love,  &c. 

The  ladder  is  a  striking  attribute  for  the  patriarch 
Jacob,  and  the  harp  for  King  David.  Fairhott. 

5.t  Reputation;  honour. 

Much  attribute  he  hath,  and  much  the  reason  why 
we  ascribe  it  to  him.  Shak. 

Attribution  (at-tri-bu'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  attributing.  —  2.  That  which  is  ascribed; 
attribute;  function. 

It  is  not  desirable  that  to  the  ever-growing  attribu- 
tions of  the  government  so  delicate  a  function  should 
be  superadded.  y.  S.  Mill. 

3.t  Commendation;  praise. 

If  speaking  truth 

In  this  fine  age  were  not  thought  flattery, 
Such  attribution  should  the  Douglas  have. 
As  not  a  soldier  of  this  season's  stamp 
Should  go  so  general  current  through  the  world. 
Shak. 

Attributive  (at-trib'u-tiv),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  expressing  an  attribute;  as,  an  attribu- 
tive word. 

Attributive  (at-trib'u-tiv),  n.  In  gram,  a 
word  expressive  of  an  attribute. 

Attributively  (at-trib'u-tiv-li),  adv.  In 
gram,  in  an  attributive  manner.  An  adjec- 
tive is  used  attributively  when  it  does  not 
form  the  predicate  of  a  sentence  or  clause, 
but  is  joined  to  a  noun  which  it  qualifies;  as, 
a  bad  pen. 

Attrite  t  (at-trif),  a.  [L.  attritus,  worn— ad, 
and  tero,  to  wear.  See  TRITE.]  1.  Worn  by 
rubbing  or  friction.  Milton.  —  2.  In  theol. 
repentant  only  through  fear  of  punishment: 
opposed  to  contrite.  'By  virtue  of  the  keys 
the  sinner  is  instantly  of  attrite  made  con- 
trite.' Abp.  Uwher. 

Attritenesst  (at-trif  nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  attrite;  the  state  of  being  much  worn. 

Attrition  (at-tri'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of  wear- 
ing or  rubbing  down ;  the  state  of  being 
worn  down  or  smoothed  by  friction;  abra- 
sion. 

The  change  of  the  aliment  is  effected  by  the  attri- 
tion of  the  inward  stomach  and  dissolvent  liquor  as- 
sisted with  heat.  Arbittiinot. 

2.t  In  theol.  grief  for  sin  arising  from  fear 
of  punishment;  the  lowest  degree  of  repent- 
ance. 

Nor  is  it  necessary  to  this  absolution  that  they 
should  be  contrite  or  heartily  sorry,  for  attrition, 
with  auricular  confession,  shall  pass  instead  of  con- 
trition— that  is,  in  effect,  if  they  be  but  sorry  for  the 
penance  though  they  be  not  sorry  for  the  sin. 

It 'all is. 

Attry.t  Atterly,t  a.    See  ATTERY. 

Attune  (at^tun7),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  attuned; 
ppr.  trtfitjii/t;!  [L.  ad,  to,  and  £.  tune.  See 
TONE,  TUNS.]  1.  To  tune  or  put  in  tune; 
to  adjust  one  sound  to  another;  to  make 
accordant;  as,  to  attune  the  voice  to  a  harp. 

2.  Fig.  to  arrange  fitly;  to  make  accordant; 
to  bring  into  harmony;  as,  to  attune  our 
aims  to  the  divine  will. 

Social  friends. 
Attt<n'd\&  happy  unison  of  soul.         Thomson. 

3.  To  make  musical.    [Rare.] 

Vernal  airs  .  .  .  attune  the  trembling  leaves.  Milton. 

Attwood's  Machine  (af  wudz  ma-shenO,  n. 
An  apparatus  invented  by  Mr.  Attwood  to 
illustrate  the  doctrine  of  accelerated  mo- 


ch,  cftain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      in,  then;  tb,  thin;     w,  icig;    wh,  u-Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


ATWAIN 


182 


AUDIT-OFFICE 


tion,  by  exhibiting  the  rate  at  which  a  de- 
scending weight  draws  up  another  lighter 
than  itself. 

Atwaint  (a-twanO,  adv.  In  twain;  asunder. 
'  Bite  the  holy  cords  atwain.'  Shak. 

Atweel  (at-weT).  I  wot  well.  'Atieeel  I 
would  fain  tell  him.'  Sir  W. Scott.  [Scotch.] 

Atween  (a-tweu'),  adv.  Between.  [Old  Eng- 
lish and  Scotch.] 

She  saw  me  fight,  she  heard  me  call. 

When  forth  there  stepped  a  foeman  tall,  .  .  . 

Atween  me  and  the  castle  wall.  Tennyson. 

A-twinne,t  adv.     In  two;  asunder. 

Thy  wif  and  thou  moste  hangen  fer  a-twinne. 

Chaucer. 

Atwi8t(a-twi8f),a.  Awry; distorted.  [Rare.] 

AtWixt,t  prep.  Betwixt.  'Great  love  was 
atwixt  them  two.'  Chaucer. 

Atwo.t  adv.  In  two.  'An  axe  to  smite  the 
cord  atwo.'  Chaucer. 

Atypic  (a-tip'ik),  a.  [Or.  a,  priv.,  and  typos, 
a  type.]  1.  Having  no  type;  devoid  of  typi- 
cal character ;  irregular :  in  tned.  said  of 
certain  intermittent  fevers.  — 2.  Producing 
a  loss  of  typical  characters.  Dana. 

Aubaine  (a-ban'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  aubain,  an 
alien,  probably  from  L.  alibi,  and  suffix 
anus,  on  the  type  of  prochain,  from  proche.] 
Succession  to  the  goods  of  a  stranger  not 
naturalized.  The  droit  d'aubaine  in  France 
was  a  right  of  the  king  to  the  goods  of  an 
alien  dying  within  his  jurisdiction,  the  king 
standing  in  the  place  of  the  heirs.  This 
claim  was  abolished  in  1819. 

Aube.t  n.    An  alb.    Fuller. 

Auberge  (a-berj'  or  6-barzh),  n.  [Fr.  See 
HARBOUR.]  A  little  country  inn.  Beau. 
<fr  Ft. 

Aubergist,  Aubergiste  (a'ber-jist,  6-bar- 
zhest),  n.  [Fr.  aubergiste,  the  manor  woman 
who  keeps  a  tavern.]  The  keeper  of  an 
auberge ;  an  inn-keeper ;  a  tavern-keeper; 
a  landlord  or  landlady.  'The  aubergiste  at 
Terni.'  Smollett. 

Aubin  (a'bin),  n.  [This  word  is  etymologi- 
cally  interesting,  aa  it  is  a  native  term  re- 
turned to  us  with  a  French  gloss.  Aubin, 
O.Fr.  hobin,  meant  a  horse  or  its  gait.  The 
hobin  was  (Roquefort,  Littre)  properly  a 
Scotch  pony,  probably  such  as  French  auxil- 
iaries saw  used  by  the  hobblers  on  the  Bor- 
ders. See  HOBBY.]  In  the  manege,  a  broken 
kind  of  gait,  between  an  amble  and  a  gallop, 
commonly  called  a  Canterbury  gallop,  and 
accounted  a  defect. 

Auburn  (a'bernj.a.  [L  L.  alburnus,  whitish, 
from  L.  albus,  white.  ]  Originally,  whitish  or 
flaxen-coloured;  now  reddish  brown;  gener- 
ally applied  to  hair.  '  That  whitish  colour 
of  a  woman's  hair  called  an  aburn  colour.' 
Ftorio, 

He's  white-haired. 

Not  wanton  white,  but  such  a  manly  colour, 
Next  to  an  auburn.  Beau.  &•  Ft. 

Auchenia  (a-ke'ni-a),  n.  A  genus  of  rumin- 
ating animals,  family  Camelidse,  the  New 
World  representatives  of  the  camels  of  the 
eastern  hemisphere,  but  much  smaller  and 
having  no  hump.  The  only  distinct  species 
are  the  llama  and  its  possible  progenitor 
the  guanaco,  paco,  or  alpaca,and  the  vicugna 
or  vicuiia. 

Aucnt,  Aught  (acht),  n.  [A.  Sax.  ceht,  O.E. 
agte,  property,  from  agan,  to  own.  ]  Posses- 
sion; property.  —  In  ane's  aucht,  in  one's 
keeping  or  possession.  [Scotch.] 

Auction  (ak'shon),  n.  [L.  audio,  an  increas- 
ing, enhancement,  and  hence  a  public  sale 
by  increased  biddings,  from  auaeo,  auctum, 
to  increase;  allied  to  Icel.  auka,Goth.aukan, 
E.  eke,  to  increase.]  1.  A  public  sale  of 
property  to  the  highest  bidder,  conducted 
in  accordance  with  regulations  by  a  person 
licensed  and  authorized  for  the  purpose;  a 
vendue;  as,  to  sell  goods  by  auction.  Con- 
tracts for  services  are  sometimes  sold  by 
auction  to  the  lowest  bidder. — 2.  The  things 
sold  by  auction. 

Ask  you  why  Phryne  the  whole  auction  buys? 
Phryne  foresees  a  general  excise.  Pope. 

— Dutch  auction.    See  under  DUTCH,  a. 

Auction  (ak'shon),  v.  t.    To  sell  by  auction. 

Auctionary  (ak'shon-a-ri),  a.  Belonging  to 
an  auction  or  public  sale.  'With  auction- 
ary  hammer  in  thy  hand.'  Dryden. 

Auctioneer  (ak-snon-er/),  n.  [L.  auction- 
arius.]  One  whose  business  it  is  to  offer 
goods  or  property  for  sale  by  auction ;  a 
person  licensed  by  government  to  dispose 
of  goods  or  property  by  public  sale  to  the 
highest  bidder. 

Auctioneer  (ak-shon-erO,  v.t  To  sell  by 
auction.  '  Estates  .  .  .  advertised  and  auc- 
tioneered away.'  Cowper.  [Rare.  ] 


Auctivet  (ak'tiv),  a.  Increasing;  serving  to 
1  increase.  Bailey. 

Auctour,t  n.  [See  AUTHOR.]  An  author. 
'  Chaucer. 

Aucuba  (a'ku-ba),  71.  [Japanese  name  for 
the  plant.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Cornaceee,  consisting  of  six  species  from 
Eastern  Asia.  They  are  branching  shrubs, 
with  smooth  opposite  leaves  and  small  uni- 
sexual flowers.  A.  japonica  has  been  long 
in  cultivation,  and  is  prized  for  its  mass  of 
glossy  leathery  green  leaves  mottled  with 
yellow,  and  its  coral-red  berries. 

Aucupationt  (a-ku-pa'shon),  n.  [L.  aucu- 
patio,  from  aucupor,  to  go  bird-catching, 
from  auceps  for  aviceps^ avis,  a  bird,  and 
capio,  to  take.]  The  act  or  practice  of  tak- 
ing birds;  fowling;  bird-catching.  Elount. 

Audacious  (a-da'shus),  a.  [L.  audax,  f rom 
audeo,  to  daTe.]  1.  Bold  or  daring;  spirited; 
adventurous;  intrepid.  [Now  rare.] 

Her  sparkling  eyes  with  manly  vigour  shone. 
Big  was  her  voice,  audacious  was  her  tone. 

Dryden. 

2.  Contemning  the  restraints  of  law,  religion, 
or  decorum ;  bold  in  wickedness;  insolent ; 
impudent.    'Audacious  traitor.'    Milton. — 

3.  Committed  with,  or   proceeding   from, 
daring  effrontery  or  contempt  of  law.  'Au- 
dacious cruelty.'    Shak.  —  SYN.  Impudent, 
insolent,    shameless,    unabashed,    daring, 
bold. 

Audaciously  (a-da'shus-li),  adv.  In  an 
audacious  manner ;  with  excess  of  boldness 
or  insolence. 

Audaciousness  (  a-da'shus-nes  ),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  audacious ;  impudence ; 
audacity. 

Audacity  (a-das'i-ti),  n.  1.  Boldness;  daring 
spirit;  venturesomeness;  resolution;  confi- 
dence: used  indifferently  either  in  a  good  or 
bad  sense.  '  The  freedom  and  audacity 
necessary  in  the  commerce  of  men.'  Tatler. 

No  Homer  sang  these  Norse  sea-kings ;  but  Aga- 
memnon's was  a  small  audacity,  and  of  small  fruit  in 
the  world  to  some  of  them — to  Rolfs  of  Normandy 
for  instance.  Carlyle. 

2.  Audaciousness;  presumptuous  impudence; 
effrontery:  in  a  bad  sense,  and  often  im- 
plying a  contempt  of  law  or  moral  restraint. 
'Arrogant  audacity.'  Joye. 

Audibility  (a-di-bil'i-ti),  n.    Audibleness. 

Audible  (a'di-bl),  a.  [I,.audibilis,trom  audio, 
to  hear;  allied  to  Gr.  ous,  dtos,  L.  avris, 
Goth,  auso,  G.  ohr,  E.  ear.]  Capable  of 
being  heard;  perceivable  by  the  ear;  loud 
enough  to  be  heard;  as,  an  audible  voice  or 
whisper.  '  To  man's  eares  not  audible.'  Sir 
T.  More. 

Even  that  stubborn  church  which  has  held  its 
own  against  so  many  governments,  scarce  dared  to 
utter  an  audible  murmur.  Macaulay. 

Audlblet  (a'di-bl),  n.  The  object  of  hearing. 

Visihles  are  swiftlier  carried  to  the  sense  than 
audible.  Baton. 

Audibleness  (a'di-bl-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  audible. 

Audibly  (a'di-bli),  adv.  In  an  audible  man- 
ner; in  a  manner  so  as  to  be  heard. 

Audience  (a'di-ens),  n.  [L.  aitdientia,  a 
hearing  or  listening,  from  audiens,  audi- 
entix,  pp.  of  audio,  to  hear.  See  AUDIBLE.  ] 

1.  The  act  of  hearing  or  attending  to  words 
or  sounds;  the  act  of  listening;  a  hearing. 

His  look 
Drew  audience,  and  attention  still  as  night. 

Milton. 

2.  Liberty  or  opportunity  of  being  heard 
by  an  individual  or  a  meeting;  liberty  or  op- 
portunity of  speaking  with  or  before  an  in- 
dividual or  a  meeting ;  specifically,  a  cere- 
mony observed  in  courts  or  by  official  char- 
acters, when  ambassadors  or  applicants  to 
men  in  office  are  permitted  to  appear  and 
state  their  business  in  person. 

Were  it  reason  to  give  men  audience,  pleading  for 
the  overthrow  of  that  which  their  own  deed  hath 
ratified  ?  Hooker. 

That  day  Sir  Lancelot  at  the  palace  craved 
Audience  of  Guinevere.  Tennyson. 

3.  An  auditory;  an  assembly  of  hearers. 

Still  govern  thou  my  song, 

Urania,  and  fit  audience  find,  though  few.      Milton. 

4.  [Sp.   audiencia.]     In   the   Spanish  do-  ! 
minions,  a  name  given  to  certain  courts,  ' 
also  collectively  to  certain  law-officers  ap- 
pointed to  institute  a  judicial  inquiry. 

Among  those  of  the  former  class  was  the  president.   ! 
Deza,  with  the  members  of  the  audience,  and  the 
civil  authorities  in  Granada.  Prescott. 

6.  In  England,  an  abbreviation  for  Audience- 
court  (which  see). 

Audience-chamber  (a'di-ens-cham-ber),  n. 
An  apartment  for  an  audience  or  formal 
meeting. 


Audience-court  (a'di-ens-kort),  n.  A  court 
now  disused,  belonging  to  the  archbishops 
of  Canterbury  and  York,  that  of  the  former 
having  had  equal  authority  with  the  arches- 
court,  though  of  less  dignity. 

Audlendo  et  termiuando.  [L  ]  In  Imp.  a 
writ  or  commission  to  certain  persons  for 
appeasing  and  punishing  any  insurrection  or 
great  riot. 

Audientt  (a'di-ent),  n.  [L.  audiens,  aitdi- 
entis,  pp.  of  audio.  See  AUDIENCE.]  1.  A 
hearer. 

The  audients  of  her  sad  story  felt  great  motions 
both  of  pity  and  admiration  for  her  misfortune. 

Shelton. 

2.  In  the  early  church,  (a)  one  not  yet  bap- 
tized,but  receiving  instructions  preparatory 
to  baptism ;  a  catechumen.  Such  audiente 
were  permitted  to  hear  the  psalms,  lessons, 
and  sermon,  but  were  not  present  at  the 
more  sacred  services  which  followed.  (6)  A 
member  of  the  church  who  had  fallen  and 
needed  to  be  restored.  Such  audients  were 
not  permitted  to  enter  the  body  of  the 
church,  but  heard  the  sermon  standing  in 
the  narthex  or  portico  outside,  after  which 
they  were  required  to  depart  as  unbelievers, 
not  worthy  of  the  privilege  of  joining  in  the 
prayers. 

Audit(a'dit),n.  [L.  audit,  he  hears.]  l.fAudi- 
ence;  hearing. 

With  his  orisons  I  meddle  not,  for  he  appeals  to  a 
high  audit.  Milton. 

Whoso  seeks  an  audit  here 
Propitious,  pays  his  tribute,  game  or  fish. 

Ctnuper. 

2.  An  examination  into  accounts  or  dealings 
with  money  or  property;  especially  an  ex- 
amination of  accounts  by  proper  officers, 
or  persons  appointed  for  that  purpose,  who 
compare  the  charges  with  the  vouchers,  ex- 
amine witnesses,  and  state  the  result;  hence, 
a  calling  to  account ;  an  examination  into 
one's  actions. 

You  must  prepare  against  to-morrow  for  your  last 
suffering  here,  and  your  great  audit  hereafter. 

Sir  H'.  Scott. 

3.  A  final  account;  an  account  in  general 

And  how  his  audit  stands  who  knows  save  Heaven? 

Shak. 

I  knew  a  nobleman  In    England   that  had    the 
greatest  audits  of  any  man  in  my  time:  a  great  gra- 
zier, a  great  sheep-master,  a  great  timber-man.  &c. 
Bacon. 

4.  t  A  general  receptacle  or  receiver. 

It  {a  brook)  paid  no  more  to  its  common  audit 
than  the  revenues  of  a  little  cloud.      Jer.  Taylor. 

—Commiseionert  of  audit,  formerly  called 
auditors  of  the  exchequer,  officers  appointed 
to  call  on  all  public  accountants  to  account 
for  money  or  stores  intrusted  to  them,  and 
to  check  the  accounts  of  the  ordnance,  army 
and  navy,  and  the  land  revenue.  The  estab- 
lishment consists  of  a  chairman  and  five 
commissioners,  a  secretary,  and  numerous 
subordinates. 

Audit  (a'dit),  v.t.  To  make  audit  of;  to 
examine,  as  an  account  or  accounts ;  as, 
to  audit  the  accounts  of  a  treasurer. 

Audit  (a'dit),  v.i.  To  examine  into  the  cor- 
rectness of  an  account;  to  act  as  an  auditor. 

Let  Hocus  audit:  he  knows  how  the  money  was 
disbursed.  Arbuthnot. 

Audit-ale  (a'dit-al),  n.  [So  called  because 
drunk  in  hall  on  certain  feast-days  called 
audit-days.]  A  kind  of  ale,  reputed  to  be  of 
peculiar  excellence,  made  at  the  brewery 
belonging  to  Trinity  College,  Cambridge. 
'  Observing  from  the  goose  on  the  table  and 
the  audit-ale  which  was  circling  in  the  lov- 
ing-cup that  it  was  a  feast.'  Farrar. 

Audita  querela  (a-di'ta  kwe-re'la),  n.  [L.] 
In  law,  a  writ  of  complaint  for  redress  of  a 
wrong. 

Audit-day  (a'dit-da),  n.  A  feast-day  at 
Cambridge  University. 

Audit-house  (a'dit-hous),  n.  An  appendage 
to  a  cathedral,  in  which  the  business  belong- 
ing to  it  is  transacted. 

Audition  (a-di'shon),  n.  The  act  of  hearing; 
a  hearing  or  listening ;  the  sensation  from 
an  impression  on  the  auditory  nerve  hy  the 
vibrations  of  the  air  produced  by  a  sonorous 
body.  Coleridge. 

Auditivet  (a'dit-iv),  a.  Having  the  power  of 
hearing.  Cotgrave. 

Audit-Office  (a'dit-of-fls),  n.  An  office  where 
accounts  are  audited ;  as,  a  railway  avdit- 
offi.ce;  specifically,  the  office  where  the  com 
missioners  for  auditing  the  public  accounts 
of  the  United  Kingdom  transact  their  busi- 
ness. The  imperial  audit-office  is  under  tl 
immediate  control  of  the  lords  of  the  trea- 
sury. 


Fiite,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;       y,  Sc.  tey. 


AUDITOR 


183 


AUGUR 


Auditor  (a'dit-er),  n.  II,.]  1.  A  hearer;  one 
who  attends  to  liuar  a  discourse. 

What  a  play  tow'rd !    I'll  be  an  auditor: 

An  actor  too,  perhaps.  Shat. 

2.  A  person  appointed  and  authorized  to 
examine  ;m  areiiimt  nr  arruimls,  eompare 
the  charges  with  the  vouchers,  examine  par- 
tie.-i  and  witnesses,  allow  or  reject  charges, 
and  state  the  result  It  is  usual  with 
courts  to  refer  accounts,  on  which  an  action 
is  brought,  to  auditors  for  adjustment,  and 
their  report,  if  received,  is  the  basis  of  the 
Judgment.  In  England  there  are  officers 
who  are  auditors  of  courts  of  law,  as  also 
on  behalf  of  the  government,  corporations, 
Ac.  Auditors  iu  boroughs  are  annually 
elected  by  the  burgesses,  under  the  munici- 
pal corporations  act,  two  for  each  borough. 
They  audit  the  borough  accounts  half-yearly, 
and  must  not  be  members  of  the  council.  — 
Auditor  of  the  Court  of  Session,  an  officer 
in  Scotland  appointed  by  the  crown,  to 
whom  either  of  the  divisions,  or  any  lord 
ordinary,  may  remit  to  tax  the  costs  of  a 
suit  in  which  expenses  are  found  due.  Iu 
the  inferior  courts  an  officer  with  corres- 
ponding powers  is  usually  appointed. 

Auditorial  (a-di-to'ri-al),  a.  Auditory.  Sir 
J.  Stttddart.  [Bare.] 

Auditorium  (a-di-to'ri-um),  n.  [L.J  1.  In 
an  opera-house,  public  hall,  and  the  like,  the 
space  allotted  to  the  hearers.  —2.  An  apart- 
ment in  monasteries  for  the  reception  of 
strangers. 

Auditorship  (a'dit-er-ship),  n.  The  office 
of  auditor. 

Auditory  (a'di-to-ri),  o.  [L.  auditorium.]  Re- 
lating to  hearing  or  to  the  sense  or  organs 
of  hearing;  as,  the  auditory  nerve. — Audi- 
tori/  artery,  in  anat.  the  artery  which  goes 
off'frmi  each  side  of  the  arteria  basilaris 
to  the  organ  of  hearing,  and  accompanies 
the  auditory  nerve.  —Auditory  passage 
(ineatus  auditorius),  the  passage  of  entrance 
into  the  ear,  and  which  conveys  the  sound 
to  the  auditory  nerve.  —  A  uditory  tierces, 
the  portio  mollis  of  the  seventh  pair,  arising 
from  the  medullaoblongata,  and  distributed 
to  the  ear. 

Auditory  (a'di-to-ri),  n.    [L.  auditorium.} 

1.  An  audience;  an  assembly  of  hearers,  as 
in  a  church  or  lecture-room. 

A  loud  moan  of  sorrow  rose  from  the  whole  audi- 
tory. Macanlay. 

2.  A  place  for  hearing  or  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  hearers ;  an  auditorium  ;  specifi- 
cally, in  anc  churches,  the  nave  where  the 
hearers  stood  to  be  instructed. 

When  Agrippa  and  Bernice  entered  into  the  audi- 
tory. Acts  xxv.  23,  ll'icklijfe's  Trans. 

S.  A  hench  on  which  a  judge  sits  to  hear 
causes. 

Auditress  (a'di-tres),  n.  A  female  hearer. 
'  Adam  relating,  she  sole  auditre&s. '  Milton. 

Auditual  (a-dit'u-al),  a.  Relating  to  hear- 
ing; auditory.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

Attf  t  (af),  »i.  [See  OAF  ]  A  fool ;  a  simple- 
ton. '  A  meer  changeling,  a  very  monster, 
an  auf  imperfect'  Burton. 

Au  fait  (6  fa).  [Fr.]  Equal  to  the  accom- 
plishment of  anything,  that  is,  master  of  it, 
perfectly  able  to  perform  it;  thoroughly  ac- 
quainted with  a  subject;  as,  he  is  quite  au 
fait  in  that. 

Augean  (a-je'an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Attgcas  or  AugeiM,  one  of  the  Argonauts, 
andafterwardsKingof  Elis. — Autjean  stable, 
in  Grecian  mythology,  the  stable  of  this 
king,  in  which  he  kept  3000  oxen,  and  which 
Irul  not  been  cleaned  for  thirty  years,  so 
that  the  task  of  cleaning  it  had  come  to  he 
deemed  impracticable.  Hercules  undertook 
it,  and  accomplished  it  In  a  single  day. 
Hence  cleansing  the  Augean  stables  became 
a  synonym  for  the  removal  of  nuisances, 
abuses,  and  the  like. 

Auger  (a'ger),  n.  [For  nanyer,  an  a  hav- 
ing been  lost  at  the  beginning,  this  being 
the  same  word  as  A.  Sax.  nafe-gar,  nafugar, 
nafoijilr,  from  nafu,  nafa,  the  nave  of  a 
wheel,  and  gtlr,  a  sharp-pointed  thing,  a 
dart  or  javelin;  the  n  is  also  lost  in  D. 
aoegaar,  euerjer,  an  auger,  as  compared 
with  O.H  G.  nabagtr,  nabigfr.  Mod.  O. 
ttaber,  neber,  Icel.  nafarr,  an  auger,  a  gim- 
let (no/,  a  nave).  See  NAVE,  CORK,  to 
pierce.  As  to  the  loss  of  the  initial  n, 
eomp.  adder, nadder,  apron,  napron.]  1.  An 
instrument  for  boring  holes  larger  than 
those  bored  by  a  gimlet,  chiefly  used  by 
carpenters,  joiners,  cabinet-makers,  wheel- 
wrights, and  ship-wrights.  It  consists  of 
an  iron  Made  ending  in  a  steel  bit,  with  a 
handle  placed  at  right  angles  with  the  blade. 


Augers  made  with  a  straight  channel  or 
groove  in  sonic  places  an-  calleil  t,n<l-n  IM/<TX; 
the  modern  angers,  with  spiral  channels, 
are  called  terete-augers.  The  ordinary  screw- 
iiii'i'-i-  is  forged  as  a  paralleled  blade  of 
steel ;  it  is  twisted  red-hot ;  the  end  termi- 
nates in  a  worm,  by  which  the  auger  is  gra- 
dually drawn  into  the  work,  as  in  the  gint- 
let.  The  American  screui-awjer  has  a  cylin- 


Augers. 

drical  shaft,  around  which  is  brazed  a  single 
fin  or  rib;  the  end  is  flled  into  a  worm,  as 
usual,  and  immediately  behind  the  worm 
a  small  diametrical  mortise  is  formed  for 
the  reception  of  a  detached  cutter,  which 
exactly  resembles  the  chisel  edge  of  the 
centre-bit.— 2.  An  instrument  xised  for  boring 
the  soil  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the 
nature  of  the  subsoil,  the  minerals,  and,  in 
agriculture  more  especially,  the  existence  of 
water:  specifically  called  an  earth-boring 
autjer.  These  augers  are  of  various  kinds, 
but  they  all  consist  of  three  parts,  viz.  a 
handle  for  working  the  instrument  by  means 
of  two  or  more  men;  the  bit,  mouth,  or  cut- 
ting-piece ;  and  certain  rods  for  connecting 
the  handle  with  the  bit  or  cutting-piece. 

Auger-bit  (a'ger-bit),  n.  A  bit  with  a  cut- 
ting edge  or  blade  forming  part  of  an  auger. 

Auger-faucet  (a'ger-fa-set),  n.  A  faucet 
with  an  auger  attached,  by  means  of  which 
a  hole  can  be  bored  nearly  through  the 
wood  in  which  the  faucet  is  to  be  fixed,  and 
the  faucet  fixed  by  a  single  blow.  The  auger 
can  then  be  withdrawn  through  the  faucet 
by  a  rack  and  pinion. 

Auger-gauge  (a'ger-gaj),  n.  A  device  at- 
tached to  the  shank  of  an  auger  to  prevent 
it  sinking  beyond  a  certain  depth.  E.  II. 
Knight. 

Auger-hole  (a'ger-hol),  n.  A  hole  made  by 
an  auger.  'Hid  in  an  auger-hole.'  Shak. 
'Boring  a  little  auger-hole  in  fear.'  Tenny- 
son. 

Auger-shell  (a'ger-shel),  n.  A  shell  of  the 
genus  Terebra. 

Auget  (a'jet  or  6-zha),  n.  [Fr.  dim.  of  auge, 
a  trough,  from  L.  alveus,  a  channel.]  MiKt. 
a  tube  filled  with  powder,  and  extending 
from  the  chamber  of  a  mine  to  the  extremity 
of  the  gallery:  used  in  exploding  mines. 

Aught  (at),  11.  [A.  Sax.  awiht,  owiht,  aht, 
from  a  prefix  d,  ceg,  ever,  aye  (the  first  ele- 
ment also  in  each,  either),  or  from  a  for  dn, 
one,  and  A.  Sax.  triA(  =  E.  wight,  whit,  crea- 
ture, thing,  something;  the  word  therefore 
means  a  whit,  any  whit,  its  negative  being 
naught,  not  a  whit.]  Anything,  indefinitely; 
any  part. 

But  go,  my  son,  and  see  if  aught  be  wanting. 

AddiscH. 
Unfaith  in  atlfht  is  want  of  faith  in  all.     Tennyson. 

Augite  (a'jitin.  [Gr.  auge, brightness.]  The 
name  given  to  a  class  of  minerals  belonging 
to  the  monoclinic  system;  pyroxene.  The 
augites  have  a  foliated  structure,  are  harder 
than  hornblende,  and  greenish-black,  pitch 
or  velvet  black,  or  leek-green  in  colour. 
Augite  consists  of  silicates  of  lime,magnesia, 
and  iron,  with  alumina  in  the  darker  varie- 
ties. It  enters  largely  into  the  composition 
of  many  trap  and  volcanic  rocks,  as  basalt, 
greenstone,  porphyry,  clinkstone,  &c.  The 
varieties  are  common  augite,  sahlite,  fassa- 
rte,  coccolite,  diopside,  baikalite,  Ac. 

AugltlC  (a-jit'ik),  o.  Pertaining  to  augite; 
iesembling  augite,  or  partaking  of  its  nature 
and  characters;  composed  of  or  containing 
augite.—  Augitic  porphyry,  a  rock  with  a 
dark  gray  or  greenish  base,  containing  con- 
spicuous crystals  of  augite  and  labrador 
felspar. 

Augment  (ag-menf),  v.t.  [Fr.  augmenter, 
L.  attgtnento,  to  augment,  from  augmentum, 
an  increase,  from  augeo,  auxi,  to  increase; 
allied  to  E.  eke,  Icel.  auka,  to  increase.] 
1.  To  increase;  to  enlarge  in  size  or  extent; 
to  swell;  to  make  bigger;  as,  to  augment  an 


army  by  reinforcement ;  impatience  aug- 
ments an  evil. 

Rivers  have  streams  added  to  them  which  auf  - 
mm!  them.  Sir  M  ll.tle 

Though  fortune  change,  his  constant  spouse  remains: 
Augments  his  joys  and  mitigates  his  pains.  Pope. 

2  In  tint  in  to  add  an  augment  to;  as,  tin 
Creek  language  augments  certain  tenses  of 
the  indicative. 

Augment  (ag-menf),  u.t.  To  increase;  to 
grow  larger. 

The  winds  redouble  and  the  streams  augment. 
Dryden. 

Augment  (ag'ment),  n.  l.t  Increase;  en- 
largement by  addition;  state  of  increase 
'  This  augment  of  the  tree. '  Iz.  Walton.  — 
2.  In  gram,  an  increase  at  the  beginning  of 
certain  inflectional  forms  of  a  verb,  as  the 
e  in  certain  tenses  of  the  Greek  verb,  and 
the  ge  In  the  past  participle  of  the  German 
verb.  In  Greek  grammar,  if  the  increase 
takes  place  by  adding  a  syllable,  as  typto, 
etypton,  it  is  called  syllabic;  if  by  lengthen- 
ing a  shut  vowel,  as  fyeiro,  fgeiron,  it  is 
called  temporal  augment. —3.  In  med.  the 
period  of  a  fever  between  its  commencement 
and  its  height. 

AugmentaWe  (ag-ment'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  augmented  or  increased. 

Augmentation  (ag-men-ta'shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  increasing  or  making  larger  by  addi- 
tion, expansion,  or  dilatation;  the  act  of 
adding  to  or  enlarging;  the  state  or  condi- 
tion of  being  made  larger. 

Bacon,  holding  that  this  method  was  insufficient 
and  futile  for  the  augmentation  of  real  and  useful 
knowledge,  published  his  Piovum  Organon. 

U'hmell. 

2.  The  thing  added  by  way  of  enlargement; 
addition;  as,  the  augmentation  amounted  to 
£600  a  year. 

He  does  smile  his  face  into  more  lines  than  is  in 
the  new  map  with  the  augmentation  of  the  Indies. 

SHab. 

3.  Specifically,  (n)  in  music,  a  doubling  the 
value  of  the  notes  of  the  subject  of  a  fugue 
or  canon.    (M  In  her.  an  additional  charge 
to  a  coat-armour,  often  as  a  mark  of  honour, 
borne  on  the  escutcheon  or  a  canton. — I.  In 
med.  same  as  Augment,  3. —By  augmen 
In  i  if  a.  a  phrase  formerly  used  in  the  army 
promotion  lists  to  signify  that  an  officer's 
appointment  had  been  conferred  by  the 
creation  of  a  new  patent,  not  by  the  pur 
chase  of  an  old  one.—  Augmentation  court. 
in  England,  a  court  erected  by  27  Henry 
VIII.  to  augment  the  revenues  of  the  crown 
by  the  suppression  of  monasteries.     It  was 
long  ago  dissolved. —Process  of  augmenta- 
tion, in  Scotland,  a  process  in  the  teind 
court,  raised  by  the  minister  of  a  parish 
against  the  titular  and  heritors,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  obtaining  an  augmentation  of  his 
stipend.— SYN.  Increase,  enlargement,  ac- 
cession, addition. 

Augmentative  (ag-ment'a-tiv),  a.    Having 

the  quality  or  power  of  augmenting. 
Augmentative  (ag-ment'a-tiv),  n.    A  word 

formed  to  express  greatness:  opposed  to  a 

iliiiiiniiliri'. 
Augmentatlvely  (ag-ment'a-tiv-li),  adv.  In 

a  manner  to  augment. 
Augmenter  (ag-ment'er),  ».    One  who  or 

that  which  augments. 

Augoert  (a'g6-er),  71.  An  augur.  Hoi/and 
Augre  t  (a'ger),  n.  Same  as  Auger.  Shak 
AugUT  (ft'ger),  n.  [L.  augur,  derived  by  Pott 


C.TSar  as  an  Augur. — From  a  Roman  bas-relief. 

'    from  arix.  a  bird,  and  root  of  gusto,  to  taste  ] 
I    1.  Among  the  ancient  Romans  a  functionary 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      tn,  then:  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KEY 


AUGUR 


184 


AUNTROUS 


whose  duty  was  to  derive  signs  concerning 
future  events  from  the  singing,  chattering, 
and  flight  of  birds,  from  the  feeding  of  the 
sacred  fowls,  from  certain  appearances  in 
quadrupeds,  from  lightning,  and  other  un- 
usual occurrences.  There  was  a  college  or 
community  of  augurs,  originally  three  in 
number,  and  afterwards  nine— four  patri- 
cians and  five  plebeians.  In  the  engraving 
the  figure  holds  in  the  right  hand  the  lituus 
or  crooked  staff  of  the  augur,  and  at  its  foot 
is  one  of  the  sacred  fowls.— 2.  One  who  pre- 
tends to  foretell  future  events  by  omens;  a 
soothsayer;  a  prophet;  one  who  bodes,  fore- 
bodes, or  portends. 

Atipnr  of  ill,  whose  tongue  was  never  found 
Without  a  priestly  curse  or  boding  sound. 

Dryden. 

Augur  (a'ger),  ».i.  1.  To  guess;  to  conjec- 
ture, as  from  signs  or  omens.  '  My  augur- 
ing hope.'  Shak. — 2.  To  be  a  sign;  to  prog- 
nosticate; to  foreshow. 

It  augurs  ill  for  an  undertaking  to  find  such  dis- 
sension in  head-quarters.  W.  Belshiim. 

Augur  (a'ger),  v.t.  1.  To  guess  or  conjecture; 
to  predict;  to  anticipate:  said  of  p-rsons. 
'I  did  augur  all  this  to  him  beforehand.' 
B.  Jotison. 

I  aitfur  everything  from  the  approbation  the  pro- 
posal has  met  with.  Sir  y.  Herscttel. 

2.  To  betoken;  to  forebode:  said  of  things. 
'  All  these  elaborate  preparations  .  .  .  augur 
mischief.'  Times  newspaper.— SVN.  To  pre- 
dict, forebode,  betoken,  portend,  presage.  ' 

Augural  (a'gu-ral  or  a'ger-al),  a.  [L.  augur- 
alis.  See  AUGUR.]  Pertaining  to  an  augur,  ' 
or  the  duties  or  professions  of  an  augur; 
pertaining  to  divination.  The  Romans  had 
their  augural  staff  and  augural  books. 
'  Portents  augural.'  Couiper. 

Augurate  (a'gu-rat  or  a'ger-at),  c.  I.  or  t.    To  | 
conjecture  or  foretell  by  augury;  to  predict. 
[Rare.] 

I  augnrated  truly  the  improvement  they  would 
receive  this  way.  IVarburtcn. 

Auguration  (a-gu-ra'shon  or  a-ger-a'shon), 
n.  The  practice  of  augury,  or  the  foretelling 
of  events  by  signs  or  omens.  '  Tripudiary 
augurations.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Augurer  (a'ger-er),  n.    An  augur.     Skak. 

Augurial  (a-gu'ri-al),  a.  Relating  to  augurs. 
'Augurial  and  tripudiary  divinations.'  Sir 
T.  Browne. 

Augurlst  (a'ger-ist),  n.     An  augur.    [Rare.  ] 

Augurize  (a'ger-iz),  v.t.  or  i.  To  augur;  to 
act  as  an  augur. 

Auguroust  (a'gu-rus  or  a'ger-us),  a.  Pre- 
dicting; foretelling;  foreboding.  '  Presaging 
in  their  augurous  hearts.'  Chapman. 

Augurship  (a'ger-ship),  n.  The  office  or 
period  of  office  of  an  augur. 

Augury  (a'gu-ri  or  a'ger-i),  n.  [L.  augurium. 
See  AUGUR.]  1.  The  art  or  practice  of  fore- 
telling events  by  signs  or  omens.  '  She  knew 
by  augury  divine.'  Smift.—  2.  That  which 
forebodes;  that  from  which  a  prediction  is 
drawn;  a  prognostication.  'Far  be  that 
augury!'  Dryden. 
Sad  angttries  of  winter  thence  she  drew.  Dryden. 

August  (a-gusf),  a.  [L.  augustus,  from  au- 
geo,  to  increase,  to  honour  by  offerings.  See 
AUCTION.]  Grand;  magnificent;  majestic; 
impressing  awe;  inspiring  reverence. 

There  is  on  earth  a  yet  aitfustrr  thing, 
Veiled  though  it  be,  than  parliament  or  king. 

H'iUer. 

August  (a'gnst),  ?i.  [L.  Augustus,  so  called 
in  nonourof  the  Roman  Emperor  Augustus, 
its  previous  name  having  been  Sextuis,  the 
xixth  month  from  March,  the  month  in 
which  the  primitive  Romans,  as  well  as  the 
Jews,  began  the  year.  See  the  adjective.] 
The  eighth  month  of  the  year,  containing 
thirty-one  days. 

Augustan  (a-gust'an).a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
Emperor  Augustus;  as,  the  Augustan  age. 
The  Augustan  age  was  the  most  brilliant 
period  in  Roman  literature,  hence  the  phrase 
has  been  applied  by  analogy  to  similar 
periods  in  the  literary  history  of  other 
countries;  thus  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  has 
been  called  the  Augustan  age  of  French 
literature,  while  that  of  Queen  Anne  has 
received  this  distinction  in  English.— 2.  Per- 
taining to  the  town  Augusta  Vindelicorum, 
now  Augsburg;  as,  the  Augustan  Confession, 
the  confession  drawn  up  at  Augsb'urg,  by 
Luther  and  Melanchthon  in  1530,  embodying 
the  principles  of  the  Protestants  and  their 
reasons  for  separating  from  the  Romish 
Church. 

Augustln,  Augustine  (a-gust'in),  n.  A 
member  of  one  of  several  monastic  frater- 
nities who  follow  rules  framed  by  St.  Au- 


gustine or  deduced  from  his  writings,  of 
which  the  chief  are  the  Canons  Regular  of 
St.  Augustine,  or  Austin  Canon*,  and  the 
Begging  Hermits,  or  Austin  Friars.  The 
Austin  Canons  were  introduced  into  Britain 
alxiut  1100,  and  had  many  houses,  as  at  Pon- 
tefract,  Scone,  Holyrood,  &c.  The  Austin 
Friars,  originally  hermits,  are  a  much  more 
austere  body,  who  renounce  property,  go 
barefooted,  clad  in  black,  and  form  one  of 
the  four  orders  of  mendicants.  They  were 
congregated  into  a  body  under  Langfranc  in 
1256.  The  name  AuguMnes  is  also  given  to 
an  order  of  nuns  who  wait  on  the  sick.  The 
Hotel  Dieu  of  Paris  is  served  by  them. 
Called  also  A  ugvstinian. 

Augustlnlan  (a-gus-tin'i-an),  n.  1.  Same  as 
Augustln.  —2.  One  of  those  divines  who,  from 
St.  Augustine,  maintain  that  grace  is  effec- 
tual from  its  nature,  absolutely  and  morally, 
not  relatively  and  gradually.  — 3.  One  of  a  sect 
that  sprang  up  in  the  sixteenth  century,  and 
maintained  that  the  gates  of  heaven  will  not 
be  open  till  the  general  resurrection. 

Augusttnlanlsm(a-gus-tin'i-an-izm),  n. 
The  doctrines  of  St.  Augustine  or  the  Augus- 
tinians. 

Augustly  (a-gust'li),  adv.  In  an  august 
manner. 

Augustness  (a-gust'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  august;  dignity  of  mien;  grandeur; 
magnificence. 

He  was  daunted  at  the  aufitsfufss  of  such  an 
assembly.  Shti/ftsbnry. 

Auk  (ak),  n.  [O.  and  Prov.  E.  alk,  Dan. 
alke,  Icel.  alka,  Mka,  an  auk.]  The  Eng- 
lish name  of  the  birds  of  the  family  Alcidfe 
and  order  Natatores,  including  the  great 
auk,  the  little  auk,  or  black  and  white 
diver,  the  puffin,  <fcc.,  or,  in  a  more  re- 
stricted sense,  the  members  of  the  genus 
Alca.  The  restricted  genus  Alca  contains 
only  two  species,  the  great  auk  (Alca  tm- 
pennie),  now,  it  is  believed,  extinct,  and 
the  razor-bill  {Alca  torda).  The  great  auk 
or  gair-fowl,  a  bird  about  3  feet  in  length, 
used  to  be  plentiful  in  the  most  northerly 
regions,  and  also  visited  the  British  shores. 
It  was  remarkable  for  the  shortness  of  its 
wings,  which  it  employed  as  fins  in  swim- 


Razor-bill  (Alca  torda). 

ming,  especially  under  water.  Its  legs 
were  placed  so  far  back  as  to  cause  it  to  sit 
nearly  upright.  The  razor-bill  is  about 
15  Inches  in  length,  and  its  wings  are  suf- 
ficiently developed  to  be  used  for  flight. 
It  is  found  in  numbers  on  some  parts  of  the 
British  shores,  as  the  Isle  of  Man 

Aukward  (ak'werd),  a.    Same  as  A  wkward. 

Aula  (ala),  n.  [L.]  A  court  or  hall.— Aula 
regia,  an  ancient  English  court  instituted 
by  William  the  Conqueror,  which  merged 
into  the  King's  Bench. 

Aularian  (a-la'ri-an),  n.  (L.  aula.  a  hall  ] 
At  Oxford,  the  member  of  a  hall,  distin- 
guished from  a  collegian. 

Aularian  (a-la'ri-an),  a.  [L.  aula,  a  hall.) 
Relating  to  a  hall. 

Auld  (aid),  a.  Old.  •  Take  thine  auld  cloak 
about  thee.'  Shak.  [Provincial  English  and 
Scotch.]— Auld  lang-syne,  a  Scotch  phrase 
employed  to  express  days  or  times  long  since 
past,  especially  happy  times. 

Auld-farand,  Auld-farrant  (ald-fa'rand, 
ald-fart-ant),  a.  [Sc.  auld,  old,  and/arand 
(which  see).  ]  Having  the  ways  or  thoughts 
of  an  old  person ;  resembling  an  old  or  at 
least  a  grown-up  person ;  hence,  sagacious : 
wily;  knowingmore  than  was  expected:  most 
frequently  applied  to  children.  [Scotch  ] 

Auld-warld  (ald'warld),  o.  Old-fashioned; 
ancient;  antique.  •  Auld-warld  stories.' 
Scott. 

Auletlc  (a-let'ik),  a.    [Gr.   auletOtos,  from 


aulat,  a  flute.]  Pertaining  to  pipes  ur  tu  :i 
pipe.  [Rare.] 

Aullc  (a'lik),  a.  [L.  anlicus,  from  aula,  <:r. 
auli,  a  hall,  court,  or  palace.]  Pertaining  t.. 
a  royal  court.  In  theoldOerman  Empire  the 
aulic  council  was  a  court  of  jurisdiction, 
which  always  followed  the  emperors,  ami 
decided  without  an  appeal.  It  ceased  tu 
exist  on  the  extinction  of  the  Gei  man  Empii  •*• 
in  1806.  The  title  is  now  applied  in  German) 
in  a  general  sense  to  the  chief  council  of  am 
department,  political,  administrative,  jud.- 
cial,  or  military. 

Aullc  (a'lik),  n.  In  some  European  univer- 
sities a  ceremony  observed  in  conferring  tin- 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity.  It  is  intrn 
duced  by  a  harangue  of  the  chancellor  ad- 
dressed to  the  young  doctor,  after  which  lit- 
receives  the  cap  and  presides  at  the  aulir 
proper  or  disputation. 

Auln  (an),  n.  [See  AUNE.)  A  French  cloth- 
measure. 

Aulnage  t  (an'aj),  n.  [See  ALNAGE.]  Mea- 
surement by  the  ell. 

Aulnager  (an'aj-er),  n.    See  ALNAOKR. 

Aulostoma  (a-los'to-ma),  n.  [Gr.  aulos,  a 
pipe,  and  stoma,  a  mouth.]  A  genus  «f 
fishes,  family  AulostonmUc  or  Fistularid:i>. 


Head  of  Aulostoma  tnaculatiim. 

so  named  from  having  the  month  length 
ened  into  the  form  of  a  pipe.  The  genus  is 
closely  allied  to  Fistularia,  from  which  it  is 
distinguished  by  the  tube  of  the  mu//.lf 
being  shorter  and  wider, by  having  numerous 
free  spines  before  the  dorsal  fin,  and  the 
jaws  being  toothless. 

Aulqstomidse  (a-los-tom'i-de),  n.  pi.  A 
family  of  acanthopterous  fishes,  of  which 
the  genus  Aulostoma  is  the  type.  Called 
also  Fistularidce. 

Aum  (am),  n.  An  old  Dutch  fluid  measure 
See  AAM. 

Aumallt  (a-malO,  v.t.  [Fr.  email,  enamel  ] 
To  enamel;  to  figure  or  variegate. 

Buskins  entayld 
With  curious  antickes  and  full  faire  aumayla. 

Aumail  t  (a-mal1),  n.     Enamel. 

Aumble  t  (am'bri,  n.    See  AMBLE. 

Aumbry  (am'bri),  n.    Same  as  Ambry. 

Aumener.t  Aumere.l  n.  [Fr.  aumonifrr, 
an  alms-chest.]  An  alms-chest.  Chaucer. 

Aumery  (a'mer-i),  n.    Same  as  Almonry. 

Aumone  (a'mon),  n.  [Fr.  aumone.}  In  laic, 
alms. — Tenure  in  aumone,  a  tenure  whei-e 
lands  are  given  in  alms  to  some  church  or 
religious  house. 

Aumonler  (a-mon-er'),  n.  [Fr.  aumonifr.] 
An  almoner;  a  chaplain.  '  Seynt  Joiie  the 
Aumonier.'  MS.  Harl. 

Auncel  (an'sel),  n.  [Perhaps  from  hand  and 
veil,  but  the  spellings  auncer,  auncere  are 
against  this;  or  perhaps  from  Fr.  avancer. 
to  stretch  out,  the  arm  being  stretched  out  to 
poise  the  balance.]  A  kind  of  balance  for 
weighing,  anciently  used  in  England,  appar- 
ently that  variety  of  the  steelyard  commonly 
known  as  the  Danish  steelyard,  which  has  a 
movable  fulcrum  and  a  fixed  weight,  the 
forefinger  often  acting  as  the  former.  It 
was  very  inaccurate,  and  was  therefore  pro- 
hibited by  statute.  In  many  parts  of  Eng- 
land the  term  aunceLweight  is  still  applied 
in  regard  to  the  selling  of  meat  by  the  hand 
without  scales. 

Anne  (an),  n.  [O.Fr.  aulne,  from  L.  ulna. 
the  arm,  an  ell.  See  ALNAOE.)  A  French 
cloth-measure,  now  superseded  as  a  standard 
measure  by  the  metre.  The  aune  nourellt 
or  usuelle  =  H  metre,  or  47}  English  inches, 
is  still  used  in  selling  cloth.  The  old  mea- 
sure of  this  name  varied  at  different  places; 
at  Rouen  it  was  the  same  as  the  English  ell, 
45  inches ;  at  Paris  42J  inches ;  at  Lyons 
47}  inches;  at  Calais  OSJ  inches. 

Aunt  (ant),  n.  [O.Fr.  ante  (corrupted  in 
Mod.  Fr.  into  tante),  from  L.  amita,  whit-h 
is  contracted,  in  the  same  way  as  emmet  is 
contracted  into  ant.]  1.  The  sister  of  one's 
father  or  mother,  correlative  to  nephew  ur 
niece.  —  2.  t  An  old  woman  ;  an  old  gossip. 
'The  wisest  aunt  telling  the  saddest  tale.' 
Shak.-  3.  t  A  procuress;  a  loose  woman. 

Summer  songs  for  me  and  my  aunts, 
While  we  lie  tumbling  in  the  hay.       Stoat. 

Aunter.t  Auntre.t  v.i.  [Contracted  form 
of  O.E.  andFr.  aventure.]  Toadventure  '1 
will  arise  and  auntreit  by  my  fay.'  Chat/<-r>'. 

Auntrous.t  a.     Adventurous.     Chaucer 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abi/ne;      }',  Sc.  fey. 


AUNT-SALLY 


188 


AUROCHS 


Aunt-Sally  (ant-sal'li),  «.  A  favourite  game 
;it  race  ooonMind  fairs,  played  by  erecting 
:i  \vncnleii  ln-ail  on  a  pole,  anil  putting  in  the 
month  or  nose  a  clay  pipe,  which  the  players 
endeavour  to  smash  by  tlirowiug  short  blud- 
neons  at  it;  the  head  so  used. 
Aur  (or),  n.  [  See  An.]  A  scar;  as,  pock- 
iturs,  marks  left  liy  the  small-pox.  [Scotch.] 
Aura,  (n'ra),  n.  [L.  aura,  a  breeze,  a  breath 
of  air,  the  air]  1.  Lit.  a  breeze  or  gentle 
current  of  air,  but  generally  used  for  a 
stream  of  flue  particles  flowing  from  n  body, 
as  an  effluvium,  aroma,  or  odour;  an  exhal- 
ation.-2.  A  peculiar  sensation  resembling 
that  produced  by  a  current  of  air.— Epilep- 
tic aura  (aura  epileptica),  a  sensation  as  of 
a  current  of  air,  rising  from  some  part  of 
the  body  to  the  head,  preceding  an  attack 
of  epilepsy.-  Ili/fterir.aura,  a  similar  sen- 
sation preceding  an  attack  of  hysteria.  - 
Electric  aura,  a  term  applied  to  a  supposed 
electric  fluid  emanating  from  an  electrified 
body,  and  forming  a  sort  of  atmosphere 
around  it.  Called  also  Electric  Atmosphere. 
Aural  (a'ral),  a.  Pertaining  to  the  air  or  to 
an  aura. 

Aural  (a'ral),  a.  [L.  auris,  the  ear.]  Relat- 
ing to  the  ear;  as,  the  aural  oriflce;  aural 
nirgery. 

AurantlacesB(a-ran'ti-a"se-e),;i.p;.  [NewL. 
niitrriitiitin  pomum,  an  orange,  from  L.  ow- 
™«i,  gold.  See  ORANGE.]  The  orange  tribe, 
a  nat.  order  of  plants,  or  according  to  others 
a  tribe  of  the  nat  order  Rutacerc.  They 
are  polypetalous  dicotyledons,  with  dark- 
green  jointed  leaves,  containing  a  fragrant 
essential  oil  in  transparent  dots,  and  a  su- 
perior pulpy  fruit,  the  rind  of  which  is  also 
tilled  with  essential  oil.  The  species  are  ori- 
ginally natives  of  India,  and  are  unknown 
in  a  wild  state  in  America.  The  order  com- 
prises the  orange,  lemon,  lime,  citron,  ber- 
gamot,  and  shaddock  or  forbidden  fruit. 
Their  flowers  are  usually  odoriferous,  and 
their  fruits  snbacid. 

Aurate  (a'rat),  ».     [L.  auratius,  pp.  of  auro, 
to  gild,  from  atmim,  gold.    See  AURUM.] 
1.  A  combination  of  auric  acid  with  a  base; 
a*,  aurate  of  potash.— 2.  A  kind  of  pear. 
Aurated  (a'rat-ed),  a.    1.  Resembling  gold; 
golden -coloured;  gilded.     [Rare.]  — 2.   In 
etwm,  combined  with  gold. 
Aurated  (a'rat-ed),  a.    [L.  auris,  the  ear  ] 

Eared;  having  ears  like  the  scallop-shell 
Aureate  (a're-at),  a.  [L.  aureatus.  from 
unrein,  golden,  from  aunim,  gold.]  Gol- 
den; gilded.  Skeltan;  Southey. 
Aurelia  (a-re'li-a),  n.  [From  L.  aurum,  gold, 
from  its  colour.]  1.  In  zool.  the  nymph, 
chrysalis,  or  pupa  of  a  lepidopterous  insect 
Bee  OIRYSALIS.—  2.  A  genus  of  Acalephrc,  or 
medusiform  Hydrozoa,  which  passes  through 
several  changes  of  form  in  its  development. 
Hence— 3.  Sometimes  applied  to  the  adult 
st-itc  of  any  Medusa. 

Aurellau  (a-re'li-an),  a.  Like  or  pertaining 
to  the  aurelia;  as,  the  aurelian  form  of  an 
insect. 

Aurelian  (a-reli-an),  n.  An  amateur  col- 
lector and  breeder  of  insects,  particularly 
"f  tlie  Lepidoptera. 

Aureola,  Aureole  (a-re'6-la,  a're-61),  n.  [Fr. 
•ttntota,  from  L.  aureoltts,  dim.  of  aureus, 


Auuola. 

r«dden,  from  aunon,  gold.]    1.  In  paint- 
ng,  an  illumination   surrounding  a  holy 


person.  as  Christ,  a  saint,  a  martyr,  and  the 
like,  and  intended  to  represent  a  luminous 
cloud  or  haze  supposed  to  emanate  from 
him.  If  the  figure  is  represented  in  an 
erect  position  the  aureola  is  oval;  if  sitting, 
it  in  general  more  nearly  approaches  a  cir- 
cular figure.  When  it  symbolizes  Christ  a 
cross  is  inclosed  in  the  aureola.-  .1  »/<.,/>/, 
Glory,  and  Xiatbut  are  in  popular  usage 
fic'incntly  confounded,  though  technically 
they  have  quite  distinct  uses.  See  GLORY, 
NIMBI'S. —2.  Anything  resembling  an  au- 
reola; specifically,  (a)  in  astron.  the  ring  of 
light  seen  round  the  moon  in  total  eclipsrs 
of  the  sun.  (b)  In  meteor,  a  kind  of  halo 
surrounding  a  shadow  cast  upon  a  cloud  or 
fog-bank  or  dew-covered  grass;  often  ob- 
served by  aeronauts  on  the  upper  surface 
of  clouds.  Also  called  a  Glory. 
Auric  (a'rik),  a.  [From  L.  aurum,  gold.] 
Pertaining  to  gold.— Auricoxide,*  saturated 
combination  of  gold  and  oxygen  (Au2Oa). 
Aurlchalclte  (a-ri-kal'sit),  n.  [L.  aurum, 
gold,  and  Or.  chalkos,  copper  or  bronze.  ]  A 
mineral  occurring  in  transparent  verdigris- 
green,  needle-shaped  crystals,  which  when 
reduced  yield  a  gold-coloured  alloy  of  cop- 
per and  zinc. 

Auricle  (a'ri-kl),  n.  [L.  auricula,  dim.  from 
auris,  the  ear. )  1.  The  external  ear,  or  that 
part  which  is  prominent  from  the  head.— 
2.  One  of  two  cavities  in  the  mammalian 
heart,  placed  above  the  two  cavities  called 
ventricles,  and  resembling  in  shape  the 
auricle  or  external  ear.  They  receive  the 
blood  from  the  veins,  and  communicate  it 
to  the  ventricles.  See  HEART.— 3.  An  in- 
strument applied  to  the  ears  to  assist  in 
hearing;  a  kind  of  ear-trumpet. 
Auricled  (a'ri-kld),  a.  Having  ears  or  au- 
ricles ;  having  appendages  resembling  ears. 
In  bot.  applied  to  leaves  when  they  are  fur- 
nished with  a  pair  of  leaflets,  generally  dis- 
tinct, hut  sometimes  joined  with  them 
Auricula  (a-rik'u-la),  n.  [L.,  the  external 
ear,  the  ear,  dim.  of  auris.  an  ear.  See 


Auricula  {Primula  Auricula}. 


EAR.]  1.  In  bot.  a  garden  flower  derived 
from  the  yellow  Prim ula  Auricula,  found 
native  in  the  Swiss  Alps,  and  sometimes 
called  bear's-earfrom  the  shape  of  its  leaves. 
It  has  for  centuries  been  an  object  of  culti- 
vation by  florists,  who  have  succeeded  in 
raising  from  seed  a  great  number  of  beauti- 
ful varieties.  —2.  In  zool.  a  genus  of  phyto- 
phagous or  plant-eating  gasteropodous  mol- 
luscs, whose  organsof  respiration  are  formed 
for  breathing  air. 

Auricular  (a-i  ik'u-ler),  a.  [From  L.  auric- 
ula,  the  ear.  See  AURICULA.)  1.  Pertaining 
to  the  ear  or  the  sense  of  hearing ;  as,  the 
auricular  nerves.— 2.  Confided  to  one's  ear, 
especially  privately  confided  to  the  ear  of  a 
priest;  as,  auricular  confession. — 3.  Recog- 
nized by  the  ear;  known  or  obtained  by  the 
sense  of  hearing;  as,  auricular  evidence. 

You  shall  by  an  auricular  assurance  have  your 
satisfaction.  Shak. 

4.t  Communicated  or  known  by  report. 
'Auricular  traditions  and  feigned  testimo- 
nies.' Bacon.—  5.  Pertaining  to  the  auricles 
of  the  heart.— Auricular  feathers,  the  circle 
of  feathers  surrounding  the  opening  of  the 
ear  in  birds  .  —  Auricular  finger,  the  little 
finger,  from  its  being^  most  easily  introduced 
into  the  ear. — Auricular  tube,  a  speaking 
tube,  either  portable  for  the  use  of  deaf 
persons,  or  carried  between  different  parts 
of  a  building  for  the  conveyance  of  mes- 
sages. 

Auricular  (a-rik'u-ier).  n.  In  mrnith.  a 
name  applied  collectively  to  the  auricular 
feathers  (which  see,  under  the  adjective.) 

Auricularly  (a-rik'u-ler-li),  adv.  In  an  auri- 


enlar  manner;  specifically,  in  a  secret  man- 
ner; by  way  of  whisper;  by  words  addlessed 
to  the  ear. 

They  will  soon  confess,  and  that  not  nuricitlar'ly 
but  in  a  loud  and  audible  voice.          /)/-.  //.  Mart."  ' 

Auriculate,  Auriculated  (a -rik'n-lat,  a- 
nk  u-lat-ed),  a.  1.  shaped  like  the  ear. 
2  Having  ears  or  some  kind  of  expansions 
resembling  ears;  eared;  in  bot.  said  of  a 
leaf  with  a  pair  of  small  blunt  projections 
or  ears  at  the  base. 

Auriferous  (a-rif'er-us),  a.  [L  aurifer- 
from  aurum,  gold,  and  fe.ro,  to  produce  I 
yielding  orprodueing  gold;  containing  gold, 
as,  auriferous  quartz;  auriferous  strata. 

Mountains  big  with  mines. 

Whence  many  a  bursting  stream  aurtferoiis  plays. 
Thomson. 

Auriflamma,  Auriflamme  (a-ri-flam'a,  »-ri- 
nam  ),  n.     The  national  golden  banner  of 
France.    See  ORIFLAMMK. 
Aurifonn  (a'ri-form),  a.    [L.  auris,  the  ear 
and  forma,  form.]    Ear-shaped;  having  the 
form  of  the  human  ear;  in  the  shape  of  an 
ear;  as,  an  aurifonn  shell. 
Auriga  (a-ri'ga),  n.  [L. ,  a  driver,  a  charioteer 
— aurea,  a  bridle,  and  ago,  to  driv,;  ]    i  in 
outran,  the  Waggoner,  a  constellation  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  consisting  of  sixtv 
eight  stars,  including  Capella  of  the  flrs-t 
magnitude  —2.  In  med.  (a)  the  fourth  lobe 
of  the  liver.    (6)  A  bandage  for  the  sides 
Aurigal (a-ri'gal), a.  [See AURIGA.]  Pertain 
ing  to  a  chariot  or  carriage.    [Rare.] 
Aurigationt  (a-ri-ga'shon),  n.  [L.  aurigatu,. 
from  aurigo,  to  be  a  charioteer.    See  AURI- 
GA.]   The  act  or  practice  of  driving  horses 
harnessed  to  carriages.     Bailey. 

Aurigraphy  (a-rig'ra-fl),n.  [L.  aurum,  gold, 
and  Gr.  graphs,  to  write.]  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  writing  in  golden  characters. 

Aurilave  (a'ri-Iav),  n.  [L.  auris,  the  ear. 
and  lam,  to  wash.]  An  ear-brush.  E  U 
Knight. 

Auriphrygiate(a-ri-frij'i.at),a  [L  aurum, 
gold,  and  phrygiare,  to  adorn  with  Phrygian 
needle-work.]  Embroidered  with  gold.  'Nor 
wore  he  mitre  here,  precious  or  avriphry- 
giate.'  Southey.  [Rare.) 

Auripigmentum  (a'ri-pig-men"tum).  See 
ORPIMENT. 

Auriscalp  (a'ri-skalp),  n.  [L.  auris,  ear. 
and  scalpo,  to  scrape.]  An  instrument  to 
clean  the  ears;  used  also  in  operations  of 
surgery  on  the  ear 

Auriscope  (a'ri-skop),  n.  [L.  auris,  the  ear. 
and  Gr.  skopeo,  to  view.  ]  An  instrument  for 
ascertaining  the  condition  of  the  Eusta- 
chian  tube.  E.  H.  Knight. 

Aurist  (a'rist),  n.  [L.  auris,  ear]  One 
skilled  in  disorders  of  the  ear,  or  who  pro- 
fesses to  cure  them. 

In  England  the  medical  profession  is  divided  into 
physicians,  surgeons,  apothecaries,  accoucheurs, 
oculists,  aurists,  dentists.  Sir  G.  C.  Lftvis. 

Aurited  (a'rit-ed),  a.  [L.  auritus,  from  ou- 
ris,  the  ear]  In  bot.  and  zool.  eared;  auricn- 
late;  having  lolies  or  appendages  like  an  ear 

Aurocephalous  (a-ro-sef'ai-us),  a.  [L. 
aurum,  gold,  and  kephale,  the  head.]  In 
zool.  characterized  by  a  gold-coloured  head 

Aurochs  (a'roks),  n.  [G.  aurochs,  aueroch*. 
the  aurochs— O.H.G.  ur,  a  wild  bull  (Latin 
form  urus),  and  ohso,  G.  ochs,  an  ox.]  .A 
species  of  wild  bull  or  buffalo,  the  bonassu* 
of  Aristotle,  urus  of  Casar,  bison  of  Pliny, 
the  European  bison,  Bos  or  Bonaaus  Bison 


Aurochs  (Bos  tints). 


of  modern  naturalists.  This  animal  was 
once  abundant,  roaming  in  herds  over  many 
parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  preferring 
especially  the  neighbourhood  of  large  for- 
ests. The  spread  of  population  has  reduced 
its  numbers,  and  were  it  not  for  the  protec- 
tion afforded  by  the  Emperor  of  Russia  to 
a  few  herds  which  inhabit  the  forests  i.f 
Lithuania  it  would  soon  be  extinct. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  icMg;    zh.  azure.— See  KBT. 


AUROCYAN1DE 


186 


AUSTRIAN 


Aurocyanide  (a-ro-sl'an-id).  n.  [L.  aurum, 
gold,  and  E.  cyanide.}  In  cftein.  a  com- 
pound formed  of  the  cyanide  of  gold  and  a 
basic  oxide. 

Aurora  (a-ro'ra),n.  [L. ,  the  goddess  of  morn- 


AurOteUurite  (a-ro-tel'lu-rit),  n.  [L  au- 
rum, gold,  and  E.  tellurite.}  An  ore  of  tel- 
lurium containing  gold  and  silver. 

Aurous  (a'rus),  a.  [L.  aurum,  gold.]  In 
them  applied  to  an  oxide  of  gold  (AU.UJt 
containing  two  atoms  less  of  oxygen  than 


1n^~ the'dawn   for  an  older  form  ausosa ;  containing  two  »wjiii» 

aified  to  Gr  aVion,  the  morrow;  eos,  the  auric  oxide.    See  AURIC. 

"•i,r,,'Ss'r-i«i'r  wsj-ru  ,&,« f..ss  sa 

; 

STheauror  i boririiis  or  the  aurora  australis  '  considerable  noise.    It  is  probably  an  am- 

(the  polar  Ughta):  in  this  sense  the  word  has  |  monium  aurate  (Au  (N  H4)  Oa .  Fl 
the  plural  form  aurora.—  Aurora  borealis, 


ruin  mosaicum  or  aurum  musivuin,  mosaic 


ginning.'  Bp.  Sprat.  —  2.  Prosperous;  for- 
tunate: applied  to  persons. 

Auspicious  chief!  tiiy  race  in  times  to  come 
Shall  spread  the  conquests  of  imperial  Rome. 
Drydfn . 

3.  Favourable;  kind;  propitious:  applied  to 
persons  or  things.      'Thy  auxpicious  mis- 
tress.'   Shak.    'Auspicious  gales.*  Shak.— 

4.  t  Showing  joy;  happy.  '  Withana«*jn'cio?<* 
and  a  dropping  eye.'    Shak. 

Auspiciously  (a-spi'shus-li),  adv.  In  an 
auspicious  manner;  with  favourable  omens; 
happily;  prosperously;  favourably;  propi- 
tiously. 

I  looked  for  ruin;  and  encrease  of  honour 
Meets  me  auspiciously.  T.  Middleton. 

Auspiclousness  (a-spi'shns-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  auspicious ;  a  state  of  fair 
promise ;  prosperity. 


its  ends  on  the  horizon.  Sometimes  it  ap- 
pears in  detached  places;  at  other  times 
it  almost  covers  the  whole  sky.  As  the 
streams  of  light  have  a  tremulous  motion 
they  are  called  in  many  places 'the  merry 
dancers.'  They  assume  many  shapes  and 


act  of  listening  or  hearkening. 


You  shall  hear  what  deserves  attentive  anscitlta- 
Han.  Ff  Hicl™- 

2.  In  med.  a  method  of  distinguishing  the 
state  of  the  internal  parts  of  the  body,  par- 
ticularly of  the  thorax  and  abdomen,  by 
observing  the  sounds  arising  in  the  part 
either  through  the  immediate  application 
of  the  ear  to  its  surface  (immediate  auscul- 
tation), or  by  applying  the  stethoscope  to 
the  part  and  listening  through  it  (mediate 


Aurora  Borealis. 

a  variety  of  colours,  from  a  pale  red  or  yel- 
low to  a  deep  red  or  blood  colour;  and  in  the 
northern  latitudes  serve  to  illuminate  the 
earth  and  cheer  the  gloom  of  long  winter 
nights.    The  appearance  of  the  aurora  bo- 
realis  so  exactly  resembles  the  effects  of 
artificial  electricity  that  there  is  every  rea- 
son to  believe  that  their  causes  are  identi- 
cal.   When  electricity  passes  through  rari- 
fled  air   it  exhibits   a  diffused    luminous 
stream  which  has  all  the  characteristic  ap- 
pearances of  the  aurora,  and  hence  it  is 
highly  probable  that  this  natural  phenom- 
enon is  occasioned  by  the  passage  of  elec- 
tricity through  the  upper  regions  of  the  at- 
mosphere. The  influence  of  the  aurora  upon 
the  magnetic  needle  is  now  considered  as 
an  ascertained  fact,  and  the  connection  be- 
tween it  and  magnetism  is  further  evident 
from  the  fact  that  the  beams  or  coruscations 
issuing  from  a  point  in  the  horizon  west  of 
north  are  frequently  observed  to  run  in  the 
magnetic  meridian.    At  the  same  time,  a 
luminous  arch  is  occasionally  seen  stretch- 
ing across  the  heavens,  and  crossing  the 
magnetic  meridian  at  right  angles.     The 
aurora  borealis  is  said  to  be  frequently  ac- 
companied by  sound,  which  is  variously  de- 
scribed as  resembling  the  rustling  of  pieces 
of  silk  against  each  other,  or  the  sound  of 
wind  against  the  flame  of  a  candle. — Au- 
rora australis,  the  aurora  of  the  southern 
hemisphere,  quite  a  similar  phenomenon 
to  that  of  the  north.—  Aurora  polaru,  po- 
lar aurora;  the  aurora  of  either  the  nor- 
thern or  the  southern  hemisphere. 
Auroral  (a-ro'ral),  a.    1.  Belonging  to  or 
resembling  Aurora  or  the  dawn;  belonging 
to  or  resembling  the  polar  lights;  roseate; 
rosy.  '  Her  cheaks  suffused  with  an  auroral 
blush.'    Longfellow.— 2.  In  geol.  appellative 
of  the  second  of  Professor  H.  Rogers'  fifteen 
divisions  of  the  Palaeozoic  strata  in  the  Ap- 
palachian chain    of   North    America,  the 
names  of  which  suggest  metaphorically  the 
different  natural  periods  of  the  day;  it  cor- 
responds to  a  certain  extent  with  our  middle 
Cambrian 


auscultation).  (See  STETHOSCOPE.)  Aus- 
cultation may  be  used  with  more  or  less  ad- 
vantage in  all  cases  where  morbid  sounds 
are  produced,  but  its  general  applications 
are:  the  auscultation  of  respiration,  the 
auscultation  of  the  voice  ;  auscultation  of 
the  cough;  auscultation  of  sounds  foreign 
to  all  these,  but  sometimes  accompanying 
them  ;  auscultation  of  the  actions  of  the 
heart;  obstetric  auscultation.  The  parts 
when  struck  also  give  different  sounds  in 
health  and  disease.  See  PERCUSSION,  PLEXI- 
METER. 

Auscultator  (as'kul-tat-er),  n.    One  who 
practises  auscultation. 
Auscultatory  (as-kul'ta-to-ri).a.  Pertaining 
to  auscultation. 

Auslaut  (ous'lout),  ti.  (G.,  from  prefix  aus, 
denoting  completion  or  termination,  and 
laut,  sound.]  In  philol.  the  final  sound  of  a 
word. 

Auspex  (a'speks),  n.  [L.,  a  contr.  of  ami- 
pex,  from  avis,  a  bird,  and  specio,  to  view.  ] 
One  who  divines  by  observing  the  motions, 
cries,  &c.,  of  birds;  a  diviner  in  general; 
an  augur. 

Auspical  (a'spi-kal),  o.  Auspicatory  ;  per- 
taining to  omens  or  auspices.  [Rare.] 
Auspicate  (a'spi-kat).  i>.(.  pret.  &  pp.  auspi- 
cated; ppr.  auspicating.  [L.  auspicor,  to 
take  the  auspices.  See  AUSPEX.]  1.  To 
initiate  with  pomp  or  ceremony;  to  inau- 
gurate—a sense  borrowed  from  the  Roman 
practice  of  taking  the  auspices  before  under- 
taking any  important  business.  'To  auspi- 
cate .  .  .  the  concern  and  set  it  agoing  with 
a  lustre.'  Lamb. 

They  auspicate  all  their  proceedings.       Rurte. 

2.  To  be  an  augury  of  ;  to  foreshow.  '  A 
comet  that  did  auspicate  lasting  glory  to 
Augustus'  state.'  B.  Jonson. 

Auspicate)  (s'spi-kat),  a.  Auspicious.  Uer- 
rick. 

Auspicatory  (a'spi-ka-to-ri),  a.  Of  or  be- 
longing to  auspices  or  omens 

Auspice  (a'spis),  n.  [L.  auspicium,  from 
auspex  (which  see).]  1.  An  augury  from 
birds;  an  omen  orsign  in  general;  as,  to  take 
the  auspices;  an  auspice  of  good  fortune.  — 

2.  Protection;  favour  shown;  influence. 

Great  father  Mars,  and  greater  Jove. 

By  whose  high  auspice  Rome  hath  stood 

So  long.  B.  yonson. 

3.  The  good  fortune  that  follows  a  person; 
favourable  influence  arising  from  the  pres- 
ence of  some  person:  now  always  in  the 
plural;  as,  under  his  auspices  the  war  was 
soon  brought  to  a  successful  termination. 

Auspicial  (a-spi'shal),  a.  Relating  to  aus- 
pices or  omens;  as,  auspicial  rites.  [Rare.  ] 

Auspicious  (a-spi'shus).  o.  [See  AUSPICE  j 
1.  Having  omens  of  success,  or  favourable 


pen 

an  austere  look. 

But  what  chiefly  distinguished  the  army  of  Crom- 
well from  other  armies  was  the  austere  morality,  and 
the  fear  of  God  which  pervaded  all  ranks. 

Macaulay. 

2.  Sour;  harsh;  rough  to  the  taste:  applied 
to  things;  as,  austere  fruit  or  wine.  '  Sloes 
austere.'  Cowper.—  3.  In  the  fine  arts,  a 
term  applied  to  a  rigid  rendering  of  what 
the  artist  conceives  to  be  unadorned  truth- 
fulness; severely  and  scrupulously  truth- 
ful. 

Austerely  (8-steVli),  adv.  In  an  austere 
niauner;  severely;  rigidly;  harshly.  'What- 
ever hypocrites  austerely  talk  of  purity.' 
Hilton. 

Austereness  (a-ster'nes),  n.  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  austere:  (a)  severity  in 
manners;  harshness;  austerity.  'The  au- 
sterenessot  my  life.'  S*a*.  (6)  Roughness 
in  taste. 

Austerity  (a-ste'ri-ti),  n.  [L.  austeritat. 
See  AUSTERE.]  Severity  of  manners  or  life; 
rigour;  strictness;  harsh  discipline.  'Rigid 
looks  of  chaste  austerity.'  Milton.  'The 
hypocrisy  and  austerity  of  the  Pharisees  of 
the  Commonwealth.'  Macaulay. 

Celestine  would  not  pass  the  holy  season  in  pomp 
and  secular  business.  He  had  determined  to  seclude 
himself  in  all  his  wonted  solitude  and  austerities. 
MiltiiaH. 

Austin  (as'tin),  a.  [Contr.  for  Augustin.] 
Appellative  of  certain  monastic  fraterni- 
ties, especially  certain  canons  and  friars  of 
the  order  of  St.  Augustin;  as,  Austin  friars 
See  AUGUSTIN. 

Austral  (as'tral),  a.  [L.  australis,  from  aus- 
ter,  the  south  wind,  or  south.]  Southern; 
lying  or  being  in  the  south ;  as,  austral  lands; 
austral  signs.  —  Austral  pole,  in  elect,  the 
pole  of  the  magnetic  needle  which  seeks  the 
north  magnetic  pole,  or  that  which  pos- 
sesses dissimilar  magnetism  to  itself:  op- 
posed to  boreal  pole,  or  that  which  points  to 
the  south.—  Austral  signs,  the  six  last  signs 
of  the  zodiac,  or  those  south  of  the  equator 
Australasian  ( as-tral-a'shi-an),  a.  [From 
Australasia,  compounded  of  Australia  (see 
AUSTKAL)  and  Asia..  ]  Relating  to  Austral- 
asia. 

Australasian  (as-tral-a'shi-an),  n.  A  native 
of  Australasia. 

Australian  (as-tra'li-an),  a.  [From  Amtra 
lia,  from  L.  australis,  southern.]  Pertain 
ing  to  Australia. 

Australian  (as-trali-an),  n.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Australia. 

Australioid  (as-tra'li-old),  a.  In  ethn. 
the  term  denoting  one  of  the  five  groups 
into  which  Professor  Huxley  classifies  man. 
comprising  the  indigenous  non-Aryan  in 
habitants  of  central  and  southern  India,  the 
ancient  Egyptians  and  their  descendants, 
and  the  modern  Fellahs.  See  MAN. 
Australioid  ( as-trali-oid ),  n.  In  ethn.  an 
individual  of  the  Australioid  group 
Australizet  (as'tral-lz),  v.i.  To  tend  south- 
wardly, or  to  the  south  magnetic  po'er  as  a 
magnet. 

These  (magnets)  do  septentrionate  at  one  extreme, 
and  Australia  at  the  other.  Sir  T.  Krirwni 

Austrian  (as'tri-an).a.  [From  Austria,  a  la- 
tinized name  corresponding  to  Oeaerre 
the  G.  name  of  Austria,  meaning  literal 
eastern  reich  or  kingdom,  so  called  n 
lively  to  the  western  dominions  of  Charli 
magne.]    Pertaining  to  Austria. 


appearances.     'Happy  and  auspicious  be-  ,  Austrian  (as'tri-an),  n.  A  native  of  Austria 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii.  Sc.  ab«ne;      J>.  So.  try 


AUSTR1NE 


187 


AUTHOTYPE 


Austrinet  (us'trin),  a.  [L.  austrimin,  from 
a  utter,  south.]  3<mth;  southerly;  south- 
ern. r>--  '!<'!/ 

Austromancy  (fis'tro-mari-si),  n.  [From 
L.  auxtcr,  tin;  south  wind,  and  Gr.  nianteia, 
divination.]  Soothsaying,  <>r  prediction  of 
future  events,  from  observations  of  the 
winds. 

Autarchyt  (a'tiir-ki),  n.  [Or.  autarchia  — 
tutttis,  self,  and  arche,  government.]  Abso- 
lute power;  autocracy. 

A  certain  government  called  an  autarchy,  of  which 
lie  makes  Goil  the  only  judge.  Milton. 

Auter,t  n.     Altar.     Chaucer. 

Auter  ilfoit  (a-tr-drwa),  n.  In  law  French, 
another's  right. 

Auterfoits  (a-tr-fwa),  a.  [Norm.,  same  as 
Kr.  autrefois,  at  another  time.  ]  A  law 
French  term  introduced  into  the  plea  of 
former  trial  as  a  bar  to  a  second  prosecu- 
tion for  the  same  offence.  — Auterfoits  ac- 
quit, the  plea  of  a  former  acquittal.  —Auter- 
foits  attaint,  the  plea  of  former  attaint. — 
Auterfoitu  convict,  the  plea  of  former  con- 
viction. The  pleas  of  auterfoitg  attaint  and 
auterfoittt  convict  were  abolished  by  7  and  8 
Geo.  IV. 

Auter-vie  (a-tr-ve),  n.  In  law  French, 
another's  \\fe.-Tenant  pour  auter-vie,  one 
who  holds  an  estate  by  the  life  of  another. 

Authentic  (a-then'tik),  a.  [L.  authenticus 
=  Gr.  authentikoa,  original,  genuine,  from 
attthentea,  one  who  does  anything  with  his 
own  hand,  the  real  author]  1.  Having 
authority ;  as,  (a)  genuine ;  being  what  it 
purports  to  be;  valid;  capable  of  being  re- 
lied on;  authoritative:  opposed  to  fictitious 
or  counterfeit,  or  to  unauthorized;  as,  an 
authentic  report  or  register.  '  Jove's  authen- 
tic fire.'  Milton. 

It  were  extreme  partiality  and  injustice,  the  flat 
denial  and  overthrow  of  herself  (Justice)  to  put  her 
own  authentic  sword  into  the  hand  of  an  unjust  and 
wicked  man.  Milton. 

Specifically,  in  law,  vested  with  all  due  for- 
malities; executed  by  the  proper  authori- 
ties and  legally  attested;  as,  an  authentic 
deed.  (&)  Of  persons  (authors  of  books),  re- 
liable; trustworthy. '  Origen,  a  moat  authen- 
tic author  in  this  point.'  Brevint.  (c)t 
Having  authority  in  a  more  general  sense; 
of  high  rank  or  standing  as  an  author. 

Men  ought  to  fly  all  pedantisms,  and  not  rashly  to 
use  all  words  that  are  met  with  in  every  English 
writer,  whether  authentic  or  not.  £.  Phillips. 

2.  In  music,  having  an  immediate  relation 
to  the  key-note  or  tonic;  in  distinction  from 
plagal,  having  a  corresponding  relation  to 
the  fifth  or  dominant,  in  the  octave  below 
the  key-note.  —  Authentic  melodies,  those 
which  have  their  principal  notes  between 
the  key-note  and  its  octave,  in  distinction 
from  plagal  melodies,  which  have  their  prin- 
cipal notes  in  the  octave  below  the  fifth  of 
the  key.  — Authentic  mood*  or  tones, the  four 
moods  introduced  by  St.  Ambrose,  in  which 
the  principal  notes  of  the  melodies  are  con- 
fined within  the  octave  above  the  key-note, 
in  distinction  from  the  plagal  moods  or 
tones  introduced  by  Gregory  the  Great,  in 
which  the  principal  notes  of  the  melodies 
are  confined  within  the  octave  below  the 
fifth  of  the  key. — Authentic  cadence,  the 
same  as  perfect  cadence.  See  under  PER- 
FECT.— Authentic,  Genuine.  When  applied 
to  a  written  document  or  a  book  the  former 
indicates  that  it  is  reliable  as  narrating  real 
facts;  the  latter  that  we  have  it  as  it  left 
its  author's  hands;  as,  an  authentic  history, 
a  genuine  text.  Authentic  is  thus  equiva- 
lent to  trustworthy,  reliable;  genuine  to  un- 
adulterated. 

A  genuine  book  is  that  which  was  written  by  the 
person  whose  name  it  bears  ;  ...  an  authentic  book 
is  that  which  relates  matters  of  fact  as  they  really 
happened.  A  book  may  be  authentic  without  being 
genuine,  tadfettttint  without  being;  authentic. 

Bp.  Watson. 

Authentic  t  (a-then'tik),  n.  An  authentic  or 
genuine  document.  '  Authentic*  and  tran- 
scripts.' Fuller. 

Authentical  (a-then'tik-al),  n.  Same  as 
Authentic,  but  less  common. 

His  testimony  will  be  authentical.      Bean.  <&•  Ft. 

Authentically  (a-then'tik-al-li),  adv.  In  an 
authentic  manner;  with  the  requisite  or 
genuine  authority.  '  Not  yet  authentically 
decided.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Authenticate ss  (a-then'tik-al-nes),  n. 
1.  The  quality  of  being  authentic  or  trust- 
worthy; the  quality  of  being  of  good  autho- 
rity; authenticity. 

They  did  not  at  all  rely  on  the  authenticalness 
thereof.  Harrow. 


2.  The  quality  of  bi'ing  genuine  <»r  what  it 
purports  to  be;  genuineness. 

Nothing  can  be  more  pleasant  than  to  see  virtuosos 
about  a  cabinet  of  in.-,!  upon  the  value, 

rarity,  and  mtiUwMKca/JMU  of  the  several  pieces. 
jfdUEM. 

[Inbothusesobsoleteorobsolescent,  autAin- 
ticity  having  superseded  it  in  the  former  use 
and  0MHft4n0MM  in  the  latter.] 
Authenticate   (a-then'ti-kat),    v.t.    pret 
«V  pp.  authenticated;   ppr.  auuUntfamna, 

1.  To  render  authentic;  to  give  authority 
to  by  the  proof,  attestation,  or  formalities 
required  by  law,  or  sufficient  to  entitle  to 
credit. 

The  king  serves  only  as  a  notary  to  authenticate 
the  choice  of  judges.  Burke. 

2.  To  prove  authentic;   to  determine   as 
genuine. 

1  have  authenticated  two  portraits  of  that  prince. 
Sir  R.  Walpote. 

Authenticate  t  (a-then'ti-kat),  a.  Authen- 
ticated. Karl  of  Monmouth. 

Authentication   (a-then'ti-ka"Bhon),   n.  I 
The  act  of  authenticating ;   the  giving  of 
authority  by  the  necessary  formalities. 

Authenticity  (a-then-tis'i-ti),  n.     1.   The  . 
quality  of  being  authentic  or  true ;    the 
quality  of  being  established  by  authority  j 
for  truth  and  correctness ;  as,  the  authen- 
ticity of  Scriptures. 

We  compare  the  narrative  with  the  account  of  the 
times  when  it  was  composed,  and  are  left  satisfied  with 
the  authenticity  of  its  leading  anecdotes.  Milman. 

2.  Genuineness ;  the  quality  of  being  genu- 
ine; original.   [Accurate  writers  now  employ 
the  word  only  in  the  former  usage.    See  j 
AUTHENTIC,  GENUINENESS.] 

Authenticly  (a-then'tik-li),  adv.  Authen- 
tically. [Rare.] 

Authenticness  (a-then'tik-nes),  n.   Authen- 
ticity.    ' The  authenticness  of  that  decree.'  [ 
Hammond.    [Rare.] 

Authentics  (a-then'tiks),  n.  In  civil  law, 
a  Latin  translation  from  the  Greek  of  the 
novels  or  new  constitutions  of  Justinian, 
made  by  an  anonymous  author :  so  called 
because  the  novels  were  translated  entire 
to  distinguish  it  from  the  epitome  made 
by  Julian. 

Author  (a'thor),  n.  [L.  auctor,  improperly 
written  also  autor,  author,  from  augeo, 
auctum,  to  increase,  to  produce,  see  AUC- 
TION.] 1.  The  beginner,  former,  or  first 
mover  of  anything;  he  to  whom  it  owes  its 
origin;  originator;  creator;  efficient  cause: 
applied  to  persons;  as,  God  is  the  author  of 
the  universe.  'The  law,  the  author  .  .  . 
whereof  is  God.'  Hooker, 

Thus  King  I  .at inns  in  the  third  degree 
Had  Saturn  author  of  his  family.      Dryden. 

2.  Cause:  applied  to  things.    [Rare.] 

That  which  is  the  strength  of  their  amity  shall  prove 
the  immediate  author  of  their  variance.  Shafc, 

3.  The  original  composer  of  a  literary  work, 
as  distinguished  from  a  compiler,  translator, 
or  editor. 

An  author  has  the  choice  of  his  own  thoughts,  which 
a  translator  has  not.  Dryden. 

Most  authors  steal  their  works  or  buy ; 
Garth  did  not  write  his  own  Dispensary.      Pope. 

4.  In  Scots  law,  the  person  from  whom  a 
proprietor  has  purchased  or  acquired  pro- 
perty by  singular   titles,   as  contradistin- 
guished from  an  ancestor,  from  whom  the 
property  has  come  by  descent. 

Author  t  (a'thor),  v.t.  1.  To  occasion;  to 
effect.  'Execrable  slaughter!  what  hand 
hath  authored  it?'  Beau.  <fr  Fl.~ 2.  To 
tell  or  declare.  'More  of  him  I  dare  not 
author. '  Massinger.  [Rare.  ] 

Authoress  (a'thor-es),  n.    A  female  author. 

Authorial  (a-tho'ri-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
an  author.  'The  authorial  'we."  Hare. 
[Rare.] 

AuthOlism  (a'thor-izm),  n.  Authorship; 
quality  of  an  author.  [Rare.] 

Authoritative  (a-thor'i-ta-tiv),  a.  1.  Having 
due  authority;  having  the  sanction  or  weight 
of  authority;  exercising  authority.  '  Autho- 
ritative teaching.'  Barrow. 

Anselm  was  compelled  to  publish  an  authoritative 
edition  of  his  Monologium,  because  so  many  copies  of 
it  were  already  in  circulation  from  notes  of  lectures. 

C.  H  Pearson.       \ 

2.  Having  an  air  of  authority;  positive;  per-  | 
emptory;  dictatorial.     'The  mock  authori-  j 
tative  manner  of  the  one  and  the  insipid 
mirth  of  the  other.'    Swift. 

Authoritatively  ( a-  thor '  i  -  ta  -  tiv  -  li ),  adv. 
In  an  authoritative  manner;  with  a  show  of 
authority;  with  due  authority. 

Authoritativeness  ( a  -  thor '  i  -  ta  -  ti y  -  nes ), 
».     The  quality  of  being  authoritative;  an  , 
acting  by  authority ;  authoritative  appear- 
ance. 


Authority  (a-thor'i-ti),  n.  [L.  auctoritas. 
power,  as  of  an  author,  producer,  or  legal 
Mmivf,  warrant,  evidence.  See  ACTIluK.J 

1.  Legal  power,  or  a  right  to  command  or 
to  act,  whether  original  or  delegated;  as, 
the  authority  of  a  prince  over  subjects  and 
of  parents  over  children. 

If  law,  authority,  and  power  deny  not. 
It  will  go  hard  with  poor  Antonio,        Shfik. 
By  what  authority  doest  thou  these  things,  and  who 
gave  thee  this  authority  I  Mark  xi.  38. 

2.  The  power  derived  from  opinion,  respect, 
or  esteem ;  influence  conferred  by  characj 
ter,  office,  station,  mental  superiority,  and 
the  like;  credit;  as,  the  authority  of  ajie 
or  example;  a  magistrate  of  great  authority 
in  the  city. 

Truth,  wisdom,  sanctitude  severe  and  pure,  .  .  . 
Whence  true  authority  in  men.  Milton. 

3.  t  Power  in  a  general  sense. 

The  corrigible  authority  of  this  lies  in  our  wills. 
Shak. 

4.  A  person  or  persons  or  a  body  exercising 
power  or  command:  generally  in  the  plural; 
as,  the  civil  and  military  authorities.— 6.  The 
outward  marks  of  authority;  especially,  the 
expression  of  authority  in  the  countenance. 

You  have  that  in  your  countenance  which  I  would 
fain  call  master.  What's  that?  Authority.  Shak. 

0.  That  to  which  or  one  to  whom  an  appeal 
or  reference  may  be  made  in  support  of  any 
opinion,  action,  or  course  of  conduct ;  as, 

(a)  testimony ;    witness ;   he  who  or  that 
which  testifies.     '  And  on  that  high  autho- 
rity had  believed.'    Milton. 

Something  I  have  heard  of  this,  which  I  would  be 
glad  to  find  oy  so  sweet  an  authority  confirmed. 
Sir  P.  Sidney. 

(b)  Weight  of  testimony;  credibility;  as,  an 
historian  of  no  authority.     'Authority  of 
the  Scriptures.'     Hooker,     (c)  An  author 
having  adequate  knowledge  of  a  subject; 
an  author  that  may  be  relied  on;  a  standard 
author;  also,  the  writings  of  such  an  author. 
(d)  In  law,  a  precedent,  decision  of  a  court, 
official  declaration, opinion,  or  saying  worthy 
to  be  taken  as  a  precedent,   (e)  Justification; 
countenance;  warrant. 

Thieves  for  their  robbery  have  authority 
Whenjudges  steal  themselves.  Shafc. 

SYN.  Power,  sway,  rule,  force,  ascendency, 
control,  influence. 

Authorizable  (a'thor-Iz-a-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  authorized.  'A  censure  authorizable.' 
Hammond. 

Authorization  (a'thor-iz-a"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  authorizing;  the  act  of  giving  authority 
or  legal  power;  establishment  by  authority. 
'  The  authorization  of  laws.'  Motley. 

Authorize  (a'thor-Iz),  v.  t.  pret  «fepp.  author- 
ized; ppr.  authorizing.  1.  To  give  authority, 
warrant,  or  legal  power  to;  to  give  a  right  to 
act;  to  empower;  as,  to  authorize  commis- 
sioners to  settle  the  boundary  of  the  state. 

2.  To  make  legal;  as,  to  authorize  a  marriage. 

3.  To  establish  by  authority,  or  by  usage  or 
public  opinion;  to  warrant;  to  sanction;  as, 
an  authorized  idiom  of  language. 

AH  virtue  lies  in  the  power  of  denyine  our  own 
desires  where  reason  does  not  authorize  them. 

Locke. 

The  report  of  the  commission  was  taken  into  immed- 
iate consideration  by  theestates.  They  resolved,  with- 
out  one  dissentient  voice,  that  the  order  signed  by 
William  did  not  authorise  the  slaughter  of  Glencoe. 
Macaulay. 

4.  To  warrant  the  truth  or  correctness  of. 

[Rare.] 

A  woman's  story  at  a  winter's  fire, 

A  uthorixed  by  ner  grandam.  Shak. 

—  To  authorize  one's  self,\  to  rely  for  au- 
thority. '  Authorizing  himself,  for  the  most 
part,  on  other  histories.'  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Authorless  (a'thor-les),  a.  Without  an 
author. 

Authorlet  (a'thor-let),  n.  A  petty  author. 
filackicood'it  Mag. 

Authorling  (a'thor-ling),  n.  A  petty  author. 
Coleridne. 

Authorly  (a'thor-li).  a.  Belonging  to  an 
author.  'HekeepshisownawtAoHy secrets.' 
Cowper.  [Rare.] 

Authorship  (a'thor-ship),  n.  1.  The  quality 
or  state  of  oeing  an  author. 

If  the  formalists  of  this  sort  were  erected  into  paten- 
tees with  a  sole  commission  of  authorship,  we  should 
undoubtedly  see  such  writing  in  our  days  as  would 
either  wholly  wean  us  from  all  books  in  general,  or 
at  least  from  all  such  as  were  the  product  of  our  own 
nation.  Shaflesbury. 

2.  The  source  from  which  a  work  proceeds; 
as,  a  work  whose  authorship  is  unknown. 
Authotype  (a'tho-tip),  n.    A  type  or  block 
containing  a  facsimile  of  an  autograph. 
E.  H.  Knight. 


ch,  oftaiu;      eh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin$r;      TH,  Men;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


AUTOBIOGRAPHER 


188 


AUTOPISTY 


Autobiographer  (a'to-bi-og"ra-fer),  n.  One 
who  writes  an  autobiography,  that  is,  an 
account  of  his  own  life. 
Autobiographic,  Autobiographical  (a-to- 
bi'o-graf 'ik,a-tp-bi'o-graf"ik-al), a.  Pertain- 
ing to,  consisting  of,  or  containing  auto- 
biography. 

Autoblographically(a-t6-bi'o-graf"ik-al-li), 
ado.     In  an  autobiographical  manner. 
Autoblographlst  (a't6-bi-og"ra-flst),  ». 
Same  as  Antobioyrapher. 
Autobiography  (a'to-bl-og"ra-fl).  n.    [Or. 
autos,  self,  and  E.  biography  (which  see).  ] 
'Biography  or  memoirs  of  a  person  written 
by  himself. 

Autocarpous,  Autocarpiau  (a-to-kiir'pus, 
(!-to-kar'pi-an),<l.  [Or.  autos,  self,  and  tarpon, 
f  i-uit.  ]  In  hot.  ananie given  to  fruits  consisting 
<if  the  pericarp,  without  any  organ,  such  as 
the  calyx,  outwardly  adhering. 
Autochronograph  (a-to-kron'o-graf)  ». 
[Or.  prefix  auto,  self,  and  E.  chronograph 
(which  see).]  An  instrument  for  the  instan- 
taneousself-recordingof  time.  E.  H.  Knight. 
Autochthon  (a-tok'thon),  n.  pi.  Autoch- 
thones (a-tok'thon-ez).  [Or.  autochthon, 
one  sprung  from  the  soil,  from  autos, 
self,  and  chthou,  the  earth.)  1.  One  of  the 
primitive  inhabitants  of  a  country ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  race  found  in  a  country  at  the 
time  of  the  earliest  known  settlement ;  an 
aboriginal  inhabitant.  —  2.  That  which  is 
original  to  a  particular  country,  or  which 
had  there  its  first  origin. 
Autochthonal,  Autochthonous  (a-tok'- 
thon-al,  a-tok'thon-us),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  autochthones;  indigenous. 
Autochthonlc  (a-tok-thon'ik),  a.  In- 
digenous. 

Autoclave  (a'to-klav),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Or. 
prefix  auto,  self,  and  L.  clavif,  a  key.]  A 
kind  of  stewpan  the  lid  of  which  is  kept 
close  and  steam-tight  by  the  steam  pro- 
ceeding from  the  contents  of  the  pan. 
It  is  merely  an  application  of  Papin's 
digester  to  culinary  purposes.  See  DI- 
GESTER, 3. 

Autocracy  (a-tok'ra-si),  n.  [Or.  autokrateia, 
absolute  power,  from  autos,  self,  and  kratoi, 
power,]  1.  Absolute  power  of  determining 
one's  own  actions;  independent  or  self- 
derived  power;  sole  right  of  self-govern- 
ment; self-rule.  '  Man's  will,  that  great  seat 
of  freedom,  that,  with  a  kind  of  autocracy 
and  supremacy  within  itself,  commands  its 
own  actions.'  South. 

It  (the  divine  will)  moves,  not  by  the  external  im- 
pulse or  inclination  of  objects,  but  determines  itself 
by  an  absolute  autocracy.  South. 

2.  Supreme,  uncontrolled,  or  unlimited  au- 
thority over  others,   invested  in  a  single 
person;  the  government  or  power  of  an 
absolute  monarch. 

At  least  from  the  days  of  Hildebrand  the  mind  of 
Europe  had  become  familiarized  witli  the  assertion 
of  those  claims  which  in  their  latent  significance 
amounted  to  an  absolute  irresponsible  autocracy. 

3.  In  mcd.  vital  or  instinctive  force;  action 
of  the  vital  principle,  or  of  the  instinctive 
powers,  towards  the  preservation  of  the 
individual;   the  vital  principle.     Written 
also  Autocrany. 

Autocrat  (a'to  krat),  n.  [Or.  autokrates, 
having  full  power;  absolute.  See  AUTOC- 
RACY.]  1.  An  absolute  prince  or  sovereign- 
a  ruler  or  monarch  who  holds  and  exercises 
the  powers  of  government  by  inherent  right 
not  subject  to  restriction :  a  title  assumed 
by  the  emperors  of  Russia.— 2.  One  who  is 
invested  with  or  assumes  unlimited  autho- 
rity in  any  relation.  •  The  autocrat  of  the 
breakfast  table.'  O.  W.  Holmes 

Autocrater.t    Same  as  Autocrator 

Autocratic,  Autocratical  (a -to- krat 'ik, 
a-to-krat'ik-al),  o.  Pertaining  to  autocracy- 
absolute;  holding  independent  and  unlim- 
ited powers  of  government. 

Autocratically  (a-to-krat'ik-al-li),  ado.  In 
an  autocratic  manner. 

Autocrator  (a-tok'ra-tor),  n.  [Or.  auto- 
krator,  one  having  full  or  absolute  power 
See  AUTOCRACY.  ]  An  autocrat;  a  dictator 
Jeffrey. 

Autocratorical  (a't6-kra-tor"ik-al),  a. 
ertammg  to  an  autocrat  or  autocrator- 
supreme;  absolute;  as,  autocratorical  power 
ttp.  Pearson.  [Rare.  ] 

Autocratrice,  Autocratrix  (a-tok'ra-tris, 
a-tok'ra-triks),  n.  A  female  sovereign,  who 
is  independent  and  absolute :  a  title  some- 
times given  to  the  empresses  of  Russia. 
[Rare.] 

Autocratship  (a'to-krat-ship),  n.  The  office 
of  an  autocrat. 


Auto  da  f6  (ou'to  da  fa"),  n.  pi  Autos  da 
16  (ou'tos  da  fa").  [Pg.  See  AUTO  I>E  KK.] 
The  Portuguese  term  equivalent  to  the 


Spanish  auto  defe  (which  see). 
uto  de  fe  (ou'to  da  fa"),  n.  pi.  Autos  de 
fe  (ou'tos  da  fa").  [Sp.,  lit.  act  (in  the 
sense  of  decree,  judgment,  sentence)  of  faith 
—  auto  —  l,.  actum,  an  act,  de,  of,  and/e=L. 
fides,  faith.]  1.  A  judgment  of  the  Spanish 
Inquisition.  —  2.  A  public  solemnity,  for- 
merly held  by  the  courts  of  the  Inquisition 
in  Spain  and  Portugal  and  their  depen- 


i een- 

dencies at  the  execution  of  heretics  con- 
demned to  death.  Amid  the  tolling  of  bells 
the  doomed  were  brought  out  from  prison, 
barefoot,  clad  in  a  robe  painted  with 
hideous  figures  (called  a  sanbenito,  Sp.  sam- 
benito),  with  painted  caps  on  their  heads, 
and  conducted  in  the  midst  of  a  procession 
of  clergy  and  lay  familiars  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion (many  of  the  latter  being  men  of  the 
highest  rank),  with  the  flag  of  the  institu- 
tion borne  before  them,  their  coffins,  painted 
with  terrible  symbols,  behind,  and  amid 
many  other  grisly  accompaniments,  to  the 
church  of  the  Dominicans,  where,  after  a 
sermon  on  the  true  faith,  they  were  deliv- 
ered over  to  the  secular  power,  by  which 
they  were  shortly  brought  to  the  place  of 
execution  and  burned  to  death.  The  king, 
or  the  highest  official  of  the  neighbourhood, 
generally  lent  the  authority  of  his  presence 
to  the  solemnity.  The  last  auto  de/e  took 
place  in  the  middle  of  the  last  century.— 
3.  A  session  of  the  Inquisition. 

Autodynamic  (a'to-di-nam"ik),  a.  [Or. 
autos,  self,  and  dynamikos,  powerful]  A 
word  used  in  the  name  of  a  kind  of  ma- 
chine called  autodyrtamic  elevator,  that  is, 
a  machine  for  raising  water  in  which  the 
weight  of  a  falling  column  of  water  is  made 
to  raise  a  smaller  column  to  a  height  above 
the  source.  E.  H.  Knight 

Autogenealt  (a-to-je'ne-al),  a.  [See 
AUTOGENOUS.]  Self-begotten;  autogenous. 
Waterhouxe. 

Autogeneous  (a-to-je'ne-us),  a.  Same  as 
Autogenous. 

Autogenous  (a-toj'en-us),  a.  [Or.  autos,  self, 
and  gciinao,  to  generate.]  Self-produced; 
self-generated  ;  produced  independently; 
specifically,  in  anat.  developed  from  an  in- 
dependent centre,  as  of  ossification. 

The  centrum  and  several  of  the  apophyses  of  a 
vertebra  are  autogenous,  while  other  apophyses  are 
exogenous.  On-en. 

—Autogenous  or  autogeneous  soldering,  the 
process  of  uniting  pieces  of  metal  by  the 
fusion  of  part  of  their  own  substance. 

Autograph  (a'to-graf).  n.  [Or.  autos,  self, 
and  graplie,  writing.]  1.  A  person's  own 
handwriting;  an  original  manuscript  or 
signature.  —2.  A  machine  which  writes  of 
itself;  an  autographic  press 

Autograph  (a'to-graf),  a.  Written  by  one's 
self;  in  one's  own  handwriting. 

It  appears  from  the  ttutofrafh  letters  of  the 
regent,  preserved  in  the  French  archives,  .  .  . 
he  found  it  quite  impossible  to  obtain  means  of 
paying  the  troops  even  for  the  next  mouth. 

D.  Davison. 

Autographalt  (a-tog'ra-fal),  a.  Autogra- 
phic. Bennet. 

Autographic,  Autographical  (a-to-graf'ik, 
a-to-grafik-al),  n.  1.  Pertaining  or  relating 
to  an  autograph,  or  one's  own  handwriting; 
as,  autographic  authority;  autographic  evid- 
ence. -2.  Relating  to  or  used  in  the  process 
of  autography  ;  as,  autographic  ink  ;  auto- 
graphic paper.  -3.  Self-recording;  as  an 
autographic  telegraph,  an  instrument  for 
transmitting  a  telegraphic  despatch  written 
in  insulating  ink  upon  a  metallic  paper  and 
reproducing  it  with  absolute  exactness  on 
another  prepared  paper.  The  instrument 
may  be  used  for  transmitting  portraits 

Autography  (a-tog-ra-fi),  n  1.  That  branch 
of  the  science  of  diplomatics  which  treats 
of  autographs.  —  2.  A  person's  own  hand- 
writing. Dr.  Knox.—3.  A  process  in  litho- 
graphy by  which  a  writing  or  drawing  is 
transferred  from  paper  to  stone. 

Automatal  (a-tom'a-tal),  a.  Same  as  Auto- 
matic. [Rare.] 

Automath  (a'to-math),  n.  [Or.  autmnathes 
—autos,  self,  and  manthano,  mathein  to 
learn.]  One  who  is  self-taught.  [Rare] 

Automatic,  Automatical  (a-to-mat'ik  a- 
to-mat'ik-al),  a.  [See  AUTOMATON.)  1  Be- 
longing to  an  automaton;  having  the  power 
of  self-motion;  self-acting;  as,  automatic 
machinery.  -2.  Conducted  or  carried  on  by 
self-acting  machinery. 

It  is  in  our  modern  cotton  and  flax  mills  that  auto- 
matic operations  are  displayed  to  most  advantage. 

Ure. 


3.   Not  voluntary;   not  depending  on 
will;  instinctive:  applied  to  animal  nctio 

Let  me  briefly  notice  some  of  our  other  atttot 
actions.      In  the  act  of  swallowing,  which  pr. 
begin*  at  the  back  of  the  throat,  the  '  swallow   \, 
hold  of  the  food  or  the  drink  brought  to  it  by  1 
muscles  of  the  mouth  and  carries  this  down  into  I 
stomach.     We  are  quite  unconscious  of  its  passai 
thither  unless  we  have  taken  a  larger  morsel  L 
something  hotter  or  colder  than  ordinary.     This  i 
an  instance  of  purely  automatic  action. 

-Automatic  theory.  8ameaaX»itomatiniiJ 
Automatism  (i!-t"m'a-ti/m),n.  i.  Automa" 
action. 


. 

In  considering  the  body  as  the  instrument  of  t 
mind   I    shall  snow  you,  first,  the  large  am 
automatism  in  the  human  body.          Dr.  Ca 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull; 


. 

2.  The  doctrine  that  animals  are  a  kind  . 
automata,  held  and  maintained  more  < 
cially  by  Descartes. 

Automatlst  (a-tom'a-tist),  n.     1.  One    i 
makes  automata.  —  2.  One  who  believes 
automatism. 

Automaton  (a-tom'a-  ton),  n.  pl.Automati 
Automatons  (a-tom'a-ta,  a-tom'a-tonz 
[Or.  automates,  acting  of  one's  own  will 
self-moving—  autos,  self,  and  mad,  to  strive 
after,  to  move.  ]  1.  That  which  is  self-mov- 
ing or  has  the  power  of  spontaneous  move- 
ment 'So  great  and  admirable  unaul^nm 
ton  as  the  world.'  Boyle.  Specifically—  2.  A 
self-acting  machine,  of  one  which  is  actual  ed 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  carry  on  for  scum- 
time  certain  movements  without  the  aid  nf 
external  impulse.  In  this  respect  clocks  ami 
watches,  with  a  vast  number  of  machines 
employed  in  cotton,  silk,  and  other  factoi  let, 
may  be  denominated  automatons;  but  tin- 
term  more  specifically  denotes  an  apparatus 
in  which  the  purposely-concealed  power  is 
made  to  imitate  the  arbitrary  or  voluntary 
motions  of  living  beings,  such  as  men, 
horses,  birds,  fishes,  &c. 

Is  man  an  automaton  t  .  .  .  Well,  of  course  man 
is  a  self  -moving  being,  and  in  that  sense  he  V  ,,u 
automaton.  But  the  word  automaton,  as  we  use  it. 
has  a  different  signification.  It  means  a  structure 
which  moves  by  a  mechanism,  and  which  can  only 
move  in  a  certain  way.  Dr.  Carfcnter. 

—Automaton  balance,  a  machine  for  weigh- 
ing planchets  and   coin,  and  sorting  the 
pieces   automatically,   according   to  their 
weight,  as  full,  light,  or  heavy. 
Automatoust  (a-tom'a-tus),  a.    Automatic. 

Clocks  or  automatons  organs  whereby  we  distin- 
guish of  time,  have  no  mention  in  ancient  writers. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Automolite,  Automallte  (a-tom'o-lit,  »- 
tom'a-lit),  n.  [Or.  autoinolos,  a  deserter] 
A  name  sometimes  given  to  gahnite,  fnun 
the  fact  that  it  contains  a  large  proportion 
of  oxide  of  zinc,  though  it  has  no  resem- 
blance to  an  ore.  See  GAHNITE. 

Automorphic  (a-to-mor'fik),  a.  [Gr.  a«(t». 
self,  and  morphf,  form.)  Framed  or  con- 
ceived after  the  pattern  or  form  of  one's  self. 

.The  conception  which  one  frames  of  another's 
mind  is  inevitably  more  or  less  after  tlie  pattern  i'f 
his  own  mind  —  is  automorphic,  and  in  proportion  .is 
the  mind  of  which  he  has  to  frame  a  conception 
differs  from  his  own,  his  aulomorfhic  interpretation 
is  likely  to  be  wide  of  the  truth.  //.  spencer. 

Autonomian  (a-to-no'mi-an),  a.   Pertaining 

to  autonomy. 
AutonomlC  (a-to-nom'ik),  a.     Relating  t.i 

autonomy;  having  the  power  of  self-govern- 

ment; autonomous. 
Autonomous  (a-ton'o-mus),  a.    [Or.  avtm" 

mos.    See  below.]    Independent  in  govern- 

ment; having  the  right  of  self-government 
Autonomy  (a-ton'o-ml),  n.    [Gr.  antonum/". 

from   autos,   self,   ana  nomos,   law,  rule.  I 

1.  The  power  or  right  of  self-government, 
whether  in  a  province  or  city  which  elects 
its  own  magistrates  and    makes  its  n«n 
laws,  or  in  an  individual  who  lives  acconl- 
ing  to  his  own  will. 

There  was  nothing  in  the  treaty  of  Adrianople 
that  really  interfered  with  the  autonomy  of  tl, 
cassians.  I.atli<i»i. 

2.  In  the   philosophy  of  Kant,  the  sovn 
eignty  of  reason  in  the  sphere  of  morals. 

Autophagi  (a-tof'a-ji),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  «wr<*. 
self,  and  phago,  to  eat]  Birds  which  havi- 
the  power  of  feeding  themselves  as  soon  :..- 
they  are  hatched. 

Autophoby  (a-tof'o-bi),  n.  [Gr.  autos,  self. 
and  phobos,  fear]  Fear  of  one's  self;  fean  f 
being  egotistical.  Hare.  [Rare.] 

Autophon  (a'to-fon),  n.  [Or.  autox,  self,  and 
phone,  sound.]  A  barrel-organ,  the  turns 
of  which  are  produced  by  perforated  sheets 
of  mill-board.  E.  H.  Knight. 

Autopisty  (a'to-pis-ti),  n.  [Or.  autos,  self, 
and  pistis,  faith.]  Internal  worthiness  of 
belief;  the  quality  of  credibility  existiui:  in 


oil.  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  s,    leu. 


AUTOPLASTY 


L80 


AVARICIOUSLY 


a  statement  itsi-lf  independent  of  external 
evidence  or  corrobation.  [Rare.] 

Autoplasty  (a'to-plas-ti),«.  [Gr.  auto*,  self, 
and  planno,  t<»  form.]  In  xury.  a  term  for 
an  operation  by  which  lesions,  accompanied 
with  loss  of  substance,  are  repaired  by 
means  of  healthy  parts  taken  from  their 
neighbourhood  and  made  to  supply  the  de- 
ficiency. 

Autopsia  (a-top'si-a),  n.  [Or.,  from  autox, 
sjlf,  ami  o/ww,  sight.]  Personal  observa- 
tion. 

It  is  ii"  small  undertaking  for  a  man  ...  to  begin 
.1  natural  history  from  his  own  aittopsia. 

Gilbert  ll'hitf. 

Autopsic,  Autopsical  (a-top'sik,  a-top'sik-  • 
al),  a.     Same  AS  Autoptic.     [Rare.] 

Autopsy  (a' top-si),  7*.  (See  AUTOPSIA.]  i 
1.  Personal  observation;  ocular  view.  'An-  ( 
topny  eonvinceth  us  that  it  hath  this  use.'  | 
Ray. — '2.  In  med.  post-mortem  examination;  j 
inspection  of  the  body  after  death  to  dis-  j 
cover  the  cause  and  seat  of  the  disease  of  | 
which  the  person  died.  'The  autopsy  re- 
vealed nothing.'  Latham. 

Autoptic,  Autoptical  (a-top'tik,  a-top'tik- 
al),  a.   Seen  with  one's  own  eyes;  relating  to 
or  based  on  autopsy  or  personal  observation; 
as,  autoptic  evidence.    'Evinced  by  autop-  \ 
tical  experience.'    Evelyn. 

AutOptically(a-top'tik-al-li),adu.  By  means 
of  ocular  view  or  one's  own  observation. 

That  tlie  galaxy  is  a  meteor,  was  the  account  of 
Aristotle;  but  the  telescope  hath  antoptitally  con- 
futed it.  Glanville. 

Autprt  (a'tor),  n.  [See  AUTHOR.]  A  first 
beginner  or  cause;  an  author. 

The  serpent  atttor  was,  Eve  did  proceed ; 
Adam  not  nutor,  auctor  was  indeed.     Vicars. 

Autoschediastical  ( a'to-ske-di-as  "  tik-al), 
a.  [Gr.  prefix  auto,  and  gchediatstikoit,  oil- 
hand,  hastily.]  Slight;  hasty;  not  fully  con- 
sidered. Dean  Martin.  [Rare.] 

Autositarii  (a'to-si-ta"ri-i),  n.pl  [Gr.  autos, 
self,  and  sites,  nourishment.]  A«  order  of 
double  monsters,  in  which  two  equally  de- 
veloped individuals  are  joined,  as  by  the 
umbilicus.  The  Siamese  twins  are  a  well- 
known  example. 

Autotheism  (a-to-the'izm).  n.  [Gr.  prefix 
auto,  self,  and  theos,  God.]  The  doctrine  of 
the  self -existence  of  God.  [Rare.) 

Autotype  (a'to-tip),  n.  [Gr.  prefix  auto,  and 
typon,  a  stamp.]  1.  A  photographic  process 
resembling  heliotype  (which  see). — 2.  A  pic- 
ture produced  by  the  process. 

Autotypography  (a't6-ti-pog"ra-fl),  n.  [Gr. 
prefix  auto,  self,  and  E.  typography.}  A  pro- 
cess resembling  nature -printing,  by  which 
drawings  are  impressed  on  a  metal  plate, 
from  which  copies  may  be  taken  for  print- 
ing. 

Autumn  (a/turn),  n.  [L.  autumnut,  con- 
tracted fora uctummts,  the  season  of  increase, 
from  augeo,  auctum,  to  increase.]  The  third 
season  of  the  year,  or  the  season  between 
summer  and  winter.  Astronomically  it  be- 
gins at  the  autumnal  equinox,  when  the  sun 
enters  Libra,  23d  September,  and  ends  at 
the  winter  solstice,  21st  December,  when 
ihe  sun  enters  Capricorn;  but  in  popular 
language  autumn  is  generally  regarded  as 
comprising  August,  September,  and  October. 
1'sed  figuratively  to  denote  a  period  of  abate- 
ment or  decline. 

Dr.  Preston  was  now  entering  into  the  autumn  of 
the  duke's  favour.  Fuller, 

Autumnal  (a-tum'nal),  a.  1.  Belonging  to 
autumn;  produced  or  gathered  in  autumn; 
as,  'i"! "n, im I  fruits.  — 2.  Belonging  to  a 
period  corresponding  to  autumn  in  the  year: 
hence,  past  the  middle  stage  of  life.  '  An 
a -u&wnnal  matron.  'Hawthorne. — Autumnal 
equinox,  the  time  when  the  sun  crosses  the 
equator  as  he  proceeds  southward.  This 
happens  about  the  22d  of  September.  See 
EQUINOX. — A  utumnal  signs,  the  signs  Libra, 
Scorpio,  ami  Sagittarius,  through  which  the 
sun  passes  during  the  autumn. 
Autumnal  (a-tum'nal),  n.  A  plant  that 
flowers  in  autumn. 

nity  (a-tum'ni-ti),  n.  The  season  of 
autumn.  'Draughts  of  sweet  autumnity.' 
lip.  Hall.  [Rare.] 

uturgy  (a'ter-ji),  n.  [Gr.  atttos,  self,  and 
?r<Hm,  a  work.  ]  Work  with  one's  own  hands. 
[Rare.] 

luxesls  (aks-tVsis),n.  [Gr.  auxexix,  increase.] 
In  rhet.  a  figure  by  which  anything  is  mag- 
nified too  much;  the  use  of  a  more  unusual 
and  high-sounding  word  for  the  ordinary 
:uid  proper  word. 

AuxetiC  (aks-et'ik),a.  Pertaining  toauxesis; 
amplifying;  increasing.  '  The  auxetic  power 
of  the  preposition.'  Dr.  Hutchinson. 


Auxlliart  fag-zil'i-er),  n.     An  auxiliary. 

Auxiliart  (ug-zil'i-er),  a.  SuaQuAvenltory. 

Auxillarly  (a^/in-ur-li).  adv.  liy  means  of 
aid  or  help,  uctnidgt, 

Auxiliary  (ag-zil'i-a-ri),  a.  [L.  atixiliari*, 
from  atixiliunt,  aid,  from  augeo,  to  inerea.M-, 
whence  also  auction,  augment,  aututnn,&v.] 
Helping;  aiding;  assisting;  subsidiary;  con- 
ferring aid  or  support  by  joint  exertion, 
influence,  or  use;  as,  auxiliary  troops. 
Auxiliary  quantity,  in  math,  a  quantity  in- 
troduced to  simplify  or  facilitate  an  oper- 
ation, as  may  be  done  in  equations  or  trigo- 
nometry. —  Auxiliary  tfcalex,  in  muitic,  the 
six  keys  or  scales,  consisting  of  any  key 
major,  with  its  relative  minor,  and  the  at- 
tendant keys  of  each. — Auxiliary  verb,  a 
verb  that  assists  in  the  conjugation  of  other 
verbs.  See  the  noun. 

Auxiliary  (ag-zil'i-a-ri),  n.  1.  A  helper;  an 
assistant;  a  confederate  in  some  action,  en- 
terprise, or  undertaking;  specifically  (pL\ 
foreign  troops  in  the  service  of  a  nation  at 
war. —2.  In  gram,  a  verb  which  helps  to 
form  the  moods  and  tenses  of  other  verbs ; 
as,  have,  be,  may,  can,  do,  inmst,  shall,  and 
will,  in  English.  —3.  In  math,  an  auxiliary 
quantity.  See  under  the  adjective. 

Auxlliatoryt  (ag-zil'i-a-to-ri),7t.   Help;  aid. 

There  were  no  such  anxiliatories  within  the  walls. 
Dr.  R.  Watson. 

Auxiliatoryt  (ag-zil'i-a-to-ri),  a.  Helping; 
aiding.  '  Masses  both  auxuiatory  and  ex- 
piatory.' Sir  £.  Sandys. 

Auxometer  (aks  om'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  auxo,  to 
increase,  and  metron,  a  measure.  ]  An  instru- 
ment to  measure  the  magnifying  powers  of 
an  optical  apparatus. 

Ava'  (a-va'),  <«*»•     Of  all;  at  all.     [Scotch.] 

Ava  (a'va),  n.  The  native  name  of  a  South 
Sea  Island  fermented  drink,  made  from  the 
seeds  of  the  Macropiper  methysticum.  See 
MACRO  PIPER. 

Avadavat  (a-va-dav'at),  n.  An  East  Indian 
bird,  much  kept  by  the  natives  in  cages  on 
account  of  its  pretty  plumage. 

Avail  (a-val'),  v.t.  [From  O.Fr.  valer,  valeir, 
to  be  worth,  from  L.  valeo,  to  be  strong,  to 
be  worth,  with  prefix  a  for  L.  ad.]  1.  To 
be  for  the  advantage  of;  to  assist  or  profit; 
to  effect  the  object  of;  as,  what  will  skill 
avail  us  against  numbers?  'Yet  all  this 
availeth  me  nothing.'  Est.  v.  13.—  To  avail 
one's  self  of,  to  turn  to  one's  profit  or  advan- 
tage; to  take  advantage  of;  as,  let  him  avail 
himself  of  his  license. 

Then  shall  they  seek  t'  avail  themselves  (^"names, 
Places  and  titles.  Milton. 

— To  avail  one's  self  by,  t  to  avail  one's  self  of. 

And  my  peculiar  profit  persuaded  me,  sometimes, 
to  iJ7'.i</  myself  by  their  folly.  Sattford. 

2.t  To  promote;  to  prosper;  to  assist:  said 
of  things. 

Meantime  he  voyaged  to  explore  the  will 

Of  Jove  on  high  Dodona's  holy  hill. 

What  means  might  best  his  safe  return  avail.    Poft. 

3.  To  make  aware;  to  convince;  to  persuade. 
[United  States.] 

Unless  .  .  .  sornethin*  turns  up  I  am  not  availed  of. 

Haiiburton. 

The  Irish  member  from  Kihnany,  and  him  from 
Kilinore,  when  he  brags  there  never  was  a  murder 
in  either,  don't  expect  the  English  to  believe  it,  for 
he  is  availed  they  know  better,  but  the  brag  pleases 
the  patriots  to  home.  Halibnrton, 

Avail  (a-val'),  v.i.  To  be  of  use  or  advan- 
tage; toanswera  purpose;  to  have  strength, 
force,  or  efficacy  sufficient  to  accomplish  an 
object;  as,  strength  without  judgment  will 
rarely  avail;  the  plea  in  bar  must  avail,  that 
is,  be  sufficient,  to  defeat  the  suit;  medicines 
will  not  avail  to  check  the  disease. 

The  prayer  of  a  righteous  man  availeth  much. 
Jam.  v.  16. 

Avail  (a-var),  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  availe,  profit, 
advantage.  See  the  verb.]  1.  Profit;  ad- 
vantage tending  to  promote  success;  benefit; 
efficacy:  now  chiefly  used  in  such  phrases  as, 
of  little  avail;  of  much  avail  (in  sentences 
of  negative  import;  as,  I  doubt  whether  it 
will  be  of  much  avatt);  of  no  avail.  'The 
<ti-ail  of  a  death-bed  repentance.'  Jer.  Tay- 
lor.—2.  pi  Profits  or  proceeds;  as,  the  avails 
of  a  sale  by  auction.  [Rare.]— .d  vail  of  mar- 
riage, in  law,  a  sum  payable  to  the  superior 
by  the  heir  of  a  deceased  ward  vassal  on  his 
becoming  marriageable.—  SYN.  Use,  benefit, 
utility,  profit,  service. 

Avail*  (a-var),  v.t.    See  AVALE. 

Availability  (a-val'a-bil"i-ti), ».  Available- 
ness;  the  state  of  being  suitable  for  the  ac- 
complishment of  a  given  purpose;  capability 
of  being  used  or  taken  advantage  of. 

Availability,  not  merit  or  qualifications,  is  the  only 
requisite  to  secure  a  nomination.  Bartlttt. 


Available  (a-val'a-bl),  a.  1.  Profitable;  ad- 
vantageous; having  efficacy. 

The  claim  to  remuneration  founded  on  the  posses- 
sion of  food,  available  for  the  maintenance  of  labour- 
ers, is  of  another  kind;  rcimuicratiun  for  abstinence, 
not  for  labour.  y.  S.  Mill. 

2.  Having  sufficient  power,  force,  or  efficacy 
for  the  object;  valid. 

Laws  are  available  by  consent.          Hooker, 

3.  Capable  of  being  used;  attainable;  acces- 
sible; as,  his  resources  were  not  available 
to  him. 

The  whole  army  is  called  700,000  men,  but  of  these 
only  80,000  can  be  reckoned  available.  Brougham. 

Availableness  (a-val'a-bl-nes),  n.  1.  State 
of  being  available;  capability  of  being  used ; 
power  or  efficacy  in  promoting  an  end  in 
view.  '  The  efficacy,  or  availableness,  or 
suitableness  of  these  (means)  to  the  end.' 
Sir  M.  Uale.  —  2.  Competent  power;  legal 
force;  validity;  as,  the  availablencsx  of  a 
title. 

Availably  (a-val'a-bli),  ado.  In  an  available 
manner;  so  as  to  be  used  with  efficacy; 
profitably;  advantageously;  validly;  effica- 
ciously. 

Avallment  (a-val'ment),  n.  Profit;  efficacy; 
successful  issue.  Bailey.  [Rare.] 

Avalanche  (av'a-lansh),  n.  [Fr.  avalanche, 
from  avaler,  to  descend,  fall.  See  AVALE  ] 
A  vast  body  of  snow  or  ice  sliding  down  a 
mountain,  or  falling  down  a  precipice. 
Written  formerly  &\&o  Avalange. 

Around  his  (Mont  Blanc's)  waist  are  forests  braced, 

The  avalanche  in  his  hand. 
But  ere  it  fall,  that  thundering  ball 
Must  pause  at  my  command.  Byron. 

Avalet  (a-var),  v.t.  [Fr.  avaler,  to  descend, 
to  let  down,  to  swallow,  L.L.  avalare,  aval- 
lare--L.  ad,  to,  and  vallis,  a  valley;  comp. 
amount,  that  is,  L.  ad  montein,  to  the  hill.] 
1.  To  let  down;  to  lower,  as  a  sail;  to  cause 
to  descend.  '  Hath  his  saile  avaled.'  Qower. 
•  Exalted  Phrebus  'gan  avale  his  weary  wain  ' 
Spenser. ~ 2.  To  make  low  or  abject;  to 
depress. 

Avalet  (a-val'),  v.i.  To  fall,  as  rain,  or  the 
tide;  to  descend;  to  dismount. 

They  .  .  .  from  their  sweaty  coursers  did  avale. 
Spenser. 

Avance,t  v.t.  ori.  To  advance;  to  profit. 
Chaucer. 

Avant  t  (a-vanf).  n.  [Abbrev.  for  avant- 
guard  (which  see).]  The  front  of  an  army; 
the  van. 

A  vantage,*  «.  [O.Fr]  Advantage;  con- 
venience; profit.— To  don  his  avantage,  to 
suit  his  convenience.  Chaucer. 

Avant -courier  (a-van-ko-rer),  n.  [Fr.  — 
avant,  before,  and  courier.  See  AVANT- 
GUARD.]  A  person  despatched  before  an- 
other person  or  a  company,  to  give  notice  of 
their  approach. 

Avant-IOSSe  (a-viih-fos),  n.  (Fr.—  avant. 
before,  in  front,  and  fosse,  a  ditch,  a  fosse.  ] 
In  fort,  the  ditch  of  the  counterscarp  next 
to  the  country.  It  is  dug  at  the  foot  of  the 
glacis. 

Avant-guard  (a-van-gard),  it.  [Fr.  avant- 
garde,  compounded  of  avant,  before  (from 
L.  ab,  from,  and  ante,  before),  and  garde, 
guard.  See  VANGUARD.]  The  van  or  ad- 
vanced body  of  an  army. 

Avanturine,  Aventurine  (a-van'tu-rin,  a- 
ven'tu-rin),  n,  [Fr.  aventure,  chance.]  1.  A 
brilliant  variety  of  glass  or  artificial  gem 
made  by  heating  pounded  glass,  oxide  of 
copper,  and  oxide  of  iron.  This  compound 
was  discovered  accidentally  (par  aventute) 
by  a  quantity  of  brass-filings  falling  into  a 
pot  of  melted  glass,  hence  the  name. — 2.  A 
variety  of  quartz  rock  containing  spangles 
of  mica  or  quartz. 

Avanturine,  Aventurine  (a-vau'tu-rin,  a- 
ven'tu-rin),  a.  Spangled  or  sparkling,  as  if 
with  avanturine;  as,  avanturine  quartz  or 
felspar.—  Avanturine  or  aventurine  glaze, 
a  glaze  for  porcelain.  It  is  brownish,  with 
crystalline  laminao  of  a  golden  lustre. 

Avarice  (av'a-ris),  n.  [L.  avaritia,  from 
avartut,  greedy,  from  aveo,  to  covet.]  An 
inordinate  desire  of  gaining  and  possessing 
wealth;  covetousness;  cupidity;  greediness, 
or  insatiable  desire  of  gain. 

So  for  a  good  old-gentlemanly  vice 

I  think  I  must  take  up  with  avarice.     Byron. 

Avaricious  (av-a-ri'shus),  a.  Characterized 
by  avarice;  greedy  of  gain ;  immoderately 
desirous  of  accumulating  property;  covet- 
ous. 'Luxurious,  avaricious,  false,  deceit- 
ful.' Shak. 

Avariciously  (av-a-ri'shua-li),  adv.     In  an 


ch,  eAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g, 


j,;ob;    n.  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj;;      TH,  then;  th.  (Ain;     w.  wig;     wh,  wAig;      zh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


AVARICIOTJSNESS 


190 


AVERAGE 


avaricious  manner;  with  inordinate  desire 
of  gaining  wealth;  covetously. 

Each  is  contented  with  his  own  possessions,  nor 
avariciously  endeavours  to  heap  up  more  than  is 
necessary  for  his  own  subsistence.  Goldsmith. 

Avartciousuess  (av-a-ri'shus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  avaricious;  insatiable  or 
inordinate  passion  for  property. 

Avarous,t  a.  (L.  a mnu,  greedy.]  Covet- 
ous. '  The  erle  avarowt. '  Piers  Plowman. 

Avast  (a-vasf),  exclam.  [From  D.  houd  vast, 
hold  fast,  stop,  houd  being  contr.  into  a  as 
our  have  often  is.]  Naut.  the  order  to  stop, 
old,  cease,  or  stay  in  any  operation:  some- 
times used  colloquially. 

Avast  hailing !  Don't  you  know  me.  mother  Part- 
lettt  Cumberland. 

-Avast  hcaving(naut.),  the  cry  to  nrrest  the 
capstan  when  nippers  are  jammed,  or  any 
other  impediment  occurs  in  heaving  the 
cable. 

Avatar,  Ayatara  (av-a-tiir',  av-a-ta'ra),  n. 
[Skr.  avatdra,  from  ava,  down,  and  root  tri, 
to  go,  or  pass  beyond.  ]  1.  A  descent,  or  the 
act  of  descending  from  heaven:  particularly 
applied  to  the  incarnations  of  the  Hindu 
deities,  or  their  appearance  in  some  mani- 
fest shape  upon  earth.  —2.  An  incarnate  form. 

Avauncement  t  (a-vans'ment),  n.  Advance- 
ment. '  The  avauncemeiit  of  the  holy 
church.'  Hale. 

A  vaunt  (a-vanf),  inter j.  [Fr.  avant,  en 
avant,  forward,  march ! — from  L.  ab  ante. 
See  A v  ANT-GUARD.  ]  Begone;  depart:  an  ex- 
clamation of  contempt  or  abhorrence. 

Avautit,  thou  hateful  villain,  get  thee  gonel    Shak. 

A  vaunt  t  (a-vanf),  n.     Dismissal. 


To  give  her  the 
Would  move  a  monster. 


After  this  process 

ntl  it  is  a  pity 


Shak. 


Avauntt(a-vanf),t>.i.  To  advance.  'Amunt- 
ing  in  great  bravery.'    Spenser. 
A  vaunt,!  adv.    Forward. 

And  with  that  word  came  Drede  avaunt.  Chaucer. 

A  vaunt  t  (a-vanf),  v.t.  and  i.  [Prefix  a,  and 
vaunt  (which  see).]  To  vaunt;  to  boast. 
'  Let  now  the  papists  avaunt  themselves.' 
Cramner. 

Avaunt  t  (a-vanf),  n.     A  boast;  a  vaunt. 

Avauntance.t  Avauntry.t  n.    Boasting. 

AvaunteiLt  v  .(.    To  vaunt     Chaucer. 

Ave  (a've),  inter}.  [Imper.  of  L.  aveo,  to  be 
of  good  cheer,  to  be  in  good  health:  used  as 
a  form  of  salutation.]  Hail  1  farewell!  God 
bless  you  I 

And  'Ave,  Ave,  Ave'  said, 

'  Adieu,  adieu '  for  evermore.         Tennyson. 

Ave  (a've),  n,  [See  AVE,  interj .]  1.  An  ave- 
inary. 

Nine  hundred  paternosters  every  day. 
And  thrice  nine  hundred  aves  she  was  wont  to  say 
Spenser. 

2.  A  salutation.     '  Their  loud  applause  and 
ami  vehement.'    Shak. 

Avel  (av'el),  n.  [Apparently  for  agel,  from 
A.  Sax.  egla,  egle,  beard  of  corn,  or  from 
agen,  an  awn,  by  change  of  g  into  v,  as  in  E. 
bough,  Dan.  bov,  E.  levin,  A.  Sax.  Kge,  flame, 
&c.  ]  The  awn  or  beard  of  barley. 

Aveler  (av'el-er),  n.  A  machine  for  removing 
the  avels  or  awns  of  barley  from  the  grain; 
a  hummeller.  E.  H.  Knight. 

Avellt(a-ven,t!.«.  [L.at)ei(o,topullaway.J  To 
pull  away.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Avellane(a-vel'an),  a.  In 
her.  a  term  applied  to  a 
cross  whose  quarters  re- 
semble a  filbert  nut  (the 
fruit  of  Corylus  Avel- 
lana),  as  in  the  annexed 
figure.  Crosses  of  this 
form  when  placed  on  the 
mondes  of  kings  or  em- 
perors are  ensigns  of  sov- 
ereignty. 

Ave-Mary,  Ave-Maria  (a've-ma-ri,  a've- 
ma-re'a),n.  [From  the  first  words  of  Gabriel's 
salutation  to  the  Virgin  Mary;  L.  ave,  hail. 
See  AVE.]  1.  An  invocation  to  the  Virgin 
Mary;  a  formula  of  devotion  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  cliaplets  and  rosaries  be- 
ing divided  into  a  certain  number  of  ave- 
maries  and  paternosters.  —  2.  In  R.  Cath. 
countries,  a  particular  time  of  the  day,  as, 
in  Italy,  about  half  an  hour  after  sunset, 
and  also  at  early  dawn,  when  the  bells  ring 
and  the  people  repeat  the  ave-mary. 

Avena  (a-ve'na),  n.  [L.,  oats.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Grammese,  characterized 
by  having  large  membranous  outer  glumes, 
and  the  inner  glumes  terminating  in  along, 
bent,  and  twisted  awn.  The  species  are 
natives  of  temperate  and  cold  regions. 


Avellane  Cross. 


1  Several  species  are  natives  of  Britain,  some 
being  worthless  weeds,  others  useful  pasture 
plants,  but  by  far  themost  important  species 
is  A.  sativa,  the  cultivated  oat.  See  OAT. 

Avenaceous  (av-e-na'shus),  a.  [L.  avena- 
ceus,  from  arena,  oats.]  Belonging  to  or 
partaking  of  the  nature  of  oats. 

Avenage  (av'en-aj),  ?i.  [From  L.  avena,  oats.  ] 
In  old  law,  a  certain  quantity  of  oats  paid 
I  by  a  tenant  to  a  landlord  in  lieu  of  rent  or 
I  other  duty. 

Avenary  (av'en-a-ri),  71.  [L.L.  avenariue, 
from  L.  avena,  outs.]  Same  as  keener. 

Avenaunt.i  a.  [Fr.  avenant,  comely— pre- 
fix a,  and  venir,  to  come;  comp.  E.  comely, 
becoming.]  Becoming;  well-looking. 

Clere  browne  she  was.  and  thereto  bright 
Of  face  and  body  avenaunt.  Chaucer. 

Avener.t  Avenort  (av'en-er,  av'en-or),  n. 
[Norm.  Fr.,  from  L.  avena,  oats.]  In  feudal 
law,  an  officer  of  the  king's  table  whose  duty 
was  to  provide  oats. 

Avenge  (a-yenj'),  v.t.  pret.  *  pp.  avenged; 
ppr.  avenging.  [O.Fr.  avengier,  vengier,  Fr. 
venger,  L.  vindicate,  to  avenge.]  1.  To  vin- 
dicate by  inflicting  pain  or  evil  on  the 
wrong-doer;  to  deal  punishment  or  execute 
vengeance  for  injury  done  to:  with  a  person 
as  object. 

Avenge  me  of  mine  adversary.        Luke  xviii.  3. 
Avenge.  O  Lord,  thy  slaughter'd  saints,  whose  booes 
Lie  scatter'd  on  the  Alpine  mountains  cold.  Milton. 

2.  To  take  satisfaction  for,  by  pain  or  pun- 
ishment inflicted  on  the  injuring  party;  to 
deal  punishment  on  account  of:  with  a 
thing  as  object,      "fill  Crcsar's  three  and 
thirty  wounds  be  well  avenged.'   Shak. 

He  will  avenge  the  blood  of  his  servants. 

Deut.  xxxii.  43. 

I  thought  ten  thousand  swords  must  have  leaped 
from  their  scabbards  to  avenge  even  a  look  that 
threatened  her  with  insult.  But  the  age  of  chivalry 
is  gone.  Burke. 

3.  t  To  take  revenge  on ;  to  treat  or  deal 
with  revengefully. 

Thou  shalt  not  avenge  nor  bear  any  grudge  against 
the  children  of  thy  people.  Lev.  xix.  18. 

— Avenge, Revenge.  In  modem  usage  avenge 
is  generally  restricted  to  the  taking  of  just 
punishment,  and  revenge  to  the  infliction 
of  pain  or  evil  to  gratify  resentful  or  mali- 
cious feelings.  See  REVENGE. 
Avenge  (a-venj'),  v.  i.  To  execute  vengeance; 
to  inflict  pain  or  injury  on  a  wrong-doer  in 
return  for  his  wrong-doing. 

Only  pity  fitly  can  chastise ; 
Hate  but  avenges.  E.  B.  Browning. 

Avenge  t  (a-venJO,  n.  Revenge.  'That 
avenge  by  you  decreed. '  Spenser. 

A  vengeance  t  (a-venj'ans),  n.  Punishment; 
vengeance. '  Fear  signal  avengeance. '  Philips. 

Avengeful  t  (a-venj'ful),  o.  Revengeful. 
Spenser. 

Avengement  (a-venj'ment).  n.  The  act  of 
avenging;  vengeance;  punishment:  satisfac- 
tion taken.  '  God's  avengement  of  his  re- 
pulse at  Hull.'  Milton. 

Avenger  (a-venj'er),  n.  One  who  avenges  or 
vindicates;  a  vindicator;  a  revenger. 

The  Lord  is  the  avenger  of  all  such,     i  Thes.  iv.  6. 

Avengeress  (a-veuj'er-es),  n.  A  female 
avenger.  'That  cruel  queen  avengeresi. ' 
Spenser.  [Rare.] 

Avenor.    See  AVENER. 

Avens  (av'enz),  n.  The  popular  name  of  the 
plants  belonging  to  the  genus  Geum.  Com- 
mon avens,  or  herb-bennet,  is  G.  urbamnn, 
and  water-avens  is  G.  rivale.  Mountain- 
avens  is  a  species  of  Dryas,  the  D.  octopetala 

Ayentalle,  Aventayle  (aVen-talXn.  [Norm. 
Fr.  aventaillc,  Fr.  ventail,  the  front  of  the 
vizor,  from  L  ventus,  the  wind.)  The  mov- 
able front  of  the  helmet,  through  which  the 
warrior  breathed;  a  ventail  (which  see). 

He  lifted  his  barred  aventttyle 

To  hail  the  monk  of  St.  Mary's  aisle.    Sir  W.  Scott. 

Aventlne  (av'en-tin),  a.    Pertaining  to  Mans 

Aventinut,  one  of  the  seven  hills  on  which 

Rome  stood. 
Aventlne  (av'en-tin),  n.    [From  the  mount 

in  Rome.]    A  post  of  defence  or  safety. 

[Poetical.] 

Into  the  castle's  tower. 
That  only  Avenrine  that  now  is  left  us.  Beau.  &•  Fl. 

Aventre.t  v.t  [It.  aventare,  to  throw  a 
spear.]  To  throw,  as  a  spear  or  dart:  a 
word  peculiar  to  Spenser. 

Her  mortal  spear 

She  mightily  aventreti  towards  one, 
And  down  him  smote.  Spenser 

Aventuret  (a-ven'tur),  n.  [Fr.  aventure,  ad- 
venture, chance,  accident]  In  old  law,  a 
mischance  causing  a  person's  death  with- 


out felony,  as  by  drowning  or  falling  from 

a  house. 

Aveuturlne,  n.  and  a.  See  AVANTI'KIXE. 
Avenue  (av'e-nu),  n.  [Fr.,  from  avenir,  to 

come  or  go  to ;  L.  advenio,  to  come  to— art1, 

to,  and  venio,  to  come.]    1.  A  passage;  a 

way  or  opening  for  entrance  into  a  place ; 

any  opening  or  passage  by  which  a  thing  is 

or  may  be  introduced. 

Good  guards  were  set  up  at  all  the  avenues  of  the 
city,  to  keep  all  people  from  going  out.    Clarendon. 

1.  An  alley  or  walk  in  a  garden,  usually 
planted  on  each  side  with  trees.— 3.  A  wide 
street;  as,  the  Fifth  Avenue  in  New  York.— 
4.  Fig.  means  of  access  or  attainment. 

There  are  no  avenues  to  the  public  service  opened 
for  talent.  Brougham. 

Aver  (a-verO,  v.t.  [Fr.  ai-erer;  L.L.  adverare. 
to  prove  a  thing  to  be  true  — ad,  to,  and 
verus,  true.]  1.  To  affirm  with  confidence; 
to  declare  in  a  positive  or  peremptory  man- 
ner, as  in  confidence  of  asserting  the  truth. 

2.  In  law,  to  avouch  or  verify;  to  offer  to 
verify.    See  AVERMENT.— SYN.  To  declare, 
assert,  affirm,  avouch,  protest,  asseverate. 

Aver  (a'ver),  n.  [0.  Fr.  aver,  from  avoir,  aver, 
to  have,  from  L.  habere,  to  have;  Sc.  aioer, 
a  work-horse.]  A  work-beast,  whether  horsu 
or  ox.  ]  [Old  and  provincial  English.] 

Average  (ay'er-aj),  n.  [There  seem  to  be 
two  words  in  English  with  this  form.  The 
present  is  to  be  referred  to  Fr.  avarie.  It. 
and  Pg.  amria,  Sp.  averia,  D.  haverij,  G. 
havarie,  havarei,  haverei,  haferei,  Dan.  ha- 
veri,  damage  sustained  by  goods  at  sea, 
average  in  the  commercial  sense,  though  its 
terminal  syllable  appears  to  have  been  bor- 
rowed from  the  other  word  treated  in  a 
succeeding  article.  Avarie,  havarie,  <tc., 
have  been  sometimes  derived  from  the  Teut. 
haven  or  haf,  the  sea,  but  the  term  seems 
rather  to  have  originated  on  the  shores  of 
the  Mediterranean,  and  to  be  derived  (as 
Dozy  and  Wedgwood  think)  from  Ar.  <  wa-, 
avdr,  defect,  flaw.  Skeat  thinks,  howive  , 
that  the  L.L.  averagium  (see  AVERAGE  be- 
low) is  sufficient  to  explain  all  the  meanings, 
signifying  originally  the  carriage  of  goods  by 
averia  or  draught-cattle,  then  a  charge  for 
carriage,  and  lastly  a  contribution  towards 
loss  of  things  carried.]  1.  In  com.  and  mari- 
time law,(a)&  contribution  falling  to  be  madr 
by  the  owners  of  a  ship's  freight  and  cargo, 
in  proportion  to  their  several  interests,  (o 
make  good  a  loss  that  has  been  sustained  or 
an  expense  incurred  for  the  general  safety 
of  the  ship  and  cargo.  Thus,  when  for  the 
safety  of  a  ship  in  distress  any  destruction 
of  property  is  incurred,  either  by  cutting 
away  the  masts,  throwing  goods  overboard, 
or  other  means,  all  persons  who  have  goods 
on  board  or  property  in  the  ship  (or  the  in- 
surers) contribute  to  the  loss  according  to 
their  average,  that  is,  according  to  the  pro- 
portionate value  of  the  goods  of  each  on 
board.  Called  also,  and  more  specifically, 
General  Average.  (d)A  lessor  the  sum  paid 
on  account  of  a  loss  (such  as  that  of  an 
anchor)  when  the  general  safety  is  not  in 
question,  and  which  falls  on  the  owner  of 
the  particular  property  lost.  Called  more 
specifically  Particular  Average.  (c)A  small 
charge  paid  by  the  master  on  account  of  the 
ship  and  cargo,  such  as  pilotage,  towage, 
Ac.  Called  more  specifically  Petty  A  veraye. 
(d)  A  small  duty  payable  by  the  shippers  of 
goods  to  the  master  of  the  ship,  over  and 
above  the  freight,  for  his  care  of  the  goods. 
Hence  the  exj  ressipn  in  bills  of  lading, 
'paying  so  much  freight,  with  primage  and 
average  accustomed. '—  2.  A  sum  or  quantity, 
intermediate  to  a  number  of  different  sums 
or  quantities;  a  mean  proportion;  thus,  if 
four  persons  lose  respectively  £2,  £5,  £10, 
and  £15,  the  average  loss  by  the  four  is  £i>. 
Hence — 3.  Any  medial  amount,  estimate,  <  r 
general  statement  based  on  a  comparison 
of  a  number  of  diverse  specific  cases;  a 
medium.  '  The  average  of  sensations.'  Pa- 
ley.— Upon  or  on  an  average,  taking  the 
mean  of  several  unequal  numbers  or  quan- 
tities; taking  the  mean  deduced  from  a 
great  number  of  examples. 

On  an  average  the  male  and  female  births  are 
tolerably  equal.  BucMe. 

Average  (av'er-aj),  a.  1  Exhibiting  a  mean 
proportion  or  mean  quality;  medium;  not 
extreme;  ordinary.  'An  average  rate  .  .  . 
of  interest.'  Smith.  '  Beings  of  the  average 
stamp.'  J.  Taylor. — 2.  In  com.  estimated  in 
accordance  with  the  rules  of  average;  as, 
the  loss  was  made  good  by  an  average  con- 
tribution. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  ab«ne;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


AVERAGE 

Average  (a v'er-aj),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  averaged; 
ppr.  averaging.  1.  To  find  the  mean  of  un- 
t'Hual  sums  or  quantities;  to  reduce  to  a 
mean.— 2.  To  result  in,  as  a  mean  term;  to 
form  or  to  exist  in,  as  a  mean  sum  or  quan- 
tity; as,  to  average  £10  per  week.  , 

These  spars  average  10  feet  in  length.     Bttknap. 

3.  In  com.  to  divide  among  a  number  accord- 
ing to  a  given  proportion;  as,  to  average  a 
tOM. 

Average*  (av'er-aj),  n.  [L.L.  averagiutn, 
the  work  done  for  the  lord  by  his  tenants 
with  their  avers  or  work-cattle;  O.Fr.  aver, 
nne  uf  the  cattle  or  work-beasts  about  a  farm, 
from  Fr.  avoir,  O.  Fr.  aver,  L.  habere,  to  have. 
See  AVER.]  1.  Service  which  a  tenant  owes 
his  lord  with  his  work-beasts,  as  the  carriage 
of  a  certain  quantity  of  corn,  <&c.— 2.  The 
stubble  and  grass  left  fn  cornfields  after 
harvest.  Also  written  Aoerinh. 

After  the  corn  be  inned  it  is  meet  to  put .  .  .  cattle 
into  the  ai'trisii.  Archeeologia. 

Averagely  (av'er-aj-li),  adv.  In  an  average 
or  medial  manner;  in  the  mean  between 
two  extremes. 

Which  tends  to  render  livine  more  difficult  for 
every  airxj.fr/v-situated  individual  in  the  commu- 
nity. 7-  S.  Milt. 

Average-stater,  Average-taker  (av'er-aj- 
Btat-6r,  av'er-aj-tak-er),  n.  A  person  em- 
ployed by  insurers  who  have  a  claim  upon 
a  marine  insurance  company  to  prepare 
statements  of  averages  preparatory  to  the 
adjustment  of  their  claims. 

Aver-cake  (av'er-kak),  n.  An  oatmeal  cake; 
liiivt/rbread  (which  see). 

AVer-corn  (a'ver-korn),  n.  In  old  law,  a  rent 
paid  in  corn,  which  was  drawn  to  the  gran- 
ary of  the  lord  of  the  manor  by  the  working 
cattle  or  avers  of  the  tenants. 

A  verdant  (a-ver'dant),  a.  In  her.  covered 
with  green  herbage:  chiefly  applied  to  a 
mount  in  base. 

Averdupols  (av'er-du-poiz")-  See  AVOIRDU- 

!'"IS. 

Averisht  (av't-r-ish),  n.    See  AVERAGE,  t  2. 

Aver-land  (a'ver-land),  n.  Laud  ploughed 
l»y  tenants  with  their  avers  for  a  monastery, 
'>r  for  the  lord  of  the  soil. 

Averment  (a-ver'ment),  n.  l.  The  act  of 
averring;  affirmation;  positive  assertion. 
'  rul>lisiiingat>«rm«n&andinuendo8.'.BurJke. 
2.  Verification ;  establishment  by  evidence. 
Bacon,— 3.  In  law,  formerly  an  offer  of  either 
party  to  justify  or  prove  what  he  alleged. 
In  any  stage  of  pleadings,  when  either  party 
advanced  new  matter,  he  averred  it  to  be 
true ;  and  concluded  with  these  words— 
'And  this  he  is  ready  to  verify.'  This  is  now 
termed  a  verification. 

Avernian  (a-ver'ni-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Avcrnut,  a  lake  of  Campania,  in  Italy,  re- 
presented by  classical  poets  as  the  entrance 
to  helL  From  its  waters  mephitic  vapours 
arose  which  are  said  to  have  killed  the  birds 
that  attempted  to  fly  over  it 

Aver-penny  (a'ver-pen-ni),  n.  [See  AVER, 
AVERAGE.]  In  old  lair,  money  paid  by  a 
tenant  to  his  lord  in  lieu  of  services  that  he 
was  bound  to  render  with  his  avers  or  work- 
cattle;  money  paid  towards  the  carriage  of 
goods  on  the  king's  account 

Averrhoa  (av-er-ro'a),n.  [See  AVERRHOIST.  ] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Oxalidacere,  or 
the  wood  sorrels.  It  consists  of  two  species, 
both  of  which  form  small  trees  in  the  East 
Indies.  One  of  these,  called  A.  BUinibi, 
produces  fruit  of  an  extremely  acid  nature, 
the  juice  of  which  removes  iron-mould  or 
I'tlu-r  spots  from  linen.  The  leaves  of  A. 
"bola  are  sensitive. 

Ayerrhoism,  Averroism  (a-ver'6-izm),  n. 
The  doctrines  held  by  Averrhoes  and  his 
followers.  See  AVERRHOIST. 

Averrhoist,  Averroist  (a-ver'6-ist),  n.  Onn 
of  a  sect  of  Peripatetic  philosophers,  so 
tit-nominated  from  Averrhoes,  or  Averroes, 
a  Celebrated  Arabian  author,  born  at  Cor- 
dova, in  Spain,  in  1149.  They  held  the  soul 
to  be  mortal,  though  they  pretended  to 
submit  to  the  Christian  theology. 

Averruncate  (av-e-runglcat),  v.t.    (L.  aver- 
ntnco.  to  avert,  from  a  for  ao,  from,  and 
vemtnco,  to  tuni,  to  turn  out.    Averrunca* 
'(">(,  in  the  sense  of  eradication,  averrunca- 
tor, a  garden  implement,  should  be  spelled 
with  6  for  c,  being  derived  from  L.  ab,  from, 
ft  out,  and  runcare,  to  root  up.]    To  avert. 
But  sure  some  mischief  will  come  of  it 
UO    ss  by  providential  wit 
Or  force  we  avtrrunfatt  it.  J/utt&ras. 

[There  seems  to  be  no  authority  for  the  sense 
'eradicate'  usually  given  to  this  word.] 


1SI1 


AverruncationuvV  rung-ka"shon),n.  [See 
AvEiiHrNCATE.]  l.The iu-tof averting.  'Aver- 
runra/iVmof  epidemical  diseases  by  telesms 
(charms).'  J. Robinson ,1658.— 2.  Eradication; 
extirpation;  removal. 

Fear  that  the  bishop 
would  think  himself  bound 
...  to  issue  his  decrer 
of  averrnncatfon  to  the 
simple  decoration  over- 
head. De  Quittffy. 

Averruncator  (av-e- 
rung'kat-or),  n.  A  gar- 
den implement  for 
pruning  trees  when 
their  branches  are  lw- 
yond  easy  reach  of  the 
hand.  There  are  vari- 
ous forms  of  this  im- 
plement, but  they  all 
consist  of  two  blades, 
similar  to  stout  shears, 
one  of  which  is  fixed 
rigidly  to  a  long 
handle,  and  the  other 
is  moved  by  a  lever,  to 
which  a  cord  passing 
over  a  pulley  is  at- 
tached. 

Aversant  ( a-vers'ant ),  a.  [L.  aversant, 
turning  away,  p.  of  aoersor,  to  turn  away. 
See  AVERT.]  In  her.  said  of  a  right  hand 
when  it  is  turned  to  show 
the  back.  Called  also 
Dorsed. 

Aversationt  (av-ers-a'- 
shon),  it*  [L.  aversatio, 
from  a  vergor,  to  turn 
away.  See  AVERT.]  A 
turning  from  with  dis- 
gust or  dislike;  aversion; 
hatred;  disinclination. 

Some  men  have  a  natural 
avtrsation  to  some  vices 


Two  forms  of  Aver- 
runcator. 


Aversant  or  Dorsed. 


virtues  and  a  natural  affection  to  others.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Averse  (a-versO,  a.  [L.  awmw,  turned  from, 
pp.  of  averto.  See  AVERT.]  1.  Turned  away 
from;  turned  backwards;  averted.  'Earth 
.  .  .  with  her  part  averse  from  the  sun's 
beam. '  Milton, 

The  tracks  avtrse  a  lying  notice  pave, 
And  led  the  searcher  backward  from  the  cave. 
Dryden. 

2.  Disliking;  unwilling;  having  repugnance. 

Averst  alike  to  natter  or  offend.         Popt. 

3.  Unfavourable;  indisposed;  malign. 

Some  much  averse  I  found  and  wondrous  harsh, 
Contemptuous,  proud,  set  on  revenge  and  spite. 
Milton. 
And  Pallas  now  averse  refused  her  aid.    Dryttett, 

[This  word  and  its  derivatives  are  now  regu- 
larly followed  by  to,  and  not  by/rom.  The 
word  itself  to  be  sure  includes  the  idea  of 

from;  but  the  literal  meaning  being  lost, 
the  affection  of  the  mind  signified  by  the 
word  is  exerted  toward  the  object  of  dislike. 
Similarly  the  kindred  terms,  dislike,  con- 
trary, repugnant,  Ac.,  are  also  followed 
by  to.]-~Averse,  Reluctant.  Averse  Implies 
habitual  dislike  or  unwillingness,  though 
not  of  a  very  strong  character,  and  is  nearly 
synonymous  with  disinclined;  as,  averse  to 
study,  to  active  pursuits.  Reluctant,  lit. 
struggling  back  from,  implies  some  degree 
of  struggle  either  with  others  who  are  in- 
citing us  on,  or  bet  ween  our  own  inclination 
and  some  compelling  motive,  as  sense  of 
duty,  whether  it  operate  as  an  impelling  or 
restraining  influence.— STN.  Hostile,  disin- 
clined, reluctant,  unfavourable,  indisposed, 
backward. 

Averset  (a-vers1)*  v.t.  and  i.  To  turn  away; 
to  avert.  B.  Jonson. 

Aversely  (a-versli),  adv.  In  an  averse  man- 
ner; with  repugnance;  unwillingly. 

Averseness  (a-vers'nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  averse;  opposition  of  mind;  dislike; 
unwillingness;  backwardness. 

Aversion  (a-ver'shon),  n.  [Fr.  aversion, 
L.  aversio,  a  turning  away.  See  AVERT.  ] 
1.  Opposition  or  repugnance  of  mind;  dis- 
like; disinclination;  reluctance;  hatred: 
used  absolutely  or  with  to. 

A  freeholder  is  bred  with  an  aversion  to  subjec- 
tion. Addison. 

Sometimes  with/rom,  for,  towards.  '  Adhe- 
sion to  vice,  and  aversion  from  goodness.' 
Bp.  Atterbury.  *  A  state  for  which  they  have 
so  great  an  aversion.'  Addison.  'His  aver- 
sion towards  the  house  of  York.'  Bacon.— 
2.t  Opposition  or  contrariety  of  nature:  ap- 
plied to  inanimate  substances. 

Magnesia,  notwithstanding  this  aversion  to  solu- 
tion, forms  a  kind  of  paste  with  water. 

Trans,  Fourcroy. 


AVICENNIA 

3.  The  cause  of  dislike;  the  object  of  repng- 
nance.  '  1'jiin  their  <nv/>Vo/i,  pleasure  their 
desire.'  I'opr.  4.t  A  turning  away;  a  change 
of  application.  •  A  figurative  speech  calleil 
apostrophe,  which  is  au  aversion  of  speech 
from  one  thing  to  another.'  Bp.  jforton.- 
Antipathy,  Hatred,  Aversion,  Ilepugnance. 
See  under  ANTIPATHY.—  SYN.  Dislike,  disin- 
clination, unwillingness,  indisposition,  re- 
luctance, antipathy,  opposition,  disgust 

Averslve  I  ( a-vcrs  'iv),  o.  Averse ;  iurnlnj: 
away.  '  Those  strong-bent  humours,  which 
OMrw'cegrew.'  Daniel. 

Averslvelyt  (a-vers'lv-li),adc.  Backward!)- 
Chapman. 

Avert  (a-vert'X  r.f.  [L.  averto,  avertum,  to 
turn  away— a,  from,  and  verto,  to  turn, 
whence  verse,  and  a  large  number  of  other 
words,  such  as  convert,  converse,  diverge, 
divert,  divorce,  Ac.]  1.  To  turn  from;  to  turn 
or  to  cause  to  turn  off  or  away;  as,  to  avert 
the  eyes  from  an  object:  now  seldom  or 
never  with  a  personal  object 

When  atheists  and  profane  persons  do  hear  of  so 
many  discordant  and  contrary  opinions  in  religion, 
it  doth  avert  them  from  the  church.  Bacon. 

Through  threatened  lands  they  wild  destruction 
throw. 

Till  ardent  prayer  averts  the  public  woe.     Prur. 

2.  t  To  turn  In  any  direction. 

Avert  your  liking  a  more  worthier  way  than  on  a 
wretch.  Sha*. 

Avert  (a-verf),  c.i.  To  turn  away.  '  Avert- 
ing from  our  neighbour's  good.'  Thornton. 
[Hare.] 

Averter  (a-vert'er),  n.  One  who  turns  away; 
that  which  turns  away. 

Avertert  and  purgers  must  go  together  ...  to  di- 
vert this  rebellious  humour  (melancholy)  and  turn  it 
another  way.  Burton. 

Avertlmentt  (a-verti-ment),  n.  Advertise- 
ment. Milton. 

Aves  (a'vez),  n. pi  [L.,  birds.]  The  fourth 
class  of  vertebrates,  consisting  of  animals 
which  breathe  by  lungs,  have  warm,  red 
blood  and  a  double  circulation;  are  pro- 
duced from  eggs ;  covered  with  feathers ; 
have  a  prominent,  naked,  toothless  bill; 
and  four  limbs,  the  two  anterior  being 
organized  for  flight,  and  called  wings.  The 
bones  are  hollow,  marrowless,  and  receive 
air  from  the  lungs.  Owing  to  the  extreme 
compactness  and  homogeneity  of  the  entire 
class,  conditioned  mainly  by  their  aerial 
mode  of  life,  the  subject  of  their  classifica- 
tion has  been  one  of  the  greatest  difficulties 
of  the  systematic  naturalist.  Linnams  and 
Cuvier  divided  them  into  six  orders,  those 
of  the  latter  being  Palmipedes,  Grallte, 
Accipitres,  Gallinacere,  Fasseres,  and  Scan- 
sores.  The  classification  generally  adopted 
is  that  originally  proposed  by  Kirhy,  with 
the  addition  of  Huxley's  order  Saururw— 
namely,  Natatores  or  swimmers,  Grallatores 
or  waders,  Cursores  or  runners,  Rasores  or 
scratchers,  Scansores  or  climbers,  Inses- 
sores  or  perchers,  Raptores  or  birds  of 
prey,  and  the  Saurura,  including  only  a 
single  member— namely,  the  extinct  lizanl- 
tailed  Archwopteryx.  These  divisions  are 
founded  chiefly  on  the  beak  and  feet,  and 
the  families  and  genera,  into  which  the 
several  orders  are  divided,  chiefly  on  the 
beak.  The  classification  which  approaches 
most  nearly  a  strictly  natural  one  is  that  of 
Professor  Huxley,  who  divides  the  birds 
Into  the  following  three  orders:— Saurune. 
|  consisting  of  the  single  member  Archacop- 
I  teryx;  Ratitw,  comprising  the  running  birds 
I  that  cannot  fly,  as  the  ostriches,  emus,  and 
cassowaries,  whose  chief  characteristic  is 
that  the  sternum  is  raft-shaped,  having  no 
median  ridge  or  keel  for  the  attachment  of 
the  great  pectoral  muscles;  and  Carinatte, 
comprising  all  the  living  flying  birds,  char- 
acterized by  the  fact  that  the  sternum  is 
furnished  with  a  prominent  median  ridge 
or  keel. 

Avesta  (a-ves'ta),  n.  The  sacred  writings  at- 
tributed to  Zoroaster.    See  ZEND-AVESTA. 
Avestan  (a-ves'tan),  n.  and  a.    See  ZK>D. 
Avian  (a'vi-an),  o.    [L  ori»,  a  bird.)    Per- 
taining to  the  aves  or  birds;  as,  avion  pecu- 
liarities of  structure. 

Aviary  (a'vl-a-riXi-  (L.  arwrfum.  from 
aru,  a  bird.]  A  building  or  inclosure  for 
the  breeding,  rearing,  and  keeping  of  birds. 
Avlcennla  (av-i-sen'ni-a),  n.  (In  honour  of 
Aticenna,  a  celebrated  Arabian  philosopher 
and  physician.  ]  A  gen  us  of  plants  of  the  nat. 
order  Verbenaceae ;  they  are  small  trees, 
with  opposite  evergreen  leaves,  which  are 
oblong,  entire,  and  covered  beneath  with  a 
white  pubescence ;  flowers  Inconspicuous, 
arranged  in  closely  packed  terminal  bunches. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  toil;      ng,  ting;      TH,  tAen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  trAIg;    th,  azure. -See  KKT. 


AVICULA 


AVOUCH 


The  species  are  often  called  white  man- 
groves, and  are  found  in  the  mud  of  tidal 
estuaries  of  most  tropical  regions. 

Ayicula  (a-vik'u-la),  n.  [Dim.  from  avis,  a 
bird.]  A  genus  of  marine  conchifers  or  bi- 
valves, with  unequal  valves,  in  which  some 
naturalists  include  the  genus  Meleagrina  or 
pearl  oyster,  from  which  the  most  precious 
pearls  are  derived. 

Avicularium  (a-vik'u-la"ri-um,  n.  pi.  Ayic- 
iilaria  (a-vik'u-la"ri-a).  [L.  avicula,  a  little 
bird,  from  avis,  a  bird.]  In  zoot.  a  singular 
appendage,  being  a  small  prehensile  pro- 
cess, resembling  a  bird's  head,  found  in  the 
cells  of  many  of  the  Polyzoa. 

AviCUlidSB  (a-vik-u'li-de),  it.  pi.  [L.  dim.  avi- 
cula, from  avis,  a  bird,  Gr.  etdoa,  resem- 
blance.] A  family  of  marine  bivalves,  of 
which  the  genus  Avicula  is  the  type. 

Avid  (av'id),  a.  [L.  amdus.  See  AVIDITY.] 
Kager;  greedy.  'Avid  of  gold,  yet  greedier 
of  renown.'  Southey. 

Avidioust  (a-vid'i-us),  a.  Same  as  Avid. 
*  Avidious  greedinesse.'  Bale. 

Avidiouslyt  (a-vid'i-us-li),  adv.  [See  AVID- 
ITY.] In  an  avid  oravidious  manner;  eagerly; 
with  greediness. 

Nothing  is  more  avidiousty  desired  than  is  the 
sweet  peace  of  God.  Bale. 

Avidity  (a-vid'i-ti),  n.  [L.  avidttas,  from 
avidus,  greedy,  and  this  from  aveo,  to  desire, 
o  have  appetite.]  1.  Greediness;  strongape- 
tite:  applied  to  the  senses.  —  2.  Eagerness; 
intenseness  of  desire:  applied  to  the  mind. 

Avidity  to  know  the  causes  of  things  is  the  parent 
of  all  philosophy.  Reid. 

—Eagerness,  Earnestness,  Avidity.  See 
under  EAGERNESS. 

Aviet  (a-vi'),  ado.  [See  VIE.]  Emulously. 
'  They  strive  avie  one  with  another  in  variety 
of  colours.'  Holland. 

Avifauna  (aVi-fa-na),  n.  [L.  avis,  a  bird, 
and  fauna.]  A  collective  name  for  the 
birds  of  a  district. 

Aviforiu  (av'i-form),  o.  [L.  anwt,  a  bird, 
forma,  shape.]  Bird-shaped. 

Avlgato.    See  AVOCADO. 

Avignon-berry  (a-ven-yoh-be'ri),  n.  The 
fruit  of  Wiamnus  Clusii,  so  called  from  the 
city  Avignon,  in  France.  The  berry  is  less 
than  a  pea,  of  a  yellow  colour,  and  bitter, 
astringent  taste,  and  used  by  dyers  and 
painters  for  staining  yellow.  These  berries 
are  also  called  French  Berries  and  Yellow 
Berries. 

Avilet  (a-vll').  v.t.  [Fr.  avilir.  See  VILE.] 
To  depreciate. 

Want  makes  us  know  the  price  of  what  we  a-viU. 
B.  Jonson. 

Avis,  t  n.  [Fr]  Advice ;  consideration. 
Chaucer. 

Avisand,t  ppr.    Observing.    Chaucer. 

Avisandum.    Same  as  Avizandum. 

Avise.t  Avisot  (a-vlz;,  a-vl'zo),  n.  [Fr.  avis.] 
Advice;  intelligence.  '  Corants,  avises,  cor- 
respondencies.' B.  Jonson. 

I  had  yours;  and  besides  your  avisos ,  I  must  thank 
you  for  the  rich  flourishes  where  your  letter  was  em 
broidered.  Htrwell. 

Avise.t  Avyset  (a-vu'),  u  i.  [Fr.  aviser.  See 
ADVICE,  ADVISE.  ]  1.  To  consider.— 2.  To  see; 
t'>  look;  to  observe.  — To  avise  one's  self,  to 
bethink  one's  self.  Spenser.  [This  verb  is 
generally  used  reflexively.] 

Avise.t  Avyset  (a-viz'),  v.t.  To  advise;  to 
make  aware;  to  inform;  to  counsel.  'Are 
you  avised  o'  that?'  Shak.  'Be  avised  and 
pass  good  humours.'  Shak. 

Avised  (a-vysf),  a.  [See  VISOR.]  Com- 
plexioned;  as,  bl&ck-avised.  [Scotch.] 

Aviseful.t  Avlzefullt  (a-viz'ful),  a.  Cir- 
cumspect. Spenser. 

Avisernentt  (a-viz'ment),  n.    Advisement. 

A  vision,!  n.     Vision.     Chaucer. 

Aviso,  t  «.     Same  as  A  vise,  n. 

Avizandum  (av-i-zan'dmn).  In  Sco/s  law, 
private  consideration.  To  make  avizandum 
with  a  cause  is  to  remove  it  from  the  public 
court  to  the  private  consideration  of  the 
judge. 

Avizet  (a-viz'),  v.t.  and  i.     Same  as  Avise. 

Avocado,  AvigatO  (av-6-ka'do,  av-i-ga'to), 
)k  [Corrupted  from  Mexican  name.]  The 
alligator  -  pear,  the  fruit  of  Persea  gratis- 
xiiiin.  nat.  order  Lauracese,  a  tree  eom- 
nion  in  tropical  America  and  the  West 
Indies.  It  is  from  1  to  2  Ib.  in  weight,  is 
pear-shaped,  of  a  brownish-green  or  purple 
colour,  and  is  highly  esteemed.  The  pulp 
is  firm  and  marrow-like,  hence  the  fruit  is 
sometimes  known  as  vegetable  marrow  or 


midshipmen's  butter.   The  tree  is  an  ever- 
green, growing  to  the  height  of  30  feet. 


A   toad   contains   not  those  urinary  parts  ...  to 
\void  that  serous  excretion.  Sir  T.  Krou-ne. 


Avocado  or  Alligator- pear  (Persea  gratissima). 

Avocat  (av-6-ka),  n.  [Fr.]  An  advocate, 
a  name  given  to  the  higher  class  of  French 
lawyers. 

Avocate  (av'6-kat),  v.t.  [L.  avoco,  to  call 
away  —a,  from,  and  voco,  to  call.  See  VOICE 
and  VOCAL.]  l.fTo  call  off  or  away.  'One 
who  avocateth  his  mind  from  other  occupa- 
tions.' Barrow.— 2.  To  remove  authorita- 
tively from  an  inferior  to  a  superior  court. 
'Seeing  .  .  .  the  cause  avocated  to  Koine.' 
L.  Herbert. 

Avocation  (av-6-ka'shon\  n.  [See  AVOCATE.] 
1. 1  The  act  of  calling  aside  or  diverting  from 
some  object  or  employment. 

God  does  frequently  inject   into  the  soul  blessed 
impulses  to  duty,  and  powerful  avocations  from  sin. 
South. 

2.  The  authoritative  removal  of  a  case  or 
process  from  an  inferior  to  a  superior  court. 

The  pope's  avocation  of  the  process  to  Rome,  by 
which  his  duplicity  and  alienation  from  the  kind's 
side  were  made  evident,  and  the  disgrace  of  Wolsey, 
took  place  in  the  summer  of  15=9.  Hallam. 

3.  t  The  state  of  being  called  or  wandering 
aside  or  away;  a  straying  or  wandering. 

If  not  from  virtue,  from  its  gravest  ways. 

The  soul  with  pleasing  avocation  strays.      Parnell. 

Hence— 4.  That  which  calls  a  man  away  from 
his  proper  business;  a  subordinate  affair 
calling  a  man  from  his  stated  occupation;  a 
diversion;  a  distraction;  a  hinderance;  a 
disturbing  cause. 

Visits,  business,  cards,  and  I  know  not  how  many 
other  avocations  ...  do  succeed  one  another  so 
thick,  that  in  the  day  there  is  no  time  left  for  the 
distracted  person  to  converse  with  his  own  thoughts. 

Boyle. 

My  answer  to  your  letter  is  sufficiently  expeditious, 
but  would  have  been  still  more  so  if  I  had  not  been 
interrupted  by  the  headache  and  many  other  unplea- 
sant avocations.  Miss  Carter. 

5.  A  man's  regular  business  or  occupation; 
vocation;  calling.  *The  ancient  avocation 
of  picking  pockets.'  S.  Smitti.  'The  wan- 
dering avocation  of  a  shepherd.'  Buckle. 

Docs  it  not  require  time  for  an  individual,  thrust 
out  of  one  avocation,  to  gain  admittance  to  another? 
Godwin. 

^Avocation  means  the  being  called  away  from  some- 
thing. We  might  say,  '  He  could  not  do  it,  having 
avocations  elsewhere.'  But  in  our  newspapers  avoca- 
tion means  a  man's  calling  in  life.  If  a  shoemaker  at 
his  work  is  struck  by  lightning  we  read  that  '  while 
pursuing  his  avocation  the  electric  fluid  penetrated 
the  unhappy  man's  person.'  Alford. 

This  use  of  avocation  for  '  vocation.'  however  com- 
mon, has  seldom  had  the  sanction  of  good  writers. 
.  .  .  Lord  Lytton,  in  using  it,  stands  pretty  nearly 
alone,  I  suspect,  among  very  recent  writers  of  any 
celebrity.  .  .  .  On  the  other  hand  (the  plural)  was 
long  ago  used,  sometimes  to  denote  'pursuits,'  'du- 
ties.1 and  such  is,  I  think,  almost  exclusively,  its  mo- 
dern import.  Fitzedwara  Hall.} 

Avpcativet  (a-vo'ka-tiv),n.  That  which  calls 
aside;  a  dissuasive.  'Incentives  to  virtue, 
and  avocativeg  from  vice.'  Barrow. 

Avocativet  (a-vo'ka-tiv),  a.  Calling  off. 
Smollett. 

Avocato  (av-6-ka'to),  n.    Same  as  Avocado. 

Avocatoryt  (a-vo'ka-to-ri),  a.    Calling  off. 

Avocet  (av'6-set),  n.     Same  &&  Avoset. 

Avoid  (a-void'J,  v.t.  [Partly  from  the  adjec- 
tive void,  partly  from  the  verb,  with  prefix 
a  for  ex,  the  verb  being  from  L.  viduare, 
from  vtduus,  empty.  See  VOID.]  1.  To 
make  void;  to  annul;  to  make  of  none  effect; 
to  defeat  or  evade,  as  a  plea  brought  for- 
ward in  an  action;  as,  this  grant  cannot  be 
avoided  without  injustice  to  the  grantee; 
[Chiefly  used  in  legal  phraseology.]— 2. t  To 
empty.  'Avoydtiiou  thi  trenchere.' — Babees 
Book.— 3.  To  emit;  to  eject;  to  throw  out; 
to  void. 


4.t  To  quit;  to  evacuate;  to  depart  from. 
'  Avoid  the  gallery.'  Shak. 

The  prince  should  command  him  to  avoid  the 
country.  Bacon. 

5.  To  shun;  to  keep  away  from;  to  eschew; 
as,  to  avoid  expense,  danger,  bad  company. 
6.t  To  get  rid  of;  to  get  out  or  clear  of. 

I  will  no  longer  endure  it,  though  yet  I  know  no 
wUe  remedy  how  to  avoid  it.  Sha&. 

SYN.  To  quit,  shun,  eschew,  elude,  evade. 
Avoid  (a-voidO,  v.i.    1.  To  become  void,  va- 
cant, or  empty. 

A  benefice  avoids  by  common  law.  Ayliffe. 

2. f  To  retire;  to  withdraw.  '  Satan,  avoid!' 
Shak. 

David  avoided  out  of  his  presence,      i  Sam.  xviii.  n. 

Avoidable  (a-void'a-bl),  a.  1.  That  may 
be  vacated;  liable  to  be  annulled.— 2.  That 
may  be  avoided,  left  at  a  distance,  shunned, 
or  escaped. 

Avoidance  (a-void'ans),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
annulling  or  making  void;  annulment. 

The  obsequious  clergy  of  France  .  .  .  pronounced 
at  once  the  avoidance  of  the  marriage.  Mihnan. 

2.  The  act  of  vacating,  or  the  state  of  being 
vacant:  more  especially  the  state  of  a  bene- 
fice becoming  void  by  the  death,  deprivation, 
or  resignation  of  the  incumbent. 

Wolsey,  .  .  .  onevery<ri/<j/cfo«rtofSt.  Peter'schair, 
was  sitting  down  thereon,  when  suddenly  some  one  or 
other  clapped  in  before  him.  Fuller. 

3.  The  act  of  avoiding  or  shunning.  — 4.  t  A 
retiring  from  or  leaving  a  place.— 5.  t  An 
emptyingout;  that  by  which  a  fluid  IB  carried 
off;  an  outlet.     *  Avoidances  and  drainiugs 
of  water.'  Bacon. 

Avoider  (a-void'er),  n.  1.  One  who  avoids, 
shuns,  or  escapes.  — 2.  t  That  which  empties. 

Avoidless  (a-void'les),  a.  That  cannot 
be  avoided;  inevitable.  ' Avoidlesa  ruin.' 
Dennis.  [Rare.] 

Avoirdupois  (av-er'du-poiz"),  n.  [O.Fr. 
avoir  du  poig,  to  have  weight,  from  L.  ftabeo, 
to  have,  and  pensum,  something  weighed 
out,  from  pendere,  to  hang.  See  POISE.]  A 
system  of  weight  of  which  1  Ib.  contains 
16  oz.,  in  distinction  to  troy  weight,  which 
has  only  12.  5760  grains  make  1  Ib.  troy,  and 
7000  grains  troy  make  1  Ib.  avoirdupois; 
hence  175  Ibs.  troy  are  equal  to  144  Ihs. 
avoirdupois.  This  weight  is  used  for  all 
goods  except  the  precious  metals  and  medi- 
cines. 

Avolte  t  (a-vokO,  v.t.  [L.  avoco,  to  call  away 
— a,  from,  and  voco,  to  call.]  To  call  from 
or  back  again.  Bp.  Buriiet. 

Avolatet  (av'6-lat),  v.i.  [L.  avolo,  to  fly 
away— a  and  volo.  See  VOLATILE.  ]  To  fly 
away;  to  escape;  to  exhale.  Boyle, 

Avolationt  (av-6-la'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
flying  away;  flight;  escape;  exhalation.  'The 
avolation  of  the  favillous  particles.'  Sir  T. 
Browne. 

Avoset  (av'6-set),  n.  [Fr.  avocette.  It.  avo~ 
cetta.]  A  peculiar  bird  of  the  genus  Recur- 


Avoset  (Rccitrvirostra  aiioselta), 

virostra  (R.  avosetta),  family  Scolopacidse, 
order  Grallatores.  The  bill  is  Ions,  slender, 
elastic,  and  bent  upward  toward  the  tip, 
which  distinguishes  it  from  all  other  birds 
except  a  few  humming-birds.  This  bird 
is  of  the  size  of  a  lapwing,  with  very  long 
legs,  and  the  feathers  variejrated  with  black 
and  white.  It  is  found  both  in  Europe  ami 
America. 

Avouch  (a-vouchO,  v.  t.  [Prefix  o ,  and  vmicli ; 
Norm.  Fr.  adtxmcAer.O.Fr.  avochier.atocher, 
advoquer,  &c. ,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  voco,  to 
call  (from  same  stem  also  voice,  weal,  ruca- 
tion,  &c.).  Under  the  feudal  system,  when 
the  right  of  a  tenant  was  impugned,  he  had 
to  call  on  (advocare)  his  lord  to  defend  his 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


AVOUCH 


Mtu 


AWAY 


rik'ht.  IIi'iH-i-,  tnnrimi'li,  fn»m  im-anitr.;  I" 
rail  on  tn  iiiiiintaiii,  r;nin-  itself  tu  signify 
t.»  maintain  cir  utlinii.  Then-  ha.s  been  a  <Ht~ 
tain  confusion  between  tins  word  and  avow. 
BM  AvuW  |  I.  To  atlirm  openly;  to  dei-Un- 
or  assort  witb  positive-ness;  to  acknow- 
ledge openly;  to  avow.  'If  tins  which  tit* 
tn-otH'he*  do  appear.'  Shak. 

Thou  hast  avouched  this  d;iy  the  Lord  to  be  thy 
<;..,!.  .  .  .  And  the  Lord  h.itli  .ifuKc-W  thee  to  be 
In-.  ]ii,'LiilUr  people.  Deut.  xxvi.  17,  18. 

Such  antiquities  could  be  avouched  for  the  Irish. 

Sfnutr, 

•2.  To  miiintuin,  vindicate,  or  justify ;  to 
make  ii<iod;  to  answer  for;  to  establish;  t<i 
"n.'ii'.iniri'.  to  substantiate. 

\Vh.ii  I  li.ivc-  -.ilil  1  will  ai'ouch  in  presence  of  the 
king.  SJtaA. 

We  might  be  disposed  to  question  its  authenticity 
if  it  were  not  avoitfhtd  by  the  full  evidence  in  its 

Avouch  t  (a-voueh'),  n.  Kvidence;  testi- 
mony; declaration. 

Without  the  sensible  and  true  avouch 

Uf  mine  own  eyes.  S/ink. 

Avouchable  (a-vouch'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
bt-int,'  avouched. 

AvOUCher(a- voucher),  H.  One  who  avouches. 

Avouchment  (a-vouch'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
avouching;  declaration;  avowal;  acknow- 
ledgment. Milton. 

Avou6  (ii-vo-a),  7i.  [Fr.,  from  L.  advocatus, 
an  advocate. )  In  France,  originally  a  pro- 
tector of  a  church  or  religious  community, 
but  at  present  applied  to  the  lower  class  of 
French  lawyers. 

Avour.t  Avbure  t  (a-vourO,  n.    [See  Avow.] 
Confession;  acknowledgment. 
He  bade  him  stand  t1  abide  the  bitter  stoure 
of  his  sore  vengeance,  or  to  make  uvoiire.    Spenser. 

Avouterer,  t  Avoutrer,  t  n.  [O.Fr.]  An 
adulterer.  Chaucer. 

Avoutrie.t  71.  [O.Fr.  avoutcrie,  avulterie. 
s,r  Ai.i'LTERY.]  Adultery.  Chaucer. 

AVOW  (a-vou'),  v.t.  [Fr.  avouer,  O.Fr.  auoer, 
to  atlirm,  to  confess  or  acknowledge— prefix 
(f,  from  L.  ad,  to,  and  Fr.  coner,  to  vow,  from 
L.L.  votare,  from  L.  votuin,  a  vow,  from 
voveo,  votuin,  to  vow.  There  has  been  a 
certain  confusion  or  commingling  of  mean- 
ings between  this  verb  and  avouch.]  1.  To 
d(vlare  openly;  often  to  declare  openly  with 
a  view  to  justify,  maintain,  or  defend;  as, 
a  man  avows  his  principles. 

There  is  not  one,  I  dare  avow, 
But  will  deserve  ...  a  right  good  husband.    SHak, 

sprdflcally,  in  law,  to  acknowledge  and 
justify;  as,  when  the  distrainer  of  goods 
il<  f.-nds  in  an  action  of  replevin,  and  avows 
tlii-  taking,  but  insists  that  such  taking  was 
legiil.  See  AVOWRY.— 2.  To  confess  openly 
or  frankly;  to  acknowledge;  to  own. 

Left  to  myself.  I  must  avtnv,  I  strove 

From  public  shame  to  screen  my  secret  love. 

Dry  den. 

3.  To  make  good;  to  maintain. 

If  there  be  one  amongst  the  fair'st  of  Greece,    .    .    . 
That  loves  his  mistress  more  than  in  confession,  .  .  . 
And  dare  avow  her  beauty  and  her  worth, 
In  other  arms  than  hers,— to  him  this  challenge.  Sh,i&. 

SYN.  To  declare,  affirm,  acknowledge,  own, 

confess,  recognize. 
Avowt  (a-vou'),  n.     [See  the   verb.]    1.   A 

vow  or  determination.     'I  will  make  mine 

*tnno  to  do  her  as  ill  a  turn.'    Marriage  of 

Sir  Gawai/ne.—  2.  An  avowal;  a  bold  decla- 

latinii,     Dryden. 
Avowable  (a-vou'a-bl),  a.    Capable  of  being 

avowed  or  openly  acknowledged  with  con- 
fidence. 
Avowably  (a-vou'a-bli),  ad  P.     In  an  avow- 

able  manner. 
Avowal  (a-vou'al),  n.    An  open  declaration; 

frank  acknowledgment.  '  The  ft  voical  of  such 

principles.'    Hums,. 
Avowance  ( a-vou' ans),  n.     i.  The  act  of 

avowing;  avowal. —2.  t  Justification;  de- 

f>  nee;  vindication. 

Can  my  tivowanee  of  king-murdering  be  collected 
IHKD  anything  here  written  by  met  Fuller. 

Avowant  (a-vou'ant),  n.  In  law,  the  de- 
fendant in  replevin,  who  avows  the  distress 
of  the  goods,  and  justifies  the  taking. 

Avowed(a-vimd'),p.  and  a.    Declared;  open. 

1  «.[-.  thine  open,  thine  avowed  enemy.   Massitifftr. 

AVOW»dly  (a- vou'ed-li),a<Jp.  In  an  avowed  or 

open  manner;  with  frank  acknowledgment. 
Avpwee  (a-vou  <• ').  n.  The  person  who  has 

.1  right  to  present  to  a  benefice;  the  patron; 

an  advowee.     See  ADVOWSON. 
Avower  (a-vou'er),  n.   One  who  avows,  owns, 

or  asserts. 
Avowry  (a  vnu'ri),  n.     1.  In  law,  the  act  of 

the  diatrainer  of  goods,  who,  in  an  action 


of  replevin,  HI-I.HV,/  ami  ju.-titied  tin-  taking 
by  maintaining  that  he  took  them  in  bis 
own  rif.'ht;  thus  distin^uishe-l  from  • 
ana;  which  was  the  defence  of  one  who  main 
taincd  that  he  took  them  in  the  right  of 
another  as  his  bailiff  or  servant.  2.  t  Jnsti. 

tiration. 

Therefore  away  with  these  Hi/juries ;  let  I  ',od  alone 
be  our  ttvtnu ry.  J.ttutter. 

Avowtry  (a-vou'tri).    See  AVOI:TKIK. 

Avoyer  (a-voi'er),  «.  [  Fr.  ]  A  name  given  to 
the  chief  magistrate  of  the  imperial  cities  of 
the  old  German  Empire  and  of  the  towns  of 
Switzerland. 

Avulsed  (a-vulsf),  a.  (See  AVULSION.] 
Plucked  or  pulled  off.  Shenstmit.  [Rare  j 

Avulsion  (a-ntl'shon).  11.  [L.  avuliio,  Irom 
ttvello—a,  from,  away,  and  vello,  vulitum,  to 
pull.]  1. 1  A  pulling  or  tearing  asunder  or 
off ;  a  rending  or  violent  separation.  '  The 
thronging  clusters  thin  by  kind  avitlnion.' 
J.  Philip*.— 1.\  A  fragment  torn  off.  Good- 
rich. -  3.  In  law,  the  sudden  removal  of  soil 
from  the  land  of  one  man  and  its  deposit 
upon  the  land  of  another  by  the  action  of 
water.  The  soil  in  such  case  belongs  to  the 
owner  from  whose  land  it  is  removed.  Bell. 

Avuncular  (a-vung'ku-ler),  a.  [L.  <mm- 
culiu,  an  uncle.]  Of  or  pertaining  to  an 
uncle. 

In  these  rare  instances  the  law  of  pedigree,  whe- 
ther direct  or  avuncular,  gives  way.     Is.  Taylor. 

Await  (a-waf),  ».  (.  [O.  Fr.  awaiter,  awaitier, 
prefix  a  =  L.  ad,  to,  and  waiter,  waitier,  later, 
gaiter  (Mod.  1'r.  guetter),  from  the  O.H.G. 
See  WAIT.)  1.  To  wait  for;  to  look  for  or 
expect. 

Betwixt  the  rocky  pillars  Gabriel  sat. 
Chief  of  the  angelic  guards,  awaiti'i?  night. 

Milton. 

Z.  To  be  in  store  for;  to  attend;  to  be  ready 
for;  as,  a  glorious  reward  awaitu  the  good. 

Let  all  good  things  await 

Him  who  cares  not  to  be  great.        Tennyson. 

Await  t  (a-waf),  n.     A  state  of  waiting; 

watch ;  ambush.     '  Thousand  perils  lie  in  j 

close  await. '    Spenver. 
Awaitt  (a-waf),  ade.     In  wait.     Tyndale. 
Awake  (a-wak'),  v.t.  pret.  amice,  awaked; 

pp.  awaked;  ppr.  awaking.  [Prefix  a,  intens  , 

and  wake;  A.  Sax.  duxtcan,  titcoc,  also  awa-  ! 

dan,  to  awake  (trans,  and  intrans.).    See  , 

WAKE.]    1.  To  rouse  from  sleep. 

I  go  that  I  may  a-wake  him  out  of  sleep.     Jn.  xi.  ir.   j 

2.  To  arouse  from  a  state  resembling  sleep, 
as  from  death,  stupor,  or  inaction;  to  put 
into  action  or  new  life;  as,  to  awake  the 
dead;  to  awake  the  dormant  faculties.  'My 
master  is  awaked  by  great  occasion  to  call 
upon  his  own.'  Shak.— SYN.  To  arouse,  ex- 
cite, stir  np,  call  forth. 
Awake  (a-wak'),  r.  i.  1.  To  cease  to  sleep;  to 
come  from  a  state  of  natural  sleep. 

Jacob  a-uiaked  out  of  his  sleep.     Gen.  xxviii.  16. 

2.  To  bestir  or  rouse  one's  self  from  a  state 
resembling  sleep;  to  emerge  from  a  state  of 
inaction;  to  be  invigorated  with  new  life; 
to  become  alive;  as,  to  awake  from  sloth; 
to  awake  to  the  consciousness  of  a  great 
loss. 

Aiuake,  O  sword,  against  my  shepherd.     Zee.  xiii.  7. 
Ataake  to  righteousness.  i  Cor.  xv.  34. 

3.  To  be  or  remain  awake;  to  watch.     [Ob- 
solete or  poetical.] 

'Tis  such  as  you  .  .  . 

Nourish  the  cause  of  his  awaking.          Shak. 
The  purple  flowers  droop ;  the  golden  bee 
Is  lily-cradled  ;  \  a\tmt  crwake.          Tennyson. 

Awake  (a-wak1),  a.  [A.  Sax.  dwacen,  pp.  of 
tiwacan.  See  the  verb. ]  Not  sleeping;  in 
a  state  of  vigilance  or  action. 

It  is  my  love  that  keeps  mine  eyes  aTuatf.    Sftak. 

Awakement  (a-wak'ment),  n.  Act  of  awak-  j 
ening,  or  state  of  being  awake ;  revival, 
especially  religious  revival. 

Awaken  (a-wak'n),  c.i.    [A.  Sax.  awacnan, 
dwamian,  to  awake  (intrans.).    The  intran- 
sitive meaning  of  awaken  is  the  older,  but  ' 
the  verb  is  now  perhaps  more  com  monly  used 
transitively.  ]    To  become  awake ;  to  cease  j 
to  sleep ;  to  be  roused  from  sleep  or  a  state 
resembling  sleep;  as.  to  awaken  from  sleep,  i 
'A  music  of  preparation,  of  awakening  sus- 
pense—a  music  like  the  opening  of  the  coro- 
nation anthem.'    Ve  Quincey. 

Awaken  (a-wak'n),  ».«.   [A.  Sax.  aw&mian.] 
To  rouse  from  sleep  or  a  state  resembling 
Bleep;  to  cause  to  revive  from  a  state  of  in-  ' 
action. 

(Satan)  his  next  subordinate 

fttvakeiiinff,  thus  to  him  in  secret  spake.    Mtltem. 
\  offered  tu  awaken  his  regard  for's  private  friends. 
£*•*. 


(He)  is  despatched 
Already  to  awatert  whom  thou  nnm'st.      Cff*-f<r 

Awakener(a-wak'n-cr),)i.  He  or  that  whii  li 
awakens. 

Awakening  (a-wak'n-ing).  «.  1.  Act  .f 
awaking  from  sleep,  •s.nn,-  minutes  eie 
the  time  of  her  <itcal-eidn<j.'  Shu  I,  I  \ 
revival  of  religion,  or  mon  -.  n. ni  atten- 
tion to  religion  than  usual. 

Awakening  (a-wak'n -ing),  p.  and  a.  Rous- 
ing; alarming;  as,  an  «»•<!/.•  m,/.f  -ri  mon. 

Awakeningly  (a  «ak  n  ing-li),  ade.  In  a 
manner  to  awaken. 

Awakenment  (a -wak'n-ment),  n.    The  art 
,  of  awakening,  or  state  of  being  awak 
specifically,  a  religious  revival.    [Rare  ] 

Awanting  (a-wont'lng),  a.  Wanting;  defi- 
cient; absent;  missing:  not  used  attribu- 
tively. 

In  either  case  criticism  was  required,  and  criticism 
was  a-waalnif .  Sir  IT.  Hamilton. 

Awapet  (a-wap1),  r.f.     See  AwilAPE. 

Award  (a- ward'),  v.t.  [0. FT.  aitarder,  ayar- 
der.  to  have  under  ward,  to  have  nfora  to. 
to  inspect,  and  hence  to  pronounce  as  to 
the  sufficiency  of;  from  a,  equivalent  toL.  ad, 
to,  and  the  Teutonic  stem  seen  in  E.  ward, 
guard,  regard,  Fr.  garde.  See  WARD.]  1.  To 
adjudge;  to  give  by  sentence  or  judicial  de- 
termination; to  assign  by  sentence;  specifi- 
cally used  to  express  the  act  of  arbitrators 
in  pronouncing  upon  the  rights  of  parties; 
as,  the  arbitrators  awarded  damages  to 
A.  B.— 2.  To  grant;  to  allot;  to  bestow. 

The  child  had  many  more  luxuries  and  indulgen- 
ces than  had  been  awarded  to  his  father. 

Thackeray. 

Award  (a-ward'X  v.i.  To  judge;  to  deter- 
mine; to  make  an  award. 

Award  (a-ward1), ».  1.  Judgment;  sentence; 
specifically,  the  decision  of  arbitrators  on 
points  submitted  to  them. 

We  cannot  expect  an  equitable  attard  where  the 
judge  is  made  a  party.  Glatnille. 

2.  The  document  conveying  sneh  decision; 
as,  all  the  arbitrators  signed  the  award. — 

3.  An    assignment;    allotment;    bestowal; 
gift. 

Awarder  (a-ward'tr),  »i.  One  that  awards 
or  assigns  by  sentence  or  judicial  determin- 
ation; a  judge. 

Aware(a-wai-'),a.  [Preflxo,  and  ware;  A.Sax. 
gewtxr,  wary,  cautious;  G.  geichr,  aware. 
See  WARE.)  1.  Apprised;  cognizant;  in  pos- 
session  of  information;  as,  the  general  was 
aware  of  the  enemy's  designs.— 2.  Informed 
by  sight  or  other  sense. 

Then  Enid  was  au-are  of  three  tall  knights 
On  horseback,  wholly  arm'd,  behind  a  roclc. 
In  shadow,  waiting.  Tennyson. 

[Not  used  attributively.]— STN.  Informed, 
apprised,  cognizant,  conscious,  acquainted. 

Awarnt  (a-warn'),  v.t.  To  warn.  'Every 
bird  and  beast  awarned  made  to  shrowd 
themselves.'  Spenier. 

Awash  (a-wosh'),  o.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on. 
and  wash.  ]  Xaut.  a  term  used  of  (a)  the 
position  of  an  anchor  when  hove  up  to  the 
surface  of  the  water,  (b)  The  condition  of  a 
shoal  which  the  water  barely  covers:  as  an 
adjective,  not  used  attributively. 

Away  (a-wa'),  adv.  [A.  Sax.  aweg,  oniceu, 
away,  absent  — o,  on,  and  weg,  way.  See 
WAY.]  1.  Absent:  at  a  distance;  as,  the 
master  is  away  from  home.— 2.  Apart ;  to  a 
distance;  as,  to  go,  run,  or  come  away;  to 
send  away;  tear  away.  Often  used  elliptl- 
cally;  as,  whither  away  so  fast?  'Lest 
Boots  and  Brewer  should  have  instant  occa- 
sion to  mount  (the  cab)  and  ttiray.'  Dickens. 

Love  hath  wings,  and  will  away.         11'alltr. 
ATvay,  old  man  1  give  me  thy  hand  ;  avfayl    Shak. 

From  the  sense  of  'to  a  distance'  comes 
that  of  'out  of  existence '  when  used  with 
many  transitive  verbs,  and  with  intransi- 
tive verbs  expressing  a  change  of  state ;  as, 
to  drink  away,  to  squander  away,  to  dissi- 
pate in  drinking  or  extravagance ;  to  go 
away;  as.  the  sound  goes  away;  to  pass 
away;  to  die  away.  In  this  sense  the  word 
has  the  effect  of  converting  many  Intransi- 
tive verbs  Into  transit!  ves:  as,  to  idle  away; 
to  loiter  away;  to  trifle  away,  Ac.— 3.  Often 
the  word  has  merely  an  intensive  force;  as. 
eat  aieay,  laugh  airay,  fire  away,  Ac.  See  To 
Fire  Aicay  under  FIRE.  'As  if  all  the  chim- 
neys in  Great  Britain  had,  by  one  consent, 
caught  fire,  and  were  blazing  away  to  their 
dear  hearts'  content.'  Dickem.  —  Away 
with,  (a)  used  as  an  imperative  phrase,  com- 
manding the  removal  of  an  object.  '  A  way 
with  this  man  and  release  unto  us  Barab- 
bas.'  Luke  xxiii.  18.  (6)  Bear;  endure:  used 
chiefly  in  negative  phrases.  'She  could 


ell.  t'/'ain: 

VOL.  I. 


th,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;      fi,  Fr.  to/i;      ng,  ting;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig; 


zh,  azure.— Sec  KEY. 
13 


AWAY-GOING 


194 


AXE-HEAD 


never  away  icith  him.'  Shalt.  — To  make 
away  with.  See  under  MAKE. — Far  away, 
(a)  at  a  great  distance,  (b)  By  far.  [Colloq.] 
Of  all  the  men  whom  she  had  ever  seen,  he  was 
far  a-way  the  nicest  and  best.  Trollofe. 

Away-going  (a-wa'go-ing),  a.  Going  away; 
departing;  leaving ;  specifically  said  of  a 
tenant  leaving  his  farm;  as,  an  away-going 
tenant — Away-going  crops,  those  sown  dur- 
ing the  last  year  of  a  tenancy,  but  not  ripe 
until  after  the  expiration  of  it.  The  right 
which  an  outgoing  tenant  has  to  take  an 
away-going  crop  is  sometimes  given  to  him 
by  the  express  terms  of  the  contract,  but 
where  this  is  not  the  case  lie  is  generally 
entitled  to  do  so  by  the  custom  of  the  dis- 
trict. Wharton. 

Away-going  (a-wa'go-ing),  n.  A  going  away; 
departure. 

Awaywardt  (a-wa'werd),  ado.  Turned 
aside.  Gower. 

Awe  (a),  n.  [O.E.  aghe,  awe,  eghe,  eye  (all 
dissyllabic),  A. Sax.  ege,  oga,  fear,  dread;  Icel. 
agi,  awe,  terror;  Dan.  ave,  awe,  control,  re- 
straint; Goth,  agis,  fear;  allied  also  to  A. Sax. 
egesa,  terror;  O.H.G.  agiso;  Gael,  agh,  fear; 
Gr.achos,  anguish—  from  root  of  ag,  strength- 
ened to  ang  in  anguish,  anger,  &c.  See  AN- 
GER.] 1.  Dread;  fear,  as  of  something  eviL 

I  had  as  lief  not  be,  as  live  to  be 

In  awe  of  such  a  thing  as  I  myself.          Shak. 

2.  Fear  mingled  with  admiration  or  rever- 
ence ;  reverential  fear. 

Stand  in  awe  and  sin  not.  Ps.  iv.  4. 

3.  Feeling  inspired  by  something  sublime, 
not  necessarily  partaking  of  the  nature  of 
fear  or  dread;  as,  to  feel  awe  at  the  sight  of 
the  Niagara  Falls.— 4.  Overawing  influence. 
'  By  my  sceptre's  awe  I  make  a  vow.'  Shak. 

Awe  (a),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  awed;  ppr.  awing. 
To  strike  with  awe ;  to  influence  by  fear, 
reverence,  or  respect. 
Never  be  it  said 

That  Fate  itself  could  awe  the  soul  of  Richard. 
Shak. 

Awe  (a),  v.t.    To  owe.    [Scotch.] 
Aweary  (a-we'ri),  a.    Weary.    [Poetical.] 

She  said  '  I  am  alveary,  aweary, 

I  would  that  I  were  dead.*  Tennyson. 

Aweatner  (a-weTH'er),  a.  or  adv.  [Prefix  a, 
on,  and  weather.  ]  Oil  the  weather  side,  or 
toward  the  wind;  as,  the  helm  is  aweather: 
opposed  to  alee. 

Aweel  (a-weT),  adv.  Oh.  well;  very  well. 
[Scotch.] 

Awetl,  if  your  honour  thinks  I'm  safe,  the  story 
was  just  this.  Sir  if.  Scott. 

A  weigh  (a-wa'),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  and 
weigh.]  Naut.  atrip.  The  anchor  is  aweigh 
when  it  is  just  drawn  out  of  the  ground 
and  hangs  perpendicular.  See  ATRIP. 

Aweless  (a'les),  a.  Devoid  of  awe.  See 
AWLKSS. 

Awesome,  Awsom  (a'sum),  a.  [Old  Eng- 
lish and  Scotch.]  1.  Inspiring  awe;  awful; 
as,  an  awesome  sight. 

Sic  awesome  language  as  that  I  ne'er  heard  out  o' 
a  human  thrapple.  Sir  if'.  Scoti. 

2.  Evidencing,  or  expressive  of  terror. 


He  did  gie   an  awesc 
castle. 


'-  glance  up  at  the  auld 
Sir  If.  "     - 


.  Scott. 

Awe-struck  (a'struk),  n.  Impressed  or 
struck  with  awe. 

Awful  (a'ful),a.  1.  Striking  or  inspiring  with 
awe;  filling  with  dread,  or  dread  mingled 
with  profound  reverence;  as,  the  awful  ma- 
jesty of  Jehovah ;  the  awful  approach  of 
death.  '  The  awful  mysteries  of  the  world 
unseen.'  Dr.  Caird. 

Her  fathers'  God  before  her  moved. 
An  awful  guide  in  smoke  and  flame. 

Sir  If.  Scott. 

2.t  Inspiring  or  commanding  respect,  re- 
verence, or  obedience.  '  And  awful  rule  and 
right  supremacy.'  Shak.— 3.  Expressive  of 
or  indicating  deep  awe,  as  for  the  Deity. 

Towards  him  they  bend 
With  awful  reverence  prone.  Milton. 

4,f  Impressed  with  or  exhibiting  respect 
or  reverence,  as  for  authority;  law-abiding; 
respectful  in  the  extreme.  'Thrust  from 
the  company  of  awful  men.'  Shak.  'To  pay 
their  awful  duty  to  our  presence.'  Shak. 
5.  Having  some  character  in  an  extreme  or 
noticeable  degree;  excessive;  very  great; 
extraordinary;  preposterous;  as,  an  awful 
fright;  an  awful  dandy;  an  awful  bonnet; 
to  cut  an  awful  figure  among  other  people. 
[Colloq.  ]  —  Awful,  Dreadful,  Frightful. 
These  adjectives  exhibit  the  same  distinc- 
tions of  meaning  as  the  nouns  from  which 
they  are  derived.  Thus  awful  is  full  of  awe, 
full  of  that  which  inspires  awe,  or  a  feel- 


ing of  deep  solemnity  and  reverence,  often 
with  a  certain  admixture  of  fear,  acting 
especially  upon  the  imagination;  dreadful 
is  applied  to  what  inspires  dread,  that  is,  an 
overpowering  fear  of  coming  evil;  frightful 
is  more  especially  applicable  to  what  in- 
spires sudden  terror  or  alarm.— SYN.  So- 
lemn, august,  venerable,  dreadful,  fearful, 
terrible. 

Awful  (a'ful),  n.  A  sensational  newspaper 
or  other  cheap  publication;  a  dreadful. 

Awfully  (a'ful-li),  adv.  In  an  awful  manner; 
in  a  manner  to  fill  with  awe;  in  a  reverential 
manner;  frightfully;  terribly;  excessively. 

Awfulness  (a'ful-nes),  n.  1.  The  quality  of 
being  awful,  or  of  striking  with  awe,  rever- 
ence, or  terror;  solemnity;  gravity;  porten- 
tousness ;  as,  the  awfulness  of  this  sacred 
place. 

Contrasts  which  move,  now  our  laughter  at  their 
incongruity,  and  now  our  terror  at  their  ait'/ulness. 
Dr.  Caird. 

2. t  The  state  of  being  struck  with  awe.  'A 
help  to  prayer,  producing  in  us  reverence  and 
awfulness.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Awhape  t  (a- wimp'),  v.t.  [O.E.  awaped, 
awhaped,  confounded,  terrified,  probably 
connected  with  O.  and  Prov.  E.  wap, 
whap,  to  beat,  a  blow,  Sc.  wqp,  to  dash, 
to  throw;  or  equivalent  to  Goth,  afhvap- 
nan,  to  be  suffocated.]  To  confound;  to 
terrify.  'A  wild  and  salvage  man  .  .  .  that 
could  awhape  an  hardy  hart.'  Spenser. 
Spelled  also  A  wape. 

A-wheels  (a-whelz'),  adv.  On  wheels.  Ben 
Jonson. 

Awhile  (a-whir),  adv.  [Prefix  a,  on,  or 
perhaps  indef.  art.  a,  and  while,  time  or 
interval.]  A  space  of  time;  for  some  time; 
for  a  short  time. 

Counsel  may  stop  awhile  what  will  not  stay.    Shak. 

Awk  (ak),  a.  [O.E.  auke,  awke,  a  form  cor- 
responding to  Icel.  ofigr,  ofugr,  Sw.  afvig, 
turned  the  wrong  way,  from  af  =  E.  off; 
comp.  Dan,  avet,  awkward,  O.Sax.  avuh, 
perverse.]  l.t  Contrary;  backward;  hence 
perverse; wrong; erroneous.  'An awk stroke.' 
Palsgrave.  'Confuting  .  .  .  the aw£ opinions 
of  the  Stoics.'  Trewnesse  of  Christian  Re- 
ligion. 'The  awk  end  of  a  rod.'  Golding. 
2.  Not  dexterous ;  unhandy;  awkward;  un- 
gainly. [Provincial.]— 3. t  Left;  left-handed. 
'  On  the  awk  or  left  hand. '  Holland. 

Awk  t  (ak),  adv.  Awkwardly;  wrongly.  'Pro- 
fessors ringing  as  awk  as  the  bells.'  Sir  R. 
L' Estrange. 

Awkly  t  (ak'li),  adv.     Awkwardly.     Fuller. 

Awkness  t  ( a.k '  nes ),  n.  Awkwardness. 
Daniel  Rogers. 

Awkward  (ak'werd),  a.  [Awk  and  ward.] 
1,  Wanting  dexterity  in  the  use  of  the  hands 
or  of  instruments;  unready;  not  dexterous; 
bungling.  '  So  true  that  he  was  awkivard  at 
a  trick.'  Dryden. — 2.  Inelegant;  ungraceful 
in  manners;  uncouth.  'An  awkward  cour- 
tesy.' Dryden.—  3.|  Perverted;  perverse. 

They  with  awkward  judgment  put  the  chief  point 
of  godliness  in  outward  things.  Udall. 

4.  t  Untoward;  adverse. 

And  twice  by  awkward  wind  from  England's  bank. 
Driven  back  again  unto  my  native  clime.  Shak. 

5.t  Vexatious;  unjustifiable.  "Tis  no  sin- 
ister nor  awkward  claim.'  Shak.— 6.  Not 
easily  dealt  with ;,  troublesome ;  as,  an 
awkward  customer.  [Colloq.] — 7.t  Unlucky. 

The  beast  long  struggled  as  being  tike  to  prove 
An  awkward  sacrifice.  Marlowe. 

—Awkward,  Clumsy,  Uncouth.  Awkward, 
generally  applied  to  oddness  or  want  of 
ease  and  grace  in  the  bearing  or  the  use  of 
the  arms  or  legs;  clumsy,  applied  to  a  pe- 
culiarity of  the  whole  body,  and  conveying 
the  idea  of  unwieldiness  or  want  of  due 
control;  uncouth,  lit.  unknown,  uncommon, 
out  of  date :  applied  to  what  is  out  of  the 
usual  run  of  things  — to  what  we  are  un- 
accustomed to  — often  almost  synonymous 
with  rude,  savage,  barbarous,  uncivilized, 
rugged,— SYN.  Unhandy,  bungling,  inexpert, 
untoward,  clumsy,  uncouth,  ungraceful,  un- 
gainly, lubberly,  vexatious,  troublesome. 

Awkwardly  (ak'werd-li),  adv.  In  an  awk- 
ward manner;  clumsily;  in  a  rude  or  bung- 
ling manner;  inelegantly;  badly. 

Awkwardness  (ak'werd -nes),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  awkward ;  clumsiness ;  un- 
gracefulness  in  manners;  want  of  dexterity 
in  the  use  of  the  hands  or  instruments ; 
un  suitableness. 

Awl  (al),  n.  [A.  Sax.  awul,  od,  eal,  dl,  O.E. 
awel,  owel,  aul,  an  awl ;  Icel.  air,  G.  ahle ; 
there  are  also  several  longer  forms,  in 
which  is  combined  another  element,  as  Sc. 


elshin,  O.H.G.  alasna,  alansa,  an  awl.]  A 
pointed  instrument  for  piercing  small  holes 
in  leather,  wood,  &c.,  as  the  bent-pointed 
sewing-awZ  of  the  shoemaker  and  saddler 
and  the  straight-pointed  brad-awl  of  the 
joiner. 

Awless  (a'les),  a.  1.  Wanting  awe  or  rever- 
ence; void  of  respectful  fear.  '  Awless  insol- 
ence.' Dryden. — 2.  Wanting  the  power  of 
inspiring  reverence  or  awe.  'The  awless 
throne.'  Shak. 

Awl-shaped  (al'shapt),  a.  1.  Having  the 
shape  of  an  awl.  —  2.  In  bot.  slender  and 
tapering  towards  the  extremity  from  a 
broadish  base,  as  a  leaf;  subulate. 

Awlwort  (al'wert),  n.  The  popular  name 
of  the  Siibularia  aquatiw,  so  called  from 
its  awl-shaped  leaves  (L.  subida,  au  awl). 
It  is  a  native  of  Britain  and  Ireland. 

Awm,  Aum  (am),  ?i.     Same  as  Aam. 

Awmbry  (am'bri),  n.     Same  as  A inbry. 

Awmous  (am'us),  n.     Alms.    [Scotch.] 

Awn  (an),  n.  [Icel.  ogn,  Dan.  avne,  Sw. 
ague,  chaff,  husk;  O.H.G.  agana,  Goth. 
ahana;  from  root  ak,ac.  (See  ACID.)  Ail,avel 
contain  the  same  root.  ]  The  bristle  or  beard 
of  com  or  grass,  or  any  similar  bristle-like 
appendage. 

Awn,  Awin(an,a'in),p2>r.    Owing.  [Scotch.] 

Awned  (and),  a.  Having  awns :  a  term  ap- 
plied to  leaves,  leaf-stalks,  &c. ,  bearing  a 
long  rigid  spine,  as  in  barley,  Galium  aris- 
tatum,  &c. 

Awner  (an'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
removes  awns  from  grain;  a  hummeller. 

Awning  (an'ing),  n.  [Probably  the  same 
word  as  L.G.  havenung,  a  shelter,  from 
haven.  Wedgwood  takes  it  from  Fr.  auvent, 
M iM.  i.  auvanna,  a  pent-house,  which  Skeat 
is  inclined  to  derive  from  au  eastern  word 
such  as  Per.  dwan,  dwang,  anything  sus- 
pended.] 1.  A  covering  of  canvas  or  other 
cloth  spread  over  any  place  as  a  protection 
from  the  sun's  rays. 

A  court 

Compact  of  lucid  marbles,  boss'd  with  lengths 
Of  classic  frieze,  with  ample  awnings  pay. 

Tennyson. 

2.  Naut.  that  part  of  the  poop  deck  whic 

is  continued  forward  beyond  the  bulkhe, 

of  the  cabin. 

Awnless  (an'Ies),  a.    Without  awn  or  1 
Awny  (an'i),  a.    Having  awns. 
Awoke  (a-wokO-     The  preterit  of  awake. 
Awork  t  (a-werk*),  adv.    [Prefix  a,  and  work. ) 

At  work;  in  a  state  of  labour  or  action. 

Aroused  vengeance  sets  him  new  awork.     Shak. 
Aworking  (a-werk'ing),  adv.     At  work: 
or  iuto  a  state  of  working  or  action. 

Never  met 
Adventure  which  might  them  aworking  set.  Spenser. 

Awreke.t  v.t.    [A.  Sax.  awrecan,  to  aven 
to  revenge.   See  WREAK.]  To  wreak;  top 
secute ;  to  take  vengeance  on ;  to  ave 
Chaucer. 

Awrongt  (a-rong'),  adv.    [Prefix  a, 
wrong.]    In  a  wrong  manner.     Ford. 

Awry  (a-rl'),  a.  or  adv.    [Prefix  a,  and  wry.] 

1,  Turned  or  twisted  toward  one  side ;  nof 
in  a  straight  or  true  direction  or  position 
asquint;  with  oblique  vision;  as,  to  glanci 
or  look  awry;  the  lady's  cap  is  awry. 

she  steps,  looks,  or  moves  awry. '    Spectator. 

2.  Fig.  turned  aside  from  the  line  of  trutl 
or  right  reason;  perverse  or  perversely. 

Much  of  the  soul  they  talk,  but  all  awry.    Milton. 

Awsome  (a'sum),  a.  and  adv.    See  AWESOM 
[Scotch.] 
Ax,  Axe  (aks),  v.t.    Old  and  provincial  fo; 

of  ask. 

For  I  wol  axe  if  it  hir  wille  be 

To  be  ray  wyf.  Chaucer. 

Axal  (aks'al),  a.    Same  as  Axial.     [Rare.] 

Axayaoatl  (aks-a-e-a-katl),  n.   A  fly  commo 

in  Mexico,  whose  eggs,  deposited  on  rushes 

and  flags  in  large  quantities,  are  sold  an 

used  as  a  sort  of  caviare  called  ahuauhtl 

The  dish  has  been  borrowed  from  the  ( 

rigines  by  the  Spanish  immigrants. 

Axe(aks),  n.    An  axis.     Eng.  Cyc.     [Rare.] 

Axe,  Ax  (aks),  7i.    [A.  Sax.  ax,  eax,  cex,  Icel. 

ox,  Dan.  oxe,  D.  aakse,  G.  ax,  axt;  allied 

to  Gr.  axine,  L.  ascia,  for  acsia—&n  axe. 

From  the  root  ac,  ak,  a  point.    See  Acin.l 

An  instrument,  usually  of  iron,  or  of  iron 

and  steel,  for  hewing  timber  and  chopping 

wood.    It  consists  of  a  head  with  an  arcliini: 

edge  of  steel,  and  a  helve  or  handle.    The 

edge  is  in  the  plane  of  the  sweep  of  the 

tool,  differing  therein  from  the  adze.    The 

ancient  battle-axe  was  sometimes  two-edged. 

Axe-form (aks'form), a.  Sameas.^xe.-.v/m/""' 

Axe-head  (aks'hed),  n.     The  head  or  inm  uf 

an  axe.     The  ancient  axe-heads  formed  nf 

stone  are  called  by  antiquarians  celts. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


AXE-SHAPED 


195 


AY 


V, 


,  Axils. 


Axe-shaped  (aks'shnpt),  a.  In  hot.  having 
a  resemblance  loan  axe  or  hatchet;  dolabri- 
fonii. 

Axe-stone  (aks'ston),  n.  A  mineral,  called 
also  Nephrite  or  Jade,  found  chiefly  in  New 
Zealand  and  the  South  Sea  Islands,  and  used 
by  the  natives  for  axes  and  other  cutting 
instruments,  whence  the  name.  See  NE- 
I'liitiTE,  JADK. 

Axial  (aks'i-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  an  axis. — 
Axial  line,  the  name  given  by  Faraday  to 
the  line  in  which  the  magnetic  force  passes 
from  one  pole  of  a  horse-shoe  magnet  to  the 
other. 

Axially  (aks'i-al-li),  adv.  According  to,  or 
in  a  lino  with  the  axis. 

Axlferous  (ak-sif'er-us),  a.  [L  axiji,  and 
/era,  to  bear.]  A  term  applied  to  those 
plants  which,  like  lichens,  fungi,  &c.,  con- 
sist exclusively  of  an  axis.without  any  leaves 
or  appendages. 

Axiform  (aks'i-form),«.  [L.  axis,  and/orwa, 
shape.  ]  In  the  form  of  an  axis. 

Axil  (aks'il),  11.  [I.  axilla,  the  armpit]  l.The 
armpit;  a  cavity  under  the  upper  part  of 
the  arm  or  shoulder. 
2.  In  bat.  the  space 
or  angle  formed  on 
the  upper  side  be- 
tween an  axis  and  any 
organ  growing  from 
it,  as  by  a  branch  with 
the  stem  or  by  a  leaf 
with  the  stem  or 
branch.  Buds  usually 
appear  in  the  axils  of 
leaves. 

Axile  (aks'il),  a.  In  bat.  of  or  belonging  to 
the  axis ;  lying  in  the  axis,  as  an  embryo 
which  lies  in  the  axis  of  a  seed. 

Axilla  (aks-il'la),  n.  pi.  Axillae  (aks-il'le). 
Same  as  Axil. 

Axillar  (aks'il-lar),  a.    Same  as  Axillary. 

Axillary  (aks'il-la-ri),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
armpit  or  to  the  axil  of  plants.  — Axillary 
artery,  iu  anat.  a  continuation  of  the  sub- 
clayian.  —  Axillary  learns,  in  bot.  leaves 
which  proceed  from  the  angle  formed  by 
the  stem  and  branch.  —  Axulary  vein,  in 
(mat.  a  continuation  of  the  brachial  veins 
and  ending  in  the  subclavian  vein,  and 
anastomosing  with  the  branches  of  the  axil- 
lary artery. 

Axinite  (aks'in-it),  n,  [Or.  axine,  an  axe.) 
A  mineral  of  the  garnet  family,  which  some- 
times occurs  in  lamellar  masses,  but  com- 
monly in  crystals,  whose  general  form  is 
that  of  a  very  oblique  rhomb,  or  rather 
four-sided  prism,  so  flattened  that  some  of 
its  edges  become  thin  and  sharp  like  that  of 
an  axe,  whence  its  name.  It  Is  composed 
of  45  silica,  25  magnesia,  19  alum,  with  lime, 
iron  peroxide,  manganese,  and  boracic  acid. 
Called  also  Yanolite  and  Violet  Schorl. 

Axlnomancy(aks-in'o-man-si),  n.  [Or.axine, 
an  axe,  and  manteia,  divination.]  An  an- 
cient kiml  of  divination  for  the  detection  of 
crime  by  means  of  an  axe  or  axes.  Thus, 
an  axe  might  be  poised  on  a  bar,  and  the 
names  of  persons  suspected  repeated;  if  the 
hatchet  moved  at  the  name  of  any  one  he 
was  pronounced  guilty. 

Axiom  (aks'i-om),  ?i.  [Or.  axioina,  authority, 
an  authoritative  sentence,  or  that  which  is 
assumed,  from  axios,  worthy,  axioo,  to  think 
worthy,  to  esteem.  ]  1.  A  self-evident  truth 
or  proposition;  a  necessary  truth;  a  propo- 
sition whose  truth  is  so  evident  at  first 
sight  that  no  process  of  reasoning  or  demon- 
stration can  make  it  plainer;  as, '  the  whole 
is  greater  than  the  part;'  '  things  which  are 
equal  to  the  same  thing  are  equal  to  one 
another; ' '  it  is  impossible  for  a  thing  both 
to  be  and  not  to  be  at  the  same  time;' 
'  from  nothing,  nothing  can  arise.'  All  com- 
mon notions  of  the  mind,  whose  evidence  is 
«o  clear  and  forcible  that  a  man  cannot 
<l™y  them  without  renouncing  common 
sense  and  natural  reason,  may  be  called 
axioms. 

Philosophers  give  the  name  of  axioms  only  to  self- 
I'M.  lent  trtuhs  that  are  necessary,  and  are  not  limited 
t  •  lime  and  ulace,  but  must  be  true  at  all  times,  and 
in  all  places.  •  R tid. 

2.  _An  established  principle  in  some  art  or 
science;  a  principle  universally  received; 
as.  tlie  axioms  of  political  economy.  — 
.Ln'om,  postulate.  Axiom,  a  self-evident 
truth,  existing  in  the  very  nature  of  things, 
anil  heiiee  not  admitting  of  denial.  Postu- 
l«tf,  something  required  to  be  granted  as  a 
basis  for  reasoning.  Such  a  basis  may  be 
self-evident  and  therefore  axiomatic,  or  it 
may  be  agreed  on  between  two  reasouers 


and  admitted  by  both,  but  not  as  a  proposi- 
tion which  it  would  be  impossible  to  deny. 
— Aphorism,  Axiom,  Maxim,  Apophthegm, 
Adage,  1'roverb,  liyword,  Saw.  See  under 
APHORISM. 

Axiomatic,  Axiomatical  (aks'i-6 -mat"ik, 
aks'i-6-mat"ik-al),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
axioms;  having  the  character  of  an  axiom; 
having  the  nature  of  self-evident  truths  or 
received  principles. 

Many  controversies  arise  touching  the  axiomatic 
character  of  the  law.  5iV  W.  Hamilton. 

In  his  (the  critic's)  heart  there  is  no  system,  no 
principle,  no  axiomatical  truth  that  regulates  subor- 
dinate position.  Johnson. 

2.  Consisting  of  axioms. 

Axioraatically  (aks'i-6-mat"ik-al-li),  adv. 
In  an  axiomatic  manner;  by  the  use  of 
axioms. 

Axiopistyt  (aks'i-6-pU-ti),  n.  [Gr.  ax  ins. 
worthy,  and  puttis,  faith.]  Worthiness  to 
be  believed. 

Axis  (aks'is),  n.  pi.  Axes  (aks'ez).  [L.  See 
AXLE.]  1.  The  straight  line,  real  or  imagin- 
ary, passing  through  a  body  or  magnitude, 
on  which  it  revolves,  or  may  be  supposed  to 
revolve,  especially  such  a  straight  line  with 

'  regard  to  which  the  different  parts  of  a  mag- 
nitude, orseveral  magnitudes,  aresymmetri- 
cally  arranged;  as,  the  axis  of  the  earth  or 
any  sphere;  the  axis  of  a  cone;  the  axis  of  a 
curve;  the  axis  of  a  system  of  magnitudes. 
[In  this  sense  the  word  is  chiefly  a  term  of 
mathematical  and  physical  science,  and  the 
most  important  applications  of  it  are  ex- 
plained below  in  the  various  connections  in 
which  it  is  employed.]— 2.  In  bot.  the  cen- 
tral line  or  column  about  which  other  parts 
are  arranged;  especially  the  root  and  stem  of 
the  whole  plant,  being  the  central  part  or 
column  around  which  the  other  parts  are 
disposed,  divided  into  the  ascending  axis  or 
stem,  and  the  descending  axis  or  root,  which 
two  are  united  by  the  collum  or  neck.— 
8.  In  anat.  (a)  the  second  vertebra  of  the 
neck.  It  has  a  tooth-like  process  which 
passes  upward  through  the  central  foramen 
of  the  first  vertebra  or  atlas,  thus  serving 
as  a  pivot  on  which  the  latter  turns;  hence, 
(6)  the  tooth-like  process  itself.—  Anticlinal 
axis,  in  geol.  see  under  ANTICLINAL.— 
Axis  in  peritrochio,  an  old  Latin  term  for 
the  wheel  and  axle.  See  under  WHEEL.— 
Axis  of  a  beam  of  light,  the  middle  ray  of 
the  beam. — Axis  of  a  cone,  a  straight  line 
drawn  from  the  vertex  to  the  centre  of  the 
base. — Axi$  of  a  curve,  a  right  line  dividing 
it  into  two  symmetrical  parts,  so  that  the 
part  on  one  side  exactly  corresponds  to  that 
on  the  other,  as  in  a  parabola,  ellipse,  or 
hyperbola. — Axis  of  a  cylinder,  the  line 
drawn  from  the  centre  of  the  one  end  to 
that  of  the  other. — Axis  of  a  lens,  a  straight 
line  drawn  through  the  optical  centre  of  the 
lens,  and  perpendicular  to  both  its  surfaces. 
—  Axis  of  a  magnet,  the  imaginary  line 
which  connects  the  north  and  south  poles 
of  the  magnet. — Axis  of  a  sphere,  any  line 
drawn  through  the  centre  and  terminated 
both  ways  by  the  surface  of  the  sphere. — 
Axis  of  a  spherical,  concave,  or  convex  mir- 
ror, a  straight  line  which  passes  through 
the  geometrical  and  optical  centres  of  the 
mirror.— Axis  of  a  telescope,  a  straight  line 
passing  through  the  centres  of  all  the  glasses 
in  the  tube. — Axis  of  oscillation  of  a  pen- 
dulum, a  right  line  passing  through  the 
centre,  about  which  it  vibrates,  and  per- 
pendicular to  the  plane  of  vibration.—  Axis 
of  refraction,  the  straight  line  drawn  per- 
pendicular to  the  surface  of  the  refracting 
medium,  through  the  point  of  incidence  of 
the  refracted  ray.  Some  crystals  have  two 
axes  of  refraction.—  Axis  of  revolution,  the 
axis  about  which  a  revolving  body  moves. — 
Axis  of  rotation,  the  axis  about  which  all 
the  parts  of  a  rotating  body  turn  The  axis 
of  rotation  is  in  the  body  itself:  the  axis  of 
revolution  is  at  the  centre  of  the  circle  or 
other  curve  in  which  the  body  is  moving. 
These  terms  are  exemplified  by  the  motions 
of  the  earth,  which  rotates  on  its  own  axis, 
and  revolves  about  a  line  passing  through 
the  sun's  centre,  perpendicularly  to  the 
orbit  in  which  it  moves.  —Axis  of  symmetry, 
a  line  on  both  or  all  sides  of  which  the  parts 
of  a  body  or  magnitude  are  symmetrically 
disposed. — Axis  of  the  earth,  the  line  con- 
necting its  two  pples,  and  about  which  the 
earth  performs  its  diurnal  rotation. — Axis 
of  the  eye,  &  straight  line  passing  through 
the  centres  of  the  pupil  and  crystalline 
lens. — Axis  of  the  Ionic  capital,  a  line  pass- 
ing perpendicularly  through  the  middle  of 


the  eye  of  the  volute.— Axis  of  the  world, 
tin-  imaginary  axis  passing  through  the 
celestial  poles. — Spiral  axis.  In  arch,  the 
axis  of  a  twisted  column  spirally  drawn  in 
order  to  trace  the  circumvolutions  without. 
—Transverse  axis,  and  conjugate  axis.  See 
TKASSVKKSE  and  CONJUGATE.  —  Visual  or 
optic  axis,  in  optics,  the  straight  line  pass- 
im; through  the  centre  of  the  pupil,  and 
perpendicular  to  the  surface  of  the  eye. 

Axis  (aks'is),  n.  A  species  of  Indian  deer, 
the  Cermts  axis,  of  whicli  there  are  two  or 
three  varieties.  The  body  of  the  common 
axis  is  beautifully  marked  with  white  spots. 
Called  also  Spotted  Hog-deer. 

Axis-cylinder  (aks'is-si'lin-der),  n.  In  anat. 
the  name  given  to  the  central  substance 
of  the  primitive  nerve-fibre. 

Axle,  Axle-tree  (aksl,  aksl-tre),  n.  [A.Sax. 
eaxl,  the  shoulder ;  Icel.  dxl,  the  shoulder- 
joint,  oxull,  an  axle;  Dan.  and  Sw.  axel,  the 
shoulder,  an  axle.  The  word  is  a  diminutive 
corresponding  to  O.H.G.  ahsala  (Mod.  G. 
achsel),  the  shoulder,  from  ahsa  (Mod.  G. 
afhse),  an  axis.  The  meaning  shoulder  is 
explained  by  the  fact  that  the  arm  turns  on 
the  shoulder-joint.  This  meaning  has  been 
lost  in  English  probably  from  the  influence 
of  L.  axis,  O.  Fr.  aissel  (L.  axiciUus),  an  axis. 
The  L.  axis  is  not  the  origin  of  E.  axle,  but 
an  independent  form  from  the  same  root, 
viz.  ag,  to  drive.  See  ACRE.]  A  piece  of  tim- 
ber or  bar  of  iron,  fitted  for  insertion  in  the 
hobs  ornayesof  wheels,  on  which  the  wheels 
turn. — Driving  axle,  in  locomotive  engines, 
the  axle  which,  by  means  of  connecting- 
rods  and  eccentric-rods,  is  connected  with 
the  piston,  slide-valves,  and  pumps,  and  by 
converting  the  rectilinear  motion  of  the 
piston  into  a  rotary  one,  propels  or  drives 
the  engine  in  the  required  direction. 

Axle-arm  (aks'1-arm),  n.  The  spindle  on 
the  end  of  an  axle  on  which  the  box  of  the 
wheel  slips,  or  one  of  the  two  pivots  on 
which  the  axle  itself  turns. 

Axle-bar  (aksl-bar),  n.  An  axle-tree  with 
an  arm  at  each  end  for  a  wheel. 

Axle-box  (aksl-boks),  n.  The  journal-box 
of  an  axle,  especially  of  the  axle  of  a  railway 
carriage. 

Axle-Clip  (aksl-klip),  n.  A  clevy  or  bow 
which  unites  some  other  part  of  a  vehicle 
to  the  axle. 

Axled  (aks'ld),  a.     Furnished  with  an  axle. 

Axle-guard  (aksl-gard),  n.  A  guard  for  an 
axle.  See  HOUSING,  6. 

Axle-nut  (aksl-nut),  n.  A  screw-nut  on 
the  end  of  an  axle-arm  to  keep  the  wheel 
in  place. 

Axle-pin  (aks'1-pin),  n.    Same  as  Linch-pin. 

Axle-skein  (aks'1-sken),  n.  A  band,  strip,  or 
thimble  of  metal  on  a  wooden  axle-arm  to 
prevent  the  wood  from  wearing  rapidly. 

Axle-sleeve  (aks'1-slev), »,  A  sleeve  placed 
round  a  railway  carriage  axle  in  order  to 
hold  up  the  broken  ends  should  the  axle  be 
fractured. 

Axle-tree,  n.    See  AXI.E. 

Axolotl  (aks'o-lotl),  n.  [Mexican  name.]  A 
remarkable  member  of  the  Urodela  or  tailed 
amphibians,  the  Siredon  piscifonne.  As 
usually  known  it  has  throughout  its  life  both 
lungs  and  gills,  but  individual  specimens 
kept  in  confinement  have  been  known  to 
lose  the  latter.  It  is  somewhat  abundant 
in  the  Mexican  lakes,  and  8  or  9  inches 
long,  of  a  flsh-like  form,  with  large  head, 
but  swims  with  its  feet,  which  resemble 
those  of  a  frog.  The  axolotl  is  sold  in  the 
markets  of  Mexico,  and  is  esteemed  a  great 
luxury  by  the  inhabitants.  Another  species 
(S.  lichenoides)  also  is  an  inhabitant  of  Mex- 
ico. The  genus  is  also  called  Axiilntes. 

Axotomous  (aks-ot'o-mus),  a.  [Gr.  axon, 
axis,  and  temno,  to  cleave.  ]  A  mineralogical 
term  signifying  cleavable  in  a  direction 
perpendicular  to  the  axis. 

Ax-tree  (aks'tre),  n.  Axle-tree.  Drayton. 
[Old  English  and  Scotch.] 

Axunge  (aks'unj),  n.  (L.  axungia— axis,  an 
axle,  and  ungo,  to  grease.]  Hog's  lard. 
Ure. 

Ay,  Aye  (i),  adv.  [An  interjectional  utter- 
ance of  assent  or  surprise.  In  former  sense 
may  be  same  as  aye,  ever,  or  yea,  yes;  as  to 
latter  sense  comp.  G.  ei,  ey,  expressive  of  ad- 
miration or  astonishment ;  E.  eh.]  1.  Yes ; 
yea;  a  word  expressing  assent,  or  an  affirma- 
tive answer  to  a  question.  It  is  used  also 
to  enforce  the  sense  of  what  is  asserted, 
equivalent  to  even  so,  truly,  certainly. — 2.  In- 
deed, suggesting  anger  and  reproach,  slight 
surprise,  interrogation,  or  simple  attention, 
indicated  by  the  mode  of  pronunciation. 


ch,  cAaiu;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j.job;      h,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin0;      TH,  tAen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


AY 


196 


AZZLE-TOOTH 


Ay,  Aye  (i).  »•    T'le  word  by  which  assent  : 
by  acclamation  is  expressed  in  Parliament;  I 
hence,  an  affirmative  vote.— The  ayes  have 
it,  the  phrase  employed  by  the  speaker  in 
declaring  that  the  affirmative  votes  are  in  a 
majority. 

Another  was  the  late  speaker  Trevor,  who  had, 
from  the  chair,  put  the  question,  whether  he  was  or 
was  not  a  rogue,  and  had  been  forced  to  pronounce 
that  the  Ayes  had  it.  Macaulay. 

Ayali  (a'ya),  n.  In  the  East  Indies,  a  native 
waiting  woman  or  lady's-maid. 

Ayapana  (a'ya-pa-na),  re.  The  native  name 
of  Kupatorium  A  yapana,  a  Brazilian  plant, 
nat.  order  Composite,  a  powerful  sudorific, 
and  said  to  be  an  antidote  to  the  bite  of 
venomous  snakes.  The  bruised  leaves  and 
expressed  juice  are  applied  to  the  wound. 

Aye  (a),  adv.  [Icel.  ei,  ey,  ae,  aye,  ever;  A. 
Sax.  a,  Awa,  always;  Goth.  -aiv  in  ni-aiv, 
never,  aiox,  time ;  allied  to  L.  cevum,  Gr. 
aion,  age,  aiei,  ever.  See  AGE.]  Always; 
for  ever;  continually;  for  an  indefinite  time: 
used  mostly  in  poetry. 

Let  this  pernicious  hour 
Stand  aye  accursed  m  the  calendar!         S/ia£. 

Aye-aye  (i-i),  n.  [The  native  name,  from 
its  peculiar  cry.  ]  A  singular  noctumal 
quadruped,  about  the  size  of  a  hare,  found 
in  Madagascar,  the  Cheiromys  tnadagascar- 
iensii,  in  its  habits  resembling  the  sloth. 
Cuvier  places  it  among  the  rodent  animals 
after  the  squirrels,  although  Sonnerat,  who 
discovered  it,  pointed  out  its  affinity  to  the 


from  the  rhododendrons  chiefly  by  the 
flowers  having  teu  stamens  instead  of  five. 
A  diminutive,  procumbent,  evergreen  shrub, 


Aye-aye  (C 


makis  or  lemurs,  to  which  family  it  is  now 
referred,  especially  on  account  of  the  hand- 
like  structure  of  its  hind-feet. 

Aye-green  (a'gren),  n.  [Lit.  ever-green  ] 
The  nouse-leek  (Sejnpervivum  tectorum). 

Ayen,t  adv.     Again.     Chaucer. 

Ayen-bite.t  ".  [O.E.  for  again-bite.]  Re- 
morse. The  Ayen-bite  of  Inwit  (Remorse 
of  Conscience)  is  the  name  of  a  well-known 
old  English  religious  production. 

Ayenst,t  prep.  Against.  '  A  remedie  ayenxt 
lecherie. '  Chaucer. 

Ayenward,t  adv.    Back;  backward. 

Aygulet  t  (a'g\i-let),  n.  An  aiguillette(which 
see).  Speiwer. 

Ayle  (  al ),  n.  [  Norm,  ayle  ;  Fr.  aieul,  from 
a  rustic  L.  avwhtti,  a  dim.  of  aywj*,  a  grand- 
father.] In  law,  a  grandfather.  See  BES- 
AYLK. 

Aylet  (alet),  n.    In  her.  see  CHOUGH. 

Aymee.t  Aymet  (i'me),  n.  The  words  Ay 
me,  equivalent  to  modern  Ah  me,  united 
into  one. 

Aymees,  and  hearty  hei^h-hoes 

Are  sallies  fit  for  soldiers.         Beau.  &  Ft. 

Ayont  (a-yonf),  prep.  Beyond.  'Some 
wee  short  hour  ayont  the  twal.'  Burns. 
[Scotch.] 

Ayr  (ar),  n.  [Icel.  eyrr,  eyri,  a  gravelly  bank 
of  a  river  or  spit  of  land  running  into  the 
sea ;  Dan.  ore,  Sw.  or,  seen  in  place-names, 
as  Elsinore.J  An  open  sea-beach;  a  sand- 
bank. Written  also  Air. 

Ayraut,  Eyrant  (a'rant),  o.  [See  AERIE.] 
In  her.  a  term  applied  to  eagles  and  other 
birds  in  their  nests. 

Ayry  (a'ri).    See  AERIE. 


Spain  and  Spanish  America  a  corporation 
or  body  of  magistrates  in  a  city  or  town. 

Ay-word  t  (a'werd),  n.  A  byword :  a  form 
appearing  in  some  editions  of  Shakspere, 
specifically  in  Twelfth  Night,  ii.  3,  where 
others  give  Nayword  (which  see). 

Azalea  (a-zale-a),  re.  [Gr.  azaleas,  dry,  the 
allusion  being  to  the  dry,  arid  habitation 
of  the  plant.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
EricaceE,  remarkable  for  the  beauty  and 
Iragrance  of  their  flowers,  and  distinguished 


Azalea  (Azalea  iiidfca). 


growing  on  dry,  heathy  ground  on  many  of 
the  Highland  mountains,  was  long  regarded 
as  the  only  British  specimen,  under  the 
name  of  A.  procumbent!,  but  is  now  called 
Loiseleuria  procumbeiis.  Many  beautiful 
rhododendrons  with  deciduous  leaves  are 
known  under  the  name  of  azalea  in  gardens. 
The  azaleas  are  principally  from  North 
America,  but  A.  politico,  is  a  native  of  Asia 
Minor;  it  possesses  poisonous  properties, 
and  is  said  to  have  produced  the  Pontic 
honey  which  stupifled  Xenophon's  soldiers 
on  their  retreat  from  Greece.  A.  indica 
is  a  greenhouse  plant,  held  in  high  esteem 
for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers 

Azarole  (az'a-rol),  n.  [Fr.  azerole.]  A  species 
of  thorn  (genus  Crattegus),  the  three-grained 
or  Neapolitan  medlar. 

Azimuth  (az'i-muth),  n.  [Ar.  <t*-*<tint,  pi. 
as-sutimth,  a  way,  a  path.  Zenith  has  the 
same  origin.]  In  avtron.  an  arc  of  the  hori- 
zon intercepted  between  the  meridian  of  a 
place  and  the  vertical  circle  passing  through 
the  centre  of  a  celestial  object.  The  azimuth 
and  altitude  of  a  star  give  its  exact  position 
in  the  sky.—  Magnetic  azimuth,  an  arc  of  the 
horizon  intercepted  between  the  azimuth 
or  vertical  circle  passing  through  the  centre 
of  any  heavenly  body  and  the  magnetic  meri- 
dian. This  is  found  by  observing  the  object 
with  an  azimuth  compass.  —Azimuth  com- 
pass, an  instrument  for  finding  either  the 
magnetic  aziiu  nth  or  amplitude  of  a  heavenly 
object.  It  differs  from  the  common  sea-com- 
pass only  in  this,  that  the  circumference  of 
the  card  or  box  is  divided  into  degrees;  also  to 
the  box  is  fitted  an  index  with  two  sights, 
which  are  upright  pieces  of  brass  placed  dia- 
metrically opposite  to  each  other,  having  a 
slit  down  the  middle  of  them,  through  which 
the  sun  or  a  star  is  to  be  viewed  at  the  time 


of  observation.  See  COMPASS.  —Azimuth 
dial,  a  dial  whose  style  or  gnomon  is  at  right 
angles  to  the  plane  of  the  horizon.  The 
shadow  marks  the  sun's  azimuth.—  Azimuth 
or  vertical  circles,  great  circles  intersecting 
each  other  in  the  zenith  and  nadir,  and 
cutting  the  horizon  at  right  angles. 

Azimuths!  (az'i-muth-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  azimuth. 

Azobenzene,  Azobenzol  (az-6-ben'zen,  az-o- 
ben'zol),  n.  (C12H10N<>.)  A  crystalline  sub- 
stance obtained  by  tfie  action  of  reducing 
agents  upon  nitrobenzene.  Called  also  ^20- 
benzide. 

Azoerythrine  (az'6-e-rith"rin),  n.  [Azo, 
contr.  for  azote,  and  erithrin,  from  fir.  ery- 
thros,  red.]  A  colouring  principle  obtained 
from  the  archil  of  commerce. 

Azoic  (a-zo'ik),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv. ,  and  zw,  life.  ] 
Destitute  of  any  vestige  of  organic  life:  ap- 


plied to  rocks,  as  to  the  metamorphic,  in 
which  no  fossils  have  been  found. 
Azolitmine  (az-6-lit'min),  n.     A  colouring 
matter  of  a  deep  blood-red  colour  obtained 
from  litmus. 

Azote  (az'ot),  n.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  and  zfie,  life.] 
A  name  formerly  given  to  nitrogen  because 
it  is  unfit  for  respiration. 
Azotht  (az'oth),  n.  [Probably  an  Ar.  word.  ] 
In  alchemy, (a)  the  first  principle  of  metals; 
mercury,  which  under  the  name  of  the  mer- 
cury of  metals  was  believed  to  exist  in  al! 
metals,  (b)  The  universal  specific  or  pana- 
cea of  Paracelsus. 

Azotic  (a-zot'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  azote; 
fatal  to  animal  lite.— Azotic  acid.  Same  as 
Nitric  add.— Azotic  gas,  nitrogen  or  nitro- 
gen gas. 

Azotide  (az'6-tid),  n.  An  azotized  body. 
See  AZOTIZED. 

Azotite  (az'o-tlt),  n.  A  salt  formed  by  a 
combination  of  nitrous  acid  with  a  base. 
Synonymous  with  A'itrite. 
Azotize  (az'6-tlz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  azotized; 
ppr.  azotizing.  To  imbue  with  nitrogen;  to 
deprive  of  life. 

Azotized  (az'o-tizd),  p.  and  a.  Containing 
nitrogen  or  azote.—  Azotized  bodies  (other- 
wise azotides  or  nitride*),  bodies  containing 
nitrogen,  and  forming  part  of  the  structure 
of  plants  and  animals,  such  as  albumen, 
fibrine,  caseine,  gelatine,  Ac. 
AzptOUB  (a-zo'tus),  a.  Nitrous;  as,  azotous 
acid  — nitrous  acid. 

Aztec  (az'tek),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
Aztecs,  the  ruling  tribe  in  Mexico  at  the 
time  of  the  Spanish  invasion  under  Cortes 
in  1519.  They  were  a  civilized  people,  but 
their  religious  rites  were  bloody  and  cruel 
Azure  (a'zhur),  a.  [Fr.  azur,  Sp.  azul.  It. 
azurro,  L.L.  azumtm,  lazurum,  &c.t  from 
Arab,  lazwerd,  lajwerd,  blue,  whence  lapis- 
lazuli,  the  sapphire.  The  initial  I  was  lost 
through  being  mistaken  for  the  article.  ] 
Resembling  the  clear  blue  colour  of  the  sky; 
sky-blue. 

Azure  (a'zhur),  n.    1.  The  fine  blue  colour 
of  the  sky.     'Her  eyes  a  bashful  azure.' 
Tennyson.  —2.  A  name  common  to  several 
sky- coloured  or  blue  pigments,  of  which 
there  are  two  well-known  varieties:  (a)  that 
made  of  lapis-lazuli,  called  ultramarine,  a 
colour  of  great  value  to  the  artist;  (b)  that 
made    by    fusing    glass 
with  oxide  of  cobalt  re- 
duced    to     powder :    in 
large  masses  this  latter 
is  called  mnalt.—Z.  The 
sky    or    azure    vault   of 
heaven.     'N'ot  like  those 
steps  on  heaven's  azure.' 
Milton.  — ±.  In  her  a  blue 
colour  in  coats  of  arms, 
represented  in  engraving 
by  horizontal  lines. 
Azure  (a'zhur),  v.  t.     To  colour  blue. 
Azured  (a'zhurd),  p.  and  «.  Coloured  azure; 
of  an  azure  colour.     'Twixt  the  green  sea 
and  the  azured  vault.'    Shak. 
Azure-stone  (a'zhur- ston)-   «-     Same  as 
Azurite. 

Azurinet  (a'zliur-In), «.  Azure.  Ilackluyt. 
Azurite  (a'zhur-It),  n.  (Cu3HCO4.)  1.  A  blue 
mineral,  the  lazulite,  called  also  Blue  Ma- 
lachite. It  is  a  tricupric  orthocarbonate  of 
copper,  and  has  been  used  ground  to  form 
a  fine  blue  pigment, but  i*  of  little  use,  owing 
to  its  turning  green  by  exposure.— 2.  Same 
as  Lazulite. 

Azurnt  (a'zhurn), a.  Of  a  blue  colour.  'The 
azurn  sheen  of  turkis  blue.'  Milton. 
AzygOUS  (az'i-gus),  a.  [Gr  azyyos—a,  priv., 
aniXzygon,  a  yoke.]  Having  no  fellow;  not 
one  of' a  pair;  single.  In  anat.  an  epithet 
applied  to  several  muscles,  veins,  bones,  Ac., 
that  are  single. 

Azym.t  Azymet  (az'im),  n.  [See  AZYMOUS.] 
Unleavened  bread. 

We  have  shunned  the  obscurity  of  the  papists  in 
their  azyntes,  timick,  &c. 

The  Translators  cfthe  Rible  to  the  Reader. 

Azymite  (az'im-It),  n.  [See  AZYMOUS.]  Et- 
cles.  one  of  a  sect  of  Christians  who  admin- 
ister the  eucharist  with  unleavened  bread; 
also  a  term  of  reproach  applied  by  the 
Greeks,  in  the  eleventh  century,  to  1 1  it- 
Latins  for  consecrating  the  host  in  un- 
leavened bread. 

Azymous  (az'im-us),  a.  [Gr.  a,  priv.,  Utd 
zyme,  leaven.]  Unleavened;  unfermeiiU'd; 
as,  sea-biscuit  isazt/mottn.  [Rare.] 

Azzle-tooth  (az'zl-toth),  n.  [Comp.  1>.  azen, 
to  feed,  to  nourish.]  A  molar  tooth,  flalli- 
well;  Dunglison. 


Azure. 


fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


197 


HA BOON 


B. 


B  is  the  second  letter  and  the  first  consonant 
in  the  Kngli>h  and  most  other  alphabets. 
It  is  a  mute  and  labial,  pronounced  solely 
by  the  lips,  and  is  distinguished  from  p  by 
being  sonant,  that  is,  produced  by  the  utter- 
ance nf  voice  as  distinguished  from  breath. 
It  is  related  to  the  sonant  aspirate  v  as  /<  to 
the  surd  aspirate/.  According  to  Grimm's 
law,  when  words  or  roots  are  common  to 
the  Indo-European  languages  (or  several  of 
them),  and,  where  borrowing  has  not  taken 
place,  in  English,  (Jotbic.and  the  Low  Ger- 
man and  Scandinavian  languages  generally, 
a  b  regularly  stands  where  there  Is  an  /  in 
Latin  words,  a  ph  in  Greek,  a  bh  in  San- 
skrit, while  in  O.H.  German  and  Mod.  Ger- 
man words  it  is  either  unchanged,  or  a  p 
takes  its  place.  All  these  changes  are 
illustrated  by  the  various  forms  which  the 
Kiii;lis]i  word  limthcr assumes  in  the  different 
languages.  Thus  we  have  E.  broUier,  Goth. 
brothar,  O.H  G.  pruodar,  Mod.  G.  briider,  L. 

fiater,  Or.  pkratir,  and  Skr.  bhratar.  Simi- 
larly, E.  to  bear,  Goth,  baira,  O.H.G.  piru, 
Mod.G.  ge-baren.  L.  fero,  Gr.  phero;  K.beech. 
G.  bitche,  L.  fayim,  Gr.  phfgos.  B  has  in- 
truded into  some  English  words,  as  in  thumb 
(A.  Sax.  thuma'),  limb  (A.  Sax.  lim),  slumber 
(A.  Sax.  slumerian) ;  comp.  the  borrowed 
words  number  (L.  numerug),  humble  (L. 
kwnilis).  When  a  final  letter  after  m  it  is 
not  pronounced,  as  in  thumb,  limb,  comb, 
dumb.  In  gossip,  purse,  a  6  has  been  changed 
into  a  p.  On  the  other  hand  the  b  in  lobster, 
and  the  first  in  cobweb,  was  originally  p\  in 
marble  the  b  was  originally  in  (L.  manner). 
B  is  common  as  an  initial  consonant  in  all 
the  Teutonic  languages,  and  very  often  in 
the  combinations  bl,  br,  which  are  the  only 
consonantal  combinations  it  admits  of  at  the 
beginning  of  words.  In  this  respect  there  is 
a  remarkable  difference  between  band  p,  the 
latter  occurring  as  an  initial  in  but  few  words 
originally  Teutonic.  See  P.— As  a  numeral  B 
was  used  by  the  Hebrews  and  Greeks,  as 
now  by  the  Arabians,  for  2;  by  the  Romans 
for  300,  and  with  a  dash  over  it  thus,  B,  for 
3000.— B  is  often  used  as  an  abbreviation; 
thus  B.  A.  stands  for  Bachelor  of  Arts;  B.  D. 
for  Bachelor  of  Divinity;  and  B.M.  for  Ba- 
chelor of  Medicine. — Not  to  know  a  B  from 
H  bull's  foot,  a  phrase  implying  that  a  per- 
*m  is  very  illiterate  or  very  ignorant.  The 
term  bull's  foot  seems  to  be  chosen  merely 
for  the  alliteration,  as  broomstick  and  bat- 
tledore in  the  similar  phrases,  He  does  not 
know  a  B  from  a  broomstick,  or  from  a  bat- 
tledore. 

B.  In  music,  the  seventh  note  of  the  model 
diatonic  scale  or  scale  of  C.  It  is  called  the 
leading  note,  as  there  is  always  a  feeling  of 
suspense  when  it  is  sounded  until  the  key- 
i  note  is  heard. 

Ba,  v.t.  [Shortened  form  of  Fr.  baiser,  to  kiss; 
Prov.  Fr.  btlhi,  bauji.}  To  kiss.  '  Let  me  ba 
thy  cheke.'  Chaucer. 

Ba  (ba),  v.t.  [From  the  sound.]  To  lull 
asleep  by  a  continuous,  inarticulate,  musi- 
cal hum.  [Scotch.] 

I'll  hi  the  bairns  wi'  an  unkenned  tune. 

//"«/.  Nicholson. 

Ba'  (ba),  n.    [See  BALL.]  A  ball;  a  handball 

or  football.     [Scotch  ] 
Baa  (ba),  71.  [From  sound.   Comp.  L.  balo,  to 

bleat]    The  cry  or  bleating  of  a  sheep. 
Baa  (ba),  r.t'.    To  cry  or  bleat  as  a  sheep. 

He  treble  baas  for  help.  Sidney. 

Baal(ba'al),  n.  [Heb.  ba'al,  lord.]  Originally 
Hi  is  word  appears  to  have  been  generic,  sig- 
nifying simply  lord,  and  to  have  been  ap- 
plied to  many  different  divinities,  or,  with 
qualifying  epithets,  subjoined  to  the  same 
divinity  regarded  in  different  aspects  and 
as  exercising  different  functions.  Thus  in 
Mos.  ii.  Ki  it  H  applied  to  Jehovah  himself, 
"•bile  Baal-berith  (the  Covenant-lord)  was 
the  god  of  the  sherhemites,  and  Baal-zebub 
(the  Fly-jrod)  the  idol  of  the  Philistines  at 
Mkron.  Specifically,  Baal  was  the  sacred 
title  applied  to  the  Sun  as  the  principal 
male  deity  of.  the  riurtiiciana  and  their  de- 
*  •eiiitiinU  the  Carthaginians,  as  well  as  of 
the  ancient  Canaanit  Mi  nations,  whom  they 
worshipped  as  the  Mipremi1  ruler  and  vfvi- 
Mer  of  nature.  The  word  enters  into  the 


composition  of  many  Hebrew,  Phoenician, 
and  i  ';u  i  li:i-ini:in  names  of  persons  and 

iilaces;  thus,  Jerubaat,  Ilftmfmfxtl  (help  of 
'.aal).  Hiinnibal  (grace  of  Baal),  and  Baal- 
Ilnnnnon,  Ilaal-Thamar,  &c. 
Baalism  (b:Val-i/m),    n.     The  worship  of 
Baal;  gross  idolatry  of  any  kind. 

His  seven  thousand  whose  knees  were  not  suppled 
with  the  Saalism  of  that  age.  Fuller. 

Baalite  (ba'al-It),  n.  A  worshipper  of  Baal; 
one  who  idolizes  any  unworthy  or  grovelling 
object  'These  Baalites  of  pelf.'  Keats. 

Baanlte  (ban'it),  n.  A  follower  of  Baanes, 
a  Manichiean  of  the  ninth  century. 

Bab  (bab),  n.  [Gael,  bab,  a  tuft,  a  tassel.]  A 
bunch;  a  tassel;  cockade.  'A  cockit  hat 
with  a  bab  of  blue  ribbands  at  it'  Sir  W. 
Scott.  [Scotch.] 

Babbitt-metal  ( bab '  it  -  met '1 ),  n.  [  From 
the  name  of  the  inventor]  A  soft  metal 
resulting  from  alloying  together  certain 
proportions  of  copper,  zinc,  and  tin,  used 
with  the  view  of  as  far  as  possible  obviating 
friction  in  the  bearings  of  journals,  cranks, 
axles,  <fec. 

Babble  (bab'bl),  v.i.  [A  word  appearing  in 
similarforms  in  various  languages,  probably 
formed  from  ba,  one  of  the  earliest  sounds 
uttered  by  an  infant,  with  the  suffix  -le  to 
denote  repetition;  comp.  D.  andG.  babbeln, 
Icel.  babbla,  Dan.  bable,  Fr.  babiller,  It.  bab- 
bolare.]  1.  To  utter  words  imperfectly  or  in- 
distinctly, as  children.  — 2.  To  talk  idly  or 
irrationally;  to  talk  thoughtlessly.  '  'A  bab- 
bled of  green  fields. '  Shafc. — 3.  To  talk  much ; 
to  prate;  hence,  to  tell  secrets. 

The  people,  when  they  met,  .  .  . 
Began  to  scoff  and  jeer  and  babble  of  him. 

Tennyson. 

4.  To  make  a  continuous  murmuring  sound, 
as  a  stream;  to  repeat  a  sound  frequently 
and  indistinctly. 

The  babbling  echo  mocks  the  hounds.       Sfiafc. 
The  babbling  runnel  cri&peth.          Tennyson. 

Babble  (bab'bl),  v.t.  To  prate;  to  utter. 
'These  (words)  he  used  to  babble  indiffer- 
ently in  all  companies.'  Arbuthnot. 

Babble  (bab'bl),  n.  Idle  talk;  senseless 
prattle;  murmur,  as  of  a  stream.  'Neyther 
mute  nor  full  of  bable.'  Hall,  'Babble  and 
revel  and  wine.'  Tennyson. 

Babblement  (bab'bl-ment),  n.  Idle  talk: 
senseless  prate;  unmeaning  words.  '  Deluded 
all  this  while  with  ragged  notions  and  bab- 
blements.' Milton.  [Rare.] 

Babbler  (bah'bl-er),  n.  1.  An  idle  talker;  an 
irrational  prater;  a  teller  of  secrets. 

Great  babblers,  or  talkers,  are  not  fit  for  trust. 
Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

2.  One  of  a  group  of  thrush-like  birds,  sub- 
family Timalimc,  so  named  from  their  chat- 
tering notes. 

Babbling  (bab'bl -ing),  n.  Foolish  talk. 
'Avoiding  profane  and  vain  babblings.'  1 
Tim.  vi.  20. 

Babblishly  t  (bab'blish-li),  adv.  In  a  bab- 
bling manner;  pratingly.  Whitgift. 

Babe(bab),  n.  [From  theCeltic;  W.  Ir.  and 
Gael,  baban,  Gael,  and  Ir.  bab,  child,  infant, 
for  tnab,  vnaban ,  W.  mab,  a  son,  which  is  a 
form  equivalent  to  Gael,  and  I  r.  mac,  a  son.  ] 

1.  An  infant;  a  young  child  of  either  sex. — 
2.f  A  child's  doll. 

All  as  a  poor  pedler  he  did  wend. 
Rearing  a  trusse  of  tryfles  at  his  backe, 
As  hells,  and  babes,  and  glasses  in  hys  packe. 
Spenser. 

Babe-hOOd  (bab'hud),  n.  Same  as  Baby- 
hood. Udal. 

Babel  (ba'bel),  ?i.  [Heb.  Bdbel,  the  capital 
of  Babylonia,  a  contr.  for  bethbel,  the  habi- 
tation of  Bel  or  Baal.]  1.  The  name  of  the 
city  on  the  banks  of  the  Shinar  where  the 
confusion  of  tongues  took  place;  Babylon. 
Its  supposed  ruins,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
tower,  are  visible  near  Hilla,  a  town  on  the 
Tigris,  about  48  miles  south  of  Bagdad. 
Hence  any  great  city  where  confusion, 
crowding,  or  disorder  may  be  supposed  to 
prevail. 

'Tis  pleasant,  through  the  loopholes  of  retreat. 
To  peep  at  such  a  world,— to  see  the  stir 
Of  the  great  Babel,  and  not  feel  the  crowd. 

Confer. 

2.  A  confused  mixture  of  sounds;  confusion; 
disorder.     'The  babel  of  strange  heathen 
languages.'    Hammond. 


Babery  t  (bab'er-i),  n.  Finery  to  please  a 
child;  any  trifling  toy  for  children.  '  Painted 
i  babery.'  Sidney. 

Babian.t  Babiont  (i.a'bi -an,  ba'bi-ou),  n. 
|  [D.  babiaan,  a  baboon.]  A  baboon.  £011 
Jontton. 

Babiana(ba-bi-a'na),7i.  [D.babiaan,baviaan, 
a  baboon,  from  thu  bulbs  being  eaten  by  these 
animals  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat  order  Iri- 
dacea-,  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Among  the  species  are  some  of  the  hand- 
somest of  the  Cape  bulbous  plants.  They 
have  naiTow  sword-shaped  leaves,  and  the 
(lowers  are  yellow,  purple,  and  scarlet,  large 
and  showy,  and  in  some  species  sweet- 
scented.  Many  species  are  known  in  culti- 
vation. 

Babingtonia  (bab'ing-to-ni-a),  n.  [From 
Professor  Babmgton,  Cambridge.]  A  group 
of  myrtaceouB  plants  forming  a  section  of 
the  genus  Breckia  (which  see). 

Babingtonite  (bab'ing-ton-it),  n.  [After  Dr. 
Babington.}  A  vitreous  dark-jrreen  or  black 
mineral  of  the  hornblende  family,  occur- 
ring in  small  brilliant  crystals  in  beds  of 
magnetic  iron  ore,  and  in  veins  of  quartz 
and  felspar.  It  consists  chiefly  of  silica, 
iron  protoxide,  and  lime.  Called  also  Axo- 
towoits  Augite  Spar,  from  its  resemblance  to 
augite. 

Babiroussa  (ba-bi-ros'sa),  n.  Same  as  Baby- 
nUM. 

Babish  (bab'ish),  a.     Like  a  babe ;  childish. 

If  he  be  bashful  and  will  soon  blush,  they  call  him 
a  bttbish  and  ill  brought  up  thing.  Aseham. 

Babishly  (bab'ish-li),  adv.    Childishly. 

Babishness  (bab'ish-nes),  n.    Childishness. 

Bablah  (bab'la),  n.  The  pod  of  several  spe- 
cies of  Acacia  which  comes  from  the  East 
and  from  Senegal  under  the  name  of  neb- 
neb.  It  contains  gallic  acid,  tannin,  and  a 
red  colouring  matter,  and  has  been  used  in 
dyeing  cotton  for  producing  various  shades 
of  drab. 

Bablativet  (bab'la-tiv),  a.  [From  babble.] 
Talkative;  garrulous.  Florio. 

Baboo,  Babu  (ba-boO,  n.  A  Hindu  title  of 
respect  paid  to  gentlemen,  especially  to  mer- 
chants, clerks,  &c. ,  equivalent  to  master,  sir. 

Baboon  (ba-bon'),«-  [Fr.  babouin,  sometimes 
derived  from  babine,  the  lip  of  a  beast,  its 
large  lips  forming  a  prominent  feature  in 
this  animal;  it  appears  more  probable,  how- 
ever, that  babouin  is  of  like  origin  with  E. 
l».<!>it.  and  in  the  thirteenth  century  it  is  said 
to  have  had  the  meaning  of  a  little  man  ] 
The  dog-faced  ape,  a  term  applied  to  Old 
World  Quadnimana  of  the  genera  Cynoceph- 
alus  and  Papio,  They  have  elongated  abrupt 
muzzles  like  a  dog,  strong  tusks  or  canine 


Mandrill  or  Rib-nosed  Baboon  (Cynocefhalus 
Ma  imon). 

teeth,  usually  short  tails,  cheek  pouches, 
small  deep  eyes  with  huge  eyebrows,  and 
naked  callosities  on  the  hips.  Their  hind 
and  fore  feet  are  well  proportioned,  so  that 
they  run  easily  on  all  fours,  but  they  do> 
not  maintain  themselves  in  an  upright  pos- 
ture with  facility.  They  are  generally  of  the 
size  of  a  large  pointer,  but  the  largest,  the 
mandrill,  is,  when  erect,  nearly  of  the 
height  of  a  man.  They  are  almost  all  Afri- 
can, ugly,  sullen,  fierce,  lascivious,  and  gre- 


oh.  Sc   l 


j.  job;      ft.  Fr.  ton;      ng.  sin#;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


BABU 


198 


BACCIVOROUS 


garious,  defending  themselves  by  throwing 
stones,  dirt,  &c.  They  live  on  fruits  and 
roots,  eggs  and  insects.  They  constitute  the 
link  uniting  the  monkeys  with  the  lower  1 
animals,  and  include  the  chacma,  drill, 
common  baboon,  and  mandrill. 

Babu,  n.    See  BABOO. 

Baby  (ba'bi),  n.  [Adim,  ofbabe.]  l.Aninfant 
or  young  child  of  either  sex;  a  babe.  —  2.  A 
small  image  in  form  of  an  infant  for  girls  to 
play  with;  a  doll. 


animals  live  in  herds,  feed  on  herbage,  are 
sometimes  tamed,  and  their  flesh  is  well 
flavoured. 


The  archduke  saw  that  Perkin  would  prove  a  runa- 
gate; and  it  was  the  part  of  children  to  fall  out  about 
babies.  Bacon. 


—  Babies  in  the  eyes,\  the  minute  reflection 
which  a  person  sees  of  himself  in  the  eyes 
of  another.  There  are  many  allusions  to 
this  in  our  older  poets,  and  hence  such 
phrases  as  to  look  babies  in  one's  eyes,  used 
with  regard  to  a  lover. 

She  clung  about  his  neck,  gave  him  ten  kisses, 

Toyed  with  his  locks,  looked  babies  in  his  eyes. 

Heywood, 

The  pupil  of  the  eye  seems  sometimes  to 

have  been  itself  called  the  baby,  the  L.  pu- 

pilla  (whence  E.  pupil)  meaning  a  baby  girl, 

and  also  the  pupil  of  the  eye. 
Baby  (ba'bi),  a.   Babyish;  infantine;  pertain- 

ing to  an  infant.  '  Moulded  thy  baby  thought.' 

Tennyson. 
Baby  (ba'bi),  v.t.    To  treat  like  a  young 

child. 

At  best  it  babies  us  with  endless  toys, 
And  keeps  us  children  till  we  drop  to  dust. 

Young. 

Baby-farmer  (ba'bi  -farm-er),  n.  A  woman 
who  receives  infants,  generally  illegitimate, 
from  their  parents,  on  the  pretext  of  bring- 
ing them  up,  the  object  being  to  have  the 
child  removed  from  sight;  one  who  lives  by 
baby-farming.  See  BABY-FARMING:. 

Baby-fanning  (ba'bi-farm-ing),n.  A  system 
by  which  newly  born,  generally  illegitimate, 
infants  are  received  from  their  parents,  on 
the  pretext  of  being  properly  nursed  and 
cared  for,  while  in  reality  the  object  more 
generally  is  to  conceal  the  shame  of  the 
parents  by  removing  the  infant  from  sight. 

Babyhood  (ba'bi-hud),  n.  The  state  of  being 
a  baby;  infancy. 

Baby-house  (balDi-hous),  n.  A  place  for 
children's  dolls  and  babies. 

Babyish  (ba'bi-ish),  a.  Like  a  baby;  very 
childish.  '  An  affectation  of  babyish  inter- 
jections.' Jeffrey. 

Babyishness  (ba'bi-ish-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  like  a  baby;  extreme  childishness. 

Babyism  (ba'bi-izm),  n.  1.  The  condition  of 
a  baby;  babyhood.  Jeffrey.  —  'L.  A  childish 
mode  of  speech.  'Babyisms  and  dear  dimin- 
utives. '  Tennyson. 

Baby-jumper  (ba'bi-jump-er),  n.  A  strong 
band  of  galvanized  caoutchouc,  usually  sus- 
pended from  the  roof  of  a  room,  with  a  seat, 
in  which  a  little  child  may  be  securely  fas- 
tened, attached  to  it.  When  the  child's 
feet  touch  the  ground  and  partially  support 
its  weight  the  caoutchouc  band  contracts, 
and  thus  a  jumping  or  bobbing  motion  is 
produced. 

Babylonian,  Babylonish  (bab-i-lo'ni-an, 
ba-bi-16'nish),  a.  [See  BABEL.]  1.  Pertaining 
to  Babylon,  the  capital  of  the  ancient  king- 
dom of  Babylonia,  or  to  the  kingdom.— 
2.  Like  the  confusion  of  tongues  at  Babel  ; 
mixed;  confused. 

Babylonian  (bab-i-16'ni-an),  n.  1.  An  inha- 
bitant of  Babylonia;  a  Chaldean.  —  2.  An 
astrologer:  so  called  because  the  Chaldeans 
were  remarkable  for  the  study  of  astrology. 

BabvloniC  (bab-i-lon'ik),  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  Babylon,  or  made  there  ;  as,  Babylonic 
garments,  carpets,  or  hangings.—  2.  Tumul- 
tuous; disorderly.  Sir  J.  Harington. 

Babylonical  (bab-i-lon'ik-al),  a.  Same  as 
Babylonic. 

Babylonish,  a.    See  BABYLONIAN. 

Babylonite  (bab'i-lon-It),  n.  The  arrow- 
shaped  Babylonish  character.  See  CUNEI- 
FORM. 

Baby-pin  (ba/bi-pin),  n.     A  safety-pin. 

Babymssa,  Babyroussa  (bab-i-rbs'sa),  «. 
The  Indian  horned-hog  (Sus  or  Porous  Bafry- 
russa\  family  Suidae  or  pig  tribe,  order 
Artiodactyla  or  even-toed  Pachydermata,  a 
native  of  the  Indian  Archipelago,  but  not 
found  on  ihe  continent  of  Asia  or  of  Africa. 
From  the  outside  of  the  upper  j  aw  spring  two 
teeth  12  inches  long,  curving  upwards  and 
backwards  like  horns,  and  almost  touching 
the  forehead.  The  tusks  of  the  lower  jaw 
also  appear  externally,  though  they  are  not 
so  long  as  those  of  the  upper  jaw.  Along 
the  back  are  some  weak  bristles,  and  on  the 
rest  of  the  body  only  a  sort  of  wool.  These 


Bacchante  (ba-kan'te),  «.  pi.  Bacchantes 
(ba-kan'tez).  1.  A  priestess  of  Bacchus,  or 
one  who  joined  in  the  celebration  of  the 


Babymssa  (Sus  Babyrussa). 

Babyship  (ba'bi-ship),  n.  The  state  or  con- 
dition of  a  baby. 

Baby-walker  (ba'bi- wak-er),  n.    A  go-cart. 

Bac  (bak),  n.  [Fr.  bac.  See  BACK,  the  ves- 
sel. ]  A  ferry-boat;  a  vessel  used  in  brewing 
and  distilling. 

Bacca  (bak'ka),  n.  [L.]  In  bot.  a  berry;  a 
one-celled  fruit,  with  several  naked  seeds 
immersed  inapulpymass,  as  the  gooseberry. 
This  definition  excludes  many  fruits  to  which 
the  name  of  berry  is  popularly  applied. 

Baccalaureate  (bak-ka-Ia're-at),  n.  [L.L. 
baccalaureatus,  from  baccalaureus,  a  cor- 
rupted form  of  L.  L.  baccalarius,bachalariua, 
Fr  bachelier,  a  bachelor,  in  the  sense  of  one 
who  has  attained  the  lowest  degree  in  a 
university,  the  corruption  having  evidently 
arisen  in  the  supposition  that  the  term  was 
derived  from  bacca,  a  berry,  and  taunts,  a 
laurel.  See  BACHELOR.]  The  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Arts. 

Baccalaureate  (bak-ka-la're-at),  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  Bachelor  of  Arts;  as,  a  bacca- 
laureate sermon,  a  farewell  discourse  de- 
livered in  some  American  colleges  to  a 
graduating  class. 

Baccare,  Backare  (bak-ka're),  inter?.  [A 
humorously  formed  pseudo- Latin  word, 
being  merely  the  E.  back  with  a  Latin  ter- 
mination, apparently  that  of  the  infinitive 
of  the  first  conjugation.]  Stand  back  !  Go 
back! 

Ah,  batkare,  quod  Mortimer  to  his  sowe. 

Roister  Doister. 

Baccare!  you  are  marvellous  forward.        ShaJi. 
Backare,  quoth  Mortimer  to  his  sow,  sec 
Mortimer's  sow  speaketh  as  good  Lalyn  as  hee. 
Heywood. 

['Backare,  quoth  Mortimer  to  his  sow'  was 
a  proverbial  saying  the  origin  of  which  is 
not  known.] 

Baccate  (bakTcat).  a.  In  bot.  1.  Succulent, 
or  having  a  pulpy  texture  like  a  berry, 
2.  Bearing  berries;  berried. 

Baccated  (bakTcat-ed),  a.  [L.  baccatvs,  gar- 
nished with  berries  or  pearls,  from  bacca, 
a  berry.]  1.  Having  many  berries.— 2.t  Set 
or  adorned  with  pearls.  Bailey. 

Bacchanal  (bak'a-nal),  a.  [L.  bacchanals, 
from  Bacchus,  Gr.  Bakchos,t}\e  god  of  wine.] 
Revelling  in  intemperate  drinking;  riotous; 
noisy.  '  Bacchanal  feasts.'  Crowley. 

Bacchanal  (bak'a-nal),  n.  1.  A  votary  of 
Bacchus;  one  who  indulges  in  drunken 
revels;  one  who  is  noisy  and  riotous  when 
intoxicated;  a  drunkard.  '  Each  bold  bac- 
chanal.' Byron.— 2.  [L.  bacchanalia,  a  feast 
of  Bacchus.  ]  pi.  In  class,  antiq.  feasts  in 
honour  of  Bacchus,  the  god  of  wine,  which 
were  celebrated  in  spring  and  autumn,  with 
games  and  shows;  hence,  drunken  feasts. 

Bacchanalia  (bak-a-na'li-a),  n.  pi.  [L.] 
Feasts  or  festive  rites  in  honourof  Bacchus. 
See  BACCHANAL,  n.  2. 

Bacchanalian  (bak-a-na'li-an),  n.  and  a. 
;  Same  as  Bacchanal. 

Sculptures  of  the  bacchanalians.        Stukeley. 

!Even  bacchanalian  madness  has  its  charms. 
Cvwper. 

Bacchanalianism  (bak-a-na'li-an-izm),  n. 
\    The  practice  of  bacchanalian  rites;  drunken 
!    revelry;  riotous  festivity. 
Bacchanalianly  (bak-a-nali-an-li),  adv.   In 
a  bacchanalian  manner. 
Bacchant  (ba-kanf),  n.    [L.  bacchans,  ppr. 
of  bacchor,  to  celebrate  the  feast  of  Bacchus.  ] 
1.   A  priest  of  Bacchus.— 2.  A  bacchanal; 
one  given  to  intemperate  revelling. 

They  appear  in  a  state  of  intoxication  and  are  the 
bacchants  in  a  delirium.  Rees. 


Bacchante,  from  a  marble  in  British  Museum. 

feasts  of  Bacchus;  one  in  a  state  of  bacchic 
frenzy.     The  figure  represents  a  bacchante 
with  cymbals.-  2.  A  female  bacchanal. 
Baccharic(bak'a-rik),n.  Same  as  Bacharach. 
The  wine  was  baccharict  of  the  first  vintage,  and 
great  age.  Sir  U'.  Scott. 

Baccharis  (bak'a-ris),  n.  [The  name  of  a 
shrub  dedicated  to  Bacchus.}  A  large  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Composite.  They  are 
shrubs  or  herbs,  often  glossy  from  a  resinous 
secretion  which  covers  their  smooth  leaves, 
and  are  easily  distinguished  from  their 
allies  by  being  dioicious.  The  flowers  ap- 
pear in  the  autumn,  and  are  whitish  or  yel- 
lowish. The  genus  contains  more  than  200 
species,  all  natives  of  the  New  World,  grow- 
ing from  the  sea  level  to  the  snow  line  of  the 
Andes,  and  often  covering  the  plateaus  to 
the  exclusion  almost  of  other  vegetation. 
Sudorific  and  tonic  virtues  are  ascribed  to 
some  of  the  species. 

Bacchic,  Bacchical  (bak'ik,  bak'ik-al),  a. 

1.  Relating  to  Bacchus,  the  god  of  wine;  as, 
a  bacchic  feast  or  song;  bacchic  mysteries. 

The  bacchic  orgia  were  celebrated  on  the  tops  of 
hills  and  desolate  wild  places.  Stuteley. 

2.  Jovial;  drunken;  mad  with  intoxication. 
'  Bacchical  enthusiasm.'    Dr.  Spencer, 

Bacchius  (ba-kl'us),  n.  [Said  to  be  so  named 
from  its  use  in  hymns  in  honour  of  Bacchvs.  ] 
In  anc.  pros,  a  foot  composed  of  a_short 
syllable  and  two  long  ones,  as  in  avari. 
Bacchus  (bak'us),  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  Bakchos,  the 
noisy  or  riotous  god;  originally,  merely  an 
eprthet  or  sur- 
name of  Dionysoa, 
the  Greek  god  of 
wine.]  In  Greek 
and  Latin  myth. 
another  name  of 
Dionysos,  the  god 
of  wine,  son  of 
Zeus(Jupiter)and 
Semele.  He  is  re- 
presented with  a 
round,  soft,  and 
graceful  form,  ap- 
proaching that  of 
a  maiden,  fre- 
quently in  an  easy 
attitude  and  sup- 
porting himself  by 
his  thyrsus  as  if 
slightly  intoxicat- 
ed, with  a  languid 
countenance,  and 
with  his  hair  knit 
behind  in  a  kimt 
and  wreathed 
with  sprigs  of  ivy 
and  vine  leaves. 
He  is  said  first  to 
have  taught  the 
cultivation  of  the 
grape, an  ilthe  pre- 
paration of  wine 
and  other  intoxi- 
cating liquors. 

Baccifer OUS  (bak-sif'er-us),  a.  [  L.  baccifer- 
bacca,  a  berry,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  Bearing 
or  producing  berries. 

Baccivorous  (bak-siv'6-rus),  o.  [L.  bacca,  a 
berry,  and  voro,  to  devour.]  Eating  or  sub- 
sisting on  berries;  as,  baccivorous  birds. 


Bacchus,  from  an  antique 
statue. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move^       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      V.  Sc.  fey. 


RACE 


100 


HACK  BITE 


Bace  t  (bas),  n.  and  a.     Same  as  H'tm- 

Bacharach  (baeh'ii  -inch),  n.  A  variety  of 
tthine  wine  nmde  at  Bacharach,  a  small 
ti'wu  in  Hhenish  Prussia,  on  the  left  hank 
nf  the  Rhine,  ahout  20  miles  almveColilcnz. 
Konnrrly  written  r><t<-k<track,  Backrag,  Ac, 

Bacheler,  t  n.  A  bachelor ;  a  knight. 
Ckauoer. 

Bacheleria,t  ».  [L.  I-  Hee  BACHBLOB.]  in 
old  records,  the  commonalty  or  yeomanry, 
in  contradistinction  to  the  baronage. 

Bachelerie,  t  n.  1.  Knighthood  Chaucer. 
•>.  Knights  (Collectively.  Chaucer, 

Bachelor  (bloh'el-ArX  n.  [O.K.  bacheler, 
bachilttr,&v..  <>.  Kr.  bacheler,  bachellier,  bach- 
ilf i',  FT.  bacht'lier:  a  word  whose  etymology 
has  been  much  controverted.  The  old  deriva- 
tions from  baccalaurcus,  as  if  the  word  pro- 
perly meant  one  crowned  with  the  laurel  of 
Apollo,  or  from  bas  chevalier,  a  low  or  in- 
ferior knight,  cannot  be  maintained.  Diez, 
Littrd,  and  Brachet  derive  it  from  Merovin- 
gian L.  baccalariits,  originally  the  proprie- 
tor of  a  baccalaria  or  small  farm,  Brachut 
taking  this  word  from  L.L.  bacca,  for  L.  ; 
yacca,  a  cow;  comp.  Fr.  berger,  a  shepherd, 
from  L.  vervex,  a  wether.  The  baccalaritw  | 
was  above  a  serf,  but  still  only  a  vassal,  who 
marched  under  the  banner  of  a  vassal  of  : 
higher  degree.  The  word  in  time  came  to  I 
have  the  meaning  of  a  person  who  has  ] 
obtained  a  bachelor's  degree,  and  was  then 
corrupted  to  baccalaureus.  Wedgwood  and 
others  less  probably  refer  the  ultimate  ori- 
gin to  the  Celtic,  bringing  forward  such 
words  as  W.  bach,  Ir.  and  Gael,  beg,  little, 
W.  baches,  a  little  darling.]  1.  Anciently, 
a  person  in  the  first  or  probationary  stage 
of  knighthood  who  had  not  yet  raised  his 
standard  in  the  field.— 2.  A  person  who  has 
taken  the  first  degree  (baccalaureate)  in  the 
liberal  arts  and  sciences,  or  in  divinity,  law, 
or  medicine,  at  a  college  or  university.  See 
etymology  of  BACCALAUREATE.  — 3.  A  man 
of  any  age  who  has  not  been  married. 

It  was  my  turquoise  :  1  had  it  of  Leah  when  1  was 
a  bachelor;  I  would  not  have  given  it  for  a  wilder- 
ness of  monkeys.  Shak. 

4.t  A  woman  who  has  not  been  married. 

He  would  keep  you 
A  bachelor  still,     .     .     . 
And  keep  you  not  alone  without  a  husband. 
But  in  a  sickness.  B.  jfonson. 

5.  In  London  livery  companies,  a  person  not 
yet  admitted  to  the  livery.  —  Knight  bach- 
elor, the  title  now  given  to  one  who  has 
been  raised  to  the  dignity  of  a  knight 
without  being  made  a  member  of  any  of  the 
orders  of  chivalry  such  as  the  Garter  or  the 
Thistle. 

Bachelorism  (bach'el-er-izm),  n.  The  state 
of  a  bachelor;  bachelorship. 

Bachelor's  Buttons  (bach'el-erz  but-nz), 
n.  pi.  [From  an  ancient  custom  of  country 
youths  carrying  the  flower  in  their  pockets 
to  know  if  they  would  succeed  with  their 
sweethearts.  ]  The  popular  name  of  several 
plants,  as  the  double-flowered  variety  of 
Lychnis  diurna  (the  red  campion),  Cen~ 
taurea  nigra  (knapweed),  but  chiefly  of 
the  double-flowered  variety  of  Ranunculus 
aconitifolius  (white  bachelor's  buttons), 
and  JtaMinculus  acris  (yellow  bachelors 
buttons). 

Bachelorship  (bach'el-er-ship),  n.  The  state 
of  being  a  bachelor;  bachelorism. 

Her  mother  livcth  yet,  can  testify 

She  was  the  first  fruit  of  my  bachelorship.    Shak. 

Bacillaria  (ba-sil-la'ri-a),  n.  [From  L.  bacil- 
lus, dim.  of  baculum,  a  staff.]  A  genus  of 
microscopic  Algsc,  belonging  to  the  class 
Diatomacesc.  They  consist  of  slender,  rect- 
angular segments,  arranged  in  tabular  or 
oblique  serie*.  The  compound  segments  or 
frustnles  are  incessantly  slipping  backwards 
and  forwards  over  each  other.  They  are 
frequent  on  our  coasts. 

BacilU  (ba-sil'li),  n.  pi.  [L.,  a  dim.  of 
tamtam,  a  stick.]  In  bot.  the  single  valves 
of  the  frustules  of  diatoms. 

Back  (bak),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bac.  bcec,  O.E.  bakke, 
bale,  Icel.  Sw.  and  L.G.  bak,  Dan.  bag,  O.H.G. 
bach,  pah,  the  back;  allied  toSw.  facto,  ahill, 
a  ridge,  because  in  animals  the  back  forms 
a  ridge;  comp.  G.  rucken,  back,  E.  ridge.] 
1.  The  posterior  part  of  the  trunk  extending 
from  the  inferior  and  posterior  region  of  the 
neck  as  far  as  the  loins ;  the  region  of  the 
spine;  the  hinder  part  of  the  body  in  man 
and  the  uppor  in  other  animals. — 2.  Any- 
thing resembling  the  hack  in  position— (a) 
as  being  In-hind  or  furthest  from  the  face  or 
front  like  the  back  in  man;  as,  the  back  of  a 
house;  the  back  of  a  book  (the  part  which  is 


behind  when  the  book  is  opened  for  use);  the 
back  of  the  leg. 

Trees  set  upon  the  backs  of  chimneys  do  ripen  fruits 
sooner.  Kacon, 

(ft)  As  being  behind,  or  in  the  furthest 
distance,  with  reference  to  the  spectator, 
speaker,  scene  of  action,  or  the  like;  as, 
the  back  of  an  island  ;  the  bark  of  a  wood  ; 
the  back  of  a  village,  (e)  As  being  the  part 
which  comes  behind  in  the  ordinary  mnvr- 
ments  of  a  thing,  or  when  it  is  used;  as,  the 
back  of  the  hand;  the  back  of  a  knife,  saw.ttc. 

(d)  As  forming  the  upper,  and  especially 
the  outer  and  upper  portion  of  a  thing, 
like  the  back  of  one  of  the  lower  animals; 
as,  the  back  of  a  handrail;   the  back  of  a 
rafter ;  in  mining,  the  back  of  a  lode  (the 
upper  part  of  it),  the  back  of  a  level  (the 
ground  above  a  level  separating  it  from 
the  next  level  above  or  the  surface  of  the 
ground).     'O'er  the  long  backs  of  the  bush- 
less  downs. '    Tennyson. 

(The  mountains)  their  broad,  bare  backs  upheave. 
Milton. 

(e)  As  being  that  which  supports  the  ribs; 
as,  the  back  of  a  ship  (namely,   the  keel 
and  keelson).    (In  some  of  the  above  and 
in  other  similar  cases   several   analogies 
may  have  been  operative  in  determining 
the  usage.]  — 3.  By  ttynccdoche,  the  whole 
body;  as,  he  has  not  clothes  to  his  back.— 
4.  /'/.  A  term  given  by  leather  merchants  to 
the  thickest  and  best-tanned  hides.  —6.  t  The 
address  of  a  letter,  formerly  written  on  the 
back  of  the  letter  itself.     Sir  W.  Scott.— 
Q.  A  reserve  or  secondary  resource. 

This  project 

Should  have  a  back  or  second,  that  might  hold. 
If  this  should  blast  in  proof.  Shak. 

— Back  and  belly,  (a)  before  and  behind;  all 
over;  as,  to  beat  a  person  back  and  belly, 
(6)  Clothes  and  food;  as,  to  keep  a  person 
/""•/,•  and  belly,  to  keep  him  in  clothes  and 
food.  Macmillaris  Mag.  [Vulgar.  ]— Backs 
and  cutters,  a  miner's  name  for  jointed 
rock- structures,  the  backs  running  in  lines 
more  or  less  parallel  to  the  strike  of  the 
strata,  and  forming  the  '  back '  of  the  quarry, 
and  the  cutters  crossing  them  at  right  angles. 
— Back  and  edge,\  wholly;  completely. 

They  have  engaged  themselves  ours  back  and  edge. 
Lady  Alimony. 

—Behind  the  back,  in  secret,  or  when  one  is 
absent. — To  be  on  another's  back,  to  be  severe 
on  one  for  any  fault  or  foolish  act;  to  chide; 
to  ridicule.  [Colloq.]  —  To  be  on  one's  (own) 
back,  to  be  at  the  end  of  one's  resources;  to 
be  aground.  [Colloq.  ]  -To  bow  down  the  back, 
to  submit  to  oppression.  Rom.  xi.  10.  —  To  cast 
behind  the  back,  in  Scrip.  («)  to  forget  and 
forgive.  Is.  xxxviii.  17.  (&)  To  treat  with 
contempt.  Ezek.  xxiii.  35;  Neh.  ix.  26.— To 
give  a  back,  to  bend  the  back  and  keep  it  firm 
so  as  to  allow  another  to  leap  over  one's  head 
by  placing  his  hands  upon  one's  back,  or  to 
mount  up  to  anything.  [Colloq.]—  To  make 
a  back.  Same  as  To  give  a  back.— To  put  or 
set  one's  back  up  againtit,  to  show  antipathy 
or  aversion  towards;  to  resist:  a  metaphor 
probably  taken  from  the  practice  of  cats. 
[Colloq.]— To  see  the  batk  qf,  to  get  rid  of. 
—  To  turn  the  back  on  one,  to  forsake  or 
neglect  him. 

Back  (bak),  n.  [Fr.  bac,  a  back  or  ferry- 
boat, a  brewer's  or  distiller's  back;  Armor. 
bac,  a  boat;  D.  bak,  a  bowl;  Dan.  bakke, 
a  tray.  The  word  may  be  originally  Celtic. 
See  BASIN,  which  is  from  this  word.]  1.  A 
large  flat-bottomed  ferry-boat, especially  one 
adapted  for  carrying  vehicles.and  worked  by 
a  chain  or  rope  fastened  on  each  side  of  the 
ferry. --2.  A  large  tub  or  vessel :  (a)  in  brew- 
ing and  distilling,  a  vessel  into  which  the 
wort,«tc. ,  is  drawn  for  the  purpose  of  cooling, 
straining,  mixing,  «tc.  It  receives  various 
names  in  accordance  with  its  position  and 
uses;  as,  under-back,  spirit-back,  wash-back. 
(6)  In  glue-making,  a  receptacle  in  which  a 
solution  of  glue  is  kept  warm  until  the  im- 
purities have  time  to  settle;  specifically 
called  a  Settling-back.— 3.  A  kind  of  wooden 
trough  for  carrying  fuel;  a  coal-scuttle.  Sir 
W.  Scott.  [Scotch.] 

Back  (bak),  adv.  [From  the  noun;  short  for 
aback,  A.  Sax.  on  base,  back.]  1.  To  or  to- 
ward the  place  from  which  one  came;  as,  to 
go  back.—  2.  Fig.  to  a  former  state,  condi- 
tion, or  station;  as,  he  cannot  go  back  to  his 
old  occupation.— 3.  Behind;  not  advancing; 
not  coming  or  bringing  forward ;  in  a  state 
of  restraint  or  hinderance ;  as,  to  keep  back 
a  part;  to  keep  one's  self  back. 

The  Lord  hath  kept  thee  back  from  honour. 

Num.  xxiv.  it. 


4.  Toward  times  «.r  things  past;  as,  to  look 
back  on  former  ages. ---ft.  Again;  in  return; 
as,  to  give  back  the  money.— 6.  Away  from 
contact;  by  reverse  movement. 

The  angel  of  the  Lord  .  .  .  came  and  rolled  buck 
the  stone  from  the  door.  Mat.  xtvlil.  y. 

7.  In  withdrawal  or  resilcment  from  an 
undertaking  or  engagement;  as,  to  draw 
back. 

I've  been  surprised  in  an  unguarded  hour, 
Hut  must  not  now  go  back.  Add-on. 

8.  Ago;  since;  as,  a  little  time  back.    [Colloq.] 
— To  and  back,  forwards  and  backwards. 

Like  to  a  common  Rag  upon  the  stream 
Goes  to  and  baft   .    .    .    to  rot  itself  with  motion. 
A  A,i*. 

—To  go  or  give  back,  to  retreat,  to  recede; 
to  give  way;  to  succumb. 

Make  her^v  back  even  to  the  yielding.       SHak 

Back  (bak),  a.  1.  Lying  in  the  rear  of  another 
object;  remote;  as,  back  settlements.  —2.  In  a 
backward  direction;  returning  in  the  direc- 
tion whence  it  came;  as,  &acfc- stroke,  back- 
water. 

Back  (bak),  v.t.  [Partly  directly  from  the 
noun,  partly  from  the  adverb.]  T.  To  fur- 
nish with  a  back  or  backing;  to  strengthen 
or  support  at  the  back  ;  as,  to  buck  a  book  ; 
to  i'ni-1,  an  electrotype  plate ;  to  back  the 
armour-plates  of  a  war-vessel  with  teak.— 

2.  To  support;  to  maintain;  to  second  or 
strengthen  by  aid ;  as,  the  court  was  backed 
by  the  House  of  Commons:  often  with  up. 

Success  still  follows  htm  and  backs  his  crimes. 
AddisoH. 

3.  To  bet  or  wager  in  favour  of;  to  express 
confidence  in  the  success  or  superiority  of; 
as,  to  back  a  horse  in  a  race,  or  one  of  the 
parties  in  an  argument.— 4.  To  get  upoii  the 
back  of;  to  mount;  as,  to  back  a  horse. — 

5.  To  write  something  on  the  back  of;  to 
address,  as  a  letter;  to  endorse.— 6.  To  put 
backward ;  to  cause  to  move  backwards  or 
recede ;  as,  to  back  a  horse  or  a  vehicle. 
'Backing  his  chair  a  little.'  Dickens.— 7.  To 
adjoin  behind.     '  That  snug  and  comfort- 
able retreat  which  generally  backs  the  ware- 
rooms  of   an    English   tradesman.'     Lord 
Lytton. — To  back  an  anchor  (naitt.),  to  lay 
down  a  small  anchor  ahead  of  a  large  one, 
the  cable  of  the  small  one  being  fastened  to 
the  crown  of  the  large  one  to  prevent  its 
coming  home. — To  back  a  chain  or  rope,  to 
attach  a  preventer  to  it  so  as  to  reduce  the 
strain.— To  back  the  oars,  to  row  the  oars 
backwards.  —  To  back  a  sail,  to  arrange  so 
as  to  cause  the  wind  to  strike  it  in  front 
and  press  it  aft.— To  back  a  vessel,  to  make 
her  move  astern.  —  To  back  a  warrant,  to 
sign  or  endorse  a  warrant  issued  in  another 
county  to  apprehend  an  offender :  said  of  a 
justice  of  the  peace.— To  back  up,  to  lend 
support,  aid,  or  assistance  to ;  to  stand  by; 
to  give  countenance  to;  as,  to  back  up  one's 
friends. 

Back  (bak),  v.i.  To  move  or  go  back;  as,  the 
horse  refuses  to  back.  — To  back  astern,  to 
back  wa tc r  (nan t. ), to  move  stern  foremost.  — 
To  backandjill,  to  keep  a  ship  in  the  middle 
of  the  stream  of  a  narrow  river  by  alter- 
nately advancing  ahead  from  one  shore  and 
moving  backwards  from  the  opposite  shore, 
while  the  stream  carries  her  along,  the  wind 
being  contrary  to  the  direction  of  the  stream. 
—To  back  down,  to  withdraw  a  charge;  to 
eat  one's  words.  Bartlett.  [United  States.] 
—  To  back  out,  to  retreat  from  a  difficulty  or 
resile  from  an  engagement.  [Coiloq.] 

Backarack  (bak'a-rak),  n.  Rhine  wine  made 
at  Bacharach,  formerly  popular  in  England. 
(See  BACHARACH.)  'With  &acA-arac*  and 
aqua  vitae.'  Uudibras.  Called  also  Back- 
rack,  Backrag,  Ac. 

Back-band  (bak'band),  n.  That  part  of  the 
harness  which  goes  over  the  back  of  a  horse 
and  bears  up  the  shafts  of  the  carriage. 

Back-bar  (bakT>ar),  n.  A  bar  in  the  chim- 
ney to  hang  a  vessel  on. 

Backbite  (baklnt),  v.t  To  bite  the  back 
of;  generally  fig.  to  censure,  slander,  or 
speak  evil  of,  in  the  absence  of  the  person 
traduced.  In  the  first  extract  there  Is  a 
play  upon  the  literal  and  figurative  mean  in  L* 
of  the  word. 

They  are  arrant  knaves,  and  will  backbite. — N< 
worse  than  they  are  backbitten,  sir;  for  they  have 
marvellously  foul  linen.  SfttiA. 

Most  untruly  and  maliciously  do  these  evil  tongue* 
backbite  and  slander  the  sacred  as.hes  of  that  t>erson 
age,  Spenser. 

Backbite  (bakTrtt),  tj.  i.  To  slander  or  speak 
evil  of  the  absent  '  He  that  backbiteth  n»t 
with  his  tongue.'  Ps.  xv  3. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  0o;      J,  job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wMg;      rh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


BACKBITER 


200 


EACKSTAND 


Backbiter  (bak'bit-6r).  n.  One  who  slan- 
ders, calumniates,  or  speaks  ill  of  the  ab- 
sent. 

Face-flatterers  and  backbifers  are  the  same 

Tennyson 

Backbiting  (bak'bit-ing),  ».  The  act  of 
slandering  the  absent ;  secret  calumny. 
'  Envyings,  wraths,  strifes,  backbitimjs,  whis- 
perings.' 2  Cor.  xii.  20. 

Backbitingly  (bak'bit-ing-li),  adv.  With 
secret  slander. 

Backboard  (bakljord),  n.  A  board  for  the 
back;  a  board  placed  at  the  back  or  serving 
as  the  back  of  tomatUng;  specifically,  (a) 
a  board  placed  across  the  after  part  of  a 
boat  to  support  the  backs  of  the  occupants. 
(6)  A  board  used  to  support  the  back  and 
give  erectness  to  the  figure. 

A  careful  and  undeviating  use  of  the  backboard .  .  . 
is  recommended  as  necessary  to  the  acquirement  of 
that  dignified  deportment  and  carriage  so  requisite 
for  every  young  lady  of  fashion.  Thackeray. 

Back-bond  (bak'bond),  n.  In  Scots  law,  a 
deed  attaching  a  qualification  or  condition 
to  the  terms  of  a  conveyance,  or  other  in- 
strument. 

Backbone  (baklion),  ».  1.  The  bone  of  the 
back;  the  spine;  the  vertebral  column.— 
2.  Something  resembling  a  backbone  in  ap- 
pearance, position,  or  office  ;  as,  the  Apen- 
nines are  the  backbone  of  Italy.  — 3.  fig. 
firmness ;  stability  of  purpose ;  decision  of 
character;  resolution;  moral  principle;  as, 
he  has  no  backbone  in  him  —  To  the  back- 
lone,  to  the  utmost  extent  of  one's  power 
or  nature;  out  and  out;  thoroughly;  en- 
tirely. 'Jolly  old  Burbo,  staunch  to  the 
backbone.'  Lord  Lytton.  '  A  true-blue  Tory 
to  the  backbone. '  T.  Hughes.  '  Game  to  the 
backbone. '  Trollope. 

Back-box  (bak'boks),  n.  In  printing,  one 
of  the  boxes  on  the  top  of  the  upper  case 
usually  appropriated  to  small  capitals. 

Back-carry!  (bakTta-ri),  n.  In  forest  law, 
the  crime  of  having  game  on  the  back,  as 
deer  unlawfully  killed. 

Back-cast  (bak'kast),  n.  I.  A  cast  or  throw 
back. —  2.  A  backward  stroke,  or  a  stroke 
driving  one  back;  hence,  fig.  any  discourage- 
ment or  cause  of  relapse  or  failure.  [Scotch  ] 

Back-centre  (bak'sen-ter),  n.  The  point  on 
the  back  or  dead  spindle  of  a  lathe  which 
supports  that  end  of  the  work. 

Back-chain  (bak'chan),  n.  A  chain  that 
passes  over  the  cart-saddle  of  a  horse  to 
support  the  shafts. 

Back-comb  (bak'kom),  n.  A  woman's  comb 
for  the  back  hair. 

Back-door  (bak'dor),  n.  A  door  on  the 
back  part  of  a  building;  a  private  passage; 
an  indirect  way. 

Popery,  which  is  so  far  shut  out  as  not  to  re-enter 
openly,  is  stealing  in  by  the  back-dear  of  atheism. 

Backed  (bakt),  n.  1.  Having  a  back: "used 
chiefly  in  composition;  as,  broad- backed, 
]}\imp-backed. '  Sharp-headed,  barrel-belly'd 
broadly -back'd.'  Dryden.  —  2.  Mounted; 
placed  on  the  back.  •  Great  Jupiter  upon 
bis  eagle  backed. '  Shak. 

Backen  t  (bak'n), ».  (.  To  put  back;  to  retard. 

Back-end  (bak'end),  n.  The  latter  end  or 
part;  particularly  applied  to  the  latter  part 
of  autumn.  [Scotch.] 

The  hedges  will  do,  I  clipped  them  wi'  my  ain 
hands  last  rack-end.  Prof,  ll'ilson. 

Backer  (bak'er),  n.  1.  One  who  backs  or 
gets  on  the  back;  as,  a  backer  of  untamed 
horses.  —2.  One  who  backs  or  supports  an- 
other in  an  undertaking,  and  especially  in 
any  trial  of  skill,  agility,  or  strength;  one 
who  bets  or  'lays'  his  money  in  favour  of  a 
particular  party  in  a  contest.  —  3.  In  arch. 
a  narrow  slate  laid  on  the  back  of  a  broad 
square-headed  slate,  where  the  slates  begin 
to  diminish  in  width. 

Backer,!  ado.    More  or  further  hack. 

With  that  anon  I  went  me  backer  more.    Chaucer. 

Backet  (bak'et),  n.  [Fr.  baquet,  a  trough, 
from  bac,  a  vessel.  See  BACK,  a  vessel.]  A 
trough  or  box,  especially  for  carrying  out 
ashes  or  cinders.  [Scotch.] 

Backfallert  (bak'fal-er),  n.  A  backslider; 
a  renegade. 

Onias  with  many  lyke  back/alters  from  God  fled 
into  Egypte.  yay,. 

Back-friend  (.bak'frend),  n.  A  secret  enemy. 
[Bare.] 

Far  is  our  church  from  encroaching  upon  the  civil 
power;  as  some  who  are  back-friends  to  both  would 
maliciously  insinuate.  Sontft. 

Backgammon  (bak-gam'mon),  n.  [Dan. 
bakke,  a  tray,  and  E.  gammon,  a  game,  Dan. 
gamtnen,  mirth.  Wedgwood.  ]  A  game  played 


by  two  persons  upon  a  table  or  board  made 
for  the  purpose,  with  pieces  or  men,  dice- 
boxes,  and  dice.  The  table  is  in  two  parts, 
on  which  are  twenty-four  black  and  white 
spaces  called  points.  Each  player  has  fifteen 
men  of  different  colours  for  the  purpose  of 
distinction.  The  movements  of  the  men 
are  made  in  accordance  with  the  numbers 
turned  up  by  the  dice. 

Back-ground  (bak'ground),  n.  I.  Ground 
in  the  rear  or  behind,  as  opposed  to  the 
front. — 2.  The  part  of  a  picture  represented 
as  farthest  from  the  spectator;  that  which 
is  represented  as  behind  a  figure  or  group 
of  figures.  — 3.  Fig.  a  situation  little  seen  or 
noticed ;  a  position  in  which  one  tries  to 
avoid  notice.  '  A  husband  somewhere  in 
the  back-ground.'  Thackeray. 
Back-hand  (bak'hand),  n.  Writing  sloping 
backwards  or  to  the  left;  as,  he  writes  back- 
hand. 

Backhand  (bak'hand),  a.  Backhanded;  un- 
favourable; unfair;  as,  a  backhand  influ- 
ence. 

Backhanded  (bak'hand-ed),  a.  1.  With  the 
hand  turned  backward;  as,  a  backhanded 
blow. — 2.  Unfair;  oblique;  indirect;  sarcas- 
tic; as,  a  backhanded  compliment— 3.  Slop- 
ing back  or  to  the  left;  as,  backhanded 
writing. 

Backhanded  (bak'hand-ed),  adv.  With  the 
hand  directed  backward;  as,  to  strike  back- 
handed. 

Backhandedness  (bak'hand-ed-nes),  n. 
State  of  being  backhanded;  unfairness. 
EC.  Rev. 

Backhander  (bak'hand-er),  n.  A  blow  with 
the  back  of  the  hand ;  as,  to  strike  one  a 
backhander. 

Backhouse  (bak'hous),  n.  A  building  be- 
hind or  back  from  the  main  or  front  build- 
ing. 

Backing  (bak'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  expressed 
by  the  verb  to  back  in  its  various  senses. — 
2.  Support,  physical  or  moral,  from  some 
agency  behind,  or,  figuratively,  at  the  back 
of  a  principal ;  as,  he  would  have  gone  on 
with  it,  but  he  could  get  no  backing  from 
anybody.— 3  The  address  of  a  letter.— 4.  In 
technology,  something  put  at  or  attached  to 
the  back  of  something  else  by  way  of  sup- 
port or  finish,  or  the  act  of  putting  it  there; 
as,  (a)  a  layer  or  layers  of  timber,  generally 
teak,  on  which  the  iron  plates  of  armour- 
clad  ships  are  bolted,  (b)  In  bookbinding,  the 
preparing  of  the  back  of  a  book  with  glue, 
&c.,  before  putting  on  the  cover,  (c)  In 
weaving,  the  web  of  coarser  or  stronger 
material  at  the  back  of  such  piled  fabrics 
as  velvet,  plush,  satin,  Brusself  carpet,  &c. 

BacWng-up  (bak'ing-up),  n.  1.  See  To  back 
up  under  BACK,  r.t.  —  i.  A  term  used  in 
cricket  and  certain  other  games  for  stop- 
ping the  ball  and  driving  it  back. 

Back-joint  (bak 'joint),  n.  In  masonry,  a 
rebate  such  as  that  made  on  the  inner  side 
of  a  chimney-piece  to  receive  a  slip. 

Back-lash  (bak'lash),  n.  In  mech.  the  re- 
action upon  each  other  of  a  pair  of  wheels 
produced  by  irregularities  of  velocity  when 
the  load  is  not  constant  or  the  moving 
power  is  not  uniform. 

Back-lining  (bak'lin-ing),  n.  In  windows, 
the  piece  of  a  sash  frame  parallel  to  the  pul- 
ley piece  and  next  to  the  jamb  on  each  side. 

Back-link  (bak'lingk),  n.  In  engines,  one 
of  the  links  in  a  parallel  motion  which 
connect  the  air-pump  rod  to  the  beam. 

Backlins(bak'linz),<irfi>.  [Back,  and  a  genit. 

term,  lint  =  -ling,  -long,  as  in  dark'i'/i;/,  head- 
tow.)  Backwards.  [Scotch.] 

Back-look  (bak'luk),  n.  Retrospective  view; 
as,  to  take  a  back-look. 

Back-paintjng  (bak'pant-ing),  n.  A  method 
of  staining  Inezzotinto  prints  with  varnish 
colours  after  they  have  been  affixed  to  glass, 
giving  them  the  effect  of  paintings  on  glass. 
Fairholt. 

Back-parlour  (bak'par-ler),  n.  A  parlour 
in  the  back  part  of  a  house. 

Back-piece,  Back-plate  (bak'pes.  bak'plat), 
n.  A  piece  at  the  back  of  something;  spe- 
cifically, a  piece  of  armour  which  covered 
the  back. 

Back-pressure  (bak'pre-shor),  n.  The  re- 
sistance of  the  atmosphere  or  waste  steam 
to  the  action  of  the  piston  of  a  steam-engine. 

Backrack,*  Backragt  (bak'rak,  bak'rag),n. 
Wine  made  at  Bacharach.  See  BACHARACH. 
'  Good  back-rack  ...  to  drink  down  in 
healths  to  this  day.'  Beau,  tfc  Ft. 

I'm  for  no  tongues  but  dry'd  ones,  such  as  will 
Give  a  fine  relish  to  my  backr.ig.          Old  Play. 

Back-raking  (bak'rik-ing).  ».  An  operation 


in  farriery,  by  which  hardened  faces  are 

withdrawn  frum  the  rectum. 
Back-rent  (bak'rent),  n.    In  Scot»  law,  a  rent 

paid  subsequently  to  reaping;  thus,  when  a 

tenant  entering  with  a  lease  is  allowed  to 
.  reap  and  sell  his  first  crop  before  paying  his 
1  rent,  the  rent  in  this  case  is  termed  a  bark- 

rent,  in  contradistinction  to  a  rent  payable 
j  previously  to  the  first  crop  being  reaped, 

and  which  is  termed  a  fore-rent. 
Back-rest  (bak'rest),  n.'  A  guide  attached  to 

the  slide-rest  of  a  lathe  and  placed  in  contact 

with  the  work  to  steady  it  in  turning. 
Back-return  (bak're-tern),  n.    A  going  or 

coming  back;  return.     '  Harry's  back-return 

to  France.'     Shak.      'The  back-rettirn  of 

Charon's  boat.'    Marlowe. 
Back-room  (bak'rom),  n.    A  room  in  the 

back  part  of  a  house. 
Back-rope  (bak'rop),  n.  SvaeuMarHngalt- 

stays.    See  under  MARTINGALE. 
Back-saw  (bak'sa),  n.    A  saw  whose  web  is 

stiffened  by  a  metallic  back  of  greater  sub- 

stance, such  as  a  tenon-saw. 
Backset  t  (bak'set),  a.    Set  upon  in  the  rear. 

'  Backset  with  Pharaoh's  whole  power.  '  Ant. 

A  nderson. 
Backset  (bak'set).  n.    A  check  or  misadven- 

ture in  an  undertaking;  a  relapse  in  illness 

[Scotch.] 
Back-settlement  (bak'set-1-ment),  n.     An 

outlying  and  unreclaimed  or  only  partially 

reclaimed  district  of  a  country  beginning  to 

be  occupied  for  cultivation;  as,  the  back- 

settlements  of  America  :  mostly  used  in  the 

plural.    See  BACKWOODS. 
Back-settler(bak'set-l-er),n.  Oneinhabiting 

the  back-settlements  of  a  country. 
Backshish,  Backsheesh  (bak'shesh),  n.    A 

gift;  gratuity;  drink-money.  See  BAKSHISH. 
Backside  (bak'sid),  n.  The  back  part  of  any- 

thing;  the  part  opposite  to  the  front  or 


behind  that  which  is  presented  to  the  face 
tor,  as  the  hind  part  of  an  animal; 


of  a  spectat,  nma 

the  yard,  ground,  or  place  behind  a  house. 
Back-sight  (bak'sit),  n.    1.  The  first  readin 


ing 


from  a  levelling  staff  taken  from  any  position 
of  the  instrument.  All  other  readings  are 
cMeA  fore-sights.  —2.  The  rear  sight  of  a  gun 

Back-slang  (bak'slang),  n.  A  species  of 
slang  in  wliich  the  words  are  pronounced 
or  written  backwards,  or  as  nearly  so  as 
the  skill  of  the  speaker  or  writer,  or  the 
nature  of  the  word  will  permit;  thus, 
penny  becomes  yennep,  woman  namow, 
and  so  on. 

Backslide  (bak -slid'),  t-.t.  To  slide  back; 
hence,  to  fall  off ;  to  apostatize ;  to  turn 
gradually  from  the  faith. 

I  have  fallen  back  to  my  carnal  temper,  from  the 
holy  ways  of  God,  and  have  again  backslided. 

Bp.  Hopkins. 

Backslider  (bak'slid-er),  n.  One  who  back- 
slides: (a)  an  apostate;  one  who  falls  from 
the  faith  and  practice  of  religion.  Prov.  xiv. 
14.  (6)  One  who  neglects  his  vows  of  obe- 
dience and  falls  into  sin. 

Backsliding  (bak'slid-ing),  p.  and  a.  Sliding 
backwards;  hence,  apostatizing  from  faith 
or  practice;  falling  insensibly  from  religion 
into  sm  or  idolatry.  'Backsliding  Israel.' 
Jer.  Hi.  6. 

Backslidingness  (bak'slid-ing-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  backsliding. 

Back-speed  (bak'sped),  n.  In  mech.  a  second 
speed-gear  of  a  lathe,  which  can  be  brought 
into  action  on  the  fore-speed  so  that  second 
series  of  speeds  of  the  spindle  are  thereby 
obtained. 

Back-staff  (bak'staf),  n.  [From  its  being 
used  with  the  observer's  back  toward  the 
sun.]  An  instrument  invented  by  Captain 
John  Davis  about  1590,  and  used,  before 
the  invention  of  the  quadrant  and  sextant, 
for  taking  the  sun's  altitude  at  sea. 

Backstair,  Backstairs  (bak'star,  bak'starz), 
n.  A  stair  or  stairs  in  the  back  part  of  a 
house:  private  stairs. 

Backstair,  Backstairs  (bak'star,  bak'starz), 
a.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to  stairs  in  the  bark 
part  of  a  house;  as,  a  backstair  entrance.— 
2.  Indirect;  oblique;  underhand;  unfair;  as, 
backstairs  influence. 

He's  like  a  backstair  minister  at  court,  who.  wliiNt 
the  reputed  favourites  are  sauntering  in  the  bed-cham- 
ber, is  ruling  the  roast  in  the  closet.  SirJ.  VaHbriijfh. 

Back -stall  (bak'stal),  n.  The  thief  who 
walks  behind  the  actual  operator  in  a 
garrote- robbery  to  conceal  him  when  at 
work  and  make  off  with  the  booty.  See 
GARROTE-ROBBERY. 

Backstand  (bak'staml),  n.  Support;  some- 
thing to  fall  back  upon.  '  A  sure  staye  and 
a  stedfast  backstande  at  home. '  Uall. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  b«ll;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;       }',  Sc.  ley. 


DACK-STAY 

Back-stay<b:ikvt:i), ».  i.  ta  printing,  **tr»p 
«>f  leather  used  to  check  the  carriage  of  a 
printing  pre.-w.  2.  A'arif.  a  long  rope  or  stay 
extending  from  the  topmast,  topgallant- 
mast  or  royal-mast  head  backwards  to  the 
side  of  a  ship  to  assist  the  shrouds  in  sup- 
porting the  mast  when  strained  by  a  weight 
of  sail 

Back-stone  (bek'sMn),  n.  [A  corruption 
in]'  /»(/,'  xtnin-  |  'The  heated  stone  on  which 
..at -cake  is  baked.  [  Provincial.] 

Back-stream  (bak  itrtm \  n.    A  current 

running  against    the  regular  course  of  the. 
stream;  an  up-stream. 
Back-SWOrd  (l>:ikVml),  n.    I.  A  sword  with 


201 


BADGEMAN 


,    .      . 

one  sharp  edge.-  -2.  A  stick  with  a  basket 
handle  used  in 
single-stick. 


.       . 
fencing.  —  3.  The  game  of 


Back-tack  (bak'tak),  n.  Tu  Scot  a  law,  a  tack  I 
connected  with  wiulsets  or  mortgages,  by 
which  the  possession  of  the  land  is  returned 
to  the  proprietor  on  payment  of  a  rent  cor- 
responding to  the  interest  of  the  money 
advanced  See  WA1WET. 

Back-tool  (bak'tbl),  n.      In  bookbinding,  a  | 
filet,  roller,  or  other  hand  tool  for  dry 
tooling  or  gilding  th«  backs  of  books. 

Back-trick  t  (bak'trik),  n.  A  caper  backwards 
in  dancing. 

[  have  tlie  back-trick  simply  as  strong  as  any  man  in 
lliyri.i.  Shak. 

Backward,  Backwards  (bak'werd,  bak'- 
uerdx).a'/r.  [/>rtcfr,  andicrtrrf.deuotingdirec- 
tion.]  1.  With  the  back  in  advance;  as,  to  move 
backward.—  2.  Toward  the  back;  as,  to  throw 
the  arms  backward;  to  move  backward  and 
forward.  —3.  On  the  back  or  with  the  back 
downward.  'Thou  wilt  fall  backward.'  Shak. 
4.  Toward  past  times  or  events;  as,  to  look 
backward  on  the  history  of  man.— 5.  By  way 
of  reflection;  reflexively. 

The  mind  can  bacfavard  cast 
Upon  herself  her  understanding  light.  Sir  $f.  Davies. 

<>.  From  a  better  to  a  worse  state;  as,  public 
atfairs  go  backward.  'The  work  went  back- 
ward.' Dryden.—1.  In  time  past.  'Some 
reigns  backward.'  Locke. — 8.  In  a  contrary 
or  reverse  manner,  way,  or  direction;  from 
the  end  to  the  beginning;  in  an  order  con- 
trary to  the  natural  order;  as,  to  read  back- 
iMftf.  '  What  is  a  b  rend  backward?'  Shak. 
I  never  yet  saw  man  but  she  would  spell  him  back' 

Backward  (bak'werd),  a.  I.  Done  in  an 
order  contrary  to  the  natural  order,  as 
a  sentence  repeated  from  the  end  to  the 
beginning 

without  hU  rod  reversed. 
And  backward  mutters  of  dissevering  power. 
We  cannot  free  the  lady.  Milton. 

2.  Being  in  the  back  or  at  the  back. 

Fourlefjsandtwovoices.  .  .  .  Hisforwardvoicenow 
is  to  speak  well  of  his  friend :  his  backward  voice  is 
to  utter  foul  speeches  and  to  detract.  Shak. 

3.  Turned  back.    '  A  backward  look.'   Shak. 

4.  Unwilling;  averse;  reluctant;  hesitating; 
slow;  dilatory;  sluggish. 

For  wiser  brutes  are  backivard  to  be  slaves.     Pope. 
The  mind  is  backward  to  undergo  the  fatigue  of 
weighing  every  argument.  It'atts. 

6.  Dull;  not  quick  of  apprehension;  behind 
inprogress.  'The&acfrioarrflearner.'  South. 
(i.  Late;  behind  in  time;  coming  after  some- 
thing else  or  after  the  usual  time;  as,  back- 
)m/-(ifniits;theseasonis6ncJhparrf.— 7.  Being 
behind  or  already  past.  'Flies  unconscious 
o'er  each  backward  year.'  Byron. 
Backward  t  (bak'werd),  n.  The  things  or 
state  behind  or  past. 

What  seest  thou  else 
In  the  dark  backward  and  abysm  of  time?      Shak. 

Backward  t  (bak'werd),  v.t.  To  obstruct;  to 
keep  back.  'Doth  clog  and  backward  us.' 
Hammond. 

Backwardation  (bak-werd-a'shon\  n.  A 
Consideration  paid  to  purchasers  for  an  ex- 
tension of  time  by  speculators  on  the  Stock 
Kv'haiige  unable  to  supply  the  stock  or 
shares  they  have  contracted  to  deliver,  from 
which  the  anomaly  arises  that  stocks  and 
shares  may  occasionally  be  bought  cheaper 
on  credit  than  for  cash.  See  CONTANGO. 

Backwardly  (bak'werd-li),  adv.  Unwill- 
ingly; reluctantly;  aversely;  perversely;  ill. 

I  was  the  first  man 
That  e'er  received  gift  from  him; 
And  docs  he  think  so  backward^  of  me  now. 
That  PI  requite  it  last?  Shak. 

Backwardness  (bak'werd-nes),  n.  l.  The 
>iate  or  quality  of  being  backward:  (a) 
unwillingness;  reluctance;  dilatoriness  or 
dulness  in  action.  'Our  backwardness  to 
good  works.'  Attcrbury.  (b)  Behind  in 
progress;  slowness;  tardiness;  as,  the  back- 
irardnexx  of  the  spring. 


Back-waBhed<b:ik'\VM<ht)  a.  Ctauuedfrom 

oil,  as  wool  uftcr  com  hill-..' 

Back-water  (bak'wi-tJr),  n.     1.  Water 

thrown  back  by  the  turning  of  a  water- 
wheel  or  the  paddles  of  steamboats,  <tc.— 
2.  Water  held  or  forced  buck,  as  in  a  mill- 
race,  or  in  a  tributary  of  n  stream,  ami  in 
consequence  of  some  obstruction,  as  a  dam 
or  the  swelling  of  the  river  below.  3.  ATI 
artificial  nccmmilation  of  water  obtninr.i 
at  high  tide  and  reserved  in  reservoirs  to 
be  discharged  at  low  tide  for  clearing  off 
deposits  in  channel  beds  and  tideways.— 
4.  A  creek  or  arm  of  the  sea  which  runs 
parallel  to  the  coast,  having  only  a  narrow 
slip  of  land  between  it  and  the  sea  and 
communicating  with  the  latter  by  barred 
entrances. 

Backwoods  (bak'wu-l?.).  n.  pi.  Woody  or 
forest  districts  in  partially  settled  countries 
situated  back  or  away  from  the  more  thickly 
settled  parts:  more  especially  used  in  regard 
to  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

Backwoodsman  ( bak'wudz-man ),  n.  An 
inhabitant  of  the  backwoods. 

The  General  Boom,  backit-oodsman  of  Kentucky, 
Was  happiest  amongst  mortals  anywhere.        Byron. 

Backworm  (bak'werm),  n.  A  small  worm 
generally  found  in  the  thin  skin  about  the 
reins  of  hawks.  See  Fih ANDERS. 

Back  -  wounding  (  bak '  wiind  -  ing  ),  a. 
Wounding  in  the  back  or  behind  one's 
back  ;  injuring  surreptitiously.  '  Back- 
wounding  calumny.'  Shak. 

Bacon  (ba'kn),  n.  fO.Kr.  bacon,  from  O.D. 
baken,  bacon,  from  bak,  bake,  a  pig;  G.  bache, 
a  wild  sow.]  1.  Hog's  flesh  salted  or  pickled 
and  dried,  usually  in  smoke.  —  2.  A  hog; 
hence,  a  grossly  fat  person.  '  On,  bacons, 
on  I '  Shak.  —To  gave  one'*  bacon,  to  preserve 
one's  self  from  harm. 

But  here  I  say  the  Turks  were  much  mistaken. 
Who,  hating  hogs,  yet  wished  to  save  their  bacon. 
Byron. 

Bacon-beetle  (ba'kn -l>e-tlY  n.  A  species 
of  Dermestes  (D.  lardariws),  family  Dermes- 
tidic,  order  Coleoptera,  whose  larva  is  very 
destnictive  to  stuffed  animals  in  museums. 
It  is  hairy,  and  whitish-brown  in  colour. 

Baconian  (ba-ko'ni-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Lord  Bacon,  or  his  system  of  philosophy. 
This  system  is  founded  upon  induction,  and 
is  also  known  as  the  Inductive  Philosophy. 
See  INDUCTION. 

Bacterium  (imk-te'ri-um),  H.  pi.  Bacteria 
(bak-te'ri-a).  [Gr.baktron,*  stick.]  l.  A  genus 
of  Algie  comprising  the  simplest  forms  be- 
longing to  the  Nostoc  group.  They  are 
simple  cells  of  a  spherical  or  oblong  form, 
which  multiply  by  transverse  division  of 
the  cells.  They  either  separate  or  remain 
attached  in  chains.  A  simple  plant  is  not 
more  than  the  twenty -thousandth  of  an 
inch  in  diameter.— 2.  A  genus  of  orthopter- 
ous  insects,  family  Fhasmidic,  the  stick- 
insects.  See  PHASMIDJ-;. 

Bactrlan  (bak'tri-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Bactria,  an  ancient  province  of  the  Per- 
sian empire.  Bactrian  camel,  the  common 
or  two-humped  camel. 

Bactrlan  (bak'tri-an),  n.  A  native  or  inha- 
bitant of  ancient  Bactria. 

BactriB  (bak'tris),  n.  [Or.  baktr&n,  a  staff.] 
A  genus  of  slender  palms,  consisting  of 
about  forty  species,  found  about  rivers  and 
in  marshy  places  in  America  within  the 
tropics.  The  stems  are  generally  covered 
with  spines,  and  the  leaves  pinnate,  though 
occasionally  simple  or  two-lobed.  The  fruit 
is  small  and  soft,  with  a  subacid  rather 
fibrous  pulp  inclosed  in  a  bluish-black  rind, 
and  affords  a  grateful  food  to  birds.  The 
kernel  of  B.  major  is  eaten  in  Carthagena. 
The  stems  of  B.  minor  are  used  for  walk- 
ing-sticks under  the  name 
of  Tobago  canes. 

Baculite  (bak'u-lit),  n.  A 
fossil  cephalopod  of  the 
genus  Baculites;  staff -stone. 

Baculites  (bak-u-H'tez),  n. 
| L.  bacillus,  a  staff,  and  Or. 
Uthos,  a  stone.]  A  genus 
of  polythalamous  or  many- 
chambered  cephalopoda  be- 
longing to  the  family  Ani- 
monitidrc.  The  species  are 
only  known  in  a  fossil  state, 
having  become  extinct  at 
the  close  of  the  cretaceous 
period.  The  shell  isstraight, 
more  or  less  compressed, 
conical,  and  very  much  elongated.  The 
chambers  are  sinuous  and  pierced  by  a  mar- 


ginal siphon.  The  external  chnmncr  is  n  n- 
M'!ri:ibly  l:ir»rr  than  tin-  ; 

Baculometry(bak-u  lomYt-ri).  n.  {I..  '>„,•>< 
Ing.  a  staff,  and  fir  >,<>  '/•"/,.  nn':i-mv  ;  Th»' 
act  of  measuring  distance  or  altitude  by  ;i 
staff  or  staffs. 

Bad  (bad),  a.  compar  worse,  super),  iron/. 
[  Ktymology  and  affinities  doubtful  Ita  id«-n 
tity  in  form  with  IVr.  l>,i'l  i»»l.  evil,  is  no 
doubt  accidental.  The  word  is  first  knouu  (.. 
occur  in  the  Cursor  Mnndi,  a  metrical  nar- 
rative of  Old  and  New  h-i.umnt  his- 
tory, written  about  1290.  Skeat  identifies 
it  with  Corn,  bad,  foolish,  stupid,  insane, 
Gael,  baodh,  booth,  vain,  foolish,  «Ve. ;  the 
in*  ailing,  however,  is  somewhat  against 
this.]  The  opposite  of  good;  wanting  good 
qualities,  physical  or  moral:  a  word  n  tin- 
widest  application,  being  applied  in  tin- 
most  general  way  to  whatever  falls  below 
an  assumed  type  or  standard,  or  the  aver- 
age of  objects  of  its  class,  to  whatever  is  in- 
jurious or  offensive,  or  intended  to  be  so; 
and  both  to  what  /*•  bad  (as,  a  bad  heart, 
bad  health)  and  what  makes  bad  (as,  bad  in- 
fluence, bad  example).  Its  leading  meanings 
or  applications  may  be  given  as  follows:— 
Bad,  wicked,  unprincipled,  depraved,  or 
malicious  man,  heart,  or  disposition;  bad, 
immoral,  or  vicious  life  or  conduct;  bad, 
evil,  pernicious,  debasing,  or  corrupting  in- 
fluence, example,  habits;  bad,  ill,  or  infirm 
health;  badt  unwholesome,  or  noxious  air, 
climate,  or  food;  bad  or  defective  crop;  bad, 
poor,  or  sterile  soil;  bad,  unfortunate,  or  un- 
happy issue  or  marriage;  barf,  unwelcome,  or 
distressing  news;  bad,  incompetent,  or  in- 
efficient workman. 

Bad  (bad),  n.  That  which  is  bad;  as,  there 
are  bads  and  goods  among  them.  — To  go  to 
the  bad,  to  be  ruined  or  become  depraved; 
to  fall  into  bad  company,  bad  ways,  or  bad 
circumstances. 

Bad,  Bade  (bad),  pret  of  bid. 

1  badhcr  no  farewell.  Tennyson. 

I  made  a  feast ;  I  bade  him  come.        Tennyson. 

Bad  dam  (bad'dam),  n.  A  species  of  bitter 
almond  imported  into  some  parts  of  India 
from  Persia,  and  used  as  money.  The  bad- 
dam  is  worth  about  one  farthing,  sixty 
making  a  pie. 

Badder t  (bad'er),  a.  compar.  of  bad.  '  Were 
it  badder,  it  is  not  the  worst.'  /..'/'.'/. 

Badderlocks  (bad'er-loks},  n.  [Perhaps  for 
Balder's  locks,  from  Balder,  the  hero  of 
Scandinavian  mythology;  or  the  termina- 
tion may  be  the  -lock  in  char/ocAr,  hemlock ; 
A.  Sax.  leac,  a  plant,  a  leek.]  A  common 
name  for  the  Alaria  esculenta,  a  sea-weed 
of  the  order  Laminariacero,  found  on  the 
shores  of  the  north  of  Europe.  It  has  a 
stem  of  from  4  to  8  inches  long,  and  a  frond 
from  2  to  12  feet,  with  a  stout  midrib,  which 
last  is  eaten  by  the  people  of  Scotland,  Ire- 
land, Denmark,  Ac.  Called  also  Henware 
and  Miidi'iix 

Baddestt  (bad'est),  a.  superl.  of  bad. 

The  baddest  among  the  cardinals  is  chosen  pope. 
Sir  /•.  Sandys. 

Baddish  (bad'ish),  «•  Somewhat  bad;  in- 
different 

He  wrote  baridish  verses.  Jflfrry- 

Badge  (baj),  n.  [L.L.  bagea,  bagia,  a  sign, 
probably  fromO.Sax.  bay,  A. Sax.  beah,  beag, 
a  bracelet,  ring,  garland, crown,  from  bfogan, 
to  bow,  to  bend.]  1.  A  mark,  sign,  token, 
or  cognizance  worn  to  show  the  relation  of 
the  wearer  to  any  person,  occupation,  or 
order;  thus  the  garter  is  the  badge  of  a 
knight  of  that  order.  'Tax-gatherers,  recog- 
nized by  their  official  badges.'  Prescott. 

On  his  breast  a  bloody  cross  he  bore. 
The  dear  remembrance  of  hi*  dying  Lord ; 
For  whose  sweet  sake  that  glorious  badge  he  wore. 
Sj*nitr. 

2  The  mark  or  token  of  anything.  'Sweet 
mercy  is  nobility's  true  badge.  Shak.— 
3.  .\niit  a  carved  ornament  on  ships,  near 
the  stern,  often  containing  the  representa- 
tion of  a  window. 

Badge  (baj),  v.t.     To  mark  or  distinguish 
with  a  badge  or  as  with  a  badge.     [Rare.] 
Their  hands  and  faces  were  all  badged  with  blood. 
Shak. 

Badgeless  (baj'les),  a.  Having  no  badge. 
'Some  badijelettx  blue  upon  his  back.'  Bv. 
llall. 

Bad  gem  an  (baj'man),  n.  A  man  who  wears 
a  badge;  specifically,  an  alms-house  man: 
so  called  because  a  special  dress  or  badge 
is  worn  to  indicate  that  the  wearer  belongs 
to  a  particular  foundation. 

He  quits  the  gay  and  rich,  the  young  and  free, 
Antony  the  badgtmett  with  a  badge  to  be. 

GrvMr. 


•  h.  </<;I!H:      ch,  Sc.  Inch;      g.  <7o;      j.  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng.  stny:      TH.  then;  th.  Win;      w,  irig;    wh.  wAIg;    zh,  azure.-See  KKY. 


BADGER 


202 


BAGGAGE 


Badger  (baj'er),  n.  A  licensed  porter  or 
carrier  entitled  to  wear  a  badge.  Sim- 
nwnds. 

Badger  (Ijaj'er),  n.  [For  bladger,  from  L.L. 
bladarius,  blatlerius,  a  corn-dealer ;  from 
L.L.  bladwn,  com,  wheat  (Fr.  bl^,  lit.  grain 
carried  off  the  field,  for  L.  ablatum  —  abt 
from,  and  latuin,  carried.  The  omission  of 
I,  though  unfamiliar,  is  not  unknown  after 
labials.  Thus  Sc.  peugh  for  plough,  bite  for 
blue.]  In  old  law,  a  person  who  was  licensed 
to  buy  corn  in  one  place  and  sell  it  in 
another  without  incurring  the  penalties  of 
engrossing.  See  BADGERING. 

Badger  (baj'er),  n.  [Generally  regarded  as 
another  application  of  the  preceding  word, 
a  corn-dealer,  because  the  animal  was  sup- 
posed to  feed  on  corn;  compare  its  French 
name  blaireau,  bUrean,  from  L.L.  bladar- 
ellus,  from  bladum,  wheat.  But  the  name 
in  England  may  have  partly  at  least  become 
attached  to  it  from  the  prominent  and 
peculiar  manner  in  which  the  head  is 
marked,  badger  meaning  fittdge-wearer.  ]  1.  A 
plantigrade  carnivorous  mammal,  of  the 
genus  MelfS,  family  Melidfe,  according  to 
some  naturalists  Ursidtc  or  bears,  or,  accord- 
ing to  others,  Mustelidao  or  weasels,  of  a 
clumsy  make,  with  short  thick  legs,  and  long 


Badger  (Melts  -vulgaris). 

claws  on  the  fore-feet.  The  common  badger, 
or  Meles  vulgaris,  is  as  large  as  a  middling- 
sized  dog,  but  much  lower  on  the  legs,  with 
a  natter  and  broader  body,  very  thick  tough 
hide,  and  long  coarse  hair.  It  inhabits  the 
north  of  Europe  and  Asia,  burrows,  is  indo- 
lent and  sleepy,  feeds  by  night  on  vege- 
tables, small  quadrupeds,  &c.,  and  is  very 
fat.  Its  skin,  when  dressed  with  the  hair 
on,  is  impervious  to  rain,  and  consequently 
makes  excellent  covers  for  travelling  trunks, 
&c.  Its  flesh  makes  good  bacon,  and  its 
hair  is  used  for  artists'  brushes  in  painting. 
The  American  badger  (M.  Labradorica)  is 
called  the  ground-hog,  and  is  sometimes 
white.  It  is  a  wide-spread  vulgar  error  that 
the  legs  of  the  badger  are  shorter  on  one 
side  than  on  the  other;  hence, '  The  uneven 
badger. '  Drayton. 

We  are  not  badgers, 
For  our  legs  are  one  as  long  as  the  other.       Lyly. 

2.  An  artist's  brush  made  of  badger's  hair, 
and  used  for  blending  or  causing  the  pig- 
ments to  melt  or  shade  into  each  other  and 
imparting  smoothness.—  Badger  baiting,  or 
draining  the  badger,  a  barbarous  sport  for- 
merly, and  yet  to  some  extent,  practised, 
generally  as  an  attraction  to  public-houses 
of  the  lowest  sort.  A  badger  is  put  in  a 
barrel,  and  one  or  more  dogs  are  put  in  to 
drag  him  out.  When  this  is  effected  he  is 
returned  to  his  barrel  to  be  similarly  as- 
sailed by  a  fresh  set.  The  badger  usually 
makes  a  most  determined  and  savage  resist- 
ance. 

Badger  (baj'er), «.  t.  To  attack,  as  the  badger 
is  attacked  when  being  drawn  or  baited;  to 
worry;  to  pester. 

When  one  has  to  he  badgered  like  this,  one  wants 
a  drop  of  something  more  than  ordinary.      Trollope. 

Badgering  (baj'er-ing),  n.  [See  BADGER,  a 
corn-dealer.  ]  The  practice  of  buying  corn 
or  victuals  in  one  place  and  selling  them  in 
another  for  profit.  The  act  1  and  8  Viet. 
xxiv.  abolished  the  previous  acts  against 
badgering,  declaring  it  to  be  no  longer  an 
offence. 

Badger-legged  (baj'er-legd).  a.  Having  a 
leg  or  legs  shorter  on  one  side  than  on  the 
other,  as  the  badger's  are  erroneously  sup- 
posed to  be. 

His  body  crooked  all  over,  hig. bellied,  badger- 
legged,  and  his  complexion  swarthy.    L' Estrange. 

Badlaga  (bad-i-ii'ga),  n.  [Rus.  bodyaga.] 
A  small  sponge  (Spongilla)  common  in  the 
north  of  Europe,  the  powder  of  which  is 
used  to  take  away  the  livid  marks  of  bruises 

Badiane,  Badian  (ba'di-an,  bad'i-an),  n. 
[Fr.  badicme.,  said  to  be  from  L.  baditts,  bay 


coloured,  from  the  colour  of  the  capsules.  ] 
The  fruit  of  lllicium  anisatum,  the  Chinese 
anise  tree.  It  abounds  in  a  volatile  oil 
which  gives  it  an  aromatic  flavour  and 
odour.  On  this  account  it  is  much  used  in 
China  and  India  as  a  condiment,  and  is  im- 
ported into  France  for  flavouring. 

Badigeon  (ba-dij'on),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A  mixture 
of  plaster  and  freestone,  ground  together 
and  sifted,  used  by  statuaries  to  fill  the 
small  holes  and  repair  the  defect-*  of  the 
stones  of  which  they  make  their  statues. — 
'2.  A  mixture  of  saw-dust  and  glue,  or  of 
whiting  and  glue,  used  by  joiners  to  fill  up 
defects  in  their  work. — 3.  A  preparation  for 
colouring  houses,  consisting  of  powdered 
stone,  saw-dust,  slaked  lime,  alum,  &c. 

Badinage  (bad'i-naj  or  ba-di-nazh),  n.  (Fr., 
from  badin,  facetious,  from  It.  and  L.  L.  ba- 
dare,  to  gape,  to  look  amorously  on,  to 
trifle.  ]  Light  or  playful  discourse. 

He  seems  most  to  have  indulged  himself  only  in  an 
elegant  badinage.  H'arbiirton. 

Badinerie  (ba-den-re),  n.  [Fr.,  from  badin. 
See  BADINAGE.]  Light  or  playful  discourse; 
nonsense;  badinage. 

The  fund  of  sensible  discourse  is  limited  ;  that  of 
jest  and  badinerie  is  infinite.  Shenstone. 

Badineur  (ba-den-er),  n.  [Fr.  See  BADIN- 
AGE. ]  One  who  indulges  in  badinage ;  a 
trifler. 

Rebuke  him  for  it,  as  a  divine,  if  you  like  it.  or  as 
a  baditteur,  if  you  think  that  more  effectual.  Pope. 

Badly  (badli),  adv.  In  a  bad  manner;  not 
well;  unskilfully;  grievously;  unfortunately; 
imperfectly.  See  BAD. 

Badminton  (bad'min-ton),  71.  An  out-door 
game,  the  same  as  lawn-tennis  but  played 
with  shuttlecocks. 

Badness  (bad'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
bad,  evil,  vicious,  or  depraved ;  want  of 
good  qualities,  physical  or  moral ;  as,  the 
badness  of  the  heart,  of  the  season,  of  the 
roads,  &c.  See  BAD. 

Baeckia  (bek'i-a),  n.  [In  honour  of  A.  Back, 
a  physician  to  the  King  of  Sweden.  ]  A  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Myrtaceie.  They  are 
small  shrubs,  with  small  opposite  leaves  and 
numerous  small  white  or  rose-coloured 
flowers.  They  are  natives  of  the  Indian 
Archipelago  and  Australia,  and  many  are 
cultivated  in  our  greenhouses. 

Bael  (ba'el),  n.  The  Indian  name  of  the 
Bengal  quince-tree  (*Eglc  Mannelos).  Writ- 
ten also  Bel,  Bhcl.  See  ^£GLE. 

Baff  (baf),  n.  [From  sound.]  A  blow;  a 
heavy  thump.  [Scotch.] 

Baffetas,  Baftas  (baf'fe-tas,  baf'tas),  n.  [See 
BAFT.]  An  Indian  cotton  cloth  or  plain 
muslin.  That  of  Surat  is  said  to  be  the  best. 

Baffle  (baf'fl),  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  baffled;  ppr. 
baffling.  [Perhaps  the  same  word  as  O.  Fr. 
beffler,  to  make  a  fool  of,  from  0.  Fr.  be/e, 
Pr.  bafa,  mockery,  according  to  Mahn  from 
Prov.G.  bafen,  bd/en,  to  bark,  to  chide;  or 
a  modified  form  of  Sc.  bauchle,  to  treat  con- 
temptuously, from  bauch,  insipid,  abashed, 
Icel.  btigr,  poor,  nneasy.]  l.fTo  treat  with 
mockery  or  infamy;  to  hold  up  as  an  object 
of  scorn  or  contempt;  to  insult;  specifically, 
to  subject  to  various  indignities,  as  a  re- 
creant knight  or  traitor.  '  A  glorious  soldier 
knock'd  and  baffl'd.'  Thos.  Randolph. 

Alas,  poor  fool,  how  have  they  baffled  thee  1  Sttak. 
2.  To  elude  ;  to  foil ;  to  circumvent ;  to  frus- 
trate; to  check;  to  defeat;  to  disconcert;  to 
thwart;  to  confound.  'Calculations  so  diffi- 
cult as  to  have  baffled  .  .  .  the  most  en- 
lightened nations.'  Preicott. 

They  make  a  shift  to  break  the  precept,  and  at  the 
same  time  to  biiffle  the  curse.  South. 

Baffle  t  (baf'fl),  v.i.    1.  To  practise  deceit. 

Do  we  not  palpably  baffle  when,  in  respect  to  God, 
we  pretend  to  deny  ourselves,  yet,  upon  urgent  occa- 
sion, allow  him  nothing.  Barrtnv. 

1.  To  struggle  ineffectually. 

For  hours  previously  the  ill-fated  ship  was  seen 
baffling  with  a  gale  from  the  N.  W.  Times  newspaper. 

Baffle  t  (baf'fl),  71.  A  defeat  by  artifice,  shifts, 
and  turns. 

It  is  the  skill  of  the  disputant  that  keeps  off  a  baffle 
South 

Baffler  (baffler),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 

baffles.      '  Experience,  that  great  baffler  of 

speculation.'    Dr.  H.  More. 
Baffling  (baffling),  p.  and  o.    Frustrating; 

disconcerting;  confusing;  as,  a  baffling  wind, 

that  is,  one  which  frequently  shifts  from  one 

point  to  another. 
Bafflingly  (baf'fling-li),  adv.    In  a  baffling 

manner. 
Bafflingness  (baf'fling-nes),  n.     Quality  of 

baffling. 


Baft  (baft),  n.  [Pers.]  A  blue  or  white  cot- 
ton used  in  the  India  trade. 

Bag  (bag),  71.  [Icel.  baggi,  biigyr,  a  bag.  a 
bundle;  A.  Sax.  bcelg,  a  bag,  belly;  Goth. 
balgs,  a  pouch.  The  word  seems  to  be  both 
Teutonic  and  Celtic;  comp.  O.Fr.  baifiic,  a 
bundle,  Gael,  bag,  balg,  a  bag  or  wallet 
See  BELLY,  BULGE.]  1.  A  sack;  a  wallet;  a 
pouch,  usually  of  cloth  or  leather,  to  put 
anything  in,  as  corn,  money,  &c.— 2.  A  sac 
or  receptacle  in  animal  bodies  containing 
some  fluid  or  other  substance ;  as,  the  honey- 
j  bag  of  a  bee.  —3.  A  sort  of  silken  purse 
formerly  tied  to  men's  hair.  'A  bob  wig 
and  black  silken  bag  tied  to  it. '  Addison.— 
I  4.  What  is  contained  in  a  bag;  in  the  lan- 
guage of  sportsmen,  the  animals  bagged  or 
obtained;  in  coin,,  a  determinate  quantity  of 
a  commodity  such  as  it  is  customary  to  carry 
to  market  in  a  sack;  as,  a  bag  of  pepper  or 
hops ;  a  bag  of  corn.  —  Bag  and  spoon,  an 
arrangement  used  in  dredging  for  river 
sand,  and  consisting  of  a  bag  attached  by 
the  mouth  to  an  iron  hoop  which  is  fastened 
to  a  long  pole,  by  means  of  which  it  is  sunk 
to  the  bottom  of  the  river  and  dragged  along 
so  that  the  bag  is  filled.  —  Bag  of  bones,  a 
familiar  expression  denoting  a  very  lean 
person.  '  Such  a  limping  bag  of  bones  its  I 
was.'  Dickens. —  To  give  one  the  bag,  to 
dismiss  a  person  from  one's  employment. 
Bunyan.  [Now  used  only  colloquially.] 

Bag  (bag),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bagged;  ppr. 
bagging.  1.  To  put  into  a  bag ;  as,  to  bag 
hops.— 2.  To  load  with  bags.— 3.  To  distend, 
as  a  bag;  to  swell 

How  doth  an  unwelcome  dropsy  bag  up  his  eyes 
Bf.  Hall. 

4.  To  seize,  capture,  or  entrap;  to  shoot  or 
otherwise  lay  hold  of;   as,  to  6017  thirty 
brace  of  grouse.    [Colloq.  ] 
Bag  (bag),  v.i.    1.  To  swell  or  hang  like  a 
bag. 

His  frill  and  neck-cloth  hung  limp  under  his  bagging 
waistcoat.  Thackeray. 

2.t  To  grow  big  with  child. 

Then  Venus  shortly  bagged,  and  ere  long  was  Cupid 
bred.  Ifaraer. 

Bag  (bag),  t.t.  To  cut  with  a  reaping-hook 
or  scythe :  used  especially  of  cutting  pease. 
Halliwell.  [Provincial.] 

Bag  (bag),  n.  A  flue  in  a  porcelain  oven 
ascending  on  the  internal  side  and  entering 
the  oven  about  4  feet  above  the  sole.  E.  11. 
Knight. 

Bagasse  (ba-gasO,  71.  [Fr.]  The  sugar-cane 
in  its  dry  crushed  state  as  delivered  from 
the  sugar-mill.  Its  only  use  is  as  fuel  in 
heating  the  boilers  and  pans  in  the  sugar- 
manufactory.  Called  also  Cane-trash. 

Bagatelle  (bag-a-tel'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  It 
bagatella,  a  dim.  of  bagata,  a  trifle.  Diez 
supposes  it  comes  from  L. L.  baga,  O.Fr. 
bague,  a  bundle,  so  that  bagatelle  means 
any  little  thing  one  possesses.  See  BAG.] 

1.  A  trifle;  a  thing  of  no  importance. 

Heaps  of  hair  rings  and  cypher'd  seals : 
Rich  trifles,  serious  bagatelles.  Prior. 

2.  A  game  played  on  a  board  having  at  the 
end  nine  holes,  into  which  balls  are  to  be 
struck  with  a  cue  or  mace  resembling  those 
used  in  billiards. 

Bagatelle -board  (bag'a-tel-bord),  n.  A 
board  on  which  to  play  at  bagatelle. 

Bag-filter  (bag'fll-ter),  n.  A  filter  used  in 
sugar-refining  to  clear  saccharine  solutions 
of  feculencies  and  impurities  suspended  in 
them,  and  consisting  of  a  series  of  sieves  or 
strainers  through  which  the  solutions  pass 
into  one  or  more  flannel  bags,  from  which 
the  juice  drips  down  into  a  receiver  below. 

Baggage  0)«g/aj),  «-  [Fr.  bat/age,  baggage, 
O.Fr.  bague,  a  bundle.  See  BAG.]  1.  The 
tents,  clothing,  utensils,  and  other  neces- 
saries of  an  army,  or  other  body  of  men  on 
the  move.— 2.  The  clothing  or  other  belong- 
ings which  a  traveller  carries  with  him  on  a 
journey,  now  usually  called  luggage  in  this 
country,  though  baggage  is  still  the  common 
word  in  America.  '  Mounting  the  baronet's 
baggage  on  the  roof  of  the  coach. '  Thackeray. 
'  Having  dispatched  my  baggage  by  water 
to  Altdorf.'  Coxe.—Bag  and  baggage,  all 
one's  belongings  or  property. 

Dolabella  designed,  when  his  affairs  grew  desperate 
in  Egypt,  to  pack  up  bag  and  baggage,  and  sail  for 
Italy.  Arbmhnct. 

Baggage  (bag's]),  71.  [Fr.  bagasse.  It.  bag- 
ascia,  Sp.  bagazo,  a  catamite,  a  strumpet. 
Origin  doubtful.  ]  1.  A  low  worthless  woman; 
a  strumpet. 

A  spark  of  indignation  did  rise  in  her  not  to  suffer 
such  a  baggage  to  win  away  anything  of  hers. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ti,  Sc.  abuue;      }',  Sc.  fey. 


BAGGAGE-CHECK 


203 


BAIL 


2.  A  playful,  saucy  young  woman ;  a  flirt. 
[Familiar] 

Baggage-check  (bag'aj-chek),  71.  A  tag 
or  label  to  be  attached  to  an  article  of 
luggage  belonjjini;  to  a  railway  passniL'rr 
to  inilicatc  its  destination,  usually  also  its 
point  of  departure,  and  frequently  bearing 
the  name  of  the  railway  company  that 
attaches  the  check.  [United  States.) 

Baggage -master  (hag'aj-mas-tcr).  n.  In 
America,  an  officer  or  guard  employed  on 
railways  in  looking  after  the  baggage. 

Baggager  i  (bag'aj-er),  n.  One  who  carries 
Ija^u'iiu'c ;  sprrilically,  one  who  assists  in 
carrying  the  baggage  of  an  army. 

The  whole  camp  fled  amain,  the  victuallers  and 
fiagyafers  forsaking  their  camps.  Raleigh. 

Baggala,  Baglo  (bag'ga-la,  bag'lo),  n. 
[Ar.  ba'jala,  a  mule.]  A  two-masted  Aral) 
boat  used  for  trading  in  the  Indian  Ocean, 
between  the  Malabar  coast  and  the  Red 
Sea.  Large  numbers  of  them  trade  between 
Muscat,  the  Red  Sea,  and  India,  making 
one  voyage  each  way  annually  with  the 
monsoons.  They  are  generally  from  two 
hundred  to  two  hundred  and  fifty  tons 
burden,  exceedingly  weatherly,  and  are  re- 
markable for  the  elevation  of  the  stern, 
which  is  highly  ornamented. 


of  Poland,  Italy,  the  south  of  France,  and 
in  Scotland  ami  Ire-land  Though  now  often 
rc-garded  as  the  national  instrument  of 


Baggala. 

Bagge.t  i'.  i.  To  swell,  as  with  pride  or 
disdain ;  more  probably,  Tyrwhitt  says,  to 
squint.  '  False  fortune  .  .  .  that  baggeth 
foule,  and  looketh  faire.'  Chaucer. 

Baggie  (bag'i),  n.  [A  dim.  of  bay.]  The 
belly.  [Scotch.] 

A  guid  New-year  I  wish  thee,  Maggie ! 

Hae,  there's  a  ripp  to  thy  auld  baggie.    Burns. 

Bagging  (bag'ing).  n.  1.  The  act  of  putting 
into  bags. — 2.  The  cloth  or  other  materials 
for  bags. 

Baggingly.t  adv.  Sulkily;  squintingly.  Ro- 
maunt  of  the  Hose. 

Baggy  O'ag'i),  «.  Having  the  appearance  of 
a  bag;  bulging  out  loosely  like  a  bag;  puffy; 
as,  a  bayyti  umbrella. 

Baglmoiit'B  Roll  (baj'i-monts  rol),  n.  The 
rent-roll  of  Scotland,  made  up  in  1275  by 
Benemund  or  Baiamund  Ae  Vicci,  vulgarly 
called  Bagitnont,  who  was  sent  from  Rome 
by  the  pope,  in  the  reign  of  Alexander  III., 
to  collect  the  tithe  of  all  the  church  livings 
in  Scotland  for  an  expedition  to  the  Holy 
Land.  It  remained  the  statutory  valuation, 

'  according  to  which  the  benefices  were  taxed, 
till  the  Reformation.  A  copy  of  it  as  it  existed 
in  the  reign  of  James  V.  is  in  the  Advocates' 
Library,  Edinburgh. 

Baglo,  n.    See  BAGOALA 

Bagman  (bag'man),  n.  A  name  formerly 
given  to  commercial  travellers  from  their 
travelling  on  horseback,  carrying  their 
samples  or  wares  in  saddle-bags :  now  used 
only  as  conveying  somewhat  of  contempt. 

Bagnet  (bag'net),  n.  An  interwoven  net  in 
the  form  of  a  bag  for  catching  fish. 

Bagnio  (ban'yo),  n.  [It.  bagno,  from  L. 
balneum,  a  bath.]  1.  A  bath ;  a  house  for 
bathing,  cupping,  sweating,  and  otherwise 
i  ]ransin.i;  the  body.— 2.  A  brothel;  a  stew. 

Bagnolian  (bag-noli-an),  n.  [From  Ran- 
NwM,  in  Laoguedoc,  where  the  heresy  had 
its  rise.)  One  of  a  sect  of  French  heretics 
of  the  eighth  century  who  rejected  the 
whole  of  the  Old  and  part  of  the  New 
Testaments. 

Bagpipe  (liag'pip),  n.  A  musical  wind-in- 
strument of  very  great  antiquity,  having 
been  used  among  the  Hebrews  and  Greeks, 
and  being  afavourite  instrument  overEurope 
generally  in  the  fifteenth  century.  It  still 
continues  in  use  among  the  country  people 


Old  English  Bagpipe. 

Scotland,  especially  Celtic  Scotland,  It  is 
only  Scottish  by  adoption,  being  introduced 
into  that  country  from  England.  The  ear- 
liest notice  of  it  in  Scotland  is  in  the  royal 
treasurer's  accounts  in  the  reign  of  James 
IV. ,  wherein  are  frequent  entries  of  monies 
paid  '  to  Inglti  pyparis,'  who  came  to  play 
before  the  king,  who  had  brought  the  taste 
with  him  from  England.  Chaucer's  miller 
could  well  play  the  bagpipe,  and  in  Shak- 
spere'sdays  a  '  Yorkshire  bagpipe'  and  the 
'  drone  of  a  Lincolnshire  pipe  were  familiar. 
The  bagpipe  consists  of  a  leathern  bag, 
which  receives  the  air  from  the  mouth,  or 
from  bellows;  and  of  pipes,  into  which  the 
air  is  pressed  from  the  bag  by  the  perfor- 
mer's elbow.  One  pipe  (called  the  chanter) 
plays  the  melody,  others  (called  drones) 
sound  respectively  the  key-note  (an  octave 
lower)  and  the  fifth  of  the  scale,  the  sound 
being  produced  by  means  of  reeds.  The 
chanter  has  eight  holes,  which  the  performer 
stops  and  opens  at  pleasure.  There  are 
several  species  of  bagpipes,  as  the  soft  and 
melodious  Irish  bagpipe,  the  more  martial 
Highland  bagpipe,  the  old  English  bagpipe 
(now  no  longer  used),  the  Italian  bagpipe,  Ac. 

Bagpipe  (bag'pip),  t?.  (.  To  cause  to  resemble 
a  bagpipe. — To  bagpipe^  the  mizzen  (naut), 
to  lay  it  aback  by  bringing  the  sheet  to  the 
mizzen  shrouds. 

Bagpiper  (bag'plp-er),  n.  One  who  plays 
on  a  bagpipe.  'Laugh  like  parrots  at  a 
bagpiper.'  Shale. 

Bag-pump  (bag'pump),  n.  A  kind  of  pump 
in  wnich  there  is  an  elastic  bag  distended 
at  intervals  by  rings,  fastened  at  one  end  to 
the  bottom  of  the  piston-chamber,  and  at 
the  other  to  the  valve-disk. 

Bag-reef  (bag'ref),  71.  The  lowest  reef  of  a 
sail. 

Bagshot-sand  (bag'shot-sand),  n.  In  geol. 
the  collective  name  for  a  series  of  beds  of 
siliceous  sand,  known  also  as  Bagshot-bedti, 
occupying  extensive  tracts  round  Bagshot, 
in  Surrey,  and  in  the  Kew  Forest,  Hamp- 
shire. They  may  be  separated  into  three 
divisions,  the  upper  and  lower  Bagshots, 
consisting  of  light -yellow  clays,  and  the 
central  or  Barton  and  Bracklesham  beds, 
of  dark-green  sands  and  brown  clays,  the 
whole  reposing  on  London  clay.  Although 
generally  devoid  of  fossils,  in  some  places 
they  contain  several  marine  shells. 

Baguet,  Baguette  (ba-get'),n.  [Fr.  baguette, 
a  wand,  from  It.  bacchetta,  from  L.  bacillus, 
a  rod,  the  dim.  term,  -cite  and  -etta  being 
substituted  for  the  L.  dim.  suffix  -itlus.]  In 
arch,  a  little  round  moulding  like  the  astra- 
gal, called  when  plain  a  bead,  when  enriched 
with  foliage  a  ehaplet. 

Bag-wig  (bag' wig),  n.  A  large  wig  with  a 
bag  attached  to  it.  See  BAG,  S. 

Bah  (ba),  interj.  An  exclamation  expressing 
contempt,  disgust,  or  incredulity. 

Twenty-five  years  ago  the  vile  ejaculation,  t>aft  1 
was  utterly  unknown  to  the  English  public. 

De  Qnincty. 

Bahar,  Barre  (na-har",  ba'ra),  n.  An  East 
Indian  measure  of  weight,  varying  consider- 
ably in  different  localities, and  in  accordance 
with  the  substances  weighed,  the  range 
being  from  223  to  625  Ibs. 

Baide  (bad),  pret.  of  bide,  to  stay,  and  bide, 
to  endure;  to  withstand.  'He  baide  the 
brunt.'  Burnt.  [Scotch.] 


Baignet  (ban),  r  (.  |Kr  l>«i:itirr.  from  I  I. 
Iml  in  •«(•/•.  i.i  ii.'itli.  from  L.  tain  »/n,:ibath.] 
To  soak  or  drench.  < 

Baikalite  iba'kal  it  or  bi'kal-it),  «.  [From 
Baikal,  a  lake  in  Northern  Asia.  ]  A  mineral 
occurring  in  acicular  prisms,  sometimes 
long,  and  either  confusedly  grouped  or  radi- 
ating from  a  centre.  Its  colour  is  greenish 
or  yellowish  white.  It  is  a  variety  of  augitc. 

Ball  (bill),  v.t.  [O.  Kr.  bailler,  to  deliver  over, 
as  into  the  custody  of  another ;  to  keep  in 
custody,  to  bail,  from  L.  bnjidare,  to  bear 
a  burden,  from  bajulus,  a  bearer,  hence, 
a  nurse,  and,  applied  to  males,  a  tutor,  a 
governor.  The  progressive  steps  by  which 
L.  bantlare  became  Fr.  ba  iller  are  thus  given 
by  Brachet:  bajulare,  baj'lare,  baflare, 
bailler.  ]  1. 1  To  deliver;  to  release. 

Ne  none  there  was  to  rescue  her,  ne  none  to  bail. 
Sfrnjer. 

2.  In  law,  (a)  to  set  free,  deliver,  or  liberate 
from  arrest  and  imprisonment,  upon  secur- 
ity given  that  the  person  bailed  shall  appear 
and  answer  in  court.  The  word  is  applied 
to  the  magistrate  or  the  surety.  The  magis- 
trate bails  a  man  when  he  liberates  him 
from  arrest  or  imprisonment,  upon  bond 
given  with  sureties.  The  surety  bails  a  per- 
son when  he  procures  his  release  from 
arrest  by  giving  bond  for  his  appearance. 

When  they  (the  judges)  had  baited  the  twelve 
bishops,  the  House  of  Commons,  in  great  indigna- 
tion, caused  them  immediately  to  be  recommitted. 
Clarendon. 

Tit.  Let  me  be  their  bail. 
Sat.  Thou  shalt  not  bail  them.  Sttaie. 

(b)  To  deliver  in  trust,  upon  a  contract,  ex- 
pressed or  implied,  that  the  trust  shall  be 
faithfully  executed  on  the  part  of  the  bailee 
or  person  intrusted ;  as,  to  'ni.il  cloth  to  a 
tailor  to  be  made  into  a  garment,  or  to  bail 
goods  to  a  carrier.  —  To  bail  out,  to  release 
a  person  by  acting  as  his  bail. — To  bail  over 
to  keep  the  peace,  to  require  surety  from  a 
person  for  his  keeping  the  peace. 
Bail  (bal),  n.  [O.Fr.  bail,  a  guardian;  from 
L.  bajulut.  See  the  verb.  ]  1.  The  person  or 
persons  who  procure  the  release  of  aprisoner 
from  custody  by  becoming  surety  for  his  ap- 
pearance in  court 

The  bail  must  be  real  substantial  bondsmen. 
Blactstane. 

Bail  is  not  used  with  a  plural  termination. 

2.  The  security  given  for  the  release  of  a 
prisoner  from  custody;  as,  the  man  is  out 
upon  bail.     In  all  criminal  cases  except 
treason  two  justices  may  admit  a  person  to 
bail,  and  in  all  cases  of  misdemeanour  ex- 
cept those  enumerated  in  11  and  12  Viet, 
cap.  xlii.  sec.  23,  they  are  bound  to  do  so; 
but  in  cases  of  treason  a  person  cannot  be 
admitted  to  bail  except  by  order  of  a  secre- 
tary of  state,  or  by  the  Queen's  Bench  divi- 
sion of  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  or  a  judge 
thereof  in  vacation.     By  the  law  of  Scot- 
land an  accused  person  is  entitled  to  lie 
liberated  on  bail,  of  a  fixed  amount  accord- 
ing to  the  rank  of  the  person  accused,  pro- 
vided the  crime  charged  against  him  is  not 
one  for  which  capital  punishment  may  be 
inflicted,  or  one  for  which  it  might  be  in- 
flicted before  the  passing  of  the  act  2  and  3 
Will.  IV.  cxxiii.     In  these  cases  the  Court 
of   Justiciary  or  the  lord  -  advocate  mny 
consent  to  bail  being  taken,  but  they  are 
not  bound  to  do  so,  and  they  may  fix  the 
amount  of  bail  at  their  own  discretion.     In 
civil  cases  there  are  several  kinds  of  bail  at 
common  law,  the  chief  being  common  bail 
and  special  bail.  Commonbail,  orbailbeloic, 
which  is  now  disused,  was  given  to  the 
sheriff  on  a  bail  bond  entered  into  by  two 
persons,  on  condition  that  the  defendant 
appear  at  the  day  and  in  such  place  as  tl  >• 
arresting  process  commands.     Special  bail, 
bail  above,  or  bail  to  the  action,  is  given  by 
persons  who  undertake  generally,  after  ap- 
pearance of  a  defendant,  that  if  he  be  con- 
demned in  the  action  lie  shall  satisfy  tl.c 
debt,  costs,  and  damages,  or  render  himself 
to  the  proper  person,  or  that  they  will  do 
so  for  him.     Wharton.    In  Scotland  bail  in 
civil  cases  is  called  caution  (which  see).  — 

3.  Liberation  on  bail ;  as,  to  grant  (wiu. — 

4.  A  person  who  frequents  the  neighbour- 
hood of  law-courts  ready  to  be  bail  for  any 
one  on  the  payment  of  a  fee.    Formerly 
such  persons  wore  straw  in  their  shoes  as  a 
sign  of  their  occupation. 

The  attorney  whispered  to  Mr.  Pickwick  that  he 
was  only  a  bail.  '  A  bail!'  '  Yes.  my  dear  sir.  half- 
a-dozen  of  'em  here.  Bail  you  to  any  amount  and 
only  charge  half-a-crown.'  DicJtens. 

Where  those  mysterious  personages  who  were  wont 
in  the  old  times  to  perambulate  the  great  saloon  cf 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  \och;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      mj,  sins;      IB,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  irig;    wh.  icAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BAIL 


204 


I'.AKK 


the  futile  footsteps,  Westminster  Mali,  with  straws  in 
their  shoes,  and  whose  occupation  is  not  by  any 
means  gone  now-a-days,  are  always  in  attendance  in 
a  philanthropic  eagerness  to  render  service  to  suffer- 
ing humanity — or  in  other  words,  to  become  bail 
where  bail  is  wanted,  for  a  gratuity  of  half-a-crown 
to  twelve  and  sixpence.  G.  A.  Sala. 

5.  t  Custody;  keeping.  '  Silly  Faumis,  now 
within  their  bail. '  Spenser.— To  admit  to 
bail,  or  to  take  bail  for,  to  release  upon  per- 
sons coming  forward  as  bail. — Tofind  bail,  to 
procure  persons  to  act  as  hail  for  one. — To 
go  bail,  (a)  to  act  as  bail  or  surety.  (6)  To 
vouch  for  (a  thing) ;  as,  I'll  go  bail  for  that. 
-•To  hold  to  bail,  to  oblige  to  find  bail.— 
To  perfect  or  justify  bail,  to  prove  by  the 
oath  of  the  person  that  he  is  worth  the  sum 
for  which  he  is  surety  beyond  his  debts.— 
To  stand  bail,  to  act  as  bail  or  surety. 
Ball  (bal),  7i.  [It  is  probable  that  here  we 
have  two  words  of  different  origins  under 
one  form— the  one  from  O.  Fr.  bailie,  the 
outer  barrier  of  a  fortification  (see  BAILEY), 
the  other  from  L.  bacnlitm,  bacillus,  a  rod 
or  staff.]  1.  An  advanced  post  outside  the 
solid  defences  of  a  town. — 2.  A  certain  limit 
within  a  forest.  —  3.  A  post;  a  bar;  specifi- 
cally, a  term  properly  applied  to  the  stumps 
or  wickets  at  cricket,  but  now  to  the  little 
sticks,  about  4  inches  long,  laid  on  the  tops 
of  the  stumps,  one  end  resting  in  the  groove 
of  one  stump  and  the  other  in  that  of  the 
next.  As  they  fall  with  the  slightest  blow, 
they  serve  to  indicate  when  the  stamps 
have  been  struck. 

Brown  gravely  set  up  the  middle  stump  again  and 
put  the  bails  on.  T.  Hughes. 

4.  A  division  between  the  stalls  of  a  stable. 

5.  The  handle  of  a  kettle.  — 6.  One  of  the 
hoops  supporting  the  tilt  of  a  boat. 

Ball  (bal),  c.  (.  [Fr.  bailie,  It.  baglia,  a  tub 
or  bucket,  perhaps  from  Armor,  bal,  a  tub; 
but  the  word  also  occurs  in  the  Teutonic 
languages;  D.  balif,  a  bucket,  uitbalien,  to 
bale  out;  Dan.  balle,  bailie,  a  tub.  ]  To  free 
from  waterwith  a  bucket  or  pail;  as,  to  bail 
a  boat.  Spelled  also  Bale. 

Bailable  (bal'a-bl),  a.  1.  Capable  of  being 
set  free  upon  bond  with  sureties;  capable  of 
being  admitted  to  bail:  used  of  persons. — 
2.  Admitting  of  bail;  as,  a  bailable  offence. 

Bailage  (bal'aj),  n.  Same  as  Balliaye  (which 
see). 

Bailbond  (bal'bond),  n.  A  bond  or  obliga- 
tion given  by  a  prisoner  and  his  surety,  to 
insure  the  prisoner's  appearance  in  court  at 
the  return  of  the  writ. 

Bailee  (bal-e'),  n.  [See  BAIL,  in  law.]  In 
law,  the  person  to  whom  goods  are  commit- 
ted in  trust,  and  who  has  a  temporary  pos- 
session and  a  qualified  property  in  them, 
for  the  purposes  of  the  trust. 

Bailer,  Bailor  (barer,  bal'or),  71.  In  law, 
one  who  delivers  goods  to  another  in  trust 
for  some  particular  purpose. 

Bailer  (barer),  n.  One  who  bails  or  frees 
from  water;  anything  used  to  bail  out  water, 
especially  a  small  shallow  vessel  with  a 
handle  made  for  the  purpose. 

Bailey  (bal'i),  n.  [O.Fr.  bailie,  a  palisade,  a 
barrier,  from  L.L.  ballium,  a  corruption  of 
L.  vallum,  a  rampart,  from  L.  vallus,  a  stake.  ] 
The  name  given  to  the  courts  of  a  castle 
formed  by  the  spaces  between  the  circuits 
of  walls  or  defences  which  surrounded  the 
keep.  The  Old  Bailey  in  London  got  its 
name  thus. 

Bailiary,  Ballllerle  (l>»'li-»-ri,  ba'li-er-i),  n. 
In  Scots  law,  the  extent  of  a  bailie's  juris- 
diction.— Letter  of  bailiary,  a  commission 
by  which  an  heritable  proprietor,  entitled 
to  grant  such  a  commission,  appoints  a  baron 
bailie,  with  tlie  usual  powers,  to  hold  courts, 
appoint  officers  under  him,  &c. 

Bailie,  Baillle  (ba'li),  n.  [See  BAILIFF.]  A 
municipal  officer  or  magistrate  in  Scotland, 
corresponding  to  an  alderman  in  England. 
He  possesses  a  certain  jurisdiction  by  com- 
mon law  as  well  as  by  statute.  The  criminal 
jurisdiction  of  the  provost  and  bailies  of 
royal  burghs  extends  to  breaches  of  the 
peace,  drunkenness,  adulteration  of  articles 
i  if  diet,  thefts  not  of  an  aggravated  charac- 
ter, and  other  offences  of  a  less  serious 
nature.  An  officer  appointed  by  precept  of 
sasine  to  give  infeftment  in  land— a  legal 
formality  now  abolished— was  also  called  a 
bailie. 

Bailiff  (ba'Iif),  7i.  [O.Fr.  bailiff,  bailli;  Sc. 
bailie;  L.L.  bailing,  baillicus.  'Bailiff, 
which  is  the  old  form,  is  an  adjective  taken 
substantively,  and  is  formed  from  baillir 
(same  as  bailler),  to  hold,  to  govern.' 
Littrf.  See  BAIL,  to  deliver  over.)  1.  A 


civil  officer  or  functionary,  subordinate  to 
some  one  else.  There  are  several  kinds 
of  bailiffs,  whose  offices  widely  differ,  but 
all  agree  in  this,  that  the  keeping  or  pro- 
tection of  something  belongs  to  them.  The 
sheriff  is  the  monarch's  bailiff,  and  his 
county  is  a  bailiwick.  The  name  is  also  ap- 
plied to  the  chief  magistrates  of  some  towns, 
to  keepers  of  royal  castles,  as  of  Dover,  to 
persons  having  the  conservation  of  the 
peace  in  hundreds  and  in  some  special  juris- 
dictions, as  Westminster,  and  to  the  return- 
ing-officers  in  the  same.  But  the  officials 
commonly  designated  by  this  name  are  the 
bailiffs  of  sheriffs,  or  sheriffs'  officers,  who 
execute  processes,  &c.,  and  bailiffs  of  liber- 
ties, appointed  by  the  lords  in  their  respec- 
tive jurisdictions  to  perform  similar  func- 
tions.— 2.  An  overseer  or  under-steward  on 
an  estate,  appointed  to  manage  forests, 
direct  husbandry  operations,  collect  rents, 
&c.:  also  called  a  Bailiffof  Forests,  or  Bailiff 
in  Husbandry.  — 3.  An  inferior  officer  in- 
trusted with  the  government  of  a  city  or 
district;  a  governor. 

Lausanne  is  under  the  canton  of  Berne,  governed 
by  a  baitijf,  sent  every  three  years  from  tile  senate 
of  Berne.  Addison. 

—Bailiffs  of  forests  and  baili/s  in  husban- 
dry. See  above,  definition  2.  —  Water  bailiffs, 
officers  who  protect  rivers  from  poachers 
and  from  being  fished  at  illicit  seasons. 

Bailiwick  (ba'li-wik),  n.  [O.Fr.  bailli,  a 
bailiff,  and  O.E.  wick,  A.  Sax.  trie,  a  village, 
dwelling,  &c.)  The  precincts  in  which  a 
bailiff  has  jurisdiction ;  the  limits  of  a  bailiff's 
authority,  as  a  hundred,  a  liberty,  a  forest, 
over  which  a  bailiff  is  appointed. 

Ballllage(ba'li-aj),  n.  [Fr]  A  bailiwick. 
[Hare.] 

At  first  four  bailliages  were  created.   Brougham. 

Baillie.    See  BAILIE. 

Baillie.t  n.  Custody;  government;  juris- 
diction. 

Bailment  (bal'ment),  n.  In  law,  the  act  of 
bailing;  the  delivery  of  goods  in  trust  upon 
a  contract,  expressed  or  implied,  that  the 
trust  shall  be  faithfully  executed. 

Bailor,  n.    See  BAILER. 

Bailpiece  (bal'pes), ».  In  law,  a  slip  of  parch- 
ment or  paper  containing  a  recognizance  of 
bail  above  or  to  the  action. 

Ball-scoop  (bal'skbp),  n.  A  large  scoop  or 
trough,  which  can  be  raised  and  depressed 
on  pivots,  and  is  used  for  bailing  out  water. 

Bally  (ba'li),  n.  A  contraction  for  Bailiff  or 
for  Bailiwick. 

Baln.t  Bainet  (ban),  n  [Fr.  bain,  from  L. 
balneum,  a  bath  ]  A  bath.  Mir.  for  Mags. 

Bam, t  Bainet  (ban),  v.t.     To  bathe.    Lodge. 

Balnberg  (ban'berg),  n.  [G.  bein-bergen, 
shin-guard.]  One  of  the  greaves  or  jambs 
first  used  by  the  military  as  an  additional 
protection,  less  vulnerable  than  the  chain- 
mail  with  which  the  body  was  protected. 

Bainie(ban'i),o.  Having  large  bones;  strong; 
bony.  'The  brawnie,  bainie  ploughman 
chiel.'  Burns.  [Scotch.]  Written  also Banie. 

Bain-marie  (ban-ma-re),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
balneum,  a  bath,  and  marts,  of  the  sea.]  A 
large  shallow  vessel  containing  hot  water, 
in  which  sauce-pans  are  placed  to  warm 
food;  a  water-bath. 

Bainst  (banz).    Same  as  Banns     Spenser. 

Bairam,  Beiram  (ba'ram,  bi'ram),  n. 
[Turk,  and  Per.  ]  The  name  of  two  Moham- 
medan festivals,  of  which  one  is  held,  in 
imitation  of  the  Easter  of  the  Christian 
Church,  at  the  close  of  the  fast  Ramazan, 
and  the  other  seventy  days  after.  The  latter 
is  called  the  lesser  Bairam,  and  is  com- 
memorative of  the  offering  of  Isaac. 

Bairmant  (bai'man),  «.  (Bair,  bare,  and 
man.]  In  old  law,  a  debtor  sworn  in  court 
not  to  be  in  possession  of  property  worth 
5s.  6d. 

Bairn  (barn),  71.  [A.  Sax.  beam,  O.E.  barn, 
Icel.  Goth,  barn— lit.  one  who  is  born,  from 
bear,  to  bring  forth.]  A  child.  [Northern 
English  and  Scotch.] 

Think,  like  good  Christians,  on  your  taints  and 
wives.  Dryden. 

As  she  annunciated  to  her  (taints  the  upshot  of  her 
practical  experience  she  pulled  from  her  pocket  the 
portions   of  tape   which    showed    the    length    and 
breadth  of  the  various  rooms  at  the  hospital  house. 
Trolloft. 

—Bairns  part  of  gear.  Same  as  Leyitim 
(which  see).  [Shakspere  uses  this  word  in 
the  form  barn  (which  see).] 
Balrntime  (barn'tim),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beam- 
team,  a  family— beam,  a  child,  and  teftm; 
O.E.  barn-tern,  progeny.  See  TEEM.]  A 
family  of  children.  '  The  bonny  bairntime 


Heav'n  has  lent. '  Burns.  [Old  English  and 
!  Scotch.] 

Baisemalns*  (biiz'mfmz),  n.  [Fr.  baiser,  to 
kiss,  and  main,  the  hand.]  Compliments; 
respects.  Spenser. 

Bait  (bat),  r.f.  [A  Scandinavian  word;  O.E. 
baiten,  beiten,  Icel.  beita,  to  make  to  eat,  to 
feed,  also  to  bait,  as  a  hook,  to  hunt,  as  witli 
hounds  or  hawks,  belt,  a  pasture,  beita,  a 
bait;  A.  Sax.  bdtan,  batian,  to  bait,  brtt.  n 
bit,  bait;  G.  beize,  hawking,  beizen,  to  hawk 
— all  from  the  stem  of  E.  bite  (which  see).  ] 

1.  To  put  a  bait  on  or  in;  as,  to  hi/it  a  hook. 
!    line,  or  snare. 

Many  sorts  of  fishes  feed  upon  insects,  as  is  well 
known  to  anglers,  who  fatit  their  hooks  with  them. 

Ray. 

2.t  To  allure  by  a  bait;  to  catch;  to  capti- 
vate. 'To&ail  fish  '  Shalt.  '  Do  their  gay 
vestments  his  affections  bait!'  Shak.— 

3.  To  give  a  portion  of  food  and  drink  to  a 
beast,  especially  upon  the  road;  as,  to  6ai! 
horses. 

The  sun,  that  measures  heaven  all  day  long, 
At  night  doth  bait  his  steeds  the  ocean  waves  among. 
Spenser. 

4.  To  provoke  and  harass  by  dogs;  as,  to  bait 
a  bull  or  a  boar.     •  As  chained  bear  whom 
cruel  dogs  do  601*.'  Spenser.    Hence— 5.  To 
harass  in  any  way;  to  annoy. 

The  new  secretary  of  state  had  been  so  unmerci- 
fully baited  by  the  paymaster  of  the  forces  .  .  .  that 
he  was  thoroughly  sick  of  his  situation.  Macaitlay. 

Bait  (bat),  u.i.  To  take  a  portion  of  food 
and  drink  for  refreshment  on  a  journey. 

In  all  our  journey  from  London  to  his  house  we 
did  not  so  much  as  bait  at  a  Whig  inn.  Adctison. 

Bait  (bat),  71.  [See  BAIT,  v.t.}  1.  Any  sub- 
stance used  to  catch  fish  or  other  animals 
by  alluring  them  to  swallow  a  hook  or  to  be 
caught  in  snares  or  in  an  inclosure  or  net. 

2.  An  allurement;  enticement;  temptation. 

The  chief  bait  which  attracted  a  needy  sycophant 
to  the  court  was  the  hope  of  obtaining,  as  the  reward 
of  servility  and  flattery,  a  royal  letter  to  an  heiress. 
Macaulay. 

3.  A  portion  of  food  and  drink,  or  a  refresh- 
ment taken  on  a  journey. 

If  you  grow  dry  before  you  end  your  business,  pray 
take  a  bait  here :  I've  a  fresh  hogshead  for  you. 

B.  Jeristm. 

Bait  (bat),  v.  i.  [Fr.  batlre ,  to  beat,  battre  de 
I'aile,  to  flap  or  flutter,  from  L.L.  batere,  L. 
batuere,  to  beat.]  To  clap  the  wings;  to 
flutter  as  if  to  fly;  to  hover  as  a  hawk  above 
her  prey.  'Kites  that  bait  and  beat.'  Shak. 

Bait  (bat),  7;.  White-bait,  a  small  flsh  of  tile 
Thames.  See  WHITE-BAIT. 

Baith  (bath),  a.,  pron.  or  conj.  Both. 
[Scotch.] 

Baiting  (bat'ing),  71.  1.  The  act  of  furnish- 
ing a  bait. — 2.  Refreshment,  as  on  a  journey. 

Bait-mill  (bat'mil),  n.  A  mill  used  by 
American  fishermen  for  cutting  mackerel 
or  salted  herrings  into  small  pieces  for  bait. 
It  consists  of  a  roller  armed  with  knives, 
and  inclosed  in  an  upright  wooden  box,  and 
is  worked  by  a  crank  on  the  outside. 

Baittle  (bat'tl),  n.  [Icel.  beit,  pasture.  See 
BAIT,  t.(.]  Rich  pasture.  [Scotch.] 

Baize  (baz),  n.  [A  modified  spelling  of  a 
plural  form;  O.E.  bayes,  O.Fr.  baye,  Fr. 
baie,  coarse  woollen  cloth;  D.  boi,  boy,  Dan. 
boj;  from  L.  baditis,  bay-coloured,  from  the 
original  colour  of  the  fabric,  or  from  Kr 
baie,  a  berry,  from  being  originally  dyed  with 
Avignon  berries.]  A  coarse  woollen  stuff 
with  a  long  nap,  sometimes  friezed  on  one 
side. 

Bajadere  (ba'ya-der),  H.  Same  as  Bayadeer 
(which  see). 

Bailment's  Roll  (baj'i-monts  rol),  n.  Saun- 
as Bagimont's  Holt. 

Bajoccno  ( ba-yok'ko ),  71.  [It.]  A  copper 
coin  which  was  current  in  the  Papal  States, 
of  the  value  of  about  Jrf. 

The  hat  went  round,  and  the  bajotchi  tumbled 
into  it.  Tkactri-ay. 

Bajury,  Bajra  (baj'u-ri,  baj'ra),  n.  [Hind  f 
A  species  of  grain  (Holciis  spicatut)  much 
used  in  the  East  Indies  for  feeding  Inns,  - 
and  cattle. 

Bake  (bak),  r.(.  pret.  and  pp.  baited;  ppr. 
baking.  [A. Sax.  bacan,  Icel.  and  Sw.  Inikn. 
Dan.  bage,  D.  bakken,  G.  backen,  to  bak< :  "1 
cognate  origin  with  Gr.  phogein,  to  roast.) 

1.  To  dry  and  harden  by  heat,  either  in  an 
oven,  kiln,  or  furnace,  or  by  the  scilar  rays; 
as,  to  bake  bricks;  to  bake  the  ground 

2.  To  prepare  as  food  in  an  oven;  as,  to  bake 
bread;  to  bake  meat.  — 3.  To  harden  witli 
cold.     'The  earth  .  .  .  is  baked  with  frost.' 
Shak. 

They  bake  their  sides  upon  the  cold  hard  stone. 
Sftasir. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note.  not.  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  Icy 


BAKE 


808 


BALANCE 


Bake  (but),  >•'•  i     1.  To  ilu  tlie  wnrk  of  linking. 
I  keep  liis  liotise,  and  I  w.ish,  wrin£,  brew,  bate, 

and  du  all  myself.  Sta* 

2.  To  bo  baked;  to  dry  and  harden  in  heat; 

as,  the  bread  bake*;  the  ground  bakes  in  u 

hut  sun. 
Baked-meat,  Bake-meat  (imkt'niet,  bak'- 

inOt),  n.    1.  Meat  cooked  in  an  oven. 

Thrift,  thrift.  Hi>r.itio;  the  funeral  *(r/ri/-"/c.i/i 
IJitl  coldly  furnish  furth  tly:  lu.irriayc  tables.    -S7/,(*. 
In  the  uppermost  basket  there  was  of  all  manner 
of  fatAf-rnftits  for  Pharaoh.  Gen.  xl.  17. 

2.  A  meat-pie. 

You  speak  as  if  a  man  should  know  what  food  is 
coffined  in  a  baktd-mtat  afore  it  is  cut  up.   Old  flay. 

Bakehouse  (bak'hous),  n.  A  house  or  build- 
ing for  baking. 

Baken  (biik'n),  pp.  Same  as  Baked.  [Old  and 
provincial  English  and  Scotch.] 

And  he  looked,  and,  behold,  there  was  a  cake 
AiX™  on  the  coals.  I  Ki.  xix.  6. 

Baker  (bak'i.T),)i.  1.  One  whose  occupation  is 
to  bake  bread,  biscuit,  &c.— 2.  A  small  tin 
oven  in  which  baking  is  performed. —3.  The 
popular  name  of  the  flesh-fly  (Sarcophaga 
carnaria').  —Baker's  dozen,  thirteen  reck- 
oned as  a  dozen.  It  is  customary  for  bakers, 
like  some  other  tradesmen,  to  give  13  for 
12,  the  extra  piece  being  called  among 
bakers  the  in-bread  or  to-brcad.  Brewer  says 
the  custom  originated  when  heavy  penalties 
were  inflicted  for  short  weights,  bakers 
giving  the  extra  bread  to  secure  themselves. 
— Baker's  itch,  a  species  of  psoriasis  or  scall, 
so  called  when  it  is  confined  to  the  back  of 
the  hand.  It  often  appears  in  bakers. — 
Baker's  mlt,  subcarbonate  of  ammonia,  or 
smelling  salts,  so  called  from  its  being  used 
by  bakers  as  a  substitute  for  yeast  in  the 
manufacture  of  some  of  the  liner  kinds  of 
bread. 

Baker-foot  (bak'er-f\|t),  n.  An  ill-shaped  or 
distorted  foot.  'Bow-legs  and  baker-feet.' 
Jer.  Taylor. 

Baker-legged  (bak'cr-legd),  a.  Disfigured 
by  h  iving  crooked  legs,  or  legs  that  bend 
inward  at  the  knees. 

Bakery  (bSk'«r-i),n.  1.  The  trade  of  a  baker. 
'2.  A.  place  used  for  the  business  of  baking 
bread,  <fec. ;  a  bakehouse. 

Bakestert  (bak'ster),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bcecestre, 
a  female  baker,  baicere  being  a  male  baker: 
stre  is  generally  a  feminine  si  1 1  li  \  ]  A  baker, 
properly  a  female  baker.  In  Scotland  com- 
monly written  baxter;  as,  baxter  wives. 
' Brewesteres  and  bakenterev,'  Piers  I'low- 
man. 

Baking  (bfik'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  baking. 
2.  The  quantity  baked  at  once  ;  as,  a  baking 
of  bread. 

Bakshish,  Buksheish  (hak'shesh,  Imk'- 
shesh),  n,  [Per.  bakkshish,  from  bakkshidan, 
to  give.]  A  present  or  gratuity;  over-money. 
A  demand  for  bakxhinh  meets  the  traveller 
everywhere  in  the  East  from  Turkey  and 
Egypt  to  Hindustan. 

Bal(bal),  n.  [Corn.]  Amine.— Bal-captain, 
a  mine-captain. 

Balaam  (ba'lam),  n.  Printer's  cant  for 
matter  regarding  marvellous  and  incredible 
events  inserted  in  a  newspaper  to  fill  out 
space,  and  evidently  an  allusion  to  Balaam's 
ass  speaking  '  with  man's  voice '  (Num.  xxii. 
30);  vamp. — Balaam-box,  the  depositary  for 
rejected  articles,  not  rarely  the  fire. 

Bala-beds  (ba'la-bedz),  n.  pi.  In  aeol.  a  series 
of  beds  occurring  at  Bala,  in  Merionethshire, 
in  the  Caradoc  formation  of  the  lower 
Silurian.  They  consist  of  about  35  feet  of 
richly  fossiliferous  limestone  in  two  bunds, 
and  bflow  it  sandstones,  slates,  and  ash- 
beds  of  5000  or  6000  feet  ill  thickness. 

Balachong  (bii'la-choug),  «.  [Malay  bdla- 
chdii.]  A  substance  composed  of  small 
fishes  or  shrimps  pounded  up  with  salt 
and  spices  and  then  dried.  It  is  much 
used  in  the  East  as  a  condiment  for  rice. 

Balana  (ba-le'na),  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  phalaiiia,  a 
whale.  ]  A  genus  of  aquatic  mammals. 
family  Balienidso,  including  the  Greenland  or 
right  whale  (A  mysticetmt)  suvl  such  species 
as  agree  with  it  in  having  no  dorsal  flns.  a 
smooth  belly,  and  whalebone  in  the  mouth. 
See  BAL.«NID«. 

Balaeuiceps  (ba-le'ni-seps),  ».  [L.  baltena, 
a  whale,  and  caput,  a  head.]  A  genus  of 
liirdscontiiining  the  B.  rex,  or  whale-headed 
stork,  a  gigantic  grallatorial  bird,  family 
Ardeidso,  al  tout  3J  feet  in  height,  with  a  large 
beak,  somewhat  resembling  the  boat-biu. 
It  has  been  found  in  the  interior  of  Africa, 
in  the  upper  part  of  the  White  Nile.  Its 
large,  flat,  hooked  bill,  longer  than  its  head, 


is  useful  to  it  in  rupturing  and  riusiiin^  the 
s  and  other  reptiles  on  which  it  feeds. 


Balaeniceps  rex. 

Balaeuldae  (ba-le'iii-de),  n.  pi.  The  toothless 
whales,  a  family  of  marine  mammals,  com- 
prising the  largest  existing  animals,  in  which 
the  place  of  teeth  is  supplied  by  plates  of 
whalebone  attached  to  the  palate,  whence 
the  name  of  whalebone  whale*  often  given  to 
the  family.  Teeth  are,  however,  present  in 
the  foetus,  though  they  never  cut  the  gum. 
The  Balrcnideo  may  be  divided  into  two  sec- 
tions—the smooth  whale*,  characterized  by 
smoothness  of  skin  and  the  absence  of  a 
dorsal  fin,  as  the  Greenland  or  right  whale 
(Balama  mysticetus);  and  the  furrowed 
whales,  in  which  the  skin  is  furrowed  and 
the  dorsal  fin  present,  as  the  flnners  (Phy- 
salus),  hump-backed  whales  (Megaptera), 
and  rorquals  or  piked  whales  (Bala?noptera). 
See  WHALE. 

Balsenoptera  (ba-le-nop'ter-a),  n.  [L. 
balcena,  a  whale,  and  Gr.  pteron,  a  wing.  ] 
The  rorquals  or  piked  whales,  a  genus  of 
BalamidiC  characterized  by  a  dorsal  adipose 
fin,  whence  the  members  are  sometimes 
called  flnners,  although  this  term  is  appro- 

Sriately  applied  to  the  genus  Physalus.  The 
alamoptera  are  active,  attain  a  gigantic 
size  — sometimes  80  to  100  feet  — but  yield 
comparatively  valueless  whalebone.  See 
BAL.ENID.E. 

Balalaika  (bal-a-H'ka),  n.  A  musical 
instrument  of  very  ancient  Slavonian  origin, 
common  among  the  Russians  and  Tartars, 
and,  according  to  Niebuhr,  also  in  Egypt 
and  Arabia.  It  is  of  the  guitar  kind,  but 
has  only  two  strings,  of  which  one  only  is 
used  to  produce  the  air,  the  other  giving  a 
monotonous  bass. 

Bala  Limestone  (b:VIa  lim'ston),  n.  See 
BALA-BKDS. 

Balance (bal'ans),  n.  [Fr.,  fromL.  bilanx,  an 
implement  for  weighing  composed  of  two 
scales  or  dishes  suspended  from  a  beam— &w, 
twice  or  double,  and  lanx,  a  dish,  the  scale 
of  a  balance.]  1,  An  instrument  for  ascer- 
taining the  weight  of  bodies.  In  its  original 
and  simplest  form  it  consists  of  a  beam  or 
lever  suspended  exactly  in  the  middle  on  a 
pivot  near  its  centre  of  gravity,  with  a  scale 
or  basin  hung  to  each  extremity  of  precisely 
equal  weight.  The  annexed  figure  represents 
the  common  balance.  A  B  is  the  beam,  which 
rests  in  a  horizontal  position,  and  is  capable 


Common  Balance. 

o*  turning  on  the  centre  of  motion  c.  l>  and  K 
are  the  scales,  which  are  suspended  from  the 
points  A  and  B,  the  extremities  of  the  beam, 
i  called  the  centres  of  suspension.  Midway 
between  the  centres  of  suspension,  and  di- 
rectly above  the  centre  of  motion,  there  rises 
from  the  upper  surface  of  the  beam  a  per- 
pendicular slender  stem  called  the  tongue, 
which,  when  the  beam  is  horizontal,  points 
to  the  top  of  the  handle  F,  by  which  the 
whole  is  suspended.  In  a  pro  pel  ly  con- 
structed balance  the  beam  should  rest  in 


a  liuri/.imtal  position  \vln-ii  tlic  M  aks  nre 
cither  empty  or  loaded  with  equal  ufi^hN.  a 
very  small  addition  of  weight  put  intncittu -r 
scale  should  cause  the  ln-am  to  deviate  fnmi 
the  hori/.uiilal  pn.-jt  i'>n.  and  the  anus  of  the 
beam  should  be  inflexible ,  exactly  similar, 
equal  in  weight  and  length,  other  thinu* 
bring  equal,  the  greater  the  length  of  the 
arms  the  greater  will  be  the  sensibility  of 
the  balance  or  its  tendency  to  drviatr  with 
a  slight  addition  to  either  scale.  The  cent  n  - 
of  suspension  of  the  scales  ami  the  centre  of 
gravity  of  the  beam  should  be  all  in  one 
>trai;rhtliiie,  ami  the  centre  of  motion  should 
be  a  little  above  the  centre  of  gravity.  The 
centre  of  motion  and  the  centre  of  suspension 
should  cause  as  little  friction  as  possible. 
Alloy  balance,  a  balance  for  weighing  metals 
which  are  to  be  combined  in  decimal  propor- 
tions, forexample,  17oftinaud  S3of  copper. 
In  Robert's  alloy  balance  the  point  of  sus- 
pension is  movable,  and  is  adjusted  to  the 
point  at  which  the  arms  of  the  balance  bear 
to  one  another  the  proportion  of  the  metals 
to  be  weighed,  in  this  case  17  to  83.  The 
beam  of  the  balance  is  then  brought  to  the 
position  of  equilibrium  by  means  of  a  weight 
suspended  from  a  continuation  of  the  short 
arm  of  the  balance,  and  when  the  balance  is 
so  adjusted  any  quantity  of  copper  put  in  the 
short-arm  scale  will  be  balanced  by  the  requi- 
site proportion  of  tin  in  the  other  scale,  thut 
is,  17  per  cent,  of  the  total  weight  of  the  two. 
— Assay  balance,  one  used  in  docimastic 
operations  for  weighing  minute  bodies. 
Such  balances,  besides  being  made  with 
extraordinary  care,  are  always  placed  under 
glass  cases  to  protect  them  from  currents  of 
air.  —  Tortsion  Balance.  See  under  TORSION. 
—Bent-lever  balance,  a  weighing  scale  in 
which  the  scale-pan  is  attached  to  the  short 
arm  of  a  bent-lever,  the  long  arm  indicating 
the  weight  in  the  pan  by  traversing  a  gradu- 
ated arc.—  Electric  balance.  Same  &&  Balance- 
electrometer  (which  see).— /*«£#e  balance,  a 
balance  constructed  for  fraudulent  purposes, 
having  the  arms  of  unequal  lengths  but  of 
equal  weights.  When  the  scales  are  empty 
the  beam  rests  in  a  horizontal  position,  and 
the  balance  appears  to  be  just;  but  when  a 
weight  is  put  into  the  scale  suspended  from 
the  short  arm  a  less  weight  of  goods  put  into 
the  other  seale  will  be  sufficient  to  cause  the 
beam  to  settle  in  a  horizontal  position  and 
produce  an  apparent  equilibrium.  The  rea- 
diest way  of  detecting  such  a  balance  is  to 
make  the  weight  and  the  article  weighed  to 
change  places,  for  then  the  scale  suspended 
from  the  longer  arm  will  immediately  pre- 
ponderate.— Hydrostatic  balance.  See  under 
HYDROSTATIC.  —Rinnan  balance,  a  steelyard 
(which  see).— Spring-balance.  See  SPRING- 
BALANCE.  -  2.  Fig.  the  act  of  mentally  com- 
paring or  estimating  two  things,  as  by  a  bal- 
ance. '  lTponafair"baJa«eeof  the  advantages 
on  either  side.'  Atterbury.  —  3.t  Weight. 
Holland.— I.  The  weight  or  sum  necessary  t<> 
make  two  unequal  weights  or  sums  equal; 
that  which  is  necessary  to  bring  them  to  a 
balance  or  equipoise;  the  excess  by  which 
one  thing  is  greater  than  another;  surplus, 
real  or  figurative  ;  as,  I  have  still  a  balance 
at  my  banker's.  Hence,  in  accounts,  the 
difference  of  two  sums;  as,  upon  an  adjust- 
ment of  accounts  a  ba  lance  was  found  against 
A  in  favour  of  B.~  To  pay  a  balance,  to  pay 
the  difference  and  make  the  two  accounts 
equal. —5.  An  equality  of  weight,  power, 
advantage,  and  the  like;  equipoise  or  just 
proportion,  as  of  emotions  and  the  like;  as, 
balance  of  power,  force,  mind,  <fcu. ;  to  lose 
one's  balance. 


Love,  hope,  and  joy.  fair  plei 


•c's  smiling  train ; 


Kate,  fear,  and  ericf.  the  family  of  pain; 

These  mixed  with  art  and  to  due  bounds  confined. 

Make  and  maintain  the  balance  of  the  mind.     Poft. 

6.  That  which  renders  power  or  authority 
equal;  a  counterpoise. 

A  martial  nobility  anil  stubborn  commons, possessed 
of  arms,  tenacious  of  property,  and  collected  into  con- 
stitutional assemblies,  form  the  only  balnnct  capable 
of  preserving  a  free  constitution  against  enterprises  of 
an  aspiring  prince.  Gibbon. 

7.  The  part  of  a  clock  or  watch  which  regu- 
lates the  beats,  formerly  a  pin  oscillating  on 
its  centre,  and  thus  resembling  the  beam  of  a 
balance,  now  a  wheel.  See  BALANCE-WHEEL. 

8.  In  astron.  a  sign  in  the  zodiac,  called  in 
Latin  Libra,  which  the  sun  enters  at  the 
equinox  in  September.  —Bala  nee  of  power ;  in 
politics,  a  certain  equality  of  power  among 
a  number  of  different  states;  or  more  speci- 
fically, such  an  equality  among  the  most 
powerful  of  a  number  of  states,  along  with 
a  disposition  to   maintain   their   relative 


eh,  cAain;      eh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go\      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ug,  siny;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  tAin;      w,  wig;     wh,  irAig;    ih,  uzure.-Sce  KEY. 


BALANCE 


206 


BALCONY 


power.  When  a  few  of  the  leading  powers 
of  a  number  of  separate  and  sovereign  states 
counterpoise  each  other  the  balance  of  power 
is  maintained,  and  the  safety  of  the  smaller 
states  secured.  The  leading  rule  by  which 
this  has  been  effected  in  Europe  has  been 
to  oppose  every  new  arrangement  which 
threatens  either  materially  to  augment  the 
strength  of  one  of  the  greater  powers  or  to 
diminish  that  of  another. — Balance  of  trade, 
a  phrase  used  to  denote  the  relation  in  respect 
of  amount  or  value  which  subsists  between 
the  exportation  of  domestic  productions 
from  a  country  and  the  importation  of 
foreign ;  or  the  difference  between  the 
amount  or  value  of  the  commodities  ex- 
ported and  imported.  Hence  the  expression, 
formerly  much  more  common  than  now, 
The  balance  of  trade  is  against  or  in  favour 
of  a  country.  Formerly  this  subject  was  not 
well  understood,  but  properly  speaking, 
there  cannot  be  any  such  thing  as  a  balance 
of  trade  for  or  against  a  country. 
Balance  (bal'ans),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  balanced; 
ppr.  balancing.  1.  To  bring  to  an  equipoise; 
as,  to  balance  the  weights  in  the  scales  of  a 
balance.  Hence — 2.  To  compare  by  estimat- 
ing the  relative  force,  importance,  or  value 
of  different  things ;  to  estimate ;  to  weigh. 
'Balance  the  good  and  the  evil  of  things.' 
Sir  JR.  L,' Estrange. — 3.  To  equal  in  weight, 
force,  number,  Ac. ;  to  serve  as  a  counter- 
poise to;  to  be  equal  to;  to  counteract;  as, 
one  species  of  attraction  balances  another. 

One  expression  in  the  letter  must  check  and  balance 
another.  Kent. 

4.  To  settle  by  paying  what  remains  due  ou 
an  account;  to  equalize  or  adjust. 

Though  I  am  very  well  satisfied  that  it  is  not  in  my 
power  to  balance  accounts  with  my  Maker.  I  am 
resolved,  however,  to  turn  all  my  endeavours  that 
way.  Addison. 

6.  To  examine  or  compare  by  summations, 
&c.t  so  as  to  show  how  assets  and  liabilities 
or  debits  and  credits  stand;  as,  let  us  balance 
our  accounts;  we  balance  our  books  at  the 
end  of  each  year.— 6.  Xaut.  to  contract,  as  a 
sail,  by  rolling  up  a  small  part  of  it  at  one 
corner. — 7.  In  engin.  to  adjust,  as  a  line  of 
road,  railway,  or  other  work,  so  that  the 
earth  or  other  material  removed  from  the 
eminences  shall  nil  up  the  hollows.  —8.  In 
gymnastics,  to  keep  in  equilibrium  on  a  very 
narrow  basis  or  small  point,  as  on  a  tight- 
rope or  the  top  of  a  pole;  to  poise,  as  an 
object  with  a  narrow  base,  so  skilfully  that 
it  does  not  fall ;  as,  to  balance  a  pole  upon 
one's  chin.  —9.  To  obtain  in  equal  measure. 

Like  souls  that  balance  joy  and  pain. 

With  tears  and  smiles  from  heaven  again 

The  maiden  Sprint*  upon  the  plain 

Came  in  a  sun-lit  tall  of  rain.  Tennyson. 

Balance  (bal'ans),  r.i.  1.  To  have  an  equal 
weight  on  each  side;  to  be  in  equipoise; 
as,  the  weights  balance  exactly.— 2.  />';</.  to 
hesitate ;  to  fluctuate  between  motives  which 
appear  of  equal  force,  as  a  balance  when 
poised  by  equal  weights.  [Rare.] 

He  would  not  balance  nor  err  in  the  determination 
of  his  choice.  Locke. 

3.  In  dancing,  to  move  the  body  forwards 
and  backwards  alternately  by  an  alternate 
movement  of  the  feet— 4.  To  be  employed 
in  finding  the  balance  or  balances  on  an  ac- 
count or  accounts. 

Oh !  who  would  cast  and  balance  at  a  desk. 
Perched  like  a  crow  upon  a  three-letfe'd  stool. 
Till  all  his  Juice  is  dried?  Tennyson. 

Balance-book  (bal'ans-buk),  ».  In  com. 
a  book  in  which  the  adjusted  debtor-and- 
creditor  accounts  have  been  posted  from 
the  ledger. 

Balance-crane  (bal'aus-kran),  n.  A  crane 
having  two  arms,  one  of  which  is  pro- 
vided with  arrangements  for  counterpois- 
ing wholly  or  in  part  the  weight  to  be 
raised  by  the  other.  E.  H.  Knight. 

Balance  -  electrometer  ( bar  ans  -  e  -  lek  - 
trom"et-er),  n.  An  instrument  constructed 
on  the  principle  of  the  common  balance 
and  weights  to  estimate  the  mutual  attrac- 
tion of  oppositely  electrified  surfaces.  A  glass 
pillar  is  fixed  in  a  stand  A,  to  which  the  beam 
of  a  delicate  balance  B'B  is  suspended  at  the 
point  D.  A  scale-pan  d  is  suspended  from  one 
arm,  and  just  rests  upon  the  support  E,  like- 
wise insulated  and  fixed  upon  the  stand  A. 
From  the  other  arm  is  suspended  a  light  gilt 
cone  a,  the  base  of  which  is  opposed  to  the 
base  of  another  inverted  cone  b,  which  may 
be  fixed  at  any  distance  from  it  by  sliding 
upon  the  insulated  pillar  d'.  The  metallic 


balance  may  be  connected  with  the  interior 
of  a  Leyden-jar  or  battery,  and  the  cone  b 
with  the  exterior,  and  the  attractive  power 
of  any  charge  at  any 
variable  distance 
between  the  cones 
may  be  estimated 
by  weights  placed 
in  the  scale-pan. 
Balance-fist  (bal'- 
ans-ftsh),  ».  A  spe- 
cies of  shark,  same 
as  Hammer  -jixh 
(which  see). 
Balance-knife 
(bal'ans-nif),  n.  A 
kind  of  table-knife, 
which,  when  laid 
on  the  table,  rests 
wholly  on  the 
handle  without  the 
blade  touching  the 
cloth.  This  is  ef- 
fected by  making 
the  weight  of  the 
handle  counterbal- 

Balance-electrometer.          ance    that    Of    the 

blade. 

Balaucenient  (bal'ans-ment),  n.  The  act  of 
balancing,  or  state  of  being  balanced.  Dar- 
win. 

Balance -plough  (bal'ans-plou),  n.  See 
PLOUGH. 

Balancer  (bal'ans-er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  balances;  specifically,  an  organ  of  an 
Insect  useful  in  balancing  the  body.  The 
balancers  are  two  very  fine  movable  threads, 
terminated  by  a  kind  of  oval  button  placed 
under  the  origin  of  the  wings. 

Balance-reef  (bal'ans-ref),  «.  Xaut.  a  reef 
band  that  crosses  a  sail  diagonally,  used  to 
contract  it  in  a  storm.  A  balance-reef  is 
generally  placed  in  all  gaff-sails,  the  band 
running  from  the  throat  to  the  clew,  and 
either  the  upper  or  the  lower  half  of  the 
sail  may  be  reefed. 

Balance-sheet  (bal'aus-shet),  n.  A  sheet, 
statement,  or  account  showing  the  balances 
of  a  number  of  accounts;  a  statement  of  the 
assets  and  liabilities  of  a  trading  concern, 
the  balance  of  each  open  account  in  the 
ledger  being  placed  under  one  or  other  of 
those  heads. 

Balance-thermometer(bal'ans-ther-inom'- 
et-er),  n.  An  invention  by  which  mercury 
inclosed  in  a  balanced  tube  is  caused  to 
make  one  or  other  of  the  ends  preponderate, 
in  order  to  open  or  close  a  window  or  dam- 
per, or  to  touch  an  alarm. 

Balance-valve  (bal'ans-valv),  n.  A  valve 
in  which  steam  is  admitted  to  both  sides  so 
as  to  render  it  more  readily  operated,  by 
relieving  its  pressure  on  the  seat.  E.  11. 
Knight. 

Balance-wheel  (bal'ans-whel),  n.  That 
part  of  a  watch  or  chronometer  which  by 
the  regularity  of  its  motion  determines  the 
beat  or  strike. 

These  are  in  themselves  very  objectionable:  the 
true  regulators,  the  proper  balance-Tt/heels,  are  those 
which  nave  been  described.  Brougham. 

Balandrana  (bal-au-dra'na),  n.  A  wide 
cloak  or  man- 
tle, used  as  an 
additional  gar- 
ment by  travel- 
lers and  others 
in  the  twelfth 
and  thirteenth 
centuries.  Call- 
ed also  Super- 
totus. 

Balanidae,  Bal- 
anoidea  (bal- 
an'i-de,  bal-a- 
noi-de'a),  n.  pi. 
[Or.  balanos,  an 
ur,  nn, an  1 1  eidos, 
likeness.]  A  fa- 
mily of  cirri- 
peds,  of  which 
the  genus  Bal- 
anus is  the  type. 
The  animals  of 
this  family  are 
frequently  call- 
ed acorn-shells. 
See  BALANUS. 

Balaninus(bal- 
a-ni'nus),  n.  A 
genus  of  the  or- 
der Coleoptera 
and  family  CorcnUonidn  (which  see).  One 
species  is  called  the  nut^weevil. 


.. 


Group  of 
Balanus  tintinmibultim. 


Biilandrana,  from  MS.  in  the 
British  Museum. 


BalanitCS  (bal-a-ni'tez),  n.  1.  A  small  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Simaruberc,  containing 
two  species,  which  are  small  spiny  trees, 
found  in  desert  places  in  Asia  and  Africa. 
The  oval  fruits  are  purgative;  they  contain 
a  very  hard  nut,  used  in  India  for  fireworks. 
2.  Another  name  for  Balanus,  a  geuus  of 
cirri  peds. 

BalanitiS  (bal-a-nftis),  n.  [Gr.  balanos,  an 
acorn,  and  term,  itu,  signifying  inflamma- 
tion.] A  kind  of  gonorrhea. 
Balanophoraceae  (bal-a-nof'or-a"se-e),  n.pl. 
[Gr.  balanos,  an  acorn,  and  pherS,  to  bear, 
from  the  compact  terminal  heads  or  cones 
of  the  flowers.  ]  A  curious  order  of  parasitic, 
leafless,  flowering  plants,  which,  from  their 
simple  structure,  were  thought  to  be  allii-d 
to  the  Fungi.  There  are  about  thirty  known 
species  grouped  into  ten  genera.  They  are 
generally  of  a  bright  yellow  or  red  colour. 
Their  small  flowers,  in  most  cases  unisexual, 
are  aggregated  into  dense  masses.  The  fruit 
13  one-celled,  with  a  single  seed.  One  of 
the  best-known  species  is  the  Cynomorium 
coccineum,  or  Fungus  melitensin  of  drug- 
gists, which  at  one  time  enjoyed  a  great 
reputation  as  a  styptic. 

Balanus  (bal'a-nus),  n.  [Gr.  balanos,  a  gland 
or  acorn.]  A  genus  of  sessile  cirripeds, 
family  Balanidte, 
of  great  variety 
of  form.  The 
shell  consists  of 
six  plates,  with 
an  operculum  of 
four  valves.  Co- 
lonies are  to  be 
found  on  rocks 
left  dry  at  low 
water,  on  ships, 
on  timber,  on 
lobsters  and 
other  crustace- 
ans, and  on  the 
shells  of  conchi- 
fers  and  other 
molluscs.  They 
differ  from  the 
members  of  the  genus  Lepas  (Barnacles)  in 
having  a  symmetrical  shell  and  in  being  des- 
titute of  a  flexible  stalk.  They  pass  through 
a  larval  stage  of  existence,  at  which  period 
they  are  not  flxed.but  move  about  by  means 
of  swimming  feet,  and  possess  large  stalked 
eyes,  both  feet  and  eyes  disappearing  when 
they  attach  themselves  to  their  final  place 
of  repose.  Often  called  Acorn-shell*. 
Balas,  Balass  (bal'as,  bal-as'),  n.  [Fr.  balai*, 
It.  balascio,  Sp.  balax,  from  Ar.  balakhsh, 
a  kind  of  ruby  named  from  Badakhshan,  a 
country  of  Central  Asia  (called  Balasian  by 
Marco  Polo).  ]  A  variety  of  spinel  ruby,  of 
a  pale  rose-red  colour,  sometimes  inclining 
to  orange.  Its  crystals  are  usually  octa- 
hedrons, composed  of  two  four-sided  pyra- 
mids, applied  base  to  base.  See  SPINEL. 
Balase.  t  To  ballast. 

Balastre  (ba-las'ter),  n.  The  finest  variety 
of  gold  cloth.  It  is  manufactured  at  Vienna. 
Balaustine  (ba-las'tin),  n.  [Gr.  batoustion, 
a  wild -pomegranate  flower]  Pertaining  to 
the  wild  -  pomegranate  tree.  —  Balaustine 
Jlowers,  the  dried  flowers  of  the  pomegran- 
ate, used  in  medicine  as  astringents. 
Balaustion  (ba-las'ti-on),  «.  [See  BALAUS- 
TINK.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Myr- 
tacea?,  containing  one  known  species,  B.  put- 
cherrimum,  a  shrub  inhabiting  south-west- 
ern Australia,  and  said  to  be  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  plants,  with  numerous  flowers 
resembling  in  shape  and  colour  those  of  the 
dwarf  pomegranate. 

Balay  (ba-laO,  «-  Balas  (which  see).  [The 
word  is  written  in  this  way  to  represent 
the  pronunciation  of  the  French  form, 
balais.} 

Baltoutiatet  (bal-bu'shi-at),  v.i.  [L.  balbutin, 
from  balbus,  stammering.]  To  stammer  in 
speaking. 

Balbuties  (bal-bu'ti-ez),  n.     [Mod.  L.,from 
L.  balbus,  stammering.]  Stammering.  Also, 
a  vicious  and  incomplete  pronunciation,  in 
which  almost  all  the   consonants  are  re- 
placed by  6  and  f.     Ditnglison. 
Balcon.t  Balcone  t  (bal'kon,  bal-ko'na),  n. 
A  balcony  or  gallery.    Pepys. 
BalCOnet  (bal'ko-net),  n.  A  low  ornamental 
railing  to  a  door  or  window,  projecting  but 
slightly  beyond  the  threshold  or  sill. 
Balconied  (barko-nid),  a.  Having  balconies. 

The  house  was  double-*a/<wi«rf.     Ro^tr  North. 

Balcony  (balTco-ni),  n.     [It.   balcone,  from 

balco,  a  scaffold,  O.H.G.  balcho,  G.  batten, 

E.  balk,  a  beam.]     1.  A  stage  or  platform 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


BALD 


207 


BALISTES 


projecting  from  the  front  of  n  building, 
supported  by  columns,  pillars,  or  consoles, 
and  encompassed  with  a  balustrade,  railing, 


Balcony. 

or  parapet.  Balconies  are  common  before 
windows.— 2.  The  projecting  gallery  in  the 
interior  of  a  building,  as  of  a  theatre.— 
3.  The  stern  gallery  in  a  large  ship. 
Bald  (bald),  o.  [O.E.  balled,  ballid—s.  word 
of  very  doubtful  etymology.  The  old  Eng- 
lish forma  have  given  rise  to  the  supposition 
that  the  word  is  a  participle  or  adjective 
from  ball,  rounded  and  smooth  like  a  ball; 
more  probably  it  is  from  the  Celtic  root  seen 
in  Armor,  bal,  a  white  mark  on  an  animal's 
face;  ball,  a  name  often  given  in  England 
to  a  horse  that  is  bald- faced;  So.  beld  or 
belled,  from  bel  or  bell,  a  spot  on  a  horse's 
face;  Ir.  and  Gael,  bal,  a  spot.)  1.  Destitute 
of  hair,  especially  on  the  top  and  back  of 
the  head. 

Caesar,  .  .  .  because  his  head  was  bald,  covered 
that  defect  with  laurel;..  Addison. 

2.  Destitute  of  the  natural  or  usual  covering 
of  the  head  or  top;  as,  a  bald  oak;  a  bald 
mountain.     'Thy  bald,  awful  head,  O  sovran 
Blanc ! '     Coleridge. 

No  question  asked  him  by  any  of  the  senators,  but 
they  stand  bald  before  him.  Shak. 

3.  Destitute  of  beard  or  awn;  as,  bald  wheat. 

4.  Destitute  of  appropriate  ornament ;  un- 
adorned; inelegant. 

(Milton)  could  stoop  to  a  plain  style,  sometimes 
even  to  a  bald  style.  Macaitiay. 

5.  Destitute  of  dignity  or  value;  mean;  base; 
pitiful. 

What  should  the  people  do  with  these  bald  tri- 
bunes? Shak. 

6.  Having  white  on  the  face ;  as,  the  bald 
coot;  bald-faced  (which  see). 

Bald  (bald),  [A.  Sax.  bald,  bold.]  A  common 
prefix  and  suffix  to  many  proper  names; 
as,  Boidwin,  bold  in  battle;  Ethel&aJd,  bold 
noble,  or  nobly  bold. 

Baldachin  (bal'da-kin),  n.  Same  as  Balda- 
chino. 

Baldachino,  Baldaquin  ( bal  -  da-  ke  'no, 
bal'da-kin),  n.  [It.  baldacchino,  Sp.  balda- 
guino.arich  silk  cloth  or  canopy  carried  over 


Baldachino,  Church  of  S.  Ambrose,  Milan. 

the  host,  from  Baldacco,  the  Italian  form  of 
Bagdad,  where  the  cloth  was  manufactured.  ] 
A  canopy  or  covering  of  various  kinds,  as 
(a)  a  canopy  borne  over  the  host  or  sacra- 
mental elements.  (b)  A  covering  of  silk  or 
stuff  supported  on  four  poles  and  upheld 
over  the  pope  on  ceremonial  occasions,  (c)  A 


covering  on  four  columns  of  marble  or  stone, 
or  a  canopy  hinging  from  the  roof  over  the 
high  altar  in  some  churches.  (d)A  canopy 
over  a  bed  to  which  curtains  are  attached. 
(e)  A  canopy  or  covering  above  the  seats  of 
kings, imperial  personages, bishops  and  other 
«-rrle*ia>t.ii:al  dignitaries.  'The  grand  velvet 
baldaquino  prepared  to  receive  popea  and 
emperors. '  Thackeray. 

The  bed  is  like  the  baldaquin  of  St.  Peter's. 

Thackeray. 

Sometimes  spelled  Baldeguin,  Baudekin. 
Bald-buzzard  (bald'lmz-zard),  n.     A  name 
sometime*  given  in  America  to  the  osprey 
or  fish-hawk  (I^andion  llaliaetus).    See  Os— 

PKEY. 

Bald-eagle  (bald'e-gl),  n.    Same  as  Bald- 

i'fUl'. 

Baldequin  (bal'de-kin),  «-    Same  as  Balda- 

Balder  (bal'der),  n.  [Icel.  Baldr  =  A.  Sax. 
baldor,  a  prince  or  hero,  j  111  iScaml.  myth. 
the  son  of  Odin,  the  young  and  beautiful 
god  of  eloquence  and  just  decision.  Written 
also  Baldttr. 

Balderdash  (bal'der-dash),  n.  [Probably 
from  Dan.  balder,  noise,  clatter,  and  dash, 
Dan.  da&k.  a  slap,  a  dash ;  comp.  however, 
W.  baldordus,  prattling,  from  baldordd, 
prattle.]  1.  Senseless  prate;  a  jargon  of 
words;  ribaldry;  noisy  nonsense. 

I  heard  him  charge  this  publication  with  ribaldry, 
scurrility,  billingsgate,  and  balderdash. 

Home  Tooke. 

2.t  A  worthless  mixture  of  frothy  liquors. 
'  To  drink  such  balderdash  or  bonny-clabber. ' 
B.  Jonxon. 

Balderdash!  (bal'der-dash),  v.t.  To  mix  or 
adulterate  liquors. 

The  wine-merchants  of  Nice  brew  and  balderdash 
and  even  mix  it  with  pigeon's  dung  and  quicklime. 
Smollett. 

Bald-erne  (bald'ern),  n.  The  white-headed 
erne  or  sea-eagle  of  America  (ffaliaetus  leu- 
cocephalus),  a  species  of  aquatic  eagle  that 
feeds  not  only  on  fish  but  on  lambs,  pigs, 
geese,  and  various  sea-fowl.  This  is  the 
eagle  which  is  emblazoned  as  the  national 
emblem  on  the  standard  of  the  United 
States. 

Bald-faced  (bald'fast),  a.  Having  a  white 
face  or  white  on  the  face :  said  of  animals ; 
as,  a  bald-faced  stag. 

Bald-head  (bald'hed),  ?i,  1.  A  head  destitute 
of  hair.— 2.  A  man  bald  on  the  head.  2Ki. 
ii.  23. 

Baldly  (bald'li),  adv.  Nakedly;  meanly;  in- 
elegantly; openly. 

Bald-money,  Bawd-money  (bald'mun-i, 
bad  mun-i),  n.  [A  corruption  of  L.  valde 
bona,  very  good.  ]  A  name  for  the  mew,  or 
Meuin  athamantieum,  a  British  umbellifer- 
ous plant.  Called  also  Spignel. 

Baldness  (bald'nes),  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  bald:  (a)  want  of  hair  or  na- 
tural covering  on  the  head  or  top;  loss  of 
hair,  (b)  Deficiency  of  appropriate  orna- 
ment, as  in  writing ;  meanness  or  inele- 
gance; want  of  ornament;  as,  baldness  of 
style.  '  Baldness  of  allusion  and  barbarity 
of  versification.'  T.  Warton. 

Baldpate  (bald'pat),  n.  1.  A  pate  or  head 
without  hair.  —2.  A  person  with  a  bald  head. 
'Come  hither,  goodman  baldpate.'  Shak. 

Baldpate,  Baldpated  (bald'pat,  bald'pat- 
ed),  a.  Destitute  of  hair;  shorn  of  hair. 
'You  bald-pated,  lying  rascal.'  Shak. 

Bald-pike  (*>ald'pik),  «.  A  ganoid  fish  be- 
longing to  the  family  Amiidac. 

Baldrick,  Baldric  (bald'rik),  n.  [O.E.  baud- 
rict  baldric,  &c.,  O.Fr.  baudric,  from  O.  and 
M.H.G.  balderich,  O.H.G.  balz,  a  belt,  from 
L.  balteus,  a  belt.  See  BELT.]  A  belt  or 
ornament  resembling  a  belt ;  specifically— 
(o)  A  belt  worn  round  the  waist,  as  the  Ro- 
man cinguluw  or  military  belt.  [Kare.] 

A  palmer's  amice  wrapt  him  round. 
With  a  wrought  Spanish  baldricit  bound. 

Sir  It'.  Scott. 

(b)  The  jewelled  ornament  worn  round  the 
neck  by  both  ladies  and  gentlemen  in  the 
sixteenth  century.  Dr.  Morris,  (c)  A  broad 
belt,  worn  pendent  from  the  right  or  left 
shoulder,  diagonally  across  the  body,  to  the 
waist  or  below  it,  either  simply  aa  an  orna- 
ment or  to  suspend  a  swtord,  dagger,  or  horn. 
Some  were  magnificently  decorated  and 
garnished  with  bells,  precious  stones,  &c. 
The  baidrick  was  worn  in  feudal  times, 
partly  as  a  military  and  partly  as  a  heraldic 
symbol,  and  its  style  served  to  indicate  the 
rank  of  the  wearer. 

Athwart  his  breast  a  baidrick  brave  he  bare 
That  slimed  like  twinkling  stars  with  stones  most 
precious  rare.  Spenser. 


And  from  his  blazoned  baldric  slung 

A  mighty  silver  bugle  hung.  Tennyson. 

Baldrick-wise  (bfild'rik-wiz),  adv.    After 
the  man  MIT  <>t  a  )>;iMri<  k;  o\<  r  one  shoulder 
and  hanging  down  to  the  waist. 
BaldUT  (bal'drr),  it.     Samu  as  Iiiif,i<;- 
Bale  (bal),  n.     [O.Fr.  bale,  Kr.  bttllc,  ]>r.  and 
,S]>.  b'tltt.  It.  India,  the  same  word  as  ball 
(which  seeX   meaning   originally  a    round 
package.  ]    1.  A  bundle  or  package  of  goods 
in  a  cloth  cover,  and  corded  for  carriage  or 
transportation.— 2,t  A  pair  of  dice. 

It  is  a  false  die  of  the  same  bale,  but  not  the  same 
cut.  Sir  T.  Overbury. 

Bale  (bal),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  baled;  ppr.  baling. 
To  make  up  into  a  bale  or  bundle.  'These 
goods  are  baled  up.'  Goldsmith. 

Bale  (bal),  v.  t.  pret.  <t  pp.  baled;  ppr.  baling. 
To  free  from  water  by  laving;  to  bail  (which 
see). 

Bale  (bal),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beal,  bealo,  balew, 
O.Sax.  balu,  Icel.  bol,  calamity,  sorrow.) 
Misery;  calamity;  that  which  causes  ruin, 
destruction,  or  sorrow.  'Brought  hither 
from  their  homes  to  work  our  bale. '  Southey. 

Bale  (bal),  n.  [See  BALE-FIRE.  J  A  beacon- 
faggot;  a  bale-fire  or  beacon-fire. 

On  Penchryst  glows  a  bale  of  fire, 
And  three  are  kindling  on  Priesthaughswire. 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

Balearian  (bal-6-a'ri-an),  «•  Same  as  Bale- 
aric. 

Balearic  (bal-e-arlk),  a.  [L.  Balearicus, 
from  Baleares,  the  Latin  name  of  the  group.  1 
Pertaining  to  the  isles  of  Majorca,  Minorca, 
Ivica,  Ac.,  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Balection  Moulding  (ba-lek'shon  mdld'ing), 
n.  Same  as  Bolectivii  Moulding. 

Baleen  (ba-lenO,  "•  [Fr.  baleint,  from  L. 
balcena,  a  whale.]  The  whalebone  of  com- 
merce. 

Bale-fire  (bal'fir),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bcel-fyr,  a  fu- 
neral fire— b(fl,  a  funeral  pile,  and/i/r,  fire; 
Icel.  bal,  flame,  a  funeral  pile.]  A  signal- 
nre;  an  alarm-fire. 

Sweet  Teviot !  on  thy  silver  tide 

The  gloomy  bale-Jires  blaze  no  more.       Scott. 

Baleful  (bal'fnl),  a.  1.  Full  of  bale,  destruc- 
tion, or  mischief;  mischievous;  destructive; 
pernicious;  calamitous;  deadly.  *  Baleful 
breath."  Dryden.  'Baleful  drugs.'  Milton. 
'This  lustful,  treacherous,  and  baleful  wo- 
man.' Edin.  Jiev. — 2.  Exhibiting  or  arising 
from  bale  or  calamity ;  calamitous.  'Bale- 
ful burning  night.'  Shak. 

Ah !  luckless  babe,  born  under  cruel  star. 
And  in  dead  parents'  baleful  ashes  bred. 

Sf enter. 

Balefully  (bal'fuMi),  adv.  In  a  baleful  or 
calamitous  manner;  sorrowfully;  pernici- 
ously. 

Balefulness  (bal'ful-nes),  «•  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  baleful;  destructiveuess; 
sorrow;  grief. 

Their  bliss  he  turned  to  batefulness.         Spenser. 

Bales,  t  n.  A  variety  of  ruby;  balas  (which 
see).  Chaucer. 

Balikl  (ba-le'ke),  n.  In  Russia,  the  name 
for  the  back  pieces  of  the  sturgeon,  which 
are  salted  and  smoked  in  that  country  for 
home  use  and  exportation. 

Baling-paper  (bal'ing- pa -per),  n.  An  Ame- 
rican name  for  stout  paper  for  wrapping  or 
packing  parcels. 

Baling-press  (bal'ing-pres),  n.  A  power- 
press  employed  for  compressing  soft  goods, 
as  cotton,  woollen,  &c.,  into  bales  for  trans- 
portation. 

Balisaur  (bal'i-sa-or),  n.  [Hind,  baloo-soor. 
sand-hog.]  The  Alydaus  or  Arctonyx  col- 
laris,  an  omnivorous  quadruped  of  the  fa- 
mily Mustelina,  remarkably  resembling  the 
English  badger,  of  a  yellowish-white  colour, 
with  two  black  bands  on  each  side  of  the 
head.  Its  claws  are  curved,  powerful,  and 
adapted  for  digging,  and  it  is  of  such  fierce- 
ness as  to  drive  off  a  wolf-dog.  It  is  found 
only  in  the  hill  country  of  Hindustan. 

Balister  (bal'is-ter),  n.  [L.L.  balistarins  ar- 
ena, a  crossbow,  from  L.  balista,  ballista 
(which  see).  See  also  AKBALIST.  J  A  cross- 
bow. 

Balistes  (ba-lis'tez),  n.  [From  balligta,  the 
military  engine,  for  same  reason  as  they 
are  called  trigger-fish.]  An  extensive  genus 
of  plectognathous  fishes,  family  Balistida?, 
particularly  distinguished  by  the  vertical 
compression  of  the  body,  and  by  having 
eight  teeth  arranged  in  a  single  row  in  each 
jaw.  They  are  known  as  trigger-fish,  be- 
cause the  large  and  sharp  first  ray  of  the 
dorsal  fin  cannot  be  pressed  down  until  the 
second  ray  is  depressed,  when  the  flrat  shuts 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J.job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      nfc  Kng;      IH,  then;  th,  Mu;     w,  »ig;     wh,  u-Aig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


BALIST1D,E 


208 


BALLAST 


down  like  the  hammer  of  a  gun  on  the  trig- 
ger being  pulled. 

Ballstldse  (ba-lis'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [Balutes 
(which  see),  and  Or.  eulos,  resemblance.] 
The  ftle-flshes.a  family  of  brilliantly  coloured 
tropical  fishes,  of  the  order  Plectognathi, 
characterized  by  a  com'cal  compressed  body, 
jaws  armed  with  one  or  two  rows  of  distinct 
teeth,  the  upper  jaw  being  immovably  united 
with  the  skull,  and  by  the  skin  being  covered 
with  scaly  plates  surmounted  by  spines  and 
tubercles.  Theyfeed  on  molluscs  and  polyps, 
especially  upon  the  young  of  the  madre- 
pores, and  frequent  coral-reefs,  the  asperi- 
ties of  which  their  armed  skin  enables  them 
to  resist.  The  Honacanthus  (Aleuteres) 
Monoceros,  or  unicorn  file-fish,  can  distend 
its  abdomen  at  pleasure.  It  grows  to  the 
length  of  more  than  2  feet.  One  species, 
Batistes  caprixcm,  is  found  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Their  flesh  is  unwholesome  or 
poisonous. 

Ballstraria  (bal-is-tra'ri-a),  n.  [L.,  from  ba- 
lista,  a  cross-bow.]  In  old  fort,  (a)  a  cruci- 
form aperture  in  the  walls  of  a  fortress, 
through  which  crossbowmen  discharged 
their  arrows,  (b)  The  room  wherein  the 
balisters  or  cross-bows  were  deposited,  (c) 
A  turret  in  which  an  archer  was  stationed 
projecting  from  the  parapet  or  from  the 
face  of  the  building.  These  turrets  are  com- 
mon in  the  border  counties  of  England  and 
Scotland,  and  are  commonly  called  barti- 
zans. 

Balize  (ba-lez'),  n.  [Fr.  halite,  Sp.  mliza,  a 
beacon;  L.  palus,  a  stake.]  A  sea-mark;  a 
pole  raised  on  a  bank. 

Balk  (bak),  ».  [A.  Sax.  balca,  a  balk  or 
ridge  between  furrows,  a  beam,  a  roof,  a 
covering;  Sc.  bank,  a  ridge  left  in  plough- 
ing, or  serving  as  a  boundary,  a  beam  in  a 
roof;  leel.  biilkr,  a  balk,  a  partition;  bjdlki, 
Sw.  Dan.  bjeUce,  G.  balken,  a  beam.  From 
the  senses  of  a  dividing  ridge  or  a  beam 
there  is  no  very  violent  transition  to  that  of 
a  check  or  frustration.  ]  1.  A  ridge  of  land 
left  unploughed  in  the  body  of  a  field,  or 
between  fields;  an  uncultivated  strip  of  land 
serving  as  a  boundary,  often  between  pieces 
of  ground  held  by  different  tenants.  [Com- 
mon in  provincial  English  and  Scotch.  ] 

Dikeres  and  delveres  digged  up  the  bal&es. 

Piers  Pliwtttan. 

2.  Anything  left  untouched,  like  a  ridge 
in  ploughing.    [Rare.] 

The  mad  steele  about  doth  fiercely  fly. 

Not  sparing  wight,  ne  leaving  any  bal*e.      Sfetiser. 

3.  A  beam  or  piece  of  timber  of  considerable 
length  and  thickness;  8pecifically,(a)across- 
beam  in  the  roof  of  a  house  which  unites  and 
supports  the  rafters;  a  tie-beam.     'Tubbes 
hanging  in  the  balkcs.'    Cliaucer.    [Provin- 
cial English  and  Scotch.  ]    (b)  Milit.  one  of 
the  beams  connecting  the  successive  sup- 
ports of  a  trestle-bridge  or  bateau-bridge, 
(c)  In  carp,  a  squared  timber  long  or  short; 
a  large  timber  in  a  frame,  floor,  or  the  like- 
a  square  log.— 4.  A  frustration;  a  check;  a 
disappointment.    '  A  balk  to  the  confidence 
of  the  bold  undertaker. '    South.    [Written 
also  Baulk.] 

Balk  (bak),  v.t.  [See  above.]  1.  To  leave 
untouched  in  ploughing.  Gower.  Hence— 

2.  To  leave  untouched  generally;  to  omit; 
to  pass  over;  to  neglect;  to  shun. 

Nor  doth  he  any  creature  balk, 

But  lays  on  all  he  meets.  Drnyton. 

Sick  he  is,    ...  and  balks  his  meat.        fip.  Hall. 

By  reason  of  the  contagion  in  London,  we  baited 
the  inns.  Evelyn. 

3.  To  disappoint;  to  frustrate. 

Charles  was  not  to  be  balked  in  his  generous  pur- 
Pose.  Prescott. 

4.  t  To  heap  up  so  as  to  form  a  balk  or  ridge 
[Rare.] 

Ten  thousand  bold  Scots,  three  and  twenty  knights 

Balk'd  in  their  own  blood,  did  Sir  Walter  see 

On  Holmedon's  plains.  Shalt. 

[Some  editors  read  bak'd  in  this  passage  ] 
Balk  (bak),  v.i.  1.  To  turn  aside  or  stop  in 
one's  course;  as,  the  horse  balked;  he  balked 
in  his  speech.  Spenser.  [Obsolete  in  this 
country,  but  still  used  in  America.]— 2. t  To 
deal  at  cross  purposes;  to  talk  beside  one's 
meaning. 

Her  list  in  stryfful  terms  with  him  to  bait.    Spenser. 

Balker  (bak'er),  n.    One  who  balks. 

Balker  (bak'er),  n.  A  fisherman's  name  for 
one  who  stands  on  rocks  and  eminences 
to  espy  the  shoals  of  herring,  and  to  give 
notice  to  the  men  in  boats  which  way  thev 
pass. 

Balklngly  (bak'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
to  balk  or  frustrate.  Clarke. 


Balkish  t  (bak'ish),  a.  Furrowy;  ridged; 
uneven.  •  That  craggy  and  balkiah  way.' 
Ilolinshed. 

Balky  (bak'i),  a.     Apt  to  turn  aside  or  to 

stop  abruptly;  as,  a  balky  horse.  [American.  ] 

Ball  (bal),  n.    [From  Fr.  balle,  which  is  from 

I     O.H.G.  balla,  palla,  Q.  ball,  Iccl.  bijllr,  ball; 

j  hence  also  It.  balla,  Sp.  bala,  a  ball.  Bale,  a. 
package,  is  another  form,  and  balloon,  ballot 
are  derivatives.  ]  1.  A  round  body  ;  a  sphe- 

(    rical  substance,  whether  natural  orartiflcial; 

I  or,  a  body  nearly  round;  as,  a  ball  for  play; 
a  ball  of  thread;  &ball  of  snow. — 2.  Any  part 

I  of  a  thing,  especially  of  the  human  body, 
that  is  rounded  or  protuberant,  as  the  ball 
of  the  eye ;  the  ball  of  the  thumb ;  the  ball 
of  a  dumb-bell;  the  ball  of  a  pendulum,  that 
is,  the  weight  at  the  bottom.  3.  The  globe 
or  earth,  from  its  figure.  [Now  rare.] 

Julius  and  Anthony,  those  lords  of  all. 

Low  at  her  feet  present  the  conquered  ball. 

Gran-ville. 

Ye  gods,  what  justice  rules  the  batll 
Freedom  and  arts  together  fall.  rope. 

A  globe  representing  the  earth  is  a  common 
symbol  of  sovereignty;  hence  Bacon  has  the 
phrase  to  hold  the  ball  of  a  kingdom  in  the 
sense  of  to  bear  sovereignty  over  it.  —  4.  A 
game  played  with  a  ball.— 5.  In  farriery,  a 
form  of  medicine,  corresponding  to  the  term 
boltu  in  pharmacy.  It  is  generally  in  the 
form  of  a  cylinder  2  or  3  inches  in  length. — 
6.  In  metal,  a  loop  (which  see).— 7.  llilit. 
the  projectile  of  a  firearm ;  a  bullet ;  such 
projectiles  having  formerly  been  always 
spherical.  In  this  sense  the  word  is  also 
used  collectively ;  as,  to  supply  a  regiment 
with  powder  and  ball.  —  a.  In  printing,  a 
cushion  consisting  of  hair  or  wool,  covered 
with  leather  or  skin,  and  fastened  to  a  stock, 
called  a  ball-stock,  formerly  used  to  put  ink 
on  the  types  in  the  forms.— 9.  In  pyrotech- 
nics, a  composition  of  combustible  ingre- 
dients, which  serve  to  burn,  smoke,  or  give 
light.  --Ball-and-socket,  an  instrument  made 
of  brass,  with  a  universal  screw,  to  move 
horizontally,  obliquely,  or  vertically,  used 
in  managing  surveying  and  astronomical 
instruments.—  Ball-and-socket  joint,  a  joint 
formed  by  a  ball  or  rounded  end  of  any- 
thing playing  within  a  socket,  so  as  to  ad- 
mit of  motion  in  all  directions.  This  kind 
of  joint  is  much  employed  for  gasaliers,  and 
is  exemplified  in  the  hip-joint  of  man. 
Ball  (bal),  n.  [Armor,  bal,  a  white  mark  on 
an  animal's  face.  See  BALD.  ]  A  common 
name  for  a  cart-horse  in  England. 
Ball  (bfll),  n.  [Com.  bal,  Jr.  boll,  a  hole,  a 
mine.  ]  A  tin  mine. 

Ball  (bal),  n.  [Fr.  bal.  It.  hallo,  Sp.  bayle, 
a  dance;  It.  and  L  L.  ballare,  to  dance,  to 
shake,  from  Gr.  ballizn,  to  dance.  Ballad, 
ballet  are  from  this  stem.]  A  social  assem- 
bly of  persons  of  both  sexes  for  the  purpose 
of  dancing,  either  at  the  invitation  and 
expense  of  an  individual,  or  at  the  cost  of 
those  attending  it,  in  which  case  the  ball 
is  said  to  be  public. 

Ball  (bal),  v.t.  To  make  into  a  ball;  specifi- 
cally, (a)  in  the  manufacture  of  cotton,  to 
wind  into  balls  (6)  In  metal,  to  heat  in  a 
furnace  so  as  to  form  balls  for  rolling.  — 
Bailing  machine,  a  machine  for  balling  cot- 
ton thread.— Balling  furnace,  a  furnace  for 
balling  piles  or  faggots  of  iron.  —  Balling 
tool,  a  tool  for  this  purpose. 
Ball  (bal),  v.i.  To  form  or  gather  into  a  ball, 
as  snow  on  horses'  hoofs,  or  mud  on  the  feet. 
We  can  say  either  that  a  horse  balls,  or  that 
the  snow  balls. — Balling  iron,  in  farriery,  a 
hook  for  clearing  horses'  feet  from  balls  of 
snow,  &c. 

Ballad  (bal'lad),  n.  [Fr.  ballade,  a  ballad, 
Pr.  ballada,  from  L.L.  (and  It.)  ballare,  to 
dance.  See  BALL,  a  dance,  also  BALLAT, 
BALLET.]  1.  A  short  narrative  poem,  espe- 
cially such  as  is  adapted  for  singing;  a  poem 
partaking  of  the  nature  both  of  the  epic  and 
the  lyric.  As  applied  to  the  minstrelsy  of 
the  borders  of  England  and  Scotland,  of 
Scandinavia  and  Spain,  a  sort  of  minor  epic 
reciting  in  verse,  more  or  less  rude,  the  ex- 
ploits of  warriors,  the  adventures  of  lovers 
and  the  mysteries  of  fairyland,  designed  to 
be  rehearsed  in  musical  recitative  accom- 
panied by  the  harp.  '  Roundel,  balades.  and 
virelay.'  Gower, 

A  ballad,  properly  speaking,  is  a  simple  narrative 
of  one  or  more  events  ...  set  to  a  tune  sufficient^ 
rhythmical  to  act  as  one  of  the  original  purposes  of 
a  ballad,  namely,  a  dance  tune.  The  old  ballad 
tunes  still  existing  are  nearly  all  of  this  character. 
Stainer  t-r  Barrett. 

The  Scottish  taUetdl  are  in  general  superior  to  the 
English,  and  it  is  highly  probable  that  they  derive 


many  of  their  literary  as  well  as  their  dialectic  pecu- 
liarities from  the  songs  of  the  Scandinavian  bard^ 
whose  popular  £d/&r<fr  are  generally  of  a  higher  rank 
than  those  of  the  English  or  of  any  other  of  the 
Northern  nations.  The  Scottish  resemble  the  Scan- 
dinavian  ballads  both  in  form  and  in  diction  anil 
some  Northern  words  and  forms  occur  in  th<  ra,  i 
which  it  would  not  be  easy  to  produce  examples  in 
other  branches  of  literature.  G.  P.  Marsh. 

2.  In  music,  a  short  air,  rejieated  to  two  or 
more  stanzas,  simple  in  construction,  ami 
having  an  accompaniment  of  a  strictly  sub- 
ordinate character. 

Balladt  (bal'lad),  v.i.     To  make  or  sing  bal- 
lads. 
These  envious  libellers  ballad  against  them.  Donne. 

Balladt   (bal'lad),  v.t.      To  celebrate  in  a 

ballad.     '  Rhymers  ballad  us  out  o'  tune  ' 

Shalt. 
Ballader,  Balladlst  (bal'lad-er,  bal'lad-ist), 

n.     A  writer  or  singer  of  ballads. 
Balladize  (bal'lad-iz),  v.t.     To  convert  into 
;    the  form  of  a  ballad;  as,  to  balladize  a  story 
.    [Rare.] 
Ballad-maker  (lml'lad-mak-er),  n.  A  writer 

of  ballads.     Slialr. 
Ballad-monger  (bsl'lud-mnng-Ker),  H.    A 

dealer  in  ballads ;  an  inferior  poet ;  a  poet- 
'aster. 

I  had  rather  be  a  kitten  and  cry  mew, 
Than  one  of  these  same  metre  baltad-mcmtfttrs 
Sliat. 

Ballad-opera  (bal'Iad-op'e-ra),  n.  An 
opera  in  which  only  ballads  are  sung.  Ji./n, 
son. 

Balladry  (bal'lad-ri),  n.  Compositions  of 
the  ballad  kind;  the  style  of  ballads.  'Base 
balladry  is  so  beloved.'  Drayton. 

Ballad-singer  (bal'lad-sing-er),  n.  A  per- 
son whose  employment  is  to  sing  ballads  in 
the  streets. 

Ballahou  (bal'a-ho),  n.  A  fast-sailing  two- 
masted  vessel,  rigged  with  high  fore-und- 
aft  sails,  much  used  in  the  West  Indies 
The  foremast  rakes  forward,  the  mainmast 
aft. 

Ballam  (bal'lam),  H.  A  canoe  hollowed  out 
of  timber,  in  which  Ceylonese  pearl-fishers 
wash  out  the  pearls  from  the  oysters. 

Ballant  (bal'lant),  n.    A  ballad.    [Scotch.] 

They're  dying  to  rhyme  ower  prayers,  and  ballants, 
and  charms.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Ballan-wrasse(bal'lan-ras),!!.  [Lit.  spotted- 
wrasse;  Ir.  bal,  ball,  a  spot,  Gael,  ballach, 
spotted.]  An  acanthopterygian  fish,  Lnli  ">• 
!  bergylta  or  macitlatu8,1simily  Labridre, taken 
all  along  the  British  coasts.  Its  flesh  is  not 
much  esteemed.  The  young  are  known  as 
the  streaked  wrasse. 

Ballarag  (bal'la-rag),  v.  t.  [A  form  of  Itulln- 
rag  (which  see).]  To  bully;  to  threaten. 
[Vulgar.] 

You  vainly  thought  to  ballarag us.     T.  ll'aitai. 

Balla. s,  t  Ballace  t  (bal'las),  r.  t.  To  ballast 
Webster.  See  BALLAST,  pp. 

Ballast  (bal 'last),  n.  [D.  ballast,  Dan. 
ballast,  baglast,  ballast ;  lit.  a  back  load— 
bag,  back,  after,  and  last,  load,  cargo— either 
as  a  load  in  the  after  part  of  the  ship,  where 
ballast  was  stowed,  or  as  a  back  or  return 
load  after  a  cargo  had  been  carried  away 
and  discharged.  Or,  according  to  another 
etymology  proposed,  bal  =  E.  bale,  and  bid- 
last  is  therefore  literally  a  load  useless  or 
of  no  value  (in  itself).  ]  1.  Heavy  matter,  as 
stone,  sand,  or  iron,  laid  on  the  bottom  nf  a 
ship  or  other  vessel,  to  sink  it  in  the  water 
to  such  a  depth  as  to  enable  it  to  carry  suffi- 
cient sail  without  oversetting.  A  ship  is 
said  to  be  in  ballast  when  she  sails  without 
a  cargo,  having  on  board,  besides  ballast, 
only  the  stores  and  other  articles  requisite 
for  the  use  of  the  vessel  and  of  the  passen- 
gers on  board.— 2.  The  sand  placed  in  ba<;s 
in  the  car  of  a  balloon  to  steady  it,  and 
to  enable  the  aeronaut  to  lighten  the  bal- 
loon by  throwing  part  of  it  out.  —  3.  The 
material  used  to  fill  up  the  space  between 
the  rails  on  a  railway  in  order  to  make  it 
firm  and  solid.— 4.  Fig.  that  which  confers 
steadiness. 

These  men  have  not  ballast  enough  of  hut 
and  fear.  Hammtatd. 

Ballast  (ballast),  v.t.  1.  To  place  ballast 
in  or  on ;  as,  to  ballast  a  ship ;  to  ballast  a 
balloon;  to  ballast  the  bed  of  a  railway.  See 
the  noun.  —  2.  Fig.  to  confer  steadiness  "ti : 
to  keep  steady.  '  'Tis  charity  must  ball«*t 
the  heart.'  Hammond. —  3.  Fig.  to  coun- 
tei'balance  by  anything  solid  whatever  IMS 
a  tendency  to  inflate  or  render  unsteady. 

Now  you  have  given  me  virtue  for  my  guide. 

Ami  with  true  honour  ballasted  my  pride.    Drydtn. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  fey. 


BALLAST 


209 


BALLOT 


Ballast)  (bal'last).  1>1'.  Ballasted.  •  \Vh., 
sent  whole  armadoes  of  carracka  to  be  bal- 

Illxl.'       .S/Klfr. 

Ballaatage  i  bal'last -Ai).  />.  i.  An  old  right 
of  the  admiralty  in  all  the  royal  rivers  of 
Britain  of  levying  a  rate  for  supplying  ships 
with  ballast— 2.  The  toll  or  duty  paid  for 
taking  ballast  from  a  port  or  harbour. 

Ballast-engine  (bal'last  en-jin),  n.  A  steam- 
engine  used  for  dredging  a  river  or  drawing 
earth  ami  ballast  on  a  railway. 

Ballast-getter  (bal'last-get-er),  »•  One  who 
is  employed  in  procuring  ballast  for  ships. 

I  now  come  to  the  nature  of  the  ballast  labour 
ilst-lf.  This  is  divisible  into  three  classes :  that  per- 
formed by  the  baltast-zttttrs,  or  those  who  are  en- 
gaged  in  raising  it  from  the  bed  of  the  Th.tmrs;  hy 
tlit-  f>iill:ixt-tii?ltttl-s,  or  those  who  are  engaged  in 
i  .irryiiig  it  from  the  getters  to  the  ships  requiring  it : 
and  by  the  btillast-heavm,  or  those  who  art-  > 
in  putting  it  on  board  of  such  ships.  itoyKno, 

Ballast-heaver  (bal'last-hev-er),  ».  1.  One 
who  is  employed  inputting  ballast  on  board 
ships.  See  extract  under  BALLAST-GETTER. 
2.  A  dredging  machine  for  raising  ballast 
from  a  river-bed;  a  ballast-lighter. 

Ballasting  (bal'last-ing),  n.  \.  The  act  of 
furnishing  with  ballast,  as  a  ship  or  railway. 
•1  Ballast;  that  which  is  used  (or  ballast,  as 
gravel  or  broken  stones,  cinders,  or  other 
material,  used  for  the  covering  of  roads  or 
to  form  the  upper  works  or  permanent  way 
of  a  railway. 

Ballast-lighter  (bal'last-lit-ftr),  n.  1.  One 
who  is  employed  in  conveying  ballast  (or 
-liips.  See  extract  under  BALLAST-GETTER. 
•1.  A  large  flat-floored  barge  (or  heaving  up 
and  carrying  ballast,  or  (or  removing  sand, 
<ilt,  or  other  depositions  (rom  the  beds  of 
rivers  and  the  bottoms  of  harbours,  docks, 

Ballat*  (hallat),  n.     [A  form  of  ballad,  fol- 
lowing the  It.  spelling  ballata]    A  ballad. 
Ballat  t  (bal'lat),  o.t.    To  sing  or  celebrate 
in  a  ballad. 

I  make  hut  repetition 
Of  what  is  ordinary  and  Kyalto  talk, 
And  ballattd,  and  would  be  play'd  o'  the  stage. 

U'tfrstff. 

Ballatoon  (bal-la-ton*),  n.  A  heavy  luggage 
boat  employed  in  Russia  in  the  transport  of 
timber,  especially  from  Astrakhan  to  Mos- 

BOW. 

Ballatry  t  (bal'lat-ri).  n.    [Form  equivalent 

to  balladry,  from  ballat,  old  form  of  ballad.  ] 

stuck  of  ballads;  ballad-singing.     Milton. 
Ball-calibre  (balTtal-i-ber),  n.   A  ring-gauge 

for  determining  the  diameter  of  gun-shot 

ou  board  ship. 
Ball-cartridge  (ballckr-trij),  n.  A  cartridge 

containing  a  ball,  in  contradistinction  to 

Hit  iik-cartridge,  which  does  not  contain  a 

hall. 
Ball-caster  (bal'kast-er),  n.     A  caster  for 

furniture,  &c.,  having  a  ball  instead  of  an 

ordinary  roller. 
Ball-cock  (bal'kok),  n.    A  hollow  sphere  or 

ball  of  metal  attached  to  the  end  of  a  lever 


Section  of  Cistern,  showing  Ball-cock. 
'.  r "Mlion  of  ball  and  valve  when  the  cistern  is 
empty  or  water-line  at  c.     *,  Position  of  ball  and 
Ive  when  the  cistern  is  full  or  water-line  at  <(. 

which  turns  the  stop-cock  of  a  cistern  pipe 
aii<l  regulates  the  supply  of  water.  It  floats 
11  the  water  in  the  cistern  by  its  buoyancy, 
and  rises  and  sinks  as  the  water  rises  and 
*mks,  shutting  off  the  water  in  the  one 
case  an,]  letting  it  on  in  the  other. 

aH  +  fi     n. .1,1.  .1. .....:. .~.|  ~t  i.n:_ 


more  or  less  elaborate,  in  which  several  per- 
sons take  part. -2.  A  c plete  pantomime 

or  theatrical  representation,!]!  which  a  story 
I    is  told,  and  actions,  characters,  and  pas- 
1    sions  represented  by  gesture,  accompanied 
by  characteristic  or  illustrative  music,  danc- 
ing, scenery,  decorations,  &c.    3.  In  her.  n 
hearing  in  coats  of  arms,  denominated  »c- 
ciuiiing  to  the  colour,  bezants,  plates,  hurts, 

Ballet  (bal-la  or  ballet),  p.f.    To  express  by 
dancing  or  in  a  ballet. 

He  balltts  to  her :  '  Will  you  come  down  here  and 
dance  I '  Mayhrtu. 

Ball-flower  (bal'flon-cr),  71.    In  are/i.,an 

ornament  resembling  a    

ball    placed    in  a  cir- 
cular flower,  the  three 
petals  of  which  form  a 
cup  round  it.     This  or- 
nament is  usually  found 
inserted    in   a   hollow 
moulding,  and  is  gen- 
erally characteristic  of    •••— 1«— * 
the  decorated  style  of          Bail-flower, 
the  fourteenth  century. 
Ball-gudgeon  (bal'guj-on),  ».    A  spherical 
gudgeon,  permitting  a  lateral  deflection  of 
the  arbor  or  shaft,  while  still  remaining 
itself  in  the  socket.     E.  II.  Knight. 
Balliage,  Bailage  (bal'li-aj,  halfy),  n.    [Fr. 
bailiatje,  the  jurisdiction  of  a  bailli.    See 
BAILIFF.)    A  small  duty  formerly  paid  to 
the  city  of  London  by  aliens,  and  even  by 
denbens,  for  certain  commodities  exported 
by  them. 

Balliardst  (hal'yiirdz),  n.  pi.  Billiards. 
Spenxcr. 

Ballimongt  (bal'li-mong),  n.  A  dredge. 
Holland. 

Balling-gun  (baring-gun),  ».  An  instru- 
ment for  administering  medicine  rolled 
into  balls  to  horses.  It  consists  of  a  tube 
from  which  the  air  is  partially  exhausted, 
the  ball  being  held  on  the  end  of  the  tube 
by  the  pressure  of  air  and  released  thence 
by  a  piston  when  fairly  within  the  oeso- 
phagus. E.  II.  Knight. 
Balllsmus  (bal-lis'mus),  ».  [Gr.  ballizo,  to 
trip  or  caper.  ]  A  form  of  palsy,  attended 
with  fits  of  leaping  or  running. 
Ballista,  Ballsta  (bal-lis'ta,  ba-lis'ta),  n. 
pi.  Ballista,  Balistffl  (bal-lis'te,  ba-lis'te). 
[L. ,  from  Gr.  ballo,  to  throw.]  1.  One 
of  the  two  great  military  engines  used 
by  the  ancients  for  discharging  missiles, 
especially  against  a  besieged  place,  and 
often  confounded  with  the  catapult  used 
for  throwing  darts,  while  the  ballista  threw 
stones.  In  principle  it  resembled  the  medi- 
reval  arbalist  or  cross-bow,  but  was  much 
stronger,  ballistic  being  mentioned  that 
threw  stones  of  3  cwts.  They  were  worked 
by  machinery,  as  by  lever  and  axle.  The 
cord  was  of  hair.  After  the  time  of  Julius 
Crcsar  the  term  appears  to  have  been  applied 
in  a  loose  way  to  any  large  engine  for 
throwing  missiles.  —  2.  In  anal,  the  astra- 
galus, a  bone  of  the  tarsus. 
Balllster  (bal'lis-ter),  n.  Same  as  Balus- 
ter. 

Ballistic  (bal-lis'tik),  a.  [From  L.  ballMa. 
See  BALI  isTA.)  Pertaining  to  the  ballista 
or  to  the  art  of  shooting  stones  or  missiles 
by  means  of  an  engine.  —  Rallietic  pendu- 
lum, an  apparatus  invented  by  Benjamin 
Robins  for  ascertaining  the  velocity  of  mili- 
tary projectiles,  and  consequently  the  force 
of  fired  gunpowder.  A  piece  of  ordnance  is 
fired  against  a  cast-iron  case  filled  with  bags 
of  sand,  which  forms  the  ball  of  a  pendulum, 
and  the  percussion  causes  the  pendulum  to 
vibrate.  The  arc  through  which  it  vibrates 
is  measured  on  a  copper  arc  by  an  index 
carrying  a  vernier,  and  the  amount  o(  vibra- 
tion forms  a  measure  of  the  force  or  velocity 
of  the  ball.  The  ballistic  pendulum  is  now 
nearly  superseded  by  Naves'  electro-ballutic 
apparatus.  See  ELECTRO-BALLISTIC,  EPROU- 
VKTTE. 

Ballistics  (bal-lis'tiks),  n.     The  science  or. 
art  of  discharging  large  missiles  by  the  use 
of  the  ballista  or  other  engine. 
Ballium  (bal'li-um),  n.    [See  BAILKY.]    In 
anc.  arch,  a  court  within  a  fortified  castle. 
There    were  commonly  two  balliums,  an 
outer  and  inner. 

Ballon  (ba-loft),  n.  [Fr.]  In  chem.  same  as 
Balloon,  2. 

Balloon  (bal-IonO,  n.  [0.  Fr.  6a(o».  a  large 
ball,  afoot-ball,  aug.  of  bale,  a  ball;  Mod.Fr. 
fatten,  a  foot-ball,  a  balloon,  an  aug.  of  balle. 
a  ball:  >p  balon,  a  foot-ball  and  the  game. 
See  BALL.]  l.t  A  large  ball  of  leather  in- 


Hated;  the  game  played  with  it,  a  kind  uf 

football. 


'Tis  easier  sport  than  the  biilcmtt. 

2.  In  them,  a  round  vessel  with  a  short  neck 
ti.  receive  whatever  is  distilled;  a  glass  re- 
ceiver of  a  spherical  form.—  3.  In  arrti.  a 
ball  or  globe  on  the  top  of  a  pillar.  4.  In 
pyrotechnict,  a  ball  of  pasteboard  or  kind  if 
bomb  stuffed  with  combustibles,  which. 
bursting  like  a  bomb,  exhibits  sparks  of  flre 
like  stars.  —  5.  In  tctaring,  a  cylindrical  reel 
on  which  sl/ed  woollen  yarn  (or  warp  Is 
wound  in  order  to  be  dried  by  rapid  iwoln 
tion  in  a  heated  chamber  E.  II  Knight.— 
n.  A  bag  or  hollow  vessel  tilled  with  hydrogen 
gas  or  heated  air,  or  any  other  gaseous  fluid 
lighter  than  common  air,  the  contained  gas 
causing  it  to  rise  and  float  in  the  atmosphere. 
It  is  made  of  silk  or  other  light  material. 
varnished  with  caoutchouc  dissolved  In  tur- 
pentine. A  net-work  of  twine  envelops  the 
balloon,  and  is  tied  to  a  circular  hoop  a  little 
below  the  body  of  the  balloon,  from  which 
a  car,  usually  consisting  of  a  large  wicker 
basket  and  bearing  the  aeronaut  or  others, 
is  suspended.  A  valve  in  the  bottom  of  the 
balloon  can  be  opened  or  closed  at  pleasure 
by  means  of  a  string,  and  the  basket  is  fur- 
nished with  sand-bags  as  ballast.  If  the 
aeronaut  wishes  to  ascend  he  throws  out 
some  of  the  ballast  ;  if  to  descend  he  opens 
the  valve.  Balloons  have  been  successfully 
used  for  military  purposes  (see  Captive  Bal- 
loon, below),  and,  in  the  case  of  besieged 
cities,  as  a  medium  of  communication  with 
the  outside  world  (see  Steering  Balloon,  be- 
low). The  greatest  height  yet  attained  in  a 
balloon  was  7  miles  by  Messrs.  Glaisher  and 
Coxwell  in  1862.—  Captive  balloon,  &  balloon 
attached  to  some  particular  place  by  means 
of  a  rope,  which  may  be  either  permanently 
fixed  or  connected  with  an  anchor  which  can 
be  raised  at  pleasure.  Such  balloons  are 
employed  for  military  reconnaissance,  or 
for  dropping  missiles,  as  nitro-  glycerine 
bombs,  upon  forts  or  any  other  place  to  be 
assailed.  —Steering  balloon,  a  balloon  capable 
of  being  steered.  One  such  was  invented  by 
M.  Dupuy  de  S6me  during  the  siege  of  Paris 
in  1871.  The  rudder  is  said  to  be  able  to 
deflect  the  machine  11°  to  either  side  of  the 
direct  line  in  which  the  wind  is  blowing,  so 
that  a  balloon  leaving  Paris  with  the  wind 
straight  for  Brussels  could  be  landed  either 
at  London  or  Cologne. 

Balloon  (hallo-on),  ».  A  state  barge  of  Siam, 
made  of  a  single  piece  of  timber,  very  loi.g, 
and  managed  with  oars. 

Ballooned  (bal-lond'),  a.  Swelled  out  like 
a  balloon. 

Balloon-fish  (bal-lon'flsh),  n.  A  curious  tro- 
pical, malacopterygian  or  soft-spined  fish, 
o(  the  order  Plectognathi,  the  Tetraodun 
lineatus  or  striped  spine-l>elly.  Like  the 
diodons,  it  has  the  power  o(  distending  itself 
by  swallowing  air  and  making  it  pass  into 
cavities  beneath  the  skin,  and  of  causing  its 
spines  to  erect  themselves.  Both  jaws  are 
divided  In  the  middle,  giving  the  fish  the 


'" 


appearance  of  possessing  four  teeth,  two 
above  and  two  below. 

Ballooning  (bal-lon'ing),  n.  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  managing  balloons. 

Balloonist  (bal-lon'ist),  n.  One  who  makes 
or  ascends  in  a  balloon;  an  aeronaut. 

Balloon-net(bal-16u'net),».  A  kind  of  woven 
lace  in  which  the  weft  threads  are  twisted 
in  a  peculiar  manner  round  the  warps,  /.' 
//.  Knight. 

Balloonry  (bal-lon'ri),  n.  The  art  or  prac- 
tice of  ascending  in  a  balloon.  Quart.  Ken. 

Ballot  (bal'lot),  u.  [Fr.  ballotte,  a  little 
ball  used  in  voting,  dim.  of  balle,  a  ball. 
See  BALL.]  1.  A  ball  used  in  voting.— 2.  A 


ch,  cAain; 
VOL.  I 


ch,  Sc.  locA;      g.  go;     },  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  irig; 


wh,  irMg;    rh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
14 


BALLOT 


210 


BALSA  MINE 


ticket  or  paper,  or  the  like,  by  which  one 
votes,  and  containing  no  indication  of  who 
the  voter  is.  —3.  The  system  of  voting  in 
such  a  way  that  the  voters  cannot  be  iden- 
tified ;  the  act  of  voting  by  balls  or  tickets. 
'The  insufficiency  of  the  ballot.'  Dickens. 
Vote  by  ballot  is  the  mode  adopted  in  the 
election  of  members  of  school-boards,  and 
also,  by  a  tentative  act  which  expires  at  the 
end  of  1880,  of  members  of  Parliament  and 
of  municipal  corporations.  In  such  statu- 
tory elections  the  mode  of  voting  is  by  vot- 
ing-papers and  not  by  balls.  In  clubs,  scien- 
tific societies,  insurance  offices,  commercial 
associations,  &c.,  the  members,  managers, 
or  directors  are  almost  universally  elected 
by  ballot,  and  for  this  purpose  coloured 
balls  are  usually  employed ;  hence  the  ex- 
pression to  black-ball,  signifying  to  reject 
a  candidate.— 4.  The  whole  amount  of  votes 
given;  as,  there  was  a  large  ballot. 
Ballot  (bal'lot),  v.i.  [Fr.  ballotter.  See  the 
noun.]  To  vote  or  decide  by  ballot:  fre- 
quently with  for;  as,  he  was  proposed  as  a 
member  of  the  club,  and  balloted  for  ac- 
cordingly. See  the  noun. 

The  judges  .  .  .  would  never  take  their  balls  to 
ballot  against  him.  North. 

Ballot  (ball0*)*  v.t.  To  vote  regarding  by 
ballot ;  to  vote  for  or  against  by  ballot ;  to 
choose  or  elect  by  ballot. 

None  of  the  competitors  arriving  at  a  sufficient 
number  of  balls,  they  fell  to  ballot  some  others. 

Sir  H.  H'otton. 

Ballota  (bal-16'ta),  n.  [Gr.  ballote,  a  plant 
believed  to  be  black  horehound.]  A  genus 
of  hairy  or  woolly  plants,  nat,  order  Labiatoi. 
One  species,  B.  nigra  (the  black  or  stinking 
horehound),  has  been  used  in  pectoral  com- 
plaints and  in  cattle  diseases. 

Ballotant  (ballot-ant),  n.  A  voter  by  ballot. 
Jaif.  Harrington.  [Rare.] 

Ballotation  t  (bal-lot-a'shon),  n.  A  voting 
by  ballot.  [Rare.] 

The  election  of  the  Duke  of  Venice  is  one  of  the 
most  intricate  and  curious  forms  in  the  world,  con- 
sisting of  ten  several  ballotations.  Sir  II.  ll'ottoit. 

Ballot-bOX  (bal'lot-boks),  n.  A  box  for  re- 
ceiving ballots. 

Balloter  (bal'lot-er),  n.  One  who  ballots  or 
votes  by  ballot. 

Ballotln  (ballot-in),  n.  The  carrier  of  the 
ballot-box;  the  taker  of  the  votes  by  ballot. 
Jas.  Harrington.  [Rare.] 

Ballotist  (bal'lot-ist),  n.  An  advocate  for 
voting  by  ballot. 

Ballottade,  Ballotade (bal-16-tad), n.  [Fr.] 
A  leap  of  a  horse,  as  between  two  pillars  or 
upon  a  straight  line,  so  that  when  his  fore- 
feet are  in  the  air  he  shows  nothing  but  the 
shoes  of  his  hind-feet  without  jerking  out. 
In  a  capriole  the  horse  jerks  out  his  hind- 
legs. 

Ballow  (bal'16),  n.  [Probably  of  same  origin 
as  E.  bole,  the  trunk  of  a  tree.]  A  pole;  a 
cudgel.  [Old  and  northern  English.] 

Keep  out,  .  .  or  Ise  try  whether  your  costard  or 
my  ballow  be  the  harder.  Sha&. 

Ball-proof  (bftl'prof),  a.  Capable  of  resist- 
ing balls  from  firearms ;  impenetrable  by 
balls  from  firearms. 

Ball-screw  (bftl'skro),  n.  A  screw  intended 
to  be  fastened  to  the  end  of  the  ramrod  of  a 
gun,  and  to  be  used  in  extracting  bullets 
from  the  barrel  of  the  gun. 

Ball-stock  (bal'stok),  n.  In  printing,  a 
stock  somewhat  hollow  at  one  end,  to  which 
the  ball  is  attached,  and  which  serves  as  a 
handle.  See  BALL,  8. 

Ball-train  (bal'tran),  n.  A  set  of  rolls 
for  rolling  puddlers'  balls  or  loops  into 
bars. 

Ball-trolly  (bal'trol-li),  «•  A  small  iron 
truck  used  in  conveying  the  balls  of  puddled 
iron  from  the  puddling-furnace  to  the  tilt- 
hammer  or  squeezer.  E.  H.  Knight. 

Ball-valve  Qy^l'valv),  n.  A  valve  consist- 
ing of  a  ball  placed  in  a  circular  cup  which 
has  a  hole  in  its  bottom.  By  means  of  a 
curtain  of  wire  placed  over  it  the  ball  is 
restrained  from  moving  beyond  a  certain 
point,  either  upward  or  to  the  side. 

Ball-vein  (bal'van),  n.  A  variety  of  iron  ore, 
found  in  loose  masses  of  a  circular  form, 
containing  shining  particles,  probably  of 
iron  pyrites. 

Balm  (bam),  n.  [O.Fr.  banlme,  FT.  baume, 
a  contraction  of  balsam  (which  see).}  1.  A 
name  common  to  odoriferous  or  aromatic 
exudations  from  trees  or  shrubs. — 2.  Any 
fragrant  or  valuable  ointment.  '  The  balm 
washed  off  wherewith  thou  wast  anointed.' 


Shak.—S.  Anything  which  heals,  soothes, 
or  mitigates  pain.  'Sleep  .  .  .  the  balm  of 
hurt  minds.'  Shak.  —4.  The  name  of  several 
plants,  particularly  of  the  genus  Melissa, 
nat.  order  Labiatse.  The  balm-mint  or  gar- 
den balm  is  M.  officinalis.  (See  MELISSA.) 
The  species  are  aromatic  ana  used  as  corro- 
i  borants.  —Balm  of  Gilead,  the  exudation  of  a 
j  tree,  Balsamodendron  gileadense,  nat.  order 
Amyrulaceae,  a  native  of  Arabia  Felix,  and 
also,  it  is  said,  from  the  closely  allied  species 
Balmmadendr&n  Opobalsamum.  The  leaves 
of  the  former  tree  yield  when  bruised  a 
strong  aromatic  scent;  and  the  bahn  of 
GUead  of  the  shops,  or  balsam  of  Mecca  or 
of  Syria,  is  obtained  from  it  by  making  an 
incision  in  its  trunk.  It  has  a  yellowish  or 
greenish  colour,  a  warm  bitterish  aromatic 
taste,  and  an  acidulous  fragrant  smell.  It 
is  valued  as  an  odoriferous  unguent  and 
cosmetic  by  the  Turks,  who  possess  the 
country  of  its  growth.  It  is  frequently 
adulterated  for  market. —  Balm  of  GUead 
fir,  which  produces  a  turpentine  called 
Canada  balsam,  is  the  Abies  balsamif era.  It 
rises  to  the  height  of  30  feet,  and  its  range  is 
from  Virginia  to  Canada.—  Bastard  balm  is 
a  plant  of  the  genus  Melittis. 
Balm  (bam),  v.t.  1.  To  anoint  as  with  balm 
or  with  anything  fragrant  or  medicinal. 

Balm  his  foul  head  in  warm  distilled  waters.  Shak. 
Shrouded  in  cloth  of  state;  balm'dxnA  entreasured 
with  full,  bags  of  spices !  Shak. 

2.  To  soothe ;  to  mitigate ;  to  assuage ;  to 
heal. 

Oppressed  nature  sleeps: 
This  test  might  yet  have  balm'd  thy  broken  senses. 

Balm-cricket  (bamTrnk-et),  n.  The  field- 
cricket  ((fryllu-g  campestris), 

The  balm-cricket  carols  clear 

In  the  green  that  folds  thy  grave.     Tennyson. 

Balmer  (bam'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
balms  or  anoints. 

Blood  must  be  my  body's  only  balmer, 
No  other  balm  will  there  be  given.       Ratfigh. 

Balmify  (bam'i-fi),  v.t.  [E.  balm,  and  L.  fa- 
cere,  to  make.]  To  render  balmy. 

The  fluids  have    been    entirely    sweetened    and 
balmified.  Dr.  G.  Chcyne. 

Balmily  (bara'i-li).  adv.  In  a  balmy  man- 
ner. 

Balm-mint  (bam'mint),  n.  See  under 
BALM. 

Balmoral  (bal-mo'ral),  n.  or  a.  [After  the 
royal  residence  on  Deeside,  Aberdeenshire.] 
A  term  applied  to  various  articles,  especially 
of  dress;  as,  balmoral  boots;  balmoral  bon- 
net ;  balmoral  petticoat :  often  used  as  a 
noun;  as,  to  wear  balmorals. 

Balmy  (bam'i),  a.  1.  Having  the  qualities  of 
balm;  aromatic;  fragrant.  'Balmy  breath.' 
Skak.  'Her  balmy  bosom.'  Tennyson. — 

2.  Producing  balm.  *  The  balmy  tree. '  Pope. 

3.  Soft;    soothing;  assuaging;    refreshing. 
'  Tired  nature's  sweet  restorer,  balmy  sleep. ' 
Young. 

Now  with  the  drops  of  this  most  balmy  time 
My  love  looks  fresh.  Shak. 

Balnealt  (bal'ne-al),  a.  [L.  balneum,  a 
bath.]  Pertaining  to  a  bath.  ' Balnealhe&t.' 
Hovcll. 

Balnearyt  (bal'ne-a-ri),  n.  [L.  balnearium, 
from  balneum,  a  bath.]  A  bathing  room. 
'  The  balnearies  and  bathing-places.'  Sir  T, 
Browne. 

Balneationt  (bal-ne-a'shon),n.  [From  L.L. 
baliieare,to  bathe.  See  BALNEARY.]  The 
act  of  bathing.  'Balneations,  washings,  and 
fomentations.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Balneatory  (bal'ne-a-to-ri),  a.  [L.  balnea- 
torius.  ]  Belonging  to  a  bath  or  bath-keeper. 

Balneum  (barne-um),  n,  [L.,  a  bath.]  In 
chetn.  a  vessel  filled  with  water  or  sand,  in 
which  another  vessel  is  placed  to  be  heated; 
a  bath.  See  BATH,  4. 

Balonea  (ba-16'ne-a),  n.  A  name  for  an 
oak,  Qtiercus  JSgUopB,  large  quantities  of 
the  cups  of  which  are  imported  from  the 
south  of  Europe  into  England  for  tanners' 
use.  See  VALONIA. 

Balotade  (bal'o-tad),  n.  Same  aa  Ballottade. 

Balsa  (bal'sa),  n.    [Sp.  balsa,  Fr.  balse,  from 
balza,  the  native  name  of  a  kind  of  light 
porous  wood  used  in  Peru  for  constructing 
rafts.]    1.  A  kind  of  raft  or  float  used  on  the  t 
coasts  and  rivers  of  Peru  and  other  parts  of  . 
South  America  for  fishing,  for  landing  goods 
and  passengers  through  a  heavy  surf,  and  j 
for  other  purposes  where  buoyancy  is  chiefly  ; 
wanted.    It  is  formed  generally  of  two  in-  ' 


Hated  seal -skins,  connected  by  a  sort  of 
platform  on  which  the  fisherman,  passen- 
gers, or  goods  are  placed.  —2.  A  sailing  canoe 
of  Ceylon. 


with  his  Balsa,  Pacific  Coast. 


Balsam  (balsam),  n.  [Or.  balsamon,  L.  bal- 
samum,  a  fragrant  gum,  said  to  be  from 
Heb.  baal,  prince,  and  shaman,  oil.]  1.  An 
oily,  aromatic,  resinous  substance,  flowing 
spontaneously  or  by  incision  from  certain 
plants.  A  great  variety  of  substances  pass 
under  this  name.  But  in  chemistry  the  term 
is  confined  to  such  vegetable  juices  as  are 
liquid  or  spontaneously  become  concrete, 
and  consist  of  resins  mixed  with  gums  or 
volatile  oils,  the  resins  being  produced  from 
the  oils  by  oxidation.  A  balsam  is  thus  in- 
termediate between  a  volatile  oil  and  a  resin. 
It  is  soluble  in  alcohol  and  ether,  and  cap- 
able of  yielding  henzoic  acid*  The  balsams 
are  either  liquid  or  solid:  of  the  former  are 
the  balm  of  Gilead,  and  the  balsams  of 
copaiba,  Peru,  and  Tolu;  of  the  latter,  ben- 
zoin, dragon's  blood,  and  storax.—  Balsam 
of  Mecca,  balm  of  Gilead.  See  BALM.— 
Balsam  of  Peru,  the  produce  of  Sfyrosper- 
mum  peruiferum.  The  last  two  balsams,  in 
addition  to  their  medicinal  uses,  are  em- 
ployed in  perfumery,  in  the  manufacture  of 
pastiles,  and  of  chocolate.—  Balsam  of  Tolu. 
the  produce  of  Myro$pcrmum  toluiferum, 
nat.  order  Leguminosac,  the  tolu-tree  of 
South  America.  It  is  of  a  reddish  yellow 
colour,  transparent,  thick,  and  tenacious, 
but  growing  hard  and  brittle  by  age.  It  is 
very  fragrant,  and,  like  the  balsam  of  Peru, 
is  a  stimulant,  and  used  as  a  pectoral.— 
Balsam  or  Canada  balsam  of  the  microscop- 
ist,  the  liquid  resin  of  Abies  balsamifera, 
employed  for  preserving  dry  transparent 
objects  when  mounted  for  the  microscope. 
2.  The  Impatiens  balsa  mina,  a  beautiful 
ornament  of  our  gardens  and  greenhouses. 
See  IMPATIENS.—  Balsam  apple  (Momordica 
Balsa  inina},  an  annual  Indian  plant.  A 
water  and  a  subtile  oil  are  obtained  from  it, 
which  are  used  as  deobstruents. —Balsam 
tree,  a  name  given  to  several  balsam-pro- 
ducing trees,  as  Clusia,  Copaifera  (which 
produces  the  balsam  of  copaiba),  and  Pis- 
tacia,  the  turpentine- tree  or  mastich-tree, 
and,  specifically,  to  the  Abies  balsamifera, 
the  tree  which  produces  Cauada  balsam. 

Balsam  (bal'sam),  v.t.  To  apply  balsam  or 
balm  to;  to  render  balsamic. 

The  gifts  of  our  young  and  flourishing  age  are  very 
sweet  when  they  are  balsamtd  with  discretion. 

Rp.  Hatlcet. 

Balsamation  (bal-sam-a'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  rendering  balsamic. 

Balsamic  (bftl-sam'ik),  a.  Having  the  qua- 
lities of  balsam;  stimulating;  unctuous; 
soft;  mitigating;  mild.  'Balsamic  cuji-.  t" 
wheezing  lungs  medicinal.'  Philips. 

Balsamic  (bal-sam'ik),  n.  A  warm,  stimu- 
lating, demulcent  medicine,  of  a  smooth 
and  oily  consistence. 

Balsamicalt  (bal-sam'ik-al),  a.  Same  as 
Balsamic.  '  The  baltsamical  humour  of  my 
blood.'  Sir  M.  Hale. 

BalsamicaUy  (bal-sam'ik-al  -li),  adv.  In  a 
balsamic  manner. 

Balsaraiferous  (bal-sam-ifer-us),  a.  [Bal- 
sam, and  L.  fero,  to  bear]  Producing  balm 
or  balsam:  applied  to  those  trees  ami  shrubs 
which  yield  balm. 

Balsaminaceffi,  Balsaminese  (bal'aam-i- 
na"se-e,  bal-sam-in'e-e),  n.  pi.  A  small  group 
of  plants  formerly  separated  from 
aniacete  because  of  their  irregular  flower?. 
but  again  restored  to  that  order,  as  the  iUV 
covery  of  additional  species  of  Impatiens. 
the  only  genus  in  the  group,  shows  thf-< 
differences  not  to  be  of  sufficient  import 
ance  to  establish  an  order. 

Balsaraine,  Balsamina  (bal'sam-in,  bal 
sam-i'na),  n.     A  name  given  to  the  garden 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtme;     y,  Sc- 


BALSAMITO 


•211 


BAN 


balsam  and  some  other  species  of  the  genus 
Impatifin  (which  see). 

Balsamito  0"il  sa  iiir'tn).  n.  A  liquid  hav- 
ing a  bitter  taste,  a  li^'ht  slit-Try  colour,  and 
llu  inlour  of  the  toiKiuin-bean,  produced  by 
di^estiu^  the  fruit  of  the  balsam  of  Peru 
in  ruin.  It  is  taken  internally,  anil  used  as 
an  application  to  douching  sores,  especially 
tbose  caused  hy  the  chigoe. 

Balsamodendron  (barsam-6-dcn"dron),  »». 
|lir.  baisamim,  h;ils:un.  aii'l  dt'iutrun,  a  tree.] 
A  genus  of  trees,  nat.  order  Auiyridaceaj, 
remarkable  fur  their  powerf.il  balsamic 
juice.  They  have  compound  leaves  and 
small  green  flowers  followed  by  small  oval 
nuts.  /!.  Myrrlta  yields  myrrh  or  hobali, 
called  kerobetu  by  the  Abyasinians;  B.  Opo- 
valxamitm  yields  the  halm  of  Mecca,  beshan, 
or  balcssan  of  liruce;  B.  gileadcnse  yields 
lialm  of  Gilead ;  /?.  africannm  yields  the 
African  bdellium;  II.  ilukul  of  Scinde  yields 
a  resin  called  gopgul,  believed  to  be  the 
bdellium  of  the  Bible. 

Balsamous  (bal'sam-us),  a.  Having  the 
qualities  of  balsam;  abounding  in  balsam; 
consisting  of  balsam. 

Now  the  radical  moisture  is  not  the  tallow  or  fat  of 
animals,  but  an  oily  and  balsarnous  substance. 

Bilteus  (bal'te-us),  n.  pi.  Baltei  (b«l'M-I> 
[L]  1.  In  Rum.  antiq.  the  belt  by  which  the 
sword  or  quiver  was  suspended. —2.  Inarch. 
a  band  in  the  flank  of  an  Ionic  pulvinated 
capital 

Baltic  (bal'tik),  a.  [New  L.  balticus,  from 
Lith.  baltas,  white.  ]  Pertaining  to  the  sea 
which  separates  Norway  and  Sweden  from 
Denmark,  Germany,  and  Russia ;  situated 
on  or  bordering  the  Baltic  Sea ;  as,  the 
Baltic  islands;  the  Baltic  coasts. 

Baltimore-bird  (bal'ti-mor-bSrd),  n.  An 
American  bird, the  Icterus  Baltimorii,l&mi}y 
Icteridie,  nearly  allied  to  the  Sturnidse,  or 
starlings,  about  the  size  of  an  English  lin- 
net. Its  head  Is  black  and  its  body  of  a 
bright  gold  colour.  It  is  the  Qriolus  Balti- 
more of  Wilson. 

Baluster  ( bal'us-ter),  n.  [  Fr.  balustre,  Sp. 
balaustre,  It.  balattstro,  a  baluster.  It.  and 
Sp.  balauitra,  the  flower  of  the  wild  pome- 
granate, all  from  L.  balaustium,  Gr.  balaus- 
tiim,  the  flower  of  the  wild  pomegranate,  the 
baluster  being  so  called  from  a  resemblance 
of  form,  or  from  pomegranate  flowers  being 
used  to  adorn  balustrades.  ]  1.  A  small 
column  or  pilaster,  of  various  forms  and 
dimensions,  often  adorned  with  mouldings, 
used  for  balustrades.  'Leaning  .  .  on  those 
balmier*.'  Tennyson.  [In  this  use  often 
corrupted  into  banister  or  bannister.]  — 
2.  The  lateral  part  of  the  volute  of  the  Ionic 
capital. 

Balustered  (bal'us-terd),  a.  Having  balus- 
ters. 'Balustered  with  gold.'  Dryden. 

Balustrade  (bal  us  trad'),  n.  [  Fr.  balus- 
trade,  from  balustre,  a  baluster  (which 
Me).]  A  row  of  balusters,  Joined  by  a  rail, 


Balustrade. 

serving  as  a  fence  or  inclosure  for  altars, 
b.Uconies,  staircases,  terraces,  tops  of  build- 
ings, &c. :  it  is  often  used  merely  as  an  or- 
nament. 

Broad-based  flights  of  marble  stairs 

Ran  up  with  golden  balustrade.     Tennyson. 

Balzartne  (bal'/a-ren),  n.  A  light  mixed 
f.iliric  of  cotton  and  wool  for  ladies'  dresses. 

Bam  (bam),  n.  [Perhaps  an  abbreviation  of 
bamboozle;  compare  also  Armor,  bamein,  to 
enchant,  to  deceive,  bamonr,  a  sorcerer,  a 
deceiver]  A  cheat;  an  imposition.  [Slang.] 

It  was  all  a  b.tm,  madam,  a  scene  we  thought  pro- 
P"  to  act.  A.Murfhy. 

To  relieve  the  tedium  he  kept  plying  them  with  all 
manner  of  bams..  Pra/.  Wilson. 

Bam  (bam),  v.t.  To  bamboozle;  to  cheat; 
to  wheedle.  [Slung.] 

This  is  some  conspiracy,  I  suppose,  to  bam.  to 
chouse  me  o'it  of  my  money.  Foott. 

Bambino  (bambino),  n.  [It.achild.)  In 
the  fine  art*,  the  figure  of  our  Saviour  repre- 
s^nted  as  an  infant  in  swaddling  clothes, 
often  surrounded  by  a  halo,  and  watched 


over  by  angels,  and  forming  the  altar-piece 
in  several  churches.  The  Santittimn  Bam- 
bino in  the  church  of  Ara  Coeli  at  Home,  a 
richly  decorated  llgure  carved  in  wood,  is 
believed  to  have  a  miraculous  virtue  in 


The  Bambino,  Church  of  Ara  Coeli,  Rome. 

curing  diseases.  Bambinos  of  a  similar 
though  Inferior  description  are  set  up  for 
the  adoration  of  the  faithful  in  many  places 
in  Catholic  countries. 

Bambocciade,  Bambocciate  (bam-bok'se- 
ad,  bam-bok'se-at),  n.  [From  It.  bamboccio, 
simpleton,  cripple,  the  nickname  given  to 
Pieter  Van  Laar,  a  painter  of  such  scenes, 
on  account  of  his  deformity.  ]  In  painting, 
a  term  applied  to  grotesque  scenes  from 
common  life,  as  penny  weddings,  rustic 
games,  and  merry-makings.  Tenters  is  the 
great  master  of  this  style,  and  In  British 
art  Wilkie  is  probably  its  best  representa- 
tive. Called  also  Bambocciata. 

Bamboo  (bam-baO,  "  [Malay  oam&d.)  The 
common  name  of  the  arborescent  grasses 
belonging  to  the  genus  Bambusa  (which 
see). 

Bamboo  (bam-bo'),  v.  t.  To  punish  or  strike 
with  a  bamboo;  to  bastinado. 

Bamboo-rat  (bam-bo'rat),  n.  A  species  of 
rodent  animal  of  the  genus  Rhizomys,  found 
in  Malacca,  of  the  size  of  a  rabbit 

Bamboozle  (bam-bo'zl),  t>.(.  [This  word 
seems  closely  allied  to  Sc.  bumbazed,  bom- 
bazed  (or  simply  bazed),  stupefied,  con- 
founded, a  word  that  reminds  us  of  D.  60111, 
the  bung  of  a  barrel,  and  baazen,  verbazen, 
to  confound,  the  original  meaning  being 
perhaps  to  stupefy  with  drink.  Or  the  ele- 
ments of  the  word  may  be  6a»»,  and  boose, 
bouse,  D.  buizen,  to  swill  or  drink  deep.) 
To  impose  or  practise  upon;  to  mystify;  to 
hoax;  to  humbug;  to  deceive. 

All  the  people  upon  earth,  excepting  these  two  or 
three  worthy  gentlemen,  are  imposed  upon,  cheated, 
bubbled,  abused,  bamboosltd.  Addison. 

Bamboozler  (bam-bo'zl-er),  n.  One  who 
bamboozles :  a  cheat ;  one  who  plays  tricks 
upon  another. 

There  are  a  set  of  fellows  they  call  banterers  and 
bamboozlert,  that  play  such  tricks.  Arbuthnot. 

Bambusa  (bam-bo'sa),  n.  [See  BAMBOO.]  A 
genus  of  grasses  containing  nearly  seventy 
species,  natives  of  tropical  regions,  many  of 
which  attain  a  great  size.  The  best  known 
is  B.  arundinacea.  From  tne  creeping 
underground  rhizome,  which  is  long,  thick, 
and  Jointed,  spring  several  round  jointed 
stalks,  which  at  10  or  12  feet  from  the 
ground  send  out  from  their  joints  several 
shoots  which  are  united  at  their  base.  The 
stalks  are  armed  at  their  joints  with  one  or 
two  sharp  rigid  spines.  The  oblong  oval 
leaves,  8  or  9  inches  long,  are  placed  on 
short  footstalks.  The  flowers  grow  in  large 
panicles  from  the  joints  of  the  stalk.  Some 
stems  grow  to  5  or  6  inches  in  diameter,  and 
are  so  hard  and  durable  as  to  be  used  for 
building  and  for  all  sorts  of  furniture,  for 
water  pipes,  and  for  poles  to  support  palan- 
quins. The  smaller  stalks  are  used  for  walk- 
ing-sticks, flutes,  Ac.  The  plant  is  used  for 
many  purposes  in  the  East  Indies,  China, 
and  other  eastern  countries.  Cottages  are 
almost  wholly  made  of  it;  also,  bridges, 
boxes,  baskets,  mats,  paper,  masts  for  boats, 
Ac.  It  grows  for  twenty-five  or  more  years 
before  it  produces  set- d,  which  is  sometimes 
used  as  rice,  while  the  young  shoots  are 


made  into  pickles.  The  pith  U  saccharine. 
There  are  several  nili.-r  n<  ll-known  and 
useful  species,  as  V  tpinosa,  common  about 


1.  Bamboo  (S.  arundiHafra).  showing  its  mode  of 
growth.    3,  Flowers,  leaves,  and  stem  on  a  larger 
scale. 

Calcutta,  forming  stockades  penetrable  only 
by  artillery;  B.  tulda,  used  for  scaffolding 
and  covering  native  houses;  B.  tabacaria, 
whose  joints  are  used  for  the  stems  of  to- 
bacco-pipes; B.  picta,  for  light  walking- 
sticks  ;  IS.  balcooa,  for  building.  The  finest 
species  Is  perhaps  B.  latifolia,  a  native  of 
Orinoco.  Like  other  grasses,  the  bamboos 
contain  silex  in  considerable  quantity,  the 
stalks  of  some  species,  as  It.  tabacaria, 
striking  fire  with  a  hatchet. 

Bambusaceae  ( bam-bo-sa'se-6 ),  n.  pi.  A 
tribe  of  grasses  of  great  economical  import- 
ance, comprising  nearly  200  species,  divided 
into  several  genera,  of  which  the  genus 
Bambusa  may  be  regarded  as  the  type.  (See 
BAMBUSA.)  Besides  the  species  there  de- 
scribed the  tribe  includes  Dendrocalamut 
ttrictut,  used  in  India  for  the  shafts  of 
lances;  Melocanna  bambttsoides,  which  pro- 
duces a  fleshy  edible  fruit  of  the  size  and 
form  of  a  large  pear;  and  several  others  of 
economical  value. 

Bamia  (ba'mi-a),  n.  A  flsh,  a  species  of  Silu- 
rus,  taken  in  the  Red  Sea.  It  is  much  used 
in  a  dried  state  as  food  for  native  sailors. 

Ban  (ban).  n-  (A  Sa».  ban,  gebann,  inter- 
dict, proclamation,  edict;  Fr.  ban,  L.L.  ban- 
7]  us,  bannum,  from  OH(I  ban,  a  summons, 
G.  bann,  the  word  belonging  originally  to 
the  Teutonic  languages;  D.  ba  n,  excommuni- 
cation; Icel.  and  Sw.  bann,  proclamation; 
Dan.  band,  a  ban,  bande,  to  curse.  Grimm 
connects  this  word  with  Goth,  bandm,  a 
sign,  whence  bandvjan,  to  beckon,  to  make 
a  sign.  From  the  sense  of  sign,  indication, 
the  transition  is  easy  to  that  of  proclama- 
tion, edict.  The  meanings  interdiction,  pro- 
scription, penalty,  curse,  are  from  ban  in  its 
secondary  sense  of  a  summons  to  the  banner 
of  the  empire,  these  senses  flowing  from  the 
punishments  denounced  against  such  as  ne- 
glected the  call.  From  this  stem  came  aban- 
don, banner,  bandit,  banish,  Ac.  J  1.  Notice 
of  a  marriage  proclaimed  in  a  church:  gene- 
rally used  in  the  plural  bantu  (which  see).— 

2.  Interdiction ;  prohibition.    '  t'nder  ban 
to  touch  (the  forbidden  fruit).'    Milton 

3.  Curse  ;    excommunication  ;    anathema 
•With  Hecate's  6011  thrice  blasted.'    Shall. 

4.  In  reference  to  continental  (especially 
Teutonic)  history  and  usages,  (a)  an  edict  or 
proclamation  in  general :  an  edict  of  inter- 
diction or  proscription;  thus,  to  put  a  prince 
under  the  ban  of  the  empire  was  to  divest 
him  of  his  dignities,  and  to  interdict  all  In- 
tercourse and  all  offices  of  humanity  with 
the  offender.    Sometimes  whole  cities  have 
been  put  under  the  ban,  that  is,  deprived  of 
their  rights  and  privileges.   (6)  A  pecuniary 
mulct  or  penalty  laid  upon  a  delinquent  for 
offending  against  a  ban.    (c)  A  mulct  paid 
to  the  bishop  by  one  guilty  of  sacrilege  or 
other  heinous  crime,  (d)  A  body  summoned 
by  a  ban  or  edict. 

The  ban  was  sometimes  convoked,  that  is  the 
possessors  of  the  fiefs  were  called  upon  for  military 
services  in  subsequent  ages.  Hallam 


ch.  i-Aa'n;      eh,  Sc  lorfi;      g.  go;      J,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ling;      IB,  (Aen:  th,  lAin;      w,  trig:    wh.  trAig;    zh.  azure.  —See  KEY. 


BAN 


BANDIKAI 


Ban  (1  an),  e.t.  [See  the  noun.  ]  1.  To  curse; 
to  exeir.  te  'He  cursed  and  banned  the 
Christians.'  K  nolles.  —  2.  To  prohibit;  to 
interdict.  Lord  Lytton. 

Ban  (ban),  v.i.  To  curse.  '  And  cursed,  and 
bau'd  and  blasphemies  forth  threw.  Spi  nser 

Ban  (ban),  n.  iSp.  ,  from  banana  (which  see).  ] 
\  tine  sort  of  muslin  made  from  the  fibres 
of  banana  leaf  -stalks,  and  imported  from  the 
East  Indies. 

Ban  (ban),  n.  [Serv.  ban,  Slav,  pan,  a  lord.] 
Anciently,  a  title  given  to  the  military 
chiefs  who  guarded  the  eastern  marches  of 
Hungary,  but  in  1849  limited  to  the  governor 
of  Croatia,  Slavonia,  and  Dalmatia,  who  is 
appointed  by  the  Emperor  of  Austria,  and 
is  on  the  same  footing  as  the  other  governors 
of  Austrian  crown-hinds. 

Banal  (bau-al),  a.  [Fr.,  from  ban,  proclama- 
tion, the  term  being  originally  applied  to 
things  (as  a  mill)  used  by  people  of  the 
lower  classes  in  common,  in  accordance 
with  the  proclamation  of  a  feudal  superior.] 
Hackneyed;  trite;  stale;  commonplace. 

When  the  volume  was  returned,  it  was  with  the 
commendation,  '  It  is  a  most  beautiful  book  I  was 
so  pleased  with  the  words—  in  the  first  place  because 
they  were  different  from  the  usual  banal  expression 
of  satisfaction. 


in  the  West  Indies  and  the  warmer  parts  of 
America.  It  is  very  fond  of  the  ripe  fruit 
of  the  banana  and  sour-sop. 


G.  Saintsbury. 

[Sp.,  from  the  na- 
. f  the  genus  Musa, 

nat   order  Musaceaj,  M.  sapientum,  while 


Banana  (ba-na'na),     .         ., 
tive  name.]    A  plant  of  the  genus  Musa, 


com  a  term  employed  to  designate  the 
money  in  which  the  banks  of  some  countries 
keep  or  kept  their  accounts,  in  cpntradis 
Unction  to  the  current  money  of  the  place. 
The  distinction  was  more  necessary  when 
the  currency  consisted,  as  it  often  did,  ot 
clipped  worn,  and  foreign  coins. —2.  In  tow, 
aseat  or  bench  of  justice.-Si(/iH»st>i  &«««>, 
the  meeting  of  four  of  the  judges  of  a  com- 
mon law  court  at  Westminster  in  term. 
Band  (band),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bend,  a  band, 
from  bindan,  to  bind;  D.  Icel.  Sw.  and  G 
band,  a  band,  bond,  ligature,  &c.,  from  root 
of  bind  (which  see).  In  the  sense  of  body 
of  men,  the  word  is  the  Fr.  bande,  from  <s. 
bande  which  comes  probably  from  the  same 
Teutonic  root,  but  may  be  from  root  ban. 


(2 


Banana  (Afusa  sapientum}. 

the  plantain  is  M.  paradisiaca.  It  is  an 
herbaceous  plant  with  an  underground 
stem.  The  apparent  stem,  which  is  some- 
times as  high  as  30  feet,  is  formed  of  the 
closely  compacted  sheaths  of  the  leaves. 
The  leaves  are  6  feet  long  and  1  foot  broad, 
with  a  strong  midrib,  from  which  the  veins 
are  given  oft  at  right  angles ;  they  are  used 
for  thatch,  basket -making,  &c.,  besides 
yielding  a  flax  from  which  some  of  the 
finest  muslins  of  India  are  prepared.  The 
spikes  of  the  flowers  grow  nearly  4  feet  long, 
in  bunches,  covered  with  purple-coloured 
bracts.  The  fruit  is  4  or  5  inches  long,  and 
1  inch  or  more  in  diameter ;  it  grows  in 
large  bunches,  weighing  often  from  40  to 
80  Ibs.  The  pulp  is  soft  and  of  a  luscious 
taste ;  when  ripe  it  is  eaten  raw  or  fried  in 
slices.  The  banana  is  cultivated  in  tropical 
and  sub-tropical  countries,  and  is  an  impor- 
tant article  of  food.  Weight  for  weight  it 
is  inferior  in  nutriment  to  the  potato,  but 
it  is  more  productive  than  any  other  plant 
grown  for  food,  and  a  much  greater  number 
of  persons  can  be  subsisted  in  a  given  space 
of  ground  with  the  banana  than  in  an  equal 
space  of  Europe  with  wheat. 
Banana-bird  (ba-na'na-berd),  n.  Icterus 


with  cords  of  a  man,  with  bands  of  love.' 
Hos.  xi.  4. 

Land  of  my  sires !  what  mortal  hand 

Can  ere  untie  the  filial  band 

That  knits  me  to  thy  rugged  strand?  sir  H-.  see 

Often  used  with  such  specific  senses  as:  (a)  a 
narrow  strip  or  ribbon-shaped  ligature,  tie, 
or  connection;  a  fillet;  a  cincture.  A  sin- 
gle band  of  gold  about  her  hair.'  Tennyson. 

(b)  A  fetter;  a  chain.    '  Release  me  from  my 
bands.'    Shak. 

And  Pharaoh.Nechoh  put  him  in  4»«rf*  at  Riblah. 

(c)  In  bookbinding,  one  of  the  cords  at  the 
back  of  a  book  to  which  the  thread  is  at- 
tached in  sewing.— 2.  That  which  binds  or 
strengthens;  as,  (a)  a  border  or  strip  on  an 
article  of  dress;  as,  a  neck-band;  a  wrist- 
band.     '  Band  and  gusset  and  seam.    Hood. 
(b)  Naut.  a  strip  of  canvas  sewed  across  a 
sail  to  strengthen  it. -3.  That  which  resem- 
bles a  band,  tie.  or  ligature,  in  position  or 
form ;  specifically,  (a)  in  arch,  m  any  flat 
low  member  or  moulding,  broad  but  not 
deep-  called  also  Fascia,  Face,  or  Plinth; 
more  specifically,  the  round  moulding,  or 
suit  of  mouldings,  which  encircles  the  mid- 
dle of  the  shaft  in  the  early  English  style. 
(2)  The  tablet  or  string-course  round  a  tower 
or  other  part  of  a  building,    (b)  In  tot.  a 
space  between  the  ribs  or  lines  of  umbelli- 
ferous fruits.   (c)The  linen  ornament  about 
the  neck  of  a  clergyman,  and  with  the  ends 
hanging  down  in  front,  a  relic  of  the  amice: 
in  this  sense  commonly  in  the  plural.  '  Little 
plain  bands  which  they  liked  not  because 
the  Jesuits  wore  such.'  Jer.  Taylor,    (a)  A 
belt,  cord,  or  chain  for  transmitting  power 
with  less  noise  and  friction  than  attend  the 
use  of  toothed  gearing :  such  bands  gener- 
ally pass  over  two  pulleys  or  drums,  com- 
municating motion  from  one  to  the  other. 
4  A  company  of  persons  united  together  by 
some  common  bond,  as  by  community  of  in- 
terests, especially  a  body  of  armed  men:  a 
company  of  soldiers.     •  We  few,  we  happy 
few,  we  band  of  brothers.'    Shak. 

My  lord  of  Somerset,  unite 
Your  troops  of  horsemen  with  his  bands  °><°°£ 

5.t  That  which  binds  one  legally;  a  bond  or 
obligation. 

Tell  me,  was  he  arrested  on  a  band! 

Not  on  a  band,  but  on  a  stronger  thing.        SnaK. 

Band  (band),  v.  t.  1.  To  bind  or  tie  ^with  a 
band.  '  His  eyes  were  banded  over.'  Vfy- 
den.—'L  To  mark  with  a  band.— 3.  To  unite 
in  a  troop,  company,  or  confederacy. 

Among  the  sons  of  morn  what  multitudes 

Were  banded  to  oppose  his  high  decree.    Milton. 

Specifically  —  4.  In  her.  to  bind  or  mark 
with  a  band  of  a  different  colour  from  the 
charge. 

Band  (band),  v.i.  To  unite;  to  associate;  to 
confederate  for  some  common  purpose. 

With  them  great  Ashur  also  bands, 

And  doth  confirm  the  knot.  Milton. 


Banana-bird  (Idents  ltncopterys\. 

leucopteryx,  a  pretty  insessorial  bird  which 
frequents  the  fruit-trees  around  the  houses 


Bandt  (band),  v.t.  [From  ban,  with  para- 
sitic d,  or  It.  bandire,  to  banish,  from  ban 
(which  see).]  To  interdict;  to  banish. 

Sweet  love  such  lewdness  bands  from  his  fair  com- 
pany. Sfenser. 

Band  (band),  pret.  otbind.  [Old  English  and 
Scotch.] 

And  with  a  belt  his  gown  about  him  band.  Sfenser. 

Bandage  (band'aj),  n.  [Fr.  bandage,  from 
bande,  a  band.  See  BAND.]  1.  A  fillet, 
roller,  or  swathe  used  in  dressing  and  bind- 
ing up  wounds,  restraining  hemorrhages, 


joining  fractured  and  dislocated  bones,  and 
the  like.  —2.  A  band  or  ligature  in  general, 
that  which  is  bound  over  something  else. 

Zeal  too  had  a  place  among  the  rest,  with  *  band- 
age over  her  eyes.  Addison. 
3.  In  arch,  one  of  the  iron  rings  or  chains 
bound  round  the  springing  of  a  dome,  the 
circumference  of  a  tower,  or  some  similar 
part  of  a  building,  to  tie  it  together. 
Bandage  (band'aj),  v.t.  pret.  &pp.  bandaged; 
ppr.  bandaging.  To  bind  up  or  dress,  as  a 
wound,  a  fractured  limb,  &c.,  with  a  roller 
or  bandage;  to  cover  with  a  bandage,  as  for 
the  purpose  of  blinding;  as,  to  bandage  the- 
eyes. 

Bandagist  ( band'aj  -ist),  n.  A  maker  of 
bandages,  especially  for  hernia. 
Bandala  (ban-dala),  ».  [Native  name.]  The 
strong  outer  fibre  of  the  abaca  or  Musa  ti-x- 
tilisot  Manilla, made  into  cordage,  especially 
into  the  well-known  Manilla  white  rope. 
Bandana,  Bandanna  (ban-dan'a),n.  [Indian 
name  ]  1.  A  peculiar  kind  of  silk  handker- 
chief manufactured  by  the  Hindus,  but  now 
commonly  given  to  silk  and  cotton  hand- 
kerchiefs manufactured  in  this  country, 
which  have  a  uniformly  dyed  ground,  usu- 
ally of  bright  red  or  blue,  ornamented  with 
white  or  yellow  circular,  lozenge-shaped,  en- 
other  simple  figures  produced  by  discharg- 
ing the  colour.- 2.  A  style  of  calico-printin<," 
in  imitation  of  bandana  handkerchiefs, 
bright  spots  being  produced  on  a  red  or 
dark  ground  by  discharging  the  colour. 
Bandbox  (band'boks),  n.  A  slight  box  made 
of  pasteboard,  or  thin  flexible  pieces  of  light 
wood  and  paper,  for  holding  bands,  caps, 
bonnets,  or  other  light  articles  of  attire. 
Band-driver  (band'driv-er),  n.  A  tool  used 
in  correcting  irregularities  in  the  bands  of 
machinery.  E.  H.  Knight. 
Bandeau  (ban'do),  n.  pi.  Bandeaux  (ban'- 
do). [Fr. ,  dim.  from  bande,  a  band.  ]  A  fillet 
worn  round  the  head ;  a  head-band ;  espe- 
cially, a  ribbon  with  an  ornamental  knot 
worn  by  girls  and  women  above  the  fore- 
head. 

Around  the  edge  of  this  cap  was  a  stiff  bandeau  of 
leather.  Sir  ir.  Scat. 

Banded  (band'ed),  a.  An  epithet  applied  to 
any  object  which  is  striated  or  crossed  by 
coloured  bands.  —Banded  column,  one  hav- 
ing cinctures  at  intervals. 

Bandelet,  n.    See  BANDLET. 

Bandelore  (ban'de-lor),  n.  A  kind  of  toy 
very  much  used  at  the  beginning  of  the 
present  century.  Also  called  Bandelone 
and  Bandeloir.  See  QUIZ. 

Bandert  (band'er),  n.  One  that  bands  or  as- 
sociates with  others. 

Yorke  and  his  banders  proudly  pressed  in 
To  challenge  the  crown  by  title  of  right. 

Mir.  for  Slags. 

Banderole  (ban'de-rol),  n.  [Fr.  banderole, 
from  Sp.  banderola,  a 

* —  — >  little  banner,  dim.  from 

bandera,  a  banner.  See 
BANNER.]  1.  In  her.  a 
streamer  affixed  by  small 
lines  or  strings  immedi- 
ately under  the  crook  on 
the  top  of  the  staff  of  a 
bishop,  and  folding  over 
the  staff.  —  2.  A  little 
Banderole.  flag  or  streamer  affixed 
to  a,  mast,  a  military 

weapon,  or  a  trumpet;  a  pennon;  a  ban- 

drol. 

From  the  extremity  .  .  .  fluttered  a  small  bande- 
role or  streamer  bearing  a  cross.         Sir  ]Y.  Scott. 

3  In  Gothic  arch,  a  form  of  spiral  mould- 
ing. Called  also  Bandrol,  Bannerol. 

Band-fish  (band' fish),  n.  Ribbon-fish  or 
snake-fish.  One  of  the  popular  names  of  a 
genus  (Cepola)  of  acanthopterygious  fishes, 
very  thin  and  flat  in  proportion  to  their 
length.  They  belong  to  the  family  Cepolidai 
(which  see). 

Bandicoot  (ban'di-kbt),  ».  [A  corruption 
of  the  Telinganame  jHMidtM-w,  lit.  pig-rat.] 
1  The  Mus  giganteus,  the  largest  known 
species  of  rat,  attaining  the  weight  of  2  or  3 
Ibs  ,  and  the  length,  including  the  tail,  of 
24  to  30  inches.  It  is  a  native  of  India,  and 
is  very  abundant  in  Ceylon.  Its  flesh  is  said 
to  be  delicate  and  to  resemble  young  po*, 
and  is  a  favourite  article  of  diet  with  the 
coolies.  It  is  destructive  to  rice  fields  and 
gardens.— 2.  A  member  of  the  family  Per- 
amelidaj.  which  bear  a  resemblance  to  the 
true  bandicoot.  See  PERAMELID^:. 

Bandikai  (ban'di-ka),  n.  One  of  the  name 
of  the  Abelmoschm  esculentus.  See  ABEL- 
MOSCHUS. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin; 


note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tty. 


BANDILEEK 


213 


BANISH 


Bandoleer. 


BondllMr  (buHll-Ur^  «.  si>e  BANDOLEER. 

Binding-plane  (band 'ing-phm),  N.  A  plane 
used  for  cutting  out  grooves,  and  inlaying 
sinri'_rs  ami  liaii'ls  in  straight  and  circular 
unrk.  It  hears  a  general  resemblance  to 
the  plane  called  a  t>f<n<>//i 

Banding-ring  (baml'ing-ring),  Jt.  A  ring 
passed  over  CM  body  nf  a  hat  while  on  the 
block  so  as  tn  make  its  edge  impinge  npon 
the  hreak  of  the  hand  and  form  the  hrini  at 
right  angles  to  the  crown.  E.  II.  Knit/lit. 

Bmdit(ban'dit).  n.  pi.  Bandits,  Banditti 
it'an'dits,  han-ilit'ti ).  [It.  bandito,  pp.  of 
liiindirr,  to  proclaim,  to  banish  or  proscribe 
liy  proclamation.  See  BAN.]  An  outlaw; 
also  in  a  general  sense  a  robber:  a  highway- 
nun;  a  lawless  or  desperate  fellow.  'Hun- 
gry banditti.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Bandittot  (ban-dit't6),a.  [Sing,  ot  banditti. 
See  BANDIT.]  Outlawed;  lawless;  desper- 
nte. 

A  Roman  sworder  and  banditto  slave 
Murdered  sweet  Tully.  Shak. 

Bandittot  (ban-dit'to),  n.  A  bandit.  Web- 
ittr. 

Bandle  (han'dl),  n.  [Ir.  bannlamh,  a  cubit 
hann,  a  measure,  and  lamh,  the  hand.) 
An  Irish  measure  of  2  feet  in  length. 

Bandlet,  Bandelet  (band'let,  band'e-let),  re. 
I  Kr  btindclctte,  dim.  of  bande. ]  1.  In  arch. 
any  little  band  or  flat  moulding,  as  that 
which  crowns  the  Doric  architrave.— 2.  A 
small  band  for  encircling  anything;  as,  an 
india-rubber  bandlet. 

Band-master  (band'mas-ter),  n.  The  leader 
or  director  of  a  band  of  music. 

Bandog  (ban 'dog),  ».  \r.<m*i  and  dog,  lit. 
l»iuiul-dog;  D.  band-hand,  a  chained  dog.] 
A  large,  fierce  kind  of  dog,  in  England  gen- 
erally a  mastiff,  usually  kept  chained. 

The  keeper  entered  leading  his  bandog,  a  large 
bloodhound,  tied  in  a  learn  or  band,  from  which  he 
takes  his  name.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Bandoleer  ( ban-do-leY ),  n.  [Sp.  bando- 
lera,  Fr.  bandoitliere,  a  large  shoulder- 
belt,  from  Sp.  ban- 
da,  a  sash.]  A  large 
leathern  belt  or  bald- 
rick,  to  which  were  at- 
tached a  bag  for  balls 
and  a  number  of  pipes 
or  cases  of  wood  or 
metal  covered  with 
leather,  each  contain- 
ing a  charge  of  gun- 
powder, worn  by  an- 
cient musketeers.  The 
bandoleer  was  thrown 
over  the  left  shoulder 
and  hung  under  the 
right  arm,  the  ball  bag 
occupying  the  lower- 
most extremity,  while 
the  pipes  were  sus- 
]>ended  on  either  side. 
The  name  is  sometimes 
given  to  the  small  cases 
themselves.now  super- 
seded by  cartridges. 
Written  also  Bandi- 
leer. 

Bandoline  (ban'do-len),  n.  A  mucilaginous 
perfumed  substance,  variously  prepared 
from  Iceland  or  Irish  moss,  strained  quince 
seeds,  and  gum  tragacanth,  and  used  in  the 
toilet  to  impart  a  glossy  sleekness  and  a  cer- 
tain stiffness  to  the  hair ;  a  kind  of  stick- 
pomatum. 

Bandoline  (ban'do-len),  v.t.  To  render 
glossy  by  the  use  of  bandoline. 

Bandoline  (ban'do-len),  v.i.  To  apply  ban- 
doline to  the  hair.  Dickens. 

Bandon  t  (ban'don),  n.  [O.  Fr.  and  Pr.  ban- 
dan.  SeeABANDON.J  Disposal;  jurisdiction; 
power. 

Bandore  (ban'dor),  n.  [Fr. ;  It.  pandora, 
from  L.  pandura,  and  this  from  Gr.  pan- 
don  ra,  a  musical  instrument  of  three  strings, 
ascribed  to  Pan.}  A  musical  stringed  in- 
strument like  a  lute.  Pepys. 

Band-pulley  (band'pnl-i),  ».  A  flat-faced 
wheel  fixed  on  a  shaft  and  driven  by  a  band; 
a  band-wheel. 

Bandrol  (band'rol),  n.    Same  as  Banderole. 

Bandsaw  (band'sa),  n.  A  saw  consisting  of 
a  steel  belt  with  a  serrated  edge  revolving 
on  wheels. 

Bandsman  (bandz'man),  n.  A  musician 
who  plays  in  a  band. 

Bandstring  (band'string),  n.  A  string  or 
tassel  at  one  time  worn  as  a  pendant  to  a 
band  or  neckcloth.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Band-wheel  (band'whel),  n.  Same  as  Band- 
pulley 


Bandy  (ban'di).  n.  [Fr.  bnmlf,  bent,  from 
bandar,  to  bend,  from  G.  band,  a  band  | 
1.  A  club  bent  at  the  end  for  striking  a  ball 
at  play.  —  2.  A  game  played  with  such  clubs. 
< 'ailed  also  Handy-ball. 

Bandy  (lian'di),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bandied; 
\t\tr.bandying.  [See  noun.)  1.  To  beat  to 
and  fro,  as  a  ball  in  play.  'Tennis  balls 
bandied  ami  struck  upon  us  ...  by  rackets 
from  without.'  Ciidworth.— 2.  To  exchange 
contentiously;  to  give  and  receive  recipro- 
cally; generally  intended  to  convey  the  idea 
that  each  party  is  trying  to  get  the  better 
of  the  other,  either  in  politeness  or  in  any 
other  way;  as,  to  bandy  compliments.  'To 
bandi/  hasty  words. '  Shak. 

Do  you  bandy  looks  with  me,  you  rascal?      SHak. 

3.  To  agitate ;  to  toss  about,  as  from  man 
to  man. 

Let  not  known  truth  be  bandied  in  disputation. 
//  'atts. 

Bandy  (ban'di),  v.  i.  To  contend ;  to  strive, 
whether  in  emulation  or  in  enmity.  '  One 
fit  to  bandy  with  thy  lawless  sons.'  Shafc. 

Bandy  (ban'di),  o.  [Fr.  bandf,  bent.  See 
BANDY,  a  club.]  :.  Bent,  especially  having 
a  bend  or  crook  outwards:  said  of  a  person's 
legs ;  as,  his  legs  are  quite  bandy.  '  Your 
bandy  leg,  or  crooked  nose.'  Swtft.— 
2.t  Limp:  without  sufficient  substance:  said 
of  bad  cloth. 

Bandy  (ban'di),  n.  [Tamil  randi.]  A  rude 
country  vehicle  much  used  in  India.  See 
extract. 

The  framework  of  bandies  is  made  of  light  wood, 
but  of  wood  as  strong  as  possible.  Above  it  is  spread 
a  semicircular  awning  of  bamboos  supporting  mats 
of  cloth  or  canvas.  The  bandy  is  a  cross-country 
vehicle,  and  as  a  rule  possesses  no  springs  of  any 
kind.  The  conveyance  is  dragged  by  oxen. 

CatdTvell. 

Bandy-ball  (ban'di-b»l),  n.  See  BANDY,  n.  2. 

Bandy-Jig  (ban'di-jig),  n.  A  burlesque 
dance  practised  by  the  lower  classes,  and 
performed  with  the  toes  and  knees  turned 
in.  Mayhew. 

Bandy-legged  (ban'di-legd),  o.  Having 
bandy  or  crooked  legs. 

Bandyman  ( ban'di-man ),  n.  A  man  en- 
gaged in  driving  a  bandy. 

When  also,  as  all  over  India,  our  white  kinsmen 
speak  of  handymen  and  bandies,  the  word  thus 
anglicized  is  simply  the  old  Tamilian  one. 

Cctld-aiell. 

Bane  O'&n).  »•  [A.  Sax.  bana,  destruction, 
death,  bane,  Icel.  bani,  bane, death;  Dan.  and 
Sw.  bane,  death;  O.H.G.  bana.  destruction; 
Goth,  bania,  a  blow ;  allied  to  Gr.  phonos, 
murder,  phenein,  to  slay.]  1.  Ruin;  destruc- 
tion. 'The  cup  of  deception  spiced  and 
tempered  to  their  bane.'  Milton.— 2.  Poison 
of  a  deadly  quality ;  hence,  any  fatal  cause 
of  mischief,  injury,  or  destruction ;  as,  vice 
is  the  bane  of  society. 

My  death  and  life. 
My  bane  and  antidote  are  both  before  me. 

Addison. 

3.  A  disease  in  sheep,  more  commonly  called 
the  Rot.  —  SYN.  Pest,  ruin,  destruction,  in- 
jury. 

Bane  t  (ban),  v.t.  To  poison;  to  ruin;  to  de- 
stroy. 

For  minors  have  not  only  baned  families  but  ruined 
realms.  Fuller. 

Bane  (ban),  n.    Bone.    [Scotch.] 

Bane -berry  (ban'be-ri),  n.  The  common 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Actsea,  so  called 
because  of  their  nauseous  poisonous  berries. 
See  ACTiKA. 

Baneful  (ban'ful),  a.  Destructive;  perni- 
cious; poisonous.  'Baneful  wrath.'  Chap- 
man. '  Bane.fiil  hemlock.'  Garth. 

Banefully  (ban'fnl-li),  adv.  In  a  baneful 
manner;  perniciously;  destructively. 

Banefulness  (han'ful-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  baneful ;  destructiveness ;  poison- 
ousness. 

Bane-wort  (ban'wert),  re.  A  name  common 
to  two  plants :  (a)  A  tropa  Belladonna,  called 
also  Deadly  Nightshade;  (b)  Ranunculus 
flammula,  from  its  being  supposed  to  be  a 
bane  to  sleep. 

Bang  (bang),  v.  t.  [Probably  from  the  sound. 
Comp.  Icel.  bang,  a  knocking ;  G.  banafl,  a 
club,  the  clapper  of  a  bell;  D.  bangel,  a  bell.) 

1.  To  beat,  as  with  a  club  or  cudgel;  to 
thump;  to  cudgel. 

He  having  got  some  iron  out  of  the  earth  put  it 
into  his  servants'  hands  to  fence  with,  and  bang  one 
another.  Locke. 

2.  To  beat  or  handle  roughly  in  any  way ; 
to  treat  with  violence. 

This  desperate  tempest  hath  so  bang'd  the  Turks. 
Shak. 

3.  To  bring  a  loud  noise  from  or  by,  as  in 
slamming  a  door,  and  the  like;  as,  he  went 


out  anil  banged  the  door  behind  him.  '  Twn 
unlucky  redcoats  .  .  .  >,un:ird  on*  a  gun  at 
him.'  Sir  W.  Scott.— A.  To  surpass;  to  ex- 
cel. [Colloquial  or  vulgar.] 

The  practical  denial  of  the  common  brotherhood 
of  the  same  family  batiks  heathenism.    Dr.  7.  Mm. 

Bang  (bang),  v.i.  1.  To  resound  with  clash- 
ing noises. 

The  maid  and  page  renewed  their  strife, 
The  palace  bans'd  and  buzz'd,  and  clackt. 

Tennyson. 

2.  To  produce  a  loud  noise ;  to  thump  vio- 
lently; as,  he  banged  away  at  the  piano.— 

3.  To  spring;  to  bound;  as,  he  banned  up  at 
once.    [Scotch.] 

Bang  (bang),  n.  I.  A  loud,  sudden,  resonant 
sound. 

The  steps  of  a  fme-belozenged  carriage  were  let 
down  with  a  bang.  Thackeray. 

2.  A  blow  as  with  a  club;  a  heavy  blow. 

I  heard  several  ffanfs  or  buffets  .  .  .  given  to  the 
eagle.  Stuift. 

3.  A  spring ;  a  bound ;  as,  he  got  up  with  a 
bang.     [Scotch.] 

Bang,  n.    See  BHANO. 

Banghy  (bang'i),  n.  [Hijid.  name.]  In 
the  East  Indies,  a  sort  of  bamboo  pole, 
which  is  carried  on  a  person's  shoulder  with 
a  basket  suspended  at  each  end,  containing, 
generally,  the  baggage  of  a  palanquin  tra- 
veller. 

Banghy-wallah  (bang'i-wal-la),  n.  [Hind 
banghy  (which  see),  and  wallah,  man.)  In 
India,  a  native  porter  who  carries  the  bag- 
gage of  dawk-travellers  as  they  are  being 
conveyed  in  palanquins.  He  generally  car- 
ries two  boxes  swung  on  a  pole  across  his 
shoulder. 

Banging  (bang'ing),  a.  Huge;  great;  sur- 
passing in  size.  [Vulgar.  ] 

Bangle  t  (bang'gl),  v.t.  [Freq.  from  bang, 
to  knock  about.]  To  waste  by  little  and 
little;  to  squander  carelessly;  to  fritter. 

If  we  banflt  away  the  legacy  of  peace  left  us  by 
Christ,  it  is  a  sign  of  our  want  of  regard  for  him. 
Dr.  H.  More. 

Bangle  (bang'gl),  n.    1.  An  ornamental  ring 


Bangles,  from  East  India  Museum. 

worn  upon  the  arms  and  ankles  in  India 
and  Africa.— 2.  Naut.  a  hoop  of  a  spar. 

Bangle-ear  (bang'gl-er),  n.  A  loose,  hang 
ing  ear  like  that  of  a  dog,  regarded  as  an 
imperfection  in  a  horse. 

Bangle-eared  (bang'gl-erd),  a.  Flap-eared, 
like  a  spaniel:  said  of  a  horse. 

Bangorlan  (bang-go'ri-an),  a.  Relating  to 
Bangor,  a  bishop's  see  in  North  Wales.  — 
Bangorian  controversy,  a  controversy  stirred 
up  by  a  sermon  preached  before  George  I. 
on  the  31st  of  March,  1717,  by  Dr.  Hoadly, 
bishop  of  Bangor,  from  the  text '  My  king- 
dom is  not  of  this  world,'  in  which  the  bishop 
contended  in  the  most  pronounced  manner 
for  the  spiritual  nature  of  Christ's  kingdom. 

Bangster  (bang'ster),  n.  A  violent  fellow 
who  carries  everything  before  him.  [Scotch.  ] 

Bangue  (bang),  n.    See  BHANG. 

Bang-up  (bang'up),  a.  First-rate;  splendid; 
slap-up.  [Slang.] 

Banian  (ban'i-an),  n.  [Hind,  baniya,  Skr. 
banija,  a  merchant.]  1.  An  Indian  trader 
or  merchant;  one  engaged  in  commerce 
generally,  but  more  particularly  one  of  the 
great  traders  of  Western  India,  as  in  the 
seaports  of  Bombay,  Kurrachee,  &c.,  who 
carry  on  a  large  trade  by  means  of  caravans 
with  the  interior  of  Asia,  and  with  Africa 
by  vessels.  They  form  a  class  of  the  caste 
Vaisya,  wear  a  peculiar  dress,  and  are  strict 
in  the  observance  nf  fasts  and  in  abstaining 
from  the  use  of  flesh.  Hence — Banian  days, 
formerly  two  days  in  the  week,  and  latterly 
one,  in  which  sailors  in  the  navy  had  no 
flesh  meat  served  out  to  them.  Banian  days 
are  now  abolished,  but  the  term  is  still  ap- 
plied to  days  of  poor  fare.  —  2.  A  man's 
undress  or  morning  gown,  as  worn  by  the 
Banians  in  the  East  Indies. 

Banian  (ban'yan),  n.    Same  as  Banyan. 

Banie.    See  BAINIE. 

Banish  (ban'ish),  v.  t.  [Fr.  tannir,  ppr.  ban- 
nissant,  whence  bannissement,  banishment; 
L.L.  bannire,  to  proclaim,  denounce,  from 
O.H.G.  bannan,  to  proclaim.  See  BAN.] 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin/;;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Mn;      w,  trig;    wh,  tcAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BANISHER 


214 


BANKSIA 


1.  To  condemn  to  exile  or  compel  to  leave 
one's  country  by  authority  of  the  ruling 
power  or  legal  tribunals,  either  for  life  or 
for  a  limited  time.     '  Six  years  we  banish 
him.'    Shak.—Z.  To  drive  away;  to  compel 
to  depart  or  leave ;  to  exile :  in  a  general 
sense.     ' Banish  business;  banish  sorrow.' 
Cowley. 

Those  evils  thou  repeatest  upon  thyself 
Have  banished  me  from  Scotland.          Shak. 

Banish,  like  expel,  exclude,  debar,  discharge, 
excuse,  and  other  similar  words,  sometimes 
takes  a  double  objective. 

I  banish  her  my  bed  and  company.        Shak. 

—Banish, Exile,  Expel  are  all  used  of  forcible 
removal.  Banish,  lit.  to  put  out  of  a  com- 
munity by  a  ban  or  civil  interdict,  is  a  sort 
of  general  term  signifying  to  compel  or 
cause  to  leave  any  place  where  one  is  in  the 
habit  of  being,  or  any  society  one  has  been 
in  the  habit  of  frequenting ;  exile,  to  cause 
to  leave  one's  native  place  or  country;  expel, 
lit.  to  drive  out,  involves  the  idea  of  force, 
and  means  to  cast  out  forcibly  or  violently, 
and  often  with  disgrace. 
Banisher  (ban'ish-er),  n.  One  who  banishes. 

To  be  full  quit  of  those  my  banishers 
Stand  I  before  thee  here.  Shak. 

Banishment  (ban'ish-ment),  «.  1.  The  act 
of  banishing  or  compelling  a  citizen  to  leave 
his  country  by  legal  authority. 

He  secured  himself  by  the  banishment  of  his 
enemies.  Johnson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  banished;  enforced 
absence;  expulsion;  exile:  either  in  a  legal 
or  general  sense ;  as,  banishment  from  thy 
presence  is  worse  than  death. 

Six  frozen  winters  spent, 
Return  with  welcome  home  from  banishment. 
S/ia*. 

3.  The  act  of  driving  away  or  dispelling;  as, 
the  banishment  of  care  from  the  mind. 

Banister  (ban'is-ter),  n.  A  corruption  of 
Baluster. 

He  struggled  to  ascend  the  pulpit  stairs,  holding 
hard  on  the  banister's.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Banjo  (ban'jo),  n.  [Negro  corruption  of 
bandore  (which  see).  ]  The  favourite  musi- 
cal instrument  of  the  negroes  of  the  South- 
ern States  of  America.  It  is  six-stringed, 
has  a  body  like  a  tambourine  and  a  neck 
like  a  guitar,  and  is  played  by  stopping  the 
strings  with  the  fingers  of  the  left  hand  and 
twitching  or  striking  them  with  the  fingers 
of  the  right.  The  upper  or  octave  string, 
however,  is  never  stopped. 

Bank  (bangk),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bane,  a  bench,  a 
bank,  a  hillock,  witti  similar  form  and  mean- 
ing in  the  other  Teutonic  languages:  Sw.  and 
Dan.  bank,  bank,  Icel.  bakki  (for  banki),  D. 
and  G.  batik.  The  word  passed  from  the  Ger- 
man into  the  Romance  tongues :  FT.  bane,  a 
bench,  banque,  a  banking  establishment;  It. 
banco,  a  bench,  counter,  a  bank.  On  the 
revival  of  commerce  in  the  twelfth  century 
the  money  dealers  in  the  Italian  cities, 
which  then  engrossed  nearly  all  the  trade 
of  Europe,  carried  on  their  business  in  the 
public  markets,  conducting  their  dealings 
on  benches,  whence  bank  as  applicable  to 
an  establishment  for  the  custody  and  issue 
of  money.]  1.  A  mound,  pile,  or  ridge  of 
earth  raised  above  the  surrounding  plain. 

They  cast  up  a  bank  against  the  city. 

2  Sam.  xx.  15. 

2.  Any  steep  acclivity,  as  one  rising  from 
a  river,  a  lake,  or  the  sea,  or  forming  the 
side  of  a  ravine,  or  the  steep  side  of  a  hillock 
on  a  plain. 

Tiber  trembled  underneath  her  banks.      Shak. 

3.  A  bench  in  a  galley;  hence,  the  number 
of  rowers  seated  on  one  bench. 

Meantime  the  king  with  gifts  a  vessel  stores. 
Supplies  the  banks  with  twenty  chosen  oars. 
Dry  den. 

4.  An  elevation  or  rising  ground  in  the  sea, 
composed  of  sand  or  other  soil,  and  either 
partly  above  water  or  covered  everywhere 
with  shoal  water;  a  shoal;  a  shallow;  as,  the 
banks  of  Newfoundland ;  the  Dogger  bank 
in  the  German  Ocean.— 5.  An  establishment 
which  trades  in  money ;  an  establishment 
for  the  deposit,  custody,  and  issue  of  money, 
as  also  for  granting  loans,  discounting  bills, 
and  facilitating  the  transmission  of  remit- 
tances from  one  place  to  another;  a  company 
or  association  carrying  on  such  business. 
Banks  may  be  classed  in  various  ways,  as 
private,  national,  joint-stock,  banks  of  issue, 
&c.    Private  banks  are  established  by  one 
or  more  men  of  large  capital,  whose  integrity 
and  fortune  are  securities  for  the  sums  in- 
trusted to  them.      Their  shares  are  not 


thrown  open  to  the  public.  A  national 
bank  is  one  more  or  less  closely  connected 
with  the  government  of  a  state,  as  the  Bank 
of  England  (which  is  also  a  joint-stock 
bank).  Joint-stock  banks  are  composed  of 
numerouspartuers,  who,  collectively,  contri- 
bute a  large  capital,  and  whose  entire  private 
fortunes  are  liable  for  the  debts  of  the 
bank,  unless  it  is  a  bank  of  limited  liability. 
Banks  of  issue  are  such  as  issue  notes  that 
form  a  paper  currency.  In  London  and  for 
65  miles  round  no  bank  having  more  than 
ten  partners,  save  the  Bank  of  England,  can 
issue  its  own  notes.  Banks  of  deposit  are 
those  whose  operations  are  limited  to  taking 
charge  of  the  money  of  their  customers  and 
circulating  that  in  loans,&c. —6.  The  office  in 
which  the  transactions  of  a  banking  company 
are  conducted.— 7.  The  funds  of  a  gaming 
establishment ;  a  fund  in  certain  games  at 
cards;  as,  a  rouge  et  noirorfaro  bank.— 8.  In 
law,  (a)  the  bench  or  seat  upon  which  the 
judges  sat.  (b)  The  regular  term  of  a  court 
of  law  or  the  full  court  sitting  to  hear  argu- 
ments upon  questions  of  law,as  distinguished 
from  a  sitting  at  nisi  prius,  or  a  court  held 
for  jury  trials.— 8.  A  kind  of  table  used  by 
printers.  —10.  In  carp,  a  long  piece  of  timber, 
especially  of  fir-wood  unslit,  from  4  to  10 
inches  square.— 11.  A  bench  or  row  of  keys 
in  an  organ  or  similar  instrument. — 12.  The 
face  of  coal  at  which  miners  are  working. 
Bank  (bangk),  v.t.  1.  To  raise  a  mound  or 
dike  about;  to  inclose,  defend,  or  fortify 
with  a  bank;  to  embank;  as,  to  bank  a 
river.  —  2.  To  lie  around  or  encircle,  as  a 
bank ;  to  constitute  a  bank  round.  '  Burn- 
ing sands  that  bank  the  shrubby  vales.' 
Thomson.— 3.t  To  pass  by  the  banks  of. 

Have  I  not  heard  these  islanders  shout  out '  Vive  le 
roi '  as  I  have  banked  their  towns.  Shaft. 

4.  To  lay  up  or  deposit  in  a  bank ;  as,  he 
banked  £600.— To  bank  a  fire,  to  cover  up 
a  fire  with  ashes,  and  use  other  means,  as 
closing  the  dampers  and  ashpit-door,  to 
make  it  burn  low  and  at  the  same  time  to 
prevent  its  becoming  extinguished. 

The  ship  was  lying  at  anchor  <Miti\_t!res  banted. 
Macmitlan's  Maff. 

Bank  (bangk),  r.i.  To  have  an  account  with 
a  banker;  to  deposit  money  in  a  bank;  to 
transact  business  with  a  bank  or  as  a  bank; 
to  exercise  the  trade  or  profession  at  a 
banker. 

I  bank  with  one  of  my  son's  fathers-in-law,  and  the 
other  banks  with  me.  Thackeray. 

Banka  (bangTta),  n.  A  passage-boat  without 
outrigger,  used  on  the  river  and  roads  at 
Manilla.  It  is  formed  of  a  single  piece  of 
wood,  is  16  to  23  feet  long,  and  carries  three 
or  four  passengers. 

Bankable  (bangk'a-bl),  a.  Receivable  at  a 
bank,  as  bills;  or  discountable,  as  notes. 

Bank-agent  (bangk'a-jent),  n.  A  person 
employed  by  a  bank  to  conduct  its  banking 
operations  in  a  branch  office. 

Bank-bill  (bangk'bil),  n.  1.  A  note  or  a  bill 
of  exchange  of  a  bank,  payable  at  some 
future  specified  time.  Such  bills  are  nego- 
tiable, but  form,  in  the  strict  sense  of  the 
term,  no  part  of  the  currency.— 2.  A  promis- 
sory note  of  a  bank  payable  to  the  bearer  on 
demand,  and  forming  part  of  the  currency; 
a  bank-note.  [American.] 

Bank-book  (bangkTjuk),  n.  The  pass-book 
given  to  a  customer,  in  which  the  officers  of 
the  bank  enter  his  debits  and  credits.  The 
initials  of  the  teller  or  accountant  of  the 
bank  to  the  sums  entered  in  the  bank-book 
to  the  credit  of  the  customer  constitute  a 
valid  receipt. 

Bank-credit  (bangk^red-it),  n.  A  credit 
with  a  bank,  by  which,  on  proper  security 
given  to  the  bank,  a  person  receives  liberty 
to  draw  to  a  certain  extent  agreed  upon:  in 
Scotland  called  also  a  Cash-account.  Such 
credits  were  long  a  distinctive  feature  of 
Scotch  banking. 

Banker  (bangk'er),  n.  1.  One  who  keeps  a 
bank;  one  who  traffics  in  money,  receives  and 
remits  money,  negotiates  bills  of  exchange, 
&c.  'The  Lombard  bankers.'  Dryden.— 

2.  A  vessel  employed  in  the  cod-fishery  on 
the  banks  of  Newfoundland.   J.  Q.  Adams. 

3.  The  bench  or  table  upon  which  bricklayers 
and  stone-masons  prepare  and  shape  their 
material ;  a  banket.  —  4.  In  the  fine  arts, 
a  modeller's  bench  provided  with  a  circular 
platform  turning  on  wheels  so  that  the 
figure  can  be  revolved  to  expose  any  portion 
to  the  light.  —5.  A  cushion  or  covering  for  a 
seat.     Weale.    [Rare.  ] 

Bankeress  ( bangk 'er-es),  n.  A  female 
banker;  a  banker's  wife.  Thackeray. 


Bankerless  (liangk'er-les),  a.  Without 
bankers.  Quart,  lieo. 

Banket  ( bangk '  et ),  n.  [  Dim.  of  bank 
(which  see).]  A  piece  of  wood  on  which 
bricklayers  cut  their  bricks  to  the  size 
proper  for  the  place  into  which  they  are 
about  to  lay  them. 

Bank-fence  (bangk'fens),  n.  A  fence  made 
of  a  bank  of  earth. 

Bank-hook  (bangkTiok),  n.  A  large  variety 
of  hook  for  catching  cod,  used  on  the  banks 
of  Newfoundland. 

Banking  (bangk'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  rais- 
ing a  mound  or  bank,  or  of  inclosing  with  a 
bank. — 2.  The  business  or  employment  of  a 
banker;  the  business  carried  on  by  a  bank 
3.  A  general  term  applied  to  fishing  on  the 
great  bank  of  Newfoundland. 

Banking(bangk'ing),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
ductedby  a  bank;  as,  banking  operations. 

Bank-note  (bangk'not),  n.  A  promissory 
note  issued  by  a  banking  company,  payable 
in  gold  or  silver  at  the  bank  on  demand. 
Bank-notes  form  a  portion  of  the  currency 
of  various  countries,  and  in  England  notes 
of  the  Bank  of  England  are  a  legal  tender. 
In  England  bank-notes  under  £5  are  not 
used ;  but  in  Scotland  and  Ireland  £1  notes 
are  circulated.  See  BANK. 

Bank-post  (bangk'post),  n.  A  large  kind  of 
letter  paper,  ranging  in  weight  from  5J  Ibs. 
to  10  Ibs.  a  ream. 

Bankrout  t  (bangk'rout),  n.  a.  and  t>.  Same 
as  Bankrupt. 

Bankrupt  (bangk'rupt),  n.  [L  L.  bancus,  a 
bench  (see  BENCH),  and  ruptus,  broken, 
whence  also  O.E.  bankeroitte,  Fr.  banque- 
route,  lit.  one  whose  bench  has  been  broken, 
from  the  fact  that  the  bench  or  table  which 
a  merchant  or  banker  formerly  used  in  the 
exchange  was  broken  on  his  bankruptcy.  [ 

1.  A  person  declared   by  legal  authority 
unable  to  pay  his  debts,  and  brought  under 
the  operation  of  the  bankruptcy  laws,  all  hi  ^ 
property  being  then  taken  and  distributed 
among  his  debtors.  See  under  BANKRUPTCY 

2.  Popularly,  one  who  has  wholly  or  part  - 
ally  failed  to  pay  his  debts;  one  who  has 
compounded  with  his  creditors;  one  notori- 
ously unable  to  pay  his  debts;  an  insolvent: 
hence,  one  who  is  unable  to  satisfy  jutt 
claims  of  any  kind  made  upon  him. 

What  a  bankrupt  1  am  made 
Of  a  full  stock  of  blessings.  Ford. 

Bankrupt  (bangk'rupt),  a.  Having  com- 
mitted an  act  or  acts  of  bankruptcy;  unable 
to  pay  just  debts;  insolvent;  unable  to  meet 
one's  obligations.  'The  king's  grown  battle 
rupt.'  Shak. 

The  beggared,  the  bankrupt  society,  not  only 
proved  able  to  meet  all  its  obligations,  but .  .  .  grew 
richer  and  richer.  Macaitlay, 

Bankrupt  (bangk'rupt),  v.t.  To  break  one 
in  trade  ;  to  make  insolvent ;  to  render  un- 
able to  meet  Just  claims. 

We  cast  off  the  care  of  all  future  thrift  because  we 
are  already  bankrupted.  Hammond. 

Bankruptcy  ( bangk'rupt-si ),  n.  The  state 
of  being  a  bankrupt  or  insolvent ;  inability 
to  pay  all  debts;  failure  in  trade. — 'Bank- 
ruptcy commissioner,  a  judicial  officer  ap- 
pointed to  investigate  and  adjudicate  upon 
the  affairs  of  bankrupts.  —  A  ct  of  bankruptcy, 
in  law,  an  act,  the  commission  of  which  by 
a  debtor  renders  him  liable  to  be  adjudged 
a  bankrupt.  Acts  of  bankruptcy  are  such 
as  the  assignment  of  his  property  by  a  debtor 
to  a  trustee  for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors ; 
the  making  of  a  fraudulent  conveyance  or 
transfer  of  his  property;  departing  from  the 
country  or  remaining  out  of  it  in  order  to 
defeat  or  delay  creditors;  the  filing  in  court 
of  a  declaration  of  inability  to  pay  debts ; 
non-payment  after  being  duly  served  with 
a  debtor's  summons  to  pay  a  sum  due  of  net 
less  than  £50.  Any  one  or  more  of  these 
acts  may  lead  to  a  debtor  being  declared  n 
bankrupt  on  petition  from  a  creditor  to 
whom  he  is  indebted  not  less  than  £50. 

Bankrupt-laws  (bangk'rupt-laz),  n.  pi.  A 
system  of  statutory  regulations  under  which 
the  property  and  effects  of  a  person  on  his 
becoming  insolvent  are  distributed  among 
his  creditors.  The  bankrupt-laws  have  the 
double  object  of  enforcing  a  complete  dis- 
covery and  equitable  distribution  of  the 
property  and  effects  of  an  insolvent,  and  of 
conferring  on  the  bankrupt  the  advantage 
of  security  of  person,  and  a  discharge  from 
all  future  claims  of  his  creditors. 

Banksia  (bangk'si-a),  n.  [From  Sir  Joseph 
Banks,  a  distinguished  naturalist,  and  com- 
panion of  Captain  Cook.]  A  genus  of  trees 
and  shrnbs,  nat.  order  Proteacese,  natives 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abtme;      J>,  Sc.  ley. 


BANK-STOCK 


215 


BANYAN 


of  Australia  and  Tasmania.  The  foliage  is 
extremely  variable,  and  is  rigid  and  coria- 
ceous. Many  of  the  species  are  cultivated 
in  the  conservatories  of  Kurope,  where  they 
are  much  esteemed  for  their  handsome 
foliage  and  singular  heads  of  flowers,  a 
single  head  often  containing  600  (lowers. 

Bank-stock  (b:m;,'k'stok),  n.  A  share  or 
shares  in  the  capital  stock  of  a  bank. 

Banlieue  (ban'lti),  n.  [Fr.  ban,  jurisdiction, 
and  li^uf,  L.L.  leitca  (of  Celtic  origin).  :i 
Gallic  mile,  a  league,  and,  in  the  middle 
ages,  a  district  of  indeterminate  extent. 
Comp.  G.  bann-irteile,  with  same  sense.  ] 
The  territory  without  the  walls,  but  within 
the  legal  limits  of  a  town  or  city:  errone- 
ously spelled  Banlieit,  as  if  from  Fr.  lien,  a 
place. 

Banner  (ban'uer), ».  [Fr.  banniere,  Pr.  and 
It.  bandit- fa,  L.L.  banderia,  from  bandunt, 
banner,  standard ,  probably  from  Goth,  baml- 
t'o,  baiulva,  a  sign.  The  object  of  a  standard 
is  to  serve  as  a  mark  or  sign  for  the  troops 
to  rally  round,  and  it  was  generally  known 
by  a  name  having  this  signification.  Wedg- 
wood. (See  BAN.)  Or  from  G.  band,  a  band 
or  strip  of  cloth,  from  binden,  to  bind.]  1.  A 
piece  of  drapery  usually  bearing  some  war- 
like or  heraldic  device  or  national  emblem, 
attached  to  the  upper  part  of  a  pole  or  staff, 
and  in  some  way  indicative  of  dignity,  rank, 
or  command,  carried  on  occasions  with 
which  ideas  of  dignity  are  connected,  or  as 
a  mark  for  troops  to  rally  round;  an  ensign; 
a  standard;  a  flag.— 2.  In  bot.  the  upper  petal 
of  a  papilionaceous  plant. 

Banneral,  Bannerol  (ban'ner-al,  ban'ner- 
ol),  n.  A  little  flag;  a  banderole.  '  Beneath 
the  shade  of  stately  banneral. '  Keats. 

Bannered  (ban'nerd),  a.  Furnished  with,  or 
bearing  a  banner ;  displaying  banners.  'A 
bannered  host,  under  spread  ensigns  march- 
ing.' Milton. 

Banneret  (ban'ner-et),  n.    [From  banner.] 

1.  (a)  A  higher  degree  of  knighthood  con- 
ferred on  the  field  for  some  heroic  act. 
(6)  The  person  upon  whom  the  degree  was 
conferred.     Bannerets  formerly  constituted 
an  order  of  knights  or  feudal  lords,  who  led 
their  vassals  to  battle  under  their  own  flags. 
After  a  victory  the  banneret  elect,  carrying 
his  pennon  in  his  hand,  was  conducted  be- 
tween two  knights  of  note  and  presented  to 
the  king  or  general,  who  cut  off  the  point  or 
end  of  his  pennon,  making  it  square.    He 
was  then  called  a  knight  of  the  square  flag. 
The  bannerets  were  a  middle  order  between 
barons  and  simple  knights. 

Sir  Richard  Croftes,  made  banneret  at  Stoke,  was 
a  wise  man.  Camden. 

2.  The  highest  officer  in  some  of  the  Swiss 
republics;  banner-bearer.  '  ilelchior  Sturm- 
thai,  Banneret  of  Berne.'    Sir  W,  Scott, — 

3.  t  A  little  banner;  a  banneral. 

The  scarfs  and  the  bannerets  about  thee  did  mani- 
festly dissuade  me  from  believing  thee  a  vessel  of  too 
great  a  burden.  Shak. 

Bannerless  (ban'ner-les),  a.  Having  no 
banner.  J.  H.  Jesse. 

Bannerol.    See  BANNERAL. 

Bannet(ban'net),  n.  A  bonnet.  Sir  W.Scott. 
(Scotch.] 

Banning  (ban'ing),  n.  The  act  of  uttering  a 
ban  or  curse ;  an  execration  or  cursing  of 
another.  'Especially  when  the  names  of 
the  infernal  fiends  or  unlucky  soules  are 
used  in  such  bannings.'  Holland. 

Bannitlon  t  (ban-i'shon),  n.  [L.L.  bannitio. 
See  BANISH.  ]  The  act  of  banishing,  or  state 
of  being  banished;  expulsion;  banishment. 

You  wiil  take  order,  when  he  comes  out  of  the 
castle,  to  send  him  out  of  the  university  too  by  ban- 
Hilton.  Abp.  Land. 

Bannock  (ban'nok),  n.  [Gael,  bonnach,  Ir. 
boiimeay,  bannock.]  A  cake  made  of  oat- 
mi'al,  barley-meal,  or  pease-meal  baked  on 
an  iron  plate  or  griddle  over  the  flre. 
[Scotch.] 

Bannock-fluke  (ban'nok-fluk),  n.  [From 
its  supposed  resemblance  in  form  to  a  ban- 
nock.] A  turbot.  [Scotch.] 

Banns  (hanz),  n.pl.  [See  BAN.  ]  The  pro- 
clamation in  chitrch  necessary  to  constitute 
a  regular  marriage,  made  by  calling  the 
names  of  the  parties  intending  matrimony, 
for  the  purpose  of  enabling  any  one  who  is 
cognizant  of  a  valid  objection  to  state  it  be- 
fore it  be  too  late.  In  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land the  proclamation  is  made  by  the 
clergyman,  in  the  Church  of  Scotland  gener- 
ally by  the  session-clerk  or  precentor.  The 
proclamation  is  no  longer  necessary  in  Scot- 
land. Formerly  spelled  also  Bans. 


Banquet  (biin-'kwet),  n.     [Fr.  banquet.     It. 

buuchctto,  a  little  seat,  a  feast;  dim.  of  ban- 
que,  banco,  a  bench  for  sitting  opi,  a  seat, 
aiul  hence  a  feast.  See  HANK,  BENCH.]  1.  A 
feast;  a  rich  entertainment  of  meat  and 
drink.  '  A  napkin  of  fine  linen  to  be  laid  mi 
the  table  at  the  coronation  banquet.'  Mttc- 
<n'/'ii/.--'2.\  A  light  entertainment  at  the 
end  of  a  feast;  a  dessert;  a  refection  at 
which  wine  is  drunk. 

We'll  dine  in  the  great  room  ;  but  let  the  music 

And  bangnef  be  prepared  here.         Massiii^er. 

There  were  all  the  dainties,  not  only  of  the  season, 

hut  of  what  art  could  add,  venison,  plain  solid  incut, 

fowl,  baked  and  boiled  meats,  banquet  in  exceeding 

plenty,  and  exquisitely  dressed.  Lvcljrn. 

3.  Same  as  Banquette.  —4.  A  small  rod -shaped 
part  of  a  horse's  bridle  under  the  eye.— 
/•'rttxf,  Banquet,  Carousal.  See  under  FEAST. 
Banquet  (bang'kwet),  v.t.  To  treat  with  a 
feast  or  rich  entertainment. 

Just  in  time  to  banquet 
The  illustrious  company  assembled  there. 

Coleridge. 

Banquet  (tMiufkwatX  v.i.  1.  To  feast;  to 
regale  one's  self  with  good  eating  and  drink- 
ing; to  fare  daintily. 

The  mind  shall  banquet  though  the  body  pine. 

Were  it  a  feast  for  Juno  when  she  banquets, 
I  would  not  taste  thy  treasonous  offer.    Milton. 

2.t  To  take  part  in  a  light  refection  after  a 
feast.  See  BANQUET,  n.  2. 

Then  was  the  banquetine-chamber  in  the  tilt-yard 
at  Greenwich  furnished  for  the  entertainment  of 
these  strangers,  where  they  did  both  sup  and  ban- 
quet. G.  Ca-vendish. 

Banquetantt  (bangltwet-ant),  n.  One  who 
banquets;  a  banqueter. 

Are  there  not  beside 
Other  great  banquetants  t  Chaf>man. 

Banqueter  (bang'kwet-er),  n.  1.  A  feaster; 
one  who  lives  delicately. 

Great  banqueters  do  seldom  great  exploits. 

Cotgrave. 

2.  One  who  provides  feasts  or  rich  entertain- 
ments. 

Banquet-hall  (bang'kwet-hal),  n.  A  hall  in 
which  banquets  are  held;  a  banqneting- 
hall.  'The fair Peleian banquet-hall.'  Tenny- 
son. 

Banqueting  (bang'kwet-ing),  n.  The  act  of 
feasting;  luxurious  living;  rich  entertain- 
ment; a  feast.  '  Excess  of  wine,  revellings, 
banquetings.'  1  Pet  iv.  3. 

Banqueting -hall  (bang'kwet-ing-hal),  n. 
Same  as  Banquet-hall. 

Banqueting  -  house,  Banquet  -  house 
(bang'kwet-mg-hous,  bangTcwet-hous),  n.  A 
house  where  entertainments  are  made. 

In  a  banqiieting-house,  among  certain  pleasant 
trees,  the  table  was  set.  Sidney. 

A  banquet-house  salutes  the  southern  sky.  Dryden. 

Banqueting-room  (bang'kwet-ing-rom),  n. 
A  saloon  or  spacious  hall  for  public  enter- 
tainments. 

Banquette  (ban-ket),  n.  [Fr.,  from  bane,  a 
bench,  a  bank,]  1.  In  fort,  a  little  raised 
way  or  foot  bank,  running  along  the  inside 
of  a  parapet,  on  which  musketeers  stand  to 
fire  upon  the  enemy  in  the  moat  or  covered 
way.  — 2.  The  footway  of  a  bridge  when 
raised  above  the  carriage  way.  In  both 
senses  written  also,  but  rarely,  Banquet. 

Bans,  n.  pi    See  BANNS. 

Banshee,  Benshi  (ban'she,  ben'shi),  n. 
[Gael,  ban-sith,  female  fairy ;  Gael,  and  Ir. 
bean,  ban,  woman,  and  sith,  fairy.]    A 
kind  of  female  fairy  believed  in  Ireland 
and  some  parts  of  Scotland  to  attach 
itself  to  a  particular  house,  and  to  ap- 
pear before  the  death  of  one  of  the 
family. 

The  banshee  is  a  species  of  aristocratic  fairy, 
who,  in  the  shape  of  a  little  hideous  old  woman, 
has  been  known  to  appear,  and  heard  to  sing  in 
a  mournful  supernatural  voice  under  the  windows 
of  great  houses,  to  warn  the  family  that  some  of 
them  were  soon  to  die.  In  the  last  century  every 
great  family  in  Ireland  had  a  banshee,  who  at- 
tended regularly,  but  latterly  their  visits  and 
songs  have  been  discontinued.  Miss  Ed  ~ 


sembling  the  bantam:  of  the  breed  of  the 
bantam;  hence,  diminutive;  puny. 

Bantam-work  (ban'tam-werk),  n.  Same  as 
Bantam,  2. 

Banteng  (lian'teng),  n.  A  species  of  ox, 
I',".*  Hniifeiiy  or  It.  Xondaicu*.  a  local  race  in 
the  Malayan  Archipelago,  as  the  gaur  ox  is 
in  Central  India  and  the  gayal  in  the  south- 
east of  Bengal. 

Banter  (Imn'ter),  v.t.  [Perhaps  from  Fr. 
badiner,  to  joke.  (See  BADINAGE.)  Skeat 
thinks  it  more  probably  a  corruption  of  Fr. 
bander,  E.  bandy  (which  see).]  To  address 
humorous  raillery  to;  to  attack  with  jokis 
or  jests;  to  make  fun  of;  to  rally. 

The  magistrate  took  it  that  he  bantered  him,  ,uid 
bade  an  officer  take  him  into  custody. 

Sir  K.  L' I- strange. 

So  home  we  went,  and  all  the  livelong  way 
With  solemn  jibe  did  Eustace  banter  me. 

Tennyson. 

—Banter,  Rally.  We  ba  nter  another  in  good 
humour  for  something  he  or  she  has  done 
or  neglected  to  do.  whether  the  act  or 
omission  be  faulty  or  ridiculous  or  not,  if  it 
only  affords  a  subject  for  a  laugh  or  smile 
at  his  or  her  expense,  or  causes  a  blush  not 
altogether  painful.  Jlally,  lit.  to  rail,  gene- 
rally implies  some  degree  of  sarcasm  or 
pungency,  and  is  aimed  at  some  specific 
fault,  offence,  or  weakness. 
Banter (ban'ter), n.  [Seethe  verb.]  A  joking 
or  jesting;  humorous  raillery;  wit  or  hu- 
mour; pleasantry.  'Thus  he  spoke,  part 
banter,  part  affection.'  Tennyson. 

When  wit  has  any  mixture  of  raillery,  it  is  but  call- 
ing it  banter  and  the  work  is  done.  S-uiift. 

[Banter  hardly  amounts  to  ridicule,  much 
less  to  derision.  It  consists  in  being  plea- 
sant and  witty  with  the  actions  of  another, 
and  raising  a  humorous  laugh  at  hisexpense, 
and  is  often  attended  with  some  degree  <  f 
sarcasm.] 

Banterer  (ban'ter-er),  «.  One  who  banters 
or  assails  with  good-humoured  jests  or 
pleasantry.  '  An  excellent  subject  for  the 
operations  of  swindlers  and  banterern.' 
Slacaulay. 

Banting  System  (bant'ing  sis'tem).  A 
course  of  diet  for  reducing  superfluous  fat, 
adopted  and  recommended  in  1863  by  W. 
Banting  of  London.  The  dietary  recom- 
mended was  the  use  of  butcher-meat  prin- 
cipally, and  abstinence  from  beer,  farin- 
aceous food,  and  vegetables. 

Bantling  (bant'ling),«.  [Probably  from  band, 
a  wrapping,  and  the  dim.  suffix  ling,  meaning 
properly  a  child  in  swaddling  clothes.  ]  A 
young  child;  an  infant:  a  term  carrying 
with  it  a  shade  of  contempt. 

It's  a  ricketty  sort  of  bantlinjr,  I'm  told, 
That'll  die  of  old  age  when  it's  seven  years  old. 
James  Smith. 

Bantu  ( ban'tu ),  a.  [  Native  name,  mean- 
ing lit.  people.]  A  name  sometimes  ap- 
plied to  the  South  African  family  of  tongues: 
called  also  Chuana  and  Zingian.  One  pecu- 
liarity of  this  family,  especially  of  the  Kaffir 
branch,  is  the  use  of  clucks  or  clicks  in 
speaking. 

Banxring(bangks'ring),  n.  [Native  name. ] 
The  popular  name  of  certain  squirrel-like 
insectivorous  mammals  of  the  East,  consti- 
tuting the  genus  Tupaia  and  family  Tupai- 
adEe.  See  TUPAIA. 

Banyan,  Banyan-tree  (ban'yan,  ban'yan- 
tre),  n.  [From  Skr  punyam,  holy,  the  ban- 


Banstickle  (ban'stik-1),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bun. 
a  bone,  and  sticel,  a  prickle.]  A  small 
acanthopterygious  fish  of  the  genus  Gas- 
terosteus  (O.  aculeatus).  Called  also 
Stickleback.  See  STICKLEBACK. 

Bantam  (ban'tam),  n.    1.  A  small  but 
spirited  breed  of  domestic  fowl  with 
feathered  shanks  first  brought  from  the 
East  Indies,  and  supposed  to  derive  its 
name  from  Bantam  in  Java.— 2.  A  kind  of 
painted  or  carved  work  resembling  that  of 
Japan,  only  more  gaudy. 

Bantam  (ban'tam),  a.    Pertaining  to,  or  re- 


Banyan-tree (Fictis  ittdica),  from  a  photograph. 

yan-tree  being  considered  as  sacred.]  An 
Indian  tree  of  the  fig  genus,  the  Ficus  in- 
dica,  nat.  order  Moracete,  remarkable  for  its 
vast  rooting  branches.  It  has  ovate  leaves, 


ch,  Main;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,;ob;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj;      TH,  Men;  th,  tAin;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh  ajure.— See  KEY. 


BANYAN 


216 


BAR 


and  produces  figs  about  the  size  of  a  cherry. 
The  horizontal  brunches  send  down  shoots 
which  take  root  when  they  reach  the  ground 
and  enlarge  into  trunks,  which  in  their  turn 
send  out  branches;  the  tree  in  this  manner 
covering  a  prodigious  extent  of  ground,  anil 
enduring  for  many  ages.  On  the  banks  of 
tlie  Nerbudda  is  a  celebrated  banyan-tree 
with  350  stems,  each  equal  to  a  large  tree, 
and  3000  smaller  ones,  which  has  been 
known  to  shelter  7000  men.  Some  of  these 
trees  are  500  yards  in  circumference  and 
100  feet  in  height.  A  species  of  bird-lime 
and  abundance  of  gum-lac  is  obtained  from 
its  juice,  and  the  bark  is  used  by  the  Hindus 
as  a  tonic. 

Banyan  (ban'yan),  n.  A  native  Indian  mer- 
chant. See  BANIAN. 

Baobab  (ba'6-bab),  n.    [The  native  name  in 


TP 


Baobab  denuded  of  foliage,  showing  fruit  hangi 
from  the  branches. 

Senegal.)  The  Adansonia  digitata  of  botan- 
ists, belonging  to  the  group  Bombaceso, 
called  also  the  Ethiopian  sour-gourd  or 
African  calabash-tree.  It  is  one  of  the 
largest  trees  in  the  world,  being  often  found 
30  feet  in  diameter,  though  it  rises  only  from 
40  to  70  feet  high.  The  branches  shoot  out 
60  to  70  feet,  bearing  a  dense  mass  of  decidu- 
ous leaves,  somewhat  similar  to  those  of  the 
horse-chestnut.  The  oblong  pulpy  fruit  is 
eaten  by  monkeys,  and  hence  is  called  mon- 
key-bread (which  see).  The  juice  of  the  fruit 
mixed  with  sugar  is  much  esteemed  as  a 
beverage;  and  the  pulp,  which  is  pleasantly 
acid,  is  eaten,  and  employed  as  a  remedy  in 
Egyptian  dysentery.  The  leaves  and  bark, 
dried  and  powdered,  are  used  by  the  negroes, 
under  the  name  of  lalo,  as  pepper  on  their 
food,  to  diminish  the  excessive  perspiration ; 
and  the  strong  fibre  of  the  bark  is  made  into 
ropes  and  cloth.  The  only  other  species  of 
this  genus  known  is  the  Australian  sour- 
gourd  or  cream-of-tartar  tree  (A.  GrerjorLi). 
Bap  (bap),  n.  A  roll  of  bread  of  various 
shapes,  costing  generally  a  halfpenny  or  a 
penny.  [Scotch.] 

Bapllia  (baf'i-a),  n.  A  genus  of  African 
trees,  nat.  order  Leguminosre.  Baphia  ni- 
tida  yields  a  dye-wood  called  camwood 
See  CAMWOOD. 

Baphomet  (baf'6-met),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
Mahomet.]  The  imaginary  idol  or  symbol 
which  the  Templars  were  accused  of  em- 
ploying in  their  mysterious  rites.  By  some 
modern  writers  the  Templars  are  charged 
with  a  depraved  Gnosticism,  and  the  word 
Baphomet  has  had  given  to  it  the  significa- 
tion of  baptism  of  wisdom— baptism  of  fire; 
in  other  words  the  Gnostic  baptism,  a  spe- 
cies of  spiritual  illumination;  from  Gr. 
baphe,  baptism,  and  metis,  wisdom— an  un- 
likely derivation. 

Baphometic  (baf-o-met'ik),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Baphomet  or  to  the  rites  in  which 
it  was  supposed  to  be  employed. 


tliia  case  is,  'If  thou  art  not  already  bap- 
tized, I  baptize  thee,'  &c. 

Baptismal  (bap-tiz'mal),  a.  Pertaining  to 
baptism.  '  Tlie  baptismal  vow.'  Hammond, 

Baptismally  (bap-tiz'mal-li),  adv.  In  a 
baptismal  manner. 

Baptist  (bap'tist),  n.  1.  One  who  adminis- 
ters baptism:  specifically  applied  to  John, 
the  forerunner  of  Christ.  'Him  the  Baptist 
soon  descried.'  Milton. — 2.  As  a  contraction 
of  Anabaptist,  one  who  objects  to  infant 
baptism.  See  ANABAPTIST. 

Of  the  three  judges  on  each  bench,  the  first  may 
be  a  Presbyterian,  the  second  a  free-will  Baptist, 
I      the  third  a  Churchman.  Swift. 

Baptistery  (bap'tis-ter-i),  n.  A  building 
or  a  portion  of  a  building  in  which  is 
administered  the  rite  of  baptism.  In  the 
early  Christian  Church  the  baptistery  was 
distinct  from  the  basilica  or  church, 
but  was  situated  near  its  west  end, 
and  was  generally  circular  or  octa- 
gonal in  form,  and  dome -roofed. 
About  tlie  end  of  the  sixth  century 
the  baptistery  began  to  be  absorbed 
into  the  church, the  font  being  placed 
within  and  not  far  from  the  western 
door.  Some  detached  baptisteries 
still  remain  in  use,  as  those  of  St. 
John  Lateran,  Rome,  at  Pisa,  Parma, 
Ravenna,  Florence,  &c.  As  a  separate 
building  the  baptistery  was  often  of 
considerable  size  and  highly  decor- 
ated, that  of  Florence  being  108  feet 
in  diameter  externally.  It  ia  octa- 
gonal in  shape, internally  surrounded 
by  a  row  of  columns  with  rich  capi- 
tals, bearing  architraves  carrying  a 
second  range  of  smaller  columns,  the 
wall  spaces  between  which  are  per- 
g  forated  by  windows.  The  free  wall- 

spaces  are  ornamented  with  figures 
of  saints;  the  dome  being  covered 
with  representations  of  sacred  subjects  in 
mosaic.     Baptisteries   were    dedicated   to 
St.  John  the  Baptist. 


Interior  of  the  Baptistery  at  Florence. 

Baptistic,  Baptistical  (bap-tis'tik,  bap- 
tis'tik-al),o.  Pertaining  to  baptism.  'This 
baptistical  profession,  which  he  ignorautly 
laughed  at.'  Bramhall.  [Rare  ] 

Baptistically  (bap-tis'tik-al-li),  adv.  In  a 
baptistical  manner.  [Rare  ] 

Baptizable  (bap-tiz'a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
baptized.  N.  E.  Elders.  [Rare  ] 

Baptization  (bap-tiz-a'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  baptizing. 

If  they  had  been  lay  persons,  their  battizetians 
were  null  and  void.  Jer.  Taylor. 


Baptize  (bap-tizO,  »•<•  pret.  &  pp.  baptized- 
ppr.  baptizing.  [Or.  baptize.  See  BAPTISM  ] 
To  administer  the  sacrament  of  baptism  to- 
to  christen. 

In  fact,  the  colonists  left  behind  them  no  mark  that 
baptized  men  had  set  foot  on  Darien,  except  a  few 
Anglo-Saxon  curses.  Macanlay. 

Baptizement  (bap-tiz'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
baptising;  baptism.  [Rare  ] 

, .„  „.        _     Baptizer  (bap-tiz'er),  n.    One  who  baptizes. 

eration,  and  consecration  to  a  pure  life.         On  the  pan  of  the  tafttttr,  baptism  was  a  form  of 
and  the  sign  of  his  initiation  into  the  visible  !    r=«P"°n  to  instruction.  K,,., 

Bar  (bar),  »•  [Fr.  barre;  Pr.  Sp  P<-  It 
larra,  a  bar,  a  rail;  from  the  Celtic;  W.  and 
Armor,  bar,  the  top  branch  of  a  tree,  a  rail 
a  bar.  From  this  word  come  barrier,  bar- 
rister, barricade,  embarrass,  &c.]  1.  A  piece 
of  wood,  metal,  or  other  solid  matter,  long 


It  is  from  this  hour  that  I  incline  to  date  my  spiri- 
tual new-bjrth  or  Bnphometic  Fire-baptism;  perhaps 
I  directly  thereupon  began  to  be  a  man.  Carlyle. 

Baptism  (bap'tizm),  n.  [Gr.  baptisma,  from 
baphzo,  to  baptize,  from  bapto,  to  dip  in 
water.]  The  application  of  water  to  a  per- 
son, as  a  sacrament  or  religious  ceremony 
symbolical  of  spiritual  cleansing  or  regen- 


church  of  Christ.  This  is  usually  performed 
by  sprinkling  or  immersion.— Hypothetical 
baptism,  in  the  Church  of  England,  baptism 
administered  to  persons  in  respect  to  whom 
it  is  doubtful  whether  they  have  or  have 
not  been  baptized  before.  The  formula  in 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull; 


in  proportion  to  its  thickness;  a  rod;  a  puk:; 
used  for  various  purposes,  and  sometimes 
serving  as  a  lever,  an  axis,  a  connecting  piece 
in  various  positii  »ns  and  structures,  but  espe- 
cially for  a  hinderance  or  obstruction;  as, 
a  capstan  bar;  the  bai-xvf  a  grate;  the  splin- 
ter-dor of  a  vehicle;  the  bars  of  a  fence  or 
gate;  the  bar  of  a  door  or  window.—  2.  Any- 
thing which  obstructs,  hinders,  or  impedes' 
an  obstruction  ;  an  obstacle  ;  a  barrier. 
Must  I  new  bars  to  my  own  joy  create?  Drj<i<u. 

3.  A  bank  of  sand,  gravel,  or  earth,  forming 
a  shoal  or  bank  at  the  mouth  of  a  river  or 
harbour,  obstructing  entrance  or  raulerin" 
it  difficult. 

We  rose  at  dawn,  and,  fired  with  hope. 

Shot  o'er  tlie  seething  harbour  bar.        Teiuij  son. 

4.  In  law,  (a)  the  railing  inclosing  the  place 
which  counsel  occupy  in  courts  of  justice; 
hence  the  phrase,  at  the  bar  of  the  court 
signifies  in  open  court. 

Some  at  the  bar  with  subtlety  defend, 

Or  on  the  bench  the  knotty  laws  untie.      Dryden. 

(6)  The  place  in  court  where  prisoners  are 
stationed  for  arraignment,  trial,  or  sentence. 

The  great  duke 

Came  to  the  bar,  where  to  his  accusations 
He  pleaded  still  Not  guilty.  SHak. 

(o)  All  those  who  can  plead  in  a  court;  bar- 
risters in  general,  or  those  present  in  court; 
also  the  profession  of  barrister.  '  The  storm 
of  invective  which  burst  upon  him  from 
bar,  bench,  and  witness-box.'  Macaulay. 
(rf)  A  stoppage  or  bringing  to  nothing  of  an 
action  raised ;  as,  a  plea  in  bar,  that  is,  a 
special  plea  constituting  a  sufficient  answer 
to  the  plaintiff's  action.— Trial  at  bar,  a 
trial  in  one  of  the  superior  courts  before  all 
the  judges  of  the  court  in  which  the  action 
is  brought,  or  a  quorum  sufficient  to  make 
a  full  court.  — 6.  The  railing  or  partition 
which  separates  a  space  near  the  door  from 
the  body  of  either  house  of  parliament, 
beyond  which  none  but  members  and  clerks 
are  admitted.  At  these  bars  counsel  stand 
when  pleading  before  the  house,  and  to 
the  same  bar  witnesses  and  such  as  have 
been  ordered  into  custody  for  breaches  of 
privilege  are  brought— 6.  Fig.  any  tribunal; 
as,  the  bar  of  public  opinion;  the  bar  of 
God.— 7.  The  inclosed  place  of  a  tavern,  inn, 
coffee-house,  or  the  like,  where  liquors,  Ac., 
are  served  out ;  the  counter  over  which  ar- 
ticles are  served  out  in  such  an  establish- 
ment. 

I  was  under  some  apprehension  that  they  would 
appeal  to  me  ;  and  therefore  laid  down  my  penny  at 
the  bar,  and  made  the  best  of  my  way,  Addison. 

8.  A  band  or  stripe  of  colour—  9.  In /ornery, 
the  upper  part  of  the  gums  of  a  horse 
between  the  grinders  and  tusks,  which 
bears  no  teeth,  and  to  which  the  bit  is  ap- 
plied.—10.  In  music,  a  line  drawn  perpen- 
dicularly across  the  staff  dividing  it  into 
equal  measures  of  time,  and  marking  the 


*J  Wefck         Strong        Wc*k         Suonff 

accent.       accent,      tcoeut.       aooeat. 

place  of  the  strong  accent;  hence  the  space 
and  notes  included  between  two  such  lines; 
the  portion  of  music  represented  by  the 
included  notes.  '  Some  random  bar  of  Bonny 
Boon.'  Tennyson.  See  also  DOUBLE-BAR.— 
11.  In  com.  (a)  an  ingot,  lump,  or  wedge,  as 
of  gold  or  silver,  from  the  mines,  run  in  a 
mould,  and  unwrought.  (6)  A  short  piece 
of  bar-iron  about  half  a 
pound  in  weight,  used  as 
a  medium  of  traffic  with 
African  negroes.— 12.  In 
printing,  the  iron  with  a 
wooden  handle  by  which 
the  screw  of  the  press  is 
turned.  — 13.  In  her.  an 
ordinary  in  form  of  the 
fesse,  but  much  narrower, 
Bar.  in  which  respect  it  differs 

from  the /me,  as  well  as 
in  the  fact  that  the  bar  may  be  placed  in 
any  part  of  the  field,  whereas  the  fesse  is 
confined  to  a  single  place.—  Bar  of  ground, 
in  mining,  a  vein  of  a  different  description 
of  rock,  Ac.,  from  that  in  its  vicinity. 
Bar  (bar),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  barred;  ppr.  bar- 
ring. I.  To  fasten  with  a  bar  or  as  with  a 
bar;  as,  to  bar  a  door  or  gate. 

Every  door  is  barred  with  gold,  and  opens  but  to 

golden  keys.  Tennyson. 

Now  to  all  hope  her  heart  was  barred and  cold. 

Longfellow. 


oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;       }',  Sc.  ley. 


BARAL1PTON 


217 


HAKB-BOLT 


•2.  To  hinder;  to  obstruct ;  to  prevent;  to 
prohibit;  to  restrain 

Ifyou  catinut 

Kfir  his  access  to  tlit-  king,  never  attempt 
Anything  OJi  him.  SHak. 

The  houses  of  the  country  were  all  scattered,  and 
yet  not  so  far  off  as  that  it  barred  mutual  succour. 
JWr/'.  Sidney. 

Though  the  l.tw  of  arms  duth  bar 
The  use  of  venom 'd  shot  in  war.  Hitdibras. 

3.  To  except;  to  exclude  by  exception. 

Nay,  tin!  I  bar  tonight;  you  shall  not  gage  me 
By  what  I  do  to-night.  ShaJk. 

4  To  provide  witli  a  liar  or  bars;  to  mark 
with  bars;  to  cross  with  one  or  more  stripes 
or  lines. 

He  burs  his  surfaces  with  horizontal  lines  of  colour, 
the  expression  of  the  level  of  the  Desert.  Rnsbin. 

To  bar  a  vein,  in  farriery,  to  open  the  skin 
nliove  a  vein  in  a  horse's  leg,  disengaging 
it,  and  tying  it  both  above  and  below,  and 
striking  between  the  two  ligatures:  an  oper- 
ation intended  to  stop  malignant  humours. 
Johnson. 

Baralipton  (bar-a-llp'ton),  n.  A  mnemonic 
word  in  logic  used  to  denote  an  imperfect 
syllogism  consisting  of  two  universals  and 
one  particular  affirmative  proposition. 

Barb  (barb),  n.  [Fr.  barbe,  L.  barba,  beard, 
a  word  which  is  believed  to  be  etymologi- 
cally  the  same  as  G.  barf,  E.  beard.]  1.  A 
beard,  or  that  which  resembles  a  beard,  or 
•rrmvs  in  the  place  of  it.  'The  barbel,  so 
called  by  reason  of  his  barbs,  or  wattles  in 
his  mouth.'  Iz.  }Valton.—2.  In  bot.  (a)  the 
down  or  pubes  covering  the  surface  of 
some  plants,  (b)  A  tuft  or  bunch  of  strong 
hairs  terminating  leaves,  (c)  A  filament 
armed  with  teeth  pointing  backward  like 
the  sting  of  a  bee.  —3.  The  sharp  point  pro- 
jecting backwards  from  the  penetrating  ex- 
tremity of  an  arrow,  fish-hook,  or  other  in- 
strument for  piercing,  intended  to  prevent 
its  being  extracted.  'Having  two  barb*  or 
points.'  Ascham. — 4.  A  kind  of  muffler 
covering  the  lower  part  of  the  face.  See 
ItARBE.  — 5.  See  BARBEL,  2.— 6.  In  her.  (a) 
one  of  the  green  leaves  that  appear  round 
the  outer  edge  of  a  full-blown  rose.  (b)The 
wattle  of  a  cock. 

Barb  (barb),  v.t.  l.t  To  shave;  to  dress  the 
beard. 

It  was  the  desire  of  the  penitent  to  be  so  barbed 
before  his  death.  Shak. 

2.t  To  pare  or  shave  close  to  the  surface;  to 
mow.  'The  stooping  scytheman,  that  doth 
barb  the  field.'  Marston.  ~ 3.t  To  clip,  as 
gold.  B.  Jongon,—4.  To  furnish  with  barbs, 
as  an  arrow,  fish-hook,  spear,  or  other  in- 
strument. 

Barb  (barb),  n,  A  form  of  Barbe,  Barde,  the 
defensive  armour  or  trappings  of  a  war- 
house.  See  BARBE. 

Barb  (barb),  v.t.  To  clothe,  as  a  horse,  with 
armour.  '  A  brave  courser  trapped  and 
barbed.'  Holland. 

Barb  (barb),  n.  [Contr.  from  Barbary.]  1.  A 
horse  of  the  Barbary  breed,  introduced  by 
the  Moors  into  Spain,  remarkable  for  speed, 
abstinence,  endurance,  and  docility.  In 
Spain  this  noble  race  has  degenerated,  and 
true  barbs  are  rare,  even  in  their  uative 
country. 

The  importance  of  improving  our  studs  by  an  in- 
fusion of  new  blood  was  strongly  felt ;  and  with  this 
\  iew  a  considerable  number  of  barbs  had  lately  been 
brought  into  the  country.  Macaitlay. 

2.  The  Barbary  pigeon,  a  bird  of  a  black  or 
dun  colour. 
Barbacan,  Barbican  (har'ba-kan,  bar'bi- 


Barbacan,  Walmgate  Bar,  York. 

kan),  n.  [Fr.  barbacane.  It.  barbaca/w.from 
Ar.  bub-khdnah,  a  gateway  or  gate-house. 
The  word  was  probably  brought  from  the 


Kast  by  the- Crusaders.]  1.  A  kind  of  watch- 
tower  for  descrying  the  enemy.  2.  M<TC 
generally  applied  to  an  advanced  work  de- 
fending the  entrance  to  a  castle  or  fortified 
town,  as  before  the  gate  or  draw-briil^r; 
any  outwork  at  a  short  distance  from  the 
main  works:  the  barbacaii  was  often  a  for- 
tress of  considerable  size  and  strength, 
having  a  ditch  and  drawbridge  of  its  own. 
'  Within  the  barbacan  the  porter  sat.' 
Spenser. 

He  leads  a  body  of  men  under  the  outer  barrier  of 
the  barbacan.  Sir  //'.  Scott. 

3.  An  opening  in  the  wall  of  a  fortress  through 
which  guns  are  levelled  and  llred  upon  an 
enemy.— 4.  A  channel  or  tcupper  in  a  para- 
pet to  discharge  water. 

Barbacanage.t  Barbicanaget  (imr'im-kan- 
aj,  biir'bi-kan-aj),  n.  Money  paid  towards 
the  maintenance  of  a  barbacan  or  watch- 
tower. 

Barbadian  (bar-ba'di-an),  n.  An  inhabitant 
of  i ;, i, •!>// </<,'•*,  the  most  eastern  island  of  the 
West  Indies. 

Barbadian  (bar-ba'di-an),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Barbadoes. 

Barbadoes  Cherry  (biir-ba'doz),  n.  The 
fruit  of  Malpiyhia  itrens,  nat.  order  Mai- 
pighiacese,  a  tree  growing  in  the  West  In- 
dies, 15  feet  high,  and  producing  a  plea- 
sant tart  fleshy  fruit  with  three  crested 
stones. 

Barbadoes  Leg,  n.  A  disease  formerly 
supposed  to  be  indigenous  to  Barbadoes,  in 
which  the  limb  becomes  tumid,  hard,  and 
misshapen.  Called  also  Elephantiasis  of 
the  Antilles. 

Barbadoes  Tar,  n.  A  commercial  name 
for  petroleum  or  mineral  tar  found  in  some 
of  the  West  Indian  islands.  See  PETROLEUM. 

Barba-Hispanica  (bar'ba-his-pan'i-ka),  n. 
[L.,  lit.  Spanish  beard.]  Spanish  moss: 
a  name  given  to  the  horse-hair  like  fibres 
of  the  Tillandsia  usneoides,  an  epiphyte 
found  on  the  Mississippi,  much  used  in 
America  for  stuffing  cushions,  mattresses, 
&c. 

Barbara  (bar'ba-ra),  n.  A  mnemonic  word 
in  logic,  being  the  first  word  in  the  mnemonic 
verses  intended  to  represent  the  various 
forms  of  the  syllogism.  It  indicates  a  syl- 
logism, the  three  propositions  of  which  are 
universal  affirmatives. 

Barbarea  (bar-ba're-a),  n.  A  genus  of  plants 
formerly  dedicated  to  St.  Barbara;  the  win- 
ter-cresses. See  WINTER-CRESS. 

Barbarian  (bar-ba'ri-an),  n.  [L.  barbariis; 
Gr.  barbaros,  applied  originally  to  one  whose 
language  is  unintelligible.  Probably  ono- 
matopoetic  to  express  the  sound  of  a  foreign 
tongue. 

By  the  word  barbarian  originally  it  is  probable 
that  no  sort  of  reproach  was  intended,  but  simply 
the  fact  that  the  people  so  called  spoke  a  language 
not  intelligible  to  Greeks.  Latterly  the  term  seems 
to  have  been  often  used  as  one  of  mere  convenience 
for  classification,  indicating  the  non- Hellenes  in 
opposition  to  the  Hellenes;  and  it  was  not  meant  to 
express  any  qualities  whatever  of  the  aliens — simply 
they  were  described  as  being  aliens.  ...  At  this 
day  it  is  very  probable  that  the  Chinese  mean  nothing 
more  by  the  seemingly  offensive  term  outside  barba- 
rians. Df  Qitincfy.} 

l.t  A  foreigner.  [This  is  the  uniform  sense 
of  the  word  in  the  New  Testament.]— 2.  A 
man  in  his  rude  savage  state;  an  uncivilized 
person. 

Where  his  rude  hut  by  the  Danube  lav ; 
There  were  his  young  barbarians  all  at  PlUTi 
There  was  their  Dacian  mother — he.  their  sire, 
Butcher'd  to  make  a  Roman  holiday.         Byron. 

3.  A  cruel,  savage,  brutal  man ;  one  desti- 
tute of  pity  or  humanity.  'Thou  fell  bar- 
barian.' Philips. 

Barbarian  (bar-ba'ri-an),  a.  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  savages:  rude;  uncivilized.  'A 
barbarian  slave.'  Shak. — 2.  Cruel;  inhuman. 
'The  stormy  rage  and  hate  of  a  barbarian 
tyrant. '  Macaulay. 

Barbaric  (bar-bar'ik),  a.  [L.  barbaricus, 
Gr.barbarikos,  foreign,  barbaric.  See  BARBA- 
RIAN.] l.t  Foreign.  Milton.—  2.  Uncivilized; 
barbarian.  '.Barban'corGothieinvaders.'  T. 
Warton.  —3.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  character- 
istic of  a  barbarian;  hence,  ornate  without 
being  in  accordance  with  sound  taste ; 
wildly  rich  or  magnificent.  'We  are  by  no 
means  insensible  ...  to  the  wild  and  bar- 
baric melody.'  lHacaulay. 

Barbarism  (bar'biir-izm),  ?i.  [L.  barbaris- 
witw.  See  BARBARIAN.]  1.  An  offence  against 
purity  of  style  or  language;  any  form  of 
speech  contrary  to  the  pure  idioms  of  a  par- 
ticular language. 

The  Creeks  were  the  first  that  branded  a  foreign 
I  term  in  any  of  their  writers  with  the  odious  name  of 
.  barbarism.  Dr.  Campbell. 


2.  An  uncivili/t'd  state  or  condition;  want 
of  civilization;  rudeness  of  manm- is  «r  ways 
of  living,  and  ignorance  of  arU  and  Inim- 
ing-  'Times  of  bailxu •<*>/><  ami  ignorain •<• .' 
Dry  den. 

Divers  great  monarchies  have  risen  from  A.n/vrr- 
ism  to  civility,  and  fallen  ay.un  to  ruin.  />n-i-is> 

:',.  An  act  of  barbarity,  cruelty,  or  brutality: 
an  outrage.  'A  heinous  barbarism  .  .  . 
against  the  honour  of  marriage.'  Miltmi 

Barbarity  (bar-bar'i  ti  ,  n.  1.  Tin-  stair  of 
ln.-iu'_'  barbarous ;  lurbarousiiuss;  savage- 
ness;  cruelty;  ferodotunWU ;  inhumanity; 
as,  barbarity  of  manners;  he  treated  his 
wife  with  gross  barbarity. ~%.\  Jtar1mri*m  ; 
impurity  of  speech.  'The  barbarity  and 
narrowness  of  modern  tongues.'  Dryilrn. 

Barbarization  (bur'bar  i/  a'Mima  „.  Tin- 
act  or  process  of  rendering  barbarous  or  of 
In-coming  barbarous.  S.  Turner. 

Barbarize  (barlmr-iz),  v.i.  1.  To  become 
barbarous.  [Rare.  ] 

The  Roman  Empire  was  barbarizing  rapidly. 
De  Quincey. 

2.  t  To  commit  a  barbarism  or  employ  an 
impurity  in  speech.  'The  ill  habit  which 
they  got  of  wretched  barbarizing  against 
the  Latin  and  Greek  idiom.'  Stilton, 
Barbarize  (bar'bar-iz),  v.t.  To  make  bar- 
barous. 

Hideous  changes  have  barbarized  France.    Burkt. 

Barbarous  (barMm-rus).  a.  1.  Unacquainted 
with  arts  and  civilization;  uncivilized;  rude 
and  ignorant;  as,  barbarous  people,  nations, 
or  countries;  barbarous  habits. 

Thou  art  a  Roman ;  be  not  barbarous.       ShaJt. 

2.  Pertaining  to  or  characteristic  of  barbari- 
ans; adapted  to  the  taste  of  barbarians; 

barbaric;  outlandish. 

Emetrius,  king  of  Inde.  a  mighty  name, 

On  a  bay  courser,  goodly  to  behold. 

The  trappings  of  his  horse  emboss' d  with  barbarous 

gold.  Dryden. 

Pyrrhus,  seeing  the  Romans  marshal  their  army 
with  some  art  and  skill,  said,  with  surprise,  '  These 
barbarians  have  nothing  barbarous  in  their  disci- 
pline.' Jluttie. 

3.  Cruel;  ferocious;  inhuman;  as,  batbaromt 
treatment. 

By  their  barbarous  usage  he  died  within  a  few 
days,  to  the  grief  of  all  that  knew  him.  Clarendon. 

4.  Contrary  to  good  use  in  language.     'A 
barbarmnf  expression.'  Dr.  Campbell.—  SYN. 
Uncivilized,  unlettered,  uncultivated,  un- 
tutored, ignorant,  cruel,  ferocious,  inhuman, 
brutal. 

Barbarously  (bar'ba-rus-M),  ado.  l.  In  a 
barbarous  manner:  (a)  ignorantly;  without 
knowledge  or  arts;  contrary  to  the  rules  of 
speech. 

How  barbarously  we  yet  speak  and  write,  your 
lordship  knows,  and  I  am  sufficiently  sensible  in  my 
own  English.  Dryden. 

(b)  Savagely  ;  cruelly ;  ferociously ;  inhu- 
manly. 

The  English  law  touching  forgery  became,  at  a 
later  period,  barbarously  severe.  Afacaatay. 

Barbarousness  (bar'ba-rns-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  barbarous :  (a) 
rudeness  or  incivility  of  manners,  (b)  Im- 
purity of  language.  'The  purity  of  speech 
being  overgrown  with  barbaronsncgit.' 
Brerewood.  (c)  Cruelty;  inhumanity;  bar- 
barity. 

Barbaryt  (bar'ba-ri),  n.  A  Barbary  horse; 
a  barb.  See  BARB. 

They  are  ill-built. 
Pin-buttocked,  like  your  dainty  batf-arifs. 

Kean.  &  Fl. 

Barbary  Ape,  n.  A  species  of  ape,  or 
tailless  monkey,  of  the  size  of  a  large  cat, 
remarkable  for  docility,  so  that,  by  force  of 
discipline,  it  is  made  to  exhibit  considerable 
intelligence;  the  magot  (Macacus  /mm*). 
It  is  common  in  Barbary,  the  lower  parts 
of  Africa,  and  formerly  on  Gibraltar  Rock, 

|    being  the  only  European  monkey.     It  has 

I    been  the  'showman's  ape'  from  time  im- 

I    memorial. 

Barbary  Gum,  n.  Morocco  gum,  a  variety 
of  gum-arabic :  said  to  be  produced  by  the 
Acacia  gumwtfera. 

Barbastel,  Barbastelle  (bar'bas-tel),  «. 
[Fr.  barbastelle,  It.  barbatstello,  from  L. 
barba,  a  beard.  ]  A  bat  with  hairy  lips  (Bar- 
bartering  communis),  a  native  of  England. 
Barbate,  Barbated  (barb'at,  barb'at-ed),  a. 
[L.  barbatus,  from  barba,  a  beard.  See 

|    BARB.]    1.  Furnished  with  barbs.     'A  dart 
uncommonly  barbated.'   Warton.— %.  In  bot. 

1    applied  to  hairs  arranged  in  a  tuft  or  in  any 

|    regular  order. 

Barb-bolt  (barb'bolt),  it.  A  bolt  with  jagged 
edges  to  prevent  retraction  after  driving. 
E.  H.  Knight. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     J,  job;      u,  Fr.  ton;      ug,  si?i0;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BAKBE 


218 


HAKE 


Barbe  (biirb),  n.     [Fr. ;  L.  barba,  a  beard. 

See  BARE.  ]    1.  A  piece  of  linen,  generally 

plaited,  worn  by  nuns  and  widows  over  or 

under  the  chin,  accord- 
ing to  the  rank  of  the 

wearer.     Ladies  above 

the  rank  of  a  baroness 

wore  it  over  the  chin ; 

baronesses,  nuns,  ttc., 

immediately     beneath 

the  chin;  other  females 

from     the    lowermost 

part  of  the  throat.  — 

2.  Military  term  used 

in   phrase    to    Are   in 

barbe,  or  en  barbe,  that 

is,  to  fire  cannon  over 

the    parapet    instead 

of  through  the  embra- 
sures. 
Barbe,  Barb  (barb),  n. 

[A  corruption  of  barde, 

but    the    form    most 

commonly   met   with, 

from    Fr.    barde,    the 

trappings  of  a  horse, 

the  defensive   armour 

of    a   war-horse;    It. 

barda,  caparison;  Sp. 

and    Pg.    albarda,    a 

saddle,  from  Ar.  bar- 

da'a,  the  pad  of  wool 

placed  under  a  saddle,  a  covering  for  the 

back  of  a  beast  of  burden.]    One  of  the 

ornaments  and  housings  of  a  horse ;  one 

of  the  various  pieces  of  defensive  armour 

with  which  the  war-horses  of  knights  were 

anciently  clad.   They  were  sometimes  made 

of  mail  and  sometimes  ol  leather  studded 


Nun  wearing  a  Barbe. 

FromabrassinEtwali 

Church,  Derbyshire. 


Horse-armour  of  Maximilian  I.  of  Germany. 

•  (7,  Chamfron.    f>,  Manefaire.    c,  Poitrinal.  poitrel,  or 
breastplate,    cf,  Croupiere  or  buttock-piece. 

with  iron  plates.  'His  loftie  steed  with 
golden  sell  and  goodly  gorgeous  barbex.' 
Spenser. 

Their  horses  were  naked,  without  any  barbs,  for 
albeit  many  brought  barbs,  few  regarded  to  put  them 
on.  Sir  J,  Hay-ward. 

Barbecue  (bar'be-ku),  n.  [Conjectured  to 
be  from  Fr.  barbe-a-queuc,  from  snout  to 
tail;  comp.  cap-a-pie.]  1.  A  hog  or  other 
large  animal  dressed  whole.  —  2.  A  large 
social  entertainment  in  the  open  air,  at 
which  animals  are  roasted  whole,  and  other 
provisions  of  all  kinds  are  consumed.  [Amer- 
ican. ] —  3.  A  terrace  partly  or  wholly  sur- 
rounding a  house.  '  The  barbecue,  or  terrace 
of  white  plaster  which  ran  all  round  the 
front.'  Kingsley.  —  4.  A  circular  floor  of 
stone  with  a  smooth  white  plastered  sur- 
face, on  which  coffee-beans  are  sun-dried  in 
Ceylon.  E.  H.  Knight. 

Barbecue  (bar'be-ku),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bar- 
becued; ppr.  barbecuing.  To  dress  and  roast 
whole,  as  a  hog,  by  splitting  it  to  the  back- 
bone and  roasting  it  on  a  gridiron.  '  A  whole 
hog  barbecued. '  Pope. 

Barbed  (barbd),  p.  and  a.  Furnished  with 
or  clad  in  barbes  or  armour:  said  of  a  war- 
horse.  'Barbed  steeds.'  Shak 

Barbed  (barbd),  p.  and  a.  l.t  Shaved- 
trimmed ;  having  the  beard  dressed.— 2.  Fur- 
nished with  barbs  or  points ;  jagged  '  Ar- 
rows barb'd  with  flre.'  Milton.  'A  barbed 
proboscis.'  Sir  E.  Tennent.  —  3.  In  her. 
(a)  having  barbs  or  green  leaves,  as  a  full- 
blown rose.  (b)  Having  gills  or  wattles,  as 
a  cock. 

Barbe-feathers  (barb'feTH-erz),  n.  pi.  The 
feathers  under  the  beak  of  a  hawk 

Barbel  (bar'bel),  n.  [O.Fr.  barbel,  Fr.  bar- 
beau,  fromL.L  barbellus,  dim.  trombarbtit, 
a  barbel  (the  fish),  from  b'arba,  a  beard.  In  j 


the  sense  of  an  appendage  it  is  rather  for 
barbule.]  1.  A  fresh-water  fish  of  the  genus 
Barbns  (which  see).— 2.  A  small  cylindrical 
vermiform  process  appended  to  the  mouth 
of  certain  fishes,  serving  as  an  organ  of 
touch.— 3.  A  knot  of  superfluous  flesh  grow- 
ing in  the  channel  of  a  horse's  mouth. 
Written  also  Burble  and  Barb. 

Barbells,  Barbellulse  (bar-belle,  bar-bel'- 
u-le),  n.  pZ.  [Mod.L.  See  BARBULE.]  Small 
barbs  or  bristles:  used  chiefly  in  botany. 

Barbellate,  Barbellulate  (biir'bel-at,  bar- 
bel'lu-lat),  a.  [See  BARBELL,*.]  Having 
small  bristles  or  barbules:  used  chiefly  in 
botany. 

Barber  (bar'ber),  n.  [Fr.  barbier,  from 
barbe,  L.  barba,  a  beard.]  One  whose  oc- 
cupation is  to  shave  the  beard  or  to  cut  anil 
dress  hair.  —  Barber's  pole,  a  pole  striped 
screw-fashion,  often  with  a  brass  basin  at 
the  end  of  it,  hung  out  as  a  sign  at  the  door 
of  a  barber's  shop.  The  striping  is  in  imi- 
tation of  the  ribbon  with  which  the  arm  of 
a  person  who  has  had  blood  let  is  bound 
up,  to  indicate  that  the  barber  was  origi- 
nally also  a  sort  of  surgeon. 

Barber  (bar'ber),  v.t.  To  shave  and  dress 
the  hair  of. 

Our  courteous  Antony,  .  .  . 
Being  barbcr'd ten  times  o'er,  goes  to  the  feast. 
Shak. 

Barber  -  chlrurgeon  t  ( bar'ber-ki-rer'jon ), 
n.  A  barber-surgeon. 

He  put  himself  into  a  barbtr-ckiritrgton' s  hands, 
who  by  unfit  applications  rarefied  the  tumour. 

tfiseinnn 

Barberess  (bai-'ber-es),  n.  A  female  barber; 
a  barber's  wife. 

Barber-monger  (bar'ber-mung-ger),  n.  A 
man  who  frequents  the  barbers  shop,  or 
prides  himself  in  being  dressed  by  a  barber; 
a  fop.  Shak. 

Barberry  (barT>e-ri),  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  and  i.L. 
berberis;  Ar.  barbaris.  The  spelling  of  the 
word  has  been  modified  so  as  to  give  it  an 
English  appearance.  ]  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Berberis  (B.  vulgarls),  common  in  hedges. 
Called  also  Pippcridye  Bush.  See  BER- 
BERIS. 

Barber-surgeon  (bar'ber-ser'Jon),  n.  For- 
merly one  who  joined  the  practice  of  sur- 
gery with  that  of  a  barber ;  hence,  a  low 
practitioner  of  surgery. 

Those  deep  and  public  brands, 
That  the  whole  company  of  barber-surgeons 
Should  not  take  off  with  all  their  arts  and  plaisters. 
Beit  Joitson. 

Barber-surgery  (bar'ber-ser'jer-i),  n.  The 
occupation  or  practice  of  a  barber-surgeon; 
bungling  work,  like  that  of  a  low  practi- 
tioner of  surgery.  '  Slits  it  into  four,  that 
he  may  the  better  come  at  with  his  barber- 
surgery.  '  Milton. 

Barbet  (barOjet),  n.  [Fr.  barbel,  from  L. 
barba,  a  beard.  ]  1.  A  variety  of  dog  having 
long  curly  hair;  a  poodle.  — 2.  One  of  a  group 
of  scansorial  or  climbing  birds,  the  type  of 
a  very  distinct  family  (Bucconidre)  approach- 
ing the  cuckoos  and  trogons.  They  are  dis- 
tinguished by  their  large  conical  beak,  which 
appears  swollen  or,  as  it  were,  puffed  out 
at  the  sides  of  its  base,  and  by  being  bearded 
with  five  tufts  of  stiff  bristles  directed  for- 
wards— whence  the  name.  They  are  divided 


V  \s 

African  Barbet  (/V»>«'<«  hirsutui). 

into  several  genera,  as  Pogonias,  the  species 
of  which  inhabit  Africa,  sometimes  referred 
to  the  family  Capitonida:;  Bucco,  or  true 
barbets,  found  in  Africa  and  America;  and 
Tamatia,  or  puff-birds,  inhabitants  of  Ame- 

Barbette  (bar-bef),  n.  [Fr.]  The  platform 
or  breastwork  of  a  fortification,  from  which 
the  cannon  may  be  fired  over  the  parapet 


instead  of  through  an  embrasure. — Barbette, 
gun,  or  battery,  one  gun,  or  several  mounted 
in  barbette. —  Barbette  carriage,  a  carriage 
which  elevates  a  gun  sufficiently  high  to 
enable  it  to  be  fired  over  the  parapet. 

Barbican,  n.    See  BAHBACAN. 

Barbiers  (barter/),  n.  A  species  of  para- 
lysis, chiefly  prevalent  in  India.  Diinglison, 

Barbiton  (b:ir'bi-ton),  n.  [Gr.  ]  An  ancient 
Greek  musical  instrument,  a  kind  of  seven- 
stringed  lyre. 

Barbie  (biirl)I),  n.    See  BARBEL,  3. 

Barbule  (barbul),  «.  [L.  barbvla,  dim.  of 
barba,  a  beard.]  A  small  barb;  a  little 
beard ;  in  hot.  a  finely  -  divided  beard  •  like 
apex  to  the  peristome  of  some  mosses,  as  in 
the  genus  Tortnla. 

BarbUS  (biir'bus),  n.  [L.  barba,  a  beard.]  A 
genus  of  fishes,  of  the  family  Cypriuldie 
(which  see),  usually  inhabiting  muddy  ponds 
and  rivers,  where  they  seek  their  food  by 
rooting  in  the  soft  banks  like  swine.  They 
are  characterized  by  four  soft  barbels  or 
fleshy  tentacula,  two  at  the  nose  and  two  at 
the  angles  of  the  mouth,  and  by  the  fourth 
ray  of  the  dorsal  fin  being  very  strong  and 
denticulate  posteriorly.  B.  vulgaris  is  the 
only  British  species,  and  is  common  in  the 
Thames.  Its  flesh,  though  coarse  and  un- 
savoury, is  sometimes  used  by  the  poor.  It 
grows  to  a  large  size,  being  sometimes  15  to 
18  Ibs.  weight. 

Barcarole  (barTca-rol),  n.  Same  as  Barca- 
rolle. 

Barcarolle  (barTta-rol),  n.  [Fr  ,  from  It. 
barcarolo,barcaruolo,& boatman, from  barca, 
a  barque,  boat,  or  barge.]  1.  A  simple  song 
or  melody  sung  by  Venetian  gondoliers. — 
2.  A  piece  of  instrumental  music  composed 
in  imitation  of  such  a  song. 

Barcon  (bar'kon),  n.  [It.  barcone,  aug.  of 
barca,  a  barque.]  A  luggage-vessel  used  In 
the  Mediterranean. 

Bar-cutter  (barTiut  er),  n.  A  shearing  ma- 
chine which  cuts  metallic  bars  into  lengths. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

Bard  (bard),  n.  [W.  bardd,  a  philosopher, 
priest,  or  teacher,  and  as  poetry  was  the 
vehicle  of  knowledge,  a  poet ;  Ir.  and  Gael. 
bard,  a  bard.  ]  1.  A  poet  and  a  singer  among 
the  ancient  Celts ;  one  whose  occupation 
was  to  compose  and  sing  verses  in  honour 
of  the  heroic  achievements  of  princes  and 
brave  men,  generally  to  the  accompaniment 
of  the  harp.  The  Welsh  bards  formed  an 
hereditary  order  regulated  by  laws  enacted 
about  A.I).  1000.  They  were  suppressed  by 
Edward  I.,  but  revived  by  the  Tudors.— 
2.  In  modern  usage,  a  poet ;  as,  the  bard  of 
Avon;  the  Ayrshire  bard. 

A  bard  here  dwelt,  more  fat  than  bard  beseems. 
Thomson. 

Bard  (bard),  n.  [Fr.  barde.  ]  A  strip  of  bacon 
used  for  larding. 

Bard  (bard),  t>.  t.  To  cover  with  thin  lard, 
as  birds  or  meat  to  be  dressed. 

Bardasht  (bar'dash),  n.  [Fr.  bardache;  Sp. 
bardaxa,  from  Ar.  bardaj,  a  slave.]  A  boy 
kept  for  unnatural  purposes. 

Barde  (bard),  n.  The  trappings  of  a  horse. 
[Forderivation  and  full  definition  see  BARBK, 
which  is  a  corruption  of  this  word,  but  the 
form  mostirequently  met  with.] 

Barded  (bard'ed),  a.  [See  BARBE.]  Wear- 
ing defensive  armour ;  richly  caparisoned. 
'  Barded  horses. '  Holinshed.  '  Fifteen  hun- 
dred men  .  .  .  barded  and  richly  trapped.' 
Stow.  [Rare  in  this  form.] 

Bardesanist  (bar-des'an-ist).  n.  One  of  the 
followers  of  Bardesanes,  of  Edessa,  in  Meso- 
potamia, in  the  second  century,  who  taught 
that  the  actions  of  men  depend  on  fate,  to 
which  God  himself  is  subject,  and  denied 
the  incarnation  of  Christ  and  the  resurrec- 
tion. 

Bardic  (bard'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  bards  or 
to  their  poetry.  'The  bardic  profession.' 
T.  Warton. 

Bardin,t  Bardynget  (bard'in,  biird'ing),  n. 
[See  BARBE.)  Milit.  a  complete  set  of 
trappings  for  a  horse. 

Bardish  (bard'ish).  a.  Pertaining  to  bards; 
written  by  a  bard.  'Bardish  impostures.' 
Selden. 

Bardism  (bard'izm),  n.  The  science  of  bards; 
the  learning  and  maxims  of  bards. 

Bardling  (bard'ling),  n.  [Dim.  of  Sard.)  An 
inferior  bard;  a  mediocre  poet. 

Bardshlp  (bard'ship),  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  a  bard;  a  poet  or  bard.  Byron. 

Bare  (bar),  a.  [A.  Saz.  bar,  beer,  Icel.  ber, 
Sw.  Dan.  bar,  D.  baar,  G.  bar,  baar,  Goth, 
(hypothetical)  bams,  Slav,  bos,  Lith.  boats; 
probably  from  a  root  meaning  shining  seen 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


HARE 


219 


BARGE-BOARD 


in  Skr.  M<<*,  to  shine.]  1.  Naked;  without 
ruVLTing;  as,  the  arm  is  bare;  the  trees  are 
tor*. 

Thou  wast  naked  and  bare.          Ezek.  xvi.  7. 

2.  With  the  head  uncovered,  from  respect. 

When  once  thy  foot  enters  the  church,  be  bare. 
Herbert. 

3.  t  Plain ;  simple;  unadorned;  without  polish. 

Yd  was  tlieir  manners  then  but  bare  and  plain. 
Spenser. 

4.  Laid  open  to  view;  detected;  no  longer 
concealed. 

Bare  in  thy  guilt,  how  foul  thou  must  appear! 

Milton. 

6.  Poor;  destitute;  indigent;  ill-supplied; 
empty;  unfurnished;  unprovided  with  what 
is  necessary  or  comfortable. 

I  have  made  Esau  bare.  Jer.  xKx.  10. 

Often  followed  by  of;  as,  the  country  is  bare 
of  money. 

Tho'  your  violence  should  leave  them  bare 
QfcoM  and  silver,  swords  and  darts  remain. 

Dryden. 

C.  Alone;  unaccompanied;  mere. 

It  was  a  bare  petition  of  a  state.          Shak. 

1.  Threadbare;  much  worn. 

It  appears,  by  their  bare  liveries,  that  they  live  by 
your  bare  words.  Shak. 

B.t  Raw;  excoriated. 

How  many  flics  .  .  . 

Do  seize  upon  a  beast  whose  back  is  bare. 

Spenser. 

9.1  Lean;  spare. 

Fai.  For  their  bareness,  I  am  sure  they  never  learned 

that  of  me. 

Prince.  .  .  .  Unless  you  call  three  fingers  in  the  ribs 
tare.  Shak. 

—  The  bare,  (a)  in  art,  the  nude.     (&)t  The 
uncovered  or  unhidden  surface;  the  body; 
the  substance.    [Rare.] 

You  have  touched  the  very  bare  of  truth.    Marston. 

—  Under  bare  poles  (naut. ),  applied  to  a  ship 
without  any  sail  set  whatever,  in  a  gale  of 
wind. 

Bare  (bar),  v.  t.  pret.  <fe  pp.  bared;  ppr.  baring. 
[A.  Sax.  barian,  Icel.  bera.  See  BARE,  a,] 
To  strip  off  the  covering;  to  make  naked; 
as,  to  bare  the  breast. 

He  bared  an  ancient  oak  of  all  her  boughs.  Dryden. 

Bare  (bar),  old  pret.  of  bear,  now  Bore. 

Bare-backed  (bar'bakt),  a.  l.  Having  the 
back  uncovered;  unsaddled,  as  a  horse. 
'Bare-backed  steeds.'  Dickens. — 2.  Applied 
to  an  acrobat  who  performs  his  feats  on  a 
bare-backed  horse;  as,  a  bare-backed  rider. 

Bareboiie  (bar'bon),  n.  A  very  lean  person. 
I  Rare  ] 
Here  comes  lean  Jack,  here  comes  barebone.  Shak. 

Bareboned  (bar'bond),  a.  Having  the  bones 
bare  or  scantly  covered  with  flesh;  so  lean 
that  the  bones  show  their  forms. 

But  now  that  fair  fresh  mirror,  dim  and  old, 
Shows  me  a  bareboned  death  by  time  outworn. 
Shak. 

Barebones  (bar'bonz),  n.  1.  A  canting  hypo- 
crite: so  named  after  Praise-God  Barebones, 
a  fanatic  in  Cromwell's  time,  from  whom  the 
Barebones  Parliament  derived  its  name. — 

2.  A  very  lean  person. 

Barefaced  (barest),  a.  1.  With  the  face 
uncovered;  not  masked.  'Then  you  will 
play  barefaced.'  Shak.  —  2.  Undisguised; 
unreserved;  without  concealment;  open:  in 
a  good  or  indifferent  sense. 

It  (Christianity)  did  not  peep  in  dark  corners,  but 
with  a  barefaced  confidence  openly  proclaimed  itself. 
Barrow. 

3.  Undisguised  oropen,inabad sense;  hence, 
shameless;  impudent;  audacious;  as,  abare- 
faced  falsehood.     'Barefaced  treason.'    J. 

Baillie. 

Barefacedly  (bar'fast-li),  adv.    In  a  bare- 
faced manner;  without  disguise  or  reserve; 
openly;  shamelessly;  impudently. 
Some  profligate  wretches  own  it  too  barefacedly. 
Locke. 

Barefaced  ness  (bar/fast-ne8),n.  1.  Openness. 
•_'.  Effrontery;  assurance;  audaciousness. 

Barefoot  (bar'fut),  a.  1.  With  the  feet  bare; 
without  shoes  or  stockings.  '  Going  to  find 
a  barefoot  brother  out.  Shak.  —  2.f  Tra- 
velled or  passed  over  without  shoes. 

Hedgehogs,  which 

Lie  tumbling  in  my  barefoot  way,  and  mount 
Their  pricks  at  my  footfall.  Shak. 

Barefoot  (bar'fut),  adv.  With  the  feet  bare. 
'  I  must  dance  barefoot.'  Shak. 

Barefooted  (bar'f  ut-ed),  a.  Having  the  feet 
bare:  applied  to  certain  monks  and  nuns  of 
various  orders,  who  assume  a  higher  grade 
of  asceticism  by  either  wearing  no  shoes,  or 
merely  soles. 

Barege  (ba-razh/),  n.  [From  Barfges,  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Pyrenees.]  A  thin  gauze-like 


fabric  f»>r  ladic-'  drifts,  usually  mad.-  »f 
silk  and  worsted,  but,  in  the  inferior  sorts, 
with  cotton  instead  of  silk.  In  reality  ba- 
reges were  never  made  in  the  village  from 
which  they  have  their  name,  the  seat  of  the 
manufacture  bcinu'  ;it  Jtagnyres  de  r.iuunx-. 

Baregin  (ba-razh'in),  n.  [From  Barfyen,  a 
watering-place  in  the  Pyrenees.]  A  trans- 
parent, gelatinous,  mucus-like  substance, 
the  product  of  certain  algae  growing  in  sul- 
phuric mineral  springs,  to  which  they  im- 
part the  flavour  and  odour  of  flesh-broth. 
I'.aivLcin  is  composed  of  46  parts  of  carbon, 
7  hydrogen,  6  nitrogen,  and  from  30  to  40  of 
ash,  chiefly  silica. 

Baregnawn  <b»*'/n3n)>  a-  Gnawn  or  eaten 
bare.  ,S/«;A 

Bareheaded  (bar'hed-ed),  a.  Having  the 
head  uacovered.eitherfrom  respect  orother 
cause. 

On  being  first  brought  before  the  court.  Ridley 
stood  bareheaded.  b'roude. 

Bareheadedness  (barTied-ed-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  bareheaded. 

Barehendedness  was  in  Corinth,  as  also  in  all  Greece 
and  Rome,  a  token  of  honour  and  superiority. 

Bp.  Hall. 

Barely  (bar'li),arft'.  1.  Nakedly;  poorly;  indi- 
gently; without  decoration;  as,  &mniibarely 
clad;  a  room  barely  furnished. —2.  Scarcely; 
hardly;  scrimply;  as,  she  is  barely  sixteen. 
3.t  Merely;  only;  without  anything  more. 

His  son  is  duke  .  .  .  barely  v\  title,  not  in  revenue. 
Shak. 

Bareness  (bar'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
bare ;  as,  (a)  want  or  deficiency  of  clothing 
or  covering;  nakedness.  'And  mock  us  with 
our  bareness.'  Shak.  (&)  Deficiency  of  ap- 
propriate covering,  equipment,  furniture, 
ornament,  and  the  like.  '  Old  December's 
bareness.'  Shak. 

To  make  old  bareness  picturesque. 

And  tuft  with  grass  a  feudal  tower.     Tennyson. 

(c)  Leanness.    [Rare.] 

For  their  bareness,  I  am  sure  they  never  learned 
that  of  me.  Shak. 

(rf)  Poverty;  indigence.  "The  bareness  of 
the  primitive  church.'  South. 

Bare-picked  (bar'pikt),  a.  Picked  bare; 
stripped  of  all  flesh,  as  a  bone.  *  The  bare- 
picked  bone  of  majesty.'  Shak. 

Bare-pump  (bar' pump),  n.  A  pump  for 
drawing  liquor  out  of  a  cask. 

Bare-ribbed  (bar'ribd),  a.  With  bare  ribs 
like  a  skeleton.  'Bare-ribbed  death.'  Shak. 

Baresark  (bar'sark),  n.  A  berserk  or  ber- 
serker (which  see). 

M.uiy  of  Harold's  brothers  in  arms  fell,  and  on  his 
own  ship  every  man  before  the  mast,  except  his  band 
of  Baresarks,  was  either  wounded  or  slain. 

£dt'n.  Rev. 

Baret  (bar'et),  n.  [Fr.  barette.]  A  priest, 
bishop,  or  cardinal's  cap;  a  biretta  (whieh 
see). 

Bare-worn  (bar'w6rn),rt.  Worn  bare;  naked 
of  turf.  'The  bare-worn  common.'  Gold- 
smith. 

Bar-fee  (b&r'fe),  n.  In  law,  a  fee  of  twenty 
pence,  which  every  prisoner  acquitted  (at 
the  bar)  of  felony  formerly  paid  to  the  jailer. 

Barful  (bar'ful),  a.  Full  of  obstructions  or 
impediments.  '  A  barful  strife.'  Shak. 
[Rare.] 

Bargain  (bar'gin),  n.  [O.Fr.  bargains,  bar- 
gagne,  Pr.  barganh,  barganha,  It.  bargagno, 
L.L.  barcania,  a  bargain,  traffic;  O.Fr.  oar- 
gaigner,  barginer,  &c.,  Mod.Fr.  bargaigner, 
It.  bargaanare,  L.L.  barcaniare,  to  traffic- 
believed  by  Diez  and  others  to  be  from  L.L. 
barca,  a  boat  or  bark.]  1.  A  contract  or 
agreement  between  two  or  more  parties;  a 
compact  settling  that  something  shall  be 
done;  specifically,  a  contract  by  which  one 
party  binds  himself  to  transfer  the  right  to 
some  property  for  a  consideration,  and  the 
other  party  binds  himself  to  receive  the  pro- 
perty and  pay  the  consideration.  '  To  clap 
this  royal  bargain  up  of  peace.'  Shak. 

Kcs.   But  if  you  do  refuse  to  marry  me, 
You'll  give  yourself  to  this  most  faithful  shepherd! 
Phe.  So  is  the  bargain.  Shak. 

2.t  A  stipulation;  termsof  agreement.  'Upon 
what  bargain  do  you  give  it  me?'  Shak. — 

3.  The  thing  purchased  or  stipulated  for; 
what  is  obtained  by  an  agreement;  as,  look 
at  my  bargain  here. 

She  was  too  fond  of  her  most  filthy  bargain. 

Shak. 

4.  Something  bought  or  sold  at  a  low  price; 
as,  he  got  these  horses  a  bargain;  they  were 
sold  to  him  a  bargain.— To  sell  a  bargain 
formerly  meant  to  make  a  smart  and  unex- 
pected rejoinder.    'The  boy  hath  sold  him 


a  banjtii  n.'  Slmk. —To  sell  bargaim  also 
meant  to  make  indelicate  repartees. 

N"  :ii..M  ..t  .  OMl  ;  .  1"      ..    h.nn'tl, 

Ilowe'cr  for  selling  bargains  faui'd.       Swiff. 

—  To  strike  a  bargain,  to  complete  or  ratify 

a  bargain,  or  an  agreement.  uriidiKtlly  by 
i  t,-,!,-inij  or  shaking  hands  /'"  in<tl,,>  tin-  !>, .-./ 
of  a  bad  bargain,  to  do  the  best  one  can  in 
untoward  circumstances. 

I  am  sorry  for  thy  misfortune;  however,  we  must 
make  the  best  of  a  bad  bargain.  Arhuthnot. 

— Into  the  bargain,  moreover;  besides.  'She 
lost  a  thousand  pounds  and  her  bridegroom 
into  the  bargain.'  Addition.—  Bargain  and 
gale,  in  law,  a  species  of  conveyance  liy 
which  the  bargainer  contracts  to  convey  tin- 
lands  to  the  bargainee,  and  becomes  by  such 
contract  a  trustee  for  and  seised  to  the  use 
of  the  bargainee.  The  statute  then  com- 
pletes the  purchase;  that  is,  the  bargain 
vests  the  use,  and  the  statute  vests  the  pos- 
session. —  SYN.  Contract,  compact,  agree- 
ment, paction,  covenant. 
Bargain  (bar'gin),  tu'.  1.  To  make  a  contract 
or  agreement;  to  make  stipulations;  often 
to  make  an  agreement  about  the  transfer  of 
property. 

The  thrifty  state  will  bargain  ere  they  fight. 

Dryden. 

Often  with  for  before  the  thing  purchased. 

So  worthless  peasants  bargain  for  their  wives. 
Shak. 

Bargain  (bar'gin),  v.t.  To  sell;  to  transfi  r 
for  a  consideration;  as,  A  bargained  away 
his  farm:  a  popular  use  of  the  word. 

Bargainee  (bar-gin-g'),  n.  In  law,  the  party 
to  whom  a  bargain  and  sale  ia  made. 
Wharton. 

Bargainer  (bar'gin-er),  n.  One  who  bargains 
or  stipulates;  specifically,  in  law,  the  party 
in  a  contract  who  stipulates  to  sell  and  con- 
vey property  to  another  by  bargain  and 
sale. 

Bargainer  (bar'gin-or),  n.  Same  as  Bar- 
gainer, in  law. 

Bargaret,t  n.  [Fr.  bergerette,  a  little  pas- 
toral song.]  A  sort  of  song.  Chaucer. 

Barge  (barj),  n.  [O.Fr.  barge,  L.L.  bargia, 
barga.barca,  bark.  See  BARQUE,  which  (as 
well  as  bark)  is  simply  a  different  form  of 
this  word.]  1.  A  pleasure-boat;  a  vessel  or 


State  Barge. 

boat  of  state,  furnished  with  elegant  apart- 
ments, canopies,  and  cushions,  equipped 
with  a  band  of  rowers,  and  decorated  with 
flags  and  streamers,  used  by  sovereigns, 
officers,  and  magistrates. 

The  barge  she  sat  in,  like  a  burnish'd  throne, 
Buin'd  on  the  water.  Skat. 

2.  A  flat-bottomed  vessel  of  burden  for  load- 
ing and  unloading  ships,  and,  on  rivers  and 
canals,  for  conveying  goods  from  one  place 
to  another. 

By  the  margin,  willow-veil'd. 
Slide  the  heavy  barges  trail'd 
By  slow  horses.  Tennyson. 

3.  A  boat  of  long,  slight,  and  spacious  con- 
struction,  generally  carvel  -  built,   double- 
banked,  for  the  use  of  admirals  and  captains 
of  ships  of  war.    Smyth.—  4.  A  boat  for  pas- 
sengers and  freight,  two-decked,  but  with- 
out sails  or  power,  and  towed  by  a  steam- 
boat.    [American.  ] 

Barge-board  (biiri'bord),  n.  [Probably  a 
corruption  of  seme-board,  which  isalso  used  ] 
In  arch,  a  board  generally  used  on  gablts 
where  thereof  extends  over  the  wall, usually 
projecting  from  the  wall,  and  either  cover- 
ing the  rafter  that  wouldotherwise  be  visible. 


eh,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  si«0;      TH,  Men;  th,  thin;     w,  u?ig;     wh,  u»Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BARGE-COUPLE 


220 


BARLEY 


or  occupying  its  place.  The  earliest  barge- 
boards  belong  to  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  many  of  those  dating  from  this  and  the 
fifteenth  century  are  beautifully  decorated. 


Barge-board  of  15th  century,  Ockwells,  Berkshire. 

They  are  usually  either  feathered  or  pan- 
nelled  or  pierced  with  a  series  of  trefoils, 
quatrefoils,  &c.,  or  have  their  surfaces 
carved  with  foliage.  After  this  period  bar;;e- 
boards  gradually  lost  much  of  their  bold 
and  rich  effect. 

Barge-couple  (barj'ku-pl),  n.  In  arch,  one 
of  tile  rafters  placed  under  the  barge-course, 
which  serve  as  grounds  for  the  barge-boards, 
and  carry  the  plastering  or  boarding  of  the 
soffits. 

Barge-course  (barj'kors),  n.  In  bricklay- 
ing, a  part  of  the  tiling  which  projects  be- 
yond the  principal  rafters  in  buildings  where 
there  is  a  gable ;  also,  the  coping  of  a  wall 
formed  by  a  course  of  bricks  set  on  edge. 

Bargee  (barj'e),  n.  One  of  the  crew  of  a 
barge  or  canal  boat. 

Bargeman  ( bar j' man),  n.  The  man  who 
manages  a  barge.  'And  backward  yode  as 
bargemen  wont  to  fare.'  Spenser. 

Bargemaster  (barj'mas-ter),  n.  The  pro- 
prietor of  a  barge  conveying  goods  for  hire. 

Barger  (barj'er),  n.  The  manager  of  a  barge. 
'The  London  bargers.'  Carew.  [Bare.] 

Bar-gown  (bar'goun),  n.  The  gown  or  dress 
of  a  lawyer. 

Barguest,  Bar-ghatst  (bar'gest),  n.  [Per- 
haps lit.  bier-giiost~k.  Sax.  beer,  a  bier, 
giut,  gaest,  Sc.  ghaist,  a  ghost  or  spirit. 
1;  it  son,  however,  says  it  was  so  called  from 
appearing  near  bars  or  stiles.]  A  kind  of 
hobgoblin,  spirit,  or  ghost  believed  in  in  the 
north  of  England ;  its  appearance  to  any 
one  was  supposed  to  prognosticate  death  or 
other  great  calamity. 

He  understood  Greek,  Latin,  and  Hebrew,  and 
therefore,  according  to  his  brother  Wilfrid,  needed 
not  to  care  for  ghaist  or  bar-gtiuist,  devil  or  dobbie. 
Sir  II'.  Scott. 

Baria  (ba'rl-a),  n.    Baryta  (which  see). 

Bariga  (ba-re'ga),  n.  [Sp.]  A  kind  of  infe- 
rior silk  brought  from  the  East  Indies. 

Barilla  (ba-ril'la),  n.  [Sp.  barilla,  impure 
soda,  also  the  plant  from  which  it  is  pro- 
duced.] 1.  A  plant,  the  Salsola  sativa,  nat. 
order  Chenopodiacese,  cultivated  in  Spain 
for  its  ashes,  from  which  the  purest  kind  of 
mineral  alkali  is  obtained ;  used  in  making 
glass  and  soap,  and  in  bleaching  linen.  The 
plant  is  cut  and  laid  in  heaps,  and  burned, 
the  salts  running  into  a  hole  in  the  ground, 
where  they  form  a  vitrified  lump. — 2.  The 
commercial  name  for  the  impure  carbonate 
and  sulphate  of  soda  imported  from  Spain 
and  the  Levant,  obtained  from  this  plant, 
as  also  from  Batis  maritima  and  other 
plants  growing  in  salt  marshes.  British 
barilla  or  kelp  is  a  still  more  impure  alkali 
obtained  from  burning  seaweeds. 

Barillet  (bartl-let),  «.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  baril,  a 
barrel.]  The  barrel  or  case  containing  the 
mainspring  of  a  watch  or  spring-clock ;  the 
funnel  of  a  sucking-pump. 

Bar-Iron  (bart-em),  ».  Iron  wrought  into 
malleable  bars  by  puddling  and  rolling. 

Barlta,  Barltah  (ba-ri'ta),  n.  A  genus  of 
Australian  and  New  Guinea  gregarious  coni- 
rostral  birds,  otherwise  called  Psilorhinus 
or  Strepera,  remarkable  for  their  large  and 
almost  straight  bill,  whose  base  extends 
very  far  back  on  the  forehead ;  classed  by 
some  with  the  Laniidie,  by  others  with  the 
Cjrvidaj.  The  piping-crow  (B.  tibicen)  of 
New  South  Wales  is  the  best  known  species. 

Baritone  (bart-ton),  n.  and  a.  Same  as 
Barytone. 

Barium  (ba'ri-um),  n.  [Gr.  barys,  heavy.  See 


BARYTA.]  Sym.  Ba.;  at.  wt.  137.  The  me- 
tallic basis  of  baryta,  which  is  an  oxide  of 
barium.  Till  recently  it  was  believed  to 
resemble  silver,  but  Clarke  says  it  has  the 
colour  and  lustre  of  iron,  and  according  to 
Matbieson  it  is  a  yellow  powder.  It  is 
much  heavier  than  water,  sinking  even  in 
sulphuric  acid.  By  exposure  to  the  air  it 
attracts  oxygen,  and  becomes  slightly  co- 
vered with  a  crust  of  baryta;  it  fuses  before 
it  becomes  red-hot ;  and  when  moderately 
heated  and  exposed  to  the  air  it  burns  with 
a  deep  red  light.  It  has,  however,  been  as 
yet  obtained  only  in  small  quantities.  Ba- 
rium is  susceptible  of  two  degrees  of  oxida- 
tion ;  the  first  is  called  protoxide  of  barium 
(BaO),  or  baryta,  and  the  second  peroxide 
(Ba02),  a  gray  powder.  It  forms  compounds 
with  chlorine,  iodine,  bromine,  fluorine,  and 
sulphur.  It  occurs  abundantly  as  a  sulphate 
and  carbonate,  but  is  never  found  native. 

Bark  (bark),  n.  [Dan.  and  Sw.  bark,  Icel. 
borkr,  G.  borke,  bark.]  1.  The  exterior  cover- 
ing of  exogenous  plants,  composed  of  cellular 
and  vascular  tissue.  It  is  separable  from  the 
wood,  and  consists  of  four  layers:  1st,  the 
epidermis  or  cuticle,  which,  however,  is 
scarcely  regarded  as  a  part  of  the  true  bark; 
2d,  the  epiphlcevm  or  outer  cellular  layer 
of  the  true  bark  or  cortex ;  3d,  the  meso- 
phltxum  or  middle  layer,  also  cellular;  4th, 
an  inner  vascular  layer,  the  liber,  called 
also  the  endophlceum.  Endogenous  plants 
have  no  true  bark.  Bark  contains  many 
valuable  products,  as  gum,  tannin,  &c. — 
2.  A  special  kind  of  bark,  more  particularly 
Peruvian  bark.  See  CINCHONA. 

Bark  (bark),  v.t.  1.  To  strip  bark  off;  to 
peel.  'This  pine  is  barked.'  Shak.  Hence, 
to  strip  or  rub  off  an  outer  covering,  as 
skin;  as,  to  bark  one's  shins. 

So  after  getting  up  (the  tree)  three  or  four  feet, 
down  they  came  slithering  to  the  ground,  barking 
their  anus  and  faces.  T.  Hnffhes. 

2.  To  cover  or  inclose  with  bark;  as,  to  bark 
a  house.  — 3.  t  To  cover,  as  the  bark  does  a 
tree. 

A  most  instant  tetter  bark'd  about. 

Most  lazar-like,  with  vile  and  loathsome  crust. 

All  my  smooth  body.  Shtik. 

4.  To  apply  bark  to,  as  in  the  process  of  tan- 
ning; to  tan. — 5.  To  colour  with  an  infusion 
or  decoction  of  bark ;  as,  to  bark  sails  or 
cordage. 
Bark  (bark),  n.  Same  as  Barque  (which  see). 

O  steer  my  bark  to  Erin's  isle, 
For  Erin  is  my  home.  Moore. 

Bark  (bark),  t>.t.  [A.  Sax.  beat  can,  byrcan, 
Icel.  berkja,  to  bark.  Skeat  thinks  this 
a  modification  of  break,  A.  Sax.  brecan,  to 
break,  to  crack,  to  snap,  also  used  in  the 
sense  of  to  roar.]  1.  To  emit  the  cry  of  a 
dog,  or  a  similar  sound. — 2.  To  clamour;  to 
pursue  with  unreasonable  clamour  or  re- 
proach :  usually  followed  by  at.  '  To  bark 
at  sleeping  fame.'  Spenser. 

Bark  (bark),  B.  The  cry  of  the  domestic 
dog ;  hence,  a  cry  resembling  that  of  the 
dog,  such  as  is  emitted  by  some  other  ani- 
mals, as  the  prairie-dog. 

Barkantine  (bark'an-tin),  n.  Same  as 
Barquantine  (which  see). 

Bark-bed,  Bark- stove  (bark'bed,  bark'- 
stov),  n.  In  hort.  a  bed  formed  of  the  spent 
bark  used  by  tanners,  which  is  placed  in  the 
inside  of  a  brick  pit  in  a  glazed  house,  con- 
structed for  forcing  or  for  the  growth  of 
tender  plants.  It  produces  an  artificial 
warmth  by  the  fermentation  of  the  bark, 
and  also  keeps  the  atmosphere  of  the  house 
constantly  damp.  The  name  is  now  applied 
also  to  any  mass  of  fermenting  matter,  or 
even  to  a  reservoir  of  hot  water  in  a  hot- 
house, the  object  of  which  is  to  supply  the 
atmosphere  with  heat  and  moisture. 

Bark-bound  (bark'bound),  a.  Having  the 
jark  too  firm  or  close. 

Bar-keeper  (bar'kep-er),  n.  One  who  at- 
tends to  the  bar  of  an  inn  or  other  place  of 
public  entertainment. 

Barken  (bark'en),  v.i.  [From  bark,  the  rind 
of  a  tree.]  To  become  hard;  to  form  a  crust. 
[Scotch.) 

The  best  way's  to  let  the  blood  barken  on  the  cut 
— that  saves  platsters.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Barker  (bark'er).  n.  1.  An  animal  that 
barks;  a  person  who  clamours  unreasonably 
'  They  are  rather  enemies  of  my  fame  than 
me,  these  barkers.'  B.  Jonson.  —  2.  A  cant 
name  for  a  pistol,  as  also  for  a  lower-deck 
gun  in  a  ship  —3.  A  cant  name  for  a  person 
stationed  at  the  door  of  a  house  where  auc- 
tions of  inferior  goods  are  held,  to  invite 
strangers  to  enter;  a  touter;  a  tout. 


Barker  (bark'er),  n.  One  who  strips  trees 
of  their  bark. 

Barker's  Mill  (bark'erz  mil),  n.  An  ingeni- 
ous machine,  moved  by  the  centrifugal 
force  of  water, 
invented  more 
than  a  century 
ago  by  Dr.  Bar- 
ker, and  form- 
ing  one  of  the 
simplest  wa- 
ter-mills ever 
constructed.  It 
consists  of  a 
vertical  axis 
C  I),  moving 
on  a  pivot  at 
p,  and  carry- 
ing the  upper 
mill -stone  in, 
after  passing 
through  an 
opening  in  the 
fixed  millstone 
Upon  this 


vertical  axis  is 
Barker's  Mill.  fixed  a  vertical 

tube  TT,  com- 
municating with  a  horizontal  tube  A  B,  at  the 
extremities  of  which,  A  and  B,  are  two  aper- 
tures in  opposite  directions.  When  water 
from  the  mill-course  M  N  is  introduced  into 
the  tube  T  T,  it  flows  out  of  the  apertures  A 
and  B,  and  by  the  pressure  of  the  water  on 
the  parts  of  the  tube  opposite  the  apertures, 
the  arm  A  B,  and  consequently  the  whole 
machine,  is  put  in  motion.  The  bridge  tree 
a  b  is  elevated  or  depressed  by  turning  the 
nut  c  at  the  end  of  the  lever  c  b.  The  grain 
to  be  ground  is  poured  into  the  hopper  H 
As  modified  by  Mr.  James  Whitelaw,  it  is 
extensively  employed  under  the  name  of 
the  Scotch  turbine. 

Barkery  (bark'er-i),  n.   A  tan-house,  or  place 
where  bark  is  kept. 

Bark -galled  (bark'gald),  n     Having  the 
bark  galled,  as  a  tree. 

Barking-bird  (bark'ing-Mrd),  n.   The  Pter- 
optochos  rubecula,  a  tenuirostral  bird  com- 
mon in  Chilpe  and  Chonos,  islands  in  the 
South  American  Archipelago.     It  has  re- 
ceived its  English  name  from  its  cry,  which 
resembles  the  barking  of  a  dog. 
Barking-iron  (bark'ing-i-ern),  n.    An  in- 
strument for  removing  the  bark  of  oak  and 
other  trees,  which  is  used  for  tanning. 
Barking-Irons  (bark'iug-i-ernz).  n.  pi.    A 
slang  name  for  pistols.    Marryatt. 
Barkless  (barkles),  n.    Destitute  of  bark. 
Bark-louse  (barklous),  n.    A  minute  insect 
of  the  genus  Aphis  that  infests  trees. 
Bark-mill  (bark'mil),  n.    A  mill  for  crush- 
ing bark  for  the  use  of  tanners  and  dyers. 
Bark-paper  (bark'pa-per),  n.    Paper  made 
from  Dark ;  specifically,  paper  made  from 
the  bark  of  Bruussonetia  papyri/era,  a  tree 
common  in  South-eastern  Asia  and  Oceanica, 
where  the  paper  made  from  it  is  the  usual 
writing  material.    E.  H.  Knight. 
Bark-pit  (bark'pit),  n.    A  tan-pit,  or  pit  for 
tanning  or  steeping  leather. 
Bark-rosslng  Machine,  ".   A  machine  for 
removing  the  ross  or  rough  scaly  portion 
from  the  outside  of  bark. 
Bark-stove,  ».    See  BARK-BED. 
Barky  (bark'i),  a.    Consisting  of  bark ;  con- 
taining bark;   covered  with  bark.     'The 
barky  fingers  of  the  elm.'    Shak. 
Bar-lathe  (bartaTH),  B.    A  lathe  whose 
beam  or  shear  consists  of  a  single  bar,  usu- 
ally triangular  in  cross-section. 
Barley  (barti),  n.    [O.E.  barlic,  barlich,  ber- 
lic,  berlich,  from  A.  Sax.  bere,  barley,  and 
leac,  a  plant,  an  herb  (also  a  leek) ;  comp. 
garlic,  charlock,  hemlock.    Bar,  bere,  is  of 
cognate  origin  with  L.  far,  spelt.    There  is 
a   remarkable    similarity  in   some   Celtic 
words,  as  W.  barlys,  bread-corn,  barley— 
bara,  bread,  and  llws,  pi.  llysan,  herbs  or 
plants;  Com.  barliz.}  The  name  of  grain  ob- 
tained from  several  species  of  Hordeum,  nat. 
order Gramineffi,  used  especially  formaking 
malt,  from  which  are  distilled  liquors  of  ex- 
tensive use,  as  beer,  ale,  and  porter;  as  also 
the  name  of  the  plants  yielding  the  grain. 
Varieties  of  the  species  H.  distichum.  two- 
rowed  barley ;  H.  vulgare,  four-rowed  bar- 
ley;  and  H.  hexastichum,  six-rowed,  are 
those  principally  cultivated  in  Britain.  The 
varieties  of  the  four  and  six  rowed  species 
are  generally  coarser  than  those  of  the  two- 
rowed,  and  adapted  for  a  poorer  soil  ami 
more  exposed  situation.    Some  of  these  art- 
called  bere  or  bigg.  Barley  is  better  adapted 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


BARLEY 


221 


IIAKOMETEIl 


for  colil  climates  thnn  any  other  grain,  :iu>l 
some  of  the  coarser  varieties  are  cultivated 
where  no  other  cereal  ean  be  grown.  r«t 
iir  Xriitc.li  barley  in  the  grain  deprived  of  the 
liusk  in  a  mill'.  I'earl  barley  is  the  grain 
1  olished  and  rounded  and  deprived  of  husk 
and  pellicle.  Patent  barley  is  the  farina 
obtained  by  grinding  pearl  barley.  This 
grain  is  used  in  medicine,  aa  possessing 
emollient,  diluent,  and  expectorant  quali- 
ties. 

Barley  (hiir'li).  [R  imrtr/i,  from  Fr.  parler, 
to  speak,  hence  to  eense  from  contest  with 
the  view  of  treating  or  of  holding  a  confer- 
ence.] A  cry  among  children  at  certain 
DINK'S  when  ttiey  wish  for  a  truce  or  tem- 
porary stop.  [Scotch.] 

Barley-aveler,  Barley-awner  (biir'li-av'- 
i-l  er,  bar'li-an'er).  n.  A  machine  consistiiiK 
of  parallel  iron  plates  fixed  to  a  frame,  for 
removim:  the  avels  or  awns  of  barley,  and 
leaving  the  kernels  clean.  Called  also  Bar- 
ky-humincller. 

Barley-bird  (bftrll-benl).  n.  i.  A  name  of 
the  siskin  (b'ritx.iilla  x/'/in/*)  '2.  A  name 
u'ivrn  also  sometimes  to  the  wryneek  (Yunx 
torauilla). 

Barley-brake,  Barley-break  (barll-brak), 
it.  An  ancient  rural  game  played  round 
stacks  of  barley  or  other  grain,  in  which 
some  of  the  party  attempt  to  catch  others. 

She  went  abroad  thereby 
At  barley-brake  her  sweet  swift  feet  to  try. 

Sir  P.  Siiay. 

Barlev-bree,  Barley-broo  (barli-bre,  !>ar/- 
li-brb),  n.  [Barky  and  bree,  broo  (which 
see).]  Liquor  made  from  malt,  whether 
by  brewing  or  distillation :  ale  or  whisky. 
(Scotch.) 

Barley-broth  (bar'li-broth),  n.  1.  Broth 
Uftde  by  boiling  barley  and  meat  along  with 
vegetables.  [Scotch.  ]— 2.  Beer:  used  in  con- 
tempt. Comp.  Scotch  barley-brce. 

Can  sodden  water 

A  .trench  for  sur-rein'd  jades,  their  barley-broth, 
Decoct  their  cohl  blood  to  such  valiant  heat? 

Mat. 

Barleycorn  (Mrli-korn),  n.  [See  TORN.] 
1.  A  tfrain  of  barley. —2.  A  measure  equal  to 
the  third  part  of  an  inch.  —  John,  or  Sir 
John  Barleycorn,  a  humorous  personifica- 
tion of  the  spirit  of  barley,  or  malt  liquor:  a 
usage  of  considerable  antiquity. 

Barley-fever(narli-fe-ver),H.  Illness  caused 
by  intemperance.  [North  of  England.] 

Barley-huller  (baili-hiil-cr),  n.  A  machine 
for  removing  the  husk  or  husk  and  pellicle 
from  the  grain  of  barley  to  make  pot  or 
pearl  barley.  See  under  BARLEY. 

Barley -hummeller  (bar'li-hum-el-er),  n. 
Same  as  Barley-avcler. 

Barley-meal  (bar'li-mel),  n.  Meal  or  flour 
made  from  barley. 

Barley-mill  (barMi-mil),  n.  Same  as  Barley- 

/It'll'':-. 

Barley-sick  (barli-sik),  a.  Sick  after  in- 
toxication. [Scotch.] 

Barley -sugar  (biir'li-shu-ger),  n.  Sugar 
boiled  till  it  is  brittle  (formerly  with  a  de- 
coction of  barley),  and  candied. 

Barley-water  (biir'li-wa-ter),  n.  A  decoc- 
tion of  pearl  barley  used  in  medicine  as  an 
emollient. 

Barm  (barm),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beorma,  beanna, 
Kris,  beyitii',  barm,  Sw.  biirma,  Dan.  bdruie, 
L.  G.  bonne,  banne,  barm,  G.  bdrme,  barm, 
yeast,  perhaps  from  the  verb  to  bear,  as  G. 
hefe,  barm,  from  heben.  to  heave,  and  Fr. 
Utain,  leaven,  from  lever,  to  lift,  or  more 
probably  from  root  of  brew. ]  Yeast;  the 
scum  or  foam  rising  upon  beer,  or  other  malt 
liquors,  when  fermenting,  and  used  as  leaven 
in  In  c  d  to  make  it  swell,  causing  it  to  be 
softer,  lighter,  and  more  delicate.  It  may 
be  used  in  liquors  to  make  them  ferment  or 
work.  It  is  really  a  fungus,  Torula  Cere- 
oisia.  See  YEAST,  FERMENTATION. 

Barm  (barm),  n.  Same  as  Be rm  (which  see). 

Barmaid  (biir'mad),  n.  A  maid  or  woman 
who  attends  the  bar  of  an  inn  or  other  place 
of  refreshment. 

Bar-master  (bar'mas-ter),  ».  [(i.  berg- 
u><'i*ter,  a  surveyor  of  mines;  comp.  bar- 
>it:if,-.]  A  comptroller  of  mines. 

Barme.t  n.  [A.  Sax.  bearm,  bann,  O.Sax. 
i'an.  and  Sw.  barm,  Goth,  barms,  the  bosom: 
Icel,  barmr,  the  lap  of  a  garment,  a  brim, 
and  later  the  bosom  ;  from  root  of  verb  to 
'I'-'ti-.}  The  bosom ;  the  lap. 

Barmecide,  Barmacide  (barW-sid,  bar1- 
ina-sid),  a.  [From  Barmecide,  the  name  of 
a  powerful  Persian  family.  See  story  of  the 
barber's  sixth  brother  in  the  Arabian 
flights,  to  whom  Barmecide  pretended  to 
give  a  sumptuous  feast,  which  Schacabac 


professed  to  cat  and  enjoy,  although  there 
were  no  viands  brought  forward  at  all.]  A 
term  applied  to  what  is  tantalising  and  un- 
satisfying; mock;  sham;  uitbont  snbst;inee 
•A  Han, ii'i-i:/''  feast,'  nbuteray. 
Barme-cloth.t  n.  [See  IJAUMK.J"  An  apron. 

Cll  It  II  Cl'l'. 

Barmillan  (biir-miryan),  /i.    An  old  name 

fur  a  kind  of  fustian  goods  largely  exported 

from  England. 
Barmkyn,  Barmkln  (harm'kiii).  ».    |  From 

lifrin  (which  see).]    The  rampart,  or  outer 

fortification  of  a  castle. 

And  broad  and  bloody  rose  the  sun, 
And  on  the  bnrtiikyn  shone.  Old bnlhid. 

Battlements  and  barmtins  and  all  the  other  ap- 
purtenances of  a  Strength,  as  such  places  were 
called.  Lever. 

Barmote,  Barghmote  (biir'mot,  biirg'mot), 
n.  [A.  Sax.  berg,  a  hill,  and  mote,  an  assem- 
bly. |  The  name  of  two  courts  having  juris- 
diction over  those  parts  of  the  hundred  of 
High  Peak  in  Derbyshire  which  belong  to 
the  duchy  of  Lancaster,  and  are  therefore 
crown  possessions,  the  crown  having  here 
the  right  to  the  mineral  duties.  The  great 
barmote  is  held  twice  a  year  for  swearing 
in  the  grand-jury,  Ac. ;  the  little  barmote  is 
held  as  occasion  may  require  for  the  trial  of 
actions.  Both  are  presided  over  by  a  judge 
called  the  steward. 

Barmy  (barm'i),  a.  Containing  barm  or 
yeast.  '  Of  windy  cider  and  of  barmy  beer.' 
Dryden. 

Barn  (barn),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bcrern— bere,  bar- 
ley, and  tern,  or  ern,  a  house,  a  repository; 
comp.  A.  Sax.  horsem,  a  stable ;  sltfpern,  a 
sleeping  place.]  A  covered  building  for  se- 
curing grain,  hay,  flax,  or  other  farm  pro- 
duce :  in  America  it  may  be  for  stabling 
horses  or  cattle. 

Barn  (barn),  c.t.  To  store  up  in  a  barn. 
Shak. 

Men  .  .  .  often  barn  up  the  chaff,  and  burn  up  the 
grain.  Fuller. 

Barn,t  Barne.t  ».    A  child.    See  BAIRN. 

Mercy  on's,  a  bitrne ;  a  very  pretty  burnt  1  A  boy 
or  a  child,  I  wonder!  S/iai. 

Barnabee  (bar'na-be),  n.    The  lady-bird. 

[Provincial.] 
Barnabite  (bar'ua-bit),  a.    Of  or  belonging 

to  the  order  of  St.  Barnabas;  as,  a  Barna- 

bite  monk;  a  Barnabite  friar. 
Barnabyt  (bar'na-bi),  ».   An  old  dance  to  a 

quick  movement. 

Bounce  I  cries  the  porthole — out  they  fly. 

And  make  the  world  dance  Barnaby.      Cotton. 

Barnacle  (biir'na-kl),  n.  [Fr.  bernacle,  bar- 
nacle, L.L.  beriiacula,  for  pcrnacvla,  dim. 
of  L.  perna.  a  ham,  and  also  from  its  shape 
a  kind  of  shell-fish,  a  limpet.  This  is  the 
origin  according  to  Max  Miiller,  who  derives 
the  word  in  the  meaning  of  goose  from  Hi- 
bernia,  Ireland,  supposing  that  the  barnacle 
geese  were  originally  called  hibemiculte,  or 
Irish  geese,  and  that  the  similarity  in  the 
names  gave  rise  to  the  extraordinary  belief 
regarding  the  origin  of  these  birds.  (See 
below.)  As  the  name  of  a  kind  of  shell-fish, 
however,  the  word  may  be  from  the  Celtic 
rather  than  the  Latin ;  comp.  Fr.  branache, 
brenache,  barnache,  Gael,  bairneach,  bar- 
nacles, limpets;  W.  brenig,  limpets;  Manx 
barnagh,  a  limpet]  1.  A  stalked  cirriped, 
genus  Lepas,  family  Lepadidie,  often  found 
on  the  bottoms  of  ships,  on 

Sieces  of  timber.floating  in  or 
xed  below  the  surface  of  the 
sea;  the  goose-mussel.  The 
name  has  also  been  loosely 
applied  to  other  cirripeds,  as 
the  species  of  the  closely 
allied  genus  Balanus.  See 
LEPADID.E.  —  2.  A  species  of 
goose  (Anser  Bemicla),  found 
in  the  northern  seas, but  visit- 
ing more  southern  climates 
in  winter.  The  forehead  and 
Barnacle  (Lefas  cheeks  are  white,  the  upper 
aiuut/ira).  part  of  the  body  and  neck  Is 
black.  Formerly  a  strange 
notion  prevailed  that  these  birds  grew  out  of 
the  barnacles  attached  to  pieces  of  timber 
fixed  or  floating  in  the  sea,  and  believed 
also  to  grow  on  trees  overhanging  the  sea. 
This  belief  may  have  arisen  from  some  fan- 
cied resemblance  of  the  cirripeds  of  the 
same  name  to  birds;  somewhat  in  the  same 
way  as  the  plant  columbine  has  received  its 
name.  The  barnacle  goose  is  rather  smaller 
than  the  common  wild  goose;  it  weighs 
about  5  Ibs.,  and  is  rather  more  than  2  feet 
long.  Written  also  Bernacle. 


Barnacles  (har'na-kl/).  n.pl.  [Probably  a 
corruption  ..i  .  <•  IHNOCI.K  ]  i.  An 

instrument    consisting    of    two    branch.  <• 
joined  at  nne  end  \s  itli  a  hilmc.  to  jiiit  upon 

a  Imrse's  nose,  to  confine  him  for  slioeiiiL'. 

Heeding,  or  dressing:  in  this  sense  fornn  1 1;, 

used  in  the  singular.— 2.  A  cant  name  for  a 

pair  of  spectacles. 
Barn-door  (barn'dor),   ii.     The  door  of  a 

barn       l!<ii'ii-<t(«<i- fmrt,  a  name  given  to  the 

eotiiiiii'N  domestic  fou  Is. 
Barn-OWl  (barn'oul),  n.    The  common  white 

or  church  owl  (Strix  flnmnmi),   so  called 

from  l>eing  often  found  in  barns,  where  ii 

proves  very  useful  by  destroying  mice.    Si.,. 

OWL. 
Barns-breaking  (liarn/.'hrak-ing).  n.     Any 

mischievous  or  injurious  action;   an   idle 

frolic.    [Scotch.] 

There  is  blood  on  your  hand,  and  your  clothes  are 
torn.  What  barns-breaking  have  you  been  at?  You 
have  been  drunk,  Richard,  and  fighting. 

.V/  If .  SMI. 

Barn-yard  (bam'yard),  n.  A  yard  adjacent 
to  a  oarn.  —  Barn-yard  fowl,  one  of  our 
common  domestic  fowls. 

Barograph,  (bar'6-graf),  n.  [Gr.  ftarox, 
weight,  and  graphn,  to  write.]  A  self-regis- 
tering instrument  for  recording  the  varia- 
tions in  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  It 
is  made  by  attaching  to  the  lever  of  a  coun- 
terpoised barometer  an  arm  with  a  pemil 
in  contact  with  a  sheet  of  paper,  and  moved 
uniformly  by  clock-work.  The  result  is  a 
continuous  trace,  whose  form  corresponds 
to  the  variations  of  pressure. 

Baroko,  Barocp  (ba-ro'ko),  n.  [A  mnemonic 
word.]  In  logic,  a  syllogistic  mood  in  the 
second  figure,  of  which  the  first  proposition 
is  a  universal  affirmative,  and  the  other  two 
are  particular  negatives. 

BaroUte  (barVi-lIt),  n.  [Gr.  baron,  weight, 
and  Kthof,  a  stone.)  Carbonate  of  baryta. 
See  WITHERITE. 

Barology  (ua-rol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  barog,  weight. 
and  logoi,  discourse.)  The  science  of  weight 
or  of  the  gravity  of  bodies. 

Baromacrometer(ba-rom'a-krom"et-er),H. 
[Gr.  barog,  weight,  makrott,  long,  and  metron, 
measure.]  An  instrument  invented  by  Pro- 
fessor Stein  for  determining  the  weight  and 
the  length  of  new-born  infants. 

Barometer  (ba-rom'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  baron, 
weight,  and  nutron,  measure.)  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  weight  or  pressure 
of  the  atmosphere.  The  simplest  instru- 
ment of  this  kind  consists  of  a  glass  tube, 
about  33  inches  long,  hermetically  sealed  at 
one  end,  and  then  filled  up  with  pure  mer- 
cury, after  which  it  is  placed  perpendi- 
cularly with  the  open  end  dipping  into  a 
cnp  or  cistern  containing  pure  mercury. 
On  the  tube  being  inverted  the  column  or' 
mercury  sinks  a  little,  leaving  a  vacuum  at 


Common  Upright 
Barometer. 

the  top  till  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere 
on  the  surface  of  the  mercury  in  the  cup 
equals  the  weight  of  the  column  in  the  tul  e 
and  supports  it.  When  the  atmosphere  is 
dense  its  pressure  is  greater  and  the  mercury 
is  forced  higher,  whereas  when  it  is  rarer  and 
consequently  lighter,  the  mere  ury  falls,  thus 
indicating  by  its  risings  and  fallings  the  vary 
ing  pressure  of  the  air.  The  mean  heightof 


••h  .  ,-Aain;      6h,  8c.  locA;      g,  30;      J,job;    ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  iing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;      ih,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


BAROMETER 


'2-2-2 


BARQtJANTINE 


the  barometer  at  sea-level  is  30  inches. 
This  instrument  was  invented  hyTorricelli, 
of  Florence,  in  1643.  A  water-barometer 
might  be  constructed  exactly  in  the  same 
manner,  only  in  this  case  the  column  would 
be  abnut  34  feet  in  height,  water  being  so 
much  lighter  than  mercury.  The  most 
common  applications  of  the  barometer  are 
to  indicate  changes  of  weather  and  to  deter- 
mine the  altitude  of  mountains,  by  the  fall- 
ins  and  rising  of  the  mercury  (the  mercury 
fulling  the  higher  the  barometer  is  carried, 
and  consequently  the  less  the  pressure  of 
the  air).  In  order  to  show  the  exact  extent 
of  these  variations  the  tube  is  connected 
with  a  graduated  scale,  so  that  small 
movements  in  the  column  are  observable. 
There  are  several  varieties  of  the  baro- 
meter, of  which  the  two  kinds  most  in  use 
as  a  weather-glass  are  the  common  upright 
barometer  and  the  wheel  barometer.  The 
upright  barometer  (described  above  in  its 
simplest  form)  is,  when  properly  constructed , 
the  most  accurate  of  all  barometers.  The 
wheel  barometer  belongs  to  the  class  of 


Siphon  Barometer. 

siphon  barometers,  one  of  which  is  shown 
in  the  adjoining  cut.  The  siphon  barometer 
consists  of  a  bent  tube,  generally  of  uniform 
bore,  having  two  unequal  legs.  The  longer 
leg,  which  must  be  more  than  30  inches  long, 
is  closed,  while  the  shorter  leg  is  open.  A 
sufficient  quantity  of  mercury  having  been 
introduced  to  fill  the  longer  leg,  the  instru- 
ment is  set  upright,  and  the  mercury  takes 
such  a  position  that  the  difference  of  the 
levels  in  the  two  legs  represents  the  pres- 
sure of  the  atmosphere.  In  the  best  siphon 
barometers  there  are  two  scales,  one  for  each 
leg,  the  divisions  on  one  being  reckoned  up- 
wards, and  on  the  other  downwards  from 
an  intermediate  zero  point,  so  that  the  sum 
of  the  two  readings  is  the  difference  of  levels 
of  the  mercury  in  the  two  branches.  The 
wheel  barometer  is  far  from  being  accurate, 
but  it  is  often  preferred  for  ordinary  use  on 
account  of  the  greater  range  of  its  scale  by 
which  small  differences  in  the  height  of  the 
column  of  mercury  are  more  easily  observed. 
It  usually  consists  of  a  siphon  barometer, 
having  a  float  resting  on  the  surface  of  the 
mercury  in  the  open  branch,  a  thread  at- 
tached to  the  float  passing  over  a  pulley,  and 
having  a  weight  as  a  counterpoise  to  the 
float  at  its  extremity.  As  the  mercury  rises 
and  falls  the  thread  turns  the  pulley  which 
moves  the  index  of  the  dial  A  rack  and 
pinion  may  be  substituted  for  the  thread  as 
in  the  cut.  The  marine  barometer  is  sus- 
pended in  gimbals,  and  is  usually  con- 
tracted at  the  bottom  to  prevent  rapid  os- 
cillations of  the  mercury.  The  mountain 
barometer  is  a  portable  mercurial  barome- 
ter with  a  tripod  support  and  a  long  scale 
for  measuring  the  altitude  of  mountains 
To  prevent  breakage,  through  the  oscilla- 
tions of  such  a  heavy  liquid  as  mercury, 
it  is  usually  carried  inverted,  or  it  is  fur- 
nished with  a  movable  basin  and  a  screw, 
by  means  of  which  the  mercury  may  be 
forced  up  to  the  top  of  the  column.— 
Aneroid  Barometer.  See  under  ANEROID. 
Barometer-gauge,  an  apparatus  attached  to 
the  boiler  of  a  steam-engine  or  other  cham- 
ber in  which  a  more  or  less  perfect  vacuum 
is  liable  to  be  formed,  to  indicate  the  state 
of  the  vacuum.  A  common  form  is  a  bent 
tube  with  one  end  plunged  in  a  basin  of 


mercury,  and  the  other  end  connected  with 
the  vacuum  chamber. 

Barometric,  Barometrical  (bar-6-met'rik, 
bar-6-met'rik-al),  a.    Pertaining  or  relating 
to  the  barometer;  made  by  a  barometer;  as, 
barometric  changes;   barometrical  experi- 
ments; barometrical  measurements. 
Barometrically  (bar-6-met'rik-al-li),  adv. 
By  means  of  a  barometer. 
Barometrograph  (bar-6-met'ro-graf),  n. 
'    [Gr.  barox,  weight,  meti'on,  measure,  and 
1    grapho,   to  write.  ]     An   instrument  con- 
trived for  inscribing  of  itself  upon  paper 
the  variations  of  atmospheric  pressure. 
Barometrography  (ba-rom'et-rog"ra-n1),  n. 
[See  BAKOMKTROGRAPH.]  The  science  of  the 
I    barometer;  also.the  art  of  making  barometric 
1    observations. 

Barometz  (bar'o-mets),  n.  The  decumbent 
caudex  of  the  fern  Cibotmm  barometz,  also 
called  the  Agnus  Scythicus,  the  Scythian  or 
Tartarian  lamb.  See  AGNUS  SCYTHICUS. 
Baron  (bar 'on),  n.  [Fr.  baron,  O. Fr.  her, 
bers  (baron  in  the  ace.),  Pr.  bar  (baron  in 
ace.),  It.  barone,  Sp.  varon.  The  origin  of  the 
word  is  doubtful.  Its  earliest  meanings  are 
such  as  strong  man,  bold  man,  warrior,  hus- 
band, nobleman,  and  the  derivation  from 
O.  H.  G.  bar,  a  man,  from  beran,  Goth,  bairan, 
E.  to  bear,  seems  as  probable  as  any,  whether 
the  notion  originally  attaching  to  the  word 
was  that  of  one  who  could  bear,  as  being 
strong  and  robust,  or  one  who  was  born,  a 
human  being;  comp.  A.  Sax.  beorn,  a  prince, 
which  appears  certainly  to  be  from  beran, 
to  bear,  to  produce.  These  German  etymolo- 
gies Littre  remarks,  without  being  com- 
pletely certain,  are  probable,  though  it  is 
probable  also  that  the  Celt.  (O.Cym.)  bar, 
a  hero,  and  perhaps  (Gael. )  fear,  a  man, 
have  united  in  confirming  and  giving  pre- 
cision to  the  sense  of  the  Germanic  word 
in  the  Romance  languages.]  1.  In  Great 
Britain,  a  title  or  degree  of  nobility;  one 
who  holds  the  lowest  rank  in  the  peerage; 
as,  Baron  (or  Lord)  Auckland;  Baron  Arun- 
dell  of  Wardour.  The  children  of  barons 
have  the  title  of  'Honourable.'  Originally 
the  barons,  being  the  feudatories  of  princes, 
were  the  proprietors  of  land  held  by  honour- 
able service.  Hence  in  ancient  records  the 
word  barons  comprehends  all  the  nobility. 
All  such  in  England  had  in  early  times 
a  right  to  sit  in  parliament.  Anciently 
barons  were  greater,  or  such  as  held  their 
lands  of  the  king  in  capita;  or  lesser,  such 
as  held  their  lands  of  the  greater  barons  by 
military  service  in  capite.  'The  present 
barons  are— (1)  By  prescription;  for  that 
they  and  their  ancestors  have  immemorially 
sat  in  the  Upper  House.  (2)  Barons  by 
patent,  having  obtained  a  patent  of  this 
dignity  to  them  and  their  heirs  male,  or 
otherwise.  (3)  Barons  by  tenure,  holding 
the  title  as  annexed  to  land.'  Wharton. 
Formerly,  when  all  barons  were  not  sum- 
moned to  sit  in  parliament,  the  name  of 
barons  by  writ  was  given 
to  those  who  actually 
were  so.  The  word  baron 
was  not  known  in  the 
British  Isles  till  intro- 
duced from  the  Contin- 
ent under  the  Norman 
princes.  The  coronet  of  a  frri-  f-'mit 

baron  Of  England  consists    Coronet  of  a  Baron 

of  a  plain  gold  circle, with 
six  balls  or  large  pearls  on  its  edge,  cap,  <tc. , 
as  in  a  viscount's. —2.  A  title  of  certain  judges 
or  officers ;  as,  barons  of  the  exchequer  who 
are  the  judges  that  try  cases  between  the 
king  and  his  subjects  relating  to  the  re- 
venue; baronsof  the  Cingue Ports,  members 
of  the  House  of  Commons,  formerly  elected 
by  the  flve  (afterwards  s^ven)  Cinque  Ports 
two  for  each  port.  These  ports  are  Dover 
Sandwich,  Romney,  Hastings,  Hythe  Win- 
chelsea,  and  Rye. -3.  In  law,  a  husband; 
as,  baron  and  femme,  husband  and  wife.— 
Baron  of  beef,  iu  cookery,  two  sirloins  not  cut 
asunder. 

Baronage  (bar-on-aj).  n.    1.  The  whole  body 
of  barons  or  peers. 


In  England,  under  the  Normans,  the  church  and 
the  baronage  were  convoked,  together  with  the 
estate  of  the  community,  a  term  which  then  probably 
described  the  inferior  holders  of  land  w 
was  not  immediate  of  the  crown. 


Disraeli. 

2.  The  dignity  of  a  baron.  —3.   The  land 
which  gives  title  to  a  baron. 
Baron-court  (bar'on-kort).  n.    See  COURT- 

BARON. 

Baroness  (bar'on-es),  n.    A  baron's  wife  or 
lady. 


Baronet  (bar'on-et),  n.  [Dim.  of  baron.] 
1. 1  A  lesser  or  inferior  baron  :  in  this  usa^e 
the  word  had  not  the  specific  sense  that  It 
received  in  the  time  of  James  I. 

Dukes,  earls,  barons,  and  baronfttts  might  use 
livery  of  our  lord  the  kinjj,  or  his  collar 

Stal.  temp.  Hen.  /('. 

2.  One  who  possesses  a  hereditary  rank  or 
degree  of  honour  next  below  a  baron,  ;m<] 
therefore  not  a  member  of  the  peerage;  one 
entitled  to  the  designation  of  Sir  So-and- 
so,  Bart.  (Christian  name  and  surname  In  in 
given),  and  having  precedence  bcfoiv  all 
knights  except  those  of  the  Garter.  At  in. 
vestiture  there  is  no  ceremony,  the  title 
being  given  by  patent.  The  order  was 
founded  by  James  I.  in  1011.  with  the  pro- 
fessed object  of  promoting  the  colonization 
of  Ulster  with  Scotch  and  English  immi- 
grants, each  baronet  being  bound  to  main- 
tain thirty  soldiers  for  three  years.  The 
number  originally  created  was  200.— Bar- 
onets of  Scotland  and  Nova  Scotia,  an 
order  of  baronets  founded  by  Charles  I., 
with  the  professed  object  of  colonizing  Nova 
Scotia.  Along  with  the  title  grants  of  land 
in  Nova  Scotia  were  given,  to  be  held  .if  sir 
William  Alexander,  Earl  of  Stirling,  then 
governor  of  that  colony.  There  have  been 
no  additions  to  this  order  since  the  union 
of  England  and  Scotland,  but  in  every 
other  respect  the  remaining  baronet-  >ii 
Nova  Scotia  are  on  an  equality  with  other 
baronets. 

Baronetage(bar/on-et-aj),n.  1.  The  baronets 
as  a  body. — 2.  The  dignity  of  a  baroiirt 

Baronetcy  (bar'on-et-si),  n.  The  title  and 
dignity  of  a  baronet;  as,  a  baronetcy  was 
conferred  upon  him  in  recognition  of  In- 
distinguished  services. 

Baronial  (ba-ro'ni-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
baron  or  a  barony.  '  Baronial  possessions ' 
Lord  Lytton. 

Barony  (bar'on-i),  n.  1.  The  title  or  honour 
of  a  baron;  also  the  territory  or  lordship  uf 
a  baron.  —2.  The  body  of  barons  and  other 
peers.  Wharton.— 3.  Inlreland,  aterritorial 
division,  corresponding  nearly  to  the  Eng- 
lish hundred,  and  supposed  to  have  been 
originally  the  district  of  a  native  chief 
There  are  252  baronies  in  Ireland. 

Whatever  the  regular  troops  spared  was  devoured 
by  hands  of  marauders  who  overran  almost  every 
barony  in  the  island.  Mocaulay. 

Baroque  (ba-rok1),  n.    [Fr.]  In  the/m. 
a  name  given  to  ornamental  designa  of  a 
florid  and  incongruous  character,  indicative 
of  a  taste  for  display  rather  than  for  tnn> 
and  appropriate  decoration.    Fairholt. 

Baroscope  (bar'6-skop),  n.  [Gr.  baros, 
weight,  and  skopeo,  to  view.]  An  instru- 
ment to  show  the  weight  of  the  atmo- 
sphere, superseded  by  the  barometer. 

Baroscoplc,  Baroscopical  (bar-6-skop'ik. 
bar-6-skop'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
determined  by  the  baroscope. 

Barpselenlte(bar-6-sel'eu-it),n.  [Gr.  barog, 
weight,  or  barus,  heavy,  and  E.  selmite 
(which  see).  ]  A  mineral,  sulphate  of  baryta, 
or  heavy-spar.  See  BARVTES. 

Barosma  (ba-ros'ma),  n.  A  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Rutaceie.  The  leaves  of  B. 
crenata  constitute  the  article  of  materia 
medica  called  bucku,  which  is  used  in 
various  chronic  affections  of  the  bladder. 
The  leaves  have  a  heavy  powerful  odour 
and  an  aromatic  taste,  and  are  stimulant, 
antispasmodic,  and  diuretic.  The  species 
are  small  evergreen  shrubs,  with  dotted 
leathery  leaves,  and  small  white  or  red 
flowers  in  their  axils.  They  are  all  natives 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  The  Hottentots 
perfume  themselves  with  the  leaves,  which 
have  a  smell  like  rue.  Sometimes  called 
Baryosma. 

Barpuche  (ba-roshO,  n.  [From  G.  baruttchr. 
which  is  from  It.  baroccio,  biroccio,  LL 
barrotimn,  a  kind  of  carriage,  from  L.  bin- 
tui,  two-wheeled— bis,  double,  and  rota,  a 
wheel.  Barouche  is  not  a  French  word, 
though  its  appearance  might  lead  one  to 
think  so.]  A  four-wheeled  carriage  with  a 
falling  top,  with  seats,  as  in  a  coach. 

Barouchet  (ba-rb-sha),  n,  [Dim.  of  ba- 
rouche.] A  small  kind  of  barouche,  or  a 
four-wheeled  open  carriage  with  a  head. 

Bar-post  (bar'post).  n.     One  of  the  i 
driven  into  the  ground  to  form  the  sides  of 
a  field  gate. 

Bar-pump  (bar'pump),  n.  Same  as  Bare- 
pump. 

Barquantlne  ( bark '  an  -  tin ),  w.  [From 
baro'iie,  on  type  of  brigantine.]  A  mum- 
applied  ou  the  great  hikes  of  North  Aniericii 


ate,  far,  fat.  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  ab«ne;      J>,  Sc.  ley 


BARQUE 


223 


BARRICADE 


tn  a  three-masted  vessel  square rigged  In 
thu  foreni.mt  ami  fore-and-aft  rigged  m  tlie 
niiiiii  Mini  mix/en  musts.  Bunjimntines 
dill'e.r  from  three-muted  schooners  in  hav- 
ing a  regular  briganthie's  foremast,  and  are 
I- nig  in  proportion  to  their  other  dimensions 
1  •  suit  tin-  canals  connecting  some  of  these 
1  ikf  ,. 

Barque  (bark)  n.  \V\-.  barque,  Sp.  Pg.  It. 
and  l,,f.  hu,'<-n,  a  barque,  perhaps  through 
ii  dim.  form  fi,i,-ii'tt,  fnnn  dr.  hartx,  a  skilf, 
though  Mitre"  derives  it  from  the  Celtic; 
Carl,  bare.  Armor,  bark,  a  boat,  a  skiff. 
The  1).  bark,  G  barhe,  are  probably  bor- 
rowed from  the  French.  See  BARGE.  ] 
1,  jfaut.  a  three-masted  vessel  with  only 


Barque. 

fore-and-aft  sails  on  the  mizzen-mast,  the 
other  two  masts  being  square -rigged. — 
2.  A  sailing  vessel  of  any  kind,  especially 
one  of  small  size.  '  An  armed  barque. '  Gold- 

Barra-boat  ( biir'ra-bot ),  n.  [Island  of 
Harm  }  A  vessel  of  the  Western  Isles  of 
Scotland,  carrying  ten  or  twelve  men,  ex- 
tremely sharp  fore  and  aft,  having  no  floor, 
but  with  sides  rising  straight  from  the  keel, 
so  that  a  cross  section  would  represent  the 
letter  V.  These  vessels  are  swift  and  safe, 
I'i'ini;  light  and  buoyant. 

Barracan  (bar'a-kan),  n.  [It.  baracane,  Sp. 
bni-rftgan,  from  Ar.  oarrakAn,  said  by  Sousa 
to  be  from  Per.  barak,  a  stuff  made  of 
camel's  hair.  ]  A  thick  strong  stuff  made  in 
Persia  and  Armenia  of  camel's  hair.  The 
name  has  also  been  applied  to  fabrics  made 
of  other  materials,  as  wool,  flax,  and  cotton. 
Called  also  Barragon. 

Barrack  (bar'ak),  n.  [Fr.  baraque,  It.  bar- 
acca,  Sp.  oarraca,  a  soldier's  hut,  from  L.L. 
barm,  a  bar ;  comp.  Gael,  barrack,  branches 
of  trees;  0.  Gael,  and  Ir.  barrachad,  a  hut  or 
booth,  which  are  from  same  root.  ]  1.  A  hut  or 
house  for  soldiers,  especially  in  garrison ;  the 
permanent  buildings  in  which  both  officers 
and  men  are  lodged  in  fortified  towns  or 
other  places. 

He  (Bishop  Hall)  lived  to  see  hiscathedral  converted 
into  <i  barrack  ami  his  palace  into  an  alehouse. 

Wartou. 

2  A  large  building,  or  a  collection  of  huts 
or  cabins,  especially  within  a  common  in- 
closure,  in  which  large  numbers  of  men  are 
lodged. 

Most  of  the  quarrymen  are  Bretons,  and  live  in 
wooden  barracks.  Ansted. 

[In  both  senses  generally  in  the  plural.] 

Barrack-master  (bar'ak-mas-ter),  n.  The 
officer  who  superintends  the  barracks  of 
soldiers.  ~  Barrack -master  general,  an  officer 
who  superintends  the  construction  and  re- 
pairs of  barracks,  and  adapts  the  accommo- 
dation to  the  requirements. 

Barraclade  (barVklad),  n.  [D.  baar,  bare, 
and  Mrrtl,  cloth-]  A  home-made  woollen 
blanket  without  nap.  [New  York.] 

Barracoon(bar-a-kon'),  n.  [From  Sp.  Pg. 
barraca,  a  soldier's  hut.  See  BARRACK.]  A 
negro-barrack ;  a  slave  depot ;  a  bazaar 
where  men  of  the  African  races  are  sold. 
Barracoons  used  to  exist  at  various  points 
of  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  also  in  Cuba, 
Urazil.  &c.  African  barracoons  were  com- 
posed of  large  but  low-roofed  wooden  sheds, 
iu  which  the  human  article  was  stored. 
Some  had  defensive  works,  to  resist  the 
attacks  of  the  British  forces  engaged  in  the 
slave-trade  preventive  service. 

Barracuda  (bar-a-ku'da),  n.  [Native  name.] 
A  species  of  percoid  fish  (Sphyrcena  Barro- 
nxt't),  averaging  10  feet  in  length,  found  in 
the  seas  about  the  Bahamas  and  West  Indies. 
The  colour  Is  deep  brown,  and  the  fish  is  very 
voracious.  The  flesh  is  disagreeable,  and 
sometimes  poisonous. 

Barrad,  Barrald  (bar'rad,  bar'rad),  n.  [Cel- 
tic form  of  barret.  See  BIRETTA.]  A  coni- 


cal -an  of  very  ancient  origin,  worn  by  the 
Irish  down  till  as  late  as  the  seventeenth 
century. 

Barrage  ( bit  riizh ),  n.  [Fr.  ]  In  tngin.  an 
artificial  obstruction  placed  in  a  water- 
course in  order  to  obtain  increased  depth 
fur  navigation,  irrigation,  or  other  purposes; 
a  clam;  an  embankment. 

Barragon  (oar-a-gon'),  n.  Same  as  Barra- 
can. 

Formerly  in  the  dead  months  they  availed  them- 
selves greatly  by  spinning  wool  for  making  barra- 
trous, a  genteel  corded  stuff  much  in  vogue  at  that 
time  for  summer  wear.  Gilbert  ll'htte. 

Barranca  (bar-ranTca).  n.  The  Spanish 
name  for  a  deep  gully  or  ravine  with  ver- 
tical sides,  such  as  are  made  by  heavy  rains 
or  floods:  commonly  used  in  America. 

Barras  (ba'ras),  n.  [Fr.]  The  resin  obtained 
from  Pinna  maritima;  galipot. 

Barrator  (bar'a-tor),  n.  [O.Fr.  barateur,  a 
cheater,  barat,  barate,  deceit.  See  BAR- 
TKR.]  1.  One  who  frequently  excites  suits 
at  law;  a  common  mover  and  maintainer 
of  suits  and  controversies;  an  encourager 
of  litigation. 

Will  it  not  reflect  as  much  on  thy  character,  Nic, 
to  turn  barrator  in  thy  old  days,  a  stirrer  up  of 
quarrels  amongst  thy  neighbours.  Arbuthnot. 

2.  The  master  or  one  of  the  crew  of  a  ship 
who  commits  any  fraud  in  the  management 
of  the  ship  or  cargo,  by  which  the  owner, 
freighters,  orinsurers  are  injured.  See  BAR- 
RATRY, 2. —3.  Jn  Scots  law,  a  judge  who 
takes  a  bribe.— 4.  In  old  Scots  law,  a  clergy- 
man who  went  abroad  to  purchase  a  benefice 
from  the  see  of  Rome.  Written  also  Bar- 
ret or. 

Barratrous  (bar'a-tnis),  a.  Characterized 
by  or  tainted  with  barratry. 

Barratrously(bar'a-tru3-li),  adv.  In  a  bar- 
ratrous manner. 

Barratry  (barVtri),  n.    [See  BARRATOR.] 

1.  In  law,  the  practice  of  exciting  and  en- 
couraging lawsuits  and  quarrels. 

Tis  arrant  barratry  that  bears 

Point-blank  an  action  'gainst  our  laws.   Hudibras. 

2.  In  coin,  any  species  of  cheating  or  fraud 
in  a  shipmaster  or  mariner,  by  which  the 
owners,  freighters,  or  insurers  are  injured ; 
as,  by  running  away  with  the  ship,  sinking 
or  deserting  her,  by  wilful  deviation,  or  by 
embezzling  the  cargo. —3.  In  Scots  law,  the 
crime  of  a  judge  who  is  induced  by  a  bribe 
to  pronounce  a  judgment.— 4.  In  old  Scots 
eccles.  law,  the  offence  of  exporting  money 
out  of  Scotland  to  purchase  benefices  at 
Rome.     Written  also  Barretry. 

Barrel  (bar'el),  n.  [O.Fr.  bareil,  Fr.  baril, 
from  Celt.:  W.  baril,  Gael,  barail,  a  barrel. 
The  root  is  seen  in  W.  bar,  the  branch  of  a 
tree,  a  bar.  (See  BAR.)  Comp.  FT.  barique,  a 
wooden  vessel  made  of  bars  or  staves.  ]  1.  A 
wooden  vessel  of  more  length  than  breadth, 
round  and  bulging  in  the  middle,  made  of 
staves  and  heading,  and  bound  with  hoops; 
a  cask.— 2.  The  quantity  which  a  barrel  con- 
tains.—3.  Anything  hollow  and  long;  a  tube; 
a  cylinder;  as,  the  barrel  of  a  gun.— 4.  The 
cylindrical  cas»in  a  watch,  within  which  the 
mainspring  is  coiled,  and  round  which  is 
wound  the  chain.  — 5.  The  cylinder  studded 
with  pins  which  in  the  barrel-organ  opens 
the  key-valves,  and  in  the  musical  box  sets 
in  vibration  the  teeth  of  the  steel  comb  by 
which  the  sound  is  produced.— 6.  The  trunk 
of  a  quadruped  as  contradistinguished  from 
the  extremities:  generally  applied  to  the 
trunk  of  a  horse.  'A  close  ribbed-up  bar- 
rel.' 0.  W.  Holmes.  -Barrel  of  the  ear,  in 
anat  a  cavity  of  the  ear,  4  or  5  lines  deep 
and  6  or  6  wide,  situated  within  the  mem- 
brane of  the  tympanum,  by  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated from  the  external  passage  or  tneatus, 
More  commonly  called  the  Caviti/  of  the 
Tympanum. — Barrel  of  a  boiler,  the  cylin- 
drical part  of  a  boiler  containing  the  flues. 

Barrel  (bar'el),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  barrelled; 
ppr.  barrelling.  To  put  in  a  barrel;  as,  to 
barrel  beef,  pork,  or  fish. 

Barrel-bellied  (bar'el-bel-lid),  a.  [See 
BELLY.]  Having  a  round  and  protuberant 
or  barrel-shaped  belly. 

Barrel-bulk  (bar'el-bulk),  n.  yaut.  a  mea- 
sure of  capacity  for  freight,  equal  to  5  cubic 
feet.  Eight  barrel-bulk,  or  40  cubic  feet, 
equal  1  ton  measurement. 

Barrel-curb  (bar'el-kerb),  n.  An  open  cy- 
linder, 3  feet  6  inches  or  4  feet  in  length, 
formed  of  strips  of  wood  nailed  round  hori- 
zontal ribs  of  elm,  used  as  a  mould  in  well- 
sinking  to  keep  the  well  cylindrical. 

Barrel-filler  (bar'el-fil-er),  n.  An  apparatus 
for  filling  barrels  provided  with  an  automa- 


tic arrangement,  generally  in  the  nature  of 
a  float,  for  rutting  oil  the  supply  nf  liquid 
in  time  to  prevent  overflow 

Barrelled  (barVld).    «.     Having  n   barrel: 
used  generally  in  composition;  an,  a  douUl. 
Barrelled  gun. 

Barrel-loom  (bnr'el-lom),  n.  A  Jaequnrd 
loom.  See  JAC^I  AI:I> 

Barrel-organ  ( bar'el- or- gan),  n.  An  oruan 
in  which  a  wooden  cylinder  or  barrel  fur- 
nished with  pegs  or  staples,  when  turned 
round,  opens  a  series  of  valves  to  admit  a 
current  of  air  to  a  set  of  pipes,  producing  H 
tune  either  in  melody  or  hariuuny.  In  an- 
other form  of  the  instrument  wires  like 
those  of  the  piano  are  acted  on  instead  "t 
pipes.  Barrel-organs  are  generally  portable, 
and  mostly  used  by  street- musicians. 

Barrel-pen  (barVl-pen),  n.  A  pen  with  a 
split  cylindrical  shank  adapting  it  to  --lip 
upon  a  round  holder. 

Barrel-screw  (bar'el-skro),  n.  A  powerful 
apparatus  consisting  of  two  large  poppets, 
or  male  screws,  moved  by  levers  inserted 
into  their  heads  upon  a  bank  of  plank,  with 
a  female  screw  at  each  end ;  of  great  use  in 
starting  a  launch.  Culled  also  Bed-screw. 

Barren  (bar'en),  a.  [O.E.  barrein,  barain, 
barraiyne,  &c.  ;  from  O.Fr.  baraigne,  ore- 
hai)ie,  brehaigne,  sterile,  possibly  from  Ar- 
mor, brec'han,  sterile.  Diez  refers  the  O.Fr. 
to  fn.tr,  a  man  (see  BARON),  and  cites  as  il- 
lustrative and  confirmatory  Sp.  machorra, 
a  barren  woman,  from  macho,  a  male.  ] 

1.  Incapable  of  producing  its  kind;  not  pro- 
lific:  applied  to  animals  and  vegetables. 
'The  barren  fig-tree.'    Hooker. 

There  shall  not  "be  male  or  female  barren  among 
you.  Deut.  vii.  14. 

2.  Unproductive;  unfruitful;  sterile.     'Bar- 
ren mountain  tracks.'    Macaulay.—$.  Fig. 
not  producing  or  leading  to  anything;  un- 
suggestive ;    uninstructive ;    as,    a   barren 
treatise. 

Some  schemes  will  appear  barren  of  hints  and 
matter,  but  prove  to  be  fruitful.  Swift. 

4.t  Not  affected;  dull;  stupid.  'Barren 
spectators.*  Shak.— Barren  flowers,  In  bot. 
flowers  which  either  bear  stamens  without 
a  pistil,  or  which  have  neither  stamens  nor 
pistil. 

Barren  (bar'en),  7*.  i.  In  the  Western  States 
of  America,  a  tract  of  slightly  elevated  land, 
partly  prairie  and  partly  covered  by  small 
trees,  not  necessarily  barren  as  the  name 
imports.  —2.  Any  unproductive  tract  of  land ; 
as,  the  pine  barrens  of  South  Carolina. 

Barrenly  (bar'en-li),  adv.    Unfrnitfully. 

Barrenness  (bar'en-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  barren  :  (a)  incapability  of 
producing  its  kind ;  want  of  the  power  of 
conception. 

I  prayed  for  children,  and  thought  barrenness 
In  wedlock  a  reproach.  Milton. 

(6)  Wan*  of  fertility;  total  or  partial  steril- 
ity; infertility;  as,  the  barrenness  of  the 
land,  (c)  Want  of  the  power  of  producing 
anything ;  want  of  instructiveness,  sugges- 
tiveness,  interest,  or  the  like;  want  of  mat- 
ter. 'Barrenness  of  invention.'  Dryden. 

The  barrenness  of  his  fellow  students  forced  him 
generally  into  other  company  at  his  hours  of  enter- 
tainment. Johnson. 

(d)  Defect  of  emotion,  sensibility,  or  fer- 
vency. 

The  greatest  saints  sometimes  are  fervent,  and 
sometimes  feel  a  barrenness  of  devotion. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

Barren-spirited  (bar'en-spi'rit-ed),  a.  Of 
a  poor  or  mean  spirit.  Shak. 

Barrenwort  (l)a^en-wert), «.  The  common 
name  for  Epimediuni,  a  genus  of  low  herba- 
ceous plants,  nat.  order  Berberidacese,  hav- 
ing creeping  roots  and  many  stalks,  each  of 
which  have  three  flowers.  The  only  Euro- 
pean species  is  E.  alpinutn.  Species  occur 
also  in  Central  Asia,  Japan,  and  America. 

Barret,  Barret-cap  (bar'et,  bar'et-kap),  n. 
[Kr.  barrette.  See  BIRETTA.]  1.  In  R.  Cath. 
Ch.  the  cap  of  a  church  dignitary.  See  BIR- 
ETTA.—2.  A  sort  of  ancient  military  cap  or 
head-piece.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Barretor  (bar'et-or),  n.    See  BARRATOR. 

Barretry  (bar'et-ri),  ?*.    See  BARRATRY.  • 

Barricade  (ba-ri-kad'),  n.  [Fr.  barricade, 
from  barre,  a  bar.  See  BAR.  ]  1.  A  fortifica- 
tion made  in  haste  of  trees,  earth,  paving- 
stones,  palisades,  waggons,  or  anything  that 
will  obstruct  the  progress  of  an  enemy  or 
serve  for  defence  or  security  against  his  shot. 
2  A  strong  wooden  fence  erected  around  or 
along  any  space  to  be  kept  clear,  as  along 
the  sides  of  a  street  on  the  occasion  of  a  pro- 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locft;      g,  go;      J,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sbi#;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  fAIn;      w,  wig;    wh,  tcAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BARRICADE 


224 


BARTER 


cession  to  keep  back  the  crowd.  —3.  Any  bar 
or  obstruction;  that  which  defends. 

There  must  be  such  a  barricade  as  would  greatly 
annoy  or  absolutely  stop  the  currents  of  the  atmo- 
sphere. Dirham. 
4  In  naval  arch,  a  strong  wooden  rail,  sup- 
ported by  stanchions,  extending  across  the 
foremost  part  of  the  quarter-deck,  in  ships 
of  war,  and  filled  with  ropes,  mats,  pieces  of 
old  cable,  and  full  hammocks,  to  prevent  the 
effect  of  small  shot  in  time  of  action. 
Barricade  (bar-i-kad'),  v  t.  pret.  &  pp.  bar- 
ricadarl;  ppr.  barricading.  1.  To  stop  up  a 
passage  •  to  obstruct.  '  And  the  mixed  hurry 
barricades  the  street.'  Gay.- ~2.  To  fortify 
with  any  slight  work  that  prevents  the 
approach  of  an  enemy. 
Barricader  (bar-i-kad'er),  n.  One  who 
erects  barricades;  specifically,  a  seditious 
rioter  who  erects  barricades  in  the  streets 
against  government. 

Barricade  (bar-i-ka'do),  n.  and  v.  The  same 
as  Barricade.. 

Barrier  (bar'i-er),  n.  [Fr.  barnZre.  a  barrier, 
from  bam,  a  bar.  See  BAR.l  1.  In  fort,  an 
obstacle,  sucll  as  a  palisade  or  stockade,  to 
prevent  entrance  into  a  fortified  place.— 
•2.  pi.  A  railing  or  fence  of  some  kind  sur- 
rounding the  place  where  manly  sports  or 
exercises,  such  as  tilting,  were  carried  on. 
Hence— 3.  t  The  sports  themselves. 

The  young  Earl  of  Essex  and  others  among  them 
entertained  her  majesty  with  tilting  and  tourneys, 
carriers,  mock  fights,  and  such  like  arts.  Otdys. 

4.  Any  obstruction;  anything  which  hinders 
approach,  attack,  or  progress ;  anything 
standing  in  the  way;  an  obstacle;  as,  to  build 
a  wall  as  a  barrier  against  trespassers;  con- 
stitutional barriers.  '  Constantly  strength- 
ening the  barriers  opposed  to  our  passions.' 
Bp.  Portents.  '  A  barrier  to  defend  us  from 
popery.'  Bp.  Burnet.—5.  A  fortress  or  for- 
tified town  on  the  frontier  of  a  country. 
[Rare.] 

The  queen  is  guarantee  of  the  Dutch,  having 
possession  of  the  barrier  and  the  revenues  thereof 
before  a  peace.  Swyr, 

6.  A  limit  or  boundary  of  any  kind;  a  line 
of  separation. 

'Twixt  that  (instinct)  and  reason  what  a  nice  barrier! 

Pope. 

—Barrier  Act,  the  name  given  to  an  act 

passed  by  theGeneral  Assembly  of  the  Church 
of  Scotland  in  1097,  by  which  it  is  provided 
that  no  change  can  be  made  on  the  laws  of 
the  church  without  first  being  submitted  to 
all  the  preshyteries  for  their  judgment,  and 
having  received  the  approval  of  at  least  a 
majority  of  them.  The  Barrier  Act  is  held 
both  by  the  Established  and  the  Free  Church 
as  of  high  importance,  and  analogous  regula- 
tions have  been  adopted  by  other  Presbyte- 
rian churches.— Barrier  reef,  a  form  of  coral 
reef  rising  from  great  depths  in  the  Indian 
and  Pacific  Oceans  to  the  level  of  low  tide, 
encircling  islands  like  a  barrier,  or  running 
parallel  to  continents,  with  a  smooth  navig- 
able lagoon  channel  inside.  On  the  north- 
east of  Australia  there  is  achain  of  such  reefs 
1250  miles  long  and  10  to  90  miles  broad, 
called  the  Great  Barrier  Reef.  The  barrier 
reef  is  formed  on  a  sinking  sea-bottom. 

BarrigudO  (bar-re-gO'do),  n.  [Sp.  and  Pg., 
Mg-bellied.  ]  The  Brazilian  name  for  several 
monkeys  of  the  genus  Lagothrix.  They  are 
the  largest  of  South  American  monkeys,  one 
measuring  53  inches  in  length,  of  which  the 
tail  constituted  26. 

Barring  (bar'ing),  part,  used  as  prep. 
Excepting ;  as,  barring  accidents,  I 
shall  be  there.  '  Little  writing-desks, 
constructed  after  the  fashion  of  those 
used  by  the  judges  of  the  land,  barriny 
the  French  polish.'  Dickens.  [Colloq.  ] 

Barrlng-OUt  (bar'ing-out),  n.  Exclu- 
sion, from  a  place  by  means  of  locks  or 
bars;  specifically,  the  act  of  excluding  a 
schoolmaster  from  school  by  barricad- 
ing the  doors  and  windows :  a  boyish 
sport  at  Christmas.now  nearly  obsolete. 

Revolts,  republics,  revolutions,  most 
No  graver  than  a  schoolboys'  barring-out. 
Tennyson. 

Barringtonia  (bar-ing-ton'i-a),  n.     j 
[-From  the  Hon.  Daines  Harrington,  an 
English  antiquary.]    The  type  genus 
of  the  Barringtoniaceffi,  consisting  of 
trees  sometimes  of  large  dimensions, 
with  alternate,  opposite,  or  whorled 
leaves,   often  of   large   size;  flowers 
in  spikes  or  racemes,  generally  large  and 
handsome,  and  in  colour  pink,  scarlet,  or 
white;  found  chiefly  in  India,  the  Malayan 
Peninsula,  and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific 


Ocean.  B.  aciilangula,  an  Indian  species, 
yields  good  timber;  IS.  spcciosa,  one  of  the 
handsomest  of  the  genus,  yields  lamp-oil 
from  its  seeds ;  the  seeds,  bark,  and  roots 
of  B.  racemosa  yield  drugs  used  by  Hindu 
practitioners. 

Barringtoniaceae  (bar'ing-ton-i-a"se-e),  n. 
pi  A  sub-order  of  trees  and  shrubs,  nat. 
order  Myrtacere,  natives  of  the  tropics,  and 
generally  producing  very  beautiful  flowers. 
The  stamens  are  numerous  and  very  con- 
spicuous, the  fruit  one-celled  ami  pulpy. 
The  genus  Barringtonia,  including  the  beau- 
tiful B.  spcciosa  of  the  Moluccas,  Gustavia, 
Careya  and  a  few  other  genera,  belong  to 
it.  Children  are  said  to  become  yellow  for 
a  few  days  after  eating  the  fruit  of  the  Gus- 
tavia spcciosa,  an  American  species. 

Barris  (bar'is),  n.  A  name  given  on  the 
Guinea  coast  to  the  chimpanzee,  and  also 
to  the  mandrill. 

Barrister  (bar'is-ter),  n.  [From  bar.]  A 
counsellor  or  advocate  learned  in  the  law, 
admitted  to  plead  at  the  bar  in  protection 
and  defence  of  clients;  it  is  a  term  more 
especially  used  in  England  and  Ireland,  the 
corresponding  term  in  Scotland  being  advo- 
cate, in  the  United  States  cmmseltor-at-law. 
Barristers  alone  are  admitted  to  plead  in 
the  superior  courts.  They  must  previously 
have  belonged  to  one  of  the  inns  of  court. 
They  are  divided  into  utter  or  outer  bar- 
risters, who  plead  without  the  bar,  and 
queen's  (or  king's)  counsel  or  serjeants-at- 
law,  who  plead  within  the  bar. 

Bar-room  (bartoni),  n.  A  room  in  a  public- 
house,  hotel,  restaurant,  or  the  like,  con- 
taining a  bar  or  counter  where  refreshments 
are  served  out. 

Barrow  (bar'6),  n.  [A.  Sax.  berewe,  a  barrow, 
from  beran,  E.  to  bear,  to  carry;  comp.  bier. 
As  to  the  termination  comp.  arrow.}  1.  A 
light  small  carriage,  moved  or  carried  by 
hand  A  hand-barrow  is  a  frame  covered 
in  the  middle  with  boards,  and  borne  by 
and  between  two  men ;  a  wheel-barrow,  a 
frame  with  a  box,  supported  by  one  wheel, 
and  rolled  by  a  single  man.  — 2.  A  wicker 
case,  in  salt  works,  where  the  salt  is  put  to 
drain. 

Barrow  t  (bar'6),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bcarg,  bearh, 
D.  barg,  Icel.  borgr,  G.  barg,  barch,  a  pig ; 
cognate  with  L.  verres,  &  boar-pig,  Skr. 
vantha,  a  hog.)  A  hog;  specifically,  a  male 
hog  castrated. 
I  say  'gentle'  though  this  barrow  grunt  at  the  word. 

Barrow  (bar'6),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beam,  bearewe, 
a  grove.  ]  In  the  names  of  places,  a  wood 
or  grove ;  as,  Barroic-in-Furuess,  Barrow- 
fleld. 

Barrow  (bar'6),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beory,  beorh, 
berg,  a  hill  or  hillock,  a  barrow  or  funeral 
mound;  Dan.  Sw.  G.  berg,  a  hill;  Icel.  berg, 
bjarg,  a  rock,  a  precipice ;  allied  to  burgh.  ] 
1.  A  sepulchral  mound  of  great  antiquity 


Long  Barrow. 


form  and  construction,  into  lony  barn  us. 
bowl,  bell,  cone,  broad,  Ac.  In  the  mote 
ancient  barrows  the  bodies  are  found  lying 
extended  on  the  ground,  and  the  imple- 
ments and  weapons  found  in  them  are  of 
stone  or  bone.  In  barrows  of  later  date  the 
implements  are  of  bronze,  and  sometimes, 
though  rarely,  of  iron,  while  the  remains 
are  generally  inclosed  in  a  stone  cist  and 
doubled  up.  Where  the  body  was  burned 
the  ashes  were  deposited  in  a  cist,  or,  at  ;i 
later  epoch,  in  a  clay  urn.  Barrow-burial 
is  supposed  to  have  lasted  till  the  eighth 
century.  In  England  Wilts  and  Dorset  are 
the  counties  in  which  barrows  most  abound. 
Stone  barrows  in  Scotland  are  called  cairn* 
2.  A  heap  of  attal  or  rubbish  removed  from 
a  mine. 

Barrow-pump  (bar'6-pump),».  A  combined 
suction  and  force  pump  mounted  on  a  two- 
wheeled  barrow,  and  adapted  for  agricul- 
tural and  fire-engine  purposes.  E.  11. 
Knight. 

Barrulet  (ba'rbl-et),  n.    In  her.  the  fourth 
part  of  the  bar,  or  the  one  half  of  the  closet. 
Barruly  (ba'rol-i),  a.     In  her.  a  term  used 
when  the  shield  is  divided  barways,  that  is, 
across  from  side  to  side  into  several  parts. 
Barry  (ba'ri),  a.    In  her.  a  term  used  when 
the  escutcheon  is  divided 
barways,  that  is,  across 
from  side  to  side  into  an 
even   number  of   parti- 
tions, consisting  of  two 
or    more    tinctures    in- 
terchangeably disposed. 
termed  barryofsix,eiyltt, 
or  ten  pieces,   it  being 
always  necessary  to  spe 
Barry  of  six.          cify  the  number.  —Barry- 
bendy  is  when  the  lines 
run  from  dexter-chief  to  sinister  base,  Av. . 
interchangeably  varying  their  tinctures.  - 
Barry-pily  is  another  particular  manner  of 
dividing  the  field  into  six  or  more  pieces. 
Barse  (bars),  n.     [A.  Sax. 

^ 7     bters,  bears,  D.  baars,  G. 

bars,  barsh,  a  perch.]  A 
provincial  name  for  the 
common  perch. 
Bars-gemel  (barz'lem- 
el),n.pl.  [From  E.  bars, 
SLndL.gemelli,  twins. ]  In 
her.  two  or  more  bars  or 
barrulets  on  an  escutch- 
eon placed  parallel  to 
each  other. 


Bars-gemel. 


Bar-shot. 


formed  of  earth  or  stones,  found  in  Britain 
and  other  districts  of  Europe,  in  North 
America  and  Asia.  Barrows  are  distin- 
guished, according  to  their  peculiarities  of 


Bar-shear  (bar'sher),  n.  A  machine  for 
cutting  metal  bars.  It  consists  of  a  very 
strong  frame  having  a  fixed  lower  blade 
and  a  vertically  reciprocating  upper  blade, 
between  which  the  bar  is  cut.  E.  It,  Knight, 
Bar-shoe  (bartho),  ».  A  kind  of  horsc- 
shoe,  having  a  bar  across  the  usual  opening 
at  the  heel  to  protect  a  tender  frog  from 
injury. 

Bar -shot  (biir'shot),  n.     Double-headed 
shot,    consisting   of    a   bar,    with  a   half 
ball  or  round 
head   at   each 
end,  used    for 
des' rising  the 
masts  and  rig- 
ging in  naval 
combat. 

Barter  (biir'Mr),  f.i.     [O.E.  bartryn,  to  bar- 
gain, to  higgle;  O.Fr.  bareter,  barater,  to 
cheat,  to  track,  exchange;  O.Fr.  barat,  bar- 
ate,  deceit,  exchange,  barter;  It.  ba- 
ratio,  deceit,  barter,  barattare,  to  bar- 
ter, to  deceive:  origin  doubtful.]    T<> 
traffic  or  trade  by  exchanging  one  com- 
modity for  another,  in  distinction  from 
a  sale  and  purchase,  in  which  mcme.v  is 
paid  for  the  commodities  transferred. 
Barter  (barter),  v.  t.   To  give  one  thing 
for  another:  often  followed  byainnj; 
as,  he  bartered  away  his  honour  for 
place. 

Mine  eyes  like  wintry  streams  o'erflow. 
What  wretch  with  me  would  barter  woe! 

Byron. 
lie  also  bartered  a-way  plums  ...  for  nuts. 

Barter  (barter),  n.  1.  The  act  of  ex- 
changing; specifically,  the  act  or  prac- 
tice of  trafficking  by  exchange  of  com- 
modities. 

All  government,  indeed  every  human  beneft 
and  enjoyment,  every  virtue,  and  every  prudent 
act,  is  founded  on  compromise  and  baiter. 
Ritrke. 

•2.  The  thing  given  in  exchange.  — 3.  An  arith- 
metical rule  by  which  the  values  of  different 
goods  are  compared.— SVN.  Exchange,  deal- 
ing, traffic,  truck,  interchange. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abunej      y,  Sc.  ley. 


JJARTKRKR 


225 


BASE 


Bartizan,  Mickletjate  Bar, 
York. — an,  Bahstraria. 


Barterer  (bar'ter-ur),  n.  One  who  barters 
or  traffics  by  exchanging  commodities. 

Barteryt  (bar'ter-i),  n.  Exchange  of  com- 
modities in  trade;  barter. 

It  is  a  received  opinion  that,  in  most  ancient  apes, 
there  was  only  ftarrery  or  exchange  of  commodities 
inum, ;'.t  most  nations.  Ca»iden. 

Earth  (biirth),  H.  [A  form  of  berth.]  A  warm 
indused  place  of  shelter  for  yolin^  cattle, 
as  calves,  lamhs,  Arc.  (Provincial.] 

Bartholomew-tide  (bar.thoro-mu-tid).  n. 
'J'lie  season  near  St.  Jlartholomew's  Day 
(i!4th  August).  'Like  flies  at  Barthotomew- 
tide.  Wind.'  Shak. 

Bartizan  (bar'tl- 
zan),  71.  [Of  same 
origin  as  Sc.  and 

0.  E.     brattice,    :\ 
fence   of   boards 
See  BRATTICE.]  In 
arch,  a  small  over- 
hanging     turret, 
pierced  witli  one 
or  more  apertures 
(called     balistra- 
rio)foran  archer, 
projecting  gener- 
ally    from       the 
angles  on  the  top 
of    a    tower,    or 
from  the  parapet 
or  other  parts  of 
a   building.     See 
BALISTRARIA,  3. 

Bartont  (barton), 
n.  [A.  Sax.  bcre- 
ton,  barley-town.] 

1.  The     domain 
lands  of  a  manor. 

2.  The  manor  it- 
self. —3.  The  out-houses  and  yards  attached 
to  a  mansion.     Snuthcy. 

Bartram  (barti-am),  n.  [L.  pyrethrmn,  from 
Or.  pyr,  fire.)  A  plant,  pellitory. 

Bartsia  (bart'si-a),  n.  [After  John  Bartsch, 
M.U.,  a  friend  of  Linmeus  ]  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Scrophulariaceae,  contain- 
ing about  thirty  species,  which  are  parasitic 
on  the  roots  of  other  plants.  Three  species 
are  natives  of  Britain,  B.  Odontites  being  a 
common  weed  by  waysides  and  in  corn- 
fields. 

Baru  (ba-ro1),  n.  [Malay  name.]  A  fine 
woolly  substance,  used  for  caulking  ships, 
stuffing  cushions,  &c.,  found  at  the  base  of 
the  leaves  of  the  Sayuerus  saccharifer,  a 
sago-palm  of  the  East  Indies. 

Barwin  (barVin),  n.  The  Irish  name  for 
the  common  sea-bream  (Panellus  centrodon- 
tus). 

Barwood  (barVud),  n.  A  red  dye-wood 
brought  from  Africa,  produced  by  a  legu- 
minous plant,  Baphia  nitida.  See  CAM- 
WOOD. 

Baryosma  (bar-i-os'ma),  n.    See  BAROSMA 

Barystrontianite  (bar-i-stron'shi-an-lt),  n. 
[Gr.  bari/s,  heavy,  and  E.  strontian.  ]  A  min- 
eral, called  also  Stromnite,  from  Stromness, 
in  Orkney.  It  is  a  variety  of  strontianite, 
being  a  mechanical  mixture  of  carbonate  of 
strontia,  sulphate  of  baryta,  and  a  little  lime. 

Baryta  (ba-ri'ta),  n.  [Gr.  barys,  heavy 
barytfs.  weight  ]  (BaO.)  Oxide  of  barium, 
called  also  heavy  earth,  from  its  being  the 
heaviest  of  the  earths,  its  specific  gravity 
being  47.  It  is  generally  found  in  combi- 
nation with  sulphuric  and  carbonic  acids, 
forming  sulphate  and  carbonate  of  baryta, 
the  former  of  which  is  called  heavy-spar. 
Baryta  is  a  gray  powder,  has  a  sharp  caustic 
alkaline  taste,  and  a  strong  affinity  for 
water,  and  forms  a  hydrate  with  that  ele- 
ment. It  forms  white  salts  with  the  acids, 
all  of  which  are  poisonous,  except  the  sul- 
phate. Its  aqueous  solution  is  an  excellent 
test  of  the  presence  of  carbonic  acid  in  the 
atmosphere,  or  in  other  gaseous  mixtures, 
and  its  soluble  salts  are  excellent  tests  of 
the  presence  of  sulphuric  acid. 

Barytes  (ba-ri'tez),  H.  [Gr]  A  name  used 
by  chemists  (a)  as  another  name  tot  Baryta 
(which  see);  (6)  to  denote  the  native  sul- 
phate of  baryta,  popularly  called  Heavy- 
spar  (BaSO,).  See  HEAVY-SPAR. 

Barytic  (ba-ri'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to,  formed 
of,  or  containing  baryta. 

Barytocalcite  (ba-ri't6-kal"slt),  n.  [Baryta 
and  calcite.  See  CALX.]  A  mineral  consist- 
ing of  a  mixture  of  carbonate  of  lime  with 
carbonate  of  baryta,  of  a  dark  or  light  gray 
colnur,  of  various  forms. 

Barytone,  Baryton(liar'i-t6n),a.  [Qr.barys, 
heavy,  and  tonos,  tone.]  1.  Ranging  between 
tenor  and  bass;  as,  a  barytone  voice.  See 


the  noun. — 2.  In  Greek  gram,  having  no  ac- 
cent marked  on  the  last  syllable,  tin?  grave 
being  understood. 

Barytone,  Baryton  (bar'i-ton),  n.  i.  In 
music,  (a)  a  male  voice,  the  compass  of  which 
partakes  of  the  common  bass  and  the  tenor, 
but  which  does  not  descend  so  low  as  the 
one,  nor  rise  as  high  as  the  other,  its  nin^e 
is  from  the  lower  G  of  the  bass  clef  to  tlm 
lower  F  of  the  treble.  Frequently  applied 
to  the  person  possessing  a  voice  of  this  qua- 
lity; as,  Signor  S.  is  a  great  barytone.  (It)  A 
musical  instrument,  similar  to  the  vinl-dc- 
gamba,  now  entirely  disused.  — 2.  In  Greek 
'jnnii.  a  final  syllable  with  no  accent,  the 
grave  being  understood. 
Basal  (bas'al),  a.  Pertaining  to  the  base; 
constituting  the  base.  —  Basal  plane,  in 
crystal,  a  plane  parallel  to  the  lateral  or 
horizontal  axes.  —  Basal  cleavage,  in  crystal. 
cleavage  in  the  direction  of  a  basal  plane. — 
Basal  valve,  that  valve  in  bivalves  by  which 
they  adhere  to  other  substances. 
Basalt  (ba-salf),  n.  (L.  and  Gr.  basaltes,  of 
unknown  origin.]  A  well-known  igneous 
rock  occurring  in  the  ancient  trap  and  the 
recent  volcanic  series,  but  most  abundantly 
in  the  former.  It  is  a  fine-grained  heavy 
crystalline  rock,  consisting  of  Labrador  fel- 
spar, augite,  magnetic  iron,  and  sometimes 
contains  a  little  olivine.  Anamesite  is  a 
coarser,  and  dolerite  the  coarsest  form  of 
rocks  of  this  composition.  Melaphyre  be- 
longs to  the  same  series.  Basalt  is  amor- 
phous, columnar,  tabular,  or  globular.  The 
columnar  form  is  straight  or  curved,  perpen- 
dicular or  inclined,  sometimes  nearly  hori- 
zontal; the  diameter  of  the  columns  from  3 
to  18  inches,  some  times  with  transverse  semi- 
spherical  joints,  in  which  the  convex  part  of 
one  is  inserted  in  the  concavity  of  another; 
and  the  height  from  5  feet  to  150.  The  forms 
of  the  columns  generally  are  pentagonal, 
hexagonal,  or  octagonal.  When  decomposed 
it  is  found  also  in  round  masses,  either 
spherical  or  compressed  and  lenticular. 
These  rounded  masses  are  sometimes  com- 
posed of  concentric  layers,  with  a  nucleus, 
and  sometimes  of 
prisms  radiating  from 
a  centre.  Fingal's  Cave, 
in  the  island  of  Staffa, 
furnishes  a  remarkable 
instance  of  basaltic  co- 
lumns. The  pillars  of 
the  Giant's  Causeway, 
Ireland,  composed  of 
this  stone,  and  exposed 
to  the  roughest  sea  for 
ages,  have  their  angles 
as  perfect  as  those  at 
a  distance  from  the 
waves.  Samson's  ribs 
near  Edinburgh  also  Basalt, 

consist  of  basalt. 

Basaltic  (ba-salt'ik),  a.    Pertaining  to  ba- 
salt; formed  of  or  containing  basalt. 
Basaltiform  (ba-salt'i-form),  a.  In  the  form 
of  basalt;  columnar. 

Basaltine  (ba-salt'in),  n.  1.  Basaltic  horn- 
blende; a  variety  of  common  hornblende,  so 
called  from  its  being  often  found  in  basalt, 
as  it  is  also  in  lavas  and  volcanic  scoria;.  It 
is  generally  in  distinct  crystals,  and  its 
colour  is  a  pure  black,  or  black  slightly 
tinged  with  green.  It  is  more  foliated  than 
the  other  varieties,  and  has  been  mistaken 
for  mica.  — 2.  A  column  of  basalt.  Kirwan. 
Basalting  (ba-salt'ing),  n.  A  process  for 
utilizing  the  scoriae  of  blast-furnaces  for 
making  paving  and  building  material.  H. 
H.  Knight. 

Basan,  Basane  (bas'an,  ba-san'),  ».  [Fr. 
basane.]  A  tanned  sheep's  skin.  Called 
also  Basil. 

Basanlte  (baz'an-it),  TV.  [Gr.  basanos,  the 
touch-stone.  ]  Lydian  stone  or  touch-stone, 
a  variety  of  schistose  horn-stone.  See  TOUCH- 
STONE. 

Bas-chevalier  (ba'she-va-lerO,  n.  [Fr.]  A 
knight  inferior  to  a  knight  banneret.  Smart. 
Bascinet  (bas'i-net),  n.  [O.Fr.  bassinet,  ba- 
cinet,  dim.  of  bassin,  bacin,  a  helmet  in  the 
form  of  a  basin.]  A  light  helmet,  originally 
without  a  vizor,  and  in  this  form  worn  by 
infantry  in  the  reigns  of  Edward  II.  and 
III.  Knights  in  battle  or  in  the  lists  wore 
a  heanme  or  helm  over  the  unvisored  basci- 
net,  but  the  great  weight  and  inconvenience 
of  this  ponderous  head-piece  led  to  its  gra- 
dual disuse, and  from  the  reign  of  Richard  II. 
the  use  of  the  visored  bascinet  became  more 
and  more  general,  the  heaume  being  scarcely 
ever  worn  but  in  the  tilt-yard.  In  the  four- 


teenth and  fifteenth  centuries  a  neck-piece 
of  chain  mail,  called  camail  (whlrh  see),  was 
worn  attached  to  the  bascinet  as  a  defence 


1,  Unvisored  Bascinet,  used  by 

Infantry. 

2,  Visored  Bascinet,  Tower  of 

London. 

3,  Coroneted  Bascinet  with  ca- 

mail. Westminster  Abbey. 


for  the  sides  of  the  face,  throat,  and  chest. 
Written  also  Basinet,  Basenet,  Basnet. 

Bascule  (baslifll),  n.  [Fr]  An  arrange- 
ment in  bridges  by  which  one  portion  bal- 
ances another.  —  Bascule  bridge,  a  kind  of 
drawbridge  in  which  the  projecting  portion 
is  counterbalanced  by  an  inner  portion, 
which,  when  the  former  is  raised,  descends 
into  a  dry-well. 

Base  (has),  a.  [Fr.  bas,  low,  It.  Itassn,  low, 
shallow,  from  L.  L.  basstts,  low,  short,  thick, 
a  word  regarded  by  some  as  connected  with 
Gr.  basson,  compar.  of  bathys,  deep,  by 
others  with  Ir.  bass,  W.  bas,  Armor,  baz, 
shallow.]  l.t  Low  in  place  or  position. 

By  that  same  hole  an  entrance,  dark  and  base. 
Sfenser. 

2.  Of  little  or  no  value ;  coarse  in  quality; 
worthless. 

The  harvest  white  plumb  is  a  base  plumb.      Bacon. 

Now  used  in  this  sense  only  in  speaking  of 
metals,  and  specifically  of  those  metals 
which  easily  oxidize  or  rust,  as  opposed  to 
noble.  '  Gold  without  any  alloy  or  baser 
metal.'  Watts.  '  Gold,  silver,  and  base  lead. ' 
Shak.  Hence — 3.  Fraudulently  debased  in 
value;  spurious;  false;  as,  base  coin.—  4.t  Of 
or  pertaining  to  humble  birth  and  station; 
of  mean  account;  without  rank,  dignity,  or 
estimation  among  men ;  humble ;  lowly. 
'  Peasants  and  baser  people.'  Spenser. 
'Born  to  base  humility.'  Spenser.  —  5.  Of 
mean  spirit ;  morally  low ;  disingenuous ; 
illiberal;  low;  without  dignity  of  sen- 
timent: said  of  persons.  'The  base  and 
abject  multitude.'  Junius.  'Base  is  the 
slave  who  pays.'  Shak.— 6.  Showing  or  pro- 
ceeding from  a  mean  spirit:  said  of  things. 
'  Him  that  uttered  nothing  base. '  Tennyson. 
'  The  one  base  thing  in  the  universe — to  re- 
ceive favours  and  to  render  none.  'Emerson. 

7.  t  Of  illegitimate  birth ;  born  out  of  wed- 
lock. '  Why  bastard  ?  wherefore  base? '  Shak. 

8.  Deep;  grave:  applied  to  sounds;  as,  the 
base  sounds  of  a  viol.   See  BASS. — 9.  In  laic, 
not  held  by  honourable  tenure;  as,  a  base 
estate,  an  estate  held  by  services  not  hon- 
ourable, nor  in  capite,  or  by  villenage.  Such 
a  tenure  is  called  base,  or  low,  andj  the 
tenant  a  base  tenant. — 10.  Not  classical  or 
refined.  'Base  Latin.'  Fuller. — Base  court, 
any  court  not  of  record.— Base  fee,  a  free- 
hold estate  of  inheritance  having  a  qualifi- 
cation subjoined  to  it,  which  must  be  deter- 
mined whenever  the  qualification  annexed 
to  it  comes  to  an  end;  a  qualified  fee:  opposed 
to  fee-simple,  or  entire  possession  and  pro- 
perty.— Base  infeftment,  in  Scots  law,  a  dis- 
position of  lands  by  a  vassal,  to  be  held  of 
himself. — Base  right,  in  Scots  law,  the  right 
which  a  disponer  or  disposer  of  feudal  pro- 
perty acquires  when  he  dispones  it  to  be 
held   under   himself   and   not    under  his 
superior. 

Base  (bas),  n.  [Fr.  base,  L.  basis,  a  base,  a 
pedestal,  borrowed  from  Gr.  basis,  lit  a 
going,  also  a  foot,  a  base  or  foundation, 
from  l'ii inn.  to  go.]  1.  The  bottom  of  any- 
thing, considered  as  its  support,  or  the  part 
of  a  thing  on  which  it  stands  or  rests ;  as, 
the  base  of  a  column;  the  base  of  a  moun- 
tain. '  Upon  the  hidden  bases  of  the  hills. ' 
Tennyson. 

For  want  like  thine — a  boe  without  a  base — 
Ingulfs  all  gains  I  gather  for  the  place. 

Cratbe. 

2.  In  arch,  (a)  that  part  of  a  column  which  is 
between  the  top  of  the  pedestal  and  the 


ch,  cAain:      6h,  Sc.  locA; 

VOL.  I. 


8,  go',      i,  job;      h,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin; 


w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure. — See  KEY. 
IS 


BASE 


220 


BASHFUL 


bottom  of  the  shaft;  when  there  is  no  pedes- 
tal the  part  between  the  bottom  of  the 
column  and  the  pavement.  See  cut  COLUMN. 

(b)  The  lower  projecting  part  of  the  wall  of 
a  room,  consisting  of  a  plinth  and  its  mould- 
ings. —3.  In  bot.  and  conch,  the  opposite  ex- 
tremity to  the  apex;  the  point  of  attach- 
ment; the  part  nearest  the  trunk  or  stem; 
as,  the  base  of  a  leaf;  the  base  of  a  shell.— 
4.  In  chem.  a  term  applied  to  those  com- 
pound substances  which  unite  with  acids  to 
form  salts.— 6.  In  dentistry,  the  setting  for 
artificial  teeth.— 6.  In  dyeing,  a  substiince 
t  lat  has  an  affinity  for  both  the  cloth  and 
the  colouring  matter;  a  mordant.  — 7.  In 
fort,  the  exterior  side  of  the  polygon,  or 
that  imaginary  line  which  is  drawn  from 
the  point  or  salient  angle  of  one  bastion  to 
the  point  of  the  next.— 8.  In  geom.  the  line 
or  surface  forming  tliat  part  of  a  figure  on 
which  it  is  supposed  to  stand ;  the  side  op- 
posite to  the  apex.    The  base  of  a  hyperbola 
or  a  parabola  is  a  line  formed  by  the  com- 
mon intersection  of  the  secant  plane  and 
the  base  of  the  cone.  — 9.  In  her.  the  lower 
part  of  the  shield,  the  charges  on  which  are 
said  to  be  in  base.— 10.  Mttit.  (a)  a  tract  of 
country  protected  by  fortifications,  or  strong 
by  natural  advantages,  from   which   the 
operations  of  an  army  proceed. 

Bast,  in  military  operations,  is  simply  a  secure 
starting-point,  or  rather  tract  of  country  behind,  in 
which  an  army  is  in  comparative  safety,  and  in  which 
the  stores  and  reserves  of  men  for  the  force  are  situ- 
ated. Sat.  Rev. 

(V)  The  rounded  hinder  portion  of  a  gun. 

(c)  The  smallest  kind  of  ordnance.— 11.  In 
music,  same  as  Bass.— 12.  In  svrv.  a  base- 
line (which  see).— 13.  In  zoo!,  that  part  or 
extremity  of  anything  by  which  it  is  at- 
tached to  another  of  higher  value  or  signifi- 
cation.   Dana.— 14.  The  place  from  which 
racers  or  tilters  start;  a  starting-post.    'To 
their  appointed  base  they  went. '    Dryden. 
16.  An  old  game,  played  in  various  ways,  in 
some  of  which  it  is  still  practised,  and  in 
all  of  which  there  are  certain  spaces  marked 
out  beyond  which  any  player  is  liable  to  be 
touched  with  the  hand,  or  struck  with  a 
ball  by  a  player  on  the  enemy's  side.   Forms 
of  this  game  are  known  under  the  names  of 
Prisoners'  Base,  Rounder*,  and  Ease-ball, 
under  which  last  name  it  has  become  the 
national  game  of  America  — 16.  One  of  the 
spaces  marked  off  in  the  game  of  base  or 
prisoners'  base.    See  previous  definition.— 
To  bid  a  base,  to  challenge  to  a  game  of 
base,  and  hence,  from  the  popularity  of  the 
game,  to  challenge  to  a  trial  of  dexterity, 
skill,  strength,  and  the  like,  or  to  a  trial  of 
any  kind ;  to  challenge  generally.     '  To  bid 
the  wind  a  base  he  now  prepares.'    Shak. 

We  will  find  comfort,  money,  men.  and  friends. 
Ere  long  to  bid  the  English  king  a  base.     Atarlowe. 

Basel  (has),  n.  [From  the  adjective;  comp. 
Fr.  bas,  a  stocking,  from  bas,  low,  the  stock- 
ings forming  the  lower  part  of  the  hose. 
See  BASK,  a.  ]  1.  A  covering  for  the  leg,  as 
a  stocking  or  piece  of  armour.  'With  gaunt- 
lets blue  and  bases  white.'  Hudibras. — 
2.  pi.  A  plaited  skirt,  usually  of  rich  mate- 
rial, often  brocaded,  appended  to  the  doub- 
let and  reaching  to  the  knee;  worn  by 
knights  on  horseback  in  the  first  half  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  and  often  imitated  in  the 
armour  of  the  period. 


lish  dictionary,  bleed  on  the  works  of  For- 
cellini  and  Freund.'  Dr.  W.  Smith.  'De- 
mands based  on  the  foundation  of  right. ' 
Edin.  Rev.  'Accurate  definitions  .  .  .  based 
upon  etymology.'  Quart.  Rev. 
Base-ball  (has'lial),  n.  1.  A  game  in  which 
the  players  on  one  side  stand  within  certain 
marked-off  spaces,  usually  four  in  number, 
at  the  corners  of  the  playing-flfld,  while 
those  on  the  other  side  occupy  the  rest  of 
the  field.  One  of  the  latter  plays  a  ball  to 
one  of  the  players  on  the  other  side,  who 
strikes  it  back  with  a  bat  into  the  field  and 
then  tries  to  reach  the  next  station  before 
being  struck  witli  the  ball,  all  the  other 


Base-minded  (bas'mind-ed),  a.  Of  a  low 
spirit  or  mind;  mean. 

Base-moulding  (bas'inold-ing),  ».  In  arch. 
one  of  the  projecting  mouldings  placed 
above  the  plinth  of  a  building  or  column. 


game  in  the  United  States,  and  is  now 
played  in  accordance  with  a  somewhat  ela- 
borate code  of  rules  and  regulations.— 
2  The  ball  with  which  this  game  is  played. 
Base-born  (basTrorn),  a.  Of  base  or  low 
birth;  born  out  of  wedlock;  of  low  or  mean 
parentage;  spurious.  'Thy  base-born  child, 
thy  babe  of  shame.'  (Jay.  'A  bate-born 
shepherd.'  Fanshaw. 

It  is  justly  expected  that  they  should  bring  forth  a 
base-born  issue  of  divinity.  Milton. 

Base-bred  (bas'bred),  a.  Of  low  or  base 
I  breeding;  mean;  of  discreditable  origin.  'As 
1  little  souls  their  base-bred  fancies  feed.'  J. 
Baillie. 

Base-broom  (bas'brom),  n.  A  name  given 
to  Genista  tiiutoria,  because  it  is  employed 
as  a  base  to  prepare  woollen  cloths  for  re- 
ceiving scarlet  and  other  dyes. 

Base-burning  (bas'bern-ing),  a.  Burning 
at  the  base. — Base-burning  furnace  or  stove, 
one  in  which  the  fuel  bums  it  the  bottom, 
and  is  renewed  from  a  self-acting  hopper  or 
chamber  above. 

Base-court  (basTtort),  n.  [Base,  low,  in- 
ferior, and  court.  ]  1.  The  court  or  yard  at 
the  back  of  a  house,  opposed  to  the  chief 
court  in  front  of  a  house;  the  farm-yard.— 
2.  In  law,  an  inferior  court,  not  of  record, 
as  a  court-baron,  court-leet,  «fcc. 

Basedt  (bast),  a.  Wearing,  or  clothed  in. 
a  base  or  mantle.  'Based  in  lawny  velvet.' 
Bp.  Hall. 

Baselard  (bas'e-lard),  n.  An  ornamental 
dagger  worn  in  the  fifteenth  century.  See 
BASLARD. 

Baseless  (basics),  a.  Without  a  base;  hav- 
ing no  foundation  or  support.  '  The  base- 
less fabric  of  a  vision.'  Shak. 

Base-line  (bas'lin),  n.  1.  A  line  adopted  as 
a  base  or  foundation  from  which  future 
operations  are  carried  on,  or  on  which  they 
depend  or  rest ;  as,  (a)  in  persp.  the  line 
which  limits  a  sketch  on  the  side  of  the 
sketcher,  and  is  taken  as  the  bottom  line  of 
the  picture,  (b)  In  sttrv.  a  principal  line 
measured  with  the  greatest  precision,  on 
which  a  triangle  or  series  of  triangles  may 
be  constructed  to  determine  other  posi- 
tions, (c)  Milit.  a  line,  as  of  frontier,  sea- 
coast,  or  forts,  taken  as  the  base  of  opera- 
tions of  an  army,  that  is,  from  which 
operations  advance,  supplies  of  food,  am- 
munition, and  men  are  sent  to  the  front, 
and  to  which  the  army  may  retreat  in  case 
of  disaster.— 2.  A  line  traced  round  a  can- 
non at  the  rear  of  the  vent. 

Basella  (ba-sel'la),n.  [Native  name.]  Climb- 
ing nightshade  from  Malabar;  a  genus  of 
plants  belonging  to  the  nat.  order  Basel- 
lacese.  Some  of  the  species  are  used  for 
spinach  in  Paris  and  in  the  East.  The  ber- 
ries of  B.  rubra  yield  a  purple  dye  used  in 
staining  Indian  calicoes. 

Basellaceae  (bas-el-la'se-e),  n.  pi.  A  nat. 
order  of  monochlamydeous  dicotyledonous 
herbs  and  shrubs.  They  are  climbing  plants 
*ith  fleshy  leaves  and  small  flowers.  The 
stamens  are  perigynous,  and  the  perianth 
double  and  coloured;  in  other  respects  they 
agree  with  Chenopodiaceae. 

Basely  (bas'li),  adv.  1.  In  a  base  manner; 
meanly ;  dishonourably.  '  Conquest  basely 
bought.'  Dryden.  —  2.  In  a  base  or  mean 
condition;  illegitimately;  in  bastardy.  'Two 
Mitylene  brethren,  basely  born.'  Knolles. 

Basement  (bas'ment),  n.  In  arch,  the  low- 
est story  of  a  building,  whether  above  or 
below  the  ground.  Gwilt. — Basement  mem- 
brane, in  anat.  a  delicate  membrane  found 
beneath  the  epidermis  or  epithelium  on  all 
the  free  surfaces  of  the  body,  both  external 
and  internal.  It  is  also  called  the  Primary 
Membrane. 

Basement-story  (bas'ment-sto-ri),  n.  Same 
as  Basement. 


Hence— 3.  A  skirt  of  any  kind;  a  petticoat; 
an  apron.  'Bakers  in  their  linen  bases.' 
Marston.—t.  The  part  of  a  horse's  housings 
which  hung  down,  partly  over  the  legs,  and 
was  generally  richly  ornamented. 

The  bases  and  bardes  of  their  horse  were  grene 
sattyn.  ifau. 

Base  (bas),  in  music,  same  as  Baas. 

Baset  (bas),  v.t.  [In  meaning  1  directly  from 

Fr.  bausser,  to  lower;  in  the  others  from  the 

adjective.)    1.  To  let  down;  to  abase;  to 

lower.     '  The  great  warrior  .  .  .  based  his 

arms  and  ensigns  of  state. '   Holland.  —  2.  To 

reduce  the  value  of  by  the  admixture  of 

meaner  elements;  to  debase.    '  Metals  which 

we  cannot  base.'    Bacon.    [Rare.]  — 3.  In 

music,  to  sing  or  play  the  base  part  of; 

to  accompany  with  the  base.    [Rare.] 
Base  (has),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  based;  ppr.  bas- 

ing.    To  lay  the  base  or  foundation  of ;  to 

place  on  a  basis;  to  found.     'A  Latin-Eng- 

Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


Base-mouldings,  Hampton,  Worcestershire. 

Basent  (bazn),  p.  and  a.  [Allied  to  D.  ver- 
baazen,  to  astonish;  Sc.  bazed,  stupefied 
with  astonishment.  ]  Extended  as  with  as- 
tonishment. '  With  big  looks  basen  wiile  ' 
Spenser. 

Baseness  (bas'nes),  n.  1.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  base;  as,  (a)t  low  social  rank; 
lo»liuess;  humility. 

Reflect  not  I  on  thy  baseness  court-contempt? 
VtaA. 

(b)  The  state  or  quality  of  being  morally 
mean  or  vile ;  meanness ;  vileness ;  worth- 
lessness.  'Equal  baseness  lived  in  sleeker 
times.'  Tennyson,  (c)  As  applied  to  metals, 
inferiority  in  value;  worthlessness ;  specifi- 
cally, liability  to  rust:  opposed  to  noblfinw. 
(d)  State  of  being  fraudulently  debased  by 
being  alloyed  with  an  inferior  metal:  sriuri- 
ousness:  said  of  coins  or  of  metal  to  be 
coined. 

We  alledged  the  fraudulent  obtaining  his  patent, 
the  baseness  of  his  metal,  and  the  prodigious  sum 
to  be  coined.  -S  .TJ/A 

(e)t  Illegitimacy  of  birth;  bastardy. 

Why  brand  they  us  with  baseness!  bastardy? 

iii*. 

(/)  Deepness  of  sound.  'The  baseness  or 
trebleness  of  tones.'  Baton.— 2.  In  a  con- 
crete sense,  a  property,  characteristic,  or 
instance  of  baseness.  '  I  once  did  hold  it  a 
baseness  to  write  fair.'  Shak. 
Basenet  (bas'e-uet),  n.  A  helmet.  See  BAS- 

CINET. 

Base-plate  (bas'plat).  n.  The  foundation 
plate  of  metal  on  which  a  heavy  piece  of 
machinery,  as  a  eteam-engine,  stands ;  the 
bed-plate. 

Base-ring  (bas'ring),  n.  The  flat  moulding 
round  the  breech  of  guns  of  cast  metal  at 
the  junction  of  the  barrel  with  the  cascabel. 

Base-spirited  (bas'spi-rit-ed),  a.  Having  a 
base  or  mean  spirit;  mean;  cowardly. 

Base-string  (bas'string),  n.  Same  as  Bass- 
string. 

Base-viol  (bas'vi-ol),  n.    Same  as  Bass-viol. 

Bash  t  (basli),  r.i  [A  shorter  form  of  tibanh, 
the  meaning  as  well  as  the  form  being  in- 
fluenced by  Fr.  baisser,  to  lower,  as  in  bawser 
la  Me,  to  hang  one's  head.  See  ABASH.] 
To  be  ashamed;  to  be  confounded  with 
shame. 

His  countenance  was  bold,  and  basiled  not 
For  Gnyon's  looks,  but  scornful  eye-glance  at  him 
shot.  Spenser. 

Bash  (bash),  v.t.  [Scand.:  Dan.  bask,  a  slap, 
ba*ke,  to  slap.  See  Box,  to  fight,  which 
seems  to  have  the  same  origin.)  To  beat 
violently;  to  strike;  to  knockout  of  shape. 
[Colloq.  and  provincial.) 

A  woman,  a  whelp,  and  a  walnut-tree. 
The  more  you  bash  'cm  the  belter  they  be. 

Proverbial  lay  inf. 

(The  above  proverb  refers  to  the  practice  of 
beating  walnut-trees,  when  in  bud,  with 
poles,  or  beating  off  the  fruit,  a  proceeding 
which  was  thought  to  increase  their  pro- 
ductiveness. ] 

Bash  (bash),  n.  A  blow;  a  knock;  a  dent. 
[Colloq.  and  provincial.] 

Bashaw  t  (ba-sha'),  n.  [Per.  Mshd,  pash/th. 
See  PASHA.]  1.  Same  as  Pasha.—  2.  Fig.  » 
proud,  tyrannical,  overbearing  man. 

Bashful  (bash'ful),  a.  [For  abashful.  See 
BASH  and  ABASH.)  1.  Easily  put  to  confu- 
sion; modest  to  excess;  diffident;  shy;  sheep- 
ish. '  You  DOS VuZ  fool.'  Shak.  Formerly 
used  also  In  the  sense  of  modest,  unassum- 
ing, as  a  term  of  commendation. 

Add  to  these  a  countenance  in  which,  though  she 
was  extremely  bashful,  a  sensibility  appeared  almost 
incredible.  FiiUinf. 

2.  Indicative  of,  accompanied  with,  or  pro- 
ceeding from  bashfulness.  'Bashful  nio- 


BASHFULLY 


•2-27 


BASIN 


clesty.'    Shak.—  3.t  Exciting  bashfulness  or 
(home. 

A  woman  yet  must  blush  when  bash  fill  is  the  case. 
Mir./or  .tt.,f<. 

Bashfully  (bash'ful-li).  adc.  In  a  bashful 
manner;  very  modestly. 

Bashfulness  (basli'fnl-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  bashful  ;  excessive  or  extreme  mo- 
desty; timorous  shyness;  want  of  confidence. 
Formerly,  like  bashful,  a  term  of  commen- 
dation, equivalent  to  modesty.  '  He  full  of 
litn/i/itlnexx  and  truth.'  l-'nii-.fax.-  lltttli.t'ril- 


.  ..  . 

ss,  Modesty,  I)ij)htcnce.  liatili/iilii/'xx,  fit 
readiness  to  be  abashed,  properly  designates 
timidity  and  a  disturbed  state  of  feeling;  at 
meeting  with  company  or  being  brought 
into  a  position  of  less  or  more  prominence. 
Modesty,  a  proper  and  becoming  distrust  of 
one's  self  and  one's  own  powers,  nnd  evi- 
denced by  the  absence  of  all  assumption. 
JJijlidence,  undue  distrust  in  one's  self,  tend- 
ing to  unfit  one  for  duty.  Modesty  and  diffi- 
dence are  mental  habits;  bashfuliiess  may 
be  merely  a  transient  state  of  feeling. 

Bashi-bazouk  (bash'e-ba-zbk"),  n.  [Turk.] 
The  name  given  to  one  of  the  irregular  sol- 
diery in  the  Turkish  army,  consisting  of  men 
hastily  collected  in  times  of  emergency.  They 
have  had  to  be  disarmed  several  times  by 
the  regular  troops  on  account  of  the  barbar- 
ities by  which  they  have  rendered  them- 
selves infamous. 

Bashless  t  (bash'les),a.  Shameless;  unblush- 
ing. Spenser. 

Basial  (ba'si-al),  a.  [L.  basiitm,  &  kiss.  ]  Re- 
lating to  or  consisting  of  a  kiss.  [Rare.] 

The  innocent  gaiety  of  his  sister-in-law  expressed 
itself  in  the  'funny  answers  'and  the  basial  saluta- 
tion. Quart.  Ret,. 

Basibranchial  (bas-i-brang'ki-al),  n.  [Or. 
basis,  a  base,  and  braiuhia,  gills.)  In  zool. 
supporting  the  branchial  arches:  applied  to 
certain  bones  in  fishes. 

Basic  (bas'ik),  a.  1.  Relating  to  a  base.  — 
•2  Iii  chem.  (a)  performing  the  office  of  a 
base  in  a  salt.  (6)  Having  the  base  in  ex- 
cess; having  more  than  one  equivalent  of 
the  base  for  each  equivalent  of  acid.—  Basic 
water,  water  which  appears  in  some  cases 
to  act  the  part  of  a  base. 

Basicity  (bas-is'i-ti),  ».  Inchem.  (a)  the  state 
of  being  a  base  or  of  playing  the  part  of  a 
base  in  combination.  (6)  The  power  of  an 
acid  to  unite  with  one  or  more  atoms  of 
base. 

Another  way  in  which  acids  may  be  classified  has 
reference  to  their  basicity:  they  may  be  divided  into 
monobasic,  dibasic,  and  tribasic  acids. 

Ifalts  Diet.  of  Chem. 

Basicranial  (bas-i-kra'ni-al),  a.  [Or.  basis, 
a  base,  and  L.  L.  cranium,  Gr.  kranion,  a 
skull.]  Pertaining  to  the  base  of  the  skull. 

Basidiqmycetes  (ba-sid'i-6-mi-se"tez),  n.  pi. 
[Basidium  (which  Bee),  and  Or.  mykes, 
myketos,  a  mushroom.  ]  In  bot.  the  group 
of  fungi  in  which  the  spores  are  borne  on 
Imsidia,  consisting  of  the  Hymenomycetes, 
Oasteromycetes,  and  Tremellini. 

Basidiomycetous  (ba-sid'i-6-mi-se"tus),  a. 
Belonging  to  the  group  of  fungi  called  Ba- 
sidiomycetes. 

Basidiospore  (ba-sid'i-6-spor),  n.  (Basidium 
(which  see),  and  Or.  spora,  seed.]  In  bot. 
a  spore  borne  on  a  basidium,  generally  pro- 
duced in  groups  of  four  on  the  hymeuium 
of  many  fungi. 

Basidium  (ba-sid'i-um).  n.  pi.  Basidia  (ba- 
sid'i-a).  [Gr.  basis,  a  base,  and  eidos,  like- 
ness.] In  bot.  the  cell  to  which  the  spores  of 
some  fungi  are  attached. 

Basiflcation  (bas'i-n-ka"shon),  n.  In  chem. 
the  act  of  basifying. 

Basifler  (bas-i-n'er),  n.  In  chem.  that  which 
pannes  or  converts  into  a  salifiable  base 

Basifugal  (bas-if'u-gal),  a.  (L.  basis,  a  base, 
and  fugio,  to  flee.]  Withdrawing  from  a 
base;  specifically,  in  bot.  belonging  to  the 
apex  or  point  farthest  from  the  base. 

_  Two  extreme  cases  may  therefore  be  distinguished 
in  leaves,  although  closely  connected  by  interme- 
diate forms:  the  predominantly  iasifupil  or  apical, 
anil  the  predominantly  basal  growth.  Sachs. 

Basify  (bas'i-fi).  v.t.  In  chem.  to  convert 
into  a  saliflable  base. 

Basigynium  (bas-i-jin'i-um),  n.  [Gr.  basis, 
a  Daw,  and  gyne,  a  female.]  In  bot.  a  stalk 
rising  above  the  origin  of  the  calyx,  and 
bearing  an  ovary  at  its  apex,  as  in  Capparis. 
Sometimes  called  Podogynium 

Basil  (buz'il),  n.  [Fr.  bixecm,  O.Fr.  bisel,  Sp. 
ami,  cutting  edge,  bevel;  also  a  bezel  in 
jewellers'  work;  origin  doubtful,  perhaps 
L.  bis,  denoting  doubleness.]  The  slope  at 
tlie  edge  of  a  cutting  tool,  as  of  a  chisel  or 
nan;;  it  is  sometimes  single,  sometimes 
double. 


Basil  (liaz'il),  v.l.  To  grind  or  form  the  edge 
of  a  tool  l"  an  angle. 

Basil  (baz'il),  n.  [O.Fr.  basilic,  from  Gr. 
basilikos,  royal,  baxilcus,  a  king  Comp.  G. 
name  kitnigskraut,  lit.  king's  herb,  ami  Fr. 
la  plante  royale,  the  royal  plant.]  A  labi- 
ate plant,  Ocymum  Baxilicum,  a  native  of 
India,  much  used  in  cookery,  especially  in 
France,  and  known  more  particularly  as 
sweet  or  common  basil.  Bush  or  lesser 
basil  is  O.  minimum;  wild  basil  belongs  to 
a  different  genus,  being  the  Calamintha 
Clinopodium.  See  also  BASIL-TIIV.MK. 

The  ancients  had  a  curious  notion  relative  to  the 
pi. nit  t>t,sil  (O.  KasilifitHi'i,  viz.  that  there  is  a  pro- 
perty in  basil  to  propagate  scorpions,  and  that  by  the 
smell  thereof  they  are  bred  in  the  brains  of  men. 
A'etrs  and  Queries. 

Basil  (baz'il),  n.  [A  corruption  of  O.  E.  basan, 
Fr.  btuant.]  The  skin  of  a  sheep  tanned. 
See  BASAN. 

Basilar,  Basilary  (ba/.'il-er,  baz'il-a-ri ),  a. 
[Fr.  basilaire,  from  Gr.  basis,  the  base.] 
1.  Relating  to  or  situated  at  the  base.  —2.  In 
anat.  applied  to  several  parts  which  seem 
to  serve  as  bases  for  others,  as  the  sacrum 
and  sphenoid  bones;  also  to  an  artery  on  the 
under  surface  of  the  brain. 

Basilian  (ba-zil'i-an),  a.  Belonging  to  the 
order  of  St.  Basil,  an  order  of  monks  founded 
in  the  fourth  century  in  Cappadocia  by  a 
saint  of  that  name. 

Basilian  (ba-zil'i-an),  n.  A  member  of  the 
monastic  order  of  St.  Basil. 

Basilic  (oa-zil'ik),  n.     Same  as  Basilica. 

Basilic  (ba-zil'ik),  a.    Same  as  Basilical. 

Basilica  (ba-zil'ik-a),  n.  [Fr.  basttique,  a 
basilica;  L.  basilica,  a  public  building  with 
double  colonnades, used  frequently  as  a  court 
of  justice,  from  Gr.  basilike,  royal,  basileus, 
a  king.  In  3.  the  word  would  mean  lit.  royal 
piece,  from  basilicas,  royal.]  1.  Originally, 
the  name  applied  by  the  Romans  to  their 
public  halls,  either  of  justice,  of  exchange, 
or  other  business.  The  plan  of  the  basilica 
was  usually  a  rectangle  divided  into  aisles 
by  rows  of  columns,  the  middle  aisle  being 
the  widest,  with  a  semicircular  apse  at  the 


Basilica  of  San  Apollinare,  Ravenna. 

end,  in  which  the  tribunal  was  placed.  The 
ground-plan  of  these  buildings  was  generally 
followed  in  the  early  Christian  churches, 
which,  therefore,  long  retained  the  name  of 
basilica,  and  it  is  still  applied  to  some  of 
the  churches  in  Rome  by  way  of  distinction, 
and  sometimes  to  other  churches  built  in 
imitation  of  the  Roman  basilicas.  —  2.  In 
the  middle  ages  a  large  structure  erected 
over  the  tomb  of  a  person  of  distinction, 
such  as  that  over  the  tomb  of  Edward  the 
Confessor  in  Westminster  Abbey.  —  3.  t  A 
large  piece  of  ordnance.  Probably  same 
as  Basilisk. 

The  breaching  artillery  consisted  of  sixty-three 
guns,  the  smallest  of  which  threw  a  ball  of  fifty-six 
pounds,  and  some  few,  termed  basilicas,  carried 
marble  bullets  of  a  hundred  and  twelve  pounds 
weight.  Present!. 

Basilica  (ba-zil'ik-a),  n.  A  code  of  laws  of 
the  Byzantine  empire,  adapted  from  the 
laws  of  Justinian  by  order  of  Basil  I.  in  the 
ninth  century,  from  whom  it  is  generally 
supposed  to  have  derived  its  name.  More 
probably,  however,  it  is  merely  the  neuter 
plural  of  the  Greek  adjective  baailikos, 
royal. 

Basilical  (ba-zil'ik-al),  a.  1  In  the  manner 
of  or  pertaining  to  a  basilica  —2.  In  anat.  a 
term  applied  to  the  middle  vein  of  the  right 


arm  and  the  interior  branch  of  the  axillary 
vein,  from  their  being  supposed  by  the  an- 
cicnts  to  have  specially  important  functions 
in  the  animal  economy. 

Basilican  (ba-zil'ik-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  a  basilica;  basilical. 

Basilicok,t  n.     A  basilisk.     C/.« 

Basilicon (ba-zirik-on),  n.  [L  basilicon,  an 
ointment,  fromGr.  basilikos,  royal,  basileus 
a  king.]  An  ointment:  so  called  from  its 
supposed  royal  virtues.  It  consists  of  yellow 
wax,  black  pitch,  and  resin,  of  each  one  part, 
and  of  olive-oil  four  parts. 

Basilica  (ba-zil'iks),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Basilica, 
a  code  of  laws. 

Basilldian  (baz-i-lid'i-an).  n.  One  of  a  sect 
of  heretics,  followers  of  Batilides,  an  Alex- 
andrian Gnostic  of  the  second  century, whose 
system  appears  to  have  been  a  fantastic 
commixture  of  the  doctrines  of  Zoroaster 
and  some  points  of  Indian  philosophy  with 
Christianity. 

Basiliscus  (baz-i-lisk'us),  n.  A  genus  of 
saurian  reptiles,  same  as  BasilM.  2  (which 
see). 

Basilisk  (baz'il-isk),  ".  [Gr.  basiliskos,  lit. 
little  king,  from  basileus,  king:  so  named 
from  some  prominences  on  the  head  resem- 
bling a  crown.]  1.  A  fabulous  creature 
formerly  believed  to  exist,  and  variously 
regarded  as  a  kind  of  serpent,  lizard,  or 
dragon,  and  sometimes  identified  witli  the 
cockatrice.  It  inhabited  the  deserts  of 
Africa,  and  its  breath  and  even  its  look  was 
fatal. 

There  is  not  one  that  looketh  upon  Ms  eyes  but  he 
dieth  presently.  The  like  property  has  the  iasilist. 
A  white  spot  or  star  it  carieth  on  the  head  and  settith 
it  out  like  a  coronet  or  diadem.  If  he  but  hiss  no 
other  serpent  dare  come  near.  Holland. 

2.  A  genus  of  saurian  reptiles  (Basiliscus), 
belonging  to  the  family  Iguanidre,  distin- 
guished by  an  elevated  crest  or  row  of  scales, 
erectible  at  pleasure,  which,  like  the  dorsal 
fins  of  some  fishes,  runs  along  the  whole 
length  of  the  back  and  tail.     The  mitred  or 
hooded  basilisk  (B.  mitratus)  is  especially 
remarkable  for  a  membranous  bag  at  the 
back  of  the  head,  of  the  size  of  a  small  hen's 
egg,  which  can  be  inflated  with  air  at  plea- 
sure, and  the  function  of  which  is  analogous 
to  the  air-bladder  of  fishes.    The  other  spe- 
cies have  such  hoods  also,  but  of  a  less  size. 
To  this  organ  they  owe  their  name,  which 
recalls  the  basilisk  of  fable,  though  in  reality 
they  are  exceedingly  harmless  and  lively 
creatures.    The  B.  amboinensis  is  a  native 
of  the  Indian  Archipelago,  where  it  is  much 
used  for  food.     It  frequents  trees  overhang- 
ing water,  into  which  it  drops  when  alarmed. 

3.  Milit.  (a)ii  large  piece  of  ordnance,  now 
disused,  so  called  after  the  fabled  basilisk, 
from  its  destructive  powers.    Some  of  them 
carried  an  iron  ball  of  the  weight  of  200  Ibs 
(li)  In  modern  times,  a  cannon  of  smaller 
size,  from  10  to  15  feet  long,  carrying  a  48-lb. 
ball :  so  called  from  the  figure  of  a  snake 
with  which  it  was  ornamented. 

Close  your  port-cullisse,  charge  your  basilisks. 
Marlinvr. 

Basilosaurus  (baz'il-6-sa"rus),  n.  [Gr. 
basileus,  a  king,  and  saunts,  a  lizard.]  Lit. 
king-lizard.  A  name  given,  from  the  belief 
that  it  was  a  lizard,  to  a  large  fossil  mam- 
mal, nearly  80  feet  in  length,  related  to  the 
whale,  found  in  the  eocene  beds  of  Alabama: 
now  termed  Zeuglodon  (which  see). 
Basil-thyme  (baz'il-tim),  n.  A  British  plant, 
the  Calamintha  Acinos  of  botanists.  It  has 
bluish-purple  flowers  and  a  fragrant  aro- 
matic smell,  'so  excellent,'  Parkinson  says, 
'that  it  is  fit  lor  a  king's  house.' 
Basil- weed  (baz'il-wed),  n.  Wild  basil,  or 
field  basil,  the  common  name  for  Calamin- 
tha Clinopodium,  a  labiate  plant  common 
in  woods  and  copses. 

Basin  (ba'sn),  n.  [Fr.  basttin.  O.Fr.  bacin, 
bachin,  It.  bacino,  a  basin,  a  dim.  of  Fr.  bac, 
a  wide  open  vessel,  same  as  E.  back,  a 
brewer's  vat.  See  BACK  in  this  sense.]  1.  A 
vessel  or  dish  of  some  size,  usually  circular, 
rather  broad  and  not  very  deep,  used  to 
hold  water  for  washing,  and  for  various 
other  purposes;  a  pan.  'A  silver  batin  full 
of  rose-water.'  Shak.—Z.  Any  reservoir  for 
water,  natural  or  artificial,  as  a  pond,  a  bay, 
a  dock  for  ships. —3.  In  the  arts  andmanuf. 
(a)  a  concave  piece  of  metal  on  which  glass- 
grinders  form  their  convex  glasses.  (6)  An 
iron  shell  on  which  hatters  mould  the 
hat  into  form,  (c)  The  scale  of  a  balance 
when  hollow,  &c.  —  4.  In  phys.  geog.  the 
whole  tract  of  country  drained  by  a  river 
and  its  tributaries.  The  line  dividing  one 
river  basin  from  another  is  the  water-shed, 


ch,  cAain;      eh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  £Aen;  th,  Win;      w,  trig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BASINED 


228 


BASSELISSE 


and  by  tracing  the  various  water-sheds  we 
divide  each  country  into  its  constituent 
basins.  The  basin  of  a  loch  or  sea  consists 
of  the  basins  of  all  the  rivers  which  run 
into  it.— 5.  In  geol.  any  dipping  or  disposi- 
tion of  strata  towards  a  common  axis  or 
centre  due  to  upheaval  aud  subsidence.  It 
is  sometimes  used  almost  synonymously 
with  'formations,'  to  express  the  deposits 
lying  in  a  certain  cavity  or  depression  in 
older  rocks.  The  'Paris  basin'  aud  '  London 
basin '  are  familiar  instances. 

Basined  (ba'snd),  a.  Inclosed  in  a  basm; 
•Thy  basiiied  rivers  and  imprisoned  seas. 
Ymmg.  [Bare.] 

Basinet  (bas'i-net),  n.    Same  as  Basci.net. 

Basis  (bas'is),  n.  pi.  Bases  (bas'ez).  [L.  and 
Or  basis,  the  foundation.  See  BASE.]  1.  The 
foundation  of  anything;  that  on  which  a 
thing  stands  or  lies :  often  used  figuratively. 

Build  me  thy  fortunes  upon  the  basis  of  honour. 
Shak. 

2  The  lowest  of  the  three  principal  parts 
of  a  column,  the  other  two  being  the  shaft 
and  capital.— 3.  A  pedestal. 

Observing  an  English  inscription  upon  the  basis 
we  read  it  over  several  times.  Addison. 

4  In  chem.  same  as  Base.— 5.  In  pros,  the 
smallest  trochaic  rhythm. —6.  The  princi- 
pal component  part  of  a  thing. 

Basisity  (bas-is'i-ti),  n.  Basicity  (which  see). 

Basisolute  (bas-is'6-lut),  o.  [L.  baste,  base, 
and  solutus,  free.]  In  bat.  a  term  applied 
to  leaves  prolonged  at  the  base  below  the 
point  of  origin. 

Baslstt  (bas'ist),  n.  A  singer  of  base  or  bass. 

Bask  (bask),  u.i.  [A  word  of  Scandinavian 
origin  =  Icel.  baka  sik,  to  warm  oue's  self  at 
the  fire,  lit.  to  bake  one's  self,  which  became 
contracted  first  into  bakask,  and  finally  into 
bask;  or  =  batha  sik,  to  bathe  one's  self,  an 
old  meaning  of  bask  being  to  bathe,  and 
bathe  also  being  formerly  used  in  the  sense 
of  bask.  It  is  not  certain  which  origin  is 
correct,  but  the  termination  is  certainly  the 
reflexive  pronoun.  Comp.  L.G.  gich  baken, 
to  warm  one's  self  in  the  sun;  Prov.  E.  and 
Sc.  to  beak  or  beek;  as,  to  beak  in  the  sun. 
Busk  is  formed  exactly  in  the  same  way.  ] 
To  lie  in  warmth;  to  be  exposed  to  genial 
heat.  Fig.  to  be  at  ease  and  thriving  under 
benign  influences ;  as,  to  bask  in  the  blaze  of 
day,  to  basic  in  the  sunshine  of  royal  favour. 

She  desires  no  isles  of  the  blest,  no  quiet  seats  of  the 

just 
To  rest  in  a  golden  grove,  or  to  trait  in  a  summer 

sky.  Tennyson. 

Bask  (bask),  v.t.  To  warm  by  continued 
exposure  to  heat;  to  worm  with  genial  heat. 
'Basks  at  the  fire  his  hairy  strength.' 
Milton. 

Basket  (basTtet),  n.  [W.  basged  or  basyawd. 
Ir.  bascaid,  a  basket,  from  its  being  plaited  or 
woven;  W.  basg,  a  netting  or  piece  of  wicker- 
work.  The  form  bascauda  which  occurs 
in  the  following  passage  from  Martial  is  one 
of  the  few  words  the  Latins  borrowed 
'  directly  from  the  Celts:  'Barbara  de  pictis 
veni  bascauda  Britannis '  —  A  barbarian 
basket  I  have  come  from  the  painted  Britons. 
Ep.  xiv.  99.]  1.  A  vessel  made  of  twigs, 
rushes,  thin  strips  of  wood,  or  other  flexible 
materials  interwoven.  '  Rude  baskets  .  .  . 
woven  of  the  flexile  willow.'  Dyer.— 2.  The 
contents  of  a  basket ;  as  much  as  a  basket 
will  hold;  as,  ^basket  of  fish.— 3.  A  measure 
for  fruit  equal  to  2  bushels ;  as,  a  basket  of 
medlars.  —4.  A  collection  of  things  intended 
to  be  given  away  in  charity.  '  Making  baby- 
clothes  for  a  charitable  basket.'  Dickens. 
6.  In  old  stage-coaches,  the  two  outside 
seats  facing  one  another  behind. 

London's  fopperies  come  down  not  only  as  inside 
passengers,  but  in  the  very  basket.  Goldsmith. 

6.  In  hat-making,  a  wickerwork  or  wire 
screen  of  an  oval  shape  for  receiving  the 
filaments  of  hair  deposited  on  it,  in  the 
operation  of  bowing. —  7.  Milit.  a  gabion 
(which  see). —  8.  In  arch,  the  central  por- 
tion of  the  Corinthian  capital. 
Basket  (bas'ket),  «.  (.  To  put  in  a  basket. 

I  have,  since  I  sent  you  the  last  packet,  been  de- 
livered of  two  or  three  other  brats,  and  as  the  year 
proceeds,  shall  probably  add  to  the  number;  all  that 
come  shall  be  basketed  in  time,  and  conveyed  to  your 
door.  Confer. 

Basket-button  (basTcet-but-n),  n.  A  metal 
button  with  a  pattern  resembling  basket- 
work.  Dickens. 

Basket-carriage  (bas'ket-kar-ij),  n.  A 
light  carriage  made  of  wickerwork. 

Basket-fish  (bas'ket-flsh),  n.  A  star-fish  of 
the  genus  Astrophyton,  remarkable  for  the 
subdivision  of  its  arms  into  extremely 


minute  members  resembling  tendrils.  It 
owes  its  name  to  the  fact  that  when  the  ex- 
tremities of  the  arms  are  drawn  together, 
the  animal  resembles  a  globular  basket. 
Also  called  liaxM-urchin  aud  Sea-basket. 
Basket-hilt  (bas'ket-hilt),  n.  [See  HILT.] 
A  hilt  as  of  a  sword,  which  covers  the 
hand,  and  defends  it  from  injury. 

With  basket-hilt  that  would  hold  broth. 

And  serve  for  fight  and  dinner  both.      Hi,d,bras. 

Basket-hilted(bas'ket-hilt-ed),«.  Furnished 
with  a  basket-hilt. 
Basketry  (bas'ket-ri),  n.    Baskets  colle 

a'askeVurchintbasTtet-er-chin),  n.    Same 

Basking'-sliark(bask'ing-shark),n  A  species 
of  shark,  Stlache  maxima,  so  called  from 
its  habit  of  lying  on  the  surface  of  the  water 
basking  in  the  sun;  called  also  Sail-fish  and 
Sun-fish.  This  fish  is  from  3  to  12  yards  in 
length,  or  even  longer,  and  is  the  largest 
true  fish,  weighing  upwards  of  1000  IMS., 
and  yielding  a  large  quantity  of  oil  The 
upper  jaw  is  much 
longer  than  the 
lower  one;  the  tail 
is  large,  and  the 
upper  part  much 
longer  than  the 
lower;  the  skin  is 
rough,  of  a  deep 
leaden  colour  on 
the  back,  and 
white  on  the  belly. 
The  basking-shark 
is  viviparous,  and 
frequents  the  nor- 
thern seas. 
Baslard(baslard), 
n  [  From  O.  Fr. 
base,  a  little  knife 
or  sabre.]  An  or- 
namental dagger 
worn  hanging  at 
the  girdle,  imme- 
diately in  front  of 
the  person.  Bas- 
lards  were  worn 
by  gentlemen  of  

right    and    by  all      Figure  wearing  a  Baslard. 

pretenders  to  gen-  From  Gough. 

tility,  and  even  by  . 

priests.     In  a  satirical  song  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  V.  we  are  told  that 

There  is  no  man  worth  a  leke. 
Be  he  sturdy,  be  he  meke, 
But  he  bere  a  baselard. 


Basnet  (bas'net),  n.    Same  as  Bascinet. 

Bason  (ba'sn),  n.    See  BASIN. 

Basque  (bask),  n.  \.  A  peculiar  tongue 
spoken  in  a  district  of  the  Pyrenees  en- 
veloping the  angle  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  on 
both  sides  of  the  border  between  France 
and  Spain,  and  supposed  to  represent  the 
tongue  of  the  ancient  Iberians,  the  primitive 
inhabitants  of  Spain.  No  connection  be- 
tween it  and  any  other  language  has  as  yet 
been  made  out.  Like  the  tongues  of  Ame- 
rica it  is  highly  polysynthetic.  It  is  sup- 
posed to  exhibit  the  tongue  of  a  race  who 
were  in  Europe  before  the  immigration  of 
any  of  the  Aryan  tribes.— 2.  A  peculiar  kind 
of  short-skirted  jacket  worn  by  ladies,  pro- 
bably so  called  because  the  dress  was  worn 
by  the  Basques. 

Basque,  Basquish  (bask,  bask'ish),  a.  Per- 
taining to  the  people  or  language  of  Biscay. 
Bas-relief,  Basso-rilievo  (ba-re-lef,  bas'so- 
re-le-a'vo),  n.  [Fr.  bas,  low,  and  relief,  re- 


Bas-relief,  from  the  Elgin  Marbles. 


lief'  It  basso,  low,  and  rilievo,  raised  work. 
See 'BELIEF.  ]  Low  relief,  a  mode  of  sculp- 
turing figures  on  a  flat  surface,  the  figures 


bcin"  raised  above  the  surface,  but  not  so 
much  as  in  high  relief  or  alto-rilievo.  When 
figures  do  not  project  so  as  to  exhibit  the 
entire  body,  they  are  said  to  be  in  relief;  and 
when  they  are  little  raised  from  the  surface, 
the  work  is  said  to  be  in  low  relief,  bas-re- 
lief, or  basso-rilievo. 

Bass,  Basse  (bas),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
home,  G.  bars,  D.  baare,  a  perch.  See 
BAKSE  ]  The  English  name  of  a  genus  of 
sea-fishes  (Labrax),  family  Percidm,  distin- 
guished from  the  true  perches  by  having 
the  tongue  covered  by  small  teeth,  and  the 
preoperculum  smooth.  It  includes  the  L. 
lupus  the  only  British  species,  called  also 
sea-dace,  and  from  its  voracity,  sea-wolf, 
resembling  somewhat  the  salmon  in  shape, 
and  much  esteemed  for  the  table,  weighing 
about  15  Ibs.;  and  L.  lineatus,  or  Btriju-d 
bass,  an  American  species,  weighing  from 
25  to  30  Ibs.  Both  species  occasionally 
ascend  rivers,  and  attempts  have  been  made 
to  cultivate  British  bass  in  fresh -water 
ponds  with  success.  The  Centropristis  ni- 
m-icanus,  an  American  sea-fish  of  the  perch 
family,  and  weighing  2  to  3  Ibs.,  is  known 
as  the  sea-bass. 

Bass  (bas),  n.  [Same  as  bast,  the  (  being 
dropped  or  changed  to  s.  See  BAST.]  1.  The 
American  linden  or  lime  tree  (Tilia  amm- 
onia). Called  also  Bass-wood.— 2.  A  door- 
mat for  wiping  dirty  shoes  on,  so  named  be- 
cause at  first  chiefly  made  of  the  bark  of  the 
bass  or  lime-tree.  [Provincial.]- 3.  A  has- 
sock or  thick  mat  to  kneel  on  in  church. 
[Provincial.] 

Bass  (bas),  n.  [It.  basso,  deep,  low.  See 
BASE,  a.]  In  muric,  the  lowest  part  in  the 
harmony  of  a  musical  composition,  whether 
vocal  or  instrumental.  According  to  some 
it  is  the  fundamental  or  most  important 
part  while  others  regard  the  melody  or 
highest  part  in  that  light.  Next  to  the 
melody  the  bass  part  is  the  most  striking, 
the  freest  and  boldest  in  its  movements,  and 
richest  in  effect.— Figured  bass,  a  bass  part 
having  the  accompanying  chords  suggested 
by  certain  figures  written  above  or  below 
the  notes:  the  most  successful  system  of 
short-hand  scoring  at  present  in  use  among 
organists  and  pianists.—  Fundamental  bass. 
See  under  FUNDAMENTAL.  -Thorough  bass. 
See  under  THOROUGH. 

Bass  (bi«),  o.  In  music,  low;  deep;  grave; 
as  a  bass  voice.  — Bast  voice,  a  voice  ad- 
apted for  singing  bass;  the  lowest  male 
voice,  the  extreme  compass  of  which  is  from 
D  below  the  bass-staff  to  D  or  E  above  it,  the 
ordinary  compass  being  from  F  below  the 
bass-staff  to  middle  C,  the  note  on  the  first 
ledger  line  above  it. 

Bass  (bas),  c.  t.  To  sound  in  a  deep  tone. 
[Rare  ] 

The  thunder, 

That  deep  and  dreadful  organ-pipe,  pronounced 
The  name  of  Prosper;  it  did  bass  my  trcspass.i/w*. 

Bass  (bas),  v.i.  To  take  the  bass  part  in  a 
concerted  piece  of  music;  as,  he  basses  very 

Bass  (bas),  n.    A  variety  of  bitter  pale  ale 
brewed  by  Mr.  Bass  of  Burton-on-Trent. 
Bassat  (bas'sa),  n.   Same  as  Bashaw.   Sir  T. 
Herbert. 

Bassarls  (bas'a-ris),  n.     [Gr.,  a  fox  ]    A 
genus  of  Mexican  carnivores,  family  viver- 
ridffi,  allied  to  the  genets,  and  not  distantly 
resembling  a  cat.    The  tail  is  very  full,  and 
ringed  like  that  of  the  ringed  lemur.    I 
the  solitary  American  representative  of  the 
genet  tribe.     Its  native  name  is  cacomixl. 
Bass-clef  (bas'klef),  «.     In  music,  the  char- 
acter generally  shaped  like  an  inverted  C, 
which  is  put  at  the  beginning  of  the  staff 
which  carries  the  bass  or  lowest  notes  of  a 
harmonized  composition.  It  is  seated  on  th< 
F  or  fourth  line  (counting  upwards),  and 
determines  the    pitch  and  names  of   t 
notes. 

Bass-counter  (basTtoun-ter),  n.    In  mustc, 
the  lower  or  under  bass,  that  part  of  a  com 
position  having  two  basses  which  is  taken 
by  voices  or  instruments  of  the  lowest  range, 
as  the  second  bass  voices  (bassi  pro/Midi) 
and  the  violoncellos. 
Basse,  t  n.    A  kiss;  a  buss.    Chaucer. 
Basse,  n.    The  sea-perch.    See  BASS. 
Basselisse  (bas'lis),  a.    [Fr.  basse-lisse,  loi 
warp  ]    Wrought  with  a  horizontal  warp: 
said  of  a  kind  of  tapestry,  as  distinguished 
from  hautelisse  tapestry,  or  that  wrought 
with  a  perpendicular  warp.  Basselisse  good 
are  now  preferred  as  being  more  easily  pro 
duced  and  quite  as  beautiful  as  hauteMt 
See  HAUTELISSE. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fa.ll; 


me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  more;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;      u,  Sc.  abune;       ?,  Sc.  f« 


BASSET 


229 


BASTE 


Basset  (bas'set  or  bas-set'),  n.  [Kr.  bassettp; 
It.  bassetta,  the  same  basset,  from  bassetto, 
somewhat  low,  from  basso,  low.  See  BASE, 
a.]  A  game  at  cards,  resembling  modern 
faro. 

Some  dress,  some  dance,  some  play,  not  to  forget 
Your  piquet  parties,  and  your  dear  M£Mt       Ro-we. 

Basset  (bas'set),  n.  [Perhaps  from  Kr.  bos- 
sette,  a  little  buss,  or  from  O.Fr.  basnet, 
somewhat  low,  a  dim.  of  bus,  low.  ]  A  miner's 
term  for  the  outcrop  or  surface  edge  of  any 
inclined  stratum.  Called  also  Basset  Jiitye. 
Basset  (bas'set),  v.i.  In  mining,  to  incline 
upward,  so  as  to  appear  at  the  surface;  to 
crop  out;  as,  a  vein  of  coal  bassets. 
Basset  (bas'set),  a.  In  geol.  anil  mining, 
appearing  edgewise  at  the  surface;  as,  the 
basset  edge  of  strata. 

Basset-horn  (bas'set-horn),  n.  [It.  bassetto, 
.somewhat  low,  and  E.  /torn.]  A  musical 
instrument,  a  sort  of  clarinet  of  enlarged 
dimensions  and  extended  compass,  ranging 
from  F  below  the  bass -staff  to  C  on  the 
second  ledger  line  above  the  treble. 
Basseting  (baa'set-ing),  o.  In  geol.  and 
>n/ttin;i.  havinga  slanting  direction  upward; 
cropping  out. 

Bassetto,  Bassette  (bas-set'to,  bas-sef),  n. 
[It.  bttwtto,  somewhat  low.]  A  tenor  vio- 
lin. 

Bass-horn  (lias'horn),  n.  A  musical  instru- 
ment, a  modification  of  the  bassoon,  but 
much  lower  and  deeper  in  its  tones. 
Bassla  (bas'si-a),  n.  [In  honour  of  Ferd. 
Masai,  an  Italian  physician  and  writer  on 
botany.  ]  A  genus  of  tropical  trees  found 
in  the  East  Indies  and  Africa,  nat.  order 
Sapotaceaj.  One  species,  B.  Varkii,  is  sup- 
posed to  be  the  shea-tree  of  Park,  the  fruit 
of  which  yields  a  kind  of  butter  that  is 
highly  valued,  and  forms  an  iniportant  ar- 
ticle of  commerce  in  the  interior  of  Africa. 
There  are  several  other  species,  of  which 
B.  longtfolia,  or  Indian  oil -tree,  and  B. 
butyracea,  or  Indian  butter-tree,  are  well 
known  examples,  yielding  a  large  quantity 
of  oleaginous  or  butyraceous  matter.  The 
wood  is  as  hard  and  incorruptible  as  teak. 
Bassie  (bas'i),  n.  [Probably  of  same  origin 
as  basin.]  A  basin -shaped  wooden  vessel 
for  holding  meal.  Hogg,  [Scotch.  ] 
Bassinet  (bas'i-net),  n.  [Probably  a  dim. 
from  Fr.  berceau,  a  cradle.]  A  wicker-bas- 
ket with  a  covering  or  hood  over  one  end, 
in  which  young  children  are  placed  by  way 
of  cradle. 

Basso  (bas'so),  n.  1.  In  mvtie,  the  Italian 
word  for  bass  or  base. — 2.  One  who  sings 
bass. 

Basso  t  (bos'so),  n.  A  bashaw  or  pasha. 
Marlowe. 

Bassock  (bas'sok),  n  A  diminutive  of  bays, 
a  mat.  See  BASS. 

Basso  -  concertante  ( bas'so-kon'cher-tan"- 
ta),  n.  [It.]  In  music,  the  bass  which  accom- 
panies the  solos  and  recitatives. 
Basso-continuo(bas'so-kon-te'nu-6),  n.  [It. 
basso,    bass,     and    continuo,    continued.  ] 
Figured  bass  (which  see  under  BASS). 
Basso-dl-camera  (bas'so-de-ka'ma-ra),  n. 
[It.  basso,  bass,  di,  of,  and  camera,  a  cham- 
ber. ]  A  double-bass  or  contra-basso, reduced 
in  size  and  power,  but  not  in  compass,  and 
thus  adapted  to  small  or  pri- 
vate   rooms.      It    has   four 
strings,  of  the  same  quality  as 
those  of  the  violoncello,  but 
all  proportionality  thicker. 
Bassoon  (bas-sbu'),  n.    [Fr. 
basson ;  It.  bassone,  aug.  of 
tawo.low.]  1.  A  musical  wind- 
instrument  of  the  reed  order, 
blown   with    a    bent    metal 
mouth-piece,  and  holed  and 
keyed  like  the  clarinet.     Its 
compass  comprehends  three 
octaves  rising    from   B   flat 
below  the  bass-staff.    Its  dia- 
meter at  bottom  is  9  inches, 
and  for  convenience  of  car- 
riage it  is  divided  into  two  or 
more  parts ;  whence  its  Ital- 
ian name  fagotto,  a  bundle. 
It  serves  for  the  bass  among 
wood  wind-instruments,  as 
hautboys,    flutes,   &c.  —  2.  A 
reed-pipe  stop  in  an  organ 
whose   quality    of   tone   re- 
sembles that  of  the  bassoon. 
Bassoonist  (bas-sbn'ist),  n.  A      Bassoon. 
performer  on  the  bassoon. 
Basso-profondo  (bas'so-pro-fon-do),  n.  [It] 
In  music,  (a)  the  lowest  bass  voice,  having 
a  compass  of  about  two  octaves  rising  from 


D  below  the  bass-staff,  (b)  One  possessing 
a  voice  of  this  compass. 

Basso-rillevo.     See  HAS -uM.irr 

Bassorine  (bas'so-rin),  n.  A  substance  ex- 
tracted from  gum  tragacanth  and  gum  of 
BlMOra  (whlol)  is  almost  entirely  composed 
of  it),  by  treating  these  gums  successively 
with  water,  alcohol,  and  ether.  In  pro- 
perties it  is  intermediate  between  woody 
fibre  and  vegetable  gluten. 

Basso  -ripieno  ( bas'so-re-pe-a'no),  n.  [It. 
baxxo,  bass,  and  ripieno,  replete,  full.]  In 
music,  the  bass  of  the  grand  chorus,  which 
plays  only  occasionally  or  in  particular 
parts. 

Bass-relief  (bas're-lef),  n.  Same  as  Bas- 
relief  (which  see). 

Bass-Staff  (bas'staf),  n.  Tn  music,  the  staff 
on  which  are  written  the  lowest  notes  of  a 
harmonized  composition.  See  BASS-CLEF. 

Bass-string  (bas'string),  71.  The  name  popu- 
larly given  to  the  lowest  string  in  stringed 
instruments. 

Bass-viol  (bas'vi-ol),  n.  1.  The  violoncello. 
2.  An  old  form  of  bass  fiddle,  with  five  or 
sometimes  six  strings,  and  a  fretted  finger- 
board. 

Bass-wood  (bas'wud),  n.  A  name  for  the 
American  lime  or  linden  tree. 

Bast  (bast),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beest;  Icel.  Sw.  D. 
Dan.  and  G.  bast,  bark,  perhaps  from  root 
of  bind.]  1.  The  inner  bark,  liber,  or  endo- 
phloeum  of  exogenous  trees,  especially  of  the 
lime  or  linden,  consisting  of  several  layers 
of  fibres.  Hemp,  flax,  jute,  are  bast  fibres. — 
2.  A  rope  or  cord  made  of  the  bark  of  the 
lime-tree,  or  the  bark  made  into  ropes  or 
mats.— 3.  A  thick  mat  or  hassock.  See  BASS. 

Basta  (bas'ta),  interj.  [It]  Enough!  stop! 
a  term  not  uncommon  in  our  old  dramatists. 

Basta  1  content  thee,  for  I  h;ive  it  full.        Shak. 

Bastard  (b*»'Mrd)f  n.  [O.Fr.  bastard,  bas- 
tar«(Mod.Fr.  bdtard),  Sp.  Pg.  It  bastarda; 
L.L.  bastartlits,  G.  bastard,  Icel.  bastardr— 
a  word  of  doubtful  etymology.  Its  first 
known  application  was  to  William  the  Con- 
queror, who  was  called  William  the  Bastard 
before  the  Conquest,  and,  indeed,  calls  him- 
self so — '  Ego  Wilhelmus  cognomine  6ns- 
tardus.'  Malm  and  Littre"  derive  it  from 
O.Fr.  bast  (Fr.  bat\  a  pack-saddle,  with  the 
common  termination  -ard  added  to  it,  re- 
ferring to  the  old  locution  fils  de  bast,  son 
of  a  pack-saddle,  the  muleteers  being  accus- 
tomed to  use  their  saddles  for  beds  in  the 
inns.  (Comp.  G.  bankert,  a  bastard,  from 
bank,  a  bench.)  The  O.Fr.  bast  may  have 
been  so  called  because  made  of  bast,  Vig- 
fusson  (Icelandic- English  Diet.),  in  speak- 
ing of  the  Icel.  bastardr,  suggests  another 
origin:— 'This  word  is,  we  believe,  derived 
from  bass,  a  'boose,'  stall,  Goth,  bansts; 
its  original  sense  would  then  be,  one  born 
in  a  stall  or  crib;  hence,  as  a  law  term, 
a  bastard ;  hornungr,  from  horn  (a  corner), 
is  an  analogous  term,  comp.  Ger.  winkel- 
kind  (corner -child),  for  in  ancient  Teu- 
tonic laws  the  bastard  or  outcast  was  con- 
sidered as  being  born  in  an  out-of-the-way 
place.  ,  .  .  Literally  bastardr  means  'boose- 
hard,'  the  hardy  one  of  the  stall,  the  bastard 
being  the  boy  who  got  all  kinds  of  rough 
usage,  and  so  became  hardy.']  1.  A  natural 
child ;  a  child  begotten  and  born  out  of 
wedlock;  an  illegitimate  or  spurious  child. 
By  the  civil  and  canon  laws,  and  by  the  law 
of  Scotland,  a  bastard  becomes  a  legitimate 
child  by  the  intermarriage  of  the  parents 
at  any  future  time.  But  by  the  laws  of 
England  a  child,  to  be  legitimate,  must  at 
least  be  born  after  the  lawful  marriage ;  it 
does  not  require  that  the  child  shall  be 
begotten  in  wedlock,  but  it  is  indispensable 
that  it  should  be  born  after  marriage,  no 
matter  how  short  the  time,  the  law  presum- 
ing it  to  be  the  child  of  the  husband.  The 
only  incapacity  of  a  bastard  fe  that  he  can- 
not be  heir,  or  next  of  kin,  to  any  one  save 
his  own  issue.  In  England  the  maintenance 
of  a  bastard  in  the  first  instance  devolves 
on  the  mother,  while  in  Scotland  it  is  a 
joint  burden  upon  both  parents.  The  mother 
is  entitled  to  the  custody  of  the  child  in 
preference  to  the  father.— Bastard  eigne",  or 
bastard  elder,  in  law,  the  bastard  son  of  a 
man  who  afterwards  marries  the  mother,  ami 
has  a  legitimate  son,  called  mulier  puisnt, 
or  younger.— 2.  In  sugar  refining,  (a)  a  kind 
of  impure  soft  brown  sugar  obtained  from 
the  concentration  of  the  inferior  syrups. 
(b)  A  large  size  of  mould  in  which  sugar  is 
drained.  —3.  t  A  kind  of  sweet,  heady  Spanish 
wine,  somewhat  of  the  flavour  of  muscadel, 


of  which  there  were  two  sorts,  white  and 
brown. 

We  shall  have  all  the  world  drink  brown  and  white 
bastard.  Shak. 

I  was  drunk  with  bastard, 
Whose  nature  is  to  form  things  like  itself. 
Heady  and  monstrous,  Btan .  &  Fl. 

Bastard  (bas'tt-rd),  «.    ].  IV^nttcn  ami  born 
out  of  lawful  matrimony;  ilk'gitim;it< 
a  bastard  child.— 2.  Spurious;  not  grimim 
false;  supposititious;  adulterate.     [In  this 
sense  it  is  applied  tu  tilings  which  resemble 
those  which  are  genuine,  but  are  really  not 
genuine.]     'Bastard  hope.'    Shak.      '/;«*- 
tard  honours.'    Temple. 

That  bastard  self-love,  which  is  so  vicious  In  itself 
and  productive  of  so  many  vices.  Sorrow. 

3.t  In  gun.  of  an  unusual  make  or  propor- 
tion, whether  longer  or  shorter:  said  of 
pieces  of  artillery.— 4.  In  geol.  applied  to 
rocks  and  minerals  that  are  impure  or  con- 
tain such  admixture  of  impurity  as  to  ren- 
der them  economically  worthless;  as,  bas- 
tard limestone,  an  impure  siliceous  lime- 
stone incapable  of  being  converted  into 
quicklime  when  burned.  Page.~f>.  In  print- 
ing, abbreviated,  as  the  half-title  on  a  page 
preceding  the  full  title-page  of  a  book.— 
Bastard  indigo.  See  A.MORPHA.— Bastard 
stucco,  in  plastering.  See  STUCCO. — Jlat- 
tard  sugar.  Same  as  Bastard,  n.  2.— J3a«- 
tard  type,  in  printing,  type  with  a  face 
larger  or  smaller  than  that  usual  to  a  body 
of  given  size,  as  bourgeois  on  a  brevier  body. 
— Bastard  wheel,  in  utach.  a  flat  bevel  wheel, 
or  one  which  is  a  near  approach  to  a  spur 
wheel. 

Bastard  (bas'terd),  v.t.  To  make  or  deter- 
mine to  be  a  bastard;  to  bastardize.  'To 
bastard  our  children.'  Burnet.  [Rare.] 

Bastard-alkanet  (bas'terd-al'ka-net),  n.  A 
plant,  the  Lithospermum  arvenst,  yielding 
a  deep-red  dye. 

Bastard-cedar  (bas'terd-se-der),  n.  A  name 
given  to  various  trees  which  are  known  in 
the  West  Indies  by  the  name  of  cedar,  but 
have  no  connection  with  the  coniferous  tree 
to  which  this  name  belongs.  They  are  spe- 
cies of  Cedrela,  and  Guazuma,  ulmifolia. 
The  wood  is  used  for  making  sugar-casks. 

Bastard-dittany  (bas'terd-dit'a-ni),  n.  A 
name  given  to  the  plant  Dictamnus  Fraxi- 
nella,  also  to  a  species  of  Marrubium. 

Bastardicet  (bas'terd-is),  n.  Same  as  Bas- 
tardy. Chapman. 

Bastardismt  (bas'terd-izm),  n.  The  state 
of  a  bastard. 

Bastardize  (bas'terd-iz),t?.«.  pret  &  pp.  bas- 
tardized; ppr.  bastardizing.  I.  To  make  or 
prove  to  be  a  bastard;  to  convict  of  being  a 
bastard;  to  declare  legally  or  decide  a  per- 
son to  be  illegitimate. 

The  law  is  so  indulgent  as  not  to  bastardize  the 
child  if  born,  though  not  begotten,  in  lawful  wed- 
lock. Blackstone. 

2.  To  beget  out  of  wedlock.    Shak. 

Bastardly  (bas'terd-li),  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  a  bastard;  spuriously. 

Bastardly  (bas'terd-li),  a.  Bastard ;  spuri- 
ous. 'Thou  bastardly  rogue.'  Shak.  'A 
furtive  simulation,  and  a  bastardly  kind  of 
adoption.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Bastard- wing  (bas'terd-wing),  n.  In  ornith. 
a  group  of  stiff  feathers  attached  to  the  bone 
of  the  wing  that  represents  the  thumb. 

Bastardy  (bas'terd-i),  n.    The  state  of  being 
a  bastard,  or  begotten  and  born  out  of  law- 
ful wedlock.     '  Born  in  bastardy.'    Shak. 
They  blot  my  name  with  hateful  bastardy.  Draytoit. 

—Gift  of  bastardy,  in  Scots  law,  a  gift  from 
the  crown  of  the  heritable  or  movable  effects 
of  a  bastard  who  has  died  without  lawful 
issue,  and  without  having  disposed  of  his 
property  in  liege-poustie.  — Declarator  of  baft- 
tardy,  in  Scots  law,  an  action  instituted  in 
the  Court  of  Session  by  the  donatory  in  a 
gift  of  bastardy,  for  having  it  declared  that 
the  lands,  or  the  effects  which  belonged  to 
the  deceased  bastard,  belong  to  the  dona- 
tory, in  virtue  of  the  gift  from  the  crown. 
Baste  (bast),t?.(.  pret.  <fcpp.  basted;  ppr.  bast- 
ing. [Allied  to  Icel.  beysta,  to  strike,  to  beat, 
Dan.  boste,  Sw.  bosta,  dial,  basta,  to  beat,  the 
stem  being  perhaps  the  same  as  in  O.Fr. 
baston,  Fr.  baton,  a  stick,  a  baton.  In  mean- 
ings 2  and  3  the  word  may  be  of  different 
origin.  In  2  it  may  be  from  O.Fr.  Sp.  bas- 
tir,  to  prepare,  to  make  ready,  Fr.  batir,  to 
build.  See  BASTILE.]  1.  To  beat  with  a 
stick;  to  cudgel;  to  give  a  beating  to. 

One  man  was  basted  by  the  keeper  for  carrying 
some  people  over  on  his  back. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go\      j,/ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BASTE 


230 


P.ATK 


2.  To  drip  butter  or  fat  upon  meat  as  it  turns 
upon  the  spit  in  roasting;  to  moisten  with 
fat  or  other  liquid. 

The  fat  of  roasted  mutton  falling  on  the  birds  will 
serve  to  baste  them.  S-wift. 

3.  To  mark  sheep,  as  with  tar.    [Provincial.  ] 
Baste  (bast),  v.t.   [O.Fr.  bastir,  Fr.  biitir,  to 

baste,  Sp.  It.  basta,  basting,  from  O.H.G. 
bestan,  to  patch,  to  baste,  Fris.  besten,  to 
sew,  to  stitch,  from  bast,  inner  bark,  as  of 
the  lime-tree,  hemp,  Ac.  ,  because  such  fibres 
were  used  as  thread.  See  BAST.]  To  sew 
with  long  stitches;  to  sew  slightly. 

The  body  of  your  discourse  is  sometimes  guarded 
(trimmed)  with  fragments,  and  the  guards  (trimmings) 
are  but  slightly  basted  on  neither.  Shit*. 

Baster  (bast'er)  n.  A  blow  with  a  stick  or 
other  weapon.  [Colloq.  ] 

Bastlle,  Bastille  (bas-teT),  n.  [Fr.  bastille, 
a  fortress,  latterly  the  name  of  a  particular 
fortress,  the  Bastille,  from  O.Fr.  bastir,  Fr. 
bdtir,  to  build,  the  origin  of  which  is  sup- 
posed by  Diez  to  be  the  Or.  bastazo,  to  raise, 
to  support,  baston,  baton,  being  referred  to 
the  same  origin.]  Originally,  a  temporary 
wooden  tower  used  in  warfare;  hence,  any 
tower  or  fortification. 

To  fight  .  .  .  along  the  high  bastiles  .  .  .  which 
overtopped  the  walls.  Holland. 

—The  Bastille,  an  old  castle  in  Paris  built 
between  1300  and  1383,  latterly  used  as  a 
state  prison.  It  was  specially  employed  for 
confining  men  for  life  who  had  happened 
to  incur  the  resentment  or  jealousy  of  the 
French  monarchs,  and  was  demolished  by 
the  enraged  population  in  1789. 

In  Paris  la  bastille  is,  as  our  Tower,  the  chief 
prison  of  the  kingdom.  Cotgra-ve. 

BastlmenM  Bastimentot  (bas'ti-ment, 
bas-ti-meu'to),  ».  [O.Fr.  bastiment.  Mod. 
Fr.  bdtiment,  Sp.  bastiniento,  a  building, 
structure,  ship.  See  BASTILE.J  1.  A  ram- 
part.— 2.  A  ship-of-war. 

Then  the  bastimentos  never 

Had  our  foul  dishonour  seen, 
Nor  the  sea  the  sad  receiver 

Of  this  gallant  train  had  been.        Glover. 

Bastinade  (bas-ti-nad'),  n.  and  v.  Same  as 
Bastinado. 

Bastinado  (bas-ti-na'do),  n.  [Fr.  baston- 
nade,  Sp.  bastonada.  It.  bastonata.  from 
O.Fr.  and  Sp.  baston,  It.  bagtone,  a  stick  or 
staff.  See  BASTON.]  1.  A  sound  beating  with 
a  stick  or  cudgel. 

He  brags  he  will  gi'  me  the  bastinado,  as  I  hear. 
—  How!  he  the  bastinado  t  How  came  he  by  that 
word,  trow  T—  Nay,  indeed,  he  said  cudgel  me;  I 
termed  it  so  for  my  more  grace.  B.  Jonson. 

Specifically—  2.  A  mode  of  punishment  in 
oriental  countries,  especially  Turkey,  Per- 
sia, and  China,  by  beating  the  soles  of  the 
feet  with  a  rod. 

Bastinado  (bas-ti-na'do),  v.  t.  To  beat  with 
a  stick  or  cudgel;  specifically,  to  beat  on  the 
soles  of  the  feet,  as  a  judicial  punishment. 

Nick  seized  the  longer  end  of  the  cudgel,  and  with 
it  began  to  bastinado  old  Lewis.  Arbuthnot. 

Basting  (bast'ing),  n.  The  act  of  sewing  to- 
gether with  long  stitches;  long  stitches  by 
which  pieces  of  garments  are  attached  to 
each  other. 

Bastion  (bas'ti-on),  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  bastion, 
from  O.  Fr.  and  Sp.  bastir,  Fr.  batir,  to  build 
See  BASTILE.]  In  fort,  a  huge  mass  of 
earth,  faced  with  sods,  brick,  or  stones, 
standing  out  from  a  rampart,  of  which  it 
is  a  principal  part  :  formerly  called  a  Bul- 
wark. A  bastion  consists  of  two  flanks,  each 
commanding  and  defending  the  adjacent 
curtain,  or  that  portion  of  the  wall  extend- 
ing from  one  bastion  to  another,  and  two 

faces  making  with  each  other  an  acute  angle 
called  the  salient  angle,  and  commanding 


A,  Bastion. 

<r,  curtain  angle;  b,  shoulder  angle;  c,  salient  angle- 
a  b,  flank;  b  c,  face  ;  a  a,  gorge ;  ,i  d,  part  of  curtain. 

the  outworks  and  ground  before  the  fortifi- 
cation. The  distance  between  the  two  flanks 


Baston. 


is  the  gorge,  or  entrance  into  the  bastion. 
The  use  of  the  bastion  is  to  bring  every 
point  at  the  foot  of  the  rampart  as  much  as 
possible  under  the  guns  of  the  place. 
Bastioned  (bas'ti-ond),  a.  Provided  with 
bastions.  '  The  bastion'd  walls.  '  Tenny- 
son. —  Bastioned  fort,  a  fort  having  two  or 
more  bastions  connected  by  curtains:  a  term 
commonly  restricted  to  field-works. 

BastO  (bas'to),  n.  [It.  and  Sp.  banto,  ace  of 
clubs.  ]  In  card-playing,  the  ace  of  clubs  at 
quadrille. 

Baston  (bas'ton),  n.  [O  Fr.  button,  a  stick. 
See  BATON.]  1.  A  staff  or  baton;  a  trun- 
cheon or  small  club,  used  in  the  tourna- 
ment instead  of  the  mace  in  the  regular 
fight.  'To  fight  with  blunt  banian*.'  Hol- 
land. —  2.  In  arch,  a  round  moulding  in  the 
base  of  a  column.  Called 
also  a  Torus.  —  3.  In  her. 
a  staff  or  cudgel,  gener- 
ally borne  as  a  mark  of 
bastardy,  and  which  pro- 
perly should  contain  one- 
eighth  in  breadth  of  the 
bend  sinister,  of  which  it 
is  a  diminutive.  Called 
alsoBastard  £arand  Bait- 
ton  or  Baton  Sinister.  — 
4.  Formerly,  a  servant  of  the  Warden  of  the 
Fleet,  who  attended  the  king's  courts  as  an 
officer,  carrying  a  red  truncheon. 

Bast-tree  (bast'tre),  n.  The  lime-tree:  so 
called  from  its  inner  bark  suppling  bast. 

Basyl  (bas'il),  n.  [Or.  basis,  a  base,  and  hylf, 
substance.]  In  chem.  Graham's  name  for 
the  electro-positive  constituent  of  a  salt. 

Basylous  (bas'il-us),  a.  In  chem.  of  the  na- 
ture of  or  relating  to  a  basyl,  or  electro-posi- 
tive constituent  of  a  salt. 

Bat  (bat),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bat,  a  club,  a  stick; 
probably  connected  with  the  verb  to  beat; 
or  from  the  Celt.:  Ir.  and  Armor,  bat,  a 
stick;  Fr.  batte,  a  rammer,  a  harlequin's 
wand.  J  1.  A  heavy  stick  or  club;  a  walking- 
stick. 

A  handsome  bat  he  held. 
On  which  he  leaned,  as  one  far  in  eld.       Spenser. 

2.  A  piece  of  wood  shaped  somewhat  like 
the  broad  end  of  an  oa_r,  and  provided  with 
a  round  handle,  used  in  driving  the  ball  in 
cricket  and  similar  games.  —  3.  A  batsman  or 
batter.  •  W.  is  the  best  bat  left.'  T.  Hughes. 
4.  A  piece  of  a  brick  less  than  one-half  its 
length;  less  restrictedly,  any  portion  of  a 
brick;  a  brickbat.  —  5.  A  slight  blow;  as,  I 
gave  him  a  bat  in  the  face.  [Provincial  Eng- 
lish and  Scotch.]—  6.  In  mining,  shale,  or 
bituminous  shale.  Kirwan.  —  7.  A  mass  of 
cotton  prepared  for  filling  quilts,  <tc. 

Bat  (bat),  r.i.  pret.  &  pp.  batted;  ppr.  batting. 
To  manage  a  bat  or  play  with  one  at  cricket; 
as,  he  bats  well. 

Bat  (bat),  n.    [A  corruption  of  O.  E.  back, 


Greater  Horse-shoe  Bat  \Rhinalvpltus  Frrnim- 
equinutn). 

bakke,  bak,  Sc.  bak,  bakie-bird,  a  bat;  same 
as  the  latter  part  of  Sw.  natt-backa.  night- 
bird,  Dan.  aften-bakke— often,  evening  and 
bakke  for  blakke,  like,  Icel.  lethr-blaka, 
'leather-flapper,'  a  bat,  from  blaka,  to  flut- 
ter] One  of  a  group  of  wing-handed,  fly- 
ing mammals,  constituting  the  order  Cheir- 
optera (which  see).  Bats  are  most  numerous 
and  largest  in  the  tropics.  All  European  bats 
are  small,  and  have  a  mouse-like  skin  The 
body  of  the  largest  British  species,  Vesper- 
tilio  noctula,  is  less  than  that  of  a  mouse, 
but  its  wings  stretch  about  15  inches.  During 
the  day  it  remains  in  caverns,  in  the  crevices 
of  ruins,  hollow  trees,  and  such-like  lurk- 
ing-places, and  flits  out  at  evening  in 
search  of  food,  which  consists  of  insects. 
One  of  the  most  remarkable  sub-families  is 
the  horse-shoe  bats  (Rhinolophinse),  distin- 
guished by  a  nasal  cutaneous  appendage, 


bearing  a  fancied  resemblance  to  a  horse- 
shoe. Its  use  is  uncertain:  some  believe  it 
merely  serves  for  closing  the  nostrils.  Bats 
may  be  conveniently  divided  into  two  sec- 
tions—  the  insectivorous  or  carnivorous, 
comprising  the  vampire  and  all  European] 
African,  ami  American  species;  and  the 
fruit-eating  (the  Pteropina),  belonging  to 
tropical  Asia  and  Australia.  See  PTEKOITS 
Bat  (bat  or  IIM),  ».  [Fr.  bdt,  O.Fr.  bast,  L.L 
bastuin,  a  saddle.  See  BASTARD.)  A  pack- 
saddle;  hence  fcoMiorse;  in  (man  (which  see) 
Eatable,  1  Bateablet  (bat'a-bl),  a.  Abbrevi- 
ation of  Debatable,  as  in  the  term  batablr 
ground,  batable  land  'As  we  crossed  tin- 
Bateable  laud.'  Border  ballad.  See  under 
DEBATABLE. 

Batardeau  (bat-ard-6),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  A  coffer- 
dam; acasing  of  piles  made  water-tight,  flxed 
in  the  bed  of  ariver  to  exclude  the  water  from 
the  site  of  the  pier  or  other  work  while  it  is 
constructing.— 2.  In  fort,  a  strong  gate  to 
separate  the  wet  from  the  dry  part  of  a 
ditch,  provided  with  a  sluice-gate. 

Batatas  (ba-ta'tas),  n.  [Malayan  name  of 
the  plant]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  nrdi-r 
Conyolvulacea;,  containing  about  twenty 
species  of  tropical  creeping  or  twining  IH-HJ'S 
or  shrubs;  the  sweet-potato.  The  tuberous 
root  of  B.  edulis  was  much  eaten  in  the 
south  of  Europe  before  the  cultivation  of 
the  potato,  which  both  became  a  substitute 
for  it  and  appropriated  its  name.  It  is  sr> 
universally  distributed  over  the  tropk-al 
and  subtropical  regions  of  the  world  that  it 
is  impossible  to  say  to  what  country  it  is 
indigenous.  It  has  a  sweetish  taste,  is  more 
nutritious  than  the  potato,  and  is  largely 
cultivated  for  food.  It  is  said  to  attain  a 
weight  of  BO  Ibs.  in  Java,  though  ordinarily 
it  is  from  3  to  12  Ibs.  hi  weight. 

Batavian  (ba-ta'vi-an),  a.  [From  Satnri, 
the  latinized  form  of  the  name  of  a  people 
anciently  inhabiting  an  island  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Rhine.)  1.  Pertaining  to  Holland  or 
its  inhabitants.  'Batavian  grace.'  Disraeli. 
2.  Pertaining  to  Batavia  in  Java. 

Batavlan  (ba-ta'vi-au),  n.  1.  A  native  of 
Holland.— 2.  A  native  of  Batavia,  the  capi- 
tal of  all  the  Dutch  possessions  In  the  East. 

Bat-bolt  (bafbolt),  n.  A.  bolt  barbed  or 
jagged  at  its  butt  or  tang  to  give  it  a  firmer 
hold. 

Batch  (bach),  n.  [From  the  verb  to  bake, 
like  Dan.  bcegt,  G.  gebiick,  a  batch.  For  a 
similar  change  of  k  into  ch  compare  make 
(an  equal)  and  match,  wake  and  watch,  Sc. 
thack,  E.  thatch.  Sea  BAKE.]  1.  The  quan- 
tity of  bread  baked  at  one  time;  a  baking  of 
bread. 

The  joiner  puts  the  boards  into  ovens  after  the 
batch  is  drawn.  Mortimer. 

2.  Any  quantity  of  a  thing  made  at  once,  or 
so  united  as  to  have  like  qualities;  any 
number  of  individuals  or  articles  similar  to 
each  other. 

The  Turkish  troops  are  being  hurried  to  the  front 
in  batches  of  40,000  at  a  time.  Times  newspaper. 

I-arge  batches  of  which  were  from  time  to  time 
carried  into  the  private  room  by  another  clerk  for 
the  judge's  signature.  Dickens. 

3.  In  mining,  the  quantity  of  ore  sent  to  the 
surface  by  any  pair  of  men. 

Batch  (bach),  v.t.  To  protect  the  bank  of  a 
river  by  facing  it  with  stones,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  water  from  eating  into  it.  (Local.) 

Batchelor  (bach'el-er).  n.  An  erroneous 
mode  of  spelling  Bachelor. 

Batet  (bat),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bate,  contention;  or 
simply  an  abbreviation  of  debate ;  comp. 
batable.]  Strife;  contention.  'Breeds  no 
bate  with  telling.'  Shak. 

Bate  (bat),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  bated;  ppr.  bating. 
[Abbrev.  for  aba  te  (which  see). )  1 .  t  To  beat 
down;  to  impair  the  strength  of;  to  weaken. 

These  griefs  and  losses  have  so  bated  me. 

That  I  shall  hardly  spare  a  pound  of  flesh.   Shak. 

2.*  To  dull  or  blunt. 

Spite  of  cormorant  devouring  time. 
The  endeavour  of  this  present  breath  may  buy 
That  honour,  which  shall  bate  his  scythe's  keen  edge. 

Shat. 

3.  To  lessen  by  retrenching,  deducting,  or 
reducing.    [Rare.  ] 

He  must  either  bate  the  labourer's  wages,  or  not 
employ  or  not  pay  him.  l.ocke. 

4.  To  allow  by  way  of  abatement  or  deduc- 
tion; to  abate. 

These  are  the  conditions  of  his  treating  with  God, 
to  whom  he  bates  nothing  of  what  he  stood  upon 
with  the  Parliament.  South. 

5.  To  leave  out;  to  except;  to  bar. 

Bate  me  the  king,  and,  be  he  flesh  and  blood. 
He  lies  who  said  it.  Beau.  6-  Ft. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  almne;      J,  Sc.  ley. 


BATE 


231 


BATHYB1US 


C.t  To  take  away;  to  remove. 

About  autumn  bale  the  earth  from  about  the  roots 
of  olives,  ami  lay  thom  Km-  Holland. 

7.f  To  rob  or  deprive  of. 

When  baseness  is  exalted,  do  not  bate 
The  place  its  honour  for  the  person's  sake. 

G.  Herbert. 

Batet  (bat),  v  i.  To  grow  or  become  less;  to 
remit  or  retrench  a  part:  sometimes  with  of. 
'Do  I  not  bate?  do  I  nut  dwindle';'  Shak. 

Abate  thy  speed  and  1  will  bate  of  mine.        Drydtn. 

Batet  (bat),  v.i.  [Fr.  battre,  to  beat.]  In 
falconry,  to  flutter  with  the  wings  as  pre- 
paring for  flight,  particularly  at  the  sight  of 
prey. 

I  ant  like  a  hawk  that  bates  but  cannot  fly  because 
I  am  ty'd  to  another's  fist.  Bacon. 

Batet  (bat),  v.t.  To  bait;  to  molest;  to  har- 
ass. 'Barking  and  biting  all  that  him  do 
bate.'  Spanner. 

Bate  (bat),  pret.  of  bite.  [Old  English  and 
Scotch.] 

Y'et  there  the  steel  staid  not,  but  inly  bate 
Deep  in  the  flesh,  and  open'd  wide  a  red  flood-gate. 
Spenser. 

Bate  (bat),  v.t.  [Perhaps  for  abate.]  To 
steep  in  an  alkaline  solution,  to  remove  or 
neutralize  the  lime  which  has  been  used  to 
take  the  hair  from  hides. 

Bate  (bat),  7i.  The  alkaline  solution  in 
which  hides  are  steeped  after  being  limed 
to  remove  or  neutralize  the  lime. 

Batea  (ba'te-a),  n.  [Sp.]  In  gold  mining,  a 
conical-shaped  dish  used  for  washing  gold 
and  pulverized  samples  of  gold  quartz. 

Bateau  (bit-to'),  n.  [Kr.  bateau;  O.  Fr.  batel, 
a  boat,  a  dim.  from  L.L.  batus,  a  boat,  from 
the  Germanic.  See  BOAT.  ]  1.  A  light  boat, 
Ions  in  proportion  to  its  breadth,  and  wider 
in  the  middle  than  at  the  ends. — 2.  A  pon- 
toon of  a  floating  bridge. 

Bateau-bridge  (bii-to'bri j),  n.  Milit.  a  float- 
ing bridge  supported  by  bateaux  or  boats. 

Bate-breedingt  (bat' bred- ing),  a.  Breeding 
strife.  '  This  bate-breeding  spy. '  Shak. 

Hateful t  (bat'ful),  a.  Contentious;  given  to 
strife;  exciting  contention.  'It  did  bateful 
question  frame.'  Sidney. 

Sateless*  (bat'les),  a.  Not  to  be  abated;  not 
to  be  dulled  or  blunted.  [Rare.] 

Haply  that  name  of  '  Chaste '  unhappily  set 
This  batetess  edge  on  his  keen  appetite.     Shak. 

Batementt  (bat'ment),  n.  1.  Abatement; 
deduction;  diminution.  Specifically— 2. That 
part  of  wood  cut  off  by  a  carpenter  to  make 
it  fit  for  his  purpose. 

Bat-fowler  (bat'foul-er\  n.  One  who  prac- 
tises or  takes  pleasure  in  bat-fowling. 

Bat-fowling  (bat'foul-ing),  n.  A  mode  of 
catching  birds  at  night  by  holding  a  torch 
or  other  light,  and  beating  the  bushes  or 
trees  where  they  roost.  The  birds  flying  to 
the  light  are  caught  with  nets  or  otherwise. 

Batfult  (bat'ful),  a.  [O.K.  bat,  increase; 
allied  probably  to  Icel.  batna,  to  grow  better; 
A.  Sax.  bet,  better.  Comp.  also  Icel.  beit, 
pasture,  beita,  to  graze,  E.  bait.]  Rich;  fer- 
tile, as  land.  'Batful  pastures.'  Dray  ton. 

Bath  (bath),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bceth,  a  bath.  Com- 
mon to  all  the  Teutonic  tongues  save  Gothic* 
O.Sax.  Icel.  bath,  Dan.  D.  G.  fead.abath.]  l.A 
vessel  for  holding  water  in  which  to  plunge, 
wash,  or  bathe  the  body.  —2.  More  generally, 
an  apartment  or  apparatus  by  means  of  which 
the  body,  or  a  part  of  it,  may  be  surrounded 
by  any  medium  differing  in  nature  or  tem- 
perature from  its  natural  medium.  There  are 
so  many  varieties  of  baths  that  it  would  be 
endless  to  endeavour  to  enumerate  all.  They 
have  been  divided  into  four  classes:  (a)  Ac- 
cording to  the  substance  in  which  the  body 
is  immersed  ;  as,  water,  oil,  compressed  air, 
medicated,  mineral,  Ac.  (b)  According  to 
manner  of  application ;  as,  plunge,  shower, 
vapour,  douche,  spray,  Ac.  (c)  According  to 
the  parts  bathed;  as,  foot,  sitz,  eye,  Ac. 
(rf)  According  to  temperature;  as,  hot,  tepid, 
warm,  cold.— A  compressed  air  bath  is  taken 
by  remaining  for  a  longer  or  shorter  period 
in  a  chamber  filled  with  compressed  air. 
Such  baths  have  been  recommended  as  use- 
ful in  certain  diseases,  in  which  an  increased 
expansive  force  is  required  for  the  air  to  in-  ' 
flate  the  more  delicate  air-passages  of  the 
lungs.  —A  medicated  bath  is  a  liquid  or 
vapour  bath  designed  to  produce  a  curative 
effect  by  virtue  of  some  medicine  mixed  in  it.  , 
-A  natural  mineral  bath  consists  of  spring 
water  naturally  impregnated  with  some 
mineral,  as  iron,  sulphur,  certain  salts,  &c.  ' 
Such  baths  are  resorted  to  by  invalids  in 
great  numbers,  and  several  towns  derive 
their  names  from  them,  as  Bath,  Baden- 
Baden,  Wiesbaden,  &c,— Turkish  bath,  a 


bath  Introduced  from  the  Kast,  in  which 
the  patient  having  undergone  mpious  prr- 
spiration  in  an  apartment  filled  with 
heated  air,  is  afterwards  subjected  to 
various  processes,  as  soaping,  washing, 
kneading  (shampooing),  Ac.,  and,  ultimately 
proceeding  to  an  outer  apartment  is  placed 
on  a  couch  to  cool,  meantime  sipping 
coffee,  sherbet,  Ac.  Turkish  baths  or  modi- 
fications of  them  are  to  be  found  in  all  our 
hydropathic  establishments,  and  in  most 
towns  of  considerable  size.  —  The  vapour 
bath,  when  simply  of  the  steam  of  water,  is 
the  most  efficient  of  all  as  a  detergent. — 
3.  An  edifice  containing  apartments  liiinl 
up  for  bathing;  a  bath-house.— 4.  The  act 
of  bathing  or  of  exposing  the  body  to  some 
agent,  as  water,  steam,  heat,  for  cleanliness 
or  health.— 5.  In  science  and  the  art*  any 
vessel  containing  a  liquid  in  which  anything 
is  immersed ;  as  in  photog.  the  vessel  in 
which  solutions  are  contained.— 6.  In  chem. 
an  apparatus  for  modifying  and  regulating 
the  heat  in  various  chemical  processes,  by 
interposing  a  quantity  of  sand,  water,  or 
other  substance  between  the  fire  and  the 
vessel  intended  to  be  heated.  When  a 
liquid  bath  of  a  higher  temperature  than 
212°  is  required,  saturated  solutions  are 
employed,  in  which  the  boiling-point  is 
higiier  than  that  of  water.—  Metal  bath,  a 
chemical  bath  for  higher  temperatures  than 
can  be  produced  by  liquid  baths.  Mercury, 
fusible  metal,  tin,  or  lead  are  employed  for 
this  purpose.  —Knights  of  the  Bath,  an  order 
of  knighthood  supposed  to  have  been  in- 
stituted at  the  coronation  of  Henry  IV.  in 
1394).  It  received  this  name  from  the  cir- 
cumstance of  the  candidates  for  the  honour 
being  put  into  a  bath  the  preceding  evening, 
to  denote  a  purification  or  absolution  from 
their  former  misdeeds,  and  that  they  were 
now  to  commence  a  new  life.  The  present 
order  of  the  Bath,  however,  was  instituted 
by  George  I.  in  1725.  It  was  a  military 
order,  and  consisted,  exclusive  of  the 
sovereign,  of  a  grand- 
master and  thirty  -  six 
companions.  In  1815  the 
order  was  greatly  ex- 
tended, and  in  1847  open- 
ed to  civilians.  It  is 
now  composed  of  three 
classes,  viz. ,  mi  li  tary 
and  civil  knights  grand- 
crosses,  G.C.B.;  knights- 
corn  manders.K.  C.  B. ;  and 
knights-companions,  C.B. 
The  badge  (fig.  1)  is  a  golden  cross  of  eight 
points,  with  the  lion  of  England  between  the 
four  principal  angles,  and  having  in  a  circle 
in  the  centre  the  rose,  thistle,  and  sham- 
rock, between 
three  imperial 
crowns;  motto, 
Tria  juncta  in 
uno.  Stars  are 
also  worn  by  the 
two  first  classes. 
That  of  the 
knights  grand  - 
crosses  (fig.  2)  is 
of  silver,  with 
eight  points  of 
rays  wavy,  on 
which  is  a  gold 

cross  bearing  three  crowns,  encircled  by  a 
ribbon  displaying  the  motto  of  the  order, 
while  beneath  is  a  scroll  inscribed  Ich  dien. 
The  star  of  the  commander  differs  chiefly  in 
wanting  the  wavy  rays. 

Bath  (bath),  n.  [Heb.]  A  Hebrew  liquid 
measure,  corresponding  to  the  ephah  for  dry 
measure,  being  like  it  the  tenth  part  of  a 
homer.  See  EPHA. 

Bath-brick  (bath'brik),  n.  [From  the  town 
of  Bath,  in  Somersetshire. }  A  preparation  of 
siliceous  earth  in  the  form  of  a  brick,  used 
for  cleaning  knives.  It  is  found  in  the  river 
Parret,  Somersetshire,  and  is  supposed  to 
consist  of  the  siliceous  cases  of  infusoria. 

Bath-bun  (bath'bun),  n.  [From  the  town  of 
Bath.]  A  sort  of  light  sweet  roll  or  bun, 
generally  mixed  with  currants,  Ac. 

Bath-Chair  (bath/char),  n.  [From  the  town 
of  r.iith  ]  A  small  carriage  capable  of  being 
pushed  along  by  an  attendant:  used  by 
invalids. 

Bathe  (baTH),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  bathed;  ppr. 
bathing.  [A.  Sax.  bathian,  Icel.  batha,  Dan. 
bade,  D.  and  G.  baden.  See  BATH.]  1.  To 
immerse  in  water,  as  in  the  sea,  a  river, 
pond,  or  artificial  bath,  whether  for  plea- 
sure, health,  or  cleanliness. 


Chancing  to  bathe  himself  in  the  river  Cydnus 
he  fell  hick,  near  unlo  death,  for  three  days.     South. 
Others,  on  silver  lakes  and  rivers  bathr.i 
Their  downy  breast.  Milton. 

2.  To  apply  water  or  other  liquid  to  with 
a  sponge,  cloth,  or  the  like,  generally  for 
therapeutic  purposes;  as,  let  the  wound  U- 
temf  twin'  a  day.  [In  this  use  bathing 
differs  from  washing  in  being  much  longt  r 
continued.  ]  ::.  To  wash,  moisten,  or  suffuse 
with  any  liquid.  'Her  bosom  bathed  in 
blood.'  Dryden. — 4.  To  immerse  in  or  sur- 
round witli  anything  analogous  to  water;  as. 
bathed  in  sunlight.  'Thy  rosy  shiuln^ 
bathe  me.'  Tennyson. 

One  sip  of  this 
Will  bathe  the  drooping  spirits  in  delight.      Milton. 

I  watched  it  lying  bathed 
In  the  green  gleam  of  dewy-tasscll'd  trees. 

Bathe  (baTH),  v.i.  1.  To  be  or  lie  in  a  bath; 
to  be  in  water  or  in  other  liquid;  to  go  into 
water  to  bathe  one's  self. 

They  bathe  in  summer,  and  in  winter  slide.    Waller. 

2.  To  be  immersed  or  surrounded  as  if  with 
water. 

Bathe  (baTH),  n.  Act  of  bathing;  the  im- 
mersion of  the  body  in  water ;  as,  to  take 
one's  usual  bathe.  Edin.  Rev.  [This  noun 
seems  to  be  confined  to  Scotland,  where  a 
distinction  is  made  between  a  bathe  and  a 
bath,  the  former  being  applied  to  an  im- 
mersion in  a  sea,  river,  or  lake,  and  the 
latter  to  a  bath  for  which  artificial  appara- 
tus is  used.] 

Bather  (baTH'er),  n.  1.  One  who  bathes; 
one  who  immerses  himself  in  water— 2.  One 
who  bathes  another. 

Bathetic  (ba-thet'ik),  a.  [From  bathos,  on 
type  of  pathetic  from  pathos.}  Relating  to 
bathos;  sinking.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

Bathing-box  (baTH'ing-boks),  n.  A  fixed 
covered  shed  in  which  bathers  dress  and 
undress. 

Bathing-machine  (baTH'ing-ma-shen),  n. 
A  covered  vehicle,  driven  into  the  water, 
in  which  bathers  dress  and  undress. 

Bathing-tub  (baTH'ing-tub),  n.  A  vessel 
for  bathing,  made  of  wood,  tinned  iron,  or 
zinc;  a  portable  bath. 

Bath-kOl  (bath'kol),  n.  A  sort  of  divination 
practised  among  the  ancient  Jews,  according 
to  which  the  first  words  uttered  after  an 
appeal  was  made  to  Bath-kol  were  con- 
sidered oracular.  Brewer. 

Bath-metal  (bath'met-al),  n.  An  alloy  of 
copper  and  zinc  in  nearly  equal  proportions. 

Bathometer  (ba-thom'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  batho*, 
depth,  and  metron,  a  measure.]  An  appar- 
atus for  taking  soundings,  especially  one  in 
which  a  sound  ing- line  is  dispensed  with. 

Bath-oolite  (bath'6-ol-It),  n.  Same  as 
Bath-stone. 

Bat -horse  (bafhora  or  bailors),  n.  [Fr. 
bdt,  O.Fr.  bast,  a  pack-saddle.  ]  1.  A  horse 
allowed  to  a  batman  in  the  British  army  for 
conveying  the  utensils  in  his  charge. — 2.  A 
horse  for  carrying  baggage  belonging  to  an 
officer  or  to  the  baggage  train. 

Bathos (ba'thos),  n.  [Gr.  bathos,  frombathys, 
deep.]  A  IndlcTotu  descent  from  theelevated 
to  the  mean  in  writing  or  speech;  a  sinking; 
anti-climax. 

Bath -room  (bath'rom),  n.  A  room  for 
bathing  in. 

Bath-Stone  (bath'ston),  n.  [From  being 
largely  used  for  building  in  Bath  and 
neighbourhood.]  A  species  of  limestone, 
called  also  Bath-oolite  and  Roe-stone,  from 
its  being  composed  of  small  rounded  grains 
resembling  the  roe  of  a  fish.  This  member 
of  the  oolite  formation  has  been  called  the 
great  oolite;  it  is  of  considerable  thickness, 
and  yields  an  abundant  supply  of  freestone 
for  building,  and  is  extensively  worked 
near  Bath.  When  first  quarried  it  is  soft, 
but  it  soon  becomes  hard  by  exposure  to  the 
atmosphere. 

Bathybius(ba-thib'i-us),n.  [Gr.  bathys.&eep, 
and  oios,  life.]  Huxley's  name  for  masses 
of  animal  matter  said  to  be  found  covering 
the  sea-bottom  at  great  depths,  and  in 
such  abundance  as  to  form  in  some  places 
deposits  of  upwards  of  30  feet  in  thickness. 
It  is  described  as  consisting  of  a  tenacious, 
viscid,  slimy  substance,  and  exhibiting  under 
the  microscope  a  network  of  granular,  muci- 
laginous matter,  which  expands  and  con- 
tracts spontaneously,  forming  a  very  simple 
organism,  and  corresponding  in  all  respects 
to  protoplasm  (which  see).  Embedded  in  it 
are  calcareous  bodies  with  an  organic  atruc  - 
ture,  called  discoliths,  coccoliths,  and  cocco- 
spheres,  which  seem  to  belong  to  bathybius 
as  such.  Some  men  of  science,  however. 


ch,  Main;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      ft,  Fr  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  wftig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BATHYERGTJS 


232 


BATTEN 


doubt  the  existence  of  such  a  suhstance, 
maintaining  that  the  apparent  signs  of  an 
organic  life  in  the  matter  which  Huxley 
examined  were  due  to  the  alcohol  in  which 
the  matter  was  preserved.  Recently,  how- 
ever, the  North-polar  navigator  Bessels  has 
reported  the  discovery  in  Smith  Sound,  at 
the  depth  of  92  fathoms,  of  a  free,  undiffer- 
entiated,  homogeneous  protoplasm,  to  which 
he  has  given  the  name  of  Protobathybius. 

BathyergUB  (bath-i-er'gus),  n.  [Gr.  bathys, 
deep,  and  ergon,  a  work,  ]  The  genus  of 
mammals  to  which  the  zandmole  or  sand- 
mole  of  the  Dutch  boers  of  South  Africa  (B. 
fuillus)  belongs;  called  also  the  Coast-rat. 
It  is  a  burrowing  animal  found  in  large 
numbers  around  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
where  it  drives  such  multitudes  of  shallow 
tunnels  that  the  ground  is  rendered  danger- 
ous for  horsemen.  The  fur  is  grayish-brown, 
and  might  be  a  valuable  article  of  com- 
merce. It  is  of  the  size  of  a  wild  rabbit, 
and  belongs  to  the  family  Spalaceidte. 

Bathymetrleal  (bath-i-met'ri-kal),  a.  Per- 
taining to  bathymetry,  or  to  depth  under 
water. 

Bathymetry  (ba-thim'et-ri),  n.  [Gr.  bathys, 
deep,  and  matron,  measure.]  The  art  ol 
sounding  or  of  measuring  depths  in  the  sea. 

Batldese  (ba-tid'e-e),  n.  pi.  A  nat.  order 
instituted  by  Martius  for  the  Batis  mari- 
titna,  a  succulent  shrub  growing  in  salt 
marshes  in  the  West  Indies,  sometimes 
used  in  West  India  pickles.  It  has  the 
habit  of  Salicornia,  but  its  ovary  has  four 
cells,  with  one  erect  ovule  in  each  cell,  and 
IB  consequently  placed  in  a  separate  but 
closely  allied  nat.  order  to  Chenopodiaceao. 

Bating  (bat'ing).  Originally  a  part.,  but 
now  used  chiefly  as  a  prep.  Abating; 
taking  away;  deducting;  excepting. 

Children  have  few  ideas,  bating  some  faint  ideas 
of  hunger  and  thirst.  Locke. 

Batis  (ba'tis),  n.  A  genus  of  saline  plants, 
containing  a  single  species.  See  BATIDE.S 

Batlst,  Batiste  (ba-tesf),  n.  [Fr.  batinte, 
p.  Fr.  baptiste.  From  the  name  of  its 
inventor  Baptiste,  a  linen  weaver  of  Cam- 
brai,  in  French  Flanders.  His  statue  still 
stands  there.]  1.  A  fine  linen  cloth  made 
in  Flanders  and  Picardy,  of  three  different 
kinds  or  thicknesses;  cambric.— 2.  An  East 
India  goods  of  similar  quality. 

Batler  (bat'ler),  n.    See  BATLET. 

Batlet  (bat'let),  n.  [Dim.  of  bat.]  A  small 
bat  or  square  piece  of  wood  with  a  handle 
for  beating  linen  when  taken  out  of  the 
buck.  Called  also  Batter,  Battril. 

I  remember  the  kissing  of  her  batlet,  and  the  cow's 
dugs  that  her  pretty  chopt  hands  had  milked.  Stiak. 

Batman  (bat'man),  n.  An  oriental  weight. 
In  Bokhara  it  is  equal  to  291  Ibs. ;  in  Turkey 
the  great  batman  is  about  157J  Ibs. ,  the  lesser 
only  a  fourth  of  the  greater;  at  Aleppo  and 
Smyrna  the  batman  weighs  but  17  Ibs. ;  in 
Persia  13J  Ibs. 

Batman  (bat'man,  ba'man),  n.  [Fr.  bM 
a  pack-saddle.  See  BAT,  a  pack-saddle.  ]  A 
person  allowed  by  the  government  to  every 
company  of  a  regiment  on  foreign  service 
His  duty  is  to  take  charge  of  the  cooking 
utensils,  &c.,  of  the  company.  There  is  in 
the  charge  of  the  batman  a  bat-horse  for 
each  company  to  convey  the  cooking  utensils 
from  place  to  place. 

Bat-money,  Baw-money  (bat'mun-ni,  ba'- 
mun-ni),  n.  Money  paid  to  a  batman. 

Batolite  (bat'6-lit),  n.  [Fr.  baton,  a  staff, 
and  Gr.  lithos,  a  stone.  ]  A  genus  of  straight 
cylindrical,  bivalve  fossil  shells,  allied  to 
the  hippurites.  Some  are  of  great  length 
and  form  masses  of  rock  in  the  high  Alps. 

Baton  (bat'on),  n.  [Fr.  baton,  O.Fr  baston 
See  BASTE,  BASTILE.]  1.  A  staff  or  club ;  a 
truncheon,  the  official  badge  of  various  offi- 
cials of  widely  different  rank;  thus  we  have 
the  baton  of  a  field-marshal,  of  a  constable 
or  policeman,  and  of  a  conductor  of  music. 
'  He  held  the  baton  of  command.'  Prescott. 

When  I  went  home  I  made  myself  a  baton    and 
went  about  the  fields  conducting  an  orchestra. 

2.  In  music,  a  rest  of  four  semibreves  —3  in 
her.  same  as  Baston,  3. 
Batoon  t  (ba-ton'),  n.    A  club  or  truncheon. 

Although  his  shoulders  with  batoon 

Be  claw'd  and  cudgell'd  to  some  tune.     Hndibras. 

Bat-printing  (bat'print-ing),  n.  The  mode 
of  printing  pottery  adopted  when  the  print- 
ing is  done  on  the  glazed  ware.  For  this 
mode  of  printing  a  fine-lined  engraving  is 
executed  on  copper,  after  which  the  lines 
of  the  engraving  are  filled  with  pure  linseed- 
oil,  which  is  taken  off  by  a  sheet  of  a  flexible 


1    preparation  of  glue,  by  means  of  which  it  is 
|    applied  to  the  surface  of  the  ware.    Finely- 
ground  colour  is  dusted  on,  and  the  vessel 
is  then  ready  to  be  fired  in  the  enamel  kiln. 

See  PKE.SS-1'RINTING. 

Batrachia  (ba-tra'ki-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  batra- 
chos, a  frog.  ]  The  fourth  order  in  Cuvier's 
arrangement  of  the  class  Reptilia.  It  com- 
prises frogs,  toads,  newts,  salamanders, 
and  sirens,  and  is  equivalent  to  the  class 
Amphibia  (which  see).  It  is  now  usually 
restricted  to  the  order  Anura,  or  amphi- 
bians which  lose  the  tail  when  they  reach 
maturity.  The  Batrachia  when  young  un- 
dergo metamorphosis  and  breathe  only  by 
gills.  When  adults  they  breathe  by  lungs, 
or,  as  in  the  case  of  the  axolotl,  siren,  and 
proteus,  by  both  lungs  and  gills.  They  are 
oviparous,  and  deposit  eggs  covered  only  by 
a  soft  membrane. 

Batrachlan  (ba-tra'ki-an),  a.  [Gr.  batrachos, 
a  frog.]  1.  In  zool.  pertaining  to  the  order 
Batrachia.— 2.  In  bot.  applied  to  the  aquatic 
species  of  the  genus  Ranunculus,  which  have 
been  placed  in  a  special  genus  (Batrachium) 
by  some  authors. 

Batrachlan  (ba-tra'ki-an),  n.  An  animal  of 
the  order  Batrachia. 

Batrachlte  (bat'ra-kit),  n.  [Gr.  batrachos, 
a  frog.]  1.  A  fossil  or  stone  in  colour  resem- 
bling a  frog;  loadstone. — 2.  A  variety  of  the 
mineral  chrysolite,  composed  of  silicates 
of  lime  and  magnesia,  in  colour  resembling 
the  frog,  and  found  in  the  mountains  of 
Southern  Tyrol.  See  OLIVIN. 
Batrachold  (bat'ra-koid),  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a  frog;  pertaining  to  the  Batrachia. 
Batracholite  (ba-trak'6-lit),  n.  [Gr.  6a- 
trachos,  a  frog,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  The 
name  given  to  fossil  remains  of  animals  of 
the  frog  kind,  found  in  the  tertiary  forma- 
tions. In  the  newer  tertiary  strata  near 
Oeningen,  on  the  Rhine,  several  species  of 
frogs,  toads,  and  newts  have  been  discov- 
ered. 

Batrachomyomachy  ( bat-ra-kom'i-om"a- 
ki),n.  [Gr.  oatrachos,  a  frog,  mus,  a  mouse, 
and  mache,  a  battle.  ]  A  battle  between  the 
frogs  and  mice,  the  name  of  a  kind  of  parody 
on  the  Iliad. 

Batrachophagous  (bat-ra-kof'a-gus),o  [Gr. 
batrachos,  a  frog,  isndphagein,  to  eat.]  Feed- 
ing on  frogs. 

Batrachospermese  (ba-trak'6-sper"me-e), 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  batrachos,  a  frog,  and  sperma, 
seed.]  A  family  of  fresh- water  confervoid 
alga;,  that  have  articulated  stems,  with 
whorls  of  necklace-like  branches,  and  the 
spores  iu  chains. 

Batrachus  (bat'ra-kusX  n.  [Or.  batrachos, 
a  frog.]  The  frog-fish  genus.  See  FROG- 
FISH. 

Bat-shell  (bat'shel),  n.    A  species  of  Voluta 
of  a  dusky  brown  colour. 
Batsman  (bats'man),  n.  The  man  who  wields 
the  bat  in  the  game  of  cricket;  the  batter 
Batster  (bat'ster),  ?i.    Same  as  Batsman. 
Bat's-wlng  Burner.n.  A  form  of  gas-burner 
from  whicn  there  issues  a  jet  supposed  to 
resemble  a  bat's  wing. 

Batt  (bat),  n.  In  hat-making,  the  material 
for  a  felt  hat  obtained  by  the  operation  of 
bowing,  and  forming  the  basis  of  the  skin 
Batta(bat'ta),  n.  [Hind.  6a«aA.]  1.  Defi- 
ciency; discount;  allowance.— 2.  An  allow- 
ance, in  addition  to  their  pay,  made  to 
troops  serving  in  the  East  Indies,  when  in 
the  field.  While  in  garrison  troops  are  al- 
lowed half  batta. 

Battable  t  (bat'a-bl),  a.  [See  BATFUL,  BAT- 
TEN.] Fattening;  serviceable  as  pasture. 

Masinissa  made  many  inward  parts  of  Barbary  and 
Numidia  in  Africk  (before  his  time,  incult  and  horrid) 
fruitful  and  bailable  by  this  means.  Burton. 

Battallantt  (bat'tal-ant),".  (Fr.  bataittant, 
from  batailler,  to  combat.  See  BATTLE.]  A 
combatant.  Skeltan, 

Battailous  t  (bat'tal-us),  a.  [O.Fr.  batail- 
lous,  bateillous.  See  BATTLE.)  Warlike; 
having  the  form  or  appearance  of  an  army 
arrayed  for  battle;  marshalled,  as  for  an 
attack. 

The  French  came  foremost  battailous  and  bold. 

Battaliat  (bat-tali-a).n.  [It.battaglia"^ttie 
See  BATTALION,  BATTLE.]  i.  A  host:  an 
army;  a  military  force. 

Why,  our  battalia  trebles  that  account 

S/tak..  Rich.  111.  i.  f,  n 

[This  is  the  reading  of  the  folios;  the  quarto 
editions  read  battalion.]  —  2.  A  division  of 
an  army  in  order  of  battle. 

In  three  battalias  does  the  king  dispose 
His  strength,  which  all  in  ready  order  stand. 
And  to  each  other's  rescue  near  at  hand.       May. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull; 


Battalion  (ba-tal'yon).  n.  pi.  Battalions 
(ba-tal'yonz)  or  Battalia  t  (ba-tal'ya).  [  Fr. 
bataillon,  It.  battaylione  (aug.  of  liattaglia, 
a  battle),  a  main  battle,  a  great  squadron' 
See  BATTLE.  ]  1. 1  An  army  in  battle  array. 

He  through  the  armed  files 
Darts  his  experienced  eye.  and  soon  traverse 
The  whole  battalion  views.  Milfott. 

2.  t  A  division  of  an  army  in  order  of  battle. 

Next  morning  the  king  put  his  army  into  battalia. 
Clarendon  ' 

Specifically— 3.  A  body  of  infantry,  varying 
from  about  300  to  1000  men,  and  usually 
forming  a  division  of  a  regiment.  Some- 
times,  however,  a  single  battalion  composes 
a  regiment. 

Battalioned  (bat-tal'yond),  a.  Formed  into 
battalions. 

Battelt  (bat'tel),  n.  [See  BATTLE.]  Battle. 
—  Wager  of  battel,  in  tow,  a  species  of  tri.-tl 
for  the  decision  of  causes  between  parties. 
This  species  of  trial  is  of  high  antiquity 
among  the  rude  military  peoples  of  Europe 
It  was  introduced  into  England  by  William 
the  Conqueror,  and  used  in  three  cases  only: 
in  the  court-martial,  or  court  of  chivalry  or 
honour;  in  appeals  of  felony;  and  in  issues 
joined  upon  a  writ  of  right.  The  contest 
was  held  before  the  judges  on  a  piece  of 
ground  inclosed,  and  the  combatants  were 
bound  to  fight  till  the  stars  appeared,  unless 
the  death  or  defeat  of  one  party  sooner  de- 
cided the  contest.  The  weapons  used  were 
batons  or  staves  an  ell  long.  Women,  priests, 
men  above  sixty,  and  lame  and  blind  per- 
sons might  appear  by  champions.  Though 
long  fallen  into  desuetude,  it  was  a  valid 
and  legal  mode  of  trial  in  England  down  to 
1818,  and  was  then  abolished  in  consequence 
of  the  defendant  in  a  suit  having  demanded 
this  mode  of  arbitrament,  and  its  being 
found  that  it  could  not  legally  be  denied 
him. 

Battel  (bat'tel),  n.  [O.E.  bat,  increase,  and 
dcel,  portion.]  1.  An  account  of  the  ex- 
penses of  a  student  at  Oxford.— 2.  pi.  Provi- 
sions taken  by  Oxford  students  from  the 
buttery;  and  also  the  charges  thereon.— 
2.  In  Eton  College,  a  small  allowance  of 
food  which,  in  addition  to  the  college  allow- 
ance, the  collegers  receive  from  their  dames. 
Richardson. 

Battel  (bat'tel),  v.i.  [In  third  meaning  per- 
haps a  form  of  batten  (which  see).  ]  1.  To  stand 
indebted  in  the  college  books  at  Oxford 
for  provisions  and  drink  from  the  buttery. 

2.  To  reside  at  the  university;  to  keep  terms. 

3.  t  To  STOW  fat     Spenser. 

Battelt  (bat'tel),  v.t.  To  render  fertile;  to 
batten. 

Battelt  (bat'tel), a.  [Perhaps  for  hatful;  in 
any  case  connected  with  batten.]  Fertile; 
fruitful.  '  A  battel  soil  for  grain,  for  pasture 
good. '  Fairfax. 

Batteller,  Battler  (bat'tel-er,  bat'l-er),  n. 
1.  A  student  at  Oxford  indebted  in  the  col- 
lege books  for  provisions  and  drink  at  the 
buttery.— 2.  One  who  keeps  terms  or  resides 
at  the  university. 

Battement  (bat'ment),  n.  [Fr.]  A  beating; 
striking;  impulse. 

Batten  (bat'n),  v.t.  [Icel.  batna,  to  grow 
better,  Goth,  gabatnan,  to  avail,  to  profit, 
from  root  bat,  bet  in  better  (which  see),  O.E. 
bot,  increase,  bete,  to  make  better.]  1.  To 
fatten;  to  make  fat;  to  make  plump  by  plen- 
teous feeding.  '  Battening  our  flocks  with 
the  fresh  dews  of  night.'  Milton.  —  2.  To 
fertilize  or  enrich  land. 

Batten  (bat'n),  v.i.  To  grow  or  become  fat; 
to  live  in  luxury,  or  to  grow  fat  in  ease  and 
luxury.  '  To  feed  and  batten  on  this  moor.' 
Shak. 

Her  savage  birds 
O'er  human  carcasses  do  scream  and  batten. 

Baillit. 

Thou  battenest  by  the  greasy  gleam 
In  haunts  of  hungry  sinners.          Tennyson. 

Batten  (bat'n),  B.  [Fr.  6<!«on,  a  stick.  ]  1.  A 
piece  of  wood  from  1  inch  to  7  inches  broad, 
and  from  }  in.  to  2i  in.  thick.  The  bat- 
tens of  commerce  are  7  in.  broad  and  2J  in. 
thick ;  split  into  two  boards  each  1 J  in. 
thick,  they  are  used  for  flooring ;  and  split 
into  three,  for  putting  on  roofs  below  slates, 
wainscot,  and  as  uprights  for  lathing.  The 
best  battens  come  from  Norway. — 2.  Sant. 
one  of  several  thin  pieces  of  oak  or  fir.nailed 
to  the  mast-head,  and  to  the  midship  post 
of  the  yard.— Battens  of  the  hatches,  scant- 
lings of  wood  or  straitened  hoops  of  casks 
applied  to  confine  the  edges  of  the  tarpaul- 
ings  close  down  to  the  sides  of  the  hatch- 
ways, to  prevent  the  entrance  of  water  in  a 
storm.  —  Tracing  battens,  pieces  of  wood 


oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  ley. 


BATTEN 

nbout  3  inches  thick,  nailed  to  the  beams 
of  the  ship,  instead  uf  cleats,  to  sling  the 
seamen's  hammocks  to.— 3.  In  weaving,  the 
beam  for  striking  the  weft  home;  a  lathe. 
Batten  (bat'n),  v.t.  To  form  or  fasten  with 
battens.—  To  batten  down,  to  fasten  down 
with  battens,  as  the  hatches  of  a  ship  during 
a  storm. 

He  had  the  port-holes  of  his  cabin  battened  down. 
Thackeray. 

Battening  (bat'n-ing),  n-  l.The  operation 
of  fixing  battens  to  walls  for  nailing  laths 
to.— 2.  Battens  fixed  to  a  wall,  to  which  the 
laths  for  plaster  are  fixed. 

Batter  (bat'ter),  v.t.  [Fr.  battre,  It.  battere, 
to  beat,  to  strike,  to  batter,  f  r«  >m  L.  L.  batere, 
a  form  of  L.  batuere,  to  beat,  whence  also 
battle.]  1.  To  beat  with  successive  blows; 
to  beat  with  violence,  so  as  to  bruise  or 
dent ;  to  attack  as  by  a  battering- ram  or 
heavy  ordnance,  with  the  view  of  shattering 
or  demolishing;  to  cannonade. 

Now  were  the  walls  beaten  with  the  rams,  and 
many  parts  thereof  shaken  and  battered.  Holland. 

2.  To  wear  or  impair,  as  by  beating,  long 
service,  or  the  like;  as,  a  battered  pavement; 
a  battered  jade. 

The  Tory  party,  according  to  those  perverted 
views  of  Toryism  unhappily  too  lone  prevalent  in 
this  country,  was  held  to  be  literally  defunct,  except 
by  a  few  old  battered  crones  of  office.  Disraeli, 

3.  Informing,  to  spread  metal  outwardly  by 
hammering  on  the  end.     E.  II.  Knight.— 

4.  [From  noun  batter.]   To  paste  together 
with    batter   or   other    adhesive    matter. 
[Scotch.] 

Batter  (bat'ter),  v.i.  1.  To  make  attacks,  as 
by  a  battering-ram  or  ordnance. 

Besiegers  break  ground  at  a  safe  distance,  and 
advance  gradually  till  near  enough  to  batter. 

Abp.  ll'hatety. 

—To  batter  at,  to  make  attacks  upon;  to 
try  to  overthrow  or  destroy. 

The  tyrant  has  not  battered  at  their  peace.  Shak. 
2.  To  incline  from  the  perpendicular:  said 
of  a  wall  whose  face  recedes  as  it  rises :  op- 
posed to  overhang. 

Retaining  and  breast  walls  batter  towards  the  bank 
E.  H.  Knight. 

Batter  (bat'ter),  n.  [See  BATTER, v.t.]  l.  A 
mixture  of  several  ingredients,  as  flour, 
eggs,  salt,  «fcc.,  beaten  together  with  some 
liquor,  used  in  cookery.  —  2.  The  leaning 
back  of  the  upper  part  of  the  face  of  a  wall, 
as  in  wharf  walls  and  retaining  walls  to 
support  embankments.— 3.  A  glutinous  sub- 
stance used  for  producing  adhesion ;  paste. 
[Scotch.] 

Batter  (bat'er),  n.  In  cricket,  the  man  who 
wields  the  bat;  the  batsman. 

(The  bowler)  bowls  a  ball  almost  wide  to  the  off; 
the  batter  steps  out,  and  cuts  it  beautifully  to  where 
cover-point  is  standing.  T.  Hughes. 

Batterer  (hat'ter-er),  n.  One  who  batters 
or  beats.  'Batterers  or  demolishers  of  stately 
and  elegant  buildings.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Battering-gun  (bat'ter-ing-gun),  n.  Milit. 
a  cannon  of  heavy  calibre  adapted  for  de- 
molishing defensive  works. 

Battering-ram  (bat'ter-ing-ram),  n.  1.  In 
milit.  antiq.  an  engine  used  to  beat  down 
the  walls  of  besieged  places,  consisting  of  a 
large  beam,  with  a  head  of  iron  somewhat 
resembling  the  head  of  a  ram,  whence  its 
name.  In  its  simplest  form  it  was  carried 
and  forcibly  driven  against  the  wall  by  the 
hands  of  the  soldiers,  but  more  commonly 
it  was  suspended  by  ropes  to  a  beam  which 
was  supported  by  posts,  and  balanced  so  as 
to  swing  backward  and  forward,  being  in 
this  way  impelled  against  the  wall  with 
much  more  ease  and  effect.  It  was  also 


Battering-ram. 

often  mounted  on  wheels  and  worked  under 
cover,  the  assailants  being  protected  by  a 
kind  of  shed. — 2.  A  heavy  blacksmith's  ham- 
mer, suspended,  and  worked  horizontally. 
Battering-train  (bat'ter-ing-tran),  n.  Milit. 
a  train  of  heavy  ordnance  for  siege  opera- 
tions. 


233 

Batter-rule,  Battering-rule  (bat'ter-rol, 
bat'ter-ing-rol),  n.  A  plumb-line  so  con- 
trived that  while  the  plummet  hangs  verti- 
cally, the  wall  to  which  it  is  applied  may 
l»e  sloping  or  battered.  It  consists  of  a 
plumb-line  attached  to  a  triangular  frame, 
one  side  of  which  is  fixed  at  the  required 
angle  with  the  line. 

Battery  (bat'ter-i),  n.  (Fr.  batterie,  from 
battre,  to  beat.  See  BATTER.]  i.|  The  act 
of  battering;  attack  or  assault,  with  the 
view  of  beating  down,  as  by  battering-ram 
or  ordnance. 

At  one  place  above  the  rest,  by  continual  batterie 
there  was  such  a  breach  as  the  townc  lay  open  and 
nuked  to  the  eneniie.  Holland. 

2.  The  instrument  or  agency  employed  in 
battering  or  attacking;  as,  &batteryof  guns; 
a  battery  of  abuse.     Specifically— 3.  Milit. 
a  body  of  cannon  for  field  operations  con- 
sisting generally  of  from  four  to  eight  guns 
(in   the  British  service  usually  six),  with 
complement  of  waggons,  artillerymen,  Ac. 
4.  The  personnel  or  complement  of  officers 
and  men  attached  to  such  a  batter)'-— 5.  In 
fort,  a  parapet  thrown  up  to  cover  the  gun- 
ners and  others  employed  about  them  from 
the  enemy's  shot,  with  the  guns  employed. 
—Cross  batteries,  two  batteries  which  play 
athwart  each  other,  fonning  an  angle  upon 
the  object  battered. — En-echarpe  battery,  a 
battery  which  plays  obliquely  on  the  enemy's 
lines. —  Enfilade   battery,   a  battery  which 
scours  or  sweeps  the  whole  line  or  length. — 
En-revers  battery,  one  which  plays  upon  the 
enemy's  back.—  Floating  batteries,  batteries 
erected  either  on  simple  rafts,  or  on  the 
hulls  of  ships,  for  the  defence  of  the  coast. 
or  for  the  bombardment  of  the  enemy's 
ports. — 6.  In  law,  the  unlawful  beating  of 
another.    The  least  degree  of  violence,  or 
even  the  touching  of  another  in  anger,  con- 
stitutes a  battery. — 7.  In  elect,  a  number  of 
coated  jars  placed  in  such  a  manner  that 
they  may  be  charged  at  the  same  time,  and 
discharged  in  the  same  manner.— Galvanic 
battery,  a  pile  or  series  of  plates  of  copper 
and  zinc,  or  of  any  substances  susceptible  of 
galvanic  action.    See  under  GALVANIC. 

Battery-gun  (bat'ter-i-gun),  ?i.  Milit.  a 
gun  which  can  fire  a  number  of  shots  con- 
secutively or  simultaneously  without  stop- 
ping to  reload;  a  gun  with  several  barrels, 
or  with  one  barrel  and  several  chambers 
like  a  revolver  pistol,  such  as  the  Gatling 
gun  or  the  mitrailleuse. 

Battil.t  Battill  t  (bat'til),  v.t  [See  BATTEL, 
a.  ana  v.t.]  To  make  fat;  to  render  fertile; 
to  batten. 

Ashes  are  marvellous  improvements  to  battil  bar- 
ren land.  Ray. 

Battil,  BattUl  (bat'til),  v.i.   To  become  fat. 

Sleep,  they  said,  would  make  her  battill  better. 
Spenser. 

Batting  (bftt'ing),  n.  1.  The  management  of 
a  bat  at  play;  as,  the  batting  of  the  Eleven 
was  excellent.— 2.  Cotton  or  wool  in  masses 
prepared  for  quilts  or  bed-covers. 
Battish  (bat'ish),  a.  [From  bat,  the  animal.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  or  resembling  a  bat. 

She  clasp'd  his  limbs,  by  impious  labour  tired, 
With  battish  limbs.  I'ernon. 

Battle  (bat'l),  n.  [Fr.  bataille,  a  battle,  and 
formerly  also,  a  division  of  an  army,  from  L. 
battalia,  battuatia,  the  fighting  and  fencing 
exercises  of  soldiers  and  gladiators;  from 
battiere,  to  beat,  to  strike,  to  fence.]  1.  A 
fight  or  encounter  between  enemies  or  op- 
posing armies;  an  engagement:  usually 
applied  to  armies  or  large  bodies  of  men, 
but  applicable  also  to  a  combat  between 
individuals,  whether  men  or  inferior  ani- 
mals.— 2.t  A  body  of  forces,  or  division  of  an 
army;  a  battalion. 

The  king  divided    his  army  into    three   battles, 
whereof  the  vanguard  only  with  wings  came  to  fight. 
Bacon. 

3.  t  More  specifically,  (a)  the  main  or  middle 
body  of  the  army  or  fleet,  as  distinguished 
from  the  van  and  rear. 

Angus  led  the  avant-guard,  himself  followed  with 
the  battle  a  good  distance  behind,  and  after  came 
the  arrier.  Sir  J.  Hayward. 

The  centre,  or  battle  as  it  was  called,  consisting  of 
sixty-three  galleys,  was  led  by  John  of  Austria. 

Prestott. 

(&)  That  portion  of  the  army,  wherever 
placed  and  of  whatever  consisting,  regarded 
as  of  main  importance. 

The  cavalry,  by  way  of  distinction,  was  called  the 
battle,  and  on  it  alone  depended  the  fate  of  every 
action.  Robertson. 

4  t  An  army  prepared  for  or  engaged  in 
fight.  'Heralds  'twixt  two  dreadful  battles 


BATTLEMENT 


Bet.'  .SAafr.-.s.t  A  formidable  array  similar 
to  an  army  in  battle  order. 

On  his  bow-back  he  hath  a  battle  set 

Of  bristly  pikes,  that  ever  threat  his  foes.      Shot. 

—To  give  battle,  to  attack  an  enemy;  to  join 
battle,  properly  to  meet  the  attack,  but  per- 
haps this  distinction  is  not  always  observed. 
— A  pitched  battle,  one  in  which  the  armies 
are  previously  drawn  up  in  form,  with  a 
regular  disposition  of  the  forces.—  A  (//>/»•„ 
battle,  one  in  which  neither  party  gains  the 
victory.— A  battle  royal,  (a)  a  battle  with 
fists  or  cudgels,  in  which  more  than  two 
are  engaged;  a  melee,  (b)  A  fight  of  game- 
cocks, in  which  more  than  two  are  engaged. 
[Provincial.]  —  Battle,  Fight,  Combat,  En- 
gagement, Conflict.  Battle  embraces  all  the 
movements  and  manoeuvres  in  face  of  the 
enemy,  as  well  as  the  actual  contact  of  the 
soldiery,  and  implies  premeditation.  It  is 
the  appropriate  word  for  great  engagements; 
as,  the  battle  of  Waterloo,  Trafalgar.  Fight 
has  reference  to  actual  conflict;  a  man  may 
take  part  in  a  battle,  and  have  no  share  in 
the  fighting.  A  battle  may  be  made  up  of 
many  subordinate  fights;  as,  the  battle  of 
the  Alma,  but  thefiyht  at  the  flag-staff,  Ac. 
Combat  is  a  word  of  greater  dignity  than 
fight,  but  agrees  with  it  in  denoting  close 
encounter.  Engagement  supposes  distinctly 
organized  bodies  engaged  in  contact  with 
the  enemy.  Conflict,  lit.  a  clashing  together, 
implies  fierce  physical  encounter. 

Battle  (bat'l),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  battled;  ppr. 
battling.  To  join  in  battle;  to  contend  in 
fight,  or  any  kind  of  struggle;  to  struggle; 
to  strive  or  exert  one's  self.  'To  meet  in 
arms  and  battle  in  the  plain.'  Prior,  'Who 
battled  for  the  True,  the  Just.'  Tennyson. 

Battle  (bat'l),  v.t.  l.t  To  cover  with  armed 
force.  Fairfax.  —  2.  To  strengthen  with 
battlements;  to  embattle. 

Battle-axe  (batl-aks),  n.  An  axe  anciently 
used  as  a  weapon  of  war.  It  was  purely 

Battle-bolt  (batl-bolt),  n.  A  bolt  or  missile 
of  any  kind  used  in  battle.  '  The  rushing 
battle  -  bolt  sang  from  the  three  -decker. ' 
Tennyson. 

Battle-club  (batl-klub),  n.  A  club  used  in 
battle.  "Battle-clubs  from  the  isles  of  palm.' 
Tennyson. 

Battled,  Batteled  (bat'ld),  a.  1.  Furnished 
or  strengthened  with  battlements.  'The 
battled  towers.'  Tennyson. — 2.  In  her.  a 
term  employed  when  the  chief,  cheveron, 
fesse,  <fcc.,  is  (on  one  side  only)  borne  in  the 
form  of  the  battlements  of  a  castle  or  forti- 
fication. Called  also  Embattled. 

Battledore,  Battledoor  (bat'l -d or), n.  [O.E 
batyldoure,  a  beetle  or  wooden  bat  used  in 
washing  clothes;  comp.  Sp.  batallador,  a 
fencer,  batallar,  to  fight,  to  fence.]  1.  An 
instrument  of  play,  with  a  handle  and  a 
flat  board  or  palm,  used  to  strike  a  ball  or 
shuttlecock;  a  racket. — 2.t  A  child's  horn- 
book: so  called  from  its  shape. 

Battlefield  (bat'1-feld),  n.  The  scene  of  a 
battle.  '  Be  shot  for  sixpence  on  a  battle- 
field. '  Tennyson. 

Battle-flag  (bat'1-flag),  n.  A  military  flag. 
'  And  the  battle-fiags  were  furled. '  Tennyson. 

Battlement  (bat'1-ment),  n.  [Probably  from 
battle,  and  term,  -ment,  meaning  literally  a 
structure  for  battle  or  flghting;  comp.  O.E. 
batailing,  bataylynge,  a  battlement  (Halli- 
well),  and  the  verbs  battle,  embattle,  that  is, 
to  fumish  with  battlements.  It  is  doubtful, 
however,  whether  there  has  not  been  a 
mixing  up  of  two  words  here,  the  other 
being  the  O.Fr.  bastille,  a  fortress,  bastUter, 
to  fortify,  to  embattle.]  A  notched  or  in- 
dented parapet,  formed  by  a  series  of  rising 


Battlemented  Parapet. 
a  a,  Merlons.  bb.  Embrasures. 

parts  called  cops  or  merlons,  separated  by 
openings  called  crenelles  or  embrasures, 
the  soldier  sheltering  himself  behind  the 
merlon  while  he  fires  through  the  embra- 
sure. Battlements  were  originally  military, 
but  were  afterwards  used  freely  in  ecclesi- 
astical and  civil  buildings  by  way  of  orna- 
ment, both  on  parapets  and  on  cornices, 
tabernacle- work,  transoms  of  windows,  &c. 
On  ecclesiastical  buildings  the  battlements 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J,job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  u>Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BATTLEMENTED 


234 


BAY 


are  often  pannelled  or  pierced  with  circles, 
trefoils,  &c. 

Battlemented  (bat'l-ment-ed).a  Furnished 
with  battlements ;  strengthened  by  battle- 
ments. 

The  walls  of  Babylon  ...  so  broad  that  six  cha- 
riots could  well  drive  together  at  the  top,  and  so  hnt- 
tlerneiited  that  they  could  not  fall.  Sir  T,  Herbert. 

Battle-piece,  (bat'1-pes),  n.     A  painting 
which  represents  a  battle,  exhibiting  large 
masses  of  men  in  action. 
Battler,  n.    See  BATTELLER. 
Battle-song  ( bat'1-song),  n.     A  song  sung 
on  the  battlefield;  a  martial  song.     'The 
chivalrous   battle-song   that   she    warbled 
alone  in  her  joy.'    Tennyson. 
Battle-writhen  (bat'l-riTII-en),  a.   Twisted 
or  distorted  by  stress  of  battle.  '  His  battle- 
writhen  arms  and  mighty  hands.'  Tennyson. 
Battologist  (bat-tol'o-jist),  n.    [See  BAT- 
TOLOQY.  )     One  that   talks  idly;   one  that 
needlessly  repeats  the  same  thing  in  speak- 
ing or  writing.     '  A  truly  dull  battoloiiixt. ' 
Whitlock. 

Battologize  (bat-tol'o-jiz),  v.t.  To  repeat 
needlessly  the  same  thing;  to  iterate.  Sir 
T.  Herbert. 

Battology  (bat-tol'o-ji),  71.  [Gr.  battologia, 
from  battos,  a  stammerer,  and  logos,  dis- 
course.] Idle  talk  or  babbling;  a  needless 
repetition  of  words  in  speaking.  '  That 
heedless  battology  of  multiplying  words.' 
Milton.  'Mere  surplusage  or  battology.' 
Prynne. 

Batton  (bat'n),  n.    Same  as  Batten. 
Battoiit   (bat 'on),  ».      A  baton  or  club. 
Spenser. 

Battril  (bat'ril),  n.    See  BATLET. 
Battue  (bat-til),  n.     [Fr.,  from  battre,  to 
beat.  ]    1.  A  method  of  killing  game  by  hav- 
ing persons  to  beat  a  wood,  copse,  or  other 
coyer,  with  loud  cries,  and  so  drive  the 
animals  forwards  toward  a  number  of  sports- 
men stationed  to  shoot  them.— 2.  The  game 
turned  out  by  the  beaters. 
Batty  (bat'i),  a.  [From  bat,  an  animal.]    Be- 
longing to  or  resembling  a  bat.      'Batty 
wings. '    Shak. 
Batz  (bats),  n.  [G.,  a  bear.] 
A  small  copper  coin  with 
a  mixture  of  silver,  bear- 
ing the  image  of  a  bear, 
formerly  current  in  some 
parts    of    Germany    and 
Switzerland,  value  IJd. 
Baubee,  n.    See  BAWBEE. 
Bauble  (ba'bl),  n.    [O.K. 
babil,  babulle,  babel,  Ac., 
O.Fr.  babole,  baboulet,  Fr. 
babwle,&  toy  or  baby-thing; 
from  same  Celtic  root  as 
babe.  ]     1.  A   short   stick 
with   a    fool's    head,   fre- 
quently ornamented  with 
asses'    ears    fantastically 
carved    on    it,    anciently 
carried    by  the  fools  at- 
tached to  great  houses.  It       Fool's  Bauble 
frequently    had    at     the 
other  end  a  flapper  with  which  they  used  to 
affect  to  belabour  people. 

The  kynges  foole 
Sate  by  the  fire  upon  a  stoole. 
As  he  that  with  his  bauble  plaide.  Go^ver. 

2.  A  trifling  piece  of  finery;  that  which  is 
gay  or  showy  without  real  value;  a  gewgaw; 
a  trifle. 

Walpote  is  constantly  showing  us  things,  not  of 
very  great  value  indeed,  yet  things  which  we  arc 
pleased  to  see  and  which  we  can  see  nowhere  else. 
They  are  baubles:  but  they  are  made  curiosities 
either  by  his  grotesque  workmanship  or  by  some 
association  belonging  to  them.  Macaulay. 

Bauble  t  (ba'bl),  a. 
contemptible. 

The  sea  being  smooth. 
How  many  shallow,  bauble  boats  dare  sail 
upon  her  patient  breast.  Shak. 

Baubling  t  (ba'bl-ing),  a.     Contemptible. 

'A   baubling  vessel   was   he    captain  of.' 

Shak. 
Baud'  (bad),  v.t.   [W.  bawaidd,  dirty,  mean 

vile.]    To  foul  or  dirty. 


Trifling;  insignificant. 


Her  shoone  smeared  with  tallow 
Greased  upon  dyrt 
That  bauatth  her  skyrt. 


Stellon. 


Baude.t  a.  [O.Fr,  a  word  adopted  by  the 
French  from  the  Teutonic,  and  then  pass- 
ing into  English ;  really  a  form  of  bold  ] 
Joyous;  riotously  joyous.  Chaucer 

Baudekin,  Baudkin  (bad'e-kin,  bad'kin),  n.  | 
[O.Fr.  baudequin.     See  BALDACHINO.]     A 
sumptuous  species  of  cloth  for  garments 
used  by  the  nobility  of  the  middle  ages,  and  j 


composed  of  silk  interwoven  with  threads 
of  gold. 

Baudelaire!  (bad'e-lar),  n.  [Probably  from 
L.L.  battens,  a  belt;  comp.  baudricJcc,  bald- 
rick.]  A  knife  or  dagger  carried  in  the 
girdle. 

Bauderie,  t  Baudrle,  t  n.  Bawdry.  Chaucer. 

Baudricke,t  Bauldricke.t  (bad'rik,  bald'- 
rik),n.  [See  BALDKICK.)  A  baldrick.  Spenser. 

Baudrons  (bad'rbnz),  n.  [Perhaps  connected 
with  bawd,  a  hare. ]  Puss;  a  cat.  [Scotch.] 

Bauge  (baj),  n.  [After  Bauge,  a  town  in 
Maine-et-Loire,  France,  where  it  was  manu- 
factured.] A  drugget  fabricated  of  thread 
spun  thick,  and  of  coarse  wool. 

Bauhinla  (ba-hin'i-a),  ».  [Named  in  honour 
of  John  and  Caspar  Bauhin,  botanists  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  because  the  leaves  gener- 
ally consist  of  two  lobes  or  parts,  which  were 
thought  symbolic  of  the  two  brothers.  ]  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Leguminosee.  The 
species  are  usually  twining  plants,  found  in 
the  woodsof  hot  countries,  and  often  stretch- 
ing from  tree  to  treelike  living  cables.  Many 
of  the  species  are  showy  and  interesting.  The 
dried  leaves  and  young  buds  of  B.  tomen- 
tosa  are  prescribed  in  India  for  dysentery. 
The  bark  of  />'.  varieyata  is  used  in  tanning; 
that  of  B.  raceinoea  in  making  ropes;  and 
the  old  wood  of  the  former  species  is  a  kind 
of  ebony. 

Bank  (bak),  n.  Scotch  form  of  Balk  (which 
see). 

Bauld  (bald),  <t.  Bold.  'Ferguson  the  bauld 
and  slie.'  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Baulea  (ba'le-a),  n.  A  round-bottomed 
passenger-boat  used  on  the  shallower  parts 
of  the  Ganges,  having  a  mast  and  sail,  but 
generally  propelled  by  oars. 

Baulite  (bal'it),  n.  [After  Baula,  a  moun- 
tain in  Iceland.]  A  white  transparent 
mineral,  in  very  thin  splinters,  found  in 
the  matter  ejected  by  Krabla,  in  Iceland. 
It  is  a  variety  of  glassy  felspar,  and  melts 
before  the  blowpipe  into  a  clear  glass. 

Baulk  (bak),  n.    Same  as  Balk  (which  see). 

Bauxite  (boslt),  n.  A  clay  found  at  Baux, 
near  Aries.  It  contains  about  one-third  of 
its  weight  of  alumina,  with  silica,  iron,  and 
water.  The  aluminium  is  extracted  at  New- 
castle by  a  complicated  process  which  does 
not  remove  the  irpn  and  silicon 

Bavarettet  (bav-a-ret),  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of 
bavette,  a  bib,  from  bave,  It.  bava,  the  saliva 
which  runs  involuntarily  from  the  mouth  of 
an  infant]  A  bib  to  put  before  the  bosom 
of  a  child. 

Bavarian  (ba-va'ri-an),  n.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Bavaria. 

Bavarian  (ba-va'ri-an),  a.    Of  or  pertaining 

to  Bavaria. 

Bavarpyt  (bav'a-roi),   71.     [Fr.  Jlavarois, 

Bavarian.]    A  kind  of  cloak  or  surtout. 

Let  the  loop'd  bavaroy  the  fop  embrace.     Cay. 

Bavlan.t  (ba'vi-an),  n.    Same  as  Babian. 

Bavin  (bav'in),  71.  [Prov.  E.  bavin,  baven, 
connected  by  Wedgwood  with  O.  Fr.  ba/e,  a 
faggot.]  A  faggot  of  brushwood;  light  and 
combustible  wood  used  for  lighting  flies. 
1  Mounted  on  a  hazel  bavin.'  Budibras. 

The  bavin,  though  it  burne  bright,  is  but  a  blaze. 
/  yly 

Bavin  (bav'in),  o.  Resembling  bavin.  'Bash, 
bavin  wits,  soon  kindled  and  soon  burnt.' 
Shak. 

Bavin  (bav'in),  v.t.  To  make  up  into  fag- 
gots. 

Kid  or  bavin  them,  and  pitch  them  upon  their  ends 
to  preserve  them  from  rotting.  Kvelyn. 

Bawbee,  Baubee  Ow-beO,  n.  [Fr.  bat-billon. 
the  worst  kind  of  billon-i>a»,  low,  and  bil- 
lon, brass  coinage  alloyed  or  rather  washed 
with  a  little  silver.  Popularly  referred  to 
So.  babie,  an  infant,  because  the  coin  was 
said  to  bear  the  impress  of  James  VI.  when 
a  child;  but  the  name  as  well  as  the  coin 
was  in  existence  before  his  time.]  A  half- 
penny. In  the  pi.  money;  cash.  [Scotch] 

Bawble  (ba'bl),  n.    Same  as  Bauble. 

Bawblingt  (ba'bl-ing),  a.  Same  as  Baubling. 

Bawcock  (ba'kok),  n.  [Either  from  Fr. 
beau,  fine,  beautiful,  and  cock,  or,  more  pro- 
bably, from  O.Fr.  baud,  bold,  wanton,  and 
cock.  ]  A  fine  fellow.  '  How  now,  my  baw- 
cock}'  Shak. 

Bawd  (bad),  n.  [Probably  from  O.E.  baude 
merry,  wanton;  O.Fr.  baud,  bold,  wanton 
(see  BAUDE);  or  from  W.  baw,  filth,  bawaidd, 
filthy.  ]  A  procurer  or  procuress;  a  person 
who  keeps  a  house  of  prostitution,  and  con- 
ducts criminal  intrigues:  now  usually  ap- 
plied only  to  females. 

He(Pandarus)  is  named  Troilus'  baivd.     Sktlton. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull; 


Bawdt  (bad),  ».»'.  To  provide  women  for 
lewd  purposes;  to  act  as  procuress. 

Leucippe  is  agent  for  the  king's  lust,  and  ba-wds- 
.  .  .  for  tne  whole  court.  Spectator. 

Bawdt  Owl),  v.t.     Same  as  Baud. 

Bawd  (bad),  n.  A  hare.  [Provincial  English 
and  Scotch.  ]  In  the  extract  there  is  a  play 
on  bawd  in  this  sense  and  bawd  in  that 
given  above. 

A  batvd.  a  bawd!  so  ho  !— What  hast  thou  found  r 
No  hare,  sir.  Shak. 

Bawd-born  (bsd'born),  o.  Born  of  a  bawd; 
a  bawd  from  birth.  Shak. 

Bawdily  (ba'di-li),  adv.  In  a  bawdy  manner; 
obscenely;  lewdly. 

Bawdinesa  (ba'di-nes),  71.  Obscenity;  lewd- 
ness. 

Bawdiick  (bad'rik),  ».     [See  BALDRICK] 

1.  A  belt;  a  baldrick. 

The  youths'  gilt  swords  were  at  their  thighs,  with 
stiver  AnMnGtff  bound.  Chapman. 

2.  A  cord  or  thong  for  the  clapper  of  a  bell 
Bawdry  (bad' ri),  71.    [See  BAWD.]    1.  The 

practice  of  procuring  women  for  the  grati- 
fication of  lust.  — 2.  Obscenity;  filthy,  lewd 
language;  smuttiness. 

It  is  most  certain  that  barefaced  bmvdrv  is  the 
poorest  pretence  to  wit  imaginable.  Drytten. 

3.  Illicit    intercourse;   fornication.      'We 
must  be  married  or  we  must  live  in  bawdry  ' 
Shak.— I.  Bawds  collectively,     Udall. 

Bawdship  (bad'ship),  n.  The  office  of  a 
bawd.  Ford. 

Bawdy  (ba'di).  a.  [From  bawd  ]  Obscene; 
lewd;  indecent;  smutty;  unchaste. 

Bawdy-house  (ba'di-hous),  n.  A  house  of 
lewdness  and  prostitution ;  a  house  of  ill- 
fame  kept  for  the  resort  and  unlawful  com- 
merce of  lewd  persons  of  both  sexes 

Bawhorse  (ba'hors),  n.  Bathorse  (which 
see). 

Bawk,  Bawlk  (bak),  n.     Balk  (which  see). 

Bawl  (balX  v.i.  (Probably  an  imitative  word; 
comp.  waul,  c&terwaul,  Icel.  banfa,  to  low 
Sw.  tola,  A.  Sax.  bellan,  to  bark;  L.  60(0,  to 
bleat]  To  cry  out  with  a  loud  full  sound; 
to  make  vehement  or  clamorous  outcries, 
as  in  pain,  exultation,  demand,  and  the 
like;  to  shout. 

They  bawl  for  freedom  in  their  senseless  mood. 

Milton 

Bawl  (bal),  v.t.  To  proclaim  by  outcry;  to 
shout  out. 

Still  must  I  heart  shall  hoarse  Fiugerald  bawl 
His  creaking  couplets  in  a  tavern  hall!       Byron. 

Bawl  (bal),  n.  A  vehement  clamour ;  :  n 
outcry;  as,  the  children  set  up  a  loud  bawl 

Bawler  (bal'er),  71.    One  who  bawls. 

Bawn  (ban),  n.  [Ir.  and  Gael,  babhun  (pron. 
bawn),  an  inclosure,  a  fortress.  ]  1.  Origin- 
ally an  earthwork  strengthened  with  stakes 
surrounding  a  castle  or  house  in  Ireland; 
hence,  any  similar  inclosed  place,  whether 
designed  as  a  fortification  or  as  an  inclosure 
for  cattle. -2.  A  large  house,  including  all 
its  appurtenances,  as  offices,  court- yard, 
Ac.  Swift.  [Irish.] 

Bawn  (ban),  t>.(.  [See  the  noun.  ]  In  Ireland, 
to  surround  or  inclose  with  a  bawn. 

Bawrelt  (ba'rel),  71.    A  kind  of  hawk. 

Bawsin,  Bawson  (ba'sn),  n.  [O  Fr.  bauzan. 
baucant,  Pr.  bausan.  It.  bahano,  marked 
with  white,  striped  with  white:  said  of  ani- 
mals, especially  horses ;  O.  E.  and  Sc.  baw- 
toned,  having  a  white  streak  down  the  face, 
derived  by  Diez  from  It.  balza,  border,  strip 
of  trimming,  from  L.  balteut,  a  belt.]  A 
badger,  from  the  streaks  of  white  on  his 
face.  'His  mittens  were  of  bawton's  skin.' 
Drayton. 

Bawsin- laced,  Bawson -faced  (ba'sn- 
fast),  a.  [See  BAWSIN.]  Having  a  white 
spot  on  the  forehead  or  face,  as  a  horse, 
cow,  <tc. 

Baxter  (bak'ster).  71.  A  baker,  properly  a 
female  baker.  [Old  English  and  Scotch.) 
See  BAKESTER. 

Barterian  (baks-te'ri-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Richard  Baxter,  acelebrated  English  divine; 
as,  the  Baxterian  scheme  of  doctrine. 

Bay  (b&X  a.  [Fr.  bai,  L  badius,  brown, 
chestnut-coloured ;  hence  bayard,  baize  ] 
Red  or  reddish,  inclining  to  a  chestnut 
colour:  applied  to  the  colour  of  horses. 
The  shades  of  this  colour  are  light  bay,  dark 
bay,  dappled  bay,  aildcd  bay,  chestnut  bay. 

Bay(ba),  n.  [Fr.  bate,  It.  baja,  Sp.  Pg.  bahia, 
and  L.L.  baia,  a  bay.  Of  doubtful  origin, 
several  etymologies  being  proposed,  such 
as,  (1)  It.  badare,  Catalan  badar,  to  open 
the  mouth,  to  gape,  whence  badia,  a  bay, 
which  might  become  bahia,  like  Fr.  trahir. 
It.  tradire;  (2)  a  Basque  word  baia,  baiya,  a 


oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BAY 


BAY-WINDOW 


hiirl)our(wlience  Bayonne);  (3)  the  Teutonic 
3tem  in  *•.  biegen,  Goth,  biuga.i,  A.  Hax. 
beogan,  E  bow,  to  bend.]  1.  A  recess  in  the 
shore  of  a  sea  or  lake,  differing  from  a  creek 
in  not  being  so  long  and  narrow;  the  ex- 
panse of  water  between  two  capes  or  head- 
lands;  a  gulf.  — 2.  An  anrhoroge  or  road- 
stead fur  ships;  a  port;  a  harbour.  '  A  bay 
or  rode  for  ships. '  Cotyra  ve.  '  Port  le  Blanc, 
a  bay  in  Brittany.'  Shak. 

Go  to  the  bay  and  disembark  my  coffers.  SJtaJk. 
8.  A  pond-head  or  a  pond  formed  by  a  dam 
for  the  purpose  of  driving  mill- wheels. — 
4  A  principal  compartment  or  division  in 
the  architectural  arrangement  of  a  building, 
marked  either  by  the  buttresses  or  pilasters 
mi  the  walls,  by  the  disposition  of  the  main 
ribs  of  the  vaulting  of  the  interior,  by  the 
main  arches  and  pillars,  the  principals  of 
the  roof,  or  by  any  other  leading  features 
that  separate  it  into  corresponding  portions. 
Oxford  GloKxary.  [The  analogy  that  origin- 
ated this  use  of  the  word  waa  probably  sug- 
gested by  the  resemblance  of  buttresses  or 
the  other  divisional  features  mentioned,  to 
the  capes  that  mark  off  a  bay  in  the  sea.] 
In  this  sense,  or  a  somewhat  more  extended 
one,  tbe  word  has  a  great  many  specific  sig- 
nifications; as,  (a)  in  arch,  the  part  of  a 
window  included  between  the  mullions:  a 
day;  alight.  (/>)  In  bridge -building,  the  por- 
tion between  two  piers,  (c)  In  carp,  a  por- 
tion of  a  compound  or  framed  floor  included 
between  two  girders,  or  between  a  girder 
and  the  wall.— A  bay  of  joists,  the  joists  be- 
tween two  binding-joists,  or  between  two 
girders  in  a  framed  floor. — A  bay  of  roofing, 
the  small  rafters  and  their  supporting  pur- 
lins between  two  principal  rafters,  (d)  In 
mining,  the  space  between  two  frames  in  a 
gallery,  (e)  Naut.  that  part  of  a  ship  on 
each  side  between  decks  which  lies  between 
the  bitts ;  the  foremost  messing-place  be- 
tween decks  in  a  ship-of-war.—  Sick  bay,  a 
portion  of  the  fore-part  of  the  main-deck 
reserved  for  the  sick  and  wounded.  (/)  In 
plastering,  the  space  between  two  screeds. 
See  SCREED. 

Bay  (ba),  n.  A  kind  of  mahogany  obtained 
from  Campeachy  Bay. 

Bay  (ba),  ».  [Fr.  bate,  L.  baccat  a  berry.] 
l.T  A  berry,  especially  of  the  laurel-tree. 
1  The  bays  or  berries  that  it  beareth. '  H ol- 
lantt.  —  2.  The  laurel-tree,  noble  laurel,  or 
sweet  bay  (Laurus  nobilis).  (See  LAUREL.) 
The  term  bay  is  given  also  to  a  number  of 
trees  and  shrubs  more  or  less  resembling  the 
/,  nobilia. 

I  have  seen  the  wicked  in  great  power,  and  spread- 
ing himself  like  a  green  bay  tree.  Fs.  xxxvii.  35. 

3.  An  honorary  garland  or  crown  bestowed 
as  a  prize  for  victory  or  excellence,  an- 
ciently made  or  consisting  of  branches  of 
the  laurel ;  hence,  fame  or  renown  due  to 
achievement  or  merit:  in  this  sense  used 
chiefly  in  the  plural. 

I  play'd  to  please  myself,  on  rustick  reed, 

Nor  sought  for  bay,  the  learned  shepherd's  meed. 

W.  Browne. 
Beneath  his  reign  shall  Eusden  wear  the  bays. 

Bay  (ba),  n.  [Probably  a  short  form  of  <?Fr. 
abai,  abbai,  a  barking,  whence  abbayer,  to 
bark;  Mod.  Fr.  aboi,  a  barking,  aux  abois,  at 
bay,  when  the  stag  reduced  to  extremities 
turns  and  faces  the  dogs  that  stand  barking 
in  front  of  him ;  either  from  L.  baubari,  to 
bark,  and  prefix  a,  ab,  for  L.  ad,  to,  or  as 
Wedgwood  thinks  from  ba,  a  syllable  natur- 
ally representing  the  sound  made  in  opening 
the  mouth,  whence  Fr.  bayer,  to  gape,  or 
stand  gaping;  It.  badare,  to  stand  gazing, 
xtare  a  bada,  to  stand  watching.  ]  1.  The  bark 
of  a  dog;  especially,  a  deep-toned  bark.— 
2.  The  state  of  being  so  hard  pressed  by  ene- 
mies as  to  be  compelled  to  turn  round  and 
face  them  from  impossibility  of  escape ; 
thus,  a  stag  is  at  bay  when  he  stands  facing 
the  dogs. 

Nor  flight  was  left,  nor  hopes  to  force  his  way; 
Kmbuhleiied  by  despair,  he  stood  at&y. 

Dry  den. 

\.  The  state  of  being  kept  off  by  the  bold 
attitude  of  an  opponent;  the  state  of  being 
prevented  by  an  enemy,  or  by  any  kind  of 
resistance,  from  making  further  advance. 

We  have  now,  for  ten  years  together,  turned  the 
whole  force  and  expense  of  the  war  where  the  enemy 
was  best  able  to  hold  us  at  bay.  Su>>/l. 

Bay  (ba),  v.  i.  [O.  Fr.  abbayer.  Mod.  Fr.  aboyer, 
It.  bajare,abbaiare,  to  bark.  See  the  noun.] 
To  bark,  as  a  dog  at  his  game ;  especially, 
to  bark  with  a  deep  sound. 

The  hounds  at  nearer  distance  hoarsely  bayed. 
Dry  den. 


Bay  (ba),  v.t.  1.  To  bark  at;  to  follow  with 
barking. 

I  had  rather  be  n  dnjj  and  bay  the  moon 
Tli. in  Midi  a  Roiu.in.  .SAa/k. 

Fig. 

Fur  we  are  at  the  stake 
And  b,iy'J  about  with  many  enemies.        Shat. 

2.  To  drive  or  pursue  so  as  to  compel  to 
stand  at  liny;  to  chase  or  hunt.  'They  bayed 
the  bear  with  houmls  of  Sparta.'    Shak. — 

3.  To  express  by  barking. 

'Tis  sweet  to  hear  the  watch-dog's  honest  liark 
Bay  deep-mouthed  welcome  as  we  draw  near  home. 
Byron. 

Baya  (ba'ya),  n.  [Hind.]  The  weaver-bird 
( / 'loceits  philippinux),  a  very  interesting  East 
Indian  passerine  bird,  somewhat  like  our 
bullfinch,  remarkable  for  its  extremtly 
curious  nest.  This  resembles  a  bottle,  and 
is  suspended  from  the  branch  of  a  tree,  so 
that  neither  apes,  serpents,  nor  even  squir- 
rels can  reach  it.  The  entrance,  moreover, 
is  from  beneath,  and  there  are  two  chambers, 
one  for  the  male,  the  other  for  the  female. 
The  baya  is  easily  tamed,  and  will  fetch  and 
carry  at  command. 

Bayadeer,  Bayadere  (ba-ya-derO,  ".  [Pg. 
bailadeira,  from  baUar,  to  dance.]  In  the 
East  Indies,  a  regular  dancing  girl;  a  prosti- 
tute. 

Bayal  (ba'al),  n.  A  flue  kind  of  cotton.  Sim- 
moiids. 

Bayamo  (M-ya'm6),  «.  A  violent  blast  of 
wind  accompanied  by  vivid  lightning  blow- 
ing from  the  land  on  the  south  coast  of 
Cuba,  and  especially  from  the  Bight  of  Ba- 
yamo. 

Bay-antler  (ba'ant-ler),  n.  The  second 
branch  of  a  stag's  antler;  the  bez-antler. 
See  ANTLER. 

Bayard  t  (ba'ard),  n.  [0.  Fr.  bayart,  bayard, 
a  bay-horse  --  bay,  and  suffix  -ard  (which 
see).  Many  examples  of  the  use  of  this 
word  seem  to  contain  a  reference  to  a  par- 
ticular horse  of  this  name  celebrated  in  the 
romances  of  chivalry.]  A  bay  horse;  also, 
a  horse  generally.  '  Blind  bayard  moves 
the  mill.'  Philips.  •  Who  so  bold  as  blind 
bayard. '  Proverbial  saying. 

Bayard  t  (ba'ard),  n.  [O.  Fr.  bayarde,  a 
gaper,  from  bayer,  to  gape.]  A  man  that 
gapes  or  gazes  earnestly  at  a  thing;  an  un- 
mannerly beholder;  a  stupid,  doltish  fellow; 
a  clown. 

This  he  presumes  to  do,  being  a  bayard,  who  never 
had  the  soul  to  know  what  conversing  means,  but 
as  his  provender  and  the  familiarity  of  his  kitchen 
schooled  his  conceptions.  Milton. 

Bayardly  t  (ba'ard-li),  a.  [See  BAYARD,  one 
that  gapes.)  Blind  ;  stupid.  'A  blind  cre- 
dulity, a  bayardly  confidence,  or  an  imperi- 
ous insolence. '  Jer.  Taylor. 

Bayberry  (baTje-ri),  n.  In  bat.  (a)  the  fruit 
of  the  bay-tree  or  Lctuntg  nobili*.  (6)  The 
fruit  of  Myrirn  cerifera.  (c)  The  plant 
Myrica  cerifera  ( wax-myrtle ).  —  Bayberry 
tallow,  a  substance  obtained  from  the  bay- 
berry  or  wax-myrtle.  Called  also  ilyrtle- 
wax. 

Bay-bolt  (biVbolt),  n.  A  bolt  with  a  barbed 
shank.  E.  II.  Knight. 

Bayet  (ba),  v.t.    [See  BATHE  ]    To  bathe. 

He  feeds  upon  the  cooling  shade,  and  bayes 
His  sweatie  forehead  on  me  breathing  wynd. 
Sfemrtr. 

Bayed  (bad),  a.  Having  bays,  as  a  building. 
'The  large-frni/ed  barn.  Drayton. 

Bayonet  (ba'on-et), ».  [Fr  baionnette.O.Fr. 
bayonnettc,  It.  baionetta,  Sp.  bayoneta,  usu- 
ally derived  from  Bayonne  in  France,  be- 


I,  Common  Bayonet.     2,  Sword  Bayonet. 

cause  bayonets  are  said  to  have  been  first 
made  there.  The  word  occurs  as  early  as 
1571  at  least,  but  it  seems  to  have  been  ori- 
ginally applied  to  weapons  very  different 
from  the  modern  bayonet.  Cotgrave,  under 
the  word  Bayonnette,  describes  it  as  'akinde 
of  small  flat  pocket  dagger,  furnished  with 
knives;  or  a  great  knife  to  hang  at  the 
girdle,  like  a  dagger ;'  he  also  gives  the  word 
bayonnier,  which  he  says  is  the  same  as  ar- 
balentier.  The  latter  word  suggests  bayonne, 
as  the  weapon  used  by  the  bayonnier,  of 
which  bayonnette  would  be  a  diminutive. 
Probably  the  derivation  from  the  town  of 
Bayonne  is  erroneous.  ]  1.  A  short  triangular 
sword  or  dagger.formerly  with  a  handle  fitted 


to  the  bore  of  a  gun.  where  it  was  inserted 
for  use  after  the  soMier  had  llrrd  ;  but  now 
m;ic]<'  with  an  iron  handle  and  rina.  which 
go  over  the  muzzle  of  tbe  piece,  fto  that  the 
soldier  fires  with  his  bayonet  llxed.  •'.  In 
wiacA.  a  pin  which  plays  in  and  out  of  holes 
made  to  receive  it,  and  which  thus  serves 
to  connect  and  disconnect  parts  of  the  ma- 
chinery. See  BAYONET-CLl'TCH. 
Bayonet  (ba'on-et),  v.t.  To  stab  with  a  bay- 
onet; to  compel  or  drive  by  the  bayonet. 

You  send  troops  to  sabre  and  bayonet  us  into  sub- 
mission. Knrkt 

Bayonet -clutch  (biVon  -et-kluch),  n.     In 
wach.  a  form  of  clutch  armed  usually  with 
two  prongs  a  a,  which,  in  gear,  act  on  the 
ends  or  'lugs'  of  a  friction-strap  b,  fitted  on 
a  side-boss  of  the  wheel  to  be  driven,  and 
which  is  loose  on  the  same  shaft.  The  clutch 
is  attached  to  the  shaft  by  a  feather-key, 
and  when  drawn  back  or  out  of  gear  with 
the  strap  the  wheel 
remains  at  rest,  and 
the  clutch  continues 
to    revolve  with  the 
shaft.    When  it  is  re- 
quired to  set  the  ma- 
chinery again  in  mo- 
tion,   the    clutch    is 
thrown  forward  by  the 
fork  c,  and  its  prongs, 
engaging    with     the 
Bayonet-clutch.        strap,   gradually  put 
the  wheel  in  motion. 

Bayonet-Joint  (ba'on-et-joint),  n.  A  form 
of  coupling  resembling  the  mode  of  attach- 
ment adopted  for  fixing  a  bayonet  on  a 
musket. 

Bayou  (bi-BO,  n.  [Fr.  boyau,  a  gut,  a  long 
narrow  passage.]  In  Southern  States  of  N. 
America,  the  outlet  of  a  lake;  a  channel  for 
water. 

Under  the  shore  his  boat  was  tied. 

And  all  her  listless  crew 
Watched  the  gray  alligator  slide 

Into  the  still  bayou.  Loti^/ello^. 

Bay-rum  (ba'rum),  n.  A  spirit  obtained  by 
distilling  the  leaves  of  the  hay-tree. 

Bays.t  Bayzet  (baz),  n.    Same  as  Baize. 

Bay-salt  (ba'salt),  n.  A  general  term  for 
coarse-grained  salt,  but  properly  applied  to 
salt  obtained  by  spontaneous  or  natural 
evaporation  of  sea-water  in  large  shallow 
tanks  or  bays.  Page. 

Bay-Stall  (ba'stal),  n.  In  arch,  the  stall  in 
the  bay  of  a  window;  a  window-seat. 

Bayt  t  (bat),  n.  and  v.  Same  as  Bait  (which 
see).  Spenser. 

Bay-tree  (ba'tre),  n.  The  laurel-tree  (Lau- 
rus  nobilis);  also,  in  America,  a  name  for 
the  Magnolia  glaitca. 

Bay-Wlndow  (ba'win-do),  71.     In  arch.  pro- 


Bay-window  (interior),  Ockwells,  Berks. 

perly,  a  window  forming  a  recess  or  bay  in  a 
room,  projecting  outwards,  and  rising  frofn 
the  ground  or  basement  on  a  plan  rectan- 
gular, semi-octagonal,  or  semi-hexagonal, 
but  always  straight-sided.  The  term  is,  how- 
ever, also  often  employed  to  designate  a 
bow-window,  which  more  properly  forms  the 
segment  of  a  circle,  and  an  oriel-window, 
which  is  supported  on  a  kind  of  bracket, 
and  is  usually  on  the  first-floor. 


eh,  chain;      6h.Sc.locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinp;      IB,  (Aen;  til,  (Ain;     w,  wig;     »h,  wAig;    zh,  azure.  — See  KEY. 


BAY-YARN 


236 


BEACON 


Bay-yarn  (ba'yitrn),  n.     Woollen  yarn. 

Bazaar,  Bazar  (ba-zarO,  «.  [Per.  bflztlr,  a 
market.]  1.  In  the  East, an  exchange,  mar- 
ket-place, or  place  where  goods  are  exposed 
for  sale,  usually  consisting  of  small  shops  or 
stalls  in  a  narrow  street  or  series  of  streets. 
These  bazaar-streets  are  frequently  shaded 
by  a  light  material  laid  from  roof  to  roof, 
and  sometimes  are  arched  over.  Marts  for 
the  sale  of  miscellaneous  articles,  chiefly 
fancy  goods,  are  now  to  be  found  in  most 


Bazaar  in  Cairo. 

European  cities  bearing  the  name  of  bazaars; 
and  the  term  has  been  extended  to  struc- 
tures arranged  as  market-places  for  specific 
articles;  as,  a  hone-bazaar.  —  2.  A  sale  of 
miscellaneous  articles  in  furtherance  of 
some  charitable  or  other  purpose ;  a  fancy 
fair.  The  articles  there  sold  are  mostly  of 
fancy  work,  and  contributed  gratuitously. 

Bazaar-maund  (ba-zar'mand),  n.  An  old 
Indian  weight  equal  to72J  Ibs.  avoirdupois: 
BO  called  in  contradistinction  to  factory- 
maund.  See  MAUND. 

Bazaras  (ba-zar'as), ».  A  larje  flat-bottomed 
pleasure-boat  used  on  the  Ganges,  navigated 
with  sails  and  oars. 

Bazat,  Baza  (baz'at,  baz'a),  n.  A  long,  fine 
spun  cotton  from  Jerusalem,  whence  it  is 
called  Jerusalem  cotton. 

Bdellium  (del'li-um),  n.  [L.  bdellium.  Or. 
bdellion,  a  plant,  a  fragrant  gum  which  ex- 
udes from  it,  from  Heb.  bedolach,  a  precious 
article  of  merchandise  mentioned  along 
with  gold  and  precious  stones  (Gen.  ii.  12). 
The  opinion  of  the  Rabbins,  which  Bockhart 
supports,  is  that  bedolach  signifies  originally 
a  pearl,  and  as  a  collective  noun  pearls, 
which  may  be  compared  to  grains  of  manna 
— hence  its  secondary  sense  of  a  gum.]  An 
aromatic  gum  resin  brought  chiefly  from 
Africa  and  India,  in  pieces  of  different  sizes 
and  figures,  externally  of  a  dark  reddish 
brown,  internally  clear,  and  not  unlike  glue. 
To  the  taste  it  is  slightly  bitterish  and  pun- 
gent; its  odour  is  agreeable.  In  the  mouth 
it  becomes  soft  and  sticks  to  the  teeth;  on 
a  red-hot  iron  it  readily  catches  flame,  and 
burns  with  a  crackling  noise.  It  is  used  as 
a  perfume  and  a  medicine,  being  a  weak 
deobstruent.  Indian  bdellium  is  the  pro- 
duce of  Balsamodendron  Roxburghii;  Afri- 
can, of  B.  a/riconum;  Egyptian  bdellium 
is  obtained  from  the  doum  palm  (Hyphoene 
thcbaica);  and  Sicilian  is  produced  by  Dau- 
cus  gummifer,  a  species  of  the  genus  to 
which  the  carrot  belongs. 

Bdellometer  (del-lom'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  bdello, 
I  suck,  and  inetron,  a  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment proposed  as  a  substitute  for  the  leech, 
consisting  of  a  cupping-glass,  to  which  a 
scarificator  and  exhausting  syringe  are  at- 
tached. 

Bdellostoma  (del-los'to-ma),  n.  [Gr.  bdella, 
a  leech,  and  stoina,  mouth.]  A  genus  of 
cyclostomous  fishes  nearly  allied  to  the  glu- 
tinous hag  (Myxine  glutinosa).  They  are 
found  in  the  Southern  Ocean. 
Be  (be),  v.i.  substantive  verb,  pres.  am,  art 
(sometimes  beest),  u,  are  (sometimes  be) ; 
pret.  was,  were;  subj.  be;  imper.  be;  pp. 


been;  ppr.  being.  (This  is  one  of  the  three 
different  verbal  roots  that  are  required  in 
the  conjugation  of  the  substantive  verb,  the 
others  being  am  and  teas.  In  English,  un- 
less in  compound  tenses,  it  is  now  almost 
confined  to  the  subjunctive,  imperative,  in- 
finitive, and  participles,  but  in  Anglo-Saxon, 
Old  English,  and  up  even  to  the  time  of 
Milton,  it  was  conjugated  in  the  present 
indicative,  singular  and  plural,  nor  is  the 
present  quite  obsolete  in  written  English 
yet,  being  also  common  in  the  dialects.  In 
A  Sax  it  was  in  the  pres.  bc6  or  beam,  bist, 
bitlt,  pi.  beoth;  subj.  bet,  pi.  bean;  imper. 
bed  pi  bedth;  inf.  bean;  in  later  times  we 
find  beth  and  bes  in  the  third  person  singu- 
lar, and  ben  (sometimes  bin)  in  the  plural. 
The  root  be  is  seen  in  O.Sax.  Mum,  O.H.G. 
pirn  G  bin,  I  am,  and  is  allied  to  A.  Sax. 
buan,  to  dwell,  L.  fui,  I  was,  futurus,  about 
to  be,  future,  Skr.  bhu,  to  be.  See  AM  and 
WAS  ]  1.  To  have  a  real  state  or  existence; 
to  exist  in  the  world  of  fact,  whether  phy- 
sical or  mental. 

Time  was.  Time  is,  and  Time  shall  be  no  more. 

Soittkty. 

To  be,  or  not  to  be,  that  is  the  question.      Shak. 

2.  It  asserts  connection  merely  between  a 
subject  and  predicate  without  necessarily 
involving  a  predicate  in  itself :  (a)  Connec- 
tion of  identity;  as,  John  is  the  man.  ^Con- 
nection of  relation  — (1)  Between  a  charac- 
teristic or  permanent  attribute  and  a  sub- 
ject; as,  John  is  a  man;  John  in  mortal;  John 
ii  brave.  (2)  Between  an  accidental  quality, 
state,  or  condition,  and  the  subject;  as,  John 
is  hungry;  things  are  so.  Be  is  often  thus 
used,  especially  in  negative  sentences,  with 
a  clause  introduced  by  that  for  the  predi- 
cate, in  the  same  sense  as  is  expressed  by 
such  phrases  as :  it  is  (not)  the  ease ;  it  is 
(not)  because.  '  Were  it  not  that  I  have  bad 
dreams.'  Shak. 

And  yet  it  is  not  that  I  bear  thee  love ; 
But  since  that  thou  canst  talk  of  love  so  well. 
Thy  company,  which  erst  was  irksome  to  me, 
I  will  endure.  Shak. 

(3)  Connection  of  place-relation;  as,  John  i» 
at  home;  he  wot  in  town  yesterday.— 3. Used 
before  a  personal  noun,  or  pronoun,  or  noun 
personified,  with  the  prepositions  to,  with, 
&c.,  before  the  latter,  in  the  sense  which 
the  Latin  verb  est  has  before  a  personal 
dative ;  as,  est  mihi  liber  (a  book  is  to  me, 
i.e.  I  have  a  book);  that  is,  indicating  pos- 
session on  the  part  of  the  person. 

Half  all  Cominius'  honours  are  to  Marcius.    Shak. 

This  mode  of  speech  is,  however,  most  fre- 
quently employed  to  express  a  salutation, 
wish,  or  the  like.  '  Peace  be  to  the  brethren. ' 
Eph.  vi.  23.— 4.  In  addition  to  its  use  as  an 
independent  verb,  be  (and  its  conjugational 
forms)  is  employed  as  an  auxiliary  in  form- 
ing the  tenses  of  other  verbs.  It  is  so  used 
(a)  in  forming  the  passive  voice  of  transitive 
verbs ;  as,  he  is  or  has  been  disturbed.  In 
such  passive  forms  (of  modern  origin)  as  is 
being  written,  was  being  written,  which  ex- 
press an  uncompleted  action,  being  has  the 
sense  of  becoming,  (b)  It  is  used  in  forming 
the  perfect  and  pluperfect  tenses  of  many 
intransitive  verbs  expressing  a  change  of 
place  or  condition,  where  the  use  of  this 
auxiliary  instead  of  have  shows  that  what  is 
looked  to  is  rather  the  result  of  the  action 
or  process  expressed  by  the  verb  than  the 
action  or  process  itself.  This  mode  of  con- 
struction was  formerly  much  more  common 
than  it  is  now,  but  it  is  not  by  any  means 
obsolete.  Among  the  verbs  so  construed 
are  such  as  go,  come,  ride,  flee,  fly,  steal 
away,  rise,  sink,  fall,  &c.;  become,  grow, 
turn,  chance,  escape,  perish,  fade,  cease, 
vanish. 

The  heathen  are  perished  out  of  his  land  (that  is, 
have  perished  and  now  no  longer  exist  in  his  land). 
Ps.  ».  16. 

Sometimes  even  the  perfect  and  pluperfect 
of  the  verb  to  be  are  construed  with  a  par- 
ticiple of  such  an  intransitive  verb. 

The  invalid  .  .  .  moaned  out  a  feeble  complaint 
that  the  girl  had  been  gone  an  hour.  Dickens. 

It  forms,  with  the  infinitive,  a  particular 
future  tense,  which  often  expresses  duty, 
necessity,  or  purpose ;  as,  government  w  to 
be  supported;  we  are  to  pay  our  just  debts. 
Where  it  is  used  only  with  its  own  infinitive 
it  often  expresses  mere  futurity,  as  in  the 
colloquial  expression  that  is  to  be  tor  future. 
•My  wife  that  is  to  be.'  Dickens.— Been  and, 
a  common  vulgarism  introduced  pleonasti- 
cally  into  the  perfect  and  pluperfect  tenses 
of  other  verbs:  often  extended  to  been  and 
gone  and. 


ttd  proposed  for  to  marry  Miss 
Thackeray. 


Sir  I'itt  has  been  t 
Sharp. 

— Le t  be,  to  omit  or  leave  untouched;  to  let 
alone. 

Let  be,  said  he,  my  prey.  Dryden. 

[It  has  been  thought  better  to  exhibit  the 
uses  of  the  verb  in  its  various  forms  (nm, 
are,  tit,  was,  were,  etc.)  here  rather  than  in 
fragmentary  details  at  each  individual 
form.] 

Be-  (be),  a  prefix  common  to  the  Teutonic 
languages,  the  same  word  as  by.  It  has 
various  uses,  (a)  It  changes  substantives 
and  adjectives  into  verbs ;  as,  befriend,  be- 
niijht,  becalm,  belittle,  (b)  It  changes  in- 
transitive verbs  into  transitive,  sometimes 
modifying  the  root-meaning  of  the  simple 
verb;  as,  bespeak,  bethink,  beseem,  bequeath, 
(c)  It  modifies  also  the  root-meaning  of  cer- 
tain transitive  verbs;  as,  behold,  beseech,  be- 
fit, (d)  It  adds  an  intensive  force  to  certain 
transitive  verbs,  without  modifying  their 
root-meaning;  as,  bedaub,  bepraise,  besmear, 
(e)  It  changes  the  indirect  object  of  the 
simple  verb  into  the  direct,  and  vice  versa ; 
thus,  I  strew  the  roses  on  the  ground,  but  I 
bestrew  the  ground  with  roses;  I  sprinl.ii' 
water  on  a  dress,  but  I  besprinkle  a  dress 
with  water.  (/)  It  is  the  prefix  of  certain 
participles  or  participial  adjectives,  which 
have  no  finite  tenses,  or  whose  finite  tenses 
are  very  larely  used;  as,  beloved,  betrmtbled, 
bemused,  (g)  It  enters  into  the  composi- 
tion of  certain  nouns  substantive ;  as,  be- 
hest, behalf,  behoof,  (h)  It  changes  certain 
nouns  into  adverbs  and  prepositions;  as, 
because,  before,  below,  beside,  besides.  («)  It 
represents  other  Anglo-Saxon  prefixes ;  as, 
believe  =  A.Sax.  geltifan.G.  glauben.  [Though 
a  pure  Anglo-Saxon  prefix,  it  is  frequently 
conjoined  with  Romance  stems :  comp.  in 
addition  to  several  of  the  above,  the  verbs 
beckarm,  besiege,  betray.] 
Beach  (bech),  n.  [Origin  very  doubtful. 
Perhaps  Icel.  bakki,  a  bank,  the  shore,  with 
the  k  softened  into  eh.  Comp.  kirk,  church; 
birk,  birch,  etc.]  The  shore  of  the  sea  or  of 
a  lake,  which  is  washed  by  the  tide  and 
waves;  the  strand.  It  may  be  sometimes 
used  for  the  shore  of  large  rivers. — liaised 
beaches,  in  geol.  a  term  applied  to  those 
long  terraced  level  pieces  of  land,  consisting 
of  sand  and  gravel,  and  containing  marine 
shells,  now,  it  may  be,  a  considerable  dis- 
tance above  and  away  from  the  sea,  but 
bearing  sufficient  evidences  of  having  been 
at  one  time  sea-beaches.  In  Scotland  such 
a  terrace  has  been  traced  extensively  along 
the  coast  of  the  Western  Highlands  and 
elsewhere,  at  26  feet  above  the  present  sea- 
level. 

Beach  (bech),  v.t.  To  run  on  a  beach;  as, 
we  beached  the  ship.  . 
Beach-comber  (becb/kom-er),  n.  1.  Saut. 
a  fellow  who  prowls  about  the  sea-shore  to 
plunder  wrecks, and  pick  up  waifs  and  strays 
of  any  kind.— 2.  A  long  wave  rolling  in  from 
the  ocean.  [American.] 
Beached  (becht),  p.  and  a.  1.  Having  a 
beach;  bordered  by  a  beach;  formed  by,  or 
consisting  of,  a  beach.  '  Upon  the  beached 
verge  of  the  salt  flood.'  Shak.  [Rare.]— 
2.  Run  on  a  beach;  stranded. 
Beach-man  (bech'man),  n.  A  person  on  the 
coast  of  Africa  who  acts  as  interpreter  to 
ship-masters,  and  assists  in  conducting  the 
trade. 

Beach-master  (bech'mas-ter),  "•  Kaul.  a 
superior  officer  with  plenary  powers,  gener- 
ally a  captain,  appointed  to  superintend  the 
disembarkation  of  an  attacking  force.  He 
generally  leads  the  storming  party. 
Beachy  (bech'i),  a.  Having  a  beach  or 
beaches ;  consisting  of  ft  beach  or  beaches. 
"The  bearhy  girdle  of  the  ocean.'  Shak. 
Beacon  (be'kn),  n.  [A.  Sax.  been,  bedcen,  a 
sign,  a  beacon,  whence  beck,  beckon.  See 
BECK.)  An  object  visible  to  some  dis- 
tance, and  serving  to  notify  the  presence  of 
danger;  as  a  signal-fire  to  give  notice  of  the 
approach  of  an  enemy;  a  mark  or  object  of 
some  kind  placed  conspicuously  on  a  coast 
or  over  a  rock  or  shoal  at  sea  for  the  guid- 
ance of  vessels;  hence,  in  general,  anything 
serving  a  kindred  purpose. 

Modest  doubt  is  call'd 

The  beacon  of  the  wise.  Shak. 

No  naming  beacons  cast  their  blaze  afar.     Gay. 

[Various  hills  in  England  get  the  name  of 
Beacon  from  the  fact  of  signal-fires  having 
been  formerly  lighted  on  them.] 
Beacon  (be'kn),  v.  t.    To  afford  light  or  aid, 
as  a  beacon;  to  light  up;  to  illumine;  to 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BEACON 


237 


BEAM 


signal. '  That  beacons  the  darkness  of  heaven. ' 
Campbell, 
Beacon  (bc'kn),  v,i.    To  serve  as  a  beacon. 

Not  in  vain  the  distance  beacons.         Tennyson. 

Beaconage  (be'kn-aj),  n.  Money  paid  for 
the  maintenance  of  beacons. 

Beacon-blaze  (be'kn-blaz),  n.  A  .-ignal 
light  or  HIT.  Tennyson. 

Beaconed  (be'knd),  a.  Having  a  beacon. 
'  The  foss  that  skirts  the  beaconed  hill.'  T. 
Warton. 

Beacon-fire  (be'kn-fir),  n.  A  fire  lighted  up 
as  a  beacon  or  signal;  a  signal  fire. 

Beacon-tower  (be'kn-tou-er),  n.  A  tower 
on  which  a  beacon  is  raised.  '  A  beacon- 
tvwer  above  the  waves.'  Tennyson. 

Bead  (bed).n.  [A. Sax.  bed ,bead,  a  prayer,  from 
biddan,  to  pray.  Beads  are  used  by  Roman 
Catholics  to  keep  them  right  as  to  the  num- 
ber of  their  prayers,  one  bead  of  their  rosary 
being  dropped  every  time  a  prayer  is  said; 
hence  the  transference  of  the  name  from 
that  which  is  counted  (the  prayers)  to  that 
which  is  used  to  count  them.  So  in  Sp.  and 
Pg.  citenta,  conta,  a  bead,  is  from  contar,  to 
count.  The  old  phrase  to  bid  one's  beads 
means  to  say  one's  prayers.  See  BID.]  l.t  A 
prayer.  'Saying  over  a  number  of  beads, 
not  understanded  or  minded  on.'  Injunc- 
tions to  the  Clergy,  1541.— 2.  A  little  perfor- 
ated ball  of  gold,  pearl,  amber,  glass,  or  the 
like,  to  be  strung  on  a  thread,  the  string 
thus  formed  being  either  worn  round  the 
neck  as  an  ornament,  and  called  a  necklace, 
or  used,  under  the  name  of  a  rosary,  by 
Roman  Catholics  in  numbering  theirprayers, 
one  bead  being  passed  at  the  end  of  each 
ejaculation  or  short  prayer;  hence  the 
phrase  to  tell  one's  beads,  literally  to  num- 
ber one's  prayers,  but  used  simply  in  the 
sense  of  to  say  one's  prayers. 

Ere  yet,  in  scorn  of  Peter's-pence, 
And  number'd  bead,  and  shrift. 

Bluff  Harry  broke  into  the  spence, 
And  turn'd  the  cowls  adrift.  Tennyson. 

3  Any  small  globular  body,  as  a  small  piece 
of  metal  on  a  gun-barrel  to  take  aim  by,  a 
drop  of  liquid,  and  the  like. 

Beads  of  sweat  have  stood  upon  thy  brow.    Sha6. 

4.  In  chem.  a  glass  globule  for  trying  the 
strength  of  spirits.     Beads  are  numbered 
according  to  their  specific  gravities,  and 
the  strength  of  the  spirit  is  denominated  by 
the  number  of  that  one  which  remains  sus- 
pended in  it,  and  neither  sinks  to  the  bottom 
nor  floats  on  the  surface.     Beads,  in  deter- 
mining the  strength  of  spirits,  are  now  for 
the  most  part  superseded  by  the  hydrometer. 

5.  In   arch,   and  joinery,  a  small   round 
moulding  sometimes  cut  into  short  emboss- 
ments, like  pearls  in  a  necklace;  an  astragal. 
The  bead  is  of  frequent  occurrence  in  archi- 
tecture, particularly  in  the  classical  styles, 
and  is  used  in  picture-frames  and  other 
objects  carved  in  wood.     Among  joiners 
beads  are  variously  modified,  as  (a)  Bead 
and  butt,  framed  work,  where  the  panel  is 
flush  with  the  framing,  and  has  a  bead  run 


Fig.  2. 

on  two  edges  in  the  direction  of  the  grain 
only,  while  the  ends  are  left  plain  (fig.  1). 
(6)  Bead  and  flush,  framed  work  in  which  a 
bead  is  run  on  the  edge  of  the  framing  (flg. 
2).  (c)  Bead  and  quirk,  a  bead  formed  or 
stuck,  as  it  is  called,  on  the  edge  of  a  piece 
of  stuff  flush  with  its  surface  (flg.  3).  (d)  Bead 
and  double  quirk,  or  return  bead,  a  bead 


beads  on  two  of  its  edges  on  one  side  only, 
and  the  other  side  is  plain.  (/)  Bead  Jtvsh 
and  square,  when  the  framing  is  beaded  on 


one  side  only. 
Bead  (bed),  v.t.    To  distinguish  or  ornament 


with  beads ;  to  raise  beads  upon.  '  Tis 
beaded  with  bubbles.'  //.  Smith. 

Beaded  (bOd'ed),  a.  Like  a  bead.  'With 
woolly  breasts  and  beaded  eyes.'  Tennyson. 

Bead-house  (hed'hous),  n.  Same  as  Bede- 
hotut, 

Beading  (licd'in^),  n.  In  arch,  a  moulding 
in  imitation  of  a  bead. 

Beadle  (bt-'dl).  n.  (A.  Sax.  bf/itel  or  bcedel, 
from  the  A.  Sax.  beodan,  to  bid,  order,  or 
command.  See  BID.]  1.  A  messenger  or 
crier  of  a  court ;  a  servitor;  one  who  cites 
persons  to  appear  and  answer.  Called  also 
&n  Apparitor  or  Summ&ner.— 2.  An  officer  in 
a  university  whose  chief  business  is  to  walk 
with  a  mace  in  public  processions;  a  bedell. 
3.  A  parish  officer  whose  business  is  to  pun- 
ish petty  offenders;  a  church  officer  with 
various  subordinate  duties,  as  waiting  on 
the  clergyman,  keeping  order  in  church, 
attending  meetings  of  vestry  or  session,  <fce. 
And  I,  forsooth  in  love!  I,  that  have  been  love's  whip; 
A  very  beadle  to  a  humorous  sigh, 
A  critic,  nay,  a  night-watch  constable.  Shat. 

Beadleism  (be'dl-ism),  ?*.  The  acts,  habits, 
language,  &c.,  of  beadles.  Dicketut. 

Beadlery  (be'dl-ri),  n.  The  office  or  juris- 
diction of  a  beadle. 

Beadleship  (be'dl-ship),  n.  The  office  of  a 
beadle. 

Bead-mould  (bed 'mold),  n.  A  species  of 
fungus  which  attacks  fruit-preserves.  Its 
stems  consist  of  single  cells,  loosely  jointed 
together,  so  as  to  present  the  appearance  of 
strings  of  beads. 

Bead-moulding  (bed'mold-ing),  n.  In  arch. 
same  as  Bead,  5. 

Bead-plane  (bed'planX  n.  In  carp,  a  plane 
for  forming  a  bead. 

Bead-proof  (bed'prbf),rt-  1  A  term  applied 
to  spirituous  liquors  on  whose  surface,  after 
being  shaken,  a  crown  of  bubbles  will  stand 
for  some  time.— 2.  A  term  applied  to  spirit 
which  comes  up  to  a  certain  standard  of 
strength,  as  ascertained  by  beads.  See 
BEAD,  4. 

Bead-roll  (bed'rol),  n.  In  the  R.  Cath.  Ch. 
a  list  or  catalogue  of  persons  for  the  repose 
of  whose  souls  a  certain  number  of  prayers 
is  to  be  said  or  counted  off  on  the  beads  of 
a  chaplet  rosary;  a  roll  of  prayers  or  hymns; 
hence,  any  list  or  catalogue.  '  The  bead-roll 
of  her  vicious  tricks.'  Prior. 

Dan  Chaucer,  well  of  English  undefiled 
On  Fame's  eternal  bead-roll  worthy  to  be  filed. 
Spenser. 

Beads-man  (bedz'man),  n.  1.  A  man  em- 
ployed in  praying,  generally  in  praying  for 
another.  In  this  sense  the  word  was  used 
in  former  times  at  the  conclusion  of  peti- 
tions or  letters  to  great  men  as  we  now  use 
'servant'  or  'humble  servant.' 

Whereby  ye  shall  bind  me  to  be  your  poor  beads- 
man for  ever  unto  almighty  God.  Fuller. 

2.  One  who  resides  in  a  bede-house,  or  is 
supported  from  its  funds.— 3.  A  privileged 
beggar.  [Scotch.]  In  this  last  use  spelled 
more  frequently  Bedesman  (which  see). 

Bead-snake  (bed'snak),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  the  Elapsfulyius,  a  beautiful  snake 
of  North  America,  inhabiting  cultivated 
grounds,  especially  plantations  of  the  sweet- 
potato,  and  burrowing  in  the  ground.  It 
is  finely  marked  with  yellow,  carmine,  and 
black.  Though  it  possesses  poison-fangs  it 
never  seems  to  use  them. 

Beads-woman  (bedz'wu-man),  n.  1.  A  pray- 
ing woman :  sometimes  used  as  equivalent 
to  'humble  servant.'  (See  BEADSMAN.) 
'Honour  done  to  your  poor  beads-woman.' 
B.  Jonson.—Z.  A  woman  who  resides  in  an 
alms-house. 

Bead-tool  (bed'tol),  n.  A  turning  tool  which 
has  its  cutting  face  ground  to  a  concave 
curve,  so  that  it  may  produce  a  convex 
moulding  when  applied  to  the  work. 

Bead-tree  (bed'tre),  n.  The  Melia  Azedar- 
ach,  nat.  order  Meliacese.  Its  nuts  are  used 
for  beads  in  necklaces  by  Roman  Catholics, 
especially  in  Spain  and  Portugal;  hence  the 
name.  See  MELIA, 

Beady  (bed'i),  a.    Bead-like. 

Miss  Crawley  could  not  look  without  seeing  Mr. 
Bute's  beady  eyes  eagerly  fixed  on  her.     Thackeray. 

Beagle  (be'gl),  n.  [Origin  unknown.  By 
some  conjectured  to  be  of  Celtic  origin;  Ir. 
and  Gael,  beag,  little.]  1.  A  small  hound, 
formerly  kept  to  hunt  hares,  now  almost 
superseded  by  the  harrier,  which  sometimes 
is  called  by  its  name.  The  beagle  is  smaller 
than  the  harrier,  compactly  built,  smooth- 
haired,  and  with  pendulous  ears.  The  small- 
est of  them  are  little  larger  than  the  lap- 
dog. 


To  plains  with  well  bred  beagles  we  repair. 

And  trace  the  mazes  of  the  circling  hare.       l\<f>e. 

2.  A  local  name  for  several  species  of  tin- 
smaller  sharks.  —  3.  A  catch-poll;  a  bum- 
bailiff.  [Scotch.] 

There  beagles  flew 
To  haud  the  soutcr  lads  in  order.        y.  Mayne. 

Beak  (bek),  n.  [O.K.  berk,  bekt  bee,  &c., 
from  Fr.  bee.  It.  becco,  L.  beccus,  a  beak, 
from  the  Celtic  —  Armor,  bek,  beg,  Ir.  ami 
Gael,  bee,  a  beak.  Formerly  bee  in  French 
was  applied  to  several  weapons  of  the 
pike  or  halberd  kind,  hence  possibly  mean- 
ing 3.]  1.  In  zool.  (a)  the  bill  or  neb  of  a 
bird.  (&)  The  prolongation  of  the  mouth 
or  mandibles  of  some  fishes,  reptiles,  and 
insects,  in  form  analogous  to  the  beak  of 
a  bird,  (c)  The  upper  or  projecting  part 
of  the  shell  near  the  hinge  of  a  bivalve,  as 
in  the  clam,  (d)  The  narrow  prolongation 
of  a  univalve  shell  beyond  the  aperture  in 
the  axial  line,  containing  what  is  usually 
called  the  canal. — 2.  Anything  ending  in  a 
point  like  a  beak;  as,  (a)  naut.  a  pointed 
piece  of  wood  fortified  with  brass,  fastened 
to  the  prow  of  ancient  galleys,  and  intended 
to  pierce  the  vessels  of  an  enemy;  a  simi- 
lar, but  infinitely  more  powerful  appendage 
of  iron  or  steel  affixed  immediately  undiT 
the  water-line  to  the  prow  of  modern  ram- 
ships.  (See  RAM.)  Also,  that  part  of  a  ship 
before  the  forecastle  which  is  fastened  to 
the  stem  and  supported  by  the  main  knee. 
(6)  The  horn  of  an  anvil,  (c)  In  farriery, 
a  little  shoe  at  the  toe  about  an  inch  long, 
turned  up  and  fastened  in  upon  the  fore 
part  of  the  hoof,  (d)  In  arch,  d,  little  fillet 
left  ou  the  edge  of  a  larmier,  which  forms  a 
channel  behind  for  preventing  the  water 
from  running  down  the  lower  bed  of  the 
cornice,  (e)  In  bot.  a  process,  terminating 
the  fruit  of  certain  plants,  as  of  saxifrages 
and  geraniums.— 3.  A  magistrate;  a  judge; 
a  policeman.  [Slang.] 

Beak  (bek),  v.t.  Among  cock-fighters,  to  take 
hold  with  the  beak. 

Beaked  (bekt),  a.  Having  a  beak  or  some- 
thing resembling  a  beak;  beak-shaped;  as, 
(a)  ending  in  a  point,  like  a  beak.  '  Each 
beaked  promontory.'  Milton,  (b)  Having 
a  long  beak-like  mouth,  as  some  insects,  (c) 
In  bot.  terminated  by  a  process  in  the  shape 
of  a  bird's  beak;  rostrate. 

Beaker  (bek'er),  n.  [Sc.  bicker,  Icel.  bikarr, 
Dan.  bceger,  T>.  belcer,  G.  becher,  a  beaker,  a 
drinking  vessel,  from  I.L.  bicarium,  a  cup, 
from  Or.  bikos,  a  wine-jar.]  A  large  drink- 
ing cup  or  glass. 

p  for  a  benker  full  of  the  warm  south, 

Full  of  the  true,  the  blubhful  Hippocrene!    Keats. 

Beakiron  (bekl-ern),  n.  1.  A  bickern;  an 
anvil  with  a  long  beak  or  horn  adapted  to 
reach  the  interior  surfaces  of  sheet-metal 
ware,  used  in  various  forms  by  blacksmiths, 
coppersmiths,  and  workers  in  sheet-metal. 

Beal  (bel),  n,  [See  BOIL,  n.]  A  small  inflam- 
matory tumour;  a  pustule. 

Beal  (bel),  v.i.  To  gather  matter;  to  swell 
and  come  to  a  head,  as  a  pimple;  to  fester; 
to  suppurate.  [Old  English  and  Scotch.] 

Beal,  Biel  (bel),  n.  [Gael.]  A  mouth;  an 
opening,  as  between  hills ;  a  narrow  pass. 
[Scotch.] 

Angus  M'Aulay  mumbled  over  a  number  of  hard 
Gaelic  names  descriptive  of  the  different  passes,  pre- 
cipices, corries.  and  beats,  through  which  he  said 
the  road  lay  to  Inverary,  Sir  #'.  Scott. 

Be-all  (be'al),  n.     All  that  is  to  be. 

That  but  this  blow 
Might  be  the  be-all  and  end-all  here.  Shak. 

Beam  (bem),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beam,  a  beam,  a 
post,  a  tree,  a  ray  of  light;  D.  boom,  G. 
baum,  Goth,  bagnut,  a  tree.  The  secondary 
sense  of  ray  is  evidently  from  the  resem- 
blance of  sunbeams  to  straight  shafts ; 
comp.  L.  radiiis,  a  ray,  a  spoke  of  a  wheel, 
a  rod,  and  G.  strakl,  an  arrow,  a  spoke,  a 
ray  or  beam.]  1.  A  long  straight  and  strong 
piece  of  wood,  iron,  or  steel,  especially 
when  holding  an  important  place  in  some 
structure,  and  serving  for  support  or  con- 
solidation; a  long  piece  fixed  or  movable  in 
amachineortool:  often  equivalent  to  girder. 
It  is  used  in  a  number  of  more  or  less  spe- 
cific senses;  as,  (a)  any  large  piece  of  timber 
long  in  proportion  to  its  thickness,  prepared 
for  use.  (6)  One  of  the  principal  horizontal 
timbers  in  a  building,  especially  one  con- 
necting two  opposite  rafters;  a  timber  serv- 
ing to  strengthen  any  piece  of  wooden 
framework,  (c)  The  part  of  a  balance  from 
the  ends  of  which  the  scales  are  suspended. 
'The  doubtful  beam  long  nods  from  side  to 
side.'  Pope.— To  kick  the  beam,  to  rise  as 


ch,  c/tain;      Ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng, 


TH,  *Aen;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY.  • 


BEAM 


238 


P.KAK 


the  lighter  scale  of  a  balance  docs  so  as  to 
strike  against  the  beam  when  it  becomes 
oblique;  hence,  to  be  very  light. 

In  these  he  put  two  weights, 

The  sequel  each  of  partinc  and  of  Spa  ; 

The  latter  quick  upflew  and  kicked  tile  f>e<im. 

Milton. 

('/)  The  pole  of  a  carriage  which  runs  be- 
tween the  horses,  (e)  A  cylindrical  piece  of 
wood,  making  part  of  a  loom,  on  which 
weavers  wind  the  warp  before  weaving;  also, 
the  cylinder  on  which  the  cloth  is  rolled  as 
it  is  woven. 

The  staff  of  his  spear  was  like  a  weaver's  bram. 
i  Sain.  xxn.  7. 

(/)  The  straight  part  or  shank  of  an  anchor. 
(g)  One  of  the  strong  transverse  pieces  of 
timber  stretching  across  a  ship  from  one 
side  to  the  other  to  support  the  decks  and 
retain  the  sides  at  their  proper  distance. 
From  the  beams  extending  quite  across  the 
vessel  where  it  is  broadest,  the  term  is  often 
used  to  express  the  width  of  a  ship;  thus,  a 
wide  vessel  is  said  to  have  more  beam  than 
a  narrow  one.— On  the  beam,  on  a  line  with 
the  beams,  or  at  right  angles  with  the  keel. 
Abaft  the  beam,  before  the  beam,  are  simi- 
lar phrases.  —On  the  weather  beam,  on  the 
weather  side  of  the  ship.— On  the  beam  ends, 
a  phrase  indicating  the  position  of  a  ship 
which  inclines  so  much  to  one  side  that  her 
beams  approach  a  vertical  position;  hence, 
Jig.  to  be  on  one's  beam  ends,  to  be  thrown 
or  lying  on  the  ground;  to  be  in  bad  circum- 
stance; to  1«  at  one's  last  shift.  (A)  The 
main  piece  of  a  plough,  in  which  the  plough- 
tails  are  fixed,  and  by  which  it  is  drawn, 
(i)  The  oscillating  lever  of  a  steam-engine 
turning  upon  a  centre,  and  forming  the  me- 
dium of  communication  between  the  piston- 
rod  and  the  crank-shaft.  Called  also  Work- 
ing or  Walking  Beam.— Beam  centre,  the 
fulcrum  or  pin  on  which  the  working-beam 
vibrates.  Called  also  BeamGud<jeon.—2.  The 
main  stem  of  a  deer's  horns  bearing  the 
snags  or  antlers.  One  of  the  snags  them- 
selves is  sometimes  called  the  beam  antler. 
3.  A  ray  of  light,  or  more  strictly  a  collec- 
tion of  parallel  rays  of  light  emitted  from 
the  sun  or  other  luminous  body.  The  middle 
ray  is  the  axis. 

Yon  silver  beams, 

Sleep  they  less  sweetly  on  the  cottage  thatch 
Than  on  the  dome  of  kings!  Shelley. 

Hence— 4.  Fig.  a  ray  or  emanation  of  splen- 
dour.    '  Beams  of  majesty.'    Tillotson. 
Beam  (bem),  v.  t.    1.  To  shoot  forth  or  emit, 
as  beams  or  rays. 

God  beams  this  light  into  men's  understandings. 
Saulk. 

Z.  In  weaving,  to  put  on  the  beam,  as  a  chain 
or  web. 

Beam  (hem),  v.i.  To  emit  rays  of  light  or 
beams;  to  give  out  radiance;  to  shine. 

A  mighty  light  flew  beaming  every  way.   Chapman. 
More  bounteous  aspects  on  me  beam, 
Me  mightier  transports  move  and  fill.     Tennyson. 

Beam-bird  (bem'berd),  n.  1.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  the  spotted  flycatcher  (Aftu- 
cicapa  grisola)  because  it  often  builds  its 
nest  on  the  projecting  end  of  a  beam  or 
rafter  in  a  building.— 2.  A  provincial  name 
for  the  pettychaps  or  garden  warbler  (Sylvia 
hortensis). 

Beam-compass  (bem'kum-pas),  n.  An  in- 
strument consisting  of  a  wooden  or  brass 


E& 


Beam-compass. 

beam,  having  sliding  sockets  that  carry  steel 
or  pencil  points ;  used  for  describing  large 
circles. 

Beamed  (bemd),  a.  Having  beams  or  horns; 
having  all  its  antlers  put  forth,  as  the  head 
of  a  stag.  'There  were  many  great  beamed 
deer  in  it.'  J.  F.  Campbell. 

Beam-engine  (bem'en-jin),  n.  A  steam- 
engine  in  which  the  motion  of  the  piston  is 
transmitted  to  the  crank  by  means  of  an 
overhead- be  am  and  connecting-rod,  as  dis- 
tinct from  a  direct-action  engine  and  a  side- 
lever  engine,  in  which  the  motion  is  com- 
municated by  two  side -levers  or  beams, 
below  the  level  of  the  piston  cross-head. 

Beamer  (bem'er),  n.  In  weaving,  a  person 
whose  business  it  is  to  put  webs  on  the 
beam. 

Beam-feather  (bem'feTH-er),  n.  One  of  the 
long  feathers  in  a  bird's,  particularly  a 
hawk's,  wing. 


Beam-filling  (bem'fil-ing),  n.  1.  In  arch. 
the  tilling  in  of  masonry  or  brickwork  be- 
tween beams  or  joists,  its  height  being  equal 
to  the  depth  of  the  timbers  filled  in.— 
2.  Naut.  that  portion  of  the  cargo  which  is 
stowed  betwixt  the  beams. 

Beamful  (bem'fnl),  a.  Emitting  beams; 
beaming;  bright.  ' Beatnful  lumps.'  Dray- 
ton. 

Beaming-machine  (bem'ing-ma-shen),  n. 
A  machine  by  which  chains  or  webs  are  put 
on  the  beam.  It  is  a  kind  of  roller-mill. 

Beamless  (bem'les),  a.  Emitting  no  rays  of 
lijiht;  rayless.  'The  beamless  eye  no  more 
with  ardour  bright.'  Thomson. 

Beamlet  (bemlet),  n.  [Dim.  of  beam.}  A 
little  beam,  as  of  light. 

Beam-tree  (bem'tre),  n.  Pyms  Aria,  also 
called  white-beam.  Its  wood  is  hard,  com- 
pact, and  tough,  and  is  used  for  axle-trees, 
naves  of  wheels,  and  cogs  of  machinery. 

Beamy  (bem'i),  a.  1.  Emitting  rays  of  light; 
radiant;  shining.  'Beamy  gold.'  Twkell. 

2.  Fig.  radiant ;  joyous ;  gladsome.     '  Read 
my  pardon  in  one  beamy  smile.'  J.  Bailiff. 

3.  Resembling  a  beam  in  size  and  weight; 
massy.     'His  .  .  .  beamy  spear.'    Dryden. 

4.  Having  horns  or  antlers.     'Beamy  stags.' 
Dryden. 

Bean  (ben),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bean,  Icel.  baun,  Sw. 
bona,  Dan.  bonne,  D.  boon,  G.  bohne.]  A 
name  given  to  several  kinds  of  leguminous 
seeds  and  the  plants  producing  them.  They 
belong  to  several  genera,  particularly  to 
'  Faba,  garden  and  field  bean;  Phaseolus, 
i  French  or  kidney-bean;  and  Dolichos,  tro- 
I  pical  bean.  The  common  bean  (F.  vvlijaris) 
is  cultivated  both  in  fields  and  gardens  as 
food  for  man  and  beast.  There  are  many 
varieties,  as  the  mazagan,  the  Windsor,  the 
long-pod,  &c.,  in  gardens,  and  the  horse 
or  tick  bean  in  fields.  The  seed  of  the 
Windsor  is  fully  an  inch  in  diameter;  the 
horse-bean  is  much  less,  often  not  much 
more  than  half  an  inch  in  length  and  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Beans  are 
very  nutritious,  containing  36  per  cent,  of 
starch  and  23  per  cent,  of  nitrogenous  mat- 
ter called  legumin,  analogous  to  the  case- 
ine  in  cheese.  The  bean  is  an  annual,  from 
2  to  4  feet  high.  The  flowers  are  fragrant. 
For  kidney-bean  or  French -bean,  scarlet- 
runner  bean,  tropical  bean,  see  these  entries 
and  PHASEOLUS,  DOLICHOS.  —  Bean  ore, 
brown  iron  ore  occurring  in  ellipsoidal  con- 
cretions. Ure. 

Bean  (ben),  a.    Same  as  Bein. 

Bean-caper  (ben'ka-per),  71.  Zyrjophyllinn 
Fabago,  a  small  tree  growing  in  warm 
climates.  The  flower-buds  are  used  aa 
capers. 

Bean-cod  (ben'kod),  n.  1.  A  bean-pod.— 
2.  A  small  fishing  vessel  or  pilot  boat  used 
in  the  rivers  of  Portugal.  It  is  sharp  for- 
ward, having  its  stem  bent  above  into  a 
great  curve  and  plated  with  iron. 

Bean-feast  (ben'fest),  n.  A  feast  given  by 
an  employer  to  those  whom  he  employs. 
Brewer. 

Bean-fly  (ben'fli),  «-  A  beautiful  fly  of  a 
pale  purple  colour  found  on  bean  flowers, 
produced  from  a  maggot  called  mida. 

Bean-goose  (ben'gos),  n.  A  species  of  wild- 
goose,  the  A  nser  segetum,  a  migratory  bird, 
which  arrives  in  England  in  autumn  and 
retires  to  the  north  in  the  end  of  April.  It 
is  so  named  from  the  likeness  of  the  upper 
nail  of  the  bill  to  a  horse-bean. 

Bean-king  (ben'king),  n.  The  person  who 
presided  as  king  over  the  twelfth -night 
festivities :  so  called  because  the  honour 
fell  to  him  who,  when  the  twelfth-night 
cake  was  distributed,  got  the  bean  buried 
in  it. 

Bean-mill  (ben'rail),  n.  A  mill  for  splitting 
|  bepns  for  cattle-feeding. 

Bean-sheller  (ben'shel-er),  n.  A  machine 
1  for  removing  the  hulls  from  beans. 

Bean-shot  (ben'shot),  n.  Copper  grains 
formed  by  pouring  melted  metal  through  a 
perforated  ladle  into  warm  water.  If  cold 
water  is  used  flakes  are  formed,  called 
feather-shot. 

Bean-stalk  (ben'stak),  n.  The  stem  of  a 
i  bean,  or  the  whole  plant;  as,  Jack  and  the 
bean-stalk. 

Bean-trefoil  (ben'tre-foil),  n.  A  small  legu- 
minous tree,  the  Anagyris  foetida,  having 
trifoliate  leaves,  and  bearing  a  pod  curving 
inward  at  the  extremity. 

Bear  (bar),  v.t.  pret.  bore  (formerly  and  still 

I    in  the  archaic  style  bare);  pp.  born,  borne; 

ppr.  bearing.    [A.  Sax.  beran.  pret.  beer,  pp. 

boren,  found  in  similar  forms  throughout 


the  Teutonic  languages;  O.Sax.  beran,  Goth 
bairan,  Icel.  bera,  Sw.  bcera,  Dan.  bcere,  to 
bear,  to  carry,  to  bring  forth;  D.  baren,  G. 
geb(iren,to  bring  forth.  In  the  allied  fainilien 
of  languages  it  is  represented  by  ^.ferre,  Gr. 
pherein,  Skr.  bhri,  to  bear,  to  support.  From 
this  stem  come  birth,  burden,  bairn,  barrow.] 
1.  To  support ;  to  hold  up ;  to  sustain ;  as, 
a  pillar  or  girder  bears  the  superincumbent 
weight.— 2.  To  suffer;  to  endure;  touuder^n; 
as,  to  bear  punishment,  blame,  Arc.  —3. To 
endure  the  effects  of;  to  be  answerable  for; 
hence,  to  give  satisfaction  for. 

He  shall  bear  their  iniquities.  Is.  lui.  u. 

4.  To  support  or  sustain  without  sinking, 
yielding,  shrinking,  or  suffering  injury.  '  A 
wounded  spirit  who  can  bear!'  Prov.  xviii. 
14.— 5.  To  admit  or  be  capable  of,  that  is,  ti> 
suffer  or  sustain  without  violence,  injury,  nr 
change. 

In  all  criminal  cases  the  most  favourable  interpre- 
tation should  be  put  on  words  that  they  tan  possibly 
bear.  Swift. 

6.  To  suffer  without  resentment  or  interfer- 
ence to  prevent;  to  endure  patiently. 

It  was  not  an  enemy  that  reproached  me;  then  I 
could  have  borne  it.  Ps.  h  i-. 

7.  To  sustain,  as  expense;   to  supply  the 
means  of  paying.      '  Somewhat   that  will 
bear  your  charges.'   Dryden.— 8,  To  support 
and  remove  from  place  to  place ;  to  carry ; 
to    convey.      '  They    bear    him    upon    the 
shoulders.'  Is.  xlvi.  7. 

And  down  a  rocky  pathway  from  the  place 
There  came  a  fair-hair'd  youth  that  in  his  liand 
Bare  victual  for  the  mowers.  Tennyson. 

9.  To  wear;  to  carry  as  a  mark  of  authority 
or  distinction;  as,  to  bear  a  badge,  a  name; 
tobear  arms  in  a  coat.  Hence— 10.  To  carry, 
as  in  show;  to  exhibit;  to  show.  'Bear 
welcome  in  your  eye.'  Shak.— 11.  To  render; 
to  bring  forward;  to  give;  to  afford;  as,  to 
bear  testimony;  to  bear  a  person  company. 
'Thou  shall  not  dear  false  witness  against 
thy  neighbour.'  Ex.  xx.  16.  — 12.  To  enter- 
tain; to  have  in  the  mind:  to  cherish,  as 
love,  hatred,  envy,  respect,  and  the  like. 
'The  ancient  grudge  I  bear  him.'  Shak. 
'The  reverent  care  I  bear  unto  my  lord.' 
Shak.  'The  great  and  guilty  love  he  bare 
the  queen.'  Tennyson.  —  13.  To  possess, 
as  a  property,  attribute,  or  characteristic; 
to  have  in  or  on;  to  contain;  as,  to  bear 
signs  or  traces;  to  bear  an  inscription;  the 
contents  which  the  letter  bears.  "The 
wounds  his  body  bears.'  Shak.  'And  bear 
the  name  and  port  of  gentlemen?'  Shak.— 
14.  To  possess  and  use,  as  power;  to  exer- 
cise; to  be  charged  with;  to  administer; 
as,  to  bear  sway.  'She  bears  the  purse.' 
Shak. 

Russia  soon  showed  that  she  was  resolved  to  be,\? 
a  part  in  the  quarrels  as  well  as  the  negotiations  of 
her  neighbours.  JSroughatn. 

15.t  To  deal  with;  to  carry  on. 

This  conference  was  sadly  bonte.  ShaJt. 

Beware 

Of  entrance  to  a  quarrel,  but  being  in, 
Btnr'i  that  the  opposed  may  beware  of  thee.  Shak. 

16.  To  manage ;  to  direct ;  to  use  (what  is 
under  the  immediate  control  of  one's  will) 
'Bear  your  body  more  seeming.'  Shak. 
Hence,  with  the  reflexive  pronoun,  to 
behave;  to  act  in  any  character;  as,  he 
bore  himself  nobly.— 17.  To  bring  forth  or 
produce,  as  the  fruit  of  plants  or  the  young 
of  animals;  as,  to  bear  apples;  to  bear 
children.  'Life  that  bears  immortal  fruit.' 
Tennyson. 

And  she  conceived,  and  bare  Cain,  and  said,  I 
have  gotten  a  man  from  the  Lord.  Gen.  iv.  i. 

18.  Fig.  to  be  the  native  place  of. 

Here  dwelt  the  man  divine  whom  Sanios  bore.  Dryden. 
19. t  To  conduct;  to  guide;  to  take.  'Bear 
me  unto  his  creditor.'  Shak.  —20.  To  drive; 
to  urge :  with  some  word  to  denote  the 
direction  in  which  the  object  is  driven ;  as, 
to  bear  down ;  to  bear  back. 

The  residue  were  so  disordered  as  they  could  not 
conveniently  fight  or  fly,  and  not  only  justled  and 
bore  down  one  another,  but,  in  their  confused  tumb- 
ling back,  brake  a  pan  of  the  avant-guard. 

Siry.  Harvard. 
Confidence  hath  borne  thee  on.  Mdl,n. 

21.  To  gain  or  win :  now  commonly  with 
away  or  off:  sometimes,  formerly,  with  an 
indefinite  it  for  the  object. 

Some  think  to  bearifby  speaking  a  great  word.  Bacon. 

[Bear,  signifying  to  bring  forth,  has  the  past 
participle  when  used  passively  spelled  born, 
but  when  used  after  the  verb  to  have,  borne. 
Thus,  a  child  was  born;  but,  she  has  borne 
a  child.  In  all  the  other  senses  both  parti- 
ciples are  spelled  borne;  as,  I  have  borne 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


BEAR 


239 


BEARD-CASE 


the  expenses  ;  the  expenses  must  he  borne.'] 
-  To  bear  down,  to  force  clown;  fiy.  to  over- 
come; to  vanquish;  as,  to  bear  duwn  all 
opposition.  —  To  bear  one  hard,  to  cherish 
a  grudge  towards  a  person. 

Though  he  bear  ifle  hard, 

I  yet  must  do  him  riylit.  ft.  JonsoH. 

'I':.  i:fiir  of,  (a)t  to  restrain;  to  keep  from 
approach. 

Do  you  suppose  the  state  of  this  realm  to  be  now 
so  feeble  that  it  cannot  bear  ojfr  a  greater  blow  than 
this!  Sir-  y.  Hayward. 

(b)  Xaut.  to  remove  to  a  distance ;  to  keep 
clear  from  rubbing  against  anything;  as,  to 
bear  off  a  hoat.     (c)  to  gain  and  carry  off; 
as,  he  bore  ojfthe  prize.  —  To  bear  out,  (a)  to 
give  support  or  countenance  to. 

Company  only  can  bear-  a  man  out  in  an  ill  thing. 
South. 

(&)t  To  procure  countenance  for. 

If  I  cannot  once  or  twice  in  a  miarter  bear  out 
a  knave  against  an  honest  man,  1  have  but  a  very 
little  credit  with  your  worship.  .SVmA. 

(c)  To  defend;  to  support;  to  uphold;  to 
second:  with  a  personal  object;  as,  to  bear 
a  person  out  in  his  statement,    (d)  To  con- 
tlrm  ;  to  corroborate ;  to  establish ;  to  jus- 
tify :  with  a  thing  for  the  object.    '  A  simile 
that  bore  out  Meg's  eulogium  on  his  style  of 
conversation. '    Dickens.    (e)\  With  a  more 
or  less  indefinite  if  for  the  object  (1)  to  last 
through;  to  endure. 

Love  alters  not  with  his  (Time's)  brief  hours  and 

weeks. 

But  bears  it  out  even  to  the  edge  of  doom.    Skat. 
If  that  the  Turkish  fleet 

Be  not  enshelter'd  and  emhay'd,  they  are  drowned ; 
It  is  impossible  they  bear  it  out.  Skat. 

(2)  To  enable  to  endure ;  to  render  support- 
able. '  For  turning  away,  let  summer  bear 
it  out. '  Shak.—To  bear  through,  t  to  conduct 
or  manage.  '  To  bear  through  .  .  .  the 
consulship.'  B.  Jonson. — To  bear  up,  (a)  to 
support;  to  keep  from  sinking. 

Religious  hope  pears  up  the  mind  under  sufferings. 
AeUiam. 

(b)\  To  arrange,  contrive,  devise. 

I  have  made  him  know 
I  have  a  servant  comes  with  me  along. 
That  stays  upon  me,  whose  persuasion  is 
1  come  about  my  brother. — 'Tis  well  borne  tip.  Shab. 

— Tobeara  body,  in  painting,  to  be  capable  of 
bring  ground  so  fine  and  mixed  so  entirely 
with  the  oil  as  to  seem  only  a  very  thick  oil 
of  the  same  colour:  said  of  a  colour.  —  To  bear 
date,  to  have  the  mark  of  time  when  written 
or  executed ;  as,  the  letter  bears  date  Sept.  30, 
1700.— To  bear  a  hand,  (a)  (naut.)  to  make 
haste ;  to  lie  quick.  (6)  Cotioq.  to  aid ;  to 
assist;  to  lend  a  hand.— To  bear  inhand,\ 
to  amuse  with  false  pretences ;  to  deceive. 
Shafc.  —  To  bear  in  mind,  to  remember.  — 
To  bear  the  bell,  to  be  foremost  in  any  trial 
of  skill  or  deed  of  glory ;  to  carry  off  first 
honours. 
Bear  (bar),  v.i.  1.  To  suffer,  as  with  pain. 

They  bore  as  heroes  but  they  felt  as  men.     Pope. 

2.  To  be  patient;  to  endure.    [Bare.] 

I  can  not,  can  not  bear.  Dryden. 

S.  To  produce,  as  fruit ;  to  be  fruitful,  in 
opposition  to  barrenness;  as,  the  tree  still 
continues  to  bear.  —4.  To  take  effect;  to  suc- 
ceed. 

Having  pawned  a  full  suit  of  clothes  for  a  sum  of 
money,  which,  my  operator  assured  me,  was  the  last 
he  should  want  to  bring  all  our  matters  to  bear. 

Guardian. 

5.  t  To  act  in  any  character. 

Instruct  me 

How  I  may  formally  in  person  bear 
Like  a  true  friar.  Shak. 

6.  To  lean;  to  weigh;  to  rest  burdensomely; 
as,  the  sides  of  two  inclining  objects  bear 
upon  or  against  one  another. 

In  the  important  matter  of  taxation,  the  point  in 
which  the  pressure  of  every  government  bears  the 
most  constantly  upon  the  whole  people.  Brougham. 

7.  To  tend;  to  be  directed  in  a  certain  way, 
whether  with  or  without  violence ;  as,  to 
bear  away;  to  bear  back;  ('Bearing  back 
from  the  blows  of  their  sable  antagonist.' 
Sir  W.  Scott) ;  to  bear  in ;  to  bear  out  to  sea ; 
to  bear  upon ;  to  bear  down  upon  (the  fleet 
bore  down  upon  the  enemy). 

Spinola.  with  his  shot,  did  bear  upon  those  within, 
who  appeared  upon  the  walls.      Sir  J.  Hay-ward. 
Down  upon  him  bare  the  bandit  three.    Tennyson, 

Hence-8  To  relate;  to  refer:  with  upon; 
as,  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  this  objection 
bears  upon  the  subject  under  consideration 

9.  To  be  situated  as  to  the  point  of  the 
compass,  with  respect  to  something  else; 
as,  the  land  bore  E.N.E.  from  the  ship. — 

10.  To  purport;  to  imply;  to  import;   to 


state ;  as,  the  deed  bore  to  be  dated  ten 
years  ago.  '  The  letters  bore  that  succour 
was  at  hand.'  Sir  W.  Scott. —  To  bear 
against.  See  above,  6.  —  To  bear  away 
(mtttt.),  to  change  the  course  of  a  ship  when 
close  hauled  or  sailing  with  a  side  wind,  and 
make  her  run  before  the  wind. — To  bear  in 
with,  to  run  or  tend  toward;  as,  a  ship  bears 
in  with  the  land:  opposed  to  bear  off  or 
keeping  at  a  greater  distance.  —  To  bear 
on  or  upon.  See  above,  0,  7,  and  8.  —  To 
bear  up,  (a)  (naut.)  to  change  the  course 
of  a  ship  when  close  hauled  or  sailing  with 
a  side  wind,  and  make  her  run  before  the 
wind.  (6)  To  be  supported;  to  have  fortitude: 
to  be  firm;  not  to  sink;  as,  to  bearup  under 
afflictions.  '  So  long  as  nature  will  bear  up 
with  this  exercise.'  Shak. — To  bear  with, 
to  endure  what  is  unpleasing ;  to  be  indul- 
gent; to  forbear  to  resent,  oppose,  or  punish. 

Reason  would  that  I  should  bear  with  you. 

Acts  xviii.  14. 

Bear  (bar),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bera,  a  bear ;  D.  beer, 
Q.  bar,  Icel.  bera,  a  she-bear,  the  common 
word  in  Icel.  Sw.  and  Dan.  being  the  length- 
ened form  bjijrn.]  1.  A  plantigrade  carniv- 
orous mammal  of  the  genus  Ursus,  family 
Ursidte.  The  teeth  are  forty-two  in  number, 
as  in  the  dog,  but  there  is  no  carnassial  or 
sectorial  tooth,  and  the  molars  have  a  more 
tubercular  character  than  in  other  carni- 
vores. The  eyes  have  a  nictitating  membrane, 
the  nose  is  prominent  and  mobile,  and  the 
tail  very  short.  The  brown  or  black  bear  of 
Europe  is  the  Urtsus  arctos.  It  is  a  native  of 
almost  all  the  northern  parts  of  Europe  and 


Brown  Bear  (Ursus  arctos). 

Asia,  and  was  at  one  time  common  in  the 
British  islands.  It  feeds  on  fruits,  roots, 
honey,  ants,  and,  in  case  of  need,  on  mam- 
mals. It  is  4  feet  long  and  2}  high,  and 
lives  solitarily.  The  fat  is  in  great  request, 
under  the  name  of  bear's  grease,  as  an 
unguent  for  the  hair.  The  American  black 
bear  is  the  Ursus  americanus,  with  black 
shining  hair,  and  rarely  above  5  feet  in 
length.  The  grisly  bear  (Ursus  ferox  or 
horribilit)  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  Eocky 
Mountains;  it  is  a  ferocious  animal,  and 
has  a  bulky  and  unwieldy  form,  sometimes 
exceeding  9  feet  in  length,  but  is  neverthe- 
less capable  of  great  rapidity  of  motion. 
The  Siberian  bear  (Ursus  collarty  is  perhaps 
a  variety  of  the  brown  bear.  The  polar  or 
white  bear  ( Ursus  maritimus)  is  an  animal 
possessed  of  great  strength  and  fierceness. 


Polar  Bear  (Ursus  maritiittus). 

It  lives  in  the  polar  regions,  chiefly  on  the 
ice,  and  feeds  on  fish,  seals,  Ac.,  and  usu- 
ally is  7  to  8  feet  in  length.  It  is  said  to 
be  seen  frequently  in  Greenland  in  great 
droves,  and  will  sometimes  surround  the 
habitations  of  the  natives  and  attempt  to 
break  in.  The  native  bear  of  JJew  South 
Wales  is  the  koala,  of  the  marsupial  genus 
Phascolarctos.  —  2.  The  name  of  two  con- 
stellations in  the  northern  hemisphere, 
called  the  Greater  and  Lesser  Bear.  In  the 
tail  of  the  Lesser  Bear  is  the  pole-star.  — 
3.  Naut.  a  square  piece  of  wood  on  which 
are  fastened  some  pigs  of  iron  ballast, 
used  to  clean  a  ship's  deck  when  a  holy- 
stone cannot  be  had.  —4.  In  metal-working, 
a  portable  punching-machine  for  iron  plates. 


E.  H  A'wynf.— 6.  A  term  sometimes  applied 
to  a  rude,  unpolished,  or  uncouth  man. 
0.  In  stock-exchange  slang,  a  person  who 
does  all  he  can  to  bring  down  the  price  of 
stock  (as  a  bear  pulls  down  witli  its  paws), 
in  order  that  he  may  buy  cheap:  opposed  to 
a  bull,  who  tries  to  raise  the  price  (as  a  bull 
tosses  with  his  horns)  that  he  may  sell  dear. 

Bear  (bar),  c.t.  In  the  itodMtcdutafft,  to 
attempt  to  lower  the  price  of ;  as,  to  bear 
railway  stock.  See  the  noun. 

Bear,  Bere  (lier),  n.  [A.Sax.  bere,  Icel.  tan- 
barley.  This  word  forms  the  first  syllable 
,  of  barley.}  The  Ilordevm  hexastichon,  a 
species  of  barley  having  six  rows  in  the  ear, 
cultivated  in  Scotland  and  north  of  Eng- 
land: called  also  Iligg 

Bearable  (bai'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
borne;  tolerable. 

Bearably  (bar'a-bli),  adv.  In  a  bearable 
manner. 

Bear-animalcule  (Imr'an-i-nml-kul),  n.  See 
MACKOBIOTIDJJ. 

Bear-baiting  (barest-ing),  n.  The  sport 
of  baiting  bears  with  dogs. 

Bear-baiting,  then  a  favourite  diversion  of  high 
and  low,  was  the  abomination  ...  of  the  austere 
sectaries.  The  Puritans  hated  it.  not  because  it 
gave  pain  to  the  bear,  but  because  it  gave  pleasure 
to  the  spectators.  Macaulay. 

Bearberry  (bar'be-rj),  n.  Aretostaphylos 
uva  ursi,  nat.  order  Ericaceae,  an  evergreen 
shrub  growing  on  the  barren  moors  of  Scot- 
land. The  leaves,  tinder  the  name  of  uva 
ursi,  are  used  in  medicine  as  an  astringent 
and  tonic. 

Bear-bine,  Bear-bind  (bar'bin.  bartilml), 
n.  The  common  name  of  Calystegia  septum 
and  C.  Soldanella.  'The  bear-bine  with  the 
lilac  interlaced.'  Hood. 

Bear-cloth  (bar'kloth),  n.  A  bearing-cloth 
(which  see). 

Beard  (berd),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beard,  a  beard ; 
Kris,  berd,  D.  baard,  G.  bart,  a  beard,  and 
probably  Icel.  bard,  an  edge,  a  brim  (the 
Icel.  for  beard  is  skega);  allied  to  Rus.  bor- 
oda,  Pol.  broda,  Lith.  barzda;  L.  barba;  W. 
and  Armor,  barf—  beard.]  1.  The  hair  that 
grows  on  the  chin,  lips,  and  adjacent  parts 
of  the  face,  chiefly  of  male  adults;  hence  a 
mark  of  virility. —  2.  In  zool.  (a)  the  long 
hairs  about  the  lower  part  of  the  face  or 
head  of  some  animals.  (&)  The  cluster  of 
fine  feathers  at  the  base  of  the  beak  of  some 
birds,  (c)  The  appendages  to  the  jaw  of 
some  cetacea.  Dana,  (d)  The  silky  fila- 
ments by  which  certain  mollusca,  as  the 
commoumussel, attach  themselves  to  foreign 
bodies.  («)  The  gills  or  breathing  organs  of 
the  oyster  and  other  bivalves,  consisting  of 
long  threadlike  or  hairlike  processes.  (/)In 
insects,  two  small,  oblong,  fleshy  bodies 
placed  just  above  the  trunk,  as  in  gnats, 
moths,  and  butterflies.  — 3.  In  bot.  (a)  the 
awn  or  sharp  prickles  on  the  ears  of  grain. 
(b)  Parallel  hairs  or  a  tuft  of  stiff  hairs  ter- 
minating the  leaves  of  plants,  a  species  of 
pubescence,  (c)  With  some  authors,  a  name 
given  to  the  lower  lip  of  a  ringent  corolla. 
4.  A  barb  or  sharp  process  of  an  arrow  or  other 
instrument  bent  backward  from  the  point,  to 
prevent  its  being  easily  drawn  out.— 5.  The 
hook  for  retaining  the  yarn  at  the  extremity 
of  the  needle  in  a  knitting-machine  —6.  A 
spring-piece  on  the  back  of  a  lock-bolt  to 
hold  it  moderately  firm  and  prevent  it  from 
rattling  in  its  guides.— 7.  The  part  of  a  horse 
which  bears  the  curb  of  a  bridle,  under- 
neath the  lower  mandible  and  above  the 
chin.— 8.  The  rays  of  a  comet,  emitted  to- 
ward that  part  of  the  heaven  to  which  its 
proper  motion  seems  to  direct  it.  —  9.  In 
printing,  that  part  of  a  type  which  is  between 
the  shoulder  of  the  shank  and  the  face. — 
To  one's  beard,  to  one's  face;  in  defiance  of 
him. 

Rail'd  at  their  covenant,  and  jeer'd 

Their  rev'rend  persons  to  my  beard.      Hudibras. 

Beard  (berd),  v.t.  1.  To  take  by  the  beard ; 
to  seize,  pluck,  or  pull  the  beard  in  con- 
tempt or  anger.  Hence— 2.  Fig.  to  oppose 
to  the  face;  to  set  at  defiance. 

I  have  been  bearded  by  boys.  More. 

Dar'st  thou  then 
To  beard  the  lion  in  his  den.        Sir  II'.  Scott. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  beard.— 4.  In  carp,  to 
chip,  plane,  or  otherwise  diminish  from  a 
given  line  or  to  a  given  curve ;  as,  to  beard 
clamps,  plank-sheers,  &c.;  in  ship-building, 
to  round,  as  the  adjacent  parts  of  the  rudder 
and  stern-post,  or  the  dead-wood,  so  as  to 
adapt  it  to  the  shape  of  the  vessel. 
Beard-case  (berd'kas),  n.  An  ornamental 
covering  or  case  for  the  beard  worn  by  the 


ch,  chain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BEARDED 


240 


BEAT 


ancient  Egyptians,  ami  frequently  seen  in 
their  statues. 

Bearded  (berd'ed),  a.  Having  a  bearil  in 
any  of  the  senses  of  that  word.  'Bearded 
men.'  Dryden.  'ItenraViilikeapard.'SAai. 
'Torn  out  the  bearded  steel  (an  arrow)  to 
give  me  rest.'  Dryden.  '  Bearded  barley. ' 
Tennyson. 

Beard-grass  (berd'gras), ».  1.  The  common 
uame  of  two  well-known  British  grasses  of 
the  genus  Polypogon,  given  to  them  from 
the  bearded  appearance  of  the  panicle.— 
2.  The  common  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Andropogon. 

Beardiilg-line  (berd'ing-lln),  n.  In  ship- 
building, a  curved  line  formed  by  reducing 
the  surface  of  the  dead-wood  to  the  shape 
of  the  vessel's  body. 

Beardless  (berd'les),  a  Without  a  beard  ; 
hence,  of  persons  of  the  male  sex,  young ; 
not  having  arrived  at  manhood. 

Beardlessness  (berd'les-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  destitute  of  beard. 

Beardleted  (berd'let-ed),  a.  In  lot  having 
little  awns.  Paxton. 

Beard-moss  (berd'mos),  Ji.  A  lichen,  Ut- 
nea  barbata,  which  clothes  our  older  forest 
trees  with  the  shaggy  gray  tieece  of  its  flaccid 
threadlike  fronds.  It  is  the  '  idle  moss'  of 
Shakspere. 

Beardy  (berd'i),  n.  I.  The  local  name  of  the 
whitethroat  {Sylvia  cinerea),  one  of  our 
most  lively  and  loquacious  little  birds. — 
2.  A  Scotch  name  of  the  loach  (Colitis 
barbatula),  a  small  fresh-water  malacop- 
terygian  fish,  family  Cyprinidte,  so  called 
from  the  six  barbules  which  hang  from  the 
mouth.  Written  also  Beardie. 

Beare  t  (ber),  n.     A  bier.     Spenser. 

Bearerfbar'er),  n.  1.  One  who  bears,  sustains, 
or  carries;  a  carrier.  'Bearers of  burdens.' 
2Chr.  ii.  18.  '  The  bearer  of  unhappy  news.' 
Dryden.  Specifically  —  2.  One  who  carries  a 
body  to  the  grave;  a  pall-bearer.  '  The  king's 
body  being  by  the  bearers  set  down  near  the 
place  of  burial.'  SirT.  Herbert—  3.  One  who 
wears  anything,  as  a  badge  or  sword;  a 
wearer.  '  Thou  (the  crown)  hast  eat  thy 
bearer  up. '  Shak.  —4.  Any  part  of  a  structure 
or  machine  that  serves  as  a  support  to  some 
other  part.— 5.  A  tree  or  plant  that  yields 

fruit. 

This  way  of  procuring  autumnal  roses,  in  some 
that  are  good  bearers,  will  succeed.  Boyle. 

6.  In  printing,  (a)  type  or  furniture  letter- 
high,  to  protect  the  face  of  the  type  in 
printing  or  stereotyping.  (I)  Same  as  Frli- 
ket.—l.  In  her.  a  supporter. —8.  In  old  law, 
one  who  bears  down  or  oppresses  others  by 
vexatiously  assisting  a  third  party  in  main- 
taining a  suit  against  them;  a  maintaiuor. 

Bear-fly  (bai-'fli),  n.    An  insect.    Bacon. 

Bear-garden  (bar'gar-dn),  n.  1.  A  place 
where  bears  are  kept  for  diversion,  and  for- 
merly for  fighting.  Formerly  called  also 
Paris-garden  and  Beards-college. 

Hurrying  me  from  the  playhouse,  and  the  scenes 
there,  to  the  bear-garden,  to  the  apes,  and  asses, 
and  tigers.  Slitlingjleet. 

2.  Any  place  of  tumult  or  disorder. 
Bearherd  (bartiiird),  n.    A  man  that  tends 
bears. 

Virtue  is  of  so  little  regard  in  these  costermonger 
times,  that  true  valour  is  turned  bearherd.  Shak. 

Bear-hound  (barTiound),  n.  A  hound  for 
hunting  or  baiting  the  bear. 

Few  years  more  and  the  Wolf-hounds  shall  fall 
suppressed,  the  Bear-hounds,  the  Falconry. 

Bearing  (bartng),  n.  1.  The  act  of  enduring, 
especially  of  enduring  patiently  or  without 
complaining;  endurance. 

The  two  powers  which  constitute  a  wise  woman 
are  those  of  bearing  and  forbearing. 

Trans,  of  F.pictetus. 

2.  Ihe  manner  in  which  a  person  bears  or 
comports  himself;  carriage;  mien;  beha- 
viour. '  I  know  him  by  his  bearing:  Shak. 
•A  man  of  good  repute,  carriage,  bearing, 
and  estimation.'  Shak. — 3.  The  mutual  re- 
lation of  parts  of  a  whole;  mode  of  connec- 
tion. 

But  of  this  frame  the  bearings  and  the  ties. 
The  strong  connections,  nice  dependencies, 
Gradations  just,  has  thy  pervading  soul 
Look'd  through!  p,f,. 

4.  Import ;  effect ;  force.  '  To  change  the 
bearing  of  a  word.'  Tennyson.—  5.  The  act 
or  capability  of  producing  or  bringing  forth ; 
as,  a  tree  past  bearing. 

In  travail  of  his  bearing,  his  mother  was  first  dead. 
K.  of Gloucester. 

6.  In  arch,  the  space  between  the  two  fixed 
extremes  of  a  piece  of  timber,  or  between 
one  extreme  and  a  supporter;  that  is,  its 


unsupported  span.-  7.  In  inach.  the  part  in 
contact  with  which  a  journal  moves;  that 
part  of  a  shaft  or  axle  which  is  in  contact 
with  its  supports.— 8.  In  ship-building  (pi), 
the  widest  part  of  a  vessel  below  the  plank 
sheer. —9.  In  her.  the  name  applied  to  any 
single  charge  on  a  shield.  — 10.  In  aeog.  and 
naut.  language,  the  direction  or  point  of  the 
compass  in  which  an  object  is  seen,  or  the 
situation  of  one  object  in  regard  to  another, 
with  reference  to  the  points  of  the  compass. 
Thus,  if  from  a  certain  situation  an  object  is 
seen  in  the  direction  of  north-east,  the  bear- 
ing of  the  object  is  said  to  be  N.E.  from  the 
situation.  — To  take  bearings,  to  ascertain  on 
what  point  of  the  compass  objects  lie.  The 
term  is  also  applied  to  ascertaining  the  situa- 
tion ordirectionof  any  object  estimated  with 
reference  to  some  part  of  a  ship,  as  on  the 
beam,  before  the  beam,  abaft  the  beam,  (fee. 
Hence,  to  make  one's  aelf  acquainted  with 
the  locality  in  which  one  is ;  to  discover 
how  matters  stand ;  to  get  rid  of  bewilder- 
ment or  misunderstanding. — To  lose  one's 
bearings,  to  lose  all  knowledge  where  one 
is,  or  how  one  is  situated;  to  become  bewil- 
dered or  puzzled. 

Bearing  t  (baling),  a.  Solid;  substantial 
'A  goou  bearing  dinner.'  Beau,  d-  Fl. 

Bearing-cloth  (bar'ing-kloth),  n.  The  cloth 
with  which  a  child  is  covered  when  earned 
to  church  to  be  baptized.  Called  also  Bear- 
cloth. 

Thy  scarlet  cloth,  as  a  child's  bearing-cloth, 
I'll  use  to  carry  thee  out  of  this  place.       Shak. 

Bearing-rein  (bar'ing-ran),  n.  The  rein  by 
which  the  head  of  a  horse  is  held  up  in 
driving. 

Bearish  (bartsh),  a.  Partaking  of  the  quali- 
ties of  a  bear. 

In  our  own  language  we  seem  to  allude  to  this 
degeneracy  of  human  nature  when  we  call  men,  by 
way  of  reproach,  sheepish,  bearish,  &c.  Harris. 

Bear-leader  (bar'led-er),  n.  A  person  who 
leads  about  a  trained  bear  for  exhibition ; 
hence,  applied  to  the  tutor  or  governor  ap- 
pointed to  a  youth  of  rank  at  the  univer- 
sity or  on  his  travels,  or  to  one  in  a  similar 
relation. 

Young  gentleman,  1  am  the  bear-leader,  being 
appointed  your  tutor.  Caiman  the  Younger. 

Bearlike  (bar'lik),  a.    Resembling  a  bear. 

Bearnt  (barn),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beam,  from  bear. 
See  BAIRN.]  A  child;  a  bairn.  'They  say 
beams  are  blessings. '  Shak. 

Bear-pit  (bar'pit).  n.  A  pit  prepared  for  the 
keeping  of  bears  in  zoological  gardens.  In 
the  centre  a  stout  pole,  with  cross-bars  or 
steps  at  proper  distances,  is  set  up  to  enable 
the  bear  to  indulge  in  climbing,  of  which  it  is 
fond.  The  pole  must  be  at  a  distance  suffi- 
ciently far  from  the  edge  to  prevent  the 
bear  leaping  from  the  pit. 

Bear's-breech  ( barzOirech ),  71.  Same  as 
Brankursine. 

Bear's-college  t  (barz'kol-ej),  n.  Same  as 
Bear-garden.  'The  students  in  bear's-cvl- 
lege.'  B.  Jonson. 

Bear's-ear  (barz'er),  n.  The  common  name 
of  Primula  auricula,  given  to  it  from  the 
shape  of  the  leaf. 

Bear's-foot  (Mrz'fut),  n.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Helleborus,  //.  fcelidus.  See  HELLE- 
BORUS. 

Bear's-grease  (barz'gres),  n.  The  fat  of 
bears,  extensively  used  to  promote  the 
growth  of  hair.  The  unguents  sold  under 
this  name,  however,  are  in  a  great  measure 
made  of  hog's  lard  or  veal  fat,  or  a  mixture 
of  both,  scented  and  slightly  coloured 

Bear-skin  (bar'skin),  n.  1.  The  skin  of  a 
bear— 2.  A  coarse  shaggy  woollen  cloth  for 
over-coats.— 3.  A  cap  made  of  the  skin  of 
the  bear,  especially  that  worn  by  soldiers. 

The  bearskins  of  the  French  grenadiers  rose 
ab  -ve  the  crest  of  the  hill.  Yonge. 

Bear's-whortleberry  ( barz-whor'tl-be-ri ), 
71.     Same  as  Bearberry. 
Bear-ward  (harvard),  n.  A  keeper  of  bears. 

We'll  bait  thy  bears  to  death. 
And  manacle  the  bear--ward  in  their  chains.    Shak. 

Bear- Whelp  (barVhelp),  n.  The  whelp  of 
a  bear.  'An  unlicked  bear-whelp:  Shak 

Beast  (best),  n.  [  O.  E.  beest,  beste,  from  O  Fr 
beste  (Mod.  Fr.  bete);  from  L  bestia,  a  beast 
whence  also  D.  L.  G.  Dan.  beest.]  1.  Any 
four-footed  animal,  as  distinguished  from 
fowls,  insects,  fishes,  and  man ;  as,  beasts 
of  burden ;  beasts  of  the  chase ;  beasts  of 
the  forest.  It  is  usually  applied  to  large 
animals.  'The  beasts,  the  fishes,  and  the 
winged  fowls.'  Shak.  'One  deep  cry  of 
great  wild  beastt.'  Tennyson. 


Beasts  of  chase  are  the  buck,  the  doe,  the  fox  the 
marten,  and  the  roe.  Beasts  of  the  forest  are  the 
hart,  the  hind,  the  hare,  the  boar,  and  the  wolf 
Beasts  of -warren  are  the  hare  and  cony.  Lowell. 

2.  As  opposed  to  man,  any  irrational  animal 
as  in  the  phrase  'man  and  beast:  'A  beast 
that  wants  discourse  of  reason.'    Shak.- 

3.  fig.  a  brutal  man;  a  person  rude,  coarse, 
filthy,  or  acting  in  a  manner  unworthy  of  a 
rational  creature. 

Beastt  (best),  v.i.  To  hunt;  as,  'Dian  beast* 

with  Cupid's  darts.'    Spenser. 
Beast  (best),  n.  A  game  of  cards  resembling 

loo. 

Beastee  (best'e),  n.    Same  as  Beestie 
Beastings(best'ingz),  n.pl.  See  BEESTINGS 
Beastish  (best'ish).  a.   Like  a  beast;  brutal. 

It  would  be  but  a  kind  of  animal  or  beastish  meet- 
>"K  Milton. 

Beastllheadt  (best'li-hed),  n.  [Beastly,  and 
suffix  -head  =  hood.]  The  character  or  quality 
of  a  beast ;  beastliness :  used  by  Spenser  as 
a  greeting  to  a  beast. 

Stcke,  sicke,  alas !  and  little  lack  of  dead, 
But  I  be  relieved  by  your  beastlyhead. 

The  ShepheartTs  Calender 

Beastllke  (best'lik),  a.  Like  a  beast;  brutal 
Beastliness  (best'li-nes),  n.    1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  beastly;  brutality;  coarse- 
ness; vulgarity;  filthiness. 
Rank  inundation  of  luxuriousness 
Has  tainted  him  with  such  gross  beastliness. 

Marston. 

i.t  Absence  of  reason;  stupidity.  •Beast- 
liness and  lack  of  consideration.'  North 
Beastly  (best'li),  a.  1.  Like  a  beast;  brutal; 
coarse;  filthy;  contrary  to  the  nature  and 
dignity  of  man.  '  Lewd,  profane,  and  bea.\ili/ 
phrase.'  B.  Jonson.  —  2.  Pertaining  to,  or 
haying  the  form  and  nature  of  a  beast; 
animal.  'Beastly  divinities  and  droves  of 
gods.'  Prior.— 3.  t  The  opposite  of  spiritual; 
natural. 

It  is  sowun  a  beestli  bodi ;  it  shal  ryse  a  spiritual 
••*  U'icklijfe. 

SYN.  Brutal,  bestial,  brutish,  coarse,  filthy. 

Beastlyl  (best'li),  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a 
beast;  filthily;  abominably.  'How  beastly 
she  doth  court  him.'  Shak. 

Beat  (bet),  nt  pret.  beat;  pp.  leaf,  beaten; 
ppr.  beating.  [A.  Sax.  bedtan;  pret.  befit, 
pp.  beaten;  Icel.  bauta  and  bjata,  O.H.G. 
pozan,  to  beat.  Some  of  the  meanings  have 
no  doubt  been  influenced  by  if  not  directly 
borrowed  from  Fr.  battre,  to  beat.]  1.  To 
strike  repeatedly;  to  lay  repeated  blows 
upon.  ' He  beat  his  breast.'  Dryden.— 2.  To 
strike  in  order  to  produce  a  sound;  to  sound 
by  percussion;  hence,  to  givenoticeof  by  beat 
of  drum;  as,  to  leaf  a  drum  or  a  tambourine; 
to  I"  at  a  tattoo;  to  beat  a  charge;  to  beat  a 
retreat.  [The  last  phrase  often  means  simply 
to  retire  or  retreat.]  — 3.  To  break,  bruise, 
comminute,  or  pulverize  by  beating  or 
pounding,  as  pepper  or  spices. 

Thou  shall  beat  some  of  it  very  small.  Ex.  xxx.  36. 

4.  To  extend  by  beating,  as  gold  or  other 
malleable  substance,  or  to  hammer   into 
any  form;  to  forge. 

They  did  beat  the  gold  into  thin  plates. 

Ex.  xxxix.  i- 

5.  To  force  out  from  the  husk  by  blows ;  to 
thresh.    Ruth  ii.  17.— 6.  To  mix  or  agitate 
by  beating;  as,  to  beat  an  egg.— 7.  To  dash, 
strike,  or  brush,  as  water  or  wind.     'Beat 
with    perpetual   storms.'     Milton.  —8.  To 
tread,  as  a  path.      'Pass  awful  gulfs  and 
beat  my  painful  way.'    Blackmore.—9.  To 
scour  with  bustle  and  outcry  in  order  to 
raise  game;  to  drive  game  in.    'To  beat  the 
woodsand  rouse  the  bounding  prey.'  Prior. 

10.  To  overcome  in  a  battle,  contest,  or 
strife;  to  vanquish  or  conquer ;  as,  one  beats 
another  at  play. 

Pyrrhus  beat  the  Carthaginians  at  sea.     Arbuthnot. 

11.  To  surpass ;  to  excel ;  to  go  beyond ;  as, 
he  beats  them  all  at  swimming.    [Colloq.] 

There  is  something  out  of  common  here  that  beats 
anything  that  ever  came  in  my  way.  Dickens. 

12.  To  be  too  difficult  for,  whether  intellec- 
tually or  physically ;  to  baffle ;  as,  it  beats 
me  to  make  it  out.     "The  violin  beat  me.' 
W.  a.  Russell.    [Colloq  ]— 13.  To  harass;  to 
exercise  severely ;  to  cudgel  (one's  brains) 

So  Whacura  beat  his  dirty  brains 

T'  advance  his  master's  fame  and  gains. 

Hudibrai. 

Why  should  any  one  .  .  .  beat  his  head  about  the 
Latin  grammar  who  does  not  intend  to  be  a  critic  ! 
Locke. 

14.  To  fatigue  utterly;  to  prostrate;  as,  the 
long  and  toilsome  journey  quite  beat  him. 
[Colloq. ]— 15.  To  nutter;  to  flap;  as,  to  belt 
the  wings:  said  of  a  bird.— To  beat  atcay. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull; 


oil,  pound;       ii,  So.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


HKAT 


241 


BEAUTIFUL 


in  mining,  to  excavate:  usually  applied  to 
Imnl  ground.  -To  beat  back,  to  compel  to 
retire  or  return.  To  heat  down,  (a)  to  break, 
destroy,  throw  down,  by  beating  or  batter- 
ing, as  a  wall.  (6)  To  press  down  or  lay  Hat, 
as  by  treading,  by  a  current  of  water,  by 
violent  wind,  Ac.  (c)  To  cause  to  lower  a 
price  by  importunity  or  argument ;  to  sink 
or  lessen  the  price  or  value  of ;  to  make 
lower,  as  price  or  value. 

Usury  bents  down  the  price  of  land.       Bacon. 

(d)  To  depress  or  crush ;  as,  to  beat  down 
opposition.— 7'o  beat  into,  to  teach  or  instil 
by  repetition  of  instruction.  -To  beat  off, 
to  repel  or  drive  back.  —  To  beat  out,  (a)  to 
extend  by  hammering;  hence, fig.  to  work 
out  fully;  to  amplify;  to  expand. 

A  man  thinking  on  his  legs  is  obliged  to  beat  out 
his  thought  for  his  own  sake,  if  not  for  the  sake  of  his 


(6)  To  perform  or  execute,  as  a  piece  of 
music,  by,  or  as  by,  baatx  with  the  hands  or 
feet.  'The  child's  feet  were  busy  beating 
out  the  tune.'  Cornhill  May. 

Perplext  in  faith,  yet  pure  in  deed. 
At  la^t  he  teat  his  music  out.  Tennyson. 

— To  beat  up,  to  attack  suddenly ;  to  alarm 
or  disturb;  as,  to  beat  up  an  enemy's  quarters. 
Hence,  to  come  upon  a  visit  unexpectedly. 

A  distant  relation  left  him  an  estate  in  Ireland, 
where  he  had  resided  ever  since,  making  occasional 
visits  to  the  Continent  and  beating  u/his  old  quarters, 
but  rarely  coming  to  England.  Lawrence 

— To  beat  tirne,  to  measure  or  regulate  time 
in  music  by  the  motion  of  the  hand  or  foot. 
— To  beat  the  dust,  in  the  inanege,  (a)  to 
take  in  too  little  ground  with  the  fore-legs, 
as  a  horse,  (b)  To  perform  his  curvets  too 
precipitately  or  too  low. —SYN.  To  strike, 
pound,  bang,  buffet,  maul,  drub,  thump, 
baste,  thwack,  thrash,  pommel,  break, 
bruise,  bray,  conquer,  defeat,  vanquish, 
overcome,  surpass. 

Bsat  (bet),  ».i.  1.  To  strike  repeatedly;  to 
knock,  as  at  a  door.  'The  men  of  the  city 
.  .  .  beat  at  the  door.'  Judg.  xix.  22. —2.  To 
move  with  pulsation;  to  throb;  as,  the  pulse 
beats.  'A  thousand  hearts  beat  happily.' 
Byron.— 3.  To  act,  dash,  or  fall  with  force 
or  violence,  as  a  storm,  flood,  passion,  &c. ; 
as,  the  tempest  beats  against  the  house. 
•Rolling  tempests  vainly  beat  below.'  Dry- 
den. 

And  the  sun  beat  upon  the  head  of  Jonah  that  he 
fainted,  and  wished  in  himself  to  die.  Jonah  iv.  8. 

4.  To  be  tossed  so  as  to  strike  the  ground 
violently  or  frequently.  'Floating  corps 
lie  beating  on  the  shore.'  Addition.—  5.  To 
give  notice  by  beating  a  drum;  as,  the 
drummers  beat  for  the  soldiers  to  advance; 
also  to  sound  on  being  beaten,  as  a  drum. 

But  Linden  saw  another  sight 

When  the  drum  beat  at  dead  of  night.    Campbell. 

(!.  To  ponder;  to  be  incessantly  engaged;  to 
be  anxiously  directed  to  something;  to  be 
in  agitation  or  doubt.  'To  still  my  beatina 
mind.'  Shak. 

Thy  heaven  is  on  earth  ;  thine  eyes  and  thoughts 
£e,it  on  a  crown,  the  treasure  of  thy  heart 

SHat. 

7.  Naut.  to  make  progress  against  the  direc- 
tion of  the  wind  by  sailing  in  a  zigzag  line 
or  traverse.— To  beat  about,  to  search  by 
various  means  or  ways;  to  try  to  find.  'To 

mid  an  honest  man,  I  beat  about.'    Pope. 

To  beat  about  the  bush,  to  employ  much 
verbiage  before  coming  to  the  main  point  of 
a  question;  to  equivocate ;  to  dilly-dally.— 
To  beat  upon,  to  enforce  by  repetition;  to 
reiterate.  'How  frequently  and  fervently 
dotb  the  Scripture  beat  upon  this  cause  ' 
Uakewill.  —  To  beat  up  for  recruits  or  sol- 
diers, to  go  about  to  enlist  men  into  the 
army:  a  phrase  originating  in  the  fact  that 
a  recruiting  party  is  often  preceded  by  a 
drummer  with  his  instrument.—  To  beat  up 
and  dmcn,  in  hunting,  to  run  first  one  way 
and  then  another:  said  of  a  stag 
Beat  (bet),  n.  1.  A  stroke;  a  striking;  a 
blow,  whether  with  the  hand  or  with  a 
weapon. 

He  with  a  careless  beat 
btruck  out  the  mute  creation  with  a  heat.    Dryden. 

2.  A  recurrent  stroke;  a  pulsation;  a  throb; 
as,  the  beat  of  the  pulse;  the  heart  makes 
from  sixty  to  seventy  beats  a  minute.  — 
The  sound  made  by  the  foot  in  walking  or 
running;  a  footfall.  'The  beat  of  her  unseen 
feet,  which  only  the  angels  hear. '  Shelley. 
4.  A  round  or  course  which  is  frequently 
gone  over ;  as,  a  watchman's  beat ;  a  milk- 
man's beat.  Hence— 5.  A  place  to  which 
one  habitually  or  frequently  resorts.  — 6.  In 


music,  (a)  the  beating  or  pulsation  remitting 
from  the  joint  vibrations  of  two  sounds  of 
the  same  strength,  ami  all  but  in  unison 
(li)  The  rise  or  fall  of  the  hand  or  foot  In 
regulating  the  division  of  time,  (c)  A  short 
shake  or  transient  grace  note  struck  imme- 
diately before  the  note  it  is  intended  to 
ornament. 

Written.  Pltyed. 


Beat. 

—Beat  or  tuck  of  drum  (milit.),  a  succes- 
sion of  strokes  on  a  drum,  varied  in  dif- 
ferent ways  for  particular  purposes,  as  to 
regulate  a  march,  to  call  soldiers  to  their 
arms  or  quarters,  to  direct  an  attack  or  re- 
treat, &c. — Beat  of  a  watch  or  clock,  the 
stroke  made  by  the  action  of  the  escapement. 
A  clock  is  said  to  be  in  beat  or  out  of  beat 
according  as  the  stroke  is  at  eqtial  or  un- 
equal intervals. 

Beat  (bet),  p.  and  n.  Synonymous  so  far 
with  Beaten,  but  more  of  a  participle  and 
less  of  an  adjective,  not  being  used  before 
nouns,  thus  we  never  say  beat  gold,  a  beat 
army.  Specifically,  exhausted  by  exertion, 
mental  or  bodily;  fatigued ;  worn  out  by 
toil.  'Quite  beat  and  very  much  vexed  and 
disappointed. '  Dickens.  [  Colloq.  ]—  Dead 
beat,  thoroughly  exhausted  or  worn  out,  so 
as  to  be  incapable  of  further  exertion, 
thoroughly  baffled  by  the  difficulty  of  a  task ; 
thoroughly  defeated  in  a  contest  or  struggle. 

Beaten  (bet'n),  p.  and  a.  1.  Made  smooth 
by  beating  or  treading;  worn  by  use.  'Beaten 
gold.'  Shak.  'A  broad  and  beaten  way.' 
Milton.— 2.  Conquered;  vanquished. 

I  suppose  everything  is  right,  even  to  Wooler's 
being  conqueror  and  1  the  beaten  man.       S.  Tytler. 

3.  Exhausted;  worn  out— 4.  Baffled,  as  by 
the  difficulty  of  a  task,  intellectual  or  physi- 
cal. —5.  Rendered  trite  by  frequent  discus- 
sion; as,  a  well  beaten  subject—  6.t  Tried; 
practised.  Beau.  Jc  Fl. 

Beater  ( bet'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
beats:  applied  specifically  to  an  instrument 
for  pounding  or  comminuting  substances; 
also  to  parts  of  various  machines,  as  the 
striking  part  of  a  thrashing  or  other  ma- 
chine. 

Beater-up  (bet'er-up),  n.  One  who  beats 
for  game.  'A  most  potent  and  victorious 
stealerof  deer  and  beater-up  of  parks. '  Sam. 
Butler. 

Beatht  (beth),  v.t.  To  plunge;  to  bathe.  'A 
tall  young  oake  .  .  .  beathed  in  fire  for 
steele  to  be  in  sted. '  Spenser. 

Beatific,  Beatifical  (be-a-tif'ik,  be-a-tif'ik- 
al),  a.  [See  BEATIFY.]  Blessing  or  making 
happy;  imparting  bliss.  '  The  greatness  and 
strangeness  of  the  beatific  vision.'  South. 

Beatlflcally  (be-a-tif'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  a 
beatific  manner. 

Beatification  (be-at'i-fl.  ka"shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  beatifying  or  of  rendering  or  pro- 
nouncing happy;  the  state  of  being  blessed; 
blessedness.  'The  end  of  a  Christian  .  .  . 
the  rest  of  a  Christian,  and  the  beatifica- 
tion of  his  spirit.'  Jer.  Taylor.— 2.  In  the 
R.  Cath.  Ch.  an  act  of  the  pope,  by  which 
he  declares  a  person  beatified  or  blessed 
after  death.  This  is  the  first  step  toward 
canonization  or  the  raising  of  one  to  the 
dignity  of  a  saint.  No  person  can  be  beati- 
fied till  fifty  years  after  his  death.  All  cer- 
tificates or  attestations  of  his  virtues  and 
miracles  are  examined  by  the  congregation 
of  rites,  and  this  examination  continues 
often  for  years,  after  which  his  holiness 
decrees  the  beatification,  and  the  corpse 
and  relics  of  the  intended  saint  are  exposed 
to  the  veneration  of  all  good  Christians.— 
Beatification,  Canonization.  See  CANONIZA- 
TION. 

Beatify  (be-at'i-fi),  u«.  pret.  <tpp.  beatified; 
ppr.  beatifying.  [Fr.  beatifier,  L.  beatifi- 
care,  to  make  blessed — beatus,  blessed,  and 
faeere,  to  make.]  1.  To  make  happy;  to 
bless  with  the  completion  of  celestial  en- 
joyment. 'Beatified  spirits.'  Dryden.— 
2.  To  pronounce  or  regard  as  happy,  or  as 
conferring  happiness.  'The  common  con- 
ceits and  phrases  that  beatify  wealth.'  Bar- 
row. [Rare.]  Specifically— 3.  In  the  R.  Co  th. 
Ch.  to  declare  by  a  decree  or  public  act  that 
a  person  is  received  into  heaven  and  is  to 
be  reverenced  as  blessed  though  not  canon- 
ized. 

Beating  (bet'ing),  n.    1.  The  act  of  striking 


or  giving  blows;  punishment  or  chastise- 
ment by  blows;  a  flogging.  2.  Kifgnlar  pill- 
Ration  or  throbbing.  "Hie  h-iitni,n,  of  my 
heart.'  Wiirdmorth.—  3.  In  7«««ic,  the  regu- 
lar pnlsative  swellings  •><  sound  produced 
by  the  pipes  of  an  organ  or  the  strings  of  ;t 
pi:inii.  &c.,  when  sounding  together  in  all 
but  perfect  unison.— 4.  Xaut.  the  operation 
of  making  progress  at  sea  against  the  direc- 
tion of  the  wind  in  a  zigzag  line ;  or,  more 
commonly,  turning  to  windward  in  a  storm 
or  fresh  wind. 

Beatitude  (be-at'i-tud),  n.  [L.  beatilm/,,. 
from  beatus,  blessed.]  1.  Blessedness:  feli- 
city of  the  highest  kind;  consummate  bliss. 

About  him  all  the  sanctities  of  heaven 

Stood  thick  as  stars,  and  from  his  sight  received 

Beatitude  past  utterance.  Atitlan. 

2.  One  of  the  declarations  of  blessedness  to 
particular  virtues,  made  by  our  Saviour  in 
the  sermon  on  the  mount. 

Christ,  on  the  mountain,  taught  the  perfectioning 
of  the  law  when  he  pronounced  those  strange  beati- 
tudes never  afore  heard  of.  udall. 

8.  In  theB.  Cath.Ch.  beatification.  Milman. 
SYN.  Blessedness,  bliss,  felicity,  happiness. 
Beau  (bo),  n.  pi.  Beaux  (bo).  [Fr.  beau, 
O.Fr.  bel,  from  L.  bellus,  beautiful.]  1.  One 
whose  great  care  is  to  deck  his  person  ac- 
cording to  the  fashion  of  the  times ;  a  fop ; 
a  dandy.  —2.  A  man  who  attends  or  Is  suitor 
to  a  lady. 

Her  love  was  sought,  I  do  aver, 

By  twenty  beaux  and  more ; 
The  king  himself  has  followed  her 

When  she  has  walked  before.          Goldsmith. 

Beaufet  (bp'fet),  n.  [See  BUFFET.]  A  cup- 
board or  side-board;  a  buffet.  'A  spacious 
beaufet  .  .  .  filled  with  gold  and  silver  ves- 
sels.' Prescott. 

Beaufin  (bo'fln),  n.  [Fr.  beau,  beautiful, 
a.ndfin,  fine.]  A  variety  of  apple;  a  biffin. 

Beau  Ideal  (bo  l-de'al  or  i-da-al),  n.  [Fr. 
beau  ideal.}  A  mental  conception  or  image 
of  any  object,  moral  or  physical,  in  its  per- 
fect typical  form  free  from  all  the  defor- 
mities, defects,  and  blemishes  accompanying 
its  actual  existence ;  a  model  of  excellence 
in  the  mind  or  fancy;  ideal  excellence. 

Beaulsh  (bo'ish),  a.  Like  a  beau ;  foppish ; 
fine.  'A  beauish  young  spark.'  Byrom. 

Beau  Monde  (bo  mond),  n.  [Fr.  beau,  fine, 
and  monde,  world.]  The  fashionable  world; 
people  of  fashion  and  gaiety. 

Beaumontite  (bo'mont-it),  n.  [After  Prof. 
.Elie  de  Beaumont.]  In  mineral,  a  hydro- 
silicate  of  calcium.  Called  also  Heulandite. 

Beau-peer,  t  Beauperet  (bo'per),  n.  [Fr. 
beau,  fair,  good,  and  pair,  an  equal,  a  com- 
panion.] A  good  companion  or  friend. 
'  Leading  him  into  a  secret  shade  from  his 
beauperes.'  Spenser.  Written  also  Beau- 
phere,  in  which  case  the  spelling  is  modified 
by  the  influence  of  O.E.fere,  a  companion. 

Beau-semblant,  t  n.  [Fr.  beau,  and  sem- 
blant,  appearance.]  Fair  appearance.  Chau- 
cer. 

Beauahlp  (bS'ship),  n.    The  character  and 

quality  of  a  beau:  with  possessive  pronouns 
used  by  way  of  title. 

You  laugh  not,  gallants,  as  by  proof  appears, 
At  what  his  beauship  says,  but  what  he  wears. 
Dryden. 

Beau-Slre.t  n.    [Fr.]    Fair  sir:  an  ancient 

and  formal  mode  of  address. 
Beauteous  (bu'te-us),  a.  Possessing  beauty; 

beautiful. 

I  can,  Petruchio,  help  thee  to  a  wife, 

With  wealth  enough,  and  young,  and  beauteous. 

Beauteously  (bu'te-us-li),  adv.  In  a  beau- 
teous manner;  in  a  manner  pleasing  to  the 
sight;  beautifully. 

Look  upon  pleasures  not  upon  that  side  that  is 
next  the  sun,  or  where  they  look  btaiiteoitsly. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

Beauteousness  (bu'te-us-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  beauteous;  beauty. 

Beautlfication  (bu'ti-fl-ka"shon)(  n.  The  act 
of  beautifying  or  rendering  beautiful;  deco- 
ration ;  adornment ;  embellishment.  '  This 
thing  and  that  necessary  to  the  beavtifica- 
tion  of  the  room.'  Mrs.  Craik. 

Beautified  (bu'ti-fid),  pp.  Adorned;  made 
beautiful:  in  her.  applied  to  the  ornamental 
part  of  a  charge  or  bearing,  as  crowns,  caps, 
&c. .  when  decorated  with  jewels,  feathers, 
gold,  Ac 

Beautifler  (bu'ti.fi-4r).  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  makes  beautiful. 

Semiramis.  the  founder  of  Babylon,  according  to 
Justin  and  Strain' ;  but  the  entarger  only  and  beauti- 
fif  of  it,  according  to  Herodotus.  Costard. 

Beautiful  (bu'ti-ful).  a.  Having  the  quali- 
ties that  constitute  beauty;  pleasing  to  the 


ch,  cAain; 
VOL.  I. 


6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^r;      TH,  then;  th,  (Wn;     w,  u>ig;     wh,  whig; 


zh,  azure.  —See  KEY. 
16 


BEAUTIFULLY 


242 


HEf'HIC 


ear,  the  eye,  or  the  mind;  beauteous.  '  Ida- 
lian  Aphrodite  beautiful.'  Tennyson. 

If  God  hath  made  this  world  so  fair, 

Where  sin  and  death  abound. 
How  beautiful  beyond  compare 

Will  Paradise  be  found  1      James  Montgo mery. 
Silence,  beautiful  voice  I 
Be  still,  for  you  only  trouble  the  mind 
With  a  joy  in  which  I  cannot  rejoice.     Ttnttyson. 
It  is  a  beautiful  necessity  of  our  nature  to  love 
something.  D.  yerrold. 

—Thebeautiful.that  which  possessesbeauty; 
beauty  in  the  abstract;  as,  the  beautiful  in 
nature  or  art. 

Can  we  conceive  of  a  period  of  human  develop- 
ment at  which  religion  is  the  worship  of  the  beauti- 
ful, Dr.  Caird. 

SYN.  Lovely,  charming,  beauteous,  elegant, 
fair,  handsome,  comely,  graceful. 

Beautifully  (bu'ti-ful-li),  adv.  In  a  beauti- 
ful manner.  'Fine  by  degrees  and  beauti- 
fully less.'  Prior. 

Beautlfulness  (bu'ti-ful-nes),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  beautiful ;  elegance  of  form ; 
beauty. 

Beautify  (bu'ti-f  I),  v.  t.  pret.  A  pp.  beautified; 
ppr.  beautifying.  [E.  beauty,  and  L.  famo, 
to  make.]  To  make  or  render  beautiful;  to 
adorn ;  to  deck ;  to  grace ;  to  decorate ;  to 
embellish.  'The  arts  that  beautify  and 
polish  life.'  Burke. 

Beautify  (bu'ti-fi),D.t.  To  become  beautiful; 
to  advance  in  beauty.  [Rare.] 

It  must  be  a  prospect  pleasing  to  God  himself  to 
see  his  creation  for  ever  beautifying  in  his  eyes. 

Addison. 

Beautlless  (bu'ti-les),a.  Destitute  of  beauty. 
'Unamiable,  beaut&ese,  reprobate.'  Ham- 
mond. 

Beauty  (bu'ti),  n.  [O.E.  beaulte,  beautee, 
&C-,  O.Fr.  bealtet,  beltet,  biaute,  Vr.beauU, 
beauty,  from  L.L.  bellitai,  bellitatis,  beauty, 
from  L.  bellus,  beautiful.]  1.  A'n  assemblage 
of  perfections  through  which  an  object  is 
rendered  pleasing  to  the  eye;  those  qualities 
in  the  aggregate  that  give  pleasure  to  the 
aesthetic  sense.  Beauty  that  is  perceived 
by  the  eye  at  first  view  may  be  called  in- 
trinsic; the  term  relative  may  be  applied  to 
that  to  perceive  which  the  aid  of  the  under- 
standing and  reflection  is  requisite.  Thus, 
the  beauty  of  a  machine  is  not  perceived  till 
we  understand  its  uses  and  adaptation  to 
its  purpose.  This  is  called  the  beauty  of 
utility.  By  an  easy  transition  the  word 
beauty  is  used  to  express  what  is  pleasing 
to  the  ear  or  to  the  understanding.  Thus 
we  say.  the  beauty  of  a  thought,  of  a  re- 
mark, of  sound,  &c. 

AH  the  objects  we  call  beautiful  agree  in  two  things, 
which  seem  to  concur  in  our  sense  of  beauty.  First, 
when  they  are  perceived,  or  even  imagined,  they  pro- 
duce a  certain  agreeable  emotion  or  feeling  in  the 
mind ;  and,  secondly,  this  agreeable  emotion  is  ac- 
companied with  an  opinion  or  belief  of  their  having 
some  perfection  or  excellence  belonging  to  them. 

Reid. 

2.  A  particular  grace  or  ornament;  any  par- 
ticular thing  which  is  beautiful  and  pleas- 
ing ;  a  part  which  surpasses  in  beauty  that 
with  which  it  is  united  ;  as,  the  beauties  of 
an  author.  'The  beauties  of  nature.'  Dry- 
den,  'The  several  beauties  of  the  ancient 
and  modern  historians. '  Arbuthnot. — 3.  A 
beautiful  person;  especially,  a  beautiful 
woman. 

And  I  have  shadowed  many  a  group 

Of  beauties,  that  were  born 
In  teacup-times  of  hood  and  hoop, 

Or  while  the  patch  was  worn.        Tennyson. 

4.  t  Prevailing  style  or  taste ;  rage;  fashion. 

She  stained  her  hair  yellow,  which  was  then  the 
beauty.  jfer.  Taylor. 

SYN.  Elegance,  grace,  loveliness,  comeli- 
ness,fairness,goodliness,gracefulness,adorn- 
ment. 

Beauty  t  (bu'ti),  v.t.  To  adorn;  to  beautify 
or  embellish.  '  The  harlot's  cheek  beautied 
with  plastering  art.'  Shak. 

Beauty-spot  (bu'ti-spot),  n.  A  patch  or 
spot  placed  on  the  face  to  heighten  beauty; 
something  that  heightens  beauty  by  con- 
trast; a  foil. 

The  filthiness  of  swine  makes  them  the  beauty-spat 
of  the  animal  creation.  Grew. 

Beaver  (be'ver),  n.  [A,  Sax.  beofer,  befer, 
beber;  D.  bever,  Dan.  bcever,  Sw.  biifver,  Icel 
bjorr,  G.  biber,  Gael,  beabhar,  Corn,  befr; 
L.  fiber,  older  form  biber  (according  to  the 
Scholiast  on  Juvenal  Sat.  12),  whence  the 
Romance  forms  Fr.  bievre,  It.  bivaro,  Ac. ; 
Lith.  bebrus,  Slav,  bobr,  beaver.  Curtius 
connects  it  with  Skr.  babhru,  tawny,  hence 
a  rat]  1.  A  rodent  quadruped,  about  2  feet 
in  length,  of  the  genus  Castor  (C.  fiber),  at 
one  time  common  in  the  northern  regions 


of  both  hemispheres,  but  now  found  in  con- 
siderable numbers  only  in  North  America, 
living  in  colonies,  but  occurring  solitary  m 
Central  Europe  and  Asia.  It  has  short  ears, 
a  blunt  nose,  small  fore-feet,  large  webbed 
hind-feet  with  a  flat  ovate  tail  covered  with 
scales  on  its  upper  surface.  It  is  valued  for 


Beaver  (Castor fiber). 

its  fur,  which  used  to  be  largely  employed 
in  the  manufacture  of  hats,  but  for  which 
silk  is  now  for  the  most  part  substituted, 
and  for  an  odoriferous  secretion  named 
castor  (which  see).  Its  food  consists  of  the 
bark  of  trees,  leaves,  roots,  and  berries. 
The  favourite  haunts  of  the  beavers  are 
rivers  and  lakes  which  are  bordered  by 
forests.  When  they  find  a  stream  not  suffi- 
ciently deep  for  their  purpose  they  throw 
across  it  a  dam  constructed  with  great  ingen- 
uity of  wood,  stones,  and  mud.  In  winter 
they  live  in  houses,  which  are  3  to  4  feet 
high,  are  built  on  the  water's  edge,  and 
afford  them  protection  from  wolves  and 
other  wild  animals.  There  are  several  varie- 
ties, as  C.  nigra,  or  black  beaver,  C.  alba, 
or  white  beaver,  and  C.  varia,  or  spotted 
beaver.— 2.  The  fur  of  the  beaver.— 3.  A  hat 
made  of  beaver-fur.  'A  brown  beaver 
slouched  over  his  eyes.'  Prescott. —  4  A 
kind  of  strong  felted  cloth  used  for  making 
overcoats. 

Beaver  (be'ver),  a.  Made  of  beaver  or  of 
the  fur  of  beaver;  as,  a  beaver  hat. 

Beaver  (be'ver),  n.  [O.E.  bavier,  bever, 
from  O.Fr.  baviere,  a  child's  bib,  a  beaver, 
Fr.  baver,  to  slobber,  bane,  It.  bava,  slaver.] 
The  movable  face-guard  of  a  helmet,  so 
constructed  with  joints  or  otherwise  that 


Helmets,  time  of  Henry  VII. 
i,  Beaver  raised.  2,  Beaver  closed. 

the  wearer  could  raise  or  lower  it  to  eat 
and  drink ;  a  visor :  sometimes  also  used  to 
signify  the  whole  helmet.  Written  also  Bee- 
vor,  Bevor,  Bever.  '  He  wore  his  beaver  up.' 
Shak.  '  Their  armed  staves  in  charge,  their 
beavers  down.'  Shak. 

Beavered  (be'vcrd),  a.  Covered  with  or 
wearing  a  beaver.  'His  beavered  brow  a 
beechen  garland  wears.'  Pope. 

Beaver-rat  (be'ver-rat).  n.  1.  The  common 
name  applied  to  the  members  of  the  genus 
Hydromys,  a  Tasmanian  genus  containing 
certain  rodent  quadrupeds,  inhabiting  the 
banks  both  of  salt  and  fresh  waters.  They 
are  admirable  swimmers  and  divers,  and  ex- 
ceedingly shy,  recalling  to  the  emigrant  the 
water-vole  of  Europe.  Like  the  vole  these 
animals  sit  upright,  conveying  their  food  to 
their  mouths  with  the  fore-paws.  —  2.  The 
musk-rat  (which  see). 

Beaverteen  (be'ver-ten),  n.  [Erroneously 
formed  from  beaver,  on  the  model  of  velvet- 
een.] A  species  of  fustian  cloth. 

Beaver-tree  (be'ver-tre),  n.  A  low-growing 
deciduous  tree  of  the  genus  Magnolia  (.V. 
o!ouca),nat.  order  Magnoliacese,  foundgrow- 
mg  in  the  swamps  of  North  America,  and  so 
called  because  the  root  is  eaten  by  beavers, 
and  its  wood  is  much  used  by  these  ani- 
mals in  constructing  their  houses. 

Bebeerine,  Bebearine  (be-be'rin),  n.  The 
active  principle  of  the  bark  of  the  bebeeru 
or  green-heart  tree  of  Guiana.  It  appears  to 
be  analogous  to  quinine,  and  both  it  and  its 
salts  are  bitter,  and  highly  febrifuge.  Also 
called  Biberine. 


Bebeeru,  Bebearu  (be-be'ro),  n.  [Native 
name.]  A  tree  of  British  Guiana  (Xcctan- 
dra  Ilodicei),  nat.  order  Lauracerc,  the  tim- 
ber of  which  is  known  to  wood-merchants 
by  the  name  of  green-heart,  and  is  largely 
imported  for  the  building  of  ships  and  sub- 
marine structures. 

Bebleedt  (bc-bled'),  v.  t.  [Prefix  be,  and  bleed. } 
To  make  bloody.  Chaucer. 

BeblOOd.t  Bebloodyt  (be-blud',  be-blud'i), 
v.  t.  [Prefix  be,  and  blood.]  To  make  bloody. 
Shimon. 

Beblott  (be-blof),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  blot.} 
To  blot;  to  stain. 

Beblubber  (be-blub'ber),  v.  t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
blubber.]    To  foul  or  swell  with  weeping. 
Her  eyes  all  beblubbered  with  tears.        Snelton. 

Becafico,  Becaflgo  (bek-a-fe'ko,  bek-a-fe'- 
go),  n.  Same  asBeccafico. 

Becalm  (be-kam'),  v.  t.  [Prefix  be,  and  calm.  ] 
See  CALM.]  1.  To  still;  to  make  quiet;  to  ap- 
pease; to  stop  or  repress  motion  in  a  body; 
to  calm:  used  of  the  elements  and  of  the 
passions. 

The  moon  shone  clear  on  the  becalmed  flood. 

Dryden. 

Banish  his  sorrows  and  becalm  his  soul  with  easy 
dreams.  AddisoH. 

2.  To  keep  from  motion  for  want  of  wind; 
to  delay  by  a  calm;  as,  high  lands  becalm  a 
ship. 

A  man  becalmed  at  sea,  out  of  sight  of  land,  in  a 
fair  day.  may  look  on  the  sun,  or  sea,  or  ship,  a  whole 
hour,  and  perceive  no  motion.  Locke. 

Becalming  (b^-k&m'ing),  n.  The  state  of 
being  becalmed;  a  calm  at  sea.  [Rare  or 
obsolete.] 

Other  unlucky  accidents  oftentimes  happen  in  these 
seas,  especially  in  becalming!.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Became  (be-kam').  pret.  of  become.    See  BK- 

COME. 

Because  (be-kaz'),  conj.  [Be  for  by,  and 
cause;  O.E.  bicause,  bycause.]  1.  By  cause, 
or  by  the  cause ;  on  this  account ;  for  the 
cause  which  is  explained  in  the  next  propo- 
sition; for  the  reason  next  explained.  Thus, 
I  fled,  because  I  was  afraid,  is  to  be  thus  re- 
solved: I  fled,  by  the  cause,  for  the  cause, 
which  is  mentioned  in  the  next  affirmation, 
viz.,  I  was  afraid.  Hence,  cause  being  a 
noun,  because  may  be  regularly  followed  by 
of. 

Why  is  our  food  so  very  sweet! 
Because  we  earn  before  we  eat.  Cotton. 

The  spirit  is  life,  becau 

2.t  That;  in  order  that. 

And  the  multitude  rebuked  them,  because  they 
should  hold  their  peace.  Mat.  xx.  31. 

Beccabunga  (bek-a-bung'ga),  n.  [L.G.  becJce- 

bunge,  G.  bachbunge,  from  becke,  bach,  a 

brook,  and  bunge,  a  drum,  or  something 
drum-shaped,  a  bunch.  The  name  is  given 
probably  from  its  swollen  tubers.]  The 
trivial  name  of  the  plant  Veronica,  Becca- 
bunga,  brooklime. 

BeccaflCO  (bek-a-feTco),n.  [It,  from  beccare, 
to  peck  with  the  beak  (see  BEAK),  and  fico, 
a  fig.  ]  A  passerine  bird,  of  the  genus  Sylvia 
(S.  hortensis),  family  Sylviada:,  resembling 
a  nightingale,  which  feeds  on  figs  ana 
grapes:  known  also  as  the  greater  petty- 
chaps  and  garden-warbler.  It  makes  its  ap- 
pearance in  England  along  with  other 
warblers  in  April  and  May.  Its  song  is  little 
inferior  to  that  of  the  nightingale.  Its 
bead,  back,  neck,  and  tail  are  of  a  greenish 
gray. 

Beccamoschlno  (bek'a-mas-ke"n8),  n.  The 
Italian  name  of  the  fantail  warbler  (Sylvia 
cisticola). 

Bechamel  (besh'a-mel),  n.  [Named  after  its 
inventor,  the  Marquis  of  Bechamel,  steward 
of  Louis  XI V.  ]  A  fine  white  broth  or  sauce 
thickened  with  cream. 

Bechance  (be-chans').  v  .t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
chance.  ]  To  befall ;  to  happen  to.  '  What 
hath  bechanced  them?'  Shak. 

Bechance  t  (he-Chans'),  ado.  Accidentally; 
by  chance.  '  We  bechance  lost  our  sovereign 
lord.'  Graf  ton. 

Becharm  (be-charmO,  ».t  [Prefix  be,  and 
charm.]  To  charm;  to  captivate.  'My  rea- 
son long  hath  been  bechanntd. '  Beau.  &  Fl. 

Beche-de-mer  (bash-de-mar),  n.  [Fr. ,  lit. 
sea-spade,  because  when  dried  and  pressed 
they  have  a  shape  not  unlike  a  spade.)  The 
trepang,  a  species  of  Holothuria  or  sea-slug. 
See  TREPANQ. 

Bechlct  (beltik).  n.  [Or.  bechikot,  pertaining 
to  a  cough,  from  bex,  bichos,  a  cough.]  A 
medicine  for  relieving  coughs,  synonymous 
with  Pectoral,  which  is  now  the  term  mostly 
used. 


e  (^righteousness. 

Rom.  viii.  10. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  m»ve;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  ley 


BECHUANA 


243 


HKDASIl 


Bechuana,  Becliuan  (bech-u  a'na.  bech'- 
N-iin).  n.  One  of  a  people  inhabiting  South 
Africa,  between  Ion.  23°  and  2!)'  E. ,  lat.  18" 
and  '28°  S. ,  described  as  superior  to  the  Kaf- 
firs in  civilization  ami  appearance.  They 
are  unwarlike,  fond  of  agriculture,  and  in- 
habit towns  with  well-constructed  houses. 

Beck  (bek),  n.  [A.  Sax.  becc,  a  brook;  Icel. 
br.kkr.  Dan.  balk,  Sw.  back,  D.  beek,  (i.  bach, 
a  brook.  It  is  the  beck  found  in  names  of 
places  in  Britain  situated  near  a  stream,  as 
Vfalbeck,  Buds'wcfc,  TruutMr.  ]  A  small 
brook.  'The  brooks,  the  becks,  the  rills.' 
Drayton.  [Provincial.] 

Beck  (bek),  n.  A  vat  or  vessel  used  in  a 
dye-house;  a  back. 

Beck  (bek),  v.i.  [Shortened  form  of  beckon. 
Sue  liKt'KuN,  u.i.]  To  uod  or  make  a  signifi- 
cant gesture. 

Who's  lie  but  bowed  if  this  great  prince  but  bcckcdt 
Dray  ton. 

Beck  (lick),  v.t.  To  call  by  a  nod;  to  inti- 
mate a  command  or  desire  to  by  gesture. 

Boll,  book,  and  candle  shall  not  drive  me  back. 
When  gold  and  silver  becks  me  to  come  on.     Sliak. 

Beck  (bek),  ».  A  nod  of  the  head  or  other 
significant  gesture  intended  to  be  under- 
stood by  some  person,  especially  as  a  sign  of 
command.  '  Nods,  and  becks,  and  wreathed 
smiles.'  Milton. 

Beckt  (bek),  71.  [Fr.  bee,  a 
beak  (which  see).]  1.  A 
beak.  —2.  A  pendent  tippet 
of  the  head-dress,  turned 
like  a  beak  over  the  fore- 
head, worn  in  the  time  of 
Henry  VI. 

Becker  (bek'er),  n.  A  fish  of 
the  genus  Pagrus,  other- 
wise  called    braize  or    king   of   the   sea- 
breams. 

Becket  (bek'et),  n.  A  contrivance  in  ships 
for  confining  loose  ropes,  tackles,  or  spars, 
as  a  large  hook,  a  rope  with  an  eye  at  one 
end,  or  a  wooden  bracket. 

Beck-barman  t  (bek-hartnau),  n.  [Also 
written  Harman-beck;  the  beck  is  probably 
the  same  as  modern  slang  beak,  for  a  magis- 
trate or  constable.]  In  old  slang  a  con- 
stable. B.  Jonson. 

Beckon  (bek'n),  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  beilcn,  becen, 
a  sign,  a  token,  a  beacon,  bedcnuin,  becnian, 
bycnian,  to  beckon;  Icel.  bdkna.]  To  make 
a  sign  to  another  by  nodding,  winking,  or  a 
motion  of  the  hand  or  finger,  &c.,  intended 
as  a  hint  or  intimation. 

Alexander  beckoned  with  the  hand,  and  would  have 
made  his  defence  unto  the  people.  Acts  xix.  33. 

Beckon  (buk'n),  v.t.  To  make  a  significant 
sign  to;  to  direct  by  making  signs. 

I  see  a  hand  you  cannot  see, 
Which  beckons  me  away.  Tickell. 

Beckon  (bek'n),  ».     A  significant  gesture. 

'  At  the  first  beckon. '  Bolingbroke.  [Rare  ] 
Beclipt  (be-klip'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  clip, 

to  embrace.]    To  embrace. 

And  sodenly.  ere  she  it  wiste, 

Beclipt  in  armes  he  her  kiste.  Goiver. 

Becloud  (be-kloud'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
cloud.]  Tocloud;  toobscure;  todim  'Storms 
of  tears  becloud  his  eyes.'  Ph.  Fletcher. 

Become  (be-kum'),  v.i.  pret.  became;  pp.  be- 
come; ppr.  becoming.  [O.E.  becumen,  bicu- 
men,  bi/cumen,  <&c.,  from  A.  Sax.  becuman 
•human,  to  fall  out,  happen,  to  attain— pre- 
fix be^by,  and  cuinan,  to  come,  to  happen; 
comp.  D.  bekomen,  to  get,  to  agree  with,  G. 
bekominen,  to  attain,  to  suit;  beikommen, 
to  reach,  to  match;  Goth,  bekviman,  to  at- 
tain, to  obtain.]  1.  To  pass  from  one  state  to 
another;  to  enter  into  some  state  or  condi- 
tion by  a  change  from  another  state  or  con- 
lition,  or  by  assuming  or  receiving  new  pro- 
srties  or  qualities,  additional  matter,  or  a 
new  character;  as,  a  boy  becomes  a  man. 

The  Lord  God  .  .      breathed  into  his  nostrils  the 
eath  of  life,  and  man  became  a  living  soul. 

I  rue  that  error  now  which  is  become  my'crime7 

—To  become  of,  usually  with  what  preced- 
ing; to  be  the  fate  of ;  to  be  the  end  of  •  to 

»  the  final  or  subsequent  condition ;  as 
what  will  become  of  our  commerce?  what 

ill  becoine  of  us?  It  applies  to  place  as  well 
as  condition.  What  has  become  of  my  friend  ? 
that  is,  where  is  he?  as  well  as,  wliat  is  his 
condition? 

Ifhat  is  then  become  o/  so  huge  a  multitude  t 

— To  become,  with  where  in  direct  or  indirect 
questions:  (o)  to  betake  one's  self. 

You  shall  have  sometimes  fair  houses  so  full  of 
is  that  one  cannot  tell  where  to  become  to  be  out 
of  the  sun  or  cold.  Bacon 


(b)  To  fall  into  certain  circumstances  or  a 
curtain  condition.  [Obsolete  in  both  senses.) 

I  cannot  joy.  until  I  bo  resolved 

n'licre  our  right  valiant  father  is  become.      Shak. 

2  To  be  proper ;  to  be  decorous  or  becom- 
ing. 

Set  tins  diamond  safe 
In  golden  palaces,  as  it  becomes.  Shak. 

Become  (bu-kum'),  v.t.  In  general,  to  suit 
or  to  be  suitable  to;  to  be  congruous  with; 
to  befit;  to  accord  with,  in  character  or  cir- 
cumstances; to  be  worthy  of,  or  proper  to; 
to  grace  ;  to  adorn :  applied  to  persons  or 
things. 

If  I  become  not  a  cart  as  well  as  another  man,  a 
plague  on  my  bringing  up!  I  hone  I  shall  as  soon 
be  strangled  with  a  halter  as  another.  Shak. 

This  use  of  the  word,  however,  is  less  fre- 
quent, the  verb  usually  expressing  the  suit- 
ableness of  things  to  persons  or  to  other 
things;  as,  a  robe  becomes  a  prince. 

Nothing  in  his  life  became  him  like  the  leaving  it, 
&£*, 

I  have  known  persons  so  anxious  to  have  their 
dress  become  them,  as  to  convert  it  at  length  into 
their  proper  self,  and  thus  actually  to  become  the 
dress.  Coleridge. 

Becomedt(be-kum'ed),<i.  UsedbyShakspere, 
in  the  following  passage,  for  becomitig. 

I  met  the  youthful  lord  at  Laurence*  cell. 
And  gavellim  what  becomed  love  I  might. 
Not  stepping  o'er  the  bounds  of  modesty. 

Rom.  &•  Jut.  iv.  a. 

Becoming  (be-kum'ing),  a.  Fit;  suitable; 
congruous;  proper;  graceful;  belonging  to 
the  character,  or  adapted  to  circumstances; 
as,  he  speaks  with  becoming  boldness;  a 
dress  is  very  becoming.  '  A  low  and  becom- 
ing tone.'  Thackeray.  Sometimes  followed 
by  of  formerly.  'Such  discourses  as  are  be- 
coming of  them.'  Dryden.—The  becoming, 
that  which  is  appropriate,  fit,  or  suitable. 

As  soon  as  the  officiating  minister  began  to  read 
the  collect  for  the  king.  Burnet.  among  whose  many 
good  qualities  self-command  and  a  fine  sense  of  tile 
becoming  cannot  be  reckoned,  rose  from  his  knees, 
sat  down  in  his  stall,  and  uttered  some  contemptuous 
noises  which  disturbed  the  devotions  of  the  congre- 
gation. Macaulay. 

Sis.  Fit,  suitable,  congruous,  meet,  appro- 
priate, befitting,  seemly,  proper,  comely, 
graceful,  decent. 

Becoming!  (be-kum'ing),  n.  Something 
worn  as  an  ornament. 

Sir,  forgive  me, 

Since  my  becomings  kill  me,  when  they  not 
Eye  well  to  you.  Sltai 

Becomingly  (be-kum'ing-Ii),  ode.  After  a 
becoming  or  proper  manner. 

Beconiingness(be-kum'ing-nes),  n.  Fitness; 
congruity;  propriety;  decency;  gracefulness 
arising  from  fitness,  '  JBecomingness  of  vir- 
tue.' Delany. 

Becripple  (be-krip'pl),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
cripple.]  To  make  lame;  to  cripple.  'Those 
whom  you  bedwarf  and  becripple  by  your 
poisonous  medicines.'  Dr.  H.  More  [Hare] 

Becuiba-nut  (ba-kwe'ba-nut),  n.  [Contr. 
for  ibicuiba,  the  native  name.]  A  nut  pro- 
duced by  a  Brazilian  tree,  from  which  a  bal- 
sam is  drawn  that  is  considered  of  value  in 
rheumatism. 

Becuna(be-ko'na),  n.  A  ferocious  fish  of  the 
Mediterranean  (Sphyrcena  vulgaris),  family 
Sphynenidte,  resembling  the  pike.  From 
its  scales  and  air-bladder  is  obtained  a  sub- 
stance useful  in  the  manufacture  of  artificial 
pearls.  The  flesh  is  well  flavoured. 

Becurl  (be-kerl'),  v.  t.    To  curl 

Bed  (bed),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bed,  bedd,  D.  bed, 
bea.de,  Dan,  bed,  Icel.  bed  (bethr),  Goth,  badi, 
G.  belt,  a  bed.]  1.  That  on  or  in  which  one 
sleeps,  or  which  is  specially  intended  to  give 
ease  to  the  body  at  night;  a  large  flat  bag 
filled  with  feathers,  down,  wool,  chaff,  or 
other  soft  material*:  the  word  may  include 
or  even  be  used  for  the  bedstead;  as,  a 
feather  bed;  a  bed  of  straw;  the  bare  earth 
for  a  bed. 

A  chest  contrived  a  double  debt  to  pay, 
A  bed  by  night,  a  chest  of  drawers  by  day. 

Goldsmith. 

Marriage ;  matrimonial  connection. 
'  George,  the  eldest  son  of  his  second  bed. ' 
Clarendon.— 3.  A  plat  or  piece  of  ground  in 
a  garden,  usually  a  little  raised  above  the 
adjoining  ground.  '  Beds  of  hyacinths  and 
roses  '  Hilton. —4.  The  bottom  of  a  river  or 
other  stream,  or  of  any  body  of  water.  — 
6.  A  layer ;  a  stratum ;  an  extended  mass  of 
anything,  whether  upon  the  earth  or  within 
it;  as,  &bed  of  sulphur;  a  bed  of  sand  or  clay. 
Geologists  commonly  employ  this  term  to 
signify  a  stratum  of  considerable  thickness, 
but  there  is  no  fixed  rule.— 0.  In  mining,  a 


horizontal  vein  of  ore,  ".  That  on  which 
anything  lies,  or  in  which  anything  is  em- 
bedded. 

Those  sleeping  stones,  .  .  , 
By  this  time  from  their  lixcd  beds  of  lime 
Had  been  dishabited.  .sAa*. 

In  this  sense  the  word  is  used  in  different 
trades  in  a  great  number  of  specific  significa- 
tions; as,  (a)  in  building,  (1 )  either  of  the  hori- 
zontal surfaces  of  a  building-stone  in  posi- 
tion. The  surfaces  are  distinguished  as  the 
upper  and  the  lower  bed.  (2)  The  under  sur- 
face  of  a  brick,  shingle,  slate,  or  tile  in  posi- 
tion (6)  In  gun.  the  foundation-piece  of 
a  gun-carriage.  The  bed  of  a  mortar  is  a 
solidpieceof  hardwood, hollow  in  the  middle 
to  receive  the  breech  and  half  the  trunnions, 
(c)  In  maak.  the  foundation-piece  on  which 
the  machine  is  constructed,  (d)  In  a  grind- 
ing-mill,  the  lower  grindstone,  (e)  In  print- 
ing, the  platform  of  a  printing-press  on 
which  a  form  is  laid.  (/)  In  railway  con- 
struction, the  superficial  earthwork  with  the 
ballasting. —Bed  of  justice  [Fr.  lit  de  justice], 

(a)  a  throne  on  which  the  King  of  France  was 
seated  when  he  went  to  parliament.    Hence 

(b)  a  fonnal  visit  of  a  king  of  France  to  his 
parliament.  These  visitshad  several  objects; 
but  latterly,   when  parliament   became  a 
power  in  the  state,  beds  of  justice  were  held 
principally  for  the  purpose  of  compelling 
parliament  to  register  edicts  of  the  king  when 
they  showed  themselves  unwilling  to  do  so. 
They  were  held  also  to  try  a  peer,  to  create 
new  taxes,  to  declare  the  majority  of  the  king. 
&c.— To  make  a  bed,  to  put  it  in  order  after 
it  has  been  used.— To  be  brought  to  bed,  to  be 
delivered  of  a  child;  followed  by  o/;  as,  to 
be  brought  to  bed  of  a  son.  —  Trussing  bed,  in 
former  times,  a  bed  which  packed  into  a 
chest  for  travelling. — From  board  and  bed, 
a  law  phrase  applied  to  a  separation  of  man 
and  wife  without  dissolving  the  bands  of 
matrimony :  now  called  a  judicial  separa- 
tion.   In  this  case  the  wife  has  a  suitable 
maintenance  allotted  to  her  out  of  the  hus- 
band's estate,  called  alimony. 

Bed  (bed),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp  bedded;  ppr.  bed- 
ding. 1.  To  place  in.  or  as  in,  a  bed.  '  My 
son  in  the  ooze  is  bedded.'  Shak.— 2.  To  go 
to  bed  with;  to  make  partaker  of  one's  bed. 

They  have  married  me! 
I'll  to  the  Tuscan  wars,  and  never  bed  her.    Sha6. 

3.  To  plant  in  beds,  especially  used  of  plant- 
ing large  numbers  of  flowers  in  pleasing 
arrangements:  often  with  out;  as,  to  bed 
out  summer-flowering  plants.— 4.  To  embed; 
to  fix  or  set  in  a  permanent  position;  to 
furnish  with  a  bed ;  as,  to  bed  a  stone ;  to 
bed  a  mortar. 

Among  all  chains  or  clusters  of  mountains  where 
large  bodies  of  still  water  are  bedded,     tyerdrworth. 

6.  To  lay  in  a  stratum;  to  stratify;  to  lay  in 
order  or  flat.    '  Your  bedded  hairs  .  .  .  start 
up  and  stand  on  end.'    Shak. 
Bed  (bed),  v.i.  To  cohabit;  to  use  the  same  bed. 

If  he  be  married  and  bed  with  his  wife.     Wiseman. 

Bed  t  (bed),  pret.  of  bid.     Spenser.    [Rare.] 

Bedabble  (be-dab'bl),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  be- 
dabble; ppr.  bedabbling.  [Prefix  be,  and 
dabble.  ]  To  wet ;  to  sprinkle.  '  Bedabbled 
with  the  dew.'  Shak. 

Bedad  (be -dad'),  interj.  An  Irish  minced 
oath,  a  corruption  of  be  gad,  for  by  Qod ! 
'  Bedad  she'd  come  and  marry  some  of  'em. ' 
Thackeray. 

Bedafft  (be-daf),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  O.E. 
daffe,  a  fool.  AkinSc.  doff,  dating.]  To  make 
a  fool  of.  Chaucer. 

Bedagat(bed'a-gat),»i.  Thenamegiventothe 
sacred  books  of  the  Buddhists  in  Burmah. 

Bedaggle  (be-dag'gl),  t>.  (.  pret.  &  pp.  bedag- 
gled;  ppr.  bcdagyling.  [Prefix  be,  and  dag- 
gle. 1  To  soil,  as  clothes,  by  drawing  the  ends 
in  the  mud,  or  spattering  them  with  dirty 
water.  Jon.  Richardson. 

Bed-ale  t  (bed'al),  n.  Ale  brewed  for  a  con- 
finement or  christening. 

Bedare  t  (be-dar1),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  dare.] 
To  dare;  to  defy. 

The  eagle    ...    is  emboldened 

With  eyes  intentive  to  bedare  the  sun.        Peele. 

Badark  t  (be-dark'),  t>.  t  [Prefix  be,  and  dark  ] 
To  darken.  Gower. 

Bedarken  (be-dark'n),  v.t.  To  obscure;  to 
darken. 

Bedarkened  (be-dark'nd),  p.  and  o.  1.  Ob- 
scured.—2.  Fig.  existing  in  mental  or  moral 
darkness;  sunk  in  ignorance.  'This  be- 
darkened  race. '  Southey. 

Bedash  (be-dashO,  v.  (.  [Prefix  be,  and  dash.] 
To  wet  by  throwing  water  or  other  liquor 
upon ;  to  bespatter  with  water  or  mud. 
'Trees  bedashed  with  rain.'  Shak. 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc  loch;      g,  go;      J.j'ob;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      IH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;     zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BEDAUB 


244 


BED-SORE 


Bedaub  (be-dabO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  daub.] 
To  daub  over ;  to  besmear  with  viscous, 
slimy  matter;  to  soil  with  anything  thick 
and  dirty.  '  Bedaub  fair  designs  with  a  foul 
varnish.'  Barrow. 

Bedazzle  (be-daz'zl),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  be- 
dazzled; ppr.  bedazzling.  [Prefix  be,  and 
dazzle.  ]  To  dazzle  by  too  strong  a  light ; 
to  blind  or  render  incapable  of  seeing 
clearly  by  excess  of  light. 

My  mistaken  eyes, 

That  have  been  so  bedazzled  with  the  sun. 
That  every  thiny  I  look  on  seemeth  green.     Shak. 

Bedazzlingly  (be-daz'zling-li),  ado.  So  as 
to  bedazzle. 

Bed-bolt  (bed'bolt),  n.  Naut.  a  horizontal 
bolt  passing  through  both  the  brackets  of  a 
gun-carriage  on  which  the  forward  end  of 
the  stool-bed  rests. 

Bed-bug  (bed'bug),  n.  The  Ciinex  lectularius, 
infesting  beds.  See  BUG. 

Bed-chair  (bed'char),  n.  A  chair  chiefly  for 
the  sick,  with  a  movable  back,  which  rises 
to  sustain  the  occupant  while  sitting  up,  or 
falls  buck  so  as  to  constitute  a  bed.  Called 
also  Chair-bed. 

Bed-Chamber  (bed'cham-ber),  n.  An  apart- 
ment or  chamber  intended  or  appropriated 
for  a  bed  or  for  sleep  and  repose. — Lords  of 
the  bed-chamber,  officers  of  the  royal  house- 
hold under  the  groom  of  the  stole.  They  are 
twelve  in  number,  and  wait  a  week  each  in 
turn.  The  groom  of  the  stole  does  not  take 
his  turn  of  duty,  but  attends  his  majesty 
on  all  state  occasions.  There  are  thirteen 
grooms  of  the  bed-chamber,  who  wait  like- 
wise iu  turn.  In  the  case  of  a  queen  regnant 
these  posts  are  occupied  by  ladies,  called 
Ladies  of  the  Bed-ckainber. 

Bed-clothes  (bed'kloTHz),  n.  pi.  Blankets 
or  coverlets,  <KC.,  for  beds. 

Bedded  (bed'ed),  p.  and  a.  Laid  in  a  bed; 
embedded;  occurring  as  a  bed  or  layer;  as, 
a  bedded  rock. 

Dost  sit  and  hearken 
The  dreary  melody  of  bedded  reeds 
In  desolate  places.  fCeats. 

Bedder,  Bedetter  (bed'er,  be^det'ter),  n. 
[From  bed.  ]  The  nether  stone  of  an  oil-mill. 
Johnson. 

Bedding  (bed'ing),  n.  l.  The  act  of  placing 
in  a  bed.— 2.  A  bed  and  its  furniture;  a  bed; 
the  materials  of  a  bed,  whether  for  man  or 
beast.— 3.  In  geol.  the  stratification  or  posi- 
tion of  beds  and  layers. — 4.  In  building,  a 
foundation  or  bottom  layer  of  some  kind. 

Bedding-moulding  (bed'ing-mold-ing),  n. 
Same  as  Bed-moulding  (which  see). 

Bedding-Stone  (bed'ing-ston),  n.  In  brick- 
laying, a  straight  piece  of  marble  applied 
to  the  rubbed  side  of  the  brick  to  prove 
whether  the  surface  be  straight. 

Bede  (bed),  n.  In  mining,  a  peculiar  kind 
of  pick-axe.  Ure. 

Bedead  t  (be-dedO,  v.t  To  deaden.  '  Others 
th;it  ace  bedeaded  and  stupefied  as  to  their 
nil  trals. '  Halliwell. 

Bedeck  (be-dek'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  deck.] 
To  deck;  to  adorn;  to  grace.  'Bedecking 
ornaments. '  Shak.  '  Bedecked,  ornate,  and 
gay. '  Milton. 

B^degar,  Bedeguar  (bed'e-gar),  n.  [Fr. 
Mdipar,  bedeguar,  from  Per.  bddtlward,  a 
kind  of  white  thorn  or  thistle.]  A  spongy 
excrescence  or  gall,  sometimes  termed  sweet- 


a  a,  Bedegar  on  the  Rose. 

brier  sponge,  found  on  various  species  of 
roses,  especially  the  sweet-brier,  produced 
by  several  insects  as  receptacles  for  their 
ej^rs,  as  the  Cynips  rosce:  once  supposed  to 

medicinal  properties. 

Berlehouse  (bed'hous),  n.  [O.E.  bede,  A. 
Sax.  bead,  a  prayer,  ani  house.]  Formerly, 
a  hospital  or  alms-house,  where  the  poor 
prayed  for  their  founders  and  benefactors. 


Bedell,  Bedel  (be'dl),  n.  [L.  bedellus.  See 
BKADLE.]  The  usual  spellings  of  the  word 
beadle  in  law  and  at  the  universities.  See 
BEADLE. 

Bedelry  (be'dl-ri),  n.  The  extent  of  a  bedel's 
office,  mount. 

Bedeman,  Bedesman  (bud'man,  bedz'man), 
n.  Same  as  Heads-man  (which  see).  Bede- 
wan  or  Bedesman  is  the  common  spelling 
of  the  word  when  it  designates  the  ancient 
Scotch  privileged  beggar. 

A  long  blue  gown,  with  a  pewter  badge  on  the 
right  anii ;  two  ur  three  wallets  for  holding  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  meal,  when  he  received  his  charity, 
.  .  .  all  these  at  once  marked  a  beggar  by  profession, 
and  one  of  that  privileged  class  which  are  called  in 
Scotland  the  king's  bedesmen,  or,  vulgarly,  blue- 
gowns.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Bedevil  (be-de'vil),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  atiddevil.] 
1.  To  throw  into  confusion,  as  if  by  the 
agen  *y  of  evil  spirits;  to  abuse.  'Bedevilled 
and  used  worse  than  St.  Bartholomew.' 
Sterne.  —2.  To  corrupt;  to  destroy;  to  spoil. 

Bedevilment  (be-de'vil-ment),  n.  The  act 
of  throwing  into  disorder,  or  the  state  of 
being  in  disorder;  confusion. 

The  lawyers  had  twisted  it  into  such  a  state  of 
bedrvilmeiti  that  the  original  merits  of  the  case  have 
long  disappeared.  Dickens. 

Bedew  (be-duO,  v.t  [Prefix  be,  and  dew.] 
To  moisten,  as  with  dew;  to  moisten  in  a 
gentle  manner  with  any  liquid.  'Falling 
tears  his  face  bedew,'  Dryden. 

Bedewer  (be-du'er),  n.  That  which  bedews. 

Bedewyt  (be-du'i).  a.  Moist  with  dew. 
'Night  with  her  bedeicy  wiugs. '  Ant. 
Brewer. 

Bedfast  (bed'fast),  p.  and  a.  Confined  to 
bed;  bedridden. 

I  were  fetched  to  B.'s  wife  afore  seven  this  mom- 
ing.  She's  bedfast,  but  she  were  raving  and  raging 
to  know,  Stc.  Mrs.  Gasketl. 

Bed-fellow  (bed'fcl-16),  n.  One  who  lies  In 
the  same  bed. 

Misery  acquaints  a  man  with  strange  bed-fellows, 
Shak. 

Bed-feret  (bed'fer),  n.  [Bedt  and  O.E.  fere, 
A.  Sax. /era,  a  companion.]  A  bed-fellow. 
Chapman. 

Bed-frame  ( bed'fram ),  n.  The  frame  of  a 
bed;  a  bedstead. 

Bediamonded  (be-di'a-mond-ed),  a.  Orna- 
mented with  diamonds.  'Astarte's  bedia- 
irumded  crescent. '  Poe. 
Bedight  (be-dlf),  v.t.,  generally  or  always  in 
pret.  &  pp.  bedight  or  bedigkted.  [Prefix  be, 
and  dight,}  To  array;  to  equip;  to  dress; 
to  trick  out;  to  invest  or  cover  with.  '  His 
locks  with  clods  of  bloud  and  dust  bedight.' 
Fairfax.  '  A  troope  of  men  the  most  in 
armes  bedight.'  Mir.  for  Mags.  'Injured 
and  ill  bedujkted.'  Milton. 
His  head  and  beard  with  soot  were  ill  bedight. 

Sftnser. 

I  am  an  unknown  knight, 
Three  modest  maidens  have  me  bedight. 

Bedim  (be-dim'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bedimmed; 
ppr.  bedimming.  [Prefix  be,  and  dim.}  To 
make  dim  ;  to  obscure  or  darken.  'I  have 
bedimm'd  the  noontide  sun.'  Shak. 

Bedinner(be-dm'ner),  v.t  [Prefix  bet  and 
dinner,]  To  give  dinner  to.  [Rare.] 

Can  he  do  nothing  for  his  Burns  but  .  .  .  lionise 
him,  bediiiner  him  for  a  while?  Carlyle. 

Bedirt(be-dert'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  dirt.} 
To  cover  with  dirt.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Bedlsmal  (be-diz'mal),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
dirnutl.}  To  make  dismal. 

Bedizen  (be-diz'n  or  be-diz'n),  v.t.  [Prefix 
be,  and  dizen.}  To  adorn ;  to  deck ;  especi- 
ally, to  adorn  in  a  tawdry  manner  or  with 
false  taste. 

Remnants  of  tapestried  hangings,  window  curtains, 
and  shreds  of  pictures,  with  which  he  had  bedizened 
his  tatters.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Bed-key  (bedTte),  n.  An  instrument  for 
fitting  the  parts  of  a  bedstead  tightly  to- 
gether. 

Bedlam  (bedlam),  n.  [Corrupted  from  Beth- 
lehem, the  name  of  a  religious  house  in 
London,  afterward  converted  into  an  hospi- 
tal for  lunatics.]  1.  A  mad-house;  a  place 
appropriated  for  lunatics.— 2.t  A  madman; 
a  lunatic;  one  who  lives  in  Bedlam.  'Let  us 
get  the  bedlam  to  lead  him.'  Shak.— 3.  Fig. 
any  scene  of  wild  uproar  and  madness. 

A  general  division  of  possessions  would  make  the 

country  a  scene  of  profligate  extravagance  for  one 

year  and  of  universal  desolation  the  next — a  bedlam 

for  one  short  season  and  a  charnel-house  ever  after. 

Brougham. 

Bedlam  (bed'lam),  a.  Belonging  to  a  mad- 
house ;  fit  for  a  mad-house.  '  The  bedlam, 
brainsick  duchess.'  Shak. — Bedlam  beggar, 
a  name  anciently  given  to  a  patient  of  the 


hospital  of  Bedlam  who,  being  partially 
cured,  was  allowed  to  go  at  large  or  a-beg- 
ging. 

Bedlamer  (bcd'lam-er),  n.  The  name  given 
by  seal  hunters  to  the  hooded  seal  (Cyttto- 
phora  crintata),  when  a  year  old,  from  its 
frantic  cries  and  actions  when  it  cannot 
escape  its  pursuers. 

Bedlamite  (bed'lam-It),  n.     A  madman. 

Bed-linen  (bed'lin-en),  ».  Linen  for  beds, 
as  sheets,  pillow-covers. 

Bed-maker  (bed'mak-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
manufactures  beds. — 2.  One  whose  occupa- 
tion is  to  make  beds,  as  in  a  college  or  uni- 
versity. 

Bed-mate (bod'm at), n.  Abed-fellow.  Shak. 

Bed-moulding  (bed'mold-iug),  n.  In  arch. 
the  mouldings  of  a  cornice  which  are  placed 
below  the  coronet,  consisting  of  an  ogee,  a 
list,  a  large  boultin,  and  another  list  under 
the  coronet. 

Bedotet  (be-dof),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  dote.] 
To  make  to  dote.  'To  bedote  this  queene 
was  their  intent. '  Chaucer. 

Bedouin  (bed'6-in),  n.  [Fr.  Bedouin,  Ar. 
beddwl,  dwellers  in  the  desert.]  One  of  a 
tribe  of  nomadic  Arabs,  who  live  in  tents 
and  are  scattered  over  Arabia,  Egypt,  and 
other  parts  of  Africa. 

BedoXun  (bed'6-in),  a.  Relating  to  the  Be- 
douins. 

Bed-pan  (bed'pan),  n.  1.  A  pan  for  warm- 
ing beds ;  a  warming-pan.  —2.  A  necessary 
utensil  for  a  person  bedridden. 

Bed-pheer,t  Bed-pheret  (bed'fer),  n.  Same 
as  Bed-fere  (which  see). 

Bed-plate,  Bed-piece  (bed'plat,  bed'pes),  n. 
In  viech.  the  sole-plate  or  foundation-plate 
of  an  engine,  Ac. 

Bed-post  (bed'post),  n.  1.  In  old  bedsteads  a 
post  fixed  at  the  side  to  keep  the  clothes  from 
falling  on*.  One  was  placed  on  each  side.— 
In  the  twinkling  of  a  bed-post,  with  the  ut- 
most rapidity,  a  phrase  derived  from  the 
common  practice  of  resorting  to  bed-posts 
as  weapons  of  attack  or  defence.  Brewer. 

I'll  do  it  instantly,  in  the  twinkling  of  a  bed-post. 
Shadwcll. 

2.  A  post  at  the  corner  of  a  bedstead  sup- 
porting the  canopy. 

Bed-presser  (bed'pres-er),  n.  A  lazy  fellow; 
one  who  loves  his  bed.  Shalt. 

Bedrabble  (be-drab'bl),  v.t.  To  bedraggle. 
Kingsley. 

Bedraggle  ( be-drag'gl ),  v.  t.  pret.  <t  pp.  be- 
draggled; ppr.  bedraggling.  [Prefix  be,  and 
draggle.]  To  soil,  as  garments  which  are 
suffered,  in  walking,  to  reach  the  dirt ;  to 
soil  by  drawing  along  on  mud. 

Bedral  (bed'ral),  n.    A  beadle,    [Scotch.] 

I'll  hae  her  before  presbytery  and  synod  ;  I'm  half 
a  minister  rnysel',  now  that  I'm  bedral  in  an  inhabited 
parish.  Sir  It'.  Scott. 

Bedralt  (bed'ral),  n.  A  person  who  is  bedrid. 
JohnKnox.  [Scotch.] 

Bedrelnte.t  pp.  Bedrenched;  thoroughly 
wetted.  Chanter. 

Bedrench  (be-drensh'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
drench.]  To  drench;  to  soak;  to  saturate 
with  moisture.  'Such  crimson  tempest 
should  bedreneh  the  green  lap  of  King 
Richard's  land.'  Shak. 

Bedrid,  Bedridden  (bed'rid,  bed'rid-n),  a. 
[Bed  and  ride;  A.  Sax.  bedrida,  one  confined 
to  bed;  the  noun  has  been  transformed  into 
a  participial  adjective.]  Confined  to  the  bed 
by  age  or  infirmity.  'Lies  he  not  bedrid r 
Shak.  'Old  bedridden  palsy. '  Tennyson. 

Bed-rite,  t  Bed-right*  (bed'rit),  n.  [Bed 
and  rite  or  right.  ]  The  privilege  of  the  mar- 
riage bed.  'No  bed-right  shall  be  paid  till 
Hymen's  torch  be  lighted.'  Shak. 

Bed-room  (bed'rom),  n.  1.  A  room  or  apart- 
ment intended  or  used  for  a  bed ;  a  lodging 
room. — 2.t  Room  in  a  bed. 

Then  by  your  side  no  bed-room  me  deny.     Shak. 

Bedrop  (be-dropO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  drop.] 
To  sprinkle,  as  with  drops;  to  variegate 
with  spots;  to  speckle.  'Scales  bedropped 
with  gold.'  Pope. 

Bed-screw  (bed'skro),  n.  A  powerful  ma- 
chine for  lifting  or  moving  large  bodies ;  a 
barrel-screw  (which  see). 

Bedsistert  (bed'sis-ter),  n.    A  concubine. 

It  is  not  much  to  be  wondered  at  that  we  lost  bed- 
sister  for  concubine.  Fitxedltiard  Hall. 

Bed-site  (bed'sit),  n.  A  recess  in  a  room  for 
a  bed. 

Bed-sore  (bed'sor),  n.  A  very  troublesome 
kind  of  sore  liable  to  appear  on  patients 
long  confined  to  bed,  and  either  unable  or 
not  allowed  to  change  their  position.  Bed- 
sores occur  at  the  parts  pressed  by  the  weight 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  So.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BED-STAFF 


245 


BKF.-GLUE 


nf  the  body,  chiefly  about  the  region  of  the 
buttocks,  the  heel,  Ac. 

Bed-Staff  (lied'.staf),  H.  Same  as  Red-post,  1. 

Bedstead  ( bed'sted),  n.  A  frame  for  sup- 
porting a  bed. 

Bed-steps  (l«-d'steps),  »».  pi.  Steps  for  as- 
cending a  bed. 

Bed-stone  (bod'ston),  n.  The  lower  or  sta- 
tionary millstone.  K.  II  Kni'jlit. 

Bedstraw  (bed'stra),  n.  1.  Straw  put  into 
a  bed  to  make  it  soft.— 2.  The  popular  name 
of  the  different  species  of  Galium.  See 

(Ul.IUM. 

Bed-swerver  t  (bed'swcrv-cr),  ?i.  One  that 
swerves  from  his  bed ;  that  is,  one  who  is 
false  and  unfaithful  to  the  marriage  vow. 

She's 

A  betirwerver,  even  as  bad  as  those 
That  vulgars  give  bold'st  titles.  Shak. 

Bed-tick  (bed'tik),  71.  A  case  of  strong  linen 
or  cotton  cloth  for  containing  the  feathers 
or  other  materials  of  a  bed ;  ticking. 

Bed-time  (bed'tim),  71.  The  time  to  go  to 
rest;  the  usual  hour  of  going  to  bed. 

Beduck  (he-duk'),  ».«.  (Prefix  lie,  and  duck.] 
To  duck  ;  to  put  the  head  under  water;  to 
immerse. 

To  the  flood  he  came,  .  .  . 
And  deepe  himself  beducked  in  the  same.    Spenser. 

Beduke  (bo-duk'),  t>.«.  [Prefix  lie,  and  duke.] 
To  make  a  duke  of.  Swift. 

Bedung  (he-dung'),  t>.  t.  [I'reflx  be,  and  dung  ] 
To  cover  with  dung.  '  Bedunged  with  cal- 
umny and  filth.'  Dr.  P.  Fuller. 

Bedust  (he-dust'),  ».(.  [Prefix  be,  and  dust.] 
To  sprinkle,  soil,  or  cover  with  dust. 

Bedward  (bed'werd),  adv.  [Bed,  and  ward, 
in  the  direction  of.]  Towards  bed.  Shak. 

Bedwarf  (he-dwarf),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
dwarf.]  To  make  little ;  to  stunt  or  hinder 
the  growth  of.  •  Those  whom  you  bedwarf 
and  hccripple  by  your  poisonous  medicines.' 
Dr.  II.  More. 

Bed- work  (bed'werk),  n.  Work  done  in  bed, 
or  as  in  bed,  that  is  without  toil.  'Bed- 
work,  mappery,  closet-war.'  Shak.  [Rare.] 

Bedye  (be-di').  v.t.  [Prefix  &«,  and  dye.]  To 
dye ;  to  stain.  '  Fields  with  Sarazin  blood 
bedyde.'  Spenser. 

Bee  (be),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beo,  bl,  Icel.  by,  Sw. 
Dan.  bl,  D.  bij,  bije,  G.  biene,  0.  and  Prov.  G. 
beie,  IT.  and  Gael,  beach,  a  bee.]  1.  An  in- 
sect of  the  genus  Apis.  (See  APIS.)  The 
species  are  numerous,  the  honey-bee  being 
the  most  interesting  to  man.  It  has  been 
kept  in  hives  from  the  earliest  periods  for 
its  wax  and  honey.  It  lives  in  swarms  or 
societies  of  from  10,000  to  60,000  individ- 
uals. These  swarms  contain  three  classes 
of  bees  — the  females  or  queen  bees,  the 
males  or  drones,  and  the  imperfect  or  un- 
developed females,  called  neuters,  consti- 
tuting the  working  bees.  In  each  hive  or 
swarm  there  is  only  one  female  or  queen, 
whose  sole  office  is  to  propagate  the  species. 
It  is  much  larger  than  the  other  bees. 
When  a  queen  dies  a  young  working  bee 
three  days  old  is  selected,  its  cell  is  enlarged 
by  the  partitions  being  broken  down,  its 
food  changed  to  royal  jelly  or  paste,  and  it 
grows  into  a  queen.  The  queen  lays  2000 
eggs  a  day,  or  100.000  a  year.  The  drones 
serve  merely  for  impregnating  the  queen, 
after  which  they  are  destroyed  by  the  neu- 
ters. These  last  are  the  labourers  of  the 
hive.  They  collect  the  honey,  form  the  cells, 
and  feed  the  other  bees  and  the  young. 
They  are  furnished  with  a  proboscis  by 
which  they  suck  the  honey  from  flowers, 
and  a  mouth  by  which  they  swallow  it,  and 
then  convey  it  to  the  hive  in  their  stomachs, 
whence  they  disgorge  it  into  the  cells.  The 
pollen  of  flowers  settles  on  the  hairs  with 
which  their  body  is  covered,  whence  it  is 
collected  into  pellets  by  a  brush  on  their 
second  pair  of  legs,  and  deposited  in  a  hol- 
low in  the  third  pair.  It  is  called  bee-bread, 
and  is  the  food  of  the  larvto  or  young.  The 
adult  bees  feed  on  honey.  The  wax  was  at 
one  time  supposed  to  be  formed  from  pollen 
by  a  digestive  process,  but  it  is  now  ascer- 
tained that  it  is  formed  by  secretion  from 
the  honey.  The  females  and  neuters  have 
a  barbed  sting  attached  to  a  bag  of  poison, 
which  flows  into  the  wound  inflicted  by  the 
sting.  When  a  hive  becomes  overstocked  a 
new  colony  is  sent  out  under  the  direction 
of  a  queen  bee.  This  is  called  swarming. 
Besides  the  common  bee  (A.  mellilica)  there 
are  the  A.  fascicata,  domesticated  in  Egypt;  ' 
the  .-1.  ligustica,  or  Ligurian  bee  of  Italy  and 
Greece,  introduced  into  England;  the^.unt- 
colorot  Madagascar,  the  A.  indica,&c.— 2.  An 
assemblage  of  persons  who  meet  to  engage 


in  united  labour  for  the  benefit  of  an  indivi- 
dual or  family;  as,  a  quilting  bee;  a  husking 
bee,&c.  [American.]  -  Spelling  bee, &n  assem- 
blage of  persons  for  the  purpose  of  exercis- 
ing themselves,  or  comparing  their  acquire- 
ments, in  spelling.  Frequently  prizes  are 
competed  for.  Competitions  in  other  ac- 
complishments, as  geography,  music,  &c. , 
have  also  been  held  under  the  name  of  been. 
The  system  is  American.— 3.  A'a«(.  a  piece 
of  hardwood,  generally  elm,  bolted  to  the 
outer  end  of  the  bowsprit,  to  rove  the  fore- 
top-mast  stays  through.  Called  also  Bee- 
block.  — To  have  a  bee  (or  bees)  in  the  head, 
(a)t  to  be  choleric,  (b)  To  be  restless  or 
uneasy.  11.  Jonion.  (c)  To  be  somewhat 
crazy. 

She's  whiles  crack-brained  and  has  a  bee  in  her 
head.  Sir  II'.  Scott. 

—  To  have  a  bee  in  one's  bonnet,  to  be  a 
little  crack-brained  or  crazy ;  to  be  flighty. 
[Scotch.] 

Beebee  (be-be'),  71.  [Anglo-Indian.]  1.  A 
lady.— 2.  A  Hindu  concubine. 

The  society  of  the  station  does  interfere  in  such 
cases;  and  though  it  does  not  mind  beetles  or  their 
friends,  it  rightly  taboos  him  who  entertains  their 
rivals.  If.  H.  Russell. 

Bee-bird  (be'berd),  n.  A  local  name  of  the 
spotted  flycatcher  (Muncieapa  grisvla),  so 
called  from  its  catching  bees. 

Bee-blOCk  (be'blok),  n.    See  BEE,  3. 

Bee -bread  (be'bred),  n.  A  brown  bitter 
substance,  the  pollen  of  flowers  collected  by 
bees  as  food  for  their  young.  See  BEE. 

Beech  (bech),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bece,  boc,  Icel. 
bdk,  Sw.  bok,  Dan.  bog,  D.  beuk,  G.  buche, 
a  beech;  the  word  is  cognate  with  L.  fagus, 
a  beech;  Gr.  phfgos,  the  esculent  oak.  The 
root  meaning  of  the  word  is  seen  in  Gr. 
phagein,  Skr.  bhag,  to  eat,  the  tree  origi- 
nally receiving  its  name  from  its  nuts  being 
eaten  by  the  early  tribes.  Book  is  identical 
with  this  word,  being  so  called  from  the  use 
of  beechen  boards  or  beech  bark  for  writing 
on  in  early  times.  See  BOOK.  ]  A  tree  of  the 
genus  Fagus.nat.orderCupuliferie.  The  com- 
mon or  European  beech  (/*'.  sylvatica)  grows 
to  a  large  size,  with  branches  forming  a 
beautiful  head  with  thick  foliage.  The  bark 
is  smooth  and  of  a  silvery  cast.  The  mast  or 
nuts  are  eaten  by  swine,  poultry,  oxen,  and 
other  animals,  and  yield  agood  oil  for  lamps. 
Beech  is  not  much  used  in  building,  as  it 
soon  rots  in  damp  places,  but  it  is  used  as 
piles  in  places  where  It  is  constantly  wet. 
It  is  manufactured  into  a  great  variety  of 
tools,  for  which  it  is  fitted  on  account  of  its 
great  hardness  and  uniform  texture,  and  is 
also  extensively  used  in  making  furniture. 
Varieties  of  beech  with  coloured  leaves  are 
frequently  seen  in  pleasure-grounds ;  a  red 
colour  prevails  in  the  F.  ferrugiiiea  of 
America. 

Beech -coal  (bechTtol),  n.  Charcoal  from 
beech-wood. 

Beechen  (bech'en),  a.  Consisting  of  the  wood 
or  bark  of  the  beech ;  belonging  to  the  beech ; 
as,  a  beechen  vessel. 

His  aped  head,  crowned  with  beechen  wreath, 

Seemed  like  a  poll  of  ivy  in  the  teeth 

Of  winter  hoar.  Keats. 

Beech-finch  (bech'flnsh),  n.  The  chaffinch 
(Frinyilla  arlebs).  [Local.] 

Beech-gall  (bech'gal),  71.  A  gall  or  excres- 
cence formed  by  insects  on  the  beech. 

Beech-hopper  (bech'hop-6r),  n.  One  of  the 
Cpleoptera,  Orchestes  fagi,  family  Curculio- 
nidffi  or  weevils,  destructive  to  beech-trees, 
laying  their  eggs  between  the  two  surfaces 
of  their  leaves. 

Beech-mast  (bech'mast),  n.  The  mast  or 
nuts  of  the  beech-tree,  from  which  an  oil  is 
expressed.  The  cake  which  remains  after 
the  oil  has  been  expressed  is  a  good  fatten- 
ing food  for  oxen,  swine,  and  poultry,  but 
is  injurious  to  horses.  See  BEECH  OIL. 

Beech-nut  (bech'nut),  71.  One  of  the  nuts 
or  fruits  of  the  beech.  The  nuts  are  trian- 
gular, and  inclosed  in  a  spiny  capsule  or 
husk. 

Beech-oil  (bech'oil),  n.  A  bland,  fixed  oil 
expressed  from  the  mast  or  nuts  of  the 
beech-tree.  It  is  used  in  Picardy  and  in 
other  parts  of  France  instead  of  butter,  but 
it  is  said  to  occasion  heaviness  and  pains  in 
the  stomach. 

Beech-tree  (bech'tre),  n.  The  beech  (which 
see). 

Beechy  (bech'i),  a.  Made  of  beech ;  consist- 
ing of  beeches.  'A  beechy  garland.'  PA. 
Fletcher.  [Rare.  ] 

Bee-eater  (be'et-er),  n.  A  bird  that  feeds 
on  bees.  There  are  several  species  included 


in  the  genus  Merops,  of  wlm-h  thn  M  n;/i'- 
iistrr  nl  Kurope  is  remarkable  for  the  bnl- 
liuncy  <>f  its  plumage. 
Beef  (bof),  «.  [Fr.  oaeuf,  from  I,  taf, 
<:r.  bau»  for  boa,  an  ox;  Ir.  ami  i;:u  1  '<" 
W.  Imir.skr.jo.acow.]  1.  An  animal  of  the 
bovine  genus,  whether  ox,  bull,  nr  cow  in 
the  full-grown  state.  [In  this,  which  is  thf 
original  si-nse,the  word  has  a  plural,  Ijeel't*. 
but  suim'times  formerly  beefs.  The  singular 
is  obsolete.] 

These  are  the  beasts  which  ye  shall  e.-it ;  the  berf, 
the  sheep,  and  the  goat.       rjeut.  xiv.  4,  Bible  1578. 
A  herd  of  beeves,  fair  oxen,  and  fair  kine.    Miltcn. 
A  pound  of  man's  flesh,  taken  from  a  man. 
Is  not  so  estimable,  profitable  neither, 
As  flesh  of  muttons,  bee/s,  or  goats.         Shak. 

2.  The  flesh  of  an  ox,  bull,  or  cow  when 
killed:  in  this  sense  the  word  has  no  plural. 

3.  A  common  name  in  the  south  of  England 
for  certain  limestone  strata  of  the  I'urheck 
series,  in  which  the  carbonate  of  lime  is 
fibrous. 

Beef  (bOO,  a.    Consisting  of  the  flesh  of  the 
ox  or  bovine  kind.    Swift. 
Beef-brained  (befbrand),  a.    Same  as  Beef- 
witted.    '  The  most  beef-brained  sensualist.' 
Tumiers,  quoted  by  Latham. 
Beef-eater  (bef'et-er),  n.    1.  One  that  eats 
beef ;  hence,  a  stout  fleshy  man.  —  2.   An 
African  insessorial  bird,  of  the  genus  Btt- 
phaga,  that  feeds  on  the  larva-  which  nestle 
under  the  hides  of  oxen.    See  BUPHAOA. 
Beef-eater  (bef'et-er),  n.     [Usually  consi- 
dered   to  be  a 
corruption      of 
Fr.        buffetier, 
one  who  guards 
the   royal    buf- 
fet, from  buffet, 
a     side  -  board. 
Skeat,  however, 
points  out  that 
this   derivation 
is  a  mere  guess, 
and     refers    to 
Ben  Jonson   as 
using  'eater'  in 
the  sense  of   a 
servant,  and  to 
the  use  of '  pow- 
der-beef  (that 
is, sal  I  1  ici'f  i  lub- 
ber'in  the  sense 
of  a   man -ser- 
vant.]    One  of 
the  yeomen  of 
the  royal  guard, 
who,  since  the 
time  of   Henry 
VII.,    have    ut- 
tended   the  so- 
vereign at  state 
banquets,     and 
on     other     so- 
Beefeater.  lemn          occa- 

sions. 

Charles  had  begun  to  form  a  small  standing  army. 
He  felt  that  without  some  better  protection  than  that 
of  the  train-bands  and  beef -eaters  his  palace  and  per- 
son would  scarcely  be  secure  in  the  vicinity  of  a  great 
city  swanning  with  warlike  Fifth  Monarchy  men  who 
had  been  just  disbanded.  Macanlay, 

Beefing  (bef'ing),  n.  1.  A  bullock  fit  for 
slaughter.  [Provincial.]  — 2.  An  apple  pre- 
served by  being  dried  in  an  oven  and  pressed 
flat. 

Bee -flower  (be'flou-er),  n.  Same  as  Bee- 
orchis. 

Beef-Steak  (bef'stak),  n.  A  steak  or  slice 
of  beef,  particularly  when  broiled  or  for 
broiling. 

Beef-tea  (bef'te),  71.  A  light  and  nutritious 
soup  made  from  the  flesh  of  the  ox,  of  which 
the  chemical  constituents  are  gelatine,  al- 
buminous matter,  and  kreatine,  osmazome, 
fat,  lactic  acid,  saccharine  matter,  and  a 
substance  resembling  theine.  Beef-tea  from 
being  easy  of  digestion  is  recommended  for 
invalids  and  convalescents. 

Beef-witted  (bef'wjt-ed),  a.  With  no  more 
wit  than  an  ox;  dull  in  intellect;  heavy- 
headed;  stupid.  '  Thou  mongrel,  beef-witted 
lord.'  Shak. 

Beef-wood  (bef'wud),  n.  The  timber  of 
some  species  of  Australian  trees  belonging 
to  the  genus  Casuarina.  It  is  of  a  reddish 
colour,  hard,  and  close-grained,  with  dark 
and  whitish  streaks.  It  is  chiefly  used  in 
fine  ornamental  work. 

Bee-garden  (be'gar-dn),  n.  A  garden  or  in- 
closure  to  set  bee-hives  in;  an  apiary.  Mor- 
timer. 

Bee-glue  (be'glu),  n.  A  soft,  unctuous  mat- 
ter with  which  bees  cement  the  combs  to 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  ;'ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  si7i0;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BEE-HAWK 


246 


BEEVE 


tlie  hives  and  close  up  the  cells.  Called 
also  Propolis. 

Bee-hawk  (be'hak),  n.  The  honey-buzzard 
(Pernia  apivorus),  so  called  from  preying  on 
hymenopterous  insects,  such  as  wasps,  &c. 
Lepidopterous  insects  of  the  genus  Sesia  are 
also  often  called  bee-hawks  or  bee-hawk 
moths. 

Bee-hive  (beliiv),  n.  A  case  or  box  intended 
as  a  habitation  for  bees.  See  HIVE. 

Beehive-house  (be'hiv-hous),  n.  The  popu- 
lar name  of  certain  very  ancient  conical 
buildings  in  Ireland,  of  no  great  size,  formed 
by  long  stones,  the  upper  layer  always  over- 
lapping the  one  beneath  it.  No  cement  is 


Beehive-houses  at  Cahernamacturech,  Co.  Kerry. 

used,  and  the  stones  are  very  much  in  their 
natural  state.  These  houses  occur  single  or 
clustered,  the  former  often  beside  oratories, 
and  so  believed  to  have  been  the  dwellings 
of  priests,  the  latter  sometimes  encircled  by 
a  stone  wall  for  defence.  Sometimes  they 
contain  more  than  one  apartment.  Houses 
of  this  kind  occur  also  in  the  Western  Isles 
of  Scotland  ;  and  the  'Picts'  houses'  of  the 
east  coast,  though  differing  in  being  under- 
ground, resemble  them  in  tlieir  mode  of  con- 
struction. They  are  referred  to  the  period 
from  the  seventh  to  the  twelfth  century. 

Bee-house  (be'hous),  n.  A  house  or  reposi- 
tory for  bees;  an  apiary.  Goldsmith. 

Beeld  (held),  n.  A  place  of  refuge;  shelter; 
protection.  [Old  and  provincial  English 
and  Scotch.]  See  BEILD. 

This  bosom  soft  shall  be  thy  beeld.       Fairfax. 

Beele  0>el),  n.  [Probably  a  form  of  bill,  a 
mattock  ;  comp.  D.  bijl,  G.  beil,  a  hatchet.  ] 
A  kind  of  pickaxe  used  by  miners  for  sepa- 
rating the  ores  from  the  rocks  in  which 
they  lie. 

Bee-line  (be'lin),  n.  The  most  direct  or 
straight  way  from  one  point  to  another,  as 
that  of  bees  in  returning  loaded  with  honey 
to  their  hives.  [American.] 

Beelzebub  (be-el'ze-bub),  n.  [Heb.  banl,  lord, 
and  zebub,  a  fly.  ]  A  god  of  the  Philistines 
who  had  a  famous  temple  at  Ekron.  He 
was  worshipped  as  the  destroyer  of  flies 

Beelzebul  (be-el'ze-bul),  n.  [Heb.  baal,  lord, 
and  zebul,  dung.  ]  A  name  given  by  the  Jews 
to  the  prince  of  demons,  being  an  opprobri- 
ous change  on  the  term  Beelzebub.  The 
word  is  incorrectly  written  Beelzebub  in  the 
New  Testament  at  Mat.  x,  25  and  xii.  24,  27. 
See  BAAL. 

Bee-master  (be'mas-ter),  ».  One  who  keeps 
bees. 

Beemol  t  (be'mol),  n.  In  music,  a  semitone 
or  half-note.  Bacon. 

Bee-moth  (be'moth),  n.  A  moth  from  whose 
eggs  are  produced  caterpillars  which  infest 
bee-hives.  It  is  the  Oalleria  cereana  (mel- 
lionella)  of  naturalists. 

Been  (ben),  pp.  of  be  (which  see). 

Been,!  Bent  (ben,  ben),  pi.  of  pres.  ind.  of 
be.  [Contr.  forte-en.]  Are.  'AUe  our  lords, 
which  that  ben  yslawe.'  Chaucer.  'Assem- 
bled been  a  senate  grave  and  stout.'  Fair- 

fax. 

Been  (ben),  n.  A  fretted  stringed  instru- 
ment of  music  of  the  guitar  kind,  having 
nineteen  frets  :  used  in  India. 

Been,t  n.  pi.    Bees. 

They  murmurede  as  doth  a  swarm  of  been.  Chaucer. 

Bee-orchis  (be'or-kis),  n.  A  British  plant, 
Ophrys  apifera;  an  orchid  with  a  bee-like 
flower.  See  OPHRYS. 

Beer  (ber),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bear,  bear,  beer,  also 
drink  in  general;  O.Fris.  biar,  bier,  O.H.G. 


..  ,  ,  ... 
pior,  bior,  Icel.  bj6rr  (borrowed  from  the 
Germanic,  ale  being  the  Scandinavian  word), 
D.  and  G.  bier,  Ir.  and  Gael,  beoir  (probably 
borrowed)—  beer.  Grimm  is  inclined  to  re- 
gard this  word  as  a  noun  Jormed  in  the 


earliest  centuries  of  our  era  from  L.  inf. 
bibere,  to  drink  (biber,  biver  gradually 
giving  biar,  bier);  comp.  It.  bere,  bevere, 
drink,  from  L.  bibere.  ]  1.  An  alcoholic 
liquor  made  from  any  farinaceous  grain,  but 
generally  from  barley,  which  is  first  malted 
and  ground,  and  its  fermentable  substance 
extracted  by  hot  water.  To  this  extract  or 
infusion  hops  or  some  other  plant  of  an 
agreeable  bitterness  are  added,  and  it  is 
then  boiled  for  some  time  both  to  concen- 
trate it  and  to  extract  the  useful  matters 
from  the  hops.  The  liquor  is  then  suffered 
to  ferment  in  vats,  the  time  allowed  for 
fermentation  depending  upon  the  quality 
and  kind  of  beer,  and  after  it  has 
become  clear  it  is  stored  away  or 
sent  to  the  market.  The  beers 
of  England  and  France,  and  for 
the  most  part  those  of  Germany, 
become  gradually  sour  by  contact 
of  air.  This  defect  does  not  be- 
long to  the.  beers  of  Bavaria, 
which  may  be  preserved  at  plea- 
sure in  half-full  casks  as  well  as 
full  ones  without  deterioration. 
2.  A  fermented  extract  of  the 
roots  and  other  parts  of  various 
plants,  as  ginger,  spruce-sap,  mo- 
lasses, beet,  A  r 

Beer-chiller  (ber'chil-er),  n.     A 
vessel  set  near  or  over  the  fire 
to  take  the  chill  off  beer.  Dickens. 
Beer-engine  (ber'en-jin),  n.     A 
hydraulic   machine    for   raising 
beer  and  other  liquors  out  of  a  cask  in  a 
cellar. 

Beer-house  (beVhous),  n.    A  house  where 
malt  liquors  are  sold;  an  ale-house. 
Beerlness  (bei-'i-nes),  n.    The  state  of  being 
beery  or  intoxicated;  drunkenness.    [Low. ) 
Beer-measure  (ber'me-zhur),  n.     An  old 
English  measure  by  which  ale  and  beer 
were  sold. 

Beer-money  (ber'mun-i),  n.  An  allowance 
of  Id.  per  day  granted  to  the  British  soldier 
in  1800  in  addition  to  his  pay,  as  a  substitute 
for  an  allowance  of  beer  or  spirits;  also,  an 
allowance  given  to  domestic  servants  in 
England  in  lieu  of  beer,  to  save  trouble  in 
serving  it  out,  or  waste  by  leaving  the  cask 
open. 

Beer-process  (ber'pro-ses),  n.  In  photog.  a 
collodion  process  wherein  the  plate,  after 
having  been  sensitized  and  washed  in  the 
usual  manner,  is  dipped  in  or  washed  over 
with  an  infusion  of  malt  or  beer :  the  pro- 
cess has  little  to  recommend  it  except  its 
simplicity. 

Beer-pull  (beVpul),  n.     The  handle  of  a 
beer-pump;  also  the  pump  itself. 
Beer-pump  (ber' pump),  n.     A  pump  for 
beer,  especially  for  raising  beer  from  the 
cellar  to  the  bar  in  a  beer-shop. 
Beer-shop  (ber'shop),  n.  A  shop  where  malt 
liquors  are  sold;  an  ale-house. 
Beer-stone  (beVston),  n.    An  argillaceous 
and  siliceous  freestone  dug  from  quarries 
at  Beer,  10  miles  west  of  Lynie  Regis,  at  the 
passing  of  the  chalk  into  the  greensand. 
Beer-swilling  (ber'swil-ing),  a.    Drinking 
beer  in  large  measure. 
1 


beer-. 
Uanesma 


'inr  Copenhagen    I  have  drunk  your 
n  brmd.  Theo.  Martin. 

Beery  (beVi),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling beer;  stained  or  soiled  with  beer. 
'The  sloppy,  beery  tables.'  Thackeray.— 
2.  Addicted  to  beer;  affected  by  beer;  in- 
toxicated; pertaining  to  intoxication;  maud- 
lin. 

There  was  a  fair  proportion  of  kindness  in  Raveloe, 
but  it  was  of  a  beery  and  bungling  sort. 


Beestie,  Bhestie  (bes'ti),  n.  . 

An  Indian  water-carrier,  who  supplies  do- 
mestic establishments  with  water  from  the 
nearest  river  or  reservoir  by  means  of  a 
sheep-skin  bucket  or  bag. 

In  particular  there  is  a  queer  creature,  like  what  I 
fancy  a  brownie  should  be,  called  a  '  beeitie '  or 
'bhestie,'  whose  special  calling  is  to  fill  the  baths  in 
that  refreshing  apartment  of  health  and  luxury  at- 
tached to  every  Indian  bedroom.  .A'.  Macteod. 

Also  written  Bheesty. 

Beestings  (best'ingz),  n.  pi.  [A.  Sax.  byst  or 
bysting.  Sc.  beettmWt,  D.  biest,  biestemelk, 
G.  biestmilch.}  The  first  milk  given  by  a 
cow  after  calving. 

Bees'-wax  (bez'waks).  n.  The  wax  secreted 
by  bees,  and  of  which  their  cells  are  con- 
structed. See  WAX. 

Bees-wing  (beVwing),  n.  A  gauzy  film  in 
port  wines,  indicative  of  age,  much  esteemed 
by  connoisseurs. 


Scott,  from  under  bushy  eyebrows,  winked  at  the 
apparition  of  a  bees-winf.  Thackeray. 

Beet  (bet),  »i.  [A.  Sax.  beta,  bete,  D.  biet,  G. 
beete,  Fr.  bctte — borrowed  from  L.  beta.]  A 
plant  of  the  genus  Beta,  nat.  order  Cheno- 
podiacesc.  The  common  or  red  beet  (Beta 
vnlyaris)  is  a  native  of  the  south  of  Europe, 
and  was  introduced  into  Britain  in  1056 
There  are  many  varieties  in  cultivation- 
some  with  long  taper  roots,  and  others  with 
flat  roots  like  turnips.  The  root  furnishes 
a  large  portion  of  sugar,  which  is  manufac- 
tured in  France,  Germany,  &c. ,  on  a  great 
scale.  Beet  has  been  used,  in  place  of  malt, 
in  the  manufacture  of  beer.  The  white  or 
Sicilian  beet  is  Beta  Cicla. 

Beet-fly  (bet'fli),  n.  A  two-winged  insect 
(Anthomyia  betce)  infesting  crops  of  man- 
gold-wurzel  and  other  varieties  of  beet,  on 
whose  leaves  it  deposits  its  eggs,  the  larva' 
afterwards  devouring  the  soft  parts.  It  is 
less  than  the  house-liy. 

Beetle  (be'tl),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bytl,  betel,  beotel, 
a  mallet,  from  bedtan,  to  beat;  L.  G.  betel, 
botel.  ]  1.  A  heavy  wooden  mallet,  used  to 
drive  wedges,  consolidate  earth,  *c. 

If  I  do,  fillip  me  with  a  three-man  beetle.    SttaJr. 

2.  A  machine  for  producing  figured  fabrics  by 
pressure  from  corrugated  or  indented  rollers. 

Beetle  (be'tl),  v.t.  1.  To  use  a  beetle  on;  to 
beat  with  a  heavy  wooden  mallet,  as  linen 
or  cotton  cloth,  as  a  substitute  for  mani:- 
ling.— 2.  To  produce  figures  on  cloth  by 
passing  it  through  a  beetle.  See  BEETLE 
n.  2. 

Beetle  (be'tl),  n.  (A.  Sax.  bitel,  from  bitan, 
to  bite.]  Any  insect  belonging  to  the  order 
Coleoptera  (which  see).  Sometimes,  how- 
ever, the  term  is  used  in  a  more  restricted 
sense,  as  equivalent  to  Scarabreidae,  a  tribe 
of  this  order  embracing  more  than  3000 
species,  characterized  by  clavated  antennee, 
fissile  longitudinally,  legs  frequently  den- 
tated,  and  wings  which  have  hard  cases  or 
sheaths  called  elytra.  Beetles  vary  in  size 
from  that  of  a  pin's  head  to  the  bulk  of  a 
man's  fist,  the  largest  being  the  elephant- 
beetle  of  South  America,  4  inches  long.  The 
'  black-beetles '  of  kitchens  and  cellars  are 
cockroaches,  and  belong  to  the  order  Or- 
thoptera. 

Beetle  (he'll),  v.i.  [From  bitel  in  O.E.  bittl- 
browed,  also  written  bitterbrowed,  bitel,  bit- 
ter being  from  A.  Sax.  bitan,  to  bite,  and 
meaning  originally  sharp.hence  prominent.  ] 
To  be  prominent;  to  hang  or  extend  out;  to 
overhang ;  to  jut  '  The  cliff  that  beetle! 
o'er  his  base. '  Khak, 

Beetle-brow  (be'tl-brou),  n.  A  prominent 
brow.  '  Shaggy  beetle-brows. '  Carlyle. 

Beetle-browed  ( be ' tl - broud ),  a.  [See 
BEETLE, u.t.]  Having  prominent  brows.  'A 
beetle-browed  sullen  face.'  Howell. 

Beetle-head  (be'tl-hed),  n.  A  beetle-headed 
or  stupid  fellow.  [Rare.] 

Beetle-headed  (be'tl-hed-ed),  a.  Having  a 
head  like  a  beetle  or  mallet;  dull;  stupid. 
'Beetle-headed,  flap-eared  knave.'  Shak. 

Beetle-stock  (be'tl-stok),  n.  The  handle  of 
a  beetle. 

Beetle-stone  (be'tl-ston),  n.  A  nodule  of 
coprolitic  ironstone,  so  named  from  the  re- 
semblance of  the  inclosed  coprolite  to  the 
body  and  limb  of  a  beetle. 

Beetling  (be'tl-ing),  a.  Being  prominent; 
standing  out  from  the  main  body;  jutting; 
overhanging. 

Each  beetling  rampart  and  each  tower  sublime. 
li'ordrworth. 

Beet-master  (bet'mas-ter),  n.  [O.E.  and 
Sc.  beet,  to  make  better,  to  supply,  and  inis- 
ter,  a  want.  See  MISTER.]  Lit.  something 
that  supplies  a  want;  but  often  applied  to 
an  article  made  to  serve  the  purpose  of,  and 
save  a  better;  a  substitute.  [Scotch.] 

Next  she  enlarged  on  the  advantage  of  saving  old 
clothes  to  be  what  she  called  beet-masters  to  the  new. 
Sir  II".  ScM. 

Beet-radish  (bet'rad-ish),  n.  The  name 
sometimes  given  to  red  beet  (Beta  vulgarix) 
when  raised  or  used  for  salad.  See  BEET. 

Beet-rave  (bet'rav),  n.  [Fr.  bette-rave,  beet- 
root, from  L.  beta,  beet,  and  rapa,  a  tur- 
nip.] Same  as  Beet-radish. 

Beet-root  (bet'rot), «.  The  root  of  the  beet 
plant ;  the  plant  itself.  See  BEET. 

Beetroot-sugar  (bet'ro't-shu'ger),  n.  Sugar 
made  from  the  root  of  the  beet. 

Beeve(bev),  n.  [See  BEEF.)  An  animal  of 
tlie  bovine  genus,  as  a  cow,  bull,  or  ox.  [In 
the  singular  rare,  and  a  corruption  duo  to 
the  influence  of  beeves  the  plural  of  beef.  ] 

They  would  knock  down  the  first  beeve  they  met 
with.  Irving. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      ndte,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


BEEVOR 


247 


BEOGAR-MY-NKIOHBOUR 


Beevor,  n.  See  KKAVKK,  part  of  a  helmet. 
Bee-worm  (bO'werm),  n.  An  old  name  for 

the  larva  of  the  bee      lltly. 
Befall,  Befal  <I«Vfal'),  e.t.  pret.  befell;  pp. 

lief  alien;  ppr.  b,-f:iilin,j.    [A  Sax.  befeiillnn 

l)re(lx  be,  and  ./eitllan,  to  fall.]    To  happen 

to;  to  occur  to. 

But  I  beseech  your  grace  that  I  may  know 
The  worbt  tliat  may  befall  me.  Shak. 

Befall,  Befal  (be-fal'),  v.i.    To  happen;  to 
come  to  pass. 
I  have  reveal'd  this  discord  which  befell.    Milton. 

—To  befall  of,\  to  be  the  fate  of;  to  become 
of. 

n-i  me  the  favour  to  dilate  at  full 
What  hath  fiefall'n  t^them,  and  thee,  till  now. 
Shat. 

Befana  (ha.fa'ua).  n.  [It.,  from  befania, 
epifffiitnij  ]  1.  lu  Italy,  a  sort  of  witch  or 
fairy  who  is  pretended  to  bring  presents  to 
children  on  the  eve  of  epiphany. —2.  A  rag- 
doll  exhibited  by  children  or  in  shops  where 
children's  things  are  sold  in  Italy  on  the 
eve  and  day  of  epiphany,  and  supposed  to 
represent  the  befana. 

Befana  (be-fa'ri-a),  n.  A  genus  of  plants, 
saint:  as  Be/aria.  See  BKJARIA. 

Befell  (be-fel'),  pret.  of  befall. 

Beffrol  (bef'froi),  n.  An  ancient  military 
tower.  Called  also  llelfrii  (which  see). 

Befile.  v.  t.    Same  as  Befyle. 

Beflt  (be-flf),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  befitted;  ppr. 
befitting.  [Prefix  be,  and/it.]  1.  To  suit;  to 
be  suitable  to;  to  become. 

That  name  best  befits  thee.  Milton. 

2.  To  fit;   to  furnish  with  something  fit. 
[Rare.] 

(He)  had  seriously  befitlcd  him  with  just  such  a 
bridle  ami  such  a  saddle.  Sterne. 

Befitting  (be-flt'ing),  p.  and  a.  Suiting;  be- 
coming. 'Robes  befitting  his  degree.'  Dray- 
ton.  — -SYN.  Fit,  becoming,  suitable,  meet, 
proper,  decent,  appropriate. 

Beflatter  (be-flat' ter),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
flatter.}  To  flatter;  to  cajole. 

Beflower  (be-flou'er),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
flower.]  lo  besprinkle  or  scatter  over  with 
eruptions  or  pustules.  Hobbes. 

Beflum  (be-Hum'),  v.t.  [Perhaps  for  beflam 
— prefix  be,  and /torn;  or  prefix  be,  andyfwm 
as  in  flummery,  or  Icel.jlim,  a  scoff.)  To 
befool  by  cajoling  language;  to  flatter. 
[Scotch.]  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Befoam  (be-fom').  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  foam.] 
To  cover  with  foam.  Dryden. 

Befog  (be-fogO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  befogged; 
ppr.  befogging.  [Prefix  be,  and/o^.]  To  in- 
volve in  fog;  hence,  fig.  to  confuse. 

Befool  (be-folO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  fool] 
To  fool;  to  infatuate;  to  delude  or  lead  into 
error. 

The  story  of  Ursula  was  contrived  to  befool  credu- 
lous men.  Fuller. 

Before  (be  for"),  prep.  [A.  Sax.  before,  be- 
faran  —  prefix  be,  and  foran,  fore.)  1.  In 
front  of;  at  the  fore  part  of;  preceding  in 
space;  as,  before  the  house;  before  the  fire. 
'  Who  shall  go  before  them?'  Milton.— 1.  In 
presence  of;  in  sight  of. 

Abraham  bowed  down  himself  before  the  people 
of  the  land.  Gen.  xxih' 13. 

3.  Under  the  cognizance,  jurisdiction,  or 
consideration  of. 

The  cause  of  both  parties  shall  come  before  the 
judges.  Ex.  xxii.  9. 

4.  Preceding  in  time;  as,  I  will  return  before 
six  o'clock.     [Like  after,  this  word  often 
precedes  a  clause,  as  a  governing  preposi- 
tion, and  thus  has  the  function  of  a  con- 
junction. 

Before  I  was  afflicted,  I  went  astray.     Ps.  cxix.  67. 
Before  this  treatise  can  become  of  use  two  points 
are  necessary.  Swift. 

Formerly  the  clause  thus  governed  by  before 
was  ofteu  introduced  by  the  conjunction 
that. 

Jesus  answered  and  said  unto  him,  Before  that 
Philip  called  thee,    ...    I  saw  thee.        Jn.  i.  48.] 

5.  In  preference  to ;  prior  to ;  having  pre- 
cedence of  in  rank,  dignity,  or  the  like. 

He  that  cometh  after  me  is  preferred  before  me: 
for  he  w.»s  before  me.  Jn.  i.  15. 

We  think  poverty  to  be  infinitely  desirable  before 
the  torments  of  covetousness.  Jer.  Taylor. 

The  eldest  son  is  before  the  younger  in  succession. 
yohnson. 

—Before  the  mast,  in  or  into  the  condition 
of  a  common  sailor;  as,  to  be  or  to  go  before 
the  mast;  the  portion  of  a  ship  behind  the 
main-mast  being  reserved  for  the  officers, 
and  never  trodden  by  the  common  sailors 
except  on  duty.— Before  the  wind,  (a)(naut.) 
in  the  direction  of  the  wind  by  its  impulse. 


('<)  /•'/';/.  and  colloq.  in  prosperous  i  ircum- 
stances;  out  of  debt  or  difficulty. 
Before  (liu-forO,  adv.     1.  Further  onward  in 
place;  in  front;  in  the  fore  part 
Reaching  forth  unto  those  things  which  are  before 

I'lui.  in.  n. 

The  battle  was  before  and  behind.    3  Chr.  xiii.  14. 

2.  In  time  preceding;  previously;  formerly; 
iilrt'iuly. 

You  tell  me  what  I  knew  before.  Dryden. 

[This  word  is  frequently  used  in  self-ex- 
plaining compounds,  such  us  before-cited, 
h<'i'<i,T-<i'iin<i,  before-mentioned.} 

Beforehand  (be -for 'hand),  a.  In  good 
pecuniary  circumstances;  having  enough  to 
meet  one's  obligations  and  something  over. 
1  Rich  and  much  beforehand.'  Bacon.  See 
FOREHANDED,  3. 

Beforehand  (be-forliand),  adv.  1.  In  anti- 
cipation ;  in  advance :  (a)  followed  by  with, 
and  forming  or  completing  the  predicate  of 
a  sentence. 

Agricola    .    -     .    resolves  to  be  beforehand  it'ith 
the  danger  Milton. 

The  last-cited  author  has  been  beforehand  with  me. 
Addison. 

(6)  Not  followed  by  with. 

So  that  they  .   .   .   may  be  taught  beforehand  the 
skill  of  speaking.  Itovkcr. 

2.  t  Before  there  is  time  for  anything  to  be 
done;  before  anything  is  done. 

What  is  a  man's  contending  with  insuperable  diffi- 
culties but  the  rolling  of  Sisyphus's  stone  up  the  hill, 
which  is  soon  beforehand  to  return  upon  him  again. 
Sir  R   L 'Estrange. 

Beforen.t  Beforne.t  adv.  or  prep.    Before. 

Chaucer. 
Beforetlme  (be-for'tim),  adv.    Formerly;  of 

old  time.    [Obsolescent.] 

fieforetime  in  Israel,  when  a  man  went  to  inquire 
of  God,  thus  he  spake.  i  Sam.  ix.  9. 

Befortune  t  (be-fortun),  v.  t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
fortune. ]  To  happen;  to  betide.  'I  wish 
all  good  befortune  you.'  Shak. 

Befoul  (be-four),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  foul. 
C'omp.  befyle.]  To  make  foul ;  to  soil. 

Befreckle  (be-frek'l),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
freckle.]  To  freck;  to  spot;  to  colour  with 
various  spots;  to  variegate.  'Her  star- 
befreckled  face.'  Dray  ton. 

Befriend  (be-frend'),  v.t.     [Prefix  be,  and 
friend.}    To  act  as  a  friend  to ;  to  counten- 
ance, aid,  or  benefit ;  to  assist ;  as,  fortune 
befriended  me. 
That  you  were  once  unkind,  befriends  me  now.  Shak. 

Befriendment  (be-frend'ment),  n.    Act  of 

befriending.    Foster.    [Rare.  ] 
Befringe  (be-frinj'),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and 

fringe.]    To  furnish  with  a  fringe;  to  adorn 

as  with  fringe. 

Let  my  dirty  leaves    . 
Befringe  the  rails  of  Bedlam  and  Soho.       Pofe. 

Befur  (be-fer'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  befurrcd; 
ppr.  befurrina.  [Prefix  be,  and  far.]  To 
cover  or  supply  with  fur. 

Befyle,  Beflle  (be-fylO,  v.  t.  [A.  Sax.  befylan 
—be,  and  fylan,  to  make  filthy,  from  ful, 
foul.]  To  make  filthy;  to  befoul;  to  soil. 
[Scotch.] 

Beg,  Bey  (beg,  ha),  n.  [Turk,  begh,  pron. 
ba.  ]  In  Turkey,  a  governor ;  more  par- 
ticularly, the  lord  of  a  sanjak  or  banner. 
The  title,  however,  is  used  with  no  great 
regard  to  accuracy,  and  is  frequently  given 
to  superior  officers  and  persons  of  rank.  In 
Tunis  the  beg  or  bey  is  the  prince  or  king. 

Beg  (beg),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  begged;  ppr. 
begging.  [Perhaps  from  the  noun  beggar 
(which  see).  More  probably,  however,  a 
shortened  form  of  an  old  bedegian,  bedecian, 
to  beg  (the  latter  found  in  King  Alfred's 
translation  of  Pope  Gregory'sPostorai  Care), 
from  root  bid  in  A.  Sax.  biddan,  to  beg,  to 
ask ;  comp.  Goth,  bidagwa,  a  beggar,  from 
same  root.]  1.  To  ask  or  supplicate  in 
charity.  '  Nor  his  seed  begging  bread.'  Ps. 
xxxvii.  25.— 2.  To  ask  for  earnestly. 

Joseph  begged  the  body  of  Jesus.     Mat.  xxvii.  58. 

3.  To  ask  earnestly;  to  beseech;  to  entreat 
or  supplicate  with  humility;  as,  I  begged 
him  to  use  his  influence  in  favour  of  my 
friend. — 4.  To  take  for  granted;  to  assume 
without  proof;  as,  to  beg  the  question  in 
debate. 

We  have  not  begged  any  principles  or  suppositions 
for  the  proof  of  this.  T.  Siirtiet. 

[The  phrase  /  beg  to  is  often  used  as  a  polite 
formula  for  introducing  a  question  or  com- 
munication ;  as,  /  beg  to  inquire,  /  beg  to 
state.  It  may  be  regarded  as  elliptical  for 
/  beg  leave  to.]— To  beg  a  person  for  afool,\ 
to  be  appointed  his  guardian. 


In  the  old  common  law  w.is  a  writ  .  .  .  under 
wiiidi  if  a  man  was  legally  proved  an  idiot,  the  profit 
of  his  lands  .  .  .  might  be  granted  by  the  king  to  any 
subject.  Such  a  person,  when  this  grant  w.i-,  asked, 
was  said  to  be  begged/or  afoot.  Naret. 

— Auk,  Demand,  Claim,  /,'.'/"//.  .  1',,-ij,  Be. 

r..-eiii.      Srr  miller  ASK.       SVN     Tn  rlltivat. 

solicit,  implore,  supplicate,  beseech,  peti- 
tion, crave,  request,  ask. 
Beg  (beg),  v.i.    To  ask  alms  or  charity;  to 
practise  begging;  to  live  by  asking  alms. 

Am!  thus  gate  1  begff 
Without  bagge  other 
But  my  woiube  one.       I'iers  Pl<m<m*n. 
I  cannot  dig;  to  beg  I  am  ashamed.     Luke  xvi.  3. 

Bega,  Biggah  (be'ga,  big'ga),  n.  [Hind. 
liitjhd.]  A  Bengal  land-measure,  about  one- 
third  of  an  English  acre. 

Begad  (bc-^ad'),  inter).  [A  corruption  of  by 
God.  ]  A  sort  of  exclamatory  oath,  employed 
to  give  weight  to  a  statement. 

Begad,  madam,    ,     .    .    'tis  the  very  same  I  met. 
Fielding. 

Begall  (be-galO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  gall.] 
To  gall;  to  fret;  to  chafe;  to  rub  sore.  Bp. 
Hall. 

Began  (be-ganO,  pret.  of  begin. 


Begawdt  (be-gad'),  v.t.     [Prefix  be,  and 
gawd.  ]     To    bedeck    wif 
North. 


<j«  ml.  ]     To    bedeck    with   gaudy   things. 


Begem  (be-jem'),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  begemmed; 
ppr.  begemming.  [Prefix  be,  and  yem.]  To 
adorn  with  gems,  or  as  with  gems. 

The  lawn  begemmed  with  dew-drops.         Scott. 

Beget  (be-gef),  v.t  pret.  begot,  begat;  pp.  be- 
got, begotten;  ppr.  begetting.  [A.  Sax.  begitan, 
bigitan  —  prefix  be,  and  gitar.,  to  get.  ] 

1.  To  procreate,  as  a  father  or  sire;    to 
generate ;  as,  to  beget  a  son.      '  Yet  they 
a  beauteous  offspring  shall  beget. '    Milton. 

2.  To  produce,  as  an  effect;  to  cause  to 
exist;  to  generate;  as,  luxury  begets  vice. 
'  Love  is  begot  by  fancy.'    Granville. 

Begetter  (be-get'er),  n.  One  who  begets  or 
procreates;  a  father. 

Beggable  (beg'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
begged.  '  Things  disposed  of  or  not  beggable. ' 
Butler. 

Beggar  (beg'ger),  n.  [Etymology  doubtful. 
The  old  derivation  was  from  bag,  in  which 
case  a  beggar  meant  originally  one  who  car- 
ried a  bag  or  wallet.  Bagger  would  be  con- 
verted into  beggar  by  a  slight  change  of 
vowel  sounds,  but  the  spelling  bagger  does 
not  seem  to  occur  anywhere.  The  bag  was 
certainly  in  former  times  regarded  as  the 
distinguishing  badge  of  the  beggar.  'It 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  bag  was  a 
universal  characteristic  of  the  beggar  at  a 
time  when  all  his  alms  were  given  in  kind, 
and  a  beggar  is  hardly  ever  introduced  in 
our  older  writers  without  mention  being 
made  of  his  bag.'  Wedgwood.  See  the  quo- 
tation below,  and  one  under  BEG,  v.i.  Pro- 
bably the  name  is  from  the  verb,  a  recently 
proposed  etymology  of  which  isgiven  above  ] 

1.  One  that  lives  by  asking  alms  or  makes  it 
his  business  to  beg  for  charity. 

Bidderes  and  beggeres 

Fast  about  yede. 

With  hire  belies  and  here  bagges 

Of  brede  full  ycrainincd.     fters  Plowman. 

2.  One  who  supplicates  with  humility;   a 
petitioner:  in  this  sense  rarely  used,  as  the 
word  has  become  a  term  of  contempt. 

What  subjects  will  precarious  kings  regard? 

A  beggar  speaks  too  softly  to  be  heard.    Dryden. 

3.  One  who  assumes  in  argument  what  he 
does  not  prove.      '  These  shameful  beggars 
of  principles.'    Tillotson. —  To  go  or  go  home 
by  beggar's  bush,  to  go  to  ruin.     Brewer. 

Beggar  (beg'ger),  v.  t.  To  reduce  to  beggary; 
to  impoverish;  fig.  to  exhaust  the  resources 
of;  to  exhaust.  'It  beggared  all  description.' 
Shak.  With  of.  '  Beggared  of  blood. '  Shak. 

Whose  heavy  hand  hath  bow'd  you  to  the  grave, 
And  beggar'd  yours  for  ever.  Shalt. 

Beggarliness  (beg'ger-li-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  beggarly;  meanness;  extreme  poverty. 

Beggarly  (beg'ger-li),  o.  In  the  condition  of 
or  becoming  a  beggar;  extremely  indigent; 
poor;  mean;  contemptible:  used  of  persons 
and  things.  '  A  beggarly  account  of  empty 
boxes.'  Shak. 

Beggarly  sins,  that  is,  those  sins  which  Idleness  and 
beggary  usually  betray  men  to,  such  as  lying,  flattery, 
stealing,  and  dissimulation.  jfer.  Taylor. 

Beggarly  t  (beg'ger-li),  adv.  Meanly ;  indi- 
gently; t'.espu  ably. 

It  is  his  delight  to  dwell  beggarly.         Hooter. 

Beggar-my-nelghbour(beg'ger-mi-na'ber), 
n.  A  shim's  game  at  cards.  In  one  variety 
of  it  the  players  hold  the  cards  with  the 
backs  upwards,  and  lay  down  one  alternately 


ch,  cAain;      eh,  Sc .  locA;      g,  gn;      j.j'ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  u>Mg;    zh,  azure.—  See  KKI. 


BEGGAR'S-LICE 


248 


BEHAVE 


till  an  honour  ia  turned  up,  which  has  to  he 
paid  for  at  the  rate  of  four  cards  for  an 
ace,  three  for  a  king,  <&c. ,  and  the  game 
goes  on  thus  till  one  has  gained  all  the 
other's  cards. 

Beggar's-llce  (beg'aera-lU),  n.  The  vulgar 
name  of  Galiutn  Aparine  or  goose-grass, 
because  its  burs  stick  to  the  clothes,  and 
somewhat  resemble  these  vermin.  The 
name  is  also  sometimes  given  to  certain 
other  plants  of  the  same  character  in  this 
respect,  as  in  America  to  some  species  of 
Echinospermum. 

Beggary  (beg'ger-i),  n.  1.  The  state  of  a 
beggar;  a  state  of  extreme  indigence. — 2.  A 
state  of  bareness  or  deficiency.  '  The  free- 
dom and  the  beggary  of  the  old  studio.' 
Thackeray. 

Beggy  (beg"!),  n.    Same  as  Beg,  Bey. 

There  used  to  be  a  still  more  powerful  personage 
at  the  head  of  the  Ourf,  called  the  Divan  Beggy. 

BrougliLnn. 

Beghard,  Beguard  (be-giird'),  n.  [L.L. 
beghardus,  G.  beghart,  Fr.  begard,  beguard; 
origin  doubtful,  perhaps  from  L.  L.  and  Ro- 
mance baga,  E.  bag,  and  term,  -ard,  -hart] 
One  of  a  body  of  religious  enthusiasts  which 
arose  in  Flanders  in  the  thirteenth  century. 
They  disclaimed  the  authority  of  princes, 
and  refused  to  submit  themselves  uncondi- 
tionally to  the  rules  of  any  order,  but  bound 
themselves  to  a  life  of  extreme  sanctity 
without  necessarily  quitting  their  secular 
vocations.  On  account  of  heretics  of  all 
sorts  retreating  into  these  half -spiritual 
communities  they  were,  in  the  latter  half  of 
the  fourteenth  century,  subjected  to  severe 
persecution,  and  were  gradually  dispersed, 
or  joined  the  orders  of  Dominicans  and 
Franciscans.  Their  history  during  the 
middle  ages  is  much  mixed  up  with  that  of 
the  Beguines. 

Begild  (he-gild'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  gild.] 
To  gild.  'Bride-laces  begilt.'  B.  Jonson. 

Begin  (be-gin'),  v.i.  pret.  began;  pp.  begun; 
ppr.  beginning^.  The  pret.  begun  is  occa- 
sionally met  with  in  poetry,  but  rarely  else- 
where. [A.  Sax.  begltinan,  to  begin — prefix 
be,  and  ginnan,  to  begin,  pret.  gann,  the 
gan  so  frequently  used  in  O.  E.  as  an  auxili- 
ary =  did;  as,  '  His  blisse  gan  he  tyne  (lose).' 
Piers  Plowman.]  1.  To  have  an  original  or 
first  existence ;  to  take  rise ;  to  commence. 
•Made  a  selfish  war  begin.'  Tennyson.— 
2.  To  do  the  first  act ;  to  enter  upon  some- 
thing new;  to  take  the  first  step ;  as,  begin, 
my  muse. 

Begin  every  day  to  repent.  jfer.  Taylor. 

—  To  begin  with,  (a)  to  enter  upon  first ;  to 
use  or  employ  first;  as,  to  begin  with  the 
Latin  grammar;  to  begin  with  prayer.  (6)  To 
make  the  first  of  a  series  of  statements ;  as, 
to  begin  with,  I  do  not  like  its  colour,  then 
I  object  to  its  perspective,  Ac. 
Begin  (be-gin'),  v.t.  1.  To  do  the  first  act  of; 
to  enter  on;  to  commence. 

Ye  nymphs  of  Solyma,  begin  the  song         Pope. 

2.  To  trace  from  anything,  as  the  first 
ground;  to  date  the  beginning  of. 

The  apostle  begins  out  knowledge  in  the  creatures 
which  leads  us  to  the  knowledge  of  God.        Locke. 

SYN.  To  commence,  originate,  initiate,  enter 
upon,  set  about. 
Beginne  t  (be-gin1),  n.    Beginning. 

Let  no  whit  thee  dismay 
The  hard  beginne  that  meets  thee  in  the  dore. 
Spenser. 

Beginner  (be-gin'er),  n.  1.  The  person  who 
begins;  he  that  originates;  the  agent  who  is 
the  cause;  he  who  first  leads  off;  an  author. 
'Where  are  the  vile  beginners  of  this  fray?' 
Shak.—  2.  One  who  first  enters  upon  any  art, 
science,  or  business;  one  who  is  in  the  rudi- 
ments; a  young  practitioner:  often  implying 
want  of  experience.  '  A  sermon  of  a  new 
beginner.'  Swift. 

Beginning  (be-gin'ing),  n.  1.  The  first  cause; 
origin. 

I  am  ...  the  beginning  and  the  ending.     Rev.  i.  8. 

2.  That  which  is  first ;  the  first  state ;  com- 
mencement; entrance  into  being. 

In  the  beginning  God  created  the  heaven  and  the 
carth.  Gen.  i.  i. 

S.  The  rudiments,  first  ground,  or  materials. 

Mighty  things  from  small  beginnings  grow.  Dryden. 

Beginningless  (be-giu'ing-les),  a.    Having 

no  beginning. 
Begird  (be-gerd'),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  begirt,  be- 

girded;  ppr.  begirding.    [Prefix  be,  and  gird; 

A.  Sax.  begyrdan.]    1.  To  bind  with  a  hand 

or  girdle.  —  2.  To  surround ;  to  inclose ;  to 

encompass. 

Uther's  son 
Begirt  with  British  and  Armoric  knights.    MiUon. 


Beglrtt  (be-gerf),  v.t.  To  begird;  to  en- 
compass. 'To  begirt  the  Almighty  throne 
beseeching  or  besieging.'  Milttni. 

Beglerbeg  (beg'ler-beg),  n.  [Turk,  begler- 
beyi.  lord  of  lords,  one  who  has  authority 
over  several  begs.  See  BEG.  ]  The  governor 
of  a  province  in  the  Turkish  Empire,  next 
in  dignity  to  the  grand  vizier.  Each  beg- 
lerbeg  has  three  ensigns  or  staffs,  trimmed 
witli  a  horse-tail,  to  distinguish  him  from  a 
pasha  who  has  two,  and  a  beg  who  has  but 
one. 

Beglerbeglic,  Beglerbeglik  (beg'lcr-beg- 
lik),  n.  A  Turkish  province  under  the  rule 
of  a  beglerbeg. 

Begloom  (be-glom'X  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
gloom.]  To  make  gloomy;  to  darken.  [Rare.] 

Begnaw  (be-na'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  gnaw; 
A.  Sax.  begnagan.]  To  bite  or  gnaw;  to  eat 
away;  to  corrode;  to  nibble  at.  'The  worm 
of  conscience  still  beynaw  thy  soul ! '  Shak. 
[Rare.] 

Begodt  (be-godO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  god.] 
To  deify.  'Begodded  saints.'  South. 

Begone  (be-gon').  Go  away;  depart.  [Pro- 
perly two  words  which  have  been  united. 
Be  is  the  imperative  of  the  verb  to  be,  and 
gone  the  past  participle  of  go.] 

Begonia  (be-go'ni-a),  n.  [After  Michel  Be- 
gon,  a  French  botanist.  ]  A  genus  of  herba- 
ceous plants,  natives  of  the  tropical  regions 
of  the  New  World.  They  are  called  elephant's 
e:ir  from  the  form  of  their  leaves.  See  BE- 

(JONIACE*. 

Begoniacese  (be-go'ni-a"se-e),  n.  pi.  A  natu- 
ral order  of  exogens,  the  members  of  which 
occur  mostly  in  the  tropical  parts  of  both 
the  Old  and  New  World,  particularly  in 
Asia  and  America.  A  small  species  of  Be- 
gonia ascends  the  Himalaya  to  at  least 
11,500  feet,  often  growing  in  the  trunks  of 
trees.  The  plants  have  fleshy  oblique  leaves, 
succulent  stems,  and  a  single  perianth,  usu- 
ally pink,  the  stamens  being  in  one  fiower 
and  the  pistils  in  another.  They  are  deserv- 
edly favourites  with  the  collectors  of  tropi- 
cal plants,  in  consequence  of  the  beauty  of 
the  leaves  of  some  varieties,  and  the  facility 
with  which  they  may  be  kept  in  a  state  of 
almost  constant  flowering.  By  some  bota- 
nists all  the  members  of  this  order  are  in- 
cluded in  the  one  genus  Begonia;  De  Can- 
dolle  divides  them  among  three  genera,  and 
other  botanists  make  many  genera. 

Begore  (be-gor1),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  gore.] 
To  besmear  with  gore.  Spenser. 

Begot,  Begotten  (be-gof,  be-got'n),  pp.  of 
beget.  'Base  begotten  on  a  Thebau  slave.' 
Dryden. 

Begrace  (be-grasO, ».  (.  [Prefix  be,  and  grace.  ] 
To  say  'your  grace'  to;  to  address  by  the 
title  of,  or  treat  as  a  lord.  Uolinshed. 
[Rare.] 

Begravet  (be-grav'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
grave.]  1  To  deposit  in  the  grave;  to  bury. 
Gower. — 2.  To  engrave. 

With  great  sleight 
Of  workmanship  it  was  ttffawf.  Confer 

Begrease  (be-grezO. "  '•  pret.A  pp. begreased; 
ppr.  begreasing.  [Prefix  be,  and  grease.] 
To  soil  or  daub  with  grease  or  other  oily 
matter. 

Begrime  (be-grim7),  c.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  begrimed; 
pp.  begriming.  [Prefix  be,  and  grime.]  To 
soil  with  dirt  deep  impressed,  so  that  the 
natural  hue  cannot  easily  be  recovered. 
'The  justice-room  begrimed  with  ashes.' 
Sfacaulay. 

Begrudge  (be-gruj'),  v.t.  pret.  <fe  pp.  be- 
grudged; ppr.  begrudging  [Prefix  be,  and 
grudge.  ]  To  grudge ;  to  envy  the  posses- 
sion of. 

There  wants  no  teacher  to  make  a  poor  man  be- 
grndge  Ins  powerful  and  wealthy  neighbour  both  his 
actual  share  in  the  government,  and  his  dispropor- 
tionate share  of  the  good  things  of  this  life. 

Begrutten  (be-grut'n),  pp.  or  a.  [Prefix"!*, 
and  grutten,  pp.  of  greet,  to  weep.  ]  Having 
the  face  besmeared  and  befouled  with  weep- 
ing; exhausted  with  weeping.  [Scotch.] 

Begtashi  (beg-ta'she),  n.  A  secret  religious 
order  in  Turkey  resembling  our  order  of 
Freemasons,  employing  passwords  and  signs 
of  recognition  very  similar  to,  and  in  some 
cases  identical  with,  those  of  this  order; 
and  including  many  thousands  of  influential 
members. 

Beguan  (beg'wan),  n.  A  bezoar  or  concre- 
tion found  in  the  intestines  of  the  iguana. 

Beguile  (be-gil'),  v.t.  pret.  <te  pp.  beguiled; 
ppr.  beguiling.  [Prefix  be,  and  guile.]  1  To 
delude;  to  deceive;  to  impose  on  by  artifice 
or  craft. 

The  serpent  beguiled  me,  and  I  did  eat.    Gen.  Hi.  13. 


2.  To  evade ;  to  frustrate. 

'Tis  yet  some  comfort. 

When  misery  could  beguile  tile  tyrant's  rage. 
And  frustrate  his  proud  will.  Shak. 

3.  To  drive  away  or  render  unfelt  by  divert- 
ing the  mind;  to  cause  to  forget  by  keeping 
amused. 

By  sports  like  these  are  all  his  cares  b'gtiiled. 
Goldsmith. 

4.  To  while  away. 

I  would  begnile  the  tedious  day  with  sleep. 

Shak. 

SYX.  To  delude,  deceive,  cheat,  dupe,  trick, 
hoax,  mislead. 

Begullement  ( be-gil'ment ),  n.  Act  of  be- 
guiling or  deceiving;  state  of  being  beguiled 

Beguller  ( be-gil'er ),  n.  One  who  or  th;.t 
which  beguiles  or  deceives. 

Beguiling  (be-gil'ing),  p.  and  a.  Deceivin  ,•; 
deluding;  guileful;  as,  beguiling  words. 

Beguilingly  (be-gil'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner fo»  beguile  or  deceive. 

Beguiltyt  (be-gil'ti),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
guilty.]  To  render  guilty;  to  burden  with 
a  sense  of  guilt. 

By  easy  communications  of  public  penance  for  a 
private  pecuniary  mulct  (thou)  dost  at  once  begitilty 
thine  own  conscience  with  sordid  bribery. 

Bp.  Sanderson. 

Beguin  (ba-gafi  or  beg-win"),  n.  [See  BE- 
OUINE.]  1.  A  Beghard  (which  see).  Mosheim. 
2.  A  Beguine  (which  see).  '  Wanton  wenches 
and  Begmns.  World  of  Wonders,  1608. 

Beguinage  (ba-gen-azh),  n.  [Fr.]  Aeon- 
vent  of  Ueguines. 

Beguine  (ba-gen'),  71.  [Fr.  bfguine,  D.  be- 
gijn,  G.  begine,  L.L.  beghina,  of  same  origin 
as  beghard.  See  BEGHARD.]  One  of  an 
order  of  females  which  sprung  up  in  Germany 
and  Belgium  in  the  eleventh  century.  With- 


Beguine. 

out  taking  the  monastic  vows,  they  form 
societies  for  the  purposes  of  devotion  and 
charity,  and  live  in  houses  called  beguinages. 
Communities  of  Beguines  are  found  in  Hol- 
land, Belgium,  and  Germany. 

Begum  (be-gumO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  gum.] 
To  daub  or  cover  with  gum.  Swift. 

Begum,  Begaum(be'gum,  be'gam).  n.  [Fern, 
corresponding  to  beg,  a  bey  or  prince.  ]  In 
the  East  Indies,  a  princess  or  lady  of  high 
rank. 

Begun  (be-gunO,  pp  of  begin. 

Begunk  (be-gungk'),  r  (.  [Probably  a  nasal- 
ized form  of  begecfc,  D.  begekkcn—  prefix  be, 
and  geek,  D.  gekhen,  to  scoff,  to  deride.]  To 
cheat;  to  deceive;  to  baulk;  to  get  the  bet- 
ter of.  '  Whose  sweetheart  has  begunked 
him.'  Blackwood's  Hag.  [Scotch] 

Begunk  (be-gungk'),  n.  An  illusion;  a  trick; 
a  cheat.  [Scotch.  ] 

If  I  havena' gien  Inchgrabbit  and  Jamie  Howie  a 
bonnic  begun*,  they  ken  themsel's.        Sir  It-'.  Scott. 

Behalf  (be-haf),  n.  [O.E.  behalte,  bUialve, 
from  prefix  be.  and  A.  Sax.  healf,  E.  half, 
lit.  by  or  on  the  half  or  side  of,  side  being 
formerly  a  very  common  meaning  of  half.] 
1.  Advantage ;  convenience ;  bem-Iit ;  inter- 
est ;  profit ;  support;  defence.  '  In  behalf  of 
his  mistress's  beauty.'  Sir  P.  Sidney. — 
2.t  Affair;  cause;  matter.  'In  an  unjust 
behalf.'  Shak.  [Always  governed  by  the 
prepositions  in,  on.  See  note  under  BE- 
HOOF.] 

Behappent  (be-hap'n),  v.i.  [Prefix  be,  and 
happen.]  To  happen. 

This  is  the  greatest  shame,  and  foulest  scorn. 
Which  unto  any  knight  behappen  may.     Spenser. 

Behave  (be-hav'),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  behaved; 
ppr.  behaving.  [Prefix  be,  and  hai-e;  A.  Sax. 
lii'lialiiin/i,  to  restrain  —  be,  and  habban,  to 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  mSve;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  fey. 


BEHAVE 


249 


BEHOVABLE 


have  or  hold.]  l.t  To  restrain;  to  govern; 
to  subdue. 

He  diil  behave  his  anger  ere  'twas  spent. 

Shak.  Tim.  of  AUi.  iii.  <,  22. 

[Perhaps  a  solitary  example.  The  old  edi- 
tions read  behoove  in  this  passage.]  —2.  With 
the  reflexive  pronoun,  to  conduct  one's  self ; 
to  demean  one's  self.  'Those  that  behaved 
t!tt'>uti<-lri-x  manfully.'  2  Maccab.  H.  21. 

We  behaved  not  ourselves  disorderly  among  you. 
2  Thes  iii.  7. 
3.f  To  employ  or  occupy. 

Where  ease  abounds  yt's  eath  to  doe  amiss  : 
Hut  who  liis  limbs  with  labours,  and  his  niynd 
Behaves  with  cares,  cannot  so  easy  mis.  Spenser. 

— To  be  behaved,  to  conduct  or  behave  one's 
self;  to  be  of  a  certain  behaviour,  generally 
in  the  compound  adjectives  ill-behaved  and 
well-behaved. 

Gather  by  him,  as  lie  is  behaved, 
Jft  be  the  affliction  of  his  love,  or  no, 
That  thus  lie  suffers  for.  Shttk. 

Behave  (be-lmv'),  v.i.  To  act;  to  conduct 
one's  self :  generally  used  with  regard  to 
manners  or  to  conduct  in  any  particular 
business,  and  in  a  good  or  bad  sense;  as,  he 
behaves  well  or  ill:  sometimes  applied  to 
inanimate  objects;  as,  the  ship  behaved  well 
in  the  gale. 

Behaviour  (be-hav'yer),  n.  [From  behave, 
with  a  rather  peculiar  termination.)  1.  Man- 
ner of  behaving,  whether  good  or  bad;  con- 
duct ;  mode  of  acting ;  manners ;  deport- 
ment: sometimes  equivalent  to  good  breed- 
ing or  proper  deportment.  '  A  gentleman 
that  is  very  singular  iu  his  behaviour. '  Steele. 
He  who  adviseth  the  philosopher,  altogether  de- 
voted to  the  Muses,  sometimes  to  offer  sacrifice  to 
the  altars  of  the  Graces,  thought  knowledge  imper- 
fect without  behaviour.  Jfotfon. 

2.  The  manner  in  which  anything  acts,  espe- 
cially under  extraordinary  conditions  or  in 
critical  circumstances,  as  a  ship  in  a  storm. 

The  phenomena  of  electricity  and  magnetism  were 
reduced  to  the  same  category;  and  the  behaviour  of 
the  magnetic  needle  was  assimilated  to  that  of  a 
needle  subjected  to  the  influence  of  artificial  electric 
currents.  H.  Spencer. 

3.t  The  act  of  representing  another  person; 
the  manner  in  which  one  personates  the 
character  of  another ;  representative  char- 
acter. [Very  rare,  possibly  unique.  Knight, 
however,  believes  that  the  word  is  used  here 
in  its  natural  sense,  that  is,  the  manner  of 
having  or  conducting  himself.] 
A-'iftff  John.  Now.  say,  Chatillon,  what  would  France 

with  usf 

Chat.  Thus,  after  greeting,  speaks  the  king  of  France, 
In  my  behaviour,  to  the  majesty, 
The  borrow'd  majesty  of  England  here.         Shak. 

—Behaviour  as  heir,  or  gestio  pro  hatrede, 
in  Scots  law,  a  passive  title,  by  which  an 
heir,  by  intromission  with  his  ancestor's 
heritage,  incurs  a  universal  liability  for  his 
debts  and  obligations.  —  During  good  be- 
haviour, as  long  as  one  remains  blameless 
in  the  discharge  of  one's  duties;  as,  an  office 
held  during  good  behaviour.— On  one's  good 
behaviour,  behaving  or  bound  to  behave 
with  a  regard  to  conventional  decorum  and 
propriety.  [Colloq.  ]—  Upon  one's  behaviour, 
in  a  state  of  probation;  liable  to  be  called 
to  account  in  case  of  misconduct. 

Tyrants  themselves  are  upon  their  behaviour  to  a 
superior  power.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

SYN.  Deportment,  conduct,  demeanour,  car- 
riage, bearing,  manner,  address,  breeding. 
Behead  (bfi-hedA  v.t.   [Prefix  be,  and  head.] 
To  cut  off  the  head  of;  to  sever  the  head 
from  the  body  of,  with  a  cutting  instrument. 
Russell  and  Sidney  were  beheaded  in  defiance  of 
law  and  justice.  Macaulay. 

Beheld  (he-held'),  pret.  &  pp.  of  behold. 

Behemoth  (be'he-moth),  n.  [Heb.  b'hemoth, 
plural  of  excellence  of  beheniah,  a  beast— 
hence,  signifying  a  beast  of  the  larger  kind.] 
An  animal  described  in  Job  xl  15-24.  Autho- 
rities are  divided  in  opinion  as  to  the  animal 
intended,  some  supposing  it  to  be  an  ox, 
others  an  elephant,  hippopotamus,  croco- 
dile, mastodon,  <fec.,  while  many  regard  it 
simply  as  a  type  or  representation  of  the 
Largest  land  animals  generally. 

Behold  in  plaited  mail 
Behemoth  rears  his  head.  Thomson. 

Behen,  Ben  (belien,  ben),  n.  [Per.  and  Ar. 
baihan,  the  name  of  a  flower]  A  plant,  the 
bladder-campion  (Silene  in/fata).  The  white 
behen  of  the  shops  is  the  root  of  Serratula 
Behen,  a  native  of  the  Levant;  red  behen  is 
the  root  of  Statice  Limonhim  or  sea-laven- 
der. Called  also  liefcen. 

Behest  (be-hesf),  n.  [Prefix  be,  and  hest, 
A  Sax.  behtea,  a  promise,  hats,  a  command; 
comp.  G.  geheixs,  command,  from  heissen, 


to  call,  tell,  or  command.]  1.  Command; 
precept;  mandate.  'Opposition  to  y<m  and 
your  behestv.'  Shak.  [Poetical.  ] 

He  did  not  pause  to  parley  or  protest, 

But  hastened  to  obey  his  lord's  behest,    f.ongfelloiv. 

2.t  A  vow;  a  promise.  Chaucer;  Goioer; 
Holland. 

Behest  t  (be-best),  v.t.    To  promise. 

Behete.ff/  [A.&UL ftrtofem,  SOL-IIKHIOHT. 
As  a  present  or  infinitive  this  is  the  proper 
form.  ]  To  promise.  Chaucer. 

Behewe.t  pp.     Coloured.     Chaucer. 

Benight,  t  Behitet  (ire-hit'),  v.t.  pret.  behot; 
l>p.  behiyht;  ppr.  f"'hi;//^fin;i.  |O.  K.  behete, 
A.  Sax.  behattan,  to  promise— prefix  be,  and 
hdtan,  to  call,  to  command.  In  form  this 
word  is  properly  a  preterite.  See  HlGHT.  ; 
'So  little  was  this  form  understood  in  the 
sixteenth  century  that  we  actually  find  be- 
highteth  =promi$eth,  used  by  Saekville  as  if 
from  a  present  behiyht.'  Dr.  It.  Morris.] 

1.  To  call ;  to  name. 

That  Gcauntcsse  Argante  is  behight.       Spenser. 

2.  To  address.     '  Whom  soon  as  he  beheld 
he  knew,  and  thus  behiyht.'  Spenser.—S.  To 
pronounce;  to  declare  to  be. 

Why  of  late 

Didst  thou  bfhight  me  born  of  English  blood? 
Spenser. 

4.  To  mean;  to  intend. 

Words  sometimes  mean  more  than  the  heart  be* 
hiteth.  Mir.  for  Mags. 

5.  To  promise. 

£ehight\>y  vow  unto  the  chaste  Minerva.     Surrey. 

6.  To  commit;  to  intrust     'The  keys  are 
to  thy  hand  behight.'    Spenser. — 7.  To  ad- 
judge. 

There  it  was  judged  by  those  worthy  wights, 

That  Satyrane  the  first  day  best  had  done : 

The  second  was  to  Trianiond  behight.      Sfenser 

8.  To  ordain;  to  command.    '  It  fortuned  as 
heaven  had  behight.'    Spenser. 
Behight  (be-hlf),  v.i.     [See  previous  art] 
To  address  one's  self. 

(He)  lowly  to  her  lowting  thus  behight  Spenser 
Behightt  (be-hif),  n.  Vow;  pledge.  Surrey. 
Behind  (be-hlnd7),  prep.  [A.  Sax.  behindan, 
behind— prefix  be,  and  hindan,  behind.  See 
HIND.]  1.  On  the  side  opposite  the  front  or 
nearest  part,  or  opposite  to  that  which 
fronts  a  person;  on  the  other  side  of;  at  the 
back  of;  towards  the  back  or  back  part  of: 
opposed  to  before.  '  A  tall  Brabanter  behind 
whom  I  stood.'  Sp.  Hall. 

The  lion  walked  along 
Behind  some  hedge.  Shak. 

2.  Remaining  after  the  departure  of,  whether 
this  be  by  removing  to  a  distance  or  by 
death. 

What  he  gave  me  to  publish  was  but  a  small  part 
cf  what  he  left  behind  him.  Pope. 

3.  In  a  position  below  or  inferior  to;  as,  one 
student  is  behind  another  in  mathematics. 

For  I  suppose   I  was  not  a  whit  behind  the  very 
chiefest  apostles.  2  Cor.  XL  5. 

—Behind  the  back,  behind  one's  back.  See 
under  BACK. 

Behind  (be-hindO,  adv.  1.  At  the  back  of 
another;  in  the  rear:  opposed  to  before. 

For  even  the  king  has  walked  behind 
When  she  has  gone  before.          Goldsmith. 

2.  Out  of  sight ;  not  produced  or  exhibited 
to  view;  remaining;  awaiting;  future. 

We  cannot  be  sure  that  there  is  no  evidence  behind. 

Locke. 

And  fill  up  that  which  is  behind  of  the  afflictions  of 
Christ  in  my  flesh.  Col.  i.  24. 

3.  Towards  tbeback  part;  backward;  as,  to 
]ook  behind.—  4.  Past  in  the  progress  of  time. 

Forgetting  those  things  which  are  behind,  and 
reaching  forth  unto  those  things  which  are  before. 
Phil.  iii.  13. 

5.  Remaining  after  one's  departure;  as,  he 
departed  and  left  us  behind. 

Thou  shall  live  in  this  fair  world  behind.       Shak. 

Behindhand  (be-hlndliand),  adv.  or  a.   1.  In 
a  state  in  which  expenditure  has  gone  be-  | 
yond  income;  in  a  state  in  which  means  are 
not  adequate  to  the  supply  of  wants  in  ar-  . 
rear;  as,  to  be  behindhand  in  one's  circum- 
stances; you  are  behindhand  with  your  pay-  ! 
i  units. — 2.  In  a  backward  state;  not  suffi- 
ciently advanced ;  not  equally  advanced  with  ! 
some  other  person  or  thing ;  as,  behindhand 
in  studies  or  work. 

In  this  (dress)  also  the  country  are  very  much  be- 
hindhand. Addison. 
3.  Too  late. 

Government  expeditions  are  generally  behindhand. 
Cornhill  Mag. 

[Rarely  used  before  a  noun.  Shakspere's 
'behindhand  slackness'  is  a  poetical  and 
exceptional  use.] 


Behold  (lie-hold'),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  beheld; 
ppr.  bt'hi.lfHwj      (A.  S:ix.   h.-h'-nhlmt,   to  br- 
hold,  to  hold  in  sight,  to  possess,  t<>  gunnl 
prefix  '"-.  and  hwlitan,  to  bold.      A*  to  tli-- 
pectilinrmeaningof  the  pp.  beholden,  bound. 
obliged,  comp.  I>.  fff-liinnirn.  held  bound,  i  H 
also  E.  bound,  obliged,  and  the  phrase  t  • 
hold  one  to  his  promise.)    To  fix  the  « •>• 
upon  ;  to  look  at;  to  sue  with  attention;  to 
observe  with  care. 

When  he  beheld  the  serpent  of  brass,  he  lived. 

Rthold  the   Lamb  of  (iod,  which  takcth  away  the 
sin  of  the  world.  John  i.  29. 

SYN.  To  look  upon,  see,  consider,  eye,  view, 
survey,  contemplate,  observe,  regard,  attend 
to. 

Behold  (be  hold'),  v.i.  1.  To  look;  to  direct 
the  eyes  to  an  object;  to  view;  to  see:  in  a 
physical  sense. 

And  I  beheld,  and  lo,  in  the  midst  of  the  throne, 
.  .  stood  a  Lamb  as  it  had  been  slain.       Rev.  v.  • 

2.  To  fix  the  attention  upon  an  object ;  to 
attend;  to  direct  or  fix  the  mind:  in  thin 
sense  used  chiefly  iu  the  imperative,  being 
frequently  little  more  than  an  exclamation 
calling  attention  or  expressive  of  wonder, 
admiration,  and  the  like. 

Prithee,  sec  there  I  behold,  look,  lol        Shak. 
Behold,  \  stand  at  the  door  and  knock.     Rev.  iii.  30. 

Beholden  (be-hold'n)  -p.  nml  a.  [The  par- 
ticiple of  behold.  SeeBKHOLD.nt.]  Obliged; 
bound  in  gratitude;  indebted. 

Little  are  we  beholden  to  your  love.        Shak. 

Beholdennesst  (be-hold'n-nes), «.  The  state 
of  being  beholden;  indebtedness.  Sir  P. 
Sidney. 

Beholder  (be-hold'er),  n.  One  who  beholds; 
a  spectator;  one  who  looks  upon  or  sees. 

Was  this  the  face 
That,  like  the  sun,  did  make  beholders  wink!  Shak. 

Beholding  t  (be-hold'ing),  a.  [Corrupt  form 
of  beholden.]  Under  obligation;  obliged. 

The  stage  is  more  beholding  to  love  than  the  life 
of  man.  Bacon. 

So    much    hath  Oxford   been  beholding   to    her 
nephews,  or  sister's  children.  Fuller. 

Beholding  (be-hold'ing),  n.  1.  Act  of  seeing. 

The  revenges  we  are  bound  to  take  upon  your 
traitorous  father  are  not  fit  for  your  beholding. 

Shak. 

2.t  Obligation. 

Love  to  virtue, and  not  to  any  particular  beholdings, 
hath  expressed  this  my  testimony.         Jtich.  Careiv. 

Beholdlngnesst  (be-hold'ing-nes),  n.  [Cor- 
rupt form  for  beholdennens.]  The  state  of 
being  beholden  or  obliged. 

Their  presence  still 
Upbraids  our  fortunes  with  beholding  ness.  Marston. 

Behoney  (be-hun'i),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
honey.]  To  sweeten  with  honey;  to  cover  or 
smear  with  honey.  Sherwood. 

Behoof  (be-hof),  n.  [A.  Sax.  behof,  O.Fris. 
btiifif,  L.G.  behavf,  D.  behoef,  G.  behuf,  be- 
hoof; Dan.  behov,  need,  necessity.  Perhaps 
connected  with  have,  or  with  heave,  the  be 
being  certainly  the  prefix;  comp.  I  eel.  hcefti, 
hcefa,  to  hit,  to  aim  at,  also  to  behove,  to 
be  meet.  See  BEHOVE.]  That  which  is  ad- 
vantageous to  a  person;  behalf;  interest; 
advantage;  profit;  benefit. 

No  mean  recompense  it  brings  to  your  behoof. 
Milton. 

[This  word  is  probably  never  used  as  a 
nominative,  being  regularly  governed  by  one 
of  the  prepositions  in,  on,  for,  or  to,  and 
accompanied  with  possessive  pronouns  or 
names  of  persons  in  the  possessive.  Behalf 
is  used  similarly.] 

Behoovablet  (be-hov'a-bl),  a.  Same  as  Be- 
hovable. 

Behoove.    See  BEHOVE. 

Behoovet  (be-hbV),  ».    Advantage;  behoof. 

It  shall  not  be  to  his  behoove.        Cover. 

Behooveful,t  Behovefult  (be-hov'ful),  a. 

Needful;  useful;  profitable;  advantageous. 

Madam,  we  have  culled  such  necessaries 

As  are  behovefnl  for  our  state  to-morrow.      Shak 

It  may  be  most  bthoove/ul  for  princes,  in  matters 

of  grace,  to  transact  the  s^me  publicly.    Clarendon. 

BehOOVefullyt  (be-hbv'ful-li),  adv.  Usefully; 

profitably. 
Behornt  (be-hornO,  v.  t.  [Prefix  be,  and  horn.  ] 

To  put  horns  on;  to  cuckold. 

Marcus  Aurelius  did  fairs  Faustine  wed, 
And  she  with  whoring  did  behorne  his  head. 

John  Taylor. 

Behott  (be-hot'),  pret  of  behight  or  rather 
behete. 

Behovable,  Behoveable  (be-hov'a-bl),  a. 
Profitable;  needful.  'All  spiritual  graces 
behoveable  for  our  soul.'  Homily  ii.  [Rare.] 


ch,  c/tain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  zing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Mn;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


LSEHOVK 


250 


BELEMNITES 


Behove,  Behoovet  (be-hb  vO.  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
behoocd,  behonoed;  ppr.  behoving,  behooving. 
[A.  Sax.  bfhnjian,  to  be  flt,  to  need,  to  be 
necessary;  D.  behoeven,  Dan.  behove,  G.  be- 
hufen,  from  corresponding  nouns.  See  BE- 
HOOF.] 1.  To  be  fit  or  meet  for,  with  respect 
to  necessity,  duty,  or  convenience;  to  be 
necessary  for ;  to  become :  now  used  only 
in  the  third  person  singular  with  it  as  nomi- 
native. 

Thus  it  behoved  Christ  to  suffer.    Luke  xxiv.  46. 

2.t  To  relate  to  the  advantage  of;  to  concern 
the  well-being  of:  used  with  a  regular  no- 
minative. 

If  you  know  aiyjht  which  does  behoove  my  knowledge 
Thereof  to  be  informed,  imprison'!  not 
In  ignorant  concealment.  Shak, 

Bshovet  Behoovet  (be-hbv'),  v.i.  To  be 
necessary,  suitable,  or  flt. 

Sometime  behooveth,  it  to  be  counselled.     Chaucer, 

BehovefuLt    See  BEHOOVEFTJI,. 

Behowl  (he-hour),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  howl.] 
To  howl  at.  'The  wolf  behowla  the  mooii.' 
Shah. 

Behunir  (be-hung7),  p.  or  a.  Draped;  orna- 
mented with  something  hanging;  as,  a  horse 
behung  with  trappings. 

Beidelsar  (bi-del'sar),  n,  [Ar.  beid-el-ossar.] 
A  plant  used  in  Africa  as  a  remedy  for  fever 
and  the  bite  of  serpents.  It  is  supposed  to 
be  the  Asclepias  procera.  The  Egyptians 
use  the  down  of  its  seeds  as  tinder. 

Beild,  Bield  (held),  n.  [O.E.  beld,  protec- 
tion; allied  to  build.}  [Old  English  and 
Scotch.]  1.  Shelter;  refuge;  protection. 
'The  random  beild  o'  clod  or  stane.'  Burns. 
Folk  maun  bow  to  the  bush  that  they  seek  beild  frae. 
Scotch  proverb. 

2.  Place  of  shelter. — 3.  Support;  stay;  means 
of  sustenance. 

For  fuid  thou  gettis  nane  utlier  beild, 

But  eit  the  herbis  upon  the  field.     Sir  D.  Lyndsay. 

Beild  (beld),  v.t.  To  protect;  to  shelter. 
[Scotch.]  ' 

Scorn  not  the  bush  that  beilds  you.    Sir  If-'.  Scott. 
Beildy  (beld'i),  a.    Sheltered  from  the  blast; 
hence,  affording  shelter.    [Scotch.] 

His  honour  being  under  hiding  lies  a'  day,  and 
whiles  a*  night,  in  the  cove  in  the  dern  hag;  .  .  .  it's 
a  beildy  enough  bit.  Sir  it'.  Scott. 

Bein  (ben),  a.  [Icel.  beinn,  hospitable,  beina, 
to  prosper.]  [Scotch.]  1.  Wealthy;  well  to 
do;  as,  a  bein  farmer;  a  bein  body.— 2.  Well- 
provided;  comfortable;  cozy. 

This  is  a  gey  bein  place,  and  it's  a  comfort  to  hae 
sic  a  coiner  to  sit  in  in  a  bad  day.  Sir  //'.  Scott. 

Being  (be'ing),  n.  1.  Existence,  as  opposed 
to  non-existence;  existence,  whether  real  or 
only  in  the  mind. 

In  Him  we  live  and  move  and  have  our  being. 
Acts  xvii.  28. 

Consider  everything  as  not  yet  in  being;  then  con- 
sider if  it  must  needs  have  been  at  all.  Bentley. 

We  conclude,  therefore,  that  being,  intelligent, 
conscious  being,  is  implied  and  postulated  in  think- 
in?,  y  D.  Morelt. 

2.f  Lifetime;  mortal  existence. 

Claudius,  thou 
Wast  follower  of  his  fortunes  in  his  being .     H'ebster. 

3.  That  which  has  life;  a  living  existence, 
in  contradistinction  to  what  is  without  life; 
a  creature;  as,  a  human  being;  a  spiritual 
being. 

It  is  folly  to  seek  the  approbation  of  any  being  be- 
sides the  Supreme,  because  no  other  being  can  make 
a  right  judgment  of  us.  Addison. 

4.f  A  non-living  entity;  a  thing. 

What  a  sweet  being  is  an  honest  mind  1  Beau.  &•  Fl. 

Beingt  (be'ing),  a  quasi  adv.  or  conj.  It  being 
so;  since;  inasmuch  as. 

And  being  you  have 

Declined  his  means,  you  have  increased  his  malice. 
Beau   &•  Fl 

Being-placet  (be'ing-pliis),  n.  A  place  to 
exist  in;  a  state  of  existence. 

Ilefore  this  world's  great  frame,  in  which  all  things 
Are  now  contain'd,  found  any  being-place.   Spenser 

Bairam  (bl'rani),  n.     Same  as  Bairam. 

Bastings  (best'ingz),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Beest- 
ings. 

B3it(bet),  v.t.  [See  BETE.]  To  make  better. 
[Old  English  and  Scotch.] 

Bejadet  (be-jad'),  v.t  [Prefix  be,  and  jade.] 
To  tire.  'Lest  you  bejade  the  good  gallo- 
way.' Milton. 

Bejan  (be'jan),  n.  [Fr.  bfyaune,  a  novice,  a 
student  of  the  first  year—  bee,  beak,  and 
jaune,  yellow,  because  a  yellow  beak  is  the 
characteristic  of  young  birds.]  A  student 
of  the  first  or  lowest  class  in  the  universities 
of  St.  Andrews  and  Aberdeen. 

Bejapet  (be-jap'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  jape.] 
lo  laugh  at;  to  deceive.  Chaucer. 


Bejaria  (be-ja'ri-a),  n.  [From  M.  Bejar,  a 
Spanish  botanist.]  A  genus  of  South  Ame- 
rican alpine  plants,  nat.  order  Ericaceae. 
They  are  small,  generally  glutinous  shrubs, 
and  from  their  beauty  many  of  them  have 
been  introduced  into  our  gardens.  Called 
also  Be/aria. 

Bejaundice  (be-jan'dis),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
jaundice.]  To  infect  with  the  jaundice. 

Bejesuit  (be-jez'u-it),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
Jesuit  }  To  initiate  in  Jesuitism.  Mittun. 

Bejewel  (be-ju'el),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
jewel]  To  provide  or  adorn  with  jewels. 

Her  bejeivelled  hands  lay  sprawling  in  her  amber 
satin  lap.  Thackeray. 

Bejumble  (be-jum'bl),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and 

jumble.}  To  throw  into  confusion;  to  jumble. 

Ash. 
Bekah  (beTta),  n.    [  Heb.  ]    A  half-shekel. 

Ex.  xxxviii.  2(j. 

Beken  (bek'en),  n.    Same  as  Behen. 
BekiSS  (be-kis'),  v.t     [Prefix  be,  and  Arm.] 

To  kiss  or  salute. 

She's  sick  o'  the  young  shepherd  that  bekist  her. 
B.  Jonson. 

Beknave  (be-nav'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
knave.]  To  call  knave.  'The  lawyer  be- 
knaves  the  divine.'  Gay. 

Beknight  (be-nif),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
knight.]  1.  To  make  a  knight  of.  'The  last 
beknighted  booby.'  T.  lIook.—%.  To  address 
by  the  title  of  'sir'  or  'knight.' 

Beknit  (be-nif),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  Jcnit.] 
To  knit;  to  girdle  or  encircle.  'Her  filthy 
arms  beknit  with  snakes  about.'  Golding. 

Beknowt  (be-no7),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  know.] 
To  make  known;  to  acknowledge;  to  own. 
For  I  dare  not  beknawe  min  owcn  name.     Chaucer 

Belabour  (be-la'ber),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
labour;  comp.  G.  bearbeiten,  to  labour,  and 
to  beat  soundly,  prefix  be,  and  arbeiten,  to 
work.]  l.f  To  work  hard  upon;  to  ply  dili- 
gently. 

If  the  earth  is  belaboured  with  culture,  it  yieldeth 
corn.  Barrow. 

2.  To  beat  soundly;  to  thump. 

Ajax  belabours  there  a  harmless  ox.       Dryden. 

Bel-accovlet  (bel-ak-koir),  n.  [Fr.  bet, 
beautiful,  and  accueil,  reception.]  Kind 
salutation  and  reception. 

Belace  (bo-las'),  v.t  pret.  «fe  pp.  belaced;  ppr. 
belacing.  [Prefix  be,  and  lace.]  1  To  fasten, 
as  with  a  lace  or  cord.— 2.  To  adoru  with 
lace. 

When  thou  in  thy  bravest 
And  most  belaced  servitude  dost  strut. 
Some  newer  fashion  doth  usurp.  Beaumont. 

3.  To  beat;  to  whip.     Wright. — 4.  Same  as 
Belay,  4. 

Beladle  (be-la'dl),  v.t  [Prefix  be,  and  ladle.] 
To  pour  out  with  a  ladle;  toladleout.  'The  | 
honest  masters  of  the  roast  beladiing  the 
dripping.'     Thackeray. 

Belady  (be-la'di),  v.t  [Prefix  be,  and  lady.]  I 
To  address  by  the  phrase  'my  lady'  in  I 
speaking  to. 

Belamouret  (bel'a-mbr),  n.  [Fr.  bel  amour.] 

1.  A  gallant;  a  consort. 

How  brave  she  decks  her  bounteous  boure,  .  ,  . 
Therein  to  slirowd  her  sumptuous  belainoure, 
Spenser. 

2.  An  old  name  for  a  flower  now  unknown. 
'Her  snowy  brows  like  budded  belamoures.' 
Spenser. 

Belamyt  (bel'a-mi),  n.  [Fr.  bel  ami.]  A  good 
friend;  an  intimate.  'His  dearest  belamy.' 
Spenser. 

Belate  (be-laf),  v.t  [Prefix  be,  and  late.]  To 
retard;  to  make  too  late;  to  benight:  gene- 
rally used  only  in  pp.  belated,  with  the 
meaning  of  having  lingered  or  remained 
till  late ;  being  out  late ;  hence,  overtaken 
by  darkness;  benighted. 

The  morn  is  young,  quoth  he, 
A  little  time  to  old  remembrance  given 
Will  not  belate  us.  Southey. 

Who  were  the  parties?  who  inspected?  who  con- 
tested this  belated  account?  Burke. 

Faery  elves, 

Whose  midnight  revels,  by  a  forest  side, 
Or  fountain,  some  belated  peasant  sees 

Milton. 

Belatedness  (be-Iat'ed-nes).  n.  The  state 
of  being  belated;  the  state  of  being  too  late; 
slowness ;  backwardness. 

That  you  may  see  I  am  sometimes  suspicious  of 
myself,  and  do  take  notice  of  a  certain  belatedness  in 
me,  I  am  the  bolder  to  send  you  some  of  my  night- 
ward  thoughts.  Milton. 

Belaud  (be-lad7),  v.t.  [-Prefix  bet  and  laud.] 
To  laud;  to  praise  highly.  Mrs.  Gore 

Belave  (be-lav'),  v.t  [Prefix  be,  and  lave.] 
To  wash. 


Belawgivet  (be-la'giv),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  law, 
and  give.]  To  give  a  law  to. 

The  Holy  One  of  Israel  hath  Maivfiftn  his  own 
people  with  this  very  allowance.  Milt-m. 

Belay  (be-I;V),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  lay.] 
l.t  To  lie  in  wait  for  in  order  to  attack; 
hence,  to  block  up  or  obstruct. 

The  speedy  horse  all  passages  belay.     Drydtn. 
2.t  To  besiege;  to  invest;  to  surround.     'So 
when  Arabian  thieves  belayed  us  round.' 
Spenser.—  3.t  To  overlay;  to' adorn. 

All  in  a  woodman's  jacket  he  was  clad 

Of  Lincoln  green,  belayed  with  silver  lace.  Spenser. 

4.  Naut  to  fasten,  or  make  fast,  by  winding 
round  a  cleat,  kevil  or  belaying-pin:  chiefly 
applied  to  the  running  rigging. 

Belaying-pin  (be-la'ing-pTn),  n.  Naut.  a 
wooden  or  iron  pin  fixed  in  different  parts 
of  a  vessel  for  belaying  running  ropes  to. 

Belch  (belsh),  v.t  [O.E.  belfcen,  belkc  (also 
O.E.  and  Sc.  to  bolk,  boke),  A.  Sax.  bealcian, 
to  belch.]  1.  To  throw  or  eject  from  the 
stomach  with  violence.  'Belching  raw  gob- 
bets from  his  maw.'  Addison.— 2.  To  eject 
violently  from  a  deep  hollow  place;  to  cast 
forth. 

The  gates,  that  now 
Stood  open  wide,  belching  outrageous  flame. 

.Milton. 

Belch  (belsh),  v.i.  1.  To  eject  wind  from  the 
stomach. 

All  radishes  breed  wind,  and  provoke  a  man  that 
eateth  them  to  belch.  Holland. 

2.  To  issue  out,  as  with  eructation.  'Belch- 
ing flames.'  Dryden. 

Belch  (belsh),  n.  1.  The  act  of  throwing  out 
from  the  stomach  or  from  a  hollow  place ; 
eructation.  — 2.  t  A  cant  name  for  malt  liquor, 
from  its  causing  belching. 

A  sudden  reformation  would  follow  among  all  sorts 
of  people;  porters  would  no  longer  be  drunk  with 
belch.  Dennis. 

Belcher  (belsh'er),  n.  A  neckerchief  with 
darkish  blue  ground,  large  white  spots, 
with  a  dark  blue  spot  in  the  centre  of  each: 
named  after  a  pugilist  of  this  name. 
[Slang.] 

Beldam,  Beldame  (bel'dam,  bel'dam),  n. 
[Fr.  belle,  fine,  handsome,  and  dame,  lady.  It 
was  at  one  time  applied  respectfully  to 
elderly  females,  but  afterwards  came  to  be 
a  term  of  opprobrium.]  l.t  Fair  dame  or 
lady.  Spenser. — 2. t  Grandmother:  corres- 
ponding to  belsire,  grandfather.  'To  show 
the  beldatne  daughters  of  her  daughter." 
Shak.  —  3,  An  old  woman  in  general,  especi- 
ally an  ugly  old  woman;  a  hag. 

Around  the  beldam  all  erect  they  hang.    Akenside* 

Beleaguer  (be-leg'er),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
leaguer;  G.  belagem—be,  by,  near,  and 
lagern,  to  encamp;  D.  beleyeren,  to  besiege, 
to  invest.]  To  besiege;  to  surround  with  an 
army  so  as  to  preclude  escape ;  to  blockade. 
'The  Trojan  camp,  then  beleaguered  by 
Tuning  and  the  Latins.'  Dryden.—  SYN.  To> 
block  up,  besiege,  environ,  invest,  blockade, 
encompass. 

Beleaguerer  (be-leg'er-er),  n.  One  who  be- 
sieges. 

Beleavet  (be-lev'),  v.  t  [Prefix  be,  and  leare.f 
To  leave.  '  There  was  nothing  beleft. " 
Gower. 

Selection  Moulding  (be-lek'shon  mold'ing), 
n.  Same  as  Bolection  Moulding  (which  see). 

Belecture  (be-lek'tur),  v.t  [Prefix  be,  and 
lecture.]  To  vex  with  lectures;  to  lecture. 

Belee  (be-le'),  v.t  [Prefix  be,  and  lee.]  To 
place  on  the  lee,  or  in  a  position  unfavour- 
able to  the  wind. 

I  ...  must  be  belted  and  calmed  by  debitor  and 
creditor.  Shak. 

Belemnite  (bel'em-nlt),  n.  [Gr.  belemnon, 
a  dart  or  arrow,  from  belox,  a  dart,  from  the 
root  of  ballo,  to  throw.]  1.  A  straight,  solid, 
tapering,  dart-shaped  fossil,  the  internal 
bone  or  shell  of  a  molluscous  animal  of  the 
extinct  family  Belemnitidtc,  common  in  the 
chalk  and  Jurassic  limestone.  Belemnites 
are  popularly  known  as  arrow-head*  <>r 
finger  -  stone  x,  from  their  shape ;  also  as 
thunder -bolts  and  thunder -stones,  from  a 
belief  as  to  their  origin.  For  details  of 
structure  see  BELEMNITIIXS.  —  2.  The  ani- 
mal to  which  such  a  bone  belonged. 

Belenmitella  (bel'em-ni-tel'la),  n.  A  genus 
of  the  family  Belemnitidcc,  characterized  by 
having  a  straight  fissure  at  the  upper  end 
of  the  guard,  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  al- 
veolus. The  species  are  all  cretaceous. 

Belemnites  (bel-em-ni'tez),  n.  [See  P.KI.KM- 
NITE.  ]  One  of  the  typical  genera  of  ceph- 
alopodous  molluscs  of  the  family  Belenmi- 
tidae. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BELEMNITID^E 


251 


BEL1KELY 


Belemnitidae  (bel-em-nlW-dS),  n.  i>l  [See 
l:ni.KMMTK. )  An  extinct  family  of  oephu- 
opoiloiis  molluscs  liflotiu'iiix  to  the  section 
Uecapoda,  and  nearly  allied  to  the  existing 
Sepia,  known  to  us  chiefly  by  their  internal 
skeletons,  abundant  in  the  chalk  and  Jur- 
assic limestone.  This  skeleton  consists  of 
a  suhcylindrical  fibrous  body  called  the 
rostrum  or  guard,  which  is  hollowed  into 
a  conii-ul  excavation  called  the  aloeolu*,  in 
which  is  lodged  the  phmgmacone.  This 
consists  of  a  series  of  chambers,  separated 


1.  Belemnoteuthis  antiquus — ventral  side. 

2.  Belemnites  Owenii  (restored).  A,  Guard.   C,  Phrajf- 

macoue.  D.  Muscular  tissue  of  mantle.  F,  In- 
fundibulum.  I,  Uncinated  arms.  K,  Tentacula. 
N.  Ink-bag. 

3.  Belemnite. — British  Museum. 

by  septa,  perforated  by  apertures  for  the 
passage  of  the  siphuncle  or  infundibulum, 
The  pen  of  the  common  squid  is  the  modern 
representative,  though  on  an  inferior  scale, 
of  the  ancient  belemnite.  Some  specimens 
have  been  found  exhibiting  other  points  of 
their  anatomy.  Thus  we  learn  that  the 
organs  were  inclosed  in  a  mantle;  that  there 
were  ten  arm-like  processes,  eight  of  them 
hooked  at  the  end  called  the  uncinated 
arm*,  and  two  not  uncinated  called  iheten- 
tacula;  that  the  animal  was  furnished  with 
an  ink-bag,  and  that  its  mouth  was  armed 
with  mandibles.  There  are  four  known 
genera—  Belemnites,  Belemnoteuthis,  Bel- 
emnitelln,  and  Xiphoteuthis. 

Belemnoteuthis  (berem-n6-tu"this),n.  [Gr. 
belemnon,  a  dart,  and  teitthis,  the  squid  or 
cuttle-fish.]  A  genus  of  Belemnitidsc  hav- 
ing ten  nearly  equal  arms  and  tentacles, 
each  furnished  with  twenty  to  forty  pairs 
of  hooks. 

Beleper  (be-lep'er),  v.  t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
leper.]  To  infect  with  or  as  with  leprosy. 
'Belepercd  all  the  clergy  with  a  worse  infec- 
tion than  Gehazi's.'  Milton. 

Bel  Esprit  (bel  es-pre),7i.  pi.  Beaux  Esprits 
(boz  es-pre).  [Fr.]  A  fine  genius  or  man  of 
wit. 

Men  who  look  up  to  me  as  a  man  of  letters  and  a 
bet  esprit.  If.  frvi>i±'. 

Belfry  (bel'fri),  n.  [Fr.  be/roi,  O.Fr.  bele- 
froi,  bclfroi,  be/roit,  &c.,  a  watch-tower, 
from  M.H.G.  bervrit,  bercvrit,  a  tower  or 
castle  for  defence,  and  this  from  bergan,  to 
protect,  and/n'rf,  a  place  of  defence,  a  strong 
place  (in  Mod.  G.  friefa  (peace)  has  this 
meaning  only  in  compounds).  A  false  ety- 
mology (the  word  being  connected  with  bell 
partly  through  the  0.  Fr.  forms  containing  I) 
has  confined  the  English  word  to  a  chamber, 
tower,  or  erection  in  which  bells  are  hung.] 
1.  In  milit.  antig.  (a)  a  great  wooden  tower 
erected  by  besiegers  to  the  height  of  the 
walls  of  a  place  to  be  assailed.  It  consisted 
of  several  stages,  was  mounted  on  wheels, 
and  was  often  covered  with  raw  hides  to 
protect  those  under  it  from  fire,  boiling  oil, 
and  the  like.  The  lowermost  story  had 
sometimes  a  battering-ram,  the  stories  in- 
termediate between  it  and  the  uppermost 
were  filled  with  bowmen,  arbalestiers,  &c., 
to  gall  the  defenders,  while  the  uppermost 
was  furnished  with  a  drawbridge  to  let 
dnwn  on  the  wall,  over  which  the  storming 
party  rushed  to  the  assault.  (&)  A  station- 
ary tower  near  a  fortified  place,  in  which 


were   placed  sentinels  to  watch   the  sur- 
rounding country,  and  give  notice  of  tin- 
approach  of  an  enemy.     It  was  furnished 
witli  a  bell  to  give  the  alarm  to  the  garri- 
1     son,  and  also  to  summon  the  vassals  of  a 
feudal  lord  to  the  defence.    This  fact  helped 
the  belief  that  the  word  was  connected  with 
1    bell. — 2.  A  bell-tower,  generally  attached  to 
;    a  church  or  other  building,  but  sometimes 
i     standing  separate.     :i.  That  jmitof  a  steeple 
I    or  other  building  in  which  a  bell  is  hung, 
and    more    particularly  the    timber  work 
which  sustains  it.— 4.  Aaut.  the  ornamental 
frame  usually  tlxed  on  the  top  of  the  pawl- 
bit,  in  which  the  ship's  bell  is  hung. 
Belgardt  (bel-gard'j,  ?*.     [O.Fr.  bel,  and 
garder,  to  look.]    A  soft  look  or  glance. 

Upon  her  eyelids  many  (graces  sat. 

Under  the  shadow  of  her  even  brows. 

Working  belgards,  and  amorous  retrait.  Sfeiner. 

Belgian  (bel'ji-ftn),rt.  [SeeBELGlc.]  Belong- 
ing to  Belgium. 

Belgian  (bel'ji-an),  n.    A  native  of  Belgium. 

Belgic  (bel'jik),  a.  [L.  bclgicus.}  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  lielgce,  who  in  Caesar's  time  pos- 
sessed the  country  between  the  Rhine,  the 
Seine,  and  the  ocean.  They  were  of  Teu- 
tonic origin,  and,  anterior  to  Caesar's  inva- 
sion of  Gaul  and  Britain,  colonies  of  them 
had  established  themselves  in  the  southern 
part  of  Britain.  —2.  Pertaining  to  the  Nether- 
lands, or  to  Belgium  in  particular. 

Belgravian  (bel-gnVvi-an),  a.  Belonging 
to  Belgravia,  an  aristocratic  portion  of  Lon- 
don around  Pimlico ;  aristocratic ;  fashion- 
able. Thackeray. 

Belgravian  (bel-gra'vi-an),  n.  An  inhabit- 
ant of  Belgravia ;  an  aristocrat ;  a  member 
of  the  upper  classes.  Thackeray. 

Belial  (be'U-al),  n.  [Heb.  belial  —  bcli,  not, 
without,  and  yaal,  use,  profit.]  Unprofit- 
ableness; wickedness;  a  wicked  and  unprin- 
cipled person;  an  evil  spirit;  Satan. 

What  concord  hath  Christ  with  Belial)  2  Cor.  vi.  15. 

Belibel  (be-li'bel),  ».  &  [Prefix  be,  and  libel.-} 
To  libel  or  traduce. 

Belie  (be-li'),  r.t.  pret.  &  pp.  belied;  ppr.  be- 
lying. [Prefix  bet  and  lie,  to  speak  falsely; 
like  G.  beliigan,  to  belie.  See  LIE.]  1.  To 
tell  lies  concerning;  to  calumniate  by  false 
reports.  'The  clamour  of  liars  belied  in  the 
hubbub  of  lies.'  Tennyson. 

Thou  dost  belie  him.  Percy,  thou  dost  belie  him : 
He  never  did  encounter  with  Glcndower.         Shak, 

2.  To  give  the  lie  to;  to  show  to  be  false;  to 
contradict. 

Their  trembling  hearts  belie  their  boastful  tongues. 
Drycten. 

3.  To  act  unworthily  of;  to  fail  to  equal  or 
come  up  to;  to  disappoint;  as,  to  belie  one's 
hopes  or  expectations. 

Tuscan  Valerius  by  force  o'ercame. 

And  not  bfly'd  his  mighty  father's  name.     Dryde*t, 

4.  To  give  a  false  representation  of;  to  con- 
ceal the  true  character  of. 

For  heaven's  sake  speak  comfortable  words. — 
Should  I  do  so,  I  should  belie  my  thoughts.      Shak. 

5.t  To  fill  with  lies.  'Belie  all  corners  of 
the  world.'  Shak.  —  O.t  To  counterfeit ;  to 
mimic;  to  feign  resemblance. 

With  dust,  with  horses'  hoofs,  that  be.it  the  ground, 
And  martial  brass,  belie  the  thunder's  sound. 

DryJett. 

Belief  (be-lef),n.  [See  BELIEVE.]  1.  A  per- 
suasion of  the  truth,  or  an  assent  of  the 
mind  to  the  truth  of  a  declaration,  proposi- 
tion, or  alleged  fact,  on  the  ground  of  evi- 
dence, distinct  from  personal  knowledge ; 
conviction  founded  on  evidence  which  may 
be  fitted  to  produce  the  strongest  feeling  of 
confidence  in  one's  own  mind,  but  which 
would  not  necessarily  produce  the  same 
confidence  in  other  people's  minds.  When 
we  use  the  word  belief  there  is  always  an 
under-reference  to  the  possibility  of  doubt, 
whereas  in  using  the  word  knou'ledfje  there 
is  no  such  under-reference,  or  rather  every 
suggestion  of  that  sort  is  positively  ex- 
cluded. We  speak  of  knotting,  not  believ- 
ing, what  we  actually  observe ;  and  if  such 
a  phrase  as  'belief  of  the  senses'  is  used  it 
is  only  when  in  a  metaphysical  discussion 
the  question  of  doubting  the  evidence  of 
the  senses  has  been  raised. 

Belief  admits  "fall  degrees,  from  the  slightest  sus- 
picion to  the  fullest  assurance. 

The  public  mind  was  possessed  with  a  Miefthat 
the  more  conscientious  a  Papist  was,  the  more  likely 
he  must  be  to  plot  against  a  Protestant  government. 
Macaiilay. 

2.  In  theol.  faith,  or  a  firm  persuasion  of  the 
truths  of  religion. 

No  man  can  attain  belief  by  the  bare  contempla- 
tion of  heaven  and  earth.  Hooker. 


3.  The  thing  believed;  the  object  of  belief. 

Superstitious  prophecies  are  the  belief  • 

4.  The  whole  body  of  tenets  held  by  tilt- 
professors  of  any  faith. 

In  the  heat  of  persecution,  to  which  the  Christian 
belief  was  subject,  upon  its  first  proimily.iti'iri 

Hooker. 

6.  A  creed;  a  form  or  summary  of  articles 
of  faith;  as,  repeat  your  beliff.  In  this  sense 
we  generally  use  Creed.  7Y,-.si«/.s,<>/i,  Ctm- 
i-i'-t.ifit,  Faith,  Opinion,  Belief.  See  under 
I'KKsi'AslON.  — SYN.  Credence,  trust,  faith. 
credit,  confidence,  persuasion. 

Beliefful  (be-lef'ful).  a.  Having  belief  or 
faith.  Uda.ll.  [Rare.] 

Belieffulness  ()>e-lGf  ful-nes),  n.    The  state 
of  being  beliefful.     'The  godly  bcli 
of  the  heathen. '     Udall.    [Rare.  ] 

There  is  a  hopefulness  and  a  belieffulnest,  so  to 
say,  on  your  side,  which  is  a  great  compensation. 

BelievablHty(be.lev'a-bil"i-ti),  n.  Credibil- 
ity;  capability  of  being  believed.  J.  S.  MM. 

Believable  (be-lev'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing believed;  credible.  '  That  he  sinned,  is 

not  brlicvable.'    Tennyson. 
Believableness  (be-lev'a-bl-nes).  n.    Credi- 
bility. 


Believe  (be-lev*),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  believed; 
ppr.  believing.     [O.K.   bileve,  I 
rently   the  direct  descendant  of  A.  Sax. 


appa- 


geleitfan,  gebtfan,  geltfan,  to  believe,  the 
initial  particle,  however,  being  changed ; 
the  noun  in  A.  Sax.  was  geleiifa;  comp.  the 
forma  in  the  allied  tongues :  Goth,  galaub- 
jcm,  D.  gelooven,  G.  glattben,  to  believe. 
The  latter  part  of  the  word  is  really  the 
same  as  leave,  and  lief,  love,  are  closely  . 
allied,  the  fundamental  notion  of  the  verb 
being  that  of  having  satisfaction  with.  See 
LEAVE.  ]  1.  To  credit  upon  the  ground  of  au- 
thority, testimony,  argument,  or  any  other 
circumstances  than  personal  knowledge. 
See  BELIEF. 

We  know  what  rests  upon  reason ;  we  believe  what 
rests  upon  authority.  Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

Ten  thousand  things  there  are  which  we  believe 
merely  upon  the  authority  or  credit  of  those  who 
have  spoken  or  written  of  them.  Watts. 

2.  To  expect  or  hope  with  confidence;  t<> 
trust. 

I  had  fainted  unless  I  had  believed  to  see  the  good- 
ness of  the  Lord  in  the  land  of  the  living. 

Ps.  xxvii.  13. 

Believe  (be-IevO.  r.i.  To  be  more  or  less 
firmly  persuaded  of  the  truth  of  anything. 
(See  BELIEF.)  Sometimes  the  degree  of 
assurance  expressed  is  very  slight,  and  the 
word  becomes  nearly,  if  not  quite,  equiva- 
lent to  think  or  suppose. 

They  are,  I  believe,  as  high  as  most  steeples  in 
England.  Addison. 

This  word  is  often  followed  by  in,  with  the 
sense  of  to  hold  as  the  object  of  faith,  to 
have  belief  of,  to  confide  in ;  as,  I  believe  in 
the  truth  of  that  assertion.  '  Ye  believe  in 
God,  believe  also  in  me.'  Jn.  xiv.  1.  In  the 
Scriptures,  and  in  theological  literature 
generally,  the  word  is  also  frequently  fol- 
lo\ved  by  on,  with  a  personal  object,  or 
what  is  equivalent  to  one. 

And  many  believed  oil  him  there.        Jn.  X.  42. 
To  them  gave  he  power  to  become  the  sons  of 
God,  even  to  them  that  btlm'e  on  Ins  name. 

In.  i.  13. 

Believer  (be-lev'er),  n.  1.  One  who  believes; 
one  who  gives  credit  to  other  evidence  than 
that  of  personal  knowledge.  —  2.  An  ad- 
herent of  a  religious  faith ;  in  a  more  re- 
stricted sense,  a  professor  of  Christianity; 
one  who  receives  the  gospel,  as  unfolding 
the  true  way  of  salvation,  and  Christ  as  his 
Saviour;  in  the  early  Christian  church,  one 
who  was  added  to  the  church  by  baptism, 
as  distinguished  from  a  catechumen,  or  one 
who  was  preparing  for  baptism. 

Believing  (be-lev'ing),  a.  Having  faith  or 
belief.  'Be  not  faithless,  but  believing.' 
Jn.  xx.  27. 

Bellevingly  (be-lev'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  believ- 
ing manner;  as,  to  receive  a  doctrine  be- 
lievingly. 

Belight  (be-lin.  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  light.] 
To  light  up.  Cowley.  (Rare.  ] 

Belike  (be-lik1),  ado.  [Prefix  be  for  by,  and 
like. ]  Perhaps;  probably.  'Belike  wanting 
to  buy  fairer  colours.'  H.  Walpole. 

Bflike  for  want  of  rain ;  which  I  could  well 
Beteem  them  from  the  tempest  of  mine  eyes.    Shal-. 
If  he  came  in  for  a  reckoning,  belike  it  was  for  a 
better  treat  than  mine.  5i>-  //'.  Sfett. 

Belikely  t  (be-lik'li),  ado.    Probably. 

Having  belikfly  heard  some  better  words  of  me 
than  1  could  deserve.  Bf.  Hall. 


ch,  cAiiin;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  siny;      TH,  Oten;  th,  (Ain;      w,  itig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


HKUME 


252 


BELLIPOTENT 


Belime  (be-lim').  v.t    [Prefix  be,  and  lime.] 

To  besmear  with  lime.    Bp.  Hall. 
Belittle  (be-lit'l),  v.t.    [Preflx  be,  and  little.] 

To  make  smaller ;  to  lower  in  character. 

'The  squire  was   wont  to   belittle  (other 

people). '    Cornhill  Mag. 
Belive  (be-l!v'),  ado.    Same  as  Belyve  (which 

see). 
Belk  t  (belk),  v.  t.    To  vomit ;  to  belch.    Mar- 

Bell  (bel),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bella,  belle,  L.G.  belle, 
D.  bel,  a  bell ;  allied  to  A.  Sax.  bellan,  to 
bellow,  E.  tobell,  as  a  deer,  G.  bellen,  to  bark, 
also  perhaps  to  E.  bawl.  1.  A  metallic  ves- 
sel which  gives  forth  a  clear,  musical,  ring- 
ing sound  on  being  struck,  generally  cup- 
shaped,  having  a  barrel  or  hollow  body, 
enlarged  or  expanded  at  the  mouth,  the  ex- 
panded and  thickest  portion  being  called 
the  sound-bow,  an  ear  or  cannon  by  which 
it  is  suspended,  and  a  tongue  or  clapper  on 
the  inside,  or  it  may  be  struck  by  a  detached 
clapper.  It  is  made  of  a  composition  of 
metals,  called  bell-metal  (which  see).  The 
largest  bell  in  the  world  is  the  great  bell  of 
Moscow,  cast  in  1653,  computed  to  weigh 
193  tons;  the  largest  in  England  is  '  Big  Ben ' 
of  Westminster,  weighing  15  tons  8£  cwt. 
See  CHIME.— 2.  Anything  in  form  of  a  bell. 
Specifically,  (a)  a  bell-shaped  corolla  of  a 
flower. 

Where  the  bee  sucks,  there  suck  I ; 

In  a  cowslip  bell  I  lie.  Shak. 

—In  the  bell,  in  flower.  [Scotch.]  (6)  In 
arch,  the  body  of  a  Corinthian  or  composite 
capital,  round  which  the  foliage  and  volutes 
are  arranged.  Called  also  Drum,  (c)  The 
mouth  of  a  funnel  or  of  a  trumpet  or  other 
wind  instrument.  — 3.  pi.  A  set  of  hollow  me- 
tallic rattles  attached  to  a  toy  for  keeping 
an  infant  amused. — 4.  pi.  Naut.  the  phrase 
employed  on  shipboard,  as  '  o'clock '  is  on 
shore,  to  denote  the  divisions  of  daily  time, 
from  their  being  marked  by  bells,  which  are 
struck  every  time  the  half-hour  sand-glass 
runs  down.  The  day  is  divided  into  five  full 
watches  of  four  hours  each,  and  two  dog  or 
half  watches  of  two  hours  each.  A  full 
watch  thus  consists  of  eight  bells,  and  the 
progress  of  each  watch  is  noted  by  the 
number  of  strokes  on  the  bell.— To  bear  the 
bell,  to  be  the  first  or  leader,  in  allusion  to 
the  bell-wether  of  a  flock,  or  the  leading 
horse  of  a  team  or  drove,  that  wears  bells 
on  his  collar. — To  bear  away  (or  gain,  &c.) 
the  bell,  to  win  the  prize  at  a  race.  In 
former  times  a  bell  was  a  usual  prize  at  a 
horse-race. 

Here  lie;  the  man  whose  horse  did  gaine 
The  bell  in  race  at  Salisbury  plain.      Camdfti. 

—  To  curse  by  bell,  book,  and  candle,  a 
solemn  mode  of  excommunication  used  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  in  which  the 
clergyman  pronounces  the  formula  of  excom- 
munication, the  bell  is  tolled  as  for  the 
dead,  the  book  from  which  the  formula  was 
read  is  closed,  and  a  lighted  candle  is  cast 
upon  the  ground,  the  effect  being  to  exclude 
the  excommunicated  from  the  society  of 
the  faithful.  — To  give  one  the  bells  and  let 
one  fly,  a  phrase  sometimes  used  with  the 
same  sense  as  not  to  throw  good  money 
after  bad.  It  is  derived  from  hawking 
'  When  a  hawk  was  worthless  the  bells  were  I 
taken  off.andthe  bird  was  suffered  to  escape  '  ! 
Brewer.  — To  lose  the  bell,  to  be  worsted  in 
contest.  'In  single  fight  he  lost  the  bell.'  | 
Fairfax.— Poising  bell,  a  bell  which  used 
to  be  rung  when  a  person  was  on  the  point  ' 
of  death,  in  order,  it  is  said,  to  scare  away  | 
evil  spirits  which  might  be  hovering  around 
to  pounce  on  the  soul  as  it  escaped  from  the 
body,  or  more  probably  in  order  that  all 
within  the  sound  of  the  bell  might  pray  for 
the  dying  person.— To  ring  the  bells  back- 
wards, to  ring  a  muffled  peal.  Brewer.— To 
ring  the  hallowed  bell,  to  ring  a  bell  conse- 
crated by  a  priest,  which  was  formerly  done 
in  the  belief  that  to  do  so  would  disperse 
storms,  drive  away  a  pestilence  or  devils 
and  even  extinguish  &re.— To  shake  the  bells  i 
to  move,  give  notice,  or  alarm,  in  allusion 
to  the  bells  on  a  falcon's  neck. 

Neither  the  king,  nor  he  that  loves  him  best. 

The  proudest  he  that  holds  up  I  ancaster 

Dares  stir  a  wing,  if  Warwick  states  his  bells.  Shak. 

Bell  (bel),  v.i.  To  flower;  to  blossom:  espe- 
cially used  of  plants  the  flower  of  which  is 
more  or  less  bell-shaped.  'Hops  in  the 
beginning  of  August  bell. '  Mortimer. 

Bell  (bel),  v.t.  1.  To  put  a  bell  on.— To  bell 
the  cat,  to  grapple  or  cope  with  an  adversary 
of  a  greatly  superior  power :  a  phrase  de- 
rived from  a  well-known  fable,  according 


to  which  the  mice  at  one  time  resolved  to 
put  a  bell  on  the  cat  to  warn  them  of  its 
approach ;  but  when  the  operation  fell  to 
be  executed  none  was  found  daring  enough 
to  fasten  the  bell.  — 2.  To  swell  or  puff  out 
into  the  shape  of  a  bell.  '  Devices  for  belling 
out  dresses. '  Mrs.  Riddell. 
Bell  (bel),  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  bellan,  Icel.  belja, 
to  bellow.  See  BELL, 7i,,  BELLOW.]  To  roar; 
to  bellow;  specifically,  to  bellow  like  a  deer 
in  rutting-time.  '  As  loud  as  belleth  wind  in 
hell. '  Chaucer. 

The  wild  bull  bells  from  ferny'brake.  Sir  /*•".  Scott. 
The  belling  of  scattered  deer,  as  they  go  bouncing 
and  mincing  daintily  across  the  openings  here  and 
there — the  old  ones  hoarse  and  deep,  the  young  shrill 
and  plaintive.  Hewitt. 

Bellacity  (bel-las'i-ti),  71.  [L.  bellum,  war.] 
Tendency  to  war;  warlikeness.  [Rare.] 

Belladonna  (bel-la-don'na),  n.  [It.,  beau- 
tiful lady.]  A  plant,  Atropa  Belladonna, 
or  deadly  nightshade,  nat.  order  Solanacere. 
It  is  found  in  Europe,  and  is  native  in 
Britain.  All  parts  of  the  plant  are  poison- 
ous ;  the  incautious  eating  of  the  berries 
has  often  produced  death.  Its  leaves  are 
used  medicinally.  The  inspissated  juice  is 
commonly  known  by  the  name  of  extract  of 
belladonna.  It  is  narcotic  and  poisonous, 
and  has  the  property  of  causing  the  pupil 
of  the  eye  to  dilate.  The  fruit  of  the  plant 
is  a  dark  brownish-black  shining  berry.  — 
Belladonna  lily,  a  species  of  Amaryllis  (A. 
Belladonna),  so  called  on  account  of  its 
beauty  and  delicate  blushing  flowers. 


Belladonna  Lily  (Amaryllis  Belladonna) 

Bell-animalcule  (beran-i-mal'kul),  «•  One 
of  the  popular  names  of  the  species  of  the 
genus  Vorticella  (which  see). 

Bellatrlx  (bel'la-triks), ».  [L. ,  from  bellum, 
war.)  A  ruddy,  glittering  star  of  the  second 
magnitude,  in  the  left  shoulder  of  Orion,  so 
named  from  its  imagined  influence  in  excit- 
ing war. 

Bell-bird  (bel'berd),  n.  1.  The  Arapvnga 
alba,  a  South  American  passerine  bird,  so 
named  from  its  sonorous  bell-like  notes. 
See  ARAPUNGA.— 2.  The  Myzantha  melan- 
ophrys  of  Australia,  a  bird  of  the  family 
Meliphagida;,  whose  notes  also  resemble 
the  sound  of  a  bell. 

Bell-buoy  (bel'boi),  n.  A  large  kind  of  can- 
buoy  on  which  is  placed  a  structure  of 
wicker-work,  containing  a  bell  with  several 
tongues,  which  sound  by  the  heaving  of  the 
sea. 

Bell-COte  (bel'kot),  n.  A  small  open  turret 
for  a  single  bell.  F.  G.  Lee. 

Bell-crank  (belTirangk),  n.  In  mach.  a  rec- 
tangular lever  by  which  the  direction  of 
motion  is  changed  through  an  angle  of  90°, 
and  by  which  its  velocity- 
ratio  and  range  may  be  al- 
tered at  pleasure  by  making 
thearmsof  different  lengths. 
It  is  much  employed  in  ma- 
chinery, and  is  named  from 
its  being  the  form  of  crank 
employed  in  changing  the 
direction  of  the  bell-wires  of 
house-bells.  F  is  the  fixed  centre  of  motion 
about  which  the  amis  oscillate. 

Belle  (bel),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  belha.  It.  bello, 
handsome,  fine.]  A  young  lady;  a  lady  of 
superior  beauty  and  much  admired. 

Where  none  admire,  'tis  useless  to  excel ; 
Where  none  are  beaux,  'tis  vain  to  be  a  belle. 

Lord  Lyttleton. 

Belle.t  a.    [Fr.]    Fair.     Chaucer. 

Belled  (held),  a.  Hung  with  bells.  In  her. 
an  epithet  in  blazoning  for  a  hawk,  to  whose 
feet  bells  are  affixed.  '  A  hawk  rising,  jessed 
and  belled.'  Todd. 

Belleric  (bcl-ler'ik),  n.     The  astringent 


fruit  of  Terminalia  BMerica,  one  of  the 
fruits  imported  from  India  under  the  name 
of  myrobalans  for  the  use  of  calico-printers 
Bellerophon  (bel-ler'o-fon),  n.  [Name  of  a 
hero  of  Greek  mythology.]  A  large  genus 
of  fossil  nautiloid  shells,  allied  to  the  Hettr- 

rda,  consisting  of  only  one  clinmbiT,  like 
living  Argonauta  and  Carinaria.     They 
occur  in  the  Silurian,  Devonian,  and  r,u 
boniferous  strata. 

Belles-lettres  (bel-let-tr),  n.  pi.  [Fr.  See 
BELLE  and  LETTER.]  Polite  or  elegant  liter- 
ature: a  word  of  somewhat  vague  significa- 
tion. Rhetoric,  poetry,  history,  philology, 
criticism,  with  the  languages  in  which  the 
standard  works  in  these  departments  are 
written,  are  generally  understood  to  come 
under  the  head  of  belles-lettres. 

Bell-flower  (bel'flou-er), «.  A  common  name 
for  the  species  of  Campanula,  from  the  shape 
of  the  flower,  which  resembles  a  bell. 

Bell-founder  (bel'found-er),  n.  A  man  whose 
occupation  is  to  found  or  cast  bells. 

Bell-foundery,  Bell-foundry  (bel'fouml- 
er-i,  berfound-ri),  n.  A  place  where  bells 
are  founded  or  cast. 

Bell-gable  (bel'ga-bl),  71.    A  term  applied  to 


Bell-gable,  Little  Casterton,  Rutlandshire. 

the  gable  of  a  religious  edifice  having  its 
apex  surmounted  by  a  small  turret  for  the 
reception  of  one  or  more  bells.  Such  turrets 
are  of  frequent  occurrence  in  the  early  Eng- 
lish style. 

Bell-glass  (bel'glas),  n.  In  hort.  a  covering 
for  plants  shaped  like  a  bell.  It  is  formed 
of  common  bottle-glass  when  intended  for 
sheltering  cauliflowers,  &c.,  in  the  open 
border;  but  of  white  or  very  pale -green 
glass  when  used  for  preserving  moisture  to 
cuttings,  or  to  cover  ornamental  plants  in  a 
room. 

Bell-hanger  (bel'hang-er),  n.  One  who 
hangs  and  fixes  bells. 

Bellibonet  (bel'i-bon),  n.  [Fr.  belle  et  bonne 
—belle,  beautiful,  et,  and,  and  bonne,  good.] 
A  woman  excelling  both  in  beauty  and  good- 
ness. Spenser. 

Bellic.t  Belliquet  (bel'lik),  a.  [L.  bellicus.] 
Pertaining  to  war;  warlike.  '  Bellique  Cajsar. ' 
Feltham. 

Belllcal  t  (bellik-al),  a.     Same  as  Bellic. 

Bellicose  (belli-kos),  a.  [L.  bellicoms,  from 
bellum,  war.)  Inclined  to  war;  warlike;  pug- 
nacious ;  as,  bellicose  sentiments.  '  Arnold 
was  in  a  bellicose  vein.'  Ircing. 

BelliCOUSt  (bel'i-kus),  a.  Bellicose.  'Belli- 
covs  nations.'  Sir  T.  Smith. 

Bellied  (bel'lid),  p.  or  a.  1.  Having  a  belly: 
used  generally  in  composition ;  as,  big-i>e(- 
lied ;  pot-bellied.  —  2.  In  but.  ventricose; 
swelling  out  in  the  middle. 

Belligeratet  (bel-lij'er-at),  v.i.  [L.  belligero, 
belligcratmn,  to  wage  or  carry  on  war.  See 
BELLIGERENT.  ]  To  make  war.  Cockeram. 

Belligerence  (bel-lij'er-ens),  n.  The  state 
of  being  belligerent;  act  of  carrying  on  war; 
warfare.  [Rare.  ] 

Belligerent  (bel-lij'er-ent),  a.  [L.  belhim. 
war,  and  gerens,  gerentis,  carrying  on.] 
1.  Waging  war;  carrying  on  war.  'Belliger- 
ent powers.'  Everett.- 2.  Tending  to  war; 
ax,  a  belligerent  tone  of  debate.  — 3.  Pertain- 
ing to  war;  as,  belligerent  rights,  &c. 

Belligerent  (bel-lij'er-ent),  n.  A  nation, 
power,  or  state  carrying  on  war ;  one  en- 
gaged in  fighting. 

The  position  of  neutrals  in  relation  to  belligerents 
is  exactly  ascertained.  Times  newspaper. 

Belligeroust  (bel-lij'er-us).  a.  Same  as 
Belligerent.  Bailey. 

Bellipotent  (bel-lip'6-tent),  a.  [L.  bellipo- 
tens  —  bellum,  war,  and  potens,  powerful.] 
Powerful  or  mighty  in  war.  Blotmt.  [Rare  ] 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtine;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


BELLIQUE 


253 


BELOCK 


Bellique  t    See  IIKLLIC. 

Bellls  (bfl'lis).  u.  [L.  belli™,  beautiful,  from 
its  pretty  appearance.]  The  daisy,  a  small 
genus  of  aimiiiil  or  perennial  herbs,  indi- 
genous to  the  temperate  ami  cold  regions  of 
the  northern  hemisphere,  nat.  order  Com- 
pnsitiL1.  One  species,  B.  perennis,  ia  abun- 
dant in  pastures  and  meadows  all  over 
I'.ritain  St-c  [IAISV. 

Bellitudet  (bel'll-tOd),  n,  [L.  betlitwl<>,1r»m 
hi-llux.  beautiful.]  Beauty  of  person;  loveli- 
ness; elegance;  neatness.  Cvckeram. 

Bellium  (bel'li-um),  n.  [See  BELLIS.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Composite, 
nearly  related  to  the  common  daisy. 

Bell-Jar  (bel'jar).  «.  A  kind  of  bell-shaped 
jar,  used  by  chemists. 

Bell-less  (bel'les),  a.    Having  no  bell.    Sir 

ir  Se»tt 

Bell-man  (bel'mrm),  n.  A  man  who  rings  a 
brll,  especially  to  give  notice  of  anything  in 
the  streets ;  formerly  a  night  watchman, 
part  of  whose  duty  was  to  bless  the  sleepers 
whose  door  he  passed. 

The  bell-man's  drowsy  charm 
To  bless  the  doors  from  nightly  harm     Milton. 

Bell-metal  (bel'met-al).  n.  An  alloy  of 
80  parts  of  copper  and  20  of  tin,  used  for 
making  bells.  The  Indian  gong-metal  is 
a  similar  alloy.  For  small  bells  the  propor- 
tions vary ;  thus  an  English  bell-metal  ana- 
lysed by  Dr.  Thomson  was  found  to  con- 
sist of  800  parts  copper,  101  tin,  56  zinc,  and 
43  lead.  Small  shrill  bells  generally  contain 
/inc.—  Bell-metal  ore,  a  name  by  which  the 
sulphuret  of  tin  found  in  Cornwall  is  fre- 
quently known,  owing  to  the  aspect  of 
bronze,  or  of  bell-metal,  which  it  possesses,  J 
In  consequence  of  containing  copper-pyritet. 
It  is  now  rare. 

Bell-mouthed  (bel'mouTHd),  a.  Gradually 
expanded  at  the  mouth  in  the  form  of  a 
bell. 

His  btll-month'd  goblet  makes  me  feel  quite  Danish 
Or  Dutch  with  thirst.  Byron. 

Bellon  (bel'lon).n.  [Fr.  bellon.]  That  variety 

of  colic  produced  by  the  action  of  lead  on 

the  system;  painters'  colic. 
Belloha  (bel-16'na),  n.    [From  L.  bellitm, 

war]   1.  In  Rom.  myth,  the  goddess  of  war. 

2.  In  astron.  an  asteroid  discovered  by  K.  T. 

R.  Luther  in  1854. 
Bellow  (bel'16),  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  bt/lgean,bulaian, 

to  bellow,  allied  to  bellan,  to  bell,  Icel.  belja, 

to  bellow;  perhaps  an  imitative  word;  comp. 

bawl,  L.  balo,  to  bleat;  \V.  ballaw,  to  shout.] 

1.  To  make  a  hollow,  loud  noise,  as  a  bull; 

to  make  a  loud  outcry ;  to  roar. 


Jupiter 
Became  a  bull,  and  btllow'd. 


Shak. 


oblong  oval  body  and  a  tubular  elonuatnl 
snout,  which  is  adapted  for  drawing  from 
among  sea-weed  and  mud  the  minute  rrus- 


2.  To  make  any  violent  outcry ;  to  vociferate; 
to  clamour.     [Contemptuous.] 

This  gentleman  is  accustomed  to  roar  and  bellow 
so  terribly  loud  that  he  frightens  us.  Tatler. 

3.  To  roar,  as  the  sea  in  a  tempest,  or  as  the 
wind  when  violent;  to  make  a  loud,  hollow, 
continued  sound.     '  Ever  overhead  bellow'd 
the  tempest.'    Tennyson. 

Bellow  (bel'16),  n.    A  loud  outcry;  roar. 

Bellower  (bel'16-er),  n.     One  who  bellows. 

Bellows  (bel'loz),  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [This  word 
is  really  the  same  as  belly,  A.  Sax.  balg,  belgt 
barlig,  a  bag,  a  belly,  bellows,  in  the  latter 
sense  generally  in  the  comp.  blcest-bcetg, 
lit.  blast-bag ;  comp.  D.  blaasbatg,  Dan. 
blcesbcelg,  Sw.  blaabalg,  G.  blasebatg,  Icel. 
belgr,  a  skin  or  skin  bag,  bellows.  See 
BELLY.]  An  instrument  or  machine  for 
producing  a  strong  current  of  air,  and  prin- 
cipally used  for  blowing  fire,  either  in  pri- 
vate dwellings  or  in  forges,  furnaces,  mines, 
<te.  It  is  so  formed  as,  by  being  dilated  and 
contracted,  to  inhale  air  by  a  lateral  orifice 
which  is  opened  and  closed  with  a  valve, 
and  to  propel  it  through  a  tube  upon  the  fire. 
The  forms  are  various.  Bellows  of  very 
great  power  are  called  blowing  machines, 
and  are  wrought  by  machinery  driven  by 
steam.  —  Hydrostatic  bellows.  See  under 
HYDROSTATIC. 

Bellows-camera  (bel'loz -kam-er-a),  n.  In 
photog.  a  form  of  expanding  camera  in  which 
the  front  and  after  bodies  are  connected  by 
an  expansible  portion,  like  the  sides  of  a 
pair  of  bellows.  K.  II.  Knight. 

Bellows-fish  (bel'loz-flsh),  n.  Anacanthop- 
terygious  flsh  of  the  family  Fistiilaridee, 
genus  Centriscus  (C.  Scolopax).  Called  also 
the  Tntmpet-fish  or  Sea-snipe.  It  is  a  very 
remarkable-looking  flsh,  not  uncommon  in 
the  Mediterranean,  but  rare  in  the  British 
seas.  It  is  4  or  5  inches  long,  and  has  an 


rolofar). 

tacea  on  which  it  feeds.     In  Italy  the  bel- 
lows-fish is  reckoned  a  delicacy. 

Bellows-pump  (lierioz-pump),  n.  A  sort  of 
atmospheric  pump,  in  which  the  valve  is  in 
the  lower  leaf  of  a  pair  of  bellows,  while 
the  upper  leaf  plays  the  part  of  the  piston. 
/•;.  //.  Knight. 

Bellows-sound  (bel'loz-sound),  n.  In  mcd. 
an  unnatural  sound  of  the  heart,  resembling 
the  puffing  of  a  small  bellows. 

Bell-pepper  (bel'pep-per),  n.  Guinea-pep- 
per, the  fruit  of  Capsicum  grossum;  much 
used  for  pickling. 

Bell-polype  (bel'pol-ip).  n.  A  species  of 
polype  of  the  genus  Vorticella,  somewhat 
resembling  a  bell.  See  VORTICELLA. 

Bell-pull  (bcl'pnl),  ii.  A  bell-rope;  that  by 
which  a  bell  is  made  to  ring. 

Bell-ringer  (bel'ring-er),  n. 
One  whose  business  is  to  ring 
or  bring  music  from  a  church  or 
other  bell. 

Bell-roof  (bel'rof),  n.  A  roof 
shaped  like  a  bell,  or  having 
somewhat  the  shape  of  an  ordi- 
nary bell. 


Bell-roof. 


Bell-rope  (bel'rop), ».  i.  A  rope 
for  ringing  a  bell.  —  2.  An  appendage  to 
the  vesture  of  a  Roman  Catholic  priest. 

Bell-Shaped  (bel'shapt),  a.  Having  the 
form  of  a  bell ;  specifically,  in  bot.  cam- 
pan  ulate. 

Bell-telegraph  (bel'tel-e-graf),  n.  A  tele- 
graphic apparatus  in  which  two  differently- 
toned  bells  take  the  place  of  a  vibrating 
needle  in  giving  the  signals. 

Bell-tower  (bel'tou-er),  n.     A  belfry. 

Bell-trap  (bel'trap),  n.  A  small  stench-trap, 
usually  fixed  over  the  waste-pipe  of  a  sink 
or  other  inlet  to  a  drain.  The  foul  air  is 
prevented  from  rising  by  an  inverted  cup  or 
bell,  the  lips  of  which  dip  into  a  chamber 
filled  with  water  surrounding  the  top  of  the 
Pipe. 

Bell-turret  (bel'tur-et),  n.  In  small  Gothic 
churches  and  chapels,  a  kind  of  turret  placed 
on  the  point  of  a  gable  at  the  west  end,  for 
the  reception  of  one  or  more  bells.  See 
BELL-GABLE. 

Belluinet  (bel'lu-in),  a.  [L.  belluinua,  from 
bfllua,  beast.  ]  Beastly ;  pertaining  to  or 
like  a  beast;  brutal.  '  Animal  and  belluine 
life.'  Atterbitry. 

Bell-wether  (bel'weTH-er),  n.  A  wether  or 
sheep  which  leads  the  flock,  with  a  bell  on 
his  neck. 

As  a  Mi-wether  (will)  form  the  flock's  connection 
By  tinkling  sounds,  when  they  go  forth  to  victual ; 
Such  is  the  sway  of  our  great  men  o'er  little.  Byron. 

Bell-wort  (bel'wert),  n.  In  bot.  (a)  a  trivial 
name  for  a  plant  of  the  family  Campanu- 
laceai  (which  see).  (6)  A  plant  of  the  Ameri- 
can genus  Uvularia,  nat.orderMelanthacete. 

Belly  (belli),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bcelg,  belg,  bcelig, 
bag,  belly ;  Icel.  belgr,  D.  balg,  pan.  bcelg, 
G.  balg,  all  meaning  an  entire  skin  stripped 
off,  a  leathern  bag,  the  belly ;  probably 
from  the  stem  of  bulge,  A.  Sax.  belgan,  to 
swell  out.  Similar  forms  are  seen  in  the 
Celtic  dialects;  Gael,  and  Ir.  bolg,  balg,  the 
belly,  a  bag,  pouch,  blister,  bellows;  Gael. 
balgan,  a  water-bubble;  W.  boly,  the  belly, 
boliaw,  to  belly,  to  gorge;  Armor,  boelcu, 
bowels.  Bellows  is  another  form  of  this 
word.]  1.  That  part  of  the  human  body 
which  extends  from  the  breast  to  the  thighs, 
containing  the  bowels;  the  abdomen.  — 2.  The 
part  of  a  beast  corresponding  to  the  human 
belly.  '  Underneath  the  belly  of  their  steeds.' 
Shak.—  3.  Any  hollow  inclosed  place.  'Out 
of  the  belly  of  hell  cried  I.'  Jon.  i.  2. — 4.  The 
part  of  anything  which  resembles  the  human 
belly  in  protuberance  or  cavity,  as  of  a  harp, 
bottle,  tool,  muscle,  sail  filled  by  the  wind, 


a  blast-furnace,  <tc.—  5.  In  technology  it  has 
various  significations,  as  (a)  In  >/<;//•  thr 
lower  edge  of  a  graver.  (6)  In  lock*,  tin- 
lowor  6dge  01  a  tumbler  against  which  the 
bit  of  the  key  plays,  (c)  In  inrixonti/,  tin- 
battt-r  of  a  wall.  (-/]  In  *<i'/t!l>-t ./.  a  piYrr  of 
leather  sometimes  attached  tu  tin-  eantleor 
hind-pommel  of  a  saddle  to  MTVC  as  ;i  point 
of  attachment  for  valise-straps.  ('•)  In  xttip- 
carp.  the  inside  or  concave  side  of  a  piece 
of  curved  timber,  the  outside  being  term.  .1 
the  back.  (/)  In  the  language  of  wheel- 
n-ri'iht».  the  wooden  covering  of  an  iron  axle. 
K.  II-  Knight. 

Belly  (bel'M),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  bellied ;  ppr. 
bellying.  To  fill;  to  swell  out. 

Your  breath,  with  full  consent,  bellied  his  sails. 
Shak. 

Belly  (bel'li),  v.i.  To  swell  and  become  pro- 
tuberant like  the  belly. 

The  bellying  canvas  strutted  with  the  gale.  Dryden. 

Belly-ache  (bel'li-ak),  n.  Pain  in  the  bowels; 
the  colic.  [Vulgar.] 

The  belly-ache. 
Caused  by  an  inundation  of  pease-porridge. 

Beau.  &•  Ft. 

Belly-band  (bel'li-band),  n.  1.  A  band  that 
goes  round  the  belly  of  a  horse  and  fastens 
the  saddle;  a  girth;  also  a  band  fastened 
to  the  shafts  of  a  vehicle,  and  passing 
through  below  the  belly  of  the  animal  draw- 
ing it.— 2.  Naut.  a  band  of  canvas  placed 
across  a  sail  to  strengthen  it. 

Belly-bound  (bel'li-bound),  a.  Constipated; 
costive.  [Vulgar.] 

Belly-brace  (bel'li-bras),  n.  A  cross-brace 
between  the  frames  of  a  locomotive,  stayed 
to  the  boiler. 

Belly-Cheat  t  (belli-chet),  n.  [Belly,  and 
slang  cheat,  a  thing,  from  A.  Sax.  ceatt  a 
thing.]  An  apron  or  covering  for  the  front 
of  the  person.  Beau.  &  Fl.  [Old  Slang.] 

Belly-cheer  t  (bel'll-cher),  n.  Good  cheer; 
meat  and  drink;  food.  'Bald-pate  friars, 
whose  summum  bonum  is  in  belly-cheer.'' 
Marlowe.  'Loaves  and  belly-cheer.'  Milton. 

Belly-cheer  t  (bel'li-cher),  v.i.  To  indulge 
in  belly-cheer;  to  feaat;  to  revel. 

Let  them  assemble  in  consistory, .  .  .  and  not  by 
themselves  to  belly-fheer  or  to  promote  designs  to 
abuse  and  gull  the  simple  laity.  Milton. 

Belly-cheering  t  (bel'li-cheYing),  n.  Feast- 
ing; revelry.  'Riotous  banqueting  and  belly- 
cheering.  '  Vdall. 

Belly-churl  t  (bel'li-cherl),  71.  A  rustic 
glutton.  Drayton. 

Belly-doublett  (bel'Ii-dub-let).Ji.  A  doublet 
which  covered  the  belly.  '  Your  arms  crossed 
on  your  thin  belly -doublet.'  Shak. 

Belly-fretting  (bel'li-fret-ing),  n.  1.  The 
chafing  of  a  horse's  belly  with  a  fore-girth. 
2.  A  violent  pain  in  a  horse's  belly,  caused 
by  worms. 

Bellyful  (bel'li-ful),  n.  As  much  as  fills  the 
belly  or  satisfies  the  appetite;  hence,  a  great 
abundance;  more  than  enough. 

Every  jack-slave  hath  his  bellyful  fX  fighting,  and 
I  must  go  up  and  down  like  a  cock  that  nobody  can 
match.  Shak. 

Belly-god  (bel'li-£°d)»  **•  *^ne  wno  makes  a 
god  of  his  belly,  that  is,  whose  great  busi- 
ness or  pleasure  is  to  gratify  his  appetite;  a 
glutton;  an  epicure.  'Apicius,  a  famous 
belly-god. '  Hake  will. 

Belly-guv  (bel'li-gi),  n.  Naut.  a  tackle  ap- 
plied naif-way  up  sheers  or  masts  that  re- 
quire support  in  the  middle. 

Belly-pinched  (bel'li-pinsht),  a.  Pinched 
with  hunger;  starved.  'The  belly-pinched 
wolf. '  Shak. 

Belly-roll  (belli-rol),  n.  A  roller  protuber- 
ant in  the  middle,  to  roll  laud  between 
ridges  or  in  hollows. 

Belly-slave  (bel'li-slav),  n.  A  slave  to  his 
appetite. 

Beastly  belly-slaves,  which, ,  .  .  not  once,  but  con- 
tinually, day  and  night,  give  themselves  wholly  to 
bibbing  and  banqueting. 

Homily  against  Gluttony,  &c. 

Belly-stay  (bel'li-sta),  n.  Navt.  a  tackle 
applied  from  above  half-mast  down  when 
the  mast  requires  support,  as  the  belly-guy 
is  from  below.  See  BELLY-GUY. 

Belly-timbert(beni-tim-ber),n.  Food;  that 
which  supports  the  belly. 

Thorough  deserts  vast, 
And  regions  desolate  they  pass'd. 
Where  belly-Umber,  above  ground 
Or  under,  was  not  to  be  found.         Hndibras. 
Belly-worm  (belli-werm),  n.     A  worm  that 
breeds  in  the  belly  or  stomach.     Jlaif. 
BelOCk  (be-lok'),  v.t.     [Prefix  be,  aiid  lock; 
A.  Sax.  belocan,  belucan.]  To  lock  or  fasten, 
as  with  a  lock. 

This  is  the  hand  which,  with  a  vow'd  contract, 
Was  fast  beloek'd  in  thine.  Shak. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,  job;      n,  FT.  ton;      ng,  sin0;      TH,  tAen;  th,  fAin;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BELOMANCY 


254 


BEMASK 


Beloinancy  (bero-man-si),  n.  [Gr.  betas,  an 
arrow,  and  munteia,  divination.]  A  kind  of 
divination  practised  by  the  ancient  Scythi- 
ans, Babylonians,  Arabians,  and  other  na- 
tions. A  number  of  arrows,  being  marked, 
were  put  into  a  bag  or  quiver,  and  drawn 
out  at  random;  and  the  marks  or  words  on 
the  arrow  drawn  determined  what  was  to 
happen.  See  Ezek.  xxi.  21. 

Beloue  (bel'6-ne),  n.  [Gr.  belong,  a  needle.] 
The  gar,  garfish,  sea-needle,  or  greenbone. 
See  GARFISH. 

Belong  (be-long'),  v.i.  [Prefix  be,  and  O.E. 
long,  to  belong,  from  the  adjective  long; 
comp.  D.  belangen,  to  concern;  G.  belangen, 
to  concern,  to  touch — prefix  be,  and  D.  and 
G.  langen,  to  reach,  to  extend  to.  The  pri- 
mary meaning  is  thus  to  extend  to  in  length, 
to  touch,  hence  to  concern  and  to  belong.  ] 

1.  To  be  the  property  of;  to  be  in  the  power 
or  at  the  disposal  of;  to  be  the  prerogative 
or  attribute  of;  to  appertain:  in  this,  as  in 
all  the  other  senses,  followed  by  to,  or  in 
older  English  unto. 

Her  hap  was  to  light  on  a  part  of  the  field  belong- 
ing unto  Boaz.  Ruth  ii.  3. 

To  the  Lord  our  God  belong  mercies  and  forgive- 
ness. Dan.  ix.  9. 

2.  To  be  the  concern  or  proper  business  of; 
to  appertain;  as,  it  belongs  to  John  Doe  to 
prove  his  title. — 3.  To  be  appendant  to;  to 
be  connected  with;  to  have  a  special  rela- 
tion to;  as,  a  beam  or  rafter  belongs  to  such 
a  frame,  or  to  such  a  place  in  the  building. 

He  went  into  a  desert  place  belonging  to  Bcth- 
saida.  I.uke  ix.  10. 

And  David  said  unto  him.  To  whom  belongest  thouf 

I  Sam.  xxx.  13. 
He  careth  for  things  that  belong  to  the  Lord. 

i  Cor.  vii.  32. 

4.  To  be  suitable  for;  to  be  due  to. 

Strong  meat  belongeth  to  them  of  full  age. 

Hcb.  V.  14. 

Hearing  .  .  .  thy  beauty  sounded 
Yet  not  so  deeply  as  to  thee  belongs.          Shak. 

[In  the  following  passage  we  have  the  word 
used  in  this  sense  with  the  to  understood. 

We  should  find  more  evils  belong  us  than  happen 
to  us.  B.  Jonson.} 

6.  To  have  a  settled  residence;  to  be  domi- 
ciliated ;  specifically,  to  have  a  legal  resi- 
dence, settlement,  or  inhabitancy,  whether 
by  birth  or  operation  of  law,  so  as  to  be 
entitled  to  maintenance  by  the  parish  or 
town. 

Bastards  also  are  settled  in  the  parishes  to  which 
the  mothers  belong.  Blackstone. 

6.  To  be  a  native  of  a  place;  to  have  original 
residence. 

There  is  no  other  country  in  the  world  to  which 
the  gipsies  could  belong.  M.  Raper. 

Belonging  (be-long'ing),  n.  That  which  be- 
longs to  one:  used  generally,  if  not  always, 
in  the  plural;  as  (a)  qualities,  endowments, 
faculties. 

Thyself  and  thy  belongings 
Are  not  thine  own  so  proper,  as  to  waste 
Thyself  upon  thy  virtues,  them  on  thee.        Shak. 

IX)  Property;  possessions;  as,  I  carry  all  my 
belongings  with  me.  Trollope.  (c)  Relations; 
kinsmen.  [Colloq.  and  vulgar.] 

I  have  been  trouble  enough  to  my  belongings  in 
my  day.  Dittetts. 

(d)  Appendages.  'The  belongings  to  this 
Indian-looking  robe.'  Cornhill  Hag 

Belqoche,  Belooehee  (bel-u'che),  n.  i.  A 
native  or  inhabitant  of  Beloochistan.— 2.  A 
member  of  a  particular  race  in  Beloochistan 

Belopteron  (bel-op'ter-on),  n.  [Gr.  belos,  a 
dart,  and  pteron,  a  wing.  ]  The  fossil  inter- 
nal bone  of  an  extinct  cephalopod  somewhat 
like  a  belemnite,  but  blunter  and  having  a 
winglike  projection  on  each  side. 

Belord  (be-lord'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  lord.] 
I.  To  address  by  the  title  'my  lord.'— 2.  To 
domineer  over.  [Rare.] 

Belovet  (be-luvO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  love.] 
To  love. 

If  beauty  were  a  string  of  silke.  I  would  wear  it 
about  my  neck  for  a  certain  testimony  that  I  belevt 
it  much.  IVodroephe. 

Beloved  (be-luv'ed),  p.  and  a.  [Prefix  be,  and 
loved,  from  love.  Belove,  as  a  verb,  is  not 
now  used.]  Loved;  greatly  loved;  dear  to 
the  heart.  'This  is  my  beloved  son.'  Mat. 
iii.  17. 

Below  (be-160,  prep.    [Prefix  be,  and  low.] 

1.  Under,  in  place;  beneath;  not  so  high  as- 
as,  below  the  knee.     'The  dust  below  thy 
feet.'    Shak.     'Below  crisp  heaven.'    Shak. 

2.  Later  in  time  than.    [Rare.  ] 

The  more  eminent  scholars  which  England  pro- 
duced before  and  even  beltnv  the  twelfth  century 
were  educated  in  our  religious  houses.  T.  IVartoH 


3.  Inferior  in  rank,  excellence,  or  dignity. 
'One  degree  below  kings.'  Addison. — 4.  Un- 
worthy of;  unbefitting. 

They  beheld,  with  a  just  loathing  and  disdain,  .  .  . 
how  below  all  history  the  persons  and  their  actions 
were.  Milton. 

Below  (be-160,  adv.  1.  In  a  lower  place,  with 
respect  to  any  object;  beneath. 

Hear  the  rattling  thunder  far  below.    Wordsworth. 

2.  On  the  earth,  as  opposed  to  the  heavens. 
'The  fairest  child  of  Jove  below.'    Prior. — 

3.  In  hell,  or  the  regions  of  the  dead.    '  The 
realms  below.'    J)ryden. — 4.  In  a  court  of 
inferior  jurisdiction;  as,  at  the  trial  below. 

Belowtt  (be-louf),  v.t.  [See  LOUT,  v.i.]  To 
apply  the  term  'lout'  to;  to  treat  with  con- 
temptuous language. 

Sieur  Gaulard,  when  he  heard  a  gentleman  report 
that  at  supper  they  had  not  only  good  cheer  but  also 
savoury  epigrams  and  fine  anagrams, returning  home, 
rated  and  belowted  his  cook  as  an  ignorant  scullion, 
that  never  dressed  him  cither  of  epigrams  or  an 
grams.  Camden. 

Belsiret  (bel'sir),  n.  [O.Fr.  bel,  fine,  and 
sire,  sire.  Comp.  beldam.  ]  A  grandfather; 
hence,  an  ancestor.  Drayton. 

Belswaggert  (bel'swag-gir),  n.  [Perhaps  for 
belly-swagger,  a  form  given  by  Ash,  from 
belli/,  and  swag,  to  sway.]  1.  A  lewd  man; 
a  whoremaster. — 2.  A  bully. 

Belt  (belt),  n.  [A.  Sax.  belt,  Dan.  bcelte,  Icel. 
belti,  a  belt,  a  girdle,  from  L.  balteus,  a 
belt.  Comp.  Ir.  and  Gael,  bait,  a  border,  a 
welt.]  1.  A  girdle;  a  band,  usually  of  lea- 
ther, in  which  a  sword  or  other  weapon  is 
hung.  'The  shining  belt  with  gold  inlaid.' 
Dryden. — 2.  Anything  resembling  a  belt  in 
being  long  and  narrow,  and  often  in  passing 
round  something;  a  strip;  a  stripe;  a  band. 

You  see  green  trees  rising  above  the  belt  of  sand. 

It':  H.  Russell. 

Pinks  were  gleaming  in  every  direction  through  the 
clumps  and  belts  of  the  plantation.  La-wreitce. 

Specifically— (a)  In  astron.  one  of  certain 
girdles  or  rings  which  surround  the  planet 
Jupiter,  (b)  In  her.  a  badge  or  mark  of  the 
knightly  order  given  to  a  person  when  lie 
was  raised  to  knighthood,  (c)  In  inach.  a 
band,  usually  of  leather,  passing  round  two 
wheels,  and  communicating  motion  from 
one  to  the  other,  (d)  In  masonry,  a  range 
or  course  of  stones  or  bricks  projecting 
from  the  rest,  which  may  either  be  plain 
or  fluted,  (e)  In  sitrg.  a  bandage  or  band 
used  by  surgeons  for  various  purposes.— 
3.  That  which  restrains  or  confines  like  a 
girdle.  '  The  belt  of  rule.'  Shak.—  4.  A  dis- 
ease among  sheep. 

Belt  (belt),  v.t.  To  encircle;  to  surround. 
'  Belted  with  young  children. '  De  Quincey. 

Beltane  (bel'tan),  n.  [  Ir.  and  Gael. ,  from  Seal, 
or  Bel,  the  sun,  the  sun-god,  and  tein,  fire. 
Heal  has  sometimes  been  identified  with 
Baal,  but  this  is  doubtful.  Grimm  identi- 
fies it  with  the  bel  or  bjel  in  the  Slavonic  Bel- 
bog,  Bjelbog  (lit.  white  god).]  The  name 
of  a  sort  of  festival  formerly  observed  in 
Ireland  and  Scotland,  and  still  kept  up  in  a 
fashion  in  some  remote  parts.  It  is  cele- 
brated in  Scotland  on  the  first  day  of  May 
(o.s.),  sometimes  by  kindling  fires  on  the 
hills  and  eminences,  and  in  early  times  it 
was  compulsory  on  all  to  have  their  domes- 
tic fires  extinguished  before  the  Beltane 
fires  were  lighted,  and  it  was  customary  to 
rekindle  the  former  from  the  embers  of  the 
latter.  This  custom  no  doubt  derives  its 
origin  from  the  worship  of  the  sun  or  fire  in 
general  which  was  formerly  practised  among 
the  Celts  as  well  as  among  various  other 
heathen  nations.  The  Beltane  of  the  Irish 
is  celebrated  on  the  21st  of  June.  Written 
also  Bel-tein  and  Beltin. 

Belt-cutter  (belfkut-er),  n.  A  tool  or  ma- 
chine for  slitting  tanned  hides  into  strips 
for  belting. 

Belted  (belt'ed),  a.  1.  Wearing  a  belt.  'With 
puff'd  cheek  the  belted  hunter  blew.'  Ten- 
nyson.—Z.  Marked  or  adorned  with  a  band 
or  circle;  as,  a  belted  stalk.— 3.  Worn  in  the 
belt  '  Three  men  with  belted  brands.'  Sir 
W.  Scott.— Belted  plaid,  the  species  of  plaid 
worn  by  the  Highlanders  of  Scotland  in  full 
military  dress,  so  called  from  being  kept 
tight  to  the  body  by  a  belt.  'Wi'  belted 
plaids  and  glittering  blades.'  Alex.  Laing. 

Belteln,  Beltin  (bel'tan,  bel'tin),  n.  See 
BELTANE. 

Belting  (belt'ing),  n.  Belts  taken  generally; 
the  material  of  which  belts  are  made. 

Belt-lacing  (beltlas-ing),  n.  Leather  thongs 
for  lacing  together  the  ends  of  a  machine 
belt  to  make  it  continuous. 

Belt-pipe  (belt'pip),  n.  In  a  steam-engine, 
a  steam-pipe  surrounding  the  cylinder. 


Belt-punch  (belt'punsh),  n.     A  punch  for 
making  holes  in  a  belt  or  strap. 
Beltsaw  (belt'sa),  n.     Same  as  Handsaw. 
Belt-shifter  (belt'shift-er),  n.    A  contriv- 
ance for  shifting  a  machine  belt  from  one 
pulley  to  another,  to  stop  or  set  in  motion 
certain  parts  of  the  machine,  or  to  chan"e 
the  motion.     E.  H.  Knight. 
Belt-speeder  (belt'sped-er),  n.    A  contriv- 
ance in  a  machine  for  transmitting  by  meiins 
of  a  belt  varying  rates  of  motion:  much 
used  in  spinning-machines  to  vary  the  rate 
of  rotation  of  the  spool  as  the  cop  increases 
in  size. 

Beluga  (be-lu'ga),  n.  [Rus.  bieluga,  frnm 
bielyi,  white.  ]  1.  A  genus  of  Cetacea,  of  the 
family  Delphinidaj  or  dolphins.  The  only 
species  found  in  northern  seas  is  the  B. 
arctwa,  lettcas,  or  albicans,  which  from  its 
colour  is  commonly  called  white  whale  or 
white-fish.  It  is  from  12  to  18  feet  in  length. 
The  tail  is  divided  into  two  lobes,  lying  hori- 
zontally, and  there  is  no  dorsal  fin.  In  swim- 
ming the  animal  bends  its  tail  under  its 
body  like  a  lobster,  and  thrusts  itself  along 
with  the  rapidity  of  an  arrow.  It  is  found 
in  the  arctic  seas  and  rivers,  and  is  caught 
for  its  oil  and  its  skin. —2.  A  name  applied  by 
the  Russians  to  the  white  sturgeon  (Acipen- 
ser  huso). 

Belus,  Bel(be'lus,  bel),  n.  [See  BAAL.]  The 
chief  deity  of  the  Babylonians  and  Assyrians; 
Baal. 

Belute  (be-luf),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  lute. 
from  L.  littum,  mud.  ]  To  cover  or  bespatter 
with  mud.  '  Never  was  a  Dr.  Slop  so  beluted, ' 
Sterne.  [Rare.  ] 

Belvedere  (bel've-der),  n.  [It,  lit.  a  beau- 
tiful view— bello,  bel,  beautiful,  and  vedere, 
to  see.)  In  Italian  arch,  the  uppermost 
story  of  a  building,  open  to  the  air,  at  least 
on  one  side,  and  frequently  on  all,  for  the 


A  A,  Belvedere  of  the  Vatican,  Rome. 

purpose  of  obtaining  a  view  of  the  country, 
and  for  enjoying  the  cool  evening  breeze. 
The  belvedere  is  sometimes  a  sort  of  lantern 
or  kiosk  erected  on  the  roof. — 2.  In  France, 
a  summer-house  on  an  eminence  in  a  park 
or  garden.  [The  word  is  improperly  written 
Belvidere.  ] 

Belvidere  (bel'vi-der),  n.  [L.  bellus,  fine, 
and  video,  to  see.]  A  plant,  Kochia  sco- 
paria  (broom-cypress).  It  is  of  a  beautiful 
pyramidal  form,  and  much  esteemed  in 
China  as  a  salad  and  for  other  uses. 

Belvisiacese  (bel-vis'i-a"se-e),  n.pl.  An  order 
of  plants  closely  allied  to  the  Myrtaceoj,  of 
which  it  is  sometimes  regarded  as  a  tribe. 
It  includes  only  the  two  genera  Napoleona 
(also  called  Belvisia)  and  Asteranthos. 

Belyet  (be-HO,  f .  (.    To  belie. 

Belyve (be-liv'),  adv.  Presently;  at  once; 
by-and-by.  [Old  English  and  Scotch.]  Writ- 
ten also  Belive. 

Belyve  the  elder  bairns  come  drapping  in.      Burns. 

Belzebub  (bel'ze-bub),  n.  See  BEKLZE- 
BCB. 

Bema(be'ma),  n.  [Gr.]  1.  In  Greek  antiq. 
a  stage  or  kind  of  pulpit  on  which  speakers 
stood  when  addressing  an  assembly.— 2.  In 
the  Greek  church,  and  the  early  Christian 
church  generally,  part  of  a  church  raised 
above  the  rest,  shut  off  by  railings  or  screens, 
and  reserved  for  the  higher  clergy. 

Bemadt  (be-mad'y  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  mad.] 
To  make  mad.  Fuller. 

Bemangle  (be-mang^l),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  be- 
mangled;  ppr.  bemangling.  [Prefix  be,  and 
mangle.  ]  To  mangle  ;  to  tear  asunder. 
Beaumont.  [Rare.] 

Bemartyr  (be-mar'ter),  v.t.  To  put  to  death 
as  a  martyr.  Fuller. 

Bemask  (be-mask'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
mask.]  To  mask;  to  conceal.  Shelton. 


Fate,  far,  iat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  tey. 


BBJMATTER 


255 


BEND 


Bematter  (be-mat'ter),  v.t     [Prefix  be,  and 

matter.)    To  smear  or  cover  with  matter. 

Stotft. 
Bemaul  (be-malO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  iiiaul.] 

To  maul  or  beat  severely.     Sterne. 
Beniaze  (luVmiiz').  v.t.   [Prefix  be,  and  maze.] 

To  bewilder.     See  MAKE. 

With  intellects  btinnzcd  in  endless  doubt. 

<.','7i'/fr, 

Benibecida)  (bem-bes'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family 
of  Bi»litary,  aculeate  or  itlng-bttftrinff  hy- 
iiK-iiopterous  insects,  resembling  wasps  or 
bees,  am!  so,  along  with  the  Sphegida:  ami 
other  kindred  families,  known  as  sand- 
wanps.  The  female  excavates  cells  in  the 
sand,  in  which  she  deposits,  together  with 
her  eggs,  various  larvae  or  perfect  insects 
stung  into  insensibility,  as  support  for  her 
progeny  when  hatched.  They  are  very 
active,  fond  of  the  nectar  of  flowers,  inha- 
bitants of  warm  countries,  and  delight  in 
sunshine.  Some  species  emit  an  odour  like 
that  of  roses.  Bembex  is  the  typical  genus. 

Bembex  (bem'beks),  n.  [Gr.  bembix,  a  kind 
of  buzzing  insect.  ]  A  genus  of  hymenop- 
terous  insects  peculiar  to  hot  climates,  and 
resembling  wasps  both  in  size  and  colour, 
They  form  the  typical  group  of  the  family 
Bembecldee  of  Leach. 

Bembridge  Beds  (  bem'brij  bedz  ),  n.  pi 
[From  Bembridg*.  a  watering-place  in  the 
Isle  of  Wight.]  A  fossiliferous  division  of 
the  upper  eocene  strata,  principally  devel- 
oped in  the  Isle  of  Wight,  consisting  of  marls 
and  clays,  resting  on  a  compact,  pale  yellow 
or  cream-coloured  limestone,  called  Bern- 
bridge  limestone.  They  abound  in  the  shells 
of  l.\  iniiiiM  and  Planorbis  and  remains  of 
two  species  of  Chara,  water-plants;  but  their 
most  distinctive  feature  is  the  mammalian 
remains  of  the  Pala;otherium  and  Anoplo- 
therium.  One  layer  is  composed  almost 
purely  of  the  remains  of  a  minute  globular 
Paludina. 

Berne,  t  n.  [A.  Sax.  ftyaM,fr4m*.]  A  trumpet 
'Of  brass  they  broughten  bemes.'  Chaucer. 

Bemetet  (be-mef),  v.  t.  [Prefix  be,  and  mete.  ] 
To  measure.  Shak. 

Bemingle  (be-ming'gl),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
mingle.]  To  mingle;  to  mix.  Mir.  for  Mags. 
[Rare.] 

Bemire  (bc-mlr/),  v.t.  pret.  <fe  pp.  bemired; 
ppr.  bemiring.  [Prefix  be,  and  mire.]  To 
drag  or  encumber  in  the  mire;  to  soil  by 
passing  through  mud  or  dirty  places.  'Be- 
mired  and  benighted  in  the  bog.'  Burke. 

Bemirement  (be-mir'ment),  n.  The  state 
of  being  defiled  with  mud.  [Rare.] 

Bemlst  (be-misf),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  mist.] 
To  cover  or  involve  in  mist. 

How  can  that  judge  walk  right  that  is  btmisted  in 
his  way.  Fettham. 

Bemoan  (bu-mon'),  v.  t.  [Prefix  be,  and  moan; 
A.  Sax.  bimcenan.]  1.  To  lament;  to  bewail; 
to  express  sorrow  for;  as,  to  bemoan  the  loss 
of  a  son.  —2.  t  To  pity;  to  feel  or  express 
sympathy  with  or  pity  for. 

Bastards,  ...  if  proving  eminent,  are  much 
bemoaned,  because  merely  passive  in  the  blemish  of 
their  birth.  Fuller. 

Bemoanable  (be-mon'a-bl),  a.  Capable  or 
worthy  of  being  lamented.  Sherwood. 

Bemoaner  (be-mon'er),  n.  One  who  bemoans. 

Bemock  (be-mok'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  mock.] 
To  treat  with  mockery;  to  mock.  'Bemock 
the  modest  moon.'  Shak. 

Her  beams  btmocked  the  sultry  main 
Like  April  hoar-frost  spread.     Coleridge. 

Bemocked-at  (be-mokt'at),  p.  Treated  with 

mockery.    Used  only  by  Shakspere 
Bemoilt  (be-moil'),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and  moil, 

from  FT.  mouitter,  to  wet]    To  bedraggle; 

to  bemire  ;  to  soil  or  encumber  with  mire 

and  dirt. 


Thou  shouidst  have  heard 
bemoiled. 


.    how  she  was 


. 

Bemoisten  (be-mois'n),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and 

moisten.]    To  moisten;  to  wet. 
Bemolt  (be'mol),  n.    In  music,  B  flat,  a  semi- 

tone below  B  natural. 
Bemonstert  (be-mon'ster),  v.t.    [Prefix  be, 

and  monster.]    To  make  monstrous. 

Thou  changed  and  self-cover'd  thing,  for  shame, 
Bemonster  not  thy  feature.  Shak. 

Bemoralize  (be-mo'ral-Iz),  v.t.  [Prefix  be, 
and  moralize.]  To  apply  to  a  moral  pur- 
pose. Eclec.  Rev.  [Rare.] 

Bemourn  (be-morn'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
mourn.  ]  To  weep  or  mourn  over.  *  Women 


muddle.]    To  confuse;  to  stupefy. 


Bemuffle  (be-muf'I),  v.t.     [Prefix  be,  and 
inu])le.\    To  wrap  up  as  with  a  muffler. 
HemHjflect  vt'n\i  the  externals  of  religion.     Sterne. 

Bemused  (be-muzd'),  p.  and  a.  [Prefix 
lit-,  and  mime.]  Originally,  overcome  with 
musing;  sunk  in  reverie  ;  hence,  muddled; 
Rtupelled;  made  crazy ;  muzzy.  '  A  parson 
much  bemused  in  beer.'  Pope. 

We  almost  despair  of  convincing  a  cabinet  be- 
mused with  the  notion  that  danger  can  only  come 
from  France.  Sftaatff  newspaper. 

Ben  (ben).  A  Gaelic  word  generally  prefixed 
to  the  names  of  many  of  the  most  elevated 
summits  of  the  mountain  ranges  which  tra- 
verse Scotland  to  the  north  of  the  Firths  of 
Clyde  and  of  Forth;  as,  Ben  Nevis,  Ben  Mac- 
Dhui,  Ben  Lawers,  Ben  Cruachan,  Ac.  It  is 
sometimes  used  alone  for  a  mountain. 

Sweet  was  the  red-blooming  heather 
And  the  river  that  flowed  from  the  Sen. 
Jacobite  song. 

Ben  0>enX  n-  [Arab,  ban,  name  given  to 
this  tree.  ]  Morinya  pterygogperma,  the 
horse-radish  tree  of  India,  the  seed  of  which 
is  the  ben-nut  (which  see). 

Ben  (ben),  n.  [For  be-in.  Conip.  but  —  be' 
out.  ]  The  inner  apartment  of  a  house. 
[Scotch.  ] 

Ben  (ben),  adv.  [Sc.]  Towards  the  inner 
apartment  of  a  house. 

Wi'  kindly  welcome  Jenny  brings  him  ben.    Bums. 

—  To  bring  far  ben,  to  treat  with  great 
respect  and  hospitality.  —  To  be  far  ben 
urith  one,  to  be  on  terms  of  intimacy  or 
familiarity  with  him;  to  be  in  great  honour 
with  him. 

Ben,t  Bene,t  «.  [A.  Sax.  Wn,  a  prayer, 
corresponding  to  Icel.  been,  while  Icel. 
bdn  (a  different  form  of  the  same  word) 
gives  E.  boon.]  A  prayer;  a  petition. 

Bench  (bensh),  n.  [A.  Sax.  benc,  a  bench ; 
Dan.  bamk,  Icel.  bekkr,  a  bench— a  parallel 
form  with  bank.  See  BANK.]  1.  A  long 
seat,  usually  of  board  or  plank,  differing 
from  a  stool  in  its  greater  length. — 2.  A 
strong  table  on  which  carpenters  or  other 
mechanics  prepare  their  work.  [In  this 
sense  bench  forms  an  element  in  a  number 
of  compound  words  denoting  tools  used  on 
a  bench,  such  as  bench-drill,  bench-hammer, 
bench-plane.]— 3.  Inengin.  a  ledge  left  on  the 
edge  of  a  cutting  in  earthwork  to  strengthen 
it— 4.  The  seat  where  judges  sit  in  court; 
the  seat  of  justice.  '  To  pluck  down  justice 
from  your  awful  bench.'  Shak.  Hence — 
6.  The  persons  who  sit  as  judges ;  the 
court ;  as,  the  case  is  to  go  before  the  full 
bench. — Bench  of  bishops,  or  episcopal  bench, 
a  collective  designation  of  the  bishops  who 
have  seats  in  the  House  of  Lords. — Free 
bench,  in  England,  the  estate  in  copyhold 
lands  which  the  wife,  being  espoused  a 
virgin,  has  for  her  dower  after  the  decease 
of  her  husband.  This  is  various  in  different 
manors,  according  to  their  respective  cus- 
toms.— King's  or  Queen's  Bench,  in  England, 
formerly  a  court  in  which  originally  the 
sovereign  sat  in  person,  and  which  accom- 
panied nis  household.  The  court  consisted 
of  the  lord  chief-justice  and  three  other  jus- 
tices, who  had  jurisdiction  over  all  matters 
of  a  criminal  or  public  nature.  It  had  a 
crown  side  and  a  plea  side  —  the  former 
determining  criminal,  the  latter  civil  causes. 
The  jurisdiction  of  this  court  is  now  trans- 
ferred to  a  corresponding  division  of  the 
High  Court  of  Justice. 

Bench  (bensh).v.  (.  1.  To  furnish  with  benches. 
'  'Twas  benched  with  turf.'  Dryden.--2.  t  To 
seat  on  a  bench ;  to  place  on  a  seat  of  honour. 

His  cup-bearer,  whom  I  from  meaner  form 
Have  benched,  and  reared  to  worship.    Shalt. 

Bench  (bensh),  v.  i.   To  sit  on  a  seat  of  j  ustice. 

And  thou,  his  yoke-fellow  of  equity, 
Bench  by  his  side.  Shat. 

Bench-Clamp  (benshTtlamp),  n.  A  clamp 
attached  to  a  work-bench  for  holding  firm 
the  article  that  the  mechanic  is  working  on. 

Bencher  (bensh'6r),  n.  1.  One  of  the  senior 
members  of  an  inn  of  court,  who  have  the 
government  of  the  society.  Benchers  have 
been  readers,  and,  being  admitted  to  plead 
within  the  bar,  are  called  inner  barristers. 
2.  The  alderman  of  a  corporation.  [Rare.] 

This  corporation  (New  Windsor)  consists  of  a 
mayor,  two  bailiffs,  and  twenty-eight  other  persons, 
.  ,  .  thirteen  of  which  are  called  fellows  and  ten  of 
them  aldermen  or  chief  benchers,  Ashmole. 

3.t  A  judge. 

You  are  well  understood  to  be  a  perfecter  giber  for 
the  table  than  a  necessary  bencher  in  the  Capitol. 

Sha&. 

4.f  A   tavern  frequenter,   from   the   long 


!i.  -Hi-lies  with  which  they  were  furnished; 
an  idler. 

Benchership  fbenita'4r-shlp),  n.  Office  or 
condition  of  a  bencher.  Lamb. 

Bench-hOOk  (bensh'hdk),  n.  In  carp,  a  pin 
fixed  to  the  bench  to  prevent  tin-  stuff  in 
working  from  sliding  out  of  its  pl;u  c 

Bench-mark  (bensh'nmrk),  n.  In  sure,  a 
mark  showing  the  starting-point  of  a  June 
line  of  levels,  or  one  of  a  number  of  similar 
marks  made  at  suitable  distances  as  the 
levelling  advances. 

Bench-master  (bensh'-mas-t6r),  ».  A  gov- 
ernor of  an  inn  of  court;  an  alderman. 

Bench-reel  (btmsh'rel),».  A  spinning-  wheel 
on  the  pirn  or  bobbin  of  which  a  sailmaker 
winds  the  yarn.  E.  H.  Kniytit. 

Bench-strip  (ben  sh's  trip),  n.  A  strip  of 
wood  or  metal  on  a  work-bench  for  fixing 
at  a  certain  distance  from  the  edge  so  as  to 
assist  in  steadying  the  work.  E.  II.  Knight 

Bench-table  (bensh'tii-bl),  n.  A  low  stone 
seat  round  the  interior  of  the  walls  of  many 
churches. 

Bench-  warrant  (bensh'  wo  -rant),  n.  In  law, 
a  warrant  issued  by  the  presiding  judicial 
officer  at  assizes  or  sessions  for  the  appre- 
hension of  an  offender:  so  called  in  opposi- 
tion to  a  justice's  warrant  issued  by  an  ordin- 
ary justice  of  the  peace  or  police  magistrate. 
Mozley  and  Whiteley, 

Bend  (bend),  v.t.  pret.  <fe  pp.  bended  or  bent; 
ppr.  bending.  [A.  Sax.  bendan,  to  bend, 
a  modification  of  bindan,  to  tie,  the  literal 
meaning  being  to  bend  and  keep  bent  by 
the  string  ;  Icel.  benda,  to  bend  ;  comp.  Fr. 
phrase  bander  un  arc,  to  bend  a  bow,  from 
bande,  a  string  or  cord  (E.  band).]  1.  To 
curve  or  make  crooked  by  straining,  or  to 
deflect  from  a  normal  condition  of  straight- 
ness;  as,  to  bend  a  stick;  to  bend  the  arm. 
'  They  bend  their  bows.'  Dryden. 

In  duty  bend  thy  knee  to  me.  Shak. 

2.  To  direct  to  a  certain  point:  chiefly  used 
in  such  phrases  as  to  bend  one's  course, 
way,  steps,  and  the  like,  and  in  the  phrase 
to  bend  the  eyes.  '  To  bend  his  mind  to  any 
public  business.'  Sir  W.  Temple. 

Towards  Coventry  bend  we  our  course.      Shak. 
Bending'  her  eyes  from  time  to  time  upon  her 
parent.  Sir  If'.  Scott. 

Fig.  (a)  of  the  mind  :  to  apply  closely. 
(b)  Of  the  disposition  :  to  incline  ;  to  deter- 
mine; as,  to  be  bent  on  mischief.  —3.  To 
subdue  ;  to  cause  to  yield  ;  to  make  sub- 
missive; as,  to  bend  a  man  to  our  will 
'Except  she  bend  her  humour.'  Shak.  — 
4.  Naut.  to  fasten  by  means  of  a  bend  or 
knot,  as  one  rope  to  another  or  to  an 
anchor.  —  To  bend  a  sail  (naut.),  to  extend 
and  make  it  fast  to  its  proper  yard  or  stay. 
—To  bend  the  broio  or  brows,  to  knit  the 
brow;  to  scowl;  to  frown. 
Bend  (bend),  v.i.  1.  To  be  or  become  curved 
or  crooked. 

Then  was  I  as  a  tree 
Whose  boughs  did  bend  with  fruit.  Shak. 

2.  To  incline;  to  lean  or  turn;  to  be  directed; 
as,  a  road  bends  to  the  west.    'To  whom  our 
vows  and  wishes  bend.'    Milton. 

Thither  we  bend  again.  Shak. 

Descend  where  alleys  bend 
Into  the  sparry  hollows  of  the  world.         Keats. 

3.  To  jut  over;  to  overhang. 

There  is  a  cliff  whose  high  and  bending  head 
Looks  fearfully  in  the  confined  deep.        Shak. 

4.  To  bow  or  be  submissive.    'Most  humbly 
therefore  bending  to  your  state.  '    Shak. 

Bend  (bend),  n.  I.  A  curve;  a  crook;  a  turn 
in  a  road  or  river  ;  flexure  ;  incurvation.  — 
2.  Jfaut.  (a)  that  part  of  a  rope  which  is 
fastened  to  another  or  to  an  anchor.  (6)  A 
knot  by  which  a  rope  is  united  to  another 
rope  or  to  something  else.  The  different 
sorts  ar»  distinguished  as  cable  bends,  car- 
rick  bends,  &c.  (c)  One  of  the  thickest  and 
strongest  planks  in  a  ship's  sides  :  more 
generally  called  Wales.  They  are  reckoned 
from  the  water  first,  second,  or  third  bend. 
They  have  the  beams, 
knees,  and  foot  -  hooks 
bolted  to  them,  and  are 
the  chief  strength  of  the 
ship's  sides,  (d)  One  of  the 
small  ropes  used  to  con- 
fine the  clinch  of  a  cable. 
3.  A  name  in  the  leather 
trade  for  a  butt  or  round- 
ed crop  cut  in  two.—  A.  In 
mining,  indurated  clay  or 
any  indurated  argillace- 
ous substance.  —  5.  In  her.  one  of  the  nine  hon- 
ourable ordinaries.containinga  third  part  of 
the  field  when  charged  and  a  fifth  when  plain  . 


Bend. 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     i,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin#;      TH,  (Tien;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  u>Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BEND 


256 


BENEFICIUM 


It  is  made  by  two  lines  drawn  across  from 


Bend  between  two 

bendlets. 


the  dexter  chief  to  the  sinister  base  point. 
It  sometimes  is  indented,  ingrafted,  Ac. 
The  bend  sinister  is  every  way  of  a  similar 
size  to  the  bend,  differing  only  by  crossing 
in  the  opposite  direction  diagonally  from 
the  sinister  chief  to  the  dexter  base.  It 
indicates  illegitimacy.—  O.t  Inclination;  dis- 
position; bent. 

Farewell,  poor  swain ;  thou  art  not  for  my  bend, 
I  must  have  quicker  souls.  J.  Fletcher. 

—Grecian  bend,  a  mode  of  walking,  with  a 
slight  stoop  forwards,  at  one  time  affected 
by  some  ladies. 
Bendt  (bend),  n.    [A.  Sax.  bend,  a  band.] 

1.  A  band. 

And  on  her  legs  she  painted  buskins  wore, 
Basted  with  bends  of  gold  on  every  side.     Spenser. 

2.  A  ribbon  or  bandage  for  the  head  used  in 
ancient  times  by  ladies  in  imitation  of  the 
circle  of  gold  among  the  Normans. 

Bendable  (bend'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
bent  or  incurvated.  Sherwood. 

Bender  (bend'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  bends.— 2.  In  slang,  a  sixpence,  from 
its  liability  to  bend.— 3.  A  spree;  a  frolic. 
[Vulgar  American.]— 4.  A  leg.  [An  Ame- 
rican euphuism.  ] 

Young  ladies  are  not  allowed 
to  cross  their  benders  in  school. 
LongfclioTv. 

Bend -leather  (bend'- 
leTH-er),  n.  The  strong- 
est kind  of  sole-leather 
for  shoes.  [Provincial 
English  and  Scotch.] 

Bendlet    (bend 'let),  ». 
[Dim.   of  bend,  a  band. 
It.  bandelette.]    In  her. 
a  little  bend,  which  occupies  a  sixth  part  of 
a  shield;  as,  a  bend  between  two  bendlets. 

Bend-ways  (bend'waz),  ado.    In  her.  occu- 
pying the  position  on  a 
shield  which  a  bend  oc- 
cupies. 

Bendy  (bend'i),  a.  In  her. 
applied  to  a  field  divided 
into  four,  six,  or  more 
parts,  diagonally,  and 
varying  in  metal  and 
colour. 

Bene   (ben'e),   n.     [See 

BENNE.  )      The     popular  A  sword  bend-ways. 

name   of   the  Sesamum 

orientale,  called  also  Tilseed,  and  in  the 

West  Indies  Vangloe.    See  BENNE. 

Beneaped  (be-nepf),  a.  [Prefix  be,  and 
neap.  ]  Naut.  same  as  Neaped. 

Beneath  (be-neth'),  prep.  [A.  Sax.  beneoth, 
beneotkan,benythan—prenxbe,iniAneothan, 
below, under.  See  NETHER.]  1. Under; lower 
in  place,  with  something  directly  over  or 
on ;  as,  to  place  a  cushion  beneath  one : 
often  with  the  sense  of  pressure  or  oppres- 
sion ;  as,  to  sink  beneath  a  burden,  in  a 
literal  sense.  —  2.  Fig.  under,  as  from  the 
effect  of  pressure. 

Our  country  sinks  beneath  the  yoke.       Shak. 

3.  Lower  in  rank,  dignity,  or  excellence;  as, 
brutes  are  beneath  man ;  man  is  beneath 
angels,  in  the  scale  of  beings. — 4.  Unworthy 
of;  unbecoming;  not  equal  to;  below  the 
level  of;  as,  beneath  contempt. 

He  will  do  nothing  that  is  beneath  his  high  station. 
Atterbury. 

Beneath  (be-nethO,  adv.  1.  In  a  lower  place 
as,  the  earth  from  beneath  will  be  barren.— 
2.  Below,  as  opposed  to  heaven  or  to  any 
superior  region ;  as,  in  heaven  above,  or  in 
earth  beneath. 

Benediclte  (ben-e-dis'i-te),  n.  [L.,  lit.  bles1 
ye.]  A  canticle  or  hymn  used  in  the  Angli 
can  Church  at  morning  prayer  after  the  firs 
lesson.  It  is  called  the  hymn  of  the  Three 
Children  in  the  fiery  furnace,  and  is  as  olc" 
as  the  time  of  St.  Chrysostom. 

Benedick,  Benedict  (ben'e-dik,  ben'e-dikt) 
n.  1.  A  sportive  name  for  a  married  man 
especially  one  who  has  been  long  a  bachelor 
or  who  was  in  the  habit  of  ridiculing  mar 
riage:  from  one  of  the  characters  (Benedick 
in  Shakspere's  play  of  Much  Ado  abou 
Nothing. 

Having  abandoned  all  his  old  misogyny,  and  hi 
professions  of  single  independence,  ccelebs  has  be 
come  a  benedict.  G.  P.  R.  Ji—' 

Z.  A  sportive  name  for  a  bachelor. 

He  is  no  longer  a  benedict,  but  a  quiet  married  man 
CrockforfTs,  or  Life  in  the  West. 

Benedict*  (ben'e-dikt),  a.  [L.  benedictus 
pp.  of  benedico,  to  speak  well  of  any  one,  t 
bless—  bene,  well,  and  dim,  to  say.  ]  Havin 
mild  and  salubrious  qualities.  '  Medicine 
that  are  benedict.'  Bacon. 


Benedictine  or  Blackfriar. 

of  the  most  famous  and  widely  spread  of 
all  the  orders  of  monks,  founded  at  Monte 
Casino,  about  half-way  between  Rome  and 
Naples  about  the  year  530,  by  St.  Benedict, 
whose  rules  the  members  profess  to  follow. 
Called  also  Blackfriars,  from  the  colour  of 
their  habit.  The  order  was  probably  intro- 
duced into  England  about  SOO  by  St.  Augus- 
tine of  Canterbury,  and  all  the  cathedral 
priories  of  England,  save  Carlisle,  belonged 
to  it  Their  dress  consists  of  a  loose  black 
gown  with  large  wide  sleeves,  and  a  cowl 
on  the  head,  ending  in  a  point. 
Benediction  (beu-e-dik'shon),  n.  [L.  bene- 
dictio  —  bene,  well,  and  dictio,  speaking.] 

1.  The  act  of  invoking  a  blessing ;  a  giving 
praise  to  God  or  rendering  thanks  for  his 
favours. 

Hold  your  hands  in  benediction  o'er  me.    Shak. 

Cod.  in  cursing,  gives  us  better  gifts 
Than  men  in  benediction.          E.  B.  Uro-wning. 

2.  Blessing,  prayer,  or  kind  wishes  uttered 
in  favour  of  any  person  or  thing ;  a  solemn 
or  affectionate   invocation  of   happiness; 
thanks ;  expression  of  gratitude;  as,  to  pro- 
nounce a  benediction;  to  shower  benedic- 
tions on  one's  head.— 3.  The  advantage  con- 
ferred by  blessing. 

Prosperity  is  the  blessing  of  the  Old  Testament ; 
Iversity  is  the  blessing  of  the  New.  which  carried 


the  greater  bencdtcti 
God's  favour 


it,  and  the  clearer  revelation  of 


4.  In  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  (a)  any  blessing  pro- 
nounced by  a  superior  over  an  inferior,  es- 
pecially by  a  priest  over  one  of  the  faithful. 
See  BLESSING.  (6)  The  form  of  institutinj 
an  abbot,  answering  to  the  consecration  of 
a  bishop,  (c)  The  external  ceremony  per 
formed  by  a  priest  in  the  office  of  matri 
mony:  called,  specifically,  the  Nuptial  Bene 
diction,  (a)  A  ceremony  by  which  a  thing 
is  rendered  sacred  or  venerable 
Benedlctionary  (ben-e-dik'shon-a-ri),  n 
A  collection  of  benedictions. 

The  benedictionary  of  Bishop  Athelwood.    Bp.  Still 

Benedictive  (ben-e-dikt'iv),  a.  Tending  tc 
bless;  giving  a  blessing.  'His  paterna 
prayers,  and  benedictive  comprecations. 
Bp.  Oauden. 

Benedictory  (ben-e-dik'to-ri),  a.  Blessing; 
expressing  a  benediction,  or  wishes  for  good. 
'A  benedictory  prayer.'  Thackeray. 

Benedictus  (ben-e-dik'tus),  n.  In  music,  a 
portion  of  the  mass  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church,  introduced,  with  English  words, 
into  the  morning  prayer  of  the  English 
Church. 

Benefaction  (ben-e-fak'shon),  n.  [L.  bene- 
factio,  from  benefacio,  to  do  good  to  one. 
See  BENEFICE.]  1.  The  act  of  conferring  a 
benefit.  —  2.  A  benefit  conferred,  especially 
a  charitable  donation. 

A  man  of  true  generosity  will  study  in  what  man- 
ner to  render  his  benefaction  most  advantageous. 

Benefactor  (ben-e-fak'ter),  n.  One  who  con- 
fers a  benefit.  '  Great  benefactors  of  man- 
kind.' Milton. 

Benefactress  (ben-e-fak'tres),  n.  A  female 
who  confers  a  benefit. 

Benefice  (ben'e-fls),  n.  [Fr.  benefice,  a  bene- 
fice, from  L  beneftcium,  a  kindness,  in  Med.  L. 
an  estate  granted  for  life— bene,  well,  and 
facio,  to  do.)  1.  In  feudal  law,  a  fee  or  an 


tion  of  feud,  and  benefice,  became  appropri- 
ated to  church  livings.— 2.  An  ecclesiastical 
living ;  a  church  endowed  witli  a  revenue 
for  the  maintenance  of  divine  service,  or  the 
revenue  itself. 

Ful  thredbare  was  his  overest  courtepy, 

For  he  hadde  geten  him  yet  no  benejice.    Chaucer. 

Seneflced  (ben'e-flst),  a.  Possessed  of  a 
benefice  or  church  preferment.  '  All  man- 
ner persons  of  holy  church  .  .  .  benejiced 
in  the  realm  of  France,'  Hall. 
Jeneflceless  (ben'e-fls-les),  a.  Having  no 
benefice.  '  Beneficelew  precisians. '  Sheldon. 
ieneflcence  (be-nef'i-sens),  n.  [L.  beneficen- 
tia,  from  the  participle  of  benefacio.  See 
BENEFICE.]  The  practice  of  doing  good; 
active  goodness,  kindness,  or  charity.— Be- 
neficence, Benevolence,  Munificence.  Be- 
nevolence, lit.  well-willingness,  expressive 
of  the  will  or  desire  to  do  good;  beneficence, 
lit.  well-doing,  is  the  outcome  and  visible 
expression  of  benevolence.  Benevolence  may 
exist  without  beneficence,  but  beneficence 
always  presupposes  benevolence.  Munifi- 
cence is  beneficence  on  a  large  scale,  not  re- 
stricting itself  to  bare  necessary  things,  but 
giving  lavishly ;  munificence  may  proceed 
from  an  ostentatious  and  self-seeking  as 
well  as  from  a  benevolent  spirit. 
Beneficent  (be-nef i-sent),  a.  Doing  good ; 
performing  acts  of  kindness  and  charity. 
'  The  beneficent  truths  of  Christianity.'  Pre»- 
cott.  —  SVN.  Bountiful,  bounteous,  liberal, 
munificent,  generous,  charitable. 
Beneficently  (be-nef'i-sent-li),  adv.  In  a 
beneficent  manner. 

Beneficial  (ben-e-ft'shal),  a.  [L.L.  benefid- 
alia  from  beneficium,  a  benefit.  See  BENE- 
FICE.) 1.  Contributing  to  a  valuable  end; 
conferring  benefit;  advantageous;  useful; 
profitable;  helpful:  followed  by  to;  as,  in- 
dustry is  beneficial  to  the  body  as  well  as  to 
the  property.  '  The  war  which  would  have 
been  most  beneficial  to  us.'  Svsift.—  2.  Re- 
ceiving or  entitled  to  have  or  receive  ad- 
vantage, use,  or  benefit ;  as,  the  beneficial 
owner  of  an  estate ;  specifically,  applied  to 
clergymen  enjoying  a  benefice. 

An  engagement  was  tendered  to  all  civil  officers 
and  beneficial  clergy.  Hallam. 

3.t  Kind;  generous.     'Beneficial  foe.'    B. 

Jonson. 
Beneficial  t  (ben-e-fi'shal),  n.   A  benefice;  a 

church  living.    Spenser. 
Beneficially  (ben-e-fi'shal-li),  adv.     In  a 

beneficial  manner;  advantageously;  profit- 
ably; helpfully. 
Beneflcialness  (ben-e-fl'shal-nes),  n.    The 

state  of  being  beneficial;  usefulness;  profit; 

ableness.    '  Usefulness  and  beneficialnest. 

Sir  M.  Hale. 

For  the  eternal  and  inevitable  law  in  this  matter 

is,  that  the  benefiaalness  of  the  inequality  depends. 

first,  on  the  methods  by  which  it  was  accomplished. 
RiisKin. 

Beneficiary  (ben-e-fl'shi-a-ri),  a.  [L  benefi- 
ciarius.  See  BESEFICE.)  1.  Arising  from 
feudal  tenure;  feudatory;  holding  under  a 
feudal  or  other  superior;  subordinate.  ' 
neficiarti services.'  Spelman.  'A feudatory 
01 -beneficiary  king.'  Bacon.- 2.  Connected 
with  the  receipt  of  benefits,  profits,  or  ad- 
vantages ;  freely  bestowed ;  as,  beneficiary 
gifts  or  privileges. 

Beneficiary  (ben-e-fl'shi-a-ri),  n.  1.  One  who 
holds  a  benefice. 

The  beneficiary  is  obliged  to  serve  the  pam" 
church  in  his  own  proper  person. 

2  In  feudal  law,  a  feudatory  or  vassal.  — 

3  One  who  is  in  the  receipt  of  benefits,  pro- 
fits, or  advantages;  one  who  receives  some- 
thing as  a  free  gift;  specifically,  (o)  applied 
to  a  student  assisted  by  the  eleemosynary 
funds  of  certain  educational  institutions. 
(6)  One  in  receipt  of  the  profits  arising  from 
an  estate  held  in  trust. 

The  fathers  and  the  children,  the  benefactors  and 
the  beneficiary,  shall  .  .  .  bind  each  other  in  the 
general  inclosures  and  circlings  of  immortality.^ 

Beneficiencyt  (ben-e-fl'shen-sij,  n.  Kind- 
ness or  favour  bestowed.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Beneflclentt  (ben-e-fl'shent),  a.  Doing 
good. 

As  its  tendency  is  necessarily  beneficient,  it  is  the 
proper  object  of  gratitude  and  reward. 

Adam  iwlfi. 

Beneficium  (ben-e-fl'shi-um),  n.    [L] 
right  or  privilege :  a  term  more  especial^ 
of  the  civil  law ;  as,  beneficium  abstinena 
that  is  right  of  abstaining,  the  power  of  at 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  f< 


BENEFIT 


267 


BEN-OIL 


heir  to  abstain  from  accepting  the  inherit- 

arn-e. 

Benefit  (ben'c-tit).  ,i.  [O.K.  bcnfite,  bicnfet, 
O.Fr.  birnft't  (Kr.  l>n-nfait),  from  L.  fcciw/ac- 
fwm,  a  ben.'iit.  See  I1KNKFICE.]  1.  An  act 
of  kindness ;  a  favour  conferred;  good  done 
to  a  j"'i  TI 

Itlcss  the, Lord,  O  my  soul!  and  forget  not  all  hi-. 
tent/its.  Ps.  ciii.  3. 

'2.  Whatever  is  for  the  good  or  advantage  of 
a  person  or  thing;  advantage;  profit. 
Men  have  no  ri^ht  to  what  is  not  for  their  benefit, 

Jltirkf. 

S.  t  Bestowal,  jis  nf  property  or  a  title,  out 
of  good-will,  grace,  or  favour;  liberality; 
generosity. 

Hither  accept  the  title  thou  usurp'st. 
Of  benefit  proceeding  from  the  king, 
And  not  of  any  challenge  of  desert. 
Or  we  will  plague  thee  with  incessant  wars.  Shak. 

4.  A  performance  at  a  theatre  or  other  place 
of  public  entertainment,  the  proceeds  of 
which  go  to  one  of  the  actors,  some  indi- 
gent or  deserving  person,  some  charitable 
institution,  or  the  like.  —  5.  A  natural  advan- 
tage; endowment;  nccntuplishment.  [Rare.] 
Look  you  lisp,  and  wear  strange  suits;  disable 
{undervalue}  all  the  benefits  of  your  own  country. 

Sftat. 

\\  lien  thcs--  sri  nnMi-  /ri.v//.'i   '.lull  prove 

Not  well  disposed,  the  mind  growing  once  corrupt, 

They  turn  to  vicious  forms.  SfcM. 

—  Benefit  of  clergy,  in  laic.  See  under 
CI.KKGY.  —  Benefit  plan,  a  P'ay  acted  for 
some  one's  benefit  or  advantage.—  Benefit 
wit' t,'t>/,  a  friendly  society.  See  under 
FKIKNDLY. 

Benefit  (ben'e-flt),  v.t.  To  do  good  to;  to  be 
of  service  to ;  to  advantage ;  as,  exercise 
benefits  health;  trade  benefits  a  nation. 

What  course  I  mean  to  hold  shall  nothing  benefit 
your  knowledge.  Shak, 

Benefit  (ben'e-flt),  v.i.    To  gain  advantage; 

to  make  improvement;  as,  he  has  benefited 

by  good  advice.     '  To  tell  you  what  I  have 

fx'iii'fited  herein.'    Milton. 
Benegrot  (be-ne'gro),   v.t.    [Prefix  be.  and 

negro.]    1.  To  render  dark;  to  blacken. 

The  sun  shall  he  bentg roectv\  darkness.      Hfvyt. 

'2-  To  people  with  negroes.  Sir  T.  Browne. 
Baneme.t  Benempne.t  v.t.  [A. Sax.  benem- 
nan,  to  engage  or  promise— prefix  be,  and 
nemnan,  to  name,  to  call.]  1.  To  name;  to 
pronounce.  'He  that  is  so  oft  benempt.' 
XjH'iiser.  '  Benempt  a  sacred  vow.'  Spenser. 

2.  To  promise;  to  give.     Spenser. 
Beneplacitt  (be-ne-plas'it),  n.    Same  as 

Bcneplacititre.     Sir  T.  Browne. 
Bene  pladto  (ba'iia  plach'e-to).    In  music, 

at  pleasure. 
Beneplaciture  t  (be-ne-plas'i-tur),  n.     [L. 

luneplacitum  —  bene,   well,    and  placitum, 

from  placeo,  to  please.]     Good  pleasure; 

will ;  choice. 

Hath  he  by  his  holy  penmen  told  us,  that  either 
Of  the  other  ways  was  more  suitable  to  his  beneplaci- 
ture  t  Glatnritte. 

Benett  (bc-nef),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  net] 
To  catch  in  a  net;  to  insnare.  'Being  thus 
benetted  round  with  villanies.'  Shak. 

Benevolence  (be-nev'o-lens),  n.  [L.  benevo- 
lent  la— bene,  well,  and  volo,  to  will  or  wish.] 
1.  The  disposition  to  do  good;  the  love  of 
mankind,  accompanied  with  a  desire  to  pro- 
mote their  happiness;  good-will;  kindness; 
charitableness.  'The  wakeful  benevolence 
of  the  gospel.1  Dr.  Chalmers. —2.  An  act  of 
kindness;  good  done;  charity  given. 

That  which  we  distribute  to  the  poor,  St.  Paul 
calleth  a  blessing  or  a  benevolence.  Ottired. 

3.  A  contribution  or  tax  illegally  exacted 
by  arbitrary  kings  of  England. 

Henry  doubtless  reaped  great  profit  from  these 
indefinite  exactions,  miscalled  benevolences. 

Hallam. 

—Beneficence,  Benevolence,  Munificence.  See 

under  BENEFICENCE. 

Benevolent  (be-nev'6-lent),  a.  [L.  benevo- 
ICHX  hi-,!,-,  well,  and  volo,  to  wish.]  Having 
a  disposition  to  do  good;  possessing  love 
to  mankind,  and  a  desire  to  promote  their 
prosperity  and  happiness;  kind.  'Thou 
gond  old  man,  bene  cole nt  as  wise.'  Pope. 
SYS.  Kind,  affectionate,  tender,  loving,  cha- 
ritable, generous,  humane. 

Benevolently  (be-nev'6-lent-li),  adv.  Tn  a 
benevolent  manner;  with  good-will;  kindly. 

Benevolentness  (be-nev'6-lent-nes),  n.  Be- 
tWTolence.  [Rare.] 

Benevoloust  (be-nev'o-lus),  a.  [L.  benevo- 
lo.] Kind;  benevolent. 

A  I'ennvlitns  inclination  is  implanted  into  the  very 
frame  and  temper  of  our  church's  constitution. 

Dr.  Puffer, 

Bang  (beng),  n.    Same  as  Bhang. 


Bengal  (ben-galO, »-  1-  A  thin  stuff  made  of 
silk  and  hair  for  women's  apparel;  M>  < -allot 
from  Bengal  in  the  East  Indies.-  2.  An  imi- 
tation of  striped  muslin. 

Bengalee,  Bengali  (beu-gal  e'),  n.  The  lan- 
miiiu-e  or  duik'ct  spoken  in  Bengal. 

Bengalese  (ben-gal-ez'),  a.  Of  orpertiiining 
to  Bengal. 

Bengalese  (ben-gal-ez'>,  n.  xing,  and  pi.  A 
native  or  natives  of  Bengal. 

Bengal-light  (ben-gal'IU),  7i.  A  species  uf 
1  fireworks  used  as  signals  by  night  or  other- 
I  wise,  producing  a  steady  and  vivid  blue- 
coloured  lire 

Bengal-quince  (ben-gal'kwins).  n.  A  plant, 
the  sKylr  Marinelos.  See  jEai.E. 

Bengal-root  (ben-garrot),  n.  The  root  of  a 
ginger,  Ziwiiber  CwMWWWH'i 

Bengal-stripe  (ben-gal'strip),  n.  A  kind  of 
cotton  cloth  woven  with  coloured  stripes; 
ginu'ham. 

Benight  (be-nit'l  v.t.   [Prefix  be,  and  night.] 

1.  To  involve  in  darkness  or   gloom ;   to 
shroud  with  the  shades  of  night;  to  shroud 
in  gloom;  to  overshadow;  to  eclipse.    'And 
let  ourselves    benight    our    happiest  day.' 
Donne. 

The  clouds  benight  the  sky.  Garth. 

But  oh!  alas!  what  sudden  cloud  is  spread 
About  this  glorious  king's  eclipsed  hcadr 
It  all  his  fame  benights.  Coiuley, 

2.  To  overtake  with  night;  hence,  fig.  to  in- 
volve in  moral  darkness  or  ignorance:  said 
of  persons.    '  Some  virgin,  sure,  benighted  in 
these  woods.'    Milton. 

Shall  we  to  men  benighted 
The  lamp  of  life  deny*  Bfi.  Heber. 

[Rare  in  this  sense,  except  in  past  parti- 
ciple. ] 

Benign  p>e-nin'),  a.  [L.  benignus,  for  beni- 
genutt,  kind-hearted—  bemis,  for  bonus,  good, 
andpenu*,  kind,  race.]  1.  Of  a  kind  dispo- 
sition; gracious;  kind;  benignant;  favour- 
able. 

Thou  hast  fulfill'd 

Thy  words.  Creator  bounteous  and  benign, 
Giver  of  all  things  fair !  Milton. 

2.  Proceeding  from  or  expressive  of  gentle- 
ness, kindness,  or  benignity.      'To  whom 
thus  Michael,  with  benign  regard.'   Milton. 

3.  Mild;  not  severe;  not  violent;  not  malig- 
nant: used  especially  in  med.;  as,  a  benign 
medicine,  a  benign  disease.  —  SYN.   Kind, 
propitious,  favourable,  salutary,  gracious, 
wholesome,  liberal,  generous. 

Benignant  (be-nig'nant),  a.  1.  Kind ;  gra- 
cious; favourable.  'Benignant  sovereign.' 
Burke. — 2.  In  ined.  not  malignant;  not  dan- 
gerous: said  of  diseases.— Benignant,  Kind, 
Good-natured.  Benignant  is  generally  ap- 
plied to  superiors,  and  implies  more  espe- 
cially a  certain  manner,  character,  or  ten- 
dency; kind  and  good-natured, when  applied 
to  persons,  both  characterize  the  natural 
disposition,  and  both  are  applicable  to  man- 
ners as  well  as  actions.  Kindness  generally 
implies  some  superiority  of  circumstances 
on  the  part  of  the  person  conferring  it. 
Thus  we  do  not  speak  of  a  servant  being 
t.ui't  to  his  master,  unless  the  latter  is  sick 
or  in  some  way  reduced  to  the  inferior  posi- 
tion, so  as  to  be  dependent  on  his  servant 
for  aid ;  a  good-natured  person  is  one  who 
is  not  only  willing  to  oblige,  but  will  also 
put  up  with  a  good  deal  of  annoyance. 
Kindness  strictly  implies  discrimination  in 
the  exercise  of  benevolence;  good-nature 
does  not. 

Benignantly(be-nig'nant-li),  adv.  In  a  be- 
nignant manner. 

Benignity  (be-nig'ni-ti),  n.  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  benign;  goodness  of  dispo- 
sition or  heart;  kindness  of  nature;  gracious- 
ness;  beneficence. 

Although  he  enjoys  the  good  that  is  done  him.  he 
is  unconcerned  to  value  the  benignity  of  him  that 
does  it.  South. 

2.  Mildness;  want  of  severity.  "The  benig- 
nity or  inclemency  of  the  season. '  Spectator. 

Benignly  (be-nin'li),  adv.  In  a  benign  man- 
ner; favourably;  kindly;  graciously. 

Benime.t  v.t.  [A. Sax.  fremman— prefix  be, 
and  ni  inn  a,  to  take.]  To  take  away.  Chau- 
cer. 

Benison  (ben'i-zn),  n.  [O.Fr.  beneuton, 
benaiyon,  a  blessing,  from  L.  benedictio,  a 
benediction,  from  benedicere,  to  bless— bene, 
well,  and  dico,  to  say.  Benediction  is  thus 
the  same  word.]  Blessing;  benediction. 
'  More  precious  than  the  benison  of  friends.' 
Tatfourd.  [Chiefly  in  poetry.] 

God's  benison  go  with  you.  Shak, 

Be"nitier  (ba-ne-te-a),  n.  [Fr ,  from  benit, 
pp.  of  btfnir,  to  bless,  from  L.  benedicere — 


bene,  well,  and  dicere,  to  say.  ]    A  stone  font 
or  vase  for  containing  holy  water.  usually 
pUcad  in  a  niche  in  tbt-  chief  pmrh  or  en- 
trance of  a  Roman  Ca- 
tholic church,  sometimes 
in  one  of  the  pillars  close 
to  the  door,  into  which 
the  members  of  the  con- 
gregation on  entering  flip 
the  fingers  of  the  right 
hand,blessingthcnist  1\<  , 
by  making  the 
sign     of     the 
cross.     Called 
also    AKperso- 
r  in  tn          and 
Stoup   (whkh 
see). 

Ben  j  amln 
(ben'ja-min). 
n.  [Corrupted 
from  YT.  ben- 
join,  Pg.  ben- 
ji'ini,  benzoin 
(which  see).  ] 
1.  A  shrub, 
Lindera  Ben- 
zoin, a  native 
of  North  Ame- 
rica. Called 
also  Spice- 


Bemtier. 


bush.  It  grows  from  6  to  15  feet  high,  and  has 
clusters  of  honey-yellow  flowers  which  ap- 
pear before  the  leaves.—  2.  A  gum,  or  rather 
a  balsam.  See  BENZOIN. 

Benjamin-tree  (ben'ja-min-tre),  n.  A  popu- 
lar name  given  to  several  trees  :  (a)  Styrax 
Benzoin  of  Sumatra,  which  yields  the  resin 
called  benzoin.  (6)  /'Vcwtt  benjamina.  (c) 
Lindera  Benzoin  of  North  America. 

Benjy  (ben'ji),  n.  A  low-crowned  straw-hat 
having  a  very  broad  brim. 

Benmost  (ben'most),  a.  Innermost,  superl. 
of  ben.  [Scotch.] 

Benne  (ben'e),  n.     [Malay.]    The  Stsamum 
orientale  of  the  East  Indies,   nat.   order  ' 
Pedaliacerc,  from  the  seeds  of  which  a  valu- 


Benne-ptant  (Sesamxm  orientate). 

able  oil  is  expressed.  This  is  quite  distinct 
from  ben,  the  Moringa  pteryga»pcrma.  See 
SESAMUM. 

Benne-oil  (ben'e-oil),  n.  A  bland  fixed  oil 
expressed  from  the  sweet  nuts  of  the  Sena- 
mum  orientale  and  S.  indieum,  used,  like 
olive-oil,  as  an  article  of  diet  and  for  medi- 
cinal purposes,  and  by  the  women  of  Egypt 
as  a  cosmetic.  The  oil-cake,  mixed  with 
honey  and  preserved  citron,  is  an  oriental 
luxury.  For  the  sake  of  this  oil  the  plant 
is  much  cultivated  in  many  tropical  and 
subtropical  countries.  Its  seeds  yield  a 
larger  proportion  of  oil  than  any  other 
vegetable,  1  cwt.  producing  i>0  Ibs.  of  oil. 

Bennet  (ben'net),  «.  The  herb-bennet,  or 
common  avens  (Geum  urbanum). 

Bennison,*  n.    Same  as  Benison. 

Ben-nut  (ben'nut),  n.  The  seed  of  Moringa 
pterygo8perma,t}ie  ben  or  horse-radish  tree 
of  India,  which  yields  an  oil  called  oil  of  ben 
or  ben-oil.  These  nuts  are  winged,  and  are 
contained  in  a  long  pod-like  three-celled 
fruit. 

Ben-oil  (ben'oil),  n.  The  expressed  oil  of 
the  ben-nut,  which  is  remarkable  for  not 
becoming  rancid  for  many  years.  It  is  per- 
fectly inodorous,  on  which  account  it  is 
much  used  by  perfumers  as  the  basis  of 
various  scents.  At  a  low  temperature  it 
separates  into  two  parts,  the  one  solid  and 
the  other  liquid;  and  the  latter  is  employed 
by  watchmakers  in  preference  to  any  other 
oil  for  lubricating  their  delicate  works,  on 
account  of  its  having  no  action  upon  the 
metals. 


ch,  cfcain;      ch,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL.  I. 


j,  job;      h,  Fr.  ton;      ng, 


TH,  then;  th,  rtin;     w,  wig; 


wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. —See  KEY. 
17 


BENOMEN 


P.KRBKRIS 


Benomen.t  pp.  from  benime.  Taken  away. 
C/mi/cer. 

Benshie  (ben'she).  n.    Same  as  Banshee. 

Bent  (bent),  pret.  &pp.  of  bend.  Incurvated; 
inflected ;  inclined ;  prone  to,  or  having  a 
fixed  propensity;  determined.  —Bent  on, 
having  a  fixed  inclination;  resolved  or  de- 
termined on. 

Sfitt  he  seemed  en  going  the  third  day. 

Tentiyson. 


Bent  (bent),  n.    1. 1  The  state  of  being  bent;  '    muscular  weakness, 
curved  form  or  position ;  flexure;  curvity.     !  Benumbment  ('!"•"" 

Hold  your  rod  at  a  bent  a  little.         Iz.  Italian.  ').e'1"'"?i';8;  /,"r'!!'U,,5! 


as,  a  hand  or  foot  benumbed  by  cold,  -2.  To 
stupefy;  to  render  inactive. 

It  seizes  upon  the  vitals,  and  benumbs  the  senses. 
So  ut  ft. 

Benumbedness  (be-num'ed-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  benumbed  ;  destitution  of  feel- 

Benumber  (tie-num'er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  benumbs;  specifically,  in  meil.  an 
agent  which  causes  topical  numbness  or 

um'ment),  n.    Act  of 


old  you 

2.  Degree  of  flexure  or  curvity;  tension; 
straining;  utmost  force  or  power:  an  archery 
expression,  but  used  tropically  of  mental 
dispositions.  '  Her  affections  have  their 
full  bent'  Shak.  '  A  full  bent  of  the  mind.' 
Locke. 

There  are  divers  subtle  inquiries  concerning  the 
h  required  to  the  bending  of  bows;  the  force 
to  the  several 


strengt 
they  ha 
bents,  am 
of  them. 


e  in  the  discharge  according  to  the  several 
d  the  strength  required  to  be  in  the  string 
Bp.  IVilkins. 


Then  let  thy  love  be  younf 
Or  thy  affection  cannot  hoi 


;r  than  thyself 
the  bent.        Shak. 


3.  Declivity;  slope.    tflare.] 


i  bent, 


Bepowder  fbe-pou'der),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
pumder.]  To  powder;  to  sprinkle  or  cover 
with  powder,  as  the  hair. 

Is  the  beau  compelled  against  his  will  to  ...  em- 
ploy all  the  thought  withinside  his  noddle  to  be. 
poii'der  and  becurl  the  outside  ?  Titckrr. 

BepraiseCbe-prazO-P.  t.  pret.  «tpp.  beprai*'  <l; 

|ipr.  bepraising.    [Prefix  be.  and  praise.)  TCI 

praise  greatly  or  extravagantly;   to  puff. 

'  Bepraised  by  newspapers  and  magazines.' 

QoUemttk. 
Bepray  (be-pra'),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  andjwoy.  ] 

To  pray;  to  beseech.    Shak. 
Beprose  (be-proz'),  t.  (.  [Prefix  be,  and  />/•«<•  j 

To  reduce  to  prose.    'To  beprose  all  rhyme.' 

Mallet. 


Benzamlde  (ben'za-mid),  n.    (C,H?NO.)    A 

white  crystalline  substance,  which  may  be 

regarded  as  the  amide  of  benzoyl. 
Benzine,  Benzene  (ben 'zin,    ben'zen),  n.     Bepucker  (be-pnk'er),  n  «.    To  pucker. 

Same  as  Benzole.  Bepuff  (be-puf),  v.t.     [Prefix  be,  and  pvf.] 

Benzoate  (ben'zo-at),  n.     ' 

acid. 
Benzoic  (ben-zo'ik),  a 


A  salt  of  benzoic 


obtained     from 


,     .     Pertaining  to  or 
benzoin.  —  Benzoic    acid 


Beneath  the  lowering  brow,  and  o_ 

The  temple  stood  of  Mars  armipotent.    Dryden. 

4.  Inclination;  disposition;  a  leaning  or  bias 
of  mind;  propensity;  as,  the  bent  of  the 
mind  or  will;  the  bent  of  a  people  toward 
an  object. 

It  is  his  (the  legislator's)  best  policy  to  comply  with 
the  common  tent  of  mankind.  Hume. 

5.  Direction  taken;  turn  or  winding.  'Bents 
and  turns  of  the  matter.'    Locke.— 6.t  Cast, 
as  of  the  eye;  direction. 

Gives  all  eaze  and  bent  of  amorous  view 
On  the  fair  Cressid.  Shak. 

—Bent,  Bias,  Inclination.  Bent,  the  general 
and  natural  state  of  the  mind,  a  decided 
and  fixed  tendency  of  the  mind  towards  a 
particular  object  or  mode  of  action.  Bias, 
something  acting  as  it  were  externally  with 
continual  force  on  the  judgment  and  influ- 
encing one's  opinion  or  actions;  as,  the  bias 
of  early  education.  'Morality  influences 
men's  minds  and  gives  a  bias  to  all  their 
actions.'  Locke.  Inclination  is  a  faint  kind 
of  bent,  a  tendency  more  or  less  decided  in 
gome  direction. —SYN.  Inclination,  tendency, 
disposition,  propensity,  bias. 
Bent,  Bent-grass  (bent,  bent'gras),  n. 
[A.  Sax.  beonet,  O.Six.  binet,  O.H.G.  pinuz, 
binuz,  Mod.  G.  binse,  a  rush.  Sometimes 
derived  from  bind,  because  its  roots  bind 
the  soil  together.but  this  is  doubtful.  ]  1.  Any 
wiry  grass,  such  as  grows  on  commons  or 
neglected  ground,  generally  applied  to  the 
species  of  Agrostis,  but  others,  as  Triticum 
junceum,  Arundo  arenaria,  &c. ,  are  also  in- 
cluded under  this  name. —2.  A  stalk  of 
coarse  withered  grass;  a  dead  stem  of  prass 
which  has  borne  seed.  '  His  spear  a  bent 
both  stiff  and  strong.1  Drayton.—Z.  Any 
wild  piece  of  land,  as  a  hill  or  moor. — To 
take  the  bent,  to  take  to  the  bent;  to  ruu 
away.  [Scotch.] 

Take  the  bent,  Mr.  Rashleigh.     Make  ae  pair  o* 
legs  worth  twa  pair  o'  hands.  Sir  IV.  Scott. 

Ben-teak  (ben'tek),  n.  A  close-grained  in- 
ferior kind  of  teak,  used  in  India  for  build- 
ings and  other  ordinary  purposes.  It  is  the 
wood  of  Lagerstroemia  microcarpa. 

Benthamia  (ben-tham'i-a),  n.  [From  George 
Bentham,  formerly  a  secretary  of  the  Lon- 
don Horticultural  Society.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Cornacese.  B.  frugifera 
is  a  very  handsome  plant,  and  yields  an 
eatable  fruit  resembling  that  of  the  Arbutus. 
It  is  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  and  has 
been  introduced  into  our  gardens.  It  is  a 
tender  plant,  but  ripens  its  fruit  in  the  open 
air  in  the  south  of  England. 

B  ^ntinck  (ben-tingk'),  n.  pi.  [From  Captain 
Bentinclc,  the  inventor.]  Naut.  a  triangular 
course,  used  as  a  try-sail,  but  now  generally 
superseded  by  the  storm  stay-sail. 

Benting  (bent'ing),  n.  The  act  of  seeking 
or  collecting  bents. 

The  pieeon  never  knoweth  woe 

Until  she  doth  a  benting  go.  Old  proverb. 

Benting-tlme  (bent'ing-tim),  n.  The  time 
when  pigeons  feed  on  bents  before  peas  are 
ripe.  '  Bare  benting -times. '  Dryden. 

Benty  (bent'i),a.  1.  Abounding  in  bents;  as, 
&benty  hill.— 2.  Resembling  bent.  Holland. 

Benum  (be-nunY),  v.t.    Same  as  Benumb. 

Benumb  (be-num'),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  beniman, 
torn/man,  benuman,  to  take  away,  stupefy— 
prefix  be,  and  niman,  to  take.  See  NUMB.] 
1.  To  make  torpid;  to  deprive  of  sensation; 


(C-II6O2),  a  peculiar  vegetable  acid,  obtained 
from  benzoin  and  other  balsams  by  subli- 
mation or  decoction.  It  forms  light  fea- 
thery needles;  its  taste  is  pungent  and  bit- 
terish, and  its  odour  slightly  aromatic.— 
Benzoic  ether,  a  substance  obtained  by  dis- 
tilling together  4  parts  of  alcohol,  2  parts 
of  crystallized  benzoic  acid,  and  1  part  of 
concentrated  hydrochloric  acid.  It  is  a 
colourless  oily  liquid,  having  a  feeble  aro- 
matic smell  like  that  of  fruits,  and  a  pun- 
gent aromatic  taste. 

Benzoin,  Benzoine  (ben-zo'in  or  ben'zo-in), 
n.  [Fr.  benjoin,  Pg.  benjoim,  beijoim,  Sp.  ben- 
jui,  menjui,  from  Ar.  lubanjawi,  that  is,  Ja- 
vanese incense.]  Gum  benjamin;  a  concrete 
resinous  juice  flowing  from  Styrax  Benzoin, 
a  tree  of  Sumatra,  &c.,  70  or  80  feet  high, 
nat.  order  Styracacete.  It  is  properly  a 
balsam.  It  flows  from  incisions  made  in  the 
stem  or  branches.  It  is  solid  and  brittle, 
sometimes  in  yellowish  white  tears  joined 
together  by  a  brown  substance,  and  some- 
times of  a  uniform  brown  substance  like 
resin.  It  has  little  taste,  but  its  smell,  espe- 
cially when  rubbed  or  heated,  ia  extremely 
fragrant  and  agreeable.  It  is  chiefly  used  in 
cosmetics  and  perfumes,  and  in  incense  in 
Roman  Catholic  and  Greek  churches,  and  is 
the  base  of  the  tincture  called  friar's-bal- 
sam.  Benzoin  may  also  be  produced  by 
the  contact  of  alkalies  with  the  commercial 
oil  of  bitter  almonds.  It  is  a  compound  of 
carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen.  Called  also 
Benjamin. 

Benzole  (ben'zol),  n.  (Pclfe)  A  liquid  sub- 
stance obtained  by  distilling  1  part  of  crys- 
tallized benzoic  acid,  intimately  mixed  with 
3  parts  of  slaked  lime.  It  is  a  clear  colour- 
less liquid,  of  a  peculiar  ethereal  agreeable 
odour,  and  is  used  by  manufacturers  of 
india-rubber  and  gutta-percha  on  account 
of  its  great  solvent  powers,  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  varnishes  and  for  cleaning  gloves, 
removing  grease-spots  from  woollen,  cotton, 
<fec. ,  cloth,  and  the  like.  Called  also  Ben- 
zine, Benzene. 
Benzolin,  Benzoline  (ben'/6-Hn),  n.  Same 
as  Benzole. 

Benzoyl,  Benzule  (ben'zoil,   ben'zul),  71. 
1    [Benzoin,  and  Gr.  hyll,  matter.]    (C,H.,O.; 
The  radical  of  benzoic  acid,  of  oil  of  bitter 
almonds,  and  of  an  extensive  series  of  com- 
pounds derived  from  this  oil  or  connected 
with  it  by  certain  relations. 
BepalntO>e-panf),».  (.  [Prefix  be,  and  paint. 
To  paint;  to  cover  with  paint,  or  as  with 
paint.    'Else  would  a  maiden  blush  bepaint 
my  cheek. '    Shak. 

Bepale  (be-pan,  v.t.     [Prefix  be,  and  pale.] 

To  make  pale.  '  Those  perjur'd  lips  of  thine, 

bepaled  with  blasting  sighs.'  Carew.  [Rare.] 

Bepat  (be-paf),  v.t.  (Prenx'fte,  and  pat.]  To 

beat  upon;  to  patter  upon. 

As  timing  well  the  equal  sound 

Thy  clutching  feet  bepat  the  ground.     J.  Baillit. 

Bepearl  (be-perlO.  v.t.  [Prefix de.and  pearl.] 
To  cover  with  pearls,  or  with  shining  drops 
like  pearls.  'This  primrose  all  bepearled 
with  dew.'  Carew. 

Prefix  be,  and 

>es. 

In  their  sides,  arms,  shoulders,  all  btpincht, 
Ran  thick  the  weals.  Cftaftnuti. 

Bepiss  (be-piss'),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and  pies.] 

To  wet  with  urine. 
Beplait  (be-plaf),  v.  t.    [Prefix  be,  and  plait.  ] 

To  plait. 
Beplaster  (be-plas'Wr),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and 

plaster.]  To  cover  with  plaster;  to  cover  or 

smear  over  thickly ;  to  bedaub.    '  Beplae- 

tered  with  rouge.'    Goldsmith. 


To  puff;  to  bepraise. 

Doggeries  never  so  diplomaed,  &r/i/^1rf,gaslighted, 
continue  doggeries.  Carlyle. 

Bepurple  (be-per'pl),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
purple.]  To  tinge  or  dye  with  a  purple 
colour.  Digyes. 

Bequeath  (be-kweTH'),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  be- 
cwathan,  to  give  by  will—  prefix  be,  and 
cwathan,  to  say.  See  QUOTH.)  1.  To  give 
or  leave  by  will;  to  devise  by  testament;  to 
leave  as  a  legacy.  'My  heritage  which  my 
dead  father  did  bequeath  to  me.'  Shak.- 
2.  To  hand  down;  to  transmit.  'To  bequeath 
posterity  somewhat  to  remember  it.'  Gold- 
smith. 

For  freedom's  battle  once  begun, 

Rcqtttathed  by  bleeding  sire  to  son, 

Though  baffled  oft,  is  ever  won.  Byron. 

Bequeathable  (be-kwelH'a-bl),  a.   Capable 

of  Ijeing  bequeathed. 
Bequeathal  (be-kweTH'al),  n.    A  bequest. 

Fuller.    [Rare.] 
Bequeather  (be-kwem'er),  n.  One  who  be- 

queaths. 
Bequeathment  (be-kweTH'ment),  «.    The 

act  of  bequeathing;  a  bequest. 
Bequest  (be-kwesf),  n.     [From  bequeath] 

1.  The  act  of  bequeathing  or  leaving  by  will. 

He  claimed  the  crown  to  himself,  pretending  an 
adoption,  or  beqtust  of  the  kingdom  unto  him,  by  the 
Confessor.  Sir  M.  Hell. 

2.  Something  left  by  will;  a  legacy. 
Bequote  (be-kwof),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp  bequoted; 

ppr.  bequoting.    [Prefix  be,  and  quote.}   To 

quote  frequently  or  much. 
Beraft.t    Same  as  Bereft.     Chaucer. 
Beraln  (be-ran'),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and  rain.] 

To  rain  upon.     'With  his  tearis  salt  her 


upo: 
breast  berained.' 


Chaucer. 


Berate  (be-raf),  r.f.pret.  &  pp.  berated;  ppr. 
berating.     [Prefix  be,  and  rate.]    To  chide 


Bepinch  (be-pinsh'),  v.t.    [P 
pinch.  ]    To  mark  with  pinche 


vehemently;  to  scold. 
Berattle  (be-rat'l),  v.t.     [Prefix  be,  and 
rattle.]     To  cry  down;  to  abuse;  to  run 
down.     Shak.    [Rare.] 
Berayt  (be-raO,  v.t.   [Prefix  be,  and  ray,  v.t.] 
To  make  foul;  to  soil.     '  Beraying  the  font 
and  water,  while  the  bishop  was  baptizing 
him.'    Milton. 

Berber  (ber'ber),  n.  1.  A  person  belonging 
to  a  group  of  tribes  inhabiting  the  moun- 
tainous parts  of  Barbary  and  portions  of  the 
Sahara.  —  2.  The  language  spoken  by  the 
Berbers,  and  having  affinities  with  the 
Semitic  languages. 

BerbertdacesB  0>6rT>er-i-da"se-e),  n.  pi  A 
nat.  order  of  plants,  belonging  to  the  thal- 
amifloral  dicotyledons;  the  barberries.  It 
consists  of  bushes  or  herbs,  extremely  dis- 
similar to  each  other  in  appearance,  inha- 
biting the  cooler  parts  of  the  world.  Their 
barks  or  stems  are  bitter  and  slightly  as- 
tringent, on  which  account  they  have  been 
employed  in  medicine.  See  BF.RBERIS. 
Berberlne  (ber-ber-in),  n.  (Cat,H,,Np4.)  A 
yellow  bitter  principle  contained  in  the  alco- 
holic extract  of  the  root  of  the  barbeiry- 
tree.  It  is  used  in  dyeing  yellow. 
Berberls  (berter-is),  n.  [From  barbara,  its 
Arabic  name.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Berberidacea:,  among  which  it  is  known  by 
its  shrubby  habit,  berried  fruit,  and  glandu- 
lar petals.  It  is  remarkable  for  the  irrita- 
bility of  its  stamens,  which,  when  the  fila- 
ment is  Urached  on  the  inside  with  the  point 
of  a  pin,  bend  forward  toward  the  pistil, 

touch  the  stigma  with  the  anther,  rcn i 

curved  for  a  short  time,  and  then  partially 
recover  their  erect  position.  This  is  best 
seen  in  warm  dry  weather.  The  species  niv 
known  by  the  common  name  of  barberry  or 
berberry.  The  berries  of  the  common  species 
(B.  truigaris)  are  acid  and  astringent,  ami 
form  with  sugar  an  agreeable  refreMnng 
preserve.  The  stem  and  bark  are  oicettlTtH 
astringent,  and  are  for  that  reason  employed 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bnll;       oil,  pound;       ii.  Sc.  abwne;      J',  Sc.  try. 


IJEKIfEKUY 


259 


KKUTil 


by  dyers  as  a  mordant.      The  root  yield:,  :i 
yelowdye.   The  species  introduced  into  our  j 
gardens  which  have  pinnated  leaves  have 


B.irberry  (RerbeHs  iinlgnris),  with  the  fruit,  the 
flower,  and  an  anther  (a  ii)  in  the  act  of  dehiscence. 

been  unnecessarily  separated  into  a  sub- 
tri'rius  under  the  name  Mahonia. 

Berberry  (ber'be-ri),  n.    See  HERBERIS. 

Berclash  (ber-dash'),  n.  A  kind  of  neckcloth 
formerly  worn  in  England.  'A  treatise 
against  the  cravat  and  berdash.'  Steele. 

Berde,t  n.    Beard.    Chaucer. 

Bere.t  v.t.  (A.  Sax.  berian,  Icel.  berja,  to 
strike.]  To  pierce;  to  strike.  'That  Arcita 
me  thurgh  the  herte  here.'  Chaucer. 

Bere,  n.    A  species  of  barley.    See  BEAR. 

Bereau  (bc-re'an),  n.  One  of  a  sect  of  dis- 
senters from  the  Church  of  Scotland,  who 
take  their  name  from  and  profess  to  follow 
the  ancient  Bereans  mentioned  in  Acts  xvii. 
11,  in  building  their  system  of  faith  and 
practice  upon  the  Scriptures  alone,  without 
regard  to  human  authority. 

Bereave  (be-reV),  v.  (.  pret.  and  pp.  bereaved, 
bereft;  ppr.  bereaving.  [Prefix  be,  and  reave; 
A.  Sax.  beretlfian — prefix  be,  and  redfian,  to 
deprive.  See  HEAVE.]  1.  To  deprive;  to 
make  destitute;  to  rob;  to  strip:  with  of 
before  the  thing  taken  away. 

Me  have  ye  bereaved  of  my  children.     Gen.  xliii.  36. 

It  is  sometimes  used  without  of,  more  espe- 
cially in  the  passive,  the  subject  of  the  verb 
being  either  the  person  deprived  or  the 
thing  taken  away. 

And  'tis  your  fault  I  am  bereft  him  so.        Shak. 
All  your  interest  in  those  territories 
Is  utterly  bereft  you.  ShaJi. 

2.  t  To  take  away  by  destroying,  impairing, 
or  spoiling.  '  Shall  move  you  to  bereave  my 
life. '  Marlowe. 

The  sun  bereaves  our  sight.  Skak. 

1  think  his  understanding  is  bereft.         Shak. 

Bereave  (be-rev'),  v.i.  To  destroy  life ;  to 
cat  off.  [Rare.] 

Abroad  the  sword  berea-veth,  at  home  there  is  as 
death.  Lain.  i.  20. 

Bereavement  (be-rev'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
bereaving,  or  state  of  being  bereaved ;  de- 
privation, particularly  the  loss  of  a  friend 
by  death. 

He  bore  his  bereavement  with  stoical  fortitude. 
ff.  Smith. 

Bereaver  (be-rev'er),  n.  One  who  bereaves 
or  deprives  another  of  something  valued. 

Bereft  (be-reff),  pp.  of  bereave. 

Berege  (be-razhO,  n.    See  BAREGE. 

Berengarian  (ber-en-ga'ri-an),  n.  One  of  a 
sect  which  followed  Berengarius  or  Bereu- 
ger,  archdeacon  of  St.  Mary's  at  Anjou  in 
the  eleventh  century,  who  denied  the  pre- 
sence of  the  real  body  and  blood  of  Christ 
in  the  eueharist. 

Berengarianism  (ber-en-ga'ri-an-izm),  n. 
The  opinions  or  doctrines  of  Berengarius 
and  his  followers. 

Berenice's  Hair  (ber-e-nl'sez  har),  n.  See 
COMA  BERENICES. 

Beresite  (ber'e-sit),  n.  A  fine-grained  granite 
from  near  Beresof,  in  the  Ural. 

Beretta,  «.    See  BIRETTA. 

Berg  (berg),  n.  [A.  Sax.  and  G.  berg,  a  hill.] 
A  large  mass  or  mountain,  as  of  ice;  an  ice- 
berg. 'Like  glittering  bergs  of  ice.'  Ten- 
nyson. 

Bergamo,  Bergamot  (ber'ga-mo,  ber'ga- 
mot),  n.  A  coarse  tapestry  manufactured 
from  flocks  of  wool,  silk,  cotton,  hemp,  and 
ox's  or  goat's  hair,  said  to  have  been  origi- 
nally made  at  Bergamo  in  Italy. 

Bergamot  (berVa-mot),  n.  [Fr.  bergamote, 
It.  uergamotta,  from  the  town  of  Bergamo, 
in  Italy.]  1.  A  variety  of  pear.— 2.  The  lime 


(Citnix  Ijimctta).  Its  fruit  has  a  Hue  laste 
and  smell,  and  the  essential  oil  from  the 
yellow  rind  of  the  fruit  is  In  high  esteem 
as  a  perfume ;  100  bergamots  of  Nice  yield 
2J  oz.  of  oil  by  expression.  Hence  — 8.  An 
essence  or  perfume  from  the  fruit  of  the 
lime.— 4.  The  popular  name  of  Mtniardafm- 
tulom,  a  common  labiate  plant  in  gardens. 
5.  A  species  of  snuff  perfumed  with  Berga- 
mot. 'Gives  the  nose  its  bergamitt.'  C"i'7»v. 

Bergander (ber'gan-der),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beorg, 
bay,  a  burrow,  and  E.  gander,  a  male  goose.] 
A  species  of  duck  (Anas  tadonut),  the  Shel- 
drake or  Burrow-duck. 

Bergeret.t  n.  [Kr  berger,  a  shepherd.]  A 
pastoral  song.  Chaucer, 

Bergh,t  n.  [A.  Sax.  beorg,  beorh,  D.  and  G. 
liertf,  a  hill.)  A  hill.  'Thanne  shallow 
blenche  at  a  berghe. '  Piers  Plowman.  [Old 
and  provincial  English.] 

Bergmannite  (berg'man-it),  n.  [From  Berg- 
inftnn,  the  mineralogist.]  A  mineral  classed 
with  analcime,  in  the  family  of  zeolites.  It 
occurs  massive,  with  gray  and  red  quartz, 
in  Norway.  Its  colours  are  greenish  and 
grayish-white. 

Bergmaster(lierpt/mas-ter),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beorg, 
berg,  a  hill,  and  E.  maxter.}  The  bailiff  or 
chief  officer  among  the  Derbyshire  miners. 

Bergmehl  (bcrg'inal),  "  ["•  berg,  moun- 
tain, and  mehl,  meal.]  Mountain-meal  or 
fossil  farina,  a  geological  deposit  in  the  form 
of  an  extremely  fine  powder,  consisting 
almost  entirely  of  the  siliceous  frustules  or 
cell-walls  of  diatoms.  It  has  been  eaten  in 
Lapland  in  seasons  of  great  scarcity,  mixed 
with  ground  corn  and  bark. 

Bergmote  (berg'mot),  n.    game  as  Barmote. 

Bergomask  (ber'gS-mask),  a.  and  n.  [It. 
fr«>i7am<isco,adjective  derived  from  Bergamo 
in  N.  Italy.]  A  rustic  dance  in  imitation  of 
the  people  of  Bergamo,  who  are  ridiculed 
as  being  more  clownish  than  any  other 
people  in  Italy.  'A  bergomask  dance.'  | 
Shak. 

Bergylt  (bei  gilt),  n.  The  Norwegian  had-  ! 
dock  (Sebastes  norvegicut),  a  marine  percoid  | 
flsh  found  on  the  north  coasts. 

Berhyme  (be -rim'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  be- 
rhymed; ppr.  berhyming.  [Prefix  be,  and 
rAi/uie.]  To  celebrate  in  rhyme  or  verse. 
'Sne  had  a  better  love  to  berhyme  her.' 
Shak. 

Beriberi  (lie'ri-be-ri),  n.  A  disease  accom- 
panied with  severe  palpitations,  anxiety, 
fainting,  and  spasms,  and  often  proving 
fatal.  It  is  almost  exclusively  confined  to 
India. 

Berlin  (berlin  or  ber-lin1),  n.  1.  A  four- 
wheeled  vehicle  of  the  chariot  kind,  first 
made  at  Berlin,  Prussia.— 2.  Berlin  wool.— 
3.  A  knitted  glove.  'A  fat  man  in  black 
tights,  and  cloudy  Berlins.'  Dickens. 

Berlin-blue  (Wr'lin-blii),  n,    Prussian-blue. 

Berlin-ware  (ber'lin-war),  n.  A  kind  of 
pottery  marked  with  a  blue  stamp,  and  of 
such  quality  as  to  resist  the  action  of  almost 
all  chemical  reagents. 

Berlin- warehouse  (bei-Hm-war-hous),  n.  A 
repository  for  ladies'  fancy  wares,  more  es- 
pecially for  Berlin  wools,  patterns,  knitting- 
needles,  <fec. 

Berlin- wool  (berlin-wul),n.    A  kind  of  fine 
dyed  wool  used  for  tapestry,  knitting,  d-c. 
Berlin  Work,   ».     Fancy  work  iu  Berlin 
wools  or  worsted. 

Berm,  Berme  (benn),n.  [Fr.;  O.Fr.  barme, 
from  G.  brame,  brdme  =  E.  brim,  border.] 
1.  In  fort,  a  space  of  ground  of  3, 4,  or  5  feet 
in  width,  left  between  the  rampart  and  the 
moat  or  fosse,  designed  to  receive  the  ruins 
of  the  rampart  and  prevent  the  earth  from 
filling  the  fosse.  Sometimes  it  is  palisaded, 
and  in  Holland  it  is  generally  planted  with 
a  quick-set  hedge.  —2.  The  bank  or  side  of 
a  canal  which  is  opposite  to  the  towing- 
path.  Called  also  Berme  Bank. 
Berme,  t  n.  Yeast;  barm.  Chaucer. 
Bernacle  (ber'na-kl).  See  BARNACLE. 
Bernardino  (bii-'nard-in),  n.  The  name 
given  in  France  to  the  members  of  the  Cis- 
tercian order  of  monks,  after  St.  Bernard, 
by  whom  they  were  reformed.  See  CISTER- 
CIANS. 

Bernardino  (ber'nard-in),  a.    Pertaining  to 
St.  Bernard  and  the  monks  of  the  order. 
Berne,  t  n.    A  barn.    Chaucer. 
Bernese  (ber'uez),  n.  ting,  and  pi.  A  citizen 
or  citizens  of  Berne. 

Bernese  (ber'nez),  a.  Pertaining  to  Berne 
or  its  inhabitants. 

Bernicle-goose  (ber'ni-kl-gos),  n.    The  bar- 
nacle or  barnacle-goose.    See  BARNACLE. 
Bernouse  (ber-nos'),  »•    See  BURNOOSE. 


Berob  (be-rob'),  i'.(.  [1'rctlx  tir,  and  rub.}  To 
rob;  to  plunder. 

What  evil  star  on  yon  hath  frown'H. 

That  of  yourself  you  tlms  berobbed  are?    Sfettser. 

Beroe  (ber'o-e),  n.  [Gr.  Beroe,  one  of  the 
ocean  nymphs.]  A  genus  of  small  marine 
animals  belonging  to  the  class  Ccelenterata. 
order  I'tenophora.  The  species,  which  are 
transparent  and  gelatinous,  are  either  oval 
or  globular,  and  Mont  in  the  ocean,  \\JHIV 
they  are  widely  diffused.  They  are  phos- 
phoric, and  shine  at  night  like  lamps  sus- 
pended in  the  sea.  Two  or  three  species,  as 
B.  pileus,  shaped  like  a  globe  of  jelly,  about 
i  inch  in  diameter,  which  forms  part  of  the 
food  of  the  whale,  occur  in  the  Britisli  seas. 
See  CTENOPHORA. 

Berried  (be'rid),  a.  1.  Furnished  with  ber- 
ries. -The  Serried  holly.'  Keutg.— 2.  Hav- 
ing eggs  or  spawn,  as  a  female  lobster  (a 
4  berried  hen '). 

Berry  (be'ri),  n.  [A.  Sax.  berie,  berige,  a 
berry;  Icel.  her,  Sw.  and  Dan.  bar,  O.H.G. 
beri,  G.  beere,  a  berry.  The  r  was  originally 
an  «,  as  in  Goth.  6u«i,  D.  lies,  bexje,  and  Bopp 
connects  the  word  with  Skr.  bhakshya,  food, 
from  bhaksh,  to  eat,  with  which  also  L.  bacm, 
a  berry,  is  connected.]  1.  A  succulent  or 
pulpy  fruit,  containing  many  seeds ;  or,  in 
more  technical  language,  an  Inferior  pulpy 
fruit,  the  flesh  of  which  contains  several 
seeds,  and  is  inclosed  by  a  thin  skin.  Thus 
limited,  the  berry  is 
always  crowned  with 
the  withered  teeth 
of  the  calyx,  as  in  the 
gooseberry  and  cur- 
rant. The  name  is 
,,  Fruit  of  Currant.  ,,  Sec-  sometimes  extended 
tionofdo.  to  superior  fruits, 

like  the  grape  or  the 

potato  berry,  which  are  technically  called 
micularium.  But  in  popular  language  berry 
extends  only  to  smaller  fruiU,  as  straw- 
berry, gooseberry,  Ac.,  containing  seeds  or 
granules.— 2.  Something  resembling  a  berry, 
as  one  of  the  ova  or  eggs  of  a  lobster. 
Berry  (be'ri),  v.i.  To  bear  or  produce  ber- 
ries. 

Berry  (be'ri),  "•'•  [Icel.  berja,  to  beat.]  To 
beat;  to  thresh.  [Scotch.] 


I'll  berry  your  crap  by  the  light  o'  the  moon. 
H'm.  Nicholson. 

Berry  (be'ri),  n.  [Corruption  of  barrow.]  A 
mound.  See  BARROW. 

This  little  berry  some  ycleep 

An  hillock.  If.  Brtnvne. 

Berrya  (be'ri-a),  n.  [After  Dr.  A.  Berry,  a 
Madras  botanist.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Tiliaceco.  Only  one  species  (B.  am- 
omilla),  the  halmalille  or  Trincomalee-wood 
tree,  is  known.  See  HALMALILLE. 

Bersaglieri  (bar-sal'ye-a-re),  n,  pi.  [It.  ber- 
saglio,  a  butt,  a  mark.]  The  name  for  rifle- 
men or  sharp-shooters  in  the  Italian  army. 

Berserk  (ber'serk),  ».  A  berserker  (which 
see).  Longfellow. 

Berserker  (bei'ser-ker),  n.  [Icel.  berserkr. 
lit.  'bear-sark,'  or  bear-shirt.  'In  olden 
ages  athletes  and  champions  used  to  wear 
hides  of  bears,  wolves,  and  reindeer.'  Viij- 

fusson.  ]  1.  A  kind  of  wild  warrior  or  cham- 
pion of  heathen  times  in  Scandinavia.  In 
battle  the  berserkers  are  said  to  have  been 
subject  to  fits  of  fury,  when  they  howled 
like  wild  beasts,  foamed  at  the  mouth, 
gnawed  the  rim  of  their  shields,  Ac.,  on 
which  occasions  they  were  popularly  be- 
lieved to  be  proof  against  fire  and  steel. 

He  reminds  us  of  a  Berserker  champion  whose  fits 
of  inward  fury  grow  irresistible  after  a  time,  and  only 
gather  force  by  repression.  £ttirt.  Rev. 

Hence— 2.  A  person  of  extreme  violence  and 
fury. 

Berth  (Will),  n.  [From  the  root  of  bear.  ] 
1.  Naut.  (a)  a  station  in  which  a  ship  lies  or 
can  lie,  whether  at  anchor  or  at  a  wharf, 
(ft)  A  room  or  apartment  in  a  ship  where  a 
number  of  officers  or  men  mess  and  reside, 
(c)  The  box  or  place  for  sleeping  at  the  sides 
of  a  cabin ;  the  place  for  a  hammock,  or  a 
repository  for  chests,  &c.  The  term  is  also 
applied  to  a  box  or  place  for  sleeping  in  n 
railway  carriage.  Hence  —  2.  A  post  or  ap- 
pointment ;  situation ;  employment ;  as,  he 
has  got  a  good  berth  at  last. — To  give  a  wide 
berth  to,  to  keep  at  a  proper  distance  from. 
—  Berth  and  space,  in  nhip-building,  the  dis- 
tance between  the  moulding  edge  of  one 
timber  and  the  moulding  edge  of  the  one 
next  to  it. 

Berth  (berth),  v.t.  Xaut.  (a)  to  give  anchor- 
ing ground  to ;  to  give  space  to  lie  in,  as  a 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,;'ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BERTH  IERITE 


SCO 


BESLAVE 


shi p  in  a  dock,   (ft)  To  allot  a  berth  or  berths 
tu;  as,  to  berth  a  ship's  company. 
Bsrthierite  (bcr'ti-er-it),  n.    See  HAIDIX- 

OEKITE. 

Berthing  (Wrth'ing),  n.  Xaiit.  the  planking 
outside  above  the  sheer-strake,  and  desig- 
nated the  berthing  of  the  quarter-deck,  of 
the  poop,  or  of  the  forecastle,  as  the  case 
may  !>e  ;  the  bulwark. 

Bartholletia  (bLT-thol-le'ti-a),  n.  [In  mem- 
ory of  L.  C.  Berthollct,  a  chemist.]  A  genus 
of  Myrtacete,  of  which  only  one  species  (B. 
excelsa)  is  known.  It  is  a  tree  of  large 
dimensions,  and  forms  vast  forests  on  the 
banks  of  the  Amazons,  Rio  Negro,  and  Oro- 
noko.  It  grows  to  a  height  of  150  feet,  and 
its  stem  is  3  to  4  feet  in  diameter.  The 
fruit  is  known  as  the  Brazil-nut  (which  see). 
Bertram  (bfr'tram),  ».  [L  pyrethrum,  Gr. 
pyrethroii,  a  hot,  spicy  plant,  from  pyr,  fire 
— from  its  acrid  quality.]  A  plant,  Pyre- 
thrum Parthenium,  or  bastard  pellitory. 
Beryl  (bertl),  n.  [L.  bcryllux,  Gr.  blryttos, 
beryl,  of  eastern  origin ;  Ar.  ballamr,  beryl, 
crystal;  Per.  bulfir,  crystal.)  A  colourless, 
yellowish,  bluish,  or  lesa  brilliant  green 
variety  of  emerald,  the  prevailing  hue  being 
green  of  various  shades,  but  always  pale, 
the  want  of  colour  beiug  due  to  absence  of 
chromium,  which  gives  to  the  emerald  its 
deep  rich  green.  Its  crystals,  which  are 
six-sided,  are  usually  longer  and  larger  than 
those  of  the  precious  emerald,  and  its  stiuc- 
ture  more  distinctly  foliated.  The  beit 
beryls  are  found  in  Brazil,  in  Siberia,  and 
Ceylon,  and  in  Dauria,  on  the  frontiers  of 
China.  Beryls  are  also  found  in  many  parts 
of  the  United  States.  Some  of  the  finer 
and  transparent  varieties  of  it  are  often 
called  a>iua,nariiie. 

BjryUine  (bertl-lin),  a.  Like  a  beryl;  of  a 
light  or  bluish  green. 

Beryllium  (be-ril'li-ura),  n.  Glucinum 
(which  see). 

Beryllold  (bertl-oid),  n.  A  solid,  consisting 
of  two  twelve-sided  pyramids  put  base  to 
base,  as  in  the  beryl.  Dana. 
Beryx  (ber-iks),  n.  A  fossil  percoid  fish 
found  in  chalk,  and  called  John  Dory  by 
the  workmen.  The  specimens  are  from 
4  to  12  inches  long. 

Bsrzelianite  (ber-zeli-an-H),  n.     A  silver- 
white,  soft  mineral,  with  metallic  lustre, 
and  in  thin  dendritic  crusts,  composed  of 
selenium  and  copper:  so  called  from  Bcr- 
zclius,  the  Swedish  chemist. 
Bssagne  (ba-sanO,  n.    In  ane.  armour,  one 
of  the  two  circular  plates,  about  the  size  of 
a  shilling,  which  covered  the  pins  on  which 
the  visor  of  the  helmet  turned,  perhaps  so 
called  from  resembling  a  bezant. 
BesagueOie-sagVi.  [From L.bin, double  and 
acutus,  sharp  ]    A  military  weapon  used  by 
knights  until  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  cen- 
tury.   The  word  is  equivalent  to  the  Fr 
besaigue,  a  kind  of  pick-axe,  and  Planch^ 
believes  it  was  a  kind  of  military  pick. 
Besalnt  (be-sanf),  v.t.     [Prefix  be,  and 
»umt.]    To  make  a  saint  of.     '  Their  canon- 
izing and  besa  intiny  themsel  ves. '  B a  trunond 
Besant,  n.    Same  as  Bezant. 
Bas-antler,  n.    Same  as  Bez-antlcr 
Besayle  (bes-al'),  «.    [Norm,  besayle;  Fr. 
Hminu,  a  great-grandf ather— L.  bis,  twice, 
and  Fr.  aieul,  an  ancestor.)   A  great-grand- 
fiither.—  Writ  of  besayle,  in  law,  a  writ  by 
which   a  great-grandchild   wrongfully  ex- 
cluded vindicates  his  or  her  claim  to  his 
ancestor's  property. 

B3scatter  (be-skat'ter),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
xcattcr.]  To  scatter  over.  'Withflowres 
bcscattered.'  Spenser. 

Bescorn  (be-skoruO,  i:t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
scorn.]  To  treat  with  scorn;  to  mock  at. 

Then  was  he  betcorned  that  onely  should  have  been 
honoured  in  all  things.  Chaucer       \ 

Bescratch  (be-skrach'),  r.f.  [Prefix  be,  and 
scratch.]  To  scratch;  to  tear  with  the  nails.  ' 

Bescrawl  (be-ski-al'),   v.t.     [Prefix  be, 
and  scrawl.]    To  scrawl;  to  scribble  over.  ' 
Hilton. 

Bescreen  (be-ski-enO,  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and 
screen.]    To  cover  with  a  screen,  or  as  with 
a  screen;   to  shelter:    to  conceal     'Be-  ' 
screened  in  night  '    Shak 

Bescribble  (be-skrib'l).  v.t.  pret.  &  pp 
bescribbled;  ppr.  bescribbliivj.  To  scribble 
over.  '  EescribUed  with  a  thousand  triflim- 
impertinences.'  Milton. 

Bsscumber.t  Bescummert  (be-skiim'ber,  ' 
be-skum'er),  v.t.    [From  cumber.]    To  disl 
charge  ordure  -upon;   to    befoul;    to  be- 


smear.    Marston. 


Bes^itcheon  (be-skuch'on),  v.t.  [Prefix 
In',  ami  mitchnin.]  To  ornament  with  a 
scutcheon.  '  Bescutcheoned  and  betagged.' 
Churchill. 

Basee,»  Biseet  (l*-se',  bi-se').  r.i.  [Prefix 
be,  and  see.]  To  look;  to  mind.  '  Bitee 
thee.'  Wickliffe's  Bible,  Mat.  xxvii.  4.  (In 
the  authorized  version,  '  See  thou  to  that.  ') 

Beseech  (lie  sech'),  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  besought; 
ppr.  beseeching.  [O.  E.  beseke,  biteke,  bi- 
teche  —  prefix  be,  and  seek.  A.  Sax.  wean, 
to  seek,  inquire.)  1.  To  entreat;  to  suppli- 
cate ;  to  implore  ;  to  ask  or  pray  with 
urgency:  followed  by  a  personal  object;  as, 
'  I  Paul  beseech  ymi  by  the  meekness  and 
gentleness  of  Christ.'  2  Cor.  x.  1.—  2.  To 
beg  eagerly  for  ;  to  solicit  :  followed  by  the 
thing  solicited. 

But  Eve  fell  humble,  and  besoitpht  his  peace.  Milton. 

—Ask,  Demand,  Claim,  Require,  Bey,  Be- 

seech.    See  under  ASK.  —  Svx.  To  entreat, 

plead,  implore,  supplicate,  beg,  crave. 
Beseech  t  (be-sech'),  n.    A  request.    '  Such 

submiss  beseeches.  '    Beau.  «t  Fl. 
Beseecher  (be-sech'er),  n.     One  who  be- 

seeches. 
Beseechingly  (be-sech'ing-li),  adv.     In  a 

beseeching  manner. 
Beseechment  (be-sech'ment),  n.    The  act  of 

beseeching.    Goodwin. 
Beseek,tBeself.et(be-sekO,i>-«-  To  beseech. 

There  with  prayers  meeke 
And  myld  entreaty  lodging  did  for  her  beseeke. 
Spenser. 

Beseem  (be-sem').  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  teem, 
in  old  sense  of  become,  be  seemly  (Spenser); 
Icel  sama,  soma,  Dan.  niinine,  to  be  fitting, 
to  become.]  1.  To  become;  to  be  fit  for 
or  worthy  of. 

What  Conn  of  speech  or  behaviour  teseemetli  us  in 
our  prayers  to  God?  Hooker. 

Cave  such  welcome  to  the  same 
As  might  beseem  so  bright  a  dame.       Coleridge. 

2.»  To  seem  fit  for. 

But  four  of  them  the  battle  best  be:-tmed.    Spenser. 

3.  t  To  seem.    '  As  beseemed  right.  '  Spenser. 

Beseeming  (be-sem'ing),  p.  and  a.  Becom- 
ing; fit;  worthy  of.  'Grave,  beseeming 
ornaments.'  Shak. 

Beseeming  t  (be  sem'ing),  n.    Comeliness. 

Beseemingly  (be-sem'mg-li),  adc.  In  a 
beseeming  manner. 

Beseemingnessdic  sem'ing-nes),  n.  Quality 
of  being  beseeming. 

Beseemly(be-s<?m'li).a.  Becoming;  fit;  suit- 
able. '  Bcsecwly  order  '  Shenstone. 

Beseen  t  (be-senO,  a.  [Properly  the  parti- 
ciple of  a  verb  besee  (A.  Sax.  beseon),  and 
signifying  having  a  certain  appearance. 
Chaucer  uses  another  form  of  the  parti- 
ciple:  'Hir  array,  so  richely  biseye.']  Ar- 
rayed ;  equipped.  '  Well  beseen,  making  a 
good  appearance  ;  iH  beseen,  the  contrary  ' 
Kares.  '  Decke  with  flowers  thy  altars  well 
bctteene.'  Spciiser. 

Beseke,*  v.t.    See  BE«EEK 

Beset  (be-sef),  f.<.  pret.  &  pp.  beset;  ppr 
besetting.  [A.  Sax.  bescltan,  to  set  near,  to 
place-prefix  be,  and  scttan,  to  set]  1  .»  To 
place;  to  set-  -2.t  To  employ:  to  spend;  to 
use  up.  Chaucer.  —  2  To  d'istribute  over  ; 
to  intersperse  through  or  among.  '  A  robe 
of  azure  beset  with  drops  of  gold.'  Spec- 
tator.— 4.  To  surround;  to  inclose;  to  hem 
in;  to  besiege;  as,  we  are  beset  with  enemies; 
a  city  is  beset  with  troops.  '  Let  thy  troops 
beset  our  prates.'  Addison.  Hence  —  B.  To 
press  on  all  sides,  so  as  to  perplex;  to  press 
hard,  or  to  press  hard  upon.  '  We're  beset 
with  thieves.'  Shak. 

Adam  sore  beset  replied.  Milton. 

'ThJ>')  at  on"  UP°"  nirl  "I.  and  him  reset 
M  ith  strokes  of  mortal  steel.  Sfeitser. 

SYH.  To  surround,  inclose,  environ,  hem 
in,  besiege,  encircle,  encompass,  embarrass 
urge,  press. 

Besete,tBesette,t;<p.  [See  BESET.)  Placed- 
employed.  Chaucer. 

Besetment  (  be-set'ment  ),  n.  1.  The  con- 
dition of  being  beset.  '  Fearing  a  besetment 
(in  the  ice).'  Kane.--  2.  The  sin  or  failing  to 
which  one  is  most  liable;  a  besetting  sin. 

It's  my  besetmenl  to  forget  where  I  am.  and  every- 
thing  around  me.  Ccorge  Eliot. 

Besetting(be-set'ing),  n.   Habituallyattend- 
ing  or  waylaying;  as,  a  besetting  sin. 
Besew  t  (lie  soT,  v.  t.    To  sew.    Gower 
Beseye.t  pp.  from  besee  .    Beseen.    Chaucer. 
Beshan  (be'shan),  n.    A  kind  of  balsam.    See 

BALSAMODENDRON". 

Beshet,*  Bishet.t  pret.  &  pp.  from  beshttt 
Shut  up.  Chaucer. 


Beshinet  (lie-shin'),   r,      [Prefix   be,  an.l 
shine.]    To  shine  upon.     Chaucer. 
(She)  was  as  f.iir  a  creature  as  the  sun  might  fteshine. 

Beshmet  (besh'met),  n.  A  great  article  of 
food  among  the  triljes  of  the  mountainous 
districts  of  Asia  Minor,  consisting  of  grapes 
made  into  the  consistence  of  honey. 

Beshrew*  (lie-shro1),  v.t.  [Prefix  be.  and 
shrew.]  To  wish  a  curse  to;  to  execrate. 

Alle  suche  freendis  I  beihreTve.    Rom.  of  the  Rose. 
Nay.  quoth  the  cock ;  but  I  pesht-eTU  ui  both. 
If  I  believe  a  saint  upon  his  oath.  Dryetfn, 

j  In  more  modern  times  this  word  generally 
i  occurs  impersonally  in  phrases  intended  as 
mild  imprecations  or  maledictions,  some- 
times even  in  expressions  of  coaxing  en- 
treaty or  expostulation,  and  sometimes  in 
mere  asseverations. 

BeshreU'  your  heart. 

Fair  daughter,  you  do  draw  my  spirits  from  me.  Sttat. 
Beshrew  me,  the  knight  is  in  admirable  fooling.  Shak. 
BeshreTu  the  sombre  pencil !  said  I  vauntingly. 
Sterne 

Beshroud  (lie-sliroudO.  v.t.  [Prefix  «*,  and 
shrmid.]  To  cover  with  or  as  with  a  shroud; 
to  hide  in  darkness,  as  with  a  cloak 

Beshutt  (be-shuf),  v.t.  [Prefix  be.mdshut.] 
To  shut  up.  Chuitfer. 

Beside  (be-sld'),  prep.  [Prefix  be,  by,  and 
tide.]  1.  At  the  side  of  a  pel-son  or  thing; 
near ;  as,  sit  down  beside  me,  or  beside  the 
stream.  'Beside  him  hung  his  bow.'  Mil- 
ton.- 2.  Over  and  above;  distinct  from.  [In 
this  sense  now  rare,  besides  being  used  in- 
stead.) 

Beside  the  strength  which  it  derives  from  the 
arrangement  already  described,  we  may  further 
observe.  Kroufham. 

S.  Apart  from:  not  connected  with;  not  ac- 
cording to,  but  not  contrary. 

It  is  betide  my  present  business  to  enlarge  upon 
this  speculation.  Loete. 

4.  Out  of;  ID  astatedeviatingfrom.  'Enont;li 
to  put  him  quite  beside  his  patience.'  Shak. 
Hence— To  be  beside  one's  self,  to  be  out  of 
one's  wits  or  senses;  to  be  in  a  high  state  of 
mental  exaltation  or  excitement;  to  lose 
one's  self-command  through  strong  feeling. 

Paul,  tftou  art  beside  thyself;  much  learning  doth 
make  thee  mad.  Acts  xxvi.  24. 

Beside,  Besides  (be-sid'.be-sidzO.adr.  More- 
over; more  than  that;  over  and  above;  dis- 
tinct from;  not  included  in  the  number,  or 
in  what  has  been  mentioned.  [Besides  is 
DOW  the  commoner  form.] 

The  men  said  unto  Lot,  Hast  thou  here  any  oe- 
"*!'  Gen.  xi%.  I2. 

To  all  beside,  as  much  an  empty  shade. 
An  Eugene  living,  as  a  Carsar  dead.        Pofe. 

Besldery  (be-sid'er-i),  n.    A  species  of  pear. 

Johnson. 
Besides  (be-sidzO,  prep.    1.  Over  and  above; 

separate  or  distinct  from;  in  addition  to. 

And  there  was  a  famine  in  the  land,  besides  the 
first  famine.  Gen.  xxvi.  t 

2.t  Except:  bating.  Spenser.  —  S.t  Near. 
Spenser. --Besides  one's  self,\  beside  one's 
self.  Holland. 

Besiege  (be-sejO,  r.t.  pret.  A  pp  besieged; 
ppr.  besieging.  [Prefix  be,  and  siege.]  1.  To 
lay  siege  to;  to  beleaguer;  to  beset  or  sur- 
round with  armed  forces  for  the  purpose  of 
compelling  to  surrender,  either  by  famine 
or  by  violent  attacks;  as,  to  besiege  a  castle 
or  city.  'Till  Paris  was  besieged,  famished 
and  lost.'  5Aat.-2.t  To  beset;  to  thn.i^ 
round;  to  harass.  '  All  frailties  that  besiege 
all  kinds  of  blood.'  Shak.  —  Svx.  To  be- 
leaguer, beset,  environ,  hem  in.  invest, 
block  up,  encompass. 

Besiegement  (be-sej'ment),  n.  Act  of  be- 
sieging; state  of  being  besieged.  Guiding 

Besieger  (be-sej'er),  n.  One  who  lays  siege 
or  is  employed  in  a  siege. 

Besieging  (lie  sej'ing),  a.  Surrounding  in  a 
hostile  manner;  employed  in  a  siege;  as,  a 
besieging  army. 

Besiegingly  (be-sej'ing-li),  adr.  In  a  be- 
sieging manner. 

Besilver  (be-sil'ver),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
silver.]  To  cover  with,  or  as  with,  silver. 
G.  Fletcher. 

Besiren(be-si'ren),  r.t  [Prefix be,  andn/rn.] 
To  allure  or  entice  as  a  siren.  [Rare.] 

Besit  t  (be-sif),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  sit]  To 
suit;  to  become.  '  That  which  is  for  ladies 
most  besitting.'  Spenser. 

Beslabber  (be-slal/tr),  r  (.  [Prefix  be,  and 
slabber.  ]  To  beslaver;  to  beslobber;  to  dirty 
Piers  Plowman;  Rof/et. 

Beslave  (be-slav'),  r.t  [Prefix  be,  and  tlare.] 
To  subjugate;  to  enslave.  '(Covetousness) 
beslaves  the  affections.'  Quarles. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abtme;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


BESLAVER 


BEST 


Beslaver  (be-slav'er),  i\t.      [Prefix  be,  and 

tlari'i'.  |    To  defile  with  slaver. 
BesUme(be-slim'),  v.t.  [ Prefix  be,  and  ^iW  ] 

To  daub  with  slime;  to  soil. 

Our  fry  of  writers  may  besittne  his  fame. 

B.  'fonson, 

Beslobber,  Beslubber  (be  slob'er.  be  slub'- 
I'T),  (•'  t.  [Prefix  be,  and  slobber,  slubber.]  To 
.suil  or  smear,  as  with  spittle  or  anything 
running  from  the  mouth  or  nose;  to  be- 
sl.iver;  to  daub;  to  besmear.  '  Kettlubbvr 
mil-  uarntuiits  with  it  (bloucl).'  Shak. 

Beslurry(i'L'-flur'i),  r.t.  [_ Prefix  to,  and  prov.  ' 
xlttrnj.  to  soil.    SeeSi.UK.J     To  soil.    Dray- 
ton.     [Rave  ] 

Besmear  ( be -smeY),   v.t.      [Prefix  be,  and  , 
sim-ur.]   To  bedaub;  to  overspread  withany 
viscous,  glutinous  matter,  or  with  any  soft 
substance  that  adheres:  hence,  to  foul;  to 
soil. 

Her  gushing  blood  the  pavement  all  besmear'd. 

Drydcti.       I 

My  tumour  would  not  let  ingratitude 
So  much  besmear  it.  Sh<\k. 

Besmearer  (be-smeYer),  H.     One  that  be- 

nneanL 
Besmirch  (be-smerchA  v.t    [Prefix  be,  and 

finm-ch.}    To  soil;  to  foil;  to  discolour. 

Our  gayne&s  and  our  gilt  are  all  besmirch'd 
With  rainy  marching  in  the  painful  field.       Skak. 

Be  smoke  (be-smokO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
smoke.]  1.  To  foul  with  smoke.— 2.  To  har- 
den or  dry  in  smoke.  Johnson.  [Rare.] 

Besmooth  (be-snibTH'),  c.  t  To  make  smooth. 
Chapman. 

Besmotred,t  pp.  from  besinut.  Smutted; 
blackened  with  smut.  *A  gipon  alle  be- 
smotred. '  Chaucer. 

Besmut  (be-smuf), v.  t  [  Prefix  bet  and  smut.  ] 
To  blacken  with  smut;  to  foul  with  soot. 

Besnow  (be-sno'),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and  snoto.] 

1.  To  scatter  like  snow.     Gower.     [Rare.]— 

2.  To  cover  with,  or  as  with,  snow ;  to  white n. 
'A  third  thy  white  and  small  hand  shall 
be  snow.'     Carew. 

Besnuff  (be-snuf),  *>•*•  [Prefix  be,  and  snuff.] 
To  befoul  with  snuff.  tRare.] 

Unwashed  her  hands,  and  much  besnujffed  her  face. 
Youttf. 

Besognlot  (be-zon'yo),  n.  [It.  bisogno,  need, 
want.]  A  beggar.  Beau.  J:  Ft. 

Besoil  (be-soil'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  soil.] 
To  -oil;  to  stain. 

Besom  (be'zum),  n.  [A.  Sax.  besein,  begin, 
besma,  a  besom,  twigs;  D.  bezein,  G.  besem, 
besen,  a  broom  or  besom:  root-meaning  un- 
known. ]  A  broom;  a  brush  of  twigs  or  other 
materials  for  sweeping. 

I  will  sweep  it  with  the  besom  of  destruction,  saitli 
the  Lord  of  hosts.  Is.  xiv.  23. 

Besom  (be'zum),  v.t.    To  sweep,  as  with  a 

besom.     Cowver.     [Rare.  ] 
Besomer  (be'zum-er),  n.    One  who  uses  a 

besom. 
Besoothment  (be-soTH'ment),   n.     That 

which  yields  consolation;  solace;  comfort 

Quart.  Rev.     [Rare.] 
Besort t  (be-sorf),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and  sort.} 

To  suit;  to  fit;  to  become.     'Such  men  as 

may  besort  your  age. '    Shak. 
Besort  t  (be-sorf),  n.    Something  fitting  or 

appropriate;  suitable  provision. 

I  crave  fit  disposition  for  my  wife,  .  .  . 

With  such  accommodation  and  besort 

As  levels  with  her  breeding,  Shak 

Besot  (be-sot7),  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  besotted;  ppr. 
besotting.  [  Prefix  be,  and  got.  ]  To  make 
sottish  with  drink ;  hence,  to  infatuate ;  to 
stupefy;  to  make  dull  or  senseless.  '  Per- 
mitted to  besot  themselves  in  the  company 
of  their  favourite  revellers.*  Macaulay. 
'  Fools  besotted  with  their  crimes. '  Hudibras. 

Besotment  (be-sot'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
making  one's  self  sottish  by  drink;  the  state 
of  being  besotted. 

The  debasing  habit  of  unsocial  besotment  is  not 
brought  under  the  eyes  of  his  superior.  LordLytlon. 

Besotted  (be-sot'ed),  p.  and  a.  Made  sottish 
by  drink;  hence,  characterized  by  or  indica- 
tive of  stupidity,  such  as  is  caused  by  drink ; 
stupid;  infatuated.  'Besotted,  base  ingrati- 
tude.' Milton. 

Historical  painting  had  sunk  ...    on  the  north 
into  the  patient  devotion  of  besortcd  lives,  to  delme.i- 
tions  of  bricks  and  fogs,  fat  cattle  and  ditch  water. 
Ruskin. 

Besottedly  (be-sot'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  besotted 
or  foolish  manner. 

Besottedness  (be-sot'ed-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  besotted ;  stupidity;  arrant  folly; 
infatuation 

Besottingly  (be-sot'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  be- 
sotting manner. 

Besought  ^be-saf),  pret.  &  pp.  of  beseech. 


Besour  (be-sour'),  v.t.  To  make  sour.  Uatn- 
Bespangle  (be  spang'gl),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp. 

(n-^im  niJU'tl  ;     \\\>V.    IifXjjttiir/liil'l.       [  I'lfllx    I"', 

and  spangle.]    To  adorn  with  spangles;  to 
dot  or  sprinkle  with  something  brilliant. 

Not  Berenice's  locks  first  rose  so  bright. 
The  heav'us  bespangling  with  dishevel!  A  li^ht. 
J'oft. 

Bespatter  (ln'-spat'ter),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
spatter.  \  1.  To  soil  by  spattering;  to  sprinkle 
with  anything  liquid  or  senii- liquid  that 
befouls.  —  2.  Fig.  to  asperse  with  calumny  or 
reproach.  '  Whom  never  faction  could  be- 
spatter.' Sivift. 

Bespattlet  (be-spat'l),  r.f.  [Prefix  be,  and 
spat  tie.  ]  To  spit  on.  Bale. 

Bespawlt  (be-spal'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
spawl.\  To  soil  or  make  foul  with,  or  as 
with,  spittle. 

This  remonstrant  would  invest  himself  condition- 
ally  with  all  the  rheum  in  the  town,  that  he  might 
have  sufficient  to  besfaivl  his  brethren.  Milton. 

Bespeak  (be-spekO,  v.t.  pret  bespoke;  pp. 
bespoke,  bespoken;  ppr.  bespeaking.  [Prefix 
be,  and  speak.]  1.  To  speak  for  beforehand; 
to  order  or  engage  against  a  future  time: 
used  especially  where  there  is  only  a  limited 
supply  of  the  thing  wanted;  as,  to  bespeak 
a  seat  in  a  public  coach. 

Concluding  naturally  that  to  gratify  his  avarice 
was  to  bespeak  his  favour.  Sir  IV.  Scott. 

2.t  To  forebode;  to  foretell 

They  started  fears,  and  bespoke  dangers,  to  scare 
the  allies.  Swift. 

3.  To  speak  to;  to  address:  this  sense  is 
mostly  poetical. 

He  thus  the  queen  bespoke.  Dryden. 

4.  To  betoken;  to  show;  to  indicate,  as  ex- 
ternal marks  or  appearances. 

When  the  abbot  of  St.  Martin  was  born,  he  had  so 
little  the  figure  of  a  man  that  it  besfoke  him  rather  a 
monster.  Locke. 

A  gracious  self-possession  that  besfoke  the  develop- 
ment of  womanhood.  //'.  Stack. 

Bespeak  (be-spekO,  n.     Among  actors,  a 

benefit.    See  BENEFIT,  4. 
Bespeaking  (be-spek'ing),  n.     A  previous 

speaking  or  discourse,  by  way  of  apology  or 

to  engage  favour. 

My  preface  looks  as  if  I  were  afraid  of  my  reader 
by  so  tedious  a  bespeaking  of  him.  Dryden. 

Bespeckle  (be-spekl),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and 

specklf.]    To  mark  with  speckles,  spots,  or 

bright  patches.    'Bespeckled  her  with  gaudy 

allurements.'    Milton. 
Bespendt  (be-spend'),  v.t.     [Prefix  be,  and 

spend.]    To  expend;  to  bestow;  to  employ. 

'  All  his  craft  bespent  about  the  bed.'  Chap- 

man. 

Bespettt  v.t.    To  bespit. 
Bespew  (be-spuO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  spew.] 

To  spew  or  vomit  on. 
Bespice  (be-spls0,  v.t.   [Prefix  be,  and  spice.] 

To  season  with  spices  or  drugs;  hence,  to 

drug;  to  poison. 

Thou  might'st  bespice  a  cup 
To  give  mine  enemy  a  lasting  wink.    Shak. 

Bespirt,t  BespurttOre-spertO.iU.  Tospurt 

out  or  over ;  to  throw  out  in  a  stream  or 

streams.      '  Well  bespurted  with  his  own 

holy  water.'    Milton. 
Bespit  (be-spif),  v.t.  pret  bespit,  bespat;  pp. 

bespit,  bespitten,  bespitted;  ppr.  bespittiwj. 

[Prefix  be,  and  spit.]    To  spit  upon;  to  soil 

with  spittle. 

Bespoke  (be-spokO,  pret.  of  bespeak. 
Bespot  (be-spotO,  v.t.   [Prefix  be,  and  spot] 

To  make  spots  on ;  to  mark  with  spots ;  to 

cover  with  foul  blots  or  blemishes.     '  Bc- 

spotted  so  with  sin.'    Dray  ton. 
Bespread  (be-spred'),  v.t.     [Prefix  be,  and 

spread.]    To  spread  over;  to  cover  over. 

His  nuptial  bed, 

With  curious  needles  wrought,  and  painted  flowers 
bespread.  Drydeit. 

Besprent  (be-sprent7),  pp.  [0  E.  bespreint, 
pp.  of  besprenge,  bisprenge,  A.  Sax.  bespren- 
gan,  to  besprinkle  — prefix  be,  anilsprengan, 
to  sprinkle.]  1.  Sprinkled  over.  'Besprent 
with  teares.'  Mir  for  Mags.  'With  learned 
dust  besprent.'  Pope.  '  The  floor  with  tas- 
sels of  fir  was  besprent.'  Longfellow.— 
2.  Spread;  scattered.  'His  silver  tresses 
thin  besprent.'  T.  Warton.  [This  word  is 
obsolete  except  in  poetry.  ] 

Besprinkle  (be-spring'kl),  v.t.  [Prefix  be, 
and  sprinkle.]  To  sprinkle  over;  to  scatter 
over;  as,  to  besprinkle  with  dust  •/..'•• 
sprinkles  with  Cimmerian  dew.'  Pope. 

Herodotus  .  .  .  hath  besf>rinliird  his  work  with 
many  fabulosities.  Sir  T.  Browne. 


Bespurt,  r.t.      See  IIKSI-IRT. 

Besputter  <b*  sput'tOr),  c.«.  [Prefix  be,  and 
*{intt- ,-.  j  in  sputter  over. 

Bessemer's  Process  (bes'e-merz  pro'ses), 
)(.  A  process  for  decarbonizing  common 
cast  or  pig  iron,  which  contains  3  to  :.  JUT 
cent  of  carbon,  so  as  to  convert  it  into  fated. 
which  contains  I  t<>  H  per  cent,,  <>r  int  • 
malleable  iron,  which  is  nearly  pure.  This 
is  done  bypassing  currents  of  air  thmu-h 
the  cast  iron  in  a  molUm  state,  when  UK- 
carbon  of  the  metal,  combining  uitli  tin- 
oxygen  of  the  air,  is  carried  utf  as  carbonic 
acid  gas;  other  impurities- sulphur,  phos- 
phorus, silicon— being  also  oxidized  and 
removed  as  gas  or  slag.  With  the  view  of 
getting  entirely  rid  of  these  impurities, 
which  injure  the  steel,  the  process  has  to  be 
continued  till  all  the  carbon  also  is  removed, 
when  a  proper  proportion  of  it  is  re-intro- 
duced by  re-melting  the  pure  metal  uith 
spiegeleisen,  or  some  other  variety  of  iron, 
rich  in  carbon  and  containing  no  admixture 
besides.  If  malleable  iron  is  wanted  no 
carbon  is  re-introduced. 

Bessogne.t    See  BISOONO. 

Best  (best),  a.  superl.  [A.  Sax.  betest,  betxt, 
bent,  serving  as  the  superl.  of  god,  good. 
This  adjective  has  the  same  superl.  in  the 
other  Teutonic  languages,  D.  and  G.  >».-', 
Dan.  beste,  Icel.  bevtr,  Sw.  lin*ta.  The  root 
is  bat,  bet,  seen  also  in  better,  Goth.  batistat 
best  (see  BETTER).]  Most  good ;  having 
good  qualities  or  attainments  in  the  highest 
degree;  possessing  the  highest  advantages: 
applied  indifferently  to  physical  or  moral 
subjects;  as,  the  bext  man;  the  best  road; 
the  lest  cloth ;  the  best  abilities ;  the  be*t 
scholar;  the  beat  view  of  a  landscape  or  a 
subject. 

When  he  is  best,  he  is  little  more  than  a  man;  and 
when  he  is  worst,  he  is  little  better  thai)  a  beast. 

Shak. 

What  she  wills  to  do  or  say 
Seems  wisest,  virtuousest,  discreetest,  bext.   Milton. 

Best,  like  most  and  many  other  attributes.  If 
often  used  without  its  noun  when  the  noun 
is  obvious;  as,  men  are  all  sinners  the  best 
of  them  fail  in  the  performance  of  duty. 

Throng,  their  rajjs  and  they. 
The  basest,  far  into  that  council-hall 
Where  sit  the  best  and  stateliest  of  the  land. 

Tennyson. 

—Best  man,  the  brideman  at  a  wedding. 

I  acted  in  the  capacity  of  backer  or  best  man  to 
the  bridegroom.  Difkens. 

Best  (best),  adv.  In  the  highest  degree;  be- 
yond all  other  persons  or  things  in  the  pos- 
session or  exhibition  of  some  good  or  de- 
sirable quality,  in  being  the  object  of  some 
desirable  action,  or  in  having  the  capacity 
for,  or  capability  of  being  applied  to,  some- 
thing good ;  as,  which  instrument  can  you 
best  use?  money  is  best  employed  in  manu- 
factures; medicine  will  answer  bent  in  the 
present  case ;  what  is  expedient  is  /'-.-/ 
known  to  himself.  '  Old  fashions  please  me 
best*  Shak.  'Tell  whom  thou  lovest  bent.' 
Shak.  'Speak  ye,  who  beat  can.'  Milton. 

Much  solicitous  how  best 
He  may  compensate  for  a  day  of  sloth.      Cort'ffr. 

In  one  or  two  phrases  this  adverb  is  joined, 
in  the  sense  of  '  most  thoroughly,'  to  a  word 
expressive  of  a  disagreeable  action,  as  in  the 
phrase,  best  abutted;  as,  the  chancellor  of 
the  exchequer  is  the  best  abused  man  in  the 
country:  so  best  hated. 

Best  (best),  n.  1.  Highest  possible  state  of 
excellence;  the  best  quality  or  property  of 
a  pel-son  or  thing. 

But  you,  O,  you 

So  perfect  and  so  peerless,  are  created 
Of  every  creature's  best.  S/tat. 

2.  All  that  one  can  do,  or  show  in  one's  self: 
often  used  in  this  sense  with  the  possessive 
prt nouns  my,  thy,  hit,  their,  Ac.;  as,  I  will 
do  my  best  to  advance  your  interests;  she  is 
bent  on  looking  her  best;  he  did  all  he  could 
to  appear  at  his  best  in  that  performance. 
'  Win  I  shall  not,  but  do  my  best  to  win.' 
Tennyson.— At  best,  in  the  utmost  degree 
or  extent  applicable  to  the  case  ;  as,  life  is 
at  best  very  short.— For  best,!  finally,  for 
good  and  all.  'Those  constitutions  .  .  . 
are  now  established  for  best,  and  not  to  \  •• 
mended.'  Milton.— To  make  the  best  of,  to 
carry  to  the  utmost  perfection;  to  use  to  the 
best  advantage ;  to  get  all  that  one  can  out 
of.  'Let  there  be  freedom  to  carry  their 
commodities  where  they  can  ii.nl>'  the  bent 
of  them.'  Bacon.  Often  used  in  speaking 
of  things  or  events  that  are  not  so  good  or 
favourable  as  was  expected  or  was  to  be 
wished;  as,  to  make  the  best  of  ill  fortune  or 
a  bad  bargain.  To  make  the  best  of  one's 


ch,  c/iiiin;      fih,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go\     j,  job;      h,  Fr.  Um;      ng,  ding;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  uAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY, 


BESTADDE 


262 


way,  to  travel  or  proceed  with  all  possible 

:  BSSrwst  &SWE 
SfeS^rtSsrs  g£2,A=S5£SiS: 


with  blood  beitain  his  cheeks.'  SAa*. 
Besteadt  (be-sted'),  v.t.  pret.  bestad^;  pp. 
bestead,  bestaddc\,beitedde.d\.  [Prefix  be, 
and  steaii,  place.]  1.  To  place,  or  dispose, 
or  circumstance,  as  to  condition,  conveni- 
ence, benefit,  and  the  like;  to  situate^ 
'Many  far  worse  bestead  than  ourselves. 
Barrow. 

She  saith,  that  she  shall  not  be  glad. 

Till  that  she  se  hyin  so  bestud.  Gower. 

2.t  To  dispose  mentally;  to  affect.  'Sor- 
rowfully bestadde.'  Chaucer.  —  3.t  To  pro- 
vide; to  furnish.  'The  ladie,  ill  of  friends 
bestedded.'  Spenser.  — 4.t  To  treat;  to  behave 
towards.  Spenser.— 5.t  To  beset;  to  attack. 

But  both  attonce  on  both  sides  him  bestad. 

Spenser. 

6.t  To  profit;  to  benefit;  to  serve;  to  assist. 

In  this  ship  was  great  store  of  dry  Newfoundland 
fish  .  .  the  same  being  so  new  and  good  as  it  did 
very  greatly  bestead  us  in  the  whole  course  of  our 

In  the  following  example  there  may  per- 
haps be  seen  the  influence  of  the  adjective 


steady. 

Hence,  vain  deluding  joys, 
The  brood  of  Folly  without  father  bred  ! 

.  .  How  little  you  bested 
Or  fill  the  fixed  mind  with  all  your  toys  ! 

Milton. 


He  bestowed  it  in  a  pouch  lined  wta^^trfanwd 

2  To  give;  to  confer;  to  impart:  with  the 
sense  of  gratuity :  followed  by  on  or  upon 
before  the  recipient. 

Consecrate  yourselves  to  the  Lord,  that  he  may 
bestow  on  you  a  blessing.  £*•  "*"•  =9- 

Though  I  bestow  all  my  goods  to  feed  the  poor  .  .  . 
and  have  not  charity,  it  profiteth  me  nothing. 

I  Cor.  xin.  3. 

Sometimes  used  in  a  bad  sense;  as,  to  bestow 
censure.-  3.  To  give  in  marriage;  to  dispose 

I  could  have  bestowed  her  upon  a  fine  gentleman. 
/  atler. 

4.t  To  apply;  to  make  use  of;  to  use;  to  em- 

If  thou  ask  me  what  his  commandments  are  as 
touching  the  bestowine  of  thy  goods.  I  answer,  1m 
commandments  are  that  thou  bestow  them  m  works 
of  mercy.  Fryth. 

Otherwise  the  whole  force  of  the  war  would  have 
been  infallibly  bestowed  there. 

Bestowal  (be-sto'al),  n.    Bestowment. 


The  one  did  himself  honour  in  the  bestowal,  the 
other  in  the  acceptance,  of  such  a  gratuity.  Alilntan. 

Bestower  (be-sto'6r),  n.    One  who  bestows; 
a  giver;  a  disposer. 

t  Bestowment  (be-sto'ment),  n.   1.  The  act  of 

[This  word  is  scarcely,  il  at  all,  used  now  i    giving  gratuitously;  a  conferring.-  2.  Inat 
except  in  such  phrases  as  ill,  well,  sore  be- 
stead, in  which  the  word  is  the  pp.  ] 
Bestial  (bes'ti-al),  a.    [L.  bestiali*.]    1.  Be- 


,    .        .  . 

longing  to  a  beast  or  to  the  class  of  beasts; 


which  is  conferred  or  given;  donation. 

They  almost  refuse  to  give  due  praise  and  credit 
to  Goa's  own  bestowmenti.  Is.  Taylor. 


Bestraddle  (be-stradl),  v.i.    [Prefix  be.  and 


'Of  shape  part  human,  part  bes-  |    straalile.]  ' To  bestride.    See  STRADDLE. 
atler.— 2.  Having  the  qualities  of  a  ,  sestraughtt  (be-straf),  a.  Distracted;  mad. 


_  "e, 

animal. 

tial.'    Tatle\.    __ 

beast;  brutal;  below  the  dignity  of  reason  .  ""fain  not  bes'traugh'i.'"  Shak. 

or  humanity;  carnal;  as,  a  bestial  appetite.  .  Bestraughtedt  (be-strat'ed),  o.  Distracted. 

I  have  lost  the  immortal  part  of  myself,  and  what  ,     Xorden.     [Rare.] 

remains  is  bestial.  \  Bestrawt  (be-stva'),  v.t.    Same  as  Bestrew. 

SYN.  Brutish,  beastly,  brutal,  carnal,  vile,     Bestreak  (be-strek'),  v.t.     [Prefix  be,  and 

low,  depraved,  sensual. 
Bestial  (bes'ti-al),  n.     1.  In  Scots  law,  the 

cattle  on  a  farm  taken  collectively.— 2. t  A 

work  on  zoology.    Brewer. 
Bestiality  (.bes-ti-al'i-ti),  n.    1.  The  quality 

of  a  beast;  conduct  or  mental  condition 

unworthy  of  human  nature;  beastliness. 

What  can  be  a  greater  absurdity  than  to  affirm 
bestiality  to  be  the  essence  of  humanity,  and  dark- 
ness the  centre  of  light!  M.irtinns  Scriblerus. 


streak.  ]    To  mark  or  cover  with  streaks. 
Bestrew  (be-strb'  or  be-stro'),  i>.  (.   [Prefix  be, 
and  strew.  ]    To  scatter  over;  to  besprinkle; 
to  strew;  theobjectof  the  verb  is  either  that 


2  Unnatural  connection  with  a  beast. 

Bestialize  (bes'ti-al-iz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bes- 
tialized;  ppr.  bestializiny.  To  make  like  a 
beast;  to  bring  or  reduce  to  the  state  or 
condition  of  a  beast.  '  The  process  of  bcs- 
tializing  humanity.'  Hare. 

Bestially  (bes'ti-al-li),  adv.  In  a  bestial 
manner;  brutally;  in  a  manner  below  hu- 
manity. 

Bestiary  (bes'ti-a-ri),  n.  [L.  bestiarius,  per- 
taining to  beasts,  from  bestia,  a  beast.]  A 
name  given  to  old  books  treating  of  beasts, 
often  in  verse. 

Bestiate  (bes'ti-at),  v.t.  To  make  like  a 
beast.  'Drunkenness  bestiatcs  the  heart.' 
Junius.  [Rare.  ] 

Bestiek  (be-stikO,  v.t.  pret.  and  pp.  bestuck. 
[Prefix  be,  and  stick.]  To  pierce  in  various 
places ;  to  pierce  through  and  through. 

Truth  shall  retire,  bestitck  with  slanderous  darts. 
Hilton. 

In  these  little  visual  interpretations  (valentines)  no 
emblem  is  so  common  as  the  heart  ...  the  bestiictt 
and  bleeding  heart.  Lainb. 

[Perhaps  this  verb  is  used  only  in  the  pp.  ] 
Bestil  (be-stil'),  r.  (.    To  dissolve  (?). 

They,  testilted 

Almost  to  jelly  with  the  act  of  fear. 
Stand  still  and  speak  not  to  him. 

Sliafc.    Hamlet,  Act  I.,  sc.  2, 1.  204. 

[This  is  the  reading  of  the  folios;  the  quartos 
and  modern  editions  read  distilled.  ] 
Bestill  (be-stil'),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and  still.] 
To  make  quiet  or  still. 

Commerce  bestilUd  her  many-nationed  tongue. 
7.  Cunningham. 

Bestir  (be-steO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  Mr.] 
To  put  into  brisk  or  vigorous  action ;  to 
move  with  life  and  vigour:  usually  with  the 
reciprocal  pronoun.  '  You  have  bestirred 
your  valour.'  Shak.  'Rouse  and  bestir 
themselves  ere  well  awake.'  Milton. 

Bestness  (best'nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
best.  '  The  bestness  of  a  thing.'  Bp  Morton. 

Bestorm  t  (be-stormO,  v.i.  [Prefix  be,  and 
storm.]  To  storm;  to  rage. 

All  is  sea  besides. 
Sinks  under  us,  bestotms,  and  then  devours.  Yontif, 


which  is  covered  by  strewins,  or  that  which 
is  strewed  or  scattered.  'Those  blossoms 
also,  and  those  dropping  gums,  that  lie  be- 
strown.'  Milton. 

Discord  shall  bestrew 

The  union  of  your  bed  with  weeds  so  loathly. 
That  you  shall  hate  it  both.  Shak. 

Bestride  (be-strid1),  v.t.  pret.  btttrid  or  be- 
strode; pp.  bestrid,  bestridden,  beitrided\ 
(Sterne);  ppr.  bestriding.  [Prefix  be,  and 
stride.]  1.  To  stride  over;  to  stand  or  sit 
with  anything  between  the  legs,  or  with  the 
legs  extended  across;  as,  to  bestride  a  horse 

Why.  man,  he  doth  bestride  the  narrow  world 
Like  a  colossus.  Shak. 

2.  To  step  over;  to  cross.     '  When  I  first  my 

wedded  mistress  saw  bestride  my  threshold. ' 

Shak. 

Bestrode  (be-strod'),  pret.  of  bestride. 
Bestrow  (bc-stroO,  v.t.   To  bestrew.  [Rare/ 
Bestrut  t  (be-strut'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bestrut; 

ppr.  bestrutling.    [Prefix  be,  and  strut,  to 

swell.  ]   To  distend.  '  Her  paps  bestrut  with 

milk.'    Holland. 

Bestuck  (be-stukO,  pret.  &  pp.  of  bestick. 
Bestud  (be-stud'),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  and  stud. 

To  set  with  studs;  to  adorn  with  bosses. 

The  unsought  diamonds 
Would  so  emblaze  the  forehead  of  the  deep. 
And  so  bestud  with  stars,  that  they  below 
Would  grow  inured  to  light.  Milton. 

Best-work  (best'werk),  n.     In  mining,  th 

richest  cla-s  of  ore. 
Beswaddle  (be-swad'l),  v.t.    [Prefix  be,  ant 

si';addle  ]   To  envelop  in  swaddling-clothes 

W.  Whitehead. 
Beswiket  (be-swik'),  v.t.    [A  Sax.  beswican 

to  deceive,  to  allure — prefix  be,  and  swican 

to  deceive.]    To  allure.    Gower. 
Beswinke.t  v.i.   [Prefix  be,  and  swink.]    TJ 

labour.    Gower. 
Besy.t  a.     Busy.     Chaucer. 
Bet  (bet),  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  bet  or  betted;  ppr 

betting.    [Probably  a  contraction  of  abet 

in  the  sense  of  encourage,  back  up.]   To  lay 

a  bet ;  to  lay  a  wager ;  to  stake  or  pledge 

something  upon  the  event  of  a  contest. 

John  of  Gaunt  loved  him  well,  and  betted  much 
money  on  his  head.  Shak. 

Bet  (bet),  n.  1.  A  wager;  that  which  is  laid, 
staked,  or  pledged  on  any  uncertain  question 
or  event,  and  which  falls  to  be  gained  by  the 
party  to  the  wager  who  affirmed  what  turns 


BETEL 

out  actually  to  be  the  case  ;  as,  to  lay  a  bet 
on  the  result  of  a  horse-race.  '  That's  the 
French  bet  against  the  Danish.'  Shak.— 
2.  The  terms  on  which  a  bet  is  laid. 

Bett  (bet),  past  participle  of  beat. 

Bet.t  Bettet  (bet).    Better. 

It  had  been  bet  for  me  still  to  have  kept  my  quiet 
chair.  Guscoigne. 

Beta  (be'ta).n.  A  genus  of  apetalous  plants, 
nat.  order  Chenopodiaceoe,  having  large  suc- 
culent roots,  and  a  green  calyx  in  which  the 
hard  rugged  nut  is  embedded,  and  valuable 
both  for  culinary  and  agricultural  purposes. 
Beta  vulgaris,  or  common  beet,  is  employed 
as  an  ingredient  in  salad  after  being  boiled 
till  it  is  tender.  Slangel-Kurzel,  cultivated 
as  food  for  cattle,  is  considered  a  variety  of 
B.  vulgaris.  The  sea-beet  (B.  maritimn) 
grows  wild  on  the  shores  of  Britain ;  it  is 
sometimes  used  as  greens  or  spinach.  See 
BEET. 

Jetag  (be-tagO,  v.  t.  To  tag ;  to  deck  with 
tags.  'Betagged  with  verse.'  Churchill. 

Betail  (be-tar),  v.t.  1.  To  furnish  with  a 
tail  '  Betailed  and  bepowdered. '  Qoldmi  ith. 
2.  To  take  the  tail  off:  a  word  jocularly 
formed  on  the  analogy  of  behead. 

(The  sportsman)  puts  his  heavy  boot  on  the  beast's 
body,  and  there  both  beheads  and  betails  him. 

Trollope. 

Betaine  (be'ta-in),  n.  [L.  beta,  beet.]  A 
chemical  base  found  in  common  beet  and 
mangel-wurzel. 

Betake.t  Beteche.t  v.t.  pret.  betake,  betook, 
betauht,  betaught,  pp.  betatiht,  betaught. 
[A.  Sax.  bettecan,  to  show,  to  deliver,  to  in- 
trust—  prefix  be,  and  tcecan,  to  teach,  to 
show.  There  has  been  a  certain  confusion 
between  this  and  the  other  betake.  Betake 
or  betook  in  form  properly  belongs  to  the 
latter.]  1.  To  give;  to  hand  over;  to  deliver 
up. 

Judas  Iscariot  wente  forth  to  the  princis  of  prestis. 
and  said  to  hem.  What  wolcn  ye  give  to  me  and  I 
schal  bitate  him  to  you?  rVicklijfe. 

2  To  intrust;  to  commit;  to  recommend  to 
the  care  of.  '  His  soule  to  God  betauht.'  It. 
Brunne. 

And  hern  she  yaf  hire  mebles  and  hire  thing. 
And  to  the  pope  Urban  betake  hem  tho.  Chaucer. 
Dame  Phcebe  to  a  Nymphe  her  babe  betooke. 

Spenser. 

Betake  (M-takO,  v.t.  pret.  betook,  pp.  be- 
taken. [Prefix  be.  and  fnie.J  To  seize;  to 
take  hold  of ;  to  take. 

Then  to  his  hands  that  writ  he  did  be/ate.   Spenser. 

Now  used  only  with  the  reflexive  pronoun 
in  the  sense  of  to  take  one's  self;  to  repair; 
to  resort;  to  have  recourse.  '  Which  made 
me  betake  myself  for  shelter  to  a  house.' 
Tatler. 

The  rest  in  imitation,  to  like  arms 
BelooHiktm.  Milton. 

They  betook  themselves  to  treaty  and  submission. 
Kurke. 

Betake*  (be-takO,  v.i.    To  betake  one's  self. 

But  here  ly  downe,  and  to  thy  rest  betake. 

Spenser. 

Betalk  (be-tak1),  v.i  [Prefix  be,  and  talk.} 
To  talk  repeatedly.  Drayton. 

Betallow  (be-tal'6),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  tal- 
low ]  To  cover  with  tallow.  Ford. 

Betaught  t  (be-taf),  pret.  of  betake,  to  in- 
trust. 

Bete,  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  betan,  to  mend,  to  make 
better,  from  root  of  better.]  To  mend;  to 
make  better;  to  heal.  '  To  bete  fires. '  Chau- 
cer. 'Toiietesorwe.'  Chaucer.  [Old  English 
and  Scotch.  1 

Bete  t  v.t.    To  beat.    Chaucer. 

Betear  (be-terO.  v.i.  [Prefix  be,  and  tear.] 
To  wet  with  tears.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Beteche  t  v.t.    Same  as  Betake,  t    Chaucer. 

Beteemt  (be-ten/),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  teem.] 
To  bring  forth;  to  produce;  to  shed. 

Belike  for  want  of  rain,  which  I  could  well 

Beteem  them  from  the  tempest  of  mine  eyes.    Sftaf. 

Beteemt  (be-temO,  v.t.  [Allied  toG.  ziemen, 
geziemen,  D.  tamen,  betamen,  to  deem  suit- 
able, to  deign.  ]  1.  To  allow ;  to  permit ;  to 
suiter. 

So  loving  to  my  mother. 

That  he  might  not  beteem  the  winds  of  heaven 
Visit  her  face  too  roughly. 

2.  To  bestow;  to  give.  Spenser. 
Betel,  Betle  (be'tl),  n.  [Fr.  betel,  Sp.  btttl. 
belle,  from  Malabar  name.]  A  species  of 
pepper,  Chavica  Betle,  a  creeping  or  climb- 
ing  plant,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  nat. 
order  Piperacea).  The  leaves  are  employed 
to  inclose  a  piece  of  the  betel-nut  and  a 
little  lime  into  a  pellet,  which  is  extensively 
chewed  in  the  East.  The  pellet  is  hot  and 
acrid  but  has  aromatic  and  astringent  pro- 
perties. It  tinges  the  saliva  red,  and  stains. 
the  teeth. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bnll;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  fey. 


BETELGEUSE 


:>«:$ 


BETTER 


Betelgeuse  (be'tel-juz),  M.  [Kr.  betelyetue, 
from  Arabic  name.  ]  A  star  of  the  rtrst  111:1^:- 
nitude  in  the  southern  constellation  Orion. 

Betel-nut  (bu'tel-nut),  n.  The  kernel  of 
the  fruit  of  Arecn  Catechu,  which  is  euten 


Leaf,  flowers,  and  nut  ot  Areca  Cufechit, 

both  in  its  unripe  and  mature  state.  When 
ripe  it  is  of  the  size  of  a  cherry,  conical  in 
shape,  brownish  externally  and  mottled 
internally  like  a  nutmeg. 

Betel-nut  Tree, «.  A  beautiful  palm(Xreca 
Catechu)  found  in  India  and  the  East,  at- 
taining a  height  of  40  or  50  feet,  and  yielding 
an  astringent  seed  called  betel-nut  (which 
see). 

Betel-pepper  (be'tl-pep-er).   Same  as  Betel. 

Beth.t  v.i.  impcr.    Be  ye.     Chaucer. 

Bethankit  (be - thangk ' it),  n.  [Be,  and 
thankit,  thanked.]  Grace  after  meat. 
Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Bethel  (beth'el),  n.  [Heb.  bethel,  house  of 
God— beth,  a  house,  and  El,  God.]  A  name 
for  places  of  worship  in  England,  especially 
a  dissenting  chapel. 

Bethink  (be-thingk'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
think.]  l.f  To  think;  to  imagine.  'Al 
that  herte  may  bethynke.'  Chaucer.-  -2.  To 
call  to  mind ;  to  recall  or  bring  to  the  re- 
collection, reflection,  or  consideration  of : 
always  used  with  the  reflexive  pronoun,  and 
often  followed  by  of  before  the  subject  of 
thought. 

Bethink  yourselves  beforehand  what  mercies  you 
want.  Bp.  Beveridge. 

Bethink  (be-thinskO,  v.i.  To  have  in  recol- 
lection ;  to  consider.  '  Bethink  ere  thou 
dismiss  us.'  Byron. 

Bethlehem  (beth' le- hem),  n.  [Heb.,  a 
town  or  village  in  Judea,  about  6  miles 
south-east  of  Jerusalem,  famous  for  its 
being  the  place  of  Christ's  nativity;  from 
beth,  a  house,  and  lekhem,  food—  the  house 
of  food.  ]  A  famous  hospital  for  lunatics 
in  London,  so  called  because  it  was  origin- 
ally the  priory  of  Bethlehem,  or  rather  of 
St.  Mary  of  Bethlehem;  hence,  any  hospital 
for  lunatics.  Corrupted  into  Bedlam. 
Bethlehemite,  Bethlemlte  (beth'le-hem-it, 
beth'lem-it),  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  Beth- 
lehem; a  lunatic.— 2.  Eccles.  (a)  one  of  an 
order  of  monks  introduced  into  England 
in  the  year  1257,  who  were  habited  like 
the  Dominicans,  except  that  they  wore  a 
star  with  five  rays,  in  memory  of  the  comet 
or  star  which  appeared  over  Bethlehem  at 
the  nativity  of  our  Saviour,  (b)  One  of  an 
order  founded  in  the  seventeenth  century 
for  the  service  of  the  hospitals  in  South 
America. 

Bethrall  (be-thral'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
thrall.]  To  enslave;  to  reduce  to  bondage; 
to  bring  into  subjection. 

She  it  is  that  did  my  lord  bethrall.        Spenser. 

Bethump  (be-thumpO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
tli  n  nip.]  To  beat  soundly. 

I  was  never  so  betltiimp'd  with  words 

Since  first  I  call'd  my  brother's  father  dad.     Shak. 

Betide  (be-tidO,  v.t.  pret.  betid  or  betided; 
pp.  betid;  ppr.  betiding.  [Prefix  be,  and 
tide,  from  A.  Sax.  tidan,  to  happen.  See 
TIDE.]  To  happen ;  to  befall;  to  come  to: 
used  of  good  or  evil. 

What  will  betide  the  few?  Milton. 

Betide  (be-tidO,  v.i.  To  come  to  pass;  to 
happen.— To  betide  o/,t  to  become  of.  'If 
he  were  dead,  what  would  betide  of  me!' 
Shak. 

Betlght  t  (be-tif),  pp.  of  betide,  an  erroneous 
form.  Happened,  '  As  if  some  evil  were  to 
\uitbetitjlit.'  Spenser. 

Betimet  (be-tim'),  adv.    Same  as  Betimes. 


!    Chaucer.      'All   in    the  morning   betime.' 

1    Shak. 

Betimes  ( be  -  timz'),  adv.  [  I'reflx  be  for  4;/, 
and  time,  that  is,  by  the  time,  with  adverbial 
genitive  termination.  ]  1.  Seasonably ;  in  wit  n  I 
season  or  time ;  before  it  is  too  late. 

To  measure  life  learn  thou  belittles          Milton. 

2.  Early ;  at  an  early  hour. 

Not  to  be  a  bed  after  midnight  is  to  be  up  betitnex. 

Shalt. 

3.  Soon ;  in  a  short  time. 

Me  tires  betimes,  that  spurs  too  last  betimes.    Shalt. 

—  Early,  Soon,  Betimes.  See  under  EARLY. 
Betjuan,  Bechuan  (bech'u-an),  n.  pi.  .Same 

as  Ilecfnutini. 
Betle,  n.    See  BETEL. 
BetOke,  t  pret.  As  pp.  of  betake,  t 
Betoken  (be-to'kn),  v.t.      [Prefix  be,  and 

token.  ]    1.  To  be  a  token  of ;  to  be  a  visible 

sign  of. 

A  dewy  cloud,  and  in  the  cloud  a  bow, 
Betokening  peace  from  God.  Milton. 

2.  To  foreshow  by  present  signs;  to  indicate 
something  future  by  that  which  is  seen 
or  known ;  as,  a  dark  cloud  often  betokens 
a  storm.—  SYN.  To  presage,  portend,  augur, 
indicate. 

Beton  (bct'on  or  ba-ton),  n.  [Fr.  btton, 
from  O.t'r.  beter,  to  coagulate,  to  harden, 
to  become  stone.  ]  A  mixture  of  lime  and 
gravel,  which  grows  into  a  compact  mass, 
and  is  used  to  form  an  artificial  foundation 
when  the  ground  is  insecure;  concrete.  It 
is  much  used  as  a  hydraulic  cement  in  sub- 
marine works. 

Betongue  (be-tung'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
tongue. ]  To  scold;  to  attack  with  the 
tongue;  to  rail  at. 

How  Ben  Jonson  and  Shakspere  betotigiied  each 
other.  N.  Brit.  Rev. 

Betony  (bet'6-ni),  n.  [L.  betonica.]  The 
popular  name  of  Stachys  Betonica,  a  British 
plant  which  grows  in  woods.  It  was  formerly 
much  employed  in  medicine,  and  is  some- 
times used  to  dye  wool  of  a  fine  dark  yellow 
colour. — Water  betony,  a  name  given  toScro- 
phularia  aquatica,  from  the  resemblance  of 
its  leaf  to  that  of  betony. 

Betook  (be-tuk'),  pret.  of  betake. 

Betorn  t  (be-torn'),  p.  and  a.  [Prefix  be,  and 
torn.]  1.  Tom.  '  Whose  heart  betorn  out  of 
his  panting  breast.'  Sackville.— 2.  Torn  in 
pieces. 

Betoss  (be-tosO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  toss.] 
To  toss ;  to  agitate ;  to  disturb ;  to  put  in 
violent  motion.  'The  miserable  betosscd 
squire.1  Shelton.  'My  betossed  soul.'  Shut. 

Betralse.t  Betrash,t  v.  t.  [An  old  form  of 
betray.  See  under  ASTONY.]  To  betray. 
1  They  have  betraised  thee. '  Chaucer. 

Betrap  (be-trapO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  trap.] 
To  entrap ;  to  insnare.  Gower. 

Betrap  (be-trap'),  v.t.  To  put  trappings  on; 
to  clothe;  to  deck. 

After  them  followed  two  other  chariotscovered  with 
red  satin,  and  the  horses  betrappea  with  the  same. 

Stow. 

Betray  (be-tra1),  v.t.  [O.K.  betraie,  bitraye, 
&c.-  prefix  be,  and  Fr.  trahir,  O.  Fr.  trair,  to 
betray,  from  L.  tratlere,  to  give  up  or  over, 
from  trans,  over,  and  dare,  to  give.  ]  1.  To 
deliver  into  the  hands  of  an  enemy  by 
treachery  or  fraud  in  violation  of  trust; 
as,  an  officer  betrayed  the  city. 

The  Son  of  man  shall  be  betrayed  into  the  hands 
of  «'«»•  Mat.  xvii.  25. 

2.  To  violate  by  fraud  or  unfaithfulness ;  to 
be  unfaithful  in  keeping  or  observing;  as, 
to  betray  a  trust.  '  Betray'd  her  cause  and 
mine.'  Tennyson.-3.  To  act  treacherously, 
deceitfully,  or  in  an  underhand  manner 
towards;  to  deceive;  to  beguile;  to  circum- 
vent; to  entrap  or  ensnare;  to  delude  into 
some  undesirable  position;  to  mislead. 

Do  not  betray  me,  sir;  I  fear  you  love  Mistress  Page. 

She  must  die,  else  she'll  betray  more  men.    Shak. 
I  will  betray 

Tawny.finn'd  fishes;  my  bended  hook  shall  pierce 

Their  slimy  jaws.  sha&. 

But  when  I  rise.  I  shall  find  my  legs  betraying  me. 

Bosviell. 

4.  To  reveal  or  disclose,  especially  in  viola- 
tion of  confidence ;  as,  to  betray  one's 
secrets;  to  betray  one's  designs.  —  5.  To 
show  in  true  character;  to  let  be  seen; 
to  cause  to  appear;  to  permit  to  uppear 
what  is  Intended  to  be  kept  secret  or 
what  prudence  would  conceal. 

Be  swift  to  hear,  but  cautious  of  your  tongue,  lest 
you  betray  your  ignorance.  ft 'alts. 

My  own  too-fearful  guilt, 
Simpler  than  any  child,  belrays  itself.      Tennyson. 

6.  To  indicate ;  to  give  indication  or  evid- 


••!:  said  of  something  not  obvious  at 
first  view  or  that  would  otherwise  be  con- 
cealed. 

All  the  names  in  the  country  betray  great  antiquity. 
llryatit. 

Betrayal  (bf-tr:V«1),  n.  Act  of  betraying. 
'Gained  his  freedom  by  the  betrayal  of  his 
ununtry's  cause.'  S.  Sharpe. 

Betrayer  (be-tra'cr),  n.  One  who  betrays; 
u  traitor. 

Betraymentt  (be-tnVmcnt),  n.  Betrayal. 
•Confessiii"  him  to  lie  imimi-nt  whose  be- 
trayment  they  had  sought. '  Udall. 

Betrim (lie-trim'),  v.t.  pret.  <tpp.  betmnmed; 
ppr.  betrimmimj.  [Prefix  be,  and  trim.]  To 
set  in  order;  to  deck;  to  dress;  to  adorn;  to 
grace;  to  embellish;  to  beautify;  to  decorate. 

Thy  banks  with  pioned  and  twilled  brims. 
Which  spongy  April  at  thy  hcst  betrims.      Sftalt. 

Betroth  (be-trdth'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
troth.  See  TitoTH.]  1.  To  contract  to  any 
one  in  order  to  a  future  marriage ;  to  pro- 
mise or  pledge  to  be  the  future  spouse  of 
another ;  to  affiance :  used  of  either  sex. 
'To  her,  my  lord,  was  I  betrothed.'  Shak 

2.  To  engage  to  take  in  marriage;  to  pledge 
one's  troth  to. 

What  man  is  there  that  hath  betrothed  a  wife  and 
hath  not  taken  her?  Deut.  xx.  7. 

S.t  To  nominate  to  a  bishopric  in  order  to 
consecration.  '  If  any  person  be  consecrated 
a  bishop  to  that  church  whereunto  he  was 
not  before  betrothed.'  Aylijfe. 

Betrothal  (be-troth'al),  n.  The  act  of  be- 
trothing; betrothment.  'The  feast  of  be- 
trothal.' Longfellow. 

Betrothment  (be-trflth'ment),  n.  A  mutual 
promise  or  contract  between  two  parties 
for  a  future  marriage  between  the  persons 
betrothed;  betrothal.  '  How  the  strange  be- 
trothment was  to  end.'  Tennyson. 

Betrust  (be-trustO,  v.  t.  [Prefix  be,  and  trust.  ] 
To  intrust ;  to  commit  to  another  in  confi- 
dence of  fidelity;  to  confide.  [Rare.] 

Whatsoever  you  would  betrtist  to  your  memory, 
let  it  be  disposed  in  a  proper  method.  If  alts. 

Betrustment  (be-trust'ment),  n.  The  act 
of  intrusting;  the  thing  intrusted.  [Rare] 

Betso  (bet'so),  n.  [It.  pezzo,  piece,  piece 
of  money.]  The  smallest  Venetian  coin. 
•Thirty  livres,  I'll  not  bate  you  a  betso.'  S. 
Mannion. 

Bett.t  Bettet(bet).  Better.  Spenser.  See 
BET,  BETTER. 

Better  (bet'ter),  a.  serving  as  the  compar.  of 
good.  [A.  Sax.  betera,  betra,  bcettra,  also  bet, 
belt,  better,  from  a  root  bat  (in  Goth,  bats, 
goodX  whence  also  the  super!,  best  (  =  be- 
test).  The  corresponding  forms  in  the 
other  Teutonic  languages  are  D.  beter,  IceL 
betri,  betr,  Dan.  bedre,  Sw.  biittre,  G.  besser. 
See  BEST.]  1.  Having  good  qualities  in  a 
greater  degree  than  another:  applied  to 
physical,  acquired,  or  moral  qualities; 
more  good ;  as,  a  better  soil ;  a  better 
man ;  a  better  physician  ;  a  better  house ; 
a  better  air ;  a  better  harvest.  '  He  hath  a 
horse  better  than  the  Neapolitan's,  a  better 
bad  habit  of  frowning  than  the  Count 
Palatine.'  Shak.-i  Preferable  in  regard 
to  value,  use,  rank,  fitness,  acceptableuess, 
safety,  or  in  any  other  respect. 

fetter  is  a  dinner  of  herbs  where  love  is.  than  a 
stalled  ox  and  hatred  therewith.  Prov.  xv.  17. 

3.  Improved  in  health;  less  affected  with 
disease ;  as,  the  patient  is  better.  —  To  be 
better  of,  to  be  in  improved  circumstances. 
— The  better.    See  under  BETTER,  n. 

Better  (bet'ter),  adv.  1.  In  a  more  excellent 
or  superior  manner;  with  more  skill  and 
wisdom,  virtue,  advantage,  or  success ;  as, 
to  perform  work  better ;  to  plan  a  scheme 
better;  land  better  cultivated ;  government 
better  administered. — 2.  More  correctly  or 
fully.  '  The  better  to  understand  the  extent 
of  our  knowledge.'  Locke.— 3.  In  a  higher 
or  greater  degree;  as,  to  love  one  better  than 
another.  '  Never  was  monarch  br^er  feared  ' 
Shak.— 4.  With  greater  advantage.  '  I  could 
have  better  spared  a  better  man.'  Shale.— 
5.  More,  without  any  idea  of  superior  ex- 
cellence ;  as,  How  far  is  it  to  town  ?  Better 
than  a  mile.  (Colloq.J 

Dorlcote  Mill  has  been  in  our  family  a  hundred 
year  and  better.  George  Eliot. 

Better  (bet'ter),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  betenan,  bet- 
rian,  to  improve.  See  the  adjective.  ]  1.  To 
improve;  to  ameliorate;  to  increase  the  good 
qualities  of;  as,  manure  betters  land;  disci- 
pline may  better  the  morals. 

The  cause  of  his  taking  upon  him  our  nature  was 
to  belter  the  quality,  and  to  advance  the  condition 
thereof.  Hooter. 

He  thought  to  better  his  circumstances.    Thackeray. 


ch.  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  ;ob;      h,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  <Aen;  th,  Win; 


w,  wig;    wh,  it/iig;    zh,  azure.  —See  KKY. 


BETTER 


204 


BEWARE 


2  To  surpass;  to  exceed.  'Bettered  expecta- 
tion.' Shak. 

What  you  do 
Still  betters  what  is  done.  Shak. 

3.  To  advance  the  interest  of ;  to  support ; 
to  give  advantage  to. 

Weapons  more  violent,  when  next  we  meet, 
May  serve  to  better  us  and  worse  our  foes. 

UUttm. 

STN.  To  improve,  ameliorate,  amend,  cor- 
rect, reform,  rectify,  advance,  promote. 

Better  (bet'ter),  v.  i.  To  grow  better ;  to 
become  better;  to  improve. 

Better  (bet'ter),  n.  A  superior;  one  who 
has  a  claim  to  precedence  on  account  of 
his  rank,  age,  merit,  skill,  or  office;  as,  give 
place  to  your  betters:  in  this  sense  generally 
used  in  the  plural,  and  with  possessive 
pronouns.  '  Their  betters  would  hardly  be 
found.'  Hooker.— The  better,  (a)  Improve- 
ment: generally  in  adverbial  phrase  for  the 
better  ='m  the  direction  of  improvement. 
'  If  I  have  altered  him  anywhere  for  the 
better.'  Dryden.  (b)  Advantage ;  superior- 
ity; victory. 

Dionysius,  his  countryman,  in  an  epistle  to  Pompey, 
after  an  express  comparison,  affords  him  the  better 
of  Thucydidcs.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

In  this  sense  used  chiefly  in  the  following 
phrases:—  To  have  the  better  of,  to  have  the 
advantage  of ;  to  gain  superiority  over.  To 
get  or  gain  the  better  of,  to  obtain  the  ad- 
vantage, superiority,  or  victory  over. 

Better  (bet'ter),  n.  One  who  lays  bets  or 
wagers;  a  bettor. 

Better-half  (bet'ter-haf),  n.  A  colloquial 
term  for  wife. 

Bettering-house  t  (bet'ter-ing-hous),  n.  A 
reformatory.  Quoted  by  Latham. 

Betterment  (bet'ter-ment),  n.  [E.  better, 
with  Romance  suffix  -ment.]  1.  A  making 
better;  improvement.— 2.  In  American  law, 
an  improvement  of  an  estate  which  renders 
it  better  than  mere  repairing:  generally 
used  in  the  plural. 

Bettermost  (bet'ter-most),  a.  Superior  in 
social  rank. 

It  first  became  operative  in  the  diffusion  of  know- 
ledge among  the  people,  at  least  among  the  better' 
most  classes.  Brougham. 

BetternesB  (bet'ter-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  better ;  superiority.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Bettong  (bet'tong),  n.  [Native  name.]  The 
kangaroo-rat,  a  genus  of  nocturnal  kanga- 
roos common  over  all  Australia,  about  the 
size  of  a  common  hare,  forming  the  genus 
Hypsiprymnus.  The  manner  in  which  the 
bettong  conveys  materials  to  its  nest  is  most 
remarkable.  After  selecting  a  proper  supply 
of  dried  grass  it  makes  it  up  into  a  sheaf,  and 
twisting  its  prehensile  tail  round  it  hops  off 
to  its  lair.  The  nest  is  a  most  ingenious 
specimen  of  architecture,  and  scarcely  to 
be  detected  by  a  European  eye.  11.  cuni- 
culus  is  the  Tasmanian  rat. 

Bettor  (bet'or),  n.  One  who  bets  or  lays  a 
wager. 

Betty  (bet'ti),  n.    [A  cant  word  from  Betty, 

for  K\r/.;ilictli.\    A  short  bar  used  by  thieves 

to  wrench  doors  open.    Called  also  a  Best, 

a  Jenny,  and  a  Jemmy.     [Thieves'  slang.  J 

The  powerful  betty  or  the  artful  picklock. 

Betula  (bet'u-la),  n.  [L.,  the  birch.]'  A  en- 
nus  of  hardy  trees  or  shrubs,  natives  of  the 
north  temperate  and  arctic  regions ;  the 
birches.  Their  flowers  are  unisexual,  grow- 
ing in  catkins.  The  fruit  is  flat  and  winged 
or  margined.  Two  species  are  native  to 
Britain,  namely  B.  alba  (the  common  birch), 
frequent  in  woods  in  mountainous  districts. 
Its  bark  is  used  in  tanning,  and  yields  a 
fragrant  oil;  its  juice  is  sweet  in  spring, 
and  a  wine  is  in  some  places  made  from  it. 
The  weeping  birch  is  a  variety  of  this  spe- 
cies. B.  nana  (the  dwarf  birch)  is  found  on 
the  mountains  of  Scotland,  and  extends  into 
the  arctic  regions. 

Betulacese  (uet-u-la'se-e), «.  pi.  A  nat.  order 
of  apetalous  dicotyledonous  plants.of  which 
Betula  is  the  typical  genus,  and  containing 
besides  this  only  the  genus  Alnus,  with  sixty 
species  belonging  to  both  genera. 

Betulin,  Betuline  (bet'u-lin),  n.  (C^H^O,.) 
A  substance  discovered  in  the  bark  of  the 
common  or  white  birch.  It  is  of  a  white 
colour,  crystallized  in  the  form  of  long 
needles,  fusible,  volatile,  and  inflammable. 

Betumble  (be-tum'bl),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
tumble.}  To  tumble;  to  throw  into  disorder 
or  confusion.  '  From  her  betumbled  couch 
she  starteth.'  Shak. 

Betutor  (be-tu'tor),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
tutor.  ]  To  instruct ;  to  tutor.  Coleridge. 

Between  (be-twen'),  prep.    [A.  Sax.  betmeo- 


y 
h 


ninit,  bettvednan,  betwynan  -prefix  be,  and 
dat.  pi.  of  twe6n,  double,  twain,  from  tied, 
two;  comp.  twain,  twin.]  1.  In  the  space 
separating;  in  the  space  extending  from  one 
point  to  another,  without  regard  to  distance; 
as,  Stirling  is  between  Glasgow  and  Perth ; 
the  river  Tweed  runs  between  Scotland  and 
England.— 2.  From  one  to  another  of ;  pass- 
ing from  one  to  another,  as  in  the  exchange 
of  actions  or  intercourse.  '  If  things  should 
go  so  between  i\\em.'  Bacon.—  3.  Belonging 
to  in  common ;  in  partnership  among ;  as, 
twenty  proprietors  own  a  tract  of  land  be- 
tween them. 

Castor  and  Pollux  with  only  one  soul  betivftn  them. 
Locke. 

4.  Mutually  as  regards;  so  as  to  affect  both 
of ;  as,  discords  exist  between  the  families. 

Friendship  requires  that  it  be  between  two  at  least. 
South. 

An  intestine  struggle,   open  or  secret,  between 
authority  and  liberty.  Hnttie. 

5.  Pertaining  to,  in  the  power  of,  or  by  the 
action  of  two  together,  or  one  or  other  of 
two;  as,  the  blame  of  this  lies  between  you ; 

'on  must  get  that  done  between  you ;  they  ; 
lad  the  watch  between  them.  —6.  With  dis-  ; 
Crimination  in  regard  to;  as,  to  distinguish 
between  right  and  wrong.  —7.  In  intermedi-  I 
ate  relation  to,  in  respect  to  time,  quantity, 
or  degree ;  as,  it  occurred  between  his  in- 
coming and  outgoing ;  a  baronet  is  between  j 
a  knight  and  a  baron. 

Between  (be-twen'),  n.  One  of  a  grade  of 
needles  between  'sharps'  and  'blunts.' 

BetwiX,tBetwixen,tprei).  Betwixt.  Chau- 
cer. 

Betwixt  (be-twiksf),  prep.  [A  Sax.  beticyx, 
betwyxt,  betwcox,  belwcohs-  prefix  be,  and 
twcoh,  from  tort,  twcy,  two.  The  t  is  para- 
sitic or  excrescent  as  in  amidst,  &c.]  1.  Be- 
tween; in  the  space  that  separates.  'Be- 
twixt two  aged  oaks.'  Milton.— 2.  Passing 
between ;  from  one  to  another. 

There 
and  her. 

Beudantite  (bu '  dan  -  tit),  »».  [After  the 
French  mineralogist  Bcudant.]  A  mineral 
occurring  in  small  closely  aggregated  crys- 
tals in  the  district  of  Nassau  on  the  Rhine, 
and  also  near  Cork. 

Bevel  (bev'el),  n.  [Fr.  bcveati,  O.Fr.  bevel, 
&  bevel.]  1.  The  obliquity  or  inclination  of 
a  particular  surface  of  a  solid  body  to  an- 
other surface  of  the  same  body.  —2.  An  in- 
strument used  by  artificers  for  drawing 
angles,  consisting  of  two  limbs  jointtd  to- 
gether, one  called  the  stock  and  the  other 
the  blade,  which  is  movable  on  a  pivot  at 
the  joint,  and  can  be  adjusted  so  as  to  in- 
clude any  angle  between  it  and  the  stock. 
The  blade  is  often  curved  on  the  edge  to 
suit  the  sweep  of  an  arch  or  vault.— 3.  A 
kind  of  angle.  See  BEVEL-ANGLE.  — 4.  In 
her.  see  BEVILE. 

Bevel  (bev'el),  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
bevel;  slant;  out  of  the  perpendicular;  not 
upright:  used  figuratively  in  the  following 
passage. 

1  may  be  straight  though  they  themselves  be  bevel. 
Shnk. 

Bevel  (bev'el),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bevelled; 
ppr.  bevelling.  To  cut  to  a  bevel  angle;  as, 
to  bevel  a  piece  of  wood. 

Bevel  (bev'el),  v.i.  To  incline  towards  a 
point  or  from  a  direct  line ;  to  slant  or  in- 
cline off  to  a  bevel  angle. 

Bevel-angle  (bev'el-ans'gl),  n.  Any  angle 
except  a  right  angle,  whether  it  be  acute  or 
obtuse. 

Bevel-gear  (bev'el-ger),  n.    In  n*ach.  a  spe- 


as  some  speech  of  marriage  betirixt  myself 
Shut. 


Bevel-gear. 


cies  of  wheel-work  in  which  the  axis  or 
shaft  of  the  leader  or  driver  forms  an  angle 
with  the  axis  or  shaft  of  the  follower  or  the 


wheel  driven.  The  wheels  in  this  species 
of  gearing  are  not  unfrequently  called  coni- 
cal wheels,  as  their  form  resembles  that  of 
the  frustums  of  fluted  cones. 

Bevelled  (bev'eld),  p.  and  a.  1.  Having  a 
bevel ;  formed  with  a  bevel-angle.  —  2.  In 
mineral,  replaced  by  two  planes  inclining 
equally  upon  the  adjacent  planes,  as  an 
edge;  having  its  edges  replaced  as  above,  as 
a  cube  or  other  solid. 

Bevelling  (bev'el-ing),  a.  Inclining  from  a 
right  line;  slanting  toward  a  bevel-angle. 

Bevelling  (bev'el-ing),  H.  1.  Forming  a 
bevel. — 2.  The  slant  or  bevel  of  timber;  the 
angle  contained  by  the  two  adjacent  sides 
of  the  timber.  If  this  angle  is  acute  it  is 
called  an  under  bevelling  or  bevel;  and  if 
obtuse,  a  standing  bevel. 

Bevelrnent  (bev'el-ment),  n.  In  mineral. 
the  replacement  of  an  edge  by  two  similar 
planes,  equally  inclined  to  the  including 
faces  or  adjacent  planes. 

Bevel-wheel  (bev'el-whel),  n.  See  BEVEL- 
GEAR. 

Beyer  t  (bev'er),  n.  [It.  bevcre,  L.  biberf.  to 
drink.  ]  A  collation  or  small  repast  between 
meals. 

What,  at  your  bfiier,  gallants?    WiU't  please  your 
ladyship  to  drinkl  B.  yonsoit. 

Bevert  (bev'er),  v.i.  To  take  a  bever  or 
small  repast  between  meals. 

Your  gallants  never  sup,  breakfast,  nor  bever  with- 
out me.  Ant.  Brewer, 

Bever  (be'ver),  n.    MUit.  same  as  Beaver. 

Beverage  (bev'er-aj),  n.  [From  O.  Fr.  beve- 
rage, Fr.  breuvage,  a  drink,  from  O.  Kr. 
boivre,  bevre,  with  suffix  -age  (-L.  -tili- 
cuin),  from  L.  bibere,  to  drink.]  1.  Drink; 
liquor  for  drinking.  'Wholesome  beverage.' 
Shak. 

A  pleasant  beverage  he  prepared  before 
Of  wine  and  honey  mixed.  Dryden. 

2.  Drink-money  or  a  treat  provided  with 
drink-money,  as  a  treat  on  wearing  a  new 
suit  of  clothes,  or  on  receiving  a  suit  from 
the  tailor ;  a  treat  on  first  coming  into  pri- 
son; a  garnish.  —  3.  Water-cider,  a  drink 
made  by  pressing  water  through  the  crushed 
apples  from  which  cider  has  been  made. — 
4.  In  the  West  Indies,  a  drink  made  of 
sugar-cane  juice  and  water. 

Bevlle,  Bevel  (bev'il, 
bev'el),  ?i.  [See  BEVEL.  ] 
In  her.  a  chief  broken 
or  opening  like  a  carpen- 
ter's bevel.  It  is  formed 
by  the  long  line  being 
cut  off  in  its  straiulit- 
ness  by  another,  which 
makes  an  acute  or  sliarp- 
^  cornered  angle.  Writ- 

Hcviie  ten  also  Bevil. 

Bevilled  (bev'ild),  p.  and 
a.  In  her.  an  epithet  applied  to  ordinaries, 
&c.,  the  outward  lines  of  which  are  turned 
aside  in  a  sloping  direction. 
Bevilways  (bev'il-waz),  adv.  In  her.  in  the 
position  or  form  of  a  bevile.  See  BEVILE, 
BEVILLED. 

Bevor  (be'vor),  n.  Milit.  same  as  Beaver. 
Bevy  (  bev'i ),  n.  [O.  E.  bea  vie,  perhapts  from 
0.  Fr.  bevre,  beivre,  boivre  (Fr.  boire),  to 
drink,  and  originally  a  drinking  company, 
or  a  number  of  animals  at  a  watering-place. 
It  is  given  as  the  correct  term  for  a  com- 
pany of  ladies  by  Dame  Juliana  Barnes  or 
Berners,  1496.)  1.  A  flock  of  birds;  espe- 
cially, a  flock  of  quails  or  larks;  the  term 
was  also  applied  to  a  company  of  roebucks. 
2.  A  company  of  females. 

A  lovely  bevy  of  fair  ladies  sat, 

Courted  of  many  a  jolly  paramour.     Spenser. 

Bewail  (be-walO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  wail.] 
To  weep  aloud  for;  to  bemoan;  to  lament; 
to  express  deep  sorrow  for;  as,  to  bewail  the 
loss  of  a  child. 

Bewail  (be -war),  v.i  To  express  grief. 
'  Mourning  and  bewailing  exceedingly.  Hol- 
land. 

Bewailable  (be  -  wal'a-bl),  a.  Capable  or 
worthy  of  being  bewailed. 

Bewailer  (be-wal'er),  n.  One  who  bewails 
or  laments. 

Bewailing  (be-wal'ing),  n.    Lamentation. 

Bewailingly  (be-wal'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  be- 
wailing manner. 

Bewailment  (be-wal'ment),  n.  The  act  of 
bewailing. 

Bewaket  (be-wak'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
wake.]  To  keep  awake.  Gower. 

Beware  (be-wai'),  v.i.  (A  compound  of  bt, 
imperative  of  verb  to  be,  and  wa«  =  wary; 
thus  Wickliffe  has,  'Be  ye  war  of  false  pro- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  fey. 


BEWARE 


360 


LI- 


phets.'    Mat.  vii.  15.     Ser.   WAILK,   WAKV.J 

1.  To  be  wary  or  cautious  with  ivgiird  to; 
to  be  suspicious  of  dun^T  m-m;  to  restrain 
or  guard  one's  self  from  ;  to  avoid ;  to  take 
care:  followed  hy  <>f  before  the  noun  ex- 
pressing the  iliin'j.  that  is  to  be  avoided. 

Beware  of  a\\,  but  most  beware  o/mzn.       /V/c. 

Every  one  ought  to  be  very  careful  to  bnvare 
wh.it  lie  admits  fur  a  principle.  Locke. 

Plato  told  to  Dion  th.it  of  .ill  things  he  slimiU  l~e- 
ii-are  of  tluit  folly  by  which  men  please  themselves 
and  despise  a  better  judgment.  J«r,  Tailor. 

2.  t  To  have  a  special  regard  to. 

Behold,  I  send  .in  angel  before  tliee  .  .  .  beware  of 
htm,  and  obey  his  voice.  Ux.  xxtii.  21, 

[This  verb  is  now  never  used  except  in  the 
imperative  and  infinitive  moods,  including 
its  use  after  such  auxiliaries  as  should,  must, 
ought,  where  it  is  really  an  infinitive.  Ben 
Junson,  however,  has  used  the  word  in  the 
third  person:  'He  bewares  to  act;'  and  in 
Uryden  we  find  bewared,  as  its  past  par- 
ticiple.] 

Beware  (be- war*),  v.t.  To  avoid;  to  take 
care  of.  '  To  beware  impetuous  winds.' 
Milton.  [Not  strictly  a  transitive  usage,  of 
being  simply  omitted  for  brevity.] 

Bewash(be-wosh'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  wash. } 
To  drench  witli  water.     '  Let  the  maids  be-  \ 
wash  the  men/    Her  rick.     [Rare.] 

Beweep  (be-wep'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bewept;  \ 
ppr.  be  weeping.  [Prefix  be,  and  weep.]  To  ( 
weep  over;  to  bedew  with  tears.  'Old  fond  , 
eyes  beweep  this  cause  again.'  Shak. 

Beweept  (be-wep'),  v.i.  To  weep;  to  make 
lamentation.  *  That  I  may  a  whil  bewail  and 
bewcpe. '  Chaucer. 

Bewet  (be-wef),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  wet.] 
To  wet;  to  moisten.  '  His  napkin  with  his 
true  tears  all  bewet.'  Shale, 

Bewhisper(be-whis'per),u.i.  [Prefix  be,  and 
irhinper.]  To  whisper.  Fairfax.  [Rare.] 

Bewhore  (be-hor'XiU.  [Prefix  bet  and  whore.  ] 

1.  To  corrupt  with  regard  to  chastity.  Beau. 
&  FI.—2.  To  call  or  pronounce  a  whore. 
Shot. 

Be  wield  (be-weld'),  v.  t.  [Prefix  be,  and  wield.  ] 
To  wield;  to  sway;  to  manage.  J. Harrison. 

Bewig  (be-wigO,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  wig.] 
To  put  a  wig  on;  to  cover  with  a  wig. 

Bewilder  (be-wil'der),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
wilder.}  To  lead  into  perplexity  or  con- 
fusion ;  to  perplex ;  to  puzzle ;  to  confuse. 
1  Lost  and  bewildered  in  the  fruitless  search.' 
Addison. 

Bewilderedness  (be-wil'derd-nes),  n.  State 
of  being  bewildered. 

Bewilderingly  (be-wil'dcr-ing-li),  ado.  So 
as  to  bewilder. 

Bewilderment  (be-wil'der-ment),  n.  State 
of  being  bewildered. 

Thought  was  arrested  by  utter  bewilderment. 
George  Eliot. 

Bewimple  (be-wim'pl),  n.  To  cover  with 
a  wimple;  to  veil.  Gower. 

Bewinter  (be-win'ter),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
winter.]  To  make  like  winter.  'Tears  that 
beiointer  all  my  year.'  Cowley. 

Bewitch  (be-wich'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
witch,]  1.  To  subject  to  the  influence  of 
witchcraft;  to  affect  by  witchcraft  or  sor- 
cery; to  throw  a  charm  or  spell  over,  as  a 
witch  was  believed  capable  of  doing. 

*    Look  how  I  am  bewitched;  behold  mine  arm 
Is  like  a  blasted  sapling  withered  up.          S/.M/-. 

2.  To  charm;  to  fascinate;  to  please  to  such 
a  degree  as  to  take  away  the  power  of  re- 
sistance. 

The  charms  of  poetry  our  souls  bewitch.     Dryden. 

Bewitchedness  (be-wicht'ues),  n.  State  of 
being  bewitched. 

BewitCher  (be-wich'er),  n.  One  that  be- 
witches or  fascinates. 

Bewitchery  ( be-wich  'er-i),  n.  Resistless 
power  of  anything  that  pleases;  fascination; 
charm. 

There  is  a  certain  bewftchery  or  fascination  in 
words.  South. 

Bewitcnful  (Ire-wich'fijl),  a.  Alluring;  fas- 
cinating. 'Ill,  more  bewitchful  to  entice 
away. '  Milton.  [Rare.  ] 

Bewitching  (be-wich'ing),  a.  Having  power 
to  bewitch  or  fascinate;  having  power  to 
control  by  the  arts  of  pleasing.  '  Bewitching 
tenderness. '  A  ddison. 

Bewitchingly  (be-wieh'ing-li),  adv.  In  a 
bewitching  manner. 

Bewitchingness  (be-wich'iug-ues),n.  Qua- 
lity of  bewitching. 

Bewitchment  (be-wirh'ment),  n.  Fascin- 
ation; power  of  charming. 

I  will  counterfeit  the  btu'itdtmeitt  of  some  popular 
man,  and  give  it  bountifully  to  the  desircrs.  Vta/fr. 


Bewits  (bu'wits),  n.  pi.  Infalc.omif,  straps 
of  leather  for  fastening  bells  to  a  hawk's 
legs. 

Bewonderedt  (be-wun'ik'-nl),  a.  [Prefix  be, 
and  wonder.]  Aina/ud.  'Set-in;;  his  aston- 
ishment, howhe&Mondtrwf  was.'  Fairfax. 

Bework  (be-w6rk'>,  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and  work.  ] 
To  work,  as  with  thread;  to  embroider.  See 

BBWBOUOBT. 

Bewrap(be  rapO,  v.t-  pret.  A  pp.'"  •((•/•«/•/»•'/; 
ppr.  beiv-rapping.  [Prefix  be,  and  wrap.]  To 
wrap  up.  '  His  sword,  .  .  .  bewrapt  with 
flowers.'  Fairfax. 

Bewrayt  (be-r;V),  v.t.  [O.E.betvreye,biwreye 
juvtix  be,  and  A.  Sax.  wregan,  to  disclose, 
accuse,  which  is  cognate  with  Icel.  rcegja, 
older  vrcegja,  to  slander,  Frls.  wrogia,  D. 
wrocgen,  Goth,  wrohjan,  to  accuse.)  To  dis- 
close perfidiously;  to  betray ;  to  show  or 
make  visible. 

Thou  bfwreiest  alle  secrenessc.          Chaucer. 
Thy  speech  bnvrayeth  thee.        Mat.  xxvi.  73. 

Bewrayert  (be-ra'er),  n.  A  divulger  of  se- 
crets; a  discoverer.  'A  bewrayerot  secrets.' 
Addison. 

Bewrayinglyt  (be-ra'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner to  bewray. 

Bewrayment  t  (be-ra'ment),  n.  Act  of  be- 
wraying. 

Bewreckt  (be-rek'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
to  reck.]  To  ruin;  to  destroy.  '  Yet  was  I, 
or  I  parted  thence,  bewrcckt.'  Mir.  for  Mags. 

Bewreket  (be-rek'),  v.t.  [Prefix  be,  and 
toreak.]  To  avenge;  to  revenge. 

Bewrought  t  (be-rat'),  pp.  of  bcwork. 
Worked,  as  with  thread ;  embroidered. 
'  Smocks  all  bcwrovght.'  B.  Jotison. 

Bey  (ba),  n.  [Turk,  beg,  pron.  as  bey,]  A 
governor  of  a  town  or  particular  district  of 
country  in  the  Turkish  dominions;  also,  in 
some  places,  a  prince ;  a  beg. 

Beye,t  v.t.    To  buy.     Chaucer. 

Beyete,t  pp.    Begotten. 

Beylic  (ba'lik),  n.     The  province  of  a  bey. 

Beyond  (be-yondO,  prep.  [A.  Sax.  begeond, 
begeondan— prefix,  be,  and  geond,  yond,  yon- 
der. See  YON.]  1.  On  the  further  side  of; 
on  the  side  most  distant,  at  any  indefinite 
distance  from  that  side;  as,  beyond  a  river. 


not  yet  reached;  before. 

What's  fameT    A  fancied  life  in  others'  breath  ; 
A  thing  beyond  us,  even  before  our  death.     Pope. 

3.  Out  of  reach  of ;  further  than  any  given 
limit;  further  than  the  extent  of  anything 
else;  past;  as,  beyond  our  power;  beyond 
comprehension  ;  beyond  dispute.  '  Beyond 
expectation.'  Barrow.— 4.  Above;  in  a  de- 
gree exceeding  or  surpassing;  proceeding  to 
a  greater  degree,  as  in  dignity,  excellence, 
or  quality  of  any  kind.  '  Beyond  any  of  the 
great  men  of  my  country/  Sir  P.  Sidney.— 
To  go  beyond,  to  exceed  in  ingenuity,  in 
research,  or  in  anything  else;  hence,  in  a  bad 
sense,  to  deceive  or  circumvent. 

That  no  man  £ o  beyond  and  defraud  his  brother  in 
any  matter.  i  Thes.  iv.  6. 

Beyond  (be-yond'),  adv.  At  a  distance; 
yonder.  '  Beyond  he  lieth,  languishing. ' 
Spenser. 

Bezan  (bez'an),  n.  A  cotton  cloth,  white  or 
striped",  from  Bengal. 

Bezant  (bez'ant),  n.  [A  contr.  of  Byzan- 
tium.] 1.  A  gold  coin  of  Byzantium.  It 
seems  to  have  been  current  in  England  from 
the  tenth  century  till  the  time  of  Edward 
III. — 2.  In  her.  a  circle  in  or  or  argent  re- 
presenting this  coin,  in  which  the  stipends 
of  the  higher  soldiers  of  the  army  in  the  holy 
wars  are  supposed  to  have  been  paid.  Be- 
zants are  with  us  always  emblazoned  as 
round,  flat  pieces  of  gold  without  impress; 
but  foreign  heralds  make  them  both  gold 
and  silver. 

Bez-antler  (bez-ant'ler),  n.  [L.  bis,  twice, 
and  E.  antler.]  The  branch  of  a  deer's  horn 
next  above  the  brow  antler.  Also  called 
Bay-antler.  See  ANTLER. 

Bezel  (bez'el),  n.  [Perhaps  a  form  of  basU, 
Fr.  biseau,  beseau,  a  slope  or  bevel.  See 
BASIL.]  The  upper  part  of  the  collet  of  a 
ring,  which  encompasses  and  fastens  the 
stone;  the  groove  and  flange  or  lip  in  which 
the  glass  of  a  watch  is  set. 

Bezetta  (be-zet'ta),  n.  Coarse  linen  rags  or 
sacking  soaked  in  certain  pigments,  which 
are  thus  prepared  for  exportation ;  the  pig- 
ment itself.  Red  bezetta  is  coloured  with 
cochineal,  and  the  pigment  is  used  as  a 
cosmetic.  Blue  is  prepared  from  the  juice 


of  some  euphurbiui/n  nis  plants,  heated  with 
dung  and  urine,  and  is  used  tu  colour  the 
rind  of  Dutch  cheese. 

Bezique  (be-zC-k'),  /»-  [Hr]  A  simple  game 
at  cards  which  can  be  played  by  two,  thn  >  . 
orfuur  persons,but  is  most  commonly  played 
by  only  two. 

Bezoar  (be'zor). ».  [O.  Fr.  fr««ro-,  Kr  bSzwrti, 
fn>m  ty.betoaT.tnmJa.bAMahar^ddtgtUlar, 
Per.  bddzahr,  pddzahr,  the  be /.oar  -stone 
biid,  wind,  and  zahr,  a  poison,  that  is,  what 
blows  away  or  dispels  poison,  or  from  ptid, 
protecting,  and  zahr,  poison.]  A  name  fnr 
certain  calculi  or  concretions  found  in  tin; 
stomach  or  intestines  of  some  animals  (espe- 
cially ruminants),  formerly  supposed  to  be 
elHcacious  in  preventing  the  fatal  effects  of 
poison,  and  still  held  in  estimation  in  some 
countries.  Such  calculi  are  generally  fnnnt  <l 
round  some  foreign  substance,  as  a  bit  of 
wood,  straw,  hair,  or  the  like.  Many  va- 
rieties have  been  mentioned,  but  most  value 
was  put  on  the  bezoar  from  the  East  Indies 
and  that  from  Peru.™ /-'o**i7  bezoar,  formed 
like  the  animal  bezoar,  with  several  coats 
round  some  extraneous  body,  which  serves 
as  a  nucleus.—  Bezoar  mineral,  an  oxide  of 
antimony,  orantimonic  acid,  especially  that 
prepared  from  butter  of  antimony  by  the 
action  of  nitric  acid. 

Bezoardlc  (be-zo-ar'dik),  a.  [Fr.  bezoar- 
diyue.  See  BEZOAR.  ]  Pertaining  to  or  com- 
pounded of  bezoar.— Bezoardic  acid,  same 
as  Ellagic  Acid.  See  ELLAGIC. 

Bezoardic  (be-zd-ar'dik),  n.  A  medicine 
compounded  with  bezoar.  Dungliaon. 

Bezoar-goat  (be'zor-got),  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  gazelle  (Antitope  Dorcas),  from  its 
producing  the  bezoar. 

Bezqartic,  Bezoartical  (be-zo  iir'tik,  be-zo- 
ar'tik-al),  a.  Having  the  quality  of  a  be- 
zoar; healing;  antidotal.  'The  healing  be- 
zoartical  virtue  of  grace.'  Chillingworth. 
[Rare.] 

Bezonian  (be-zo'ni-an),  n.  [From  It.  bi*o- 
gno,  Fr.  besoin,  need.]  An  indigent  wretch; 
a  beggar  or  scoundrel. 

Under  which  king,  btzonanl    Sneak  or  die.  Sha*. 

Bezzlet  (bez'l),  v.t.  [Norm.  Fr.  besUer,  bene- 
ler,  bcsleer,  to  embezzle,  perhaps  from  O.Fr. 
besloi,  beslei,  wrong,  injiistice,  from  Celtic 
bes,  without,  and  Fr.  loi,  lei,  L.  lex,  law. 
Wedgwood  regards  the  primary  meaning  as 
that  of  drinking,  and  thinks  this  word  and 
guzzle  imitative.]  To  waste  in  riot;  to  spend 
in  drinking. 

I  have  laid  upa  little  for  my  younger  son  Michael, 
and  thou  think  st  to  bezzle  that.  Beau.  &•  Ft. 

Written  also  Bizle,  Bissel,  Ac. 

Bezzlet  (bez'l),  v.i.  To  drink  to  excess;  to 
tipple.  Dekker. 

Bezzlet  (bez'l),  n.  A  debauchee;  a  s<.t. 
Nash. 

Bhadoee(ba'd6-e),?i.  [From  Hind,  bhadaica, 
the  fifth  month  of  the  Hindu  year,  answer- 
ing to  the  last  half  of  August  and  the 
first  of  September]  The  earliest  of  the 
three  annual  crops  in  Hindustan,  consisting 
of  early  rice,  maize,  &c.  It  is  laid  down 
during  the  rainfall  in  April  and  May.  and 
is  reaped  in  August  and  September.  It  fur- 
nishes about  one-fourth  of  the  food  supply 
in  a  normal  year. 

Bhang  (bang),  n.  [Indian  name.]  1.  An  In- 
dian variety  of  the  common  hemp,  the  resin 
obtained  from  which  is  highly  narcotic  and 
intoxicant.  In  India  the  leaves  and  seed 
capsules  are  chewed  or  smoked  as  a  means 
of  intoxication,  and  sometimes  an  infusion 
of  them  is  drunk.  —2.  A  drug  prepared  from 
the  resinous  exudation  of  the  plant  — a 
highly  popular  oriental  stimulant;  other- 
wise called  Hashish.  It  is  also  employed  in 
medicine  like  opium  for  its  anodyne,  hyp- 
notic, antispasmodic  qualities.  Variously 
spelled  Banff,  Beng. 

Bheesty  (bes'ti),  71.    Same  as  Beestie. 

Bhel  (bel),  n.  The  native  name  of  the  Ben- 
gal quince.  See  ^GLB. 

Bnuchampac  (bu'cham-pak),  n.  [Hind. 
bhu,  ground,  and  champac,  a  plant.]  A 
beautiful  plant  of  India,  Kcempferia  rotun- 
da, nat.  order  Zingiberacete.  The  flowers 
rise  from  a  short  stem,  and  appear  before 
the  leaves. 

Bi-  A  Latin  prefix,  from  bis,  twice,  a  form 
standing  for  duis  or  dvis,  from  duo,  two. 
It  occurs  chiefly  in  words  of  Latin  or 
Greek  origin,  and  has  in  composition  the 
general  meaning  of  two,  twice,  double,  or 
twofold.  In  chein.  it  forms  a  prefix  of 
certain  compounds,  into  which  two  parts 
or  equivalents  of  the  first- mentioned  in- 
gredient enter  for  one  of  the  other. 


ch,  cAain;      eh,  Sc.  loc/i;      g,  go;     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  Um;      ng, 


TII,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KEY, 


BIA 


266 


BIBLIOTHECA 


Bia  (bi'a),  «.  A  name  iu  some  parts  for  a 
cowry. 

Biacid  (bl-as'id),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  and  acid] 
Applied  to  a  base  capable  of  combining  with 
an  acid  in  two  different  proportions. 

Biacunimate  (bi-a-kti'min-at),  a.  [Prefix  l>i, 
and  acuminate.]  Having  two  diverging 
points,  as  the  hairs  on  the  leaves  of  some 
Malpighiaceaj. 

BiadettO  (be-a-det'to),  n.  [It  ]  The  same 
as  Bice. 

Bianco  secco  (be-ang'ko  sek'ko),  n.  [It.] 
A  white  used  in  fresco  painting,  consisting 
uf  lime  macerated  in  water  until  its  caus- 
ticity is  removed,  to  which  pulverized 
marble  is  added. 

Biangular,  Biangulate  (bl-ang'gu-ler.  bi- 
ang'gu-lat),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  and  angular.] 
Having  two  angles  or  corners.  [Rare.] 

Biangulated,  Biangulous  (bi-ang'gu-lat- 
ed,  bi-ang'gu-lus),  a.  Same  as  Biangvlar. 

Biantheriferous  (bl-an'ther-if"er-us),  a. 
[Prefix  bi,  and  antherffcrous.  ]  In  bot.  ap- 
plied to  a  plant  having  two  anthers. 

Biarmian  (bi-ar'mi-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Biarmians,or  Finnsof  Perm  in  Russia. 

Biarticulate  (bi-ar-tik'Q-lat),  a.  [L.  bi,  two, 
twice,  and  articitlus,  a  joint.  ]  Having  two 
joints,  as  the  antenna;  of  some  insects. 

Bias  (Was),  n.  [Fr.  and  Pr.  biais,  Catalo- 
nian  biax,  from  L.L.  bifax,  bifacis,  two- 
faced — L.  bi,  double,  and  fades,  the  face.] 
1.  A  weight  on  the  side  of  a  bowl  whjch 
turns  it  from  a  straight  line. — 2.  A  leaning 
of  the  mind;  propensity  toward  an  object, 
not  leaving  the  mind  indifferent;  that  which 
causes  the  mind  to  lean  or  incline  from  a 
state  of  indifference  to  a  particular  object 
or  course;  inclination;  bent. 

Morality  influences  men's  lives,  and  gives  a  kins  to 
all  their  actions.  Locke. 

It  is  not  impossible  that  the  political  movements  of 
our  time,  which  seem  on  tile  surface  to  have  a  ten- 
dency to  democracy,  may  have  in  reality  a  monarchi- 
cal bias .  Disraeli. 

3.  A  piece  of  cloth  cut  out  of  the  waist  of  a 
dress  to  lessen  its  circumference.  —  Sent, 
Bias,  Inclination.  See  under  BENT.— SYN. 
Tendency,  inclination,  propensity,  disposi- 
tion, bent,  prepossession,  prejudice,  warp. 
Bias  (bi'as),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  biassed  or  biased; 
ppr.  biassing  or  biasiny.  [Biassed  is  the 
more'  common  form,  but  biased  the  more 
analogical.]  To  incline  to  one  side;  to  give 
a  particular  direction  to  the  mind;  to  pre- 
judice; to  warp;  to  prepossess;  as,  the  judg- 
ment is  often  biassed  by  interest. 

But  it  is  vain  to  expect  that  men  who  are  inflamed 
by  anger,  who  are  suffering  distress,  will  reason  as 
calmly  as  the  historian  who,  biassed  neither  by  inter- 
est nor  passion,  reviews  the  events  of  a  past  age. 
Macaulay. 

Blast  (bi'as),  a.  Loaded  or  swelled  on  one 
side,  as  a  bowl  is  biassed;  oblique;  in- 
clined. 

Blow,  villain,  till  thy  sphered  bias  cheek 
Outswell  the  colic  of  puft'd  Aquilon.  Shak. 

Bias  (bi'as),  adv.  In  a  slanting  manner; 
obliquely.  '  Bias  and  thwart,  not  answering 
the  aim.'  Shak. 

Bias-drawing  (bl'as-dra-ing),  )i.  A  turn 
awry;  hence  partiality;  prepossession.  Shak. 

Blasuesst  (bl'as-nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
biassed;  inclination  to  some  side;  partiality. 
Sherwood. 

Biauriculate  (bi-a-rik'u-lat),  a.  [L.  prefix  bi, 
two,  twice,  and  auricula,  an  ear,  an  auricle.  ] 
1.  In  compar.  anat.  a  term  applied  to  a 
heart  with  two  auricles,  as  in  most  bivalve 
molluscs,  and  in  all  reptiles,  birds,  and 
mammals.— 2.  In  bot.  having  two  ear-like 
projections,  as  a  leaf. 

Biaxal,  Biaxial  (bi-aks'al,  bi-aks'i-al),  a. 
Having  two  axes. 

The  phenomena  of  dipolarized  light  presented 
the  properties  of  biaxial  crystals  in  a  vast  variety  of 
forms.  WheTvell. 

Bib  (bib),  n.  Morrhua.  lusca,  a  fish  of  the 
cod  family,  about  a  foot  in  length,  the  back 
of  a  light  olive,  the  sides  yellow,  and  the 
belly  white.  It  is  excellent  eating.  Called 
also  Pout  or  Whiting  pout, in  Scotland  Brassy 
and  Smeltie. 

Bib  t  (bib),  v.  t.  and  i.  pret.  &  pp.  bibbed;  ppr. 
bibbing.  [L.  bibo,  bibere,  to  drink.]  To  sip; 
to  tipple;  to  drink  frequently.  '  This  miller 
hath  so  wisely  bibbed  ale.'  Chaucer. 

He  was  constantly  bibbing,  and  drank  more  in 
twenty-four  hours  than  I  did.  Locke. 

Bib  (bib),  n.  [From  the  verb  bib,  because  a 
protective  of  the  child's  dress  when  drink- 
ing. ]  A  small  piece  of  linen  or  other  cloth 
worn  by  children  over  the  breast. 

We'll  have  a  bib,  for  spoiling  of  your  doublet. 

Beau.  &•  Fl. 


BibaciOUS  (bi-ba'shus),  a.  [L.  bibax,  from 
bibere,  to  drink.  See  BIB.]  Addicted  to 
drinking;  disposed  to  imbibe.  [Kare.] 

Bibacity  (bi-bas'i-ti),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  bibacious,  or  drinking  much.  JSlount. 
[Rare.] 

Bibasic  (bi-bas'ik),«.  [Prenxin'.and  taste, re- 
lating to  a  base.)  In  chew,  a  term  applied 
to  those  acids  which  combine  with  two 
equivalents  of  a  base.  Those  acids  which 
combine  with  one  equivalent  of  a  base  are 
termed  monobasic,  and  those  which  neutral- 
ize three  atoms  of  a  base  are  termed  tri- 
basic.  Poll/basic  acids  are  such  as  combine 
with  two  or  more  equivalents  of  a  base. 

Bibb  (bib),  71.  Naut.  a  bracket  made  of 
elm  plank  and  bolted  to  the  hound  of  the 
mast  for  the  purpose  of  supporting  the 
trestle-trees. 

Bibber  (bib'er),  n.  A  tippler;  a  man  given 
to  drinking:  chiefly  used  in  composition;  as, 
\ilne-l>lbber.  '  Tender  bibbers  of  the  rain 
and  dew.'  Keats. 

Bibble-babble  (bib'bl-bab-bl).  n.  [A  redu- 
plication of  babble.]  Idle  talk;  prating  to 
no  purpose. 

Thy  wits  the  heavens  restore !  endeavour  thyself 
to  sleep  and  leave  thy  vain  bibble.babble.  Shak. 

Bib-cock  (bib'kok),  n.  A  cock  or  faucet 
having  a  bent  down  nozzle.  E.  II.  Knight. 

Biberine  (bi-beVin),  71.    Same  as  Bebeerine. 

Bibitory  (bib'i-to-ri),a.  Pertaining  to  drink- 
ing or  tippling.  [Rare.] 

Bible  (bi'bl),  7i.  [Fr.  bible.  Or.  biblia,  the 
books,  pi.  of  biblion,  dim.  from  biblos,  the 
inner  bark  of  the  papyrus,  paper,  a  book. 
Comp.  L.  liber,  a  book,  from  liber,  the  inner 
bark  of  a  tree,  and  E.  book,  from  A.  Sax.  boc, 
a  book,  a  beech-tree.  ]  1. 1  Any  great  book. 

To  tellen  all  wold  passen  any  bible, 
That  o  wher  is.  Chaucer. 

2.  THE  BOOK,  by  way  of  eminence;  the  sacred 
Scriptures.  It  consists  of  two  parts,  called 
the  Old  and  New  Testaments.  The  Old  Tes- 
tament was  originally  written  in  Hebrew 
and  the  Xew  Testament  in  Greek.  The 
authorized  English  version  of  the  Bible  was 
commenced  in  the  reign  of  James  I.  in  the 
year  1604,  and  published  in  1011,  being  based 
on  several  previously  existing  translations. 
—Bible  Christian,  one  of  a  religious  sect  in 
America,  who  abstain  from  all  animal  food 
and  spirituous  liquors,  and  live  on  vegetables 
and  fruits.  They  profess  to  follow  the  great 
doctrines  of  the  Bible  and  reject  all  human 
authority  in  matters  of  religion. —Bible  Com- 
munist, same  as  Perfectionist  (which  see). — 
Bible  Society,  an  association  for  the  pur- 
pose of  diffusing  the  sacred  Scriptures  over 
the  world. — Breeches  Bible,  an  edition  of  the 
Bible  issued  from  Geneva  by  several  Eng- 
lish divines  who  had  fled  there  to  escape 
the  persecution  of  the  reign  of  Mary,  in 
which  Gen.  iii.  7  is  translated,  'Then  the 
eyes  of  them  both  were  opened,  and  they 
knew  that  they  were  naked,  and  they  sewed 
flg  leaves  together  and  made  themselves 
breeches.' —  Vinegar  Bible,  an  edition  printed 
at  the  Clarendon  press  in  1717,  with  the 
heading  to  Luke  xx.  as  the  'Parable  of  the 
Vinegar,'  instead  of  the  'Parable  of  the 
Vineyard. '—  Wicked  Bible,  an  edition  pub- 
lished by  Barker  &  Lucas,  in  which  the  word 
not  is  omitted  in  the  seventh  command- 
ment. 

Bible-oath  (Wbl-oth),  n.  An  oath  on  the 
Bible;  a  sacred  obligation.  Congreve. 

Bible-press  (bi'bl-pres),  n.  A'aut.  a  hand- 
rolling  board  for  cartridges,  rocket  and  port- 
fire cases. 

Biblical  (biblik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Bible  or  to  the  sacred  writings;  as,  biblical 
learning;  biblical  criticism. 

Biblically  (bib'lik-al-li),  adv.  In  a  biblical 
manner;  according  to  the  Bible. 

Bitliclsm  (bib'li-sizm),  n.  Biblical  doctrine 
or  literature;  learning  relating  to  the  Bible 
Eclec.  Rev. 

Biblicist  (bib'li-sist),  n.  One  skilled  in  the 
knowledge  and  interpretation  of  the  Bible. 
Edin.  Rev. 

Bibliographer  (bib-li-og'ra-fer),  n.  [Or. 
biblion,  a  book,  and  graphs,  to  write.]  One 
versed  in  bibliography;  one  who  composes 
or  compiles  the  history  of  books. 

Bibliographic,  Bibliographical  (bib'li-6- 
graf'ik,  bib'li-6-graf"ik-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  history  of  books. 

BibUographically  ( bib'  li  -  6-graf "ik-ai-li), 
adv.  In  a  bibliographical  manner. 

Bibliography  (bib-li-og'ra-fl),  n.  [Or.  bib- 
lion,  a  book,  and  grapho,  to  write.  ]  A  history 
or  description  of  books  or  manuscripts,  with 
notices  of  the  different  editions,  the  times 


when  they  were  printed,  and  other  infor- 
mation tending  to  illustrate  the  history  of 
literature. 

Bibliolatrist  (bib-li-ol'a-trist),  n.  [See  Bir, 
LIULATRT.]  One  who  pays  undue  regard  to 
books;  a  book -worshipper;  more  specifi- 
cally, one  who  is  supposed  to  regard  the 
Bible  with  undue  or  extravagant  respect' 
a  worshipper  of  the  Bible.  De  Quincty. 

Bibliolatry  (bib-li-ol'a-tri),  n.  [Gr.  biblion. 
a  book,  and  latreia,  worship.]  Worship 
or  homage  paid  to  books ;  excessive  rever- 
ence for  any  book  of  authority  on  any 
subject:  specifically  applied  by  Knnuiii 
Catholic  divines  to  the  exaltation  of  the 
authority  of  Scripture  over  that  of  the  pope 
or  the  church. 

It  was  on  account  of  this  exclusive  reference  to 
Scripture  that  the  Protestant  divines  laid  more  stress 
on  the  inspiration  of  the  holy  writings  than  the  theo- 
logians of  the  Church  of  Rome ;  and  that  the  1 
tants  were  accused  of  bibliolatry.     Sir  G.  C.  Lewis. 

Blbliolite(bib'li-6  lit),  n.  [Gr.  biblion,  abo,,k. 
and  lithos,  a  stone.  ]  A  name  formerly  some- 
times applied  to  certain  laminated  schistous 
stones.  Called  also  Boole-stone. 

Bibliological  (bib'li-6-loj"ik-al),  a.  Relating 
to  bibliology. 

Bibliology  (bib-li-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  MW,',,,,. 
a  book,  and  logos,  discourse.]  1.  Bililunl 
literature,  doctrine,  or  theology.  —  2.  A 
treatise  on  books;  bibliography. 

Bibliomancy  (bib'li-6-man-si),  n.  [Gr. 
biblion,  a  book,  and  tnanteia,  divination.] 
A  kind  of  divination  performed  by  means 
of  a  book;  specifically,  divination  by  means 
of  the  Bible,  consisting  in  selecting  passages 
of  Scripture  at  hazard  and  drawing  from 
them  indications  concerning  tilings  future. 

Another  kind  of  bibliomancy  .  .  .  consisted 
in  appealing  to  the  very  first  words  heard  from  any 
one  when  reading  the  Scriptures.  Hiicy.  Metr. 

Bibliomania  (bib'li-6-ma"m-a),  n.  [Gr. 
biTffum.abook,  and  mania,  madness.]  Book- 
madness;  a  rage  for  possessing  rare  nnd 
eurious  books. 

Bibliomaniac  (bib1i-6-ma"ni-ak),  «.  One 
affected  with  bibliomania. 

I  found,  in  the  owner  of  a  choice  collection  of 
books,  a  well-bred  gentleman  and  a  most  hearty 
bibliomaniac.  Diidix. 

Blbliomanlacal  (bib1i-6-ma-ni"ak-al),  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  passion  for  books.  Dibdin. 

Bibliomanlanism(bibli-6-ma"ni-an-izm),n. 
Book-madness:  bibliomania.  [Rare.] 

Biblipmanist  (bib-li-om'an-ist),  n.  A  biblio- 
maniac. '  Not  bibliomanist  enough  to  like 
black-letter.'  Lamb. 

Bibliomany  (bib-li-om'an-i),  n.  Biblio- 
mania (which  see). 

BibliopegiC  (bib'Ii-6-pe"jik),  a.  [From  Gr. 
biblion,  a  book,  and  pegnymi,  to  make  fast 
or  firm.]  Relating  to  the  binding  of  books. 
[Rare.] 

Bibliopegistic  (bib'li-6-pe-jist"ik),  a.  Same 
as  Bibliopegic.  Dibdin. 

Bibliopegy  (bib-li-op'e-ji),  n.  [Gr.  biblion. 
book,  aiuf  pegnymi.]  The  art  of  binding 
books.  [Rare.  ] 

Bibliophile  (bib'li-o-fil),  n.  [Gr.  biblim, 
book,  and  phileo,  to  love.  ]  A  lover  of  books. 

Bibllophilism(bib-li-of'il-izm),  n.  Love 
of  bibliography  or  of  books. 

Bibliophilist  (bib-li-of'il-ist),  n.  A  lover 
of  bibliography  or  of  books;  a  bibliophile. 

Bibliophobia  (bib'li-6-fo"bi-a),  71.  [Gr. 
biblion,  book,  and  phobos,  fear.]  A  dread  of 
books. 

Bibliopolar  (bib-li-op'o-ler),  o.  Bibliopolic 
(which  see).  [Rare.  ] 

Bibliopole  (bib'li-6-pol),  n.  [Gr.  biblion.  a 
book,  and  poled,  to  sell.]  A  bookseller. 
Eclec.  Rev. 

Bibliopolic,  Bibllopolical  (bib1i-6-pol"ik, 
bib'li-6-pol"ik-al),  a.  Relating  to  book- 
selling or  booksellers. 

Bibliopolism  (bib-li-op'ol-izm),  n.  The 
employment  of  a  bibliopolist.  Dibdin. 
[Rare.] 

Bibliopolist  (bib-li-op'ol-ist),  n.  [Gr. 
biblion,  book,  and  poleo,  to  sell.]  A  book- 
seller; a  bibliopole. 

If  civility,  quickness,  and  intelligence  be  the  chief 
requisites  of  a  bibliopolist,  the  young  Frere  stands 
not  in  need  of  parental  aid  for  the  prosperity  of  his 
business.  Dibdin. 

Bibliopollstlc(bib1i-op'ol-ist"ik),  o.  Relat- 
ing to  a  bookseller  or  bookselling.  [Rare.] 

Bibliotaphlst t  (bib'li-ot'af-ist),  n.  [Gr. 
biblion,  a  book,  and  taphos,  a  burial.]  One 
who  hides  or  buries  books.  Crabbe. 

Blbliotheca  (bib'li-6-the"ka),  ».  [L..  from 
Gr.  biblion,  a  book,  and  theke,  a  repository.  ] 
A  library. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  So.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tty. 


BIBUOTHECAL 


207 


BIDDKR 


Bibliothecal  (bii/li-6-thc"kal),a.  ['••  biMio- 

tlirrulix.}      lii'lon^ing  tu  il  library,      llyruul. 

Bibliothecary(bib-li-oth'e-ka-ri),  n.    [L. 

bibliethccariiu.]    A  librarian. 
BibliOtheket  (bil/li-o-thek),  ».     [See  BIB- 

LIOTHKCA.  ]    A  library. 

The  kin£  asked  him  how  in.iny  thousand  volumes 
he  had  gotten  li-^i.-thur  ill  his  MotMMtt,         Domie. 

Biblist  (bl'bl-ist),  «.  (From  Bible.]  1.  One 
wbo  is  conversant  with  the  Bible. —  2,  A  per- 
son who  makes  the  Scriptures  the  sole  rule 
of  faith. 

BiblUS  (Wb'lns),  n.  [L.,  from  Or.  biblos.  See 
BIBLE.]  The  papyrus,  an  Egyptian  aquatic 

J.lant.      Sec  1'Al'YKUS. 

Bibos  (bi'bos),  ».  A  genus  or  sub-genus  nf 
ruminant  mammals,  family  Bovidae,  with 
the  horns  deprcssr-d  at  the  base  and  directed 
outwards,  and  with  the  frontal  bone  often 
very  prominent.  It  includes  the  gayal, 
your  or  K'Uir,  and  banteng. 

BibractSate  (bi-l>rak'te-at),«.  [Prefix  bi,  and 
linieteate.]  Doubly  bracteate. 

Bibulous  (bib'ii-lus),  a.  [L.  bibulug,  from 
bibo,  to  drink.]  1.  Having  the  quality  of 


Imbibing  fluids  or  moisture;   spongy;  as,  , 
bibuloits  paper. — 2.  Fond  of  drinking  intoxi- 


cating liquors;  proceeding  from  or  charac- 
terized by  such  tendency ;  as,  bibulous  pro- 
pensities. 

Bicalcarate  (bl-kal'kar-at),  a.  (L.  prefix 
hi,  two,  twice,  and  calcar,  a  spur.]  Armed 
with  or  having  two  spurs,  as  the  limb  of 
an  animal. 

Bicallose,  Bicallous  (bi-kal'los,  bl-kallus), 
a.  [L.  prefix  bi,  two,  and  callus,  a  callosity.  J 
Having  two  callosities  or  hard  protuber- 
ances. 

Bicameral  ^bi-kam'er-al),  a.  [L.  prefix 
bi,  two,  twice,  and  camera,  a  chamber.] 
Pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  two  cham- 
bers. 'The  bicameral  legislative  system.' 
Scotsman  newspaper.  [Rare.] 

Bicapitated  (bi-kap'i-tat-ed),  pp.  [L.  prefix 
bi,  two,  and  caput,  head.]  In  her.  having 
two  heads;  as,  lions  bicapitated. 

Bicapsular  (bi-kap'sul-ar),  a.  [Prefix  bi, 
two,  twice,  and  capsub.]  In  bot  having  two 
capsules,  or  dry,  many-seeded  fruits,  which 
open  of  themselves  when  ripe. 

Bicarbonate  (bi-kar'bon-at),  n.  [Prefix 
bi,  and  carbonate.]  A  carbonate  containing 
two  equivalents  of  carbonic  acid  to  one  of 
a  base;  one  of  the  supercarbonates. 

Bicarburetted  (bf-kar'bu-ret-ed),  a.  [Prefix 
bi,  and  carburettcd.]  Combined  with  or  con- 
taining two  atoms  of  carbon;  as,  bicarburet- 
ted  hydrogen  (C,H4). 

Blcarinate  (bl-kai-'i-nat),  a.  [L.  prefix  bi, 
two,  twice,  and  carina,  a  keel.]  In  bot. 
two-keeled;  having  two  keel-like  projec- 
tions, as  the  upper  palea  of  grasses. 

Bicaudal  (bi-ka'dal),  a.  [L.  prefix  bi,  two, 
twice,  and  caitda,  a  tail.]  Double -tailed; 
terminating  in  two  tails  or  prolonged  ex- 
tremities. 

Biccned-bones,t  n.  pi.  [A  word  apparently 
derived  from  the  verbal  stem  topic*  or  peck, 
with  the  change  of  p  into  6;  conip.  G.  bickel, 
O.G.  pickel,  D.  bikkel,  an  ankle-bone,  a  die, 
diminutive  forms  from  D.  bikken,  G.  bicken, 
picken,  to  pick,  pock,  or  notch.  Tyrwhitt 
reads  bicchel  apparently  without  authority. 
'  We  may  safely  conclude  (1)  that  the  read- 
ing bicched  is  correct ;  (2)  that  the  English 
term  bicched  boon  ia  equivalent  to  the  D. 
bikkel,  G.  bickel,  and  means  a  die.  Further, 
it  seems  to  me  a  fair  conclusion  that  bicched 
means  pecked,  or  pitted,  or  notched,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  spots  marked  on  it  by  making 
slight  holes  on  the  surface.'  Skcat.]  Dice. 

This  fruyt  cometh  of  the  bicchtd-bones  two, 
Forswering,  ire,  falsnesse,  and  homicyde.     Chaucer. 

Bice,  Bise  (bis),  n.  [O.Fr.  azure  bis,  O.E. 
azure  bise,  that  is,  blue  bice ;  the  etymology 
of  big  is  unknown.]  A  name  given  to  two 
colours  used  in  painting,  one  blue,  the  other 
green,  and  both  native  carbonates  of  copper. 
Inferior  kinds  of  them  are  also  prepared 
artificially.  The  former  is  often  called 
mountain  blue,  the  latter  mountain  green, 
malachite  green,  &c. 

Bicephalous  (i>i-sef'al-us),  a.  [L.  prefix  bi, 
two,  and  Gr.  kephale,  head.]  Having  two 
heads. 

Biceps  (bi'seps), a.  [L.  biceps,  double-headed 
—  bi,  double,  and  caput,  the  head.]  Two- 
headed,  or  having  two  distinct  origins;  spe- 
cifically, in  aunt  applied  to  muscles.  See 
the  noun. 

Biceps  (bi'seps),  n.  A  muscle  having  two 
lit/ails  or  origins;  the  name  given  to  two 
muscles,  one  of  the  arm  and  the  other  of 
the  thigh. 


Biche.t  n.  [Kr.  biche,  a  hind  or  roe.l  A 
kind  of  fill"  the  skin  of  the  ft-Mi;i!<-  i!m 

Bichromate  (bi  kro'mat),  n.  [Prefix  bi,  and 
eliminate.]  A  compound  containing  two 
parts  of  chromic  acid  to  one  of  anotlit-r  in- 
gredient. 

Bichy  (bich'i),  n.  A  name  sometimes  ^iven 
to  the  Cola  acuininata,  a  tree,  nat.  order 
Sterculiacenj.  See  CoLA-.M'T. 

Biclpital,  BicipitOUS  (bi;sip'it-al,  bi-sip'it- 
us),  rt.  [L.  bicepK,  bicipitix,  double-headed 
— bi,  two,  twice, and  caput,  head.]  1.  Having 
two  heads ;  two-headed.  '  Uicipitous  ser- 
pents.' Sir  T.  Bnvme.  [Rare.]— 2.  In  ana', 
having  two  heads  or  origins,  as  a  muscle. 
See  BICEPS. —3.  In  bot.  dividing  into  two 
parts  at  the  top  or  bottom. 

Bicker  (bik'er),  c.i.  [From  the  Celtic;  W. 
bicra,  to  fight,  bicre,  conflict,  skirmish.] 
1. 1  To  strike  at  frequently  and  reciprocally; 
to  skirmish;  to  fight  off  and  on. 

Two  eagles  had  a  conflict  and  bickered  together. 
llallatut. 

2.  To  quarrel;  to  contend  in  words;  to  scold; 
to  contend  in  petulant  altercation.  '  Those 
petty  things  about  which  men  cark  and 
bicker.'  Barrow.  'Tho*  men  may  bicker  with 
the  things  they  love.'  Tennyson. — 3.  To 
run  rapidly;  to  move  quickly  with  some 
noise,  as  a  stream;  to  quiver;  to  be  tremu- 
lous, like  flame  or  water;  as,  the  bickering 
flame.  '  To  bicker  down  a  valley.'  Tennyson. 

Meantime unnumber'dglitteringstreamlets played, .  . 
That,  as  they  bickered  through  the  sunny  siiaile, 
Though  restless,  still  themselves  a  lulling  murmur 
made.  Thomson, 

4.  To  make  a  confused  noise;  to  clatter. 
Bicker  (bik'er),  «.   [See  the  verb.  ]  [Old  Eng- 
lish and  Scotch.]    1.  A  fight,  especially  a 
confused  flght. 

Bickers  were  held  on  the  Calton  Hill.     Campbell. 

2.  A  short  rapid  run  or  race ;  a  few  steps 
taken  unwittingly;  a  stagger. 

Leeward  whiles,  against  my  will, 

I  took  a  bicker.          Burns. 

Bicker  (bik'er),  n.  [A  form  of  beaker 
(which  see).]  A  bowl  or  dish  for  containing 
liquor,  properly,  one  made  of  wood ;  in 
many  parts,  specifically  a  wooden  dish  made 
of  staves  and  hoops,  like  a  tub,  for  holding 
food.  [Provincial  English  and  Scotch.] 

Bickerer  (bik'er-er),  n.  One  who  bickers  or 
engages  in  a  petty  quarrel. 

Bickering  (bik'er-ing),  n.  Contention;  skir- 
mish. 

Then  was  the  war  shivered,  as  it  were,  into  small 
frays  and  bickerings.  Milton. 

Bickermentt  (bik'er-ment),  n.  Contention; 
conflict.  Spenser. 

Bickern  (bik'ern),  »-  [Contr.  from  beak- 
iron.]  An  iron  ending  in  a  beak  or  point. 

A  blacksmith's  anvil  is  sometimes  made  with  a  pike 
or  bickern,  or  beakiron,  at  one  end.  Moxon. 

Bicolligate  (bi-kolli-gat),  a.  [L.  bi,  two, 
twice,  and  collitjo,  to  bind  together.  ]  In 
gram,  said  of  the  anterior  toes  when  they 
are  united  by  a  basal  web. 

BiCOloured  (bl-kul'erd),  a.  [L.  bicolor— 
prefix  bi,  two,  and  color,  a  colour.]  Of  two 
colours. 

Biconcave  (bi-kon'kav),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  two, 
twice,  and  concave.]  Hollow  or  concave  on 
both  sides. 

Blconjugate  (bl-kon'ju-gat),  a.  [Prefix  bi, 
two,  twice,  and  conjugate,  to  unite.]  1.  In 
pairs;  placed  side  by  side. — 2.  In  bot.  twice 
paired,  as  when  a  petiole  forks  twice. 

Bicorn,  Bicornous  (bi'korn,  bl-kor'nus),  n. 
[See  BICORNES.]  Having  two  horns  or  ant- 
lers; crescent -shaped.  'The  letter  Y  or 
bicornous  element  of  Pythagoras.'  Sir  T. 
Browne. 

Bicorned  (bi'kornd),  a.    Bicornnte. 

Blcornes  (bi-kor'nez),  n.  pi.  [L.  bicornis— 
bi,  twice,  and  cornit,  a  horn.  ]  A  name 
given  by  Linnjeus  to  the  group  of  plants  to 
which  the  heath  belongs,  because  the  an- 
thers are  furnished  with  two  horns  or  awns. 

Bicornute  (bl-kor'nut),  o.  [L.  prefix  bi,  two, 
twice,  and  cornu,  a  horn.]  Two-horned; 
specifically,  in  bot.  hav- 
ing two  horn-like  pro- 
cesses, as  the  fruit  of 
Trapa  bicornis. 

Bicorporal  (bi-kor'po- 
ral),  a.  [L.  prefix  bi,  two, 
and  corpus,  a  body.]  Hav- 
ing two  bodies ;  double- 
bodied. 

Bicorporated,  Bicor- 
porate  (bi-kor'po-rat-ed, 
M-kor'po.rat),  pp.  [L. 


Incorporate. 


Bicrenate  (bl-krt-'nat),  a.  [L.  prefix  bi,  two, 
and  crena,  a  notch.]  In  bot.  doubly  crcimtc: 
a  term  applied  to  crenate  leaves  when  tin- 
crenatures  are  themselves  crenate. 

BiCrescentiC  (bl-kres  ent'ik).  a.  [Prefix  bi, 
two,  twice,  and  crescent.  ]  " 


of  a  double  crescent. 


'  ]    Having  the  form 


prefix  bi,  two,  and  corpus,  corporis,  a  body.] 
Double -bodied :  a  heraldic  phrase. 


Blcrural  (bi-krur'al).  a.  [L.  bis,  two,  twice, 
and  crux,  cru rint  i\  leg  ]  Having  two  legs  or 
two  elongations  n  sumblfng  legs. 

Bicuspid,  Bicuspidate  (M-kus'pid.  bi-kus'- 
pid-at),  a.  [L.  prefix  bi,  two,  twice,  and 
ciMpur,  a  spike  or  prong.]  Two-pointed;  two- 
fanged :  a  terra  often  applied  to  teeth  hav- 
ing two  fangs  or  tubercles,  as  the  two  first 
pairs  of  grinders  in  each  jaw. 

Bicycle  (bi'si-kl),  n.  [L.  prefix  bi,  two.  and 
Gr.  kyklos,  a  circle  or  wheel.  J  A  two-wheeled 
velocipede ;  an  apparatus  or  vehicle,  con- 


a  curved  metal  bar. 


sistmg  of  two  wheels 
behind,  connected  by 


Bicycle. 

and  furnished  with  a  seat  or  saddle,  used  for 
exercise  or  travelling.  It  is  propelled  by  the 
feet  of  the  rider  acting  on  levers  which  move 
the  large  wheel,  which  may  be  turned  at 
pleasure,  so  that  the  rider  is  able  to  give  any 
direction  to  the  machine.  See  VELOCIPEI>K. 

Bicyclist  (bi'si-klist),  n.  One  who  rides  on 
a  bicycle. 

Bid  (bid),  v.t.  pret.  bid  or  bade;  pp.  bid,  bid- 
den; ppr.  bidding.  [Under  this  form  two 
verbs  have  been  confounded  together  from 
very  early  times,  so  that  it  is  now  difficult 
to  separate  them.  There  is  (1)  A.  Sax.  bid- 
dan  (pret.  bced,  pp.  beden),  to  pray,  to  ask, 
also  to  declare,  to  command,  the  collateral 
forms  in  the  other  Teutonic  languages  being 
Icel.  bidja,  be  id  a,  Dan.  bcde,  G.  beten,  bitten, 
Goth,  bidjan,  bidan,  to  ask,  to  beg,  to  pray; 
(2)  A.  Sax.  &*<idan(pret.  bet'td,  pp.  boden),  to 
offer,  to  bid,  to  command ;  Icel.  bj6da,  Sw. 
biuda,  Dan.  byde,  Goth,  biudan,  G.  bieten. 
to  offer,  to  command,  &c.]  1.  To  ask;  to 
request;  to  invite. 

Go  ye  into  the  highways,  and  as  many  as  ye  sli.i  II 
find  bid  to  the  marriage.  Mat.  xxii.  9. 

Provide  the  feast,  father,  and  itdthe  guests.  Shak. 

2.  To  pray;  to  wish;  to  Bay  to  by  way  of 
greeting  or  benediction;  as,  to  bid  good-day. 
farewell,  <tc.  '  Neither  bid  him  God-speed . ' 
2  Jn.  10.— 3.  To  command;  to  order  or  direct ; 
to  enjoin:  commonly  followed  by  an  accusa- 
tive and  infinitive  without  to,  though  the 
to  is  sometimes  found.  'I  was  bid  to  come 
foryou.'  Shak.  Occasionally  a  simple  infini- 
tive follows;  as,  'The  lady  bade  take  away 
the  fool.'  Shak. 

And  Peter  answered  him  and  said.  Lord,  if  it  be 
thou,  bid  me  come  to  thee  on  the  water.  Mat,  xiv.  28. 

4.  To  offer;  to  propose;  as,  to  bid  a  price  at 
an  auction. 

The  king  will  £irfyou  battle  presently.      Shak. 

5.t  To  proclaim;  to  make  known  by  a  public 
announcement.  'Our  bans  thrice  bid.'  Gay. 
—To  bid  defiance  to,  to  defy;  to  brave. 

He  bids  defiance  to  the  gaping  crowd.  Granville. 
—To  bid  fair,  to  open  or  offer  a  good  pro- 
spect; to  seem  likely. —To  bid  beads,  to  pray 
with  beads ;  to  distinguish  each  bead  by  a 
prayer.  [The  phrase  meant  originally  to 
pray  one's  prayers.  See  BEAD.] 
Bid,  Bidden  (bid,  bid'n),  pp.  of  bid. 

Because  God  his  Father  had  not  bidden  him  to  do 
it,  and  therefore  He  would  not  tempt  the  Lord  his 
God.  Kingsley. 

Bid  (bid),  n.  An  offer  of  a  price;  specifically, 
an  offer  made  at  an  auction. 

Bidale  (bid'al),  n.  [Bid  and  ale.]  An  invi- 
tation to  neighbours  and  friends  to  meet  on 
a  fixed  night  to  drink  ale  at  some  poor  man's 
house,  and  there  to  contribute  towards  his 
relief. 

Bidder  (bid'er),  n.  One  who  bids  or  offers  a 
price.  '  Bidders  at  the  auction  of  popular- 
ity.' Burke. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  po;      j,  job;      u,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin#;      IH,  then;  th,  (Aiu;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


11IDDERY-WARE 


268 


BIGG 


Biddery-ware,  «.    See  BIDERY. 
Bidding  (bid'ing),  n.  l.Iuvitation;coiiiinanil; 
order;  a  proclamation  or  notifying. 

At  his  second  bidding  darkness  fled.      Alilton. 

2.  The  raising  of  the  price  of  a  thing  at  a 
sale  or  auction;  an  offer.  —  Bidding  of  beads, 
in  the  K.  Cath.  Ch.  (a)  a  praying  with  beads. 
(b)  A  charge  given  by  u  priest  to  his  parish- 
ioners at  some  special  time  to  come  to 
prayers  upon  any  festival  or  saint's  day. 

Bidding-prayer  (bid'iug-pra-er),  n.  [Lit. 
praying  prayer.  See  BIB  ami  BEAD.]  1.  In 
the  .ft.  Cath.  Ch.  the  prayer  for  the  suuls  of 
benefactors  said  before  the  sermon.— 2.  In 
the  Anglican  Ch.  a  form  of  exhortation, 
always  concluding  with  the  Lord's  Prayer, 
enjoined  by  the  fifty-fifth  canon  to  be  used 
before  all  sermons  and  homilies. 

Biddy  (bid'di),  n.    [A  corruption  of  Bridget  ] 

1.  A  domestic  or  servant  girl.  —2.  Same  ap- 
plied to  a  domestic  fowl ;  a  chicken.     '  Ay, 
Biddy,  come  with  me. '    Shak. 

Bide  (bid),  v.  i.  [A.  Sax.  bidan,  to  await,  to 
remain ;  Icel.  btda,  to  remain,  to  abide,  to 
undergo;  Goth,  beidan;  O.H.G.  bitan.  See 
ABIDE.]  1.  To  dwell  permanently;  to  in- 
habit. 

All  knees  to  thee  shall  bow  of  them  that  bide 
In  heaven  or  earth,  or,  under  earth,  in  hell. 

Milton. 

2.  lo  be  or  remain  in  a  place  or  state.     'In 
whose  cold  blood  no  spark  of  honour  bides,' 
Shctk. 

Safe  in  a  ditch  he  bides, 
With  twenty  trenched  gashes  on  his  head.    Shak. 

Bide  (bid),  v.t  1.  To  endure;  to  suffer;  to 
bear. 

Poor  naked  wretches,  whercsoe'er  you  are, 

That  bide  the  pelting  of  this  pitiless  storm.       Shak. 

•2.  To  wait  for. 

He  had  the  elements  of  greatness  within  him.  and 
he  patiently  bides  his  time.  Prescott. 

Bident  (bi'dent\  ».  [L.  bidens,  bidentis. 
See  BIDENTATE.  ]  In  arehttol.  an  instru- 
ment or  weapon  with  two  prongs. 

Bidental  (bi-den'tal),  a.  Same  as  Bidentate 

Bidentate  (bi-deu'tat),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  and 
dentate,  from  L.  dens,  a  tooth.  ]  Having 
two  teeth,  or  processes  like  teeth;  two- 
toothed.  Written  also  Bidentated,  and 
(rarely)  Bulcnted. 

Bidential  (bi-den'shal),  a.  Bidental  (which 
see). 

Bidery  (bid'er-i),  n.  [From  Bidar,  a  town 
in  India  in  the  Nizam's  Dominions,  once  the 
chief  town  of  the  Deccan.]  An  alloy,  pri- 
marily composed  of  copper,  lead,  tin,  to 
every  3  oz.  of  which  18  oz.  of  spelter  (zinc) 
are  added.  Many  articles  of  Indian  manu- 
facture, remarkable  for  elegance  of  form 
and  gracefully-engraved  patterns,  are  made 
of  it.  It  is  said  not  to  rust,  to  yield  little 
to  the  hammer,  and  to  break  only  when 
violently  beaten.  Articles  formed  from  it 
are  generally  inlaid  with  silver  or  gold  and 
polished. 

Bidet  (bi-def  or  be-da), ».  [Fr]  1.  A  small 
horse  formerly  allowed  to  eacli  trooper  or 
dragoon  for  carrying  his  baggage.-- •>.  An 
article  of  bedroom  furniture  used  in  wash- 
ing the  body. 

Bid-book  (bid'hok),  n.  Xaut.  a  small  kind 
of  boat-hook. 

B 


of  forty  threads  in  the  warp  or  chain  of  wool- 
len cloth. 

Bier-balk  t  (berljak),  «.  The  church  road 
for  burials.  '  A  broad  and  sufficient  bier- 
balff.'  Homilies. 

Biestings  (best'ingz),  n.  pi.  See  BEESTINGS. 
Bifacial  (M-fa'shi-al),  a.  [L.  prefix  bi,  twice, 
two,  ami  fades,  a  face.  ]  Having  the  oppo- 
site surfaces  alike. 

BifarlOUS  (bi-fa'ri-us),  a.  [L.  bifarius,  two- 
fold—prefix bi,  twice,  two,  and  fa,  root  of 
fari,  to  speak.  Comp.  Gr.  diphasios,  two- 
fold— di,  mid  phemi,  to  speak.]  Divided  into 
two  parts;  double;  twofold;  specifically,  in 
bot.  pointing  two  ways,  or  arranged  in  two 
opposite  rows,  as  leaves  that  grow  only  on 
opposite  sides  of  a  branch. 
Bifariously  (bi-fa'ri-us-li),  adv.  In  a  bifa- 
rious  manner.  A  stem  or  branch  is  bifari- 
oitnlif  hairy  when  the  hairs  Iwtween  any  two 
joints  come  out  on  tiie  front  and  back,  and 
in  the  two  adjoining  internodes  on  the  right 
and  left  side. 

Bifer  (bi'fer),  n.  [See  BIFEROUS.]  In  bot.  a 
plant  bearing  fruit  twice  a  year.  [Rare.] 
Biferous  (bif'er-ns),  a.  [L.  bifer,  btferut— 
prefix  bi,  twice,  and  fero,  to  bear.  ]  In  bot. 
bearing  flowers  or  fruit  twice  a  year,  as  some 
plants  do  in  warm  climates. 
Biffin,  (biffin),  n.  [Sometimes  written  beau- 
Jin,  sometimes  beefing,  and  probably  from 
•  Fr.  beau,  beautiful,  and  fn,  fine,  delicate ; 
or  the  name  may  be  given  it  from  the  resem- 
blance of  its  flesh  to  beef.}  1.  An  excellent 
kitchen  apple  cultivated  in  England,  espe- 
cially in  the  county  of  Norfolk:  often  called 
Norfolk  Biffin,  Beaup.ii,  Bccfin,  or  Beefing. 
They  are  often  sold  in  a  dried  and  flattened 
condition.  Hence— 2.  A  baked  apple  crushed 
down  into  a  flat  round  cake ;  a  dried 
apple. 

Bifid,  Bifldated  (bi'fld,  bi'fld-at-ed),  a.  [L. 
bifidut— prefix  bi,  twice,  two,  and  findo,fidi, 
to  split  or  cleave.]  Cleft  or  divided  into 
two  parts ;  forked ;  as,  the  bifid  tongue  of 
snakes ;  in  bot.  divided  half-way  down  into 
two  parts;  opening  with  a  clef  t;  divided  by  a 
linear  sinus,  with  straight  margins.  Written 
also  Bifidate. 

Bifllar  (bi-fi'lar  or  bif'i-lar),  a.  [L.  prefix 
bi,  twice,  two,  and  filum,  a  thread.  ]  Two- 
threaded  ;  fitted  or  furnished  with  two 
threads :  applied  to  instruments  or  appara- 
tus in  which  two  threads  are  employed;  as, 
a  bifilar  balance.  The  term  is  especi- 
ally applied  to  a  micrometer  for  measur- 
ing minute  distances  and  angles,  which  it 
does  by  means  of  two  exceedingly  fine  and 
minute  thread*.  Sometimes  in  this  use 
bifilar  becomes  a  noun  and  the  instrument 
is  called  a  bifilar.  See  FILAR. 
Blflorate,  Biflqrous  (bl-flo'rat,  bi-flo'rus), 
n.  [L.  bi,  twice,  two,  and  flos,  flat-is,  a 
flower.  ]  In  bot.  bearing  two  flowers. 
Bifold  (bi'fold),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  twice,  two, 
and  fold. }  Twofold;  double;  of  two  kinds, 
degrees,  &c.  'Bij'old  authority.'  Shak. 
Bifoliate  (bi-foli-at),  a.  [L.  bi,  twice,  two, 
and  folium,  a  leaf.]  In  bot.  having  two 
leaves. 

Bifoliolate  (bi-foli-o-lat),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  two, 
and  j'oliolum,  a  dim.  of  L.  folium,  a  leaf.] 
In  bit.  having  two  folioles  or  leaflets 
Blfollicular  (bi-fol-lik'u-ler),  a.  [L.  bi,  two, 
and  folliculus,  a  little  bag.]  In  lot.  having 
a  double  follicle. 

Blforate  (bi-fo'rat),  a.  [L  bi,  doubly,  and 
fora  tiui,  pierced ,  from  foro,  to  pierce.  ]  Hav- 
ing two  pores  or  perforations,  as  the  anthers 
of  a  rhododendron. 

Biforine  (bif'6-rin),  n.  [L.  biforis,  two-doored 
— bi,  double,  and  foris,  a  door.  ]  In  bot  a 
minute  oval  sac  found  in  the  interior  of  the 
green  pulpy  part  of  the  leaves  of  some  ar- 
aceous  plants,  with  an  aperture  at  each  end 
through  which  raphides  are  expelled. 
Biforked  (bi-forkt'),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  twice 
two,  and  forked.]  Having  two  forks  or 
prongs ;  two-forked.  '  A  biforked  beam  ' 
Southey. 

Biform,  Blformed  (bi'form,  bi'formd),  o. 
[L.  biformis,  double-formed— bi,  twice,  two, 
and/o/ma,  form.]  Having  two  forms,  bodies, 
or  shapes;  double-bodied. 
Biformity  (bi-form'i-ti),  n.     The  state  of 
being  biform;  a  douhleness  of  form. 
Bifronted   (bi-frunt'ed),  a.    [L.  bifrmis—  ' 
bi,  double,  and  frons,  forehead.]    Having 
two  fronts  or  foreheads  or  faces;  as,  bi- 
fronted  Janus. 

Bifurcate,  Bifurcated  ( bi-fei-'kat,  bi-fei'-  | 
kat-ed),  a.    [L.  b(fmcus—bi,  twice,  two,  and 
furca,  a  fork.]    Forked;  divided  into  two 
branches. 


Bifurcation  (bl-fer-ku'shon),  «.     A  forkini; 

or  division  into  two  branches. 
Bifurcous  (bi-fer'kus),  a.  [Sue  BIFURCATE  1 

|    Forked. 

Big  (big),  a.  [Etymology  or  connections  ex- 
ceedingly doubtful.  Probably  connected 
with  such  words  as  bulge,  bulk,  belbj,  ,Vc 

,  or  with  Icel.  bi'ia,  to  prepare,  from  which' 
come  various  inflections  or  derivatives  with 
n,  as  byggja,  to  build ^Sc.  or  North.  K  to 
big,  Dan.  bygye,  to  build ;  comp.  0  K  In,,*, 
well  furnished.]  1.  Having  size,  whether 
large  or  small;  as,  how  big  is  it?  moiv  i^jic- 
cially,  relatively  great;  large  in  bulk  or 
magnitude. 

Methinks  he  seems  no  bigger  than  his.  head.    Shak. 
The  world  wagged  on  in  its  accustomed  wny,  l.rimr. 
ing  all  manner  of  changes  big  and  little.        />'.,(,*. 

2.  Great  with  young;  pregnant;  ready  to 
give  birth;  hence.  Jig.  full  of  something  im- 
portant; ready  to  produce;  teeming. 

The  preat.  the  important  day. 
Big  with  the  fate  of  Cato  and  of  Koine.    Addison. 

3.  Distended ;  full,  as  with  grief  or  passion. 

Thy  heart  is  big,  get  thee  apart  and  weep.    Shak. 

4.  Tumid ;   inflated,  as  with  pride ;  hence, 
haughty  in  air  or  mien,  or  indicating  naugh- 
tiness; pompous;  proud;  boastful;  a- 
looks;  biff  words;  to  look  big.  —  5.  Great  as 
regards  courage;  brave. 

Have  not  I  a  heait  as  tif  as  thine  !       SAai. 

SYN.  Bulky,  large,  great,  pregnant,  dis- 
tended, swelling,  tumid,  inflated,  boastful, 
i  threatening,  lofty,  proud,  arrogant,  pomii- 
ous. 

Big  (big),  n.     A  kind  of  barley.    See  HUM 

Big  (big),  v.t.  [Icel.  byggja,  to  build.  See 
I  BIG,  a.]  To  build.  [Scotch.] 

Biga  (bi'ga),  n.  (L]  A  chariot  or  car  drawn 
by  two  horses  abreast. 

Blgam  t  (big'am),  n.    A  bigamist. 

Some  parts  thereof  teach  us  ordinances  of  sorce 
apostle,  as  the  law  of  bigamy,  or  St.  Paul's  ordainirg 
that  a  bigam  should  not  be  a  deacon  or  priest. 

Up.  Fcaeotk. 

Bigamist  (big'a-mist),  n.  [See  BIGAMY.] 
One  who  has  committed  bigamy  or  had  two 
wives  or  husbands  at  once.  '  Lamech  the 
prime  bigamist  and  corrupter  of  marriage.' 
Doiine. 

Bigamous  (big'a-mus),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  bigamy;  guilty  of  bigamy;  as.  a  bigataout 
marriage. 

Bigamy  (big'a-mi),  n.  [L.  prefix  bi,  twice, 
two,  and  Gr.gamos,  marriage.  ]  The  fact  or 
state  of  having  two  wives  or  husbands  at 
once.  But  the  term  is  ordinarily  used  as  syn- 
onymous with  polygamii,  and  may  be  more 
justly  defined  the  fact  of  having  a  plurality 
of  wives  or  husbands.  By  the  law  of  Eng- 
land bigamy  is  a  felony,  punishable,  princi- 
pal and  accessory,  with  penal  servitude  for 
any  term  not  exceeding  seven  years  and  m  it 
less  than  three  years,  or  imprisonment,  with 
or  without  hard  labour,  not  exceeding  two 
years.  In  Scotland  the  punishment  is  less 
severe,  being  usually  a  short  term  of  impri- 
sonment In  the  canon  law  bigamy  was  the 
marrying  of  two  virgins  successively,  or  one 
after  the  death  of  the  first,  or  once  marrying 
to  a  widow.  This  disqualified  a  man  for 
orders  and  holding  ecclesiastical  offices. 
Shakspere  uses  the  word  in  this  latter  sense 
in  Richard  III.  ac.  iii.  so.  7. 

Bigaroon  ( big-a-ron'),  n.  (Fr.  bigarreau, 
from  bigarrer,  to  streak  or  variegate,  from 
L.  bi,  double,  and  varius,  variegated.]  The 
large  white  heart  cherry. 

Big-bellied  (big'bel-id),  a.  Having  a  large  or 
protuberant  belly;  advanced  in  pregnancy. 

He  (William  Rufns)  was  in  stature  somewhat  below 
the  usual  size,  and  big-bellied.  Swift. 

Blg-boned(bigTjond),a.  Having  large  bunes; 
stout;  very  strong.  'Big-boned,  and  large  of 
limbs,  with  sinews  strong.'  Dryden. 

Big-corned  (big'kornd),  a.  Having  large 
grains.  '  The  strength  of  big-corned  pow- 
der.' Dryden, 


Jidigltato-pinnate  (bi-di'ji-ta"to-pm'uat), 
a.    In  bot.  a  term  applied  to  a  leaf  having 
two  secondary  petioles  which  are  pinnate, 
as  in  Mimosa  purpnrea. 
Biding  t  (biding),  n.  Residence;  habitation. 

At  Antwerp  has  my  constant  biding  been.     Rtnve. 

Bie,t  Bye.t  v.t.   To  aby;  to  suffer.  Chaucer. 

Bield,  «.    See  BEILD. 

Biennial  (bi-en'ni-al),  a.  [From  L.  biennium, 

a  space  of  two  years-  prefix  bi,  twice,  two, 

and  annui,  a  year.  ]    1.  Happening  or  taking 

place  once  in  two  years;  as,  a  biennial  elec- 
tion.-^. In  bot.  continuing  for  two  years 

and  then  perishing :  said  of  plants 
Biennial  (bi-en'ni-al),  ».     A  plant  which 

requires  two  seasons  of  growth  to  produce 

its  flowers  and  fruit;  growing  one  year  and 

laying  up  a  store  of  food,  then  flowering, 

fruiting,  and  dying  the  next. 
Biennially  (bi-en'ni-al-li),  adv.    Once  in  two 

years;  at  the  return  of  two  years. 
Bier  (ber),  n.     [O.E.  beere,  beer,  here,  A.  Sax. 

beer,  a  bier ;  D.  baar,  Dan.  baare,  G.  bahre 

O.H.G.  bura;  from  the  root  of  bear  (which 

see).    From  the  German  the  word  passed 

into  the  Romance  tongues,  Pr.  bera,  Fr 

btere,  and  perhaps  the  latter  is  the  immediate 

progenitor  of  our  word  in  its  present  form.] 

1.  A  carriage  or  frame  of  wood  for  conveying 

dead  human  bodies  to  the  grave.  -  2.  A  count 

Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull ;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abime;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


T 

de 

Bigeminate  (bi-jem'in-at),  a.  [L.  prefix  bi, 
twice,  and gcminus,  double.)  Twin-forked: 
in  bot.  said  of  a  decompound  leaf  having  a 
forked  petiole,  with  several  leaflets  at  the 
end  of  each  division. 

Bigener  (bi'gen-er),  n.  [L.  bigener,  hybrid— 
bi,  twice,  two,  and  genus,  generis,  a  race, 
kind.  ]  A  cross  between  two  species  of  dif- 
ferent genera;  a  mule. 

Bigential  (bi-jen'shal),  a.  [L.  bi,  twice,  two, 
and  gens,  nation,  tribe.]  Comprising  two 
tribes  of  people. 

Bigg  (big),  «.  [Icel.  bygg,  Dan.  byg,  Sw. 
"j"l>ff,  barley,  from  root  of  by<igja,  to  in- 
habit, cultivate,  build.  See 'BIG,  a.]  A 


m<;r;ix 


209 


BILATERAL 


Biggonet,  from  Royal  MS. 
British  Museum. 


variety  of  winter  bin-ley  (ff«rilrnnt  hi'xnati- 
rA"/0,  known  by  :d ways  having  six  rows  of 
grains,  cultivated  in  Scotland  and  the  north 
of  Kurope. 

Biggin,  Blggen  (big'in v  n.  [Fr.  /..•','/'"'». 
See  BlQOONET.]  A  eliild'scap;  a  nightcap; 
•  a  coif.  'Brow  with  homely  biggen  bound.' 
,s'/i«<-.  'An  old  woman's  biggin  for  a  night- 
cap '  Masxinger. 

Biggin  (big'in),  n.  [A  form  of  piggin,  from 
jay,  a  small  earthen  vessel.]  1.  A  small 
wooden  vessel;  a  can.— 2.  A  contrivance  for 
holding  coffee 
1  grounds;  a  small 
bag  or  metallic 
vessel  minutely 
perforated  at  the 
bottom,  through 
which  bulling 
water  is  poured 

Biggin',  Bigglng 
(big'in,  big'ing), 
7».  [See  IJKi,  to 
build.]  A  build- 
ing, [did  or  pro- 
vincial Knglish 
and  Scotch.  ] 

Biggonet    ( big'- 

goll-et),    n.     |  A 

dim.  from  Fr.  be- 

guin,  the  cap  of  a 

Bfyuinc.]  A  large 

hood  or  cap  witli 

ears,  like    those 

worn    by    nuns, 

and  particularly  by  the  Beguines.    Written 

also  Biggon. 

And  gi'e  to  me  my  biggottet, 

My  bishop's  satin  gown. 
For  I  maun  tell  the  bailie's  wife 

That  Colin's  come  to  town.       yean  Adams. 

Bighorn  (big'horn),  n.  1.  A  species  of 
moufflon,  Cttprovis  Canadensis  (Ovis  men- 
tana),  sub-family  Ovina,  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain goat  of  California,  so  named  from  the 
size  of  its  horns,  which  are  3^  feet  long,  the 
animal  itself  being  of  the  same  height  at 
the  shoulder.  The  bighorns  are  gregarious, 
going  in  herds  of  twenty  or  thirty,  frequent- 
ing the  craggiest  anil  most  inaccessible 
rocks.  Before  they  became  acquainted  with 

i  the  destructive  powers  of  man  they  were 
fearless,  and  would  survey  with  curiosity 
those  who  approached  their  abodes;  now, 
however,  they  are  shy  and  timid,  and  at  the 
approacli  of  man  blow  a  warning  whistle 
and  dart  off  to  the  recesses  of  the  rocks. — 
•2.  The  great  fossil  elk  (C.  mcgatxros). 

Bight  (bit),  n.  [From  A.  Sax.  btgan,  bttgan, 
to  bow  or  bend;  comp.  L.G.  Dan.  Icel.  bugt, 
a  bending,  a  bay.  all  from  verb  meaning  to 
l»w  or  bend,  bought,  bout,  are  equivalent 
forms.)  1.  A  bend  in  a  shore  or  coast-line 
forming  a  bay;  as,  the  Bight  of  Benin. 

The  spangle  dances  in  bight  and  bay.     Tennyson. 

2.  The  double  part  of  a  rope  when  folded,  in 
distinction  from  the  end;  a  round,  bend,  or 
coil,  anywhere  except  at  the  ends;  a  loop. 

3.  The  inward  bent  of  a  horse's  chambrel, 
and  the  bent  of  the  fore-knees. 

Biglandular  (bi-gland'u-ler),  a.  [Prefix  bi, 
two,  twice,  and  glandular.]  Having  two 
glands. 

Big-laurel  (big'la-rel),  n.  Magnolia  grandi- 
(ton>.  See  under  MAGNOLIA. 

Bigly  (Mg'li),  ado.  [From  big.  ]  In  a  tumid, 
swelling, blustering  manner;  haughtily.  'He 
brawleth  bigly. '  Sir  T.  More. 

Big-named  (big'namd),  a.  Having  a  great, 
famous,  or  sounding  name.  'Some  big- 
named  composition.'  Crasham. 

Bigness  (big'nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  big;  largeness  of  proportions;  size, 
whether  greater  or  smaller;  bulk.  'Hayle 
of  suche  byynesse  that  it  slewe  both  men  and 
beestys.'  Fabi/an.  '  Because  their  legs  are 
both  of  a  bigness.'  Shak.  '  The  bigness  and 
uncouth  deformity  of  the  camel.  Sir  It. 
L'Estrange. 

Bignonla  (big-no'ui-a).  n.  [After  M.  Bignon, 
librarian  to  Louis  XIV.]  A  genus  of  plants 
of  many  species,  inhabitants  of  hot  climates, 
nat.  order  Bignouiaceaj.  The  species  are 
usually  climbing  shrubs  furnished  with  ten- 
drils ;  the  flowers  are  mostly  in  terminal  or 
axillary  panicles;  the  corolla  is  trumpet- 
Bhaped,  hence  the  name  of  trumpet -flower 
has  been  given  to  these  plants.  All  the 
species  are  splendid  plants  when  in  blossom, 
and  many  of  them  are  cultivated  in  our  gar-  ! 
dens.  /;  if'/iiinn.Yialis,  a  native  of  Guiana,  i 
is  applied  by  the  negroes  to  swellings  of  the 
feet;  II.  Leucoxylon,  a  native  of  Jamaica,  is 
a  tree  40  feet  high,  the  wood  of  which  is  j 


said  to  be  an  antidote  to  the  poison  of  inan- 
cbineel ;  the  wood  of  B.  Chica  yields  a  red 
colouring  matter,  with  which  the  Indians 
paint  their  bodies;  11.  radicantt  or  Ti-<-<nnn 
radicang,  is  a  well-known  much  admired 
species,  capable  of  living  in  the  open  air  in 
this  country  against  a  wall. 
Bignonlacese  (mg-n6'nl-&°«fi-8),i».pl  A  nat. 
onlerofmonope talons  dicotyledonous  plants 
with  irregular  flowers,  a  pod-like  fruit, 
winged  seeds  without  albumen,  and  usually 
u  climbing  habit.  They  are  trees  or  twin- 
ing or  climbing  shrubs,  inhabiting  the  hotter 
parts  of  Asia,  Africa,  and  America.  The 
most  interesting  genus  is  Blgnoniaor  trum- 
pet-flower. About  fifty  genera  belong  to  the 
order,  some  of  which  yield  good  timber; 
dyes  are  obtained  from  others,  while  others 
have  been  employed  for  medical  purposes. 
Bigot  (big'ot),  n.  [Kr  blgi<t.  It.  liiytitto,  bi- 
gnzzo,  a  bigot,  a  hypocrite.  Etymology 
much  disputed.  An  old  and  common 
etymology  takes  it  from  an  exclamation 
said  to  have  been  uttered  by  Rollo,  duke 
of  Normandy,  when  ordered  to  kiss  the 
foot  of  King  Charles—  'Ne  se,  bi  Gott,'  Not 
so,  by  God !  Michel  conjectures  it  to  be  a 
corruption  of  Visigoth,  and  Littre  favours 
this  view.  Wedgwood  regards  It.  bigio,  biso, 
brownish  or  gray,  as  the  origin,  the  name 
being  supposed  to  be  first  applied  to  the 
members  of  a  certain  religious  confraternity 
still  existing  in  Tuscany,  from  their  gray 
(few/to)  dress,  and  characterized  by  rigid  for- 
malism and  ecclesiastical  uncharitableness.] 
A  person  who  is  obstinately  and  unreason- 
ably wedded  to  a  particular  religious  creed, 
opinion,  practice,  or  ritual ;  a  person  who 
is  illiberally  attached  to  any  opinion  or 
system  of  belief. 

In  philosophy  and  religion  the  bigots  of  all  parties 
are  generally  the  most  positive.  //  atts. 

Bigot  t  (big'ot),  a.  [Fr.  bigot,  bigoted.]  Same 
as  Bigoted.  '  In  a  country  more  bigot  than 
ours.  Dryden. 

Bigoted,  Blgotted  (big'ot  ed),  a.  Having 
the  character  of  a  bigot ;  obstinately  and 
blindly  attached  to  some  creed,  opinion, 
practice,  or  ritual;  unreasonably  devoted 
to  a  system  or  party,  and  illiberal  toward 
the  opinions  of  others.  'A  more  abject, 
slavish, and biyotted generation.'  Steele.  'So 
nursed  and  bigottcd  to  strife.'  Byron.  'A 
bigoted  Tory  and  High  Churchman. '  Mac- 
aulay.  — Superstitious,  Credulous,  Bigoted. 
See  under  SUPERSTITIOUS. 

Blgotedly  (big^ot-ed-li),  adv.  In  a  bigoted 
manner;  with  irrational  zeal. 

Bigotloalt  (bi  got'ik-al),  a.  Bigoted.  'Some 
btgittical  religionists.'  Cudworth. 

Bigotry  (big'ot-ri),  n.  The  practice  or  tenets 
of  a  bigot;  obstinate  or  blind  attachment 
to  a  particular  creed  or  to  certain  tenets; 
unreasonable  zeal  or  warmth  in  favour  of  a 
party,  sect,  or  opinion;  excessive  prejudice. 
•Those  bigotries  which  all  good  and  sensible 
men  despise.'  Pope. 

Were  it  not  for  a  bigotry  to  our  own  tenets,  we 
could  hardly  imagine  that  so  many  absurd,  wicked, 
and  bloody  principles  should  pretend  to  support 
themselves  by  the  gospel.  Watts. 

James  was  now  a  Roman  Catholic.  Religious  big- 
otry had  become  the  dominant  sentiment  of  his  nar- 
row and  stubborn  mind.  Atacanlay. 

SYN.  Prejudice,  obstinacy,  superstition,  in- 
tolerance. 

Big-sounding  (big'sound-ing),  a.  Having  a 
pompous  sound.  'Big-sounding  sentences. ' 
Bp.  Hall. 

Big-swollen,  Blg-swoln  (big/sw61-en,  big- 
swoln),  o.  Greatly  inflated;  swelled  to  great 
bulk;  turgid;  ready  to  burst.  'My  big- 
swoln  heart.'  Shak. 

Blg-wlg  (Uig'wjg),  n.  A  great  man;  a  person 
of  consequence ;  one  high  in  authority  or 
rank.  [Slang.] 

The  portraits  of  Holy  Bonifacius,  Bishop  Budgeon, 
and  all  the  defunct  big--wigs  of  the  college.  Dickens. 

Big-wigged(big'wigd),o. Pompous;  solemnly 

authoritative. 
Bijou  (be-zho),  71.    [Fr.]  A  jewel;  something 

small  and  very  pretty;  a  little  darling  or 

Bijouterie  (be-zho-tre),  n.  [Fr.]  Jewelry; 
trinkets. 

Byugpus,  Bijugate  (bi-ju'gus,  bi-ju'gat),  a. 
[L.  bijugis,  tyvgut,  double,  paired— bi,  two, 
and  junuin,  a  yoke,  a  pair.]  In  bot.  having 
two  pairs  of  leaflets;  used  of  pinnated  leaves. 

Bike,  Byke  (byk),  n.  [Perhaps  from  stem 
big,  to  build,  the  word  being  formerly  some- 
times used  as  equivalent  to  building ;  or  it 
may  be  from  the  word  bee,  Icel.  by,  Dan.  bi.] 
A  wild  bee's  nest.  [Scotch.] 


Bikh  (blk),  n.  1.  The  name  given  by  the 
natives  of  Nepaiil  to  a  most  virulent  poison 
supposed  to  be  derived  from  the  root  .if  a 
ranetjof  . I  <•.„,, 7  i/m  .Vo/u-Uux.  —2.  The  plant 
itself  Called  also  lli.i/1,  Ilifliini I  Si 
MTTM. 

Bilabiate  (iri-hVbi-at).  a.    [I.,  hi,  twice,  two. 

and  lithium,  a  lip.]    In  bot.  a  term  applied 

to  a  corolla  having  two  lips,  the  one  placed 

over  the  other,  as  in  labiate  plants 
Bllaclnlate  (bi-la-siii'l-at).  n.     [I,,  hi,  twii-e. 

two,  and  lacinia,  a  lappet.)    In  hut  doubly 

laciniate. 
Bllalo  (bi  lii'Id),  n.   A  two-masted  passenger 

boat  about  65  feet  long  ami  in  feet  broad. 

peculiar  to  the  Bay  of  Manilla,  combining 


Bilalo  of  Manilla. 

local  arrangements  with  European  forms. 
Behind  the  mainmast  is  a  large  cabin.  It 
carries  also  an  outrigger  for  use  when  it 
blows  fresh.  Written  also  (iuilala. 

Bllamellate,  Bilamellated  (bi-iam'el-lat. 
bi-lam'el-lat-ed),  a.  [L.  prefix  bi,  twice,  two, 
and  lamella,  a  plate.]  Doubly  lamellate; 
having  two  lamella;;  specifically,  in  do?, 
composed  of  two  plates,  as  many  stigmas 
and  placentas ;  or  bearing  two  plates,  as  in 
the  lip  of  the  flowers  of  some  orchids. 

Bllaminar  (bi-lam'i-ner),  a.  [L.  bi,  twice, 
two,  and  lamina,  a  lamina.  ]  Having  or  con- 
sisting  of  two  thin  plates  or  laminae. 

Bilandt  (bi'land),  «.    A  peninsula. 

If  I  find  various  devices  resorted  to  by  writers  at 
the  beginning  of  that  same  century  to  express  a  tract 
of  land  almost  surrounded  by  sea,  so  that  they  em 
ploy  '  bilaiitt,'  '  demi-isle,'  '  demi-island,'  1  am  able. 
without  much  hesitation,  to  affirm  that  'peninsula' 
was  not  yet  acknowledged  to  be  English. 

Abp.  Trench. 

Bilander(b'l'an-der),n.  [D.  bijlander~bij, 
by,  and  land,  land.  ]  A  small  merchant  ves- 
sel with  two  masts,  distinguished  from  other 
vessels  of  two  masts  by  the  form  of  the 
mainsail,  which  is  bent  to  the  whole  length 
of  a  yard,  hanging  fore  and  aft,  and  in- 


clined  to  the  horizon  in  an  angle  of  about 
45  degrees ;  the  foremost  lower  comer, 
called  the  tack,  beiug  secured  to  a  ring- 
bolt in  the  deck,  and  the  aftermost,  or 
sheet,  to  the  taffrail.  Few  vessels  are  now 
rigged  in  this  manner.  The  bilander  is  a 
kind  of  hoy,  manageable  by  four  or  five 
men,  and  used  chiefly  in  the  canals  of  the 
Low  Countries. 

Why  choose  we,  then,  like  bilanders  lo  creep 
Along  the  coast,  and  land  in  view  to  keep. 

Bilateral  (bMat'er-al),  a.    [L.  W,  twice, 

two,  and  latus,  lateris,  a  side.]  Having  two 
sides;  of  or  pertaining  to  two  sides;  two- 
sided. 

In  both  the  foregoing  cases  it  is  the  bilateral 'sym- 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      p,  .00;      J.^ob;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  fA!n:      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  amre.  — See  KKY. 


BILATERALITY 


270 


BILL 


nietry  which  is  so  peculiarly  characteristic  of  loco- 
motive power.  Carpenter. 

Bilaterality(bi-hit'cr-al"i-ti),  "•  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  bilateral. 

Bilberry  (bil'be-ri),  n.  [Equivalent  to  Dan. 
bvllcbcer,  bilberry  (biiUe,  of  doubtful  mean- 
ing, and  bier,  a  berry),  which  resembles  in 
form,  but  scarcely  seems  a  corruption  of 
b/aabasr;  So.  and  North.  E.  Mae-berry,  a  bil- 
berry, lit.  blue  or  rather  livid  berry;  G.  blau- 
beere.]  A  shrub  and  its  fruit,  Va.ccin.mm 
Myrlillus.  In  Scotland  the  bilberry  is  usu- 
ally called  blaeberry,  from  its  blae  or  dark- 
blue  colour.  See  VACCINIUM. 

Bilbo  (bil'bo),  n.  A  rapier;  a  sword:  so 
named,  it  is  said,  from  Bilboa,  in  Spun, 
where  the  best  were  made.  'At  Poitiera 
bathed  their  bilboes  in  French  blood.'  Dray- 
ton. 

Bilboes  (billjoz),  n.  pi.  [From  being  made 
in  Bilboa,  long  famous  for  its  iron  ana  steel.  ] 
Long  bars  or  bolts  of  iron  with  shackles 


Bilboes,  from  the  Tower  of  London. 

sliding  on  them,  and  a  lock  at  the  end, 
used  to  confine  the  feet  of  prisoners  or 
offenders,  especially  on  board  ships. 


Methought  I  lav 
Worse  than  the  mutines  in  the  bilboes. 


Sltai. 


Bilboquet  (bil'bo-ket,  bil'bo-ka),  n.  [Fr.] 
1.  The  toy  called  cup  and  ball. — 2.  A  small 
8-iuch  mortar  for  throwing  shell. 

Blldert  (bild'er),  n.     A  builder.  Chaucer. 

Bildsteln  (bild'stin),  n.  [Q.  bild,  shape,  and 
stein,  stone.]  Agalmatolite,  figure-stone,  or 
pagodite,  the  soft  unctuous  lard-stone  of 
China,  often  cut  into  grotesque  ornaments 
by  the  Chinese.  See  AGALMATOLITE. 

Biie(bil),«.  [Fr.  bile,  L.  bilis,  gall,  bile, anger.] 
1.  A  yellow  bitter  liquor,  separated  from  the 
blood  by  the  primary  cells  of  the  liver,  and 
ci  dlected  by  the  biliary  ducts  which  unite  to 
form  the  hepatic  duct,  whence  it  passes  into 
the  duodenum,  or  by  the  cystic  duct  into 
the  gall-bladder.  The  most  obvious  use  of 
the  bile  in  the  animal  economy  is  to  separate 
the  chyle  from  the  chyme.  It  appears  also 
to  aid  in  exciting  the  peristaltic  action  of 
the  intestines.  The  natural  colour  of  the 
faeces  seems  to  be  owing  to  the  presence  of  j 
bile.  The  chemical  composition  varies  with  ; 
the  animal  which  yields  it,  but  every  kind 
contains  two  essential  constituents,  a  resin- 
ous matter  and  a  colouring  matter  called 
cholochrome,  associated  with  small  quanti- 
ties of  cholesterine,  fats,  salts  of  fatty  acids, 
and  certain  mineral  salts,  chiefly  chloride 
of  sodium  and  phosphates.  The  greater  part 
of  the  bile  returns  into  the  blood,  the  resin- 
oid  and  colouring  matters  and  cholesteriiie 
being  the  principal  excrementitious  sub- 
stances.— 2.  Ill-nature;  bitterness  of  feeling, 
because  the  bile  was  fancied  to  be  the  seat 
of  ill-humour. 

Nothing  appears  to  have  stirred  his  bile  so  much  at 
Yuste  as  the  proceedings  of  some  members  of  the 
board  of  trade  at  Seville.  Prescott. 

Bile  (bil),  71.  An  inflamed  tumour.  See  BOIL. 

BUection  Moulding  (bi-lek'shon  mold'ing), 
ii.  See  BOLKCTION  MOULDING. 

Bileduct  (bil'dukt),  n.  A  duct  or  canal  to 
convey  bile. 

Bilestone  (bil'ston),  n.  A  biliary  calculus 
or  gall-stone. 

Bileve,*  ».i.  [A.  Sax.  bellfan,  to  remain— 
prefix  be,  and  lifan,  to  remain.]  To  remain. 
Chaucer. 

Bilge  (bilj),  n.  [A  different  orthography  of 
bulge,  and  belli/,  a  protuberance.)  1.  The 
protuberant  part  of  a  cask,  which  is  usually 
in  the  middle.— 2.  The  breadth  of  a  ship's 
bottom,  or  that  part  of  her  floor  which  ap- 
proaches to  a  horizontal  direction,  on  which 
she  would  rest  if  aground. 

Bilge  (bilj),  «.i.  If aut  to  suffer  a  fracture 
in  the  bilge;  to  spring  a  leak  by  a  fracture 
in  the  bilge. 

Bilge-coad  'bilj'kod),  n.  Same  as  Bilge-keel. 

Bilged  (biljd),  p.  and  a.  Naut.  having  a 
fracture  in  the  bilge. 

Bilge-free  (bilj'fre),  a.  If  ant.  applied  to 
a  cask  so  stowed  as  to  rest  entirely  on  its 
beds,  keeping  the  lower  part  of  the  bilge,  at 
least  the  thickness  of  the  hand,  clear  of  the 
bottom  of  the  ship. 

Bilge-keel,  Bilge-piece  (MljTcel,  bilj'pes), 
n.  Naut.  a  piece  of  timber  fastened  edge- 
ways to  the  bottom  of  a  ship,  for  the  double 


purpose  of  keeping  her  from  rolling  heavily 
and  from  drifting  to  leeward.  Called  also 
Rilfje-coad. 

Bilge-plank  (hilj'p'angk),  n.  Kami,  one  of 
the  thick  planks  which  run  round  the  bilge 
of  a  ship,  both  inside  and  outside. 

Bilge-pump  (bilj'pump),  n.  Naut.  a  burr- 
pump;  a  pump  todraw  the  bilge-water  from 
a  ship. 

Bilge-water  (bilj'wa-ter),  n.  Xatit.  water 
which  enters  a  ship  and  lies  upon  her  bilge 
or  bottom.  When  not  drawn  off  by  the 
pump  this  water  acquires  an  offensive  pene- 
trating smell. 

Bilge-ways  (bilj'waz),  ».  pi.  Xaut.  planks 
of  timber  placed  under  a  vessel's  bilge  on 
the  building- slip  to  support  her  while 
launching.  They  are  also  termed  Launch- 
ing-ways. 

Bilgy  (bilj'i),  a.  Having  the  properties  (as 
the  smell,  <fec.)  of  bilge-water. 

Biliary  (bil'i-a-ri),  a.  Belonging  to  the  bile; 
conveying  the  bile;  as,  a  biliary  duct.— 
Biliary  calculus,  a  concretion  which  forms 
in  the  gall-bladder  or  bile-ducts;  gall-stone. 
It  is  generally  composed  of  a  peculiar 
crystalline  fatty  matter  which  has  been 
called  cholesterine. 

Biliation  (bil-i-a'shon),  n.  The  excretion  of 
bile.  Dunglison. 

Bilimbi,  BiUmbing  (bi-lim'bi,  bi-lim'bing), 
n.  The  Malayan  name  of  the  fruit  of  Aver- 
rhoa  Bilimbi;  it  is  very  acid,  but  much  es- 
teemed when  made  into  syrup,  candied,  or 
pickled. 

Bilingsgate,  n.    See  BILLINGSGATE. 

Bilingual  (bi-ling'gwal),  a.  [L.  bilinguw, 
speaking  two  languages,  bilingual  —bi,  two, 
double,  and  lingua,  a  tongue,  a  language.] 
Containing,  or  expressed  in,  two  languages; 
as,  a  bilingual  dictionary;  a  bilingual  in- 
scription. Gent.  Mag. 

Bilinguar  (bi-ling'gwer),  a.  Same  as  Bi- 
lingual. 

Bilinguist  (bi-ling/Kwist),7i.  One  who  speaks 
two  languages.  Hamilton. 


Bilinguous  (bi-ling'gwus),  a.    [See  BILIN- 
GUAL.]    Having  two  tongues,  or  i 
two  languages.    Johnson. 


'  tongues,  or  speaking 


Bilious  (bil'i-us),  a.  [L.  biliosus,  from  bilis, 
the  bile.  ]  1.  Pertaining  to  bile;  consisting 
or  partaking  of  bile.  'A  bilious  alkali.' 
Arbuthnot. —  2.  A  term  applied  to  certain 
constitutionsand  diseases  which  are  believed 
to  be  the  effect  of  a  superabundance  of  bile: 
affected  by  bile. 

Biliousness  (bil'i-us-nes),  n.  The  condition 
of  being  bilious;  the  state  of  suffering  from 
or  being  subject  to  too  great  a  secretion  of 
bile. 

Dyspepsia  (called  biliousness)  is  among  the  predo- 
minant maladies  in  the  island.  Anstfft. 

BlliphSBln  (bil-i-fe'in),  n.  [L.  bills,  bile,  and 
Gr.  phaios,  brown.]  The  ordinary  brown 
pigment  contained  in  bile  and  in  the  intes- 
tines, and  the  substance  colouring  the  forces, 
and  the  skin  in  jaundice.  It  often  forms 
the  chief  part  of  gall-stones.  Also  termed 
Cholophcein,  Cholophrome. 

Biliteral  (bi-lit'er-al),  a.  [L.  bi,  twice,  two, 
and  litera,  a  letter.]  Consisting  of  two  let- 
ters; as,  a  bilitcral  root  in  language.  Sir  W. 
Jones. 

Bilive.t  Bilyvet  (bi-liv'),  ado.  [A  form  of 
belyve.]  Presently.  '  And  down  to  Plutoe's 
house  are  come  bilive.'  Spenser. 

Biliverdine  (bil-i-ver'din),  n.  [L.  bilii,  bile, 
and  verdis,  green.]  An  ingredient  in  the 
bile.  The  green  pigment  found  in  the  bile 
of  the  ox,  fishes,  amphibia,  and  birds.  It 
arises  from  oxidation  of  the  biliphsein,  and 
is  much  prized  by  painters.  It  is  found 
also  in  the  excrements  of  children. 

Bilk  (bilk),  v.t.  [Probably  a  different  form 
of  balk.  ]  To  frustrate  or  disappoint ;  to 
deceive  or  defraud  by  non-fulfilment  of  en- 
gagement; to  leave  in  the  lurch;  as,  to  bilk 
a  creditor.  '  Don't  you  biUc me.'  Spectator. 
Sonietimes  the  sum  owing,  or  that  for  which 
it  is  due,  is  the  object. 

I  don't  intend  to  bilk  my  lodgings.        Fielding. 
He  cannot  drink  five  bottles,  bilk  the  score. 
Then  kill  a  constable,  and  drink  five  more.  Cowper. 

Bilk  (bilk),  n.  1.  A  cheat;  a  trick.  [Rare.}— 
2.  Nothing;  vain  words. 

Bilket  what's  that?— Why,  nothing;  a  word  signi- 
fying nothing,  and  borrowed  here  to  express  nothing. 

Bill  (bil),  n.     [A.  Sax.  bile,  a  beak.^lso'ir. 

and  Gael.  bil.  bile,  mouth,  beak,  originally 

the  same  as  following  word.]    The  beak  of 

a  fowl. 
Bill  (bil),  7i.  [A.  Sax.  bil,  bill,  a  bill,  a  sword, 

<Sc. ;  Cog.  D.  and  G.  title,  a  pick  to  sharpen 


millstones;  Dan.  biil,  D.  bijl,  G.  btil,  a 
hatchet;  Icel.  bildr,  an  axe;  the  rout-mean- 
ing being  seen  in  Skr.  btiil,  to  split.]  1.  A 
cutting  instrument  hook-shaped  towards 
the  point,  or  with  a  concave  cutting  edge; 
an  instrument  used  by  plumbers,  basket- 
makers,  gardeners,  &c., 
made  in  various  forms  and 
fitted  with  a  handle.  Such 
instruments,  when  used 
by  gardeners  for  pruning 
hedges,  trees,  <&c., are  called 
<r--v  J  hedge-bills  or  bill-hooks.  See 

\  V  BILL-HOOK.— 2.  An  ancient 

military  weapon, consisting 
of  a  broad  hook  -  shaped 
blade,  having  a  short  [tike 
at  the  back  and  another 
at  the  summit,  attached  to 
n  long  handle,  used  by  the 
English  infantry  especially 
in  defending  themselves 
against  cavalry  down  to 
the  fifteenth  century,  and 
by  civic  guards  or  watch- 
men down  to  tiie  end  of  the 
seventeenth.  Thus  Shak- 
Old  English  Bill,  "pere  makes  Dogberry  cau- 
time  of  Elizabeth,  tion  the  watch  that  their 
'bills  be  not  stolen.'— 3.  A 
pick-axe;  a  mattock.  — 4.  Saut.  the  point  or 
extremity  of  the  fluke  of  an  anchor ;  also, 
the  ends  of  compass  or  knee  timber. 
Bill  (bil),  n.  [Norm,  bille,  a  label  or  note, 
from  L.L.  buHa,  billa,  a  seal,  a  stamp,  a 
letter,  a  roll,  from  L.  bulla,  a  boss,  a  stud. 
See  BULL  (papal  edict).]  1. 1  A  writing  of 
any  kind;  a  billet. 

Hit  Ha 

In  which  that  he  ywrittcn  had  his  will.     Chaucer. 

2.  In  law,  a  declaration  in  writing  express- 
ing some  wrong  the  complainant  has  suf- 
fered from  the  defendant,  or  a  fault  com- 
mitted by  some  person  against  a  law.  It 
contains  the  fact  complained  of,  the  damage 
sustained,  and  a  petition  or  process  against 
the  defendant  for  redress.  It  is  used  both 
in  civil  and  criminal  cases.  In  Scots  lair. 
every  summary  application  in  writing,  by 
way  of  petition  to  the  Court  of  Session,  is 
called  a  6iH.  —  3.  In  com.  an  acknowledgment 
of  debt  given  in  writing  by  one  person  to 
another,  the  sum  due  and  the  time  of  pay- 
ment, as  well  as  the  place  and  date  of  sign- 
ing, being  set  down ;  a  note  or  statement 
of  debt;  a  note  of  hand.— 4.  A  form  or  draft 
of  a  law  presented  to  a  legislature,  but  not 
yet  enacted  or  passed  and  made  law.  In 
some  cases  statutes  are  called  bills,  but 
usually  they  are  qualified  by  some  descrip- 
tion: as,  a  bill  of  attainder.  — b.  A  paper 
written  or  printed,  and  intended  to  give 
public  notice  of  something,  especially  by 
being  exhibited  in  some  public  place ;  an 
advertisement  posted;  a  placard. —  6.  An 
account  of  goods  sold  or  delivered,  services 
rendered,  or  work  done,  with  the  price  or 
value  annexed  to  each  article.  — 7.  Any  writ- 
ten paper  containing  a  statement  of  parti- 
culars; as,  a  bill  of  charges  or  expenditures: 
a  physician's .bill  of  prescriptions;  a  bill  uf 
fare  or  provisions,  «c.  —  8.  In  printing,  a 
weight  of  a  fount  of  types  in  certain  fixed 
proportions. — Bill  of  credit,  (a)  an  autluii  ity 
given  in  writing  from  one  person  to  another, 
empowering  the  latter  to  receive  or  take  up 
money  from  a  third  party,  (b)  In  the  t'nitnl 
States,  a  paper  issued  by  a  state,  on  the 
mere  faith  and  credit  of  the  state,  and  de- 
signed to  circulate  as  money.  —Billofent  *  //. 
a  written  account  of  goods  entered  at  the 
custom-house,  whether  imported  or  in- 
tended for  export.  —Bill  of  exceptions.  See 
under  EXCEPTION.  —  Bill  of  exchange,  an 
order  drawn  on  a  person  in  a  distant  phur 
requesting  or  directing  him  to  pay  money 
to  some  person  assigned  by  the  drawer,  or 
to  his  order,  in  consideration  of  the  K;IIHC 
sum  or  value  received  by  the  drawer.  Kills 
of  exchange  are  either  foreign  or  inland; 
foreign,  when  drawn  by  a  person  in  one 
country  upon  one  residing  in  another,  in- 
land, when  both  the  drawer  and  drawee 
reside  in  the  same  country.  The  persmi 
who  draws  the  bill  is  called  the  ilr<inri ;  tin 
person  on  whom  the  request  or  demaii'l  is 
made  is  called  the  drawee;  and  tin-  pci><;n 
to  whom  the  money  is  directed  to  be  paid 
is  called  the  payee.— Bill  of  health,  a  .  •  iti- 
flcate  signed  by  consuls  or  other  authorities 
as  to  the  health  of  a  ship's  company  at  tlif 
time  of  her  clearing  any  port  or  place,  cer- 
tifying the  state  of  health  at  the  time  such 
|  ship  sailed.  A  clean  bill  imports  that  the 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


BILL 


271 


B1MKMBRAL 


ship  sailed  at  a  time  wlicn  m>  infectious 
disunlrr  was  supposed  to  exist ;  a  *»/*•- 
pected  or  touched  bill  imports  that  there 
were  rumours  of  such  a  disorder,  but  that 
it  had  not  appeared;  si  foul  bill,  or  the  ab- 
sence of  a  clean  bill,  imports  that  the  place 
was  infected  when  the  vessel  left.— Bill  of 
Iftiiinif,  a  memorandum  of  goods  shipped  on 
board  of  a  vessel,  signed  by  the  master  of 
the  vessel,  who  acknowledges  the  receipt  of 
the  goods  and  promises  to  deliver  them  in 
goou  condition  at  the  place  directed,  dan- 
gers of  the  sea  excepted.  They  are  usually 
drawn  up  on  stamped  paper  in  three  sets, 
one  of  which  goes  to  the  shipper,  one  to  the 
consignee,  and  one  is  retained  by  the  mas- 
ter— Bill  qf  mortality.  See  MORTALITY.— 
Bill  of  parcels,  an  account  given  by  the 
seller  to  the  buyer  containing  particulars  of 
the  goods  bought  and  of  their  prices;  an 
invoice. — Bill  of  sale,  a  formal  instrument 
for  the  conveyance  or  transfer  of  personal 
chattels,  as  household  furniture,  stock  in  a 
simp,  shares  of  a  ship.  It  is  often  given  to 
a  creditor  in  security  for  money  borrowed, 
or  obligation  otherwise  incurred,  empower- 
iui:  the  receiver  to  sell  the  goods  if  the 
money  is  not  repaid  with  interest  at  the 
appointed  time,  or  the  obligation  not  other- 
wise discharged.— /JtfJ  of  sight,  a  form  of 
entry  at  the  custom-house  by  which  goods, 
respecting  which  the  importer  has  not  the 
full  particulars,  may  be  provisionally  landed 
for  examination.—  Bill  of  stores,  a  license 
granted  at  the  custom-house  to  merchants 
to  carry  stores  and  provisions  for  their  voy- 
age custom  free. 

Bill  (bil),  v.i.  To  join  bills  or  beaks,  as 
doves ;  to  caress  in  fondness. 

Doves,  they  say,  will  *;'//  after  their  pecking. 

Bill  (bil),  v.t.  [From  bill,  a  writing.]  To 
advertise  by  a  bill  or  public  notice. 

Billage  (bil'aj),  n.  [A  corruption  of  bilge,] 
The  breadth  of  a  ship's  floor  when  aground. 

Billbergia  (bil-ber'gi-a),  n.  [Named  after 
J.  G.  Billberg,  a  Swedish  botanist.]  A 
genus  of  epiphytic  plants,  nat.  order  Bro- 
mcliaceae.  They  grow  on  trees  in  tropical 
America,  and  have  been  introduced  into 
our  hothouses  because  of  the  beauty  and 
fragrance  of  their  flowers. 

Bill-board  (Ml'bord),  n.  Faut.  (a)  one  of 
the  pieces  of  timber  fixed  between  the 
projecting  planks  of  the  bow  of  a  vessel. 
(6)  One  of  the  pieces  fixed  to  the  bulwarks, 
serving  to  guide  the  bill  of  the  anchor  past 
those  projecting  planks.  Called  also  An- 
chor-lining. 

Bill-book  (bil'buk),  n.  A  book  in  which  a 
merchant  keeps  a  record  of  the  details  of 
his  bills  of  exchange,  promissory  notes,  &c., 
payable  and  receivable. 

Bill-broker  (bil'bro-ker),  n.  One  who  nego- 
tiates or  discounts  bills  of  exchange,  promis- 
sory notes,  and  the  like. 

Bill-chamber  (bilVham-ber),  n.  A  depart- 
ment of  the  Court  of  Session  in  Scotland, 
in  which  one  of  the  judges  officiates  at 
all  times  during  session  and  vacation.  All 
proceedings  for  summary  remedies,  or  for 
protection  against  impending  proceedings, 
commence  in  the  bill  -  chamber,  such  as 
interdicts.  The  process  of  sequestration 
or  bankruptcy  issues  from  this  department 
of  the  court. 

Billed  (bild),  a.  Furnished  with  a  bill: 
iHrd  mostly  in  composition;  as,  a  sliort- 
blll,;l  bird. 

Billet  (bil'let),  n.  [Dim.  of  bill,  Norm,  bille, 
a  writing  =  Fr.  billet.  See  BILL.]  1.  A  small 
paper  or  note  in  writing;  a  short  letter.— 
2.  A  ticket  given  by  a  billet-master  or  other 
officer  directing  soldiers  at  what  house  to 
lodge.  Hence  -3.  The  place  where  a  soldier 
N  lodged;  lodging;  accommodation. 

Billet  (bil'let),  v.t.  To  direct  a  soldier  by 
a  ticket  or  note  where  to  lodge;  hence,  to 
quarter  or  place  in  lodgings,  as  soldiers  in 
private  houses.  '  Retire 
thee ;  go  where  thou  art 
billeted.'  Shak 

Billet  (bil'let),  v.i.  To  be 
quartered;  to  lodge:  spe- 
cifically applied  to  sol- 
diers. *  He  billets  in 
my  lodgings.'  Dr.  Pri- 
deaux. 

Billet  (bil'let),  n.  [Fr. 
billot,  a  log,  from  bille, 
the  stock  of  a  tree,  from  the  Celtic.]  1.  A 
small  stick  of  wood  used  for  various  pur- 
poses; bundles  of  billets  are  called  billtt- 
wood.— 2.  In  her.  a  bearing  in  the  form  of 


Billets. 


Billet-moulding. 


an  oblong.-  3.  Tn  arch,  an  ornament  much 
used  in  Norman  work,  consisting  of  an  imi- 
tation of  wooden  billets,  or  small  pieces  of 
stick  placed  in 
a  hollow  mould- 
ing, at  intervals 
apart  usually 
equal  to  their 
own  length.  — 
/Hllet  and  zig- 
zag, a  frequent 
moulding  in  mediaeval  architecture,  con- 
sisting of  a  torus  ornamented  by  alternate 
chequers. 

Billet -cable  (billet-ka-bl),  n.  In  arch. 
a  moulding  in  Norman  architecture.  See 
BILLET,  3. 

Billet-doux  (MMe-do),  n.  [Fr]  A  love- 
note  or  short  love-letter. 

Day  kept  courting  pretty  May,  who  sate  next  him, 
slipping  amorous  billets-doux  under  the  table.  Lamb. 

Billet-head  (billet-hed),  n.  ffavt.  (a)  & 
round  piece  of  timber  fixed  in  the  bow  or 
stern  of  a  whaling-boat,  round  which  the 
line  is  run  out  when  the  whale  darts  off 
after  being  harpooned,  (b)  Same  as  Scroll- 
head. 

Billet-master  (bil'let-mas-ter),  n.  One 
whose  duty  it  is  to  issue  billets  to  soldiers. 

Billet -moulding  (bil'let -mold -ing),  n. 
In  arch,  an  ornamental  moulding.  See 
BILLET,  3. 

Bill-fish  (bil'flsh),  n.     A  fish  of     £— y 
considerable  size  found   in   the       ' 
great  lakes  of  North  America,  the 
Belvne  tntncata. 

Bill-hook  (bilTiok),  n.  A  small 
variety  of  hatchet  curved  inwards 
at  the  point  of  the  cutting  edge, 
used  by  gardeners  for  pruning 
trees,  hedges,  and  the  like. 

Billiard  (bil'yerd),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  game  of  billiards;  as,  a 
good  billiard  player. 

Billiard-ball  (bil'yerd-bal),  n.  A  Bili.hook. 
ball  used  in  playing  billiards. 

Billiard-Cloth  (bil'yerd-kloth).  n.  Green 
woollen  cloth,  piece-dyed,  and  from  72  to 
81  inches  wide,  manufactured  to  cover  billi- 
ard-tables. 

Billiard-cue  (bil'yerd-ku),  n.  The  rod 
or  stick  with  which  the  billiard-balls  are 
struck  when  playing. 

Billiard-marker  ( bil'yerd- mark -er),  n. 
One  who  attends  on  players  at  billiards  and 
records  the  progress  of  the  game. 

Billiards  (bil'yerdz),  n.  [Fr.  billard,  the 
game  of  billiards,  a  billiard-cue,  from  bille, 
a  piece  of  wood,  a  ball.  ]  A  game  played  on 
a  rectangular  table  (see  BILLIARD-TABLE) 
with  ivory  balls,which  the  players,  by  means 
of  cues  or  maces,  cause  to  strike  against 
each  other,  and  generally  also  to  roll  into 
pockets  at  the  side 
by  i 
cording  to  certain  rules. 

Billiard-table  (liil'yenl-ta-bl),  n.  A  table 
on  which  the  game  of  billiards  is  played. 
It  is  made  of  mahogany  or  other  hard 
wood,  of  strong  and  heavy  construction, 
has  a  raised  cushioned  ledge  all  round, 
the  sunken  area  consisting  of  a  bed  of 
slate,  covered  with  fine  green  cloth,  there 
being  generally  six  pockets  (four  at  the 
corners  and  two  at  the  sides),  into  which 
the  balls  may  be  driven.  The  general  size 
of  the  table  is  12  feet  by  6. 

Blllicock  (bil'li-kok),  n.  A  low-crowned 
felt  hat.  [Colloq.] 

Billing  ( bil' ing),  o.  Caressing  after  the 
fashion  of  doves;  fondling. 

Still  amorous  and  fond  and  billing, 

Like  Pliilip  and  Mary  on  a  shilling.      Hniiibnis. 

Billingsgate,  Bilingsgate  (bil'ingz-gat),  n. 
[From  a  fish-market  of  this  name  in  London, 
celebrated  for  the  use  of  foul  language.] 
Profane  or  foul  language;  ribaldry. 

Satire  is  nothing  but  ribaldry  and  billingsgate. 
Addison. 

Billion  (bil'li-on),  n.  [Fr.,  contr.  from  L. 
bis,  twice,  and  million.  ]  A  million  of 
millions;  as  many  millions  as  there  are 
units  in  a  million;  but  according  to  the 
French  mode  of  computation  a  thousand 
millions. 

Billman  (Ml'man),  n.  One  who  uses  a  bill 
or  hooked  axe:  formerly  applied  to  a  soldier 
armed  with  a  bill.  '  In  rush'd  his  billmen.' 
Mir. /or  Hags.  'A  billman  of  the  guard.' 
Saville. 

Billon  (bil-yoh,  bil'lon),  n.  [Fr.,  copper 
coin,  base  coin.]  An  alloy  of  copper  and 
silver,  in  which  the  former  predominates, 
used  in  some  countries  for  coins  of  low 


ickets  at  the  sides  and  corners  of  the  table 
iy  impelling  one  ball  against  another  ac- 


valiii-.  the  objci-t  brine  to  avoid  the  bulki- 

ness  of  pure  copper  coin. 
Billot  (bil'lot),  n.     [Fr.,  a  block,  a  lump.) 

Cold  or  silver  bullion  in  the  mass  previous 

to  being  coined. 
Billow  (Ml'  16),  «.      [Scaml.:   Icel.   l>n/;ijn, 

Dan.  boltje,  Sw.   bijlja,  a  swell,  or  rolling 

swell,  from  root  of  bulye,  belly,   btll<nrs  \ 

A  great  wave  or  (urge  of  the  sea,  occasioned 

usually  by  a  violent  wind. 
Strongly  it  bears  us  along,  in  swelling  and  limitless 


Billow  (billo),  v.i.  To  swell;  to  rise  and 
roll  in  large  waves  or  surges. 

The  black-browed  Marseillese  .   .   .  do  billow  on 
towards  the  Tuileries,  where  their  errand  is. 

Carlyle. 

Billow  (bil'16),  v.t.  To  raise  in  waves  or 
billows.  Young. 

Billowed  (bil'Iod),  a.    Swelled  like  a  billow. 

Billowy  (bil'16-i).  a.  Swelling  or  swelled 
into  large  waves  ;  full  of  billows  or  surges; 
belonging  to  billows  ;  wavy.  '  The  billoicie 
ocean.'  Chapman.  'The  billowy  foam.' 
Thomson. 

Bill-poster  (bil'p6st-er),  n.  One  whose 
business  it  is  to  post  up  bills  and  advertise- 
ments; a  bill-sticker. 

Bill-sticker  (bil'stik-er),  n.  One  who  posts 
up  bills  or  advertisements  in  public  places. 

Billy,  Billle  (bil'li),  ?>.  [Probably  a  form  of 
buuy,  in  sense  of  dashing  or  jolly  fellow.] 
A  comrade;  a  companion;  a  brother  in  arms, 
trade,  and  the  like;  a  fellow;  a  young  man. 
[Scotch.] 

Billy-biter  (bil'li-bit-er),  n.  A  familiarname 
given  to  the  blue  titmouse  (Pant*  axrvleug). 

Billy-boy  (bil'li-boi),  n.  A  fiat-bottomed, 
bluff-bowed  barge,  especially  built  for  the 
navigation  of  the  Humber  and  its  tribu- 
taries. Sea-going  billy-boys  are  generally 
clincher-built  and  sloop-rigged,  but  some 
are  canal-built  and  schooner-rigged.  Many 
have  a  square  topsail  and  lee-boards.  The 
mast  is  fitted  to  the  deck  by  a  hinge,  so 


Billy-boy.— Drawn  by  Capt.  May. 

that  it  can  be  lowered  when  passing  under 
bridges.  Billy-boys  draw  very  little  water. 

Bilobed,  Bilobate  (bilflbd.  bi-lob'at),  a. 
[Prefix  hi,  and  lobed,  lobate.  See  LOBE.] 
Divided  into  two  lobes;  as,  a  bilobate  leaf. 
Written  also  Bilobated. 

Bilocular  (bi-lok'u-ler),  a.  [L.  bi,  twice, 
j  two,  and  locuhis,  a  cell,  from  locus,  a  place.] 
'  Divided  into  two  cells,  or  containing  two 
cells  internally;  as,  a  bilocular  pericarp. 

Bimaculate,  Bimaculated  (bi-mak'u-lat, 
bi-mak'u-lat-ed),  a.  [L.  bi,  twice,  doubly, 
and  macula,  &  spot.)  Having  two  spots; 
marked  with  two  spots. 

Bimana  (bi-ma'na),  n.  [See  BIMANOUS.] 
In  tool,  animals  having  two  hands:  a  term 
applied  by  Cuvier  to  the  highest  order  of 
Mammalia,  of  which  man  is  the  type  and 
sole  genus. 

Bimane  t  (bi'man),  a.    Same  as  Bimanmis. 

Bimanous  (bi-ma'nus),  a.  [L.  bi,  twice,  two, 
and  mantis,  a  hand.)  Having  two  hands. 
'  Two-handed  and  two-footed,  or  bimanotts 
and  biped.'  Lawrence. 

Bimarginate  (bi-mar'jin-at),  a.  (Prefix  bi, 
double,  and  margin.  ]  In  conch,  furnished 
with  a  double  margin  as  far  as  the  tip. 

Bimedial  (bi-me'di-al),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  twice, 
two,  and  medial.  ]  1.  In  math,  if  two  medial 
lines,  AB  and  BC,  commensurable  only  in 
power,  and  containing  a  rational  rectangle, 
are  compounded,  the  whole  line  A  c  will  be 
irrational,  and  is  called  a  first  bimedial  line. 
2.  Belonging  to  a  quantity  arising  from  a 
particular  combination  of  two  other  quan- 
tities. 

Bimembral  (b'-mem'bral),  a.  [Prefix  bi, 
two,  twice,  and  member.]  Consisting  of 
two  members,  as  a  sentence.  Gibbt. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  170;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure. — See  KEY. 


HIMKN'K 


•27-2 


BINOMINAL 


Bimene,  t  v.  t.     To  bemoan.     Chaucer. 
Bimensal  (bi-men'sal),  a.    [L.  bi,  two,  twice, 
and  mi'iisn,  a  month.]    Occurring  once  in 
two  months. 

Bimestrial  (lii-mes'tri-al),  a.  [L  bimtitris 
— bi,  twice,  and  tnemtig,  a  month.]  Hap- 
pening every  two  months;  continuing  two 
months. 

Bimetallic  (hl-me-tal'ik),  a.  [Prefix  bi, 
twice,  and  metallic.]  Of  or  pertaining  to 
two  metals;  pertaining  to  the  use  of  a  double 
metallic  standard  in  currency. 
Bimonthly  (bi-munth'li),  a.  [Prefix  bi, 
twice,  and  monthly.]  Occurring  every  two 
months.  [Sometimes  applied  to  periodi- 
cals appearing  twice  a  month.  This  latter 
is,  however,  an  erroneous  use  for  semi- 
monthly. ] 

Bimuscular  (bi-mus'ku-ler),  a  [Prefix  bi, 
twice,  and  muscular.  ]  Having  two  attach- 
ing muscles  and  two  muscular  impressions, 
as  a  bivalve  mollusc. 

Bin  (bin),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bin,  binn,  binne,  a  hin, 
a  manger,  a  hutch;  D.  ben,  G.  benne,  binnr. 
a  basket.]  1.  A  box  or  inclosed  place  used 
as  a  repository  of  any  commodity;  as,  a 
corn-bin;  a  coal-bin. --2.  One  of  the  open 
subdivisions  of  a  cellar  for  the  reception  of 
wine-bottles. 

Bint  (hin)  Formerly  used  for  been,  the 
Old  English  plural  of  be,  and  =  are,  were, 
as  also  for  been,  pp.  '  Blushes  that  bin  the 
burnish  of  no  sin,'  Crashaw.  'As  fresh  as 
bin  the  flowers  in  May.'  Peele. 
Binacle  (bin'a-kl),  n.  Same  as  Binnacle. 
Binal  (bi'nal),  a.  [L.  binus,  two  by  two,  from 
bis,  twice.]  Twofold;  double.  'Binal  re- 
venge. '  Ford.  [Rare.  ] 
Biliary  (bi'na-ri),  a.  [L.  L.  binarius,  from 
L.  binus,  double,  two  and  two.]  Twofold; 
dual,  <fcc. — Binary  arithmetic,  the  inven- 
tion of  Leibnitz,  is  that  in  which  two 
figures  only,  0  and  1,  are  used  in  lieu  of  ten; 
the  cipher  multiplying  everything  by  2,  as 
in  common  arithmetic  by  10.  Thus,  1  is 
one;  10  is  two;  11  is  three ;  100  is  four;  101 
is  five;  110  is  six;  111  is  seven;  1000  is  eight; 
1001  is  nine;  1010  is  ten.  —Binary  compound, 
in  chem.  a  compound  of  two  elements,  or  of 
an  element  and  a  compound  performing  the 
function  of  an  element,  or  of  two  compounds 
performing  the  function  of  elements,  ac- 
cording to  the  laws  of  combination.  Fara- 
day assigns  as  the  distinctive  character  of  a 
binary  compound  that  it  admits  of  electro- 
lysis.—Binary  engine,  an  engine  having  the 
piston  of  one  cylinder  impelled  by  steam, 
which,  being  exhausted  into  another  part  of 
the  apparatus,  communicates  its  unutilized 
heat  to  some  liquid  volatile  at  a  lower  tem- 
perature ;  the  vapour  of  this  second  liquid, 
by  its  expansion  in  a  second  cylinder,  yields 
additional  force.— Binary  logarithms,  a  sys- 
tem of  logarithms  contrived  and  calculated 
by  Euler  for  facilitating  musical  calcula- 
tions. In  this  system  1  is  the  logarithm  of  2, 
2  of  4,  &c. ,  and  the  modulus  is  1-442695; 
whereas  in  the  kind  commonly  used  1  is  the 
logarithm  of  10,  2  of  100,  <tc. ,  and  the  modu- 
lus is  "43429448. — Binary  measure,  in  music, 
the  measure  used  in  common  time,  in  which 
the  time  of  rising  in  beating  is  equal  to  the 
time  of  falling— Binary  nomenclature,  in 
nat.  hist,  classification  of  names  by  genus 
and  species.—  Binary  number,  that  which 
is  composed  of  two  units. — Binary  scale,  in 
<rri(n.  a  uniform  scale  of  notation  whose 
ratio  is  two.  —  Binary  star,  a  double  star, 
whose  members  have  a  revolution  round 
their  common  centre  of  gravity.  —  Binary 
theory  of  salts,  the  theory  which  regards 
stilts  as  composed  of  a  metal,  with  an  acid 
or  chlorous  radical,  as  nitrate  of  potassium 
(N'05K),  acetate  of  potassium  (C3H2O2K). 
Binaryt  (bi'na-ri),  n.  A  whole  composed  of 
two ;  a  dyad. 

To  make  two,  or  a  binary,  add  but  one  unto  one. 
Fatherly. 

Binate  (bi'nat),  a.    [L.  bin««.    See  BINARY.] 

In  bat.  being  double  or  in 

couples;  having  only  two 

leaflets  to  a  petiole;  grow- 
ing in  pairs 
Bind  (bind),  a.t.  pret.  bound; 

pp.bound.ando'js  biunlen; 

ppr.  binding.    [A.  Sax.  bin- 

dan,  pret. band,  prj.bnnden; 

Icel.  Sw.  binda,  Dan.  binde, 

I),  and  G.  binden,  to  bind, 

from    same    root    as    Skr. 

bandh,  to  bind.]    1.  To  tie 

or  confine  with  a  cord,  or  anything  that 

is  flexible ;  to  fasten  or  encircle,  as  with  a 

band  or  ligature  ;  to  put  a  ligature  or  ban- 


Binate  Leaves. 


dage  on;  specifically,  to  put  in  bonds  or 
fetters:  often  with  up.  'To  bind  our  lives 
11  p  in  a  holy  band. '  Sha k.  '  Bind  up  those 
tresses.'  Shak. 

When  lie  saw  him  he  had  compassion  on  him,  and 
went  to  him,  and  bound  up  liis  wounds. 

Luke  x.  33.  34. 

Both  man  and  master  is  possessed ; 
They  must  be  bound  &\\&  laid  in  some  dark  room. 
Shall. 

2.  To  restrain  by  any  kind  of  physical  means 
or  influence;  as,  attraction  binds  the  planets 
to  the  sun;  frost  binds  the  streams. 

He  bindeth  the  floods  from  overflowing. 

Job  xxviii.  ii. 

.  3.  To  engage  by  a  promise,  vow,  stipulation, 
'  covenant,  law,  duty,  or  any  other  moral  tie ; 
as,  we  are  bound  by  the  laws  of  kindness,  of 
nature,  of  a  state,  &c.  'To  bind,  him  to 
remember  my  good-will.'  Shale.  'I  will 
be  bound  to  pay  it.'  Shak.  'Bound  to 
vows  of  holy  chastity.'  Tennyson. — 4.  To 
afflict  with  disease  or  bodily  infirmity. 
'  Whom  Satan  hath  bound,  lo,  these  eigh- 
teen years.'  Luke  xiii.  16.— 5.  To  restrain 
from  the  natural  course  of  digestion ;  to 
make  costive;  as,  certain  kinds  of  food  bind 
the  bowels.  —  6.  To  form  a  border  on ;  to 
fasten  with  a  band,  ribbon,  or  anything  that 
strengthens  the  edges;  as,  to  bind  a  gar- 
ment or  carpet;  to  bind  a  wheel  with  a  tire. 
7.  To  sew  together  and  cover;  as,  to  bind  a 
book.— 8.  To  place  under  legal  obligation 
to  serve ;  as,  to  bind  an  apprentice :  often 
without;  as,  to  bind  oufaservant  —  9.  To  tie 
or  knit.  'Bind  this  knot  of  amity.'  Shak. — 
To  bind  in,  to  inclose;  to  surround.  '  Bound 
in  with  the  triumphant  sea.'  Shale.  "A 
costly  jewel  bound  in  with  diamonds.'  Shak. 
—  To  bind  over,  to  oblige  by  bond  to  appear 
at  a  court.  — To  bind  up  in,  to  cause  to  he 
wholly  engrossed  with;  to  absorb  in;  to  con- 
nect intimately  with.  '  Seeing  that  his  life 
is  bound  up  in  the  lad's  life.'  Gen.  xliv.  30. 
Bind  (bind),  v.i.  1.  To  contract;  to  grow 
hard  or  stiff;  as,  clay  binds  by  heat.  '  It  is 
a  binding  land.'  Mortimer.--?.  To  grow  or 
become  costive.  — 3.  To  exercise  an  obliga- 
tory influence;  to  be  obligatory.  '  Marriage 
binds.'  Shak. 

Those  canons  or  imperial  constitutions  which  have 
not  been  received  here  do  not  bind.     Sir  M.  Hale. 

4.  To  tie  up;  specifically,  to  tie  sheaves  up. 

They  that  reap  must  sheaf  and  bind.        Shak. 

Bind  (bind),  n.  A  climbing  stem ;  a  bine; 
specifically,  a  stalk  of  hops.  See  BINE. 

Bind  (bind),  n.  1.  A  quantity  of  eels,  consist- 
ing of  ten  strikes,  each  containing  twenty- 
five  eels,  or  250  in  the  whole.— 2.  A  miner's 
term  for  tough,  argillaceous  or  clayey  shales; 
but  like  many  other  local  terms  not  very 
precise  in  its  application.  Page.  —  3.  In 
ttit«ic,  a  ligature  or  tie  for  the  purpose  of 
grouping  notes  together. 

Binder  (bind'er),  n.  1.  A  person  who  binds; 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  bind  books;  one 
who  binds  sheaves.  -  2.  Anything  that  binds, 
as  a  fillet,  cord,  rope,  or  band;  a  bandage. 

Bindery  (bind'er-i),  n.  A  place  where  books 
are  bound. 

Binding  (bind'ing),  a.  Serving  to  bind, 
fasten,  or  connect;  having  power  to  bind  or 
oblige;  obligatory;  making  fast;  astringent; 
as,  the  binding  force  of  a  moral  duty  or  of  a 
command. — Binding  joists,  beams  in  floor- 
ing which  support  the  bridging  joists  above 
and  the  ceiling  joists  below. 

Binding  (bind'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  fasten- 
ing, as  with  a  band ;  specifically,  the  act  of 
tying  up  sheaves  of  corn.  —  2.  The  act  of 
bringing  under  obligation  or  stipulations.— 
3.  Anything  which  binds;  a  bandage;  the 
cover  of  a  book,  with  the  sewing  and  ac- 
companying work ;  something  that  secures 
the  edges  of  cloth.— 4.  In  fencing,  amethod 
of  securing  or  crossing  the  adversary's 
sword  with  a  pressure,  accompanied  with 
a  spring  of  the  wrist.— 5.  pi.  In  shipbuild- 
ing, the  beams,  transoms,  knees,  wales 
keelson,  and  other  chief  timbers  used  for 
connecting  and  strengthening  the  various 
parts  of  a  vessel.  — 6  A  term  used  to  express 
the  condition  of  adhesive  soils  in  hot  dry 
seasons;  closeness  and  dryness  of  texture 

Bindingly  (bind'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  binding 
manner;  so  as  to  hind. 

Bindingness  (bind'ing-nes),  n.  Quality  of 
being  binding  or  obligatory.  'The  uncon- 
ditional biiulinyneia  of  the  practical  reason. ' 
Coleridge. 

Bind -weed  (bind'wed),  n.  The  common 
name  for  plants  of  the  genus  Convolvulus, 
especially  of  C.  anensus,  and  also  of  plants 
of  the  allied  genus  Calystegia,  especially 
C.  Soldanella  and  C.  sepium.  The  black 


bryony  or  Tamils  is  called  Mack  biml-uveil ; 
Smilax  is  called  rough  bind-weed.  Sola- 
vim  Dulcamara  (the  bitter-sweet)  is  the 
blue  bind-weed  of  Ben  Jonson. 

BlndWlth  (blnd'with),  «.  [Bind  and  trill,, 
a  withe  or  withy.]  A  vulgar  name  for  the 
plant  Clematis  ntalba  (the  traveller's  joy), 
from  its  stems  being  used  to  bind  up  fag- 
gots. 

Bind-wood  (bind'wnd),  n.  A  Scotch  name 
for  ivy,  from  its  entwining  or  binding  itsrlf 
around  stronger  plants,  &c. 

Bine  (bin),  n.  [From  the  verb  bind.  See 
extract.]  The  slender  stem  of  a  climbing 
plant.  '  When  burr  and  bine  were  gathered.' 
Tennyson. 

The  term  bine  or  bind  is  applied  to  the  winding  or 
twining  stem  of  climbing  plants.  Thus  we  speak  of 
the  hop  bine  for  the  shoots  of  hops.  The  wooA-bitie 
designates  the  honeysuckle  in  Lngland,  while  bind- 
WOOO, df M-wood,  or  *«i-wood  is  in  Scotland  applied 
to  ivy.  U'edffit'OOd. 

Binervate  (bi-nerVat),  n.  [L.  bi,  two,  and 
nercus,  a  nerve.]  Two-nerved:  in  bol.  ap- 
plied to  leaves  which  have  two  longitu- 
dinal ribs. 

Bing  (liing),  n.  [  Same  word  as  Dan.  binge. 
Icel.  bingr,  a  heap.]  A  heap;  specifically, 
(n)  a  heap  of  grain.  '.Binp  of  com.'  Surrey 
(b)  A  heap  of  alum  thrown  together  in  order 
to  drain. 

Bink  (bingk),  n.    [Northern  form  of  brnr/i.) 
[Scotch.]    1.  A  bench;  a  seat.—  2.  A  wouilm 
frame,  fixed  to  the  wall  of  a  house,  for  hold- 
ing dishes. — 3.  A  bank;  acclivity. 
Binn  (bin),  n.    Same  as  Bin,  a  chest. 
Binna  (bin'na).     Be  not.     [Scotch.] 
Binnacle  (bin'a-kl),  n.     [Formerly  bittade, 
from  Fr.  habitacle,  a  little  house  near  the 
mizzen-mast  for  pilot 
and  steersman,  and 
this  from  L.  habita- 
culum,im  abode,  from 
habito,  to  dwell.    See 
HABITATION.]  A  case 
or  box  on  the  deck 
of  a  vessel,  near  the 
helm,  containing  the 
compass   and   lights 
by  which  it  can  be 
read  at  night.     It  is 
sometimes      divided 
into     three     apart- 
ments, with   sliding 
shutters;      the    two 
sides  contain  each  a 
compass,     and     the 
middle     division     a 
lamp  or  candle.    Re- 
flectors fitted  on  each 
side  the  binnacle,  at 
Binnacle.  a    proper    angle    to 

throw   light  on  the 

cards,  assist  greatly  in  keeping  the  com- 
pass well  illumined. 

Binny  (bin'i),  n.  A  fish  of  the  carp  family; 
the  barbel  of  the  Nile. 
Binocle  (bi'no-kl  or  bin'o  kl),  n.  [L.  bimis, 
double,  and  oculus,  an  eye.]  A  dioptric 
telescope,  fitted  with  two  tubes  joining  so 
as  to  enable  a  person  to  view  an  object  with 
both  eyes  at  once. 

Binocular  (bi-nok'u-ler),  a.  [See  BISOCLK.  ) 
1.  Having  two  eyes.  '  As  most  animals  are 
binocular.'  Derham. — 2.  Pertaining  to  both 
eyes;  suited  for  the  simultaneous  use  of 
both  eyes;  as,  a  binocular  telescope ;  a  bi- 
nocular  microscope. 

Binoculate  (bi-nok'u-lat),  o.  Having  two 
eyes;  binocular. 

Binomial  (bi-no'mi-al),  n.  [L.  bi,  two,  twice. 
and  nomen,  a  name:  incorrectly  formed  fur 
binominal.}  \nalg.  an  expression  or  quan- 
tity consisting  of  two  terms  connected  by 
the  sign  plus  or  minus;  as,  a  +  b,  3a-2e, 
<J2-fb,  x*-2<^y,  denoting  the  sum  or  the 
difference  of  the  two  terms. 
Binomial  (bi-no'mi-al),  a.  In  alg.  consist- 
ing of  two  terms  connected  by  the  sign  y/dw 
or  minus;  pertaining  to  binomials.  —  Bino- 
mial theorem,  the  celebrated  theorem  given 
by  Sir  Isaac  Newton,  for  raising  a  binomial 
to  any  power,  or  for  extracting  any  root  of 
it  by  an  approximating  infinite  series.— Bi- 
nomial  equation,  an  algebraical  equation 
consisting  of  two  terms;  as,  ax"-r-bx'"  =  o. 
Binominal  (bi-nom'i-nal).  a.  [L.  bi,  twice. 
and  nomin,  nmninis,  a  name.]  Consisting 
of  or  pertaining  to  two  names;  specifically, 
a  term  appellative  of  the  system  introduced 
byLinnffiusby  which  every  plant  and  animal 
receives  two  names,  the  one  indicating  the 
genus  the  other  the  species,  as  Bellisperen- 
nis  (the  daisy),  Felis  Leo  (the  lion). 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abttne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BINOMINOUS 


273 


KIRCH 


Binominoust  (bi-nom'i-nus),  a.    Binumiiml. 

fuller. 
Blnot  (lii'not  or  bi-not').  ».     [Kr.  binut,  from 

hitn'f.  to  till  ii  second  time,  from  L.  tnitnx, 

double,  from  bis,  twice.)    A  variety  of  the 

double  mould-boarded  plough. 
Binotonous  (bl-not'on  us),  a.  [L.  Mntu^two  i 

by  two.  and  tonun,  note.     Formed  on  type 

of  iimiwtunons.]    Consisting  of  two  notes; 

as  a  MnotoiioiM  suund. 
Bilious  (hi'iius),  ti.     1 1,   bfnitx  ]'  Double;  in 

u  pair;  binate. 
Binoxalate  (lii-noks'a-lfit),  ».     In  chf HI.  an 

oxalate  in  which  one  of  the  hydrogen  atoms 

of  the  acid  only  is  replaced  liy  metal. 
Binoxide,  Binoxyde  (U-noks'id  or  bl-noks'- 

id).  n.  In  chem.  same  as  Dent  oxide. 
Bint.t  third  pers.  sing,  pres.  of  bind. 
Biniurong  (bin'tu-rong),  n.  [Native  name.] 


Arctictis,  A.  bintnronyor  A.  albifrv 


An  ursine  animal  allied  to  the  racoon, genus 
Vont,  found 

in  Nepnul.     See  ARCTICTIS. 


Binuclear  (bi-nu'kle-er),  a.  [L.  bi,  twice, 
and  ititclt'im.\  Having  two  nuclei  or  central 
points. 

hiocellate(bi-os'el-lat),  a.     [L.  bi,  two,  and  j 
ocellus,  an  eyelet.]    Marked  with  two  eye- 
like  spots,  as  a  wing. 

Blodynamics  (bi'6-di-nam"iks),  n.  [Gr.bioa, 
life,  and   E.  dynamics  (which  see).]     The  j 
doctrine  of  vital  forces  or  energy. 

Biogenesis  (bi-6-jen'e-sis),  n.  [Gr.  bios,  life, 
and  tji'tirsiM,  generation,  from  root  of  gigno-  i 
tnai  or  ginomai,  to  be  born.]  In  biol.  (a)  ' 
that  department  of  science  which  speculates 
on  the  mode  by  which  new  species  have 
been  introduced;  specifically,  that  view  of  j 
this  doctrine  which  holds  that  living  or- 
^anisms  can  spring  only  from  living  parents. 
Biogenesis  is  opposed  to  abiogenesin,  and 
was  first  vigorously  supported  by  Redi,  an 
Italian  philosopher  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury. See  HKTEROGENESIS,  HOMOGENESIS. 
(b)  The  history  of  life  development  gener- 
ally, as  distinguished  from  ontogenesis,  or 
the  history  of  individual  development,  and 
from  phylogenesis,  or  the  history  of  genea- 
logical development. 

BiogenetiC(bi-6-jeu-et'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing  to  biogenesis.  'This  fundamental  bio- 
genetic  \&w.'  Trans  of  Haeckel. 

Biographer  (bl-og'ra-fer),  n.  [See  BIOGRA- 
PHY.] One  who  writes  a  biography  or  ac- 
enuiit  of  the  life  and  actions  of  a  particular 
prison;  a  writer  of  lives,  as  Plutarch. 

Biographic,  Biographical  (bl-6-graf'ik,  bi- 
6-graf  ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  biography  or 
the  history  of  the  life  of  a  person;  contain- 
ing biography. 

Of  all  the  wonderful  illustrious  persons  that  come 
to  view  in  the  biographic  part  of  these  six-and- 
twenty  volumes,  it  is  a  question  whether  this  old 
I-aiiyres  Catlcr  is  not  the  worthiest.  Cartyle. 

Biographlcally  (bi-6-graf  ik-al-li),  adv.    In 

the  manner  of  a  biography. 
Biographize  (bl-og'ra-fiz),  v.t.   To  write  the 

biography  or  history  of  the  life  of.    [Rare.] 

Now  do  I  bless  the  man  who  undertook 

These  monks  and  martyrs  to  biographize.  Scitthey. 

Biography  (bi-og'ra-fl),  n.  [Gr.  bios,  life, 
and  grapha,  to  write.]  1.  The  history  of  the 
life  and  character  of  a  particular  person,— 
2.  Biographical  writings  in  general,  or  as  a 
department  of  literature. 

This,  then,  was  the  first  great  merit  of  Montesquieu, 
th.it  he  effected  a  complete  separation  between  bio- 
graphy and  history,  and  taught  historians  to  study, 
not  the  peculiarities  of  individual  character,  but  the 
general  aspect  of  the  society  in  which  the  peculiari- 
ties appeared.  Buckle. 

Biologic,  Biological  (bi-6-loj'ik,  bi-6-loj'ik- 
al),  a.  Pertaining  to  biology  or  the  science 
of  life. 

The  interpretation  of  structure  ...  is  aided  by 
two  subsidiary  divisions  of  biologic  inquiry,  named 
Comparative  Anatomy  (properly  Comparative  Mor- 
phology) and  Comparative  Embryology. 

Herbert  Spencer. 

They  (the  discoveries  of  Cuvierl  contain  a  far 
larger  portion  of  important  anatomical  and  biologi- 
cal truth  th;m  it  ever  before  fell  to  the  lot  of  one  man 
to  contribute.  tr'heTveil. 

Biologist  (bi-ol'o-jist),  ».  One  skilled  in  or 
who  studies  the  science  of  biology. 

Biology  (bi-ol'o-jl),  n.  [Gr.  bios,  life,  and 
logos,  a  discourse.  ]  The  science  of  life;  that 
branch  of  knowledge  which  treats  of  organ- 
i/ed  beings  or  animals  and  plants,  including 
their  morphology,  physiology,  origin  or  de- 
velopment, and  distribution ;  in  a  narrower 
sense,  physiology. 

The  evidence  of  the  doctrine  of  Final  Causes  as  a 
fundamental  principle  of  biology  may  be  obscured 
and  weakened.  rWttWttt, 

Blolytic  (bi-6-lit'ik),  a.  [Gr.  bios,  life,  and 
lyo,  to  loose.]  In  med.  tending  to  the  de- 
struction •  f  life;  as,  a  biolytic  agent. 


Bioplasm  (bi'o-plazm).H.  [Or.  bios,  life,  and 
jtltifiintt,  iinything  formed,  from  plitsso,  to 
form.]  A  name  suggested  by  Dr.  ttcale  for 
the  albuminoid  snlistiuicc  constituting  the 
living  matter  of  the  elementary  part  or  cell 
in  plants  and  animals.  Called  by  him  also 
Germinal  Matter.  It  appears  to  differ  from 
protopfrunt  chiefiy  in  being  informed  with 
life. 

Bioplasmic  (bi-o-plaz'mik),  a.  Consisting 
of  or  pertaining  to  bioplasm. 

The  physical  basis  of  life  seems  to  be  structureless 
and  apparently  homogeneous  bioplasmic  matter. 
Nicholson. 

BiOtaxy  (bi'6-taks-i),  n.  [Gr.  bios,  life,  and 
taxitt,  arrangement.]  The  arrangement  or 
co-ordination  of  living  organisms  according 
to  their  external  characters. 

Biotin.  (bi'o-tin),  n.  [See  next  art.]  Same  as 
Anorthite. 

Biotite  (bi'6-tlt),  n.  [After  Biot,  the  French 
chemist.]  Magnesia,  or  hexagonal  mica, 
occurring  in  tabular  prisms. 

Bipalmate  (bl-pal'mat),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  twice, 
and  palmate.}  In  bot.  having  a  palmate 
arrangement  on  secondary  petioles  which 
are  palmately  arranged  on  the  primary  pe- 
tiole. Henxlow. 

Biparous  (bi-par'us  or  bip'a-rus),  a.  [L.  bi, 
twice,  and  pario,  to  bear.]  Bringing  forth 
two  at  a  birth. 

Biparted  (bl-part'ed),  pp.  In  her.  a  term 
applied  to  anything  cut  off  in  the  form  of  an 
indent,  allowing  two  projecting  pieces. 

Bipartible,  Bipartite  (bi-par'ti-bl,  bi-par-- 
tfl),  a.  [L.  prefix  6i,  twice,  and  partio,  to 
divide.  ]  That  may  be  divided  into  two  parts. 

Blpartlent  (bi-par'ti-ent),  a.  [L.  bi,  twice, 
and  partio,  partienst  to  divide.]  Dividing 
into  two  parts.  Ash. 

Bipartite  (bi-par'tit),  a.  [L.  bit  twice,  and 
partitus,  divided.]  1.  In  two  parts;  having 
two  correspondent  parts,  as  a  legal  contract 
or  writing,  one  for  each  party;  double. 

The  divine  fate  is  also  bipartite.        Cudworth. 

2.  In  bot.  divided  into  two  parts  nearly  to  the 

base,  as  the  leaves  of  many  passion-flowers. 
Bipartition  (bi-par-ti'shon),  -n.    The  act  of 

dividing  into  two  parts  or  of  making  two 

correspondent  parts. 
Bipectinate  (bi-pek'tin-at),  a.    [L.  bi,  two, 

and  pecten,  a  comb.]    Having  two  margins 

toothed  like  a  comb:  used  especially  in  bot. 

and  zool. 
Biped   (bi'ped),  n.     [L.  bipes  —  bi,  twice, 

and  pes,  pedis,  afoot.]    An  animal  having 

two  feet,  as  man. 
Biped  (bi'ped),  a.    Having  two  feet.     'An 

helpless,  naked,  biped  beast.'    Byrom. 
Bipedal  (bl-pe'dal),  a.    [L.  bipedalis,  mea- 
suring two  feet.    See  BIPED.]    i.  Measuring 

two  feet. — 2.  Having  two  feet. 
Bipeltate  (bl-pel'tat),  a.    [L.  bi,  double,  and 

pelta,  a  buckler.]     In  zool. 

applied  to  an  animal  or  part 

covered  with  a  defence  like  a 

double  shield. 
Bipennate,  Bipennated  (bi- 

peu'uat,  bi-perrnat-ed),  a.  [L. 

bi,  two,  double,  and  penna, 

a  wing  or  feather.]    1.  Hav- 
ing two  wings.    'Bipennated 

insects.'  Derhain.—2.  In  bot. 

same  as  Bipinnate. 
Bipennia  (bi-pen'nis),  n.    [L.  ] 

An  axe  with  two  blades  or 

heads,  one  on  each  side  of  the 

handle.      It   is  the  weapon 

usually  seen  depicted  in  the  hands  of  the 

Amazons  in  ancient  works  of  art. 
Bipetalous  (bi-pet'al-us),  a.    [L.  bi,  two,  and 

Gr.  pe talon,]    Having  two  flower  leaves  or 

petals. 

Bipinnate,  Bipinnated  (bi-pin'nat,  bi-pin'- 
nat-eil),  a.  [L.  bi, 
double,  and  pin- 
natus,  winged.] 
1.  In  bot.  doubly 
pinnate :  applied 
to  a  doubly  com- 
pound leaf  in 
which  the  second- 
ary petioles  are 
pinnately  inserted 
on  the  main  pe- 
tiole, and  the  leaf- 
lets are  pinnately 
inserted  on  the 
secondary  peti- 
oles.—2.  In  zool.  a 
term  applied  to 
ant  em  i  IP  having 

feathery  appendages  in  opposed  pairs.    See 

cut  to  art.  ANTENNA. 


Bipennis. 


Bipinnate  Leaf. 


Bipinnatlfld,Bipennatind(bI  pin-nat'i-fid, 
bi-pen-nat'i-ttd),  a.  [L.  bit  twice,  pinna,  a 
wing  or  feather,  and  findo,  to  divide.]  In 
bot.  doubly  pinnatifid;  having 
the  primary  and  serondan 
divisions  of  the  leaves  piniia- 
tittd.  Written  nl&oBipinnati- 
partite,  ftipinnate-parted. 
Biplicate  (i>i'pli-kat),  a.  [L. 
bi,  twice,  and  plico,  to  fold  ] 
Doubly  folded;  twice  folded 
together,  trans versely,  as  the 
cotyledons  of  some  plants. 

Ili'ii.floW. 

Biplicity  (bl-pHs'i-ti).    «. 

State  of   being  biplicate  or 

twice  folded ;  state  of  being 

twofold ;    doubling.       /.'--/./ 

[Rare.] 
Bipolar  (bl-po'ler),  a.    [L.  bi, 

double,  twice,  and  polus,  a 

pole.]    Doubly  polar;  having 

two  poles. 
Bipolarity  (bi-po-lar'i-ti),  n. 

Double  polarity. 
Bipont,  Bipontine  (W'pont, 

bf-pou'tin),  a.     Relating    to 
Bipinnatifid      editions  of  the  classic  authors 
Leaf.  printed  at  Zweibriicken  [Fr. 

Deux  Ponts,  L.   Bipontium, 

that  is,  the  two  bridges— L.  bi,  two,  pons,  a 

bridge],  in  Bavaria,  in  1779. 

Bipunctate  (bi-pungk'tat),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  and 

punctate.]    Having  two  punctures  or  spots. 

Bipunctual  (bl-pungk'tu-al).a.  [L.  bi,  twice, 

and  punctum,  a  point.]    Having  two  points. 

Bipupillate  (bi-pu'pil-lat),  a.    [L.  bi,  twice, 

and  pupilla,  a  pupil.]    In  entom.  a  term 

applied  to  an  eye-like  spot  on  the  wing  of  a 

butterfly  when  it  has  two  dots  or  pupils 

within  it  of  a  different  colour. 

Bipyramidal  (bi-pi-ram'id-al),  a.  [Prefix  bi, 

ana  pyramidal.  ]   In  crystal,  formed  by  two 

pyramids  joined  base  to  base,  as  quartz 

crystals. 

Biquadrate,  Biquadratic  (bl-kwod'rat,  bi- 
kwod-rat'ik),  n.  [L.  bi,  double,  twice,  and 
qvadratus,  squared.]  In  mafA.  the  fourth 
power,  arising  from  the  multiplication  of  a 
square  number  or  quantity  by  itself.  Thus 
4x4=16,  which  is  the  square  of  4,  and  16x 
16  =  256,  the  biquadrate  of  that  number. 
Biquadratic  (bi-kwod-rat'ik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  biquadratic  or  fourth  power.— 
Biquadratic  equation,  in  alg.  an  equation 
raised  to  the  fourth  power,  or  where  the 
unknown  quantity  of  one  of  the  terms  has 
four  dimensions.  An  equation  of  this  kind, 
when  complete,  is  of  the  form  z*-(-Aa;8+Ba:2 
+Cx-J-D  =  O,  where  A,  B,  C,  and  D  denote 
any  known  quantities  whatever—  Biquad- 
ratic parabola,  in  geom.  a  curve  line  of  the 
third  order,  having  two  infinite  legs  tending 
the  same  way.—  Biquadratic  root  of  a  num- 
ber, the  square  root  of  the  square  root  of 
that  number.  Thus  the  square  root  of  81 
is  9,  and  the  square  root  of  9  is  3,  which  is 
the  biquadratic  root  of  81. 
Biqulntile  (b!-kwin'til),  n.  [L.  prefix  61, 
twice,  and  quintus,  fifth.]  In  astron.  an 
aspect  of  the  planets  when  they  are  distant 
from  each  other  by  twice  the  fifth  part  of  a 
great  circle,  that  is  144"  or  twice  72*. 
Biradiate,  Biradlated  (bi-ra'di-at,  bi-ra'di- 
at-ed),  a.  [L.  bi,  twice,  and  radiatus,  set 
with  rays.]  Having  two  rays;  as,  a  biradi- 
ate  fin. 

Birch  (berch),  n.  [A.  Sax.  birce,  beorce, 
beorc;  Icel.  and  Sw.  bjork,  Don.  and  Sc. 
birk,  D.  berk,  G.  birke,  Rus.  bereza,  Lith. 
berzas,  Skr.  bhurja  —  a  birch.  The  root 
meaning  is  quite  unknown.  This  is  one  of 
those  words  which  in  the  north  still  retain 
the  old  k  sound,  though  in  the  south  and  in 
the  literary  language  it  has  been  softened 
to  ch ;  comp.  kirk  and  church,  whilk  and 
which,  sik  and  such,  bik  and  bitch,  <£c. 
Tennyson,  however,  uses  the  form  birk.  ] 
1.  The  common  name  for  Betula  alba  and 
other  plants  of  the  same  genus.  The  birch 
is  applied  to  various  purposes.  In  Lap- 
land, Norway,  and  Sweden  the  twigs  are 
woven  into  mats  and  twisted  into  ropes ; 
the  outer  bark  forms  an  almost  incorrupt- 
ible covering  for  houses,  and  the  inner  bark 
is  used,  in  periods  of  scarcity,  as  a  substi- 
tute for  bread.  An  oil  extracted  from  the 
bark  is  employed  in  the  preparation  of  Rus- 
sia leather,  and  to  this  it  owes  its  fragrant 
odour  and  its  power  of  keeping  off  the 
attacks  of  insects.  It  is  an  excellent  wood 
for  the  turner,  being  light,  compact,  and 
easily  worked.  It  is  sometimes  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  herring  barrels.  See  BETULA. 


ch,  chum;      ch,  Sc.  loch; 
VOL.  I. 


g, 


j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  siw^;      TH,  then;  th, 


w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
18 


11IRCH 


274 


B1ROANDER 


—Birch  of  Jamaica  and  the  West  Indies,  a 
species  of  the  pistacia  or  turpentine-tree, 
ISunera  gummifera.—2.  An  instrument  of 
punishment  formerly  ranch  used  by  school- 
masters, so  called  because  generally  made 
of  the  tough,  slender  rods  of  the  common 
birch. '  The  threatening  twigs  of  birch.'  Shak. 


adoi 

tower.'    Sir  W.  Scott. 
His  beavered  brow  a  birchen  garland  bears.    Pope, 

Birch-water  (berch'wa-ter),  n.  The  juice 
of  the  birch,  obtained,  often  in  considerable 
quantities,  by  boring  the  stems  of  birch- 
trees  in  early  spring,  when  the  sap  is  rising. 
It  consists  chiefly  of  sugar  with  nitrogenous 
substances.  Fermented  it  forms  an  effer- 
vescent wine,  drunk  in  the  Harz,  Courland, 
Livonia,  &c. 

Birch-wine  (berch'win),  n.  Wine  made  of 
the  vernal  juice  of  the  birch.  See  BIRCH- 
WATER. 

Bird  (berd),  n.  [O.E.  brid,  bird,  A.  Sax.  brid, 
a  young  bird,  from  the  root  of  brood,  breed; 
connected  with  D.  broeden,  to  hatch,  L.G. 
bridde,  a  chicken,  G.  brut,  brood.  See  BREED. 
Bird  originally  meant  only  a  young  bird, 
and  occurs  in  that  sense  in  Shakspere  (see 
below),  though  long  before  his  time  (often 
in  Chaucer)  it  had  acquired  the  general  sense 
in  which  it  is  now  used.  Fowl  was  the  ori- 
ginal English  word  for  feathered  biped,  as 
in  the  other  Teutonic  languages,  but  it  is 
now  comparatively  seldom  used  in  this 
sense,  having  generally  a  more  restricted 
application.  ]  1. 1  The  young  of  any  fowl. 

Being  fed  by  us  you  used  us  so, 

As  that  ungentle  gull  the  cuckoo's  bird 

Useth  the  sparrow.  Slink. 

2.  A  feathered  animal;  one  of  the  feathered 
race.  Birds  may  be  denned  to  be  feathered, 
winged,  oviparous,  warm-blooded  animals, 
characterized  by  a  double  heart  as  in  quad- 
rupeds, and  aerial  or  double  respiration, 
the  air  not  being  confined  to  the  lungs,  but 
penetrating  throughout  the  body,  and  even 
into  the  cavities  of  the  bones.  For  system- 
atic classification  see  AVES.—  3.  A  term  of 
endearment  to  a  young  child  or  young  wo- 
man. 

And  by  my  word,  the  bonnie  bird 
In  danger  shall  not  tarry.        Campbell. 

—Birds  of  a  feather  flock  together,  a  pro- 
verbial saying  equivalent  to  like  draws  to 
like.— The  early  bird  catches  the  worm,  a 
proverb  inculcating  early  rising  and  in- 
dustry. —A  little  bird  has  told  me  =  I  have 
heard  in  a  way  I  am  not  going  to  reveal. 
—  Birds  of  passage,  birds  which  migrate 
with  the  season  from  a  colder  to  a  warmer, 
or  from  a  warmer  to  a  colder  climate, 
divided  into  summer  birds  of  passage  and 
winter  birds  of  passage.  Such  birds  always 
breed  in  the  country  to  which  they  resort 
in  summer,  i.e.  in  the  colder  of  their 
homes.  Among  other  summer  birds  of  pass- 
age are  the  cuckoo,  swallow,  &c.,  which 
leave  us  in  autumn  for  a  wanner  climate  ; 
while  in  winter  woodcocks,  fieldfares,  red- 
wings, with  many  aquatic  birds,  as  swans, 
geese,  <fec.,  regularly  flock  to  Britain  from 
the  north. 
Bird  (berd),  u.t.  1.  To  catch  birds. 

I  do  invite  you  to-morrow  morning  to  my  house,  to 
breakfast;  after,  we'll  ^-birding  together.     Shak. 

Hence  — 2.  t  To  look  for  plunder;  to  thieve. 
E.  Jonson. 

Bird-bolt  (berd'bolt),  n.  An  arrow,  broad 
at  the  end,  for  shooting  birds. 

Bird-cage  (berd'kaj),  n.  A  small  inclosure 
of  wicker  or  wire  work  for  confining  birds. 

Bird-call  (berd'kal),  n.  An  instrument  for 
imitating  the  cry  of  birds  in  order  to  attract 
or  decoy  them.  It  is  generally  a  short 
metal  pipe,  having  a  circular  plate  at  each 
end  pierced  with  a  small  hole. 

Bird-catcher  (berd'kach-tr),  n.  One  whose 
employment  is  to  catch  birds;  a  fowler. 

Bird-catching  (berdTcach-ing),  n.  The  art 
of  taking  birds  or  wild  fowls,  either  for 
food,  for  pleasure,  or  for  their  destruction 
when  pernicious  to  the  husbandman. 

Bird-cherry  (berd'che-ri),  n.  A  species  of 
cherry,  Prunus  Padus,  having  the  flowers 
in  racemes.  The  fruit  is  only  fit  for  birds, 
and  is  eaten  by  them. 

Birde.tn.  [By  metathesis  for  bride.]  Abride 
'  Hire  cheere  was  simple,  as  birde  in  bour 
(i.e.  as  bride  in  chamber).  Chaucer. 

Birder  (berd'er),  n.  A  bird-catcher.  'As 
the  byrder  beguyleth  the  byrdes.'  Vives. 

Bird-eye  (herd's),  a.    See  BIRD'S-EYE. 


Bird-eyed  (benl'id),  a.  Having  eyes  like 
those  of  a  bird;  quick-sighted;  catching  a 
glance  as  one  goes. 

Bird-fancier  (berd'fan-si-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
takes  pleasure  in  rearing  or  collecting  birds, 
especially  such  as  are  rare  or  curious.  — 
2  One  who  keeps  for  sale  the  various  kinds 
of  birds  which  are  kept  in  cages. 

Bird-footed  (berd'fut-ed),  a.  In  hot.  applied  > 
to  ternate  leaves  with  their  lateral  leaflets  . 
compounded  anteriorly,  like  a  bird's  foot ;  | 
pedate. 

Bird-gazer  (berd'gaz-er),  n.  An  augur  or 
aruspex.  'Acorns  Navius,  the  great  bird- 
gazer  of  Rome.'  Trewnesse  of  the  Christian 
Iteligion. 

Birding-piece  (berd'ing-pes),  n.  A  fowling- 
piece.  Shak. 

Bird-like  (bcnlllk),  a.  Resembling  a  bird. 
Jird-lime  (berd'lim),  n.  A  viscous  sub- 
stance used  for  entangling  birds  so  as  to 
make  them  easily  caught,  twigs  being  for 
this  purpose  smeared  with  it  at  places 
where  birds  resort.  It  is  prepared  from 
holly-bark,  being  extracted  by  boiling ;  also 
from  the  viscid  berries  of  the  mistletoe. 
Shak. 

Not  bird-lime  or  Idean  pitch  produce 

A  more  tenacious  mass  of  clammy  juice.     Dryattt. 

Bird-lime  (berd'lim),  v.t.  To  besmear  with 
bird-lime. 

Bird-limed  (berd'limd),  p.  or  a.  Besmeared 
with  bird-lime:  used  figuratively  in  the  fol- 
lowing passage. 

When  the  heart  is  thus  bird-limtd,  then  it  cleaves 
to  everything  it  meets  with.  GoedTvin. 

Bird-man  (berd'man),  n.  A  bird-catcher;  a 
fowler. 

Bird  of  Paradise,  n.  One  of  a  family  of 
lonirostral  birds  (Paradiseida),  found  in 


King  Bird  of  Paradise  (Paradisea 


the  islands  of  the  Indian  Archipelago.  The 
family  includes  eleven  or  twelve  genera  and 
a  number  of  species,  some  of  them  remark- 
ably beautiful.  The  largest  species  is  over 
2  feet  in  length.  The  king  bird  of  paradise 
(Paradisea  regia)  is  possibly  the  most  beau- 
tiful species,  but  is  rare.  It  has  a  magnifi- 
cent plume  of  feathers,  of  a  delicate  yellow 
colour,  coming  up  from  under  the  wings, 
and  falling  over  the  back  like  a  jet  of  water. 
The  feathers  of  the  P.  major  and  P.  minor 
are  those  chiefly  worn  in  plumes.  These 
splendid  ornaments  are  confined  to  the 
male. 

Bird-organ  (berd'or-gan),  n.  A  small  barrel- 
organ  used  in  teaching  birds  to  whistle 
tunes. 

Bird-pepper  (berd'pep-er),  n.  A  species  of 
Capsicum,  or  Cayenne-pepper  (C.  ba  cca  turn), 
a  shrubby  plant  bearing  a  small  oval  fruit, 
more  biting  than  the  other  sorts. 
Bird-seed  (berd'sed),  n.  The  small  seeds 
used  for  feeding  birds,  as  hemp,  millet,  Ac.  ; 
more  specifically  applied  to  the  seed  of 
Phalaris  canariensis,  or  canary-grass. 
Bird's-eye  (berdzl),  n.  1.  The  popular  name 
of  a  genus  of  plants,  called  also  Pheasant's- 
eye,  known  in  botany  by  the  generic  term 
Adonis.  There  are  several  species,  some  of 
which  produce  beautiful  flowers.  Applied 
also  to  a  species  of  primrose  or  wild  ger- 
mander. —  2.  A  fine  kind  of  tobacco  partly 
manufactured  from  the  leaf-stalks  of  the 
plant  and  forming  when  used  a  loose  fibrous 
mass  with  thin  slices  of  stalk  interspersed, 
the  latter  marked  somewhat  like  a  bird's 
eye.—  3.  One  of  a  kind  of  artificial  glass  eyes. 
Bird's-eye  (berdz'i),  a.  1.  Seen  from  above, 
as  if  by  a  flying  bird;  embraced  at  a  glance; 
hence,  general;  not  minute  or  entering  into 
details  ;  as,  a  bird's  -eye  landscape;  a  bird's- 
eye  view  of  a  subject.  —  Bird'i-eye  view,  a 
mode  of  perspective  representation  in  which 


portions  of  country,  towns,  Ac.,  appear  as 
they  would  do  if  viewed  from  it  considerable 
elevation.— 2.  Resembling  a  bird's  eye;  hav- 
ing spots  or  markings  somewhat  resembling 
birds'  eyes;  as,  a  bird's-eye  handkerchief. 

He  wore  a  white  hat,  a  bird's-eye  handkerchief, 
and  a  cut-away  coat.  Dickens. 

—  Bird's-eye  limestone,  in  geol.  a  North 
American  lower  Silurian  rock  with  eye-like 
markings,  now  regarded  as  the  fllled-up 
burrows  of  marine  worms.  —  Bird's  -  >•>/>• 
maple,  curled  maple,  the  wood  of  the  sugar- 
maple  when  full  of  little  knotty  spots  some- 
what resembling  birds'  eyes,  much  used  in 
cabinet-work. 

Bird'S-fOOt  (berdz'fnt),  n.  A  common  name 
for  several  plants,  especially  papilionaceous 
plants  of  the  genus  Ornithopus,  their  legumes 
being  articulated,  cylindrical,  and  bent  in 
like  a  claw. 

Bird'S-fOOt  Trefoil  (berdz'fut  tre-foil),  n. 
The  popular  name  for  Lotus  cornicidatu*. 
from  its  legumes  spreading  like  a  crow's 
foot.  See  LOTUS. 

Bird's-mputh  (berdz'mouth),  n.  In  carp, 
an  interior  angle  or  notch  cut  across  the 
grain  at  the  extremity  of  a  piece  of  timber, 
for  its  reception  on  the  edge  of  another 
piece. 

Bird's-nest  (berdz'nest),  n.  1.  The  nest  in 
which  a  bird  lays  eggs  and  hatches  her 
young.  Among  the  most  remarkable  struc- 
tures of  this  kind  are  the  edible  birds'  nests 
of  the  Malayan  Archipelago,  the  work  of  s\ 
species  of  swallow.  They  are  of  a  gelatinous 
consistence,  and  are  formed  of  a  marine 
plant  which  is  partially  digested  and  then 
disgorged  by  the  bird.  In  China  they  nre 
much  prized  as  an  article  of  food,  being 
mixed  with  soups.  They  are  found  mostly 
in  caves  on  the  sea-shore. — 2.  A  name  popu- 
larly given  to  several  plants,  as  Xeottta 
nidus-avis,  a  British  orchid  found  in  beech- 
woods,  so  called  because  of  the  mass  of 
stout  interlaced  fibres  which  form  its  roots; 
Stonotropa  Hypopitys,  aparasitic  ericaceous 
plant  growing  on  the  roots  of  trees  in  fir 
woods,  the  leafless  stalks  of  which  resemble 
a  nest  of  sticks;  and  Asplenium  A'lVus,  from 
the  manner  in  which  the  fronds  grow,  leav- 
ing anest-like  hollow  in  the  centre. —3.  Same 
as  Crow's-nest. 

Bird-spider  (berd'spi-der),  n.  A  Brazilian 
species  of  spider  (Mygale  avicularia),  which 
catches  small  birds—hence  its  name. 

Bird's-tares,  Bird's-tongue  (berdz'tar/, 
berdz'tung),  n.  Names  of  the  species  of 
Ornithoglossum,  a  genus  of  bulbous  plants 
from  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
Bird-witted  ( berd'wit-ed ),  a.  Not  havinii 
the  faculty  of  attention ;  passing  rapidly 
from  one  subject  to  another;  flighty.  Sat. 
Rev. 

If  a  child  be  bird-iuilted,  that  is,  hath  not  the 
faculty  of  attention,  the  mathematicks  giveth  a 
remedy  thereunto.  Baton. 

Birectangular    (bi-rek-tang'gu-ler),   a.  j 

[Prefix  it,  and  rectangular.]     Having  two 

right  angles;  as,  a  bireclatigular  spherical 

triangle. 
Bireme  (bi'rem),  n.    [L.  biremis— bi,  two, 

and  remus,  an  oar.]   An  ancient  vessel  witli 

two  banks  or  tiers  of  oars. 
Biretta,  Beretta  (be-ret'ta,  ba-ret'ta),  n. 

[It.  berretta,  L.L.  birettum,birretum,  a  dim. 

of  birrui,  in  sense  of  hood.    See  BlRRUb.] 


Biretta. 

In  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  a  square  cap  worn  by 
persons  in  orders.  In  the  case  of  priests  itt 
colour  is  black,  in  that  of  bishops  purple, 
and  in  that  of  cardinals  red.  Shipley  says, 
'At  first  it  was  a  pontifical  cap.'  Written 
also  Birretta. 

Birgander  (ber'gan-der),  n.    The  bergander 
(which  see). 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  b«U;       oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abtine;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


BIRHOMBOIDAL 


BISHOP 


Birhomboidal  (bl-rom-bold'al),  a.  [Prefix 
/>?",  ami  rlitnii't'ii'ttil.]  Having  a  surface  com- 
posed of  twelve  rhomliic  faces,  which,  being 
taken  six  and  six,  and  prolonged  in  idea 
till  they  intercept  each  other,  would  form 
two  different  rhombs. 

Birk  (birk),  n.  [See  BIRCH.]  Birch.  [Pro- 
vincial Knglish  and  Scotch.] 

Shadows  of  the  silver  birk 

Sweep  the  green  that  folds  thy  grave.    Tennyson. 

Birken  t  (berk'en),  v.  t.  To  beat  with  a  birch 
or  rod. 

They  ran  up  and  down  like  furies,  and  Hr&tned 
those  they  met  with.      Christian  Religion' s  A ffeal. 

Birken  (birk'en).  «•     Birchen.     [Scotch.] 
Birkie  (Im-k'i),  n.    [Perhaps  for  birkin,  from 
Icel.  beer,  byr,  a  town,  and  kyn,  kin,  and  = 
townsman.]    A  fellow;  a  cove.     [Scotch.] 
Birl  (berl),  v.t.    [A.  Sax.  byrelian,  birlian,  to 
serve  liquor,  burele,  birle,  a  butler  or  stew- 
ard, Icel.  byrla,  to  pour  out  drink.]    [Old 
English  and  Scotch.]  1.  To  pour  out,  specifi- 
cally, wine;  to  ply  with  drink. 

Dame  Iileaiior  entreat, 
To  birle  them  of  the  best.  Skelton. 

2.  To  expend  freely  for  drink;  as,  'I'll  birl 
my  bawbee.'  Scotch  song. 

Bifl  (birl),  v.t.  To  drink  in  company;  to 
carouse.  [Old  English  and  Scotch.] 

Birlaw,  n.    Same  as  Byrlaw. 

Birlawman,  n.    Same  as  Byrlawman. 

Birlie-man,  Blrly-man.(bir'li-inan),  n.  [Sc. 
See  BYRLAW.]  1.  The  petty  officer  of  a 
burgh  of  barony.  Sir  W.  Scott.—  2.  An  ar- 
biter, oversman,  or  umpire.  See  BYKLAW- 

MAN. 

Birlin  (bir'lin),  n.  [Gael,  birlinn,  a  barge  or 
pleasure -boat.]  A  kind  of  boat  used  in 
the  Hebrides,  rowed  with  from  four  to  eight 
long  oars,  but  seldom  furnished  with  sails. 

Birlmg  (bir'Hng),  n.  A  drinking  match. 
'  The  Tod's-hole,  an  house  of  entertainment 
where  there  has  been  mony  a  blithe  birling,' 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

Birostrate,  Birostrated  (bl-ros'trat,  bl- 

ros'trat-ed),  a.     [L.  bi,  twice,  and  rostrum, 

a  beak.]    Having  a  double  beak,  or  process 

resembling  a  beak. 

The  capsule  is  bilocular  and  birostratcd.      Encyc. 

Birr  (bir)»  n-  [1°  ^rs^  sense  apparently  imi- 
tative; in  second  same  as  O.E.  bire,  force, 
violence;  perhaps  the  same  word  as  W.  bur, 
rage.]  1.  A  whirring  noise.  —2.  Force;  vig- 
our; animation.  [Scotch.] 

Birr  (l)ir),  v.i.  [See  the  noun.]  To  make  a 
whirring  noise;  to  make  a  noise  like  that  of 
revolving  wheels,  or  of  millstoues  at  work. 

Birretta  (bir-ref- 
ta),  ».  See  BIR- 
ETTA. 

Birrus  (bir'us),  n. 
[L. ,  a  kind  of  cloak 
originally  of  a  red 
colour,  from  Gr. 
pyrrAu*,  reddish.  ] 

1.  A  name  for  an 
old  kind  of  cloak 
or    cape    with    a 
hood  worn  hang- 
ing down  or  over 
the    head    as    a 
cowl.  —2.  A  coarse 
species  of    thick 
woollen        cloth 
used  hy  the  poor- 
er classes  in  the 
middle   ages    for 
cloaks  and  exter- 
nal clothing. 

Birse  (birs),  n.  A 
liristle, and  collec- 
tively, bristles. — 
To  set  up  one's 
birne,  to  rouse  him  to  his  mettle;  to  put  him 
in  a  towering  passion.  [Scotch.] 

Birsle(birs'l),y.(.  [A.  Sax.  brantlian,  tomakea 
orocklme  noise  in  burning.]  To  burn  slightly; 
to  parch  by  means  of  flre;  to  broil;  to  scorch. 
Feryusxon.  [Scotch.] 

Birt  (bert),  n.  A  fish  of  the  turbot  family. 
See  HUET. 

Birth  (berth),  n.  [A.  Sax.  beorth,  byrth,  a 
birth,  from  beran,  to  bear;  Goth,  gabaurths, 
G.  gebitrt.]  1.  The  act  or  process  of  being 
born;  the  occasion  of  an  individual's  coming 
into  life ;  as,  the  birth  of  a  son ;  his  birth 
took  place  on  a  Sunday. 

Had  our  prince. 

Jewel  of  children,  seen  this  hour,  he  had  pair'd 
Well  with  this  lord  :  there  was  not  full  a  month 
Between  their  births.  Sha&. 

2.  The  act  of  bearing  or  bringing  forth;  par- 
turition; as,  this  birth  was  a  very  severe 


Rirrus. 


strain  on  her;  her  births  were  many. — 3.  The 
condition  in  which  a  person  is  born;  lincrigt1; 
extraction;  descent;  as,(»rt!cian&t>(/t.  Some- 
times when  used  absolutely  it  means  ilcsrrnt 
from  noble  or  honourable  parents  and  an- 
cestors; as,  a  man  of  birth.  '  A  foe  by  birth 
to  Troy.'  Dryden. 

He  (James)  had  an  obvious  interest  in  inculcating 
the  superstitious  notion  that  birth  confers  rights  an- 
terior to  law  and  unalterable  by  law.  Macaiday, 

4.  That  which  is  born ;  that  which  is  pro- 
duced, whether  animal  or  vegetable. 

Poets  are  far  rarer  births  than  kings.      B.  Jonson. 
Others  hatch  their  eggs  and  tend  the  birth  till  it 
is  able  to  iliift  for  itselff  Addtson. 

5.  Origin;  beginning;  as,  the  birth  of  an  em- 
pire. 

Birth,  Berth  (herth),  n.     See  BERTH. 
Birth-chlld(b6rth'child),n.  Achildadopted 

on  account  of  its  being  born  within  a  certain 

domain.    Shak. 
Birth-day  (berth'da),  n.    The  day  on  which 

any  person  is  born,  or  the  anniversary  of 

the  day ;  hence,  day  or  time  of  origin  or 

commencement. 

This  is  my  birth-day,  as  this  very  day 
Was  Cassias  bom.  ShaA. 

Those  barbarous  ajjes  past,  succeeded  next 
The  birth-day  of  invention.  Coivper. 

Birth-day  (berth'da),  a.  Eclating  to  the  day 
of  one's  birth, or  its  anniversary;  as,  a.birth- 
day  ode;  birthday  festivities. 

Birthdomt  (berth'dum),  n.  Privilege  of 
birth ;  that  which  belongs  to  one  by  birth ; 
birthright.  Shak. 

Birth-hour  (berth'our),  n.  The  hour  at 
which  one  is  born.— Birth-hour's  blot,  a  con- 
genital corporal  blemish.  'Worse  than  a 
slavish  wipe  or  a  birth-hour's  blot.1  Shak. 

Birthing  (berth'ing),  n.  Anything  added  to 
raise  the  sides  of  a  ship. 

Birthless  (berth'Ies),  a.  Destitute  of  birth. 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

Birth-mark  (berth'mark),  n.  Some  conge- 
nital mark  or  blemish  on  a  person's  body. 

Most  part  of  this  noble  lineage  carried  upon  their 
body  for  a  natural  birth-mar  A,  from  their  mother's 
womb,  a  snake.  A'orth. 

Birthnight  (berth/nit),  n.  The  night  in 
which  a  person  is  born  ;  the  anniversary  of 
that  night.  '  A  youth  more  glittering  than 
a  birthnight  beau.'  Pope. 

Birthplace  (berth'plas),  n.  The  place  of 
one's  oirth;  the  town,  city,  or  country  where 
a  person  is  born ;  more  generally,  place  of 
origin. 

Birthright  (berth'rit),  n.  Any  right  or  pri- 
vilege to  which  a  person  is  entitled  by  birth, 
such  as  an  estate  descendible  by  law  to  an 
heir,  or  civil  liberty  under  a  free  constitu- 
tion; right  of  primogeniture.  'Esau,  who 
for  one  morsel  of  meat  sold  his  birthright.' 
Heb.  xii.  16. 

And  they  sat  before  him,  the  first-born  according 
to  his  birthright,  and  the  youngest  according  to  his 
youth.  Gen.  xliit.  33. 

Birthroot(berth'rot),  «.  In  bot.  the  Trillium 
erectum,  a  North  American  plant  having  an 
erect  stem  a  foot  or  more  high,  bearing  three 
broad  almost  rhomboid  leaves,  and  droop- 
ing fetid  flowers,  with  green  sepals  striped 
with  purple,  and  deep  purple  petals.  The 
roots  are  esteemed  astringent,  tonic,  and 
antiseptic. 

Birth -Sin  (berth'sin),  n.  Sin  from  birth; 
original  sin.  'Original  or  birth  sin.'  Com- 
mon  Prayer.  [Rare.] 

Birth-song  (berth'song),  n.  A  song  sung  at 
the  birth  of  a  person.  '  A  joyful  birth-song.' 
Fttz-Geoffry. 

Birth  -  strangled  ( berth '  strung  -  gld ),  a. 
Strangled  or  suffocated  at  birth.  'Finger 
of  birth-strangled  babe.'  Shak. 

Birthwort  (berth'wert),  n.  The  common 
name  for  Aristolochia  Clematitis,  a  rare 
plant  in  Britain  found  among  ruins,  but  not 
indigenous. 

Bis  (bis).  [L.  bis,  twice,  for  duis,  from  duo, 
two.  Comp.  bellum  for  duellum.]  1.  As  a 
prefix,  twofold,  twice,  two ;  in  this  sense  it 
generally  becomes  bi  (which  see).  —  2.  In 
music,  a  mark  denoting  that  a  passage  is  to 
be  repeated. —3.  In  accounts,  tabular  state- 
ments, and  the  like,  used  to  denote  a  dup- 
licate or  repetition  of  an  item  or  number. 

Bisaccate  (bi-sak'kat),  a.  [L.  prefix  bi,  twice, 
and  saccus,  bag]  Having  two  little  bags 
or  pouches  attached :  used  especially  in 
botany. 

Bisannual  (bis-an'nu-al),  a.  Same  as  Bien- 
nial. 

Biscayan  (Ms-ka'an),  n.  A  native  or  inha- 
bitant of  Biscay. 


Biscayan  (bis-ka'un),  «.     Pertaining  to  Bis- 

ray  or  its  prn]i](.'. 

Biscotin(ltis'kot-in),  n.  [Fr]  A  confection 
made  of  flour,  sugar,  munnuhule,  and  eggs; 
sweet  biscuit. 

Biscroma,  Biscrome  (bis'kro-ma,  bis'krom). 
n.  [Prefix  bis,  double,  and  It.  croma,  Fr. 
eromet  a  quaver.)  In  music,  a  semiquaver. 
Biscuit  (his'kct),  n.  [Fr,  from  bis,  twice, 
and  cnit,  cooked,  from  L.  bis,  twice,  and 
coctits,  cooked;  It.  biscotto.}  1.  A  kind  of 
hard,  dry,  flat  bread,  so  prepared  as  not  t" 
be  liable  to  spoil  hy  being  kept;  a  kind  of 
small  baked  cake  variously  made.  'As  dry 
as  the  remainder  biscuit  after  a  voyugi-.' 
Shak.—%.  In  pottery,  a  term  used  to  denote 
porcelain,  as  well  as  the  common  kinds  of 
earthenware,  at  a  certain  stage  of  the  manu- 
facturing process,  namely,  before  the  appli- 
cation of  the  glazing  and  embellishments.  - 
3.  In  sculp,  a  species  of  unit  lazed  porcelain 
of  which  groups  and  flgures  of  small  size 
are  formed  in  imitation 
of  marble. — Meat  biscuit, 
an  alimentary  preparation 
consisting  of  matters  ex 
tracted  from  meat  by  boil- 
ing, combined  with  flour, 
so  as  to  form  biscuits. 
Biscutate  (bl-sku'tat),  a. 
[L.  prefix  W,  double,  and 
scutum,  a  shield.]  In  bot. 
resembling  two  shields  or 
bucklers  placed  side  by 
side;  having  parts  of  such 
a  character. 

Bise(bez),H.    [Fr.]  A  dry. 
cold  north  wind  prevailing 
on  the  northern  coasts  of 
the    Mediterranean,    and 
very  destructive  to  vege- 
Biscutate  I.eaf       tation,    so    that    'to    be 
(Dionaamuscipula).  struck    by  the  MM     has 
passed  into  a  proverb  in 
Provence  for  to  be  overtaken  by  misfortune : 
nearly  the  same  as  the  Mistral. 
Bisect  (bi-sekf),  v.t.    [L.  bi,  two,  and  seco, 
sectum,  to  cut.]    To  cut  or  divide  into  two 
parts;  specifically,  in  geom.  to  cut  or  divide 
into  two  equal  parts,  &c. ;  as,  one  line  bisect* 
another  when  it  crosses  it,  leaving  an  equal 
part  of  the  line  on  each  side  of  the  point 
where  it  is  crossed. 

He  exactly  bisects  the  effect  of  our  proposal. 
Gladstone, 

Bisection  (bi-sek'shon),  n.  The  act  of  bi- 
secting ;  the  act  of  cutting  into  two  equal 
parts;  the  division  of  any  line,  angle,  figure, 
or  quantity  into  two  equal  parts. 

Bisegment  (bi-seg'ment),  n.  [Prefix  bi,  and 
segment.  ]  One  of  the  parts  of  a  line  divided 
into  two  equal  parts. 

Biserial,  Blseriate  (bi-se'ri-al,  bi-se'ri-at). 
a.  [L.  bi,  twice,  and  series,  a  row  or  series.  ] 
Arranged  in  two  series  or  rows;  bifarious. 
Owen. 

Biserrate  (bl-ser'at),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  and  ser- 
rate.] In  bot.  doubly  serrate:  said  of  leaves 
whose  serratures  are  themselves  serrate. 

Bisetous,  Bisetose  (bi-se'tus.  bi-se'tos),  a. 
[L.  bi,  two,  and  seta,,  a  bristle.]  In  zool.  and 
bot.  furnished  with  two  bristle-like  append- 
ages. 

Bisexoust  (bi-seks'us),  a.  [L.  W,  two,  and 
nexus,  a  sex.]  Same  as  Bisexual. 

Thus  may  we  also  concede  that  hares  have  been 
of  both  sexes,  and  some  have  ocularly  confirmed  it. 
but  that  the  whole  species  or  kind  should  be  bisexous 
we  cannot  amrm.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Bisexual  (bi-seks'u-al),  a.  Having  the  organs 
of  both  sexes  in  one  individual;  of  two  sexes; 
hermaphrodite:  in  bot.  said  of  flowers  which 
contain  both  stamen  and  pistil  within  the 
same  envelope. 

Bish,  Bishma  (bish,  bish'ma),  n.  Same  as 
fiftA. 

Bishop  (bish'np),n.  [A.  Sax.  biscop,  a  bishop, 
from  Gr.  episcopos,  an  overseer—  epi,  over, 
and  skopeo,  to  look.  The  word  has  passed 
in  various  forms  into  every  European  dia- 
lect, having  spread  with  the  spread  of  Chris- 
tianity; thus  we  have  Fr.  Srffiue,  It.  vescovn, 
Sp.  obispo,  Pg.  biftpo,  D.  bitmchop,  G.  bischof. 
The  French  form,  it  will  be  noticed,  has 
not  one  letter  in  common  with  the  English 
word.]  1.  In  the  early  Christian  Churcit, 
an  overseer;  a  spiritual  superintendent, 
ruler,  or  director ;  an  elder  or  presbyter ; 
one  who  had  the  pastoral  care  of  a  church. 

Ye  were  as  sheep  going  astray,  but  are  now  re- 
turned to  the  Shepherd  and  Bishop  of  your  souls, 
i  Pet.  ii.  25- 

Both  the  Creek  and  Latin  fathers  do,  with  one  tun- 
sent,  declare  that  bishcps  were  called  presbyters,  ami 
presbyters  bishops,  in  apostolic  times,  the  name  be- 
ing then  common.  ll'hitby. 


ch,  cAuin;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  </o;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng, 


TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;    rh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


BISHOP 


276 


BISTIPULED 


2.  A  prelate  or  person  consecrated  for  the 
spiritual  government  and  direction  of  a  dio- 
cese. In  England  bishops  are  nominated  by 
the  sovereign,  who,  upon  request  of  the  dean  i 
and  chapter  for  leave  to  elect  a  bishop, 
sends  a  conge  d'elire.ot  license  to  elect,  with 
a  letter  missive,  nominating  the  person 
whom  he  would  have  chosen.  The  election, 
1  iy  the  chapter,  must  be  made  within  twelve 
days,  or  the  sovereign  has  a  right  to  appoint 
whom  he  pleases.  Most  of  the  bishops  are 
peers  of  the  realm.  A  bishop,  as  well  as  an 
archbishop,  has  his  consistory  court  to  hear 
ecclesiastical  causes,  and  makes  visits  to  the 
clergy,  Ac.  He  consecrates  churches,  or- 
dains, admits,  and  institutes  priests;  con- 
firms, suspends,  excommunicates,  grants 
licenses  for  marriage,  makes  probates  of 
wills,  &c. ;  and  may  grant  leases  for  three 
lives,  or  twenty-one  years,  of  lands  usually 
let,  reserving  the  accustomed  yearly  rents. 
He  has  his  archdeacon,  dean,  and  chapter, 
chancellor,  and  vicar-general  to  assist  him. 
—  Bishops  in  partibus  (infideliuin),  in  the 
R.  Cath.  Ch.  bishops  in  countries  where 
Roman  Catholicism  has  made  but  little  pro- 
gress or  has  declined,  and  where  the  con- 
verts are  not  brought  into  any  regular 
church  order,  who  have  no  actual  see,  but 
are  consecrated  as  if  they  had,  under  the 
fiction  that  they  are  bishops  in  succession 
to  those  who  were  the  actual  bishops  in 
places  where  Christianity  is  extinct  or  al- 
most so,  as  in  Syria,  Asia  Minor,  and  the 
northern  coast  of  Africa.  Such  titles  are 
given  for  instance  to  missionary  bishops  in 
countries  imperfectly  Christianized,  and 
were  formerly  given  to  the  Roman  Catholic 
bishops  in  Britain,  the  bishop  of  the  north- 
ern district  of  Scotland  up  to  1878  having 
the  title  of  Bishop  of  Nicopolis.  The  assump- 
tion by  Roman  Catholic  bishops  of  titles 
borrowed  from  towns  or  districts  in  England 
gave  rise  in  1850  to  the  Ecclesiastical  Titles 
Bill  (14  and  15  Viet.  cap.  lx.),  prohibiting  the 
constitution  of  pretended  provinces  under 
a  penalty  of  £100;  but  this  act  has  been 
allowed  to  remain  a  dead-letter.  — 3.  A  part 
of  a  lady's  dress,  consisting  pf  a  pad  worn 
on  the  back-part  of  the  waist,  and  designed 
to  give  prominence  to  the  skirt ;  a  bustle. 

If.  by  her  bishop,  or  her  '  grace '  alone, 

A  genuine  lady  or  a  church  is  known.     J .  G.  Saxe. 

4.  Acantword  fora  mixture  of  burned  wine, 
lemons,  oranges,  and  sugar. 

He  and  the  landlord  were  drinking  a  bowl  ot  bishop 
together.  Dickens. 

5.  A  name  common  to  hemipterous  insects 
of  the  division  Heteroptera,  family  Corisiai. 
They  are  injurious  to  fruit  by  piercing  it, 
and  by  the  intolerable  odour  they  emit. 
Called  also  Bishop's  Mitre. 

Bishop !  (bish'up),  v.  t.  1.  To  confirm;  to  ad- 
mit solemnly  into  the  church. 

They  are  prophane,  imperfect,  oh  !  too  bad  .  .  . 
Except  confirmed  and  bishopped  by  thee.    Donne. 

2.  To  receive  formally  into  favour. 

And  chose  to  bear 
The  name  of  fool  confirmed  and  bishoped  by  the  fair. 

Drytiai. 

Bishop  (bish'up), v.t.  [Probably  from  Bishop, 
the  name  of  a  horse-dealer.)  la  farriery, 
to  use  arts  to  make  an  old  horse  look  like  a 
young  one,  or  to  give  a  good  appearance  to 
a  bad  horse  in  order  to  deceive  purchasers. 
Bishopdom  (bish'up-dum),  n.  Jurisdiction 
of  a  bishop;  episcopate;  episcopacy. 

He  would  persuade  us  that  the  succession  and 
divine  right  of  bishopdotn  hath  been  unquestionable 
through  all  ages.  Alitton. 

Bishopess  (bish'up-es),  n.    The  wife  of  a 

bishop.     Thackeray. 
Bishoplike  ( bish'up-lik),  a.     Resembling  a 

bishop;  belonging  to  a  bishop. 

Peter  did  excel  the  others  in  bishoplike  authority 
Fulte. 

Bishopling  (bish'up-ling),  n.  A  little,  mean, 
or  paltry  bishop.  Eclec.  Rev. 

Bishoply  t  (bish'up-li),  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  a  bishop. 

Bishoplyt  (bish'up-li),  a.  Bishoplike;  epis- 
copal 

Episcopal,  which  has  supplanted  bishoply,  is  only  a 
Latin  word  in  an  English  dress.  Abp.  Trench. 

Bishopric  (bish'up-rik),  n.  [Bishop,  and  ric, 
jurisdiction  =  A.  Sax.  rice,  D.  rijk,  G.  reich, 
realm,  dominion.  ]  1.  The  office  or  dignity 
of  a  bishop;  the  district  over  which  the 
jurisdiction  of  a  bishop  extends;  a  diocese. 

A  virtuous  woman  should  reject  marriage  as  a  good 
man  does  a  bishopric;  but  I  would  advise  neither  to 
persist  in  refusing.  Addison. 


2.t  The  charge  of  instructing  and  governing 
in  spiritual  concerns.  'His  bishopric  let 
another  take.'  Acts  i.  20. 

Bishop's-cap  (bish'ups-kap),  n.  Mitre-wort; 
the  name  of  two  species  of  Mitella  (nat. 
order  Haxifragaceaj)  which  are  natives  of 
the  United  States:  so  called  from  the  form 
of  its  pod  when  young.  '  And  bishop' s-caps 
have  golden  rings. '  Longfellow. 

Bishop's-court  (bish'ups-kort),  n.  In  Eng- 
land an  ecclesiastical  court  held  in  the  cath- 
edral of  each  diocese,  the  judge  whereof  is 
the  bishop's  chancellor,  who  judges  by  the 
civil  canon  law. 

Bishop's-lawn  (bish'ups-lan),  n.  A  fine  kind 
of  lawn  used  for  the  sleeves  of  bishops'  vest- 
ments. 

Bishop  -  sleeve  (bish'up-slev),  n.  A  pe- 
culiar wide  kind  of  sleeve  worn  by  ladies, 
so  named  from  its  resemblance  to  the  lawn 
sleeve  worn  by  bishops. 

Bishop's- length  (bish'ups-length),  n.  In 
painting,  canvas  measuring  58  inches  by  94. 
The  half-bishop  pleasures  45  inches  by  56. 

Bishop-stool  (bish'up-stol),  n.  A  bishop's 
see  or  seat. 

According  to  a  custom  in  which  we  differed  from 
continental  churches  and  strangely  agreed  with  our 
Celtic  neighbours,  .  .  .  the  temporal  capital  was  not 
in  early  times  the  seat  of  the  bishop-stool. 

K.  A.  Freeman. 

Bishop-weed,  Bishop's -weed  (bish'up- 
wed,  uish'ups-wed),  n.  1.  jEgopodium  Po- 
dagraria.  (See  GoUTWOHT.)  In  Scotland  it 
is  popularly  believed  to  have  received  this 
name  from  the  exceeding  difficulty  of  extir- 
pating it— 2.  A  name  given  to  the  plants  of 
the  genus  Ammi. 

Bisilicate  (bl-sil'i-kat),  n.  [Prefix  bi,  and 
silicate.  ]  A  compound  containing  two  atoms 
of  silicate. 

Bisiliquous  (bi-sil'i-kwus),  a.  [L,  hi,  twice, 
and  suio.ua,  a  pod.]  In  bat.  having  seed  in 
two  pods. 

Bisk  (bisk),  n.  [Fr.  bisque,  probably  from 
L.  biscoctus.]  Soup  or  broth,  made  by  boil- 
ing several  sorts  of  meats  together.  •  Links 
offish.'  Dr.  W.  King. 

Bisk,  Bisque  (bisk),  n.  [Fr.  bisque,  from  It. 
bisca,  agaming-place.)  Odds  at  tennis-play; 
specifically,  a  stroke  allowed  to  the  weaker 
player  to  equalize  the  parties. 

Blskett  (bis'ket),  n.    A  biscuit. 

Bismer,  Bismare.t  n.  [A.  Sax.  bi*mer,  re- 
proach, from  the  verb  bismerian,  to  be- 
smear,  lit.  to  smear  with  fat  or  tallow, 
A.  Sax.  smere,  fat.  ]  Abusive  speech.  'Bak- 
bitynge  and  burner.'  Piers  Plowman.  'Ful 
of  hoker,  and  of  biemare.'  Chaucer.  Spelled 
also  Bissemare. 

Bismillah  (bis-mil'la).  [Turk. ,  in  the  name 
of  God!]  An  adjuration  or  exclamatiou 
common  among  the  Turks.  Sometimes 
written  Bizmcllah. 

Bismuth  (bis'muth  or  biz'muth),  n.  [G.  bis- 
mutli,  wismuth,  O.G.  wesemot.]  Chemical 
sym.  Bi.  At.  wt.  213;  sp.  gr.  98.  A  metal 
of  a  yellowish  or  reddish-white  colour,  and 
a  lamellar  texture.  It  is  somewhat  harder 
than  lead  and  not  malleable,  when  cold 
being  so  brittle  as  to  break  easily  under  the 
hammer,  so  as  to  be  reducible  to  powder. 
Its  internal  face  or  fracture  exhibits  large 
shining  plates  variously  disposed.  It  fuses 
at  470*  Fahr. ,  and  expands  considerably  as  it 
hardens.  It  is  often  found  in  a  native  state, 
crystallized  in  rhombs  or  octahedrons,  or  in 
the  form  of  dendrites,  or  thin  lamina?  in- 
vesting the  ores  of  other  metals,  particu- 
larly cobalt.  Bismuth  is  used  in  the  com- 
position of  pewter,  in  the  fabrication  of 
printers'  types,  and  in  various  other  metal- 
lic mixtures.  Eight  parts  of  bismuth,  5  of 
lead,  and  3  of  tin,  constitute  the  fusible 
metal  sometimes  called  Newton's,  from  the 
discoverer,  which  melts  at  202"  Fahr.,  and 
may  be  fused  over  a  candle  in  a  piece  of  stiff 
paper  without  burning  the  paper.  It  forms 
the  basis  of  a  sympathetic  ink;  and  a  deri- 
vative from  it  is  used  in  medicine.—  Butter 
of  bismuth,  an  old  name  for  the  chloride  of 
bismuth.—  ilagintery  of  bismuth,  the  subni- 
trate  or  basic  nitrate  of  bismuth,  which  is 
used  as  a  paint  and  as  a  cosmetic.  Called 
also  Pearl  White,  Pearl  Powder 

Bismuthal  (bis'(biz')muth-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  composed  of  bismuth. 

Bismuth-glance  (bis'(biz')muth-glans),  n. 
An  ore  of  bismuth.  —  Prismatic  bismuth- 
glance  is  a  sulphide  of  bismuth;  and  acicular 
bismuth -glance  is  the  same  as  needle-ore 
(which  see).  The  bismuth-glance  of  the  gold- 
fields  at  Chesterfield,  South  Carolina,  con- 
sists of  hydrated  carbonate  of  bismuth  with 
earthy  admixture. 


Bismuthlc  (bis'(biz')muth-ik),  n.  Pertaining 
to  bismuth. 

Bismuthin.Bismuthlne  0  «s'(l  >iz')m  uth-in), 
«.  A  native  sulplmret  of  bismuth. 

Blsmuthlte  (bis'(biz')muth  it),  n.  Native 
carbonate  of  bismuth;  a  white,  dull  green, 
or  yellowish  mineral. 

Bismuth-OChre  (bis'(1>iz')mnth-6-kcr),n.  An 
earthy  ore  of  bismuth  found  in  Cornwall, 
consisting  of  oxide  of  bismuth,  with  admix- 
ture of  oxide  of  iron,  carbonic  acid,  and 
water. 

Bisogno  t  (be-son'yo).  n.  [It.]  A  person  of 
low  rank;  a  beggar.  Written  also  Jlezonian. 

Bessogne,  Ac.  'Spurn'd  out  by  -i us  like 

a  base  bisogno.'  Chapman.  '  Jieat  the  hex- 
sognes  that  lie  hid  in  the  carriages. '  Brome. 

Bison  (bi'son),  n.  [L.  bison,  bisontis,  Gr. 
bison,  a  bison,  a  name  probably  borrowed 
from  the  ancient  Germans;  G.  ici'seiir,  O.H.U. 
irisunt,  i'-isiiut,  A.  Sax.  ivegend,  Icel.  veyundr. 
The  name  seems  to  mean  the  guide  or  Ieadi-r 
of  the  herd,  from  G.  iveisen,  Icel.  visa,  to 
show,  to  direct.  ]  The  name  of  two  bovine 
quadrupeds,  Bog  or  Bonagsus  bison  being 
the  European  bison  or  aurochs  (which  see), 


American  Bison  (Bison  ainericunns). 

Bison  americanm  the  American  bison.  The 
latter  is  usually  but  improperly  called  the 
buffalo,  the  buffalo  proper  being  a  distimi 
species  peculiar  to  the  warmer  climates  of 
the  eastern  continent.  The  American  bison 
is  a  wild  animal,  with  short,  black,  rounded 
horns,  with  a  great  interval  between  their 
bases.  On  the  shoulders  is  a  large  hunch. 
consisting  of  a  fleshy  substance.  The  In-.ni 
and  hunch  are  covered  with  a  long  undulati-d 
fleece,  of  a  rust-colour,  divided  into  lurks 
In  winter  the  whole  body  is  covered  in  this 
manner;  but  in  summer  the  hind  part  of  the 
body  is  naked  and  wrinkled.  The  tail  is 
about  a  foot  long,  naked,  except  a  tuft  of 
hairs  at  the  end.  The  fore  parts  of  the  body 
are  very  thick  and  strong ;  the  hind  parts 
are  slender  and  weak.  These  animals  in- 
habit the  interior  parts  of  North  America. 

Bisplnose  ( bl-spin'6s),  a.  [L.  bi,  two,  and 
spina,  a  spine.]  Armed  with  two  spines:  a 
word  used  especially  in  zoology. 

Bisque  (bisk),  n.  [Fr.  See  BISCUIT.)  1.  Saun- 
as Biscuit,  in  pottery.  —  2.  A  variety  of  un- 
glazed  white  porcelain,  much  employed  for 
statuettes,  &c. 

Bisque,  n.    See  BISK,  odds  at  tennis-play. 

Bissel  t  (bisl),  v.  t.    Same  as  Bezzle. 

Bissemare.t  n.    Same  as  Bismer. 

Bissextile  (bis-seks'til),  n.  [More  properly 
spelled  bisextilc,  from  L.  bisextilis  (anmit), 
leap-year,  lit.  a  year  containing  a  doubled 
sixth,  from  bi,  twice,  and  sextus,  siuli. 
because  the  sixth  day  before  the  calends 
of  March,  or  according  to  our  calendar 
the  twenty-fourth  day  of  February,  was 
reckoned  twice  every  fourth  year,  a  day 
(the  bisextus)  being  intercalated.)  Leap- 
year  ;  every  fourth  year,  in  which  a  day  is 
added  to  the  month  of  February  on  account 
of  the  excess  of  0  hours  which  the  civil  year 
contains  above  365  days.  This  excess  is  11 
minutes  3  seconds  too  much;  that  is,  it  ex- 
ceeds the  real  year  or  annual  revolution  of 
the  earth.  Hence  at  the  end  of  every  cen- 
tury divisible  by  4  it  is  necessary  to  retain 
the  bissextile  day,  and  to  suppress  it  at  tin- 
end  of  those  centuries  which  arc  not  divis- 
ible by  4. 

Bissextile  (bis-seks'til),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
leap-year. 

Bisson  t  (bis'son),  a.  [A.  Sax.  bisen,  near- 
sighted, blind.]  Purblind.  •  Bumn  rheum.' 
Shak. 

Bistipuled  (hi-stip'uld),  a.  [L.  bi.  twice, 
and  stipula,  a  stipule.]  In  hot.  having  two 
stipules. 


Fate,  fai,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       (i,  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc.  ley. 


DISTORT 


277 


BITTEN 


Bistort  (liis'tort),  n.  [L  lnstn,-i,i  I,;*,  twice, 
and  tnrlux,  twisted.  ]  A  plant.  / V//</<//ni m 
Bixtititu:  so  called  beeailse  of  its  twisted 
roots.  Popularly  culled  .Smltriiri't/  and 

Uddtr't  mart 

Bistoury  (bis 't«- ri),  n.  [Fr.  butouri.]  A 
surgical  instrument  for  making  incisions. 
It  is  either  straight  and  (ixed  in  a  handle 
like  a  knife,  or  its  Made  turns  like  a  lancet, 
or  it  is  crooked,  with  the  sharp  edge  on  the 
inside 

Bistre,  Bister  (bis'ter),  n.  [Fr.  l/rf/v.  of 
unknown  origin  ]  In  i/nlntintj,  burned  oil 
exirarted  from  tl»e  soot  of  wood;  a  brown 
pigment.  To  prepare  it,  soot  (that  of  beech 
is  the  best)  is  put  into  water  in  the  propor- 
tion of  2  Ibs.  to  a  gallon,  and  boiled  half  an 
hour;  after  standing  to  settle,  anil  while 
hot,  the  clearer  part  of  the  fluid  must  be 
punrrd  oil  to  remove  the  salts,  and  the  sedi- 
mcnt(which  is  bistre)  evaporated  todryncss. 

Bisulcate  (bl-snl'kiit),  a.  [L.  bisulcus—bi, 
double,  and  sulciu,  a  furrow.]  1.  Two- 
fnrrnvved. — 2.  Ill  znol.  cloven-footed,  or  hav- 
ing two  hoofed  dibits,  as  oxen  or  swine. 

Bisulcous  I  (bi-sul'kns),  a.  Same  as  Bleul- 
eate. 

Swine  .  .  .  being  bisulrous  .  .  .  are  farrowed  with 
open  eyes,  as  other  bisitU-vits  animals.  Sir  T.Rroivnt. 

Blsulphate  (bi -snl'fat),  n.  [Prefix  ii,  and 
xn!j:l«rt,'.i  In  i-li'-iit.  a  salt  of  sulphuric 
acid,  in  which  one-half  of  the  hydrogen  of 
Hie  arid  is  replaced  by  a  metal. 

Bisulphite  (bi-sul'fit),  n.  [Prefix  bi,  and 
Ktilfihiti'.}  In  chem.  a  salt  of  sulphurous 
acid,  in  which  one-half  of  the  hydrogen  of 
tlie  aeid  is  replaced  by  a  metal. 

Bisulphuret  (bi-sul'fu-ret),  n.  [Prefix  U, 
and  xnlphuret.]  In  chem.  a  compound  of 
sulphur  and  another  element  containing 
two  atoms  of  sulphur. 

Bit  (bit),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bitted;  ppr.  bitting. 
To  put  a  bridle  upon;  to  put  the  bit  iu  the 
mouth  of. 

Bit  (bit),  pret.  A  pp.  of  bite. 

Bit  (bit),  n.  [From  the  verbal  stem  bite 
(which  see).  In  the  sense  of  a  piece  it  is  the 
A.Sax.  bita,  bite,  Icel.  biti,  a  bite,  amorsel;  G. 
bissen,  a  bit,  a  morsel ;  in  the  sense  of  part 
of  a  bridle  it  corresponds  to  A.  Sax.  bitol,  D. 
bit,  gebit,  Icel.  bitill,  bitull,  G.  gebiss.]  1.  A 
small  piece  or  morsel  of  food.  '  Go  and 
batten  on  cold  bits. '  Shak.  —1.  A  small  piece 
of  anything :  sometimes  used  absolutely  for 
a  small  piece  of  scenery  suitable  fora  picture. 

His  majesty  has  power  to  grant  a  patent  for  stamp- 
ing round  bits  of  copper.  Swift. 
There  are  several  bits  at  Valmontone  to  delight  an 
'•dally  at  the  entrance  of  the  town,  where 
a  magnificent  fragment  of  the  ancient  wall  forms  the 
foreground  to  some  picturesque  houses. 

A.  C.  C.  Harf. 

The  word  is  often  used  in  certain  phrases 
expressive  of  extent  or  degree;  thus,  'a  bit 
older'  means  somewhat  older,  older  to  some 
extent;  'not  a  bit,'  not  a  whit,  not  in  any 
degree;  '  a  good  bit  older,'  a  good  deal  older; 
'a  bit  of  a.  humourist,'  somewhat  of  a  hu- 
mourist, to  some  extent  a  humourist. 

Your  case  is  not  a  bit  clearer  than  it  was  seven 
v>  "  ,  L  >  Arbttthnot. 

My  young  companion  was  a  bit  of  a  poet,  a  bit  of 
an  artist,  a  bit  of  a  musician,  and  ...  a  bit  of  an 
actor.  T.  Hoot. 

8.  Any  small  coin ;  as,  a  fourpenny-drt;  a  six- 
pcniiy  W;  specifically,  the  name  of  a  small 
West  Indian  coin  worth  about  flvepence;  as 
also  of  a  silver  coin  current  in  the  southern 
states  of  North  America  of  the  value  of  one- 
eighth  of  a  dollar.— 4.  The  metal  part  of  a 
bridle  which  is  inserted  in  the  mouth  of  a 
horse,  and  its  appendages,  to  which  the 
reins  are  fastened. 

u '••  have  strict  statutes  and  most  biting  laws, 
Tlie  needful  bits  and  curbs  to  headstrong  steeds. 

5.  The  name  common  to  all  those  exchange- 
able boring  tools  for  wood  applied  by  means 
of  the  crank-formed  handle  known  as  the 
e:irpi aiter's  brace.  The  similar  tools  used 
for  metal,  and  applied  by  the  drill-bow, 
ratchet,  brace,  lathe,  or  drilling-machine, 
are  termed  drills  or  drill-bits.  The  variety 
is  very  great.  For  wood  the  typical  form 
is  the  xhell-bit  (tig.  a),  which  is  shaped  like 
a  gouge,  for  shearing  the  fibres  round  the 
Circumference  of  the  hole.  When  large, 
is  termed  a  yiimji'-liit,  and  when  snrill  a 
iiinlt -bit.  Sometimes  the  piercing  end  is 
drawn  to  a  radial  point,  and  it  is  then  known 
as  the  spoon-bit.  Occasionally  the  end  is 
bent  into  a  semicircular  form  horizontally, 
and  it  then  becomes  the  duck-nvse  bit.  The 
centre  hit  (fig.  b)  is  another  typical  form,  of 
which  there  are  many  modifications.  The 


end  is  flat,  and  provided  with  a  centre-point 

or  pin,  tiled  triangularly,  and  which  serves 
as  a  guide  for  position,  a  shearing  edge  or 
r  serving  to  cut  the  fibres  round  the 


margin  of  the  hole,  and  a  broad 

nr  cutter  to  pare  away  and  remove  the  w  .....  I 

within  the  circle  defined  by  the  nicker.    The 


half-round  bit  (fig.  c)  is  employed  for  enlarg- 
ing holes  in  metal.  The  rose-bit  (fig.  d)  is 
cylindrical,  and  terminates  in  a  truncated 
cone,  the  oblique  surface  of  which  is  cut 
into  teeth  like  the  rose-countersink, of  which 
it  is  a  modification.  It  is  also  used  for  en- 
larging holes  of  considerable  depth  in  metals 
and  hard  woods.— 0.  The  partofakey  which 
enters  the  lock  and  acts  on  the  bolts  and 
tumblers. — 7.  The  cutting  blade  of  a  plane. 
— To  give  a  bit  of  one's  mind,  to  speak  out 
frankly  what  one  thinks  of  a  person  or  a 
transaction;  to  express  one's  candid  convic- 
tion without  much  reserve  or  delicacy : 
generally  to  the  person  himself,  and  in  un- 
flattering terms. 

He  had  giwn  the  house  what  was  called  a  bit  of 
his  mind  on  the  subject,  and  he  wished  very  much 
that  he  would  give  them  the  whole.  Lord  Campbell. 

SVN.  Piece,  part,  fragment,  morsel. 
Bit,  pret.  of  bid. 

The  Stewart  bit  the  spices  for  to  hie, 

And  eke  the  wine.  Chaucer. 

Bitch  (bich),  n.  [A.  Sax.  btece,  North  E.  and 
Sc.  bik,  Icel.  bikkia,  Dan.  bikke,  a  female  dog. 
For  softening  of  the  k  sound  to  ch,  comp. 
birch.}  1.  The  female  of  canine  animals,  as 
of  the  dog,  wolf,  and  fox. —2.  A  name  of 
reproach  for  a  woman. 

John  had  not  run  a-tnadding  so  long  had  it  not 
been  for  an  extravagant  bitch  of  a  wife.  Arbuthnot* 

Bitchery  (b^h  er-i),  "-  Vileness  or  coarse- 
ness in  a  woman;  unchastity.  Stanihurst. 

Bite  (bit),  v.t.  pret,  bit;  ppr.  biting;  pp.  bit, 
bitten.  [Common  to  the  Teutonic  languages; 
A.Sax.  bltan,  Icel.  bita,  D.  bijten,  Dan.  bide, 
Goth,  beitan,  G.  beiszen;  allied  to  L.  findo, 
fidi,  Skr.  bhid,  to  split.  Bit,  bitter,  beetle  are 
from  tliis  stem.]  1.  To  cut,  break,  or  crush 
with  the  teeth;  to  use  the  teeth  upon;  to 
penetrate  or  seize  with  the  teeth. 

Such  smiling  rogues  as  these, 
Like  rats  oft  bite  the  holy  cords  atwain.      Shak. 

2.  To  cause  a  sharp  or  smarting  pain  to;  to 
make  to  smart;   to  pinch  or  nip  as  with 
frost ;  to  blast,  blight,  or  injure  in  various 
ways;  as,  pepper  bites  the  mouth.    '  A  frost 
that  bites  the  first-born  infants  of  the  spring. ' 
Shak. 

All  three  of  these  are  desperate :  their  great  guilt 
Like  poison  Riven  to  work  a  great  time  after. 
Now  gins  to  bite  the  spirits.  Shak. 

3.  To  take  fast  hold  of;  to  grip  or  catch  into 
or  on,  so  as  to  act  with  effect;  to  get  pur- 
chase from,  as  by  friction;  as,  the  anchor 
bites  the  ground;  the  flic  bites  the  iron;  the 
wheels  bite  the  rails. 

The  last  screw  of  the  rack  having  been  turned  so 
often  that  its  purchase  crumbled,  and  it  now  turned 
and  turned  with  nothing  to  bite.  Dickens. 

4.  To  cheat;  to  trick.     "The  rogue  was  bit.' 
Pope.—  5.  In  etching,  to  corrode  or  eat  into, 
by  aquafortis  or  other  acid;  as,  to  &i'(e  a  steel 
plate:  generally  with  in;  as,  the  plate  is 
now  bitten  in.  —  To  bite   the.  (fuftt  or  the 
ground,  to  fall;  to  be  thrown  or  struck  down; 
to  be  vanquished  or  humbled.     '  His  van- 
quished rival  who  was  to  bite  the  dust  before 
him.'    Disraeli.  —  To  bite  the  tltumb  at  a 
person,  formerly  a  mark  of  contempt  de- 
signed to  provoke  a  quarrel.     '  Do  you  bite 
your  thumb  at  ns?'     Shak.— To  bite   the 
tongue,  to  maintain  fixed  silence. 

So  York  must  sit  and  fret  and  bite  his  tongue.  Skfik. 

Bite  (bit),  v.i.  1.  To  have  a  habit  of  biting: 
to  injure  by  biting  or  cutting,  as  if  by  teeth; 
as,  the  dog  bites.  '  I  have  a  sword  and  it 
shall  bite.'  Shak. 

It  (wine)  biteth  like  a  serpent  and  stingeth  like 
an  adder.  Prov.  xxiii.  32. 


•1.  T«>  sei/e  with  the  teeth  or  month;  t<>  t.-ikr 
a  bait.  'This  fifth  will  bite.'  ,S/mA-.  •  \\  .-'ll 
bait  that  men  may  liit,-  fair.'  I'.mti,  ,(  /•'/. 
:;.  To  take  and  keep  hold  ;  to  grip  or  rat.  h 
into  another  object,  so  as  to  act  on  it  with 
effect,  obtain  pwcbufl  or  leveni^-- -power 
from  it,  anil  the  like;  as,  the  anchor  bitex; 
wheels  bite  when  the  teeth  of  the  one  enter 
into  the  notches  of  the  other  and  eaiiw  it  to 
revolve;  the  wheels  of  u  Ineomotivr  do  not 
hit'-  when  the  rails  are  slippery  with  hoar- 
frost and  the  wheels  revolve  without  ad- 
vancing; afile  does  not  6*7*?  when  it  is  woi  n 
so  smooth  as  not  to  act  upon  metul. 

In  dry  weather  the  roads  require  to  be  watered 
before  being  swept,  so  that  the  brushes  may  bite. 
Mayhew. 

—To  bite  at,  to  snarl  or  carp  at;  to  inveigh 
against. 

No  marvel  though  you  biff  so  hard  at  reasons, 
You  are  so  empty  of  them.  Shak. 

Bite  (bit),  n.  1.  The  seizure  of  anything  by 
the  teeth  or  with  the  mouth;  specifically, 
the  seizure  of  a  bait;  as,  the  bite  of  a  dog; 
the  bite  of  a  ttsh. 

I  have  known  a  very  good  fisher  angle  diligently 
four  or  six  hours  for  a  river  carp,  and  not  have  a 
bite.  Iz.  li'atton, 

2.  The  wound  made  by  the  teeth  or  other 
organ  connected  with  the  mouth;  as,  a  mos- 
quito bite.   ' Their  venom'd  bite.'  Dryden. — 

3.  As  much  as  is  taken  at  once  by  biting;  a 
mouthful ;  a  bit ;  as,  a  bite  of  bread.—  4.  A 
cheat;  a  trick;  a  fraud. 

I'll  teach  you  a  way  to  outwit  Mrs.  Johnson;  it  is  a 
new-fangtcd  way  of  being  witty,  and  they  call  it  a 
bite.  Swift. 

5.  A  sharper ;  one  who  cheats.  Johnson. 
[Rare.]  — 0.  In  letter-press  printing,  that 
part  of  the  impression  which  is  improperly 
printed,  owing  to  the  frisket  not  being  suffi- 
ciently cut  away.— 7.  The  catch  or  hold  that 
one  object  or  part  of  an  apparatus  has  on 
another;  as,  the  bite  of  an  anchor  on  the 
ground;  the  bite  of  the  wheels  of  a  locomo- 
tive on  the  rails. 

Biter  (bit'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
bites;  an  animal  given  to  biting;  a  fish  apt 
to  take  bait.  'Great  barkers  are  no  biters.' 
Camden.  'A  hold  biter.'  Iz.  Walton. — 
2.  One  who  cheats  or  defrauds;  one  who  de- 
ceives by  way  of  joke. 

A  Aittr  is  one  who  tells  you  a  thing  you  have  no 
reason  to  disbelieve  in  itbelf,  and,  ii  you  give  him 
credit,  laughs  in  your  face,  and  triumphs  that  he  has 
deceived  you.  Spectator. 

Bitenxate  (bl-ter'nat).  a.  [Prefix  bi,  and 
ternafe.]  In  bot.  doubly  ternate,  as  when 
the  principal  petiole  has  three  petioles, 
and  each  of  these  lias  three  leaflets. 

Biting  (bit'ing),  a.  Sharp;  severe;  cutting; 
pungent;  sarcastic.  'A  biting  taunt.'  Bp. 
Hopkins.  '  A  biting  affliction.'  Shak. 

Biting-in  (bit'ing-in),  n.  In  engr.  the  act 
of  corrosion  upon  copper,  steel,  glass,  Ac., 
by  aqua  fortis  or  other  acid,  for  the  purpose 
of  executing  etchings,  aquatints,  &c. 

Bitingly  (bit'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  biting  man- 
ner; sarcastically;  sueeringly. 

Bitless  (bit'les),  a.  Not  having  a  bit  or 
bridle.  *Bitless  Xumidian horse.'  Fanshawe. 

Bitmouth  (bit'mouthX  n.  [Bit  tnd  mouth.] 
The  bit,  or  that  part  of  a  bridle  which  is 
put  in  a  horse's  mouth.  Bailey. 

Bit  noben  (bit  no'ben),n.  [Indian.]  A  white 
saline  substance  imported  from  India,  a 
chloride  of  sodium,  or  common  salt,  fused 
with  myrobolaii  (by  which  it  acquires  some 
of  the  qualities  of  the  fruit)  and  a  portion 
of  iron.  Bit  noben  has  been  used,  in  India 
from  times  of  high  antiquity,  and  is  applied 
to  an  infinite  variety  of  purposes.  It  is 
regarded  as  a  specific  for  almost  every  dis- 
order. 

Bitore.t  n.     A  bittern.     Chaucer. 

Bito-tree  (be'to-tre),  n.    See  HAJILIJ. 

Bitrent(t  pp.  [Prefix  bi=be,  and  trend,  to 
turn  round,  as  in  A.Sax.  trendelt  a  sphere.] 
Twisted;  carried  round.  Chaucer, 

Bit-stock  (bit'stok),  n.  The  handle  or  stock 
by  which  a  boring  bit  is  held  and  rotated;  a 
brace. 

Bitt  (bit),  n.  [Perhaps  from  same  root  as 
bite;  comp.  Icel.  biti,  a  cross-beam  or  girder 
in  a  house  or  ship,  also  an  eye-tooth.]  A'atit. 
a  piece  of  wood  or  frame  secured  to  the 
deck,  on  which  to  make  fast  the  cables. 

Bitt  (hit),  v.t.  JVattt.  to  put  round  the  bitts; 
as,  to  t'ttt  the  cable,  in  order  to  fasten  it  or 
to  slack  it  out  gradually,  which  is  called 
veering  airai/. 

Bittaclet  (bit'a-kl),  n.     A  binnacle. 

Bitten  (liit'n),  pp.  of  bite.  In  bot  terminated 
sihlilt-nly  anil  irregularly;  premorse:  applied 
to  leaves  and  roots. 


ch,  c/min;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin*;;      TH,  then;  th,  tfiin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


BITTER 


278 


BITUMINIZATION 


Bitter  (bit'ter),  a.  [A.  Sax.  biter,  from  bttan, 
to  bite,  from  causing  the  tongue  to  smart; 
so  in  the  other  Teutonic  languages,  Icel.  bitr, 
Goth,  baitrs,  D.  G.  Dan.  and  Sw.  bitter,  bit- 
ter.] 1.  Having  a  peculiar  acrid,  pungent 
taste,  resembling  that  of  wormwood. 

AH  men  are  agreed  to  call  vinegar  sour,  honey 
sweet,  and  aloes  titter.  Bnrtt. 

2.  Characterized  by  keenness  or  sharpness 
of  sensation  or  emotion;  characterized  by 
poignancy,  severity,  animosity,  pain,  grief, 
,.r  the  like;  as,  (a)  cherishing  or  exhibiting 
hate,  anger,  or  severity;  cruel;  severe; 
harsh-  stern.  '  Bitterest  enmity.'  Shak. 
'Bitter  enemies.'  Watts.  (,&)  Sharp,  aswords; 
reproachful ;  sarcastic.  '  Bitter  taunts. 
Shale  (c)  Causing  pain  or  smart  to  the  sense 
of  feeling;  piercing;  painful;  biting.  'Bitter 
blast.'  Drydcn.  (d)  Distressing;  calamitous; 
poignant;  as,  a  bitter  fate. 

Love,  art  thou  sweet?  then  bitter  death  must  be ; 
I  ove  thou  art  bitter;  sweet  is  death  to  me. 

Tennyson. 

(«)  Mournful;  as,  a  bitter  cry.— Bitter  ale, 
bitter  beer, a  clear,  strong,  highly-hopped  ale, 
of  a  pleasant  bitter  taste.  —  Bitter  principle, 
;\  term  applied  to  certain  products  arising 
from  the  action  of  nitric  acid  upon  animal  and 
vegetable  matters,  and  having  an  intensely 
I  litter  taste.  Later  chemical  researches  have 
shown  that  very  many  plants  contain  pecu- 
liar, oftencrystallizable,  compounds,  having 
a  bitter  taste,  which  are  often  doubtless  the 
active  principle  of  the  vegetable  in  which 
they  occur.  The  term  is  now  restricted  to 
the  brown  amorphous  bitter  extract,  gene- 
rally not  of  definite  composition,  got  from 
many  plants  by  boiling  in  water,  evaporat- 
ing to  dryness,  and  treating  with  alcohol  to 
remove  resin,  &c. — To  the  bitter  end,  to  the 
last  and  direst  extremity;  to  death  itself. 
Bitter  (bit'ter),  n.  1.  Anything  bitter. 

-Some  bitter  o'er  the  flowers  its  bubbling  venom  flings. 
Byron. 

Specifically — 2.  A  bitter  medicine,  as  a  bit- 
ter bark  or  root,  or  an  infusion  made  from 
it.  See  BITTERS. 

Bitter  (bit'ter),  n.  [See  BITT.]  Naut.  a 
turn  of  the  cable  which  is  round  the  bitts. 
— Bitter-end,  that  part  of  a  cable  which  is 
abaft  the  bitts,  and  therefore  within  board, 
when  the  ship  rides  at  anchor. 

Bitter -almond  (bit'ter-a-mund),  n.  The 
hitter  variety  of  Amygdalus  communis. 

Bitter-apple  (bit'ter-ap-1),  n.  A  name  ap- 
plied to  the  bitter-gourd  (which  see). 

Bitter-ash  (bit'ter-ash),  n.  A  tree,  Simar- 
uba  amara,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  the 
root-bark  of  which  is  used  as  a  tonic. 

Bitter-Wain  (bit'ter-blan),  n.  A  name  given 
by  the  Creoles  in  Guiana  to  Vandellia  dif- 
fttsa. 

Bitter -cucumber  (bit'ter-ku'kurn-ber),  n. 
The  same  as  Bitter-gourd. 

Bitter  -  damson  (bit'ter-dam'zn),  n.  The 
same  as  Bitter-ash. 

Bitter-earth  (bit'ter-erth),  n.  Talc  earth ; 
calcined  magnesia. 

Bltterful,*  a.    Full  of  bitterness.    Chaucer. 

Bitter-gourd  (bit'ter-gord,  bit'ter-gord),  n. 
A  plant,  Citrullus  Cftlocynthis,  called  also 
Colocynth  and  Coloquintida.  The  fruit  is  a 
many-seeded  gourd.coutaining  a  light  spongy 
and  very  bitter  pulp.  A  watery  extract  is 
made  from  this  pulp  which  is  much  em- 
ployed as  a  purgative  in  the  form  of  pills. 
Also  called  Bitter-apple. 

Bittering  (bit'ter-ing),  n.  A  preparation 
used  by  brewers  to  adulterate  beer. 

Bitterish  (bit'ter-ish),  a.  Somewhat  bitter; 
bitter  in  a  moderate  degree. 

Bitterishness  (bit'ter-ish-nes),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  moderately  bitter. 

Bitter-king  (bit'ter-king),  n.  In  hot.  the 
Soulamea  amara,  a  tree  with  simple  alter- 
nate stalked  obovate  leaves,  and  small  green 
flowers  disposed  in  short  axillary  spikes, 
peculiar  to  the  Moluccas  and  the  Fiji 
Islands.  The  root  and  bark,  bruised  and 
macerated  in  water,  are  used  in  the  East  as 
an  emetic  and  tonic. 

Bitterly  (bit'ter-li),  adv.  In  a  bitter  man- 
ner; as,  (a)  with  a  bitter  taste;  as,  I  never 
felt  anything  taste  more  bitterly.  (6)  Mourn- 
fully; sorrowfully;  in  a  manner  expressing 
poignant  grief.  'And  he  went  out  and  wept 
bitterly.'  Mat.  xxvi.  75.  (c)  In  a  manner 
severely  reproachful;  sharply;  severely; 
angrily;  as,  to  censure  bitterly.  'The  Al- 
mighty hath  dealt  very  bitterly  with  me.' 
Ruth  i.  20.  — SYN.  Keenly,  sharply,  sourly, 
severely,  cruelly,  painfully,  poignantly,  an- 
grily, intensely. 
Bittern  (bit'tern),  n.  [O.E.  bitore,  bittor. 


bittern,  Prov.  E.  bitter,  bitterbump,  butter- 
bump,  Fr.  butor,  Sp.  bitar,  D.  butoor,  Fl. 
putuor.  Origin  uncertain;  the  latter  part 
of  the  word  is  probably  the  L.  taurus,  a 
bull,  a  name  which  Pliny  applies  apparently 
to  this  bird  (comp.  also  its  German  names, 
water-ox,  marsh-ox,  ox-heron,  &c.);  the  other 
part  is  doubtful;  comp.  L.  butio,  a  bittern. 
The  Mod.  L.  botamus  is  from  bos  taurus.} 
A  name  given  to  several  grallatorial  birds 
of  the  family  Ardeidic  and  genus  Botaurns. 
There  are  two  British  species,  the  common 


Bittern  (Botaurns  stellaris). 

bittern  (Bolaurus  stellaris),  which  breeds 
in  Britain,  and  the  little  bittern  (B.  minu- 
tus).  a  native  of  the  South,  and  merely  a 
summer  visitor  here.  Both  are  becoming 
comparatively  rare,  from  the  extension  of 
cultivation  and  the  drainage  of  marshes. 
The  common  bittern  has  long  legs  and  neck, 
and  stalks  among  reeds  and  sedge,  feeding 
upon  fish.  It  makes  a  singular  booming  or 
drumming  noise,  called  by  Dryden  bumping 
(whence  the  provincial  name  butter-bump; 
compare  the  Scotch  name  -mire-drum).  The 
American  bittern  is  B.  lentiginosus. 

Bittern(bit'tern),n.  [From fritter.]  l.Insalt- 
works,  the  brine  remaining  after  the  salt  is 
concreted.  This  being  laded  off,  and  the 
salt  taken  out  of  the  pan,  is  returned,  and 
being  again  boiled,  yields  more  salt.  It  is 
used  in  the  preparation  of  Epsom  salt  (the 
sulphate  of  magnesia),  of  Glauber's  salt 
(the  sulphate  of  soda),  and  contains  also 
chloride  of  magnesium,  and  iodine  and  bro- 
mine. — 2.  A  very  bitter  compound  of  quassia, 
cocculus  indicus,  liquorice,  tobacco,  Ac., 
used  in  adulterating  beer.  It  is  also  called 
Bittering. 

Bitterness  (bit'ter-nes).  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  bitter  in  all  the  senses  of 
the  word ;  as,  («)  to  the  sense  of  taste.  (&)  To 
the  body  generally;  intensity;  severity; 
poignancy ;  as,  the  bitterness  of  the  blast ; 
the  bitterness  of  pain,  (c)  Animosity;  im- 
placability; malice;  hatred.  'The bitterness 
of  anger.'  Longfellow. 

The  bitterness  and  animosity  between  the  com- 
manders was  such  that  a  great  part  of  the  army  was 
marched.  Clarendon. 

(d)  Acrimony;  asperity. 

Shall  we  be  thus  afflicted  in  his  wreaks. 

His  fits,  his  frenzy,  and  his  bitterness  t     SAat. 

(e)  Keenness  of  reproach;  biting  sarcasm; 
as,  the  bitterness  of  one's  language.   (/)  Af- 
fliction ;  keen  sorrow ;  deep  distress.     '  She 
was  in  bitterness  of  soul. '    1  Sam.  i.  10.  —In 
the  gall  of  bitterness,  in  a  state  of  extreme 
impiety  or  enmity  to  God.    Acts  viii.  23. — 
Root  of  bitterness,  a  dangerous  error  or 
schism  tending  to  draw  persons  to  apostasy, 
lieb.  xii.  15. 

Bitter-nut  (bit'ter-nut),  n.  In  bot.  the  Carya 
amara  (swamp  hickory).  It  produces  small 
and  somewhat  egg-shaped  fruits,  having  a 
thin  fleshy  rind,  which  never  becomes  hard 
or  woody;  the  kernel  is  extremely  bitter,and 
is  not  eaten  by  any  kind  of  animal. 

Bitter-oak  (bit'ter-6k),  n.  The  Quenus 
!  Cerris,  a  very  common  fine  oak-tree  over  the 
south-east  of  Europe. 

Bitters  (bit'terz),  n.  pi.  Bitter  medicines 
generally,  as  cinchona,  quinine,  Ac. ;  speci- 
fically, a  liquor  in  which  bitter  herbs  or 
roots  are  steeped,  generally  a  spirituous 
liquor.  Bitters  are  employed  as  stomachics, 
anthelmintics,  and  in  various  other  cases. 

Bitter-salt  (l)it'ter-salt),  n.  Epsom  salt; 
sulphate  of  magnesia. 

Bitter-spar  (bit'ter-spar),  n.    Rhomb-spar, 


a  mineral  that  crystallizes  in  rhomboids. 
It  is  the  crystallized  form  of  dolomite,  or 
magnesian  limestone. 

Bitter-sweet  (bit'ter-swet),  71.  1.  The  woody 
nightshade  (Sulanum  Dulcamara),  a  tniil- 
ing  plant,  common  in  hedges  in  Britain, 
whose  root  and  branches  when  chewed  pro- 
duce first  a  bitter,  then  a  sweet  taste.  Its 
small  scarlet  berries,  resembling  red  cur- 
rants, though  not  absolutely  poisonous,  are 
not  safe.  Its  leaves  are  strongly  narcotic. — 
2.  A  variety  of  apple;  bitter-sweeting. 

Bitter -sweeting  (bit'ter-swet-ing),  n.  A 
variety  of  apple  which  has  supplied  many 
allusions  to  the  poets.  Called  also  Bitter- 
sweet. 

Thy  wit  is  a  very  bitter-fivecting.         Shak. 

Bitter-vetch  (bit'ter-vech),  n.  A  name 
popularly  applied  to  two  kinds  of  legumin- 
ous plants— (a)  Eroum  Enilia,  a  lentil  cul- 
tivated for  fodder;  and  (b)  all  the  species  of 
the  genus  Orobus,  now  frequently  included 
in  the  genus  Lathyrus.  Common  bitter- 
vetch  is  0.  tuberosus  {L.  Macrorhizus).  See 
OBOBOB. 

Bitter-weed  (bit'ter-wed),  n.  In  bot.  the 
Ambrosia  artetnisiaefolia. 

Bitter-wpod  (bit'ter-wud),  n.  The  timber 
of  Xylopia  glabra,  and  applied  as  well  to 
the  other  species  of  Xylopia,  all  of  them 
being  noted  for  the  extreme  bitterness  of 
their  wood. 

Bitterwort  (bit'ter-wert),  n.  Yellow  gen- 
tian (Gentiana  lutea),  so  called  from  its  re- 
markably bitter  taste. 

Bitt-heads  (bifhedz),  n.  pi.  Kant,  the  up- 
right pieces  of  timber  let  in  ami  bolted  to 
the  beams  of  two  decks  at  least,  and  to 
which  the  cross-pieces  are  let  in  and  bolted. 
See  BITT. 

Bitting -rigging  (bit'ting-rig'ing),  n.  A 
bridle,  surcingle,  back-strap  and  crupper 
placed  on  young  horses  to  give  them  a  good 
carriage. 

Bittle,  Beetle  (bin,  be'tl),  n.  A  wooden  bat 
for  beating  linen;  a  beetle.  [Scotch.] 

Aroint  ye.  ye  limmer,  out  of  an  honest  house,  or, 
shame  fa'  me,  but  I'll  take  the  bittle  to  you. 

Sir  If.  Scott. 

Blttlin  (bit'lin),  ».   [Prov.  E.]   A  milk-bowl. 

Grose. 
Bittock  (bit'ok),  n.    [Dim.  of  bit.]    A  little 

bit;  a  short  distance.    Sir  W.  Scott;  Mrs. 

Gore.    [Scotch.] 
Bittour.t  Bittort  (bit'ter),  n.    The  bittern. 

'  Where  hawks,  sea-owls,  and  long-tongued 

bittours  bred. '    Chapman. 
Bitt-stopper  (bit'stop-er),  n.     Naut.  a  rope 

rove  through  a  knee  of  the  riding-bit,  and 

used  to  clinch  a  cable. 
Bitume  t  (bi-tuin'),  n.   Bitumen.  'Hellebore 

and  black  bitume. '    May. 
Bitumet  (bi-tum').D.(.    To  cover  or  besmear 

with  bitumen. 

We  have  a  chest,  beneath  the  hatches,  caulked 
and  bitnmed.  Shak. 

Bitumen  (bi-tu'men),  n.  [L.]  A  name  given 
to  a  mineral  substance  of  a  resinous  nature, 
composed  principally  of  hydrogen  and  car- 
bon, and  appearing  in  a  variety  of  forms 
which  pass  into  each  other  and  are  known 
by  different  names,  from  naphtha,  the  most 
fluid,  to  petroleum  and  mineral  tar,  which 
are  less  so,  thence  to  maltha,  which  is  more 
or  less  cohesive,  and  lastly  to  asphaltum 
and  elastic  bitumen  (or  elaterite),  which  are 
solid.  It  burns  like  pitch,  with  much  smoke 
and  flame.  It  consists  of  84  to  88  of  carbon 
and  12  to  16  of  hydrogen,  and  is  found  in 
the  earth,  occurring  principally  in  the 
secondary,  tertiary,  and  alluvial  formations. 
It  is  a  very  widely  spread  mineral,  and  is 
now  largely  employed  in  various  ways.  AB 
the  binding  substance  in  mastics  and  ce- 
ments it  is  used  for  making  roofs,  arches, 
walls,  cellar-floors,  *c.,  water-tight,  for 
street  and  other  pavements,  and  in  some  of 
its  forms  for  fuel  and  for  illuminating  pur- 
poses.  The  bricks  of  which  the  walls  of 
Babylon  were  built  are  said  to  have  been 
cemented  with  bitumen,  which  gave  them 
i  unusual  solidity. 

Bituminate  (bi-tu'min-at),  t.l.  pret.  &  pp. 
bituininated;  ppr.  bituminating.  To  im- 
|  pregnate  with  bitumen.  'Bituininated  vralli 
of  Babylon.'  Feltham. 

Bituminiferous  (bi-tu'min-if"er-us),  a. 
[Bitumen,  and  L.  fero,  to  produce.]  Pro- 
ducing bitumen.  Page. 

Bituminization  (bi-tu'min-iz-iV'shon),  i 
The  transformation  of  organic  matters  into 
bitumen,  as  the  conversion  of  wood,  D) 
natural  processes,  into  several  varieties  of 
coal.  Paije. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  full;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  ley. 


BITUMINIZE 


279 


BLACK-BALL 


Bituminize  (bi-tu'min-I/),  v.t  prct.  &  pp. 
liifuininizi'd ;  ppr.  bituininizing.  To  form 
into  or  impregnate  with  bitumen.  Page, 

Bituminous  (bi-tu'min-us),  a.     Having  the 
qualities  of    bitumen ;   compounded   with 
bitumen;  containing  bitumen.     J'tt'je. 
Near  that  bituminous  lake  where  Sodom  flamed. 
Mitten, 

—Bituminous  cement,  orMtttlfftfelMU  nin^tif, 
a  cement  or  mastic  in  which  bitumen,  espe- 
cially in  the  form  of  asphalt,  is  the  most 
important  ingredient. — Bituminous  coal,  a 
name  Applied  to  the  coals  which  yield  a 
large  percentage,  varying  from  10  to  60  per 
cent,  of  bitumen.  It  includes  pitch  or 
raking  coal,  cherry-coal,  splint-coal,  par- 
rot or  cannel  coal,  coking  coal,  brown-coal, 
itc.  They  are  softer  and  lighter  than  an- 
thracite, duller,  and  more  purely  black,  and 
are  called  dry  or  fat,  according  to  their 
richness  in  bitumen.  — Bituminous  lime- 
stone, limestone  of  a  lamellar  structure, 
susceptible  of  polish,  of  a  brown  or  black 
colour,  and  when  rubbed  emitting  an  un- 
pleasant smell.  That  of  Dalmatia  is  so 
charged  with  bitumen  that  it  may  be  cut 
like  soap.  Hit  ttniinous  shale,  or  bituminous 
ttchist,  an  argillaceous  shale  much  impreg- 
nated with  bitumen,  and  very  common  in 
the  coal-measures.  It  is  now  much  worked 
f(  .r  the  production  of  paraffins  and  other  use- 
ful products.  —  Bituminous  springs,  springs 
impregnated  with  petroleum,  naphtha,  Ac. 
hi  Pennsylvania,  1'ersia.  and  other  regions 
there  are  numerous  springs  of  almost  pure 
petroleum. 

Bivalve  (bi'valv),  n.  [Prefix  bi,  and  Lat. 
ralva,  a  valve-]  1.  An  animal  of  the  mollus- 
cous class,  having  two  valves,  or  a  shell 


Bivalve  Shell  of  Cytherea  chione. 

A,  Right  valve.  B,  Left  valve.  A,  B,  Thickness. 
C,  Dorsal  margin.  D,  Ventral  margin.  E,  Anterior 
side  or  front  margin.  F,  Posterior  side  or  hinder 
margin.  G,  Umbo.  H,  Hinge  and  hin^e  teeth. 
a.  Cardinal  tooth.  \;  x.  Lateral  teeth.  I,  Ligament, 
ligament  pit  or  groove.  J,  Lunule.  K,  Anterior 
muscular  impression.  L,  Posterior  muscular  im- 
pression. M,  Pallial  impression.  N,  Abd xninal 
impression  O,  Sinus.  C,  D,  Height  or  breadth. 
l.l,  Length. 

consisting  of  two  parts  which  open  by  an 
elastic  hinge  and  are  closed  by  muscles,  as 


Bivalve  Animal  of  Jlfya  arenaria. 

a.  Anterior  adductor  muscle.  t>.  Posterior  adductor 
muscle,  c.  Heart,  d.  Mantle  with  its  fringe,  e.  Body. 
/.  Foot,  jf.  Gills  or  branchire.  h.  Mouth,  i.  One  of 
the  labial  tentacles,  k,  Exhalent  siphon.  /.Branchial 
siphon. 

the  oyster,  cockle,  mussel,  Ac.  It  is  opposed 
to  univalve.—  2.  In  hot.  a  pericarp  in  which 
the  seed-case  opens  or  splits  into  two  parts. 

Bivalve,  Bi  valvular  (bi'valv,  bl-val'vu-ler), 
a.  Having  two  valves:  said  especially  of  the 
shells  of  certain  molluscs  and  of  the  seed- 
vessels  of  certain  plants.  See  the  noun. 

Bivalved  (bi'valvd),  a.    Having  two  valves. 

Bivalvous  (bi-val'vus),  a.   Same  as  Bivalved, 

Bivascular  (bi-vas'ku-ler),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  and 
L.  vasculum,  a  small  vessel.]  Having  two 
cells,  compartments,  or  vessels. 

Bivaulted  (bi'valt-ed),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  twice, 
and  vault.]  Having  two  vaults  or  arches. 

Biventral  (bi-ven'tral),  a.  [Prefix  bi,  and  L. 
venter,  a  belly.]  Having  two  bellies  or  belly- 
shaped  parts;  as,  a  biventral  muscle. 

Bivipus  t  (bi'vi-us  or  biv'i-us),  a.  [L.  bioius 
—bi,  twice,  and  via,  way.]  Having  two 
ways,  or  leading  two  ways.  '  Bivious  theo- 
ivms  and  Janus-faced  doctrines.'  Sir  T. 
Brmi'in-. 

Bivouac  (biv'o-ak),  ».  [Fr.  bivouac,  bivac, 
from  G.  beiwache;  lit.  by-  or  near-watch. 


ST  WAKK,  WATCH.]  An  encampment  of 
soldiers  in  the  open  air  without  tents,  each 
remaining  dressed  and  with  his  wt-ap-'iis 
by  him;  hence,  Jltj.  a  position  or  situation 
demanding  extreme  watchfulness.  '  1  he 
l>ir (mac  of  life.'  Longfellow. 
Bivouac  (biv'o-ak),  v.i,  prct.  &  pp.  bivou- 
a<-L->'<t;  ]>]>}•  l'ii-i,mi'-hi,iii.  To  eriuamp  in  the 
opirn  air  witliout  tents  or  covering,  as  an 
army  on  march  or  in  expectation  of  an 
engagement.  '  Determined  to  bivouac  there 
for  the  night.'  Irving, 

The  Chasseurs  Normandie  arrive  dusty,  thirsty, 
after  a  hard  day's  ride,  but  can  find  no  billet-master. 
.  .  .  Normondic  must  even  bivouac  there  in  its  dunt 
and  thirst.  CarlyU. 

Bivouack,  n.  and  v.     Same  as  Bivouac. 

Biweekly  (bi-wek'li),  a.  Occurring  or 
appearing  every  two  weeks ;  as,  a  biweekly 
magazine.  Sometimes,  but  erroneously, 
used  in  place  of  semi-weekly  for  occurring 
twice  in  the  week. 

Biweekly  (bi-wekli),  adv.    Fortnightly. 

Biwopen,t  pp.  of  biwepe,  that  is,  beweep. 
Drowned  in  tears.  Chaucer. 

Bixa  (bik'sa),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Flacowtiacetc,  containing 
a  few  species  of  small  trees  natives  of  tro- 
pical America.  The  pulp  of  the  fruit  of  the 
Bixa  Orellana  affords  the  arnotto  of  com- 
merce. See  ARNOTTO. 

Bixin  (bik'sin),  n.  1.  (C,«HMO* )  The 
orange  colouring  principle  of  arnotto.  It 
is  got  in  small  yellowish  crystals. — 2.  A 
variety  of  arnotto,  having  six  to  ten  times 
the  colouring  power  of  common  arnotto, 
from  quicker  extraction. 

Bizantine.    See  BYZANTINE. 

Bizard  (biz'ard),  n.  Same  as  Bizarre,  a 
variety  of  carnation. 

Bizarre  (bi-zar7),  a.  [Fr. ,  from  Sp.  bizarro, 
gallant,  by  Mahn  said  to  be  of  Basque-Iberian 
origin.]  Odd  ;  fanciful ;  fantastical;  whim- 
sical; unpolished.  '  Bizarre  mixture  of  the 
serious  and  comic  styles.'  fluine. 

Bizarro  (bi-zar/),  n.  A  variety  of  carnation 
in  which  the  white  ground-colour  is  striped 
with  two  colours,  one  darker  than  the  other. 

Bizlet  (biz'l),  v.t    Same  as  Bezzle. 

Bizmellah  (biz-mel'la).    Same  as  Bismillah. 

Blab  (blab),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  blabbed;  ppr. 
blabbing.  [With  the  freq.  blabber,  allied  to 
such  words  as  L.G.  blabben,  Dan.  blabbre, 
G.  plappern,  to  gabble,  also  to  Gael,  bla- 
baran,  a  stutterer,  blabber-  or  blubber-lip- 
ped, bubble,  blob,  &c.]  To  utter  or  tell  in  a 
thoughtless  or  unnecessary  manner  what 
ought  to  be  kept  secret;  to  let  out  (secrets). 

O,  that  delightful  engine  of  her  thoughts 
That  MffMddf  ttwm  with  such  pleasing  eloquence. 
SHak. 

Blab  (blab),  v.i.  To  talk  indiscreetly;  to 
tattle;  to  tell  tales.  'She  must  burst  or 
blab,'  Drydcn. 

Blab  (blab),  n.  A  babbler;  a  tell-tale;  one 
who  betrays  secrets  or  tells  things  which 
ought  to  be  kept  secret.  'Avoided  as  a 
blab.'  Milton.  '  Show  me  a  very  inquisitive 
body,  I'll  show  you  a  blab. '  Sir  ft.  L' Estrange. 
Blabber  (blab'er),  v.i.  [Freq.  correspond- 
ing to  blab.]  1.  To  tell  tales;  to  blab;  to 
talk  idly. 

Now  you  may  see  how  easie  it  is  to  speak  right, 
and  not  to  blabber  like  boors  iu  any  speech. 

Woodroephe. 

2.  To  fib;  to  falter.    Skinner.—  3.  To  whistle 
to  a  horse.    Skinner, 

Blabber  (blab'er),  ?i.  A  tattler ;  a  tell-tale. 
Blabber-lipped  (blab'er-lipt),  a.  [See  BLAB, 

v.t.]    Having  thick  lips;  blubber-lipped. 
Blabbing (blab'ing),  a.  Having  the  character 
of  a  blab;   talking  indiscreetly;   tattling. 
'The  blabbing  eastern  scout.'    Milton. 
Black  (blak),  a.     [A.  Sax    blcec,  blac,  black; 
Icel.  blakkr,  O.H.G.  plate,  black;  from  the 
adjective  come  A.  Sax.  blcec,  Icel.  blek,  Dan. 
blcek,  Sw.  bliick,  L.G.  blak,  blackness,  ink. 
Grimm  connects  it  with  D.  and  L.G.  blaken, 
to  burn  or  scorch,  Gr.  phlegd.  to  burn,  Skr. 
!    bhrdj,  to  shine,  believing  the  original  mean- 
ing to  be  blackness  caused  by  fire.  Bleak 
i    (A.  Sax.  bide),  bleach,  may  be  ultimately  from 
1    the  same  root  through  a  different  line  of 
development.]     1.  Of  the  darkest  colour; 
I    the  opposite  of   white.      A   surface   per- 
fectly black  is  absolutely  incapable  of  re- 
flecting light,  but  the  word  is  often  used 
,    with  less  precision  to  signify  very  dark  in 
,    hue,  and,  as  applied  to  persons,  more  or  less 
i    dark  in  skin  or  complexion. 

i  J  spy  a  black,  suspicious,  threatening  cloud.  Shak. 
Black  men  are  pearls  in  beauteous  ladies'  eyes.  Shak, 

2.  Destitute  of  light,  or  nearly  so.     '  In  the 
twilight,  in  the  evening,  in  the  black  and  dark 


'  I'rov,  vii.  it.  :;.  l-'i<t  <lismal,  gloomy, 
siilk-n,  forbidding,  or  the  like;  destitute  of 
ui"i;il  li-hi  or  ^.H.rlur  -,  in* nun tul ;  calami- 
ton*;  evil;  \virkrtl;  atrocious;  UIUH  Shak- 
hpri>'  spt'iik-  ft"  l,l<i,-!:  <lr«.-ds,  thoughts,  envy, 
\ .  jr.'. 'iinrr,  tidini:*.,  <lc>p;iir,  A.r  lilui'k  and 
I'fi ',-,  liavin.,'  tht;  dai  k  livid  citlnnmf  u  brui.-f 
in  the  flesh,  wliidi  is  accompanied  with  a 
mixture  of  blue. 

Mistress  Ford  .  .  .  is  beaten  black  and  blue.  tli.it 
you  cannot  see  a  white  spot  about  her.  SAat. 

[For  a  number  of  compounds  with  this  word 
as  their  first  member  see  In-low  ;  in  a  good 
many  of  these  cases  it  is  often  printed  as  a 
separate  word.] 

Black  (blak),  n.  1.  The  darkest  colour,  or 
rather  the  negation  of  all  colour ;  the 
opposite  of  white;  a  black  dye  or  pigment 
or  a  hue  produced  by  such;  as,  this  cloth 
has  a  good  black.  The  darkness  of  this 
colour  arises  from  the  circumstance  that 
the  substances  composing  or  producing  it 
absorb  all  the  rays  of  light  and  reflect  none. 
There  are  several  species  of  blacks  used  in 
painting,  such  as  Frankfort  black,  of  which 
there  are  two  sorts— the  one  a  natural  earth 
inclining  to  blue,  the  other  made  from  the 
lees  of  wine;  ivory  black,  made  from  burned 
ivory  or  bones;  Spanish  black,  from  burned 
cork;  harts'  black,  from  harts'  horns;  lamp- 
black, from  the  smoke  of  resinous  substances. 
In  her.  this  colour  is  termed  sable.  —  2.  A 
black  part  of  something,  as  the  black  part 
of  the  eye;  the  opening  in  the  iris:  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  white.  '  The  black  or  sight  of 
the  eye.'  Sir  K.  Digby.~$.  A  black  dress 
or  mourning;  as,  to  be  clothed  in  black: 
frequently  used  in  the  plural. 

Should  I  not  put  on  blacks  when  each  one  here 
Comes  with  his  cypress  and  devotes  a  tear. 

HerHck. 

4.  A  small  flake  of  soot,  such  as  fall  in 
crowded  cities  or  around  great  manufac- 
tories. 'A  fog  out  of  doors  that  tastes  of 
blacks  and  smells  of  decomposed  frost.'  Sir 
C.  Young—  5.  One  with  the  face  blacked  or 
disguised;  specifically,  a  deer  stealer. 

The  Waltham  blacks  at  length  committed  such 
enormities,  that  government  was  forced  to  inter- 
fere, with  that  severe  and  sanguinary  act,  called 
the  'Black  Act.'  Gilbert  White. 

6.  A  member  of  one  of  the  dark-coloured 
races;  a  negro  or  other  dark-skinned  person. 

7.  A  stain  or  smear.     'Defiling  her  white 
lawn  of  chastity  with  ugly  blacks  of  lust.' 
Roioley.  — 8.  pi.   Ink  used  in  copperplate 
printing,  prepared  from  the  charred  husks 
of  the  grape  and  the  residue  of  the  wine- 
press.— In  black  and  white,  in  writing  or 
print;  as,  to  put  a  statement  in  black  and 
white. 

Black  (blak),  v.t.  To  make  black;  to 
blacken;  to  soil;  as,  to  black  boots;  to  black 
one's  hands.  'Blacked  the  raven  o'er.'  Ad- 
dison. 

Black-act  (blak'akt),  n  The  English  statute 
9 George  I.,  which  makes  it  felony  to  appear 
anned  in  any  park  or  warren,  <tc.,  or  to  hunt 
or  steal  deer,  Ac.,  with  the  face  blacked  or 
disguised.  —Black-acts,  the  acts  of  the  Scot- 
tish parliament  during  the  reigns  of  the  five 
Jameses,  of  Mary,  and  of  James  VI.  t  down 
to  1586  or  1587.  They  were  called  the  black- 
acts  from  the  circumstance  of  their  being 
written  in  the  Saxon  character. 

Blackamoor  (blak'a-mor),  n.  [Black,  and 
Moor,  in  the  meaning  of  black  man  or 
negro,  formerly  written  also  blackmoor. ]  A 
negro;  a  black  man  or  woman. 

I  care  not  an  she  were  a  black-a-moor .     Shak. 

Black-art  (blak'art),  n.  [A  name  given  to 
necromancy  in  the  middle  ages  from  the 
idea  that  the  term  was  derived  from  L.L. 
nwromantia  (L.  niger,  black,  and  Gr.  tnan- 
teui,  prophecy,  divination),  whereas  necro- 
mancy is  really  from  Gr.  nefcromanteia  (Gr. 
nekros,  a  dead  body,  and  inanteia,  divina- 
tion), of  which  the  L.L.  form  was  a  corrup- 
tion.] Necromancy;  magic;  the  art  of  be- 
ing able  to  perform  wonderful  feats  by 
supernatural  means,  especially  means  de- 
rived from  the  assistance  of  the  powers  of 
evil:  sometimes  opposed  to  an  innocent 
kind  of  magic— the  white  art  or  white  magic. 

Black-ash  (blak'ash),  n.  Crude  carbonate 
of  soda. 

Blacka  viced,  Blacka  vised  (blak'a-vyst),  a. 
(O.E.  black-a-vL-ed—  black,  and  Fr.  in*,  the 
visage.  ]  Dark-complexioned.  [Scotch.  ] 

Black-ball  (blak'bal),  n.  1.  A  composition 
for  blacking  boots,  shoes,  Ac. — 2.  A  ball  of 
a  black  colour  used  in  balloting,  and  denot- 
ing a  negative  vote. 


ch.  cftain;      ch,  Sc.  locft;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  FT.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BLACKBALL 


280 


BLACK-GUM 


Blackball  (blak'bal),  ».«.  To  reject  by 
putting  bUick  balls  into  a  ballot-box,  or  by 
negative  votes;  to  exclude  by  vote. 

He  was  blackballed  at  two  clubs  in  succession. 
Thackeray. 

Whence  the  verbal  noun,  NaMalUnff. 

Your  story  of  the  blackballing  amused  me.     Lamb. 

Black-band  (blak'band),  n.  The  most  valu- 
able kind  of  clay-ironstone  (clay-carbonate) 
from  which  most  of  the  Scotch  iron  is  manu- 
factured. It  contains  more  carbonaceous 
matter  than  ordinary  clay-ironstone,  and 
sufficient  to  calcine  the  metal  with  a  less 
expenditure  of  fuel.  It  occurs  in  beds  in 
the  coal-measures,  and  contains  10  or  15  and 
sometimes  even  30  per  cent,  of  coaly  matter. 

Black-baas  (blak'bas),  n.  Same  as  Huron 
(which  see). 

Black-beer  (blak'ber),  n.  A  kind  of  beer 
manufactured  at  Dantzic.  It  is  of  a  black 
colour,  and  a  syrupy  consistence.  Called  also 
Dantzic  Beer. 

Black-beetle  (blak'be-tl),  n.   A  cockroach. 

Blackberry  (blak'be-ri),  n.  The  berry  of 
the  bramble  (Rubus  frnticosus),  a  popular 
name  applied  in  different  places  to  different 
species  or  varieties  of  this  fruit. 

If  reasons  were  as  plenty  as  blackberries  I  would 
give  no  man  a  reason  on  compulsion.  Shak. 

Blackbird  (blak'berd),  n.  The  English  name 
of  a  well-known  species  of  thrush  (the 


Black-bryony  (blak-bri'o-ni),  n.  In  botany, 
the  Tamut  communis,  a  climbing  plant  with 
thick  tuberous  roots  which  send  up  annual 
twining  stems,  which  grow  to  a  great  length 
over  bushes  and  hedges.  The  juice  of  the 
roots  was  formerly  used  in  the  preparation 
of  stimulating  plasters. 

Black-burning  (blak'bcrn-mg),  a.  Bcaoatt- 
ous:  always  applied  to  shame.  [Scotch.] 

Black-canker  (blak'kang-ker),  n.  A  disease 
in  turnips  and  other  crops  produced  by  a 
species  of  caterpillar.  See  ATHAUA. 

Black-cap  (blak'kap),  n.  1.  A  dentirostral 
passerine  bird,  family  Sylviadre,  the  Cur- 
ruca  atricapilla,  so  called  from  its  black 
crown.  It  is  common  in  Britain  and  the 
rest  of  Europe,  and  comes  nearest  the  night- 
ingale in  sweetness  of  song.  — 2.  An  apple 
roasted  till  black. 

Black-cattle  (blak'kat-1),  n.  Cattle  of  the 
bovine  genus  reared  for  slaughter,  In  dis- 
tinction from  dairy-cattle:  used  without 
reference  to  colour. 

Black-chalk  (blak'chak),  n.  1.  A  mineral  of 
a  bluish  black  colour,  of  a  slaty  texture, 
and  soiling  the  fingers  when  handled:  a 
variety  of  argillaceous  slate,  containing  10 
to  15  per  cent,  of  carbon:  it  is  used  for 
drawing.— 2.  A  preparation  of  ivory  black 
and  fine  clay. 

Black-coat  (blak'kot),  n.  A  common  and 
familiar  name  for  a  clergyman,  as  red-coat 
is  for  a  soldier. 

Black-cock  (blakTtok ),  n.  One  of  the  Eng- 
lish names  for  the  heath-cock,  the  male  of 
the  black-game  or  black-grouse,  the  Tetrao 
tetrixot  Linnreus,  a  gallinaceous  bird,  family 
Tetraonidaj.  The  female  is  called  a  gray 
hen,  and  the  young  are  named  prniltn.  It  is 
found  in  various  parts  of  England,  and  Is 
abundant  in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland ;  in 
Germany,  France,  and  Holland  it  is  toler- 
ably plentiful;  in  Denmark,  Sweden,  and 
Russia  it  abounds. 


Blackbird  (Tunliu  Hernia]. 

Turdtts  Merida),  common  in  Britain  and 
throughout  Europe.  It  is  fully  larger  than 
the  common  or  song  thrush,  the  male 
wholly  of  a  black  colour,  except  the  bill 
and  orbits  of  the  eyes,  which  are  yellow; 
the  female  is  dark  rusty  brown.  It  feeds  on 
worms,  snails,  insects,  fruits,  &c.,  and  is 
rather  a  shy  bird,  generally  keeping  well 
under  cover.  The  male  has  a  fine  rich 
mellow  note,  but  its  song  has  little  compass 
or  variety.  Called  also  Merle.  In  America 
this  name  is  given  to  different  birds,  as  to 
the  Gracula  quiticala,  or  crow  blackbird,  and 
to  the  Oriolu*  phaeniceus,  or  red-winged 
blackbird.  Blackbirds  is  a  cant  term  on  the 
coast  of  Africa  for  a  cargo  of  slaves. 

Black-board  (blak'bord),  n.  A  board  painted 
black,  used  in  schools  and  lecture-rooms  for 
writing  or  drawing  lines  on  for  instruction. 

Black-boding  (blak'bod-ing),  a.  Betokening 
evil.  Young. 

Black-bonnet  (blak'bon-net),  n.  One  of  the 
names  of  the  reed-bunting. 

Black-book  ( blak'buk),  n.  One  of  several 
books,  mostly  of  a  political  character,  so 
called  either  from  the  nature  of  their 
contents  or  the  colour  of  their  binding. 
Specifically,  (a)  a  book  of  the  Exchequer  in 
England,  said  to  have  been  composed  in 
1175  by  Gervais  of  Tilbury.  It  contains  a 
description  of  the  Court  of  Exchequer,  its 
officers,  their  ranks  and  privileges,  wages, 
perquisites,  and  jurisdiction,  with  the  reve- 
nues of  the  crown  in  money,  grain,  and 
cattle.  (6)  A  book  compiled  by  order  of  the 
visitors  of  monasteries  under  Henry  VIII., 
containing  a  detailed  account  of  the  enor- 
mities practised  in  religious  houses,  to 
blacken  them  and  to  hasten  their  dissolution. 
(c)  A  book  kept  at  some  universities  as  a 
register  of  faults  and  misdemeanours;  hence, 
to  be  in  one's  black  books,  to  be  in  disfavour 
with  one.  (d)  An  ancient  book  of  admiralty 
law,  always  held  to  be  of  very  high  author- 
ity, compiled  in  the  reign  of  Edward  III. 
(e)  A  book  treating  of  necromancy,  or  the 
black-art. 

Black-browed  ( blak '  hrond ),  a.  Having 
black  eye-brows;  gloomy;  dismal;  threaten- 
ing; as,  a  black-bruwed  gust.  Dryden. 
Black-brush  Iron-ore  (blak'brush  I'em- 
6r),  ?i.  Brown  haematite,  containing  89  per 
cent,  of  peroxide  of  iron  and  10  of  water. 
It  is  found  in  the  Forest  of  Dean,  and  is 
chiefly  used  for  making  tin-plate. 


Black-country  (blak-kun-tri),  n.  Those 
portions  of  the  midland  district  of  England 
which  are  in  a  manner  blackened  and  de- 
prived of  verdure  by  the  coal  and  iron  in- 
dustries. 

Black-currant  ( blak 'ku- rant),  n.  Ribes 
niijrum,  a  well-known  garden-plant  and  its 
fruit. 

Black-death  (blak'deth).  n.  The  name  given 
to  an  oriental  plague  which,  originating  in 
China,  spread  over  Asia  and  Europe  in  the 
fourteenth  century,  characterized  by  inflam- 
matory boils  and  black  spots  or  petechiee  of 
the  skin,  indicating  putrid  decomposition. 
It  last  attacked  London  and  England  gene- 
rally in  1663-65. 

Black-disease  (blak'diz-ez),  n.  The  black 
plague  or  pestilence,  the  morbus  niger  of 
the  Latin  writers. 

Black-draught  (blak'draft),  n.    A  popular 
purgative  medicine,  consisting  of  the  infu- 
sion of  senna  with  sulphate  of  magnesia. 
Black-drop  (blak'drop),  n.    A  liquid  pre- 
paration of  opium  in  vinegar. 
Black-dye  (blak'di),  n.     A  compound    of 
oxide  of  iron  with  gallic  acid  and  tannin. 
Black-earth  (blak'erth),  n.  Earth  of  a  dark 
colour;  mould;  humus. 
Blacken  (blak'n),  v.  t.    I.  To  make  black;  to 
darken. 

The  little  cloud  .  .  .  grew  and  spread,  and  black- 
ened t\\(;  face  of  the  whole  heaven.  South. 

2.  Fig.  to  sully ;  to  make  infamous ;  to  de- 
fame; to  cause  to  appear  vile;  as,  vice 
blackens  the  character. 

Let  us  blacken  him.  let  us  blacken  him,  .      .  said 
the  miscreant  Harrison,  of  the  blessed  king.    South 

Blacken  (blak'n),  v.i.  To  grow  black  or 
dark.  'Air  blackened,  rolled  the  thunder.' 
Dryden. 


Blackener (blak'n-i-r).  n.  One  who  blackens 
Black-extract  (blak'eks-trakt),  »i.     A  pre- 
paration  from  cocculus  indicus,  imparting 
an  intoxicating  quality  to  beer. 
Blackey,  Blacky  (blak'i),  «.    A  black  per- 
son; a  negro. 

I  wonder  if  the  old  blackies  do  talk.      T.  Hiifhrs. 

Black-eyed  (blak'id),  a.  Having  black  eyes. 
'My  black-eyed  maid.'  Dryden. 

BlackfellOW  (blak'fel-6),  n.  Colonial  name 
for  a  native  Australian. 

Black-fish  (blak'flsh),  n.  1.  A  fish  of  the 
mackerel  family  found  in  the  Mediterranean 
and  on  the  coasts  of  Western  Europe  (Cen- 
trolophus  pompihis).  —  2.  In  the  I'nited 
States,  a  fish  caught  on  the  rocky  shores  of 
New  England,  the  tautog  (Tavtoya  aiiK'ri- 
cana). — 3.  A  name  given  to  various  whales. 
4.  In  Scotland,  foul  fish  or  fish  newly 
spawned.  The  practice  of  fishing  for  salmon 
during  the  night  with  spears  and  by  torch- 
light, and  of  taking  salmon  in  the  rivris 
when  they  newly  come  up  to  spawn  is  called 
Uack-ffhinrj. 

Black-fisher  (blek'flah-er),  n.  A  poacher ; 
one  who  kills  salmon  in  close  time.  [Scotch.] 

By  recruiting  one  or  two  tatitudinarian  poachers 
and  black-Jishers,  Mr.  H.  completed  the  qtiot  i  "t 
men  which  fell  to  the  share  of  Lady  B.  Sir  Ir.  Scott. 

Black-flag  (blak'flag),  n.  The  flag  formerly 
assumed  oy  pirates  to  intimate  the  doom 
their  victims  might  expect. 
Black-flea  (blak'fle),  n.  An  insect  of  the 
beetle  tribe,  injurious  to  turnips ;  the  //«/- 
tica  neinorum  of  naturalists.  Called  also 
Turnip-flea.. 

Black-flux  (blak'fluks),  n.  A  mixture  of 
carbonate  of  potash  and  charcoal,  obtained 
by  deflagrating  tartar  with  half  its  weight 
of  nitre:  used  in  melting  metallic  substances. 
Black-fly  (blak'fli),  n.  The  bean  plant-louse 
(Aphis  Jabte). 

Black-foot  (blak'fut),  n.  1.  (Pronounced  in 
Scotland  blak'flt.)  A  sort  of  matchmaker; 
one  who  goes  between  a  lover  ami  his  mis- 
tress to  plead  the  cause  of  the  former. 
(Scotch.]— 2.  The  name  of  a  tribe  of  North 
American  Indians. 

Black-forest  (blak'fo-rest),  n.  A  forest  in 
Germany,  in  Swabia,  a  part  of  the  ancient 
Hercynian  Forest. 

Blackfilar  (blak'fri-ar),  ».  A  friar  of  the 
Dominican  order.  Called  also  a  I'redica  u  t  <  n 
Preaching  Friar,  and  in  France  Jacobin. 
See  BENEDICTINE. 

Black-game  (blak'gam),  n.  See  BLACK- 
COCK and  GROUSE. 

Black-grass  (blak'gras),  n.  A  kind  of  rush, 
Jitncus  Indbogus. 

Blackguard  (blak'giird),  n.  [Formerly  the 
scullions  and  lowest  menials  connected 
with  a  great  household,  who  attended  to  the 
pots,  coals,  &c.,  looked  after  them  when  the 
household  moved  from  one  place  to  another, 
were  called  the  black gtiard,  from  their  faces 
being  often  blackened  or  smutted.  Webster 
the  dramatist  has  the  following  passage:— 

A  lousy  slave,  that  within  this  twenty  years  rode 
with  the  black  guard  in  the  duke's  carriage  'mongst 
spits  and  dripping-pans  1 

Holland,  Fuller,  &c.,  use  the  term  in  the 
same  way;  but  we  also  find  the  devil's  black 
ffitard  early  spoken  of,  the  phrase  being  ap- 
plied to  worthless  characters  as  being  the 
soldiers  or  guard  of  the  devil,  and  it  does 
not  seem  clear  in  which  sense  the  epithet 
was  first  used.  Either  would  easily  give  the 
modern  meaning.  J  A  man  of  coarse  and  of- 
fensive manners;  a  fellow  of  low  character; 
a  scamp;  a  scoundreL 

The  troops  which  he  commanded  were  the  greatest 
blackguards  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  Pro/  Yonge. 

Blackguard  (blak'gard),  a.  1  Of  bad  char- 
acter; vicious;  vile;  low;  worthless:  said  of 
persons  and  things.  'A  blackrruard  boy.' 
Swift.  'Marking  certain  things  as  low  and 
blackguard,  and  certain  others  as  lawful  and 
right.'  T.  Hughes.— 2.  Scurrilous;  abusive; 
as,  blackguard  language. 

Blackguard  (blak'gard),  r.f.  To  revile  in 
scurrilous  language.  [Colloq.] 

Blackguardism  (blak'carcl-izm).n.  The  con- 
duct or  language  of  a  blackguard.  '  Wasted 
his  fine  genius  in  pamphleteering  and  Wac*- 
gnardutin.'  Craik. 

Blackguardly  (blak'giird-li),  a.  Charac- 
teristic of  a  blackguard;  rascally;  villain- 
ous; as,  a  blackguardly  business. 

Black-gum  (blak'gum),  "•  A  North  Ameri- 
can tree  (Kyssa  villosa),  40  to  70  feet  high. 
which  bears  a  dark  blue  berry.  The  wood 
is  solid  and  not  apt  to  split,  and  hence  is 
used  for  naves  and  in  ship-building, 
also  called  Yellow-gum  and  Smir-gum. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


BLACK-HAIRED 


281 


BLACK-TAIL 


Black-haired  (blaMiird),  a.  Having  black 
hit  ir. 

Black-hearted  (blakTiArt-ed),  a.  Having  a 
black  or  malignant  heart. 

Black-hole  (blak'hol),  n.  formerly  a  dun- 
geon or  dark  cell  in  a  prison;  now  moiv 
i*peciilcally  applied  to  a  place  of  confinement 
for  soldiers.  The  word  is  associated  with  a 
horriblenatastrophe  which  occurred  at  Cal- 
cutta on  the  isth  June,  1750,  when  14« 
Bngltahmea  were  confined  in  the  black-hole 
of  that  city  hy  the  Nabob  Suraja  Dowla, 
and  all  except  twenty- two  perished  from 
want  of  air. 

Blacking  (blak'hijc),  n.  1.  A  substance  used 
for  blacking  shoes,  variously  made;  any 
matter  for  making  things  black. —2.  The 
name  given  by  founders  to  a  black-wash, 
composed  of  clay,  water,  and  powdered  char- 
coal, with  which  cores  and  loam-moulds  are 
coated,  to  give  the  requisite  smoothness 
to  the  surfaces  which  come  into  contact  witli 
the  melted  metal. 

Black-iron  (blak'i-eni),  n.  Malleable  iron, 
in  contradistinction  to  iron  which  is  tinned, 
called  white-iron. 

Blackish  (blak'ish),  a.  Somewhat  black; 
moderately  black  or  dark.  Jobvi.  16.  'Begin 
to  be  blackish.'  Holland. 

Black-jack (blak'jak),  n.  1.  A  capacious  can, 


Leathern  Black-jacks. 

now  made  of  tin,  but  formerly  of  waxed 
leather. 

There's  a  Dead-sea  of  drink  in  the  cellar,  in  which 
goodly  vessels  He  wrecked;  and  in  the  middle  of  this 
deluge  appear  the  tops  of  flagons  and  black-jacks, 
like  churches  drowned  in  the  marshes.  Beau.  &•  Ft. 

2.  The  ensign  of  a  pirate.— 3  A  name  given 
by  miners  to  blende,  a  mineral  called  also 
h'ulxe  Galena.  It  is  an  ore  of  zinc  in  combi- 
nation with  iron  and  sulphur;  sulphide  of 
zinc.— 4.  The  Quercus  nigra,  or  barren  oak. 

Black-knot  (blak'not),  n.  A  fast  knot:  op- 
posed to  running -knot. 

Black-lead  (blak'led),  n.  Amorphous  gra- 
phite; plumbago.  See  GRAPHITE.  [Black- 
lead  is  a  misnomer  as  the  mineral  contains 
no  lead.] 

Black-leg  (blak'leg),  n.  [Origin  unde- 
cided; probably  from  the  custom  of  racing 
men  wearing  black  top-boots.]  1.  One  who 
systematically  tries  to  win  money  by  cheat- 
in?  in  connection  with  races,  or  with  cards, 
billiards,  or  other  game;  a  rook;  a  swindler; 
a  welsher.  Sometimes  contracted  into 
Leg.  —2.  Same  as  Black-quarter,  a  disease  of 
cattle. 

Black-leggism  (blakHeg-ism),  n.  The  arts 
or  practices  of  a  black-leg;  cheating;  swind- 
ling Bentlei/'s  Mag. 

Black-letter*(blak'let-er),  n.  A  n-mie  now 
applied  to  the  old  English  or  modem  Gothic 
letter,  which  was  introduced  into  England 
about  the  middle  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  became  the  character  generally  used  in 
manuscripts  before  the  art  of  printing  was 
publicly  practised  in  Europe. 

Black-letter  (blak'let-er),  a.  Written  or 
printed  in  black-letter;  as,  a  black-letter 
manuscript  or  book. 

Black-list  (blak'list),  n.  A  list  of  defaulters; 
specifically  applied  to  printed  lists  of  insol- 
vents and  bankrupts,  published  officially. 
Private  lists,  however,  of  a  more  searching 
character,  are  furnished  by  certain  societies 
and  private  individuals  to  subscribers,  with 
tin-  view  of  enabling  them  to  protect  them- 
selves against  bad  debts,  frauds,  &c. 

Blackly  (blak'li),  adv.  With  a  black  or  dark 
appearance ;  darkly ;  atrociously.  '  With 
visage  grim,  sterne  looks  and  blackely 
hewed.'  Mir.  for  Manx,  '  Deeds  so  blackly 
grim  and  horrid.'  Feltham.  '  (The  gondola) 
•Jidrs  along  the  water  looking  blackly.' 
ayron, 

Blackmail  (Mak'mal),  «.  [Lit.  black-rent. 
Bee  MAIL,  rent]  i.  A  certain  rate  of  money, 


corn,  cattle,  or  the  like,  anciently  paid,  in 
the  north  of  Kngland  and  in  Scotland,  to 
certain  men  who  were  allied  to  robbers,  to 
be  protected  by  them  from  pillage.  Black- 
mail was  levied  in  the  districts  bordering 
the  Highlands  of  Scotland  till  the  middle  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  Hence— 2.  i;.\t..r 
tlon  in  any  mode  by  means  of  intimidation, 
as  the  extortion  of  money  by  threats  of  accu- 
sation or  exposure,  or  of  unfavourable  criti- 
cism in  the  press.  — 3.  Formerly,  rent  paid 
in  produce,  or  in  baser  money,  in  opposition 
to  rent  paid  in  silver:  in  Latin  reditna  nifft  i. 
as  opposed  to  ri-ditttx  ntt>i. 

Black-martin  (blak'mar-tin),  n.  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  bird  otherwise 
called  thu.sv/rt. 

Black-match  (blak'mach),  n.  A  pyrotech- 
nic mutch  or  sponge. 

Black-Monday  (blak'mun-da),  71.  1.  Easter 
Monday.  See  extract. 

In  the  34th  of  lidw.  III.  the  141*1  of  April,  Edward 
with  his  host  lay  before  the  city  of  Paris,  which  day 
was  full  dark  of  mist  and  hail,  and  so  bitter  cold  that 
many  men  died  on  their  horses  with  cold;  wherefore 
unto  this  day  it  hath  been  called  Black-Monday. 

Strafe. 

Then  it  was  not  for  nothing  that  my  nose  fell  a 
bleeding  on  Black-Monday  last.  Shak, 

2.  A  term  used  among  schoolboys  to  desig- 
nate the  first  Monday  after  holidays,  when 
they  return  to  their  studies. 

Black-monk  (blak'mungk),  n.  One  of  the 
Henedictine  monks. 

Blackmoor  (blak'mor),  n.  Same  as  lilaek- 
atnoor.  Beau.  &  Ft. 

Black-mouthed  (bluk'mouTHd),  a.  Using 
foul  or  scurrilous  language.  'Whatever  the 
most black-mouth' d&tiiei&ta charged  it  with.' 
Killingbeck. 

Black-naphtha  (blak'nap-tha  or  blak'naf- 
tha),  n.  Petroleum  or  rock-oil. 

Black-neb  (blak'neb),  71.  1.  A  person  disaf- 
fected to  government;  a  democrat.  [Scotch.] 

Little  did  I  imagine  that  I  was  giving  cause  for 
many  to  think  me  an  enemy  to  the  king  and  govern- 
ment. But  so  it  was.  Many  of  the  heritors  con- 
sidered me  a  black-neb  though  I  knew  it  not,  Gait. 

2.  A  black-nob. 

Blackness (blak'nes),n.  The  quality  of  being 
black;  black  colour;  darkness;  atrocious- 
ness  or  enormity  in  wickedness.  '  Night's 
blackness.'  Shak.  '  Blackness  an  a.so\id  wall.' 
Tennyson.  'The  very  blackness  of  horror.' 
Lamb. 

Black-nob  (bl^k'nob),  n.  A  workman  who 
refuses  to  join  a  trades'  union ;  one  who 
works  when  the  unionists  are  on  strike;  a 
knob-stick. 

Reports  were  submitted  from  the  various  works, 
which  showed  that  all  the  men  employed  by  the  iron 
companies  were  on  strike,  with  the  exception  of  six 
black-nobs.  Scotsman  newspaper, 

Black-ochre  (blak'o  ker),  n.  A  variety  of 
mineral  black,  combined  with  iron  and  allu- 
vial clay.  See  under  MINERAL. 

Black-peopled  (blak'pe-pld),  a.  Inhabited 
by  black  persons.  'Black-peopled  empire.' 
Sandys. 

Black-pepper  (bluk'pep-er),  n.  The  dried 
unripe  fruit  of  Piper  nigntm,  an  East  Indian 
climbing  plant,  nat.  order  Piperacete,  much 
used  as  a  condiment. 

Black-pigment  (blak'pig-ment),  n.  A  fine, 
light.carbonaceous  substance  or  lamp-black, 
prepared  chiefly  for  the  manufacture  of 
printers'  ink.  It  is  obtained  by  burning 
common  coal-tar. 

Black-pine  (blak'pm),  n.  Finns  austriaca, 
a  native  of  Austria,  remarkable  for  its  very 
long,  dark,  glossy  leaves,  and  containing 
more  resin  than  any  other  European  tree. 

Black-plate  (blak'plat),  n.  Sheet-iron  plate 
before  it  is  tinned. 

Black-pudding  (blak'pud-ing),  n.  A  kind 
of  sausage  made  of  blood,  suet,  &c.;  blood- 
pudding. 

And  fat  black-puddings,  proper  food 

For  warriors  mat  delight  in  blood.      Hudibras. 

Black-quarter  (blak'kwar-ter),  n.    An  en- 
zootic  apoplectic  disease  peculiar  to  cattle, 
indicated  by  lameness  of  the  fore-foot  and 
blackness  of  the  flesh.  It  is  not  contagious, 
but  in  warm  weather  is  attended  by  the  , 
development  of  a  blood  poison,  fatal  to  man  ! 
and  the  lower  animals.  Called  also  Black-leg,  j 
Quof*t*n-0trfZof  Quarter-ill,  and  Black-svaul.   , 

Black-rod  (blak'rod),  n.  In  England,  the 
usher  belonging  to  the  order  of  the  Garter, 
so  called  from  the  black  rod  which  he  car- 
ries. He  is  of  the  king's  chamber  and  usher 
of  parliament.  His  full  title  is  Gentleman- 
usher  of  the  Klack  Rod.  and  his  deputy  is 
styled  the  Yeoman -usher.  They  are  the 
official  messengers  of  the  House  of  Lords; 


and  either  the  Dentil-man  i>r  the  yeomail- 
ii^her  summons  tin-  cnimnons  to  the  IJuusc 
of  Lords  when  tin-  mjal  asst-nt  i*  given  to 
bills;  and  also  executes  orders  for  the  eoin 
tnitincnt  of  parties  guilty  of  breach  of  pri- 
.  nd  contempt. 

Black-rood  O'lak'iod),  n.  [Mack,  and  > /, 

a  <ro*s.J  A  relic  brought  to  Scotland  by 
the  wife  of  .Malcolm  ('anmmv,  and  foflgbeld 
in  extreme  veneration  by  the  Scots.  It  con- 
sisted of  a  cross  of  gold  inclosing  a  piece  of 
the  true  cross,  get  in  an  ebony  figure  of  the 
.Saviour.  It  was  deposited  with  the  regalia 
in  Kdinburgh  Castle,  and  carried  with  them 
to  England  by  Edward  I.,  and  used  by  him 
to  give  increased  solemnity  to  the  oaths  he 
exacted  from  the  Scottish  magnates.  All 
trace  of  it  is  now  lost. 

Black-rust  (blak'rust),  n.  A  disease  of 
\\  heat,  in  which  a  black  fungoid  growth  be- 
comes deposited  in  the  fissure  of  the  grain. 

Black-salt  (blak'salt),  n.    See  BIT  NOBEN. 

Black-salts  (blak'saltsV  n.  pi  In  America, 
wood-ashes  after  they  nave  been  lixiviated 
and  the  solution  evaporated  until  the  mass 
has  become  black. 

Black-sheep  (blak-shep),  n.  A  member  of 
a  family  or  society  guilty  of  loose  conduct 
and  unlike  the  other  members. 

The  court  was  all  astir  and  a-buzz  when  the  black- 
shtfp  pressed  him  into  an  obscure  corner.     Diet-ens. 

Black-silver  (blak'sil-ver),  n.  A  mineral, 
called  al-o  Brittle  Silver-ore  and  Stcphanite, 
consisting  of  silver,  antimony,  and  sulphur. 

Blacksmith  (blak'smith),  n.  A  smith  who 
works  in  iron  and  makes  iron  utensils;  an 
ironsmith. 

Black-snake  0>lak'snak). »•  1-  An  ophidian 
reptile,  family  Colubridw,  the  Coluber  con- 
strictor, common  in  the  United  States  from 
Louisiana  to  Connecticut.  It  Is  one  of  the 
largest  North  American  serpents,  reaching 
a  length  of  5  or  6  feet,  and  so  agile  and  swift 
as  to  have  been  named  the  Jiacer.  It  has 


Black-snake  (Coluber  constrictor). 

no  poison  fangs,  and  is  therefore  compara- 
tively h  arm  less,  which  is  the  more  fortunate, 
as  it  is  extremely  irascible,  rustling  its  tail 
when  irritated  like  the  rattlesnake.  It 
feeds  on  small  quadrupeds  and  birds,  and 
the  like.  It  is  especially  useful  in  that  it 
is  fond  of  rats,  and  is  capable  of  climbing 
walls  in  pursuit  of  them,  and  also  of  insinu- 
ating itself  into  their  holes.  — 2.  The  black- 
snake  of  Jamaica  is  the  Matrix  atra.  Though 
not  poisonous  its  bite  is  very  severe;  it  feeds 
chiefly  on  lizards. 

Black -spaul  (blak'spal),  n.  {Black,  and 
.-I "'i'!,  the  shoulder  or  quarter.]  Same  as 
Black -quarter. 

Black-spruce  (blak'spros),  n.  The  Abie* 
nigra,  a  native  of  North  America.  Jt  fur- 
nishes the  spruce  deals  of  commerce.  Its 
principal  characteristics  are  strength,  light- 
ness, and  elasticity,  and  in  ship-building  it 
is  reckoned  of  superior  excellence  for  yards 
ami  topmasts.  From  the  young  branches 
the  essence  of  spruce  is  extracted. 

Black-squall  (blak'skwal),  n.  A  squall  of 
extreme  suddenness  and  violence,  common 
in  the  West  Indian  seas,  and  ascribed  to  a 
peculiar  heated  state  of  the  atmosphere 
near  land.  It  causes  frequent  damage  to 
shipping. 

Black-strake  (blak'strak),  n.  JVawt.  a  range 
of  planks  immediately  above  the  wales  in 
a  ship's  side,  covered  with  tar  and  lamp- 
black. 

Black-strap  (blak'strap),  n.  A  name  given 
contemptuously  to  several  beverages,  as  to 
the  dark  country  wines  with  which  ships 
are  supplied  on  the  Mediterranean  station; 
a  mixture  of  spirits  with  molasses ;  port- 
wine. 

Black-tail  (blak'tal),  n.  A  fish,  a  kind  of 
perch,  the  Acerina  (Perca)  cernua.  Called 
also  Kvffe  or  Pope.  See  RUFFK. 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  <jo;      j,  job;      n,  FT.  ton;      ug,  ainp;      Til,  (/ten;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BLACK-TEA 


282 


BLAMEWORTHY 


Black-tea  (blak'te),  n.  A  generic  name  for 
v.u  ions  Chinese  teas,  the  principal  of  which 
are  Bohca,  Congou,  Pekoe,  and  Souchong. 
See  TEA. 

Black-thorn  (blak'thorn),  n.  The  sloe  or 
I'rnnits  coniiiiiniis.  See  SLOE. 

Black-tin  (blak'tin),n.  Tin  ore  when  dressed, 
stamped,  and  washed,  ready  for  smelting. 
It  is  the  ore  comminuted  by  beating  into  a 
black  powder  like  fine  sand. 

Black-turpeth  (Mak'ter-peth),  n.  (Hg4O.) 
The  di-  or  sub-oxide  of  mercury,  commonly 
called  the  gray,  ash,  or  black  oxide. 

Black-varnish  Tree  (blak'var-nish  tre),  n. 
Melanorrhaca  usitatissima,  nat.  order  Ana- 
cardiaceaj,  an  East  Indian  tree,  which,  when 
wounded,  yields  a  black  varnish,  called 
theet-see  or  kheu.  It  is  extremely  danger- 
ous, as  the  skin,  when  rubbed  with  it,  in- 
flames and  becomes  covered  with  pimples, 
which  are  difficult  to  heal.  The  wood, 
known  as  the  lignum-vitse  of  Pegu,  is  so 
hard  and  heavy  as  to  be  made  into  anchors 
for  the  boats  of  the  natives. 

Black-vomit  (blak'vom-it),  n.  A  discharge 
from  the  stomach  of  substances  of  a  black 
appearance,  as  in  yellow  fever,  &c. 

Black- wadd  (blak'wod),  n.  An  ore  of  man- 
ganese used  as  a  drying  ingredient  in  paints. 
It  is  remarkable  for  taking  fire  when  mixed 
with  linseed-oil  in  a  certain  proportion. 

Black-walnut  (Mak'wal-nut), «.  The  Juy- 
lam  nigra,  a.  large  and  handsome  North 
American  tree,  50  or  60  feet  high,  the  wood 
of  which  is  of  a  dark  colour,  forming  a  beau- 
tiful material  for  cabinet-work. 

Black-ward  (blak'ward),  71.  A  sub-vassal 
who  held  ward  of  the  king's  vassal. 

Black -wash  (blak'wosh),  n.  I.  A  lotion 
composed  of  calomel  and  lime-water. — 
2  Any  wash  that  blackens. 

Remove  the  modern  layers  of  black-wash,  and  let 
the  man  himself  be  seen.  Kingsley. 

Black- Watch  (blak'woch),  n.  A  name  often 
given  to  the  42d  Regiment.  See  under 
WATCH. 

Black-water  (blak'wa-ter),  ?i.  A  disease  of 
sheep,  said  to  be  caused  by  an  accumula- 
tion of  black  bile  in  the  stomach. 

Black-work  (blak'werk),  n.  Iron  wrought 
by  blacksmiths :  so  called  in  distinction 
from  that  wrought  by  whitesmiths. 

Blad  (blad),  n.  [Probably  the  same  as  blade, 
I),  blad,  a  leaf.]  A  blotting-book  or  port- 
folio formed  of  blotting-paper ;  a  blotting- 
pad.  [Scotch.] 

Bladder  (blad'er),  n.  [A.Sax.  blcedr,  blceddre, 
a  bladder,  a  pustule,  a  blister;  cognate  with 
Icel.  blathra,  Sw.  bliuldra,  Dan.  blcere,  L.G. 
bladere,  bledder,  a  bladder;  D.  blaar,  a  blis- 
ter, a  bladder;  O.H.G.  pldtara,  a  bladder, 
G.  blatter,  a  pustule ;  the  root  is  probably 
in  A.  Sax.  blAwan,  E.  to  Wow.]  1.  A  thin 
membranous  bag  in  animals,  which  serves 
as  the  receptacle  of  some  secreted  fluid;  as, 
the  urinary  bladder,  the  gall  bladder,  &c. 
By  way  of  eminence,  the  word,  in  common 
language, denotes  the  urinary  bladder,either 
within  the  animal  or  when  taken  out  and 
inflated  with  air.  '  Little  wanton  boys  that 
swim  on  bladders.'  Shale. ~ 2.  Any  vesicle, 
blister,  or  pustule,  especially  if  filled  with 
air  or  a  thin  watery  liquor. —3.  In  bot. 

(a)  a  distended  membranaceous  pericarp. 

(b)  A  hollow  membranous  appendage  on  the 
leaves  of  Utricularia,  filled  with  air  and 
floating  the  plant,    (c)  A  cellular  expansion 
of  the  substance  of  many  algoe  filled  with 
air. —  4.  Anything  inflated,  empty,  or  un- 
sound. ' Bladdersol philosophy.'  Rochester. 

Bladder  (blad'er),  v.t.    1  To  put  up  in  a 
bladder;  as,  bladdered  lard. —2.  To  puff  up- 
to  fill  with  wind.     [Rare.] 
A  hollow  globe  of  glass  that  long  before 
She  full  of  emptiness  had  bladdered.      C.  Fletcher. 

Bladder -angling  (blad'er-ang-gling),  n. 
Fishing  by  means  of  a  baited  hook  attached 
to  an  inflated  bladder.  The  sudden  rising 
of  the  bladder,  after  it  has  been  pulled  un- 
der water  by  the  fish  seizing  the  bait,  strikes 
and  hooks  the  fish. 

Bladder-campion  (blad'er-kam-pi-on),  n. 
The  popular  name  of  Silene  iiiflata:  so  called 
from  its  inflated  calyx. 

Bladdered  (bhul'erd),  a.  Swelled  like  a 
bladder;  puffed  up;  vain.  'A  bladdered 
greatness. '  Dnjden. 

Bladder-fern  (blad'er-fern),  71.  The  com- 
mon name  of  Cystopteris,  a  genus  of  ferns: 
so  nnmed  from  the  bladder-like  involucre. 
There  are  two  British  species. 

Bladder-green  (blad'er-gren),  71.  Sap- 
green  (which  see). 


Bladder-kelp  (Mad'er-kelp),  n.  Another 
name  for  Bladder-wrack. 

Bladder-nut  (Mad'er-nut),  71.  The  popular 
name  of  the  plants  of  the  genus  Staphylea, 
because  of  their  inflated  fruit-capsule.  Two 
or  three  species  are  met  with  in  our  shrub- 
beries.— The  African  bladder-nut  is  a  name 
for  the  genus  Royena. 

Bladder  -  pod  ( blad'er-pod  ),  n.  A  popular 
name  for  Physolobium. 

Bladder-seed  (blad'er-sed),  n.  A  popular 
name  for  rhysospermum. 

Bladder-senna  (blad'er-sen-na).  71.  The 
common  name  of  the  plants  of  the  genus 
Colutea. — Thejointed-poddedbladder-senna 
is  the  Coronilla. 

Bladder -tree  (blad'er -tre),  71.  A  hand- 
some American  shrub,  Staphylea  trifolia. 
Called  also  Three-leaved  Madder-nut.  See 
STAPHYLEA. 

Bladder-wort  (blad'er-wert),  71.  The  com- 
mon name  of  a  genus  (Utricularia)  of  slen- 
der aquatic  plants,  the  leaves  of  which  are 
furnished  with  floating  bladders.  Three 
species  are  found  in  Britain.  See  UTKICU- 
LARIA. 

Bladder -wrack  (Mad'er-rak),  71.  A  sea- 
weed (Ftiwis  vesiculosus),  thus  named  be- 
cause of  the  floating  vesicles  in  its  fronds. 
Called  also  Sea-oak  and  Sea-wrack.  See 
Fucus. 

Bladdery  (blad'er-i),  a.  Resembling  a 
bladder;  containing  bladders.  —  Bladdery 
fever,  vesicular  fever,  in  which  the  skin  is 
covered  with  blisters. 

Blade  (blad),  71.  [A.  Sax.  bleed,  a  leaf, 
branch,  or  twig;  O.Sax.  D.  Dan.  Sw.  blad. 
Icel  blath,  G.blatt,  a  leaf;  probably  from  root 
of  blow,  A.  Sax  bldwan,  and  allied  to  bloom, 
blossom.  ]  1.  The  leaf  of  a  plant,  particularly, 
now  perhaps  exclusively,  of  gramineous 
plants;  also  the  young  stalk  or  spire  of  gra- 
mineous plants.  'Grene,  like  to  lekeWades.' 
Sir  T.  Elyot.  'Blades  of  grass.'  Swift. 
'The  varying  year  with  blade  and  sheaf.' 
Tennyson. 

But  when  the  blade  was  sprung  up  and  brought 
forth  fruit,  then  appeared  the  tares  also. 

Mat.  xiii.  26. 

2.  In  bot.  the  lamina  or  broad  part  of  a  leaf, 
as  distinguished  from  the  stalk  or  midrib. 

3.  A  thing  resembling  a  blade  in  shape,  &c. ; 
(a)  the  cutting  part  of  an  instrument ;  as, 
the  blade  of  a  knife  or  sword.    (6)  The  broad 
part  of  an  oar.    (c)  The  scapula  or  scapular 
bone. 

Atrides'  lance  did  gore 
Pylemon's  shoulder  in  the  blade.        Chapman. 

(d)  A  commercial  name  for  the  four  large 
plates  of  shell  on  the  sides,  and  the  five 
large  plates  in  the  middle,  of  the  carapace 
of  the  turtle,  which  yield  the  best  tortoise- 
shell— 4.  A  dashing  or  rollicking  fellow;  a 
swaggerer;  a  rakish  fellow;  strictly,  per- 
haps, one  who  is  sharp  and  wide  awake. 
'Jolly  blades.'  Evelyn. 

He  saw  a  turnkey  in  a  trice 

Fetter  a  troublesome  blade.        Coleridge. 

Blade  (blad),  v.t.    To  furnish  with  a  blade. 
Blade  (blad),  v.i.    To  come  into  blade;  to 
produce  blades. 

As  sweet  a  plant,  as  fair  a  flower,  is  faded. 

As  ever  in  the  Muse's  garden  bladed.    Ph.  Fletcher. 

Blade-bone  (blad'bon),  71.  The  scapula  or 
upper  bone  in  the  shoulder.  SeeBLADE,3(c).  I 

Bladed  (Mad'ed),j>.  and  a.  1.  Having  a  blade 
or  blades:  (a)  as  a  plant  ' Bladed  grass.' 
Shalt.  •  Bladed  field.'  Thomson,  (d)  As  a 
cutting  instrument;  as,  a  twa-bladcd  knife. 
2.  In  mineral,  composed  of  long  and  narrow  ! 
plates,  like  the  blade  of  a  knife.— 3.  In  her. 
a  term  used  when  the  stalk  or  blade  of  any 
kind  of  grain  is  borne  of  a  colour  different 
from  the  ear  or  fruit. 

Blade-fish  (blad'fish),  71.  An  acanthoptery- 
gicus  fish  of  the  family  Cepolidre,  Trichiu- 
ms  lepturus:  so  called  from  its  flatness  and 
resemblance  to  a  sword-blade.  It  is  occa- 
sionally found  off  our  coasts. 

Blade -metal  (blad'met-al),  71.  Metal  for 
sword-blades.  Milton. 

Blade-smith  (blad 'smith),  n.  A  sword- 
cutler.  Mir.  for  Mags. 

Blady  (blad'i),  a.  Consisting  of  blades. 
'  The  blady  grass.'  Drat/ton. 

Blae  (Ma),  a.    [Parallel  form  of  Wt<e  =  Icel.  , 
bid,  blue,  bld-kaldr,  blue-cold.]  Livid;  pale-  I 
blue:  often  applied  to  a  person's  complexion 
on  a  very  cold  day,  as  well  as  to  that  of  one 
pale  from  terror.    [Scotch.] 

Oh !  sirs,  some  of  you  will  stand  with  a  blae  conn-  ' 
tenance  before  the  tribunal  of  God.         M.  Bruce.       \ 

Blaeberry  (Ma'be-ri),  71.  [Sc.  blae.  livid, 
blue,  ana  berry;  Icel.  bld-ber,  the  bilberry.] 


The  Scotch  name  for  the  bilberry  (which 
see). 

Blaes  (blaz),  71.  pi.  A  Scottish  miner's  term 
for  the  shale  of  the  coal-measures :  some- 
times used  by  geologists. 

Blain  (Man),  71.  [A.  Sax.  blegen,  D.  blein, 
Dan.  blerjn,  a  Main,  a  blister;  probably  from 
verbal  root  to  blow,  and  thus  allied  to  blad- 
der.} 1.  A  pustule;  a  botch;  a  blister. 

Blotches  and  blains  must  all  his  flesh  inihoss. 

Milton. 

2.  In  farriery,  a  bladder  growing  on  the 
root  of  the  tongue  against  the  windpipe, 
which  swells  so  as  to  stop  the  breath. 

Blake,  t  a.    Black. 

Blakid.t  a.     Blackened.    Chaucer. 

Blamable  (blam'a-M),  a.  Deserving  of  blame 
or  censure;  faulty;  culpable;  reprehensible; 
censurable. 

Virtue  is  placed  between  two  extremes,  which  are 
on  both  sides  equally  blamable.  Drydcn. 

Blamableness  (blam'a-bl-nes),  71.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  blamable;  culpableness; 
fault.  Whitlock. 

Blamably  (Mam'a-bli),  ado.  In  a  blamable 
manner;  culpably. 

Blame  (Mam),  ».  (.  pret.  &  pp.  blamed;  ppr. 
blaming.  [Fr.  bldmer,  O.Fr.  blasmer,  Pr.  Mas- 
mar,  from  L.L.  blasphemare,  from  Gr.  blas- 
phemein,  to  calumniate.  See  BLASPHEME.) 

1.  To  express  disapprobation  of;  to  find  fault 
with;  to  censure:  opposed  to  praise  or  com- 
mend, and  applicable  to  persons  or  things. 
Formerly  it  might  be  followed  by  of.     '  To- 
moreus  he  blamed  of  inconsiderate  rash- 
ness.' Knolles.  —  2.  t  To  bring  reproach  upon; 
to  blemish;  to  injure. 

This  ill  state  in  which  she  stood; 
To  which  she  for  his  sake  had  weetingly 
Now  brought  herself,  and  blamed  her  noble  blood. 
Spenser. 

[In  such  phrases  as  'he  is  to  blame,'  to  blame 
by  an  old  and  common  construction  has  the 
passive  meaning  =  to  be  blamed;  blamable. 
(Compare  a  house  to  let,  hire,  build;  grain 
ready  to  cut,  <fec.) 

You  were  to  blame,  I  must  be  plain  with  you.  Shals. 

In  writers  of  the  Elizabethan  period  it  was 
often  written  too  blame,  blaine  apparently 
being  mistaken  for  an  adjective.  ] — SYN.  To 
censure,  chide,  disparage,  dispraise,  con- 
demn, cry  down,  upbraid,  reprove,  reproach. 
Blame  (blam),  n.  1.  An  expression  of  dis- 
approbation for  something  deemed  to  be 
wrong ;  imputation  of  a  fault ;  censure;  re- 
prehension. 

Let  me  bear  the  blame  for  ever.        Gen.  xliii.  9. 

2.  That  which  is  deserving  of  censure  or 
disapprobation;  fault;  crime;  sin.     'That 
we  should  be  holy  and  without  blame  before 
him.'    Eph.  1.  4.— 3.t  Hurt;  injury. 

And  glancing  down  his  shield,  from  blame  him  fairly 
blest.  Sfenser. 

Blameable  (Mam'a-M),  a.  Same  as  Blam- 
able. 

Blameful  (bUun'ful),  a.  Meriting  blame; 
reprehensible ;  faulty ;  guilty ;  criminal. 
'  Blameful  thinges.'  Chaucer. 

Thy  mother  took  into  her  blameful  bed 
Some  stern,  untutored  churl.  Shak. 

Blamefully  (blam'ful-li),  ode.  In  a  blame- 
ful manner. 

Blamefulness  (blam'ful-nes),  n.  State  of 
being  blameful. 

Blameless  (blamles).(i.  Not  meriting  blame 
or  censure ;  without  fanlt ;  undeserving  of 
reproof;  innocent;  guiltless.  'The  blame- 
less  Indians.'  Thomson.  '  A  blameless  life.' 
Tennyson.  It  may  be  followed  by  of. 
We  will  be  blameless  0/this  thine  oath.  Josh.  ii.  17. 

Blamelessly  (blamles-li),  adv.  In  a  blame- 
less manner;  without  fault  or  crime;  inno- 
cently. Milton. 

Blamelessness  (Mamles-nes),  71.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  blameless ;  innocence; 
purity.  '  Thy  white  blamelessness  accounted 
blame.'  Tennyson. 

Blamer  (blam'er),  n.  One  who  blames,  finds 
fault,  or  censures.  ' Blamers  of  the  times.' 
Donne. 

Blameworthiness  (blam'wcr-THi-nes).  n. 
The  quality  of  being  blameworthy;  blam- 
ableness.  Goodwin. 

Praise  and  blame  express  what  actually  are;  praise- 
worthiness  and  blameworthmess,  what  naturally 
ought  to  be  the  sentiments  of  other  people  with  re- 
gard to  our  character  and  conduct  Ad.  Smith. 

Blameworthy  (blam'wer-THi),  a.  [Blame 
and  worthy.]  Deserving  blame;  censurable; 
culpable;  reprehensible. 

That  the  sending  of  a  divorce  to  her  husband  was 
not  blameworthy,  he  affirms,  because  the  man  was 
heinously  vicious.  Miltot. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


RLANC 


283 


BLAPSID^K 


Blanc  0'bii'i),  )>.  |  Kr  ,  white.]  1.  Ariohstoek 
or  yravy  in  which  tripe,  tv.e.,  is  stewed.  2.  A 

Silver  e'.iin.       See    IlI.ANK,  f>. 

Blancard  (blanglr/ard),  n.   |  Kr.  bfnnc.  white, 

and  sutllx  <"•./.  \  A  kind  of  linen  elnth 
manufaetured  in  Normandy:  so  culled  bu- 
euu-^e  tlie  tliread  is  half  blanched  before  it 
is  woven. 

Blanch  (Idansh),'1  /  [Fr.  blanchirtto  whiten, 
from  blanc t  white.  See  BLANK.]  1.  To 
whiten  by  depriving  of  colour;  to  render 
pale  or  colourless. 

Keep  the  natural  ruby  of  your  cheeks 
When  mine  am  blanched  with  fear.  Shak. 

2.  Inhitrt.  to  whiten  or  prevent  from  turning 
yreen  by  excluding  the  light,  a  process  ap- 
plied to  the  stalks  or  leaves  of  plants,  such 
as  celery,  lettuce,  sea-kale,  Ac.  It  is  done 
by  raising  up  earth  about  the  stalks  of  the 
plants,  tying  the  leaves  together  to  keep 
tlifi  inner  ones  from  the  light,  or  covering 
with  pots,  boxes,  or  the  like.  — 3.t  Fig.  to 
whiten,  as  a  black  act  or  crime;  to  palliate; 
to  slur;  to  pass  over.  'Blanch  over  the 
blackest  and  most  absurd  things.'  Tillot- 
jtort.— 4.t  To  shun  or  avoid,  as  from  fear:  in 
this  sense  probably  a  corruption  of  blench. 

The  judges  thought  it  dangerous  to  admit  ifs  and 
ans  to  qualify  the  words  of  treason,  whereby  every 
man  might  express  his  malice  and  blanch  his  danger. 
Bacon. 

:">  In  cookery,  to  soak  (as  meat  or  vegetables) 
in  hot  water,  or  to  scald  them  by  a  short  rapid 
boil,  with  the  view  of  giving  them  firmness 
or  whiteness.  To  blanch  almonds  is  to  de- 
prive them  of  their  skins  by  immersion  in 
hot  water,  and  a  little  friction,  after  their 
shells  have  been  removed. — 6.  In  the  arts, 
to  whiten  or  make  lustrous,  as  metals,  by 
acids  or  other  means;  also,  to  cover  with  a 
thin  coating  of  tin. 

Blanch  (blansh),  v.i.  1.  To  become  white; 
to  bleach.  '  Sirens,  .  .  .  such  as  chanted  on 
the  blanching  bones  of  men.'  Tennyson.— 
2.  To  evade;  to  shift;  to  equivocate.  [See 
preceding  art.  4.J 

Books  will  speak  plain  when  counsellors  blanch. 
Bacon. 

Blanch  (blansh),  n.  Ore  when  not  in  masses, 
but  intimately  mixed  with  other  minerals. 

Blanclier  (blansh'er),n.  l.One  who  blanches 
or  whitens. —2.  One  stationed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  turning  game  in  some  direction. 
[Probably  for  blencher.} 

Zelmane  was  like  one  that  stood  in  a  tree  waiting 
•  good  occasion  to  shoot,  and  Gynecia  a  bfancher 
which  kept  the  dearest  deer  from  her. 

Sir  P.  Sfdney. 

Hence,  probably — 3.t  One  who  restrains  or 
hinders. 

Blanchers  ,  .  .  to  let  and  stop  the  light  of  the  gos- 
pel. Latimer. 

Blanch-farm,  Blanch-ferm  (blansh'farm, 
bl;msh'ferm),  n.  [Fr.  blanc,  white,  and  L.L. 
finna,  rent]  A  kind  of  quit-rent;  rent  paid 
'in  silver,  not  in  grain  or  cattle.  Written 
also  Blench-firm. 

Blanch -holding  (blansh'hold-ing),  n.  In 
(aw,  a  tenure  by  which  the  tenant  is  bound 
to  pay  only  a  nominal  or  trifling  yearly  duty 
to  his  superior,  as  an  acknowledgment  of 
his  right,  and  only  if  demanded.  This  mode 
of  tenure  is  not  unfrequent  in  Scotland. 
Written  also  Blench-holding. 

Blanchimeter  (blan-shim'et-er),  n.  [Blanch, 
and  Gr.  tnctron,  measure.]  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  bleaching  power  of  oxy- 
muriate  (chloride)  of  lime  and  potash. 

Blanching -liquor  (blansh 'ing-lik-er),  n. 
The  solution  of  chloride  of  lime  used  for 
bleaching. 

Blanck,t  Blancktt  (blangk,  blangkt),  a. 
[A  form  of  blanched.]  Confounded;  out  of 
countenance.  'The  old  woman  wox  half- 
blanck  those  wordes  to  heare.'  Spenser. 

Blanc-mange,  Blanc-manger  (bla-manzh, 
blrt-man-zha),?*.  [Fr.  blanc,  white,  andman- 
ger,  food.]  In  cookery,  a  name  of  different 
preparations  of  the  consistency  of  a  jelly, 
variously  composed  of  dissolved  isinglass, 
arrow-root,  maize-flour,  <fcc.,  with  milk  and 
flavouring  substances.  Blanc  -  manger  is 
mentioned  by  Chaucer,  but  no  doubt  the  old 
dish  of  this  name  was  very  different  from 
the  new. 

Bland  (bland),  a,  [L.  blandus,mild.]  l.Mild; 
soft;  gentle;  balmy.  'Exhilarating  vapour 
bland.'  Milton.  'Like  the  bountiful  sea- 
son bland.'  Tennyson. — 2.  Affable;  suave; 
soothing;  kindly.  'Bland  words.'  Milton. 
'  Small  his  voice,  but  bland  the  smile.'  Ten- 

Blandationt  (blan-da'shon),  n.  [L.  Man- 
ttitiit,  flattery,  from  blandus,  bland.]  A 
piece  of  flattery;  blandishment.  Camden. 


Blandfordia(hland-ford'i-a),  n  [In  honour 
of  (leorge,  marquis  of  Illand/vrd.]  A  genus 
of  handsome,  perennial  herbs  native*!*!1  N.-\v 
South  Wales,  nat.  order  I.iliacea:.  They  ;uv 
all  beautiful  plants,  and  several  species  me 
to  be  found  in  our  Ki'^eidiouses. 

Blandiloquencet  (hlan-tlil'o-kwcnsl  n.  [L. 
bland&OOUtntia  blumhm,  mild,  and  l»>jii<>i\ 
to  speak.]  Fair,  mild,  flattering  speech; 
enurte"us  language;  compliment. 

Blandimentt  (blan'di-ment),  n.  Blandish- 
ment; allurement;  enticement.  'Allure  no 
man  with  suasion  and  bhtmlinu'nt.'  Burnet, 

Blandise.t  v.i.  To  blandish;  to  use  flattery. 
dm  ticer. 

Blandish  (blan'dish),  v.t.  [O.E.  blandite, 
from  O.Fr.  blandir.  to  flatter,  L.  blandior, 
to  flatter,  from  blandwi,  bland.]  —  l.t  To 
flatter;  to  caress;  to  soothe;  to  fawn  on. — 
2.  To  render  pleasing,  alluring,  or  enticing. 

In  former  days  a  country -life, 

For  so  time-honoured  poets  sing, 
Free  from  anxiety  and  strife, 
Was  blandish  d  by  perpetual  spring. 

Camper. 

Blandish  (blan'dish),v.t.  To  assume  a  caress- 
ing or  blandishing  manner.    *  How  she  blan- 
dishing  by  Dunsmore  rides.'    Drayton. 
Blandished  (blau'disht),  p.  or  a.     Invested 
with  flattery,  cajolery,  or  blandishment. 

Mustering  all  her  wiles, 
With  blandish'd  parleys,  feminine  assaults.  Milton, 

Blandisher  0>lan'dish-er),  n.  One  that  blan- 
dishes; one  that  flatters  with  soft  words. 

Blandishing;  (blau'dish-ing),  n.  Blandish- 
ment. 

Double-hearted  friends,  whose  Mandishings 
Tickle  our  ears,  but  sting  our  bosoms.     Beaumont. 

Blandishment  (blan'dish -ment).n.  1.  Words 
or  actions  expressive  of  affection  or  kind- 
ness, and  tending  to  win  the  heart ;  artful 
caresses;  flattering  attention;  cajolery;  en- 
dearment. 'Cowering  low  with  blandish- 
ment' Milton.  'An  accent  very  low  in 
blandishment.'  Tennyson.  — 2.  Something 
bland  or  pleasing ;  something  that  gives 
pleasure.  'The  rose  yields  her  sweete  blan- 
dishment.' Habington.  *  When  all  the 
blandishments  of  life  are  gone.'  G.  Sewell. 

Blandness  (bland'nes),  n.  State  of  being 
bland;  mildness;  gentleness. 

Envy  was  disarmed  by  the  Matidtiesscf  Albemarle's 
temper.  Macanlay. 

Blank  (blangk),  a.  [From  Fr.  blanc  (Sp. 
bianco.  It.  bianco),  white,  blank,  a  word 
borrowed  from  the  G.  blank,  white,  lustrous, 
blank,  from  blinken,  to  blink,  that  is  to 
glint,  to  glimmer;  cog.  D.  Dan.  andSw.Wa/iAr, 
white.  See  BLINK.]  1.  White  or  pale.  'The 
blank  moon.'  Milton.  'Blank  as  death  in 
marble.'  Tennyson.  Hence — 2.  As  applied 
primarily  to  paper,  void  of  written  or  printed 
characters;  hence,  of  any  uniform  surface; 
as,  &  blank  wall;  so  also  vacant;  unoccupied; 
wanting  something  necessary  to  complete- 
ness; void;  empty;  as,  a.  blank  space;  &  blank 
ballot;  blank  cartridge.  *  Blank  and  waste 
it  seemed.'  Tennyson.—  3.  Pale  from  fear 
or  terror;  hence,  confused;  confounded; 
dispirited;  dejected. 

Adam  .      .  astonished  stood,  and  blank.      Milton. 

4.  Pure  ;  unmingled  ;  entire  ;  complete. 
'  Blank  stupidity.'  Percival. —b.  Unrhymed: 
applied  to  verse,  particularly  to  the  heroic 
verse  of  five  feet  without  rhyme,  such  as 
that  adopted  in  dramatic  poetry  and  in 
Milton's  Paradise  Lost. — Blank  cartridge, 
&c.  See  separate  entries  as  compound 
words. 

Blank  (blangk),  ?i.  1  A  piece  of  paper  with- 
out writing  or  printed  matter  on  it;  a  void 
space  on  paper  or  in  any  written  or  printed 
document;  a  document  remaining  incom- 
plete till  something  essential  is  filled  in. 

The  freemen  signified  their  approbation  by  an  in- 
scribed vote,  and  their  dissent  by  a  blank.    Palfrey. 
I  cannot  write  a  paper  full  as  I  used  to  do,  and  yet 
I  will  not  forgive  a  blank  of  half  an  inch  from  you. 

Sjurft, 

Specifically  in  the  following  quotation,  a 
blank  paper  given  to  government  officials 
to  fill  up  as  they  pleased,  so  as  to  give  an  air 
of  authority  to  oppressive  exactions. 

And  daily  new  exactions  are  devised, 
As  blanks,  benevolences,  and  I  know  not  what. 
Shak. 

2.  Any  void  space ;  a  void ;  a  vacancy;  as, 
a  blank  in  one's  memory;  the  death  of  his 
wife  left  a  great  blank  in  his  life.  —3.  A 
ticket  in  a  lottery  on  which  no  prize  is  indi- 
cated; a  lot  by  which  nothing  is  gained. 

In  Fortune's  lottery  lies 

A  heap  of  blanks  like  this,  for  one  small  prize. 
Dryden. 


4.  In  archery,  the  white  in, irk  in  tin-  emtre 
of  a  butt  or  target  to  whieh  an  arrow  IB 

•  Iheeted;  belire,  the  object  to  whirh  any- 
thing is  directed;  aim.  'As  level  us  the 
cannon  tn  hi-.  l>lttnl;  '  >'/«//,.  '  l.rt  tin  .--lill 
n-main  the  true  blank  of  thine  e\.-  '  ^l.nt,- 
'Quite  beyond  my  aim.  mit  of  the  blnnkxnA 
level  of  my  brain.'  .s'Ac/.  ;..  A  base  silver 
eninof  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  It  was  so  railed 
from  its  colour,  and  to  distinguish  it  from 

the  K"ld  eoilis  whieh  Were  then  eoined     'Hie 

blank  was  prohibited  from  being  current  in 
Kti^land  during  the  reign  of  Henry  VI. 
Spelled  also  Blanc,  Blanck,  'Have  you  any 
money?  he  answered,  Not  a  blanch  '  /: 
Jonson.—G.  A  small  copper  coin  formerly 
current  in  France.— 7.  A  piece  of  metal  pre- 
pared to  be  formed  into  something  useful, 
by  a  further  operation,  as  a  piece  of  metal 
properly  shaped  and  ready  to  be  made  into 
a  file  or  a  screw;  specifically,  in  coining,  a 
plate,  or  piece  of  gold  or  silver,  cut  and 
shaped,  but  not  stamped.  —8.  t  A  blank  verse. 
'Five lines.  .  .  such  pretty, begging  blanks.' 
Beau,  d-  Fl 

Blank  ( blangk \  v.t.  1.  To  make  blank;  to 
make  white  or  pale ;  to  confuse ;  to  con- 
found; to  dispirit.  'That  blanks  the  face 
of  joy.'  Shak.  'Despoil  him  .  .  .  and 
with  confusion  blank  his  worshippers.'  Mil- 
ton. —2.  To  make  void ;  to  annul.  '  All  former 
purposes  were  blanked,'  Spenser, 

Blank-bond  (blangk'bond),  n.  A  bond  for- 
merly known  in  practice,  which  was  blank 
in  the  name  of  the  creditor. 

Blank -cartridge  (blangk'kar-trij),  n.  A 
cartridge  filled  with  powder  but  having  no 
ball. 

Blank-credit  (blangkTtred-H),  n.  An  autho- 
rized permission  given  to  draw  on  au  indi- 
vidual or  firm  to  a  certain  amount. 

Blank-door,  Blank-window  (blangk'dor. 
blangk'win-dp),  n.  A  sinking  in  a  wall,  either 
in  the  exterior  or  interior  of  a  building, 
finished  with  dressings  like  a  door  or  window. 

Blanket  (blang'ket),  n.  [Generally  derived 
from  O.Fr.  blanchet,  blanket,  a  blanket  for 
a  bed,  dim.  from  blanc,  white  =  L.L.  blan- 
chetus,  blangttetns,  a  kind  of  white  cloth ; 
according  to  others  from  three  brothers  of 
the  name  of  Blanket,  who  introduced  this 
branch  of  the  woollen  manufacture  into  Bris- 
tol about  the  middle  of  the  14th  century. 
As  the  word  was  in  existence  before  this 
time,  however,  the  surname  of  the  brothers 
was  probably  derived  from  it.  ]  1.  A  soft  cloth 
made  of  wool  loosely  woven,  and  used  for 
beds,  for  covering  horses,  &c. ;  sometimes 
as  a  covering  for  the  shoulders;  a  rug. 
[The  employment  of  blankets  as  curtains  or 
drop-scenes  in  theatres,  explains  Shakspere's 
'Nor  Heaven  peep  through  the  blanket  of 
the  dark.'  Macbeth  i.  5.]— 2.  In  printing, 
woollen  cloth  or  white  baize  to  lay  between 
the  tympans  or  on  machine  cylinders.— 3.  In 
cloth-printing,  the  cover  of  the  printing 
table.— 4.  A  kind  of  pear,  the  French  blatt- 
mtet,—A  icet  blanket,  one  who  or  that  which 
damps,  depresses  or  disappoints  any  hope, 
expectation  or  enjoyment.  "But/  said  the 
chairman,  and  that  'but'  was  the  usual  wet 
blanket. '  Dickens. 

Blanket  (blang'ket),  v.t    1.  To  toss  in  u 
I    blanket  by  way  of  punishment. 

We'll  have  our  men  blanket  'em  I*  the  hall. 

B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  blanket.     [Rare.] 

I'll  .  .  .  blankft  my  loins.  Shak. 

Blanketing  (blang'ket-ing),  H.  1.  The  pun- 
ishment of  tossing  in  a  blanket 

That  affair  of  the  blanketing  happened  to  thee  for 
.     the  fault  thou  wast  guilty  of.  Smollett. 

2.  Cloth  for  blankets. 

Blank-indorsement  (blangk'in-dors'ment), 

n.  The  indorsement  of  a  bill  of  exchange  or 

1    promissory  note  by  merely  writing  the  name 

of  the  indorser,  without  mentioning  any 

I    person  to  whom  the  bill  or  note  is  to  be 

1    paid. 

Blankly  (bl&ngk10< aav-  ^n  a  ''lank  manner; 
with  paleness  or  confusion. 

Blankness  (blangk'ned),  n.  State  of  being 
blank. 

Blank-tire  (Idangk'tir),  n.  A  tire  of  a  wheel 
without  a  flange. 

Blanquette(blan-ket),7i.  [Fr.]  1.  Incookery. 
a  white  fricassee;  also,  a  minced  dish,  as  of 
cold  veal. —2.  A  kind  of  crude  soda,  obtained 
at  Aigues-Mortes  by  the  incineration  of  Sal- 
sola  fragus  and  S.  Kali. 

Blapsidse  (blaps'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
nocturnal,  moderate -sized,  hlack  beetles, 
whose  wings  are  generally  obsolete  and  their 


eh,  c/iain;      ch,  8c.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin-/;      TH,  then;  th,  *Ain;     w,  irig;     wh,  tcAig;      zh,  azure.— See  KKY. 


BLARE 


284 


BLASTING 


elytra  soldered  together.  They  frequent 
gloomy  damp  places,  and  when  seized  dis- 
charge, for- the  purpose  ()f  self-defence,  a 
liquid  of  a  peculiar  and  penetrating  odour. 
lllavs  iitiirtisaga,  or  church-yard  beetle,  is 
the  most  familiar  British  specimen. 


IVvptian  women  to  make  them  grow  fat. 
Blare  (Mar),  v.i.  pret.  blared;  ppr.  blaring. 
[  Probably  an    imitative    word ;    comp.   D. 


sulcata,  dressed  with  butter,  is  eaten  by 
Kgypl 
Blare 

[Probably  an    imitative  . 

blaren,  L.G.  blarren,  blaren,  Q.  blarren,  bltir- 
ren  to  bellow,  to  bleat,  to  blare.]  To  give 
forth  a  loud  sound  like  a  trumpet;  to  give 
out  a  brazen  sound;  to  bellow. 

Warble,  O  bugle,  and  trumpet  bLire.     Tennyson. 

Blare  (blar),  ».(.  To  sound  loudly;  to  pro- 
claim noisily. 

And  such  a  tongue 
To  blare  its  own  interpretation.        Tennyson. 

Blare  (')lar),  n.  1.  Sound  like  that  of  a  trum- 
pet; noise;  roar.  "Blare  of  bugle,  clamour 
of  men."  Tennyson.  —  2.  The  bleat  of  a 
sheep.  [Scotch.] 

Blare  (War),  «.  Naut.  a  paste  of  hair  and 
tar  for  caulking  the  seams  of  boats. 

Blarney  (blar'ni),  n.  [From  Castle  Blarney, 
near  Cork,  in  the  wall  of  which  is  a  stone 
that  is  said  when  kissed  to  endow  the  kisser 
with  skill  in  the  use  of  flattery  and  compli- 
ment ]  Excessively  complimentary  lan- 
guage; gross  flattery;  smooth,  deceitful  talk; 
gammon.  [Irish.  ]  '  The  blarney's  so  great 
a  deceiver.'  S.  Lover. 

Blarney  (hlar'nl),  ».(.  To  talk  over  by  soft 
delusive  speeches;  to  natter;  to  humbug 
with  talk  'BiarMpi/edthelandlord.'  Irving. 

Blase  (bla-za).  [Fr.]  Lost  to  the  power  of 
enjoyment;  used  up;  having  the  healthy 
energies  exhausted. 

Blashy(blash'i),a.  [Allied  to  splash.}  Watery 
and  dirty:  applied  to  weather;  soaking; 
drenching;  as,  a  blashy  day.  [Scotch.] 

Blaspheme  (bias-fern'), » .  (.  pret.  &  pp.  mas- 
phetned;  ppr.  blaspheming.  [Eccles.  L.  blas- 
phemare.  Or.  blasphemein,  to  calumniate  — 
toiblapsiphemein,  from  blapsis,  injury,  from 
blapto,  to  injure,  and  phlmi,  to  speak. 
Blame  is  a  shortened  form  of  this  word.] 
1.  To  speak  in  terms  of  impious  irreverence 
of;  to  revile,  or  speak  reproachfully  of:  used 
of  speaking  against  God  or  things  sacred. 
1  Ki.  xxi.  10.— 2.  To  speak  evil  of;  to  utter 
abuse  or  calumny  against;  to  speak  reproach- 
fully of.  'You  do  blaspheme  the  good  in 
mocking  me.'  Shak.  [Rare.] 
Blaspheme  (bias-fern'),  v.i.  To  utter  blas- 
phemy; to  use  blasphemous  language. 

He  that  shall  blaspheme  against  the  Holy  Ghost 
hath  never  forgiveness.  Mark  in.  29. 

Blasphemer  (blas-fem'er),  n.  One  who  blas- 
phemes; one  who  speaks  of  God  in  impious 
and  irreverent  terms. 

Should  each  blasphemer  quite  escape  the  rod. 
Because  the  insult's  not  to  man  but  GodT       Pope. 
Blasphemeressfblas-fem'er-es),  n.  A  female 
blasphemer.     'A  diabolical  blasphemeresse 
of  God.'    Hall. 

Blasphemous  (blas'fem-us),  a.  Containing 
or  exhibiting  blasphemy ;  impiously  irrev- 
erent or  reproachful  toward  God.  'Blas- 
phemous publications.'  Bp.  Portent. 

Mythologies  ill  understood  at  first,  then  perverted 
into  feeble  sensualities,  take  the  place  of  representa- 
tions of  Christian  subjects,  which  had  become  bias- 
phemous  under  the  treatment  of  men  like  the  Caracci. 
Raskin. 

Formerly  accented  on  the  second  syllable  as 
below. 

Oh  argument  blasphemous,  false,  and  proud ! 

Milton. 

Blasphemously  (blas'fem-us-li),  adv.  Im- 
piously; with  impious  irreverence  to  God. 
'Terribly  curseth  and  blasphemously  swear- 
eth  he  never  committed  any  such  act.' 
fStowe. 

Blasphemy  (b'as'fem-i),  n.  1.  An  indignity 
offered  to  God  by  wordspr  writing;  reproach- 
ful, contemptuous,  or  irreverent  words  ut- 
tered impiously  against  Jehovah. 

Blasphemy  is  an  injury  offered  to  God,  by  denying 
that  which  is  due  and  belonging  to  him.  or  attributing 
to  him  that  which  is  not  agreeable  to  his  nature. 

Limttood. 

Blasphemy  cognizable  by  the  law  of  Eng- 
land is  described  byBlackstone  to  be  'deny- 
ing the  being  or  providence  of  God,  contu- 
melious reproaches  of  our  Saviour  Christ, 
profane  scoffing  at  the  Holy  Scripture,  or 
exposing  it  to  contempt  and  ridicule.'  The 
crime  of  blasphemy  is  punished  by  the  laws 
of  most  civilized  nations.  In  Roman  Cath- 
olic countries,  speaking  disrespectfully  of 
the  Virgin  Mary  and  of  the  saints  is  held  to 
be  blasphemy.  — 2.  Grossly  irreverent  or 
outrageous  language. 


That  in  the  captain 's  but  a  choleric  word. 
Which  in  the  soldier  is  flat  blasphemy.      5A.i*. 

3.  t  A  blasphemous  person.    [Rare.] 

Now,  blasphemy, 
That  swear'st  grace  o'er  board,  not  an  oath  on Ashore. 

Blast  (blast),  n.  [A.  Sax.  blast,  a  puff  of  wind, 
from  Hasan,  to  blow,  cog.  with  Icel.  tUftr, 
Dan  blaixt  a  blast,  a  blowing;  Icel.  bliisa, 
Dan  blame,  G.  blasen,  to  blow;  from  same 
root  as  E.  blow.  (See  BLOW.)  A.  Sax.  bldse, 
blase  a  torch,  a  blaze,  can  hardly  be  sepa- 
rate from  this  root]  1.  A  blowing;  a  gust 
or  puff  of  wind ;  or  a  sudden  gust  of  wind. 
'Rede  that  boweth  downe  at  every  blast. 
Chaucer  'Blasts  that  blow  the  poplar 
white  '  Tennyson.— -2..  The  sound  made  by 
blowing  a  wind-instrument,  as  a  horn  or 
trumpet;  strictly,  the  sound  produced  by 
one  breath. 

One  Mast  upon  his  bugle-horn 

Were  worth  a  thousand  men.       Str  W.  Scott. 

3  Any  sudden,  pernicious,  or  destructive  in- 
fluence upon  animals  or  plants;  the  infec- 
tion   of   anything   pestilential ;   a   blight. 
'  Blasts  and  fogs  upon  thee.'    SAa*. 

By  the  blast  of  God  they  perish.     Job  iv.  9. 
Of  no  distemper,  of  no  blast  he  died, 
But  fell  like  autumn  fruit  that  mellowed  long. 

L'ryften. 

4  A  forcible  stream  of  air  from  the  mouth, 
from  bellows,  or  the  like ;  a  current  of  air 
directed  on  a  furnace  by  bellows  or  by  a 
blowing  machine,  for  the  purpose  of  quick- 
ening the  combustion  and  increasing  the 
heat. -5.  A  violent  explosion  of  gunpowder, 
dynamite,  or  the  like,  in  splitting  rocks.  Sic. ; 
the  explosion  of  inflammable  air  in  a  mine. 
6.  A  flatulent  disease  in  sheep.— Blast-fur- 
nace, see  separate  entry. 

Blast  (blast),  v.t.  1  To  injure  by  or  as  by  a 
sudden  gust  or  destructive  wind;  to  cause  to 
fade  shrivel,  or  wither;  to  check  the  growth 
of  and  prevent  from  coming  to  maturity  and 
producing  fruit;  to  blight,  as  trees  or  plants. 
•Seven  thin  ears,  and  blasted  with  the  east 
wind'  Gen  xli.  6.  'Wasted  heath.'  Shak. 
•The  Wasted  pine.'  Tennyson.—  1.  To  blight 
or  cause  to  come  to  nothing,  as  by  some 
pernicious  influence ;  to  bring  destruction 
or  calamity  upon;  to  ruin;  as,  to  bla»t 
pride,  hopes,  reputation,  happiness.  '  >  ith 
Hecate's  ban  thrice  blasted:  Shak.  'Blast- 
ing the  long  quiet  of  my  breast. '  Tennyson. 

He  shows  himself  .  .  .  malicious  if  he  knows  I  de- 
serve credit  and  yet  goes  about  to  blast  H 

Stillin£/teet. 

3.  To  confound  or  stun  by  a  loud  blast  or 
din;  to  split;  to  burst. 

Trumpeters,  with  brazen  din,  blast  you  the  city's 
ears.  -s*"*- 

4.  To  split  by  an  explosion,  as  of  gunpowder, 
dynamite,  gun-cotton,  &c.  •  Blast  the  steep 
slate  -  quarry. '      Tennyson.  —  5.  t  To  blaze 
abroad;  to  proclaim  boastfully. 

They  blasted  that  the  Calisians  would  leave  th, 
town  desolate.  Hall. 

Blast  (blast),  v.i.  1.  To  wither;  to  be  blighted 

Blatant  m  the  bud, 
Losing  his  verdure,  even  in  the  prime.       Shae. 

2.  To  burst,  as  by  an  explosion;  to  blow  up 

This  project 

Should  have  a  back  or  second  that  might  hold. 
If  this  should  blast  in  proof.  Shalt. 

3.  [Scotch.  ]  (a)  To  breathe  hard ;  to  pant. 
(b)  To  smoke  tobacco,   (c)  To  boast;  to  speak 
ostentatiously;  to  brag.     Sir  Hr.  Scott. 

Blasted(blast'ed),a.  Confounded;  execrable; 
detestable:  used  as  a  milder  form  of  impre- 
cation than  damned.  '  Some  of  her  own 
blasted  gypsies.'  Str  W.  Scott. 
Blastema  (blas-te'ma),  n.  [Gr.  blastema,  a 
shoot,  growth,  from  blasta nfi,  to  bud.]  1.  In 
bot.  the  axis  of  growth  of  an  embryo;  that 
part  of  the  embryo  comprising  the  radicle 
and  plumule,  with  the  intervening  portion; 
also  the  thallus  of  lichens.  —2.  In  onat.  the 
granular  protoplasmic  basis  of  the  ovum ; 
the  proteinaceous  plasma  out  of  which  an 
organ  is  formed.  Owen. 
Blastema!  (blas-te'mal),  a.  Relating  to 
blastema;  rudimentary;  as,  blasteinal  for- 
mations. 

Blast-engine  (blast'en-jin),  n.  1.  A  venti- 
lating machine  used  especially  on  ships  to 
draw  off  foul  air.  —2.  A  machine  for  produc- 
ing a  blast  by  compressing  air  for  urging 
the  fire  of  a  furnace. 

Blaster  (blast'er),  n.     1.  One  who.  or  that 
which,  blasts  ordestroys.  Beau.  A:  Fl. — 2.  Au 
iron  chisel  used  for  boring  rocks. 
Blast-furnace  (blast'fer-nas),  n.    The  name 
given  to  the  common  smelting-furnace  used 


for  obtaining  iron  from  its  ores  with  the  aid 
of  a  powerful  bl:ist  of  air.  This  air-blast, 
which  is  propelled  by  a  powerful  blowing- 
engine,  and  is  now  invariably  heated  t"  a 
high  temperature  (000'  to  900'  F.),  is  in- 
jected by  tuyeres,  situated  as  shown  at  A  in 
the  annexed  vertical  section,  in  the  lowest 
part  of  the  furnace,  near  to  the  hearth  B. 
(See  TUYEKE.)  The  conical  part  c  next 
above  the  hearth  is  termed  the  boshes,  and 
the  interior  is  continued  upwards,  some- 
times, as  in  the  annexed  cut,  in  a  tapered 
body  or  cone  i>,  sometimes  as  a  perpendi- 
cular cylinder,  which  is  surmounted  by  an 
opening  for  the  introduction  of  the  materi- 
als from  an  external  gallery  F.  The  exterior 
consists  of  massive  masonry  of  stone  or  fire- 
brick, the  body  part  being  lined  with  two 


Section  of  Blast -fu 


shells  of  fire-bricks  separated  by  a  thin  space 
to  allow  for  expansion,  which  is  generally 
filled  with  sand,  ground  flre-clay.or  the  like, 
to  hinder  the  radiation  of  heat  to  the  out- 
side.   When  the  body  rises  in  the  form  of  a 
perpendicular  cylinder,  it  is  called  the  b;ir 
rel.   The  cone  or  barrel  is  sometimes  clasped 
round  on  the  outside  by  numerous  strong 
iron  hoops,  or  is  cased  with  iron  plates  fas- 
tened to  the  masonry  by  iron  bolts     The 
boshes  c  are  lined  with  fire-brick  or  flre- 
stone,  and  the  hearth  B  is  built  with  large 
blocks  of  refractory  stone.    The  charging  of 
the  furnace  goes  on  all  day  and  night,  one 
charge  consisting  of  a  barrow-load  of  coal 
and  a  barrow-load  of  ore,  char,  and  lime, 
the  last  mineral  acting  as  a  flux.    These 
charges  are  constantly  passing  downward* 
and  undergoing  a  change  as  they  come  nearer 
the  hotter  parts  of  the  furnace.    Towards 
the  lower  part  the  earthy  matter  of  the  ore 
unites  with  the  limestone  and  forms  a  slag, 
which  finally  escapes  at  an  opening  below 
the  tuyeres,  and  the  molten  metal  drops 
down  and  fills  the  lower  part  at  B,  to  be 
drawn  off  at  stated  periods.    This  is  done 
usually  twice  in  the  twenty-four  hours  by 
means  of  a  round  hole  called  a  tap.    The 
furnace  is  constantly  kept  filled  to  within 
about  2  feet  of  the  top.    The  ore  put  in  at 
the  top  takes  about  thirty-six  hours  before 
it  comes  out  as  iron.   Hematite  yields  on  an 
average  about  55  per  cent,  of  metal,  and 
blackband  about  40  to  50.    In  the  newer 
forms  of  furnaces  the  top  is  closed  and  the- 
gases  formerly  burned  at  the  top  are  con- 
veyed by  pipes  0  to  be  utilized  as  fuel  in 
heating  the  blast  and  in  raising  steam  for 
the  blowing-engine.   The  principle  adopted 
is  to  close  the  top  by  a  bell-and-cone  ar- 
rangement E,  which  is  opened  and  shut  a 
pleasure  by  hydraulic  or  other  machinery. 
The  height  of  furnaces  varies  from  50  to  80, 
and  even  in  some  cases  to  upwards  of  10 
feet,  and  the  greatest  width  is  about  one- 
third  of  this. 

Blast-hearth  (blast'narth),  n.    The  Scotch 
ore-hearth  for  reducing  lead-ores. 
Blast-hole  (blasfhol),  n.     In  mining,  the 
hole  through  which  water  enters  the  bottom 
or  wind-bore  of  a  pump. 
Blastie  (blas'ti),  n.     A  blasted  or  shriv- 
elled dwarf;  a  wicked  or  troublesome  crea- 
ture.    Burnt.     [Scotch.  ] 
Blasting  (blast'ing),  n.     1.  A  blast;  destruc- 
tion by  a  pernicious  cause;  blight.  Am.  iv.ft 
2.  The  operation  of  splitting  rocks  by  gun- 
powder or  other  explosive. 
Blasting  (Mast'ing),  a.     Affecting  with  in 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      npte,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  Icy. 


BLASTING-POWDER 


285 


BLEACHING 


jury  or  blight;  destructive.    '  A  bl«*tii«j  and 
a  sramlaliilis  breath.'     .S'/m/,-. 

Blasting-powder  (blast'ing-pou-der),  n.  A 
coarsu  kind  of  gunpowder  for  mining  and 

i|Uarrying  purposes 

BlaBtmentt  (blast'ment),  il.  lllast;  sudden 
utroke  of  some  destructive  cause. 

In  Ihe  mom  ;mcl  liijuid  dew  of  youth 
Contagious  blasttnents  are  must  imminent.     .V/m^. 

Blast-nozzle,  Blast-orlflce  (Mast'm./  I, 
iilast'or-i-tls),  n.  The  fixed  or  variable  orifice 
in  tlie  delivery  end  of  a  blast-pipe. 

Blastocarpous  (blas-to-karVus),  a.  [Or. 
/'/«.sV'/.s',  a  .^erin,  and  karpott,  fruit.]  In  but.  a 
term  applied  to  that  kind  of  fruit  which 
uiTininates  inside  the  pericarp,  as  the  man- 
grove. 

Blastocerus  (blaa-toi'te-ui),  n.  [Gr,  blastm. 
a  bud,  and  keras,  a  horn.  1  A  genus  of  South 
AnuTirait  deer.  B.  oomjMffrtt  is  theC<'J'uti.s- 
fmzoarticus  of  Linnieus,  tile  buck  of  which 
species  is  described  by  Mr.  Darwin  as  of  u 
most  overpowering  odour. 

Blastoderm  (blas'to-derm),  n.  [Gr.  Wastes, 
-••mi,  antl  derma,  a  skin.]  In  anat.  the 
germinal  skin  or  membrane,  which  lies  im- 
mediately beneath  the  membrana  vitelli  of 
the  ovum;  the  superficial  layer  of  the  em- 
bryo in  its  earliest  condition. 

Blastodermlc(blas-to-dei'mik),  a.  Relating 
In  the  blastoderm. 

Blastoidea  (Mas-toid'e-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  Wastes, 
a  bud,  and  eidos,  resemblance.]  An  order 
of  fossil  Echinodermata,  closely  allied  to 
the  Crinoidea.  The  body  was  inclosed  in  a 
kind  of  box,  formed  by  jointed  calcareous 
plates,  and  was,  in  most  cases,  permanently 
fixed  to  the  sea-bottom  by  a  stalk  or  column. 
The  arms,  which  form  BO  conspicuous  a 
feature  in  the  true  Crinoidea,  were  either 
absent  or  very  rudimentary. 

Blast-pipe  (blast'pip),  n.  The  waste-pipe  of 
a  steam-engine;  more  especially,  a  pipe  in  a 
Inromotive  steam-engine  to  carry  the  waste 
steam  up  the  chimney,  and  to  urge  the  flre 
by  inducing  a  stronger  draught  of  air  by 
creating  a  current. 

Blastus  (blas'tus),  n.  [Gr.  Manias,  a  shoot.] 
In  but.  a  term  sometimes  applied  to  the 
plumule  of  grasses. 

Blasty  (blast'i),  a.  1.  Causing  a  blast  or 
blight  upon  vegetation.  'A  Manly  noon.' 
Bftifte.  —2.  Stormy ;  gusty ;  as,  a  Manly  day. 
|i>ld  Knglish  and  Scotch.] 

Blatant  (Ma'tant),  o.  [From  Prov.  E.  Mate, 
to  bleat,  with  Romance  suffix.  ]  Bellowing 
as  a  calf:  bawling;  noisy.  'Blatant  maga- 
zines.' Tennyson. 

Glory,  that  blatant  word,  which  haunts  some  tnili- 
t.iry  minds  like  the  bray  of  the  trumpet.    If.  Irving. 

-Blatant  beast,\  the  multitude.   '  The  He  of 
Dogges,  where  the  blatant  beast  doth  rule 
and  raigne.'    Spenser. 
Blatch.t  o.t.    To  blotch. 

No  man  can  like  to  be  smutted  and  blatched  in  his 
face.  Harmar. 

Blate,  Blait  (Mat),  a.  [A.  Sax.  bledth, 
gentle,  sluggish,  D.  blood,  G.  blade,  bashful, 
[eel  blauthr,  soft,  cowardly.  ]  Bashful ; 
sheepish.  [Scotch.] 

Blatet  (Wat),  a.  [A.  Sax.  Meat,  miserable, 
us  Mail,  G.  Moss,  naked.]  Dreary;  bleak. 
HaUiaeU. 

Blather  (bla'THer),  v.i.  [Sc.  blether,  Icel. 
blaUtra,  to  talk  thick,  to  utter  inarticulate 
sniinds,  G.  dial,  bladdern,  to  talk  nonsense; 
allied  to  blatter.]  To  talk  nonsense.  [Low.] 

Blather  (bla'THer),  n.     Nonsense.    [Low.] 

Blatherskite  (Ma'THer-skit),  «.  A  bluster- 
ing, talkative,  silly  fellow.  [Scotch  and 
American.] 

Blatta  (blat'ta),  n.  [L.,  a  noxious  insect,  a 
cockroach.]  The  genus  of  insects  to  which 
the  cockroach  belongs,  order  Orthoptera. 
Sec  BLATTlBi  and  COCKROACH. 

Blatter (blat'ter),  v.i.  [Comp.  E.  blather,  G. 
dial,  blattern,  bladdern,  to  prate;  also  per- 
haps L.  Matero,  to  talk  foolishly.]  1.  To  give 
forth  or  produce  a  quick  succession  of  small 
sounds;  to  patter.  'The  ruin  Mattered.'  Jef- 
frey.—2.  To  make  a  senseless  noise;  to  rail  or 
rage.  [Kare.J 

They  procured,  also,  certain  preachers  to  blatter 
against  me.  Larimer. 

Blatteration  (blat-ter-a'shon),  n.  Senseless 
noise  or  babble.  [Rare.] 

Blatterer  (Mat'ter-er),  «.  One  who  blatters; 
a  noisy  blustering  boaster. 

Blattering  (blat'ter-ing),  n.  Senseless  blus- 
tering. 

Blatteroont  (Mat-ter-bnO,  n.  [L.  blatero, 
iilatrronu,  a  babbler;  from  Materare,  to 
babble.  ]  A  senseless  babbler. 


I  trusted  T.   !\  witli  :i  weighty  secrrt.  conjuring 
him  tli.it  it  should  not  take  ui,  .,nd  go  .ibroad    .    . 
tint  it  went  out  of  hilt)  the  very  next  day.  .  .  .  1  hate 
such  btatteroons.  Ho^l•elt. 

Blattldse  (blat'i-de)'  71.  pi.  [L.  Malta,  a  cock- 
roach. ]  A  family  of  insects,  of  the  order  Or- 
thnptera.  They  are  extremely  voracious  crea- 
tures, s.imc  species  apparently  eating  almost 
everything  that  comes  in  their  way.  Among 
the  species  is  the  well  known  and  trouble- 
some corkroarli  (Islttnn  </;V.-//M//.t). 
i  Blaud,  Blad  (Mad.  hind),  «.  [I'uinp.  Ir. 
[  bladh,  a  part.  ]  ISeiii.-b.]  1.  A  large  piece  of 
anything  acMisiilcnililc  portion;  aflat  piece 
of  anything. — 2.  A  slap;  a  blow  or  stroke. 

Blauw-boc  (blou'lnik),  n.  |1).  blaanw-bok. 
lit.  blue-buck.]  The  blue-buck  (.-Kijoceran 
Intciijihteitti)  of  the  open  plains  of  South 
Africa,  a  deer-like  species  of  antelope,  7 
feet  long  and  3J  feet  high,  of  an  ashy  blue 
cull  nir.f  rom  its  black  hide  appearing  through 
tlie  lighter  hair.  The  Cepnaloptui  perpuxil- 
his  is  also  called  the  little  blauw-boc. 

Blaw  (bla),  v.i.  [Scotch.]  To  blow;  to 
breathe ;  to  publish  ;  to  brag ;  to  boast ;  to 
magnify  in  narrative.— To  Maw  in  one's  lug, 
to  cajole;  to  flatter  a  person.  Hence,  a 
blavj-in-my-lug  is  a  name  for  a  flatterer;  a 
wheedler.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Blaw  (bla),  v.t.  To  flatter;  to  coax.  [Scotch.] 

Blawort,  Blaewort  (bla'wert,  bla'wert),  «. 
A  plant,  blue-bottle  (Ccntaurea  Cyamis, 
Linn.).  Hogy.  [Scotch.] 

Blay  (bla),  n.  [See  BI.EAK.)  A  small  river 
fish,  the  bleak. 

Blaze  (blaz),  n.  [A.  Sax.  blase,  MAse,  a  blaze, 
a  torch,  Sc.  bleeze,  a  blaze,  from  root  of  Mow; 
comp.  JI.H.G.  bias,  a  taper,  Icel.  blys,  Dan. 
bhu,  a  torch.]  1.  Flame;  the  stream  of  light 
and  heat  from  any  body  when  burning.  'To 
heaven  the  blaze  uprolled.'  Croly.—Z.  Bril- 
liant sunlight;  effulgence;  brilliance;  as,  the 
blaze  of  day.  '  O,  dark,  dark,  dark,  amid 
the  blaze  of  noon!'  Milton.  — 3.  A  burst- 
ing out;  an  active  or  violent  display;  wide 
diffusion.  'In  his  blaze  of  wrath.'  Shak. 
'  The  main  blaze  of  it  is  past.'  Shak.— Gone 
to  Mazes,  gone  to  perdition.  [Low.]— Lite 
blazes,  expressive  of  anything  in  the  ex- 
treme. '  The  other  little  ones  used  to  cry 
like  blazes.'  Mayhem.  [Low.] 

Blaze  (blaz),  v.  i.  pret.  blazed;  ppr.  blazing. 
[In  third  meaning  comp.  Icel.  blasa,  to  be 
open  to  view,  and  blaze,  a  spot  on  a  beast's 
forehead.)  1.  To  flame;  as,  the  flre  blazes. 
'  Two  red  fires  in  both  their  faces  blazed. 
Shale. — 2.  To  send  forth  or  show  a  bright 
and  expanded  light. 

The  third  fair  morn  now  biased  upon  the  main. 

Pope. 

3.  To  be  conspicuous. — To  blaze  atcay,  to 
keep  up  a  discharge  of  firearms. 

Blaze  (blaz),  v.t.  To  burn  or  set  in  a  blaze. 
'Take  him  in  and  blaze  the  oak.'  Hood. 

Blaze  (blaz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  blazed;  ppr. 
Mazing.  [Probably  from  A.  Sax.  blaesan,  to 
blow ;  Icel.  bldsa,  Dan.  bloese,  G.  blaxen,  to 
blow,  to  sound  as  a  trumpet.  See  BLOW.  ] 

1.  To  publish;  to  make  known ;  to  render 
conspicuous.     'Till  we  can  find  a  time  to 
blaze  your  marriage.'    Shak.     'On  charit- 
able lists  he  Mazed  his  name.'    R.  Pollok. 

Such  music  worthiest  were  to  blaze 

The  peerless  height  of  her  immortal  praise.  Milton. 

2.  t  In  her.  to  blazon. 

You  should  have  biased  it  thus :  he  bears  a  tierce 
sable  between  two  tierces  or  Peacham. 

Blaze  ( blaz ),  n.  Publication ;  the  act  of 
spreading  widely  by  report.  '  For  what  is 
glory  but  the  blaze  of  fame?'  Milton. 

Blaze  (blaz),  n.  [D.  bles,  Icel.  blesi,  Dan. 
Mis,  a  white  spot  or  streak  on  the  forehead.  ] 

1.  A  white  spot  on  the  forehead  or  face 
of  a  horse,  or  other  quadruped.    '  A  square 
blaze  in  his  (a  sacred  ox's)  forehead.'    Cow- 
ley.  — 2.  A  white  spot  made  on  a  tree  by  re- 
moving the  bark  with  a  hatchet.     Such 
marks  are  often  made  on  trees  in  dense 
forests  to  enable  a  traveller  to  find  his  way, 
or  to  retrace  his  steps. 

Blaze  (blaz),  «.  (.  1.  To  set  a  white  mark  on, 
as  a  tree,  by  paring  off  part  of  its  bark.  '  I 
found  my  way  by  the  blazed  trees.'  Hoffman. 

2.  To  indicate  or  mark  out  by  paring  off  the 
bark  of  a  number  of  trees  in  succession;  as, 
to  blaze  a  path  through  a  forest.    Fig. : — 

Champollion  died  in  1832,  having  done  little  more 
than  blaxe  out  the  road  to  be  travelled  by  others. 

.Volt. 

Blazer  (blaz'er),  71.  One  who  blazes ;  one 
who  publishes  and  spreads  reports.  'Blazers 
of  crime.'  Spenser. 

Blazing  (blaz'ing),  a.  Emitting  flame  or 
lightTnaming.  'Starry  lamps  and  blazing 


cressets.1  Mil!,,,,    •  Illazimj  t.. relics.'  Sir  W 
Scott. 
Blazingly  (bla/'ing-ll),  adv.     In  a  blaziim 

manner. 

Blazing-star  (ii]:./'iir,- ,i:ir). ,/  i  A  comet. 
-  A  plant,  the  AtetrufarmoM,  tlie  root  of 
which  is  greatly  cstee'med  by  tlie  Indians 
and  people  of  the  Western  States  ,.f  Anie 
rica  as  a  tonic  rind  stimiaehie.  Called  also 
in  America  J)eoU'x  Hit 

Blazon  (blii'zn),  >i.  [O.K.  blammn.  blanini. 
r'r.  .sp.  bltttun.  It.  Mason?;  derived  by  Hi,/ 
from  A.  Sax,  W<w,  a  torch.  Iv  blazr,  and  n<- 
doubt  it  is  from  this  root,  being  either  a 
derivative  of  blaze  in  the  sense  of  flame,  or 
in  that  of  to  spread  abroad  or  make  know  n  | 

1.  The  artof  drawing.dcseribing,  or  explain- 
ing coats  of  arms;  blazonry.     Peacham. ~ 
•>.  The  drawing  or  representation  on  coats 
of  arms;  a  heraldic  figure.     'Their  bluz»n 
o'er  his  tower  displayed.'    Sir  W.  Scott.— 

3.  Publication;  show;  celebration;  pompous 
display,  either  by  words  or  by  other  means. 

But  this  eternal  blazon  must  not  be 

To  ears  of  flesh  and  blood.  SHak. 

4.  t  Interpretation  ;  explanation.      '  I  think 
your  blazon  to  be  true.'    Shak. 

Blazon  (bla'zn),  v.t.  [Fr.  blasonner,  to  bla- 
zon; Mason,  heraldry.  See  the  noun.]  1.  To 
explain,  in  proper  terms,  the  figures  on  en- 
signs armorial. 

King  Edward  gave  to  tin-in  the  coat  of  arms  which 
I  am  not  herald  enough  to  blaxon  into  Hngiish. 

Actditoti. 

2.  To  deck;  to  embellish;  to  adorn. 

Then  blazons  in  dread  smiles  her  hideous  form. 
Cartk. 

3.  To  display;  to  exhibit  conspicuously;  to 
make  known;  to  publish;  to  celebrate.  'And 
blazon  o'er  the  door  their  names  in  brass. ' 
Byron.     'Blazoning   our    injustice    every- 
where.'   Shak.  —  SVN.  To  embellish,  circu- 
late. 

Blazon  (bla'zn),  v.i.  To  make  a  brilliant 
figure;  to  shine.  [Rare.] 

Blazoner  (bla'zn-er),  n.  1.  One  that  blazons: 
a  herald.— 2.  One  prone  to  spread  reports; 
specifically,  a  propagator  of  scandal. 

Blazonment  (bla'zn-ment),  n.  The  act  of 
blazoning;  emblazonment. 

Blazonry  (bla'zn-ri),  n.  1.  The  art  of  describ- 
ing or  explaining  coats  of  anus  in  proper 
heraldic  terms  and  method. 

Bob  has  done  more  to  set  the  public  right  on  this 
important  point  of  blazonry  than  the  whole  College 
of  Heralds.  Lamb 

2.  Emblazonry.  '  The  gorgeous  building  and 
wild  blazonry  of  that  shruie  of  St.  Mark's. ' 
Ktiskin. 

Ble.t  Bleet  (We),  «.  [A.  Sax.  bleo,  bleoh.] 
Colour;  hue;  complexion. 

White  of  bit,  waiting  for  me. 

Is  the  corse  in  the  next  chamber. 

E .  B.  Sreirtiitif. 
I  have  a  leinman 
Asbrightof£/f«asisthesilvermoon.  George  a  Green. 

Blea  (Me),  ?i.  [Perhaps  from  the  preceding 
word. )  The  part  of  a  tree  which  lies  imme- 
diately under  the  bark. 

Bleach  (blech),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  blacian,  to  be- 
come pale,  from  bide,  blcec,  pale  orwhite.  See 
BLEAK.]  To  make  white  or  whiter  by  taking 
out  colour;  to  whiten;  to  blanch;  specifi- 
cally, to  whiten  by  exposure  to  the  action 
of  the  air  and  sunlight  or  of  chemical  pre- 
parations. See  BLEACHING. 

Immortal  liberty,  whose  look  sublime 
Hath  bleached  the  tyrant's  cheek  in  every  varying 
clime.  Smollett. 

Bleach  (blech),  r.i.  To  grow  white  in  any 
manner. 

Along  the  snows  a  stiffened  corse. 
Stretched  out  ana  bleaching  in  the  northern  blast 
Thomson. 

Bleacher  (Mech'er),  n.  One  who  bleaches; 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  whiten  cloth. 

Bleachery  ( blech 'er-i),  n.  A  place  for 
bleaching ;  an  establishment  where  bleach- 
ing textile  fabrics  or  the  like  is  carried  on. 

Bleachfleld  (blech'feld),  71.  A  field  where 
cloth  or  yarn  is  bleached. 

Bleaching  (blech'ing),  71.  The  act  or  art  of 
freeing  textile  fibres  and  fabrics  and  various 
other  substances  (such  as  materials  for 
paper,  ivory,  wax,  oils)  from  their  natural 
colour,  and  rendering  them  perfectly  white, 
or  nearly  so.  The  ancient  method  of  bleach- 
ing by  exposing  the  fabrics,  Ac.,  to  the 
action  of  the  sun's  rays,  and  frequently 
wetting  them,  has  been  nearly  superseded, 
at  least  where  the  business  is  carried  on  on 
the  large  scale,  more  complicated  processes 
in  connection  with  powerful  chemical  pre- 
parations being  now  employed.  Among 
the  latter  the  chief  are  chlorine  and  sul- 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  then;  th,  Ma;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY 


BLEACH1NG-LIQUID 


286 


BLENDING 


phurous  acid,  the  latter  being  employed 
more  especially  in  the  case  of  animal  fibres 
(silk  and  wool),  while  cotton,  flax,  and  other 
vegetable  fibres  are  operated  upon  with 
chlorine,  the  bleaching  in  both  cases  being 
preceded  by  certain  cleansing  processes. 
See  CHLORINE,  BLEACHING-POWDER. 

Bleaching  -liquid  (blech'ing-lik-wid),  n. 
A  liquid  for  bleaching.  Specifically  same 
as  Blanching-liquor. 

Bleaching-powder  (blech'ing-pou-der),  n. 
Chloride  of  lime  made  by  exposing  slaked 
lime  to  the  action  of  chlorine.  It  is  regarded 
as  a  double  salt  of  the  chloride  of  calcium  and 
hypochlorite  of  calcium.  Its  true  formula 
appears  to  be  CaCl  .CIO.  It  is  much  used  also 
as  a  disinfectant.  Called  also  Tennant's 
Powder.  See  CHLORINE. 

Bleak(blek),a.  [A. Sax.  blaec,  6Me,Icel.  bleikr, 
Dan.  bleg,  D.  Meek,  O.E.  bleeke,  bleike,  &a., 
G.  bleich,  pale,  pallid,  white;  from  or  allied 
to  A.  Sax.  bllcan,  Icel.  blika.blikja,  G.  blirkcn, 
to  shine,  to  gleam,  to  twinkle,  E.  to  blink. 
Bleach  is  from  this  word.  Perhaps  ulti- 
matelyfromthe  same  root  as  black.]  l.tPale. 
'  With  a  face  dedly,  bleyk,  and  pale.'  Lyd- 
gate. 

She  looked  as  pale  and  as  bleak  as  one  laid  out 
dead.  Foxe. 

2.  Exposed  to  cold  and  winds ;  desolate ; 
ungenial.  '  The  bleak  Atlantic  shore.'  Pope. 
'  Wastes  too  bleak  to  rear  the  common 
growth  of  earth.'  Wordsworth. — 3.  Cheer- 
less; dreary. 

Her  desolation  presents  us  with  nothing  but  bleak 
and  barren  prospects.  Addisc-n. 

4.  Cold;  chill;  piercing;  desolating. 

Entreat  the  north 

To  make  his  bleak  winds  kiss  my  parched  lips.  Shak. 
The  night  was  bleak;    the  rain  fell;    the   wind 
roared.  Macaiilay. 

Bleak  (blek),  n.  [So  called  from  the  bleak 
or  pale  colour  of  its  scales;  comp.  bleihe, 
the  German  name,  also  blay,  another  Eng- 
lish name.]  A  small  river  fish,  5 or  6  inches 
long,  Leuciscus  alburnus,  family  Cyprinidte, 
,  occurring  in  many  European  and  English 
rivers.  Its  silvery  scales  are  used  in  the 
manufacture  of  artificial  pearls.  Called  also 
Blay. 

Bleaklsh  (blek'ish),  a.  Moderately  bleak. 
•A  northerly  or  bleakish  easterly  wind.' 
Dr.  G.  Cheyne. 

Bleakly  (blek'li),  adv.  In  a  bleak  manner ; 
coldly. 

Near  the  sea-coast  they  seated  bleakly  were.    May. 

Bleakness  (blek'nes),  n.  State  of  being 
bleak  ;  coldness ;  desolation  ;  exposure  to 
the  wind.  'The  bleakness  of  the  air.' 
Addison. 

Bleaky  (blek'i),  a.  Bleak;  open;  unshel- 
tered; cold;  chill.  'The  bleaky  top  of 
rugged  hills.'  Drijden.  [Rare.] 

Blear  (bier),  a.  [L.G.  blarr,  bleer,  in  blarr- 
aged,  bleeroged,  blear-eyed;  allied  to  G.  dial. 
bleer,  an  ailment  of  the  eyes;  Sw.  blira, 
Dan.  Wire,  plire,  to  twinkle,  to  wink;  Dan. 
pliiroiet,  blear-eyed.]  1.  Sore,  with  a  wa- 
tery rheum:  applied  only  to  the  eyes. 

Half  blind  he  peered  at  me  through  his  blear  eyes. 

Layard.       \ 

2.  Producing  dimness  of  vision;  blinding,  j 
'  Power  to  cheat  the  eye  with  blear  illu- 
sion.'   Milton.    [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

Blear  (bier),  n.  Something  that  obscures 
the  sight.  '  Nor  is  the  blear  drawn  easy 
o'er  her  e'e.'  A.  Ross.  [Scotch.] 

Blear  (bier),  v.t.  To  make  sore  so  that  the 
sight  is  indistinct ;  to  affect  with  soreness 
of  eyes;  to  make  rheumy  and  dim.  '  Blered 
her  eyes.'  Piers  Plowman,  'Tease  the 
lungs  and  blear  the  sight.'  Cmvper.—  To 
blear  the  eyes  is  often  used  figuratively  =  to 
deceive,  to  hoodwink. 

Enticing  dames  my  patience  still  did  prove. 
And  bleared  mine  eyes.  Gasfoipne. 

Blearedness  (bler'ed-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  bleared  or  dimmed  with  rheum. 
Holland. 

Blear-eye,  Blear-eyedness  (blert,  bler'- 
Kl-nes),  n.  In  med.  a  disease  of  the  eyelids, 
consisting  in  chronic  inflammation  of  the 
margins,  with  a  gummy  secretion  of  the 
sebaceous  humour. 

Blear-eyed  (bler'id),  a.  1.  Having  sore 
eyes;  having  the  eyes  dim  with  rheum; 
dim-sighted. 

Crook-backed  he  was,  tooth-shaken,  and  blear. 
'>'<*•  SackviUt. 

2.  Wanting  in  perception  or  understanding 
Blearness  (bler'nes),  n.    The  state  of  being 

blear.     Udall. 
Bleat  (blet),  v.i    [A.  Sax.  bl&tan,  D.  blaten, 

Meeten,  L.G.  blaten,  bleten,  to  bleat;  pro- 


bably an  imitative  word.]    To  make  the 
noise  of  a  sheep;  to  cry  as  a  sheep. 

Then  suddenly  was  heard  along  the  main. 

To  low  the  ox,  to  bleat  the  woolly  train.        Pope. 

Bleat  (blet),  n.  The  cry  of  a  sheep.  '  The 
bleat  of  a  fleecy  sheep.'  Chapman. 

Bleater  (blet'er),  n.  One  who  bleats; 
specifically,  a  sheep. 

In  cold,  stiff  soils  the  bleaters  oft  complain 
Of  gouty  ails.  jfffhn  Dyer. 

Bleating  (blet'ing),  n.    The  cry  of  a  sheep. 

In  the  fields  all  round  I  hear  the  bleating  of  the  lamb. 
Tennyson. 

Bleb  (bleb),  n.  [Another  form  of  blob.  ]  A 
little  vesicle  or  blister;  a  bubble,  as  in 
water  or  glass;  a  blob. 

Arsenic  abounds  with  air  blebs.  Kit  U'ati. 

Blebby  (bleb'i),  a.  Full  of  blebs.  •  lilebby 
glass.  Dana. 

Blechnum  (blek'num),  71.  [Gr.  blechnon,  a 
name  given  by  Dioscorides  to  a  kind  of  fern.  ] 
A  genus  of  polypodiaceous  ferns,  with  simple 
pinnatifld  or  pinnate  fronds,  of  which  the 
fertile  ones  are  more  or  less  contracted.  B. 
orientale  is  a  tall-growing  and  very  hand- 
some species  found  throughout  India  and 
the  East.  II.  boreale  is  the  hard-fern  (which 
see). 

Bled  (bled),  pret.  &  pp.  of  bleed. 

Blee.t  n.     See  BLE. 

Bleed  (bled),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  bled;  ppr. 
bleeding.  [A.  Sax.  bledan,  from  bind,  blood; 
D.  bloeden,  Icel.  blxtha,  Dan. Mode,  G.  bluten, 
to  bleed.]  1.  To  lose  blood,  as  by  a  wound; 
to  run  with  blood,  by  whatever  means ;  as, 
a  wound  or  one's  nose  bleedt. 

Many  upon  the  seeing  of  others  bleed,  .  .  them- 
selves are  ready  to  faint,  as  if  they  bled.  Bacon. 

2.  To  die  a  violent  death,  or  by  slaughter. 

The  lamb  thy  riot  dooms  to  bleed  to-day. 

Had  he  thy  reason  would  he  skip  and  play  t     Pope 

3.  To  issue  forth  or  drop  from  an  incision, 
as  juice;  to  lose  sap,  gum,  juice,  or  the  like; 
as,  a  tree  or  a  vine  Weeds. 

For  me  the  balm  shall  bleed,  and  amber  flow.    Pope. 

4.  To  pay  or  lose  money  freely;  to  have 
money  extorted ;  as,  they  made  him  bleed 
freely  for  that  whim.    [Slang.  ] 

Bleed  (bled),  v.t.  1.  To  take  blood  from  by 
opening  a  vein. — 2.  To  lose,  as  blood ;  to  emit 
ordistil,  as  juice,  sap,  or  gum.  'Adecaying 
pine  of  stately  size  bleeding  amber. '  Miller. 
3.  To  extort  or  extract  money  from  a  person; 
to  sponge  on;  as,  the  sharpers  bled  him 
freely.  [Slang.] 

Bleeding  (bled'ing),  n.  A  running  or  issuing 
of  blood,  as  from  the  nose;  a  hemorrhage; 
the  operation  of  letting  blood,  as  in  surgery; 
the  drawing  of  sap  from  a  tree  or  plant. 

Bleek-boc  (blak'bok),  n.  [D.  bleek,  pale, 
bok,  buck.]  The  Scopophorus  Curebi,  the 
pale-buck  of  South  Africa,  one  of  the  Anti- 
lopidrc,  distinguished  by  a  tuft  of  hair  below 
the  knee. 

Bleery(bler'i),n.  A  burning  brand;  afaggot. 
[Scotch.] 

Scowder  their  harigals.  de'ils,  wi'  a  tleery.      Hoff. 

Bleeze(blez),;i.  ore  SameasB(a«.  [Scotch.] 

Bleine.tn.   A  blain;  a  pustule.    Chaucer 

Bleit  (Wat),  a.    Same  as  Elate. 

Blellum  (blel'lum),  n.  [Onomatopoetic.  ]  An 
idle,  senseless,  talking,  or  noisy  fellow.  'A 
blethering,  blustering,  drunken  blellum.' 
Burnt. 

Blemish  (blem'ish),  ».<.  [Fr.  blemir  to  grow 
pale,  in  0.  Fr.  to  spot,  to  beat  one  blue, 
from  Icel.  bldman,  the  livid  colour  of  a 
wound,  from  bid,  blue.]  1.  To  injure  or 
impair,  especially  something  that  is  well 
formed,  perfect,  or  excellent;  to  mar  or  make 
defective ;  to  destroy  the  perfection  of-  to 
deface;  to  sully.  •  Blemish  Ctesar's  triumph  ' 
Shak. 

Sin  is  a  soil  which  bletnishetft  the  beauty  of  thy  souL 
Rich.  Brath-waite. 

2.  lo  tarnish,  as  reputation  or  character; 
to  defame;  as,  to  blemish  one's  character 
•Not  that  my  verse  would  blemish  all  the 
fair.'  Dry  den. 

Blemish  (blem'ish),  n.  1.  A  defect,  flaw,  or 
imperfection;  something  that  mars  beauty, 
completeness,  or  perfection. 

As  he  hath  caused  a  blemish  in  a  man,  so  shall  it 
be  done  to  him  again.  Lev.  xxiv.  20. 

The  eternally  recurring  allusions  to  Venus  and 
Minerva,  Mars.  Cupid,  and  Apollo,  which  were  meant 
to  be  the  ornaments,  and  arc  the  blemishes  of  Prior's 
composition.  Macaulay. 

2.  Reproach;  disgrace;  that  which  impairs 
reputation ;  imputation.  '  That  clear  she 
died  f rom  blemish  criminal.'  Spenser. 

That  you  have  been  earnest  should  be  no  blemish 
os  discredit  at  all  unto  you.  Hooker. 


SYN.  Spot,  speck,  flaw,  stain,  defect,  fault, 
defacement,  reproach,  dishonour,  imputa- 
tion, disgrace. 

Blemishless(blem'ish-les),a.  Without  blem- 
ish; spotless.  'A  life  in  all  so  blemixhless  ' 
Felthain. 

Blemlshment  t  (blem'ish-ment),  n.  Dis- 
grace. 'For  dread  of  blame  and  honour's 
blcmishment.'  Spenser. 

Blench  (blensh),  v.i  [Probably  a  softened 
form  of  blink,  to  wink  (a  sense  in  which  it 
was  formerly  used);  hence,  to  turn  aside 
from,  to  flinch :_rfi/icA  may  perhaps  be  a  dif- 
ferent form  of  this  word,  influenced  by  Fr. 
Jlechir,  to  bend,  to  turn  aside,  and  blanch 
seems  to  have  been  partly  confounded  with 
it.]  To  shrink;  to  start  back;  to  give  way;  to 
flinch;  to  turn  aside  or  fly  off.  "Though 
sometimes  you  do  blench  from  this  to  that ' 
Shak.  '  Make  thee  somewhat  blench  or  fail.' 
Tennyson. 

I'll  tent  him  to  the  quick:  if  he  but  blench 
I  know  my  course.  Shak. 

Blench  t  (blensh),  v.t.  To  flinch  or  draw 
back  from;  to  shirk;  to  deny  from  fear. 

He  now  blenched  what  before  he  affirmed. 

Blencht  (blensh),  v.t.  [Probably  a  form  of 
Wan*  or  blanch,  in  sense  of  to  obstruct,  to 
render  ineffectual.]  To  hinder  or 'obstruct; 
to  disconcert. 

The  rebels  besieged  them,  winning  the  even  ground 
on  the  top,  by  carrying  up  great  trusses  of  hay  before 
them,  to  blench  the  defendants'  sight  and  dead  their 
shot.  G.  Carrw. 

Blench  (blensh),  n.  A  start  back;  hence,  a 
deviation;  aberration. 

These  blenches  gave  my  heart  another  youth. 

Blench  (blensh),  a.  or  adv.  [O.E.  Wane*, 
Fr.  blane,  white.]  The  term  applied  to  a 
sort  of  tenure  of  lands  upon  the  payment  of 


a  nominal  or  trifling  yearly  duty;  as,  the 
estate  is  held  blench  of  the  crown.  See 
BLANCH-HOLDING. 


. 

Blenchert  (blensh'er),  n.  [Comp.  blancher  ] 
One  who  or  that  which  frightens.  Sir  T. 
Elyot. 

Blench-firm  (blensh  'ferm).  See  BLANCH- 
FARM. 

Blench  -holding  (blensh  'hold-ing).  See 
BLANCH-HOLDING. 

Blenching  (blensh'ing),  n.  A  shrinking 
back;  a  giving  way.  Gower. 

Blend  (blend),  v.t  pret.  blended;  pp.  blended 
or  blent;  ppr.  blending.  [A.  Sax.  blandan,  to 
mix,  bland,  a  mixture;  cog.  Icel.  and  Sw. 
Wanda,  Dan.  blande,  to  mix.  Probably  allied 
in  origin  to  blind,  having  the  eyesight  mixed 
or  clouded.  See  BLIND.]  1.  To  mix  or 
mingle  together;  hence,  to  confound,  so 
that  the  separate  things  mixed  cannot  be 
distinguished. 

Blended  and  intertwisted  in  this  life  are  the  sources 
of  joy  and  tears.  De  Qitincey. 

2.t  To  pollute  by  mixture;  to  spoil  or  cor- 
rupt.   '  And  all  those  storms  which  now  his 
beauty  blend.'    Spenser. 
Blend  (blend),  v.i.     To  be  mixed;  to  be 
united. 

There  is  a  tone  of  solemn  and  sacred  feeling  that 
blends  with  our  conviviality.  Irving. 

Blend  (blend),  n.  A  mixing  or  mixture,  as 
of  liquids,  colours,  &c.  ;  specifically,  a  mix- 
ture of  spirits  from  different  distilleries;  as, 
whisky  of  the  finest  blend. 

Blend,  t  Blende,  t  v.t.  blent  is  3d  pers.  sing. 
pres.,  and  also  pp.  [A.  Sax.  blendian,  to 
blind;  G.  blenden.  See  BLIND.]  To  blind; 
to  deceive.  'Reason  blent  through  pas- 
sion.' Spenser. 

This  multiplying  blent  (blindeth)  so  many  oon. 

Blende  (blend),  n.  [G.  blende,  blende,  from 
blenden,  to  blind,  to  dazzle.]  An  ore  of 
zinc,  called  also  Mock-lead,  False  Galena, 
and  Black-jack.  Its  colour  is  mostly  yellow, 
brown,  and  black.  There  are  several  varie- 
ties, but  in  general  this  ore  contains  more 
than  half  its  weight  of  zinc,  about  one- 
fourth  sulphur,  and  usually  a  small  portion 
of  iron.  It  is  a  native  sulphide  of  zinc.  This 
word  is  also  employed  in  such  compound 
terms  as  manganese  -blende,  zinc-blende, 
ruby-blende. 

Blender  (blend'er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  blends,  mingles,  or  confounds.  See 
next  art. 

Blending  (blend'ing),  n.  The  act  of  blend- 
ing or  mingling;  specifically,  (a)  the  act  or 
art  of  mingling  spirits  from  different  dis- 
tilleries. (6)  In  painting,  a  process  by  which 
the  pigments  are  made  to  melt  or  blend 
together  by  using  a  soft  brush  of  fitch  or 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abtme;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BLENDOUS 


287 


BLIND 


I >a<l<:er's  hair,  called  a  blender  or  xoffener, 
which  is  passe tt  over  the  little  ridges  with  a 
soft  feathery  touch;  also,  the  method  of  lay- 
ing mi  different  tints  so  that  they  may  min- 
gle together  when  wet  and  fuse  into  each 
other  insensibly. 

BlendOUS  (blend'us),  a.  Tn  mineral,  pertain- 
ing to  or  consisting  of  blende. 

Blend-water  (blend'wa-ter).  n.  A  distemper 
incident  to  eattle.  Called  also  More-hough. 

Blenheim  (blen'em),  n.  One  of  a  breed  of 
dugs  uf  the  spaniel  kind,  preserved  in  per- 
fection at  Blenheim  Palace  in  Oxfordshire 
(the  seat  of  the  Dukes  of  Marlborongh)  since 
the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Blennildse  (blen-ni'i-de),  n.  pi.  [L.  bletmiim, 
tin-  blenny,  and  Gr.  eidos,  likeness.]  A  fa- 
mily of  acanthopterygions  fishes,  with  long, 
compressed  body,  naked  skin,  which  is  mu- 
cous or  covered  with  small  cycloid  scales, 
and  very  long  dorsal  fin.  They  live  in  small 
troops  near  the  coast,  and,  owing  to  the 
stnallneas  of  their  gill-openings,  can  exist 
for  some  time  without  water,  especially  if 
kept  in  moist  grass.  Many  of  this  family 
(as  Zoarces)  retain  their  eggs  till  they  are 
hatched  within  the  oviduct,  so  that  the 
young  are  produced  alive,  fully  formed,  and 
capable  of  finding  their  own  subsistence. 
The  family  includes  the  blenny,  sea-wolf, 
and  butter-fish.  See  BLENNIUS. 

Blennius  (blen'ni-us),  n.  [L.,  a  blenny.]  A 
genus  of  small  acanthopterygious  fishes,  fa- 
mily Blenniidte  (which  see).  Several  species 
frequent  our  coasts,  as  the  B.  Montagiti,  or 
Montagu's  blenny;  B.  ocellaris,  the  ocellated 
blenuy  or  butterfly -fish;  B.  gaUrita,  the 
crested  blenny;  B.  pholis,  the  shanny.  They 
vary  in  length  from  5  to  12  inches. 

BlennogenOUS  (blen-noj'en-us),  a.  [Gr. 
blenna,  mucus,  and  getinao,  to  produce.] 
In  med.  producing  or  generating  mucus, 

Blennorrhcea  (blen-no-re'a),  n.  [Gr.  blenna, 
mucus,  and  rhed,  to  flow.]  A  flow  of  mucus. 
The  term  is  applicable  to  an  increased  dis- 
charge from  any  of  the  mucous  surfaces,  but 
is  usually  restricted  to  that  from  the  ure- 
thra and  vagina;  gonorrhoea. 

Blenny  (blen'ui),  n.  An  acanthopterygious 
fish  of  the  genus  Blennius  (which  see). 

Blens,  Blinds  (blenz,  blindz),  n.  A  name  of 
the  bib  or  whiting-pout. 

Blent  (blent),  pp.  of  blend.  1.  Mingled; 
blended.  '  Rider  and  horse,  friend,  foe,  in 
one  red  burial  blent.'  Byron. 

"Tis  beauty  truly  blent,  whose  red  and  white 
Nature's  own  sweet  and  cunning  hand  laid  on. 
Shak. 

2.tConfounded;  blemished;  disgraced.  Spen- 
ser. 

Bles-bok,  Bless-bok  (blesTjok),  n.  [D.  blcs, 
a  blaze  or  spot  on  the  forehead,  and  bok,  a 
buck.]  Dainalis  albifrons,  an  antelope  of 
Cape  Colony,  with  a  white  face. 

Bless  (bles),  v.t  pret.  &  pp.  blessed  or  blent; 
ppr.  blessing.  [A.  Sax.  btetsian,  blessian,  to 
bless ;  according  to  Skeat  the  causative 
form  of  blithsian,  blissian,  to  rejoice,  from 
bltth,  blithe;  yet  the  meaning  may  have 
been  influenced  by  another  bletsian,  from 
bl6t,  worship,  Icel.  bl6t,  worship  with  sacri- 
fice.] 1.  To  pronounce  a  wish  of  happiness 
to;  to  invoke  a  blessing  on. 

And  Isaac  called  Jacob  and  blessed  him. 

Gen.  xxviii.  i. 

2.  To  bestow  happiness,  prosperity,  or  good 
things  of  any  kind  upon ;  to  make  happy, 
prosperous,  or  fortunate;  to  prosper;  as,  we 
are  blest  with  peace  and  plenty. 

The   Lord  thy  Cod  shall  bless  thee  in  all  thou 
doest.  Deut.  xv.  4. 

S.  To  set  apart  or  consecrate  to  holy  pur- 
poses; to  make  and  pronounce  holy. 

And  God  blessed  the  seventh  day  and  sanctified  it. 

Gen.  li.  3. 

Then  he  took  the  five  loaves  and  the  two  fishes, 
and  looking  up  to  heaven  he  blessed  them. 

Lukeix.  16. 

4.  To  praise;  to  glorify  for  benefits  received; 
to  extol  for  excellencies. 

B.'ess  the  Lord,  O  my  soul,  and  all  that  is  within 
me  bless  his  holy  name.  Ps.  ciii.  i. 

5.  To  esteem  or  account  happy:  with  the 
reciprocal  pronoun. 

The  nations  shall  bless  themselves  in  him.    Jer.  iv.  2, 

6-t  To  defend;  to  preserve. 

And  were  not  hevenly  grace  that  did  him  blesse, 
He  had  beene  pouldred  all  as  thin  as  flowre. 

Spenser. 

7.f  To  wave ;  to  brandish  :  a  sense  which  it 
is  supposed  to  have  received  from  the  old 
rite  of  blessing  a  field  by  directing  the  hands 
to  all  parts  of  it. 

His  sparkling  blade  about  his  head  he  blest. 

Spenser. 


--Ittexs  me!  bless  my  soul!  expressions  of 
surprise. 

Bttss  in  1  what  a  word  on 
A  title-page  is  this!  .Milt.m. 

—God  bless  the  mark!    See  under  MARK. 
Bless-bok.    See  BI.ES-BOK. 

Blessed  (bles'ed ;  as  pret.  and  pp.  blntwd  is 
now  commonly  pronounced  blent,  and  is  also  . 
so  written),  a.    1,  Enjoying  happiness;  fa-  | 
voured   with    blessings;    highly  favoured; 
happy;  fortunate.  '  England's  blessed  shore.'  i 
Shak. 

The  clays  are  coming  in  the  which  they  shall  say, 
Blessed  arc  the  barren.  Luke  xxiii.  29. 

Specifically— 2.  Enjoying  spiritual  blessings  , 
and  the  favour  of  God;  enjoying  heavenly  : 
felicity.  ''  Reverenced  like  a  blessed  saint.'  i 
Sh.ak.-Z.  Fraught  with  or  imparting  bless- 
ings ;  bestowing  happiness,  health,  or  pro-  i 
sperity.  '  The  blessed  sun.'  Tennyson. 

The  quality  of  mercy  .  .  .  is  twice  blessed; 

It  blesseth  him  that  gives  and  him  that  takes. 
Staft, 

4.  Associated  with  blessing;  sacred;  hal- 
lowed; holy.     'God's  blessed  will.'    Shak. 
'Cast  out  from  God  and   blessed  vision.' 
Milton. 

O  run,  prevent  them  with  thy  humble  ode. 

And  lay  it  lowly  at  his  blessed  feet.        Milton.       I 

5.  [Generally  pronounced  and  often  written 
bleat]   Euphemistic  for  cursed,  hanged,  or 
the  like.    [Slang.] 

I'm  blessed  if  1  don't  expect  the  cur  back  to-mor- 
row morning.  Marryat. 

Blessedly  (bles'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  blessed 
manner;  happily;  in  a  fortunate  manner; 
joyfully. 

One  day  we  shall  blessedly  meet  again  never  to 
depart.  Sir  P  Sidney, 

Blessedness  (blea'ed-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  blessed;  happiness;  felicity;  heavenly 
joys;  the  favour  of  God.  'The  blessedness 
of  being  little.'  Shak.  'Future  blessedness,' 
Tillotson. 

It  is  such  an  one,  as,  being  begun  in  grace,  passes 
into  glory,  blessedness,  and  immortality.        South. 

—  Single  blessedness,  the  unmarried  state ; 
celibacy.  'Grows,  lives,  and  dies  in  single 
blessedness. '  Shak.  —  Happiness,  Felicity, 
Blessedness,  See  under  HAPPINESS.— SYN. 
Beatitude,  felicity,  bliss,  happiness,  joy. 

Blessed-thistle  (bles'ed-tbis-1),  n.  A  plant 
of  the  genus  Centaurea(C.  benedicta),  some- 
times used  in  decoctions  for  a  bitter. 

Blesser  (bles'er),  n.  One  that  blesses  or 
causes  to  prosper;  one  who  bestows  a  bless- 
ing. 'God,  the  giver  of  the  gift,  or  blesser 
of  the  action.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Blessfully  (bles'ful-li),  adv.  Blissfully. 
[Rare.] 

Of  these  many  are  blissfully  incognizant  of  the 
opinion,  its  import,  its  history,  and  even  its  name. 
Sir  It'.  Hamilton. 

Blessfulness  (bles'ful-nes),  n.  Blissfulness. 
Drant  [Rare.] 

Blessing  (bles'ing),  n.  1.  A  prayer  or  solemn 
wish  imploring  happiness  upon  another;  a 
benediction;  specifically,  asolemn  prophetic 
benediction,  in  which  happiness  is  desired, 
invoked,  or  foretold.  'Blessings  which  no 
words  can  find.'  Tennyson. 

This  is  the  blessing  wherewith  Moses  .  .  .  blessed 
the  children  of  Israel.  Deut.  xxxiii.  i. 

2.  The  act  of  pronouncing  a  benediction  or 
blessing;  specifically,  in  the  Latinand  Greek 
Churches,  the  act  of  a  bishop  or  other  priest 
pronouncing  a  blessing  on  the  laity  or  infe- 
rior clergy.  In  the  Rom.  Ch.  the  sign  of  the 


Position  of  Hand  in  Blessing  (i)  in  the  Latin  Church, 
(3)  in  the  Greek  Church. 

cross  ismade,  during  the  act  of  blessing,  with 
the  thumb  and  the  two  first  fingers  of  the 
right  hand  extended  and  the  two  remaining 
fingers  turned  down.  In  the  Greek  Ch.  the 
thumb  and  the  third  finger  of  the  same 
hand  are  conjoined,  the  other  fingers  being 
stretched  out  Some  eastern  writers  see  in 
this  position  a  representation  of  the  eastern 
sacred  monogram  of  our  Lord's  name. — 


:t.  That  which  promotes  temporal  prosperity 
ami  welfare  or  secures  immortal  felicity; 
any  go»»d  thing  f;illrn-  to  one's  lot;  a  merry. 
'Nature's  full  tilt'nxinyx  would  be  well  dis- 
pensed.' Milton. 

Blest  (blestl  prr$.  pp.  and  a.  A  contracted 
form  of  Btested.  'The  blest  gods.'  'The 
father  of  so  blest  a  son.'  Shak. 

Man  never  is,  but  always  to  be,  blest.        Pope. 

A  thousand  times  I  blest  him  as  he  knelt  beside  my 

bed.  Tennyson. 

Blet  (blet).  ?i.  I  Fr.  blct,  blette,  overripe.]  A 
spot  formed  on  ripe  fruit  during  the  process 
of  decomposition. 

Blet  (blet),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  blctted;  ppr.  blet~ 
tt'i>!f  To  become  marked  by  spots,  as  fruits 
by  decay.  Lindlcy. 

Blether  (bteTH'er),  v.i.  and  v.t.  [See  BLA- 
THKR.]  To  talk  nonsensically;  to  talk  un- 
intelligible gibberish.  Burns.  [Scotch.  ] 

Blether  (bleTH'er),  ?i.  [Scotch.]  1.  Nonsense; 
foolish  talk :  often  used  in  the  plural. 
'  Stringin'  blethers  up  in  rhyme.'  Burns.  — 
2.  A  bladder. 

Bletherskate  (bleTH'er-skiit),  n.  Same  as 
BlatJiersktte. 

Bletia  (ble'ti-a),  n.  [In  honour  of  Don  Louis 
Blet,  a  Spanish  physician  and  botanist.] 
A  genus  of  terrestrial  orchids,  chiefly  from 
tropical  America,  with  grass-like  leaves,  and 
long  racemes  of  purple  or  whitish  flowers. 

Bletonism  (ble'ton-izm),  n.  The  pretended 
faculty  of  perceiving  and  indicating  subter- 
raneous springs  and  currents  by  sensation  : 
so  called  from  Sleton,  a  Frenchman  who 
was  said  to  possess  this  faculty. 

Bletonist  (ble'ton-ist),  n.  One  *iho  assumes 
that  he  possesses  the  faculty  of  perceiving 
subterraneous  springs  by  sensation. 

Blotting  (blet'ing),  n.  [Fr.  blet,  blette,  over- 
ripe, half-rotten.]  A  term  adopted  by  Dr. 
Lindley  to  denote  the  peculiar  spotted  ap- 
pearance exhibited  by  ripe  fruits  when, 
after  being  kept  for  some  time,  the  tissue 
undergoes  a  change  indicated  by  the  forma- 
tion of  a  brown  colour,  yet  without  putre- 
faction, as  in  the  fruit  of  the  medlar. 

Bleve.tr.i.  [A.  Sax.  bell/an.  See  BILEVE.] 
To  stay.  Chaucer. 

Blew  (bio),  pret.  of  blow. 

Blewits  (blu'its),  n.  [Corruption  of  blue 
hats,  according  to  Badham.]  The  popular 
name  of  Agaricus  personatus,  a  purplish 
mushroom  common  in  meadows  in  autumn, 
and  recommended  by  some  as  an  edible 
species. 

Bleyme  (blem),  n.  (A  corruption  of  bleyne, 
blain.]  An  inflammation  in  the  foot  of  a 
horse,  between  the  sole  and  the  bone. 

Blight  (hilt),  n.  [Perhaps  from  prefix  be, 
and  light,  the  original  meaning  being  per- 
haps to  scorch  or  blast  as  by  lightning.] 

1.  Something  that  nips,  blasts,  or  destroys 
plants;  a  diseased  state  of  plants  caused  by 
the  condition  of  the  soil,  atmospheric  influ- 
ences, insects,  parasitic  plants,  <tc. ;  smut, 
mildew,  or  the  like;  specifically,  a  name 
given  to  certain  downy  species  of  the  aphis 
or  plant-louse  destructive  to  fruit  trees. 

The  garden  fears  no  blight,  ;ind  needs  no  fence. 
Cowftr. 

2.  Fig.  something  that  frustrates,  blasts,  de- 
stroys, brings  to  nought,  Jto. 

A  blight  seemed  to  have  fallen  over  our  fortunes. 
Disraeli. 

3.  A  slight  palsy,  induced  by  sudden  cold 
or  damp,  in  one  side  of  the  face. 

Blight  (blitX  v.t.  To  affect  with  blight;  to 
cause  to  wither  or  decay ;  to  blast ;  to  pre- 
vent growth  and  fertility;  to  frustrate. 

Political  justice  I    The  atmosphere  will  blieftt  it,  it 
cannot  live  here.  Lamb. 

Blight  (blit),  v.  i.  To  injure  or  blast  as  blight 
does. 

The  lady  Blast  has  such  malignity  in  her  whisper 
that  it  blights  like  an  easterly  wind.         Spectator. 

Blighted  (blit'ed),  p.  and  a.    Smitten  with 

blight;  blasted. 
Blighting  (bllt'ing),  p.  and  a.  Producing  the 

effects  of  blight.     '  Exercising  over  other 

nations  a  blighting  and  withering  dominion.' 

Macaulay. 

Slightingly  (blit'ing-li),  adv.  By  blighting. 
Blint  (bhn),  v.t.  [A. Sax  blinnan— prefix  be, 

and  linnan,  to  stop.]    To  stop  or  cause  to 

cease. 

For  nathemore  for  that  spectacle  bad 
Did  th'  other  two  their  cruell  vengeaunce  tlin. 
Sfensrr. 

Blint  (blln), n.    End;  cessation.    B.Joimon. 

Blind  (blind),  a.  (A.  Sax.  D.  Icel.  Sw.  Dan. 
G.  blind.  Grimm  connects  it  with  a  lost 
verb  blindan,  to  be  turbid  or  cloudy,  and 
allies  it  to  blend,  to  mix.]  1.  Destitute  of 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  i 


TH,  «Aen;  th,  (/tin;      w,  trig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BLIND 


288 


BL I  SSL  ESS 


the  sense  of  sight,  whether  by  natural  de- 
fect or  by  deprivation ;  not  having  sight.  -- 

2.  Not  having  the  faculty  of  discernment; 
destitute  of  intellectual,  moral,  or  spiritual 
light;  unable  to  understand  or  judge. 

He  fought  his  doubts  and  gathered  strength, 

He  would  nut  make  his  judgment  blind.    Tennyson, 

3.  Not  easily  discernible;  out  of  public  view; 
unseen;  private;  dark;  obscure.     'A  blind 
corner.'     Hooker.     '  The  blind  cave  of  eter- 
nal night.'    Shak.     'On  the  blind  rocks  are 
lost.'    tiryden.     'The  blind  mazes  of  this 
tangled  wood.'   Milton.—  4.  In-discriminate; 
heedless;  inconsiderate. 

This  plan  is  recommended  neither  to  #//«rfappro- 
bation  nor  to  blind  reprobation.  jfay. 

5.  Without  openings  for  admitting  light  or 
seeing  through;  as,  a  blind  window.  'Blind 
walls.'  Tennyson.  —  6.  Closed  at  one  end; 
having  no  outlet;  as,  the  blind  gut  or  caecum. 
'  r.liifl  processes  .  .  .  from  both  the  sides 
and  ends  of  the  air-bladder.'  Owen. 

Offenders  were  supposed  to  be  incarcerated  behind 
an  iron-plated  door,  closing  up  a  second  prison,  con- 
sisting of  a  strong  cell  or  two  and  a  blind  alley  some 
yard  and  a  half  wide.  DiAetU. 

7.  Not  serving  some  apparent  purpose ; 
wanting  something  ordinarily  essential  to 
completeness ;  as,  a  blind  shell,  one  that 
from  a  bad  fuse  or  other  reason  has  fallen 
without  exploding;  a  blind  axle,  one  that 
runs  but  does  not  communicate  motion. — 
Blind  plants,  abortive  plants ;  plants,  as 
of  the  cabbage  and  other  members  of  the 
genus  Brassica,  which  have  failed  to  pro- 
duce central  buds.  —  Blind  flumiMrfotM 
anonymous  manuscripts.  'Certain  blinde 
manuscripts,  without  name  or  author.'  Fen- 
ton,  — Blind  level,  in  mining,  a  level  or  drain- 
age gallery  which  has  a  vertical  shaft  at 
each  end,  and  acts  as  an  inverted  siphon. 
Blind  (blind),  v.t.  1.  To  make  blind;  to  de- 
prive of  sight;  to  render  incapable  of  clear 
vision.  'His  eyes  being  blinded  with  a  greater 

Z"  t.'  Shak.    'Salt  water  blinds  them  not.' 
k,—2.  To  dim  the  perception  or  discern- 
ment of;  to  make  morally  or  intellectually 
blind.     'Whom  passion  hath  not  blinded.' 
Tennyson. 

And  thou  shall  take  no  gift :  for  the  gift  blindetii 
the  wibe,  and  perverteth  the  words  of  the  righteous. 
Ex.  xxiii.  8. 

3.  To  darken ;  to  obscure  to  the  eye  or  to 
the  mind;  to  conceal.  *  Such  darkness  blinds 
the  sky.'     Dnjden.     'To  blind  the  truth 
and  me.'    Tennyson. 

The  state  of  the  controversy  between  us  he  endea- 
voured, with  all  his  art,  to  blind  and  confound. 

Stilling  flee!. 

4.  To  eclipse;  to  render  invisible  through 
excess  of  light. 

Thirsil,  her  beauty  all  the  rest  did  blind, 
That  she  alone  seem'd  worthy  of  my  love. 

P.  Fletcher. 

Thy  sweet  eyes  brighten  slowly  close  to  mine. 
Ere  yet  they  blind  the  stars.  Tennyson. 

5.  In  road-waking,  to  fill  with  gravel,  as  in- 
terstices between    stones ;   to   cover  with 
gravel  or  earth,  as  to  blind  road-metal. 

Blind  (blind),  n.  1.  Something  to  hinder 
sight,  to  intercept  a  view,  or  keep  out  light. 

If  I  have  an  ancient  window  overlooking  my  neigh* 
bour's  ground,  he  may  not  erect  any  blind  to  ob- 
struct the  light.  Blackstont. 

Specifically,  (a)  a  screen  of  some  sort  to  pre- 
vent too  strong  a  light  from  shining  in  at  a 
window,  or  to  keep  people  from  seeing  in; 
a  sun-screen  or  shade  for  a  window,  made 
of  cloth,  laths,  wire-gauze,  &c.  (6)  One  of 
a  pair  of  flaps  attached  to  a  horse's  bridle 
on  either  side  of  his  head  to  prevent  him 
from  seeing  sideways  or  backwards;  a 
blinder  or  blinker.  —  2.  Something  to  mis- 
lead the  eye  or  the  understanding ;  a  pre- 
tence ;  something  ostensible  to  conceal  a 
covert  design.  '  Making  the  one  a  blind  for 
the  execution  of  the  other.'  Dr.  H.  More.  — 
3.t  A  hiding-place. 

So  when  the  watchful  shepherd,  from  the  blind. 

Wounds  with  a  random  shaft  the  careless  hind. 

Dry  den. 

4.  Milit.  a  kind  of  bomb-proof  shelter  for 
men  or  material;  a  blindage  (which  see). 

Blindage  (blind'aj),  n.  Milit.  a  blind;  a  kind 
of  screen  made  of  timber  and  earth  used  to 
protect  men  in  fortresses;  also  a  mantelet. 

Blind-beetle  (blind'be-tl),  n.  A  name  given 
to  two  insects:  (a)  the  cockchafer,  so  called 
from  flying  against  persons  as  if  it  were 
blind;  (6)  a  small  chestnut-coloured  beetle 
found  in  rice,  and  probably  foreign,  desti- 
tute of  eyes. 

Blind-born  (blind'born),  a.  Born  blind; 
congenitnlly  blind. 

A  person  is  apt  to  attribute  to  the  blind-born  such 
habits  of  thought  as  his  own.  ll'hately. 


Blind-coal  (blind'kol),  n.    A  local  name  for 

a  kind  of  anthracite,  which  burns  without 

flame  or  smoke. 

Blinde,  Blind  (Mind),  n.    Same  as  Blende.    ' 
Blinder  (bllnd'er),  n.     1.  One  who  or  that 

which  blinds.  — 2.  A  blind  or  blinker  on  a  ' 

horse's  bridle. 
Blind-fire  (bllml'fir),  n.    Fuel  arranged  on  : 

the  grate  or  fire-place  in  such  a  manner  as  , 

to  be  easily  ignited  on  the  application  of  a 

lighted  match. 
Blind-fish  (blind'fish),  n.     The  Amblyopsis  , 

xpelceux,  a  flsh  of  the  family  Heteropygidfe, 

inhabiting  the  Mammoth  Cave  of  Kentucky,  , 

destitute  of  eyes,  which  are  represented  by  , 

minute  dots. 
Blindfold  (bllnd'fold),  a.     Having  the  eyes 

covered ;  having  the  mental  eye  darkened,  j 

•  Blindfold  fury.'    Shak. 

Fate's  blindfold  reign  the  atheist  loudly  owns. 
Dryden. 

Blindfold  (blind 'fold),  v.t.  To  cover  the 
eyes;  to  hinder  from  seeing. 

When  they  had  blindfolded  him,  they  struck  him 
on  the  face.  Luke  xxii.  64. 

Blindfolded  (bllnd'fold-ed),p.and  a.  Hav- 
ing the  eyes  covered;  hindered  from  seeing; 
hence,  rash ;  inconsiderate ;  without  fore- 
sight; as,  he  is  rushing  ou  his  fate  in  a  blind- 
folded manner. 

Blind-Harry  (blind'ha-ri),  n.  A  name  for 
blindman's-buff. 

Blinding  (blind 'ing),  p.  and  a.  Making 
blind;  depriving  of  sight  or  of  understand- 
ing; as,  a  blinding  storm  of  rain.  'Glazed 
with  blinding  tears.'  Shak. 

Blindingly  (blmd'ing-li),  ado.  In  a  blinding 
manner;  so  as  to  blind. 

Blindless  (blind'les),  a.  Without  a  blind  or 
shade. 

The  new  sun 

Beat  through  the  Mindless  casement  of  the  room. 
Tennyson. 

Blindly  (blind'li),  adv.    In  a  blind  manner;  i 
without  sight  or  understanding;  without  I 
discernment ;  without   requiring  reasons;  | 
without  examination  ;   regardlessly ;  reck- 
lessly; as,  to  be  blindly  led  by  another. 

How  ready  zeat  for  interest  and  party  is  to  charge 
atheism  on  those  who  will  not,  without  examining, 
submit,  and  blindly  swallow  their  nonsense.  Locke. 

Blindnian  (blind'man),  n.  1.  A  man  who  is 
blind.  Shak.— 2.  An  official  in  the  post-office 
whose  duty  it  is  to  decipher  indistinct  ad- 
dresses of  letters. 

Blindman's-buff  (blmd'manz-buf),  n.  A 
play  in  which  one  person  is  blindfolded  and 
tries  to  catch  some  one  of  the  company  and 
tell  who  it  is.  Called  also  Blind-inan-bu/. 

At  blindinan's-bnjff'lo  grope  his  way, 

In  equal  fear  of  night  and  day.  Hudibras 

My  light's  out. 

And  J  grope  up  and  down  like  blind-man-buff. 
Beau.  &  Ft. 

Blindness  (blind'nes),  n.  State  of  being 
blind:  (a)  want  of  bodily  sight.  (6)  Want  of 
intellectual  discernment;  mental  darkness; 
ignorance. 

Whensoever  we  would  proceed  beyond  these  simple 
ideas,  we  fall  presently  into  darkness  and  difficulties, 
and  can  discover  nothing  farther  but  our  own  blind- 
ness and  ignorance.  Locke. 

— Colour  blindness,  incapability  of  distin- 
guishing colours,  a  defect  situated  in  the 
cerebral  part  of  the  visual  organ.  Called 
also  Daltonism,  from  Dalton,  the  celebrated 
chemist,  who  suffered  from  this  defect. 

Blind-nettle  (blmd'net-l),  n.  A  plant,  a  spe- 
cies of  Galeopsis.  Called  also  Hemp-nettle. 

Blind-roller  (bllnd'rol-er),  n.  A  roller  on 
which  a  window-blind  hangs. 

Blinds,  n.    See  BLESS. 

Blind-Shell  (blind'shel),  n.  In  gun.  a  bomb- 
shell which,  from  accident  or  a  bad  fuze, 
has  fallen  without  exploding;  or  one  filled 
with  fuze  composition  and  enlarged  fuze- 
hole,  used  at  night  to  indicate  the  range. 

Biindside  (blind'sld),  n.  The  side  which  is 
most  easily  assailed ;  the  side  on  which  a 
party  is  least  able  or  disposed  to  see  danger; 
weakness;  foible.  [Better  written  as  two 
words.  ] 

He  is  too  great  a  lover  of  himself ;  this  is  one  of  his 
blindsides.  Swift. 

Blind -story  (bllnd'sto-ri),  n.  A  term  in 
mediaeval  architecture  for  the  triforium, 
from  its  having  no  windows,  in  opposition 
to  the  clere-story  or  clear-story,  whose  aper- 
tures admit  light.  See  TRIFORIUM. 

Blind-tooling  (bllnd'tol-ing),  n.  In  book- 
binding, the  ornamental  impressions  of 
heated  tools  upon  leather  without  the  in- 
terposition of  gold-leaf,  ink,  <fcc. 

Blind-vessel  (blind'ves-sel),  n.  In  chem.  a 
vessel  with  an  opening  on  one  side  only. 


Blind-worm  (blmd'wOrin),  )i.  [S(>  railed 
because,  its  eyes  being  very  minute,  it  has 
popularly  been  supposed  to  be  blind.]  A 
small  reptile,  called  also  slow-worm,  the 
Anguisfragilis,  family  Scincidtc,  connecting 
the  serpents  and  lizards.  It  is  about  11 
inches  long,  covered  with  scales,  with  a 
forked  tongue,  but  harmless. 

Blink  (blingk).  e.i.  [Same  word  as  D.  blinkcn, 
Dan.  blinke.  Sw.  blinka,  G.  blinken,  to  shine, 
glance, twinkle,  nasalized  forms  correspond- 
ing to  A.  Sax.  blican,  to  shine,  to  gleam, 
D.  blikken,  Dan.  blikke,  G.  blickcn,  to  glance, 
to  glimpse.]  1.  To  wink;  to  twinkle. 

A  snake's  small  eye  blinks  dull  and  sly.     Coleridge. 

2.  To  see  with  the  eyes  half  shut  or  with 
frequent  winking,  as  a  person  with  weak 
eyes;  to  get  a  glimpse;  to  peep. 

Show  me  thy  chink  to  blink  through  with  mine  eyne. 

Skeut, 

3.  To  intermit  light;  to  glimmer,  as  a  lamp. 
'A  blinking  lamp.'     Cotton.  —  4.  To  gleam 
transiently  but  cheerfully;  to  smile;  to  lonk 
kindly.     [Scotch  and  provincial  English.]  — 
5.  To  become  a  little  stale  or  sour :  a  term 
used  with  respect  to  milk  or  beer.   [Provin- 
cial English  and  Scotch.] 

Blink  (blingk),  v.t.  1.  To  shut  one's  eyes  to; 
to  avoid  or  purposely  evade;  as,  to  blink  a 
question.  [Only  used  in  this  figurative 
sense.]— 2.  To  trick;  to  deceive.  [Scotch.] 

Blink  (blingk),  «.  [Dan.  blik,  blink,  D.  Mil; 
G.  blick,  glance,  glimpse,  gleam;  Icel.  hlifr, 
gleam,  sheen.  See  the  verb.]  1.  A  glance 
of  the  eye;  a  glimpse. 

Lo,  this  is  the  first  blinke  that  ever  I  had  of  him. 
Bf.  Hall. 

2.  A  gleam;  a  glimmer;   specifically  the 
gleam  or  glimmer  reflected  from  ice  in  the 
Arctic  regions;   also,  a  spark  of  fire.     '  Not 
a  blink  of   light  was  there.'     Wordsworth, 
Hence    the    term    iceblink   (which  see).  — 

3.  A  very  short  tune;  a  twinkling;  as,  bide 
&  blink.  [Scotch.]— 4.  pi.  In  sporting,  boughs 
broken  down  from  trees  and  thrown  in  a  way 
where  deer  are  likely  to  pass,  with  the  view 
of  hindering  their  running,  and  of  recover- 
ing them  the  better. 

Blinkardt  (blingk'erd),  n.  [Blink,  and  in- 
tens,  affix  -ard,  as  in  drunkard,  dotard.] 

1.  A  person  who  blinks  or  has  bad  eyes. 

Among  the  blind  the  one-eyed  blitikard  reigns. 
Mat  -veil, 

2.  That  which  twinkles  or  glances,  as  a  dim 
star  which  appears  and  disappears. 

In  some  parts  we  see  many  glorious  And  eminent 
stars,  in  others  few  of  any  remarkable   greatness, 
and,  in  some,  none  but  blinkards  and  obscure  ones. 
HakrwiU, 

Blink-beer  (blingk'ber),  n.  Beer  kept  un- 
broached  till  it  is  sharp. 

Blinker  (blingk'er),  n.  1.  One  who  blinks.— 
2.  One  of  two  leather  flaps  placed  one  on 
either  side  of  a  horse's  head,  to  prevent  him 
from  seeing  sideways  or  backwards;  a  blind 
or  blinder;  hence,  fig.  obstruction  to  sight 
or  discernment.  '  Horses  splashed  to  their 
very  blinkers. '  Dickens. 

Nor  bigots  who  but  one  way  see, 
Through  blinkers  of  authority.  Carew. 

Blink-eyed  (blingkld),  a.  With  blinking  or 
winking  eyes.  'The  foolish  blink-eyed  boy.' 
Gavcoigne. 

Blinky  (blingk'i),  a.    Prone  to  blink. 

We  were  just  within  range,  and  one's  eyes  became 
quite  blinky  watching  for  the  flash  from  the  boy. 
It'.  H.  Russell. 

Blirt  (blert),  n.  [A  form  of  blurt.]  A«c'. 
a  gust  of  wind  and  rain. 

Bliss  (blis),  n.  [A.Sax.  blis,  bliss,  joy,  alacrity, 
exultation,  from  blithe,  blithe.  See  BLITHE.] 
The  highest  degree  of  happiness ;  perfect 
felicity;  blessedness:  often  specifically  hea- 
venly felicity. 

All  my  redeemed  may  dwell  in  joy  and  bliss. 

Milton. 

Blissful  (blis'ful),  a.  Full  of,  abounding 
in,  enjoying,  or  conferring  bliss;  full  of 
felicity.  '  Blisuful  joy. '  Spenser.  '  Blissful 
solitude.'  Milton.  'The  blissful  short-  <>f 
rural  ease.'  Thomson.  '  Her  blianful  eyes.' 
Tennyson.  'Blissful  bride  of  a  blissful 
heir.'  Tennyson. 

Ever  as  those  blissful  creatures  do  1  fare. 

ll'ordrworth. 

Blissfully  (blis'ful-li),  adv.  In  a  blissful 
manner.  Uda.ll. 

Blissfulness  (blis'ful-nes),  n.  Exalted  hap- 
piness; felicity;  fulness  of  joy. 

God  is  all-sufficient  and  incapable  of  admitting  any 
accession  to  his  perfect  biissfnbiess,          Barmiu. 

Blissless(blis'les),  a.  Destitute  of  bliss; 
wretched;  hapless.  'My  blixsless lot.'  Sir  P. 
Sidney. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      not,  note,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtme;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BLISSOM 


289 


BLOCKADE 


Bllssom  (blis'som),  «•  [A  furm  equivalent 
to  blithesome.}  Lascivioun;  wanton;  in  heat, 
as  an  animal  [Old  or  provlncULI 

Blissom  (blis'som),  c.i.  To  be  lustful  or 
lascivious.  [Old  or  provincial] 

Blistt  (blist).  Formerly  sometunM  used  for 
blt'xt,  blesxed.  In  the  following  extract  it  is 
fn>m  lit,'*?,  in  tin:  sense  of  brandish.  See 
BLESS,  v.t. 

And  with  his  club  him  all  about  so  Mist, 
Tli.it  lie  which  w*y  to  tunic  him  st.ari.ely  wist. 


Blister  (blis'ti'T),  n.  [Perhaps  from  A.S;I\-. 
blaatan,  to  Ijlast  or  puff;  comp.  D.  blaar. 

0.  blase,  a  blister,  a  bladder,  from  root  of 
blow.  ]    1.  A  thin  vesicle  on  the  skin,  con- 
taining watery  matter  or  serum,  whether 
orrasioned  by  a  Imru  or  other  injury,  or  liy 
a  vesicatory ;  a  pustule.    It  is  formed  by 
raising  the  epidermis. 

Painful  blisters  swelled  my  tender  hands.  Gascoigiit. 

2.  An  elevation  made  by  the  separation  of  an 
external  Him  or  skin,  as  on  plants;  or  by  the 
swelling  of  the  substance  at  the  surface,  as 
on  steel. —3.  Something  applied  to  the  skin 
1. 1 i  ,tise  a  blister,  as  a  plaster  of  Spanish  Hies, 
mustard,  ttc.,  by  way  of  counter-irritant. 

Blister  (blis'tcr),  v.t.  1.  To  raise  a  blister 
on,  as  by  a  burn,  medical  application,  or 
vrsieatory.  '  Whose  sole  name  blisters  our 
tongue.'  Shak.  'My  hands  were  blistered.' 
t'nuMin.  -2.  To  raise  blisters  ou  iron  bars 
in  a  furnace  in  the  process  of  converting 
iron  into  steel. 

Blister  (blis'ter ).».i.  To  rise  in  blisters 
or  become  blistered.  '  Let  my  tongue  blis- 

1,  ,  '    Shak. 

Blister-beetle  (blis'ter-be-tl),  n.  The  blis- 
ter-lly,  canthuris  or  Spanish  fly.  (See  CAN- 
TIIAIUS.)  Species  of  .Mylabris,  an  allied 
genus,  arc  also  used  as  blister-beetles,  and 
are  so  called. 

Blister-fly  (blis'ter-fli),  n.  The  Spanish  fly 
used  in  blistering.  See  CANTHARIS. 

Blistering  (blis'ter-ing),  a.  Causing  or  tend- 
ing to  cause  blisters. — Blistcring-jly.  See 
BLISTER-FLY. 

Blister -plaster  (blis'ter-plas-ter),  n.  A 
plaster  of  Spanish  flies,  designed  to  raise  a 
blister. 

Blister-steel  (blis'ter-stel),  n.  Iron  bars 
which,  when  converted  into  steel,  have  their 
surface  covered  with  blisters,  probably  from 
tlie  expansion  of  minute  bubbles  of  air. 
Steel  is  used  in  the  blister  state  for  welding 
to  iron  for  certain  pieces  of  mechanism,  but 
is  not  employed  for  making  edge-tools.  It 
requires  for  this  purpose  to  be  converted 
into  cast  or  sheer  steel.  Called  also  Blis- 
tered steel. 

Blistery  (blis'ter-i),  a.  Full  of  blisters. 
Booker. 

Elite  (blit),  n.    Same  as  Blitum. 

Blithe  (bliTH),  a.  [A.  Sax.  blithe,  blithe, 
joyful;  O.Sax.  bllthi,  clear,  joyful;  Goth. 
bleiths,  merciful;  Icel.  blithr,  Dan.  blid, 
gentle,  bland,  fawning;  D.  blijde,  blithe.) 

1.  Gay;  merry;  joyous;  sprightly;  mirthful. 
'Ful   blithe  was  every  wight.'     Chaucer. 
'No  lark  more  blithe  than  he.'    Bickerstaff. 

O  heart  of  man  QUIM  thou  not  be 

Blithe  as  the  air  is,  and  as  free !      Longfellow. 

2.  Characterized  by  blitheness  or  joy;  glad- 
some :  said  of  manner,  appearance,  season, 
Ac.    '  Blithe  would  her  brother's  acceptance 
be/    Tennyson. 

O !  how  changed  since  yon  blithe  night  1 

Bllthefult  (bliTH'ful),  a.  Blithesome.  J/iii- 
shcw. 

Blithely  (bliTH'li).  adv.  In  a  blithe,  gay,  or 
joyful  manner.  Chaucer;  W.  Browne. 

Blithe-meat  (bliiH'met),  n.  The  food  dis- 
tributed among  those  present  at  the  birth 
of  a  child  or  among  the  rest  of  the  family. 
[Scotch.] 

Blitheness  (bliTH'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  blithe;  gaiety;  sprightliness.  'The 
delightfulness  and  blitheness  of  their  com- 
positions.' Sir  K.  Dujby. 

Blithesome  (blilH'sum),  a.  Full  of  blithe- 
ness  or  gaiety;  gay;  merry;  cheerful.  'The 
blithesome  year.'  J.  Philips.  'The  blithe- 
«mw  sounds  of  wassail  gay.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Blithesomeuess  (bliTH'sum-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  blithesome;  gaiety. 

BUtum  (bli'tum),  n.  [L.  blitum,  Gr.  bliton.] 
Agenusof  plants,  nat.  order  Chenopodiacea?. 
The  flowen are  crowded  in  clusters,  and  are 
very  small  and  inconspicuous ;  but  after 
flowering  the  calyx  begins  to  enlarge,  and 
at  length  becomes  Ileshy  and  filled  with  a 
red  juice.  The  calyces  of  the  flowers  press 
against  each  other  so  as  to  give  the  mass 


ly  wist. 
Sftuser.        | 


somewhat  the  appearance  of  a  strawberry, 
and  to  give  origin  to  the  name  for  these 
plants  of  strawberry-blite.  The  leaves  are 
sometimes  used  as  a  substitute  for  spinach. 

Blive,  adv.  Same  as  Heli/i-i'.  '  Kxensm  ham 
ful  blive.'  Chaucer.  [Old  English  and 
Scotch.] 

Bloak,  Bloke  (  blok),  it.  [romp.  (Jypsy  and 
Mi ii' I  /"/»-,  a  man.]  A  man.  [Slang.] 

Bloat  (blot),  v.t.  [A  word  of  very  doubtful 
connections;  perhaps  allied  to  Icel.  blaittr, 
soaked  and  soft;  Sw.  bint,  soaked,  biota,  to 
soak,  to  saturate;  comp,  al-so  O.  E.  bluuyhty, 
swollen,  putfed.  ]  1.  To  make  turgid  or 
swollen,  as  with  air,  water,  &c. ;  to  cause  to 
swell,  as  with  a  dropsical  humour;  to  in- 
flate ;  to  puff  up;  hence,  to  make  vain. 

Mis  rude  essays 
Encourage  him,  and  bloi\t  him  up  with  praise. 

Drytttn. 

And  then  began  to  bloat  himself,  ami  ooze 
All  over  with  the  fat  affectionate  binilc 
That  makes  the  widow  lean. 

Tennyson. 

2.  [This  sense  seems  direct  from  the  Sw.  biota., 
to  soak,  to  cure  by  soaking,  as  flsli,  though 
in  English  used  of  curing  by  other  means.] 
To  cure  by  smoking,  as  herrings;  to  blote. 

Bloat  (blot),  v.i.  To  become  swollen;  to  be 
puffed  out  or  dilated ;  to  dilate.  '  If  a  per- 
son of  firm  constitution  begins  to  bloat.' 
Arbuthnot. 

Bloatt  (blot),  a.  Swelled;  turgid.  'The  bloat 
king. '  Shak. 

Bloated  (blot'ed),  p.  and  a.  1.  Swelled  out; 
putfed  up;  inflated;  overgrown,  so  as  to  be 
unwieldy,  especially  from  over  indulgence 
in  eating  and  drinking;  hence,  unduly  large 
and  expensive.  'A  bloated  mass.'  Gold- 
smith. '  Bloated  armaments.'  Disraeli. — 
2.  Connected  with  self-indulgence.  '  Bloated 
slumber.'  Mickle. 

Bloatedness  (blot'ed -nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  bloated;  turgidity;  an  inflated  state 
of  the  tissues  of  the  body;  dilatation  from 
any  morbid  cause.  Arbuthnot. 

Bloater  (blot'er),  n.  [See  BLOAT.]  A  smoke- 
dried  herring ;  as,  a  Yarmouth  bloater. 

Bloat-herring(blot'he-ring),  n.  A  bloater 
(which  see).  'So  many  bloat-herrings  new 
taken  out.'  B.  Jonson. 

Blob  (blob),  n.  [A  word  which  occurs  also  in 
the  forms  bleb,  blab,  and  is  allied  to  blobber, 
blubber,  &c.]  1.  A  small  globe  of  liquid;  a 
dewdrop;  ablister;  a  bubble;  asmalllump; 
something  blunt  and  round.— 2.  The  bag  of 
a  honey-bee.  [Provincial.]  —  3.  The  under 
lip.  Halliwell.  [Rare.] 

Blobber  (blob'ber),  n.  A  bubble.  See 
BLUBBER.  Carew. 

Blobber-lip  (blob/be  r-lip).  n.  A  thick,  flabby, 
or  hanging  lip;  a  blubber-lip.  'His  blobber- 
lips  and  beetle-brows  commend.'  Drydeu. 

Blobber-lipped  (blob/ber-lipt).  a.  Having 
thick  lips;  blubber-lipped.  '  A  blobber-lipped 
shell.'  y.  Grew. 

Blob-lipped  (blob'lipt),  a.    Blobber-lipped. 

Blob-tale  t  (blob'tal),  n.  A  tell-tale;  a  blab- 
ber. 

These  blob-tales  could  find  no  other  news  to  keep 
their  tongues  in  motion.  Bp.  thicket. 

Block  (blok),  n.  [D.  and  Dan.  blok,  G.  Sw. 
block,  a  block,  a  log,  a  lump;  whence  Fr. 
bloc,  a  block,  a  mass,  which  is  probably  the 
origin  of  the  word  in  English.]  1.  Any  solid 
mass  of  matter,  usually  with  one  or  more 
plane  or  approximately  plane  faces ;  some- 
times specifically  a  log  of  wood. 

Now  all  our  neighbours*  chimneys  smoke. 
And  Christmas  blocks  are  burning.          Wither. 

2.  The  mass  of  wood  on  which  criminals 
lay  their  necks  when  they  are  beheaded. 
'The  noble  heads  which  have  been  brought 
to  the  block.'  Everett.-— 3.  Any  obstruction 
or  cause  of  obstruction;  a  stop;  hinderance; 
obstacle.  'Who  like  a  block  hath  denied 
my  access  to  thee.'  Shak.  Hence— 4.  The 
state  of  being  blocked  or  stopped  up;  a 
stoppage,  as  of  carriages ;  as,  a  block  on 
a  railway;  a  block  in  Fleet  Street.  —  5,  A 
mechanical  contrivance  consisting  of  one 
or  more  grooved  pulleys  mounted  in  a 
casing  or  shell  which  is  furnished  with  a 
hook,  eye,  or  strap  by  which  it  may  be  at- 
tached to  an  object,  the  function  of  the  ap- 
paratus being  to  transmit  power  or  change 
the  direction  of  motion  by  means  of  a  rope 
or  chain  passing  round  the  movable  pulleys. 
Blocks  are  single,  double,  treble,  or  fourfold, 
according  as  the  number  of  sheaves  or  pul- 
leys is  one,  two,  three,  or  four.  A  running 
block  is  attached  to  the  object  to  be  raised 
or  moved ;  a  standing  block  is  fixed  to  some 
permanent  support.  Blocks  also  receive 


different  denominations  from  iln-ir  hhapf. 
purpn.sf,  and  modi*  of  application.  They 
are  sometimes  made  of  iron  as  well  as  of 


a,  Double  block.  *,  Treble  block,  r.  Clue-line  block, 
if,  I-ong-tackle  block,    e,  Snatch -block. 

wood.  Blocks  to  which  the  name  of  dead- 
eyes  has  been  given,  are  not  pulleys,  being 
unprovided  with  sheaves.  Many  of  the 
blocks  used  in  ships  are  named  after  the 
ropes  or  chains  which  are  rove  through 
them;  as,  bow-line  blocks,  clue-line  and  clue- 
aarnet  blocks. — Jewel-block,  a  block  used  for 
hoisting  the  studding  sails.—  Sitter-block, 
one  for  raising  the  topping-lifts  and  reef- 
tackle.— 6.  One  whose  faculties  are  very  ob- 
tuse; a  blockhead;  a  stupid  fellow.  'What 
tongueless  blocks  were  they!'  Shak.— 7.  In 
falconry,  the  perch  whereon  a  bird  of  prey 
is  kept.— 8.  A  connected  mass  of  buildings; 
as,  a  block  of  houses.— 9.  A  portion  of  a  city 
inclosed  by  streets,  whether  occupied  by 
buildings  or  composed  of  vacant  lots. 

The  new  city  was  laid  out  in  rectangular  blocks, 
each  block  containing  thirty  building  lots.  Such  an 
average  block,  comprising  282  houses  and  covering  9 
acres  of  ground,  exists  m  Oxford  Street.  It  forms  a 
compact  square  mass.  Quart.  Rev. 

10.  A  mould  or  piece  on  which  something  is 
shaped,  or  placed  to  make  it  keep  in  shape, 
as  the  wooden  mould  on  which  a  hat  is 
formed;  hence,  sometimes  the  shape  of  a  hat 
or  the  hat  itself. 

He  wears  his  faith  but  as  the  fashion  of  his  hat ;  it 
ever  changes  with  the  next  block,  ShaJb, 

A  beautiful  golden  wig  (the  Duchess  never  liked 
me  to  play  with  her  hair)  was  on  a  block  close  by. 
Lord  Lytton. 

The  word  is  applied  in  various  other  tech- 
nological senses,  as  to  a  piece  of  hard  wood 
on  the  face  of  which  an  engraving  is  cut ;  a 
piece  of  wood  fitted  into  the  angle  formed 
by  the  meeting  edges  of  two  pieces  of  wood, 
Ac. 

Block  (blok),  v.t.  [Partly  from  the  noun, 
partly  from  Fr.  bloquer,  to  shut  up,  from 
bloc,  a  block.  See  the  noun.]  1.  To  hinder 
egress  or  passage  from  or  to;  to  stop  up;  to 
obstruct  by  placing  obstacles  in  the  way: 
often  followed  by  up;  as,  to  block  up  a  town 
or  a  road.  'With  moles  would  block  the 
port.'  Rowe.—2.  To  strengthen  or  support 
by  blocks;  to  make  firm,  as  two  boards  at 
their  interior  angle  of  intersection ,  by  pieces 
of  wood  glued  together— 3.  To  form  into 
blocks.  —4.  In  cricket,  to  stop  a  ball  with  the 
bat  without  striking  it  to  a  distance.  '  He 
blocked  the  doubtful  balls,  missed  the  bad 
ones,  took  the  good  ones.'  Dickens.— 5.  To 
mould,  shape,  or  stretch  on  a  block;  as,  to 
block  &  hat.— 6.  In  bookbinding,  to  ornament 
by  means  of  brass  stamps ;  as,  to  block  the 
boards  of  a  book.  — To  block  out,  to  begin  to 
reduce  to  the  required  shape;  to  shape  out; 
as.  to  block  out  a  plan. 

Blockade  (blok-ad'),  n.  [From  the  verb  to 
block,  Fr.  bloquer;  comp.  such  words  as  bar- 
ricade, stockade,  palisade,  <fcc.]  The  shutting 
up  of  a  place  by  surrounding  it  with  hostile 
troops  or  ships,  or  by  posting  them  at  all 
the  avenues,  to  prevent  escape  and  hinder 
supplies  of  provisions  and  ammunition  from 
entering,  with  a  view  to  compel  a  surrender, 
by  hunger  and  want,  without  regular  at- 
tacks. 

To  constitute  a  blockade  the  investing  power  must 
be  able  to  apply  its  force  to  every  point  of  practicable 
access,  so  as  to  render  it  dangerous  to  attempt  to 
enter;  and  there  is  no  blockade  of  that  port  where  its 
force  cannot  be  brought  to  bear.  Kent. 

— To  raise  a  blockade,  to  remove  or  break 
up  a  blockade  either  by  withdrawing  the 
troops  or  ships  that  keep  the  place  blocked 
up,  or  by  driving  them  away  from  their  re- 
spective stations. 


ch,  chain;     ch,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL.  I. 


g.  S">;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      iig, 


ill,  (Aui;  tli,  </iin;     w,  u'ig;     «h,  i 


zh,  azure.— See  KJBr. 
19 


BLOCKADE 


290 


BLOOD-BOLTERED 


Blockade  (blok-fid'),  ».(.  pret  &  pp.  block- 
aded; ppr.  blockading.  To  subject  to  a 
blockade;  to  prevent  ingress  to  or  egress 
from  by  warlike  means ;  hence,  to  shut  up 
or  in  by  obstacles  of  any  kind ;  to  obstruct. 
'Till  storm  and  driving  ice  blockade  him 
there. '  Wordsworth. 

Huge  bales  of  British  cloth  blockade  the  door. 
I'oft. 

BlOCkader  (blok-ad'er),  n.  One  who  block- 
ades; a  vessel  employed  in  blockading. 

Blockade-runner  (blok-ad'run-er),  n.  1.  A 
vessel  engaged  in  or  adapted  for  running  or 
breaking  through  a  blockade.  Such  vessels 
are  generally  low,  swift,  and  dark-coloured. 
Blockade-runners  were  much  employed  dur- 
ing the  war  between  the  Northern  and 
Southern  States  of  America.— 2.  A  person 
engaged  in  the  business  of  blockade-running. 

Blockhead  (blok'hed),  n.  A  stupid  fellow;  a 
dolt;  a  person  deficient  in  understanding. 

The  bookful  blockhead,  ignorantty  read. 

With  loads  of  learned  lumber  in  his  head.  Pope. 

Blockheaded  (blok'hed-ed),  a.  Stupid;  dull. 
•A  Mock-headed  \my.'  L' Estrange.  [Rare.] 

Blockheadism  (bloklied-izm),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  a  blockhead. 

Reduced  to  that  state  of  blocklitadism  which  is  so 
conspicuous  in  his  master.  Smart. 

Blockheadly  (blok'hed-li),  a.  Like  a  block- 
head. 'Some  blockheadly  hero.'  Dryden. 
[Rare.] 

Block-house  (blok'hous),  n.  Milit.  an  edi- 
fice or  fortress  of  one  or  more  stories,  so 
named  because  constructed  chiefly  of  hewu 


Block-house. — From  a  model  at  Woolwich. 
a  a,  Loopholes  or  slits  for  musketry. 

timber.  Block-houses  are  supplied  with 
loopholes  for  musketry  and  sometimes 
with  embrasures  for  cannon,  and  when  of 
more  than,  one  story  the  upper  ones  are 
made  to  overhang  those  below,  and  are  fur- 
nished with  machicolations  or  loopholes  in 
the  overhung  floor,  so  that  a  perpendicular 
fire  can  be  directed  against  the  enemy  in 
close  attack.  When  a  block-house  stands 
alone  it  constitutes  an  independent  fort, 
and  is  of  great  advantage  in  mountainous 
countries;  when  it  is  formed  in  the  interior 
of  a  field-work  it  becomes  a  retrenchment 
or  redoubt.  Stock- 
ades are  sometimes 
called  block-houses. 

Blocking  (blok'ing), 
n.  1.  Blocks  used  to 
support  anything 
temporarily.  —  2.  A 
small  rough  piece  of 
wood  fitted  in  anil 
glued  to  the  interior 
angle  of  two  boards, 
iu  order  to  strength- 
en the  joint. 

Blocking  -  course 
(blok'ing-kors),  n.  In 
arch,   the  course  of 
stones      or      bricks 
erected  on  the  upper 
part  of  a  cornice  to 
make 
tion. 


a,  Blocking-course, 
termma-  i.Comice.  c.  Front  of  wall. 


Blockish  (blok'ish),  a.    Like  a  block;  stupid; 

dull;  deficient  in  understanding.    'Blockish 

Ajax.'    Shak. 
Blockishly  (blok'ish-li),  adv.    In  a  blockish 

or  stupid  manner.    'So  blockishly  ignorant.' 

Hackluyt. 
Blockishness  (blok'ish-nes),  n.     Stupidity; 

dulness.   '  Incurable  blockixhness.'  Whitlock 
Blocklike(blok'lik),a.  Like  a  block;  stupid. 

Am  I  sand-blind?  twice  so  near  the  blessing 
I  would  arrive  at,  and  blocklike  never  knew  it. 
Bean.  &  Fl. 

Block-machine,  Block-machinery  (biok'- 
raa-shen,  blok'ma-shen-er-i),  n.  A  machine, 
or  a  systematic  assemblage  of  machines,  for 
making  the  shells  and  sheaves  of  the  wood 
blocks  used  for  ship-tackle. 


'  Block-printing  (l>lok'prinMng),n.  The  act, 
process,  or  art  of  printing  from  engraved 
blacks  of  wood. 

Block-Ship  (blok'ship),  n.  An  old  large 
man-of-war,  rarely  fit  for  operations  in  the 
open  sea,  used  as  a  defence  in  great  ports 
and  naval  arsenals. 

Block-system  (blok'sis-tem),  n.  In  rail,  a 
system  of  working  the  traffic  according  to 
which  the  line  is  divided  into  sections  of 
3  or  4  miles,  each  section  generally  stretch- 
ing from  one  station  to  the  next,  with  a  sig- 
nal and  telegraphic  connection  at  the  end 
of  each  section.  The  essential  principle  of 
the  system  is  that  no  train  is  allowed  to 
enter  upon  any  one  section  till  the  section 
is  signalled  wholly  clear,  so  that  between 
two  successive  trains  there  is  not  merely  an 
interval  of  time,  but  also  an  interval  of 
space. 

Block-tin  (blok'tin),  n.  Tin  cast  into  ingots 
or  blocks. 

Blomary  (blom'a-ri),  n.  [See  BLOOM,  a  mass 
of  iron.]  The  first  forge  through  which 
iron  passes  after  it  is  melted  from  the  ore. 
Spelled  also  Bloomary,  Bloomery. 

Bloncket.t  Blonkett  (blong'ket),  a.  [O.Fr. 
blanchet,  blanquet,  whitish,  from  Fr.  blanc, 
white.  See  BLANK.]  Whitish;  gray.  'Our 
bloncket  liveries.'  Spenser. 

Blond,  Blonde  (blond),  a.  [Fr.  blond,  blonde, 
D.  and  G.  blond,  fair,  flaxen.  The  French 
word  was  perhaps  derived  from  A.  Sax. 
blonden,  applied  to  grayish  or  grizzled  hair, 
lit.  mixed  hair,  from  blandan,  to  blend, 
being  afterwards  borrowed  into  the  other 
languages.]  Of  a  fair  colour  or  complexion. 
'  Godfrey's  blond  countenance.  'George  Eliot. 

Blonde  (blond),  n,  1.  A  person  of  very  fair 
complexion,  with  light  hair  and  light-blue 
eyes. 

She  was  a  fine  and  somewhat  full-blown  blonde, 
tiyron. 

2.  Blond-lace. 

Blond-lace  (blond'las),  n.  Lace  made  of 
silk,  originally  of  unbleached  silk,  from  the 
yellowish  colour  of  which  the  name  was 
given,  now  of  white,  black,  or  coloured  silk, 
manufactured  at  Chantilly  and  other  places 
in  France.  The  name  has  also  been  given 
to  a  kind  of  thread-lace. 

Blond-metal  (blond'met-al),  n.  A  peculiar 
variety  of  clay  ironstone  of  the  coal-mea- 
sures occurring  near  Wednesbury  in  Staf- 
fordshire, which,  after  being  smelted,  is 
made  into  a  variety  of  tools. 

Blont,t(blout),a.  Blunt;  stupid;  unpolished. 
Spenser. 

Blood  (bind),  n.  [O.E.  blod,  blode,  bind,  &c., 
A.  Sax.  bldd,  a  word  common  to  all  the 
Teutonic  languages;  Goth.  bl6th,  Icel.  bldth, 
Dan.  Sw.  blod,  L.G.  blood,  D.  bloed,  G.  blut ; 
root  probably  seen  in  to  blow,  bloom,  G. 
bluhen,  to  blow  or  glow,  blume,  a  flower, 
from  the  brightness  of  its  colour]  1.  The 
fluid  which  circulates  through  the  arteries 
and  veins  of  the  human  body  and  that  of 
other  animals,  which  is  essential  to  the  pre- 
servation of  life  and  nutrition  of  the  tissues. 
This  fluid  is  more  or  less  red  in  vertebrates, 
except  in  the  lowest  fishes,  colourless  in  in- 
sects, and  in  others  of  the  lower  animals  red, 
bluish,  greenish,  or  milky.  The  venous  blood 
of  mammals  is  a  dark  red,  but  in  passing 
through  the  lungs  it  becomes  oxidized  and 
acquires  a  bright  scarlet  colour,  so  that  the 
blood  in  the  arteries  is  of  a  brighter  hue  than 
that  in  the  veins.  The  specific  gravity  of 
human  blood  varies  from  1  '045  to  1  075,  and  its 
normal  temperature  is  99°  Fahr.  1000  parts 
contain  783 '37  of  water,  283  fibrin,  67 '25 
albumen,  126  31  blood  corpuscles,  51C  fatty 
matters,  15  "OS  various  animal  matters  and 
salts.—  Blood  corpuscles  or  globules,  red  and 
white  bodies  floating  in  the  serum  of  blood. 
The  red  ones  give  colour  to  the  blood,  and 
are  flat  discs,  oval  in  birds  and  reptiles,  and 
round  in  mau  and  most  mammals.  In  man 
they  average  j^th  inch  in  diameter,  and  in 
the  Proteus,  which  has  them  larger  than  any 
other  vertebrate,  ?icth  inch  in  length  and 
T*fthin  breadth.  The  white  or  colourless  cor- 
puscles are  the  same  as  the  lymph  or  chyle 
corpuscles,  and  are  spherical  or  lenticular, 
nucleated,  and  granulated,  and  rather  larger 
than  the  red  globules.  The  colour  of  the  red 
corpuscles  is  due  to  globulin  and  hematin. 
From  being  popularly  regarded  as  the  fluid 
in  which  more  especially  the  life  resides,  as 
the  seat  of  feelings,  passions,  hereditary 
qualities,  &c.,  the  word  has  come  to  be  used 
typically,  or  with  certain  associated  ideas 
in  a  number  of  different  ways.  Thus— 
(a)  One  who  inherits  the  blood  of  another; 


child;  offspring;  progeny:  sometimes  jli'dt 
and  blood  is  used  in  this  sense;  as,  we  should 
prefer  our  own  flesh  and  blood  to  strangers. 

The  world  will  say  he  is  not  Talbot's  blood 

That  basely  fled  when  noble  Talbot  stood.    Shak, 

(b)  Relationship  by  descent  from  a  common 
ancestor;  consanguinity;  lineage;  kindred; 
family.  *  Nearer  in  blood  to  the  Spanish 
throne  than  his  grandfather  the  emperor.' 
Macaulay. 

It  is  a  maxitn  that  none  shall  claim  as  heir  who  is 
not  of  the  blood  (i.e.  kindred)  of  the  purchaser. 

H'harton,  Law  Lex. 

Hence—  Whole  blood,  relationship  through 
both  father  and  mother;  half-blood,  rela- 
tionship through  one  parent  only,  (c)  Birth; 
extraction;  absolutely,  high  birth;  good  ex- 
traction: often  qualified  by  such  adjectives 
as  good,  base,  &c.  'A  prince  of  blood,  a 
son  of  Priam.'  Shak.  In  this  sense  the 
word  is  often  used  of  the  pedigree  of  horses; 
hence,  a  bit  of  blood,  an  animal  of  good  pedi- 
gree, a  well  bred  animal. 

She's  a  line  mare,  and  a  thing  of  shape  and  blood, 
Colman. 

Good  blood  was  indeed  held  in  high  respect,  but 
between  good  blood  and  the  privileges  of  peerage 
there  was  no  necessary  connection.  Pedigrees  as 
long,  and  scutcheons  as  old,  were  to  be  found  out  of 
the  House  of  Lords  as  in  it.  Macaulay. 

— Theblood,  the  royal  family  orroyal  lineage; 
thus  it  is  common  to  speak  of  princes  of  the 
blood,  (rf)  Blood  that  is  shed;  bloodshed; 
slaughter;  murder. 

I  will  avenge  the  blood  of  Jezreel  upon  the  house 
of  Jehu.  Hos.  i.  4. 

So  wills  the  fierce  avenging  sprite. 
Till  blood  for  blood  atones.  Hood. 

Hence,  a  man  of  blood,  a  murderous  or  blood- 
thirsty man;  a  murderer.  'The  secret'st 
man  of  blood.'  Shak.  (e)  Fleshly  nature; 
the  carnal  pail  of  man  as  opposed  to  the 
spiritual  nature  or  divine  life.  '  All  frailties 
that  besiege  all  kinds  of  blood.'  Shak. 


For  beauty 


witch 


uty  is  a  witc 
Against  whose  charms  faith  melteth  into  blood. 
Shak. 

(/)  Temper  of  mind ;  natural  disposition; 
high  spirit ;  mettle ;  passion  ;  anger :  in 
this  sense  often  accompanied  with  cold  or 
warm,  or  other  qualifying  word.  Thus,  to 
commit  an  act  in  cold  blood  is  to  do  it  de- 
liberately and  without  sudden  passion.  Hot 
or  warm  blood  denotes  a  temper  inflamed  or 
irritated;  to  wann  or  heat  the  blood  is  to 
excite  the  passions.  '  Our  bloods  no  more 
obey  the  heavens.'  Shak.  '  Stiffen  the 
sinews,  summon  up  the  blood.'  Shak. 

Strange,  unusual  blood, 

When  man's  worst  sin  is,  he  does  too  much  good. 
Shak. 

(g)  A  man  of  fire  or  spirit;  a  hot  spark;  a 
rake.  '  The  drabs  and  bloods  of  Drury  Lane. ' 
Goldsmith.  —Fleshand  blood,  human  nature; 
mortal  man. 

Flesh  and  blood  hath  not  revealed  it  unto  thce, 
but  my  Father  which  is  in  heaven.  Mat.  xvi.  17.  'd 

— In  blood,  in  a  state  of  perfect  health  and 
vigour:  properly  a  term  of  the  chase. 

But  when  they  shall  see,  sir,  his  crest  up  again, 
and  the  man  in  blood,  they  will  out  of  their  burrows 
like  coneys  after  rain.  Shak. 

2.  What  resembles  blood;  the  juice  of  any- 
thing, especially  if  red.  '  The  blood  of  grapes.' 
Gen.  xlix.  11. 

Blood  (blud),  v.t.  1.  To  let  blood;  to  bleed 
by  opening  a  vein.  Johnson.  —  2.  To  stain 
with  blood. 

Reach  out  their  spears  afar, 

And  blood  their  points  to  prove  their  partnership  in 
war.  Dryden. 

3.  To  inure  to  blood;  to  give  a  taste  of  blood. 

It  was  most  important  too  that  his  troops  should 
be  blooded.  Macaulay. 

4.t  To  heat  the  blood  of;  to  excite;  to  exas- 
perate. 

The  auxiliary  forces  of  French  and  English  were 
much  blooded  one  against  another.  Bacon. 

5.  To  victimize ;  to  extract  money  from  a 
person.  [Slang.] 

Blood  (blud),  a.  1.  Like  or  of  the  colour  nf 
blood;  as,  Wood-red.— 2.  Of  a  superior  or  par- 
ticular breed;  as,  a  blood  horse. 

Blood-baptism  (blud'bap-tizm),  n.  A  term 
applied  by  the  primitive  Christians  to  the 
martyrdom  of  those  who  had  not  been  1  Bap- 
tized. They  were  considered  as  baptised 
in  blood,  and  this  was  regarded  as  a  full 
substitute  for  literal  baptism. 

Blood -bespotted  (blud'be-spot-ed),  a. 
Spotted  with  blood.  '  Blood-beKpotted  Nea- 
politan.' Shak. 

Blood-bolteredt(blud'bolt-erd),a.Sprinkled 
with  blood.  'The  blood-boltercd  Banquo 
smiles  on  me.'  Shak. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  native;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


BLOOD-BOUGHT 

Blood- bought  (blud'bat),  a.  Bought  or 
obtained  at  the  expense  of  life  or  by  the 
shedding  of  blood.  Cowpcr. 

Blood-brother  fblud'bralH-*r), ».  Brother 
l>y  hlimd  or  birth. 

Blood-consuming  (blud'koii-sum-ing),  a. 
Cimsumim;  the  blood.  '  lUood-eoniuming 
sighs.'  Shalt. 

Blood-drier  (idiid'dri-cr),  n.  One  who  pre- 
pares blood  for  tile  use  of  sugar-refiners  and 
other  manufai'tnrrrs. 

Blood-drinking  (blnd'drlngk-tagXo.  Drlnk- 
inu'  blood;  wasting  or  consuming  the  blood. 
'  lllfnifl  drinlfiiuj  sighs.'  Shak. 

Blood-flower  (nlud'flon  or),  n.  The  popular 
name  for  some  of  the  red-flowered  species  of 
l!:<'inanthus,  a  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  na- 
tives uf  the  Cape  of  Oood  Hope.  Seell^EMAN- 

TIIUS. 

Blood-frozen  (blud'fro-zn),  a.  Having  the 
blood  frozen;  chilled.  ,s>-/«.rc. 

Blood-guiltiness  (blnd'gU-ti-nesX  n.  The 
guilt  or  crime  of  shedding  blood.  Ps.  11.  14. 

Blood-guilty  (bind  -gil-ti),  a.  Guilty  of  mur- 
der. ~A  ftfooaViiWu  life.'  Fairfax. 

Blood-heat  (blud'het),  n.  A  degree  of  heat 
equal  to  that  of  human  blood,  whieh  is  about 
99°  Fahr. ,  though  commonly  marked  on  ther- 
mometers as  9ts°. 

Blood-horse  (blud'hors),  n.  A  horse  of  a 
breed  derived  originally  from  a  cross  with 
the  Arabian  horse,  combining  in  a  remark- 
able degree  lightness,  strength,  swiftness, 
and  endurance. 

Blood-hot  (bludliot),  a.  As  warm  as  blood 
in  its  natural  temperature. 

Blood-hound  (blud'hound),  n.  A  variety  of 
dog  with  long  smooth  ami  pendulous  ears, 
remarkable  for  the  acuteness  of  its  smell, 
and  employed  to  recover  game  or  prey  which 
has  escaped  wounded  from  the  hunter,  by 
tracing  the  lost  animal  by  the  blood  it  has 


291 


Ill.OO.M 


Blood-hound. 

spilt:  whence  the  name  of  the  dog.  There 
»re  several  varieties  of  this  animal,  as  the 
English,  the  Cuban,  and  the  African  blood- 
hound. In  former  times  blood-hounds  were 
not  only  trained  to  the  pursuit  of  game,  but 
also  to  the  chase  of  man.  In  America  they 
used  to  be  employed  in  hunting  fugitive 
slaves. 

Bloodily  (blud'i-li),  ode.  In  a  bloody  man- 
ner; cruelly;  with  a  disposition  to  shed 
blood.  '  So  many  princes  so  bloodily  hast 
struck.'  Shak. 

Bloodiness  (blud'i-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  bloody.  — 2.  Disposition  to  shed  blood. 
'This  bloodiness  of  Saul's  intention.'  De- 
lany. 

Bloodless  (blud'les),  o.  1.  Without  blood; 
drained  of  blood;  dead.  'The  bloodless  car- 
cass of  my  Hector.'  Dryden.— 2.  Without 
shedding  of  blood  or  slaughter;  as,  a  blood- 
lens  victory.  'Bloodless  pomp.'  Goldsmith. 
3.  Without  spirit  or  activity.  'Thou  blood- 
less brainless  fool.'  Beau.  Jt  Fl. 

Bloodlessly  (bludles-li),  ado.  In  a  blood- 
less manner;  without  bloodshed. 

Bloodlet  (blud'let),  v.i.  To  bleed;  to  let 
blood.  [Rare.] 

B'oodletter  (blud'let-er),  n.  One  who  lets 
blood,  us  in  diseases;  a  phlebotomist. 

Bloodletting  (blud'let-ing),  n.  In  med.  the 
act  of  letting  blood  or  bleeding,  especially 
by  opening  a  vein  with  a  view  to  the  cure 
or  prevention  of  a  disease. 

Blood-mare  (blud'mar),  n.  See  BLOOD- 
HORSE. 

Blood -money  (blud'mun-i),  n.  Money 
earned  by  the  shedding  of  blood  or  by  lay- 
in:;,  or  supporting,  a  charge  implying  peril 
to  the  life  of  an  accused  person. 

Blood-pudding  (blud'pud-ing),  n.  A  pud- 
dini;  made  with  blood  and  other  materials. 
SM,>  BLACK-PUDDING. 

Blood-rain  (blud'ran),  n.    Red  showers  for- 


merly supposed  to  come  from  the  clouds, 
but  now  known  to  result  from  the  multitu- 
dinous production  of  a  unicellular  alga, 
1'rototoccus  nivalis  or  red-snow.  '1  he  name 
is  also  given  to  a  fermentation  fungus  which 
produces  blood-red  patches  on  dressed  culi- 
nary vegetables,  bread,  flour,  paste,  <tc. 
The  spots  consist  of  myriads  of  very  minute 
oval  cells,  to  which  the  nuititi  PalweUa  pro- 
iti'/>'>*ri  has  been  given. 
Bipod-red  (blud'i  ed),  a.  Red  as  blood;  red 
with  blood. 

He  wrapped  his  colours  round  his  breast. 
On  a  flood-red  field  of  Spain.          Ilematts. 

BlOOd -relation  (blud're-la-shon),  n.  One 
related  by  blood  or  descent. 

Blood  -  root  (bluil'rbt).  n.  1.  An  American 
plant,  so  named  from  its  root  when  wounded 
yielding  a  deep  orange-red  acrid  fluid;  San- 
guinaria  canadtnsti,  nat.  order  Papaver- 
acero.  Called  also  1'uccoon,  Turmeric,  and 
Red-root.  It  is  stimulant,  expectorant,  and 
in  larger  doses  emetic.— 2.  The  common 
name  for  plants  of  the  nat.  order  Htemodo- 
racerc  (which  see). — 3.  Geutiicanadtiiixe.  See 

GKI.M. 

Blood-sacrifice  (blud'sak-ri-fis),  n.  A  sac- 
rifice made  with  blood;  the  sacrifice  of  a 
living  being. 

Cannot  my  body  nor  blood-sairijict 
Entreat  you.  Shak, 

Blood-shaken  (blud'shak-n),  p.  and  a.  Hav- 
ing the  blood  put  in  commotion.  B.  Jonson. 

Bloodshed  (blud'shed),  n.  The  shedding  or 
spilling  of  blood ;  slaughter ;  waste  of  life. 
'Deadly  bloodshed.'  Shak. 

Bloodshedder  (blud'shed-er),  n.  One  who 
sheds  blood;  a  murderer. 

He  that  dcfraudcth  the  labourer  of  his  hire  is  a 
bloodshedder.  Ecclus.  xxxir.  23. 

Bloodshedding  (blud'shed-ing),  n.  The 
shedding  of  blood ;  the  crime  of  shedding 
blood  or  taking  human  life. 

These  hands  are  free  from  bloodshtdding.    Shak. 

Bloodshot  (blud'shot),  a.  Red  and  inflamed 
by  a  turgid  state  of  the  blood-vessels,  as  in 
diseases  of  the  eye.  'His  bloodshot  eye.' 
Garth. 

Bloodshotten  t  (blud'shot-n),  a.  Bloodshot. 
Johnson. 

Blood  -shottenness  (blud'shot-n-ncs),  n. 
The  state  of  being  bloodshot. 

The  enemies  of  the  church  could  vex  the  eyes  of 
the  poor  people  ...  to  btoodshottennesi  and  fury. 
Bf.  Gaiiden. 

Bipod-sized  (blud'sizd),  p.  and  a.  Sized  or 
stiffened  with  blood.  '  The  blood-sized  field.' 
Beau,  it  Fl.  [Rare.] 

Blood-spavin  (blud'spav-in),  n.  A  dilata- 
tion of  the  vein  that  runs  along  the  inside 
of  the  hock  of  a  horse,  forming  a  soft  swell- 
ing. 

Blood -aplller  (blud'spil-er),  n.  One  who 
spills  or  sheds  blood;  a  bloodshedder.  Quart. 
Rev. 

Blood-spilling  (Mud'spil-ing),  n.  The  act 
of  spilling  or  shedding  blood ;  bloodshed- 
ding. 

Blood-stain  (blud'stan),  v.t.  To  stain  with 
blood.  Byron.  [Rare.  ] 

Blood-stained  (blud'stand),  a.  Stained  with 
blood;  guilty  of  slaughter. 

The  beast  of  prey  blood-stained  deserves  to  bleed. 
Thomson. 

Bloodstone  (blud'ston),  n.  1.  A  stone, 
imagined,  if  worn  as  an  amulet,  to  be  a  good 
preventive  of  bleeding  at  the  nose.— 2.  Red 
hematite.  See  HEMATITE. —3.  A  kind  of 
gem,  a  species  of  heliotrope  dotted  with 
spots  of  jasper.  See  HELIOTROPE,  3. 

Blood-stroke  (blud'strok),  n.  The  loss  of 
sensation  and  motion  resulting  from  hemor- 
rhage in  the  brain  or  from  simple  conges- 
tion in  the  vessels  of  that  organ.  Dunylison. 

Blood-sucker  (blud'suk-er),  n.  1.  Any  ani- 
mal that  sucks  blood,  as  a  leech,  a  fly,  &c. — 

2.  A  hard  niggardly  man ;  an  extortioner. — 

3.  A  cruel  man;  a  murderer.    '  Thou  subtle 
bloodsucker,  thou  cannibal.'    Cleavcland. 

Blood-sucking  (blud'suk-ing),  a.  That  sucks 
or  draws  blood ;  that  preys  on  the  blood. 
'Blood-sucking  sighs.'  Shak. 

Blood-swelled,  Blood-swoln  (blud'sweld, 
blud'swoln),  a.  Swelled  or  suffused  with 
blood.  '  Their  blood-swoln  eyes.'  May. 

Blopdthlrstlness  (blud'therst-i-nes),  n. 
Thirst  for  shedding  blood. 

He  governed  with  a  cruelty  and  blpodthirstiness 
that  have  obtained  for  him  the  name  of  the  northern 
Nero.  Brougham. 

Bloodthirsty  (blud'therst-i\  a.  Desirous 
to  shed  blood ;  murderous.  '  His  bloodthirsty 
blade.'  Spenser.  'Bloodthirsty  lord.'  SAo*. 
'  Bloodthirsty  villains.'  Macaulay. 


Blood-vessel  (biud'vrs-scl),  n.    Any  vessel 

in  which  blood  circulates  in  an  animal  body; 

an  artery  or  a  vein 
Blood -warm   (blud'uarm),  a.     Warm  as 

blood;  lukt-uai  in 
Blood-warmed  (blud'warmd),  a.     llavinu 

one's  blood  wanned  by  excitement,  as  In  a 

lilninly  contest. 

He  meets  the  blood-warmed  soldier  in  his  ttMil 

Blood-wlte,  Blood- wit  (blud'wit,  Uad'wit), 
n.  [Blood,  and  wite,  a  line  or  penalty.]  In 
one.  law,  a  wite,  fine,  or  amercement,  paid 
as  a  composition  for  the  shedding  of  blood ; 
also,  a  riot  in  which  blood  was  shed. 

Blood-wood  (blud'wHd),  n.  A  name  given 
to  logwood  from  its  colour. 

Blood-worm  (blud'wenn),  n.  The  active 
scarlet  larva  of  Chironomus,  a  dipterous 
genus,  family  Tipulidse  or  crane-flies.  It 
is  found  in  rain-water  in  cisterns. 

Bloodwort  (blud'wert),  n.  An  old  name 
for  liumex  sanguineus,  a  dock  with  the 
stem  and  veins  of  leaves  of  a  blood-red 
colour. 

Bloody  (blud'i),  o.  1.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
blood;  consisting  of,  containing,  or  exhibit- 
ing blood ;  blood-stained ;  existing  in  the 
blood  ;  as,  a  bloody  stream ;  a  bloody  knife. 
'Bloody  drops.'  Shak.  'Lust  is  but  a  bloofly 
flre"  (a  fire  in  the  blood).  Shak.— 2.  Of  the 
colour  of  blood;  blood-red.  '  Unwind  your 
bloody  flag.'  Shak. — 3.  Cruel;  murderous; 
given  to  the  shedding  of  blood;  or  having  a 
cruel,  savage  disposition :  applied  to  living 
beings.  'The  boar,  that  bloodiest  beast.' 
SAa*. — 4.  Attended  with  bloodshed;  marked 
by  cruelty :  applied  to  things ;  as,  a  bloody 
battle.— 5.  Very  great  or  excessive,  in  a  bad 
sense ;  shameful ;  disgraceful ;  as,  a  bloody 
rascal.  [Low.] 

Bloody  t  (blud'i),  ».«.    To  stain  with  blood. 

With  my  own  hands  I'll  bloody  my  own  sword. 
Beau.  6-  Fl. 

Bloody  (blud'i),  adv.  Very.  'Bloody  drunk.' 
Dryden.  [Low.] 

'Are  you  not  sick,  my  dear!'  .  .  .  *  Bloody  sick.' 
Slui/t. 

Bloody-eyed  (blud'i-id),  a.    Having  bloody 

or  cruel  eyes.     Ld.  Brooke. 
Bloody -faced   (blud'i-fast),  o.    Having  a 

bloody  face  or  appearance.    Shak. 
Bloody-flux  (blud'i-fluks),  n.  The  dysentery, 

a  disease  in  which  the  discharges  from  the 

bowels  have  a  mixture  of  blood. 
Bloody-fluxed  (blud'i-flukst),  a.    Having  a 

bloody  flux;  afflicted  with  dysentery. 

The  bloody-fluxed  woman  fingered  but  the  hem  of 
his  garment.  Bf.  Hall. 

BlOOdy-hand  (blud'i-hand),  n.  1.  A  hand 
stained  with  the  blood  of  a  deer,  which,  in 
the  old  forest  laws  of  England,  was  sufficient 
evidence  of  a  man's  trespass  in  the  forest 
against  venison.— 2.  The  distinctive  symbol 
of  a  baronet.  See  RED-HAND. 

Bloody-hunting  (blud'i-hunt-ing),  o.  Hunt- 
ing for  blood.  'Herod's  bloody-hunting 
slaughtermen.'  SAa*.  [Rare  or  unique.] 

Bloody-minded  (blud'i-mind-ed),  a.  Hav- 
ing a  cruel,  ferocious  disposition ;  barbar- 
ous ;  inclined  to  shed  blood.  '  This  bloody- 
minded  colonel.'  Dryden. 

Bloody-npse  Beetle  (blud'i-noz  be-tl),  n.  A 
large  species  of  beetle  of  the  genus  Timarcha 
(T.  Ixoigata) :  so  named  because  it  emits  a 
red  fluid  from  the  joints  when  disturbed. 

Bloody-red  (blud'i-red),  a.  Red  with,  or 
as  with  blood. 


Housing  and  saddle  bloody-red, 
Lord  ^fa^nlion's  steed  rush'd  by. 


Sir  ir.  Salt. 


Bloody  -  sceptered,  Bloody  -  sceptred 
(blud^-sep-terd),  o.  Having  a  sceptre  ob- 
tained by  blood  or  slaughter.  '  An  uutitled 
tyrant,  bloody-sceptred.'  Shak. 

Bloody-sweat  (blud'i-swet),  n.  A  sweat 
accompanied  by  a  discharge  of  blood;  also, 
a  disease  called  sweating  sickness,  which 
formerly  prevailed  in  England  and  other 
countries. 

Bloom  (blom),  n.  [A  Scandinavian  word  in 
English  =  Icel.  blom,  Sw.  blomma,  Dan. 
blomme,  Goth,  bloma,  D.  bloem,  G.  blume,  a 
flower,  from  the  verbal  stem  to  blow,  in 
sense  of  blossom,  whence  also  comes  blossom.] 
1.  A  blossom ;  the  flower  of  a  plant ;  an  ex- 
panded bud.  '  While  opening  blooms  diffuse 
their  sweets  around.'  Pope.—Z.  The  act  or 
state  of  blossoming;  the  opening  of  flowers 
in  general;  flowers  open  or  in  a  state  of  blos- 
soming ;  as,  the  plant  is  in  fine  bloom ;  the 
trees  are  clothed  with  bloom.  '  Vernal 
bloom.'  Milton.— 3.  A  state  of  health  and 
growth  promising  higher  perfection;  a  state 
full  of  life  and  vigour;  a  period  of  high 


ch.  cAain;      eh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J.job;      n,  1'r.  ton;      ng,  sing;      in,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BLOOM 


success ;  a  flourishing  condition;  palmy 
time-  as  the  bloom  of  youth.  'Life's  best 
bloom.'  Byron.  '  In  our  sad  world's  best 
bloom  '  Tennyxon.—l.  The  delicate  rose  hue 
on  the  cheek  indicative  of  youth  and  health: 
a  glow;  a  flush.  '  Her  violet  eyes,  and  all 
her  Hebe  bloom.'  Tennyson.—  5.  A  super- 
ficial coating  or  appearance  upon  certain 
things;  as  (a)  the  delicate  powdery  coating 
upon  certain  fruits,  as  grapes,  plums,  &c., 
when  newly  gathered,  (6)  The  beautiful 
powdery  appearance  on  coins,  medals,  and 
the  like,  when  newly  struck,  (c)  In  painting, 
the  cloudy  appearance  which  varnish  some- 
times assumes  on  the  surface  of  a  picture. 
See  BLOOMING,  (rf)  The  name  given  to  the 
yellowish  fawn-coloured  deposit  from  the 
tanning  liquor  on  the  surface  of  leather,  and 
penetrating  to  a  slight  depth. 
Bloom  (blbm),  v.i.  1.  To  produce  or  yield 
blossoms;  to  flower.  '  The  first  time  a  tree 
bloometh.'  Bacon. 

The  lotos  blooms  below  the  barren  peak. 

Tennyson. 

2  To  be  in  a  state  of  healthful,  growing 
youth  and  vigour;  to  show  the  beauty  of 
youth;  to  glow.  'Hearts  are  warmed  and 
facesWoom.'  Tennyson. 

A  better  country  blooms  to  view, 
Beneath  a  brighter  sky.  Logan. 

Bloom t  (blom),  v.t.  To  put  forth,  as  blos- 
soms. Num.  xvii.  8.  '  Blooming  ambrosial 
fruit.'  Milton. 

Bloom  (blom),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bUma,  a  mass  or 
lump  of  metal.  ]  In  metal,  a  lump  of  puddled 
iron,  which  leaves  the  furnace  in  a  rough 
state,  to  be  subsequently  rolled  into  the 
bars  or  other  material  into  which  it  may 
be  desired  to  convert  the  metal;  the  blooms 
are  already  partially  converted  into  wrought 
iron  by  passing  under  the  shingling  hammer. 
Bloomary,  Bloomery  (blom'a-ri,  blom'er-i), 
n.  See  BLOMARY. 

Bloomed  (blomd),  a.  Covered  with  blooms 
or  blossoms.  Hackluyt. 
Bloomer  (blom'er),  n.  [After  Mrs.  Bloomer, 
an  American  lady,  who  originated  the  style 
of  dress  in  1849.  ]  1.  A  woman  who  assumes 
the  dress  and  principles  adopted  by  Mrs. 
Bloomer :  often  used  as  an  adjective ;  as,  a 
bloomer  dress;  bloomer  principles.— 2.  A  cos- 
tume for  women,  consisting  of  a  short  skirt, 
loose  trousers,  and  a  broad-brimmed  hat. — 
3.  A  kind  of  bonnet  worn  by  young  females. 
Bloomerism  (blom'er-izm),  n.  The  prin- 
ciples or  habits  of  a  bloomer.  See  BLOOMER. 
Blooming  (blom'ing),  n.  A  clouded  appear- 
ance which  varnish  sometimes  assumes  upon 
the  surface  of  a  picture :  so  called  because 
it  somewhat  resembles  the  bloom  on  the 
surface  of  certain  kinds  of  fruit,  such  as 
plums,  grapes,  &c. 

Blooming  (blom'ing),  p.  and  a.  1.  Blossom 
ing;  flowering;  showing  blooms. 

He  ere  one  flowery  season  fades  and  dies 
Designs  the  blooming  wonders  of  the  next. 

Cowfer. 

2.  Glowing  as  with  youthful  vigour;  showing 
the  freshness  and  beauty  of  youth ;  at  the 
height  of  perfection  or  prosperity.  '  Cupid 
boys  of  blooming  hue.'  Tennyson. 

The  modern  (arabesque)  rose  again  in  the  bloom 
ing  period  of  modern  art.  Fairholt. 

Bloomingly  (blom'ing-li),  adv.    In  a  bloom 

ing  manner. 
Bloomingness  (blom'ing-nes),  n.    State  o 

being  blooming. 

Bloomless  (blbmles),  a.  Having  no  bloom 
Bloom-raisin  (blom'ra-zn),n.  A  fine  variety 

of  sun-dried  raisin. 
Bloomy  (blom'i),a.  1.  Full  of  bloom  or  bios 

soms;  flowery.     •Bloomy  forests.'    Shelley 

O  nightingale,  that  on  yon  bloomy  spray 
Warblest  at  eve,  when  all  the  woods  are  still. 
Milton. 

2.  Having  freshness  or  vigour  as  of  youth 
'The  blomny  flush  of  life.'     Goldsmith.— 

3.  Having  a  delicate  powdery  appearance, 
as  fresh  fruit. 

What  though  for  him  no  Hybla  sweets  distil, 
Nor  bloomy  vines  wave  purple  on  the  hill? 

Campbell. 

Bloret  (blor),  n.  [A  different  orthography  of 
Wore,  affected  by  Wow.  See  BLARE.)  The 
actof  blowing;  aroaringwind;  a  blast.  'The 
fervent  blore  of  th'  east  and  south  winds.' 
Chapman. 

Blosme.t  n.  and  v.i.  Blossom ;  to  blossom. 
Chaucer. 

Blosmy.t  a.    Full  of  blossoms.     Chaucer. 

Blossom  (blos'som),  ».  [A.  Sax.  bliSstma,  a 
blossom;  from  same  root  as  bloom  (which 
see).]  1.  The  flower  of  a  plant,  consisting 
of  one  or  more  coloured  leaflets,  generally 
of  more  delicate  texture  than  the  leaves ;  a 


292 


more  'generally  used  than  flower  or  bloom 
when  we  have  reference  to  the  fruit  wliu-h 
is  to  succeed. -2.  Blooming  period ;  bloom. 

This  beauty  in  the  blossom  of  my  youth,      . 

I  sued  and  served.  Mainnser. 

3  The  colour  of  a  horse  that  has  his  hair 
white,  but  intermixed  with  son-el  and  bay 
hairs :  otherwise  peach-colour. 
Blossom  (blos'som),  v.i.  To  put  forth 
blossoms  or  flowers ;  to  bloom ;  to  blow ; 
to  flower ;  to  flourish. 

Israel  shall  blossom  and  bud,  and  fill  the  face  of 
the  world  with  fruit.  Is.  «vn.  6. 

Fruits  that  blossom  first  will  first  be  ripe.      Ski* 

Blossomed  (blos'somd),  a.  Covered  with 
blossoms;  in  bloom.  'Blossomed  furze, 
unprofltablygay.'  Goldsmith. 

Blossomy  (blos'som-i),  a.  Full  of  or 
covered  with  blossoms.  SeeBLOSMY.  [Rare.] 

Blot  (blot),  n.  [Same  word  as  Icel.  blettr, 
Dan  plet,  a  blot ;  Dan.  dial,  blot,  a  drop,  a 
spot  of  something  wet  ]  1.  A  spot  or  stain, 
as  of  ink  on  paper ;  a  blur.  '  One  universal 
blot. '  Thomson.  —2.  An  obliteration  of  some- 
thing written  or  printed.  Dryden.— 3.  Aspot 
in  reputation;  a  stain;  a  disgrace ;  a  re- 
proach; a  blemish.  'A  lie  is  a  foul  blot 
in  a  man.'  Ecclus.  xx.  24.  'Worse  than  a 
birth-hour  blut.'  SAafc.— 4.t  Censure;  scorn; 
reproach. 

He  that  rebuketh  a  wicked  man  getteth  himself 
a  bio,.  F«>v.  '«•  7- 

Jlot  (blot),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  blotted;  ppr. 
blottiny.  1.  To  spot,  to  stain,  to  bespatter, 
as  with  ink,  mud,  or  any  discolouring 
matter. 

The  brief  was  writ  and  blotted  all  with  gore. 

Gascoigne. 

2.  Fig.  to  stain  with  infamy ;  to  tarnish ;  to 
disgrace;  to  disfigure. 

Blot  not  thy  innocence  with  guiltless  blood.     Rovie. 

3  To  obliterate  so  as  to  render  invisible  or 
not  distinguishable,  as  writing  or  letters 
witli  ink:  generally  with  out;  as,  to  blot  out 
a  word  or  a  sentence. 

Not  one  immoral,  one  corrupted  thought. 
One  line  which  dying  he  would  wish  to  blot. 
Lrt.  Lytttltoit. 

4.  To  darken  or  obscure;  to  eclipse. 

He  sunc  how  earth  blots  the  moon's  gilded  wane. 
Cowley. 

The  moon  in  all  her  brother's  beams  array'd 
Was  blotted  by  the  earth's  approaching  shade. 


5.  To  efface;  to  cause  to  be  unseen  or  forgot- 
ten; to  destroy;  to  annihilate:  followed  by 
out;  as,  to  blot  out  a  crime  or  the  remem- 
brance of  anything. 

One  act  like  this  blots  out  a  thousand  crimes.  Dryde* 

6  To  dry  by  means  of  blotting-paper  or  the 
like. 

The   ship-chandler   clutched  the   paper,   hastily 
blotted  it,  and  thrust  it  into  his  bosom.      O.  A.  Sala 

Blot  (blot),  v.i.  To  obliterate  something 
written. 

E'en  copious  Dryden  wanted  or  forgot 

The  last  and  greatest  art,  the  art  to  blot.    Pope. 

Blot  (blot),  n.  [Dan.  blot,  Sw.  blott,  G.  bloss 
naked,  bare.)  1.  In  backgammon,  (a)  an  ex 
posure  of  a  single  man  to  be  taken  up.  (6)  A 
single  man  exposed  to  be  taken  up. 

Blotch  (bloch),  n.    [From  blatch,  blach,  a 
softened  form  of  black  (comp.  bleak,  bleach 
the  meaning  being  influenced  by  botch, 
pustule.]     1.   A    pustule   upon    the    skin 
'Blotches  and  tumours  that  break  out  in  th 
body.'    Spectator.  -2.  A  spot  of  any  kind 
especially  an  irregular  spot.  '  Green  leaves 
frequently    marked    with    dark    blotches.' 
Treat,  of  Bot. 

Blotch  (bloch),  ».  (.  To  mark  with  blotches. 
See  BLATCH. 

Blotched  (blocht),  a.   Marked  with  blotches. 

Blotchy  ( bloch 'i),  a.  Having  blotches. 
'His  big,  bloated,  blotchy  face."  Warren. 

Blote  (blot),  v.t.  To  bloat  or  cure  by  smok- 
ing. 

I  have  as  much  smoke  in  my  mouth  as  would  blote 
a  hundred  herrings.  Beau.  &  Ft. 

Blotter  (blot'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
blots;  specifically,  a  blottiug-book,  in  either 
of  its  senses. 

Blotting-book  (blot'ing-buk),  n.  1.  A  book 
formed  of  leaves  of  blotting-paper.— 2.  In 
corn,  a  waste  book,  in  which  are  recorded 
all  transactions  in  the  order  in  which  they 
occur. 

Blottingly  (blot'ing-li),  adv.    By  blotting. 

Blotting-pad  (blot'ing-pad),  n.  A  pad  con- 
sisting of  several  layers  of  blotting-paper, 


BLOW 

each  of  which  can  be  removed  when  it 
becomes  too  much  soiled. 

Blotting-paper  (blot'ing-pa-per),  n.  A  spe- 
cies of  paper  made  without  size,  serving  to 
imbibe  the  superfluous  ink  from  newly 
written  manuscript,  &c. 

Blouse  (blouz),  n.  [Kr.  ]  A  light  loose  upper 
garment,  resembling  a  smock-frock,  made  of 
linen  or  cotton,  and  worn  by  men  as  a  pro- 
tection from  dust  or  in  place  of  a  coat.  A 
blue  linen  blouse  is  the  common  dress  of 
French  workmen.  A  dress  of  nearly  the 
same  form  and  of  various  materials  is  also 
worn  by  children. 

Lelewel  was  a  regular  democrat.    He  wore  a  blouse 
hen  he  was  in  Paris,  and  looked  like  a  workman, 
H.  6'.  /-ttwards. 

Slow  (1)16),  n.  [Connected  with  O.  D.  blatiw- 
en,  to  strike;  D.  blouwen,  to  beat  flax;  G. 
blcucn,  to  cudgel  (bleuel,  a  beetle);  Goth. 
bli'j'jvan,  to  beat;  and  perhaps  also  with  blue 
and  its  allies.  See  BLUR]  1.  A  stroke  with 
the  hand  or  fist,  or  a  weapon;  a  thump;  a 
bang;  a  thwack;  a  knock;  hence,  an  act  of 
hostility;  as,  to  give  one  a  blow;  to  strike  a 
blow.  Hence,  to  come  to  blows  is  to  enj^mr 
in  combat,  whether  the  combatants  be 
individuals,  armies,  fleets,  or  nations.—  2.  A 
sudden  calamity;  a  sudden  or  severe  evil  ; 
mischief  or  damage  received;  as,  the  confla- 
gration was  a  severe  blow  to  the  prosperity 
of  the  town.  —A  t  a  blow,  by  one  single  action  ; 
at  one  effort;  suddenly. 

Every  year  they  gain  a  victory,  and  a  town  ;  but  if 
they  are  once  defeated  they  lose  a  province  at  a 
blow.  Drydtn. 

81ow(blo),  v.i,  pret.  blew;  pp.  blown;  ppr. 
blowing.  [A.  Sax.  blAwan,  pret.  blcow,  pp. 
bldwen,  to  blow,  to  breathe  ;  closely  allied 
to  G.  bliihen,  O.H.G.  pldjan,  to  blow,  also 
to  Icel.  bldsa,  Goth  blesan,  G.  blaseu,  to 
blow,  to  blow  as  a  wind-instrument,  to  B. 
Wom,  to  bloom,  bladder,  blast,  &c.  ,  and  L. 
flo,  flare,  to  breathe  or  blow.]  1.  To  make 
a  current  of  air,  as  with  the  mouth,  a  bel- 
lows, Ac.  ;  to  constitute  or  form  a  current  of 
air;  as,  to  Wow>  with  the  mouth;  the  wind 
blows  :  often  used  with  an  indefinite  it  for 
the  subject;  as,  it  blows  a  gale.—  2.  To  pant; 
to  puff;  to  breathe  hard  or  quick. 

Here  is  Mrs.  Page  at  the  door,  sweating  and 
blowing.  •"">*• 

3.  To  give  out  sound  by  being  blown,  as  a 
horn  or  trumpet.  'There  let  the  pealing 
organ  blow.'  JIUton.-i.  To  boast;  to  brag. 
[Colloq.] 

You  blow  behind  my  back,  but  dare  not  say  any. 
thing  to  my  face. 

—To  blow  hot  and  cold,  to  be  favourable  and 
then  unfavourable;  to  be  irresolute.  —Toll  do 
over,  to  pass  over,  to  pass  away  after  the  f(  >rce 
is  expended;  to  cease,  subside,  or  be  dissi- 
pated; as,  the  storm  is  blown  over;  the 
present  disturbances  will  soon  Wow  over. 
•Those  clouds  being  now  happily  blown 
over,  and  our  sun  clearly  shining  out  again.' 
Sir  J.  Denham.  —  To  blow  up,  to  be  broken 
and  scattered  by  the  explosion  of  gunpowder. 
'  Some  of  the  enemy's  magazines  blew  up.' 
Tatler.  —  To  blow  upon,  (a)  to  bring  into 
disfavour  or  discredit;  to  render  stale,  un- 
savoury, or  worthless.  '  A  passage  in  a 
Latin  author  that  is  not  blown  upon.  Addi- 
8on.  '  Till  the  credit  of  the  false  witnesses 
had  been  blown  upon.'  Macaulay. 

How  far  the  very  custom  of  hearing  anything 
spouted  withers  and  blows  upon  a  fine  passage  "i»y 
be  seen  in  those  speeches  from  (Shakspere  si  Henry 
V  which  are  current  in  the  mouths  of  schoolboys. 
Lamb. 

(6)  To  turn  informer  against  ;  to  inform 
upon  •  as  to  Woto  upon  an  accomplice. 
Blow  (bio),  v.t.  pret.  blew;  pp.  tfvwn.  1.  Ti 
throw  or  drive  a  current  of  air  upon;  to 
fan  •  as  to  blow  the  flre.  —2.  To  drive  by  a 
current  of  air;  to  impel;  as,  the  tempest 
blew  the  ship  ashore. 

North-east  winds  blow 
Sabxan  odours  from  the  spicy  shore.       Aluttm. 

3.  To  sound  a  wind-instrument;  as,  blow 
the  trumpet. 

Hath  she  no  husband 
That  will  take  pains  to  blow  a  horn  before  her  !  5«a< 

4.  To  spread  by  report 

And  through  the  court  his  courtesy  was  Woiw^ 


5.  To  form  by  inflation;  to  swell  by  injecting 
air  into  ;  to  pass  air  through  ;  as,  to  Wow 
bubbles;  to  blow  glass.  -6.  To  put  out  oi 


7.  To  inflate,  as  with  prida;  to  puff  up. 

Look  how  imagination  blow*  him.  Sttak. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  ley. 


HLOW 


8.  To  drive  away,  scatter,  or  shatter  by 

lirearnis  <>r  explosives:  now  always  with 
modifying  wonls;  aa,  to  blow  the  walls  TI> 
or  In  /Wfv.v  with  cannon  or  ^unpowder;  but 
formerly  sometimes  used  absolutely. 
He  stands  there  like  a  nmrtar  piece  to  blow  us.  Shak. 
And  t  shall  go  hard 

Hut  I  will  delve  one  yard  below  their  mines. 

And  blow  them  At  the  inuon.  S/r«£. 

9.  To  deposit  eggs  in,  as  flies  do;  to  cause 
to  putrefy  and  swarm  with  maggots;   to 
make  HyMown.  'With  Hies  blown  to  death.' 
Shak. 

Rather  on  Nilus'  mud 
Lay  me  stark  nakeil,  and  let  the  water-flies 
lilau'  me  into  abhorring  !  Sltat. 

— To  blow  out,  (a)  to  extinguish  by  a  current 
of  air,  as  a  candle.  (&)  To  scatter  by  fire- 
arms; as,  to  Mow  out  one's  brains. —  To 
blow  up,  (a)  to  nil  with  air ;  to  swell ;  as,  to 
blow  up  it  bladder  or  a  bubble,  (b)  To  inflate ; 
to  puif  up ;  as,  to  blow  up  one  with  flattery. 
'  Blown  up  with  high  conceits  engendering 
pride.'  Milton,  (c)  To  fan  or  kindle;  as,  to 
Mini'  up  a  contention. 

His  presence  soon  blows  tip  the  unkindly  fight. 
Drydeit. 

<rf)  To  burst  in  pieces  and  scatter  by  explo- 
sion. («)  Fig.  to  scatter  or  bring  to  nought 
suddenly;  as,  to  blow  up  &  scheme.  (/)  To 
scold;  to  abuse;  to  find  fault  with.  [Colloq.J 

Lord  Gravelton  .  .   .  was  blowing  «/  the  waiters 
in  the  coffee-room.  Lord  Lytton. 

Blow  (blo),  n.  1.  A  gale  of  wind;  a  blast:  as, 
there  came  a  blow  from  the  north-east.  — 
2.  The  breathing  or  spouting  of  a  whale. 

Blow  (blo),  v.i.  pret.  blew;  pp.  blown.  [A. 
Sax.  blowan,  pret.  bleow,  pp.  blowen,  to 
bloom  or  blossom;  D.  bloeijen,  G.  bluhen, 
O.  H.G.  pluohan,  pluon;  allied  to  the  other 
verb  to  blow,  and  to  L.  florere,  to  bloom.] 
To  flower;  to  blossom;  to  bloom,  as  plants. 
'  How  blows  the  citron  grove.'  Milton. 
•  The  first  roses  blew. '  Tennyson. 

Where,  here  and  there,  on  sandy  beaches, 
A  inilky-belt'd  amaryllis  blfw.  Tennyson. 

BlOWt  (blo),  v.  t.  To  make  to  blow  or 
blossom ;  to  cause  to  produce,  as  flowers  or 
blossoms.  'The  odorous  banks  that  blow 
flowers  of  more  mingled  hue. '  Milton. 

For  these  Favonius  here  shall  blow 

New  flowers.  B.  Jonsoti. 

Blow  (blo).  n.  1.  Blossoms  in  general;  a 
mass  or  bed  of  blossoms;  as,  the  blow  is  good 
this  season. 

He  believed  he  could  show  me  such  a  blenv  of  tulips 
as  was  not  to  be  matched  in  the  whole  country. 

Addison. 

2.  The  state  or  condition  of  blossoming  or 
flowering ;  hence,  the  highest  state  of  any- 
thing; bloom;  as,  a  tree  in  full  blow.  'Her 
beauty  hardly  yet  in  its  full  blow.'  Richard- 
son. —3.  An  ovum  or  egg  deposited  by  a  fly  on 
flesh  or  other  substance;  a  flyblow. 

Blow-ball  (blo'bal),  n.  The  downy  head  of 
the  dandelion,  formed  by  the  pappus,  after 
the  blossom  has  fallen. 

Blowen,  Blowess  (blo'en,  blo'es),  n.  [From 
blow,  to  bloom.]  A  showy,  flaunting  female; 
a  courtesan;  a  prostitute.  [Low.] 

Blower  (blo'er),  n.  1.  One  who  blows;  one 
who  is  employed  in  a  blowing-house  for 
smelting  tin.— 2.  A  metal  plate  used  to  in- 
crease the  current  of  air  in  a  chimney  by 
being  temporarily  placed  in  front  of  a  flre. 
8.  In  mining,  a  jet  of  carburetted  hydrogen 
emitted,  often  forcibly,  from  a  fissure  in  a 
coal-mine,  showing  that  coal  is  still  under- 
going chemical  modification.— 4.  A  machine 
for  producing  a  blast  by  compressing  the 
air  and  forcing  it  into  a  furnace,  a  mine,  cis- 
tern, hold  of  a  ship,  public  building,  Ac. ;  to 
assist  in  drying  and  evaporating,  and  the 
like;  a  blowing-machine.— 5.  A  name  fora 
whale,  from  its  spouting  up  water. 

Blower-up  (blo'er-up),  n.  One  who  blows 
up ;  one  who  destroys  by  an  explosive. 
'  Underminers  and  blowers-up.'  Shak. 

Blow-fly  (blo'fli),  n.  The  Musca  vomitoria, 
Sarcopluiya  canuiria,  and  other  species  of 
dipterous  insects,  which  deposit  their  eggs 
(flyblow)  on  flesh,  and  thus  taint  it. 

Blow-gun  (l'loVun),n.  Same  as  Blow-pipe.  2. 

Blow-hole  (blo'hol),  n.  1.  The  nostril  of  a 
cetacean,  situated  on  the  highest  part  of 
the  head.  In  the  whalebone -whales  the 
blow-holes  form  two  longitudinal  slits, 
placed  side  by  side.  In  porpoises,  gram- 
puses, Ac.,  they  are  united  into  a  single 
crescent-shaped  opening. —2.  A  hole  in  the 
ice  to  which  whales  and  seals  come  to 
breathe.  — 3.  Same  as  Air-hole,  2. 

Blowing  (blo'ing),  p.  and  a.  Causing  a  cur- 
rent of  wind;  breathing  strongly.— Blowii\g 


293 

lands,  in  agri.  lands  whose  surface  soil  14 
so  light  as  to  be  liable,  when  dry,  to  be 
blown  away  by  the  wind. 
Blo  wing -engine  (blo'ing-en'jin),  n.    See 

III.OWINO-.MACHINK. 

Blo  wing -machine  (blo'lng-ma-sheii),  n. 
Any  contrivance  for  supplying  a  current  of 
air,  as  for  blowing  glass,  smelting  iron, 
renewing  the  air  in  confined  spaces,  and 
the  like.  This  may  consist  of  a  single  pair 
of  bellows,  but  more  generally  two  pairs  are 
combined  to  secure  continuity  of  current. 
The  most  perfect  blowing -machines  are 
those  in  which  the  blast  is  produced  by  the 
motion  of  pistons  in  a  cylinder;  and  for 
smelting  and  refining  furnaces,  where  a 
blast  with  a  pressure  of  3  or  4  II'.-.  to  the 
square  inch  is  required,  blowing-engines  of 
large  size  and  power,  worked  by  steam,  are 
employed.  Called  also  Blowing-engine.  See 

HOT-IILAST. 

Blowlng-off  (blo'ing-of),  n.  In  engin.  the 
process  of  ejecting  sediment  or  brine  from 
the  boiler  by  means  of  a  current  of  steam 
passing  through  the  blow-off  pipe  (which 
see). 

Blowing-up  (blS'ing-up), «.  A  scolding;  as, 
to  give  one  a  blowing-up.  [Colloq.  ] 

Blow-milk  (blo'milk),  n.  Milk  from  which 
cream  is  blown  off. 

Blown  (blon),  p  and  a.    1.  Swelled;  inflated. 

No  blown  ambition  doth  our  arms  incite.    Shtik. 

2.  Stale;  worthless;  blown  upon.  — 3.  Out  of 
breath ;  tired ;  exhausted.  '  Their  horses 
much  blown.'  Sir  W.  Scott—  4.  Infarritry, 
having  the  stomach  distended  by  gorging 
green  food :  said  of  cattle. 

Blown  (blon),  p.  and  a.  Fully  expanded  or 
opened,  as  a  flower.  '  The  blown  rose. '  Shak. 

Blow-off  Pipe  (blo-of  pip),  n.  In  engin.  a 
pipe  at  the  foot  of  the  boiler  of  a  steam- 
engine,  communicating  with  the  ash-pit  in 
land,  and  with  the  sea  in  marine  boilers, 
and  furnished  with  a  cock,  by  opening  which 
the  steam  forces  the  water  and  sediment  or 
brine  out ;  the  operation  is  called  blowing- 
of. 

Blow-out  (blo'out),  n.  A  feast ;  an  enter- 
tainment. [Colloq.] 

Blow-pipe  (blo'pip),  n.  1.  An  instrument 
by  which  a  current  of  air  or  gas  is  driven 
through  the  flame  of  a  lamp,  candle,  or  gas 
jet,  and  that  flame  directed  upon  a  mineral 
substance,  to  fuse  or  vitrify  it,  an  intense 
heat  being  created  by  the  rapid  supply  of 
oxygen  ami  the  concentration  of  the  flame 
upon  a  small  area.  In  its  simplest  form  it 
is  merely  a  conical  tube  of  brass,  glass,  or 
other  substance,  usually  7  inches  long  and 
}  inch  in  diameter  at  one  end,  and  tapering 


Blow-pipe. — a.  Ball  for  catching  the  moisture  of 
the  mouth.    *,  Nozzle. 

so  as  to  have  a  very  small  aperture  at  the 
other,  within  2  inches  or  so  of  which  it  is 
bent  nearly  to  a  right  angle,  so  that  the 
sin-am  of  air  may  be  directed  sideways  to 
the  operator.  The  blow-pipe  represented 
is  somewhat  more  complicated,  being  fur- 
nished with  a  hollow  ball  for  condensing 
the  vapour  of  the  breath,  which  is  apt  to 
prove  injurious  in  the  common  form.  It 
may  be  provided  with  several  movable 
nozzles  to  produce  flames  of  different  sizes. 
The  current  of  air  is  often  formed  by  a  pair 
of  bellows  instead  of  the  human  breath,  the 
instrument  being  fixed  in  a  proper  frame  for 
the  purpose.  The  most  powerful  blow-pipe 
is  the  oxyhydrogen  or  compound  blow-pipe, 
an  instrument  in  which  oxygen  and  hydro- 
gen (in  the  proportions  necessary  to  form 
water),  propelled  by  hydrostatic  or  other 
pressure,  and  coming  from  separate  reser- 
voirs, are  made  to  form  a  united  current  in 
a  capillary  orifice  at  the  moment  when  they 
are  kindled.  The  heat  produced  is  such  as 
to  consume  the  diamond  and  to  dissipate  in 
vapour  or  in  gaseous  forms  most  known  sub- 
stances. The  blow-pipe  is  used  by  goldsmiths 
and  jewellers  in  soldering,  by  glass-blowers 
in  sealing  the  ends  of  tubes,  Ac. ,  and  exten- 
sively by  chemists  and  mineralogists  in 
testing  the  nature  and  composition  of  sub- 
stances.— 2.  A  pipe  or  tube  through  which 
poisoned  arrows  are  blown  by  the  breath; 
used  by  South  American  Indians  and  natives 
of  Borneo.  The  tube  or  blow-pipe  is  8  to 
12  feet  long,  with  a  bore  scarcely  large 
enough  to  admit  the  little  finger;  and  the 


BLUE 

arrow  is  forced  through  by  a  sudden  expul- 
sion of  air  from  the  lungs  (like  a  pen  ir..ru 
a  boy's  pea-shooter),  being  sometimes  pro- 
pelled to  a  distance  of  140  yards.  Called 
also  Jllow-gun. 

Blow-point  (McVpolnt),  «.  A  kind  of  play 
among  children.  l)<»iii:- 

Blowse  (blouz),  «.     Same  as  Blouse. 

Blowth  (bloth),  n.  [From  blow,  to  blossom ; 
comp.  growth,  from  grow.  ]  Bloom  or  blos- 
som ;  blossoms  in  a  collective  sense ;  the 
state  of  blossoming.  [Old  English  and 
American.] 

The  seeds  and  effects  .  .  .  were  as  yet  but  poten- 
tial, and  in  the  b/<nvtk  and  bud.  Raleigh. 

Blow-tube  (blo'tub),  n.  1.  In  glass  manu- 
facture, a  hollow  iron  rod,  5  to  6  feet  long, 
with  which  the  blower  gathers  up  the  llui«l 
metal  from  the  pot,  to  blow  and  form  into 
the  desired  shape.  —2.  Same  as  Blow-pipe,  2. 

Blow-up  (blo'up),  n.  A  quarrel;  a  scolding. 
[Colloq.] 

Blow-valve  (blo'valv),  »•  The  snifting-valve 
of  a  condensing  engine. 

Blowy  (blo'i),  a.  Windy;  blowing.  Quart, 
Rev. 

Blowze  (blouz),  n.  [From  the  same  root  as 
blush  ( which  see ).  J  A  ruddy  fat-faced 
woman;  a  blowzy  woman. 

Sweet  blawze,  you  are  a  beauteous  blossom,  sure. 

Blowzed  (blouzd),  a.  Blowzy;  ruddy  and 
coarse -complexioned,  as  from  exposure  to 
weather ;  fat  and  high-coloured.  '  Huge 
women  blowzed  with  health  and  wind  and 
rain.'  Tennyson. 

Blowzing  (blouz'ing),  o.  Blowzy;  flaunting; 
fluffyT'That  blownng  wig  of  his.'  J.Baillie. 

Blowzy  (blouz'i),  a.  Ruddy-faced;  fat  and 
ruddy;  high-coloured.  '  A  face  made  blowzy 
by  cold  and  damp. '  George  Eliot, 

Blub  t  (blub),  v.t.  [Comp.  bleb,  blob,  blubber.] 
To  swell 

My  face  was  blown  and  blub'd  with  dropsy  wan. 
Mir.  for  Mans. 

Blubber  (blub'er),  n.  [Also  written  blabber, 
and  formerly  blober,  a  lengthened  form  of 
blub,  blob,  bleb.  The  root  is  perhaps  the  same 
as  that  of  blow,  bladder.  ]  1.  A  bubble.  '  At 
his  mouth  a  blubber  stode  of  fome.'  Chaucer. 

2.  The  fat  of  whales  and  other  large  sea 
animals,  from  which  train-oil  is  obtained. 
The  blubber  lies  under  the  skin  and  over 
the  muscular  flesh.     The  whole  quantity 
yielded  by  one  whale  ordinarily  amounts  to 
40  or  50,  but  sometimes  to  80  or  more  cwts. 

3.  A  gelatinous  substance;  hence  the  sea- 
nettle;  a  medusa. 

Blubber  (blub'er),  r.i.  To  weep,  especially 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  swell  the  cheeks  or 
disfigure  the  face;  to  burst  into  a  fit  of 
weeping. 

Even  so  lies  she, 
Blubbering  and  weeping,  weeping  and  blubbering. 

SAait. 
Hector's  infant  blubber'd  at  a  plume. 

£.  B.  Browning. 

[  Now  used  only  as  conveying  somewhat  of 
the  ridiculous  ] 

Blubber  (blub'er),  v.t.  To  disfigure  with 
weeping.  '  Her  blubbered  cheeks.  Dryden. 

Blubbered  ( blub'erd ).  p.  and  a.  Swollen ; 
big;  turgid;  as,  a  blubbered  lip. 

Blubber-lip  (blub'er-lip),  n.  A  swollen  lip ; 
a  thick  lip,  such  as  that  of  a  negro. 

Blubber-lipped  (blub'er-lipt),  a.  Having 
blubber-lips. 

Blubber-spade  (blub'er-spiid),  n.  A  keen- 
edged,  spade-like  knife. 

Blucher  (bluch'er),  n.  A  strong  leather 
half  boot  or  high  shoe,  named  after  Field- 
marshal  von  Blucher,  commander  of  the 
Prussian  army  in  the  later  campaigns 
against  Napoleon. 

Bludgeon  (bluj'on),  ?>.  [Perhaps  allied  to 
O.  Hotzen,  to  strike,  D.  blutsen,  to  bruise. 
Skeat  derives  the  word  from  Ir.  btucan.  a 
i  little  block,  and  connects  it  accordingly  with 
theE.  block  (which  see)  ]  A  short  stick,  with 
one  end  loaded,  or  thicker  and  heavier  than 
the  other,  and  used  as  an  offensive  weapon. 

Blue(blu),n.  [A.Sax.Weo,blue;O.E. blo, blewe, 
I  bla,  Ac.;  Sc.  blae,  Iccl.  bltir,  livid;  Dan.  blaa, 
j  D.  blaauw,  O.  Wow,  O.H.G.  pldo,  blue;  per- 
'  haps  connected  with  blow,  a  blow  producing 
a  blue  or  livid  colour  on  the  flesh.  ]  1.  One 
of  the  seven  colours  into  which  the  rays  of 
light  divide  themselves,  when  refracted 
through  a  glass  prism ;  the  colour  of  the 
clear  sky  or  deep  sea;  azure;  a  dye  or  pig- 
ment of  this  hue.  The  substances  used  as 


omp 

others  artificial.    They  are  derived  almost 


ch,  cTiain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  170;      j.job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KSY. 


BLUE 


entirely  from  the  vegetable  and  mineral  king- 
doms. The  best  blue  colour  for  the  use  of 
painters  is  ultramarine,  which  is  prepared 


and  iron;  blue  bice,  next  in  quality  to  Prui 
sian  blue;  Indigo  blue,  from  the  indigo 
plant.  Besides  these  there  are  other  shades 
nt  blue,  as  blue-verditer,  smalt  and  cub.ut- 
blue  from  cobalt,  lactmts  or  litmus,  sky-blue, 
&C.—2.  The  sky;  the  atmosphere,  from  its 
blue  tinge. 

I  came  and  sat 

Below  the  chestnuts,  when  their  buds 
Were  glistening  in  the  breezy  blue.     Tennyson. 

3.  A  term  applied  to  a  pedantic,  literary 
female;   a   contraction   for   blue -stocking 
(which  see). 

Next  to  a  lady  I  must  bid  adieu — 

Whom  some  m  mirth  or  malice  call  a  'blue. 

Crabbe. 

4.  Same  as  Blueing,  2.— The  Hues,  (a)(contr. 
for  blue-devils),   low  spirits;   melancholy; 
delirium  tremens.  See  BLUE-DEVILS,  (b)  The 
name  popularly  given  to  the  2d  Regiment 
of  Royal  Horse  Guards,  or  the  Oxford  Blues, 
first  raised  by  the  Earl  of  Oxford,  and  BO 
called  from  their  blue  facings. 

Blue  (blu),  a.  1.  Of  the  colour  of  blue;  sky- 
coloured;  azure.— 2.  Low  in  spirits;  having 
the  blues  or  blue-devils;  dumpish;  put  out: 
applied  to  persons;  as,  I  feel  blue.  [Colloq.] 

Sir  Lucius  looked  blue,  but  he  had  hedged. 

Disraeli. 

3.  Dismal;  unpromising:  applied  to  things; 
as,  a  blue  look-out.  [Colloq.  ]-4.  [See  BLUE- 
STOCKING. ]  Learned;  pedantic:  applied  to 
ladies. 

Some  of  the  ladies  were  very  blue  and  well  in- 
formed. Thackeray. 

6.  In  union  with  true,  sterling;  unflinching; 
as,  true-blue  Presbyterianism.  This  mean- 
ing is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  Covenanters 
adopted  blue  as  their  colour,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  the  royal  red.  From  this  usage 
blue,  in  combination  with  yellow  (in  mem- 
ory of  the  house  of  Orange),  has  become 
the  livery  of  the  Whigs. 

For  his  religion,  it  was  fit 

To  match  his  learning  and  his  wit 

'Twas  Presbyterian,  trite-blue.         Hudibrai. 

8.  Indecent;  as,  blue  stories.    [Colloq.] 
[  Some  of  the  words  given  below  as  com- 
pounds, with  blue  as  the  first  part,  are  not 
always  printed  as  compounds.] 

Blue  (blu),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  blued;  ppr.  bluing. 
To  make  blue ;  to  dye  of  a  blue  colour ;  to 
make  blue  by  heating,  as  metals,  &c. 

Blue-bell  (blu'bel),  n.  The  popular  name  of 
two  very  different  plants,  (a)  In  England 
it  is  given  to  Scilla  nutans  or  wild  hya- 
cinth, from  the  shape  of  its  drooping  flowers. 
(6)  In  Scotland  it  is  applied  to  the  well- 
known  beautiful  wild  plant,  Campanula 
rotundtfolia,  with  blue  bell-shaped  flowers. 
See  HAREBELL. 

Blue-berry  (blu'be-ri),  n.  A  kind  of  whortle- 
berry common  in  America  ( Vaccinium 
pennsylvanicum).  See  BLAEBERRY. 

Blue-bird  (blu'berd),  n.  A  small  dentiros- 
tral,  insessorial  bird,  the  Erythaca,  or  Sialia 
Wilsoni,  very  common  in  the  United  States. 
The  upper  part  of  the  body  is  blue,  and  the 
throat  and  breast  of  a  dirty  red.  It  makes 
its  nest  in  the  hole  of  a  tree.  The  blue-bird 
is  the  harbinger  of  spring  to  the  Americans ; 
its  song  is  cheerful,  continuing  with  little 
interruption  from  March  to  October,  but  is 
most  frequently  heard  in  the  serene  days  of 
the  spring. 

Blue-black  (blu'blak),  n.  Ivory-black:  so 
called  from  its  bluish  hue;  a  colour  resem- 
bling ivory-black. 

Blue-blood  (blu'blud),  n.  Aristocratic  blood ; 
blood  flowing  in  the  veins  of  old  and  aristo- 
cratic families :  a  term  said  to  have  origin- 
ated in  Spain  from  a  notion  that  the  blood 
of  some  of  their  oldest  and  proudest  fami- 
lies had  never  been  tainted  by  intermixture 
with  that  of  their  Moorish  invaders,  and 
that  it  was  of  a  bluer  tint  than  that  of  the 
people. 

The  very  anxiety  shown  by  the  modern  Spaniard 
to  prove  that  only  the  sangre  azttl,  '  vine-blood:  flows 
through  his  veins,  uncontaminated  by  any  Moorish 
or  Jewish  taint,  may  be  thought  to  afford  some  evid- 
ence of  the  intimacy  which  once  existed  between  his 
forefathers  and  the  tribes  of  eastern  origin. 

Prescott. 

Blue-bonnet  (bluTjon-net),  n.  1.  A  familiar 
name  given  to  the  blue  titmouse  (Parus 
caeruleus).  Called  also  Blue-cap.  —2.  Same 
as  Blue-bottle,  1.— 3.  A  name  given  to  the 
soldiery  of  Scotland,  when  it  was  a  separate 


294 

kingdom,  from  the  colour  of  their  bonnets: 
generally  as  two  words. 

England  shall  many  a  day  tell  of  the  bloody  fray 
When  the  blue  bonnets  came  over  the  Border. 

Sir  If.  .v™//. 

Blue-book  ( blfi/buk ),  n.  1.  A  name  popu- 
larly applied  to  the  reports  and  other  papers, 
printed  by  order  of  parliament  or  issued  by  . 
the  privy-council  or  other  departments  of 
government  because  their  covers  are  usually 
made  of  blue-paper. 

At  home  he  gave  himself  up  to  the  perusal  of  blue- 
boats.  Thackeray. 

2  In  the  United  States  a  book  containing 
the  names  of  all  the  persons  in  the  employ- 
ment of  the  government. 
Blue-bottle  (blu'bot-1),  n.  I.  Centaurea 
Cyanus,  a  composite  plant  found  frequently 
in  cornfields.  The  name  is  derived  from 
the  blue  funnel-shaped  florets  arranged  in 
a  bottle  form  upon  the  capitulum.  Called 
also  Blue-bonnet. — 2.  Musca  vomitoria,  a  fly 
with  a  large  blue  belly;  popularly  called 
also  a  Beef-eater  or  Blue  Flesh-fly.  —  3.  A 
slang  name  for  a  policeman,  a  beadle,  or 
other  officer  with  a  blue  dress. 
Blue-breast  ( blu'brest),  n.  A  popular  name 
for  the  blue-throated  redstart  (Phoenicura 
suecica),  a  dentirostral.  insessorial  bird, 
family  Turdidse,  which  may  be  considered 
as  the  link  between  the  redstart  and  com- 
mon wag-tail.  It  is  sometimes  called  the 
Blue-throated  Warbler. 
Blue-butterfly  (blu'but-er-fll),  n.  A  name 
applied  to  several  species  of  butterflies  of 
the  genus  Polyommatus,  the  upper  side  of 
the  wings  being  often  of  a  blue  colour. 
Blue-cap  (blu'kap),  n.  1.  A  fish  of  the  sal- 
mon kind,  with  blue  spots  on  its  head.— 
2.  The  blue  titmouse  or  blue-bonnet. 
Blue-cat  (blu'kat),  n.  A  Siberian  cat,  valued 
for  its  fur. 

Blue-coat  (blu'kot),  a.  Applied  to  a  boy  of 
Christ's  Hospital,  London,  who  is  called  a 
Blue-coat  boy. 

Blue  Copper-ore  (Mu'kop-er-or),  n.   Finely 
crystallized  subcarbonate  of  copper. 
Blue-devils  (blu'de-vilz),  n.  pi.    A  slang 
or  colloquial  phrase  for  dejection,  hypo- 
chondria, or  lowness  of  spirits.  Also  applied 
to  delirium  tremens  from  the  apparitions 
which  habitual  drunkards  suppose  they  see. 
Often  contracted  into  Blues. 
Blue-disease  (blu'diz-ez),  n.     Same  as 
Cyanosis. 
Blue-eyed  (bluld),  a.    Having  blue  eyes. 

'The  blue-eyed  Norsemen.'  Longfellow. 
Blue-fish  (blu'flsh),  n.  1.  A  fish,  a  species 
of  Coryphsena,  found  about  the  Bahamas 
and  on  the  coast  of  Cuba.  — 2.  A  fish  allied 
to  the  mackerel,  but  larger,  common  off  the 
shores  of  New  England  and  the  Atlantic 
states,  the  Temnodon  saltator.  On  the  Jer- 
sey coast  it  is  called  Horse-mackerel,  and  in 
Virginia  Saltwater  Tattor. 
Blue-gown  (blu'goun),  n.  One  of  an  order 
of  paupers  in  Scotland,  called  also  the  King's 
Bedesmen,  to  whom  the  kings  annually  dis- 
tributed certain  alms  on  condition  of  their 
praying  for  the  royal  welfare.  Their  number 
was  equal  to  the  number  of  years  the  king 
had  lived.  The  alms  consisted  of  a  blue 
gown  or  cloak,  a  purse  containing  as  many 
shillings  Scots  (pennies  sterling)  as  the  years 
of  the  king's  age,  and  a  badge  bearing  the 
words  '  Pass  and  repass, '  which  protected 
them  "from  all  laws  against  mendicity.  Edie 
Ochiltree,  in  Sir  W.  Scott's  novel  of  the 
A  ntitjuary,  is  a  type  of  the  class.  The  prac- 
tice of  appointing  bedesmen  was  discon- 
tinued in  1833. 

Blue-grass  (blii'gras),  n.    Wire-grass,  a 
perennial  grass  (Poa  compressa),  the  flowers 
of  which  are  green  or  bluish  purple. 
Blue-hatred  (bluTiard),  a.  Having  hair  of  a 
blue  colour.    'Blue-haired  deities.'   Milton. 
Blueing  (Mu'ing),  n.    1.  The  act  of  making 
blue;   specifically,  the  process  of  heating 
iron  and  other  metals  in  the  flre  until  they 
assume  a  blue  colour.— 2.  Any  material  used 
to  impart  a  blue  colour,  as  indigo  by  washer- 
women.   Written  also  Bluing. 
Blue-jack,  Blue-John  (blii'jak,  blu'jon),  n. 
In  mineral,  fluor-spar,  a  mineral  found  in 
the  mines  of  Derbyshire,  and  fabricated  into 
vases  and  other  ornamental  figures. 
Blue-jacket  (blu'jak-et),  n.    A  sailor,  from 
the  colour  of  his  jacket. 
Blue-light  (blu'lit),  n.   A  composition  which 
burns  with  a  blue  flame,  used  as  a  night- 
signal  in  ships  or  for  military  purposes. 
Bluely  (blu'li),  adv.    With  a  blue  colour. 
Swift. 
Blue-mantle  (blu'man-tl),  n.    The  title  of 


BLUFF 

one  of  the  English  pursuivants-at-arnis. 
This  officer  was  instituted  either  by  Edward 
III.  or  Henry  V.,  and  named  in  allusion  to 
the  robes  of  the  order  of  the  Garter,  or,  as 
some  suppose,  to  the  colours  of  the  arms  <  >f 
France. 

Blue-mould  (blu'mold),  n.    A  name  of 
Aijt'Tfjillus  glaucuti,  a  thread-like  fungus 
growing  on  cheese,  as  also  on  dried  sau  - : 
and  rolled  bacon. 

Blueness  (blu'nes),  n.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
blue;  a  blue  colour. — 2.  Indecency  in  lan- 
guage. [Colloq.] 

The  occasional  blueness  of  both  (writings)  .  .  . 
shall  not  altogether  affright  us.  Cnrlyle. 

Blue-nose  (blu'noz),  n.  A  native  of  Nova 
Scotia,  in  allusion  probably  to  the  hue  given 
to  the  noses  of  its  inhabitants  by  its  severe 
winter.  Haliburton. 

Blue-OChre  (blu'6-ker),  n.  A  mineral  colour, 
a  sub-phosphate  of  iron,  found  in  Cornwall 
and  in  North  America. 

Blue-ointment  (blu'oint-ment),  n.  Mer- 
curial ointment. 

Blue-peter  (blu'pe-ter),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
blue  repeater.]  Ifaut.  a  blue  flag  having  a 
white  square  in  the  centre,  used  as  a  signal 
for  sailing,  to  recall  boats,  &c. 

Blue-pill  (blu'pil),  n.    Mercurial  pill. 

Blue-pipe  (blu'pip),  n.  The  common  lilac. 
Hay. 

Blue-pot  (blu'pot),  n.  A  black-lead  crucible. 

Blue-ribbon  (blu'rib-on),  n.  1.  The  broad, 
dark-blue  ribbon,  the  border  embroidereil 
with  gold,  worn  by  members  of  the  order  of 
the  Garter  over  the  left  shoulder,  and  hang- 
ing down  to  the  hip. —  2.  Fig.  anything 
which  marks  the  attainment  of  an  object  of 
great  ambition,  or  the  object  itself.  'The 
blue-ribbon  ot  the  turf.'  Disraeli.  '(The86 
scholarships)  were  the  blue-ribbon  of  the 
college. '  Farrar. —3.  A  member  of  the  order 
of  the  Garter. 

Why  should  dancing  round  a  May.pole  be  more 
obsolete  than  holding  a  chapter  of  the  Garter?  asked 
Lord  Henry.  The  duke,  who  was  a  blue-ribbon, 
felt  this  a  home-thrust.  Disraeli. 

Blue-ruin  (blu'ru-in),  n.  A  cant  name  for 
whisky,  gin,  &«.,  especially  when  bad. 
Blues  (bluz),  n.  pi.  See  BLUE,  BLUE-DEVILS. 
Blue-spar  (blu'spar),  n.  Azure-spar;  lazulite. 
Blue-Stocking  (blu'stok-lng),  n.  A  literary 
lady:  applied  usually  with  the  imputation 
of  pedantry.  The  term  is  derived  from  the 
name  given  to  certain  meetings  held  by  ladies 
in  the  days  of  Dr.  Johnson  for  conversation 
with  distinguished  literary  men.  One  of  the 
most  eminent  of  these  literati  was  a  Mr. 
Benjamin  Stillingfleet,  who  always  wore 
blue  stockings,  and  whose  conversation  at 
these  meetings  was  so  much  prized  that  his 
absence  at  any  time  was  felt  to  be  a  great 
loss,  so  that  the  remark  became  common, 
'  We  can  do  nothing  without  the  blue  stock- 
ings;' hence  these  meetings  were  sportively 
called  blue-stocking  clubs,  and  the  ladies 
who  attended  them  blue-stockings. 
Blue-stockingism  (blu'stok-ing-izm),  n. 
The  character,  manner,  or  habits  of  a  blue- 
stocking; female  learning  or  pedantry. 
Blue-stone  (blu'ston),  n.  1.  Sulphate  of 
copper.  —  2.  A  term  given  by  Australian 
miners  to  a  basaltic  lava  covering  large 
areas  of  gold-bearing  gravels  of  the  later 
tertiary  periods  in  Victoria,  &c.,and  through 
which  they  have  to  sink  their  mining  shafts. 
Blue-throat  (blu'throt),  n.  A  bird  (Sylvia 
suecica )  with  a  tawny  breast,  marked  with 
a  sky-blue  crescent,  inhabiting  the  northern 
parts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  It  is  a  bird  of 
passage,  and  is  taken  in  great  numbers  in 
France  for  the  table. 

Blue-tint  (blu'tint),  n.    A  colouring  sub- 
stance  made  of   ultramarine  and    white, 
mixed  with  lightish  azure. 
Blue-veined  (blu'vand),  a.    Having  blue 
veins  or  streaks. 

Blue-verditer  (blu'ver-di-ter),  n.  A  blue 
oxide  of  copper,  or  a  precipitate  of  the 
nitrate  of  copper  by  lime. 
Blue-Vitriol  (blu'vit-ri-ol),  n.  Sulphate  of 
copper,  employed  by  surgeons  as  an  eschar- 
otic  and  astringent. 

Blue-water(blu'wa-ter),  ?i.  The  open  ocean, 
at  a  considerable  distance  from  land. 
Blue-Wlng(blu'wing),  n.  The  common  name 
for  a  genus  of  ducks,  so  called  from  the 
colour  of  the  wing-coverts.  One  species, 
Querquednla  discors,  is  brought  in  great 
quantities  to  market  in  Jamaica,  the  flesh 
being  highly  esteemed  for  its  flavour. 
Bluey  (blu'i),  a.  Somewhat  blue.  Southcy. 
Bluff  (  bluf ),  o.  [Perhaps  from  or  allied  to 
O.D.  blaf,  applied  to  a  broad  full  face,  also 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bnll;       oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


BLUFF 


205 


BLUSTER 


to  a  forehead  rising  straight  up.  See  also 
the  verb.]  1.  llroml  and  full:  specially  ap- 
plied to  a  full  countenance,  indicative  of 
fruiikness  and  good  humour. 

Hist. mad.  bright  eye,  ami  £/;</rface,  .  .  .  Wee  the 
sun  on  frost-work,  melted  down  displeasure. 

ft.  Scott  Riddell. 

llom;e  —  2.  Rough  and  hearty;  plain  and 
frank;  snmcwhat  boisterous  and  unconven- 
timial. 

\\Atty  broke  into  the  spencc, 
turned  the  cowls  adrift.  Tennyson. 

3.  Blustering:  pompous;  surly;  churlish.  'A 
pert  or  bluff  important  wight.'  A nnstrona. 
(Obsolete  and  provincial.]  -4.  Steep  and  ob- 
tuse; rising  suddenly  and  boldly,  like  a 
bluff. 

Tlie  rock  Tahra,  a  blitff,  peninsular  prominence 
th.it  juls  out  from  the  bottom  of  the  cliff.  Atkins, 

Bluff  (blnf),  n-  A  high  bank,  almost  perpen- 
dicular, especially  one  overhanging  the  sea, 
or  a  lake,  or  river;  a  high  bank  presenting 
a  steep  front.  '  Beach,  blitff,  and  wave, 
adii'u!'  Whitticr.  'Round  the  hills  from 
bin/to  bluff.'  Tennyson. 

The  favourite  spots  with  teamsters  for  corralinjj 
are  the  re-entering1  angles  of  deep  streams  ...  or 
the  crests  of  abrupt  hills  and  blttffs,  K.  F,  Burton. 

Bluff  (bluf),  v.t.  [Comp.  L.G.  bluffen,  ver- 
bln/en,  G.  vcrblii/en,  to  put  out  of  counten- 
ance, to  snub.]  To  repulse  by  rough  an- 
swers ;  to  repel  gruffly ;  to  deter  from  ac- 
complishing a  design:  generally  followed  by 
off;  as,  to  bluff  off  &  dun.  [American.] 

Bluff  (bluf).  »•  A  game  at  cards.  Bartlett. 
[American.] 

Bluff-bowed  (blufboud),  a.  Naut.  broad, 
full,  and  square  in  the  bows. 

Bluff-headed  (blufhed-ed),a.  Naut,  having 
an  upright  stem,  or  one  with  but  little  rake 
forward. 

Bluffhess  (bluf'nes),  n.  Quality  of  being 
bluff.  'Bluff ness  of  face.'  The  World,  5th 
Auq.  1756. 

Bluffy  (bluf  i),  a.  Having  bluffs  or  bold 
projecting  points  of  land. 

Bluld  (bind),  n.     Blood.     [Scotch.] 

Bluing  (blu'ing),  n.    Same  as  Blueing. 

Bluish  (bliVish),  a.  Blue  in  a  small  degree; 
tomewhat  blue. 

Bluislily  (blu'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  bluish  man- 
ner. 

Bluishness  (blu'igh<nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  bluish;  a  small  degree  of  blue  colour. 

Bluism  (blu'izm),  n.  Blue-stockingism.  'A 
wife  so  well  known  in  the  gay  and  learned 
world,  without  one  bit  of  ...  bluism  about 
herself.'  T.  Hook. 

Blunder  (blun'der),  v.i.  [O.E.  blonder,  pro- 
bably allied  to  Icel.  blunda,  to  doze,  blundr, 
slumber,  Dan.  and  Sw.  blund,  a  nap,  also  to 
blind,  blend.  ]  1.  To  make  a  gross  mistake, 
especially  through  mental  confusion ;  to  err 
widely  or  stupidly.— 2.  To  move  without  di- 
rection or  steady  guidance;  to  flounder;  to 
•tumble,  literally  or  figuratively.  '  Bayard 
the  blinde,  that  blundreth  forth.'  Chaucer. 

It  is  one  thing  to  forget  matter  of  fact,  and  another 
to  blunder  upon  the  reason  of  it. 

Sir  R.  L'Estranze. 

Blunder  (blun'der),  v.t.  I.  To  utter  in  a 
blundering  manner:  withouf;  to,  to  blunder 

out  senseless  rhymes.— 2.  t  To  cause  to  blun- 
der. 'To  blunders  adversary.'  Ditton. — 
3.t  To  injure  or  destroy  by  blundering;  to 
1  -ring  into  confusion.  '  To  darken  or  blunder 
the  cause.'  Ditton. 

He  blttnders  and  confounds  all  these  together. 
Stitting/tcet, 

Blunder  (blun'der),  n.  A  mistake  through 
precipitance  or  mental  confusion ;  a  gross 
and  stupid  mistake.  '  It  is  worse  than  a 
crime;  it  is  a  blunder.'  Transl.  qf  Memoirs 
of  Fouche. 

Blunderbuss  (blun'der-bus),  n.  [Probably 
a  humorous  corruption  of  D.  donderbus,  a 
blunderbuss— dander,  thunder,  and  bux,  a 
tube,  gun,  originally  a  box.]  1.  A  short  gun 


Blunderbuss. — Armoury,  Tower  of  London. 

or  firearm,  with  a  large  bore,  capable  of 
holding  a  number  of  balls,  and  intended  to 
do  execution  at  a  limited  range  without 
exact  aim.— 2.  A  stupid,  blundering  person. 
Blunderer  (bluu'der-er),  n.  One  who  is  apt 


to  blunder  or  to  make  gross  mistakes;  a 
careless  person.  *  A  mere  blunderer.'  Watt*. 

Blunderhead  (Mun'dor-hed),  «.  A  stupid 
fidlow;  one  who  blunders.  'This  thick- 
skulled  blunderhead.'  Sir  /(.  L'Kstrn //</>• 

Blunderingly  (binn'tUT-ing-ii),  «i/r.  In  a 
blundering  manner.  'The  tyro  who  had  so 
i>lii n<le I'intfli/ botched  the  business.'  TJlunk. 

Blunge  (b'""J).  v.t.  To  mix  (clay)  with  a 
btunger. 

Blunger  (blunj'er).  n.  [For  plunger.]  A 
iiiarhine  used  in  potteries  for  mixing  clay. 
It  consists  of  a  vertical  shaft  revolving  in 
the  vat  which  holds  diluted  clay,  and  armed 
with  from  two  to  four  aeries  of  horizontal 
spokes,  the  extremities  of  which  are  Joined 
by  vertical  bars;  a  plunger. 

Blunk  (bl'ingk),  n.  [Probably  a  form  of 
blank.  ]  A  name  in  Scotland  for  calico  or  cot- 
ton cloth,  manufactured  for  being  printed. 

Blunker  (blungk'er),  n.  [Scotch.]  1.  A 
calico-printer.— 2.  A  bungler,  one  that  spoils 
everything  he  meddles  with. 

Dunbog  is  nae  mair  o'  a  gentleman  than  the 
Hunker  that's  bi£git  the  bonnie  house  doun  in  the 
howm.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Blunt  (blunt),  a.  [Origin  and  connections 
extremely  uncertain;  comp.  Prov.  G.  bludde, 
a  dull  or  blunt  knife;  Dan.  blunde,  Sw.  and 
Icel.  bhtnda,  to  doze,  E.  blunder.]  1.  Hav- 
ing a  thick  edge  or  point,  as  an  instrument; 
dull;  not  sharp.  'The  murderous  knife  was 
dull  and  blunt.'  Shak.— 2.  Dull  in  under- 
standing; slow  of  discernment.  '  His  wits 
are  not  so  blunt.'  Shak.— 9.  Abrupt  in  ad- 
dress; plain;  unceremonious;  wanting  the 
forms  of  civility ;  rough  in  manners  or 
speech.  'A  plain,  blunt  man.'  Shak. 

Iu  blunt  terms,  can  you  play  the  sorcerer? 

Coleridge. 

4.  Hard  to  penetrate ;  not  susceptible. 
[Rare.  ] 

I  find  my  heart  hardened  and  blunt  to  new  im- 
pressions. Pope. 

Blunt  (blunt),  v.t.  1.  To  dull  the  edge  or 
point  of,  by  making  it  thicker.  'A  less  deadly 
sword,  of  which  he  carefully  blunted  the 
point  and  edge.'  Macaulay.—2,  To  repress 
or  weaken,  as  appetite,  desire,  or  power  of 
the  mind;  to  impair  the  force,  keenness,  or 
susceptibility  of.  'Blunt  not  his  love.' 
Shak.  'To  blunt  or  break  her  passion.' 
Tennyson. 

Blunt  (blunt),  n,  [Said  to  be  from  blond, 
fair  or  light-coloured,  on  analogy  of  browns, 
the  slang  name  for  halfpence.]  Money. 
[Slang.] 

'Well,  how  goes  it?'  said  one.     'I  have  been  the 
rounds.    The  blnnt's  going  like  the  ward-pump.' 
Disraeli. 

Blunting  (blunt'ing),  n.  1.  Act  of  dulling. 
2.  Something  that  dulls  or  blunts.  'Not 
impediments  or  bluntings,  but  rather  as 
whetstones,  to  set  an  edge  on  our  desires.' 
Jer.  Taylor.  [Bare.) 

Bluntish  (blunt'ish),  a.    Somewhat  blunt. 

Bluntlshness  (blunt'ish-nes),  n.  A  slight 
degree  of  bluntness.  'Tempered  with  an 
honest  bluntixhness. '  Wood. 

Bluntly  (bluntli),  ado.  1.  In  a  blunt  man- 
ner; plainly;  abruptly;  without  delicacy,  or 
the  usual  forms  of  civility;  as,  to  tell  a  man 
something  bluntly.  —2.  Suddenly;  without 
preparation. 

Fathers  are 

Won  by  degrees,  not  bluntly  as  our  masters 
Or  wronged  friends  are.  ford. 

Bluntness  (bl'int'nes),  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  blunt:  (a)  want  of  edge  or 
point;  dulness;  obtuseness;  want  of  sharp- 
ness. (&)  Plainness  or  abruptness  of  address; 
want  of  ceremony  in  manners;  rude  sin- 
cerity or  plainness.  'Honest  bluntness.' 
Dryden.  '  Bluntness  of  speech.'  Boyle. 

Blunt-Witted  (bltint'wit-ed),  a.  Dull; 
stupid.  '  Blunt-ivitted  lord,  ignoble  in  de- 
meanour.' Shak. 

Blur  (bier),  n.    [Probably  a  form  of  blear.  ] 

1.  Something  that  obscures  or  soils;  a  blot; 
a  stain.— 2.  Dim,  confused  appearance,  as 
produced  by  indistinct  vision;  as,  it  is  all  a 
blur. — 3.  Fig.  a  blot,  stain,  or  injury,  affect- 
ing character,  reputation,  and  the  like. 

Her  railing  set  a  great  blur  on  mine  honesty  and 
good  name.  Uaall. 

Blur  (bier),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  blurred;  ppr. 
blurring.  1.  To  obscure  without  quite 
effacing ;  to  render  indistinct;  to  confuse 
and  bedim,  as  the  outlines  of  a  figure. 

One  low  light  betwixt  them  burnt 

Blurred  by  the  creeping  mist.  Tennyson. 

2.  To  cause  imperfection  of  vision  in ;  to 
dim;  to  darken.  'Her  eyes  are  blurred  with 
the  lightning's  glare.'     N.  Drake. —3.  To 


sully;  to  stain;  to  blemish;  as,  to  blur  re- 
putation. 

Ne'er  yet  did  base  dishonour  blur  our  name, 

BH  with  our  sword  we  wiped  away  the  blot.    Skat. 

Blurt  (blertt,  v.t.  [Comp  Sc.  blirt,  a  burst 
of  tears.)  J'u  utt<;r  sii.l<lciily  nr  ni;«h.it 
ently;  to  divulge  inadvisedly:  commonly 
with  /ml. 

And  yet  the  truth  may  lose  Its  grace, 
If  blurted  to  a  person's  f.Ke.  Lloytt. 

Others  cannot   hold,   litit    Hurt  out  those  words 
which  afterwards  they  are  forced  to  eat 

Hattmfl 

—  To  blurt  at,  to  speak  contemptuously  of; 
to  ridicule. 

None  would  look  on  her. 
But  cast  their  gazes  on  Marina's  face- 
Whilst  ours  was  blurted  at.  Shak. 

Blush  (blush),  v.i.  [A  word  seen  In  A.  Sax. 
Mlysian,  to  blush.  Dan.  blusse,  to  blaze, 
to  burn  in  the  face,  blues  tied,  to  blush  at; 
D.  bios,  a  blush,  blozen,  to  blush;  allied  to 
blossom,  blaze,  blow.]  1.  To  redden  in  the 
checks  or  over  the  face,  as  from  a  sense  of 
guilt,  shame,  confusion,  or  modesty;  as, 
blush  at  your  vices;  blush  for  your  degraded 
country. 

In  the  presence  of  the  shameless  and  unblushing 
the  young  offender  is  ashamed  to  blush. 

Bltckmituter. 

2.  To  exhibit  a  red  or  rosy  colour;  to  be  red. 
'Made  the  western  welkin  blush.'    Shale. 

A  shielded  scutcheon  Hushed  with  blood  of  kings 
and  queens.  Ktats. 

3.  To  bloom;  to  blossom. 

To-day  he  puts  forth 

The  tender  leaves  of  hopes,  to-morrow  blossoms. 
And  bears  his  blushing  honours  thick  upon  him. 

Shak. 
Full  many  a  flower  is  born  to  blush  unseen. 

Blush  (blush),  v.t.  1.  To  make  red  by  blush- 
ing. 

Which  (blood)  .  .  .  ne'er  returneth 

To  blush  and  beautify  the  cheek  again.        Shak. 

2.  To  express  by  blushing.  Til  blush  you 
thanks.'  Shak.  [Rare  and  poetical. ]— 3.  To 
spread  or  convey  by  the  roseate  colour  of 
the  sky. 

Pass  the  happy  news, 

Blush  it  thro  the  west.  Tennyson. 

Blush  (Mush),  n.  1.  The  act  of  blushing;  the 
suffusion  of  the  cheeks  or  the  face  gener- 
ally with  a  red  colour  through  confusion, 
shame,  diffidence,  or  the  like.  '  Her  Utah  of 
maiden  shame.'  Bryant.—  2.  A  red  or  red- 
dish colour;  a  rosy  tint.  '  And  light's  last 
blushes  tinged  the  distant  hills.'  Ld.  Lyttel- 
ton.—3.  Sudden  appearance;  a  glance:  a 
sense  taken  from  the  sudden  suffusion  of  the 
face  in  blushing;  as,  a  proposition  appears 
absurd  at  the  first  blush. 

At  the  first  blush  we  thouyht  they  had  been  ships 
come  from  France.  Hackluyt. 

4.  Look;  resemblance;  as,  'She  has  a  lluih 
of  her  father.'    [North  of  England.] 

Blushett  (blush'et),  n.  A  young  modest  girl. 
'  Go  to,  little  blushet.'  B.  Jonson. 

Blushful  (blush'ful),  o.  Full  of  blushes. 
'  Averts  her  blushful  face.'  Thomson. 

Blushfully  (blush'ful-li),  adv.  With  many 
blushes. 

Blushing  (blush'ing),  n.  The  act  of  blush- 
ing; suffusion  with  a  roseate  tint.  'The 
blushings  of  the  evening.'  Spenser. 

Blushing  (blush'ing),  p.  and  a.  Exhibiting 
blushes  or  a  rosy  tint ;  blooming.  '  The 
dappled  pink  and  blushing  rose.'  Prior. 

Blushmgly  (blush'ing-li).  ado.  In  a  blush- 
ing manner ;  with  blushes ;  as,  to  speak 
blunhingly. 

Blushless  (blushles),  a.  Without  a  blush; 
unblushing;  past  blushing;  impudent;  bare- 
faced. 'Blushless  crimes.'  Sandys. 

Blushy  ( blush '!),  a.  Like  a  blush;  having 
the  colour  of  a  blush.  '  Blossoms  of  apples 
.  .  .  are  blushy.'  Bacon.  [Rare.] 

Bluster  (Mus'ter),  v.i.  [A  treq.  of  blast,  or  a 
kind  of  intens.  of  blow.  ]  1.  To  roar  and  be 
tumultuous,  as  wind ;  to  be  boisterous;  as, 
the  storm  blusters  without.  'Bluster  the 
winds  and  tides.'  Tennyson. — 2.  To  be  loud, 
noisy,  or  swaggering;  to  bully;  to  swagger, 
as  a  turbulent  or  boasting  person.  'When 
they  storm  and  bluster  at  the  difficulties  of 
salvation.'  Bp.  Hopkins. 

Your  ministerial    directors  blustered  like    tragic 
tyrants  here.  Burke. 

Bluster  (blus'ter),  c.  (.  1.  To  utter  or  effect 
in  a  blustering  manner  or  with  noise  and 
violence:  with  a  preposition  used  adver- 
bially. '  Bloweth  and  bluitereth  out  ... 
blasphemy.'  Sir  T.  More.  'By  a  tempes- 
tuous gust  bluster  down  the  house.'  Sea- 
sonable Sermons. 

He  meant  to  blusltr  all  princes  into  a  perfect  obe- 
dience. Fuller. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin0;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KKY. 


BLUSTER 


296 


BOAST 


Bluster  (Mu.s'ter),  n.  1.  Roar  of  storms  or 
of  violent  wind;  blast;  gust. 

The  skies  look  primly 
And  threaten  present  blusters.  Shak. 

2.  A  loud,  tumultuous,  harsh  noise.  'The 
brazen  trumpet's  bluster.'  Swift.—  3.  Noisy 
talk;  swaggering;  boisterousness;  tumult. 

A  coward  makes  a  great  deal  more  bluster  than  a 
man  ofhonour.  Sir  R.  1.'  Estrange. 

SYN.  Noise,  boisterousness,  tumult,  storm, 

rage,  turbulence,  confusion,  boasting,  swag- 

gering, bragging,  bullying. 
Blusteration  (ulus-ter-a'shon),  n.     Noisy 

boasting;  blustering;  boisterous  conduct. 

[Provincial  English  and  American.] 
Blusterer  (blus'ter-er),  n.  One  who  blusters; 

a  swaggerer  ;  a  bully  ;  a  noisy  tumultuous 

fellow.    Shak. 
Blustering  (Mus'ter-ing),p.and  a.  l.Stormy; 

windy;  as,  blustering  weather.    '  A  blmter- 

iiig  day.'     Shale.  —  2.  Noisy;   tumultuous; 

swaggering  ;  as,  a  blustering  fellow. 
Blusteringly  (blus'ter-ing-li),  ad».    In  a 

blustering  manner. 
Blusterous,  Blustrous  (blus'ter-us,  blus'- 

trus),  a.     Noisy;  tumultuous;  tempestuous. 

Now,  mild  may  be  thy  life  ! 

A  more  blusterous  birth  had  never  babe.    Shak. 

Blype  (M>'p),  n.  A  shred  ;  a  piece  of  one's 
skin  rubbed  off.  Bums.  [Scotch.] 

Blysmus  (blis'mus),  n.  [Or.  blysmos,  source, 
fram  blyo,  to  bubble  or  gush  forth.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Cyperacese.  Two 
species  are  found  in  Britain,  viz.  B.  com- 
pressus  and  B.  rufits.  They  grow  on  boggy 
or  marshy  places  or  by  river  sides,  especially 
near  the  sea. 

Blythet  (blTTH),  a.    Same  as  Blithe. 

Bo  (bo),  exdam.  A  word  uttered  to  inspire 
terror  ;  a  customary  sound  uttered  by  chil- 
dren to  frighten  their  fellows. 

I'll  rather  put  on  my  flashing  red  nose  and  my 
flaming  face,  and  come  wrapped  in  a  calfs  skin,  and 
cry,  bo,  bo  I  I'll  fray  the  scholar,  1  warrant  thee. 


. 

—  Not  able  to  say  bo.'  to  a  goose,  to  be  very 
foolish  or  timid. 

Boa  (bo'a),  n.  [L.,  for  bova,  a  water-serpent, 
from  bos,  bovis,  an  ox,  cow,  perhaps  in  allu- 
sion to  the  size  of  the  animal.  ]  1.  A  genus 
of  ophidian  reptiles,  family  Boidse,  distin- 
guished from  allied  families  by  having  a 
prehensile  tail,  with  a  single  row  of  scales 
on  its  under  surface.  It  includes  some  of 
the  largest  species  of  serpents,  of  which  a 
familiar  example  is  the  constrictor,  some- 
times 30  or  40  feet  long.  Though  destitute 
of  fangs  and 
venom,  the  boas 
are  endowed 
with  a  degree  of 
muscular  power 
which  renders 
them  terrible. 
Once  fairly  in- 
volved in  the 
crushing  folds 
of  these  ser- 
pents, the 
strength  of  the 
most  powerful 
man  would  not 
prove  of  the 
slightest  avail. 
They  seize 
sheep,deer,&c., 
and  crush  them 
in  their  folds, 
after  which 
they  swallow 
the  animal 
whole.  The  spe- 
cies of  boa  are 

peculiar  to  the  hot  parts  of  South  America. 
The  Boa  constrictor  is  not  one  of  the  largest 
members  of  the  genus,  but  the  name  boa  or 
boa  constrictor  is  often  given  popularly  to 
any  of  the  large  serpents  of  similar  habits, 
and  so  as  to  include  the  Pythons  of  the  Old 
World  and  the  Anaconda  of  America.  —2.  An 
article  of  dress  for  the  neck,  made  of  fur, 
and  worn  by  ladies  :  so  called  from  its  re- 
semblance to  the  serpent  of  the  same  name. 

Boanerges  (bo-a-ner'jez),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  boan- 
erges,  Heb.  bne  hargem,  sons  of  thunder-- 
bne,  pi.  of  bin,  son,  ha,  the,  and  ra'am, 
thunder.]  1.  Sons  of  thunder,  a  name  given 
by  Jesus  Christ  to  his  two  disciples  James 
and  John. 

And  he  surnamed  them  Boanerges,  which  is.  The 
sons  of  thunder.  Mark  iii.  17. 

2.  sing.  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  a  loud, 
powerful  preacher. 


Boa  constrictor. 


Boar  (bor),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bar,  D.  beer,  O.H.O. 
per,  M.  H.  G.  bfr,  a  boar.  ]  The  male  of  swine 
not  castrated.  —  Wild  boar  (Sue  serofa),  an 
ungulate  or  hoofed  mammal,  family  Suidse, 
the  original  of  the  hog  kind.  These  animals  ' 
are  found  in  most  parts  of  Europe,  except 
the  British  Islands;  also  in  the  greatest  part 
of  Asia,  and  on  the  Barbary  coast  of  Africa.  ' 
The  wild  boar  differs  in  several  respects 
from  the  tame  species ;  its  body  is  smaller, 
its  snout  longer,  and  the  ears  (which  are 
always  black)  rounder  and  shorter;  its 
colour  is  iron-gray,  inclining  to  black ;  the 
tusks,  formed  by  the  enlarged  canine  teeth, 
are  larger  than  those  of  the  tame  hog,  being 
sometimes  nearly  a  foot  in  length.  The 
chase  of  the  wild  boar  is  one  of  the  most 
exciting  sports  of  Europe  and  India  In 
her.  the  wild  boar  and  its  head  are  used  as 
a  common  bearing  in  coat  armour. 

Boar  (bor),  v.i.  In  the  manege,  to  shoot  out 
the  nose,  raising  it  as  high  as  the  ears  and 
tossing  it  in  the  wind:  said  of  a  horse. 

Board  (bord),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bord,  a  table,  a 
plank,  a  border;  Icel.  Dan.  G.  bord,  Goth. 
baurd,  D.  board,  aboard,  plank, (ship)board. 
table,  border.  There  are  also  a  number  of 
closely  allied  forms  in  which,  apparently  by 
metathesis,  the  r  conies  before  the  vowel,  as 
Sc.  brad,  a  flat  piece  of  wood,  a  wooden  lid 
or  cover ;  A.  Sax.  bred,  a  plank,  a  table ; 
Dan.  brcet,  a  chess-board,  or  the  like;  G. 
brett,  a  board  or  plank.  Allied  probably  to 
broad,  or  to  verb  bear.  Border,  braider, 
belong  to  this  stem,  but  have  come  to  us 
through  the  French.]  1.  A  piece  of  timber 
sawed  thin,  and  of  considerable  length  and 
breadth  compared  with  the  thickness.  The 
name  is  usually  given  to  pieces  of  timber  of 
more  than  4  inches  in  breadth,  and  of  not 
more  than  21  inches  in  thickness.  When 
boards  are  thinner  on  one  edge  than  the 
other  they  are  called  feather-edged  boards. 

But  ships  are  but  boards,  sailors  but  men.    Shak. 

2.  A  table,  especially  as  being  used  to  place 
food  on. 

Fruit  of  all  kinds  .  .  . 

She  gathers,  tribute  large,  and  on  the  board 
Heaps  with  unsparing  hand.  Milton. 

Hence  — 3.  What  is  served  on  a  board  or 
table ;  entertainment ;  food ;  diet ;  stated 
meals;  often,  specifically  .daily  food  obtained 
fora  stipulated  sum  at  the  table  of  another; 
as,  to  pay  so  much  a  week  for  board  and 
lodging. 

Sometimes  white  lilies  did  their  leaves  afford, 
With  wholesome  poppy  flowers,  to  mend  his  homely 
board.  Drydett. 

4.  A  table  at  which  a  council  or  court  is 
held.  '  Better  acquainted  with  affairs  than 
any  other  who  sat  then  at  that  board.' 
Clarendon. 

I  wish  the  king  would  be  pleased  sometimes  to  be 
present  at  that  board ;  it  adds  a  majesty  to  it. 

Bacon. 

Hence,  by  metonymy,  a  number  of  persons 
having  the  management,  direction,  or  super- 
intendence of  some  public  or  private  office  or 
trust;  thus  we  speak  of  a  board  of  directors; 
the  Board  of  Trade ;  a  board  of  guardians 
(of  the  poor);  a  school-board.  'The  hon- 
ourable board  of  council.'  Shak.  —  5.  A 
board  or  tablet  in  a  college  at  Cambridge 
University,  on  which  the  names  of  mem- 
bers are  inscribed ;  hence  the  university 
is  said  to  have  so  many  members  on  the 
boards.— G.  Naut.  (a)  the  deck  of  a  ship;  the 
interior  part  of  a  ship  or  boat :  used  in  the 
phrase  on  board,  aboard,  (b)  The  side  of  a 
ship. 

Now  board  to  board  the  rival  vessels  row.     Drytien. 

(c)  The  line  over  which  a  ship  runs  between 
tack  and  tack.--To  inake  a  board,  to  make  a 
stretch  on  any  tack  when  a  ship  is  working 
to  windward.  To  make  a  good  board,  to  get 
well  on  in  a  stretch  to  windward.  To  make 
short  boards,  to  tack  frequently.  To  make 
a  item  board,  to  fetch,  on  either  tack,  stern- 
way  instead  of  gaining  ground.  —  By  the 
board,  close  to  a  ship's  deck;  as,  the  mast 
went  by  the  board  =  the  mast  broke  off  close 
to  the  deck.  Hence,  to  go  by  the  board  = 
to  be  completely  destroyed.  —  7.  A  table 
or  frame  for  a  game ;  as,  a  chess-board,  &c. 
8.  A  kind  of  thick  stiff  paper;  a  sheet  of 
substance  formed  by  layers  of  paper  pasted 
together ;  pasteboard :  most  usually  em- 
ployed in  compounds ;  as,  card-board,  mill- 
board, Bristol-board.  Hence— 9.  One  of  the 
two  stiff  covers  on  the  sides  of  a  hook.  By 
a  book  in  boards  is  usually  to  be  understood 
one  that  has  the  boards  only  covered  with 
paper,  in  distinction  from  a  book  which  is 


in  cloth  or  is  bound  or  put  into  leather— 
10.  pi.  The  stage  of  a  theatre ;  hence,  to  go 
upon  the  boards,  to  leave  the  boards  =  to 
enter  upon  or  leave  the  theatrical  profes- 
sion. 

Our  place  on  the  boards  may  be  taken  by  better 
and  younger  mimes.  Thackeray. 

Board  (bord),  v.t.  1.  To  lay  or  spread  with 
boards;  to  cover  with  boards.  — 2.  To  place 
at  board  ;  as,  he  boarded  his  son  with  Mrs. 
So-and-so. — 3.  To  furnish  with  food,  or  food 
and  lodging,  for  a  compensation;  as,  his 
landlady  boards  him  for  a  guinea  a  week. — 
4.  t  [Fr.  aborder,  to  come  to,  accost,  attack.) 
To  accost,  or  make  the  first  address  to,  an- 
other. 'Him  the  prince  with  gentle  court 
did  board.'  Shak.  —  t>.  To  go  on  board  a 
vessel ;  specifically,  to  enter  a  vessel  by  force 
in  combat. 

You  board  an  enemy  to  capture  her,  and  a  stranger 
to  receive  news  or  make  communications.     Totten. 

Board  (bord),  v.i.  To  obtain  one's  food  or 
meals  for  compensation,  or  to  obtain  both 
food  and  lodging;  to  live  as  a  boarder;  as,  to 
board  with  a  certain  pel-son. 

We  are  several  of  us,  gentlemen  and  ladies,  who 
board  in  the  same  house.  Spectator. 

Boardable  (bord'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
boarded,  as  a  ship. 

Boarder  (bord'er),  n.  One  who  boards :  (a) 
one  who  pays  for  his  food  in  another  per- 
son's house,  or  one  who  gets  food  and  lodg- 
ing in  another's  family  for  a  compensation. 

There's  a  boarder  in  the  floor  above  me ;  and,  to 
my  torture,  he  practises  music.  Smollett. 

(b)  One  who  boards  a  ship  in  action ;  one  who 
is  selected  to  board  ships. 

Boarding-Clerk  (bord'ing-klark),  n.  The 
servant  of  a  custom-house  agent  or  ship- 
ping firm  whose  duty  is  to  communicate 
with  ships  on  their  arrival  in  port, 

Boarding-house  (liord'ing-hous),n.  A  house 
where  board  or  board  and  lodging  is  fur- 
nished. 

Boarding-Joist  (bord'ing-joist),  n.  One  of 
the  joists  in  naked  flooring  to  which  the 
boards  are  fixed. 

Boarding  -  nettings  ( bord '  ing  -  net  -  ingz), 
n.  pi.  A  frame  of  stout  nettings  put  round 
a  ship  to  prevent  her  being  boarded.  See 
NETTING. 

Boarding-pike  (bord'ing-plk),  n.  A  weapon 
used  by  sailors  in  boarding  an  enemy's  ship. 

Boarding-school  (bord'ing-skol),  n.  A 
school,  the  scholars  of  which  board  with 
the  teacher. 

Board-rule  (bdrd'rol),  n.  A  figured  scale 
for  finding  the  number  of  square  feet  in  a 
board  without  calculation. 

Board-school  (bord'skbl),  »i.  A  school  un- 
der the  management  of  a  school-board. 

Board-wages  (hord'wa-jez),  n.  pi.  Wages 
allowed  to  servants  to  keep  themselves  in 
victuals. 

Not  enough  is  left  him  to  supply 
Board-wages,  or  a  footman's  livery.     Drydeti. 

Boar-fish  (bor'flsh),  n.  The  Capros  aper,  an 
acanthopterygious  fish  of  the  mackerel  fa- 
mily, resembling  the  dory  in  its  general 
outline,  but  possessing  no  spines  along  the 
dorsal  or  anal  fin.  It  has  the  power  of  ex- 
tending and  contracting  its  mouth  at  will. 
When  extended  the  mouth  takes  the  form 
of  a  hog's  snout,  whence  the  name.  It  is 
6  inches  long,  and  inhabits  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  is  occasionally  taken  on  the  Brit- 
ish coasts. 

Bearish  (bor'ish),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
boar;  swinish;  brutal;  cruel.  'In  his  an- 
ointed flesh  stick  bearish  fangs. '  Shak. 

Boar-spear  (boi-'sper),  71.  A  spear  used  in 
hunting  boars. 

Boar-stag  (bor'stag),  n.     A  gelded  boar. 

Boar-thistle  (bcVthis-1),  n.  A  plant,  genus 
Sonchus.  Called  also  Sow-thistle  (which 
see)  and  Spear-thistle. 

Boast  (bost),  v.i.  [Probably  of  Celtic  origin, 
as  we  find  not  only  W.  bost,  a  boast,  bosd'o, 
to  boast,  but  also  Gael,  bdsd,  a  boast,  vain- 
glory, Corn,  bostye,  to  boast.  Skeat.  Comp. 
G.  bausten,  pavsten,  to  puff  out  the  cheeks.] 

1.  To  brag  or  vaunt  one's  self ;  to  make  an 
ostentatious  display,  in  speech,  of  one's  own 
worth,  property,  or  actions. 

By  grace  are  ye  saved  through  faith ;  .  .  .  not  of 
works,  lest  any  man  should  po.tsf.         Eph.  ii.  8,  9. 

2.  To  glory;  to  exult;  to  speak  with  laudable 
pride  and  ostentation  of  meritorious  persons 
or  things. 

1  bozst  of  you  to  them  of  Macedonia.     =  Cor.  ix.  a. 

SVN.  To  brag,  vaunt,  bluster,  vapour,  crow, 
swell,  talk  big. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  he>;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  ab«ne;      J,  Sc.  ley. 


liOAST 


297 


BOBOLINK 


Boast  (host),  v.t.  1.  To  display  in  ostenta- 
tious language;  to  speak  of  with  pride, 
vanity,  or  exultation,  with  a  view  to  self- 
commendation.  'To  boaxt  what  arms  can 
do.'  Mitton. 

But  let  him  boast 
His  knowledge  of  good  lost,  and  evil  got.      Miltvtt. 

'_'  To  magnify  or  exalt;  to  make  ovcr-con- 
Milent;  to  vaunt:  with  rcllexivo  pronouns. 
'  They  that  trust  ill  their  wealth,  and  burnt 
Uumselwu  in  the  multitude  of  their  riches.' 
I's  xlix.  6. 

Boast  not  thyself  ot  to-morrow.      Prov.  xxvii   i. 

Boast  (host),  »i.  1.  Language  expressive  of 
ostentation,  pride,  or  vanity;  a  vaunting  or 
bragging 

Reason  and  morals?  and  where  live  they  most, 
In  Clins:i.iii  comfort  or  in  Stoic  boast)      Byron. 

2.  The  cause  of  boasting;  occasion  of  pride, 
vanity,  or  laudable  exultation ;as,Shakspcre, 
the  b»axt  of  English  literature. 

Boast  (host),  v.t.  1.  In  masonrn,  to  dress 
oil  the  surface  of  a  stone  with  a  broad  chisel 
and  mallet.  — 2.  In  nculp.  to  reduce  orna- 
ments or  other  work  to  their  general  con- 
tour or  form,  preparatory  to  working  out 
the  minuter  parts. 

Boaster  (Wafer), «.  One  who  boasts,  glories, 
or  vaunts  with  exaggeration,  or  ostenta- 
tiously ;  a  bragger. 

Boaster  (bost'er),  n.  A  broad  chisel  used 
in  dressing  off  the  surface  of  a  stone. 

Boastful  (DOst'ful),  a.  Given  to  Wasting ; 
ostentatious  of  personal  worth  or  actions. 

IRoastful  and  rough,  your  first  son  is  a  'squire; 
The  next  a  tradesman,  meek,  and  much  a  liar. 

Boastfully  (bSst'fnl-li),  adv.  In  a  boastful 
manner. 

Boastfulness  (bost'ful-nes),  71.  State  or 
quality  of  being  boastful;  ostentation. 

Boasting  (bost'ing),  n.  A  glorying  or  vaunt- 
ing; boastful  or  ostentatious  words;  brag- 
ging language.  '  When  boasting  ends,  then 
dignity  begins.'  youny.  —  SYS.  Vaunting, 
glorying,  vainglory,  rhodomontade,  gascon- 
ade, brag,  bluster,  parade,  vapouring. 

Boastingly  (bost'ing-li),  adv.  In  an  osten- 
tatious manner;  with  boasting. 

Boastive (bost'iv),o.  Presumptuous.  [Rare.) 
Sfunstone. 

Boastless  (Wst'les),  a.  Without  Wasting  or 
ostentation.  'Boastless,  as  now  descends 
the  silent  dew. '  Thomson. 

Boaston  (bos'ton),  71.  A  game  of  cards. 
Hoyle. 

Boat  (hot),  71.  [A.  Sax.  b,!t,  Icel.  bdtr,  D. 
L.G.  and  G.  boot,  a  boat ;  the  word  is  Scan- 
dinavian ami  Low  German,  and  was  bor- 
rowed into  High  German  in  comparatively 
recent  times.  Similar  forms  occur  also  in 
Celtic,  as  Ir.  W.  bad,  Gael,  bate.]  1.  A  small 
open  vessel  or  water  craft,  usually  moved 
by  oars  or  rowing.  The  forms,  dimensions, 
and  uses  of  boats  are  very  various,  and  some 
of  them  carry  a  light  sail.  The  Wats  be- 
longing to  a  ship  of  war  are  the  launch  or 
long-boat,  which  is  the  largest,  the  barge, 
the  pinnace,  the  yawl,  cutters,  the  jolly- 
boat,  and  the  gig.  The  boats  belonging  to 
a  merchant  vessel  are  the  launch  or  long- 
Wat,  before  mentioned,  the  skiff,  the  jolly- 
boat  or  yawl,  the  stern-boat,  the  quarter- 
boat,  and  the  captain's  gig.  Every  passenger 
ship  is  required  by  18  and  19  Viet  cxix  to 
carry  a  number  of  Wats  according  to  the 
following  scale :  two  boats  for  every  ship  of 
less  than  200  tons;  three,  when  200  and  less 
than  400 ;  four,  400  and  less  than  600 ;  five, 
600  and  less  than  1000;  six,  1000  and  less  than 
l'>0u;  seven,  1500  and  upwards.  One  of  such 
boats  must  in  all  cases  bo  a  long-boat,  and 
one  a  properly-fitted  life-Wat.— 2.  Any  sail- 
ing vessel,  but  usually  described  by  another 
v.  i  >rd  denoting  its  use  or  mode  of  propulsion ; 
as,  a  packet-boat,  passage-boat,  steam-boat, 
Av  The  term  is  frequently  applied  to 
steam-vessels  even  of  the  largest  size.— All 
i>i  tlie  same  boat,  all  treated  alike;  all  in  the 
same  condition  or  engaged  in  the  same 
enterprise. 

Boat  (hot), ti.t.  1.  To  transport  in  a  boat;  as, 
to  boat  goods  across  a  lake. — 2.  To  provide 
with  boats.  [Rare.] 

Our  little  Arno  is  not  boated  like  the  Thames. 

11.  ll'alfote. 

Boat  (hot),  v.i.    To  go  in  a  boat. 

I  boated  over,  ran  my  craft  aground.      Tennyson. 

Boatable  (bot'a-bl).  a.  Navigable  for  boats 
<T  small  river  craft. 

Boat-bill  (liot'bil),  n.  A  bird  of  the  genus 
c.incroma,  family  Ardeidir  or  herons.  There 
are  two  species,  the  crested  and  the  brown, 


which  by  some  ornithologists  ave  regarded 
merely  as  varieties  Th--  t'.  r<,rtil>-nria  of 
South  America  is  about  the  size  of  a  hrn, 
and  has  a  bill  4  inrlies  lonir.  not  unlike  a 
boat  with  the  keel  uppermost,  or  like  the 
bowls  of  two  spoons,  with  the  hollow  parts 
placed  together. 

Boat-builder  (bot'bild-cr),  n.  One  who 
makes  boats;  a  boat-wright. 

Boat-fly  (bot'fli).  n.  An  aquatic  hemipter- 
MUS  insect  of  the  genus  Notonecta.  The^e. 
insects  swim  on  their  backs,  and  their  hind- 
legs  aptly  enough  resemble  a  pair  of  oars, 
the  body  representing  a  boat:  hence  the 
name.  X.  glauca(lhe  water-boatman),  com- 
mon in  Britain,  is  A  inch  long. 

Boat-head  (bfit'hed),  n.     I'row  of  a  boat. 

Boat-hook  (bot'htik),  n.  An  iron  hook  with 
a  point  on  the  back,  fixed  to  a  long  pole,  to 
pull  or  push  a  boat. 

Boat-house  (botlious),  n.  A  house  or  shed 
for  protecting  boats  from  the  weather. 

Boating  (hot'mg),  n.  1.  The  act  or  practice 
of  rowing  a  boat  for  exercise,  amusement,  or 
otherwise.  —2.  The  act  or  practice  of  trans- 
porting in  boats. —3.  A  punishment  in  Persia 
of  capital  offenders,  by  fastening  them  down 
on  their  backs  in  a  boat,  which  is  thereupon 
covered,  and  the  convict  left  to  perish. 

Boationt  (bo-a'shon),  n.  [L.  boatus,  from 
ooa re,  to  cry.]  A  reverberation ;  a  roar; 
loud  noise. 

The  guns  were  heard,  .  .  about  a  hundred  Italian 
miles,  in  loud  boalioits.  Derluun. 

Boatman  (bot'man),  n.  A  man  who  manages 
a  boat;  a  rower  of  a  boat. 

The  boatman  plied  the  oar,  the  boat 
Went  light  along  the  stream.  Sonthey. 

Boat-plug  (bot'plug).  11.  The  plug  in  the 
bottom  of  a  boat  by  which  water  shipped 
can  be  let  out  when  the  boat  is  hauled  up 
on  shore. 

Boat-racing  (bot'ras-ing),  n.  A  trial  of 
speed  between  boats. 

There  was  no  end  to  boat-racing,      Disraeli. 

Boat-rope  (bot'rop),  n.  A  rope  to  fasten  a 
boat,  usually  called  a  Painter. 

Boat-shaped  (bot'shapt),  a.  Having  the 
shape  of  a  boat;  navicular;  cymbiform ; 
hollow  like  a  boat,  as  the  valves  of  some 
pericarps. 

Boat-shell  (bot'shel),  n.  The  English  name 
of  the  shells  of  the  genus  Cymba,  belonging 
to  the  family  Volutidte. 

Boat-Skid  (bot'skid),  n.  ffaut.  a  portable 
piece  of  timber  used  to  prevent  chafing 
when  a  boat  is  hoisted  or  lowered. 

Boatsmant  (bots'man),  n.  Same  as  Boat- 
man. Dryden. 

Boatswain  (bot'swan  or  bo'sn),  n.  [A.  Sax. 
btltiiwdn—bat,  boat,  and  swtln,  swain.]  An 
officer  on  board  of  ships  who  has  charge  of 
the  sails,  rigging,  colours,  anchors,  cables, 
and  cordage.  His  office  is  also  to  summon 
the  crew  to  their  duty,  to  relieve  the 
watch,  and  assist  the  first  lieutenant  in  the 
necessary  business  of  the  ship. — Boatswain's 
mate,  the  assistant  or  deputy  of  the  boat- 
swain. On  board  a  man-of-war  he  is  the 
officer  who  inflicts  corporal  punishment. 

Boat-tails  (bot'talz),  n.  pi.  A  sub-family  of 
American  birds,  family  Sturnidte,  the  Quis- 
calinro,  allied  to  the  starlings,  but  much 
larger,  some  of  them  being  17  inches  long ; 
so  named  from  the  formation  of  their  tail- 
feathers,  which  are  hollowed  in  a  manner 
somewhat  like  the  interior  of  a  canoe. 

Boat-wright  (bot'rit),  71.    A  boat-builder. 

Bob  (bob),  n.  [Perhaps  to  some  extent  an 
imitative  word,  as  its  short  abrupt  sound 
might  be  suggestive  of  abrupt,  jerky  motion; 
in  some  of  its  senses  it  may  be  allied  to  Gael. 
baling,  baban,  a  tassel.]  1.  A  general  name 
for  any  small  round  object  playing  loosely 
at  the  end  of  a  cord.  line,  flexible  chain,  and 
the  like.  Specifically,  (a)  a  little  pendant 
or  ornament  so  attached;  an  ear-ring.  'In 
jewels  dressed  and  at  each  ear  a  bob.  Dry- 
den,  (b)  A  knot  of  worms  or  of  rags  on  a 
string  used  for  fishing  for  eels;  formerly,  a 
specific  kind  of  worm  used  for  this  kind  of 
bait;  also,  a  peculiar  kind  of  hook. 

Yellow  bobs  turned  up  before  the  plough 
Are  chiefest  bait  with  cork  and  lead  enough. 

Lauson's  Secrets  ofAncline,  1652. 

(c)  The  ball  or  weight  at  the  end  of  a  pen- 
dulum, plumb-line,  and  the  like. —2.  A  hob- 
wig.  'A  plain  brown  606  he  wore.'  Shen- 
stone.  —3.  A  short  jerking  action  or  motion; 
as,  a  bob  of  the  head.— 4.  A  shake  or  jog; 
a  blow.  'Pinches,  nips,  and  bobs.'  Ascham. 

He  that  a  fool  doth  very  wisely  hit, 

Doth  very  foolishly,  altho'  he  smart, 

Not  to  seem  senseless  of  the  bob.          Sttat. 


6.  The  working  heani  of  an  engine;  a  some- 
wliat  similar  beam  in  a  pumping  apparatus. 
(Provincial  |      11.   A   small   wheel   made  en- 
tirely of  a  thiek  pieee.  of  hull-neek  or  sea- 
c-ow  leather,  perforated  for  the  reec-ptionof 
its  spindle,  ami  used  in  poli.,hini;  the  inside 
of  the  bowls  of  &poons  and  other  articles. 

7.  In  I/ell -riitiiiiiij.  a  peal  of  courses  or  sets 
of  changes,  distinguished  into  a  bob-major 
and  a  boD-ninof. 

It  is  a  distracted  empty-sounding  word;  of  bob. 
majors  and  *t»A-nimor .,  i  i  triumph  and  terror,  of  rise 
ana  fall.  L,trtytf, 

8.  t  The  words  repeated  at  the  end  of  a 
stanza;  the  burden  of  a  song.     'To  bed,  to 
bed'  will  he  the  bob  of  the  song.'    Sir  H. 
L' Estrange.  —  Q.  A  shilling:  formerly  Bob- 
stick.    [Slang.]— 10.  An  infantry  soldier;  as, 

;    the  light  bob*:  possibly  from  being  enlisted 
!    with    a   shilling.      [  Colloq.    or   slang.  ]  — 

11.  A  dance.    [Scotch.] 

O  what'n  a  bob  was  the  bob  o'  Dunblane. 

jfaiobite  sonjf. 

12.  A  bunch  of  flowers;  a  nosegay.  [Scotch.] 

The  rose  an'  hawthorn  sweet  I'll  twine  to  make  a  bob 

for  thee.  Hogf- 

—Dry  bob,  a  boy  who  devotes  himself  to 
cricket  or  football:  in  opposition  to  wet  bob, 
one  who  gives  himself  up  to  boating.  [Eton 
slang.]—  To  give  the  bob  was  a  phrase  equiv- 
alent to  that  of  giving  the  door.  'It  can 
be  no  other  but  to  give  me  the  bob.'  Mas- 
singer. 

Bob  (bob),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bobbed;  ppr.  bob- 
binti.  1.  To  Wat;  to  shake  or  jog.  '  I'll  not 
be  bobbed  in  the  nose.'  Beau.  <k  f'l.  —  S.  To 
gain  by  fraud.  'Gold  and  jewels  that  I 
Sobbed  from  him.'  Shale.—  3.  To  cheat;  to 
mock;  todelude.  '  Play  her  pranks  and  bob 
the  fool.'  Tttrbelrille.— 4.  To  cut  short;  as, 
to  bob  a  horse's  tail.  —5.  To  move  in  a  short, 
jerking  manner.  '  He  bobbed  his  head.'  W. 
Irving. — 6.  To  perform  with  a  jerky  move- 
ment ;  as,  to  bob  a  courtesy. 

Bob  (bob),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  bobbed;  ppr.  bob- 
bing.  1.  To  play  backward  and  forward  : 
to  play  loosely  against  anything.  '  A  birth- 
day Jewel  bobbing  at  their  ear.'  Dryden. — 

2.  To  make  a  rapid  bow  or  obeisance. 

He  rolled  upon  his  two  little  turned  legs,  and  hav- 
ing bobbed  gravely  to  the  bar,  who  bobbed  gravely  to 
him,  put  his  little  legs  under  his  table.  Dickens. 

3.  To  angle  or  fish  with  a  boh;  or,  by  giving 
the  hook  a  jerking  motion  in  the  water. 

These  are  the  baits  they  bob  with.    Bean.  &•  Fl. 

4.  To  dance.    [Scotch.] 

Bobt  (bob),  7i.  [O.Fr.  bobe,  pleasantry,  bad- 
inage.] A  taunt;  a  jeer  or  flout;  a  trick. 

Let  her  leave  her  bobs; 

I  have  had  too  many  of  them,  and  her  quillets. 
Beau.  Er  Ft. 

Bobaunce.t  Bobbaunce.t  71.  [O.Fr.  bob- 
ance.  ]  Boasting.  Chaucer. 

Bobbery  (bob'er-i),  n.  A  squabble;  a  row; 
a  frolic;  as,  to  kick  up  a  bobbery.  [Colloq. 
and  vulgar.  ] 

Bobbin  (bob'in),  71.  [Fr.  bobine,  from  L. 
bombvs,  a  humming  sound  ,or  more  probably 
from  bob.]  1.  A  reel  or  other  similar  con- 
trivance for  holding  thread  ;  specifically,  a 
small  pin  or  cylindrical  piece  of  wood  with 
a  head,  on  which  thread  is  wound  for  mak- 
ing lace;  a  spool  with  a  head  at  one  or 
both  ends,  intended  to  have  thread  or  yarn 
wound  on  it,  and  used  in  spinning  machin- 
ery (when  it  is  slipped  on  a  spindle  and 
revolves  therewith)  and  in  sewing-machines 
(applied  within  the  shuttle).  —  2.  Round 
tape. 

Bobbinet  (bob-in-ef  or  bob'in-et).  71.  A 
machine-made  cotton  net,  originally  imi- 
tated from  the  lace  made  by  means  of  a 
pillow  and  bobbins. 

Bobbin-work(Wb'in-werk),7i.  Work  woven 
with  Wbbins. 

Bobbish  (bob'ish),  a.  Hearty;  in  good  spirits 
and  condition.  [C'olloq.] 

Bobby  (Wb'i),  71.  A  policeman;  a  nickname 
given  to  the  members  of  the  police  force 
instituted  under  Sir  Robert  Peel's  act  (passed 
in  1829)  for  improving  the  police  in  and  near 
the  metropolis :  so  called  in  allusion  to  Sir 
Robert  Peel's  Christian  name.  Called  also 
Peeler.  [Slang.] 

Bob-cherry  (bob'cher-ri),  n.  A  child's  play 
in  which  a  cherry  is  hung  so  as  to  bob  against 
the  mouth  and  be  caught  with  the  teeth. 

Bob-lincoln  (bobling-kon),  n.  See  BOBO- 
LINK. 

Bobolink,  Boblink(Wb'6-lingk,  Wb'lingk), 
n.  The  usual  name  by  which  the  rice-bird 
or  reed-bird  is  known  in  the  United  States, 
from  its  cry.  It  is  the  Dolichonyx  oryzivonts, 
a  conirostral  passerine  bird,  family  Icteridte, 


ch,  cAaiu;      ch,  Sc.  loc/i;      g.  .70:      j,  job;      h.  Fr.  ton;      ng,  siwff;      in,  tten;  th,  tttn:     w.  trig;     wh,  irAig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


BOB-SLED 


298 


BODY-GUARD 


about  7  or  8  inches  long,  migratory,  and 
destructive  to  the  growing  crops  in  many 
parts  of  the  United  States.  Vulgarly  called 
Bob-lincoln. 

Bob-sled,  Bob-sleigh  (bol/sled,  boVsla),  n. 
A  sled  or  sleigh  made  up  of  two  short  sleds 
or  sleighs,  the  one  before  the  other,  and 
connected  by  a  reach  or  coupling.  [United 
States.] 

Bobstay  (bob'stii),  n.  Nmd.  a  chain  or  a  rope 
employed  to  retain  a  vessel's  bowsprit  down 
towards  the  stem  or  cut-water  and  counter- 
act the  upward  strain  of  the  stays.  The 
attachment  of  the  bobstay  to  the  stem  of 
the  vessel  is  made  by  means  of  iron  plates, 
called  bobstay-plates. 

BobStiCkt  (bob'stik),  n.     See  BOB,  9. 

Bobtail  (bob'tal),  n.  1.  A  short  tail  or  a  tail 
cut  short.—  2.  The  rabble,  used  in  contempt: 
most  frequently  in  the  phrase  ray-tag  and 
bobtail. 

Bobtailed  (bob'tald),  a.  Having  the  tail 
cut  short.  '  A  bobtaded  cur.'  Sir  R.  L'  Es- 
trange. 

Bobtail-wig,  Bob-wig  (bob'tal-wig,  bob'- 
wig),  n.  A  wig  of  short  hair.  '  A  bob-wig 
and  a  black  silken  bag  tied  to  it.'  Spectator. 

Bob-white  (bob'whit),  n.  A  popular  name 
of  an  American  bird,  the  Odontophorvs  Vir- 
ginianus  or  American  partridge.  It  has 
this  name  from  its  note.  [American.] 


.  . 

Bocal  (bo'kal),  n.  [FT.]  A  cylindrical  glass 
vessel  with  a  wide,  short  neck,  used  for  pre- 
serving solid  substances. 


. 

Bocan  (bo-kan'),  n.  [See  BUCAN.]  In  the 
West  Indies,  a  place  where  coffee  or  cocoa 
is  dried.  III.  London  News. 

Bocardo  (bo-kar'do),  n.  1.  In  logic,  a  mne- 
monic word  denoting  a  syllogism  in  the  third 
figure,  having  a  particular  negative  major 
premiss,  a  universal  affirmative  minor,  and 
a  particular  negative  conclusion.  —  2.  A 
prison  ;  so  called  from  the  fact  of  the  old 
north  gate  of  Oxford,  which  had  this  name, 
being  used  as  a  prison.  Nares. 

Was  not  this  (Achab)  a  seditious  fellow?—  Was  he 
not  worthy  to  be  cast  in  bocardo  or  little-ease? 

Bocasine  (bok'a-sen),  n.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of 
calamanco  or  woollen  stuff. 

Bocca  (bokTca),  n.  [It.  Sp.,  mouth,  a  chan- 
nel or  entrance.]  The  round  hole  in  a  glass 
furnace  by  which  the  fused  glass  is  taken 
out. 

Bocconia  (bok-ko'ni-a),  n.  [After  a  Sicilian 
botanist  of  the  name  of  Boccone.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Papaveracere.  The 
species  are  esteemed  for  the  beauty  of  their 
flowers,  which  are  in  clusters,  and  for  their 
elegant  foliage.  B.  frutescens  is  very  com- 
mon in  Jamaica  and  Central  America. 

Boce  (bos),  n.     Same  as  Bogue. 

Boche.tw.    A  botch;  a  wen;  aboil.   Chaucer. 

Bock  (bok),  v.i.  [Imitative  of  the  sound 
made  in  retching.]  1.  To  retch;  to  vomit.  — 
2.  To  gush  intermittingly,  as  liquid  from  a 
bottle.  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Bockelet,  Bockeret  (bok'e-let,  bok'er-et),  n. 
A  kind  of  long-winged  hawk.  Written  also 
Bockerel. 

Bockey  (bok'i),  n.  A  bowl  or  vessel  made 
from  a  gourd.  [New  York.  ] 

Booking  (bok'in!;),  n.  1.  A  particular  sort 
of  cloth,  like  baize,  so  called  from  being  first 
made  at  Backing  in  Essex.  —  2.  A  red  herring. 
Crabb. 

Bockland,  Bocland  (bok  'land),  n.    See 

BOOKLAND. 

Eocman  (bok'man),  n.  A  holder  of  bocland 
or  bookland  (which  see). 

Bodach  (bod'ach),  ».  [Gael.]  An  old  man. 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

Boddice,  n.     Same  as  Bodice. 

Boddle  (bod'l),  n.     See  BODLE. 

Bode  (  bod  ),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  boded  ;  ppr. 
boding.  [A.  Sax.  bodian,  to  announce,  to  pro- 
claim, from  bod,  an  edict,  a  message  ;  Icel. 
botha,  to  proclaim,  to  bode;  A.  Sax.  boda,  D. 
bode,  G.  bate,  a  messenger;  allied  to  bid. 
See  BID.]  To  portend;  to  foreshow;  to  pre- 
sage; to  indicate  something  future  by  signs; 
to  be  the  omen  of:  most  generally  applied 
to  things  ;  as,  our  vices  bode  evil  to  the 
country.  '  I  pray  God  his  bad  voice  bodes 
no  mischief.'  Shak. 

A'  brushes  his  hat  o'  mornings  ;  what  should  that 
bode  ;  Shak. 

Bode  (hod),  v.i.  1.  To  foreshow;  to  be  an 
omen  either  of  good  or  ill. 

This  bodes  well  to  you.  Dryden. 

2.  To  presage  something  evil  ;  to  be  of  evil 
omen;  to  forebode. 

I  would  croak  like  a  raven  ;  I  would  bode,  I  would 
bode.  Shak. 


Bodet  (bod),  n.    An  omen.     'The  owl  eke, 
that  of  death  the  bode  ybringeth.'  Chaucer. 
Bode,  pret.  &  pp.  from  bide.    Remained. 

And  Lancelot  bode  a  little,  till  he  saw 
Which  were  the  weaker.  Tennyson. 

Bodet  (bod),  n.  [See  ABODE.]  A  stop;  delay. 
Bode  (bod),  n.     What  is  bidden;  an  offer 

made  in  order  to  a  bargain,  as  the  price 

offered  by  a  buyer  or  that  asked  by  a  seller. 

[Scotch.] 
Bode.t  Boden,t  pp.  from  bede.    Bidden; 

commanded. 
Bodeful  (bod'ful),  a.  Ominous;  threatening; 

foreboding.     'Uttering  the  dismal  bodeful 

sounds  of  death.'    J.  Baillie,. 

Poor  Weher  almost  swooned  at  the  sound  of  these 
cracked  voices,  with  their  bodeful  raven-note. 

Carlyle. 

Bodementt  (bod'ment),  n.  An  omen;  por- 
tent ;  prognostic ;  a  foreshowing.  'Sweet 
bodements.'  Shak. 

Bodge  t  (boj),  v.i.  [A  form  of  botch.]  To 
boggle;  to  stop;  to  fail. 

With  this  we  charg'd  again ;  but  out,  alas ! 
We  bodg'd  again.  Shak. 

Bodge  t  (boj),  n.  A  botch;  a  patch.  Whit- 
lock. 

Bodice  (bod'isX  n.  [Formerly  bodies,  pi.  of 
body.]  A  kind  of  waistcoat  quilted  with 
whalebone,  worn  by  women;  stays;  a  corset. 

Bodied  (bo'did),  o.  Having  a  body:  usually 
in  composition;  as,  large-bodied.  'Ill  faced, 
worse  bodied.'  Shak. 

Bodiless  (bo'di-les),  a.  Having  no  body  or 
material  form ;  incorporeal.  '  Phantoms 
bodiless  and  vain.'  Swift. 

Bodiliness  (bo'di-li-nes),  n.  Corporeality. 
Minshew. 

Bodily  (bo'di-li),  a.  1  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
cerning the  body;  of  or  belonging  to  the 
body  or  to  the  physical  constitution ;  not 
mental ;  corporeal ;  a_s,  bodily  dimensions ; 
bodily  exertions;  bodily  pain. 

You  are  a  mere  spirit,  and  have  no  knowledge  of 
the  bodily  part  of  us.  Tatter. 

Virtue  atones  for  bodily  defects. 

Sir  R.  L.' Estrange. 

2.  t  Having  a  material  body. 

There  are  three  bodily  inhabitants  of  heaven; 
Henoch,  Elijah,  our  Saviour  Christ.         Ep.  Hall. 

3.t  Heal:  actual.  'Brought  to  bodily  act.' 
Shak. — Bodily,  Corporeal,  Corporal.  Cor- 
poral and  corporeal  both  mean  relating  to 
the  body,  but  under  different  aspects  of  it ; 
corporal  relating  to  the  body  in  its  outward 
bearings,  corporeal  to  its  substance,  the 
latter  being  opposed  to  spiritual  or  imma- 
terial; bodily  generally  denotes  connected 
with  the  body  or  a  body,  and  is  frequently 
opposed  to  mental;  hence  corporal  punish- 
ment, corporeal  existence,  bodily  pain  or 
shape. 

Bodily  (bo'di-li),  adv.  1.  Corporeally;  united 
with  a  body  or  matter. 

It  is  his  human  nature,  in  which  the  Godhead 
dwells  bodily.  ll'atti. 

2.  In  respect  to  the  entire  body  or  mass; 
entirely ;  completely;  as,  to  carry  a  thing 
away  bodilif. 

Boding  (bod'ing),  p.  and  a.  Foreboding; 
ominous. 

Augur  of  ill,  whose  tongue  was  never  found 
Without  a  priestly  curse  or  boding  sound.    Dryden. 

Boding  (bod'ing),  n.  An  omen;  a  prognostic. 

'Ominous  bodings.'    Bp.  Ward. 
Bodingly  ( bod'ing-li ),  ado.    In  a  boding 

manner;  forebodingly. 

All  is  so  bodingly  still.       y.  K.  Lowell. 

Bodkin  (bod'kin),  n.  [O.E.  boydekin,  from 
W.  bidorjyn,  a  dagger,  dim.  of  bidog,  Gael. 
biodag,  a  short  sword.]  l.t  A  dagger.  'His 
quietus  make  with  a  bare  bodkin.'  Shak.— 
2.  An  instrument  of  steel,  bone,  ivory,  or 
the  like,  with  a  small  blade  and  a  sharp 
point  for  making  holes  by  piercing. — 3.  A 
like  instrument  with  an  eye,  for  drawing 
thread,  tape,  or  ribbon  through  a  loop,  <fcc. 
4.  An  instrument  to  assist  in  keeping  up 
the  hair  when  dressed.  '  The  bodkin,  comb, 
and  essence.'  Pope.— 5.  A  printer's  tool  for 
picking  letters  out  of  a  column  or  page  in 
correcting.— To  be,  sit,  ride  or  travel  bodkin, 
to  sit  as  a  third  person  between  the  two 
others  on  the  seat  of  a  carriage  suited  for 
two  only. 

He's  too  big  to  travel  bodkin  between  you  and 
me.  Thackeray. 

Bodkin  (bod'kin),  n.  A  corruption  of  Baude- 
kin  (which  see). 

Bodle  (bo'di),  n.  •  A  copper  coin  formerly 
current  in  Scotland,  of  the  value  of  two 
pennies  Scots,  or  the  sixth  part  of  an  Eng- 
lish penny.  The  name  is  said  to  have  been 


derived  from  a  mint-master  of  the  name  of 
Bothuvll. 

Bodleian,  Bodleyan  (bod'le-an),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  Sir  Thomas  Bodley,  who  re- 
stored the  public  library  of  Oxford  Univer- 
sity in  1597,  hence  since  called  the  Bodleian 
Library. 

Bodragt  (1"><1'™K),  "•  [For  bordrag,  an  ab- 
Urev.  of  bordraging  (which  see).  ]  A  Border 
raid. 

No  wayting  there  nor  wretchednesse  is  heard,  .  .  . 
No  nightly  bodrags,  nor  no  hue  and  cries.  Spenser. 

In  some  editions  printed  Bordrags. 
Body  (bo'di),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bodig,  a  body;  cog. 
with  O.H.G.  potach,  later  bolech,  bodech, 
body;  GaeLbodhaig,  the  body.  ]  1.  The  frame 
of  an  animal ;  the  material  organized  sub- 
stance of  an  animal,  whether  living  or  dead, 
in  distinction  from  the  soul,  spirit,  or  living 
principle. 

For  of  the  soul  the  body  form  doth  take. 
For  soul  is  form,  and  doth  the  body  make. 

Spenser. 

2.  The  main  centr.il  or  principal  part,  as  of 
an  animal,  tree,  army,  country,  &c. ,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  subordinate  or  less  import- 
ant parts,  such  as  the  extremities,  branches, 
wings,  <fec. 

Learn  to  make  a  body  of  a  limb.         Shak. 
The  van  of  the  king's  army  was  led  by  the  general; 
...  in  the  body  was  the  king  and  the  prince. 

Clarendon. 

3.  A  person;  a  human  being:  now  generally 
with  some  or  no;  as,  somebody;  nobody.   'A 
dry,  shrewd  kind  of  a  body.'  Irving.   'Gin  a 
body  meet  a  body.'  Scotch  song.— 4.  A  num- 
ber of  individuals  spoken  of  collectively, 
usually  as  associated  for  a  common  purpose, 
joined  in  a  certain  cause,  united  by  some 
common  tie  or  by  some  occupation;  a  cor- 
poration; as,  a  legislative  body;  the  body  of 
the  clergy;  body  corporate. — 5.  Any  extended 
solid  substance ;  matter ;  any  substance  or 
mass  distinct  from  others;  as,  a  metallic 
body;  a  floating  body;  a  moving  body;  a  light 
body;  a  heavy  body.—  6.  A  united  mass;  a 
number  of  things  or  particulars  taken  to- 
gether; a  general  collection;  a  code;  a  sys- 
tem ;  as,  a  body  of  laws.— 7.  A  certain  con- 
sistency or  density;  strength;  substance; 
strength,  as  opposed  to  thinness,  weakness, 
transparency,  and  flimsiness ;  as,  wine,  col- 
ours, paper,  Ac. ,  of  a  good  body.    Colours 
bear  a  body  when  they  are  capable  of  being 
ground  so  fine,  and  of  being  mixed  so  en- 
tirely with  oil,  as  to  seem  only  a  very  thick 
oil  of  the  same  colour.— 8.  In  geotn.  any 
solid    having    three    dimensions,    length, 
breadth,  and  thickness.  —  Regular  bodies, 
those  which  have  all  their  angles  equal,  and 
all  their  sides  equal  and  similar.  —Irregular 
bodies  are  such  as  are  not  bounded  by  equal 
and  like  surfaces.  —  The  body  of  a  place, 
in  fort,  (a)  the  works  next  to,  and  surround- 
ing a  town,  in  the  form  of  a  polygon,  regular 
or  irregular.    (V)  The  space  inclosed  within 
the  interior  works  of  a  fortification. 

Body  (bo'di),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bodied;  ppr. 
bodying.  To  produce  in  some  form;  to  em- 
body; to  invest  with  a  body. 

As  imagination  bodies  forth 
The  forms  of  things  unknown,  the  poet's  pen 
Turns  them  to  shapes.  Shak. 

Body-Cloth  (bo'di-kloth),  n.  A  cloth  for  the 
body;  specifically,  a  large  rug  or  cloth  for 
covering  a  horse.  See  under  BODY-CLOTHES. 

Before  the  window  were  several  horses  in  body-cloths. 
Lord  l.jtton. 

Body-clothes  (bo'di-kloTHz),  n.  pi.  Cloth- 
ing or  covering  for  the  body,  in  distinction, 
say,  to  bed-clothes;  apparel;  also,  coverings 
for  a  horse  or  other  animal;  body-cloths. 

I  am  informed  that  several  asses  are  kept  in  body- 
clothes  and  sweated  every  morning  upon  the  heath. 
Addison. 

[The  plural  term  body-clothes  is  properly  ap- 
plied to  regularly  fabricated  garments,  as 
of  a  man  or  woman,  and  body-cloths  to  large 
rugs  or  cloths,  as  for  covering  the  bodies  of 
horses.] 

Body-coat  (bo'di-kot),  n.  A  gentleman's 
dress  coat.  Sittimonds. 

Body-colour  (bo'di-knl-er),  n.  In  painting, 
a  pigment  possessing  body  or  a  certain  de- 
gree of  consistence,  substance,  and  tinging 
power.  In  water-colour  paintiitg,  works  are 
said  to  be  executed  in  body-colours  when,  in 
contradistinction  to  the  early  mode  of  pro- 
ceeding in  tints  and  washes,  the  pigments 
are  laid  on  thickly,  and  mixed  with  white, 
as  in  oil-painting. 

Body-guard  (bo'di-gard),  n.  The  guard 
that  protects  or  defends  the  person;  the  life- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BODY-PLAN 


209 


BOIL 


guard.    Hence,  retinue;  attendance;  follow- 
ing. 

T.nok  up,  my  wearied    brother ;  see  thy  fellow- 
workmen  there    .    .    .:  sacred  Band  of  Immortals, 
celestial  Body-guard  of  the  Empire  of  Mankind. 
CarMt, 

Body-plan  (bo'di-plan),  n.  In  ship-building, 
an  end  view,  showing  the  contour  of  the 
sides  of  tile  ship  at  eertaill  points  of  her 
length. 

Body-politic  (bo'di  -poll-tile),  n.  The  col- 
lective body  of  a  nation  under  civil  govern- 
ment. 

As  to  the  persons  who  compose  the  body-politic  or 
associate  themselves,  they  take  collectively  the  name 
of 'people' or 'nation.'  Boii-vier. 

Body-servant  (bo'di-ser-vant),  n.  A  servant 
that  waits  upon  or  accompanies  his  em- 
ployer; a  valet;  a  personal  attendant. 

Body-snatcher  (bo'di-snach-er),  n.  One 
who  secretly  disinters  the  bodies  of  the  dead 
in  church-yards  for  the  purposes  of  dissec- 
tion; a  resurrectionist 

Body-snatching  (bo'di-snach-irtg),  n.  The 
act  of  robbing  the  grave  for  the  purposes 
of  dissection. 

Boehmeria  (be-me'ri-a),  n.  [After  a  German 
botanist  named  Hochmer.]  A  genus  of  di- 
cotyledonous plants,  nat.  order  Urticacea), 
closely  resembling  our  stinging  nettle,  a 
number  of  whose  species  yield  tenacious 
fibres,  used  for  making  ropes,  twine,  net, 
Hiring -thread.  B.  nivea  is  the  Chinese 
grass-cloth,  the  Malay  ramee,  which  is 
shrubby  and  3  or  4  feet  high.  It  is  a  native 
of  China  and  Sumatra,  where,  and  in  India, 
it  has  long  been  cultivated.  This  plant  has 
been  introduced  into  cultivation  in  some 
of  the  southern  parts  of  the  United  States 
under  its  Malay  name  of  ramee-  It  succeeds 
well,  and  the  results  are  encouraging.  See 
GRASS-CLOTH. 

Boeotian  (be-6'shi-an),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
Bceotia,  a  portion  of  ancient  Greece.  Bceotia 
was  noted  for  its  thick  atmosphere,  which 
was  supposed  to  communicate  its  dulness 
to  the  intellect  of  its  inhabitants.  Hence — 
2.  Dull;  stupid;  ignorant;  obtuse. 

Boeotian  (be-o'shi-an),  n.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Bceotta;  hence  a  dull,  ignorant, 
stupid  person  (see  the  adjective). 

Boer  (bor  or  bo'er),  ».  [D.,  a  peasant,  far- 
mer.) The  name  applied  to  the  Dutch 
colonists  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  engaged 
in  agriculture  or  cattle-breeding. 

Bog  (bog),  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  bog,  soft,  moist, 
bogan,  bogach,  a  quagmire.  ]  1.  A  piece  of 
wet,  soft,  and  spongy  ground,  where  the  soil 
is  composed  mainly  of  decaying  and  decayed 
vegetable  matter;  a  quagmire  covered  with 
grass  or  other  plants ;  a  piece  of  mossy 
ground  or  where  peat  is  found;  a  moss. 

He  walks  upon  bogs  or  whirlpools ;  wheresoever  he 
treads  he  sinks.  South. 

2.  A  little  elevated  piece  of  earth  in  a  marsh 
or  swamp,  filled  with  roots  and  grass. 
Goodrich.  [Local,  United  States.] 
Bog  (bog),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bogged;  ppr.  bog- 
ging. To  whelm  or  plunge,  as  in  mud  and 
mire. 

At  another  time  he  was  bogged  up  to  the  middle  in 
the  slough  of  Lochend.  Sir  It'.  Scott. 

Bog-asphodel  (bog'as-fp-del),  n.  Sarthe- 
cinin  ogsifragttm,  a  British  plant,  nat.  order 
Juncaceaj.  It  has  sword -shaped  leaves, 
handsome  but  small  yellow  flowers,  and 
grows  on  wet  heaths. 

Bog-bean  (bog'ben),  n.  Menyanthes  tri/o- 
liata  (the  marsh-trefoil),  which  grows  in 
moist  and  marshy  places.  Called  also  Buck- 
bean. 

Bog-berry  (bog'be-ri),  n.  The  Oxycoccus  pa- 
lustris,  nat.  order  Vaccinacere,  a  name  of 
the  cranberry,  growing  in  low  lands  and 
marshy  places. 

Bog-bumper  (bog'bump-er),  n.  A  local 
name  for  the  bittern  (Botaurus  stellaris), 
from  its  habitat  and  cry. 

Bog-butter  (bog'but-er),  n.  A  fatty  sper- 
niaceti-like  mineral  resin  found  in  masses 
in  peat-bogs,  composed  of  carbon,  oxygen, 
and  hydrogen.  It  is  a  variety  of  adipocerite 
or  guayaquillite,  crystallizes  from  solution 
in  alcohol  in  a  net-work  of  slender  needles, 
and  melts  at  124'  Fahr. 

Bogdo-lama  (bog'do-la-ma),  n.  Same  as 
Tuho-lama. 

Bog-earth  (bojrYirth),  n.  An  earth  or  soil 
composed  of  light  siliceous  sand  and  a  con- 
siderable portion  of  vegetable  fibre  in  a  half 
decomposed  stole.  It  is  employed  by  gar- 
deners for  nourishing  flowers. 

Bogey,  Bogy  (bo'gi),  n.  [See  BOOLE.]  1.  A 
hobgoblin. 


I  am  bogey,  and  frighten  everybody  away. 

Thackeray. 

-  Old  ISiKjeti,  the  devil;  Old  Nick.-2.  Same 
as  Ilo'iii' 

Bogeyism  (h<Vgl-izm),  n.  That  which  per- 
tains to  or  is  characteristic  of  a  bogey;  dread 
of  sprites.  Thackeray. 

Boggle  (bog'gl),  v.i.  pret.  boggled;  ppr.  bog- 
gUitg.  [I'robably  connected  with  bogl?,  a 
goblin.  See  BOGLE.]  1.  To  doubt;  to  hesi- 
tate; to  stop,  as  if  afraid  to  proceed,  or  as 
if  impeded  by  unforeseen  difficulties;  to  i 
waver;  to  shrink. 

We  start  and  boggle  at  every  unusual  appearance. 
Gr.itiville. 

2.  To  play  fast  and  loose;  to  dissemble. 

When  summoned  to  his  last  end  it  was  no  time  fur 
him  to  boggle  with  the  world.  Htmjell. 

Boggle,  n.    See  BOOLE. 
Boggier  ( bog'aler),  n.    1.  A  doubter;  a  tim- 
orous man.— 2.t  A  jilt;  one  false  in  love. 

You  have  been  a  boggier  ever.  Shak. 

Bogglisht  (bog'glish),  a.  Doubtful ;  waver- 
ing. 

Nothing  is  more  sly,  touchy,  and  bogglish  .  ,  . 
than  that  opinion  ...  of  the  many  or  common 
people.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Boggy  (bog"!),  a.  Containing  bogs ;  full  of 
bogs;  like  or  having  the  character  of  a  bog. 
'  Boggy  Syrtis,  neither  sea  nor  good  dry 
land. '  Milton. 

Boghouse  (bogTious),  n.  A  water-closet;  a 
privy.  Johnson. 

Bogie,  Bogey  (bo'gi),  n.  [Said  to  be  from 
Bogey,  a  fiend,  the  bogie  coal-waggon  being 
so  called  because,  from  its  suddenly  turning 
when  people  least  expected  it,  they  used  to 
exclaim  that  the  new  waggon  was'  Old  Bogey ' 
himself.  See  BOGLE.]  1.  A  term  at  first 
applied,  at  Newcastle,  to  a  coal-waggon  or 
truck  so  constructed  as  to  turn  easily  in 
moving  about  the  quays. —2.  A  four-wheeled 
truck  supporting  the  front  part  of  a  loco- 
motive engine  or  the  front  or  hind  part  of  a 
railway  carriage,  and  turning  beneath  it  by 
means  of  a  central  pin  or  pivot,  so  that  it 
may  be  able  to  take  sudden  curves.  Called 
also  Bogie-frame. 

Bogie  (oo'gi),  a.  Relating  or  pertaining  to 
the  bogie;  furnished  with  a  bogie;  as,  the 
bogie  principle;  a  bogie  carriage. 

Bog  Iron-ore  (bog"  I-ern-6r),  n.  A  loose  por- 
ous earthy  ore  of  iron  found  in  bogs,  swamps, 
and  lakes.  It  is  a  hydrous  peroxide  of  iron, 
arising  from  the  decomposition  and  precipi- 
tation of  salts  of  iron  which  the  water  of 
the  morass  has  acquired  by  having  passed 
through  formations  containing  iron.  It 
forms  globular  concretions  or  an  impervious 
thin  pan  or  layer  in  the  subsoil,  contains  20 
to  78  per  cent,  of  iron,  and  is  occasionally 
found  in  such  quantities  as  to  be  of  indus- 
trial importance. 

Bog-land  (bogland),  n.  Boggy  or  marshy 
land;  as,  to  reclaim  a  piece  of  bog-land. 

Bog-land  (bog'land),  a.  Living  in  or  per- 
taining to  a  marshy  country.  [Rare.  ] 

Each  bring  his  love,  a  bog-land  captive  home. 
Drytttn. 

Bogle,  Boggle  (bo'gi,  bog'gl),  n.  [Connected 
with  W.  bicg,  a  goblin;  whence  bwgwl,  a  ter- 
rifying, E.6ugr,  something  frightful, bugbear.] 
A  bugbear;  a  spectre;  a  hobgoblin. 

Bog-manganese  (bog-man 'gan-ez),  n.  See 
W  AD,  an  ore. 

Bog-moss  (bog'mos),  n.  An  aquatic  moss- 
plant  of  the  genus  Sphagnum  (which  see). 

Bog-oak  (bog'ok),  n.  1.  Trunks  and  large 
branches  of  oak  found  imbedded  in  bogs 
and  preserved  by  the  antiseptic  properties 
of  peat,  so  that  the  grain  of  the  wood  is 
little  affected  by  the  many  ages  during 
which  it  has  lain  interred.  It  is  of  a  shining 
black  or  ebony  colour,  derived  from  its 
impregnation  with  iron,  and  is  frequently 
converted  into  ornamental  pieces  of  furni- 
ture and  smaller  ornaments,  as  brooches, 
ear-rings,  Ac.— 2.  A  plant,  the  Quercits  pa- 
lustris. 

Bog-orchis  (bog'or-kis),  n.  A  British  plant, 
Ma  Ins  ix  paludosa.  See  MALAXIS. 

Bog-ore  (bog'or),  n.    Same  as  Bog  Iron-ore. 

Bog-rush  (bog'rush),  n.  A  British  plant, 
Schaenus  nigncans.  See  SCHOENUS. 

Bog-spavin  (bog'spav-in),  n.  In  farriery, 
an  encysted  tumour  on  the  inside  of  the 
hough  of  a  horse,  containing  a  gelatinous 
matter. 

Bog-trotter  (bog'trot-er),  n.  One  who  trots 
over  bogs,  or  lives  among  bogs;  more  espe- 
cially a  contemptuous  appellation  given  to 
the  Irish  peasantry,  probably  from  the  abi- 
lity shown  by  many  of  them  in  crossing  the 
extensive  bogs  of  the  country  by  leaping 


from  tussock  to  tussock,  where  a  stranger 
would  find  no  footing,  and  in  the  frequent 
use  they  make  of  this  ability  to  escape  from 
the  soldiery,  the  police,  and  other  pursuers. 

Bog-trotting  (!«••' trot-inpr).  a.  Trotting 
among  bogs,  or  more  usually  a  contemptu- 
ous term  for  living  among  bogs;  as,  a  l>*nj 
ii-niiimj  Irishman. 

Bogue  (bog),  r  i.  .VrtiiC.  to  drop  off  from  the 
wind;  to  edge  away  to  leeward  with  tin' 
wind:  used  only  with  reference  to  inferior 
craft. 

Bogue  (bog),  n.  (Fr. ;  Gr.  box.  L.  box,  bocw, 
It.  boca.]  An  acanthopterygian  fish  (/.'"•//.« 
or  Box  mlgarin),  family  Sparidco,  with  «n 
oblong  compressed  body,  found  in  the  Medi- 
terranean, the  west  coast  of  Africa,  and  in 
rare  cases  on  the  coasts  of  Britain.  The  head 
and  mouth  are  small,  the  eyes  large,  and 
the  general  colouring  is  very  brilliant. 

Bogus  (bo'gus),  a.  [From  an  American 
swindler  named  Borghege,  who  about  the 
year  1835  flooded  the  Western  and  South- 
western States  with  counterfeit  bills,  sham 
mortgages,  Ac.]  Counterfeit:  originally  ap- 
plied to  counterfeit  bills,  notes,  Ac.,  at 
one  time  largely  circulated  in  the  Western 
States,  but  now  applied  to  any  spurious  or 
counterfeit  object;  as,  a  bogus  government; 
a  bogus  law.  [United  States.) 

Bogus  (bo'gus),  n.  An  American  liquor  made 
of  rum  and  molasses. 

Bog-whort  (bog'whert),  n.  The  bilberry  or 
whortleberry  (  Paeeinium  Myrtttlut),  often 
growing  in  boggy  lands. 

Bog-WOOd  (bog'wud),  n.  Bog-oak  (which 
see). 

Bogy,  n.    See  BOGEY. 

Bohea  (bo-heO,  n.  [Said  to  be  from  a  moun- 
tain in  China  called  Voo-y.  ]  An  inferior 
kind  of  black  tea.  The  name  is  sometimes 
applied  to  black  teas  in  general,  compre- 
hending Souchong,  Campo,  Pekoe,  Congo, 
and  common  Bohea.  See  TEA. 

To  part  her  time  'twixt  reading  and  bohea, 
To  muse  and  spill  her  solitary  tea.  Pope. 

Bohemian  (bo-he'mi-an),  n.  1.  A  native  of 
Bohemia.— 2.  The  ancient  tongue  of  Bohe- 
mia, a  member  of  the  Slavonic  family  of 
Aryan  tongues.— 3.  [Fr.  ^oWmim,  a  gypsy, 
because  the  first  of  that  wandering  race  that 
entered  France  were  believed  to  be  Hussites 
driven  from  their  native  country.)  A  per- 
son, especially  an  artist  or  literary  man, 
who  leads  a  free,  vagabond,  of  ten  somewhat 
dissipated  life,  having  little  regard  to  what 
society  he  frequents,  and  despising  conven- 
tionalities generally. 

Bohemian  (bo-he 'mi  an),  a.  1.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Bohemia  or  its  language.  —2.  Of 
or  pertaining  to,  or  characterized  by  Bo- 
hemianism;  as,  a  Bohemian  life. 

Bohemianlsm  ( bo-he  'mi-an-izm),  n.  The 
life  or  habits  of  a  Bohemian.  See  BOHE- 
MIAN, 3. 

Bohrneria  (bo-me'ri-a),  n.  Same  as  Boeh- 
meria. (which  see). 

Bohun-upas  (bo-hun'u-pas).  n.    See  UPAS. 

Bolar,  Boyar  (boi'ar),  H.  [Bus.  boidrin.}  A 
member  of  a  peculiar  order  of  the  old 
Russian  aristocracy  next  in  rank  to  the 
ruling  princes,  and  bearing  much  the  same 
relation  to  them  as  the  lesser  barons  of 
Kngland  and  Scotland  did  to  the  greater  in 
the  feudal  ages.  They  enjoyed  many  exclu- 
sive privileges,  held  all  the  highest  military 
and  civil  offices,  and  were  so  powerful  that 
the  ancient  imperial  ukases  contained  the 
clause,  'The  emperor  has  willed  it,  the 
boiars  have  approved  it.'  The  order  was 
abolished  by  Peter  the  Great,  who  gave  its 
members  a  place  in  the  Russian  nobility. 

Boiarin  (boi'ar-in),  n.  (See  BOIAR.)  In 
Russia,  a  gentleman ;  a  person  of  distinction ; 
the  master  of  a  family. 

Boidse  (bo'i-de),  n.  pi.  [See  BOA.  ]  A  family 
of  non-venomous  ophidian  reptiles,  with 
two  mobile  hooks  or  spurs,  the  rudiments 
of  hind  legs,  near  the  anus.  The  body  is 
covered  with  small  scales  above  and  scutes 
below,  awl-shaped  teeth  recurved  in  the 
pums  and  palate;  no  teeth  in  premaxillary. 
They  frequent  marshy  places,  and  fixing 
themselves  by  the  tail  to  a  tree  they  allow 
their  body  to  float  in  the  water,  and  thus 
entrap  animals  that  come  to  drink,  killing 
them  by  constriction,  and  swallowing  them 
whole.  The  type  genus  is  Boa  (which  see). 

Boiguacu  (boi-go-a'ko),  n.  The  native  name 
of  the  boa  constrictor.  See  BOA. 

Boll  (boil),  v.i.  [O.Fr.  bottler,  Fr.  bwillir, 
L.  bullare,  bullire,  to  boil,  to  bubble,  from 
bulla,  a  bubble  ]  1.  To  be  in  a  state  of  ebul- 
lition; to  be  agitated  by  the  action  of  heat; 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  170;      j,  job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      IB,  then;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;     zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BOIL 


300 


BOLDNESS 


to  bubble;  to  rise  in  bubbles:  said  of  fluids; 
as,  the  water  boils.— 2.  To  be  agitated  by 
any  other  cause  than  heat ;  to  exhibit  a 
swirling  or  swelling  motion  ;  to  seethe ;  as, 
the  waves  boil.  '  He  maketh  the  deep  to 
boil.'  Job  xli.  31.  — 3.  To  be  agitated  by 
vehement  or  angry  feeling;  to  be  hot  or 
excited;  as,  my  blood  boils  at  this  injustice. 

Then  boiled  my  breast  with  flame  and  bunting  wrath. 
Surrey. 

4.  To  be  in  boiling  water ;  to  suffer  boiling 
heat  in  water  or  other  liquid  for  cookery  or 
other  purposes;  as,  the  meat  is  bailing^  —  To 
boil  away,  to  evaporate  by  boiling. — To  boil 
over,  to  run  over  the  top  of  a  vessel,  as 
liquor  when  thrown  into  violent  agitation 
by  heat  or  other  cause  of  effervescence. 

Boil  (boil),  ti.(.  1.  To  put  into  a  state  of 
ebullition;  to  cause  to  be  agitated  or  bubble 
by  the  application  of  heat.  Hence— 2.  To 
collect,  form,  or  separate  by  the  application 
of  heat,  as  sugar,  salt,  &c. — 3.  To  subject  to 
the  action  of  heat  in  a  boiling  liquid  so  as 
to  produce  some  specific  effect ;  to  prepare 
in  a  boiling  liquid ;  to  seethe ;  as,  to  boil 
meat ;  to  boil  clothes ;  to  boil  silk,  thread, 
or  cloth. — 4.  t  To  soak  in  warm  water.  '  If 
you  boil  them  in  water  the  new  seeds  will 
sprout  first.'  Bacon. — To  boil  down,  to  re- 
duce in  bulk  by  boiling ;  hence,  to  reduce, 
as  a  literary  work,  to  smaller  compass  by 
presenting  only  the  main  features. 

Boll  (boil),  TI.  State  or  act  of  boiling;  boil- 
ing point.  [Colloq.] 

Boll  (boil),  ».  [O.E.  bile,  byle,  A.  Sax  byl,  a 
blotch,  a  sore;  D.  buil,  G.  beule,  a  boil;  Icel. 
bola,  a  blain  or  blister;  Dan.  byld,  a  boil.) 
An  inflamed  and  painful  suppurating  tu- 
mour; a  furuncle  (which  see). 

Bollary  (boil'a-ri),  n.  In  law,  water  arising 
from  a  salt  well,  belonging  to  one  who  is 
not  the  owner  of  the  soil. 

Boiled  (boild),  p.  and  a.  Raised  to  the  boil- 
ing point ;  prepared  by  being  subjected  to 
the  heat  of  boiling  water.  Sometimes  sub- 
stantiyely  used  for  meat  dressed  or  cooked 
by  boiling.  '  A  great  piece  of  cold  boiled.' 
Dickens. 

Boiler  (boil'er),  n.  1.  A  person  who  boils.— 
2.  A  vessel  in  which  anything  is  boiled ;  a 
large  pan  or  vessel  of  iron,  copper,  or  brass, 
used  in  distilleries,  potash  works,  and  the 
like,  for  boiling  large  quantities  of  liquor  at 
once. — 3.  A  strong  metallic  vessel,  usually 
of  wrought-iron  plates  riveted  together,  in 
which  steam  is  generated  for  driving  en- 
gines or  other  purposes.  A  steam-boiler 
generally  consists  of  a  fire-box,  in  which 
the  combustion  of  the  fuel  occurs,  and  flues, 
through  which  the  products  of  combustion 
pass  into  the  chimney,  together  with  a  space 
containing  the  water  and  steam,  the  whole 
contained  in  an  outer  shell.  Among  prin- 
cipal varieties  of  boilers  are— the  cylinder 
boiler,  consisting  of  a  single  iron  shell ;  the 
return-flue  boiler,  containing  flues  through 
which  heated  gases  return  through  the 
water-space  to  the  chimney,  and  sometimes 
containing  a  fire-box  inclosed  by  water;  the 
multijlite  or  locomotive  boiler,  which  consists 
of  an  inclosed  fire-box  and  a  large  number 
of  small  flues  leading  to  the  chimney;  and 
the  water-tube  boiler,  which  consists  of  an 
Inclosed  fire-box  and  a  fire-chamber  filled 
with  small  tubes  through  which  the  water 
circulates.— Tubular  boiler,  a  multiflue  or 
multitubular  boiler,  in  distinction  from  a 
boiler  with  large  flues. 

Boiler-Iron  (boil'er-i-ern),  n.  A  flat  plate 
of  rolled  iron,  of  from  }  to  J  inch  in  thick- 
ness, used  for  making  boilers,  tanks,  bridges, 
vessels,  &c. 

Boiler-plate  (boil'er-plat),  n  Same  as 
Boiler-iron. 

Bollery  (boil'er-i),  n.  A  place  and  appara- 
tus for  boiling. 

Boiling(boil'ing),p.  and  a.  1.  Raised  to  a  state 
of  ebullition  by  heat ;  heaving  in  bubbles ; 
ajitated.— 2.  Pertaining  to  a  state  of  ebul- 
lition.— Boiling  point,  the  degree  of  heat 
at  which  a  fluid  is  converted  into  vapour 
with  ebullition.  This  point  varies  for  dif- 
ferent liquids,  and  for  the  same  liquid  at  dif- 
ferent atmospheric  pressures,  being  higher 
when  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  is 
increased,  and  lower  when  it  is  diminished. 
When  the  barometer  stands  at  30  inches 
water  boils  at  212°  of  Fahr.  (100°  Centigrade. 
80°  Reaumur),  and  it  is  found  that  the  boil- 
ing point  varies  0-88  of  a  degree  for  every 
half-inch  of  variation  of  the  barometer,  and 
consequently  every  tenth  of  an  inch  which 
the  barometer  rises  or  falls  alters  the  boil- 
ing point  of  water  0  176  of  a  degree  of  Fahr. 


Hence  water  will  boil  at  a  lower  tempera- 
ture, owing  to  diminution  in  the  pressure, 
at  the  top  of  a  mountain  than  at  the  bot- 
tom, and  this  leads  us  to  a  method  of  mea- 
suring the  height  of  mountains.  Water  boils 
in  vacuo  at  9S°  of  Fahr.  Under  additional 
pressure  it  may  be  raised  to  400°  Fahr.  with- 
out boiling.  Mercury  boils  at  662°,  and  hydro- 
chloric ether  at  52°,  when  the  barometer 
stands  at  30  inches.— Boiling  springs, springs 
or  fountains  which  give  out  water  at  the 
boiling  point  or  at  a  high  temperature.  For 
long  the  geysers  of  Iceland  were  regarded 
as  the  most  remarkable  boiling  springs,  but 
these  are  far  surpassed  by  those  discovered 
in  the  Yellowstone  Region,  in  the  territories 


The  Grand  Geyser  in  Yellowstone  Region,  United 
States. 

of  Wyoming  and  Montana  in  the  United 
States,  where  upwards  of  1500  occur,  the 
largest,  called  the  Grand  Geyser,  forming 
a  well  20  by  25  feet  across,  and  having  a 
visible  depth  of  100  feet.  Its  explosions  are 
preceded  by  clouds  of  steam  rising  to  the 
height  of  500  feet,  the  succeeding  solid  mass 
of  water  ascending  to  the  height  of  90  feet. 
Boilingly  (boil'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  boiling 
manner. 

The  waves  of  bitumen 
Rise  boiliti£ly  higher.  Byron. 

Boiobi  (boi-o'be),  n.  [Native  name.]  The 
dog-headed  boa,  or  Xiphosmna  caninum,  an 
American  snake,  family  Boidoe,  notable  for 
the  formidable  armament  of  teeth  which 
line  the  mouth,  and  for  the  beautiful  green 
colour  of  its  skin.  It  is  distinguished  by 
having  smooth  scales  and  a  groove  travers- 
ing the  marginal  scales  of  the  mouth. 

Boiste.t  n.  [O.Fr.;  Mod.  Fr.  bolte.]  A  box. 
Chanter. 

Boisterous  (bois'ter-us),  a.  (O.K.  and  Sc. 
boistous,  boystous,  busteous,  boustious,  pro- 
bably from  W.  bwystus,  brutal,  ferocious. 
bwyst,  wildness,  ferocity;  perhaps  connected 
with  boast.]  1.  Loud;  roaring;  violent; 
stormy;  as,  a  boisterous  wind. 

We  see  the  water  swell  before  a  boisterous  storm. 
Shut. 

2.  Turbulent;  furious;  violent;  tumultuous; 
noisy;  as,  a  boisterous  man;  boisterous  mer- 
riment. 

In  the  vigour  of  his  physique,  and  an  almost  bois- 
terous capacity  for  enjoyment,  lie  was  an  English 
counterpart  of  the  Scotch  Christopher  North. 

Edin.  Rev. 

3.  Intense;  vehement; overpowering.  [Rare.] 

The  heat  becomes  too  powerful  and  boisterous  for 
them.  H'oodward. 

4.t  Rude;  rough;  strong;  stiff  and  unyield- 
ing. '  His  boysterous  club.'  Spenser. 

The  leathern  outside,  boisterous  as  it  was. 
Gave  way,  and  bent  beneath  her  strict  embrace. 
Dry  den. 

Boisterously  (bois'ter-us-li),  adv.  In  a  bois- 
terous manner;  violently;  furiously;  with 
loud  noise;  tumultuously.  '  Halloo'd  it  as 
boisterously  as  the  rest.'  Sterne. 

Boisterousness  (bois'ter-us-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  boisterous ;  turbu- 
lence; disorder;  tumultuousness.  'Behaved 


with  the  boisterottuneKs  of  men  elated  by 

recent  authority.  '    Johnson. 
Boistous,  tBoisteous.t  a.  Boisterous;  noisy 

Chaucer. 
Boistously.t  adv.      Boisterously;    noisily. 

Chaucer. 

Bolar  (boi'ar),  n.    Same  as  Boiar. 
Boke  (bok),  v.i.    Same  as  Bock. 
Bokeler.t  n.    Bui-kler.     Chaucer. 
Bola  (bo'la),  n.  pi.  Bolas  (bd'laz).  [Sp.,  a  ball.  ] 

1.  A  stone  or  iron  ball  attached  to  the  end 
of  a  line  or  cord,  used  as  a  weapon  among 
some  of  the  native  tribes  of  S.  America  es- 
pecially the  Paraguay  Indians.  See  extract. 

In  fighting  they  likewise  throw  the  bola,  a  round 
stone  covered  with  hide  and  grasped  by  a  small 
leathern  thong.  This  is  flung  with  such  force-  ;md 
precision  at  an  enemy's  head  or  stomach  as  never  to 
fail  in  its  fatal  effects.  T.  y  Hutchinson. 

2.  pi  A  form  of  missile  used  by  the  Para- 
guay Indians,  the  Patagonians,  and  others 
in  South  America,  consisting  of  a  rope  or 
line  having  at  either  end  a  stone,  ball  of 
metal,  or  lump  of  hardened  clay,  being  when 
used  swung  round  the  head  by  one  end,  and 
then  hurled  at  an  animal  so  as  to  eutangle 

Bolary  (bo'Ia-ri),  a.  Pertaining  to  bole  or 
clay,  or  partaking  of  its  nature  and  quali- 
ties. '  Consisting  of  a  bolary  and  clammy 
substance.  '  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Bolas,*  n.   Bullace;  a  sort  of  sloe.  Chaucer. 

Bold  (bold),  a.  [A.  Sax.  beald,  bald,  bold, 
courageous;  Icel.  ballr,  Goth,  bait/is,  D. 
bout,  O.H.G.  bald,  bold;  G.  bald,  soon.  The 
O.Fr.  baud,  It.  baldo,  bold,  are  borrowed.] 
1.  Daring;  courageous;  brave;  intrepid;  fear- 
less: applied  to  men  or  animals  ;  as,  bold  as 
a  lion.—  2.  Requiring  or  exhibiting  courage 
in  execution  ;  planned  with  spirit  or  bold- 
ness; executed  with  courage  and  spirit; 
as,  a  bold  enterprise.  'The  bold  design 
pleased  highly.'  Milton.  —  3.t  Confident; 
trusting  ;  assured.  '  I  am  bold  her  honour 
will  remain  hers.'  Shak.—  4.  Rude;  forward; 
impudent.  'Men  can  cover  crimes  \vitli 
bold,  stern  looks.'  Shak.  —  5.  Overstepping 
usual  bounds;  presuming  upon  sympathy 
or  forbearance  ;  showing  liberty  or  license, 
as  in  style  or  expression  ;  as,  a  bold  meta- 
phor. 

Which  no  bold  tales  of  gods  or  monsters  swell, 
But  human  passions,  such  as  with  us  dwell. 

1  1  'alter. 

6.  Standing  out  to  view;  striking  to  the  eye; 
markedly  conspicuous;  as,  bold  figures  in 
painting,  sculpture,  and  architecture. 

Catachreses  and  hyperboles  are  to  be  used  judi- 
ciously, and  placed  in  poetry,  as  heightenings  and 
shadows  in  painting,  to  make  the  figure  colder,  and 
cause  it  to  stand  off  to  sight.  Drydtn. 

7.  Steep;  abrupt;  prominent;  as,  a  bold  shore, 
which  enters  the  waters  almost  perpendicu- 
larly. 

Her  dominions  have  bold  accessible  coasts.  Hwrlt. 

—To  make  bold,  to  take  the  liberty  ;  to  use 
the  freedom  ;  as,  I  have  made  bold  to  call 
on  you.  —  SYN.  Courageous,  daring,  brave, 
intrepid,  fearless,  dauntless,  valiant,  man- 
ful, audacious,  stout-hearted,  high-spirited, 
adventurous,  confident,  strenuous,  forward, 
impudent. 

Bold  t  (bold),  ».(.  To  make  daring.  'Pallas 
holds  the  Greeks.'  A.  Hall. 

Bold-beating  t  (bold  'bet-ing),  a.  Brow- 
beating. 'Bold-beating  oaths.'  Shak. 

Bqldent  (bold'en),  v.t.  To  make  bold;  to 
give  confidence;  to  encourage.  'I  ...  am 
boldened  under  your  promised  pardon.' 
Shak. 

Bold  -face  0>61d'fas),  n.  Impudence;  sauci- 
ness  :  an  old  term  of  reprehension  and  re- 
proach, often  applied  to  an  impudent  saucy 
person.  '  A  sauce-box,  and  a  bold-face,  and 
a  pert.  '  Richardson. 

Bold-faced  (bold'fast),  a.  Impudent.  'The 
bold-faced  atheists  of  this  age.'  Bp.  Bram- 
hall. 

Boldly  (boldin,  ode.  In  a  bold  manner; 
courageously  ;  intrepidly;  with  confidence  ; 
forwardly;  impudently;  insolently;  abrupt- 
ly, «fec. 

Boldness  (bold'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  bold,  in  all  the  senses  of  the  word; 
courage;  bravery;  intrepidity;  spirit  ;  fear- 
lessness; confidence;  assurance;  forward- 
ness; steepness;  abruptness. 

Great  is  my  boldness  of  speech  toward  you. 

2  Cor.  vii.  4. 

Boldness  is  the  power  to  speak,  or  do  what  we  in- 

tend, before  others,  without  fear  or  disorder.  Locte. 

The  boldness  of  the  figures  is  to  be  hidden  some- 

times by  the  address  of  the 

their  effect  upon  the  nund  \ 

I  cannot,  with  Johnson,  interpret  this  word  byS 
tittide  or  magttanimity.    Boldness  does  not,  I  think, 


figure 

times  by  the  address  of  the  poet,  that  they  may  work 
upon  the  nund  \  Dryden 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J'.  Sc.  fey. 


BOLD-SPIRITED 


301 


BOLT 


iiimly  the  y/>»*«MJ  of  mind  which  constitutes  forti-  ; 
t  ink1    nor  tlic  eltviitwn  ami  generosity  of  in.i:::i.t- 
nimiiy.  A'.  ««//«•.        ! 

Bold-spirited  ( bold'spir-it-ed ),  a.  Having 
bold  spirit  or  courage. 

Bole  (bol),  n.  [A  Scandinavian  word  :  Icel. 
liulr,  bulr,  Dan.  bul,  trunk,  stem  of  a  tree. 
Probably  from  same  root  as  bowl,  bulijr,  .vc. 
In  3  the  word  is  perhaps  -  bowl.  ]  1.  The 
body  or  stem  of  a  tree. 

Huge  trees,  u  thousand  rings  of  spring 
In  every  bole.  Tennyson. 

2.t  A  roll.  'Little  long  boles  or  roules.' 
Bunted  by  Nares.  —  3.  A  small  boat  suited 
for  a  rough  sea. 

Bole  (bol).  n.  [Fr.  bol,  bole,  a  bolus, 
I.,  liolus,  i  Jr.  bulon,  a  clod  of  earth.]  1.  In 
geol.  any  friable  clayey  shale  or  earth 
used  as  a  pigment,  generally  yellow,  or 
yellowish-red  or  brownish-black,  from  the 
presence  of  iron  oxide.  —  2.  In  mineral. 
an  amorphous  earthy  hydrous  bisilicate  of 
alumina,  with  iron  peroxide  in  various  pro- 
portions, and  with  a  little  magnesia  when 
soapy  or  greasy.  Bole  is  probably  an  altered 
felspathic  or  aluminous  mineral.  It  is 
opaque,  or  slightly  translucent,  especially 
at  the  edges,  in  the  red  and  yellow  varieties. 
It  is  compact  and  its  fracture  conchoidal. 
It  is  brittle,  smooth,  a  little  unctuous,  and 
receives  a  polish  from  the  finger-nail.  It 
adheres  to  the  tongue,  melts  by  degrees  in 
the  mouth,  and  impresses  a  slight  sense  of 
astringency.  —  Armenian  bole  is  of  a  bright 
red  colour  with  a  tinge  of  yellow,  harder 
than  the  other  kinds,  and  of  a  rough  dusty 
surface.  —  Bole  of  Blois  is  yellow,  lighter 
than  the  other  kinds,  and  it  effervesces 
with  acids.—  Bohemian  bole  is  of  a  yellow 
colour  with  a  cast  of  red,  and  of  a  flaky  tex- 
ture.— French  bole  is  of  a  pale  red  colour, 
yariegated  with  specks  of  white  and  yellow. 
—  Letnnian  bole  is  of  a  pale  red  colour. — 
—Silegian  bole  is  of  a  pale  yellow  colour. 
These  earths  were  formerly  employed  as 
astringent,  absorbent,  and  tonic  medicines, 
and  they  are  still  in  repute  in  the  East;  they 
are  also  used  occasionally  as  veterinary  me- 
dicines in  Europe.  Armenian  bole  is  used 
as  a  coarse  red  pigment. — 3.  A  bolus;  a  dose. 
Coleridge.  [Rare.] 
Bole  (bol),  n.  See  BOLL. 
Bole,  Boal  (bol),  11.  [Perhaps  from  bore, 
with  (  for  r.]  A  small  recess  or  cavity  in  a 
wall;  also,  a  window  or  opening  in  the  wall 
of  a  house,  usually  with  a  wooden  shutter 
instead  of  glass.  Sir  W.  Scott.  [Scotch.] 
Bolection  Moulding  (bo-lek'shou  mold- 
ing), n.  In  joinery, 
a  kind  of  moulding 
which  projects  be-  r~ 
yond  the  surface  of 
the  work  which  it 
decorates.  It  is  Bolection  Moulding, 
chiefly  used  for  ex- 
ternal doors.  Spelled  also  Balection  Mould- 
ing. 

Bolero  (bo-la'ro),  n.  [Sp. ,  from  bola,  a  ball.  ] 
A  favourite  dance  in  Spain.  'Fandango's 
wriggle  or  bolero's  bound.'  Byron. 
BoletiC  (bo-let'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
obtained  from  the  Boletus,  a  genus  of  mush- 
rooms. 

Boletus  (bo-le'tus),  11.  [Gr.  bolos,  a  mass,  in 
reference  to  its  massive  and  globular  form.] 
An  extensive  genus  of  fungi  or  mushrooms 
of  the  division  Hymenomyeetes,  family  Poly- 
porei.  The  species  are  generally  found 
growing  on  the  ground  in  woods  and  mead- 
ows, especially  in  pine  woods.  They  are  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Agarici  by  the  spore- 
coses  being  in  tubes  separable  from  each 
other  and  from  the  cap.  Boletus  igniarius, 
when  dried  and  sliced,  furnishes  the  German 
tinder;  it  is  also  used  by  surgeons  as  an  ex- 
ternal styptic,  when  softened  by  beating. 
Several  species  are  eaten. 
Boley.t  Bolyet  (bo'li),  n.  [Ir.  bttaile,  a  fold; 
buaili,  an  ox-stall,  a  cowhouse,  a  dairy,  from 
bo,  a  cow.]  Formerly,  in  Ireland,  a  company 
of  people  and  their  cattle  that  wandered 
from  place  to  place  in  search  of  pasture ; 
also,  a  place  of  shelter  for  cattle.  Written 
also  Booley. 

This  keeping  of  cowes  is  of  it  selfe  a  very  idle  life, 
and  A  fitt  nurserye  for  a  thecfe.  For  which  cause, 
ye  remember,  that  I  disliked  the  Irish  manner  of 
keeping  bolyei  in  summer  upon  the  mountaynes  and 
living  after  that  savadge  sort.  Spenser. 

Bolide  (bo'lid),  «.  [L.  bolis,  a  fiery  meteor, 
from  Gr.  bolis,  amissile.  from  hallo,  to  throw; 
and  eidos,  likeness.  ]  A  meteoric  stone  or 
aerolite  which  explodes  on  coming  in  con- 
tact with  our  atmosphere ;  a  fire-ball ;  a 
meteor;  a  bolis. 


Bolln  t  (bfl'lin),  n.  A  bowline.  'Slack  the 
bnli  tin  there.'  Shak. 

Bolls  (bol'is),  n.     Same  as  Bolide. 

Boll  (bol),  n.  [Comp.  G.  btille,  a  seed-vessel 
of  flax,  I>.  bol,  a  round  body.  Same  root  as 
bole,  a  stem.]  The  pod  or  capsule  of  a 
plant,  as  of  flax. 

Boll  (bol),  n.  [A  form  of  bowl,  A.  Sax.  bolla, 
a  bowl,  cup,  measure.]  A  Scotch  dry  mea- 
sure not  now  in  legal  use,  varying  in  extent 
according  to  locality  and  article  measured. 
A  boll  of  oats,  barley,  and  potatoes  contains 
6  bushels;  a  boll  of  meal  is  equal  to  140  Ibs. 
avoirdupois.  The  boll  is  divided  into  4  nr- 
lots. 

Boll  (bol),  v.i.  [See  BOLL,  a  pod.]  To  form 
into  or  produce  seed-vessels. 

The  barley  was  in  the  ear,  and  the  flax  was  boiled. 
Ex.  ix.  31. 

Bollandists  (bol'land-ists),  n.pl.  A  series  of 
Jesuit  writers  who  published,  under  the 
title  Acta  Sanctorum,  the  well-known  col- 
lection of  the  traditions  of  the  saints  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  They  received 
the  name  from  John  Bollandus,  who  first 
undertook  to  digest  the  materials  already 
accumulated  by  Rosweide. 

Bollard  (bol'lard),  «.  [Allied  to  We,  the 
stem  of  a  tree.)  1.  Xaut.  a  strong  post 
fixed  vertically  into  the  ground  on  either 
side  of  a  dock  to  which  large  blocks  are 
lashed,  through  which  are  reeved  the  trans- 
porting hawsers  for  docking  and  undocking 
ships.— 2.  A  thick  piece  of  wood  on  the  head 
of  a  whale-boat,  round  which  the  harpooner 
gives  the  line  a  turn  in  order  to  veer  it 
steadily  and  check  the  whale's  velocity. 

Bollard- timber  (bol'lard-tira-ber),  n.  Xatit. 
a  knight  -  head ;  one  of  two  timbers  or 
stanchions  rising  just  within  the  stem,  one 
on  each  side  of  the  bowsprit,  to  secure  its 
end. 

Boiling  (boiling),  n.  [From  bole,  the  stem  of 
a  tree.  ]  A  tree  whose  tops  and  branches  are 
cut  off;  a  pollard. 

Boll-worm  (bol'werm),  n.  An  insect  that 
destroys  the  cotton  boll  or  pod. 

Bolnt  (boln),  p.i.  [Icel.  bdlgna,  Dan.  bvlne, 
Sw.  bulna,  to  swell,  allied  to  A.  Sax.  belgan, 
to  be  angry,  K  bulge,  etc.]  To  swell. 

Boln.t  Bolleu  I  (boln),  p.  and  a.  Swelled ; 
puffed  out  'Thin,  and  boln  out  like  a 
snail.'  B.  Jonson. 

Bologna-phial  (bo-16'nya-fi-al),  n.  A  small 
phial  of  unaunealed  glass,  which  flies  in 

Sieces  when  its  surface  is  scratched  by  a 
ard  body,  as  by  dropping  into  it  an  angu- 
lar fragment  of  flint,  whereas  a  lead  bul- 
let, or  other  smooth  body,  may  be  dropped 
into  it  without  causing  injury. 

Bologna-phosphorus,  Bolognian  Phos- 
phorus ( bo- 16'  nya-  fos '  for  -  us,  bo  - 16 '  nyan 
fos'for-us),  «.  A  preparation  of  the  pow- 
dered sulphate  of  barium  or  Bolognian  stone, 
which  has  the  property  of  shining  in  the 
dark  like  phosphorus. 

Bologna-sausage  (bo-lo'nya-sa'saj),  n.  A 
large  sausage  made  of  bacon,  veal,  and  pork- 
suet,  chopped  line,  and  inclosed  in  a  skin. 

Bologna-stone,  Bolognian  Stone  (bo-16'- 
nya-ston,  bo-16'uyan  stun),  n.  Radiated  sul- 
phate of  barium,  found  in  roundish  masses, 
composed  of  radiating  fibres,  first  discovered 
near  Bologna.  It  is  phosphorescent  in  the 
dark  after  being  heated  to  ignition,  pow- 
dered, and  exposed  to  the  sun's  light  for 
some  time. 

Bolognese,  Bolognian  (bo-16-nyez',  bo-16'- 
nyan),  a.  Relating  to  Bologna,  or  to  a  school 
of  painting  founded  by  Caracci,  and  called 
also  the  Lombard  or  Eclectic  School — its 
object  being  to  combine  the  excellencies  of 
all  other  schools. 

Bolster  (bol'ster),  n.  [A.  Sax.  D.  Dan.  and 
Sw.  bolster,  Icel.  bolstr,  O.  politer,  any- 
thing stuffed  up  for  resting  on,  a  cushion, 
a  bolster.  From  root  bol,  bul,  as  in  bulge, 
&c.,  and. term,  -tier,  as  in  holster. )  1.  Some- 
thing on  which  to  rest  the  head  while  re- 
clining; specifically,  a  long  pillow  or  cushion, 
used  to  support  the  head  of  persons  lying 
on  a  bed;  generally  laid  under  the  pillows. 

Perhaps  some  cold  bank  is  her  bolster  now. 

Mtltott. 

2.  Something  resembling  a  bolster  more  or 
less  in  form  or  application,  the  term  being 
used  in  a  great  many  technical  senses,  such 
as  (a)  a  pad  or  quilt  used  to  prevent  pres- 
sure, support  any  part  of  the  body,  or  make 
a  bandage  sit  easy  upon  a  wounded  part ;  a 
compress.  (''•)  A  cushioned  or  padded  part 
of  a  saddle,  (c)  Xaut.  (1)  a  cushion  or  bag 
filled  with  tarred  canvas,  used  to  preserve 
the  stays  from  being  worn  or  chafed  by  the 


masts.  (2)  A  piece  of  timber  placed  on  various 
parts  of  a  ship  to  prevent  the  works  or  ropes 
from  bi-ing  abraded.  ('')  A  cylindrical  hol- 
low tool  used  for  punching  holes  and  mak- 
ing bolts,  (e)  The  cross-beam  funniiiK  the 
bearing  partof  arailway-carria^ebody;  also, 
the  principal  cross-beam  "f  a  truck.  </)  The 
part  of  a  bridge  between  the  truss  and  tl.e 
masonry,  (</)  In  cutli'i-i/,  the  part  «>f  such 
instruments  and  tools,  as  knives,  chisels. 
&c.,  which  joins  thecnd  of  the  handle;  also, 
a  metallic  plate  on  the  end  of  a  pocket- 
knife  handle.  (It)  In.'/im.  a  block  of  woo. I 
on  the  carriage  of  a  siege-gun,  upiui  which 
the  breech  of  the  gun  rests  when  It  is 
moved,  (i)  In  arch,  the  lateral  part  of  the 
volute  of  the  Ionic  capital,  called  also  Bal- 
uster, (j)  In  music,  the  raised  ridge  which 
holds  the  tuning-pins  of  a  piano. 

Bolster  (bol'ster),  v.t.  1.  To  furnish  or  sup- 
port with  a  bolster,  pillow,  or  any  soft  pad; 
to  pad;  to  stuff.  'Stays  bolstered  below  the 
left  shoulder.'  Tatter. — 2.  To  support;  to 
hold  up;  to  maintain :  generally  used  in  a 
bad  sense,  and  implying  support  of  an  un- 
worthy cause  or  object,  or  support  based 
on  insufficient  grounds:  now  generally  with 
up;  as,  to  bolster  up  his  pretensions  with 
lies.  '  To  bolster  baseness. '  Drayton.  '  Per- 
suasions used  to  further  the  truth,  not  to 
bolster  error.'  Hooker.  'Too  successful  in 
bolstering  up  our  vain  expectations.'  Capt. 
M.  Thomson. 

Bolster*  (bol'ster),  v.i.  To  lie  together,  or 
on  the  same  bolster.  'Mortal  eyes  do  see 
them  bolster.'  Shak. 

Bolsterer  (bol'ster-er),  n.  One  who  bolsters; 
a  supporter. 

Bolstering  (bol'ster-ing),  n.  A  prop  or  sup- 


port. 
Bolt 


_  _lt  (bolt),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bolt,  an  arrow,  a  bolt; 
Dan.  bolt,  a  bolt,  an  iron  peg,  a  fetter,  G. 
Iml:,  bolzen,  an  arrow,  a  bolt  or  large  nail.  ] 

1.  An  arrow.     'A  fool's  bolt  is  soon  shot.' 
Shak. 

The  infidel  has  shot  his  bolts  away. 
Till,  his  exhausted  quiver  yielding  none, 
He  gleans  the  blunted  shafts  that  have  recoil'd. 
Ana  aims  them  at  the  shield  of  truth  again. 

Ctnt'fer. 

2.  A  thunder-bolt;  a  stream  of  lightning:  so 
named  from  its  darting  like  a  bolt. 

The  bolts  that  spare  the  mountain  side, 
His  cloud-capt  eminence  divide, 

And  spread  the  ruin  round.  Confer. 

3.  An  elongated  bullet  for  a  rifled  cannon.— 
I    A  stout  metallic  pin  used  for  holding 
objects  together  or  firmly  attaching  one 
object  to  another,  frequently  screw-threaded 
at  one  extremity  to  receive  a  nut.    Bolts 
are  divided  into  a  vast  number  of  varieties 
according  to  their  form  or  the  purpose  for 
which  they  ore  intended. — 5.  A  movable  bar 
for  fastening  a  door,  gate,  window-sash,  or 
the  like;  specifically,  that  portion  of  a  lock 
which  is  protruded  from  or  retracted  with- 
in the  case  by  the  action  of  the  key,  an. I 
which  makes  a  fastening  by  means  of  a 
socket  or  keeper. —6.  An  iron  to  fasten  the 
legs  of  a  prisoner;  a  shackle. 

Away  with  him  to  prison,  lay  bolts  enough  upon  him. 

SAaJt. 

1.  The  quantity  of  28  ells  of  canvas.— 8.  t  A 
long  narrow  piece  of  silk  or  stuff.— Bolt  and 
tun,  a  term  in  her.,  applied  to  a  bird-bolt, 
in  pale  piercing  through  a  tun.—  Bolt  or 
Ballon  of  straw,  a  quantity  of  straw  tightly 
tied  up. 

Bolt  (bolt),  v.t.  [In  meanings  1  and  2  from 
bull,  a  metallic  pin;  in  3  perhaps  from  bi,li, 
an  arrow;  in  4,  from  bolt,  v.i.]  1.  To  fasten 
or  secure  with  a  bolt  or  iron  pin,  whether  a 
door,  a  plank,  fetters,  or  anything  else.— 

2.  To  fasten ;  to  shackle;  to  restrain. 

Which  shackles  accident  and  bolts  up  change.  Shai. 

S.  To  swallow  hurriedly  or  without  chewing; 
as,  to  bolt  one's  food.  [Colloq.  ]— 4.  To  start  or 
spring  game  ;  to  cause  to  bolt  up  or  out,  as 
hares,  rabbits,  and  the  like.— To  bolt  a/ox, 
in  fox-hunting,  when  a  fox  has  run  to  earth, 
to  put  in  a  terrier  into  the  holes,  and  when 
he  is  heard  baying  the  fox,  to  dig  over  the 
spot  where  the  sound  is  heard  and  so  get  at 
the  fox. 

Bolt  (bolt),  v.i.  [From  bolt,  an  arrow,  a 
thunderbolt]  1.  To  shoot  forth  suddenly; 
to  spring  out  with  speed  and  suddenness;  to 
start  forth  like  a  bolt :  commonly  followed 
by  nut;  as,  to  bull  out  of  the  house,  or  out 
of  a  den. 

This  Puck  seems  but  a  dreaming  dolt,  .  .  . 
And  oft  out  of  a  bush  doth  bolt.  Drayton. 

2.  To  spring  to  a  side  suddenly ;  to  run  out 
of  the  regular  path;  to  start  and  run  off. 

Stage-coaches  were  upsetting    in  all  directions, 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j.job;      n,  FT.  ton;      ng,  ting;      tu,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KSY. 


BOLT 


302 


BOMBAST 


horses  were  bolting,  boats  were  overturning,  ami 
boilers  were  bursting.  Dickens. 

3.  To  fly  from  either  justice  or  the  pursuit 
of  some  offended  party;  to  run  away. 

And  what  shall  you  do  then?    Bolt.        Dickens. 

4.  t  To  strike  suddenly  like  a  bolt. 

As  an  eagle 
His  cloudless  thunder  bolted  on  their  heads.  Milton. 

Bolt  (bolt),  n.  The  act  of  swallowing  sud- 
denly; a  gulp. 

Bolt  (holt),  adv.  1.  Bolt-upright.  'Kisnig 
bolt  from  his  seat.'  G.  P.  It.  James.— 

2.  Suddenly ;  with  sudden  meeting  or  colli- 
sion. 

(He)  came  bolt  up  against  the  heavy  dragoon. 

Bolt  (bolt),  v.t.  [O.Fr.  buleter,  bulter  Olod. 
Fr.  bluter),  by  metathesis  and  change  of  r 
into  I,  from  an  older  form  bureter,  from  bun, 
the  thick  woollen  cloth  of  which  bolting- 
sieves  are  made,  from  L.  burra,  coarse 
cloth,  from  L.  burrus,  Gr.  pyrrhos,  fire- 
coloured,  yellowish-red,  russet,  from  the 
usual  colour  of  the  cloth;  from  pyr,  flre.  For 
change  of  r  into  I  compare  Fr.  autel  with 
L.  altare.]  I.  To  sift  or  pass  through  a  sieve 
or  bolter  so  as  to  separate  the  coarser  from 
the  finer  particles,  as  bran  from  flour;  to 
sift  out  the  bran ;  as,  to  bolt  meal.— 2.  To 
examine  or  search  into,  as  if  by  sifting;  to 
sift;  to  examine  thoroughly. 
Time  and  nature  will  bolt  out  the  truth  of  things. 
Sir  R.  L: Estrange, 

The  report  of  the  committee  was  examined  and 
sifted  and  bolted  to  the  bran.  Burke. 

3.  To  purify ;  to  refine,  as  by  sifting.     '  111 
schooled  in  bolted  language.'    Shak. 

The  fanned  snow 
That's  bolted  by  the  northern  blast  twice  o'er.  Shak. 

4.  In  law,  to  discuss  or  argue  privately  and 
merely  for  practice,  as  cases,  by  students 
and  barristers. 

Bolt  (bolt),  n.  A  sieve.  'Bolts  of  lawn.' 
B.  Jonson. 

Boltant,  Bolting  (bolt 'ant,  bolt 'ing),  n. 
In  her.  terms  which  are  applicable  to  the 
general  position  of  hares  and  rabbits  when 
borne  in  coat  armour,  and  imply  springing 
forward. 

Bolt-auger  (bolt'a-ger),  n.  A  large  auger 
used  in  ship -building  to  bore  holes  for 
bolts,  &c. 

Bolt-boat  (bolfbot),  n.  A  strong  boat  that 
will  endure  a  rough  sea. 

Bolt-cutter  (bolt'kut-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
makes  bolts.  —  2.  A  machine  or  tool  for 
cutting  threads  on  bolts. 

Boltel  t  (bol'tel),  n.     Same  as  Boiotell. 

Boltenia  (bol-te'ni-a),  n.  [After  Dr.  Bolten 
of  Hamburg.]  A  sub-genus  of  Ascididse  or 
sea-squirts,  a  family  of  the  group  Tunicata, 
possessing  peduncles  or  stalks.  (See  MOL- 
LUSCOIDA.)  The  young  grow  on  the  stem 
of  the  parent. 

Bolter  (bolt'er),  n.  1.  One  that  bolts,  in  any 
of  the  senses  of  the  verbs. — 2.  An  instrument 
or  machine  for  separating  bran  from  flour, 
or  the  coarser  part  of  meal  from  the  finer. 
3.  A  kind  of  fishing  line. 

These  lakes,  and  divers  others  of  the  fore-cited, 
are  taken  with  threads,  and  some  of  them  with  the 
bolter,  which  is  a  spiller  of  a  bigger  size. 

Rich.  Carew. 

Bolter  t  (bolt'er),  v.t.  To  besmear:  the 
word  seems  to  occur  only  participially,  and 
in  the  Shaksperian  compound  blood-pott- 
ered (which  see). 

Bolt-head  (bolt'hed),  n.  A  long  straight- 
necked  glass  vessel  for  chemical  distilla- 
tions. Called  also  a  Matrass  or  Receiver. 

Bolting  (bolt'ing),  n.  Specifically,  a  term 
used  in  the  inns  of  court  to  signify  a  private 
arguing  of  cases. 

Bolting-cloth  (bolt'ing-kloth),  n.  A  cloth 
for  bolting  or  sifting ;  a  linen  or  hair 
cloth,  of  which  bolters  are  made  for  sifting 
meal. 

A  stiff 
nrayelled 

at  one  extremity,  used  as  a  probang  in  the 
case  of  anything  sticking  in  an  animal's 
throat. 

Bolting-house  (bolt'ing-hous),  n.  A  house 
where  meal  is  sifted. 

The  jade  is  returned  as  white  and  as  powdered  as 
if  she  had  been  at  work  in  a  bolting-house.  Dennis. 

Bolting-hutch  (bolt'ing-huch),  n.    A  tub 

for  bolted  flour. 
Bolting-mill  (bolt'ing- mil),  n.     A  mill  or 

machine  for  sifting  meal. 
Bolting-tub  (bolt'ing-tub),  n.    A  tub  to  sift 

meal  in. 

Bolton.    See  under  BOLT,  n. 
Boltonia  (bol-to'ni-a),  n.     [After  J.   B. 


Bolting-cord  (bolt'ing-kord),  n. 
piece  of  rope  having  the  strands  unr 


Bolton,  an  English  professor  of  botany.] 
A  genus  of  interesting  North  American 
plants,  nat.  order  Compositor,  very  closely 
resembling  Aster. 

Boltonite  (bol' ton-It),  n.  A  mineral  of 
a  granular  composition,  found  in  Bolton, 
Massachusetts.  It  belongs  to  the  augite 
series,  of  which  it  is  perhaps  only  an  altered 
form. 

Bolt-rope  (bolt'rop),  n.  A  rope  to  which 
the  edges  of  sails  are  sewed  to  strengthen 
them.  That  part  of  it  on  the  perpendicular 
side  is  called  the  leech-rope;  that  at  the 
bottom  the  foot-rope ;  that  at  the  top  the 
head-rope. 

Bolt-sprit  (bolt'sprit),  n.  A  corruption  of 
bowsprit. 

Bolt-upright  (bolt'up-rit),  a.  or  adv. 
l.t  Lying  flat  «>n  one's  back.  Chaucer.— 2.  As 
upright  or  straight  as  an  arrow  or  bolt; 
perfectly  upright;  erect. 

The  statue,  erecting  itself  from  its  leaning  posture, 
stood  boit-uprtght.  Spectator. 

Bolus  (bolus),  n.  [L.  bolus,  a  bit,  a  morsel, 
a  lump,  Gr.  bvlos,  a  clod,  a  lump.]  1.  A  soft 
round  mass  of  anything  medicinal  to  be 
swallowed  at  once,  larger  than  an  ordinary 
pill.  It  may  be  of  any  ingredients,  made  a 
little  thicker  than  honey.— 2.  Fig.  an  unpa- 
latable doctrine  or  argument  that  has  to  be 
swallowed  or  tolerated. 

There  is  no  help  for  it,  the  faithful  proselytizer,  if 
she  cannot  convince  by  argument,  bursts  into  tears, 
and  the  recusant  finds  himself  at  the  end  of  the  con- 
test, taking  down  the  bolus,  saying,  '  Well,  well, 
Bodgers  be  it'  Thatkeray. 

Bom  (bom),  n.  A  large  serpent  found  in 
America,  of  a  harmless  nature,  and  remark- 
able for  uttering  a  sound  like  bom, 

Bomb  (bom),  n,  {Fr.  bombe,  a  bomb,  from 
L.  bonwu-s,  Gr.  bombos,  a  hollow  deep  sound. 
These  words  are  probably  imitative,  and  may 
be  therefore  compared  to  E.  bum,  boom,  to 
make  a  deep  hollow  sound.]  l.t  A  great 
noise;  a  loud  hollow  sound;  the  stroke  of  a 
bell.  '  A  pillar  of  iron,  .  .  .  which  if  you 
had  struck  would  make  ...  a  great  bomb 
in  the  chamber  beneath.'  Bacon. — 2.  A 


destructive  projectile,  consisting  of  a  hollow 
ball  or  spherical  shell,  generally  of  cast- 
iron,  filled  with  explosive  materials,  fired 
from  a  mortar,  and  usually  exploded  by 
means  of  a  fuse  or  tube  filled  with  a  slow- 
burning  compound,  which  is  ignited  by  the 
discharge  of  the  mortar.  Bombs  are  dis- 
charged in  such  a  direction  as  to  fall  into 
a  fort,  city,  or  enemy's  camp,  when  they 
burst  with  great  violence,  and  often  with 
terrible  effect,  setting  fire  to  houses,  killing 
people,  &c.  Hie  length  and  composition 
of  the  fuse  must  be  calculated  in  such  a 
way  that  the  bomb  shall  burst  the  moment 
it  arrives  at  the  destined  place.  Bombs  are 
now  commonly  termed  Shells,  though  shell 
in  the  sense  of  a  projectile  has  a  wider 
meaning.  See  SHELL.— 3.  In  geol,  a  block 
of  scoriae  ejected  from  the  crater  of  a 
volcano. 

This  deposit  answers  to  the  heaps  of  dust,  sand, 
stones,  and  bombs  which  are  shot  out  of  modern 
volcanoes ;  it  is  a  true  ash.  Gfikie. 

Bombt  (bom),  v.t.  To  attack  with  bombs; 
to  bombard. 

To  Bruxelles  marches  on  secure. 

To  bomb  the  monks,  and  scare  the  ladies.      Prior. 

Bomb  (bom),  v.i.    To  sound. 

What  overcharged  piece  of  melancholy 
Is  this,  breaks  in  between  my  wishes  thus, 
With  bombing  sighs?  B.  Jonson. 

Bombacese  (bom-ba'se-e),  n.  pi  [From  the 
typical  genus  Bombay.]  A  group  of  plants 
considered  by  some  botanists  as  a  tribe  of 
the  Sterculiacea;,  by  others  as  a  tribe  of  the 
Malvaceae,  while  by  others  it  is  regarded  as 
a  separate  order.  They  are  distinguished 
from  other  Stereuliacese  by  having  uni- 
locular  instead  of  bilocular  anthers,  the 
appearance  of  unilocular  anthers  being 
occasionally  produced  only  by  the  fact  that 
the  anthers  are  sometimes  united  in  pairs. 
This  circumstance  connects  them  more 


closely  with  the  Mai  vacua1,  from  which 
they  are  chiefly  distinguished  by  h;ivin^ 
the  staminal  column  divided  at  the  top 
into  from  five  to  eight  segments. 
Bombard  (bom'bard),  n.  [Fr.  bombarde. 
The  termination  -ard  has  an  augmentative 
force.]  l.t  A  piece  of  short  thick  ordnance 
with  a  large  mouth,  formerly  used,  some  uf 
them  carrying  a  ball  of  great  weight. 

Which  with  our  bombard,  shot,  and  basilisk, 
We  rent  in  sunder.  Marlowe. 

2.  An  attack  with  bombs ;  bombardment. 
[Rare.]  — 3, t  A  barrel;  a  drinking  vessel. 
'That  swoln  parcel  of  dropsies,  that  hum- 
bombard  of  sack.'  Shak. — 4.t  A  meditcval 
wind-instrument,  the  precursor  of  the  oboe, 
of  which  it  was  no  doubt  a  large  and  coarse 
species.— 5.  pi.  Padded  breeches. 

Bombard  (bom-bard'),  v.t.  To  attack  with 
bombs;  to  fire  shells  at  or  into;  to  shell; 
sometimes  used  somewhat  loosely  for  \<> 
assault  with  artillery  of  any  kind.  '  Next, 
she  means  to  bombard  Naples.'  Burke. 

Bombardicalt  (bom-bar'dik-al),  a.  Bombas- 
tic. Hotrt'll. 

Bombardier  (bom-bar-deY),  n.  1.  A  person 
employed  in  throwing  bombs  or  shells;  spe- 
cifically in  the  English  army  a  non-commU- 
sioned  officer  of  the  Royal  Artillery,  W]IHM- 
duty  is  to  load  shells,  grenades,  &c. ,  and  to  tix 
the  fuses,  and  who  is  particularly  appoint* <1 
to  the  service  of  mortars  and  howitzers. — 
2.  A  bombardier-beetle. 

Bombardier-beetle  (bom-bar-derT>e'tl),  «. 
The  common  name  of  many  coleopterous 
insects,  family  Carabidte,  and  genera  Brach- 
inus  and  Aptiuus,  found  under  stones.  They 
possess,  when  irritated  in  any  way,  a  re- 
markable power  of  violently  expelling  from 
the  anus  a  pungent,  acrid  fluid,  accom- 
panied by  a  smart  report. 

Bombard- man  t  (bombard-man),  n.  One 
who  earned  out  liquor  in  a  bombard  or  can. 

They  made  room  for  a  bombard-man  that  brought 
bouge  for  a  country  lady.  £.  Jensen. 

Bombardment  ( bom- bard 'ment),  n.  An 
attack  with  bombs  or  shells  upon  a  town, 
fort,  or  other  position  occupied  by  an 
enemy;  the  act  of  throwing  shells  and  shot 
into  an  enemy's  town  in  order  to  destroy 
the  buildings. 

Genoa   is   not  yet   secure   from  a   bombardment, 
though  it  is  not  so  exposed  as  formerly.    Addison. 

Bombardon,  Bombardo  (bom -bar' don, 
bom-bar'do),  n.  A  large-sized  musical  in- 
strument of  the  trumpet  kind,  in  tone  not 
unlike  the  ophicleide.  Its  compass  gener- 
ally is  from  F  on  the  fourth  ledger-line 
below  the  bass  staff  to  the  lower  D  of  tlie 
treble  staff.  It  is  not  capable  of  rapid  exe- 
cution. 


Bombard-phrase  t  (bom'bard-fraz),  n.    A 
boasting,  loud-sounding,  bombastic  phrase. 

Their  bombard -phrase,  their  foot  and  half-foot 
words.  B.  Jonson, 

Bombasin,  Bombazine  (bom-ba-zen'),  n. 
[Fr.  bombasin,  boinbuxine.  It.  bomb" 
bombasin.L.  bombycinus,  made  of  silk  or  cot- 
ton, from  Gr.  boinbyx,  bombykos,  a  silkworm, 
silk.]  A  slight  twilled  fabric,  of  which  the 
warp  is  silk  and  the  weft  worsted.  An  in- 
ferior kind  is  made  of  cotton  and  worsted. 
Spelled  also  Bombasine. 

Bombast  (bom'bast),  n.  [L.L.  bomba 
a  doublet  of  cotton,  from  bombax,  cotton. 
See  BOMBASIN.]  l.t  Cotton;  the  cotton 
plant.  '  Bombast,  the  cotton  plant  growing 
in  Asia.'  E.  Phillips.  'Clothes  made  of 
cotton  or  bombast.'  Hackluyt.—^  Cotton 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       piue,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abtme;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BOMBAST 


BOND 


or  other  stuff  of  soft,  loose  texture  used  to 
stuff  garments;  padding. 

Thy  body's  bolstered  out  with  bonil'tmt  and  with 
bags.  Vascoifne. 

Hence  — 3.  Fi<j.  high-sounding  words;  in- 
flated or  turgid  language  ;  fustian  ;  words 
too  big  and  high-sounding  for  the  occasion. 

He  (lioileau)  .  .  .  li.ul  learned  to  despise  bombast 
and  tinsel.  atacaithty. 

Bombast  (bom'bast),  a.    Iligh-sounding;  in- 
Hated;  big  witliout  meaning.    'A  tall  meta- 
phor in  boinlttiKt  way.'    Cowley. 
Bombast t  (bom-bast'),    0. t.    1.   To  make 
inflated  or  bombastic. 

Then  strives  he  to  t>o»tfaist  his  feeble  lines 
With  far-fetch'd  phrase.  Bf.  Hall. 

2.  To  beat;  to  baste. 

I  will  so  codicil  ami  lambaste  thee  that  thou  shalt 
nut  be  able  to  sturro  thyself. 

Palace  of  Pleasure,  1579. 

Bombastic  (bom-bas'tik),  a.  Characterized 
by  bombast;  high-sounding;  turgid;  in- 
flated. '  A  theatrical,  bombastic,  and  windy 
phraseology.'  Burke.  '  Over-florid,  tawdry, 
and  bombastic.'  Whately.  —  SYX.  lullated, 
tumid,  turgid. 

Bombastically  (bom-bas'tik-al-li),  adv.  In 
a  bombastic  or  inflated  manner  or  style. 

Bombastry  (bom'bast-ri),  n.  Swelling  words 
witliout  much  meaning;  fustian. 

Hoi/ibasfry  and   hull'oonery,  by  nature  lofty  and 
lil!ht,  soar  highest  of  all.  Swift. 

Bombax  (bom'baks),  n.  [L.L.  bombax,  cot- 
ton, from  the  wool  or  silky  hair  round  the 
pods.  Bee  BOMBAST.]  The  silk-cotton  tree, 
a  genus  of  plants  belonging  to  the  nut.  order 
Malvaceae.  The  species  are  natives  of  tro- 
pical America,  but  one  species  occurs  in 
tropical  Africa  and  another  in  tropical  Asia. 
They  yield  different  sorts  of  silk-cotton.  Its 
staple  is  too  short  to  be  used  in  manufac- 
ture, but  the  hairs  of  some  species  are  used 
for  stuffing  cushions.  The  B.  Ceiba  is  cul- 
tivated in  the  Mauritius,  where  there  are 
two  varieties.  See  BOMUACE.& 

Bombay-duck  (bom'ba-duk),  n.    See  BUM- 

MAI.ii 

Bombay-shell  (bom'ba-shel),  n.  A  name 
in  India  for  the  Cassis  rufa,  one  of  the 
helmet  shells,  imported  at  Bombay  in  large 
quantities  from  Zanzibar,  and  reshipped  to 
England  and  France  to  make  cameos. 

Bombazette  (bom-ba-zef),  n.  A  sort  of  thin 
woollen  cloth.  Written  also  Bombazet. 

Bombazine,  n.    See  BOMBASIN. 

Bomb-chest  (bom'chest),  n.  A  chest  filled 
with  bombs  or  only  with  gunpowder,  placed 
miller  ground  to  cause  destruction  by  its 
explosion. 

Bomber-nickel  (bom'ber-nik'l),  n.  Same  as 
Pumpernickel. 

Bombiate  (bom'bi-at),  n.  A  salt  formed  by 
bonibic  acid  and  a  base. 

Bombic  (bom'bik),  a.  [L.  bombijx,  a  silk- 
worm.  ]  Pertaining  to  the  silkworm.— Bom- 
die  acid,  acid  of  the  silkworm.  The  silk- 
worms contain,  especially  when  in  the  state 
of  chrysalis,  an  acid  liquor  ill  a  reservoir 
placed  near  the  anus. 

Bombilate  (bom'bi-lat),  v.i.  [L.  bmnbilo, 
btniiiiilatitin,  to  buzz.]  To  make  a  buzzing 
or  humming  like  a  bee  or  top  when  spinning. 
(Rare.  ]  Xorth  Am.  Rev. 

Bombilation  (bom-bi-la'shon),  n.  Sound; 
report;  noise.  'To  abate  the  vigour  or 
silence  the  bombUation  of  guns.'  Sir  T. 
Browne.  [Rare.  ] 

Bombilioust  (bom-bil'i-us),  a.  [See  BOM- 
HII.ATE]  Making  or  having  a  humming 
sound  like  that  of  a  bee.  '  Vexatious,  not 
by  stinging,  but  by  its  bombUious  noise.' 
wrham. 

Bomb -ketch,  Bomb -vessel  (bomTcech, 
boni'ves-sel),  n.  A  small  ship  or  vessel, 
constructed  for  throwing  bombs  into  a  for- 
tress from  the  sea,  and  built  remarkably 
strong  in  order  to  sustain  the  shocks  pro- 
du.vd  by  the  discharge  of  the  mortars;  a 
mortar  vessel. 

Bomb-proof  (bom'prof),  o.  Secure  against 
the  force  of  bombs;  capable  of  resisting  the 
shock  or  explosion  of  shells. 

Bomb-proof  (bom'prof),  n.  A  structure  or 
place  strong  enough  to  resist  the  shock  or 
bursting  of  shells. 

We  entered  a  lofty  bomb-proof  which  was  the  bed- 
room of  the  commanding  officer.         /;'.  H.  Russell. 

Bomb-shell  (bom'shel),  n.  Same  as  Bomb,  2. 

Borabus  (bom'bns),  n.  [Gr.  boinbos,  a  buzz- 
ing noise.  See  BOMB.)  A  genus  of  honey- 
producing  aculeate  or  sting-possessing  hy- 
menopterous  insects,  commonly  called  hum- 
ble-bees. See  HUMBLE-BEE. 

Bomb-vessel,  n.    See  BOMB-KETCH. 


Bombycidsa  fbom-bta'i-dl),  n  i>l.  \  family  of 
the  iioctiiniiil  I.epidoptera,  including  the 
silk-moth  (llomliyx).  Some  of  the  specie.-, 
fly  very  rapidly,  and  make  their  appearance 
in  the  daytime  as  well  as  in  the  evening. 

Bombycinous  (bom-bis'in-ns),  o.  [I.  ton 
bycinus,  from  iom&j/a;,a  silkworm  11  .silkm; 
made  of  silk.  Coles.— 2.  Being  of  the  colour 
of  the  .silkworm;  transparent  with  a  yellow 
tint.  Dr.  E.  Dunrin. 

Bombyx  (bom'biks),  n.  [L.  Or.  botHbyr.  a 
silkworm.  ]  A  LinnEcan  genus  of  lepidopter- 
ous  insects,  now  the  type  of  a  family  (Bom- 
bycidre),  including  many  genera  of  moths. 
The  caterpillar  of  the  Bombyx  tmtri  is  well 
known  by  the  name  of  silkworm.  When  full 
grown  it  is  3  inches  long,  whitish  gray, 
smooth,  with  a  horn  on  the  second  last  seg- 
ment of  the  body.  It  feeds  on  the  leaves  of 
the  mulberry,  and  spins  an  oval  cocoon  of 
the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  of  a  close  tissue, 
with  very  flue  silk,  usually  of  a  yellow 
colour,  and  sometimes  white.  Each  silk 
fibre  is  double,  and  is  spun  from  a  viscid 
substance  contained  in  two  tubular  organs, 
ending  in  a  spinneret  at  the  mouth.  A 
single  fibre  is  often  1100  feet  long.  It  re- 
quires 1600  worms  to  raise  1  Ib.  of  silk. 
Greek  missionaries  first  brought  the  eggs  of 
the  silkworm  from  China  to  Constantinople 
in  the  year  552.  At  the  period  of  the  first 
crusades  the  cultivation  of  silk  was  intro- 
duced into  the  Kingdom  of  Naples  from 
the  Morea,  and  several  centuries  afterwards 
into  France.  The  silkworm  undergoes  a 
variety  of  changes  during  the  short  period 
of  its  life.  When  hatched  it  appears  as  a 
black  worm;  after  it  has  finished  its  cocoon 
it  becomes  a  chrysalis,  and  finally  a  perfect 
insect  with  four  wings. 

Bominable.t  Bomynablet  (bom'in-a-bl),  o. 
An  abbreviation  of  Abominable.  See  extract. 

Juliana  Berners,  lady-prioress  of  the  nunnery  of 
Sopweil  in  the  fifteenth  century,  informs  us  that  in 
her  time  '  a  bomynable  syglit  of  monkes  'was  elegant 
English  for  'a  larffe  company  of  friars.'  Marsh. 

Bona  (bo'na),  n.  pi.  [From  L.  bonum,  neuter 
of  bonus,  good.)  In  civil  law,  a  term  which 
includes  all  sorts  of  property,  movable  and 
immovable. 

Bona  fide  (bo'na  fi'de).  [L.]  With  good  faith; 
without  fraud  or  deception.  An  act  done  bona 
fide,  in  law,  is  one  done  with  good  faith,  with- 
out fraud,  or  without  knowledge  or  notice 
of  any  deceit  or  impropriety,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  an  act  done  colourably,  deceit- 
fully, with  bad  faith,iraudulently,with  know- 
ledge of  previous  facts  rendering  the  act  to 
be  set  up  invalid.  —Bona-fide  is  frequently 
used  as  a  sort  of  adjective,  equivalent  to 
acting  in  good  faith,  honest;  as,  a  bona-fide 
trader. — A  bona-fide  possessor,  in  Scots  taw, 
a  person  who  possesses  a  subject  upon  a 
title  which  he  honestly  believes  to  be  good. 
— A  bona-fide  traveller,  in  law,  a  person 
who  actually  travels  at  least  a  few  miles 
from  home  or  out  of  town,  whether  on  busi- 
ness or  pleasure,  and  is  therefore  entitled, 
in  accordance  with  35  and  36  Viet.  xciv.,&c. 
(English  acts),  and  25  and  26  Viet,  xxx-r. 
(Scotch  act),  to  demand  and  obtain  refresh- 
ments (spirits,  wines,  beer,  <fcc.)  from  any 
hotel  or  public-house  in  England,  and  from 
any  hotel  in  Scotland, at  any  hour  on  Sunday ; 
the  term  being  used  in  opposition  to  a  per- 
son who  lives  in  the  neighbourhood,  and 
gives  himself  out  as  a  traveller  with  the 
object  of  being  supplied  with  drink. 

Bona  fides  (bo'na  fi'dez),n.  [L.]  Good  faith; 
fair  dealing.  See  BONA  FIDE. 

Bonairt  (bo-nar'),  a.  [Abbrev.  of  debon- 
air (which  see).  ]  Complaisant ;  yielding. 
'  Bonair  and  buxom  to  the  Bishop  of  Rome. ' 
Bp.  Jewel. 

Bona  notabilia  (bo'na  no-ta-bil'i-a),  n.pl. 
In  law,  formerly  goods,  amounting  to  at 
least  £5,  which  a  party  dying  possessed  in 
another  diocese  than  that  in  which  he  died, 
in  which  case  his  will  had  to  be  proved 
before  the  archbishop  of  the  province.  By 
the  constitution  of  the  Court  of  Probate  the 
law  as  to  bona  notabilia  has  become  obso- 
lete. 

Bonanza  (bon-an'za),  n.  [Sp. ,  a  fair  wind, 
fine  weather,  a  prosperous  voyage.  ]  A  term 
used  in  the  United  States,  especially  in  the 
Western  mining  regions,  and  meaning  a 
happy  hit;  a  stroke  of  fortune;  success;  and 
specifically,  abundance  of  rich  ore. 

The  mines  of  Northern  Mexico  are  principally 
what  are  called  '  pocket  mines,'  with  thin  veins  of 
poor  metal  connecting  the  pockets.  When  a  pocket 
of  rich  ore  is  struck  the  mine  is  said  to  be  in  bon- 
anza.' y.  Le  Conte. 

Bonapartean  (bo-na-part'e-an),  at.   Pertain- 


in;;  to  Bonaparte  or  the  lionaparti-s.  Ttniui- 
IMrifin i  dynasty.'  ' 

Bonapartism  (bo'na  part  i/.m),  n.  Tho 
policy  of  tile  Ilonapartes;  favour  for  or  sup- 
port of  the  dynasty  of  the  Ilonapartes 

Bonapartist  (l.o'na -part -ist),  n.  One  at- 
tached to  the  policy  or  the  dynasty  of  the 
Bonapartes ;  one  who  favours  the  claims  of 
the  Bonaparte  family  to  the  throne  of 
France. 

Bona  peritura  (bo'na  pcr-i-tu'ra),  n.  pi. 
[L.]  In  (oio,  perishable  goods. 

Boua-robat  (bo'mvro'ba),  n.  [It,  a  fine 
gown.]  A  showy  wanton;  a  wench  of  the 
town.  'A  bouncing  bona-roba.'  B.  Jonson 

Bonasa,  Bonasia  (iio-niVna,  bo-na'si-a),  n. 
A  genus  of  the  true  Tetraonid«3  or  grouse 
family.  It  contains  the  ruffed  grouse  (B. 
umbellug)  of  North  America,  and  the  hazel- 
grouse  (B.  gylcestris)  of  Northern  Europe. 

Bonasus,  Bonassus  (lio-na'sus,  bo-nas'us), 
n.  [L]  A  species  of  Bos  or  wild  ox;  the 
aurochs  (which  see). 

Bon-bon  (bon-bon),  n.  [Fr.J  Sugar-confec- 
tionery; a  sugar-plum. 

His  grace,  charmed  with  the  bon-bons  of  his  aunt 
and  the  kisses  of  his  cousins,  which  were  even 
sweeter  than  the  sugar-plums,  &c.  Disraeli. 

Bonchief  t  (bon'chef),  n.  [Fr.  ion, good, and 
chi'f,  head,  end.]  Good  fortune;  advantage; 
the  opposite  of  mischief.  Worcester. 

Bon  Chretien  (boh  kra-ti-en),  n.  [Fr,  good 
Christian.]  A  species  of  pear. 

Bond  (bond),  n.  [A  form  of  band.  See  BAND 
and  BIND.]  1.  Anything  that  binds, fastens, 
confines,  or  holds  things  together,  as  a  cord, 
a  chain,  a  rope;  a  band;  a  ligament.  Hence 
—2.  pi.  Fetters,  chains,  and  so  imprisonment; 
captivity. 

This  man  doeth  nothing  worthy  of  death,  or  of 
bonds.  Acts  xxvi.  3r. 

3.  A  binding  power  or  influence;  cause  of 
union;  link  of  connection;  a  uniting  tie;  as, 
the  bonds  of  affection. 

I  have  struggled  through  much  disappointment 
.  .  .  for  a  people  with  whom  1  have  no  tic  but  the 
common  bond  of  manhood.  Burke. 

4.  An  obligation  imposing  a  moral  duty,  as  by 
a  vow  or  promise,  by  law  or  other  means. 

1  love  your  majesty 
According  to  my  bond,  nor  more  nor  less.    Shak. 

5.  In  tow,  an  obligation  or  deed  by  which  a 
pei-son  binds  himself,  his  heirs,  executors, 
and  administrators,  to  do  or  not  to  do  a 
certain  act,  usually  to  pay  a  certain  sum 
on  or  before  a  future  day  appointed.    This 
is  a  tingle  bond.     But  usually  a  condition 
is  added,  by  which  the  party  granting  the 
bond,  called  the  obligor,  binds  himself  to 
pay  a  certain  sum  called  a  penal  sum  or 
penalty,  if  he  does  not  comply  with  the  con- 
ditions of  the  bond,  and  when  this  condition 
is  added  the  bond  is  called  a  penal  bond  or 
obligation.  The  person  to  whom  the  bond  is 
granted   is  called    the  obligee.  —  Bond  of 
caution,  in  Scots  law,  an  obligation  by  one 
person  as  surety  for  another  either  that  he 
shall  pay  a  certain  sum  or  perform  a  certain 
act. — Bond  of  corroboration,  an  additional 
obligation  granted  by  the  debtor  in  a  bond, 
by  which  he  corroborates  the  original  obli- 
gation.—  Bond  of  presentation,  a  bond  to 
present  a  debtor  so  as  he  may  be  subjected 
to  the  diligence  of  his  creditor.— Bond  <// 
relief,    a    bond    by    the    principal    debtor 
granted  in  favour  of  a  cautioner,  by  which 
the  debtor  binds  himself  to  relieve  the  cau- 
tioner from  the  consequences  of  his  obliga- 
tion.— 6.  In  arch,  (a)  the  connection  of  one 
stone  or  brick  with  another  by  lapping  them 
over  each  other  in  carrying  up  work  so  that 
an  inseparable  mass  of  building  may  be 


M      1 

1 

-L,-!.    '  —  LJ     L  .L     1    '  il.LI 

:|       L 

,'|     i',    ,',     i'|    |'|    |'|     |' 

i         i         i         i         i         i         i 

1 

1         1         1         i         1         1         1 

I,  .1.    I.    I.    I.    I 


I     I     I 


' 


English  Bond. 

f,  Face  of  wall.    2,  End  of  wall.    3,  ist  course  bed. 
4,  2d  course  bed. 

formed,  which  could  not  be  the  case  if  every 
vertical  joint  were  over  that  below  it. — 
English  bond,  that  disposition  of  bricks  in 


ch,  c/tain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  i'r.  ton;      ng,  siny;      TH,  (Aeu;  th,  (Aiii;     w,  wig;     wh,  tcAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BOND 


304 


avail  wherein  the  courses  arc  alternately  ;  Bonder ^jbond^^l.^ejrto  bond^one 

composed  of  headers,  or  bricks  laid  up  with  , 

their  heads  or  ends  towards  the  faces  of  the  : 

wall,  and  in  the  superior  and  inferior  courses 

of  stretchers,  or  bricks  with  their  lengths  I 

parallel  to  the  faces  of  the  walls.—  Flen  '  ' 


wo    epos      g  . 

2.  In  inanonry,  one  of  those  stones  which 
reach  a  considerable  distance  into  or  entirely 
through  a  wall  for  the  purpose  of  binding  it 


IIHHHh- 

i 

i  • 

\  i  -_.i- 

MHHh 

^r:~; 

Flemish  Bond. 

i,  Face  of  wall.     2,  End  of  wall.     3,  ist  course  bed. 
4,  sd  course  bed. 

bond,  that  disposition  of  bricks  in  a  wall 
wherein  each  course  has  headers  and 
stretchers  alternately.  (6)  The  term  bonds, 
in  the  plural,  is  often  used  to  signify  the 
whole  of  the  timbers  disposed  in  the  walls 
of  a  house,  as  bond-timbers,  wall-plates, 
lintels,  and  templets. — Bond  or  lap  of  a 
slate,  the  distance  between  the  nail  of  the 
under  slate  and  the  lower  edge  of  the  upper 
slate. 

Bond  (bond),  a.  [For  bound.]  In  a  state  of 
servitude  or  slavery;  captive. 

Whether  we  be  Jews  or  Gentiles,  whether  we  be 
bottctot  free.  i  Cor.  xii.  13. 

Bond  (bond),  v.t.  1.  To  put  in  bond  or  into 
a  bonded  warehouse,  as  goods  liable  for  cus- 
toms or  excise  duties,  the  duties  remaining 
unpaid  till  the  goods  are  taken  out ;  as,  to 
bond  1000  Ibs.  of  tobacco.— 2.  To  grant  a 
bond  or  mortgage  on;  as,  to  bond  property. 
[Chiefly  a  Scotch  usage.] 

Bondage  ( bond'aj ),  n.  [In  meanings  1  and 
2  properly  the  state  of  one  who  is  a  bonde, 
A.  Sax.  bonda,  that  is,  a  husbandman  or 
boor;  Icel.  btindi,  a  cultivator,  from  bua,  to 
till.  In  meanings  3  and  4,  however,  it  can- 
not be  separated  from  bond,  bind. }  1.  In  old 
English  law,  villenage ;  tenure  of  land  by 
performing  the  meanest  services  for  the  su- 
perior.—2.  In  Scottish  agri,  the  state  of  or 
services  due  by  a  bondager.  See  BONDAGER. 

Another  set  of  payments  consisted  in  services 
called  bondage.  These  were  exacted  either  in  seed- 
time in  ploughing  and  harrowing  the  proprietor's 
land,  or  in  summer  in  the  carriage  of  his  coals  or 
other  fuel,  and  in  harvest  in  cutting  down  his  crop. 
j^ffric.  Survey,  linear  dines  hire. 

[From  the  foregoing  extract  it  will  be  seen 
that  formerly  the  system  had  place  not 
only,  as  now,  between  fanner  and  labourer, 
but  also  between  proprietor  and  farmer.]— 

3.  Obligation;  tie  of  duty. 

He  must  resolve  by  no  means  to  be  enslaved,  and 
to  be  brought  under  the  bondage  of  observing  oaths. 
South. 

4.  Slavery  or  involuntary  servitude ;  capti- 
vity; imprisonment;  restraint  of  a  person's 
liberty  by  compulsion. 

A  day,  an  hour,  of  virtuous  liberty, 

Is  worth  a  whole  eternity  in  bondage.      Addison. 

— Servitude,  Slavery,  Bondage.  See  SERVI- 
TUDE.— SYN.  Thraldom,  captivity,  bond-ser- 
vice, imprisonment. 

Bondager  (bond'aj -er),  n.  A  term  applied, 
especially  in  the  eastern  counties  of  Scot- 
land, to  an  agricultural  labourer  who  rents 
a  cottage  from  a  farmer  under  an  obligation 
to  work  for  him  on  the  farm  at  certain 
seasons,  as  turnip -hoeing  and  harvest,  at 
current  wages.  When  required  the  bond- 
ager must  answer  the  farmer's  call,  at  what- 
ever sacrifice.  See  BONDAGE,  2,  with  extract 
and  note. 

Bondaging-system(bond'aj-ing-si9'tem),n. 
In  Scotland,  that  system  of  agricultural  ser- 
vice by  which  bondagers  are  oound  to  their 
employers.  See  BONDAGER. 

Bond-creditor  (bond'kred-it-er),  n.  A  credi- 
tor who  is  secured  by  a  bond. 

Bond-debt  (bond'det),  n.  A  debt  contracted 
under  the  obligation  of  a  bond. 

Bonded  (bond'ed),  p.  and  a.  Secured  by 
bond,  as  duties. —  Bonded  goods,  goods  in 
bond  liable  to  duty,  and  stored  in  certain 
licensed  or  bonded  warehouses,  after  bond 
has  been  given  on  behalf  of  the  owners  of 
the  goods,  for  the  payment  of  such  duty  on 
their  removal  for  home  consumption. 


together,  principally  used  when  the  wall  is 
faced  with  ashlar,  inserted  at  intervals  to 
tie  it  to  the  rough  backing. 

BondfOlk,  n.  Persons  held  in  bondage. 
Chaucer. 

Bondmaid  (bond'mad),  n.  A  female  slave, 
or  one  bound  to  service  without  wages,  in 
opposition  to  a  hired  servant.  '  Thy  bond- 
men and  thy  bondmaids.'  Lev.  xxv.  44. 

Bondman  (bond'man),  n.  1.  A  man  slave, 
or  one  bound  to  service  without  wages. 
'The  hereditary  bondman.'  Macaulay.— 
2.  In  old  English  law,  a  villain,  or  tenant 
in  villenage. 

Bond-servant  (bond'ser-vant),  n.  A  slave; 
one  who  is  subjected  to  the  authority  of  an- 
other, and  who  must  give  his  service  with- 
out hire. 

If  thy  brother  ...  be  waxen  poor,  and  be  sold 
unto  thee,  thou  shall  not  compel  him  to  serve  as  a 
bond-servant  i  but  as  a  hired  servant. 

Lev.  xxv.  39,  40. 

Bond-service  (bond'ser-vis),  n.  The  condi- 
tion of  a  bond-servant;  slavery. 

Upon  those  did  Solomon  levy  a  tribute  of  bond- 
service.  >  Kt  «.  21. 

Bond-slave  (bond'slav),  n.  A  person  in  a 
state  of  slavery  ;  one  whose  person  and 
liberty  are  subjected  to  the  authority  of  a 
master. 

Bondsman  (bondz'man),  n.    1.  A  slave. 

Hereditary  bondsmen,  know  ye  not. 
Who  would  be  free  themselves  must  strike  the  blowT 
Byron. 

2.  In  law,  a  surety;  one  who  is  bound  or 

who  gives  security  for  another. 
Bondstone  (bond'ston),  n.  Same  as  Bonder,  2. 
Bond-Store  (bond'stor),  n.   A  bonded  ware- 

house. 
Bonds-woman,  Bond-woman  (bondz'wu- 

man,  boud'wu-man),  n.    A  woman  slave. 

The  senators 

Are  sold  for  slaves,  and  their  wives  for  iMuCr-WMMM. 
£.  Jonson. 

Bond-tenant  (bond  '  ten-ant),  n.  In  law,  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  copy-holders  and 
customary  tenants. 

Bond-timber  (bond'tira-ber),  n.  Timbers 
placed  in  horizontal  tiers  at  certain  intervals 
in  the  walls  of  buildings  for  fixing  battens, 
lathes,  and  other  finishings  of  wood,  and 
for  strengthening  the  wall  longitudinally. 

Bone(bon),n.  [A.  Sax.  frdn.a  bone;  cog.  D.and 
Dan.  been,  Icel.  and  G.  bein,  a  bone,  the  lower 
part  of  the  leg.]  1.  An  integral  portion  of 
the  skeleton  of  an  animal;  the  substance  of 
which  the  skeleton  of  vertebrate  animals  is 
composed;  a  firm  hard  substance  of  a  dull 
white  colour,  composing  the  framework  that 
supports  the  soft  parts  of  the  body.  Bones 
give  shape  to  the  body,  defend  the  viscera, 
and  act  as  levers  to  the  muscles.  The  tex- 
ture varies  in  different  bones,  and  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  same  bone.  The  long 
bones,  such  as  those  of  the  arm  or  leg,  are 
compact  in  their  middle  portion,  and  cellu- 
lar or  spongy  at  the  extremities,  which  also 
have  a  larger  diameter.  They  have  a  longi- 
tudinal cavity(  the  medullary  canal)  through- 
out their  length  containing  the  marrow. 
The  flat  bones  are  compact  externally,  and 
cellular  or  cancellated  internally.  They 
have  no  medullary  canal,  though  their  sub- 
stance contains  marrow.  The  bones  in  a 
foetus  are  soft  and  cartilaginous,  but  they 
gradually  harden  with  age.  Bones  are  sup- 
plied with  blood-vessels,  and  in  the  foetus, 
or  in  a  diseased  state,  are  very  vascular. 
They  are  also  furnished  with  nerves  and 
probably  with  absorbents.  They  are  covered 
with  a  thin,  strong  membrane,  called  the 
periosteum,  which,  together  with  the  bones, 
has  very  little  sensibility  in  a  sound  state, 
but  when  inflamed  is  extremely  sensitive. 
Bones  consist  of  earthy  or  saline  matters, 
667  per  cent.,  and  animal  matter,  almost 
wholly  gelatine,  33  3  per  cent.  The  earthy 
matter  gives  them  their  solidity,  and  con- 
sists of  phosphate  of  lime,  with  a  small  por- 
tion of  carbonate  of  lime  and  phosphate  of 
magnesia.  Bones  of  cattle  and  other  ani- 
mals are  extensively  used  in  the  arts  in 
forming  handles  for  knives,  and  for  various 
other  purposes.  They  are  also  employed  as 
a  manure  for  dry  soils,  with  the  very  best 
effect,  being  ground  to  dust,  bruised,  or 
broken  into  small  fragments  in  mills,  or 
dissolved  in  sulphuric  acid.  The  great 
utility  of  bones  as  a  manure  consists  in  the 
phosphate  of  lime  they  supply  to  the  soil.— 


BONELACE 

2.  A  sort  of  bobbin  made  of  a  trotter-bone, 
for  weaving  lace.  —  3.  pi.  Dice.  [Slang  or 
colloq.  ] 

He  felt  a  little  odd  wlteii  he,fir3t  rattled  the  boms. 
Disraeli. 

4.  pi.  Pieces  of  bone  held  between  the  fin- 
gers of  each  hand,  somewhat  after  the  man- 
ner of  Spanish  castanets,  and  struck  toge- 
ther in  time  to  music  of  the  negro  minstrel 
type. 

I'eter  rolling  about  in  the  chair  like  a  screnader 
playing  'the  bouts'  Mayhew. 

5.  pi.  The  person  in  a  band  of  negro  min- 
strels who  performs  with  the  bones. 

There  were  five  of  them — Pell  was  bones.   Mayhew. 

6.  See  BONE- ACE,  —  Bone  of  contention,  a 
subject  of  dispute  and  rivalry,   probably 
from  the  manner  in  which  dogs  quarrel 
over  a  bone. 

Sardinia  was  one  of  the  chief  bones  ff  contention 
between  Genoa  and  Pisa.  Srouffutm, 

—  To  be  vpon  the  bones  of,  to  attack.    [Rare 
and  vulgar.] 

Puss  had  a  month's  mind  to  be  upon  the  bones  </ 
him,  but  was  not  willing  to  pick  a  quarrel. 

Sir  R.  L 'Estrange. 

—  To  make  no  bones,  to  make  no  scruple: 
a  metaphor  taken  from  a  clog,  who  greedily 
swallows  meat,  bones  included.    [Now  only 
colloq.] 

Perjury  will  easily  downe  with  him  that  hath  madt 
no  bones  of  inurther.  Rp.  Hall. 

— To  have  a  bone  to  pick  with  one,  to  have 
an  unpleasant  matter  to  settle  with  him. 
Bone  (bon),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  boned;  ppr.  bon- 
ing. 1.  To  take  out  bones  from  the  flesh, 
as  in  cookery.— 2.  To  put  whalebone  into 
stays. —  3.  To  seize;  to  make  off  with,  as  a 
dog  makes  off  with  a  bone;  to  get  possession 
of;  to  appropriate;  to  steal.  'Why  you  were 
living  here,  and  what  you  had  boned,  and 
who  you  boned  it  from,  wasn't  it?'  Dickens. 
[Slang.  ] 

Bone,  Born  (bon,  born),  v.t.    To  take  the 
level  of  any  object,  as  a  piece  of  land,  a  wall, 
carpentry  work,  and  the  like,  by  means  of 
an  instrument.    See  BONING. 
Bone,'  n.     Boon.    Chaucer. 
Bone-ace  (bon'as),  n.    A  game  at  cards,  in 
which  he  who  has  the  highest  card  turned 
up  to  him  wins  the  tone— that  is,  one  half 
the  stake. 

Bone-ache  (bon'ak),  n.    Pain  in  the  hone*. 
Bone-ash  (bon'ash),  n.    Bone-earth  (which 
see). 

Bone-bed,Bristol  Bone-bed  (bon'bed.bris'- 
tol  bon'bed),  n.  One  of  Oie  top  beds  of  the 
trias  formation,  so  named  from  its  locality, 
and  from  its  being  composed  of  fragments 
of  teeth  and  small  bones,  scales,  coprolites, 
&c. ,  of  extinct  animals,  especially  fishes  and 
saurians.  Similar  bone-breccias  are  found 
in  the  carboniferous  limestone  near  Clifton 
and  at  Armagh,  as  well  as  in  the  upper  Silu- 
rian (Ludlow)  rocks  of  Wales. 
Bone-black  (bonTjlak),  n.  Animal  char- 
coal; the  black  carbonaceous  substance  into 
which  bones  are  converted  by  calcination 
in  close  vessels.  This  kind  of  charcoal  is 
applied  to  deprive  various  solutions,  parti- 
cularly syrups,  of  their  colouring  matters, 
and  to  furnish  a  black  pigment. 
Bone-breccia  (bon'bre-chi-a),  n.  In  geol.  a 
conglomerate  of  fragments  of  bones  and 
limestone,  cemented  into  a  rock  by  a  red 
calcareous  concretion,  and  found  in  later 
tertiary  bone  caverns,  as  at  Gibraltar,  Nice, 
<fec.,  and  in  several  caves  in  England. 
Bone-brown  (bon'brounX  «•  A  brown  pig- 
ment produced  by  roasting  bones  or  ivory 
till  tliey  become  of  a  brown  colour  through- 

Bqne-cartilage  (bon'kar-ti-laj),  n.  In  phy~ 
niol,  same  as  Ossein. 

Boned  (bond),  p.  and  a.  1.  Having  bones : 
used  in  composition;  as,  high-fitmed;  strong- 
boned.— 2.  Deprived  of  bones;  as,  a  boned 
fowl. 

Bone-dog  (bon'dog),  n.  South  England  name 
for  the  picked  dog-fish  (Acanthias  vulgarix). 

Bone-dust  (bon'dust),  n.  Bones  ground  to 
dust  for  manure.  See  BONE. 

Bone-earth  (bon'erth),  n.  The  earthy  or 
mineral  residue  of  bones  which  have  IKTU 
calcined  so  as  to  destroy  the  animal  matter 
and  carbon.  It  is  a  white,  porous,  and 
friable  substance,  composed  chiefly  of  phos- 
phate of  lime,  and  is  used  by  assayers  as  the 
material  for  cupels  and  other  purposes. 

Bonefiret  (bon'fir),  n.     Same  as  Bonfire. 

Bonelacet  (bonlaa),  n.  A  lace  made  of  linen 
thread,  so  called  because  made  with  bob- 
bins of  bone. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       li,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  fey. 


BONELESS 

Boneless  (bon'lt-s),  a.  Without  bones;  want- 
ing bones.  '  Hi*  bontfew  ffumi.'  .s'/iafr. 

Bone-manure  (hon'ma  mil-),  n.  Manure 
'•on.si.sting  of  bones  ground  to  dust,  broken 
in  small  pieces,  or  dissolved  in  sulphuric 
acid.  See  BONK. 

Bone-mill  (bon'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  grinding 
or  bruising  bones. 

Bone-nippers  (bon'nip-er/),  «.  ;<(.  A  strong 
forceps  with  cutting  edges  touching  eaeh 
other,  to  cut  off  bum-  splinters  ami  carti- 
lages. 

Bone-set  (bon'set),  r.l.  pivt.  A  pp.  bone-iet; 
ppr.  btine-fttimj.  To  set,  as  a  dislocated  or 
broken  bone.  WIXI'IKII n. 

Bone-set  (bon'set), ».  A  plant,  the  thorongh- 
u  ort  ( Eupatorium  pcrfutiatunt).  See  EUPA- 

Boue-setter  (bon'set-er),  n.  One  whose  oc- 
cupation  is  to  set  broken  and  dislocated 
bones. 

Bone-setting  (bon'sct-ing),  n.  The  art  or 
practice  of  setting  bones. 

Bone-spavin  (bon'spav-in),  n.  A  bony  ex- 
ereseence  or  hard  swelling  on  the  inside  of 
the  hock  of  a  horse's  leg:  usually  cured 
by  blistering  and  firing,  or  caustic  blisters. 

Bone-spirit  (bou'spir-it),  n.  Crude  ammo- 
niaeal  liquor  containing  various  substances, 
obtained  in  the  process  of  manufacturing 
charcoal  from  bones. 

Bonetta  (bo-net'ta)',  n.     Same  as  Bonito. 

Bonfire  (bon'tir),  n.  [From  Dan.  baun,  a 
beacon,  and  E.jire;  or  from  W.  biln,  lofty, 
whence  ban-ffaul,  a  lofty  blaze,  a  bonfire. 
skeat  says  that  the  word  appears  to  be  no 
older  than  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.,  and 
suggests  that  the  word  is  simply  bone-fire, 
and  that  it  refers  to  the  practice  of  burning 
saints'  relics  hi  the  reign  of  that  monarch. 
He  compares  the  Scotch  bane-fyer  quoted 
by  Jamiesou  from  an  act  of  James  VI. 's 
reign.  ]  A  fire  made  as  an  expression  of 
public  joy  and  exultation.  'Ring  ye  the 
bells,  .  .  .  and  bonjiret  make  all  day. ' 
Spenser. 

Bongar  (bon'giir),  n.  The  rock-snake  of  In- 
dia, a  venomous  snake  of  the  geuus  Bun- 
garus. 

Bongracet  (bon'gras),  n.  [Fr.  bonne  and 
ijnice.  ]  A  bonnet  or  projecting  hat  to  pro- 
tect the  complexion;  a  cover  for  the  face  to 
prevent  sun-burning. 

My  face  was  spoiled  for  want  of  a  boiigrace  when 
I  w.is  yountf.  Bean.  &  Ft. 

Bonhomie (bo-no-me),»i.  [Fr.]  Good-nature. 

Boniface  (bon'i-fas),  ».  [The  name  of  the 
landlord  in  Farquhar's  Beaux'  Stratagem.} 
A  sleek,  jolly,  good-natured  landlord  or  inn- 

kl-l-jnT. 

Boniformt  (bon'i-form),  a.  [L.  bonus,  good, 
and  for  ma,  form.]  Of  a  good  form  or  na- 
ture. 

Knowledge  and  truth  may  likewise  both  be  said  to 
be  boitifortn  things.  Cud-worth. 

Bonify  t  (bon'i-fi),  v.t.  [Fr.  bonifier,  from  L. 
/"mi(.v,  good,  and  facio,  to  make.]  To  con- 
vert into  good,  "i'o  bonify  evils.'  Cud- 

imrth. 

Boning,  Bornlng  (bon'ing,  born'ing),  n. 
[From  Fr.  borne,  O.Fr.  bonne,  a  bound  or 
limit,  bonier,  to  set  boundaries  to;  whence 
K.  bound,  a  limit,  and  bourn.]  In  building, 
A-r.  the  act  or  art  of  making  a  level  or  plain 
surface  by  the  guidance  of  the  eye.  Joiners 
and  masons  'try  up'  their  work  by  boning 
with  two  straight-edges,  which  determine 
whether  the  surface  be  twisted  or  a  plane. 
Surveyors  and  architects  perform  the  opera- 
tion by  means  of  poles,  called  boninff  or  born- 
IIHJ  rods  set  up  at  certain  distances.  These 
are  adjusted  to  the  required  line  by  looking 
along  their  vertical  surfaces.  Gardeners 
also  employ  a  similar  simple  implement  in 
laying  out  grounds,  to  guide  them  in  making 
the  surface  level  or  of  regular  slope. 

Bonito  (bo-ne'to),  n.  [Sp.  ]  A  name  of  seve- 
ral acanthopterygious  llshes,  family  Scom- 
bi-ridac.  One  of  these  is  Thynnus  pelainyx, 
the  striped-bellied  tunny,  common  in  tropi- 
cal seas,  2J  feet  long,  and  one  of  the  fishes 
which  pureue  the  flying-fish.  It  is  of  a  steel 
blue  colour,  with  whitish  belly. 

Bon-mot  (boil-mo),  n.  [Fr.  bon,  good,  and 
aft.  a  word.  ]  A  witticism;  a  witty  repartee. 

Bonnally,  Bonnaile  (bon'al-li,  bon'al),  «. 
I  l-'r.  him.  good,  and  aller,  to  go.  ]  A  parting- 
cup  with  a  friend  in  earnest  of  wishing  him 
a  prosperous  journey.  [Scotch.] 

Bonne  (bon),  n.  [Fr.  ]  A  nurse ;  a  nursery 
governess. 

Bonne-bouche  (bon-bbsh),  n.  [Fr.— bonne, 
fein.  of  bun,  good,  and  bouche,  a  mouth.)  A 
delicate  morsel  or  mouthful;  a  tid-bit. 


305 

Bonnet  (bon'nct), /i    [Fr.  Imnnrt,  1'r.  Innn-tn, 

<'atnl.    linnet,    Sp.     ]'K.     buni'ti',    1,  I..    Ininrlnx. 

Ix'iK'tn,  originally  a  sort  of  stuff  so  called.) 
1.  A  covering  for  the  head  worn  by  mm; 
a  '  •!]>  '  I'laids  and  lioruu-tx  waving  bi-b  ' 
,SVc  1C.  Scott.— 2.  A  covering  for  tin  head 
worn  by  woman,  and  di.stilignishcd  from  a 
hat  by  certain  small  details  which  vary  end- 
lessly according  to  the  fashion. -3.  In  J'm-t. 
a  small  work  with  two  faces,  having  only  a 
parapet  with  two  rows  of  palisades  about 
10  or  12  feet  distant.  Generally  it  is  raise  I 
above  the  salient  angle  of  the  counterscarp, 
and  c'lmninniralt  s  witli  the  covered  way. — 
Jlonnet  il  prftre,  or  priest's  bonnet,  an  out- 
work having  at  the  head  three  salient  angles 
and  two  inwards.  Called  also  Saallov  inil 
4.  Xaut.  an  addition  to  a  sail,  or  an  addi- 
tional part  laced  to  the  foot  of  a  sail,  in 
small  vessels  and  in  moderate  winds. — 5.  A 
cast-iron  plate  to  cover  the  openings  in  the 
valve-chambers  of  a  pump.  —  6.  A  frame  of 
wire-netting  over  the  chimney  of  a  locomo- 
tive engine  to  prevent  the  escape  of  sparks: 
chiefly  used  in  America  for  wood-burning 
engines.  —  7.  A  cover  of  plate-iron  placed 
over  the  head  of  a  miner  as  a  protection 
against  anything  falling  down  the  shaft.— 
8.  A  cowl  or  wind-cap  for  a  chimney;  a  hood 
for  ventilation. —9.  A  decoy;  a  pretended 
player  at  a  gaming-table,  or  bidder  at  an  auc- 
tion, to  lure  others  to  play  or  buy:  so  called 
because  they  bonnet  or  blind  the  eyes  of  the 
victims. 

When  a  stranger  appears  the  bonnet  generally  wins. 
Tirnes  newspaper. 

—  To  have  a  green  bonnet,  to  have  failed  in 
trade. 

Bonnet  (bon'net),  v.  t.  To  force  the  hat  over 
the  eyes  of,  with  the  view  of  mobbing  or 
hustling. 

You  are  a  dutiful  and  affectionate  little  boy  to  come 
a  bottnctiii  your  father  in  his  old  age.         Dickens. 

Bonnet  (bon'net),  v.i.  To  pull  off  the  bon- 
net; to  make  obeisance.  Shak. 

Bonneted  (bon'net-ed),  a.  Wearing  a  bon- 
net, or  furnished  with  a  bonnet  hi  any  of  the 
senses  of  that  word. 

Bonneter  (bon'net-er),  «.  One  who  induces 
another  to  gamble.  [Slang.] 

Bonnet-fluke  (bon'net-fluk),  n.  The  Scotch 
name  for  the  brill  (Pleuronectes  rhombus). 
See  BRILL. 

Bonnet-laird  (bon'net-lard),  n.  One  who 
farms  his  own  property;  a  yeoman ;  a  free- 
holder. '  A  lang  word  or  bit  o'  learning 
that  our  farmers  and  bonnet-lairds  canna' 
sae  wcel  follow.'  Sir  W.  Scott.  [Scotch.] 

Bonnet-limpet  (bon'net-lim-pet),  «.  The 
name  of  the  various  species  of  shells  of  the 
family  Calyptneidre,  which  are  found  ad- 
hering to  stones  and  shells. 

Bonnet-macaque  (bou'net-ma-kak),  n.  A 
monkey  (Macacua  tsinicug),  a  native  of  Ben- 
gal and  Ceylon,  and  well  known  in  Britain 
from  its  constitution  enabling  it  to  endure 
our  climate.  It  receives  its  name  from  the 
peculiar  arrangement  of  the  hairs  on  the 
crown  of  its  head,  which  seem  to  form  a 
kind  of  cap  or  bonnet.  Its  general  colour 
is  a  somewhat  bright  olive-gray,  and  the 
skin  of  the  face  is  of  a  leathery  flesh  colour. 
Called  also  Munga. 

Bonnet-pepper  (bon'net-pep-er),  n.  A  spe- 
cies of  Capsicum  or  Guinea  pepper. 

Bonnet-piece  (bon'net-pes),  n.  A  gold  coin 
of  James  V.  of  Scotland,  the  king's  head  on 
which  wears  a  bonnet. 

Bonnet-rouge  (bon-iie-rozh),  n.  [Fr.,  lit. 
red  cap.]  A  red  republican:  so  named  be- 
cause a  red  cap  was  assumed  as  a  distin- 
guishing mark  by  the  leaders  of  the  first 
French  revolution. 

Bonnibel  (bon'ni-bel), ».  [Fr.  bonne  et  belle, 
good  and  beautiful.)  A  handsome  girl. 
Spenser. 

BonnUass  I  (bon'ni-las),  n.  [Bonny  and  (ass.  1 
A  beautiful  girl. 

As  the  bonnilasse  passed  by. 

She  rov'd  me  with  glauncing  eye.        Spenser. 

Bonnily  (bon'ni-li),  adv.  [See  BONNY.) 
1.  Handsomely  ;  prettily ;  neatly  ;  nicely. 
[Scotch.]— 2.  t  Gaily;  merrily. 

Bonniness(bon'ni-nes),7i.  1.  Handsomeness; 
prettiness;  beauty.  [Scotch.]  — 2. t  Gaiety; 
blitheness. 

Bonny  (bon'ni),  a.  [Doubtfully  derived  from 
Fr.  bonne,  good;  more  probably  allied  to  G. 
bohnen,  to  rub  smooth,  to  polish.  ]  1.  Hand- 
some; beautiful;  fair  or  pleasant  to  look 
upon;  pretty;  fine.  '  Till  bonny  Susan  sped 
across  the  plain.'  Gay.  [Obsolete  or  Scotch.) 
2-t  Gay;  merry;  frolicsome;  cheerful;  blithe. 

Then  sigh  not  so,  but  let  them  go, 

And  be  you  blythe  and  bonny.  SJt,i£. 


BOOBY 

[This  word  isoften  used  ininieally  in  Si-oteh 
in  the  same  way  as  the  English  line  or 
fnttg 

Vu  II  sue  the  totin  intill  a  bonny  steer  I 

Bonny,  Bonney  (bon'ni).  «.    i,,  „',, 
aaxaust  Mad  an  communicating  with  no 

vein,  and  dilfering   from  a  squat  in 
round,  whereas  a  squat  is  Hat 
Bonny-clabber  (bon'nl-klib-er)    •«.    [ir 

MtM,  milk,  and  clabar,  mud.]     Milk  that 
is  turned  or  become  thick  in  the  process  of 
souring.     Written  also  /;.,/,„.,  ,-/„,,,„  , 
drink  such  balderdash  or  bonny-clabber.'  B 
Jonnon. 

Bonspiel,  Bonspell  (bon'»pel,  bon'spel),  n 
[Probably  the  same  word  as  Dan.  bondespil, 
a  rustic  game,  from  Imnde,  a  peasant,  a  rustic 
(A.  Sax.  boiula),  and  xfiil.  li.  x/n'i-l,  a  game.) 
A  match  between  two  opposite  parties,  as 
two  parishes,  at  archery,  golf,  curling  on 


,  ,  go,  curng 

the  ice,  &c.  :  now  generally  applied  to  the 

last-mentioned  game.    [Scotch  ] 
' 


-  . 

Bonte-boc(bon'te-bok),  »i.  [D.  bont,  spotted. 

and  bok,  a  buck.]    The  Dainali*  in/yunja  of 

Cape  Colony,  one  of  the  Antilopidie. 
Bonten  (bon'ten),  «.  A  narrow  woollen  stuff. 
Bontia  (bon'shi-a),  «.  [In  honour  of  J.  Bont, 

a  Dutch  physician.  ]    A  genus  of  plants,  the 

wild  olive  of  Barbadoes. 
Bon-ton  (bon-toh),  n.    [Fr.]    The  style  of 

persons  in  high  life  ;  high  mode  or  fashion; 

fashionable  society. 
Bonum-magnum(bon'um-mag'num),  n.   A. 

species  of  large  plum.   SeeMAUNUM-BONUM. 
Bonum  Summum  (bou'uni  sum'mum).  [L.  ] 

The  chief  good. 

This  phrase  (bonnm  snmmttni)  was  employed  by 
ancient  ethical  philosophers  to  denote  the  object,  in 
tile  prosecution  and  attainment  of  which  the  pro- 
gress, perfection,  and  happiness  of  human  beings 
consist.  The  principal  opinions  concerning  it  are 
stated  by  Cicero  in  his  treatise  Dejinibus. 

Fleming. 

Bonus  (bo'nus),  n.  (L.  bonus,  good.)  Some- 
thing of  the  nature  of  an  honorarium;  a 
sum  given  or  paid  over  and  above  what  is 
required  to  be  paid:  as,  (a)  a  premium  given 
for  a  loan,  or  for  a  charter  or  other  privilege 
granted  to  a  company.  (6)  An  extra  dividend 
or  allowance  to  the  shareholders  of  a  joint- 
stock  company,  holders  of  insurance  policies, 
&c.,  out  of  accumulated  profits,  (c)  A  sum 
paid,  as  to  the  agent  of  a  company  or  the 
captain  of  a  vessel,  over  and  above  his  stated 
pay,  in  proportion  to  the  success  of  his 
labours,  and  as  a  stimulus  to  extra  exertion; 
a  boon. 

Bon-vivant  (bofi-ve-van),  n.  [Fr.  bon,  good, 
and  mvant,  ppr.  of  vim,  L.  vivere,  to  live.  ] 
A  generous  liver;  a  jovial  companion. 

Bony  (bon'i),  a.  1.  Consisting  of  bones;  full 
of  bones;  pertaining  to  bones.—  2.  Having 
large  or  prominent  bones;  stout;  strong. 

Burning  for  blood,  bony,  and  gaunt,  and  grim, 
Assembling  wolves  in  racing  troops  descend. 

Thomson. 

Bonze  (bonz),  71.  [A  corruption  of  Japanese 
buMo,  a  pious  man.]  The  European  for  a 
priest  of  the  religion  of  Fo  or  Buddha  in 
Eastern  Asia,  particularly  in  China,  Buruiah, 
Tonquin,  Cochin-  China,  and  Japan.  The 
bonzes  live  together  in  monasteries  in  a 
state  of  celibacy,  somewhat  after  the  man- 
ner of  monks  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church, 
the  laity,  for  whose  sins  they  pray  and  do 
penance,  supporting  them  by  endowments 
and  alms.  There  are  also  female  bonzes, 
whose  position  is  analogous  to  that  of  nuns 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 

Booby  (boTji),  n.  [Probably  from  root  of 
/«/'"-,  an  infant;  comp.  also  G.  bube,  a  boy; 
Sp.  bobo,  a  fool,  and  also  the  bird  called  the 
booby.)  1.  A  dunce;  a  stupid  fellow;  a 
lubber. 

When  blows  ensue  that  break  the  arm  of  toil, 
And  rustic  battle  ends  the  boobies'  broil.     Crnbbe. 

2.  A  name  given  to  one  or  two  birds  of  the 
gannet  genus  (Sula),  and  more  especially  to 
the  Sulafu#ca,  which  is  apparently  so  stupid 
as  to  allow  itself  to  be  knocked  on  the  head 
by  a  stick  or  caught  by  the  hand.  It  is  found 
in  most  of  the  warmer  latitudes  settled 
upon  the  islands  and  rocky  shores,  and 
catching  fish  all  day  for  the  benefit  of  the 
frigate-birds  who  attack  and  rob  it.  It  is 
2J  feet  long,  brown  above  and  whitish- 
brown  beneath.  The  true  cause  of  its  ap- 
parent stupidity  is  probably  its  inability  to 
rise,  on  account  of  the  shortness  of  its  le 
and  great  length  of  its  wings. 
Booby  (bn'bi).  a.  Having  the  characteristics 
of  a  booby;  after  the  manner  of  a  booby. 

He  burned  his  fingers,  and  to  cool  them  he  applied 
them  in  his  looby  fashion  to  his  mouth.  Lamb. 


legs 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL.  I. 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin0;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain; 


w,  wig;    wh,  irAig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 
20 


BOOBY-HATCH 


306 


BOOKMAN 


Booby  -  hatch  ( bb '  bi-hach),  n.  Jfaut.  a 
smaller  kind  of  companion  in  use  for  mer- 
chant-vessels' half-decks,  and  lifting  off  in 
one  piece. 

Booby-hut  (WM-hut),  n.  [From  booby- 
hatch.]  A  kind  of  hooded  sleigh.  [United 
States.  1 

Booby- hutch  (bbln-huch),  n.  A  clumsy 
ill-contrived  covered  carriage  or  seat  used 
in  the  east  part  of  England. 

Boobyish  (bb'bi-ish),  a.  Like  a  booby;  silly; 
stupid. 

Bood,  Buid  (bud,  bud).  Contractions  for 
Behoved.  [Scotch.] 

Boodh,  Buddh  (bud),  n.    See  BUDDHA. 

Boodhism,  n.    See  BUDDHISM. 

Boodhlst,  n.    See  BUDDHIST. 

Boody  (bd'di),  v.i.  [Fr.  bonder,  to  pout  or 
sulk.]  To  look  angry  or  gruff. 

Come,  don't  boody  with  me;  don't  be  angry. 

trolhpe. 

Book  (buk),  n.  [The  words  book  and  beech 
are  regarded  as  originally  one  aud  the  same: 
comp.  A.  Sax.  hoc,  pi.  bSc,  a  book,  also  a 
beech-tree;  Icel.  b6k,  a  book,  and  a  beech, 
Dan.  bog,  a  book,  and  beech-mast,  bog,  a 
beech;  D.  boek,  a  book,  boek,  beuk,  a  beech; 
G.  buck,  a  book,  buche,  a  beech;  Slav,  bukva, 
a  book,  bitk,  a  beech.  Beeehen  tablets  or 
pieces  of  beech  bark  probably  formed  the 
original  books  of  the  Teutonic  nations; 
comp.  L.  liber,  bark,  and  also  a  book;  Gr. 
biblos,  the  inner  bark  of  the  papyrus,  paper, 
a  book.  ]  1.  A  number  of  sheets  of  paper  or 
other  material  bound  together  on  edge, 
blank,  written,  or  printed;  a  volume.— 2.  A 
literary  composition,  written  or  printed ;  a 
treatise. 

A  good  book  is  the  precious  life-blood  of  a  master- 
spirit embalmed  and  treasured  up  on  purpose  to  a  life 
beyond  life.  Milton. 

3.  Specifically,  the  Bible. 

Who  can  give  an  oath?    Where  is  a  bookt    Shak. 

4.  A  particular  part  of  a  literary  composi- 
tion ;  a  division  of  a  subject  in  the  same 
volume.  — 5.  That  in  which  something  is  en- 
rolled or  preserved;  a  register  or  record;  as, 
the  book  of  Nature;  the  book  of  Fate. 

I  have  been  the  book  of  his  good  acts.    Shak. 

6.  In  com.  a  volume  or  collection  of  sheets 
in  which  accounts  are  kept ;  a  register  of 
debts  and  credits,  receipts  and  expenditures, 
&c.— 7.t  Any  writing  or  paper. 

By  that  time  will  our  book  be  drawn.       {Terms  of 

agreement.)  Shak. 

A  bookl     O  rare  one!    (Paper  containing   the 

oracle  of  Jupiter.)  Shak, 

8.  In  betting,  more  especially  on  horse-races, 
an  arrangement  of  bets  recorded  in  a  book; 
a  list  of  bets  by  a  professional  better  made 
against  the  success  of  a  number  of  horses, 
and  so  calculated  that  the  bookmaker  has  a 
strong  chance  of  winning  something  what- 
ever the  result  be;  as,  to  make  a  book;  a 
£1000  book.  See  BOOKMAKER.— 9.  Inwhwt, 
the  first  six  tricks  taken  by  either  party.  —  In 
one's  books,  in  kind  remembrance;  in  favour. 

I  was  so  much  in  his  books  that  at  his  decease  he 
left  me  his  lamp.  Addison. 

—  Without  book,  (a)  by  memory;  without 
reading ;  without  notes ;  as,  a  sermon  was 
delivered  without  book,  (b)  Without  autho- 
rity; as,  a  man  asserts  without  book.— To 
bring  to  book,  to  make  give  an  account. — 
To  speak  by  book,  to  speak  with  minute 
exactness. 

Book  (buk),t?.  t.  1.  To  enter,  write,  or  register 
in  a  book.  '  Let  it  be  booked  with  the  rest 
of  this  day's  deeds.'  Shak.-— 2.  Specifically, 
(a)  to  secure  a  place  in  a  stage-coach  by 
having  the  place  entered  in  one's  name  ; 
hence,  more  generally,  to  purchase  a  ticket 
for  a  journey  by  coach,  rail,  or  steamer; 
and  hence,  to  be  destined  for;  as,  I  am  booked 
for  London,  (b)  In  Scotland,  to  register  in 
the  session  record  in  order  to  the  proclam- 
ation of  banns  of  marriage. — Booked  at  last, 
caught  and  disposed  of. 

Book-account  (buk'ak-kount),  n.  An  ac- 
count or  register  of  debt  or  credit  in  a  book; 
more  specifically,  in  book-keeping  by  double 
entry,  an  account  under  an  impersonal  head- 
ing, an  account  showing  the  transactions  of 
a  merchant  in  regard  to  some  particular 
commodity  or  branch  of  trade,  not  as  re- 
ferred to  a  person  with  whom  they  may 
have  been  effected ;  thus,  accounts  under 
the  heads  of  'Stock,'  'Cotton,'  'Iron,'  'Ship 
Hercules,'  or  the  like,  are  book-accounts,  as 
opposed  to  personal  accounts. 

Bookbinder  (buk'bind-er),  n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  bind  books. 

Bookbindery  (biik'bind-er-i),  n.  A  place 
where  books  are  bound. 


Bookbinding  (buklMnd-ing),  n.  The  act  or 
practice  of  binding  books;  or  of  sewing  the 
sheets  and  covering  them  with  leather  or 
other  material. 

Book-canvasser  (buk'kan-vas-er),  n.  A 
person  who  solicits  orders  for  books,  most 
frequently  for  books  published  in  parts  or 
numbers. 

Book-case  (bnk/kas),n.  A  case  with  shelves, 
and  commonly  doors,  for  holding  books. 

Book-collector  (buk'kol-lekt-er),  n.  One 
who  collects  books,  especially  rare  and  flue 
editions;  a  bibliophile. 

Book-debt  (buk'det),  n.  A  debt  standing 
against  a  person  in  an  account-book. 

Book-deliverer  (buk'de-liv-er-er),  n.  A  per- 
son who  delivers  the  volumes  or  numbers 
of  serial  books  to  the  parties  who  have  sub- 
scribed for  them  as  purchasers,  and  receives 
payment  for  the  same. 

Bookery  (buk'er-i),  n.  1.  A  collection  of 
books.  —2.  Passion  for  books.  Quart,  llev. 
[In  both  uses  rare.  ] 

Book-fair  (buk'far),  n.  A  fair  or  market  for 
books.  The  most  noted  book-fairs  are  those 
of  Leipzig,  which  occur  at  Easter  and 
Michaelmas,  at  which,  however,  many  other 
objects  of  commerce  are  likewise  disposed 
of. 

Book-formed  (buk'formd),  a.  Having  the 
mind  trained  or  formed  by  the  study  of 
books;  imbued  with  learning.  [Rare.] 

With  every  table-wit  and  book-formed  sage. 

7.  AS&ft. 

Bookfult  (buk'ful),  a.  Full  of  notions 
gleaned  from  books;  crowded  with  undi- 
gested learning.  'The  book/ul  blockhead 
ignorantly  read.'  Pope. 

Bookful  t  (b\jk'ful),  n.  As  much  as  a  book 
contains.  Cowper. 

Book-holderKbuktiold-erXn.  The  prompter 
at  a  theatre.  Beau.  &  Ft. 

Book-hunter  (buk'hunt-er),  n.  An  eager 
collector  of  books;  especially  one  who  fre- 
quents old  book-shops,  stalls,  book-sales,  in 
search  of  old  and  rare  books  and  editions ; 
a  bibliomaniac. 

Booking-office  (b"k'ing-of-fls),  n.  An  office 
where  passengers  receive  tickets  for  convey- 
ance by  railway  or  other  means  of  transit. 

Bookish (buk'ish),  a.  Given  to  reading;  fond 
of  study;  more  acquainted  with  books  than 
with  men;  learned  from  books.  'A  bookish 
man.'  Addison.  'Bookish  skill.'  Bp.  Hatt. 

Bookislily  (buk'ish-li),  adv.  In  the  way  of 
being  addicted  to  books  or  much  reading. 
'She  was  bookuhly  given.'  Ld.  Thurlow. 
[Rare.  ] 

Bookishncss  (buk'ish-nes),  n.  Addictedness 
to  books;  fondness  for  study. 

Book-keeper  (buk'kep-er),  n.  One  who 
keeps  accounts;  the  officer  who  has  the 
charge  of  keeping  the  books  and  accounts 
in  a  public  office. 

Book-keeping  (buk'kep-ing),  n.  The  art  of 
recording  mercantile  transactions  in  a  regu- 
lar and  systematic  manner;  the  art  of  keep- 
ing accounts  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  a 
permanent  record  of  business  transactions, 
so  that  at  any  time  the  true  state  or  history 
of  one's  pecuniary  affairs  and  mercantile 
dealings  may  be  exhibited.  Properly  kept 
books  must  show  what  a  person  has,  what 
he  owes,  and  what  is  owing  to  him,  as  well 
as  what  sums  he  has  received  and  paid, 
what  losses  he  has  incurred,  &c.  Books  are 
kept  according  to  one  of  two  chief  methods, 
book-keeping  by  single  and  book-keeping  by 
double  entry.  The  former  is  more  simple 
and  less  perfect  than  the  latter,  and  is  now 
chiefly  used  in  retail  businesses  only.  The 
only  book  essential  to  it  is  a  ledger,  con- 
taining accounts  under  the  names  of  the 
parties  with  whom  the  trader  deals,  debts 
incurred  being  entered  to  the  credit  of  the 
party  to  whom  they  are  owing,  debts  due 
to  the  trader  being  entered  in  like  manner 
to  the  debit  of  the  party  owing  them,  and 
each  entry  appearing  only  once  on  one  side 
or  other  of  an  account.  Book-keeping  by 
double  entry,  which  originated  in  Italy,  is 
more  complicated,  but  gives  a  much  more 
full  and  accurate  account  of  the  historical 
details  of  a  business.  The  essential  feature 
of  the  system  consists  in  adopting,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  personal  accounts  of  debtors  and 
creditors  in  the  ledger,  a  series  of  what  are 
called  book-accounts,  which  are  systematic 
records  of  particular  classes  of  transactions 
in  the  form  of  accounts  having  both  a  debtor 
a«d  a  creditor  side.  These  book-accounts 
are  based  on  the  principle  that  all  money 
and  articles  received  become  debtors  to 
him  from  whom  or  that  for  which  they  are 


received,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  all  those 
who  receive  money  or  goods  from  us  become 
debtors  to  cash  or  to  the  goods.  In  this 
way  every  transaction  is  entered  in  the 
ledger  on  the  creditor  side  of  one  account 
and  on  the  debtor  side  of  another.  The 
books  used  in  double  entry  vary  in  number 
and  arrangement  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  business  and  the  manner  of  recording 
the  facts.  Transactions  as  they  take  plu<  •« 
from  day  to  day  are  generally  recorded  in 
such  books  as  the  stock-book,  cash-book, 
bill-book,  invoice-book,  sales-book,  or  they 
may  all  be  recorded  in  order  in  a  waste-book 
or  day-book.  Upon  these  books  or  addi- 
tional documents  are  based  the  journal  and 
ledger.  The  former  contains  a  periodical 
abstract  of  all  the  transactions  recorded  in 
the  subordinate  books  or  in  documents  not 
entered  in  these,  classified  into  debits  and 
credits,  while  the  latter  contains  an  abstract 
of  all  the  entries  made  in  the  former,  classi- 
fied under  the  heads  of  their  respective 
accounts. 

Book-knowledge  (  buk'nol-ej  ),  n.  Know- 
ledge gained  by  reading  books,  in  distinction 
from  knowledge  obtained  from  observation 
and  experience. 

Bookland,  Bockland  (bukland,  bokland), 
n.  In  old  English  law,  charter  land,  held 
by  deed  under  certain  rents  and  free-ser- 
vices, which  differed  in  no  respect  from  free 
soccage  lands.  This  species  of  tenure  has 
given  rise  to  the  modern  freeholds. 

Book-learned  (buklern-ed),  a.  Versed  in 
books  ;  acquainted  with  books  and  litera- 
ture; a  term  sometimes  implying  an  ignor- 
ance of  men  or  of  the  common  concerns  of 
life. 

Whate'er  these  book  'learned  blockheads  say, 
Solon's  the  veriest  fool  in  all  the  play.      Dryden. 

Book-learning  (b«k'lern-ing),  n.  Learning 
acquired  by  reading;  acquaintance  with 
books  and  literature  ;  sometimes  implying 
want  of  practical  knowledge. 

Neither  does  it  so  much  require  book-learning  and 
scholarship  as  good  natural  sense,  to  distinguish  true 
and  false.  T.  Bitrnct. 

Bookless  (bukTtes),  a.  Without  books;  un- 
learned. 'The  bookless,  sauntering  youth.' 
Somerville.  [Rare.  ] 

Booklet  (buk'let),  n.  A  little  book.  £cltc. 
Rev. 

Book-lice,  n.  pi.    See  BOOK-LOUSE. 

Book-licenser  (buk'li-sens-er),  n.  One  who 
licenses  the  publication  of  books. 

Bookling  (buk  'ling),  n.  A  small  book. 
Trollope. 

Book-louse  (buk'lous),  n.  pi.  Book-lice 
(buk'lis).  One  of  a  small  family  (Psocida*) 
of  minute  neuropterous  insects,  distin  - 
guished  by  having  their  tarsi  composed  of 
only  two  or  three  joints,  and  their  posterior 
wings  smaller  than  their  anterior.  One 
species  (Atropus  pulsatorius),  destitute  of 
wings,  is  very  destructive  to  old  books, 
especially  in  damp  situations,  and  to  collec- 
tions of  dried  plants,  &c. 

Book-madness  (buk'mad-nes),  n.  A  rage 
for  possessing  books;  bibliomania. 

Book-maker  (b"k'mak-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
writes  and  publishes  books  ;  especially,  a 
compiler.—  2.  One  who  makes  a  'book,'  as 
it  is  called,  on  a  race;  a  professional  better 
or  layer  of  the  odds.  See  following  extract. 

In  betting  there  are  two  parties  —  one  called 
'layers,'  as  the  book-makers  are  termed,  and  the 
others  'backers,*  in  which  class  may  be  included 
owners  of  horses  as  well  as  the  public.  The  backer 
takes  the  odds  which  the  book-maker  lays  against 
a  horse,  the  former  speculating  upon  the  success  of 
the  animal,  the  latter  upon  its  defeat  ;  and  taking  the 
case  of  Cremorne  for  the  Derby  of  1872.  just  before 
the  race,  the  book-maker  woula  have  laid  3  to  i,  or 
perhaps  ;£iooo  to  ,£300  against  him.  by  which  trans- 
action, ifthe  horse  won.  as  he  did,  the  backer  would 
win  ,£1000  for  risking  .£300.  and  the  book-maker  lose 
the  2,1000  which  he  risked  to  win  the  smaller  sum. 
At  first  sight  this  may  appear  an  act  of  very  ques- 
tionable policy  on  the  part  of  the  book-maker;  but 
really  it  is  not  so,  because  so  far  from  running  a 
greater  risk  than  the  backer,  he  runs  less,  inasmuch 
as  it  is  his  plan  to  lay  the  same  amount  (£1000) 
against  every  horse  in  the  race,  and  as  there  can  be 
but  one  winner,  he  would  in  all  probability  receive 
more  than  enough  money  from  the  many  losers  to 
pay  the  stated  sum  of  £1000  which  the  chances  are 
he  has  laid  against  the  one  winner,  whichever  it  is. 
E*z.  linty. 

Book-making  (buk'mak-ing),  n.  1.  The 
practice  of  writing  and  publishing  books  ; 
the  act  of  compiling.—  2.  The  act  or  prac- 
tice of  making  a  '  book  '  on  a  race.  See  ex- 
tract under  BOOK-MAKER. 

Bookman  (buk'man),  n.  A  studious  or 
learned  man;  a  scholar. 

You  two  are  bookmen  :  Can  you  tell  by  your  wit 

ld  at  Cain's  birth  that's  not  five 


What  was  a  mouth  old 
weeks  old  as  yet  f 


Sint. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      not,  note,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fay. 


BOOKMATE 


307 


BOOT-CATCHER 


BOOkmate  (Imk'nmt),  ».  A  scliool-fi>llmv  ; 
:i  ftllow- student.  'The  prince  and  his 
ln:,,k<itat>'*.'  Xlnllt. 

Bookmlndedness  (l>\ik'iniml-ed-nes),  n. 
L'.venf  books.  [Rare. | 

Book-monger  (buV'mung-gAr),  n.  A  denier 
in  hooks. 

Book-muslin  (ln.ik'nmz-lin),  n.  A  kind  of 
tine  transparent  muslin  having  a  HtitF  or 
elastic  finish :  so  called  from  bolus  folded 
in  book  form. 

Book-oath  (buk'oth),  n.  The  oath  made  on 
the  book  or  Hilile.  •  I  put  thee  now  to  thy 
tmufc-oiUh. '  Shah. 

Book-post  (l>|ik'|K>st),  n.  That  arrangement 
in  the  post-office  by  which  books,  printed 
matter,  and  manuscripts  left  open  at  the  ends 
are  conveyed  at  a  reduced  rate  of  payment. 

Book-rack  (bi)k'rak),  n.  A  frame  for  sup- 
porting a  book  and  keeping  it  open. 

Book -scorpion  (Imk'skor-pi-on),  n.  A 
sprcies  of  anirlmidan  (Chrlifcr  cancroides), 
•  irder  Adelarthrosmata,  resembling  n  scor- 
pion without  a  tail,  often  found  among  old 
hooks.  I  ts  body  is  brownish  red,  and  scarcely 
a  line  long. 

Bookseller  (bnk'sel-er),  n.  One  whose  occu- 
I'ulion  is  to  sell  books. 

Bookselling  (buk'sel-ing),  ».  The  business 
of  selling  books. 

Book-slide  (bnk'slid),  n.  Same  as  Book-tray. 

Book-stall  (buk'stul),  n.  A  stand  or  stall 
on  which  books  are  placed  which  are 
offered  for  sale. 

Book-stand  0>uk' stand),  n.  A  stand  or 
support  to  hold  books  for  reading  or  refer- 
ence ;  also,  a  stand  or  frame  for  containing 
books  offered  for  sale  on  the  streets. 

Book-stone  (buk'ston),  n.    See  BIBLIOLITE. 

Book-store  (buk'stor),  n.  The  common 
term  in  the  United  States  for  a  bookseller's 
shop. 

Book-trade  (buk'trad),  n.  The  buying  and 
selling  of  books. 

Book-tray  (buk'tra),  ».  A  board  for  hold- 
ing books,  made  generally  of  some  cabinet 
wood,  with  sliding  ends  often  richly  orna- 
mented in  silver  or  ormolu  work.  Called 
also  Book-tilde. 

Book-worm  (buk'werm),  n.  1.  A  worm  or 
mite  that  eats  holes  in  books.  See  CIS.— 
2.  A  student  closely  addicted  to  study;  also, 
a  reader  without  judgment.  '  These  poring 
book-worms.'  Tatler. 

Booley  t  (bcli),  n.  [Ir.  buaili,  a  cow-house, 
a  dairy.)  See  BOLKT. 

Boom  (bom),  n.  [A  parallel  form  to  beam, 
apparently  directly  from  D.  boom,  a  tree, 
a  pole,  a  beam,  a  bar,  a  rafter,  Dan.  bom, 
a  rail  or  bar.)  1.  A  long  pole  or  spar  run 
out  from  various  parts  of  a  ship  or  other 
vessel  for  the  purpose  of  extending  the 
bottom  of  particular  sails ;  as,  the  jib- 
taom.  studding-sail  boom,  main-boom, Bquarc- 
sail  boom,  &c.  —  2.  A  strong  beam,  or  an 
iron  chain  or  cable,  fastened  to  spars  ex- 
tended across  a  river  or  the  mouth  of  a 
harbour,  to  prevent  an  enemy's  ships  from 
passing.  — 3.  A  pole  set  up  as  a  mark  to  direct 
teamen  how  to  keep  the  channel  in  shallow 
water.  —  4.  pi.  A  space  in  a  vessel's  waist 
used  for  stowing  the  boats  and  spare  spars. 

Boom  (bom),  v.  i.  [Apparently  an  imitative 
word;  comp.  D.  bomme,  a  drum ;  bonlinen, 
to  drum;  Sc.  bum,  as  in  bmnbee;  L.  bom- 
6tw,  a  humming  sound.  See  BOMB.]  1.  To 
make  a  sonorous,  hollow,  humming,  or 
drouing  sound. 

At  eve  the  beetle  boometh 
Athwart  the  thicket  lone.     Tennyson. 
The  sound  of  the  musket-volleying  bootns  into  the 
far  dining  rooms  of  the  Chaussee  d'Antin.      Carlyle. 

2.  A'aut.  to  move  rapidly,  as  a  ship  under  a 
press  of  sail.  '  She  comes  booming  down 
before  it.'  Totten.—To  bimn  off,  to  shove 
a  boat  or  vessel  away  witii  spars. 
Boom  (bom),  n.  A  deep  hollow  noise,  as  the 
mar  of  waves  or  the  sound  of  distant  guns: 
applied  also  to  the  cry  of  the  bittern  and 
the  buzz  of  the  beetle. 

There  is  one  in  the  chamber,  as  in  the  grave,  for 
whom  the  boom  of  the  wave  has  no  sound  and  the 
march  of  the  deep  no  tide.  Lord  Lytton. 

Boomage  (bom'aj),  n.  Nmt.  a  duty  levied  as 
a  composition  for  harbour-dues,  anchorage, 
and  souudage. 

Boomerang  (bom'e-rang),  n.  A  missile  in- 
strument used  by  the  Australian  aborigines, 
both  in  war  and  for  killing  game.  It  is  of 
hard  wood,  about  the  size  of  n  common 
reaping-hook,  and  the  shape  is  a  parabola- 
One  side  is  flat,  the  other  is  rounded,  and  it 
is  brought  to  a  bluntish  edge.  The  boom- 
i-nmg  is  taken  by  one  end,  with  the  bulged 


side  downwards,  and  the  convex  edge  for 
ward,  and  thrown  directly  onward  as  if  to 
hit  some  object  standing  :ioyards  in  advance. 
Instead  of  going  directly  forward  ami  there 
falling  to  the  earth,  it  slowly  ascends  in  the 
air,  whirling  round  and  round,  till  it  reaches 


Boomerangs. 

a  considerable  height,  when  it  begins  to 
retrograde,  and  finally  it  sweeps  over  the 
head  of  the  thrower  anil  falls  behind  him. 
A  similar  instrument  was  known  to  the 
ancient  Egyptians  and  Assyrians,  and  is 
represented  in  their  sculptures. 
Booming  (bbm'ing),  a.  Koaring,  like  waves 
or  distant  guns;  crying  with  a  nollow  note; 
as,  the  booming  bittern.  'The  booming 
billow.'  Pope. 

All  night  the  booming  minute  gun 

Had  pealed  along  the  deep.  Hemans. 

Boom-Iron  (bom'i-ern),  n.  Xaut.  the  name 
given  to  flat  iron  rings  on  the  yards  through 
which  the  studding-sail  booms  traverse  in 
being  rigged  out  or  in. 

Boomkiu  (bom'kin),  n.    Same  as  Sumkin. 

Boon  (bon),  //  [Same  word  as  Icel.  M», 
a  request,  a  boon,  Dan.  and  Sw.  bon; 
parallel  forms  are  A.  Sax.  Mn,  Icel.  ton, 
a  prayer ;  from  root  of  bid,  Icel.  bidja,  to 
pray.  ]  1. 1  A  prayer ;  a  petition.  '  Our 
king  unto  God  made  his  boon.'  Minot. 
'To  graunt  her  boone.'  Spenser.— 2.  That 
which  is  asked ;  a  favour ;  a  grant ;  a  bene- 
faction. 

Vouchsafe  me  for  my  meed  but  one  fair  look, 
A  smaller  boon  than  tins  I  cannot  ask.          Shak. 

Hence  — 3.  A  good;  a  benefit;  a  blessing; 
a  great  privilege.  'The  boon  of  religious 
freedom.'  Sidney  Smith. 

Is  this  the  duty  of  rulers?  Arc  men  in  such  stations 
to  give  all  that  may  be  asked  .  .  without  regarding 
whether  it  be  a  boon  or  a  baneT  Brougnam. 

Boon  (bon),  a.  [Norm.  Fr.  60011,  Fr.  bon, 
from  L.  bonus,  good.  ]  1. 1  Kind ;  boun- 
tiful. 'Nature  Soon.'  Hilton.  —  2.  Gay; 
merry;  as,  a  boon  companion.  'Jocund 
and  boon.'  Milton. 

Boon  (bon),  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  bunach, 
coarse  tow,  from  bun,  stubble.]  The  useless 
vegetable  matter  from  dressed  flax. 

Boops  (bo'ops),  n.  [Gr.  boopis,  ox-eyed — 
bous,  an  ox,  and  ops,  eye.]  1.  A  genus 
of  acanthopterygious  fishes  found  in  the 
Mediterranean,  and  in  the  seas  of  South 
America.— 2.  A  pike-headed  flnner  whale 
found  in  the  Greenland  Seas,  the  Balaenop- 
tera  boopg. 

Boor  (bbr),  ».  [A.  Sax.  gebdr,  a  countryman 
or  farmer;  D.  boer,  a  rustic  or  farmer; 
G.  bauer,  a  countryman,  a  peasant,  from 
A.  Sax.  bimn,  Icel.  lii'iu.  to  dwell,  to  inhabit, 
to  cultivate,  D.  bouwen,  G.  bauen,  to  build, 
to  cultivate.]  A  countryman;  a  peasant; 
a  rustic;  a  clown ;  hence,  one  who  is  rude 
in  manners  and  illiterate.  '  The  habits  and 
the  cunning  of  a  boor.'  Thackeray. 

Knave  once  meant  no  more  than  lad;  villain  than 
peasant;  boor  was  only  a  farmer:  a  valet  was  but 
a  serving-man ;  a  churl  a  strong  fellow.  Trench. 

Boordt  (bdrd),  v.t.    [See  BOARD,  to  accost.] 

To  accost;  to  address. 
Boord  (bbrd),  n.     A  jest.    [Old  English  and 

Scotch.]    See  BOURD. 
Boord,  t  n.     A  border;  a  table.    Chaucer. 
Boord  t  (bbrd),  v.  i.     To  be  on,  or  rim  by,  a 

border;  to  form  a  boundary. 

The  stubbornc  Newre  whose  waters  gray 
By  fair  Kilkenny  and  Rpsseponte'  boord.      Spenser. 

Boorish  (boyish),  a.  Clownish;  rustic;  awk- 
ward in  manners;  illiterate.  'A  gross  and 
boorish  opinion.'  Milton. 

Boorishly  (bbr'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  clownish 
manner.  'Limbs  .  .  .  neither  weak  nor 
boorishly  robust.'  Fenton. 

Boorishness  (bbr'ish-nesy  n.  The  state  of 
being  boorish  ;  clownishness ;  rusticity ; 
coarseness  of  manners. 

Boornouse  (bbr-nbz'),  n.   Same  o&Burnoose. 

Boort  (bb'rt),  n.     See  BORT. 

Bopse,  t  Bouset  (bbz),  n.  [A.  Sax.  b6s,  Icel. 
fains,  Dan.  baas,  a  boose.]  A  stall  or  inclos- 
ure  for  cattle.  [Provincial  English.] 


Boose,  Bouse  (no/),  ••  *.  |1».  l,m'z?n,tn  drink 
l;ir-rly,  t<>  Kiilp:  Swiss  batmen.]  To  drink 
largely;  to  guzzle  liquor.  Written  also 
Btmzc,  Ilvnze. 

Booser  (boz'i-r),  «.  One  who  guzzles  liquor; 
;i  Upplor;  n  drunkard. 

Boost  (bout),  o.t.  To  lift  or  raise  by  pushing; 
t"  push  up.  [A  common  vulgar  word  in 
New  England  ] 

Boost,!  ,i.     Prill,.-,  boasting.     Chaucer. 

Boosy,  Bpusy  (iwz'i),  a.  A  little  intoxicated ; 
merry  with  liquor.  Kfnysley.  [t'olloq  j 

Boot  (but),  n.  [A.  Sax.  t>6t,  reparation, 
amends;  Icel.  b6t,  remedy,  improvement. 
amends;  Goth.  b6tat  advantage ;  same  rout 
as  in  better,  bete,  to  muml  (;i  fire).]  Profit; 
gain;  advantage;  that  which  is  given  to 
make  the  exchange  equal,  or  to  supply  the 
deficiency  of  value  iu  one  of  the  things  ex- 
changed. 'Xext  her  sou,  our  soul's  best 
boot. '  Wordsworth. 

I'll  give  you  *<w';  I'll  fiive  you  three  for  one.  5A»»* 
—To  boot  [A.  Sax.  to-bote],  in  addition  to ; 
over  and  above ;  besides ;  a  compensation 
for  the  difference  of  value  between  things 
bartered;  as,  I  will  give  my  house  for  yours 
with  £100  to  /..,"/. 

Helen  to  change  would  give  an  eye  to  toot.    Sha£, 

Boot  (bbt),  v.t.  1.  To  profit;  to  advantage: 
to  avail :  in  this  sense  used  often  imperson- 
ally;  as,  it  boots  us  little;  what  boots  it? 

What  boots  the  regal  circle  on  his  head?     Poft. 

What  subdued 

To  change  like  this  a  mind  so  far  imbued 
With  scorn  of  men  it  little  boots  to  know.     Byron. 

:'.  t  To  present  into  the  bargain ;  to  enrich  ; 
to  benefit. 

And  I  will  boot  thee  with  that  gift  beside.     Shak. 

Boott  (bbt),  n.  [See  BOOTY.]  Spoil;  plunder. 
'Villains  that  make  boot  of  all  men.'  Beav. 
&  Ft. 

Boot  (bbt),  n.  [Fr.  botte,  a  butt,  and  also  a 
boot,  from  resemblance  in  shape.  See  BUTT.  | 
1.  A  covering  for  the  leg  and  foot;  an  article 
of  dress,  generally  of  leather,  covering  the 
foot  and  extending  to  a  greater  or  less  dis- 
tance up  the  leg.— 2.  An  instrument  of  tor- 
ture made  of  iron,  or  a  combination  of  iron 
and  wood,  fastened  on  to  the  leg,  between 
which  and  the 
boot  wedges 
were  introduc- 
ed and  driv- 
en in  by  re- 
peated blows 
of  a  mallet, 
with  such  vio- 
lence as  to 
crush  botli 
muscles  and 
bones.  The 
special  object 
of  this  form 
of  torture  was 
to  extort  a 
confession  of 
guilt  from  an 
accused  per- 
son. The  boots 
and  thumb- 
screw were  the  special  Scotch  instruments 
of  torture.  A  much  milder  variety  was  a 
boot  or  buskin,  made  wet  and  drawn  upon 
the  legs  and  then  dried  by  the  fire,  so  as  to 
contract  and  squeeze  the  legs. 

The  Scottish  Privy  Council  had  power  to  put  state 
prisoners  to  the  question.     But  the  sight  was  so 
dreadful  that,  as  soon  as  the  boots  appeared,  even  , 
the  most  servile  and  hard-hearted  courtiers  hastened 
out  of  the  chamber.  Afacauiay. 

3.  A  covering  for  a  horse's  foot  used  while 
the  animal  is  in  stable.— 4.  A  box  covered 
with  leather  at  either  end  of  a  coach,  in 
modern  times  used  for  luggage,  though  for- 
merly the  best  passengers  used  to  be  con- 
veyed in  the  boot  or  boots. 

His  coach  being  come,  he  causeth  him  to  be  laid 
softly,  and  so  he  in  one  boot  and  the  two  chirurgeont 
in  the  other,  they  drive  away  to  the  very  neit  country- 
house.  John  Reynolds. 

5.  An  apron  or  leathern  cover  for  a  gig  or 
other  carriage  to  defend  persons  from  rain 
and  mud.— Topitt  tfie  boots  on  the  ivrong  leg, 
to  give  credit  or  blame  to  the  wrong  party; 
to  make  a  mistake.—  Sly  boots,  a  cunning, 
artful  person. — Clumsy  boots,  an  awkward, 
careless  person.  'You're  the  most  creasing 
and  tumbling  clumsy  boots  of  a  packer.' 
Dickens. 

Boot  (bbt),  v.  t.    To  put  boots  on. 

Boot-catChert  (bbt'kaeh-6r),  n.  The  person 
at  an  inn  whose  business  is  to  pull  oh*  boots 
and  clean  them ;  a  boots.  '  The  ostler  and 
the  boot-catcher  ought  to  partake.'  Swift. 


Torture  with  the  Boot. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  u-Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  K£Y. 


BOOT-CLOSER 


308 


UOUllKK 


Boot-closer  (bot'kloz-er),  ».  One  who  sews 
ti, "ether  the  upper  leathers  of  hoots. 

Boot-crimp  (bot'krimp),  n.  A  frame  or  last 
used  hy  bootmakers  for  drawing  and  shap- 
ing the  body  of  a  boot. 

Booted  (bbt'ed),  p.  and  a.  Equipped  with 
boots;  having  boots  on.  'A  booted  judge. 
Dryden. 

Bootee  (bot'e),  n.    1.  A  word  sometimes 
used  for  a  half  or  short  boot.— 2.  A  white,  : 
spotted  Dacca  muslin. 

Bootes  (bo-o'tez),  n.  [Gr.  boStes,  a  herds- 
man, from  /lows,  an  ox  or  cow.]  A  northern 
constellation,  consisting,  according  to  Flam- 
steed's  Catalogue,  of  fifty-four  stars.  «  Bootis, 
or  Arcturus,  is  one  of  the  stars  observed  to 
have  a  proper  motion. 

Booth  (boTH),  71.  [Icel.  buth,  Dan.  and  Sw. 
bod  G.  biule,  a  booth;  allied  to  Gael,  buth, 
Slav,  bauila,  buda,  Lith.  buda,  a  booth,  a 
hut.]  A  house  or  shed  built  of  boards, 
boughs  of  trees,  or  other  slight  materials 
for  a  temporary  residence,  as  for  a  show  or 
the  sale  of  goods  in  a  fair  or  market. 

Boothage  (bbTH'aj),  n.  Customary  dues 
paid  to  the  lord  of  a  manor  or  soil  for  the 
pitching  or  standing  of  booths  in  fairs  or 
markets. 

Boot-halet  (bot'hal), ».(.  [From  boot,  booty, 
and  hale,  to  draw.]  To  forage  for  plunder. 
Beau.  <t  Fl. 

Boot-halert  (bbtlial-er),  n.  A  robber;  a 
freebooter. 

My  own  father  laid  these  London  boot-halcrs,  the 
catch-poles,  in  ambush  to  set  upon  me. 

Middlttoii  &•  Dekkar. 

Boot-hook  (bbfhok),  )i.  A  sort  of  holdfast 
with  which  long  boots  are  pulled  ou  the 
legs. 

Boot-hose  (bot'hoz),  n.  Stocking-hose  or 
spatterdashes,  in  lieu  of  boots. 

Bootied  (bo'tid),  a.  Laden  with  booty;  car- 
rying off  booty. 

Charged 

The  bootied  spoilers,  conquer  d  and  released 
Their  wretched  prey.  J.  Baillie. 

BootlMn  (bbt'i-kin),  n.  [Dim.  of  boot.]  1.  A 
little  boot.— 2.  A  soft  boot  or  glove  made  of 
oiled  skin,  worn  by  persons  affected  by 
gout.  Those  for  the  hand  were  a  kind  of 
mittens,  with  a  partition  only  for  the  thumb 
but  none  for  the  fingers. 

I  desire  no  more  of  my  bootikins  than  to  curtail  my 
fits.  H.  Ifatfaif. 

Bootingt  (bot'ing),  n.    Booty. 

I'll  tell  you  of  a  brave  boating 

That  befell  Robin  Hood.  OU  ballnd. 

Booting  -  corn,  t  Boting-cornt  (bot'ing- 
korn,  bot'ing-korn),  n.  [A.  Sax.  Mt,  compen- 
sation, and  corn.]  Rent-corn. 

Boot-Jack  (bot'jak),  n.  An  instrument  for 
drawing  otf  boots. 

Boot-lace  (bot'las),  n.  The  string  or  cord 
for  fastening  a  boot 

Bootlick  (bot'lifr),  n.  A  toady.  Bartlett. 
[United  States.) 

Boot-last  (bot'last),  ».    See  BOOT-TREE. 

Boot-leg  (bbt'leg),  n.  The  part  of  a  boot 
above  the  upper;  leather  cut  out  for  the  leg 
of  a  boot. 

Bootless  (bot'les),  a.  Without  boot  or  ad- 
vantage; unavailing;  unprofitable;  useless; 
without  advantage  or  success.  'Bootless 
pains.'  Speiwer.  ' Bootless  prayers. '  Shak. 

Bootlessly  (bot'Ies-li),  adv.  Without  use  or 
profit. 

Bootlessness  (bbt'les-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  unavailing  or  useless. 

Bootmaker  (bbt'mak-er),  n.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  make  boots. 

Boot-rack  (bbt'rak),  n.  A  frame  or  stand 
to  hold  boots,  especially  with  their  tops 
downwards. 

Boots  (hots),  n.  1.  A  name  for  the  servant 
in  hotels  who  cleans  the  boots  of  lodgers, 
&c. ;  formerly  called  a  Boot-catcher. 

He  began  life  as  a  boots,  he  will  probably  end  as  a 
peer.  Hood. 

2.  A  name  applied  to  the  youngest  officer  in 
a  regiment.— 3.  In  Norse  mythological  tales, 
the  youngest  son  of  a  family,  always  speci- 
ally clever  and  successful.  [Though  this 
word  is  the  plural  of  boot,  in  the  above  uses 
it  is  treated  as  a  singular.  ] 

Boot-top  (bbt'top),  n.  The  upper  part  of  a 
long  boot,  representing  the  inner  leather, 
which  in  former  times  used  to  be  flapped 
over,  showing  the  lighter  coloured  inside. 

Boot-topping  (bbt'top-ing),  n.  Naut.  the 
old  operation  of  cleansing  a  ship's  bottom 
near  the  surface  of  the  water  by  scraping 
off  the  grass,  slime,  shells,  &c.,  and  daubing 
it  with  a  mixture  of  tallow,  sulphur,  and 


resin.  The  term  is  now  applied  to  sheath- 
ing a  vessel  with  planking  over  felt. 

Boot-tree  (bbt'tre),  n.  An  instrument  con- 
sistin"  of  two  wooden  blocks,  constituting 
a  front  and  a  rear  portion,  which  together 
form  the  shape  of  the  leg  and  foot,  and 
which  are  inserted  into  a  boot  and  then 
driven  apart  by  a  wedge  for  the  purpose  of 
stretching  the  boot;  a  last  or  boot-last. 

Booty  (bo'ti),  n.  [Perhaps  directly  from  G. 
bcute  booty,  which  is  itself  from  the  Baud. : 
Dan  bytte,  Icel.  b&ti,  exchange,  barter, 
booty  from  byta,  to  divide  into  portions,  to 
deal  out  Fr.  butiit.  is  from  the  German.] 

1.  Spoil  taken  from  an  enemy  in  war;  plun- 
der; pillage. 

When  he  reckons  that  he  has  gotten  a  booty,  he 
has  only  caught  a  Tartar.  Sir  X.  L  Estrange. 

2.  That  which  is  seized  by  violence  and  rob- 
So  triumph  thieves  upon  their  conquered  booty^. 

—To  play  booty,  to  play  dishonestly;  to  give 
an  opponent  the  advantage  at  first  in  order 
to  induce  him  to  play  for  higher  stakes, 
which  the  practised  player  wins. 

One  thing  alone  remained  to  be  lost  — what  he 
called  his  honour— which  was  already  on  the  scent  to 
flay  booty.  Disraeli. 

Booze  (boz),  v.i.    To  boose  (which  see). 

Boozy  (bbz'i),  a.    Boosy  (which  see). 

Bo-peep  (bo-pepO,  n.  [Bo,  an  exclamation, 
ami  peep.  ]  The  act  of  looking  out  or  from 
behind  something  and  drawing  back,  as 
children  in  play,  for  the  purpose  of  fright- 
ening each  other. 

1  for  sorrow  sung. 

That  such  a  king  should  play  bo-peep, 
And  go  the  fools  among.  Shak. 

BoraMe  (bbr'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
bored.  [Bare.] 

Borachio  (bo-rach'i-6),  n.  [It.  borraccta, 
Sp.  boi-racha,  a  leather  wine-vessel,  from 
Sp  borra,  a  lamb  or  ewe;  borracko,  drunk.) 
1.  A  skin,  usually  that  of  a  goat,  but  some- 
times of  a  pig,  taken  off  entire,  used  in  the 
Levant,  Italy,  Spain,  Ac. ,  for  holding  wine  or 
other  liquid;  a  skin  or  leather  bottle.  'Two 
hundred  loaves  and  two  bottles  (that  is,  two 
skins  or  borachios)  of  wine.'  Delany.—  2.  t  A 
drunkard. 

How  you  stink  of  wine !  Do  you  think  my  niece 
will  ever  endure  such  a  borachio  t  You're  an  abso- 
lute borachio.  Congrevt. 

Boracic  (bo-ras'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  pro- 
duced from  borax.— Boracic  acid  (HjBOA  a 
compound  of  boron  with  oxygen  and  hydro- 

gen  It  is  generally  obtained  from  borax 
y  adding  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  also  found 
native  in  certain  mineral  springs  In  Italy 
and  in  the  volcanic  formations  of  the  Lipari 
Islands. 

Boracite  (bo'ras-it),  n.  A  mineral,  consist- 
ing of  borate  and  chloride  of  magnesium. 
It  is  generally  of  a  cubic  form  and  remark- 
able for  its  electrical  properties  when  heated. 

Borage  (bor'aj),  n.  [L.L.  burrago,  borai/o, 
Fr.  bourraehe,  from  L.L.  borra,  Fr.  bourre, 
hair  of  beasts,  so  called  from  its  hairy  leaves.  ] 
A  plant  of  the  genus  Borago.  Sometimes 
also  written  Burridye. 

Boraginaceae  (bo-raj'i-na"se-e),  n.  pi.  A  nat. 
order  of  regular  -  (lowered  monopetalous 
dicotyledons,  containing  a  large  number  of 


Common  Borage  (Borago  ojficinalis).  ' 

i.  Tube  of  corolla  opened  up  to  show  the  scales 
(cccc)  and  lanceolate  anthers  (dddd).  3,  Four- 
celled,  deeply-cleft  ovary.  3,  Portion  of  epider- 
mis of  the  leaf,  magnified. 

herbs  or  shrubs  chiefly  found  in  the  northern 
temperate  regions.    The  common    borage 


type  of  this  order.  All  the  species  agree  in 
having  a  demulcent,  mucilaginous  Juice  and 
their  surface  covered  over  with  while  hnirs. 
Some  few  of  the  species  yield  from  their 
roots  a  purplish  colouring  matter,  used  liv 
dyers  under  the  name  of  alkanet.  Alkanet. 
comfrey,  and  the  familiar  foiget-me-not 
belong  to  this  family. 

Boraginaceous  (bo-nij'i-na"shus),  n.  (if  or 
pi-ruining  to  the  nat.  order  of  plants  Bora- 
ginacetc. 

Borago  (bo-ra'go),  n.  [See  BORAGE.]  Bor- 
age, a  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Bongl- 
naceffi.  All  the  species  are  rough  plants. 
with  fusiform  roots,  oblong  or  lanceolate 
leaves,  and  blue,  panicled,  drooping  flow  ci •» 
B.  officinalis,  or  common  borage,  is  a  British 
plant,  growing  in  waste  ground  near  houses, 
The  flowers  were  formerly  supposed  to  lie 
cordial  and  were  infused  in  drinks. 
Boramez  (bor'a-mez),  n.  Same  as  linn- 
inetz. 

Borassus  (bo-ras'sus),  n.  A  genus  of  palms 
containing  two  species,  both  magnilin  nt 
trees  with  immense  circular  leaves,  and  tlu' 
male  and  female  flowers  on  different  trees. 
See  PALMYRA. 

Borate  (bo'rat),  n  A  salt  formed  by  a  com- 
bination of  boracic  acid  with  any  base. 
Borax  (bo'raks),  n.  [Sp.  borrax,  Ar.  &»,><•/, 
saltpetre,  from  barak,  to  shine.)  Biborate 
of  soda;  a  salt  formed  by  the  combination 
of  boracic  acid  with  soda.  It  is  brought 
from  the  East  Indies,  where  it  is  said  t.. 
be  found  at  the  bottom  or  on  the  margin 
of  certain  lakes,  particularly  in  Thibet; 
and  is  prepared  also  in  England  and  France 
from  soda  and  boracic  acid  imported  from 
Tuscany.  It  is  said  to  be  artificially  pre- 
pared in  Persia  like  nitre.  It  comes  in 
three  states:  (1)  Crude  borax,  tlncal,  or 
chrysocolla  from  Persia,  in  greenish  masses 
greasy  to  the  touch,  or  in  opaque  crystals. 
(2)  Borax  of  China,  somewhat  purer,  in 
small  plates  or  masses,  irregularly  crystal- 
Iked,  and  of  a  dirty  white.  (3)  Dutch  or 
purified  borax,  in  portions  of  transparent 
crystals,  which  it  the  kind  generally  usi-d 
It  is  an  excellent  flux  in  assaying  opera- 
tions, and  useful  in  soldering  metals  and  in 
making  glass  and  artificial  gems. 
Borborus  (bor'bor-us),  n.  [Gr.  borboros, 
slime,  dung.]  A  genus  of  two-winged  Hies, 
belonging  to  the  family  Muscidre.  These 
little  Mies  are  found  in  marshy  places  and 
on  putrid  substances,  but  more  particularly 
on  dung-heaps. 

Borborygmus,  Borborygm  (bor-bor-ig'- 
mus,  borbor-im),  ».  [Gr.  boTborygmot,  from 
borboryzo,  to  have  a  rumbling  in  the  bowels. 
Imitative.)  The  rumbling  noise  caused  by 
wind  within  the  intestines. 
Borcer  (bors'er),  H.  A  steel-pointed  iron 
instrument  for  boring  holes  in  rocks  pre- 
paratory to  blasting. 

Bordt  (bord),  n.  [See  BOUHD.)  A  Jest;  a 
pretence.  Spenser. 

Bord  (bord),  t).(.  [See  BOARD,  4.)  To  accost 
or  address.  Speiuter. 

Bord  (bord),  n.  [Fr.]  l.t  Border;  the  side 
of  a  ship.  Chaucer.— 2.  In  mining,  (a)  the 
face  of  coal  parallel  to  the  natural  fissures, 
as  opposed  to  the  end,  which  is  at  rlgbl 
angles  to  them,  (ii)  A  gallery  cut  across  the 
face  of  the  coal. 

Bordage  (liord'aj),  11.  [Fr.  bordage.  from 
burd,  side.)  The  planking  on  a  ship's  side. 
Bordage  (bord'aj),  n.  (L.L.  bordagium,  from 

A.  Sax.  bord,  table.)    Same  as  Lord-lode. 
Borde.t  n.    A  table.     Chaucer. 

Bordel,  t  (bor'del),  n.  [Fr.  bordel,  originally 
a  little  house,  then  a  brothel,  from  O.Fr. 
horde,  a  hut;  Goth,  baurd,  E.  board,  a  board.) 
A  brothel;  a  bawdy-house;  a  house  devoted 
to  prostitution.  'Making  even  his  own 
house  a  stew,  a  bordel,  and  a  school  of  lewd- 
ness.'  South. 

Bordelais  (bor-de-la),  a.  Belonging  to  the 
Bordeaux  district  of  France,  a  term  applied 
toaclassof  fine  red  wines  from  this  district, 
such  as  Chateau- Margaux,  Haut- Breton, 
<fcc. 

Bordellert  (bor'del-er),  n.  The  keeper  of  a 
brothel.  Gower. 

Bordello  (bor-deiao),ji.  [It.)  Sameas.Bor<M. 

B.  Joiwon. 

Border  (bor'der),  n.  [Fr.  bord,  bordure,  a 
border,  border,  to  border,  from  the  German. 
SeeBoARD.)  The  outer  part  or  edge  of  any- 
thing, as  of  a  garment,  piece  of  cloth,  a 
country,  &c. ;  margin;  verge;  brink;  boun- 
dary; confine.  [The  borders  is  often  used 
of  the  districts  adjacent  to  the  line  separat- 


(Borago  officinalis)  may  be  taken  as  the  ,    ing  England  from  Scotland  =  the  Scottish. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  Ity 


BORDER 


309 


BOROUGH 


tinnier  and  the  English  border.  'These  out- 
laws, as  I  may  call  them,  who  robbed  upon 
the  borders.'  Bp.  Patrick.  \—  I'IHHI,  mi,  and 
more  rarely  in,  the  borders  of,  on  the  verge 
or  brink  of.  '  Upon  the  border*  of  these 
solitudes.'  lieiithatn.  'In  the  borders  of 
death.'  Barrow. 

Border  (bor'der),  v.i.  1.  To  touch  at  the 
etlije  *>r  hniuulary;  to  be  contiguous  or  ad 
Jacent:  with  on  or  itpun:  as,  England  on 
the  north  borders  on  or  npo»  Scotland. 

Virtue  and  honour  had  their  temples  bordering 
II/VH  c.ich  other.  Attdison. 

2.  To  approach;  to  come  near  to:  with  on 

nr  upon. 

Wit  which  borders  upon  profaneness  .  .  .  deserves 
to  be  branded  as  folly.  TiUotstftt. 

Border  (bor'der),  v.l.  l.To  make  a  bonier  to; 
to  adorn  with  a  bolder  of  ornaments;  as,  to 
hnnler  a  garment  or  a  garden.  '  Rivulets 
bordered  with  the  softest  grass.'  T.  War- 
ton.— i  To  reach  to;  to  touch  at  the  edge 
or  end;  to  confine  with;  to  be  contiguous  to. 

Sheba  and  Raamah  border  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Raleigh. 

3.t  To  confine  within  bounds;  to  limit. 
That  nature,  which  contemns  its  origin, 
Cannot  be  bordered  certain  in  itself.        Shak. 

Borderer  (borMer-er),  n.  1.  One  who  dwells 
on  a  border,  or  at  the  extreme  part  or  con- 
fines of  a  country,  region,  or  tract  of  land; 
one  who  dwells  near  to  a  place. — 2.  One  who 
approaches  near  to  another  in  any  relation. 

The  poet  is  the  nearest  borderer  upon  the  orator. 
R.  Joitson. 

Border-land  (bolder-land),  n.  Land  form- 
ing a  border  or  frontier;  an  uncertain  in- 
termediate district.  '  The  indefinite  bonier- 
laiut  between  the  animal  and  vegetable 
kingdoms.'  //.  Spencer. 

Border-warrant  (bor'der-wor-ant),  n.  In 
Scots  law,  a  warrant  issued  by  the  judge 
ordinary,  on  the  borders  between  Scotland 
and  England,  on  the  application  of  a  credi- 
tor, for  arresting  the  effects  of  a  debtor  re- 
siding on  the  English  side  of  the  border,  and 
detaining  him  until  he  find  caution  that  he 
shall  sist  himself  in  judgment  in  any  action 
which  may  be  brought  for  the  debt  within 
six  months. 

Bord  -  halfpenny  (bordTia-pen-ni),  n.  In 
law,  formerly  a  duty  payable  to  the  superior 
of  a  town  for  liberty  to  set  up  a  stall  in 
market. 

Bord-land  (bordland),  n.  In  law,  the  do- 
main land  which  a  lord  kept  in  his  hands 
for  the  maintenance  of  his  board  or  table. 

Bord-lode,  Bord-load  (bord'lod),  n.  In  law, 
formerly  the  service  required  of  a  tenant  to 
carry  timber  from  the  woods  to  the  lord's 
house ;  also,  the  quantity  of  provision  paid 
by  a  bord-man  for  bord-land. 

Bord-man  (bord'man),  n.  In  law,  a  tenant 
of  bord-land,  who  supplied  his  lord  with 
provisions. 

Bordragingl  (bord'raj-ing),  n.  [Probably 
for  borderaging,  from  a  form  borderage, 
from  border.]  An  incursion  upon  the  bor- 
ders of  a  country. 

Yet  oft  annoyed  with  sundry  bordragiiigs  of  neigh- 
bour Scots.  Spenser. 

Bord-servlce  (bord'ser-vis),  n.  In  law,  the 
tenure  of  bord-lanrts. 

Bordure  (botMur),  n.  In 
her.  a  border  surround- 
ing the  field,  occupying 
one-fifth  of  it,  and  of  an 
equal  breadth  at  every 
part. 

Bore  (bor),  v.t.  pret.  & 
pp.  bored;  ppr.  taring. 
[A.  Sax.  borian;  Icel.  bora,  Bordure. 

Sw.  borra,  Dan.  bore,  D. 
boren,  G.  bohren,  to  bore ;  of  cognate  origin 
with  L.  fora,  to  bore,  perforate.]  1.  To 
pierce,  perforate,  or  penetrate  and  make  a 
round  hole  in,  as  by  turning  an  auger,  gim- 
let, or  other  instrument ;  to  make  a  deep 
circular  hole  in;  to  drill  a  hole  in;  also,  to 
form  by  means  of  a  perforating  instrument; 
as,  to  bore  a  piece  of  wood;  to  bore  a  can- 
non; to  bore  a  hole.  '  Earth  may  be  bared.' 
Shak.  '  The  ship  boring  the  moon  with  her 
mainmast.'  Shak.— 2.  To  penetrate  or  break 
through  by_tnrning  or  labour;  to  force  a  nar- 
ro 

crow 
trick;  to  overreach. 

At  this  instant 

He  bores  me  with  some  trick.  Shat. 

I  am  abused,  betrayed  ;  I  am  laughed  at,  scorned, 
baffled  and  bored  it  seems.  Beau.  &  Fl. 

4.  [In  this  sense  comp.  G.  drillen,  which 


w  and  difficult  passage  through.  '  Bustling 
owds  I  bored.'    Gay.— 3.t  To  befool;  to 


means  to  bore  or  perforate,  and  to  '».;v  <>r 
weary.]  To  weary  by  tedious  iteration  <>r 
repetition;  to  tire  by  insufferable  dulncss; 
to  tease;  to  annoy;  to  pester. 

•I  will  tell  him  to  come,'  said  Buckhurst.  'Oh! 
no,  no;  don't  tell  him  to  come,'  said  Millbauk.  'Don't 
bore  him.'  Disraeli. 

Bore  (bor),  v.i.  1.  To  pierce  or  enter  by 
boring;  as,  the  auger  bores  well;  they  an; 
lioriitjf  for  water,  coal,  oil,  <tc.  —  2.  To  be 
pierced  or  penetrated  by  an  instrument  that 
turns;  as,  this  timber  does  not  bore  well,  or 
is  hard  to  bore.  —3.  To  push  forward  toward 
a  certain  point.  '  Boring  to  the  west.'  Dry- 
den.—  4.  To  carry  the  nose  to  the  ground: 
said  of  a  horse. 

Bore  (bor),  n.  1.  The  hole  made  by  boring; 
hence. the  cavity  or  hollow  of  a  gun,  cann.  m, 
pistol,  or  other  firearm;  the  calibre,  whether 
formed  by  boring  or  not.  '  An  auger's  bore.' 
Shak.  'The  bores  of  wind-instruments.' 
Bacon.  —2. t  A  wound  or  thrust.  Shak.— 

3.  Any  instrument  for  making  holes  by  bor- 
ing or  turning,  as  an  auger,  gimlet,  or  wim- 
ble.    '  A  hole  fit  for  the  file  or  square  bore.' 
Jos.  3foxon.  —  4,  [Probably  in  this  sense  from 
the  verb  transitive.]  A  person  or  thing  that 
tires  or  wearies,  especially  by  trying  the  pa- 
tience; a  dull  person  who  forces  his  com- 
pany and  conversation  upon  us;  anything 
causing  trouble  or  annoyance.    '  Ah  1  that's 
A  bore.'    Disraeli. 

Society  is  now  one  polished  horde, 
Formed  of  two  mighty  tribes,  the  bores  and  bored. 
Byron. 

Bore  (bor),  n.  [Icel.  bdra,  N.  baara,  a  wave 
or  swell.  ]  A  sudden  influx  of  the  tide  into  the 
estuary  of  a  river  from  the  sea,  the  inflow- 
ing water  rising  to  a  considerable  height 
and  advancing  like  a  wall,  rushing  with  tre- 
mendous noise  against  the  current  for  a 
considerable  distance.  The  most  celebrated 
bores  in  the  Old  World  are  those  of  the 
Ganges,  Indus,  and  Brahmaputra.  The  last 
is  said  to  rise  to  a  height  of  12  feet.  In 
some  rivers  in  Brazil  it  rises  to  the  height 
of  12  to  16  feet.  In  England  the  bore  is 
observed  more  especially  in  the  Severn,  the 
Trent,  Wye.and  in  theSolway  Frith.  In  some 
parts  of  England  called  Eagre  (which  see). 

Bore  (bor),  pret.  of  bear  (which  see). 

Boreal  (bo're-al),  a.  [L.  borealis.  See 
BOREAS.]  Northern;  pertaining  to  the 
north  or  the  north  wind.  —  Boreal  pole,  in 
elect,  the  pole  of  the  magnetic  needle  which 
points  to  the  south:  opposed  to  austral  pole, 
or  that  which  seeks  the  north.  See  Austral 
Pole,  under  AUSTRAL. 

Boreas  (b°'re-as),  n.  [L.  boreax,  Gr.  boreas, 
the  north  wind.  ]  The  north  wind ;  a  cold 
northerly  wind. 

Cease,  rude  Boreas  t  blustering  railcr.    Cli.  Dibdin. 

Borecole  (bor'kol),  n.  A  variety  of  Brassica 
oleracea,  a  cabbage  with  the  leaves  curled 
or  wrinkled,  and  having  no  disposition  to 
form  into  a  hard  head.  It  is  chiefly  valued 
for  winter  use. 

Boredom  (bor'dum),  n.  1.  The  domain  of 
bores.— 2.  Bores  collectively.— 3.  The  state 
of  being  bored. 

Some,  stretching  their  legs,  presented  symptoms 
of  an  escape  from  boredom.  Disraeli. 

4.  The  state  of  being  a  bore. 

I  presently  found  that  here  too  the  male  could 
assert  his  superiority  and  show  a  more  vigorous  bore- 
dom. George  liliot. 

Boree  t  (bo-re'),  n.  A  dance  or  movement  in 
common  time;  a  bourree  (which  see). 

Dick  could  neatly  dance  a  jig, 

But  Tom  was  best  at  borees.  Swift. 

Borel  (bor'el),  n.  [Fr.  bureau,  a  coarse 
woollen  stuff,  from  tun,  L.L.  burra,  drug- 
get, and  this  from  old  or  rustic  L.  bitrnts, 
Gr.  pyrrhos,  red — from  its  colour,  from  pyr, 
fire.)  l.t  Coarse  cloth  of  a  brown  colour, 
anciently  worn  by  people  of  a  humble  rank. 
Chaucer.— 2.  A  kind  of  light  stuff  of  which 
the  warp  is  silk  and  the  woof  wool;  a  kind 
of  serge. 

Borel,t  Borrelt  (bor'el),  a.    [See  the  noun.] 

1.  Made  of  plain,  coarse  stuff;  hence,  rustic; 
rude.    '  I  am  but  rude  and  barrel.'  Spenser. 

2.  Lay,  as  opposed  to  clerical. 

Borer  (bor'er),  n.  1.  One  who  bores;  an  in- 
strument for  boring  holes.— 2.  One  of  the 
common  names  for  Terebella,  the  piercer,  a 
genus  of  tube-building  sea-worms,  formerly 
supposed  to  pierce  shells,  Ac.  See  TERE- 
BELLA.— 3.  A  name  common  to  many  minute 
coleopterous  insects  of  the  family  Xylo- 
phaga,  whose  larvse  eat  their  way  into  old 
wood,  forming  at  the  bottom  of  the  holes  a 
little  cocoon,  whence  they  come  out  small 
beetles.  — 4.  A  cartilaginous  parasitic  fish; 
the  hag  (which  see). 


Boric  (iMVrik),  a.    Same  as  /.'D, •</<•/<•. 

Borlde  0">'rid),  n.  A  compound  of  l>oron 
with  an  element. 

Boring  (bor'imt).  u.  1.  The  operation  of 
perforating  or  penetrating ;  the  method  of 
piercing  the,  earth  in  search  of  minerals  nr 
water.—  2.  The  hole  made  l>y  Ix.nnu'.  3.  pi. 
The  chips,  fragments,  or  dust  produced  in 
boring. 

Boring-bar  (bor'iiiK  bar),  n.  In  mech.  see 
CUTTER-BAR,  of  which  it  is  an  enlarged  ap- 
plication. 

Boring-bit  (boring-bit),  n.  A  tool  or  instru- 
ment of  various  shapes  and  sixes  used  for 
making  apertures  in  wood  and  other  solid 
substances.  See  BIT. 

Boring-block  (hor'ing-blok),  n.  In  ntrrli.  a 
strong  cylindrical  piece  fitted  on  the  boring- 
bar  of  a  boring-mill,  and  having  the  cutters 
fixed  in  it. 

Boring -machine  (boi'ing-ma-shen),  n.  A 
contrivance  for  boring  holes,  or  dressing 
those  already  made ;  a  machine  tool  for 
turning  the  insides  of  cylinders,  Ac. 

Boring-mill  (boring-mil),  »i.  Same  as  Bor- 
ing-ittachine. 

Born  (born),  pp.  of  bear,  to  bring  forth,  as 
an  animal,  to  bring  into  life,  to  produce, 
(a)  Used  absolutely.  'A  gentleman  born.' 
Shak.  '  Geffrey  was  thy  elder  brother  born.' 
Shak.  (b)  With  of.  '  None  of  woman  born 
shall  harm  Macbeth.'  Shak.  (c)  With  to. 
'Iwasioratoagood  estate.'  Swift.  (d)With 
into.  'Born  into  the  world.'  Locke.  —  To 
be  born  again,  to  be  regenerated  and  re- 
newed. 

Except  a  man  be  born  a^ain,  he  cannot  sec  the 
kingdom  of  God.  Jn.  iii.  3. 

—To  be  born  with  a  silver  spoon  in  one's 
mouth,  to  inherit  a  fortune  by  birth. —Born 
days,  one's  lifetime.  [Colloq.  ] 

Borne  (born),  pp.  of  bear,  to  carry,  convey, 
support,  defray,  endure. 

Borne  (born),  n.    See  BOURN. 

Borne  (bor-na),  a.  [Fr.]  Bounded;  limited, 
narrow-minded. 

Borneo -camphor  (bor'ne-6-kam-fer),  n. 
The  camphor  of  the  camphor-tree  of  Suma- 
tra (Dryobalanops  aromatica).  See  DBYO- 

BALANOPS. 

Borning,  n.    See  BONING. 

Bornite  (bor'uit),  »».  [After  Dr.  Ignatius 
Born,  an  Austrian  mineralogist.]  1.  Tetra- 
dymite,  a  variety  of  telluric  bismuth  found 
in  foliated  crystalline  masses,  splitting  into 
thin  plates  like  talc  or  mica,  with  the  lustre 
and  colourof  highly  polished  steel.  It  con- 
sists of  bismuth,  tellurium,  and  a  very  little 
selenium.  —  2.  A  valuable  copper  ore,  con- 
sisting of  about  60  parts  copper,  14  iron, 
and  26  sulphur,  mostly  found  massive,  and 
disseminated  in  rocks,  as  the  copper-slate 
of  Germany.  Known  also  as  Purple  or 
Variegated  Copper,  and  Erubescite. 

Bornous,  Bornouse  (bor-noz'),  n.  Same  as 
Burnoose. 

Boron  (bo'ron),  n.  Sym.  B.  At.  wt.  11.  In 
chem.  the  characteristic  element  contained 
in  borax.  It  is  prepared  by  igniting  boron 
fluoride  with  potassium.  It  forms  dark- 
coloured  brilliant  crystals,  or  sometimes  a 
dark-brown  amorphous  powder.  Crystal- 
lized or  adamantine  boron  is  nearly  as  hard 
as  diamond,  and  is  much  less  susceptible 
of  oxidation.  Boron  in  all  its  combinations 
appears  to  be  triatomic. 

Borough  G'u'r°).  «•  [•*•  Sax-  bur9>  bvrlt>  n 
fort,  a  castle,  a  town,  a  city;  Icel.  Sw.  Dan. 
bora,  Goth,  baurgo,  G.  D.  bury.  Root  in 
A.  Sax.  beorgan,  Goth,  bairgan,  G.  bergen,  to 
protect;  Icel.  bjarga,  to  save,  help,  byrgja, 
to  inclose.  It  appears  in  many  names  of 
towns,  as  Peterborough,  Hamburg,  Edin- 
burgh,  Canterbury,  Bergen,  Burgos,  &c. 
From  the  same  root  come  the  verb  to  bury, 
burrow,  barrow  (grave  mound).]  1.  Formerly, 
a  fortified  town;  also,  a  town  or  city  in 
general.— 2.  In  England,  a  corporate  town 
or  township;  a  town  with  a  properly  organ- 
ized municipal  government.  If  it  sends  a 
representative  or  representatives  to  parlia- 
ment it  is  a  parliamentary  borough,  if  not  it 
Is  only  a  municipal  borough.  By  the  Reform 
Act  of  1867  a  borough  is  defined  to  mean 
'any  borough,  city,  place,  or  combination 
of  places,  not  being  a  county,  returning  a 
member  or  members  to  serve  in  parliament. ' 
The  qualifications  for  voters  in  both  classes 
of  boroughs  are  the  same.  In  all  Ixjrouglis 
a  mayor  is  chosen  annually,  and  a  certain 
number  of  aldermen  and  councillors  periodi- 
cally, the  burgesses  or  voters  electing  the 
councillors,  and  the  councillors  electing  the 
mayor  and  aldermen.  Mayor,  aldermen, 


ch,  cAain;      Ch,  Sc.  lorfi;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Mn;      w,  wig;    wh,  u-Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BOROUGH 


310 


BOSPORIAN 


and  councillors  form  the  council.  The  cor- 
responding term  in  Scotland  is  spelled 
Burgh.—  S.  In  some  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  a  town  or  part  of  a  town,  or  a 
village  incorporated  with  certain  privileges, 
distinct  from  those  of  other  towns  and  of 
cities.— 4. t  A  shelter  or  place  of  security. 
1  The  flat  levell,  and  plaine  fields  not  able 
to  afford  us  ...  any  borough  to  shelter  us. 
Holland. 

Borough  t  n.  [A  Sax.  borg,  bom,  O.Jt.  borghe. 
bonce  borrow,  Ac.;  same  root  as  preceding.] 
Pledge;  loan;  bail;  security. 
Borough-court  (bu'ro-kort),  n.  The  court 
of  record  fora  borough,  generally  presided 
over  by  the  recorder. 

Borough-English  (bu'ro-ingVlish),  n.  In 
law,  a  customary  descent  of  estates  to  the 
youngest  son  Instead  of  the  eldest,  or,  if 
the  owner  leaves  no  son,  to  the  youngest 
brother. 

Borough-head  (bu'ro-hed),  n.    The  chief  of 
a  borough;  the  head-borough. 
Borough-holder  (bu'ro-hold-er),  ?».  A  head- 
liorough;  a  borsholder. 
Borough-master  (bu'ro-mas-ter),  n.    The 
mayor,  governor,  or  bailitf  of  a  borough. 
Borough-monger  (bu'ro-mung-ger),  n.  One 
who  buys  or  sells  the  parliamentary  repre- 
sentation of  a  borough. 

These  were  called  rotten  boroughs,  and  those  who 
owned  and  supported  them  borongh-nionfers. 

A.  Fonolanqite. 

Borough-mongerlng(bu"ro-muiiK'ger-ing), 
«.  Trafficking  in  the  parliamentary  repre- 
sentation of  a  borough. 

We  owe  the  English  peerage  to  three  sources:  the 
spoliation  of  the  church  ;  the  open  and  flagrant  sale 
ofits  honours  by  the  elder  Stuarts;  and  the  boroug  h- 
mongering  of  our  own  times.  Dtsratti. 

Borough-reeve  (bu'ro-rev),  n.  The  chief 
municipal  officer  in  towns  unincorporated 
before  the  Municipal  Corporations  Act, 
5  and  6  Will.  IV.  Ixxvi. 

Borough-sessions  (bu'ro-se-shonz),  n.  The 
sessions  held  quarterly,  or  oftener  if  thought 
fit,  in  a  borough  before  the  recorder,  on  a 
day  appointed  by  him. 

Borowe  t  (bo'ro),  n.  [See  BOROUGH,  a  secu- 
rity.] A  pledge;  a  security.— Borowe-base, 
base  pledges  or  usury.  Spenser. 

Borracho,  ".    Same  as  Borachio. 

Must  such  borrachos  as  you  take  upon  you  to  vilify 
a  man  of  science  T  Dryden. 

BorreU  a.    See  BOREL. 

Borrelist  (bor'rel-ist),™.  [From  Barrel,  their 
founder.  ]  In  ecdes.  hist,  one  of  a  sect  of 
Christians  in  Holland  who  reject  the  use  of 
the  sacraments,  public  prayer,  and  all  ex- 
ternal worship.  They  lead  a  very  austere 
life. 

Borreria  (bor-re'ri-a),  n.  [Named  after  W. 
Barrer,  an  English  botanist.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Cinchonaceee.  The  species 
are  mostly  herbs  or  under-shrubs,  and  are 
nearly  all  natives  of  tropical  America.  B. 
ferruyinea  is  a  native  of  Brazil,  and  yields 
'a  bastard  ipecacuanha 

Borrow  (bor'ro),  v.  t.  [A.  Sax.  borgian,  pro- 
perly to  take  on  security,  from  borg,  borh, 
security;  G.  and  D.  borgen,  to  borrow.  See 
BOROUGH.  ]  1.  To  take  or  receive  on  credit, 
for  a  time,  with  the  intention  of  returning 
or  giving  an  equivalent  for. 

We  have  borrowed  money  for  the  king's  tribute, 
and  that  upon  our  lands  ana  vineyards.  Neh.  v.  4. 

2.  To  take  or  adopt  from  another  or  from 
a  foreign  source  and  use  as  one's  own ;  to 
adopt ;  to  appropriate ;  as,  to  borrow  the 
manners  of  an  author,  or  his  style  of  writing. 

These  verbal  signs  they  sometimes  borrow  from 
others,  and  sometimes  make  themselves.  Locke. 

It  is  not  hard  for  any  man  who  hath  a  Bible  in  his 
hands  to  borrow  good  words  and  holy  sayings  in 
abundance.  Milton. 

As  monarchical  governments  borrow  the  advan- 
tages of  a  council  from  popular  constitutions,  so  these 
borrow  from  absolute  monarchy  the  use  of  function- 
iries  armed  with  large  powers  to  execute  the  law. 
Brougham. 

3.  To  assume  or  usurp  as  something  coun- 
terfeit, feigned,  or  not  real;  to  assume  out 
of  some  pretence.     '  Those  borrowed  tears 
that  Sinon  sheds. '    Shak.     '  This  borrowed 
likeness  of  shrunk  death.'    Shak.  —  4.t  To 
get  or  take  possession  of  from  another ;  to 
receive. 

I  bepray  you,  let  me  borrow  my  arms  again.  Shut. 

Borrow  t  (bor'ro),  n.  [A.  Sax.  borg,  borh,  a 
loan,  a  pledge,  security.]  1.  A  borrowing; 
the  act  of  borrowing. 

But  of  your  royal  presence  I'll  adventure 
The  borrow  of  a  week.  Shut. 

2.  A  pledge  or  surety;  bail;  security:  ap- 
plied both  to  the  thing  given  as  security, 


and  to  the  person  giving  it.  '  With  bail  nor 
borrow.'  Spenser. 

Ye  may  retain  as  borrow  my  t"">j^'f^'SnU 

3.  t  Cost;  expense.    '  That  great  Pan  bought 
with  great  borrow.'    Spenser. 
Borrower  (bor'r6-6r),n.  l.One  who  borrows: 
opposed  to  lender. 

Neither  a  borrower  nor  a  lender  be.        Shak. 

2  One  who  takes  what  belongs  to  another, 
and  uses  it  as  his  own;  specifically,  in  liter- 
ature, a  plagiarist.  '  Some  say  I  am  a  great 
borrower. '  Pope. 

Borrowing  (boi'ro-ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  bor- 
rowing.—2.  The  thing  borrowed. 

Yet  are  not  these  thefts  but  borrowings:  not  Im- 
pious falsities,  but  elegant  flowers  of  speech^  ^ 

Borrowing-days  (bor-rc-ing-daz),  n.pl.  The 
three  last  days  of  March,  old  style:  so  named 
because  it  was  believed  that  March  borrowed 
them  from  April.  [Scotch.] 

Borsella  (bor-sel'la), «.  In  glass-making,  an 
instrument  for  extending  or  contracting 

Borsholder  (borsliold-er),  n.  [A  contraction 
of  borough's  elder,  the  elder  or  chief  of  a 
borough.]  The  head  or  chief  of  a  tithing;  a 
head-borough. 

Bort  (bort),  7i.  A  name  given  to  diamonds 
which  from  coarseness  of  quality  are  useless 
for  purposes  of  decoration;  also  to  small 
fragments  split  from  diamonds  in  roughly 
reducing  them  to  shape  for  cutting  and 
which  are  too  small  for  jewelry;  both  kinds 
of  bort  are  reduced  to  powder  and  much 
used  for  grinding  and  polishing. 

Boruret  (bo'ru-ret),  n.  The  older  form  for 
Boride  <which  seel 

Borwe,t  ?i.  [  See  BOROUGH,  a  security.  ]  A 
security;  a  pledge.  Chaucer. 

Bos  (bos),  n.  [L.,  an  ox.]  The  ox  genus;  a 
genus  of  ruminant  quadrupeds,  sub-family 
Bovidtc(Cavicornia).  The  characters  are:  the 
horns  are  hollow,  supported  on  a  bony  core, 
and  curved  outward  in  the  form  of  cres- 
cents; there  are  eight  incisor  teeth  in  the 
under  jaw,  but  none  in  the  upper ;  there 
are  no  canines  or  dog-teeth ;  the  naked 
muffle  is  broad.  The  species  are  B.  Taurus, 
or  common  ox ;  J7.  Urus,  aurochs,  or  bison 
of  Europe;  B.  Bison,  or  buffalo  of  North 
America;  B.  Bubalus,  or  proper  buffalo  of 
the  eastern  continent;  B.  caffer,  or  Cape 
buffalo;  B.  grunniens,  or  yak  of  Thibet.  &c. 

Bosa(bo'za),  n.  [Per.  and  Turk.]  1.  A  popu- 
lar oriental  drink,  made  by  boiling  millet- 
seed  in  water,  and  fermenting  the  infusion, 
adding  afterwards  certain  astringent  sub- 
stances.—2.  An  inebriating  mess  made  of 
darnel  meal,  hemp-seed,  and  water. — 3.  A 
preparation  of  honey  and  tamarinds.  Called 
also  Bmiza. 

Bosard.t  71.    A  buzzard.     Chaucer. 

Boscage,  Boskage  (bosk'aj),  n.  [O.Fr.  bos- 
cage, Fr.  bocaije,  a  grove,  from  the  German. 
See  BUSH.]  1.  A  mass  of  growing  trees  or 
shrubs;  woods;  groves  or  thickets;  sylvan 
foliage. 

Gurth,  with  the  sky  above  him,  with  the  free  air 
and  tinted  boscage  and  umbrage  round  him  .  .  . 
Gurth  to  me  seems  happy  in  comparison  with  many 
a  Lancashire  and  Buckinghamshire  man  of  these 
days,  not  born  thrall  of  anybody.  Carlyle. 

4  Glory  to  God'  she  sang,  and  past  afar, 
Thridding  the  sombre  boskage  of  the  wood. 
Toward  the  morning-star.  Tennyson. 

2.  In  old  law,  food  or  sustenance  for  cattle, 
which  is  yielded  by  bushes  and  trees. 

Bosch-bok,  Bosh-bok  ( bosh '  bok ),  n.  [  D. 
bosch,  wood,  and  bok,  buck.]  The  bush- 
buck;  a  name  given  to  several  South  African 
species  of  antelope  belonging  to  the  genus 
Cephalophus. 

Bosch-vark,  Bosh-vark  (bosh'vark),  n. 
[D.  busch,  wood,  and  rnrk,  hog.]  The  bush- 
hog  or  bush-pig  of  South  Africa  (Choiro- 
potamus  africanus),  one  of  the  most  formid- 
able members  of  the  swine  family,  about 
2  feet  6  inches  in  height  and  5  feet  long. 
Its  canine  teeth  are  very  large  and  strong, 
those  on  the  upper  jaw  projecting  horizon- 
tally, those  on  the  lower  upwards.  The 
Kaffirs  dread  it,  but  esteem  its  flesh  as  a 
luxury,  and  its  tusks,  arranged  on  a  piece 
of  string  and  tied  round  the  neck,  are  con- 
sidered great  ornaments. 

Bosea  (bo'se-a),  n.  [In  honour  of  E.  G.  Dose, 
a  German  professor  of  botany.  ]  A  genus  of 
plants  generally  referred  to  nat.order  Cheno- 
podiacese.  There  is  but  one  species,  the 
golden -rod  tree,  a  native  of  the  Canary 
Islands,  and  long  an  inhabitant  of  the  Bri- 
tish botanic  gardens.  It  is  a  pretty  strong 


woody  shrub,  growing  with  a  stem  as  thk'k 
as  a  man's  leg. 

Bosh  (bosh),  n.  [Turk.,  empty,  vain,  use- 
less, a  word  lately  introduced  from  our  inter- 
course with  the  East.  Wnlywond .]  .Non- 
sense; absurdity;  trash.  'This  is  what  Turks 
and  Englishmen  call  bosh. '  W.  II.  Ruttttt. 
[Colloq.  ] 

Now.  don't  ask  me  how  I  dare,  father,  because 
that's  bosh.  Dickens. 

Bosh  (bosh),  '!.  [Probably  from  Fr.  ebanclie, 
a  rough  draught  or  sketch.  ]  Outline;  figure. 
'ThetoxAof  an  argument,  .  .  .  the  shadow 
of  a  syllogism.'  The  Student.  [Obsolete  or 
provincial.] 

Boshes  (bosh'ez),  n.  pi.  [Comp.  G.  boschen, 
to  slope.]  That  part  of  the  interior  of  a 
blast-furnace  where  the  cavity  begins  to 
contract.  See  BLAST-FURNACE. 

Bosjesman  (bos'jes-man),  n.  Same  as  Bush- 
man, 2. 

Bosk  (bosk),  n.  [A  form  of  bush,  O  E.  bosk, 
bosks,  Pr.  bosc,  It.  botico,  a  wood,  a  forest. 
See  BOSCAGE.  ]  A  thicket;  a  small  close  natu- 
ral wood,  especially  of  bushes.  'Blowing 
bosks  of  wilderness.'  Tennyson.  [Old  and 
poetical.  ] 

Boskage,  n.    See  BOSCAGE. 

Bosket,  Bosquet  (bos'ket),  n.  [Fr.  and  Pr. 
bosquet,  It.  boschetto,  a  little  wood,  dim.  of 
bosco,  a  wood.  See  BOSCAGE.]  In  hart,  a 
grove;  a  compartment  formed  by  branches 
of  trees,  regularly  or  irregularly  disposed, 
according  to  fancy.  Written  also  Bvsket. 

Bosky  (bos'ki),  a.  [See  BOSK.]  Woody; 
covered  with  groves  or  thickets.  Milton. 

Bosom  (bo'zum),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bfism,  D.  boezem, 
G.  bnsen,  probably  from  root  of  bow,  mean- 
ing literally  a  swelling  or  protruding  part] 

1.  The  breast  of  a  human  being;  that  part 
bf  the  body  against  which  anything  presses 
when  embraced  by  the  arms. 

And  she  turned — her  bosom  shaken  with  a  sudden 
storm  of  sighs.  Tennyson. 

2.  The  folds  of  the  dress  about  the  breast. 

And  he  put  his  hand  into  his  bosom  again ;  and 
plucked  it  out  of  his  bosom,  and,  behold  it  was  turned 
again  as  his  other  flesh.  Ex.  iv.  7. 

3.  Inclosure;  compass;   embrace.      'They 
must  live  within  the  bosom  of  that  church.' 
Hooker,—  4.  The  breast  as  the  abode  of  ten- 
der  affections,    favour,   desires,  passions, 
inmost  thoughts,  wishes  and  secrets. 

Anger  resteth  in  the  bosom  of  fools.      Eccl.  vii.  9. 
Their  soul  was  poured  out  into  their  mother's  bosom. 
Lam.  ii.  12. 

5.  Something  regarded  as  resembling  or  re- 
presenting the  human  bosom ;  the  surface 
or  what  bears  up;  an  inclosed  place;  the 
interior;  inmost  recess;  as,  the  bosom  of  the 
earth  or  of  the  deep.  '  Upon  the  bosom  of 
the  ground.'  Shak.  'Sails  upon  the  bosom 
of  the  air.'  Shak.  'Slips  into  the  bosom  of 
the  lake.'  Tennyson.— 6.  A  recess  or  shelv- 
ing depression  round  the  eye  of  a  mill-stone. 
7.tlnclination;desire.  'You  shall  have  your 
bosom  on  this  wretch.'  Shak.  [Used  adjec- 
tively  or  as  the  first  part  of  a  compound  it 
signifies  intimate,  familiar,  near,  close;  thus 
Shakspere  has  'bosom  lover,' '  bosom  interest,' 
South  'bosom  secret,'  'bosom  friend.'] 
Bosom  (bo'zum),  v.t.  1.  To  inclose  or  harbour 
in  the  bosom;  to  embrace;  to  keep  with  care; 
to  cherish  intimately. 

Pull  from  the  lion's  hug  his  bosom'J  whelp. 

y.  Baillie. 

Rosom  up  my  counsel 
You'll  find  it  wholesome.  Shak. 

2.  To  conceal ;  to  hide  from  view ;  to  em- 
bosom. 

To  happy  convents  bosom  d  deep  in  vines.    Pope. 

Bosomed  (  bo'zumd ),  p.  and  o.  Intimate. 
[Rare.] 

I  am  doubtful  that  you  hare  been  conjunct 
And  bosom'd  with  her.  Skat. 

Bosomer  (bo'znm-er),  n.  That  which  em- 
bosoms; an  embosomer.  [Rare.] 

Blue !  'Tis  the  life  of  heaven— the  domain 
Of  Cynthia —  ...  the  bosomer  of  clouds. 

Keats. 

Bosom-friend  ( bo'zum-frend ),  n.    A  very 

intimate  friend;  an  inseparable  associate. 

Bosom-spring  (bo'zum-spring),)i.  A  spring 

1    rising  in  the  bosom  or  heart ;  heart-spring ; 

heart-joy.    [Rare.  ] 

From  thee  that  bosom-spring  of  rapture  flows 
Which  only  virtue,  tranquil  virtue,  knows.    Rogers. 

Boson  (1'6'sn),  n.  A  corruption  of  Boatswain 
(which  see). 

The  merry  boson  from  his  side 

His  whistle  takes.  Dryden. 

Bosporian,  Bosphorian  (bos-p6'ri-an,  bos- 
fo'ri-an),  a.  [See  BOSPORUS.)  Pertaining 
to  a  bosporus,  a  strait  or  narrow  sea  between 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley- 


BOSPORUS 


311 


BOTCH 


two  seas,  or  a  sea  and  a  lake,  particularly  to 
the  Thracian  ami  the  Cimmerian  Bosporus. 

The   Alans   forced   the   Fospori.itt   kind's   to   pay 
them  tribute,  and  exterminated  the  Taurians. 

Tooi-e. 

Bosporus,  Bosphorus  (l>os'po-rus,  bos'- 
fo-rus).  n.  [L.  tioxporux,  Gr.  Boxporos,  lit. 
an  ox's  or  heifer's  passage— bous,  an  ox  or 
heifer,  and  poros,  a  passage,  from  pemu,  to 
pass  or  cross.]  A  strait  or  channel  between 
two  seas  or  between  a  sea  and  a  lake;  more 
particularly  applied  to  the  strait  between 
the  Sea  of  Marmora  and  the  Blaek  Sea, 
formerly  the  Tliracian  Bosporus;  and  to  the 
strait  of  Cafta,  or  Cimmerian  Bosporus, 
which  connects  the  Sea  of  Azof  with  the 
Black  Sea. 

Boss  (bo-)  n.  [Fr.  borne,  Pr.  bossa,  a  swell- 
ing, O.H.G.  b6zo,  pdzo,  a  bunch  or  bundle, 
from  same  root  as  O.H.G.  pozan,  M.H.G. 
Mien,  G.  bo&en,  to  beat;  E.  beat.]  1.  A  pro- 
tuberant part;  a  round,  swelling  body;  a 
stud  or  knob;  a  protuberant  ornament  of 
silver,  ivory,  or  other  material,  used  on 
bridles,  harness,  &c. 

He  runneth  upon  the  thick  bosses  of  his  bucklers. 
Job  xv.  26. 

2.  Iii  sculp,  a  projecting  mass  to  be  after- 
wards cut  or  carved.  — 3.t  A  water  conduit, 
in  form  of  a  tun-bellied  figure;  a  head  or 
reservoir  of  water.  B.  Jonson.  — 4.  In  arch. 
an  ornament  placed  at  the  intersection  of 
the  ribs  or  groins  in  vaulted  or  flat  roofs ;  it 


Bosses.—!.  From  Wells  Cathedral.  Lady  Chapel, 
a,  From  St.  Mary's  Church,  Bury  St.  Edmunds. 

is  frequently  richly  sculptured  with  armorial 
bearings  or  other  devices.  Any  round  pro- 
jecting ball  or  knot  of  foliage,  &e.,  is  also 
called  a  boss,  whatever  be  its  situation.— 
6.  In  mech.  (n)  the  enlarged  part  of  a  shaft 
on  which  a  wheel  is  to  be  keyed;  the  term 
is,  however,  applied  ordinarily  to  any  en- 
larged part  of  the  diameter,  as  to  the  ends 
of  the  separate  pieces  of  a  line  of  shafts  con- 
nected by  couplings.  Hollow  shafts  through 
which  others  pass  are  sometimes  also  called 
bosses,  but  improperly.  (&)  A  swage  or  die 
used  for  shaping  metals. 

Boss  (bos),  v.t.  To  ornament  with  bosses;  to 
bestud;  to  emboss.  'Turkey  cushion  boss'd 
with  pearl.'  Shak.  '  Boss'd  with  lengths  of 
classic  frieze.'  Tennyson. 

Boss  (bos),  a.  Hollow;  empty.  'His  thick 
ftos0  head. '  Ramsay.  [Scotch.] 

Boss  (bos),  n.  [  D.  baas,  a  master.  ]  1.  An 
employer  of  mechanics  or  labourers ;  a 
master;  a  superintendent:  the  form  boss 
probably  originated  in  New  York,  and  in 
America  is  often  employed  as  a  slang  mode 
of  address,  in  the  same  way  as  Governor  in 
England. — 2.  A  master,  or  he  who  can  beat 
or  overcome  another.  [Provincial  English.] 

Boss  (bos), v.  t.  To  be  master  over;  to  direct 
or  superintend ;  as,  to  boss  the  house. 
[United  States  slang.] 

Boss  (bos),  v.i.  To  be  master.  'To  boss  it 
over  the  crowd.'  Bartlett.  [United  States 
slang.] 

Boss  (bns),  n.  [Perhaps  from  D.  bos,  bus, 
Dan.  bosse,  a  box.]  In  masonry,  a  wooden 
vessel  for  holding  mortar,  hung  by  a  hook 
on  a  ladder  or  a  wall. 

Bossage  (boa'aj),  n.  [From&oss,  a  knob;  Fr. 
bonsage.]  1.  A  stone  in  a  building  which  has 
a  projection  and  is  laid  rough,  to  be  after- 
ward carved  into  mouldings,  capitals,  coats 
of  arms,  &c.  —  2.  Rustic  work,  consisting  of 
stones  which  advance  beyond  the  naked  or 


level  of  the  building,  by  reason  of  iuil  n- 
tures  or  channels  left  in  the  joinings,  chiefly 
in  the  corners  of  edifices,  and  called  rwttic 
quoins.  The  cavities  are  sometimes  rmmd 
and  sometimes  bevelled  or  in  a  diamond 
form,  sometimes  inclosed  with  a  cavetto, 
and  sometimes  with  a  listel. 

Bosset  (itosY-t),  n.  [Dim.  of  boss,  aknob;  Fr. 
bonne.]  The  rudimentary  antler  of  the  male 
red-deer. 

Bossivet  (bos'iv),  a.  Crooked;  deformed. 
1  A  bosxive  birth.'  Oxborne. 

Bossy  (bos'i),  n.  A  familiar  term  for  a  calf. 
[United  States.] 

Bossy  (bos'i),  a.  Containing  a  boss ;  orna- 
mented with  bosses. 

His  head  reclining  on  his  bossy  shield.     Pope. 

Bost,t  n.    Pride;  boasting.     Chaucer. 

Bost.t  adv.  Aloud.  ' He  spake  thisewordes 
bost. '  Chaucer. 

Bostangi  (bos-tan'je),  n.  pi.  [Turk.,  from 
bostan,  a  garden.  ]  A  class  of  men  in  Turkey, 
originally  the  sultan's  gardeners,  but  now 
also  employed  in  several  ways  about  his 
person,  as  mounting  guard  at  the  seraglio, 
rowing  his  barge,&c.,and  likewise  in  attend- 
ing the  officers  of  the  royal  household. 
They  number  now  about  600,  but  were  for- 
merly much  more  numerous. 

Bostriclms  (bos'tri-kus),  n.  [Gr.  bostrychos, 
a  curl  or  lock  of  hair;  also,  a  kind  of  insect.] 
A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects  belonging 
to  the  family  Bostrichidic  (Scolytidte),  some 
species  of  which  are  highly  destructive  to 
wood.  One  of  the  most  destructive  species 
is  the  B.  typographic,  or  typographer  beetle, 
which  devours,  both  in  the  larva  and  perfect 
state,  the  soft  wood  beneath  the  bark  of 
trees,  and  thus  causes  their  death.  Ditferent 
species  attack  different  trees,  as  silver-fir, 
pine,  larch,  spruce,  apple. 

Bostrychite  (bos'tri-kit),  n.  [Gr.  bostrychos, 
a  curl  or  lock  of  hair.]  A  gem  presenting 
the  appearance  of  a  lock  of  hair. 

Boswellla  (boz-wel'i-a),  n.  [After  Dr.  Bos- 
well  of  Edinburgh.]  A  genus  of  balsamic 
plants,  nat.  order  Amyridaceic.  One  species, 
Boswellia  thurtfera,  is  a  large  timber-tree 
found  in  the  mountainous  parts  of  India, 
and  yields  the  most  fragrant  and  stimulant 
gum-resin,  called  olibanum,  from  wounds 
made  in  the  bark.  B.  glabra  yields  a  coarse 
brittle  resin  which,  boiled  with  oil,  is  used 
for  pitching  ships. 

Boswelllan  (boz-wel'i-an),  a.  Relating  to, 
in  the  manner  of,  or  resembling  James  Bos- 
well,  the  friend  and  biographer  of  Dr.  John- 
son. 

Boswelllsm  (boz'wcl-izm),  n.  Style  or  man- 
ner of  Boswell. 

Bot  (bot),  11.    See  BOTT. 

Botanic,  Botanical  (bo-tan'ik,  bo-tan'ik-al), 
a.  Pertaining  to  botany;  relating  to  plants 
in  general. — Botanic  garden,  a  garden  de- 
voted to  the  culture  of  plants  collected  for 
the  purpose  of  illustrating  the  science  of 
botany. 

Botanically  (bo-tan'ik-al-li),adti.  In  a  botan- 
ical manner;  after  the  manner  of  a  botanist; 
according  to  a  system  of  botany;  like  a 
botanist. 

Botanist  (bot'an-ist),  n.  One  skilled  in 
botany ;  one  versed  in  the  knowledge  of 
plants  or  vegetables,  their  structure,  and 
generic  and  specific  differences. 

Then  spring  the  living  herbs.  .  .  .  beyond  the  power 
Of  botanists  to  number  up  their  tribes.  Thomson. 

Botanize  (bot'an-lz),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  botan- 
ized; ppr.  botanizing.  To  study  plants;  to 
investigate  the  vegetable  kingdom ;  to  seek 
for  plants  with  a  view  to  study  them. 

Botanologert  (bot-an-ol'o-jer),  n.  A  botan- 
ist. Sir  T.  Browne. 

Botanologyt  (bot-an-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  botane, 
a  plant,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The  science 
of  botany.  Bailey. 

Botanomancy  (bot'an-6-man-si),  n.  [Gr. 
botane,  a  plant,  and  manteia,  divination.] 
An  ancient  species  of  divination  by  means 
of  plants,  especially  sage  and  fig  leaves. 
Persons  wrote  their  names  and  questions  on 
leaves,  which  they  exposed  to  the  wind,  and 
as  many  of  the  letters  as  remained  in  their 
places  were  taken  up,  and  being  joined 
together  contained  an  answer  to  the  ques- 
tion. 

Botany  (bot'a-ni),  n.  [As  if  from  a  form 
botaneia,  from  Gr.  botane,  herbage,  a  plant, 
from  bosks,  to  feed.]  The  science  which 
treats  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  dealing 
with  the  forms  of  plants,  their  structure, 
the  nature  of  the  tissues  of  which  they  are 
composed,  the  study  of  living  plants  and  of 


the  vital  phenomena  connected  with  tin  -in. 
the  arrangement  of  plants  into  larger  ami 
smaller  group*.  acconlin<.r  to  their  atlinih'  , 
and  the  classification  of  these  groups  .- 
to  exhibit  their  mutual  relations  and  their 
position  in  tlir  vt-^<-t;ilil^  kingdom  as  a 
whole.  The  science  further  investigates 
the  nature  of  the  vegetation  which  at  for 
mer  epochs  lived  on  the  world,  as  well  as 
the  distribution  of  plants  on  the  face  of 
the  earth  at  the  present  time.  It  is  thus 
divided  into  several  sections;— Structural 
or  morphological  botany,  that  branch  of  the 
science  of  botany  which  relates  to  the  laws 
of  vegetable  structure  or  organization,  in- 
tcrnal  or  external,  independently  of  the 
presence  of  a  vital  principle.  It  is  also  called 
Orrjanoyraphy. — Physiological  botany,  that 
branch  which  relates  to  the  history  of  vege- 
table life,  the  functions  of  the  various  organs 
of  plants,  their  changes  in  health  or  disease, 
&c. — Descriptive  botany,  that  branch  which 
relates  to  the  description  and  nomenclature 
of  plants.  It  is  also  called  Photography. — 
Systematic  botany,  that  branch  which  re- 
lates to  the  principles  upon  which  plants 
are  connected  with  and  distinguished  from 
each  other.  The  system  of  classification 
now  universally  adopted  is  that  proposed 
by  Jussieu  and  improved  and  enlarged  by 
De  Candolle,  Brown,  and  others.  It  is  gen- 
erally called  the  natural  system,  because 
it  is  intended  to  express,  as  far  as  we  are 
able,  the  various  degrees  of  relationships 
among  plants  as  these  exist  in  nature, 
and  to  group  the  various  species,  genera, 
and  orders  next  to  each  other  which  are 
most  alike  in  all  respects.  Several  arti- 
ficial systems  have  been  proposed,  as  that 
of  Tournefort,  based  on  the  leaves  of  the 
flower;  but  the  best  known  is  that  of  Lin- 
IKI  us,  founded  on  the  stamens  and  pistils. 
This  system,  which  Linntcus  himself  meant 
to  be  only  temporary,  proved  of  great  value 
to  the  science  of  botany,  but  it  has  now 
gone  entirely  out  of  use,  or  is  used  only 
as  a  partial  index  to  the  vegetable  king- 
dom.— Botanical  geography,  or  the  plan  of 
distribution  of  plants  over  the  globe,  with 
an  inquiry  into  the  causes  which  have  influ- 
enced or  maintain  this  distribution.— PaUe- 
ontological  or  fossil  botany  embraces  the 
study  of  the  forms  and  structures  of  the 
plants  found  in  a  fossil  state  in  the  various 
strata  of  which  the  earth  is  composed. 
Botany-bay  Oak  (bot'a-ni-ba  6k),  n.  Casua- 
rina,  a  genus  of  trees,  nat.  order  Casuari- 
nacese.  See  BEEF-WOOD. 
Botany-bay  Resin  (bot'a-ni-ba  re'zin),  n. 
A  resin  which  exudes  spontaneously  from 
the  trunk  of  the  grass-tree,  the  Xanthor- 
rhoea  arborea,  nat.  order  Liliacece,  of  Aus- 
tralia. 

Botargo,  Botarga  (bo-tiir'go,  ho-tar'ga),  n. 
[Sp.]  A  relishing  sort  of  food,  made  of 
the  roes  of  the  mullet  or  tunny  strongly 
salted  after  they  have  become  putrid,  much 
used  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  as 
an  incentive  to  drink.  The  best  botargo 
comes  from  Tunis,  is  dry  and  reddish,  and 
is  eaten  with  olive-oil  and  lemon-juice. 
Botaurus  (bo-ta'rus),  n.  [A  modern  Latin 
word,  formed  from  L.  bos,  an  ox  or  cow,  and 
taurus,  a  bull.  See  BITTERN.)  A  genus  of 
grallatorial  birds,  family  Ardeidse,  compris- 
ing the  bitterns,  very  closely  allied  to  the 
genus  Ardea  or  herons.  See  BITTERN. 
Botch  (boch),  n.  [O  E.  bocche,  botche,  a  sore, 
a  swelling,  from  O.  Fr.  boce,  a  boss,  a  botch, 
a  boil,  a  parallel  form  of  boss;  O.D.  butse,  a 
boil,  a  swelling.  In  the  2d  and  3d  mean- 
ings from  the  verb.  ]  1.  A  swelling  on  the 
skin;  a  large  ulcerous  affection. 

Botches  and  blains  must  all  his  flesh  imboss.  Milton. 

2  A  patch,  or  the  part  of  a  garment  patched 
or  mended  in  a  clumsy  manner;  a  part  in 
any  work  bungled  or  ill-finished.  '  To  leave 
no  rubs  nor  botches  in  the  work.'  Shak.— 
3.  That  which  resembles  a  botch;  ill-finished 
or  bungled  work  generally. 

Fancy  the  most  assiduous  potter,  but  without  his 
wheel-  reduced  to  make  dishes,  or  rather  amorphous 
botches,  by  mere  kneading  and  baking.  Carlyle. 

Botch  (bo<*).  »•<•  [O.L.G.  butsen,  to  strike, 
to  repair ;  D.  batten,  to  strike.  From  same 
root  as  boss.  See  the  noun.  ]  1.  To  mend  or 
pater  in  a  clumsy  manner,  as  a  garment ; 
often  used  figuratively. 

To  botch  up  what  they  had  torn  and  rent, 
Religion  and  the  government.         Httdibras. 

2.  To  put  together  unsuitably  or  unskilfully; 
to  perform  or  express  in  a  bungling  manner. 

For  treason  botched  in  rhyme  will  be  thy  bane. 
Dryden 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  tAen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


BOTCH 


312 


BOTTLE-CHART 


3.  To  mark  with  botches.     'Young  Hylas 

botched  with  stains.'    Garth. 
Botch(boch).  t>.i.    To  mend  or  patch  things 

in  an  unskilful  manner;  to  be  a  bungler  or  j 

botcher. 
Botchedly  (boch'ed-li  or  bocht'li),  adv.    In 

a  botched  or  clumsy  manner;  with  botches 

or  patches. 

Tims  patch  they  heaven,  more  botcheJly  than  old 
clothes.  Or.  H.  Marc.  ' 

Botcher  (boch'er),  n.  One  who  botches ;  a 
clumsy  workman  at  mending ;  a  mender  of 
old  clothes;  a  bungler. 

Let  the  botcher  mend  him;  anything  that's  mended 
is  but  patched.  Shut. 

Botcherly  (boch'er-li),  a.  Clumsy;  awk- 
wardly patched.  'Butcherly  mingle-mangle 
of  collections.'  flartlib.  [Rare.] 

Botchery  (boch'er-i), n.  A  botching,  or  that 
which  is  done  by  botching;  clumsy  work- 
manship. [Rare.] 

If  we  speak  of  base  hatchery,  were  it  a  comely 
thing  to  see  a  great  lord  or  a  king  wear  sleeves  of  two 
parishes,  one  half  of  worsted,  the  other  of  velvet. 
IVorli  of  Ifandtrs,  1608. 

Botchy  (b°ch'i),  a.  Marked  with  botches ; 
full  of  botches.  '  A  batchy  core. '  Shale. 

Bote  (hot),  n.  [The  old  orthography  of  boot, 
but  retained  in  law,  in  composition.  See 
BOOT.]  l.t  Remedy;  payment;  compensa- 
tion ;  equivalent ;  gain.  '  Anon  he  gave  to 
the  sike  man  his  bate.'  Chaucer.  Specific- 
ally—2.  In  law,  (a)  compensation,  as  for  an 
injury;  amends;  satisfaction;  a  payment  in 
expiation  of  an  offence;  as,  munbote,  a  com- 
pensation for  a  man  slain,  (b)  A  privilege 
or  allowance  of  necessaries :  used  in  com- 
position ;  as,  home-bate,  a  sufficiency  of  wood 
to  repair  a  house  or  for  fuel;  so  plough-fw!e, 
cart-irate,  wood  for  making  or  repairing  in- 
struments of  husbandry;  hay-dote  or  hedge- 
tote,  wood  for  hedges  or  fences,  Ac. 

Bote.t  pp.  from  bite.    Bit.     Chaucer. 

Boteless,1  a.    In  vain.    See  BOOTLESS. 

Bot-fly  (bot'fli),  n.  The  gadfly,  an  insect  of 
the  genus  (Estrus  and  order  Diptera.  See 
BOTT. 

Both  (both),  a.  and  pron.  [One  of  the  Scan- 
dinavian words  in  English;  Icel.  bdthir, 
bcethi,  Sc.  baith,  Dan.  baade,  Goth,  bajoths, 
Q.  beide,  both.  The  first  element  in  the 
word  is  seen  in  A.  Sax.  bd,  bdtwd,  both-two, 
both,  Goth,  bai,  both,  and  in  L.  am&o,  G. 
ampho,  Skr.  \\bha,  both;  the  th  seems  to  be 
a  mere  suffix.]  The  one  and  the  other;  as, 
here  are  two  books,  take  them  both;  the 
two;  the  pair  or  the  couple.  In  such  a  sen- 
tence as  'both  men  were  there,'  it  is  an  ad- 
jective; in  'he  invited  James  and  John,  and 
both  went,'  it  is  a  pronoxm;  also  in  'the men 
both  went,'  '  he  took  them  both,'  it  is  a  pro- 
noun in  apposition  to  men,  them:  in  the 
same  way  it  may  be  explained  in  '  both  the 
men,'  '  both  of  the  men '  (comp.  '  the  city  of 
Rome '). 

And  Abraham  took  sheep  and  oxen,  and  gave 
them  to  Abimelech ;  and  both  of  them  made  a  cove- 
nant. Gen.  xxi.  27. 

It  often  stands  for  two  statements  or  clauses 
of  a  sentence,  as  in  the  following  extract. 

He  will  not  bear  the  loss  of  his  rank,  because  he 
can  bear  the  loss  of  his  estate;  but  he  will  bear  both, 
because  he  is  prepared  for  both.  Bolingbroke. 

It  is  often  used  as  a  conjunction  in  connec- 
tion with  and  — both  .  .  .  and  being  equiva- 
lent to  as  well  the  one  as  the  other;  not 
only  this  but  also  that ;  equally  the  former 
and  the  latter.  'Power  to  judge  both  quick 
and  dead.'  Milton. 

A  great  multitude  both  of  the  Jews  ««rfalso  of  the 
Greeks  believed.  Acts  xiv.  i. 

Yet  it  can  hardly  be  called  a  true  conjunc- 
tion in  such  sentences,  for  'to  judge  both 
quick  and  dead '= 'to  judge  quick  and  dead 
both,'  in  which  latter  case  it  may  be  called 
simply  a  pronoun  in  apposition. 
Bother  (boTH'er),  !).«.  [Probably  a  word  of 
Irish  origin,  and  apparently  introduced  into 
literature  by  Swift.  Skeat,  following  Gar- 
nett,  refers  it  to  Ir.  buaidhirt,  trouble, 
affliction;  buaidhrim,  I  vex,  disturb;  Ir.  and 
Gael,  buair,  to  vex,  trouble.  ]  To  perplex  ; 
to  confound ;  to  pother ;  to  tease  by  solici- 
tation or  loquacity;  to  annoy.  [Colloq.] 

Dunsey  bothered  me  for  the  money,  and  I  let  him 
have  it.  George  Eliot. 

t'sed  in  the  imperative  as  an  expression  of 
impatience,  or  as  a  mild  sort  of  execration. 
'  Bother  the  woman  for  plaguing  me ! '  Far- 
rar. 

Bother  (boTH'er),  ti.i.  To  trouble  oneself; 
to  make  many  words  or  much  ado;  as,  don't 
bother  about  that.  [Colloq.  ] 


Bother  (boTH'er),  ».  A  trouble,  vexation, 
or  plague;  as,  what  a  bother  it  is !  [Colloq.  ] 

Rather  take  it  though,  I  can't  always  be  saying 

Miss  K.  Farrar. 

Botheration  (boTH-i'-r-a'shon),  n.     The  act 

of  bothering,  or  state  of  being  bothered; 

annoyance;  trouble;  vexation;  perplexity. 

[Colloq.] 
Botherer  (boTH'er-er),  n.    One  who  bothers, 

vexes,  or  annoys.  '  Such  botherers  of  judges.' 

Warren.     [Colloq.] 
Botherment  (boTU'er-ment),  n.    The  act  of 

bothering  or  state  of  being  bothered;  trouble; 

annoyance;  vexation.    [Rare.] 

I'm  sure  't  would  be  a  botherment  to  a  living  soul 
to  lose  so  much  money.  5f-  F-  Cooper. 

Both-handst  (bothTiandz),  n.  A  person  in- 
dispensable to  another;  a  factotum. 

He  is  master's  both-hands,  I  assure  you. 

B.  Jonson. 

Bothie,  Bothy  (both'i),  ».  [Gael,  bothag, 
a  cot,  from  same  root  as  booth. ]  [Scotch.] 
1.  A  humble  cottage ;  a  hut.  '  That  young 
nobleman  who  has  just  now  left  the  bothy.' 
Sir  W.  Scott.— 2.  A  house  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  a  number  of  work-people  engaged 
in  the  same  employment;  more  especially, 
a  kind  of  barrack  in  which  a  number  of 
unmarried  male  or  female  farm  servants 
or  labourers  are  lodged  in  connection  with 
a  farm. 

Bothnic,  Bothnian  (both'nik,both'ni-an),  a. 
Pertaining  to  Bothnia,  a  province  of  Sweden, 
and  to  a  gulf  of  the  Baltic  Sea,  which  is  so 
called  from  the  province  which  it  penetrates. 
Bothrenchyma(both-ren'ki-ma),  n.  (Gr. 
bothros,  a  pit,  and  enrjchyma,  a  tissue.]  In 
bot.  a  term  applied  to  the  pitted  tissue  or 
dotted  ducts  of  plants;  that  is,  cellular 
tissue,  the  sides  of  which  are  marked  by 
pits  sunk  in  the  substance  of  the  membrane. 
It  is  either  articulated  or  continuous. 
Bothrodendron  (both-ro-den'dron),  n.  [Gr. 
bothros,  a  pit,  and  dendron,  a  tree.)  In 
bot.  an  extinct  genus  of  plants  of  the  coal 
era,  related  to  the  Lepidodendron. 
Both-sidest(b6th'sidz),  a.  Double-tongued; 
deceitful.  'Damnable  both -sides  rogue!' 
Shak. 

Bothum.t  n.  [Fr.  bouton,  a  bud.]  A  bud, 
particularly  of  a  rose.  Cliaucer. 
Bothy,  n.  See  BOTHIE. 
Botrychium  (bo-trik'i-um),  n.  [Gr.  botry- 
chos,  a  grape-stalk.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  i'ilices,  sub-order  Ophioglosserc,  the 
moonworts.  It  has  distinct  capsules  (thecte 
or  sporangia)  disposed  in  a  compound  spike 
attached  to  a  pinnate  or  bipinnate  frond. 
B.  lunaria  (common  moonwort)  is  a  native 
of  Britain.  It  has  lunate -shaped  pinnse, 
hence  the  English  and  the  specific  name. 
Both  magical  and  healing  powers  were  for- 
merly attributed  to  it. 

Botryogen  (bo-tri'6-jen).  n.  [Gr.  botnfs,  a 
cluster  of  grapes,  and  gennaci,  to  produce.] 
A  red  or  ochre-yellow  mineral,  consisting  of 
the  hydrous  sulphates  of  protoxide  of  iron, 
oxide  of  iron,  magnesia,  and  lime.  It  is 
said  to  have  been  found  on  Vesuvius. 
Botryoid,  Botryoidal  (bot'ri-oid,  bot-ri- 
oid'al),  a.  [Gr.  botn/n,  a  bunch  of  grapes, 
and  eidos,  form.)  Having  the  form  of  a 
bunch  of  grapes;  like  grapes,  as  a  mineral 
presenting  an  aggregation  of  small  globes. 
Botryolite  (bot'ri  o-lit),  n.  [Gr.  botrys, 
a  bunch  of  grapes,  and  lithos,  a  stone. )  A 
mineral,  a  variety  of  datolite  or  borate  of 
lime,  occurring  in  mammillary  or  botryoidal 
concretions,  in  a  bed  of  magnetic  iron  in 
gneiss,  near  Arendal  in  Norway,  and  else- 
where, usually  as  a  deposit  on  calc-spar.  Its 
colours  are  pearl-gray,  grayish  or  reddish 
white,  and  pale  rose-red,  and  form  concen- 
tric stripes.  It  is  said  to  differ  from  dato- 
lite in  containing  two  atoms  of  water  in- 
stead of  one. 

Botrytls(bo-tri'tis),»i.  [Gr.bolrys,  a  cluster.  ] 
A  genus  of  mucedinous  fungi,  containing 
many  of  the  common  moulds  and  some 
parasitic  fungi.  The  plants  consist  of  deli- 
cate articulated  filaments  producing  clusters 
of  minute  spores  at  the  termination  of  the 
branches.  They  occur  chiefly  on  dead  and 
decaying  vegetable  substances. 
Bott,  Bot  (bot),  n.  Generally  used  in  the 
plural.  [Gael,  botus,  a  bot,  boiteag,  a 
maggot.]  A  name  given  to  the  larva?  or 
maggots  of  several  species  of  gadfly  when 
found  in  the  intestines  of  horses,  under  the 
hides  of  oxen,  in  the  nostrils  of  sheep,  A  <• 
The  botts  with  which  horses  are  troubled 
are  the  larva?  of  the  (Estms  equi  or  gadfly, 
which  deposits  its  eggs  on  the  tips  of  the 


hairs,  generally  of  the  fore-legs  and  numc. 
whence  they  are  taken  into  the  mouth  ainl 
swallowed.  They  remain  in  great  numbers 
in  the  stomach  for  several  months,  and  are 
expelled  in  the  excrement  and  become  pupa1, 
which  in  rive  weeks  become  perfect  insects, 
woolly,  and  not  quite  half  an  inch  long. 
The  word  is  used  by  Shakspere. 

Bott  Olot)>  "•  [Fr-  botte,  a  bundle  of  ha.v. 
Ac.]  The  name  given  by  lace-weavers  to 
the  round  cushion  placed  on  the  knee  on 
which  the  lace  is  woven. 

Bottel  (bot'el),  n.    Same  as  Bowtell. 

Bbttger-ware  ( bet '  ger  -  war ).  n.  The 
white  porcelain  of  Dresden,  made  origin- 
ally by  Btittgcr  of  Saxony,  in  imitation  of 
the  Chinese. 

Bott-hanmier  (bot'ham-mer),  n.  A  wooden 
mallet  with  a  fluted  face,  used  in  breaking 
flax. 

Bott-hole  (bot'hol),  n.  A  hole  in  a  skin 
made  by  a  bott. 

Bottine  (bot- en),  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  botte, 
a  boot.]  A  half  boot;  a  lady's  boot;  nlsn, 
an  appliance  resembling  a  boot,  with  straps, 
springs,  buckles,  &c.,  to  obviate  distortion 
in  the  lower  extremities  of  children. 

Bottle  (botl),  n.  [Fr.  bouteille,  from  L.L. 
bulimia,  a  dim.  from  butica,  a  kind  of 
vessel,  from  Gr.  butii,  a  flask.]  1.  A  hollow 
vessel  of  glass,  wood,  leather,  or  other 


Ancient  ligyjiti.in  Bottles  of  Glass. 

material,  with  a  narrow  mouth,  for  holding 
and  carrying  liquors.  The  oriental  nations 
use  skins  or  leather  for  the  conveyance  of 
liquors;  and  of  this  kind  are  the  bottles 
mentioned  in  Scripture:  'Put  new  wine 
into  new  bottlet.'  In  Europe  and  America 


Oriental  Goat-skin  Bottles. 

glass  is  used  for  liquors  of  all  kinds.  The 
small  kinds  of  glass  bottles  are  called  vials 
or  phials.— 2.  The  contents  of  a  bottle;  as 
much  as  a  bottle  contains ;  as,  a  bottle  of 
wine  or  of  porter.  Hence  the  bottle  is  used 
as  equivalent  to  strong  drink  in  general; 
the  practice  of  drinking. 

I  n  the  pottle  discontent  seeks  for  comfort,  cowardice 
for  courage,  and  bashfulness  for  confidence 

Bottle  (botl),  n.  [O.Fr.  botel,  dim.  of  botte, 
n  bundle,  from  O.H.G.  b6zo,  a  bundle.  See 
Boss.]  A  quantity  of  hay  or  grass  tied  or 
bundled  up  for  fodder. 

Methinkslhavea  great  desire  to  a  cettlt  of  hay.  Sha*. 

Bottle  (botl),  ».  (.  pret.  &  pp.  bottled ;  ppr. 
bottling.  To  put  into  bottles;  as,  to  bottle 
wine  or  porter. 

Bottle- ale  t  (bot'l-al),  n.  Bottled  ale. 
'Selling  cheese  and  prunes,  and  retail'd 
bottle-ale.'  Beau.  *  Ft. 

Bottle-boot  (bot'1-bot),  n.  A  leather  case 
to  hold  a  bottle  while  corking. 

Bottle-bump  (bot'1-bump),  n.  [Comp.  tlie 
names  bitter-bump,  butter-bump,  also  given 
to  the  bittern.)  A  name  given  in  some 
districts  to  the  bittern. 

Bottle-Chart  (bot'l-chart),  n.  A  marine 
chart  exhibiting  the  set  of  ocean  surface 
currents,  compiled  from  papers  bearing 
date,  latitude,  and  longitude,  found  in 
bottles  which  have  been  thrown  from  ships 
and  washed  upon  the  beach  or  picked  up 
by  other  ships.  The  time  between  the 
throwing  of  the  bottle  and  finding  it  on 
shore  has  varied  from  a  few  days  to  sixteen 


Fate,  far,  fat.  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


BOTTLE-COMPANION 


313 


HOtlUKT 


years,  and  the  distance  from  a  few  miles 
i,i  .-,111111. 

Bottle-companion,  Bottle-friend  (bot'l- 
kom-pan-yon,  bot'l-freud),  n.  A  friend  or 
companion  in  drinking. 

Sam,  who  is  a  very  pood  bottle-companion,  has 
IK'LII  tile  diversion  of  his  friends.  AddisoH. 

Bottle-conjuror  (botl-kun-jer-er),  n.  One 
who  exhibits  feats  of  necromancy  with  a 
hottle,  as  extracting  more  from  it  than 
was  put  in,  or  putting  in  what  apparently 
cannot  pass  through  the  neck. 

Which  to  that  bottle-conjuror,  John  Bull, 

Is  of  all  dreams  the  first  hallucination.     Byron. 

Bottled  (liot'ld).  a.  1.  Kept  or  contained 
in  a  bottle;  as,  bottled  porter. —2.  Big- 
bellied.  '  That  bottled  spider. '  Shak.  [Hare.] 

Bottle-fish  (bot'1-lish),  n.  An  eel-like  tlsh 
of  the  family  Munonidce  and  genus  Sacco- 
pharynx,  the  S.  ampiillaceus.  The  body  is 


Bottle-fish  inflated  \Saccopharynx  ampitllctcetts). 

capable  of  being  inflated  like  a  sack  or 
leathern  bottle,  hence  the  name.  It  is 
from  4  to  6  feet  long,  and  is  believed  to 
be  very  voracious.  A  few  specimens  have 
been  met  with  floating  in  the  Atlantic 
Ocean. 

Bottle-flower  (botl-flou-er).  n.  A  plant, 
Crntaurea  Cyanus,  or  blue-bottle  (which 
see). 

Bottle-glass  (bot'1-glas),  n.  A  coarse,  green 
glass  used  in  the  manufacture  of  bottles. 

Bottle -gourd  (bot'1-gbrd),  n.  Fruit  of 
Lagenaria  vulgaris,  nat.  order  Cucurbita- 
cerc.  See  GOURD  and  LAGENARIA. 

Bottle-grass  (bot'1-gras),  n.  A  kind  of  grass 
(St'taria  viridis). 

Bottle-green  (botl-gren),  n.  A  colour  like 
that  of  bottle-glass. 

Bottle-green  (bot'1-gren),  a.  Of  a  dark 
green  colour  like  bottle-glass;  as,  bottle- 
green  velvet. 

Bottle-head  (botl-hed),  n.  A  more  correct 
though  not  so  common  a  name  for  the 
whale  called  also  the  Bottle-nose  (which  see). 

Bottle-holder  (bot'1-hold-er),  n.  1.  One 
who  waits  upon  another  in  a  prize-fight, 
administeringrefreshment,  wipingoff  blood, 
&c.;  hence,  a  backer;  a  second;  a  sup- 
porter, encourager,  or  adviser  in  a  conflict 
or  trial  of  any  kind. 

An  old  bruiser  makes  a  good  bottle-holder.  Smollett. 
Lord   Palmerston    considered   himself  the  bottle- 
holder  of  oppressed  states.          Times  ntjvspaper. 

2.  The  bridegroom's  man  at  a  marriage. 

Bottle-jack  (bot'1-jak),  n.  An  apparatus 
for  turning  meat  which  is  being  roasted 
before  a  flre. 

Bottle-nose  (botl-noz),  n.  A  whale,  family 
Delphinidic  and  genus  Hyperoodon,  the  //. 
edentulus.  It  is  22  to  28  feet  long,  has  a  beaked 
snout,  two  teeth,  and  sometimes  four,  con- 
cealed in  the  gum,  and  occurs  in  high  north 
latitudes.  The  term  is  used  for  others  of 
the  Delphinidee,  especially  for  the  Globio- 
cephalits  deditctor,  orcaaing  whale,  of  which 
specimens  are  common  on  the  British  coast. 

Bottle-nosed  (bot'1-nozd),  a.  Having  a 
nose  bottle  -  shaped ;  with  a  nose  full  and 
swollen  about  the  wings  and  end. 

Bottle-rack  (bot'1-rak),  n.  A  wooden  rack 
with  open  shelves  for  holding  bottles  placed 
in  it  mouth  downwards  to  drain. 

Bottle-screw  (botl-skrb),  n.    A  cork-screw. 

Bottle -Stand  (bot'l-stami),  n.  1.  A  cruet- 
stand. — 2.  A  wooden  rest  for  draining  bottles 
after  washing. 

Bottle-stoop  (bot'1-stop),  n.  In  med.  a 
wooden  block  grooved  above  to  hold  a  bottle 
obliquely  so  as  easily  to  extract  any  powder 
from  it  with  a  knife  in  dispensing. 

Bottle-tit  (bot'1-tit),  n.  A  name  applied  to 
the  long-tailed  titmouse  (Pants  caudatns), 
from  its  long,  curious,  bottle-shaped  nest. 

Bottle -track  (bot'1-trak),  n.  The  course 
pursued  in  the  ocean  by  a  bottle  thrown 
overboard  with  a  note  of  latitude,  longitude, 
and  date;  and  so  affording  some  data  for 
estimating  the  set  and  velocity  of  currents. 
See  BOTTLE-CHART. 

Bottom  (bot'om),  n.  [O.E.  botym.  botum, 
botun,  bothom,  <fcc. ,  Sc.  boddnn,  A.  Sax.  botm, 
bottom;  D.  bodem,  Icel.  botn,  O. H.G.  po- 
dam,  Mod.G.  boden,  from  a  root  bhudh,  pro- 


bably meaning  to  fathom,  which  gives  also 
I,,  /(//((/(/*,  <ir.  [>!illni<>-n,  base,  bottom.] 

1.  The  lowest  in-  deepest  part  of  anything, 
as  distinguished  from  the  top;  utmost  depth 
either  literally  or  figuratively;  base;  foun- 
dation; root;  as,   tiie  bottom  of  a  hill,  a  ' 
tower,  a  tree,  of  a  well  or  other  cavity,  of  a 
pageor  acolumn  of  figures.    '  At  the  bottom 
of  many  excellent  counsels.'  Addition.   'Ob-  ! 
jections  .  .  .    built  on  the  same  bottom.' 
Atterbury. 

I  do  see  the  bottom  of  Justice  Shallow.       Shak. 

2.  The  ground  under  any  body  of  water ;  ' 
as,  a  rocky  bottom;  a  sandy  bottom;  to  lie  on 
the  bottom  of  the  sea.  -3.  The  lower  or  hin- 
der extremity  of  the  trunk  of  an  animal; 
the  buttocks.-  4.  The  portion  of  a  chair  for 
sitting  on;  the  scat. 

No  two  chairs  were  alike;  such  high  backs  and 
low  backs,  and  leather  M&VMf  and  worsted  patterns. 
Irving. 

5.  Low  land  formed  by  alluvial  deposits 
along  a  river;  a  dale;  a  valley. 

On  both  shores  of  that  fruitful  bottom  are  still  to  be 
seen  the  marks  of  ancient  edifices.  Addtsoti. 

6.  The  part  of  a  ship  below  the  wales;  hence, 
the  ship  itself;  as,  goods  imported  in  Bri- 
tish bottoms. 

My  ventures  are  not  in  one  bottom  trusted.  Sheik. 

7.  The  grounds  or  dregs  of  beer  or  other 
liquor.     'The  bottom  of  beer.'    Johnson. — 

8.  Power  of  endurance;   stamina;   native 
strength  ;  as,  a  horse  of  good  bottom.  — At 
bottom,  in  reality;  as,  he  is  sincere  at  bot- 
tom.—On  one's  own  bottom,  at  one's  own 
risk;  independently. 

Act  from  himself,  on  his  oivn  bottom  stand. 

Churchill. 

Bottom  (bot'om),  a.    1.  At  the  bottom ;  low- 
est ;  undermost ;  as,  the  bottom  stair ;  the  j 
bottom  coin  of  a  pile.  -2.  Having  a  low  situa-  i 
tion;  alluvial;  as,  bottom  lands. 

Bottom  (bot'om),  v.t.     1.  To  found  or  build  ! 
upon;  to  fix  upon  as  a  support;  to  base.  ' 
'  Those  false  and  deceiving  grounds  upon 
which  many  bottom   their  eternal   state.' 
South. 

Action  is  supposed  to  be  bottomed  upon  principle. 
Atterbury. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  bottom;  as,  to  bottom  a 
box;  to  bottom  a  chair. -3.  To  reach  or  see 
to  the  bottom,  as  of  a  subject;  to  fathom;  as, 
I  have  bottomed  the  matter  at  last. 

Bottom  (bot'om),  D.t.  To  rest;  to  he  based. 
'  On  what  foundation  any  proposition  ad- 
vanced, bottoms.'  Locke. 

Bottom  (bot'om),  n.  [O.  E.  botme,  perhaps 
from  W.  botwm,  a  boss,  a  bud,  a  button.]  A 
ball  or  skein  of  thread;  a  cocoon. 

And  beat  me  to  death  with  a  bottom  of  brown  thread. 

Skat. 

Silkworms  finish  their  bottoms  in  about  fifteen  days. 
Mortimer. 

Bottom  (bot'om),  v.  t.  To  wind  round  some- 
thing, as  in  making  a  ball  of  thread. 

Therefore  as  you  unwind  her  love  from  him, 

Lest  it  should  ravel  and  be  good  to  none, 

You  must  provide  to  bottom  it  on  me.         Shak. 

Bottom-bed  (bot'om-bed),  n.  In  rjeol.  the 
lowest  stratum  or  the  base  of  a'  forma- 
tion: often  used  in  the  plural  for  a  series  of 
basal  strata. 

Bottom-captain  (b°t'om-kap-tan  or  bot'- 
om-kap-tin),  n.  In  mining,  the  superintend- 
ent of  miners  in  the  bottoms,  or  deepest 
working  part. 

Bottomed  (bot'omd),  a.  Having  a  bottom 
of  this  or  that  kind :  used  in  composition ; 
as,  fiat-bottomed,  broaA-bottomed. 

Bottom-fishing  (bot'om-flsh-ing),  n.  Same 
as  Ground-angling. 

Bottom-glade  (bot'om-glad),  n.  An  open 
valley  between  hills;  a  dale. 

Tending  my  flocks  hard  by  i'  the  hilly  crofts 
That  brow  this  tmtum-fladt.  Milton. 

Bottom-grass  (bot'om-gras),  n.  Grass 
growing  on  low  or  bottom  lands. 

Bottom-heat  (bot'om-het),  n.  Heat  at  or 
rising  from  the  bottom  ;  specifically,  in 
hart,  the  heat  communicated  to  soil  by  fer- 
menting and  decomposing  substances  placed 
under  it. 

Bottom-Ice  (bot'om-is),  n.  Ground-ice; 
gronnd-gru  (»  hich  see). 

Bottom-land  (bot'om-land),  n.  Same  as 
Bottom,  6. 

Bottomless  (bot'om-les),  a.  Without  a 
bottom ;  hence,  fathomless;  whose  bottom 
cannot  be  found  by  sounding;  as,  a  bottom- 
less abyss  or  ocean.  'Bottomless  specula- 
tions.' Burke. 

Is  not  my  sorrow  deep,  having  no  bottom? 

Then  be  my  passions  bottomless  with  them.      StU*, 


Bottony. 


Bottom-lift  (bni'ijm.iift),  n    In  mining,  i!n- 

iliTp,  >t  or  butt'tni  ti»f  of  pumps 
Bottomry  (l",t'«>m-ri),  n.  In  uim-ini'  In"', 
the  act  of  borrowing  money,  anil  plcd^-nii: 
the  bottom  of  the  ship,  that  is.  tin:  ship  it- 
self, as  security  fnr  the  repayment  ,,(  tin- 
money.  The  contract  of  bottomry  is  in  the 
nature  of  a  mortgage;  the  owner  of  a  hhip 
borrowing  money  to  cinibli.  him  to  cam 
on  a  voyage,  uml  pledgum  the  ship  as  >•  >  n 
rity  for  the  money.  If  the  ship  is  lost,  tin- 
lender  loses  the  money;  but  if  the  ship  ar- 
rives safe  he  is  to  receive  the  money  1, -ni. 
with  the  interest  or  premium  stipulated, 
although  it  may  exceed  the  Icual  rate  of 
interest.  The  tackle  of  the  ship  also  is 
answerable  for  the  debt,  as  well  as  the  p,  t 
son  of  the  borrower.  When  a  loan  is  made 
upon  the  goods  shipped,  the  borrower  is 
said  to  take  up  money  at  rettpondejitia,  as 
he  is  bound  personally  to  answer  the  con- 
tract. 

Botone,  Bottone  (bot'on-a),  p.  and  a.  Same 
as  Bottony. 

Bottoned,  Botoned  (bot'ond),  pp.  In  her. 
same  as  flottony. 

Bottony  (bot'on-i),  p.  and  a.  [Fr.  boutonnr, 
from  boitton,  a  bud.  See 
BUTTON.)  In  her.  having 
knobs  or  buttons,  applied 
to  a  cross  which  termin- 
ates at  each  extremity  in 
three  buds,  knobs,  or  but- 
tons, so  mewhat  resembling 
a  trefoil.  Called  also  But- 
toned, Botoned,  and  some- 
times Trefoiled  or  Trtf- 
Jed. 

fiotts  (bots),  n.  See  BOTT. 
Botuliform  (bo-tttll-form),  a.  [L.  botuhu, 
a  sausage,  and  forma,  form.]  In  hot  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  sausage.  Hennloia. 
Bouche  (bosh),  n.  [Fr,  mouth.]  1.  A  term 
used  anciently  to  denote  a  certain  allowance 
of  provisions  from  the  king  to  knights  and 
others  who  attended  him  in  any  military 
expedition.  Also  called  Botige  and  Budge. 
2.  The  indent  at  the  top  of  a  shield  to  ad- 
mit a  lance,  which  rested  there,  without 
depriving  the  soldier  of  the  protection 
afforded  by  his  shield  to  the  lower  part  of 
the  face  or  neck. 

Bouche,  Bouch  (bosh),  v.t.    [See  the  noun  I 
To  form  or  drill  a  new  mouth  or  vent  in,  as 
a  gun  which  has  been  spiked. 
Bouchet  (bo'shet),  n.    [Fr.]    A  sort  of  pear. 
Boud  (bod),  pret.  of  behoved.    [Scotch  and 
Old  English.]     Other   forms    Bood,  Bude, 
Boot,  &c. 

They  both  did  cry  to  Him  above 

To  save  their  souls,  for  they  bond  die. 

Border  Minstrelsy. 

Boud,  Bowd(boud),n.  An  insect  that  breeds 
in  grain;  a  weevil. 

Boudoir  (bo-dwar),  n.  [Fr..  from  bonder,  to 
pout,  to  sulk.)  A  small  room  to  which  a 
lady  may  retire  to  be  alone,  or  in  which  she 
may  receive  her  intimate  friends. 

They  sang  to  him  in  cosy  boudoirs.      Thackeray. 

Bouge  (boj),  n.  [Fr.  bovge,  O.Fr.  boulge,  a 
bulging,  or  something  with  a  bulging  or 
swelling  form,  a  leathern  wallet,  &c.  Same 
root  as  bidge,  belly,  bellows,  bag,  &c.  See 
BULGE.]  l.t  A  bag  or  wallet,  especially  of 
leather.  ' Bout/es  of  lether  like  bladders.' 
Holland.— 2.  A  cask.  [Old  and  provincial.) 

Bouge  (boj),  v.i.  [A  form  of  bulge,  bilge. 
See  the  noun.)  To  be  bilged;  to  spring  a 
leak  or  have  a  hole  knocked  in  the  bottom; 
to  founder.  '  Least  thereupon  our  shippes 
should  bmirje. '  Gascoigne. 

Bouget  (boj),  v.t.  To  cause  to  spring  a  leak; 
to  knock  a  hole  in;  to  scuttle.  'The  carick, 
which  Sir  Anthony  Oughtred  chased  hard 
at  the  stern,  and  bovrjed  her  in  divers 
places. '  Hall. 

Bouge  t  (boj),  n.  [Older  E.  bmtche,  from  Kr. 
bmtclte.  the  mouth.  ]  Provisions ;  an  allow- 
ance of  meat  and  drink.  See  BOUCHE. 

A  bombard-man  that  brought  bottge  for  a  country 
lady  or  two  that  fainted,  he  said,  with  fasting. 

B.  Jonson. 

BOUget  (bo'jet  or  bo-zlia),  n.  [Fr.  bougette.  ] 
l.t  A  budget  or  pouch.  Spenser.  —  2.  In  Apr. 


Bougets. 

the  representation  of  a  vessel  for  carrying 
water.    It  is  meant  to  represent  a  yoke  with 


ch.  cAain;      eh,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go; 


J.job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  then;  th.  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


BOUGH 


314 


BOUNDER 


two  leather  pouches  attached  to  it,  formerly 
used  for  the  conveyance  of  water  to  an 
army. 

Bough  (bou),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bog,  b6h,  an  arm, 
ii  shoulder,  a  bough;  Icel.  boyr,  Dan.  bang, 
ban,  the  shoulder  of  an  animal;  of  cognate 
origin  with  Gr.  pe.chys,  the  fore-arm,  Skr. 
buhtii,  the  arm.]  An  arm  or  large  branch 
of  a  tree. 

Twas  all  her  joy  the  ripen'd  fruits  to  tend, 
And  see  the  boiigits  with  happy  burdens  bend. 

Bough-pot  (bou'P°')>  n.  Same  as  Bow-pot. 
I'.enu.  .1-  Fl. 

Bought  (bout),  n.  [Dan.  bugt,  Icel.  buptha, 
abend.  See  BOUT,  BIGHT.)  l.t  A  twist;  a 
link;  a  knot;  a  flexure  or  bend.  '  Wreathed 
boughts.'  Spenser.  '  The  bought  of  the  fore- 
less.'  Sir  T.  Browne.— 2.  The  part  of  a  sling 
that  contains  the  stone. 

Bought  (bi(t),  pret.  &  pp.  of  buy  (which  see). 
nought  and  sold  notes,  among  licensed 
I  'Hikers,  a  memorandum  of  the  transaction 
given  by  a  broker,  who  is  acting  for  a  seller 
of  stock,  to  both  seller  and  buyer  when  a 
bargain  is  effected. 

Boughten  (bat'n),  pp.  of  buy,  used  adjec- 
tively:  an  antiquated  form. 

For  he  who  buried  him  was  one  whose  faith 
Recked  not  of  bourlitcn  prayers  nor  passing  bell. 
Southey. 

Boughtyt  (bout'i),  a.  Having  boughts  or 
bends;  bending.  Sliencood. 

Bougie  (bo-zhe),  n.  [Fr.,  a  wax-candle,  from 
Sp.  buffia,  from  Bugia,  in  North  Africa, 
whence  wax-candles  were  first  brought.]  In 
nurg.  a  slender  flexible  cylinder,  intended  for 
introduction  into  the  urethra,  oesophagus, 
or  rectum,  when  those  passages  are  ob- 
structed, as  by  stricture.  It  is  usually  made 
of  slips  of  waxed  linen,  coiled  into  a  slightly 
conical  form  by  rolling  them  on  any  hard 
smooth  surface.  It  is  also  made  of  catgut, 
elastic  gum,  gutta-percha,  German  stiver, 
steel,  &c. 

Boullll  (bo-ye),  n.  [Fr.]  Meat  stewed  with 
vegetables ;  boiled  or  stewed  meat  of  any 
kind. 

Bouillon  (bo-yon),  n.  [Fr. ,  from  bouillir, 
to  boil.  See  BOIL.]  1.  Broth;  soup.— 2.  In 
the  mnnege,  an  excrescence  of  flesh,  cnusing 
the  frush  to  shoot  out,  and  so  laming  the 
horse. 

Bouk  (bbk),  n.  [Scotch.]  1.  The  trunk  of 
the  body,  or  the  whole  body.— 2.  Bulk;  size; 
the  bulk  or  whole  of  any  bale  or  assort- 
ment of  goods. 

Bouke.t  n.  [Icel.  bukr,  the  trunk  of  the 
body.  See  BULK.]  The  body.  Cliancer. 

Boulangerite  (bb-ton'jer-it),  n.  [After  M. 
Jltmlaiigcr,  the  engineer.]  In  mineral,  na- 
tive sulphide  of  antimony  and  lead.  Called 
also  I'lumbosite. 

Boulder  (bol'der),  n.  [Sw.  dial,  bullersten, 
the  larger  kind  of  pebbles,  in  contrast  to 
klappemten,  the  smaller  ones,  from  Sw. 
biillra,  Dan.  buldre,  E.  dial,  bolder,  to  make 
n  loud  noise,  to  thunder;  lit.  a  stone  that 
makes  a  thundering  noise,  while  klapper- 
sten  is  one  that  makes  a  clapping  or  rattling 
noise.  Wedgwood.  ]  1.  A  water-worn  round- 
ish stone  of  no  determinate  size,  but  too 
large  to  be  regarded  as  a  pebble. —2.  In 
ijeol.  applied  to  ice -worn  and  smoothed 
blocks  lying  on  the  surface  of  the  soil,  or 
imbedded  in  the  clays  and  gravels  of  the 
drift  formation  of  the  pleistocene  period, 
generally  differing  in  composition  from  the 
rocks  in  their  vicinity,  a  fact  which  proves 
that  they  have  been  transported  from  a  dis- 
tance. Boulders  lying  on  the  surface  are 
termed  erratic  blocks. — 3.  In  mining,  a  large 
pebble  or  stone  of  ore  found  detached  and 
away  from  the  regular  lode. — Boulder  for- 
mation. See  DRIFT,  13.  —  Boulder  wall,  a 
wall  built  of  round  flints  or  pebbles  laid  in 
a  strong  mortar. 

Boulder-clay  (bol'der-kla),  n.  The  stiff, 
nnlaminated,  tenacious  clay  of  the  glacial  or 
drift  epoch  or  ice-age.  Also  called  Drift, 
Till,  &c.  See  DRIFT,  13. 

Boule,  Boule-work  (bol,  bol'werk),  n.  The 
proper  spelling  of  what  is  now  commonly 
written  Buhl  (which  see). 

Boulet,  Boullette  (bo-let),  n.  [Fr.  boulet,  a 
bullet,  a  fetlock,  from  boule,  a  ball.  ]  In  the 
manege,  a  horse  whose  fetlock  or  pastern 
joint  bends  forward,  and  out  of  its  natural 
position. 

Boulevard  (bol-viir).  n.  [Fr.,  older  forms 
boulevert,  boulevere,  borrowed  and  altered 
from  G.  bollwerk.  See  BULWARK.  ]  Origin- 
ally, a  bulwark  or  rampart  of  a  fortification 
or  fortified  town;  hence  a  public  walk  or 
street  occupying  the  site  of  demolished  for- 


tifications. The  name  is  now  sometimes 
extended  to  any  street  or  walk  encircling  a 
town. 

Boulimia,  Boullray  (no-lim'i-a,  bo'li-mi),  n. 
Same  as  Bulimy. 

Boultel.t  Boultin  (bol'tel,  bol'tin),  n.  In 
arch  a  moulding,  the  convexity  of  which  is 
just  one-fourth  of  a  circle,  being  a  member 
just  below  the  plinth  in  the  Tuscan  and 
Doric  capital. 

Boun,t  Bounet  (fooun),  a.  [A  more  correct 
spelling  than  bound,  ready,  prepared,  being 
the  Icel.  buinn,  ready.  See  BOUND,  a.] 
Ready ;  prepared ;  on  the  point  of  going  or 
intending  to  go.  '  And  bade  them  all  to  be 
boun.'  Chaucer. 

Well  chanced  it  that  Adolf  the  night  when  he  wed 

Had  confess'd  and  had  saiii'd  him  ere  bonne  to  his 

bed.  Sir  W  SMI. 

Boun,t  Bownet  (boun),  ».(.  and  i.  [From 
the  above.]  To  prepare  one's  self ;  to  make 
ready ;  as,  to  busk  and  boun,  common  ex- 
pressions in  old  ballads.  'Then  he  bowneth 
him  boldlye.'  Percy  MS. 

Bounce  (bouns),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  bounced; 
ppr.  bouncing.  [O.E.  bounsen,  bungen,  to 
beat,  to  strike  suddenly;  L.G.  bmuen,  to 
knock ;  D.  bonzen,  to  strike,  bounce ;  bone, 
a  bounce.  The  word  seems  to  be  imitative 
of  the  noise  of  a  blow  See  below.]  1.  To 
leap  or  spring;  to  fly,  or  rush  suddenly. 
'Out  bounced  the  mastiff.'  Swift.  'Bounced 
off  his  arm-chair.'  Thackeray.  -2.  To  spring 
or  leap  against  anything,  so  as  to  rebound ; 
to  beat  or  thump  by  a  spring. 

Against  his  bosom  bounced  his  heaving  heart. 

Drydeit. 

3.  To  beat  hard  or  thump,  so  as  to  make  a 
sudden  noise. 

Another  bounced  as  hard  as  he  could  knock. 

Hitri/l. 

4.  To  boast  or  bluster;  to  exaggerate. 

He  givesaway  countries,  and  disposes  of  kingdoms; 
and  bounces,  blusters,  and  swaggers,  as  if  he  were 
really  sovereign  lord  and  sole  master  of  the  universe. 
Bf.  Lowth. 

Bounce  (l)ouns),  v.  t.  To  drive  against  any- 
thing suddenly  and  violently. 

He  bounced  his  head  at  every  post  Swift. 

Bounce  (bouns),  n.  1.  A  heavy  blow,  thrust, 
or  thump. 

The  pounce  burst  ope  the  door.  Dryden. 

2.  A  loud  heavy  sound,  as  by  an  explosion ; 
a  sudden  crack  or  noise. 

I  don't  value  her  resentment  the  bounce  of  a  cracker. 
Goldsmith. 

3.  A  toast;  a  piece  of  brag  or  bluster;  boast- 
ful language;  exaggeration. 

To  live  poorly,  anxiously,  and  attentively  is  a  most 
miserable  kind  of  life,  to  which  the  brave,  the  bold, 
and  the  unbeliever  will  brag  he  should  prefer  death 
itself;  but  I,  who  give  little  credit  to  such  bounces, 
know  self-preservation  to  be  the  great  law  in  nature. 
Dr  G.  Cheyne. 

4.  A  bold  or  impudent  lie;  a  downright  fic- 
tion ;    as,  that  was  a  bounce.    [Colloq.] — 

5.  The  larger  spotted  dog-fish  (Scylliutn 
catulus). 

Bounce  ( bouns ),  ado.  [With  this  word  in 
the  following  uses  comp.  G.  bumps,  in  the 
same  sense,  Sw.  dial,  bums,  immediately.  ] 
With  a  bounce;  suddenly. 

Rapp'd  at  the  door,  nor  stay'd  to  ask, 

But  bounce  into  the  parlour  enter'd.     Gray. 

It  is  sometimes  used  interjectionally. 

'Bounce'  would  a'  say;  and  away  again  would  a' 
go,  and  again  would  a'  come.  Shak. 

Bouncer  (Houns'er),  n.  I.  A  boaster;  a  bully; 
a  liar.— 2.  A  bare-faced  lie;  a  regular  cram- 
mer. 

But  you  are  not  deceiving  me?  You  know  the  first 
time  you  came  into  my  shop  wh.it  a  bouncer  you  told 
me.  Colinan  the  Younger. 

3.  Something  big  or  large  of  its  kind.    '  The 
stone  must   be  a   bouncer. '    De  Quincey. 

4.  A  big,  strong,  vigorous  person,  especially 
a  female;  as,  she  was  a  bouncer.    [In  all  its 
use1*  colloq.  ] 

Bouncing(bonns'ing),  a.  1.  Vigorous;  strong; 
stout.  'The  bouncing  Amazon.'  Shak.  'A 
bouncing  lass.'  Lord  Lytton. — 2.  Exagger- 
ated; excessive;  big.  [Colloq.] 

We  have  had  a  merry  and  a  lusty  ordinary. 
And  wine,  and  good  meat,  and  a  bouncing  reckon- 
ing. Beau.  &  Fl. 

Bouncingly  (bouus'ing-li),  adv.  Boastingly. 
Barrow. 

Bound  (bound),  n.    [Fr.  borne,  O.Fr.  bodne, 
bonne,  a  bound,  limit,  from  L.  L.  bodina, 
bonna,  a  boundary,  from  Armor,  boden,  a 
I    cluster  of  trees  serving  as  a  boundary,  bonn, 
!    a  boundary.]    That  which  limits  or  circum- 
scribes; the  external  or  limiting  line  of  any 
object  or  of  space;  hence,  that  which  keeps 


in  or  restrains;  limit;  confine;  extent;  as, 
the  love  of  money  knows  no  bounds. 

Illimitable  ocean »  without  bound! 
Without  dimension !  Milton. 

—Boundary,  Bound.  See  BOUNDARY. 
Bound  (bound),  v.  t.  To  set  bounds  or  limits 
to;  to  act  as  a  bound  or  limit  to ;  to  limit ; 
to  terminate;  hence,  to  restrain  or  confine; 
as,  to  bound  our  wishes  by  our  means. 
'Where  full  measure  only  bounds  excess.' 
Milton, 

O  God,  I  could  be  pounded  in  a  nut-shell  and  count 
myself  a  king  of  infinite  space  were  it  not  that  I 
have  bad  dreams.  Shak. 

SYN.  To  limit,  restrain,  circumscribe,  con- 
fine, restrict,  hem  in,  border. 
Bound  (bound),  v.i.  [Fr.  bondir,  to  leap; 
O.Fr.  to  ring,  to  echo;  L.L.  b&mbitare,  to  re- 
sound, from  bombus,  a  humming  sound. 
See  BOMB.]  1.  To  leap;  to  jump;  to  spring; 
to  move  forward  by  leaps. 

Before  his  lord  the  ready  spaniel  bounds.      Pope. 

2.  To  rebound,  as  an  elastic  ball. 
Bound  (bound),  n.t.    To  cause  or  enable  to 
bound  or  leap.    [Rare.) 

If  I  might  buffet  for  my  love,  or  bound  my  horse 
for  her  favours,  I  would  lay  on  like  a  butcher,  and 
sit  like  a  jackanapes,  never  oil".  Shak. 

Bound  (bound),  n.  [See  the  verb.]  A  leap; 
a  spring;  a  jump;  a  rebound. 

The  horses  started  with  a  sudden  bound.   Addison. 
These  inward  disgusts  are  but  the  first  bounds  of 
this  ball  of  contention.  Dr.  H.  More. 

Bound  (bound),  pp.  of  bind.  Hade  fast  by 
a  band  or  by  chains  or  fetters ;  obliged  by 
moral  ties;  confined;  restrained. 

Besides  all  this,  he  was  bound  to  certain  tributes 
al!  more  or  less  degrading.  Brougham. 

Colloquially  the  word  is  often  used  as  equi- 
valent to  certain,  sure ;  as,  he  is  bound  to 
succeed;  the  town  is  bound  to  increase. — 
Bound  up  in,  (a)  embodied  in ;  inseparably 
connected  with.  'The  whole  state  .  .  .  be- 
ing bound  up  in  the  sovereign.'  Brougham. 
(6)  Having  all  the  affections  centred  in ; 
entirely  devoted  to. 

There  are  times  when  the  girl's  whole  nature  seems 
to  roughen  itself  ag«inst  seeing  us  so  bound  up  in 
Pet ;  no  father  and  mother  were  bound  up  in  her, 
poor  soul.  Dickens. 

Bound  (bound),  a.  [More^properly  spelled 
(as  formerly)  boun,  being  Icel.  bitiiin,  pp. 
of  bua,  to  till,  to  prepare,  to  get  ready.  The 
</  is  parasitic,  as  in  sound,  from  L.  eonus. 
The  root  is  the  same  as  that  of  boor  (which 
see).]  Prepared;  ready;  hence,  going  or  in- 
tending to  go;  destined;  and,  as  used  of  a 
ship,  chartered:  with  to  or  for;  as,  I  am 
bound  for  London.  'A  chieftain  to  the  High- 
lands bound.'  Campbell. 
Willing  we  sought  your  shores,  and  hither  bound, 
The  port  so  long  desired  at  length  we  found. 

Drydtn 

Boundary  (bound'a-ri),  n.  [From  bound, 
with  a  Latin  termination.  ]  A  limit;  a  hound. 
— Boundary,  Bound.  Boundary  is  often 
used  as  synonymous  with  bound;  but  the 
real  sense  is  a  visible  mark  indicating  a  limit. 
Bound  is  the  limit  itself  or  furthest  point 
of  extension,  and  may  be  an  imaginary  line; 
but  boundary  is  the  thing  which  determines 
or  marks  the  limit.  Thus,  the  bounds  of  a 
parish  are  defined  by  certain  marks  or  boun- 
daries, such  as  heaps  of  stones,  dikes, 
hedges,  ditches,  rivers,  streams,  rivulets, 
Ac.  But  the  two  words  are  often  con- 
founded. 

Bound-bailiff  ( bound'ba-lif),  n.  An  officer 
appointed  by  a  sheriff  to  execute  process : 
so  denominated  from  the  bond  given  for  the 
faithful  discharge  of  his  trust. 

Bounded  (bound'ed),  p.  and  a.  Limited; 
circumscribed;  confined;  cramped;  narrow. 

An  eye  well-practised  in  nature,  a  spirit  bounded 
and  poor.  Tennyson. 

Bounden  (bonnd'en),  p.  and  a.  [An  old 
participle  of  bind.]  l.t  Obliged  ;  bound. 

I  am  much  bounden  to  your  majesty.          Skat. 

2.  Appointed  ;  indispensable  ;  obligatory. 
'Bounden  duty.'  F.  W.  Robertson. 

I  offer  this  my  bounden  nightly  sacrifice. 

ColerUet. 

Boundenly  t  (bound'en-li),adtj.  In  a  bounden 
or  dutiful  manner.     'Most  boundenly  obe- 
dient.'   Trans,  of  Ochin's  Sermons,  1583. 
Bounder  (bound'er),  n.    1.  One  that  limits; 
one  that  imposes  bounds. 

Now  the  bounder  of  all  these  is  only  Cod  himself. 
Fotherby. 

2.  t  Boundary. 

Kingdoms  are  bound  within  their  bounders,  as  it 
were  in  bands.  Fotherby. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  ley. 


BOUNDING 


315 


BOVINE 


Bounding  (bound'iBg),  p.  ami  a.  Leaping; 
springing ;  reboUQumg ;  advancing  with 
leaps;  moving  witli  a  bound.  '  A  bounding 
stag.'  Howe.  'The  bounding  pulse,  the 
Ian-aid  limb.'  Montgomery. 

Boundless  (bound'les),  a.  Without  bounds 
or  limits;  unlimited;  nm-onflned;  immea- 
surable; illimitable;  infinite;  as,  boundless 
space ;  boundless  power.  '  The  boundless 
sky.'  Bryant 

Boundlessly  (boumttes-li),adw.  Iti  abound- 
less  manner. 

Boundlessness  (bouml'le5-nes),n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  boundless  or  without 
limits. 

Bounteous  (boun'te-ns),  a.  [From  bounty.  ] 
1  Disposed  to  give  freely;  free  in  bestowing 
gifts;  bountiful;  liberal;  as,  bounteous  na- 
ture. 

I  wondered  at  the  bounteous  hours. 
The  slow  result  of  winter  showers. 
You  scarce  could  see  the  grass  for  flowers. 

Tennyson, 

2.  Characterized  by,  or  emanating  tram, 
bounty.  '  A  bounteous  largess.'  Shak. — SYN. 
Liberal,  bountiful,  munificent,  generous, 
beneficent,  kind. 

Bounteously  (boun'te-us-li),adu.  Inaboun- 
tf<  >us  manner;  liberally ;  generously;  largely; 
freely. 

Bounteousness  (Imun'te-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  bounteous;  liberality  in  be- 
stowing gifts  or  favours;  munificence;  kind- 
ness. 

Bountiful  (boun'ti-ful),a.  [Bounty  And  full.  ] 
Liberal  in  bestowing  gifts,  favours,  or 
bounties;  munificent;  generous.  'God,  the 
bountiful  author  of  our  being.'  Locke. 

Our  kinjj  spares  nothing1  to  give  them  the  share  of 
that  felicity  of  which  he  is  so  bountiful  to  his  king- 
dom. Dryden. 

Bountifully  (boun'ti-f  ul-li),  adv.  In  a  boun- 
tiful manner;  liberally;  largely. 

They  are  less  bountifully  provided  than  the  rich 
with  the  materials  of  happiness  for  the  present  life. 
Portens. 

Bountlfulness  (boun'ti-ful-nes),  n.  Hie 
quality  of  being  bountiful;  liberality  in  the 
bestowment  of  gifts  and  favours. 

Bountihead.t  Bountihoodt  (boun'ti-hed, 
boun'ti-hud),  n.  Bounty;  goodness;  virtue. 
'The  firm  foundation  of  true  bountihead,' 
Spenser. 

Bountith  (bomf'tith),  n.  Bounty;  specifi- 
cally, the  bounty  given  in  addition  to  stipu- 
lated wages.  [Scotch.] 

Bounty  (boun'ti),  n.      [Norm.   Fr.  bounfr;e, 

0.  Fr.  bonteit,  Fr.  bonte",  goodness, excellence, 
favour,   from    L.    bonitas,    goodness,   from 
bonus,  good.]    l.t  Goodness;  virtue. 

Ne  blott  the  bounty  of  all  womankind 
'Mongst  thousands  Rood,  one  wanton  dame  to  find. 
Spenser, 

2.  Liberality  in  bestowing  gifts  and  favours; 
generosity;  munificence.  —3.  A  favour  be- 
st<  >wed  with  a  benevolent  disposition ; 
that  which  is  given  bounteously ;  a  free 
gift.  'Thy  morning  bounties.'  Cowper. — 
4.  A  premium  offered  or  given  to  induce 
men  to  enlist  into  the  public  service;  or  to 
encourage  some  branch  of  industry,  as  hus- 
bandry, manufactures,  or  commerce.  — 
Queen  Anne's  bounty,  a  provision  made  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  for  augmenting 
poor  clerical  livings.  —  SYN.  Munificence, 
generosity,  beneficence,  liberality,  kindness. 
Bouquet  (bb-ka),  n.  [Fr.,  a  plume,  a  nose- 
gay, O.Fr.  bousquet,  bosquet,  Pr.  bosqitct,  a 
little  wood,  dim.  of  base,  a  wood.  See  BUSH.  ] 

1.  A  nosegay;  a  bunch  of  flowers;  hence, 
something  resembling  a  bunch  of  flowers, 
as  a  cluster  of  precious  stones. 

I  have  a  bouquet  to  come  home  to-morrow  made 
up  of  diamonds,  and  rubies,  and  emeralds. 

Colman  &•  Carrie*. 

2.  An  agreeable  aromatic  odour,  such  as 
is  perceived  on  drawing  the  cork  of  any  of 
the  finer  wines. 

Bouquetin  (bbk-tan),  n.  [Fr.,  from  bone,  a 
he-goat,  G.  bock.  See  BUCK.]  Capra  Ibex, 
the  ibex  of  the  ancients,  and  the  steinbok 
of  German  Switzerland.  See  IBEX. 

Bour.t  Boure,t  n.  [A.  Sax.  bur,  a  chamber, 
a  cottage.  See  BOWER.  ]  A  chamber ;  a 
bower.  Chaucer. 

Bourach,  Bourock  (bofach,  bbVok),7i.  [In 
first  two  senses  a  dim.  of  the  preceding,  in 
the  other  senses  of  A.  Sax.  beorg,  beorh,  a 
hill.]  [Scotch.]  1.  An  inclosure:  applied  to 
the  little  houses  built  in  play  by  children. 
2.  A  shepherd's  hut.  D.  Davidson.— 3.  A 
small  knoll.  Hogg.— 4.  A  heap;  a  confused 
heap;  a  cluster,  as  of  trees  or  people;  a 
crowd. 

Bourbonism  (bbr'bon-izm),  n.  The  opinions 


of  those  who  adhere  to  the  house  of  Bour- 
bon; legitimi.sm 

Bourbonist  (bbr'bon-ist),  n.  One  who  sup- 
ports the  claims  of  the  members  of  the 
house  of  Bourbon  to  the  thrones  they  held; 
specifically,  a  supporter  of  the  claims  of  the 
members  of  this  family  to  the  throne  of 
France. 

Bourdt  (bbrd),  n.  [Also  written  boordet 
bourde,  horde,  Ac.,  from  O.Fr.  bourde,  a 
game ;  probably  from  the  Celtic :  Armor. 
bourd,  Gael,  hurt,  buirt,  mockery.]  A  jest; 
a  scoff. 

Ciramercy.  Borrill,  for  thy  company, 

For  all  thy  jests,  and  all  thy  merry  boards. 

Dray  ton. 

Bourd t  (bbrd),  v.i.  [O.Fr.  bourder,  to  sport. 
See  the  noun.]  To  jest;  to  joke. 

My  wit  is  greet,  though  that  I  bourde  and  pleye. 
Cha  ucer. 

Bourd  t  (bbrd),  v.  t.  and  i.  To  approach;  to 
accost;  to  be  near.  See  BOARD,  v.t.  4. 

Bourder  t  (bbrd'er),  n.     A  jester. 

Bourdon  (bbr-dofi),  n.  (Fr.,  a  pilgrim's  staff, 
a  drone,  in  the  former  sense  from  L.  burdo, 
a  mule,  by  a  metaphorical  change  of  mean- 
ing ;  in  the  latter  sense  of  doubtful  origin.] 
1.  A  walking-staff;  the  tall  walking-staff 
used  by  pilgrims  in  the  middle  ages,  and  to 
which  were  frequently  attached  the  purse 
or  scrip  and  water-bottle. —2.  In  music,  the 
drone  of  the  bagpipe;  a  bass  stop  in  the 
organ  or  harmonium  having  a  drone- like 
quality  of  tone. 

Bourg   (bbrg),   n.     [The  French  form  of 
borough,  burgh.]  A  town;  a  borough.  [Rare.] 
Ye  think  the  rustic  cackle  of  your  bourg 
The  murmur  of  the  world.  Tennyson. 

Bourgeois,  Burgeols  (bur-Jo',  bur-jois'),  «- 

[From  the  next  word,  or  perhaps  from  a 

type-founder  of  the  name.]    A  small  kind 

of  printing  type,  larger  than  brevier  and 

smaller  than  longprimer. 
Bourgeois  (borzh-wa),  n.     [Fr,  from  bourg, 

French  form  of    borough.}      A  citizen;    a 

burgher;  a  man  of  middle  rank. 
Bourgeoisie  (bbrzh-wa-ze),  n.    [Fr.]    The 

middle  classes  of  a  country,  especially  those 

dependent  on  trade. 
Bourgeon  (bbr'jon),  v.i,    [Fr.  bourgeon,  a 

bud.  ]  To  sprout;  to  put  forth  buds;  to  shoot 

forth  as  a  branch. 

Heaven  send  it  happy  dew! 
Earth  lend  it  sap  enow! 
Gaily  to  bourgeon  and  boldly  to  blow.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Bourgeon  (bbr'jon),  n.  In  bot.  an  advanced 
bud ;  specifically,  a  bud  on  the  stem  of  a 
plant,  whether  above  or  beneath  ground, 
inclosing  the  embryo  of  a  branch,  as  opposed 
to  a  flower-bud. 

Bourignian  (bbr-in'i-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  doctrines  of  the  Bourignonists. 

Do  you  disown  all  Popish,  Arian.  Socinian,  Ar- 
minian,  Bourignian,  and  other  doctrines,  tenets,  and 
opinions  whatsoever,  contrary  to,  and  inconsistent 
with,  the  foresaid  Confession  of  Faith  t 

Ordination  Questions  of  Church  of  Scotland. 

Bourignonist  (bbr-in'yon-ist),  n.  One  of  a 
sect  founded  by  Antoinette  Bourinnon,  who 
in  1658  assumed  the  Augustine  habit,  and 
travelled  in  France,  Holland,  England,  and 
Scotland;  in  the  last  country  she  made  many 
converts  about  1670.  She  maintained  that 
Christianity  does  not  consist  in  faith  and 
practice,  but  in  inward  feeling  and  super- 
natural impulse. 

Bourn,  Borne  (born,  born),  n.  [Fr.  borne, 
a  limit,  a  corruption  of  bonne,  a  boundary. 
See  BOUND.]  A  bound;  a  limit.  'Watery 
bourn.1  Cowper.  'Beyond  the  bourn  of 
sunset.'  Tennyson. 

That  undiscovered  country,  from  whose  bourn 
No  traveller  returns.  Shut. 

Bourn  (born),  n.  [A.  Sax.  burna,  burne,  a 
stream,  a  fountain,  common  in  Scotland  and 
the  north  of  England  in  the  form  bum;  D. 
born,  Icel.  brunnr,  Sw.  brunn,  Dan.  brond, 
Goth,  brunna,  G.  brunnen,  a  spring,  a  foun- 
tain, a  well;  probably  from  root  of  burn; 
comp.  torrent,  from  L.  torreo,  to  roast.]  A 
brook;  a  ton-en  t;  a  rivulet;  a  burn.  'Come 
over  the  bourn,  Bessy,  to  me.'  Shak.  It 
occurs  in  various  place-names;  as.  Bourn  or 
Bourne,  Bouriwmouth,  Westboume. 

Bournless  (bbrn'les),  a.  Having  no  bourn 
or  limit.  [Rare.] 

Bournonlte  (bbr'non-it),  n.  [After  Count 
Bournon.]  Antimonial  sulphide  of  lead. 

Bournous  (bbr-noz'),  n.    Same  as  Burnoose. 

Bourran  (bbr'ran),  n.  A  peculiarly  fierce 
kind  of  snowstorm,  blowing  often  twenty 
hours  at  a  time,  from  the  north-east  over 
the  Russian  steppes. 

Bourree  (bor-ra),  n.  [Fr.]  A  dance  tune  or 
movement  in  common  time  and  in  two 


measures,  said  by  somr  tc.  b;ivi'  i-unie  from 
Auvergne,  and  by  others  from  Biscay;  :t 
boree. 

Bourse  (burs),  n.  [Fr..  a  purse,  bursary,  an 
exchange,  from  L.  buna,  a  hide,  skin, 
leather.]  An  exchange;  a  place  \\hrn-  tm  i 
chants  assemble  for  general  business. 

Bourtree  (boYtrO).  «.  [Either  from  bi-inu 
frwmentljr  planted  about  houses  and  form 
ing  bowers  or  arbours,  or  for  bore-tree,  from 
tbo  fact  that  its  shouts  contain  an  unusiiiil 
proportion  of  pith,  wlnYh  ran  be  i-asily  n 
moved  so  as  to  con  vert  the  shoots  into  tubes,  j 
[Scotch.  ]  The  elder-tree. 

Bouse,  Booze  (bbz),  v.i.     See  BoosB,  v.i. 

Bouse.t  Bouzet  (boz),  n.     Liquor;  drink 

Boustrophedon (bou-stro-fe'don), n.  [(Jr. 
boux,  an  ox,  and  strepho,  to  turn.]  An  an- 
cient Greek  mode  of  writing  in  alternate 
lines  from  right  to  left,  and  from  left  to 
right,  as  fields  are  ploughed  in  furrows, 
having  an  alternate  direction. 

Bousy  (bb'z'i),  a.    Same  as  Boony. 

In  his  cups  the  bottsy  poet  sir.gs.        Dryden. 

Bout  (Iwut),  «.  [Older  form  bought;  same 
word  as  Dan.  bugt,  a  bend,  a  bay  or  bight ; 
Icel.  bugtha,  a  bend;  from  Dan.  btigne,  Feel. 
bjuga,  to  bow,  to  bend;  closely  allied  to  E. 
bow,  bight.]  1.  A  twist  or  turn;  a  bend  or 
flexure;  a  link. 

In  notes,  with  many  a  winding  bout 

Of  linked  sweetness  long  drawn  out.        Milton. 

2.  A  going  and  returning,  as  in  ploughing, 
reaping,  <fcc. ;  as  much  of  an  action  as  is 
performed  at  one  time ;  a  single  part  of  an 
action  carried  on  at  successive  intervals. 
'  She  got  off  for  that  bout. '  Sir  11.  L' Estrange. 

3.  A  trial;  a  set-to;  a  contest;  as,  a  drinking 
bout. 

The  gentleman  will,  for  his  honour's  sake,  have  one 
bout  with  you.  Shaik. 

It  was  the  brave  outlaw's  custom  to  try  a  bout  at 
quarter-stair  with  his  young  recruits.  Sir  H'.  Scott. 

Boutadet  (bb-tad),  n.  [Fr.,  from  bouter,  to 
thrust.]  A  caprice;  a  whim;  a  fancy. 

His  first  bouta.de  was  to  kick  both  their  wives  one 
morning  out  of  doors,  and  his  own  too.  Swift. 

Boutefeut  (b°t-fu),  n.  [Fr.,  from  bouter,  to 
thrust,  and  feu,  fire.]  An  incendiary;  a 
makebate. 

Animated  by  a  base  fellow  called  John  a  Chamber. 
a  very  bontefeu,  who  bore  much  sway  among  the 
vulgar,  they  entered  into  open  rebellion.  Bacon. 

Boutisalet  (bo'ti-sal),  n.     [Apparently  from 

booty  and  tale.}    A  cheap  sale,  as  booty  is 

commonly  sold.      '  The  great  boutisale  of 

colleges  and  chantries.'    Sir  J.  Uaj/ward. 

BoutS-rim^S  (bb-re-ma),  n.  pi.     [Fr.  bout, 

]     an  end,  and  riwf,  rhymed.]    Words  that 
rhyme  given  as  the  ends  of  a  stanza,  the 
other  parts  of  the  lines  being  supplied  by 
the  ingenuity  of  the  writer. 
Bouza  (bb'za),  n.     Same  as  Bosa. 
Bouze.     Same  as  Boose. 
Bovate  (bo'vat),  n.     [Legal  L.  bovata,  from 

,     bos,  bovis,  an  ox.]    In  law,  as  much  land  as 

1     an  ox  can  plough  in  a  year;  ox-gang  (which 

[    see).  * 

Bovey-coal  (bo'vi-kol),  n.  A  tertiary  lignite 
or  brown-coal,  occurring  in  beds  of  from  2 
to  16  feet  thick,  in  pipe-clay,  at  Bovey,  in 
Devonshire.  It  is  an  inflammable  fossil, 
resembling,  in  many  of  its  properties,  bitu- 
minous coal.  Its  structure  is  fissile;  its  cross 
fracture  even  or  conchoidal,  with  a  resinous 
lustre,  somewhat  shining.  It  is  brittle, 
burns  with  a  weak  flame,  and  exhales  an 

j     odour  which  is  generally  disagreeable. 

,  Bovld  (bo'vid),  a.     Relating  to  that  tribe  of 

ruminant  animals  called  Bovidse. 

Bovldse  (bo'vi-de),  n.  pi.     [L.  bos,  bovig,  an 

ox,  and  Gr.  eidos,  likeness.]    A  sub-family 

of  the  Cavicornia,  or  hollow-horned  quad- 

!     rupeds,  consisting  of  gregarious  ruminant 

1  mammals,  usually  reckoned  equivalent  to 
the  Linntcan  genus  Bos,  or  what  is  called 
the  ox-tribe.  They  are  large  animals  with 
stout  limbs,  broad  hairless  muzzles,  un- 
branched,  hollow,  tapering  horns,  rather 

1  long  tail  ending  in  a  tuft  of  hair,  and  the 
females  have  four  teats.  Native  species 
occur  in  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  and  America, 
and  fossil  species  are  found  in  the  pliocene 
and  pleistocene  beds.  Some  have  been  do- 

,     mesticated.    They  include  the  arnee,  bison, 
buffalo,  ox,  musk-ox,  urus,  <fcc. 
Boviform  (bo'vi-form),  a.     [L.  bos,  bovitt,  an 

|  ox,  and/or»ia,  shape.]  Having  the  form  of 
an  ox. 

,  Bovine  (bo'vin),  a.  [L.L.  bovinvs,  from  bos, 
bovix,  an  ox.]  Pertaining  to  oxen  and  cows, 

I    or  the  quadrupeds  of  the  genus  Bos. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      IH,  then;  th,  (Am;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


BOVISTA 


316 


BOWER1C 


Bovista  (bo-vis'ta),  n.  [G.  bofist.]  A  genus 
of  fuiiKi  closely  allied  to  Lycoperdon,  l>ut 
having  the  spores  seated  on  short  stalks; 
the  puff-balls  or  Imlltlces.  Two  British  puft- 
halls  belong  to  this  genus,  the  smaller  (B. 
plumbed),  which  has  a  leaden  hue  when  dry, 
and  the  larger  (B.  n'ujrescens),  with  a  tlrm 
dark  inner  coat. 

Bow  (bou),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  btigan,  to  bend 
(trans,  and  intrans.);  D.  buigen,  Dan.  boie, 
Goth,  liiugan,  to  bend  (trans,  and  intrans.); 
G.  beugcn  (trans.);  cognate  with  L.  fugto,  Gr. 
phnuja,  to  flee ;  Skr.  blmj ,  to  bend.  ]  1.  To 
make  crooked  or  curved;  to  bend. 

A  three-pence  baw'd  would  hire  me.         Shak. 
We  bow  things  the  contrary  way  to  make  them 
come  to  their  natural  straitfhtiiess.  Bacon. 

2.  To  bend  or  incline,  as  the  head  or  the 
body,  in  token  of  homage,  respect,  civility, 
or  condescension. 

They  came  to  meet  him,  and  bowed  themselves  to 
the  ground  before  him.  2  Ki.  ii.  15. 

Bow  down  thine  ear,  and  hear  the  words  of  the  wise. 
Prov.  xxii.  17. 

3.  To  depress;  to  crush;  to  subdue;  to  cause 
to  submit.     '  Whose  heavy  hand  hath  bow'd 
you  to  the  grave.'    Shak. 

Authority  forgets  a  dying  king, 
I,aid  widow'd  of  the  power  in  his  eye 
That  boiv'ti  the  will.  Tennyson. 

4.  t  To  cause  to  deviate  from  a  former  con- 
dition; to  incline;  to  turn.    '  Sot  to  6010  and 
bias  their  opinions.'    Fuller. 

For  troubles  and  adversities  do  more  bow  men's 
minds  to  religion.  Bacon. 

6.  To  accompany  or  attend  with  a  bow ;  to 
make  a  bow  to  when  about  to  separate. 

I  saw  the  station-master  trow  them  into  the  carriage. 

Dickens. 
Becky  tarwrd  Jos  out  of  her  little  garret.  Thackeray. 

Bow  (bou),  v.i.  To  bend,  in  token  of  rever- 
ence, respect,  or  civility ;  to  be  bent  or 
inflected;  to  curve.  'Like  an  ass  whose 
back  with  ingots  bows.'  Shak.  'Low  bowed 
the  tributary  Prince.'  Tennyson. 

The  rest  of  the  people  bowed  down  upon  their  knees. 

Judg.  vii.  6. 
They  stoop;  they  bow  down  together.     Is.  xlvi.  6. 

Bow  (bou),  71.  [Directly  from  the  verb.] 
1. 1 A  bend.  '  The  bowe  of  the  ry  ver  of  Hum- 
ber.'  Trevisa.  —  2.  An  inclination  of  the 
head,  or  a  bending  of  the  body,  in  token  of 
reverence,  respect,  civility,  or  submission. 

Bow  (bou),  n.  [Probably  directly  from  the 
Scandinavian :  Icel.  bogr,  Dan.  ban,  bowg,  a 
shoulder,  the  bow  of  a  vessel,  shoulder  ap- 
parently being  the  primary  meaning  of  the 
word.  The  root  is  no  doubt  that  of  the 
verb.  ]  Xaut.  the  rounding  part  of  a  ship's 
side  forward,  beginning  where  the  planks 
trend  inward,  and  terminating  where  they 
close,  at  the  stem  or  prow.  A  narrow  bow 
is  called  a  lean  bow ;  a  broad  one  a  bold  or 
bin/  bow.  — On  the  bow  (naut. ),  on  that  part 
of  the  horizon  within  4.V  of  the  line  ahead. 

Bow  (bo),  n.  [A.  Sax.  borja,  Icel.  bogi,  Dan. 
bue,  D.  boog,  the  weapon  called  the  bow, 
from  the  root  of  the  verb  to  bow,  A.  Sax. 
b&qan.}  1.  A  missile  weapon  made  of  a 
strip  of  wood  or  other  elastic  material,  with 
a  string  stretched  from  end  to  end  of  it,  on 
which  an  arrow  is  made  to  rest  endwise. 
The  bow  is  then  bent  by  drawing  the  string, 
which  is  again  suddenly  let  go,  when  the 
bow  springs  back,  and  by  its  elastic  force 
throws  the  arrow  to  a  great  distance.  Bows 
were  formerly  divided  into  long-bows  and 
cross-bows.  The  use  of  the  bow  is  called 
archery.  The  bows  commonly  used  in  arch- 
ery are  of  two  kinds — the  single-piece  bow 
and  the  back  or  union  bow.  The  single-piece 
I  ow  is  made  of  one  rod  of  hickory,  lance- 
wood,  or  yew-tree,  which  last,  if  perfectly 
free  from  knots,  is  considered  the  most 
suitable  wood.  The  union  bow  is  made  of 
two  or  sometimes  three  pieces  glued  to- 
gether.—2.  Anything  bent  or  in  form  of  a 
curve,  as  the  rainbow,  the  part  of  a  yoke 
which  embraces  the  animal's  neck,  &c.  — 
3.  In  music,  an  instrument  originally  curved, 
but  now  almost  straight,  by  means  of  which 
the  tone  is  produced  from  instruments  of 
the  violin  kind.  It  is  made  of  a  thin  start 
of  elastic  wood,  to  both  ends  of  which  the 
hairs  (about  80  or  100  horse-hairs)  are  fas- 
tened. These  being  rubbed  with  rosin, 
and  drawn  over  the  strings  of  the  musical 
instrument,  cause  it  to  sound.— 4.  l!ow-com- 
passes. — 5.  An  instrument  formerly  used  for 
taking  the  sun's  altitude  at  sea,  consisting 
of  a  large  arch  of  00°  graduated,  a  shank  or 
staff,  a  side-vane,  a  sight-vane,  and  a  hori- 
zon-vane.—6.  An  instrument  in  use  among 
smiths  for  turning  a  drill ;  with  turners  for 


turning  wood;  with  hatters  for  breaking 
fur  and  wool,  and  consisting  of  a  piece  of 
wood  more  or  less  curved,  and  having  a 
string  extending  from  one  extremity  to  the 
other.  -7.  In'nre/t.  (n)the  part  of  a  building 
which  projects  from  a  straight  wall,  some- 
times circular  and  sometimes  polygonal  in 
the  plane.  (b)  A  flying  buttress,  or  arrhrd 
buttress  —8.  sing.  mpl.  Two  pieces  of  wood 
laid  archwise  to  receive  the  upper  part  of 
a  horse's  back,  to  give  the  saddle  its  due 
form,  and  to  keep  it  tight.— Bow  instrument, 
in  music,  an  instrument  strung  with  gut  and 
played  on  by  means  of  a  bow,  as  the  violin, 
viola,  and  violoncello.— Bows  and  bills. '  the 
cry  raised  in  old  times  by  the  English  to 
give  an  alarm  in  their  camp  or  to  encourage 
the  people  to  take  to  arms. 

Bow  (bo),  v.t.  or  i.  [Directly  from  the  above 
noun  in  meanings  3  and  6.]  1.  In  music, 
to  perform  or  play  with  the  bow;  as,  that 
passage  for  the  violin  should  be  bowed 
boldly;  that  violinist  bows  with  great  taste; 
2.  In  hat-making,  to  separate  the  filaments 
of  felting-fur  and  distribute  them  in  the 
basket  by  means  of  a  bow. 

Bowable  t  (bou'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
bowed  or  bent;  of  a  flexible  disposition. 

Bow-backed  (bo'bakt),  a.  Having  a  bent 
or  bowed  back.  Tennyson. 

Bow-bearer  (bo'bar-4r),  n.  In  law,  an  under 
officer  of  a  forest,  whose  duty  is  to  inform 
of  trespasses. 

Bow-Bellt  (bo'bel),  n.  One  born  within  the 
sound  of  the  bells  of  the  church  of  Bow, 
which  is  supposed  to  be  near  the  centre  of 
the  city  of  London;  a  Cockney.  Beau.  J:  Fl. 

Bow-bent  (bo'bent),  a.  Bent  like  a  bow; 
crooked.  '  A  sibyl  o\fl,bow-bent  with  crooked 
age. '  Milton. 

Bow-boy  (bo'boi),  n.  A  boy  who  uses  a  bow; 
hence,  Cupid.  Shak. 

Bow-brace  (bo'bras),  n.  In  milit.  antiq.  a 
covering  of  bone,  metal,  or  leather  for  pro- 
tecting the  left  arm  of  the  bowman  from 
the  percussion  of  the  bow-string. 

Bow-chaser  (bou'chas-er),  n.  A  gun  pointed 
from  the  bow  of  a  ship  of  war. 

Bow-compass,  Bow-compasses  (bd'kum- 
pas,  bo'kum-pas-ez),  71.  1.  A  pair  of  com- 
passes with  a  bow,  or  arched  plate  of  metal 
riveted  to  one  of  the  legs,  upon  which  the 
other  leg  slides  to  steady  the  motion. — 2.  A 
small  instrument  furnished  with  a  bow- 
pen  used  by  draughtsmen  for  describing 
circles  with  ink.  See  COMPASS,  5.  — 3.  A 
beam  of  wood  or  brass  with  three  long  screws 
to  bend  a  lath  or  steel  to  any  arch,  used  in 
forming  draughts  of  ships,  projections  of  the 
sphere,  or  wherever  it  is  necessary  to  draw 
arches  of  large  radius. 

Bowdlerize  (bod'li-r-iz),  v.t.  [From  Thomas 
Bowdler,  who  published  in  1818  an  expur- 
gated edition  of  Shakspere.  ]  To  remove 
offensive  or  questionable  words  from,  as 
from  a  literary  work ;  to  expurgate.  Sat. 
Review. 

Bow-drill  (bo'dril),  n.  A  drill  or 
boring  tool  worked  by  a  bow  and 
spring. 

Bow-dye  (bo'di),  n.     A  kind  of  scarlet 
colour,  superior  to  madder,  but  in- 
ferior to  the  true  scarlet  grain  for      ' 
fixedness  and  duration:  first  used  at 
Bow,  near  London. 

Bowed  (bod),  a.  In  her.  bent  like  a 
bow;  embowed.  Termed  also  Fleeted 
or  Reflected.  —  Bowed-inibowed.  See 
ANNODATED. 

Bowel  (bou'el).  n.  [O.Fr.  boel  (Mod.  Fr. 
bot/au),  from  L.  botellus.  a  small  sau- 
sage, an  intestine,  from  botulus,  a  sau- 
sage.] 1.  One  of  the  intestines  of  an 
animal;  a  gut,  especially  of  man: 
chieflyused  in  the  plural.--2.  p?.(a)The 
interior  part  of  anything.  •  Into  the 
bowels  of  the  battle.'  Shak. 

It  was  great  pity,  so  it  was. 
That  villanous  saltpetre  should  lie  digged 
Out  of  the  bowels  of  the  harmless  earth.      Shak. 

(b)  The  seat  of  pity  or  kindness;  hence, 
tenderness;  compassion.  'No  lady  of  more 
softer  bowels.'  Shak. 

Open  thy  bowels  of  compassion.        Congrrve. 

(c)t  Offspring;  children. 

Thine  own  fxnvels,  which  do  call  thee  sire. 
The  mere  effusion  of  thy  proper  loins.      5/r.ii. 

Bowel  (bou'el).  i).  t.  pret.  &  pp.  bowelled;  ppr. 
boioeUing.  To  take  out  the  bowels  of ;  to 
eviscerate;  to  penetrate  the  bowels  of. 
'  Drawn  and  hanged  in  his  armour,  taken 
down  alive  and  bowelled.'  Stow. 

Bowellesst  (bou'el-les),  a.  Without  tender- 
ness or  pity. 


Miserable  men  commiserate  not  themselves;  hotrtl- 
fes.f  unto  others,  and  merciless  unto  their  own  EM  >«  -jK. 
Sir  T,  Rrtrwtte. 

Bowel-pryert  (bou'el-pri-cr),  ».  One-  who 
practises  divination  by  examining  the  in- 
U'stines  of  animals.  lloU'ii/*/. 

Bpwel-prylngt  (bouVl-pri-im;),  it.  Divina- 
tion by  examining  the  bowels  of  animals. 
Holland. 

Bower  (bou'er),  n.  An  anchor  carried  at 
the  bow  of  a  ship  (hence  the  name),  and  in 
constant  working  use.  There  are  generally 
two  bowers,  called  first  and  second,  great 
and  little,  or  best  and  small. 

Bower  (bou'er), ".  [A.  Sax.  bur,  a  chamber, 
often  a  lady's  chamber,  from  buan,  to  dwell; 
Icel.  bur,  a  chamber,  a  larder,  a  pantry, 
from  bua,  to  live;  Dan.  bitur,  a  cage;  M.  H.<;. 
bur,  a  chamber.]  1. 1  A  bed-chamber;  any 
room  in  a  house  except  the  hull.  '  In  tiutc 
came  rushing  forth  from  inner  /«,<'•/< 
Spenser, —  2.  t  A  cottage;  an  unpretentious 
residence;  a  rustic  abode. 

Courtesy  oft-times  in  simple  fron'ers 

Is  found  as  great  as  in  the  stately  towers. 

Sirj.Harinzton. 

3.  A  shelter  made  with  boughs  or  twining 
plants;  an  arbour;  a  shady  recess. 

I  only  begged  a  little  woodbine  boiver 
Where  I  might  sit  and  weep.       //".  Afason. 

Bower  (bou'fir),  n.  [D.  boer,  G.  batier,  a 
peasant,  a  boor,  in  a  German  pack  of  cards. 
the  equivalent  of  our  knave.]  1.  In  cant- 
playiiiff,  one  of  the  two  highest  cards  in 
the  game  of  euchre,  called  respectively  /  /-//<  t 
bower,  which  is  the  knave  of  trumps,  and 
left  bower,  which  is  the  knave  of  the  other 
suit  of  the  same  colour  as  trumps. 

But  the  hands  that  were  played 


By  that  heathen  Chinee, 
And  the  points  that  he  made 


e  pom1  _ 

Were  quite  frightful  to  see- 
Till  at  last  he  put  down  a  right  bmer, 
Which  the  same  Nye  had  dealt  unto  me. 

firtt  Harte. 

2.  A  person  who  obtains  the  use  of  a  num- 
ber of  cows,  along  with  pasture  and  fodder 
for  them,  from  a  farmer  or  proprietor,  pay- 
ing a  certain  sum  by  agreement,  and  making 
what  profit  lie  can  from  the  produce  of  the 
cattle.  [South-west  of  Scotland.]  In  this 
sense  also  written  Booer. 
Bower  t  (bou'er),  v.t  To  embower;  to  in- 
close. 

O  nature,  what  hadst  thou  to  do  in  hell. 

When  thou  didst  b<ra.'tr  the  spirit  of  a  fiend 

In  mortal  paradise  of  such  sweet  flesh?      Shak. 

Bower  t  (bou'er),  v.i.    To  take  shelter;  to 

lodge.    'Spreading  pavilions  for  the  birds 

to  bowre. '    Spfnttcr. 
Bower  (bou'er),  n.    One  who  or  that  which 

bows  or  bends;  specifically,  a  muscle  that 

bends  the  joints. 

His  rawbone  arms  whow  mighty  brawned  boners 
Were  wont  to  rive  bteele  plates.  Sftnser. 

Bower-anchor  (bou'er- ang-ker),  n.  An  an- 
chor carried  at  a  ship's  bows.  See  BOWER. 
Bower -bird  (bou'er- berd),  n.  A  name  of 


certain  Australian  conlrostral  (insessorial) 
birds,  family  Oriolidee,  genera  Ptilonorhyn- 
chus  and  Chlamydera,  about  the  size  of  a 
larpe  starling.  They  are  reniarkable  for 
erecting  bowers,  called  runs  in  New  South 
Wales.aiid  adorning  them  with  gay  feathers, 
rags,  bones,  shells,  and  other  white  or 
bright- coloured  objects.  These  bowers  are 
used  as  places  of  resort,  but  not  as  nests. 

Bower-eaves  (bou'er-evzX  ».  pi  The  eaves 
of  a  bower  or  rustic  abode.  '  A  Iww-shot 
from  her  boicer-eai-e*.'  Tennyson. 

Bowered  (bou'erd),  a.  Furnished  with 
bowers,  recesses,  or  alcoves.  Tennyson. 

Boweric  (bou'er-ik),  n.  In  India,  a  well 
descended  by  steps.  Weale. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BOWER-MAID 


317 


BOX 


Bower-maid  t  ( bou'er-mful ),  n.  A  young 
woman  in  attendance  mi  a  lady.  Latham. 

Bower-thane  (bmi'er-tlmn), ».  [A.Sax  ln'n-- 
thetjn.}  The  name  fora  chamberlain  in  the 
times  of  the  Saxon  kings. 

The  chamberlain,  or  bou>cr-thane,  was  also  the 
royal  treasurer.  Thar  ft, 

Bowery  (bou'er-i),  a.  Covering  or  shading 
;\A  a  bower;  containing  bowers.  Tennyson. 

B3W6SS,  Bowet  (bou'i'.s,  bou'ct),  it.  Infal- 
niury,  a  young  hawk,  when  it  begins  to  get 
(Hit  of  the  nest. 

Bowge  (I'oiij),  v.t.  and  i.  To  cause  to  leak  ; 
t"  leak.  'To  bowye  and  pierce  any  enemy 
ship  which  they  do  encounter.'  Holland, 

See  1'iOUGK. 

Bow-grace  (bou'gras),  n.  A'aut  a  frame,  or  , 
composition  of  junk,  laid  out  at  the  sides,  | 
stem,  or  bows  of  ships  to  secure  them  from  . 
injury  by  ice. 

Bow-hand  (bo'hand),  n.  I.  In  archery,  the 
hand  that  holds  the  bow ;  the  left  hand. 
'Surely  he  shoots  wide  on  the  bow-hand.' 
Spenser.~2.  In  music,  the  hand  that  draws 
the  bow;  the  right  hand. 

Bowie  (bou'i),  n.    A  cask;  a  barrel.  [Scotch.] 

Bowie-knife  (bo'i-mf),  n.  [After  its  inven- 
tor, Colonel  James  Bowie.]  A  knife  from 
10  to  15  inches  long  and  about  2  inches 
broad,  worn  as  a  weapon  in  the  United 
States  of  America. 

Bowingly  (bou'ing-li),  ado.  In  a  bending 
manner,  llaloet. 

Bow-instrument  (bo'in-stru-ment),  n.  An 
instrument  strung  with  cat-gut  or  goat-gut, 
from  which  the  tones  are  produced  by 
means  of  the  bow,  as  the  double  bass,  the 
small  bass  or  violoncello,  the  tenor,  the 
violin  proper,  Ac. 

Bowk,  Bouk  (bonk,  bbk),  n.  Bulk.  [Scotch.] 

Bow-kail  (bou'kal),  «.  Cabbage :  so  called 
from  their  bowing  together  to  form  the 
head.  Burns.  [Scotch.  ] 

Bow-knot  (bo'not),  n.  A  slip  knot  made  by 
drawing  a  portion  of  a  cord,  ribbon,  &c.,  in 
the  form  of  a  bow  through  an  involution, 
which  is  then  tightened  round  the  bow. 
This  knot  can  be  easily  untied  by  drawing 
the  bow  back  again. 

Bowl  (bol),  n.  [O.E.  bolle,  A.Sax.  bolla, 
a  round  vessel,  a  bowl;  Icel.  bolli,  M.H.G. 
bolle,  a  bowl ;  allied  to  ball.]  1.  A  concave 
vessel  of  a  somewhat  globular  shape;  a 
large  cup  with  roundish  outlines ;  a  goblet : 
often  used  as  the  emblem  of  festivity.  *  Nor 
bowl  of  wassail  mantle  warm.'  Tennyson. 

There  St.  John  mingles  with  my  friendly  btnvl 
The  feast  of  reason  and  the  flow  of  soul.     Pope . 

2.  The  hollow  part  of  anything;   as,  the 
bowl  of  a  spoon  or  of  a  tobacco-pipe. 
Bowl  (bol),  n.     [O.E.  bowlet  Fr.  boule,  from 
L.  bulla,  a  bubble  (whence  verb  to  boil).] 

1.  A  ball  of  wood  or  other  material  used  for 
rolling  on  a  level  surface  at  play;  a  ball  of 
wood  loaded  on  one  side  used  in  a  game 
played  on  a  level  plat  of  green-sward. 

Like  an  uninstructed  bnwler,  he  thinks  to  attain 
the  jack  by  delivering  his  b<rtut  straightforward 
upon  it.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

2.  pi.  The  game  played  with  such  balls. 
Bowl  (bol),  v.i.    1.  To  play  with  bowls  or  at 

bowling.  'Challenge  her  to  bowl.'  Shak. — 
2.  To  roll  a  bowl,  as  in  the  game  of  bowls. 
8.  To  deliver  the  ball  to  be  played  by  the 
batsman  at  cricket. —4.  To  move  rapidly 
and  like  a  ball ;  as,  the  carriage  bowled 
along. 

We  bowltd  along  the  great  North  road.    Mrs.  Gore. 

Bowl  (bol),  v.t.    1.  To  roll  as  a  bowl. 

Break  all  the  spokes  and  felloes  from  her  wheel. 
And  bo-wt  the  round  nave  down  the  hill  of  heaven. 

Shak. 

2.  To  pelt  with  or  as  with  bowls. 

I  had  rather  be  set  i'  th*  earth, 

And  bowled  to  death  with  turnips.  Sha£. 

— To  bowl  out.  in  cricket,  to  put  out  of  play 
by  knocking  down  one's  bails  or  stumps  by 
a  ball  delivered  by  the  bowler  in  order  to 
be  played  by  the  batsman ;  as,  Smith  was 
bowled  out  at  the  first  ball. 

Bowlder  (bol'der),  it.     Same  as  Boulder. 

Bowlder-stone  (bol'der-ston).  See  BOUL- 
DER. 

Bowlder-wall(b61'der-wal), «.  See  Boulder 
wall  under  BOULDER. 

Bow-leg  (bo'leg),  n.    A  crooked  leg. 

Bow-legged  (bo'legd),  a.  Having  crooked 
or  bandy  legs. 

In  person  the  duke  was  of  the  middle  size,  well 
made,  except  that  he  was  somewhat  bow-legged. 

j'rtscott. 

Bowler  (borer),  n.  1.  One  who  plays  at 
bowls. —2.  In  cricket,  the  player  who  de- 


livers  tin-  ball  in  i»nk.T  In  lit;  played  by  the 
batsman. 

Bowless  (bo'les),  a.     Destitute  of  a  bow. 

Bowline  (boTIn),  ».  1.  Naut.  a  rope  fastened 
near  the  middle  of  the  leach,  or  perpen- 
dicular edge  of  the  square  sails,  by  subordi- 
nate parts  called  bridles,  and  used  to  keep 
the  weather  edge  of  the  sail  tight  forward 
towards  the  bow  when  the  ship  is  close 
hauled.— To  check  tiie  bowline,  to  slacken  it 
when  the  wind  becomes  more  favourable. — 
To  sharp  the  -main  bowline  or  hate  the  bow- 
line, to  pull  it  harder.  On  a  bowline,  said 
of  a  ship  when  close-hauled  or  sailing  close 
to  the  wind. 

You  might  get  five  knots  out  of  her,  on  a  bowline, 
in  a  very  stiff  breeze.  Hannay, 

2.  In  ship-building,  a  curve  representing  a 
vertical  section  of  the  bow-end  of  a  ship. 

Bowling-alley,  Bowl-alley  ( bol'ing-al-li, 
bol'al-li),  n.  A  covered  place  for  the  game 
of  bowls  instead  of  a  bowling-green. 

Bowling-green  (bol'ing-gren),  n.  A  level 
piece  of  green  -  sward  kept  smooth  for 
bowling. 

Bowling  -  ground  ( bol '  ing  -  ground  ),  n. 
A  bowling-green.  'The  subtlest  bowliny- 
ground  in  all  Tartary.'  B.  Joniton. 

Bowman  (bo 'man),  71.  A  man  who  uses  a 
bow ;  an  archer.  Jer.  iv.  29. 

Bowman  (bou'man),  n.  The  man  who  rows 
the  foremost  oar  in  a  bo  .t.  Totten. 

Bowman's  Root  (bo'manz  rot),  n.  The 
popular  name  of  two  plants :  (a)  I&nardia 
altermfolia;  (b)  Gillenia  trifolutta. 

Bow-net  (bo'net),  n.  A  contrivance  for 
catching  lobsters  and  crayfish.  It  is  made 
of  two  round  wicker  baskets,  pointed  at  the 
end,  one  of  which  is  thrust  into  the  other, 
and  having  at  the  mouth  a  little  rim  bent 
inward  to  oppose  the  return  of  the  fish. 

Bow-oar  (bou'or),  n.  1.  The  foremost  oar 
used  in  pulling  a  boat.— 2.  The  person  who 
pulls  the  bow-oar. 

Bow-pen  (bo'pen),  n,  A  metallic  ruling- 
pen,  having  the  part  which  holds  the  ink 
bowed  out  towards  the  middle. 

Bow-piece  (bou'pes),  n.  A  piece  of  ordnance 
carried  at  the  bow  of  a  ship. 

Bow-pot  (bou'pot),  n.  A  pot  or  vase  for 
holding  boughs  for  ornament;  also,  a  nose- 
gay or  bouquet.  Written  also  Bough-pot. 

And  I  smell  at  the  beautiful,  beautiful  boiu-j-ot  he 
brings  me,  winter  and  summer,  from  his  country- 
house  at  Haverstock-hitl.  C.  A.  Sala. 

Bow-saw  (bo'sa),  n.  A  flexible  saw  for 
cutting  curves.  It  has  a  narrow  blade 
stretched  in  an  elastic  frame  in  the  manner 
of  an  archer's  bow. 

Bowse  (bouz),  v.i.  1.  To  bouse;  to  carouse; 
to  drink. 

Bold  Robin  Hood 
Would,  with  his  Maid  Marian. 
Sup  and  bowse  from  horn  and  can.          Keats. 
2.  Naut.  to  haul  or  pull  hard ;  as,  to  bowse 
upon  a  tack;   to  bowse  away  =  to  pull  all 
together. 

Bow-shot  (bo'shot),  n.  The  distance  tra- 
versed by  an  arrow  in  its  flight  from  a  bow. 
'A  bow-shot  from  her  bower-eaves.'  Tenny- 
son. 

Bow-Sprit  (bo 'sprit),  n.  [Bow  and  sprit; 
D.  boegspriet,  Dan.  bougsprid.  ]  A  large 
boom  or  spar  which  projects  over  the  stem 
of  a  ship  or  other  vessel.  Beyond  it  projects 


Bowsprit. 


a.  Bowsprit.      t>,  Jib-boom. 
c c.  Sprit-sail  yard,    d,  Martingale. 


the  jib-boom,  and  beyond  that  again  the 
flying  jib-boom.  To  these  three  spars  are 
secured  the  stays  of  the  foremast  and  of  the 
spars  above  it,  and  on  them  are  set  the  fore 
and  fore-topmast  stay-sails,  the  jib,  and  the 
flying  jib.  In  former  times  underneath 
them  were  set  a  sprit-sail,  sprit-topsail,  Ac. 


Depending  from   tin-  iH.w.-jir  - 

larly  is  the  martingale  in-  dolphin  striker. 
A  MtiiHtlintf  ln,ir.^,rit  is  a  priinam-ntly 
flxed  bowsprit;  a  running  !..,>,-, },, -,7,  one 
that  can  be  eased  out  and  in  like  a  jib- 
boom,  as  iii  sloops  and  sma-'k-  /;<«•.-/,/•// 
Shroud*,  strong  n.]»rs  attarlu-d  to  the  bow- 
sprit for  supporting  and  strengthming  it. 

Bowssen.t  r.t.     [Old  form  of  '„  /„„/*,-,  with 
the  inf.  term,  en  retained,]    1.  Tu  drink. 
U.  To  drench;  to  soak.     Rich.  ('»< 

Bow-String  (tJoMring),  n.  1.  The  string  of 
a  bow.  — 2.  A  similar  string  used  for  strang- 
ling offenders  in  the  Ottoman  Empire. 

There  was  no  difference  whatever  between  the 
polity  of  our  country  and  Turkey,  and  .  .  if  the  king 

(did  Dot)Knamutw  with  tow-jm^f/toSaacraftud 

Halifax,  this  was  only  because  HU  Majesty  was  too 
ffimdous  to  use  the  whole  power  whiJi  lie  derived 
from  heaven.  M^caitlay. 

Bow-string  (Itf'string),  v.t.  1.  To  furnish 
with  a  bow-string.  — 2.  To  strangle  with  a 
bow-string. 

Bowstring-hemp  (bo'string-hemp),  n.  The 
fibre  of  the  leaves  of  an  East  Indian  plant, 
the  Sanseviera  zeylanica,  nat.  order  Lilia- 
cecc,  so  named  because  of  its  employment 
for  making  bow-strings  by  the  natives. 
The  leaves  are  from  2  to  4  feet  long.  Another 
species,  S.  guineetustn,  yielding  good  flbre, 
has  been  found  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa. 

Bowsy.    See  liowxv. 

Bowtell  (bo'tel),  n.  [From  bolt,  an  arrow, 
another  form  being  boltel.  ]  The  shaft 
of  a  clustered  pillar,  or  any  plain  round 
moulding.  Written  also  Boltel,  Bottel, 
Boutel. 

Bow-timbers  (bo'tim-berz),  n.  A'aut.  the 
timbers  that  form  the  bow  of  a  ship. 

Bow -window  (bo' win-do),  n.  A  window 
built  so  as  to  project  from  a  wall,  properly 
one  that  forms  a  segment  of  a  circle.  See 
BAY-WINDOW. 

Bow-WOW  (bou'wou),  «.  The  loud  bark  of 
a  dog. 

BOW-WOW  (bou'wou),  a.  An  epithet  applied 
in  ridicule  by  Max  M tiller  to  the  theory  that 
all  language  has  its  origin  in  onomatopoesis, 
that  is,  in  imitation  of  natural  sounds. 

Bowyer  (bo'yer),  n.  [From  bow,  like  lawyer, 
sawyer,  from  law,  saw.]  1.1  An  archer; 
one  who  uses  a  bow.  'The  bowt/er  king.' 
Dryden. — 2.  One  who  makes  bows. 

Good  shooting  may,  perchance,  be  more  occupied, 
to  the  profit  of  all  bowyers  and  fletchers.  Asfham. 

Bowzy  (bou'zi),  a.  Somewhat  intoxicated. 
See  BOOSY. 

Rous'd  at  his  name  up  rose  the  bowzy  sire.  Pope. 
BOX  (boks),  ?i.  [A.  Sax.  box,  a  box,  from  L. 
buxus,  buxum,  the  box-tree,  and  something 
made  of  its  wood;  a  form  collateral  withGr. 
pyxis,  a  box  or  case,  from  pyxvs,  the  box- 
tree.  ]  1.  A  case  or  receptacle  of  any  size  and 
made  of  any  material,  frequently  deriving  its 
specific  name  from  the  article  it  is  intended 
to  contain;  as,  the  box  of  the  mariner's 
compass;  a  pill -box;  a  lady's  work- box; 
a  dice-few.  Specifically,  a  money  chest, 
especially  one  in  which  money  for  some  par- 
ticular purpose  is  collected  or  kept;  as,  poor- 
bar,  missionary-box. 

So  many  more,  so  every  one  was  used. 

That  to  give  largely  to  the  box  refused.     Spenser. 

2.  The  quantity  that  a  box  contains;  as,  a 
box  of  cigars.  Shak.  —  3.  The  driver's  seat 
on  a  carriage,  which  often  has  a  lid  so  as  to 
form  a  box. 

Where  would  yon  like  to  sit?  Inorout?  Back  to  the 
horses  or  the  front?    Get  you  the  box,  if  you  like. 
Disraeli. 

4.  A  present,  especially  a  Christmas  present. 
'Such  a  box  as  our  prentices  beg  before 
Christmas.'  Cotgrave.—5.  A  compartment 
or  place  shut  or  railed  off  for  the  accommo- 
dation of  a  small  number  of  people  in  a 
public  place ;  as,  (a)  a  compartment  in  the 
common-room  of  a  tavern  or  other  house  of 
refreshment.  (&)  An  inclosed  space  in  a 
theatre  or  other  place  of  amusement,  fur- 
nished with  seats.  '  The  boxe*  and  the  pit.' 
Dryden.  (c)  In  courts  of  justice,  the  seats 
set  apart  for  jurymen  and  the  stand  for 
witnesses. 

The  whole  machinery  of  the  state,  all  the  apparatus 
of  the  system,  and  its  varied  workings,  end  in  simply 
bringing  twelve  good  men  into  a  box.  Brougham. 

6.  A  place  of  shelter  for  one  or  two  men 

engaged  in  certain  duties;  as,  a  sentry's  box; 
a  signalman's  box.  —  7.  A  suug  residence ; 
as,  a  shooting  box. 

Let  me  keep  a  brace  of  hunters — a  cozy  box — a  bit 
of  land  to  it,  and  a  girl  after  my  own  heart,  and  I'll  cry 
quits  with  you.  Lord  Lytton. 

8.  In  mack,  (a)  a  cylindrical  hollow  iron  in 
wheels,  in  which  the  axle  runs.  (6)  A  hollow 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      ?H,  Men;  th,  thio;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


BOX 


318 


BRACE 


tube  in  a  pump  closed  with  a  valve ;  the 
bucket  of  a  lifting-pump.  — 9.  In  carp,  a 
trough  for  cutting  mitres. —  10.  Xaut.  the 
space  between  the  back-board  and  the  stern- 
post  of  a  boat,  where  the  coxswain  sits.— In 
a  box,  in  a  perplexing  or  embarrassing  posi- 
tion; in  a  difficulty. — In  the  wrong  box,  in 
an  awkward  situation;  mistaken. 

He'd  soon  find  himself  in  the  wrong  box  with  S.irah 
Jane  D ,  I  warrant.  G.  A.  Sala, 

Box  (boks),  v.t.  1.  To  inclose,  as  in  a  box 
to  save  or  hoard ;  to  confine. 

Saving  never  ceased 

Till  he  had  box'd  up  twelve  score  pounds  at  least. 

Cratte. 

I've  no  notion  of  being  boxed  up  here.     Marryat. 

2.  To  furnish  with  a  box,  as  a  wheel.— 3.  To 
make  a  hole  or  cut  in  a  tree  to  procure  the 
sap ;  as,  to  box  a  maple. 
Box  (boks),  n.  [Corresponding  by  metathesis 
to  Dan.  bask,  a  slap.  See  the  verb.]  A  blow 
with  the  fist;  specifically,  a  blow  on  the 
head  with  the  flst,  or  on  the  ear  with  the 
open  hand.  'A good-humoured  box  on  the 
ear. '  Irving. 

He  represented  to  him  very  warmly  that  no  gentle- 
man could  take  a  box  on  the  ear.  .  .  .  '  1  know  that ; 
but  this  was  not  a  box  on  the  ear,  it  was  only  a  slap 
o'  the  face.'  Lady  M.  It'.  Montagu. 

Box  (boks),  v.t.  [Corresponding  by  meta- 
thesis to  Dan.  baske,  to  beat ;  comp.  ask, 
ax.  Bash,  to  beat,  is  a  softened  form.] 
To  strike  with  the  fist  or  hand,  especially  to 
strike  the  ear  or  side  of  the  head.  '  They 
box  her  about  the  ears.'  North. 
Box  (boks),  v.i  To  fight  with  the  flst;  to 
combat  with  or  as  with  the  hand  or  flst. 
'  A  leopard  is  like  a  cat,  he  boxes  with  his 
fore-feet.'  N.  Grew. 

Box  (boks),  n.  [L.  buxus,  Gr.  pyxos,  the 
box -tree.  See  Box,  a  case.]  A  tree  or 
shrub,  Buxus  sempervirens.  See  Buxus  and 
BOXWOOD.— African  box,  a  name  given  to 
Myrsine  africana. 

Box  (boks),  v.t.  Xaut.  to  cause  (a  vessel)  to 
turn  round  on  her  heel;  to  box-haul:  also 
with  of;  as,  to  box  off  a  vessel.  See  BOX- 
HAUL. — To  box  the  compass,  to  go  over  the 
points  of  the  compass  in  their  order  or 
backwards,  and  to  answer  any  questions 
regarding  the  divisions  of  the  compass. 
Box-coat  (boks'kot),  n.  An  overcoat  worn  by 
coachmen ;  an  overcoat  worn  in  travelling  on 
the  outside  of  a  coach. 

I  shall  believe  it  ...  when  I  shall  see  the  traveller 
for  some  rich  tradesman  part  with  his  admired  box. 
coat,  to  spread  it  over  the  defenceless  shoulders  of 
the  poor  woman  who  is  passing  to  her  parish  on  the 
roof  of  the  same  stage-coach  with  him,  drenched  in 
the  rain.  Lamb. 

Box-crab  (boksTcrab),  n.  The  popular  name 
of  a  crab  of  the  genus  Calappa :  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  when  at  rest  to  a  box. 
Box-day  (boks'da),  n.  In  the  law  courts, 
a  day  appointed  by  the  judges  during  the 
vacations  on  which  pleadings  or  any  papers 
ordered  by  the  court  have  to  be  lodged. 
Box-drain  (boks'dran),  n.  An  underground 
drain  regularly  built  with  upright  sides  and 
a  flat  stone  or  brick  cover,  so  that  the  close 
section  has  the  appearance  of  a  square  box 
Box-elder  (boks'cl-der),  n.  The  ash-leaved 
maple  (Negundo  aceroides),  anative  of  North 
America,  a  small  tree  with  light  green  twigs, 
and  delicate  droopingclusters  of  small  green- 
ish flowers  which  appear  before  the  leaves 
Boxen  (boks'en),  a.  1.  Made  of  box-wood 
'Boxen  hautboy.'  Gay.—  2.  Resembling  box. 

Her  faded  cheeks  are  chang'd  to  boxen  hue.  Dryden. 

Boxer  (boks'er),  n.  One  who  flghts  with  his 
flst ;  a  pugilist. 

Box-girder  (boks'gerd-er),  n.  In  mech. 
a  kind  of  girder  resembling  a  box,  made 
of  boiler-plates  fastened  together  by  angle- 
irons  riveted  to  the  top  and  bottom  plates 
Such  girders  are  used  almost  exclusively  for 
spans  of  from  SO  to  60  feet,  on  account  of  their 
elasticity  and  power  of  resisting  impact 

Box-haul  (boksTial),  v.t.  Naut.  to  veer  a 
ship  round  on  her  heel  when  it  is  imprac- 
ticable to  tack. 

Boxiana  (boks-i-a'na),  n.  pi.  Annals  of  prize- 
fights ;  the  literature  of  or  gossip  or  anec- 
dotes concerning  pugilism. 

Boxing  (boks'ing),  n.  1.  Naut.  a  square  piece 
of  ury  hard-wood  used  in  connecting  the 
frame  timbers.  —  2.  pi.  The  cases  on  each 
side  of  a  window  into  which  the  shutters 
are  folded. -3.  pi.  Among  millers,  coarse 
flour  separated  in  the  process  of  bolting 

Boxing-day,  Boxing-night  (boks'ing-da 
boks'mg-nit),  n.  The  day  and  night  after 
Christmas -day,  when  Christmas-boxes  or 
presents  are  given. 


Boxing-glove  (boks'iiig-gluv),  n.     A  large 
[    padded  glove  used  for  sparring. 

Bpxlng-match  (boks'ing-macli),  n.    A  pugi- 
I    listic  encounter;  a  prize-fight. 

Box -Iron  (boks'i-enij,  n.  A  laundress's 
smoothing-iron  containing  a  heater. 

Box-keeper  (boks'kep-er),  n.    An  attendant 
at  the  boxes  of  a  theatre. 
[  Box-lobby  (bokslob-bi),  n.     In  a  theatre, 
the  lobby  leading  to  the  boxes. 

Box -money  (boks'mun-i),  n.  At  hazard, 
money  paid  to  the  person  who  furnishes 
the  box  and  dice. 

Box-opener(boks'6-pen-er),n.  A  box-keeper. 

Box-seat  (boks'set),  ».  A  seat  in  a  theatre 
box,  or  on  a  coach-box. 

Box-thorn  (boks'thorn),  n.  A  name  given 
to  plants  of  the  genus  Lycium,  more  particu- 
larly L.  barbarum. 

Box -tree  (boks'tre),  n.  Buxus,  a  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Euphorbiaceee.  See 
Buxus. 

Box-wood  (boks'wud),  n.  The  fine  hard- 
grained  timber  of  the  box-tree,  much  used 
by  wood-engravers  and  in  the  manufacture 
of  musical  and  mathematical  instruments, 

Ac. 

Boy  (boi),  n.     [East  Fris.  boi,  boy,  a  boy; 

allied  to  D.  boef,  a  boy,  a  knave ;  G.  bube, 

Sw.  bub,  bue,  a  boy.]    1.  A  male  child  from 

birth  to  the  age  of  puberty. 

Speak,  thou  boy; 

Perhaps  thy  childishness  will  move  him  more 
Than  can  our  reasons.  Sttab. 

1.  A  term  applied  in  contempt  to  a  young 
man,  indicating  immaturity,  want  of  vigour 
or  judgment. 

Men  of  worth  and  parts  will  not  easily  admit  the 
familiarity  of  boys,  who  yet  need  the  care  of  a  tutor 
Locke. 

3.  A  young  servant;  a  page.  '  Boys,  grooms, 
and  lackeys.'  Shak.—4.  A  familiar  mode  of 
addressing  or  speaking  of  grown  persons. 
'Then  to  sea,  boys.'  Shale. 

Boys  of  art,  1  have  deceived  you  both.       Shah. 

5.  In  compound  words,  sometimes  applied  to 
grown  men  without  any  idea  of  youth  or 
contempt;  as,  a  postfioy,  a  potboy. 
Boyt  (boi),  v.t.  1.  To  treat  as  a  boy,  or  as 
something  belonging  to  or  befitting  a  boy. 
'My  credit's  murdered,  baffled,  and  bayed.' 
Beau,  it  FI.—2.  To  act  or  represent  in  the 
manner  of  a  boy,  in  allusion  to  the  practice 
of  boys  acting  women's  parts  on  the  stage. 

.     I  shall  see 

Some  squeaking  Cleopatra  boy  my  greatness. 
SJtak.,  Ant.  andCleof.  v.  z. 

Boyar,  n.    See  BOIAR. 

Boyau  (bwa-o),  n.  pi.  Boyaux  (bw»-a). 
[1'r.  boyau.  a  gut.]  In /ore.  a  ditch  covered 
with  a  parapet,  serving  as  a  communication 
between  two  trenches,  especially  between 
the  first  and  third  parallel. 

Boy-bishop  (boi'bish-up),  n.  A  name  given 
sometimes  to  St.  Nicholas,  the  patron  of 
scholars,  but  more  particularly  of  school- 
boys, as  he  was  remarkable  for  very  early 
piety;  also,  a  name  given,  according  to  a 
very  ancient  custom,  which  was  abolished 
in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.,  to  a  boy  chosen 
from  the  cathedral  choir  on  St  Nicholas' 
day  mh  December),  as  a  mock  bishop. 
The  boy  possessed  episcopal  honour  till 
Innocents'  Day  (28th  December),  and  the 
rest  of  the  choir  were  his  prebends 

Boy-blind  1  (boi1>llnd),  a.  Blind  as  a  boy 
undiscerning.  'So  boy-blind  and  foolish.' 
Beau.  &  Fl. 

Boyer  (boi'er),  n.  [D.  boeijer,  a  vessel  used 
to  lay  boeijen  or  buoys.]  A  Flemish  sloop 
with  a  castle  at  each  end. 

Boyhood  (boiTiud),  n.  The  state  of  being 
a  boy  or  of  immature  age.  'Look  at  him 
mhis  boyhood.'  Swift. 

Turning  to  mirth  all  things  of  earth 
As  only  boyhood  can.  Hood. 

Boyish  (boy'ish),  a.  Belonging  to  a  boy 
pertaining  to  boyhood:  in  a  disparaging 
sense;  childish;  trifling;  puerile  'A  buuish 
odd  conceit.'  J.  Baillie. 

I  ran  it  through,  even  from  my  boyish  days. 

To  the  very  moment  that  he  bade  me  tell  it.    Sha*. 

Boyishly  (bol'ieh-11),  adv.  In  a  boyish  man- 
ner. 

Boyishness  (boi'ish-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  boyish. 

Boylsm  (boi'izm),  n.  1.  The  state  of  a 
boy;  boyishness.  "The  boyism  of  the 
brothers  ...  is  to  be  taken  into  account.' 
T.  Warton.—2.  Something  characteristic  of 
a  boy;  puerility. 

A  thousand  such  boyistns,  which  Chaucer  rejected 
as  below  the  dignity  of  the  subject  Dryden. 

[In  both  uses  rare.] 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull; 


Boyle's  Law  (boil?/  la),  n.  In  diem,  the  law 
expressing  the  inverse  ratio  of  the  volume  of 
a  gas  to  the  pressure  under  which  it  exists 
at  a  given  temperature.  Called  also  siari- 
otte's  Law. 

Bqyn  (boin),  ».  [Scotch.  Also  pronounced 
bj'n,  and  perhaps  a  form  of  bin.]  1  A 
washing-tub.  Gait.  — 2.  A  flat,  broad-bot- 
tomed vessel,  into  which  milk  is  emptied 
from  the  pail. 

Boy-queller  (boi'kwel-er),  n.     A  boy-killer. 

Where  is  this  Hector? 
Come,  come,  thou  boy-qneUer,  show  thy  face.  Sfta4: 

Boyshlpt(boi'ship),n.  Boyhood    Beaumont 

Boy's-play  (boiz'pla),  n.  Childish  amuse- 
ment; anything  free  from  risk  or  severe 
labour ;  anything  easy  or  trifling  (as  opposed 
to  the  earnest  business  of  a  man).  '  This  is 
no  boy's-play. '  Beau,  it  Fl. 

Boyuna  (boi-u'na),  u.  1.  A  large  serpent  of 
America,  black  and  slender,  having  an 
intolerable  smell.— 2.  A  harmless  reptile  or 
snake,  common  in  Ceylon. 

Brabanconne  ( bra  -  ban  -  son ),  n.  [From 
Brabant,  the  most  important  province  of 
Belgium.]  The  patriotic  song  of  the  Bel- 
gians in  1830  when  they  threw  off  Dutch 
rule,  composed  by  a  French  actor  named 
Jenneval,  then  at  Brussels.  Each  verse 
ends  with  the  refrain— 

'  I  .a  mitraille  a  brisrf  1'orange 
Sur  I'arure  de  la  liU-rte.' 

(Grape-shot  has  destroyed  the  orange  upon  the 
tree  of  liberty.) 

Brabantine  (bra-ban'tin),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Brabant,  a  province  of  the  Netherlands,  of 
which  Brussels  is  the  capital. 

Brabble  (brab'bl),  n.  [D.  brabbelen,  to 
confound,  to  stammer.]  A  broil;  a  clamor- 
ous contest;  a  wrangle.  'This  petty  brabble 
will  undo  us  all.'  Stiak. 

Brabble  (brab'bl),  ii.i.  pret.  &  pp.  brabbled; 
ppr.  brabbling.  To  clamour;  to  dispute 
or  quarrel  noisily.  Beau.  &  Ft. 

Brabblement  (brab'bl-ment),  n.  A  clam- 
orous contest;  a  brabble. 

Brabbler  (brab'bler),  n.  A  clamorous,  quar- 
relsome, noisy  fellow. 

We  hold  our  time  too  precious  to  be  spent  with  such 
a  orabbter.  Sftai 

Brabbllnglyt  (brab'bling-li),  adv.  In  a 
brabbling  manner.  '  Neither  bitterly  nor 
brabblingly.'  Bp.  Jewel. 

Braccate  (brak'at),  o.  [L.  braccce,  breeches.  ] 
In  ornith.  furnished  with  feathers  which 
conceal  the  feet. 

Brace  (bras),  n.  [O.Fr.  brace,  braise,  braise, 
&c.,  Pr.  brasea,  armful,  embrace,  fathom 
(Fr.  braste,  a  fathom),  from  L.  brachia,  the 
arms,  pi.  of  brachium,  an  arm ;  allied  to 
Gael,  brae,  W.  brain,  the  arm.)  1.  In  arch. 
a  piece  of  timber  placed  near  and  across 
the  angles  in  the  frame  of  a  building  in 
order  to  strengthen  it.  When  used  to 
support  a  rafter  it  is  called  a  strut.  —2.  That 
which  holds  anything  tight ;  a  cincture  or 
bandage.— 3.  A  pair;  a  couple;  as,  a  brace 
of  ducks:  used  of  persons  only  with  a  shade 
of  contempt  or  in  a  colloquial  style. 

The  two  muskets  I  loaded  with  a  brace  of  slugs  each. 

But  you,  my  brace  of  lords,  were  I  so  minded, 

I  here  could  pluck  his  highness'  frown  upon  you.Shat 

4.  A  thick  strap  which  supports  a  carriage 
on  wheels. —5.  A  crooked  line,  in  printing, 
connecting  two  or  more  words  or  lines; 

thus,  jx^j  I-  ;  or,  in  mutic,  connecting  two 

or  more  staves  together.— 6.  A  leather  slide 
upon  the  cords  of  a  drum,  used  for  raising  or 
lowering  the  tone  by  tightening  or  loosening 
the  head.  'The  braces  of  the  war  drum. 
Derham.—l.  Xaut.  a  rope  reeved  through 
a  block  at  the  end  of  a  yard  used  in  turning 
or  swinging  it  round.  —8.  t  Armour  for  the 
arm;  a  vambrace.  Shak.—  9.t  Warlike  pre- 
paration; state  of  defence;  harness. 

For  that  it  stands  not  in  such  warlike  brace.    Ska*. 

10.  Tension;  tightness.  "The  laxness  of  the 
tympanum  when  it  has  lost  its  brace  or 
tension.'  Holder.  —  11.  One  of  the  straps 
that  sustain  a  person's  trousers.  — 12.  A 
curved  instrument  of  iron  or  wood  for 
holding  and  turning  bolts,  Ac. ;  a  bit- 
stock.  There  are  various  forms  of  braces, 
the  most  common  being  the  carpenter's 
brace,  which  consists  of  a  crank -formed 
shaft  with  a  metal  socket  at  one  extremity 
called  the  pad,  and  on  the  other  end  a 
swivelled  head  or  cushion  or  shield  by 
which  the  boring  tool  or  bit,  fixed  in  the 
pad,  is  pressed  forward  by  the  workman. 


oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


319 


BRACKET 


See  also  ANGLE-BRACE,  (6). —13.  In  mining, 
the  mouth  of  a  shaft. 

Brace  (bras),  v.t.  pret.  <fc  pp.  braced;  ppr. 
bracing.  1.  To  bind  or  tie  closely  with 
bandages. 

The  women  of  China,  by  bracing  and  binding  them, 
from  their  infancy,  have  very  little  feet.  Locke. 

2.  To  make  tense;  to  strain  up ;  to  increase  the 
tension,  tone,  or  vigour  of;  to  strengthen;  as, 
to  brace  the  nerves. 

The  tympanum  is  not  capable  of  tension  that  way, 
in  such  a  manner  as  a  drum  is  braced.  Holder. 

Strong  affection  braced  the  feeble  mind  of  the 
princess.  Macaulay. 

3.  To  place  in  a  position  for  bracing ;  to  hold 
or  grasp  firmly;  as,  he  braced  himself  against 
the  crowd. 

A  sturdy  lance  in  his  right  hand  he  braced.  Fairfax. 

4.  To  furnish  with  braces;  as,  to  brace  a 
building. — 5.  Naut.  to  swing  or  turn  round 
by  means  of  the  braces ;    as,  to  brace  a 
yard.— To  brace  sharp,  to  cause  the  yards 
to  have  the  smallest  possible  angle  with 
the  keel.-— To  brace  to,  to  check  or  ease  off 
the  lee  braces  and  round  in  the  weather 
ones  to  assist  in  tacking.— To  brace  aback, 
to  brace  so  as  to  lay  the  sails  aback. —To  brace 
by,  to  brace  (the  yards)  in 

contrary  directions  on  the 
different  masts  so  as  to 
stop  the  vessel's  way.— To 
brace  up,  to  lay  the  yards 
more  fore-and-aft  to  cause 
the  ship  sail  closer  to  the 
wind. 

Braced,  Brazed  (brast, 
brazd).  In  her.  terms  ap- 
plicable to  charges  when 
interlaced  or  linked  to- 
gether. 

Bracelet  (briis'let),  n.  [Fr.  bracelet,  a  dim. 
of  O.Fr.  bracet,  brachel,  an  armlet  or  defence 
for  the  arm,  from  L.  brachile,  from  brachium, 
the  arm.  See  BRACE.]  1.  An  ornament  for 
the  wrist,  now  worn  mostly  by  ladies.  Brace- 
lets were  among  the  very  earliest  personal 
ornaments,  as  is  seen  from  ancient  Egyptian 
and  Assyrian  sculptures.  In  the  British  Isles 
they  were  worn  by  the  better  classes  of  both 
sexes  of  all  the  earlier  races.  The  golden 
bracelets  (two  on  each  arm)  worn  by  the 
soldiers  on  board  the  vessel  presented  by 
Godwin  to  Hardicanute  weighed  16  oz.  each. 


Three  Chevrons 
Braced. 


Egyptian  and  Assyrian  Bracelets. 

The  Scandinavian  sagas  are  full  of  allusions 
to  bracelets. 

I  decked  thee  also  with  ornaments,  and  I  put 
bracelets  upon  thy  hands,  and  a  chain  on  thy  neck. 
Ezek.  xvi.  n. 

Both  his  hands  were  cut  off,  being  known  to  have 
worn  bracelets  of  gold  about  his  wrists. 

Sir  J.  Hayward. 

2.  A  piece  of  defensive  armour  for  the  arm. 
Bracer  (bras'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  braces,  binds,  or  makes  firm;  a  band 
or  bandage. —2.  An  astringent  medicine, 
which  gives  tension  or  tone  to  any  part  of 
the  body.  Johnson.  —  3.  A  guard  for  the 
arm,  used  by  archers  to  prevent  the  friction 
of  the  bow-string  on  the  coat. 

Upon  his  arm  he  bar  a  gay  bracer, 

And  by  his  side  a  sword  and  a  bokeler.      Chaucer. 

Brach,  Brache  (brach  or  brash),  n.  [O.Fr. 
brache,  Fr.  braque,  from  O.  H.  G.  bracke, 
bracco,  G.  brack,  a  kind  of  hunting  dog.] 
A  bitch  of  the  hound  kind;  specifically, 
a  species  of  scenting  hound;  a  pointer  or 
setter. 

A  sow-pig  by  chance  sucked  a  brach,  and  when 
she  was  grown  would  miraculously  hunt  all  manner 
of  deer.  Burton. 

Brachelytra  (brak-e-H'tra),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
brachys,  short,  and  elytron  (which  see).] 
The  name  given  by  Latreille  to  the  Staphy- 
linidie  or  rove-beetle  family. 

Brachelytrous  (brak-e-lftrus),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  Brachelytra;  having  short  elytra. 


Brachlal  (brii'ki-Rl),  a.  [L.  brachium,  i In- 
arm.] l.  Belonging  to  the  arm.— $ra£&ia2 
or  humeral  artery,  in  anat.  the  continuation 
of  the  axillary  artery  which  passes  brhiiul 
the  tendon  of  the  pectorulia  major. -2.  Of 
the  nature  of  an  arm;  resembling  an  arm. 

Brachlate  (bru'ki-at),  a,  [See  BRACHIAL.] 
lu  bot  having  branches  in  pairs,  decussated, 
all  nearly  horizontal,  and  each  pair  at  right 
angles  with  the  hext. 

Brachlnus  (bra-ki'nus),  n.  [Gr.  brachys, 
short,  on  account  of  the  shortness  of  the 
wing-cases.  ]  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects, 
family  Carabidtc.  The  most  common  species 
in  this  country  is  the  Brachinus  crepitans, 
popularly  known  under  the  name  of  bom- 
bardier-beetle (which  see). 

Brachio  cephalic  (bra'ki-6-se-fal"ik),  a. 
[L.  brachium,  the  arm,  and  Gr.  kephale,  the 
head.]  In  anat.  relating  to  the  arterial 
trunk  which  supplies  the  blood-vessels  of 
the  arms  and  head. 

Brachionus  (bra'ki-o-nus),  n.  [Gr.  brachion, 
an  arm.]  A  genus  of  minute  rotifers,  or 
wheel-animalcules,  found  in  stagnant  water. 

Brachiopod  (bra'ki-o-pod),  n.  One  of  the 
Brachiopoda. 

Brachiopoda  (bra-ki-op'o-da),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
brachion,  an  arm,  and  pous,  a  foot.]  A  class 
of  molluscoid  animals,  including  the  lamp- 
shells,  Ac.,  so  named  from  the  develop- 
ment of  a  long  spirally-coiled  fringed  appen- 
dage or  arm  on  either  side  of  the  mouth. 
These  are  in  reality  respiratory  appendages, 
and  correspond  to  the  palps  on  either  side 
of  the  mouth  in  the  oyster,  <fec.  The  shell 
has  two  valves,  curiously  interlocked  and 
applied  above  and  below  the  body,  not  on 
either  side.  One  of  them  is  often  perforated 
at  the  'beak,'  a  peduncle  passing  through 


One  of  the  Brachiopoda. 

Terebratula — i,  Dorsal  valve  with  perforated  sum- 
mit of  ventral  valve.  2,  Interior  of  dorsal  valve, 
showing  the  shelly  loop  which  supports  the  arms. 

the  aperture  and  attaching  the  shell  to 
some  object.  The  principal  genera  are  Lin- 
gula,  Terebratula,  and  Rhynchonella.  They 
all  inhabit  the  sea. 

BrachiOpodous(bra-ki-op'o-dus),a.  Belong- 
ing to  the  class  Brachiopoda. 

Brachistocephalic  (bra-kis'to-se-fal"ik),  a. 
[Gr.  brachistos,  shortest,  and  kephale,  a  head.  ] 
In  ethn.  having  or  pertaining  to  heads  whose 
transverse  diameter  is  to  their  length  as 
0-85  to  1. 

Brac&istochrone  (bra-kis'to-kron),  n.  [Gr. 
brachistos,  shortest,  and  chronos,  time.]  A 
curve  in  which  a  body  descending  by  the 
force  of  gravity  arrives  at  a  given  point  in 
a  shorter  time  than  if  it  followed  any  other 
direction;  the  curve  of  quickest  descent,  viz. 
the  cycloid.  Sometimes  erroneously  written 
Brach  ystochrone. 

Brachmant  (brak'man),  n.  Same  as  Brah- 
man. 

Brachycatalectic  (brak'i-kat-a-lek"tik),  n. 
[Gr.  brachys,  short,  and  katatektikos,  defi- 
cient] In  Greek  and  Latin  pros,  a  verse 
wanting  two  syllables  to  complete  its  length. 

Brachycephalic,Brachycephalous(brak'- 
i-se-fal"ik,  brak-i-sef'al-us),  a.  [Gr. 
brachys,  short,  and  kephale,  the  head.]  In 
ethn.  terms  applied  to  heads  (or  races  pos- 
sessing such  heads)  whose  diameter  from 
side  to  side  is  not  much  less  than  that  from 
front  to  back,  their  ratio  being  as  0~8  to  1, 
as  those  of  the  Mongolian  type.  Opposed  to 
dolichocephalic.  There  are  two  sections  of 
this  group,  brachistocephalic  and  euryce- 
phatic  (which  see).  It  is  supposed  a  brachy- 
cephalic  race  inhabited  Europe  before  the 
Celts.  Spelled  also  Brachykephalic,  Brachy- 
kephalous. 

Brachycephaly,  Brachycephalism  (brak- 
i  -  sef '  a-li,  bra-ki-sef'al-izm ),  n.  In  ethn. 
the  quality,  state,  or  condition  of  being  bra- 
chycephalic.  Spelled  also  Brachykephaly , 
Brachy  kephalism. 

Brachydiagonal  (brak'i-di-ag"on-al),  n. 
The  shortest  of  the  diagonals  in  a  rhombic 
prism. 

Brachygrapher  (bra-kig'ra-fer),  n.  [See 
BRACHYGRAPHY.]  A  writer  in  shorthand. 

He  asked  the  brachygrafher  whether  he  wrote  the 
notes  of  that  sermon.  Gayton. 


Brachygraphy  (hra-ki^'ra-fl),  ».  [Gr. 
brac/tya,  snort,  and  ifrdjilx'-,  a  writing.  ] 
The  art  or  practice  of  writing  in  nhort- 
liaii'l;  stenography. 

Brachylogy  <ljra-kirn-ji),  n.  (Or.  fir«r/.;/», 
short,  and  logon,  expression.]  In  rhrt.  Ihr 
expressing  of  anything  in  the  most  courier 
manner.  Crabb. 

Brachyoura(l)rak-i-ou'ra),  n.  See  BRA- 
CHYURA. 

Brachyoural,  Brachyourous  (brak-i-ou'- 
ral,  hrak-i-ou'rus),  a.  See  HiiACHVURAL. 

Brachypterse,  Brachypteres  (bra- kip '- 
ter-e,  bra-kip'ter-uz).  n.  pi.  [Gr.  brackyi, 
short,  and  ptcron,  a  win^.  ]  short-\vini;<'<i 
birds,  Cuvier's  name  for  the  Colymbidre  or 
divers. 

Brachypterous  (bra-kip'ter-us),  a.  In 
ornith.  a  term  applied  when  the  folded 
wings  of  a  bird  do  not  reach  to  the  base  of 
the  tail. 

Brachystochrone.  Erroneous  spelling  of 
Brachixtvchrone. 

Brachytypous  ( brak' i- tip -us),  a.  [Or. 
brachys, snort, and  typw, form.]  Inmineral. 
of  a  short  form. 

Brachyura  (brak-i-u'ra),  n.  pi.  [Gr  brachys, 
short,  and  oura,  the  tail.]  A  sub-order  of 
ten-footed  (Decapoda),  stalk-eyed,  malacos- 
tracous  crustaceans,  with  the  abdomen 
forming  a  very  short,  jointed  tail,  without 
appendages,  and  folded  forwards  closely 
under  the  thorax,  as  in  the  common  edible 
crab.  Spelled  also  Brachyoura. 

Brachyural,  Brachyurous  ( brak  -  i  -  u '  ral , 
brak-i-u'rus),  a.  [See  BRACHYURA.]  Short- 
tailed;  a  term  applied  to  a  section  of  the 
Crustacea,  as  the  crab,  to  distinguish  them 
from  the  macrurous  or  long-tailed  crusta- 
ceans, as  the  lobster.  Spelled  also  Brachy- 
oural, Brachyourous. 

Brachyuran  (brak-i-u'ran),  n.  One  of  the 
Brachyura. 

Bracing  (bras'ing),  a.  Having  the  quality 
of  giving  strength  or  tone;  invigorating; 
as,  a  bracing  air. 

Bracing  (bras'ing),  n.  1.  Act  expressed  by 
the  verb  to  brace ;  state  of  being  braced. 

The  moral  sinew  of  the  English,  indeed,  must 
have  been  strong  when  it  admitted  of  such  stringent 
bracing.  Fronde. 

2.  In  engin.  any  system  of  braces ;  as,  the 
bracing  of  a  truss. 

Brack  t  (brak),  n.  [From  the  verb  to 
break,  A.  Sax.  brecan.]  An  opening  caused 
by  the  parting  of  any  solid  body ;  a  breach ; 
a  broken  part. 

You  may  find  time  put  in  eternity,    .    .    . 
Ere  stain  or  brack  in  her  sweet  reputation. 

Bam.  &•  Fl. 

Brack t  (brak),  n.  [An  adjective  used  as 
a  noun ;  D.  brak,  G.  brack,  brackish,  briny  ] 
Brackish  water ;  saltwater.  'Scorn'd  that 
the  brack  should  kiss  her  following  keel.' 
Drayton. 

Bracken  (brak'en),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bracce 
(genit.  &c.  braccan),  Sw.  bmken,  Dan. 
bregne,  fern ;  closely  allied  to  brake  (which 
see).]  Fern,  especially  the  Pteris  aquilina. 
See  BRAKE. 

Bracken-Clock  (brak'en-klok),  n.  A  lame! - 
licorn  beetle,  Anisoplia  (I'hylloperlha)  hor- 
ticola ;  its  larva  is  very  destructive  to 
grasses  and  trees.  Curtis. 

Bracket  (brak'et),  n.  [Apparently  from  a 
dialectic  form  of  O.Fr.  brache,  L.  brachium, 
an  arm.]  1.  A  short  supporting  piece  or 
combination  of  pieces,  generally  of  a  more 
or  less  triangular  outline,  and  projecting 
from  a  perpendicular  surface ;  as,  (a)  in 
arch,  an  ornamental  projection  from  the 


l 
Bracket,  Harlestone  Church,  Northamptonshire. 

face  of  a  wall  to  support  a  statue,  either 
plain  or  ornamentally  carved;  a  corbel. 
(&)  In  carp.  (1)  a  triangular  wooden  sup- 
pert  for  a  shelf  or  the  like.  (2)  An  ornu- 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,;ob;      t,  FT.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  tcig;    wh,  wWg;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BRACKET 


mental  piece  supporting  a  hammer-beam. 
(3)  A  tie  fur  strengthening  angles,  (c)  In 
inach.  one  of  two  projecting  pieces  attached 
to  a  wall,  beam,  &c.,  for  carrying  or  sup- 
porting a  line  of  shafting.  Brackets  are 
of  veiy  many  different  forms,  according  to 


Wall.bracket. 


of  veiy  many  different  forms,  according  to 
the  situations  in  which  they  are  placed,  as 
watt-brackets,  hang- 
ing-bracket* or  hang- 
em,  &c.  The  annexed 
figure  represents  a 
wall  -  br.icket.  See 
HANGER,  3.  (b).  —2.  In 
gun.  the  cheek  of  a 
mortar  carriage  made 
of  strong  planking. — 

3.  In  printing,  one  of 
two  marks  used  to  in- 
close    a     reference, 
note,  or  explanation, 
to  indicate  an  inter- 
polation,   rectify    a 
mistake.itc. ;  thus,  [  ]. 

4.  A  gas-pipe  project- 
ing from  a  wall,  usu- 
ally more  or  less  or- 
mental. 

Bracket    (brak'et), 
v.t.     To  furnish  with  a  bracket  or  with 
brackets ;    in   printing,    to    place    within 
brackets;  to  connect  by  brackets. 
Bracketing  (brak'et -ing),   n.      In  large 
cornices  executed  in  plaster,  the  name  given 
to  the  series  of  wooden  ribs  nailed  to  the 
ceiling,  joists,  and  battening  for  supporting 
the  cornices. 

Bracket-light  (brak'et-lit),  n.  A  light  pro- 
ceeding from  a  gas-bracket. 
Brackish  (brak'ish),  a.  [D.  and  L.G.  brak, 
Q.  bract,  brackish.  See  BRACK.  ]  Possessing 
a  salt  or  somewhat  salt  taste;  salt  in  a 
moderate  degree:  applied  to  water.  '  Water 
so  salt  and  brackish  as  no  man  can  drink 
it.'  JVortA.  formerly  sometimes  written 
Brakish. 

Bracklshness  (brak'ish-nes),  n.   The  quality 
of  being  brackish;  saltness  in  asmall  degree. 
Brackyt  (brak'i),  a.    Brackish.     •  Brack y 
fountains.'    Drayton. 

Bract  (brakt),  ».  [L.  bractea,  a  thin  plate 
of  metal.  ]  1.  In  bot.  a  modified  leaf  growing 
upon  the  peduncle  of  a  flower.  It  differs 
from  other  leaves  in  shape  or  colour,  and  is 
generally  situated  on  the  peduncle  near  the 
flower.  Sometimes  called  also  the  floral 
Leaf. — 2.  In  zool.  same  as  Ilydrophyllium 

Bracteal,  Bracteate(brak'te-al,  brak'te-at), 
a.  Furnished  with  bracts. 

Bracteate  (brak'te-at),  71.  [See  BRACT.]  A 
bracteated  coin.  See  BRACTEATED 

Bracteated  ( brak'te-at -ed),  a.  A  term 
applied  to  coins  or  medals  covered  over 
with  a  thin  plate  of  some  richer  metal. 
They  are  usually  made  of  iron,  copper,  or 
brass,  plated  over  with  gold  or  silver  leaf. 
Some  of  them  are  to  be  found  even  among 
genuine  ancient  coins. 

Bracted  ( brakt 'ed),  a.  Furnished  with 
bracts. 

Bracteolate  (brak'te-6-lat),  a.  Furnished 
with  bracteoles. 

Bracteole,  Bractlet  (brak'te-ol,  brakt'let), 
it.  In  bot.  a  little  bract  situated  on  a  partial 
[lower-stalk  or  pedicel  in  a  many-flowered 
inflorescence.  It  is  between  the  bract  and 
calyx,  and  usually  smallerand  more  changed 
than  the  true  bract. 

Bractless  (brakt'les),  a.  In  bot.  destitute 
of  bracts. 

Bractlet,  n.    See  BRACTEOLE. 

Brad  (brad),  n.  [Dan.  braad,  a  goad  or 
sting;  Icel.  broddr,  a  spike,  a  nail;  Sc 
bmd,  prod,  a  prick ;  A.  Sax.  brord,  a  prick 
a  spire  of  grass;  allied  to  Gael,  and  lr 
bntd,  goad,  sting.]  A  particular  kind  of 
nail  used  in  floors  and  other  work  where  it 
is  deemed  proper  to  drive  nails  entirely  into 
the  wood.  For  this  purpose  it  is  made 
without  a  broad  head  or  shoulder  over  the 
shank,  but  with  a  slight  projection  on  one 
side.  Brads  arc  of  various  kinds,  as  joiner's 
brads,  for  hard  wood;  batten  brads,  for 
softer  woods;  and  bill  or  quarter  brads 
used  for  a  hastily  laid  floor. 

Brad-awl  (brad'al),  n.  An  awl  to  make 
holes  for  brads. 

Bradford-clay  (brad'ford-kla),  n.  In  geol 
a  bluish,  slightly  calcareous  clay  of  the 
oolite,  well  developed  near  Bradford,  and  re- 
markable for  the  number  of  apiocrinites  in  it 

Bradoon  (bra-don'),  n.  Same  as  Bridoon 
(which  see). 

Bradypod  (brad'i-pod),  n.  A  slow-moving 
animal;  one  of  the  Bradypoda. 


320 

Bradypoda  (bra-dip'o-da),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
bradys,  slow,  and  potts,  a  foot.]  Same  as 
Ti/nligrada.  See  SLOTH. 

Bradypodldse  (brad-i-pod'i-de),  n.  pi.  Same 
as  Bradypoda. 

Bradypus  (brad'i-pus),  n.  A  genus  of  eden- 
tate quadrupeds;  the  sloths.  See  SLOTH. 

Brae  (bra),  71.  [Gael,  and  W.  bre,  a  mount 
or  peak.]  [Scotch.]  The  side  of  a  hill  or 
other  rising  ground;  an  acclivity;  a  stretch 
of  sloping  ground;  a  slope. 

Brag  (brag),  o.t.  pret.  <fc  pp.  bragged;  ppr. 
bragging.  [Probably  from  the  Celtic ;  W. 
bragiaw,  Ir.  braghaim,  to  boast;  Ir.  bragai- 
reacht,  Gael,  bragaireachd,  boasting;  Armor. 
braga,  to  make  a  display.  From  root  of 
break;  comp.  crack,  in  sense  of  boast  or 
brag.]  To  use  boastful  language;  to  speak 
vaingloriously  of  one's  self  or  belongings; 
to  boast;  to  vaunt:  used  absolutely,  or  fol- 
lowed by  of,  formerly  sometimes  by  on;  as, 
to  brag  of  a  good  horse,  or  of  a  feat. 

Conceit,  more  rich  in  matter  than  in  words, 
Brags  of\\\s  substance.  Shak. 

Yet,  1»  :  in  me  what  authors  have  to  brag  on, 
Reduced  at  last  to  hiss  in  my  own  dragon.     Pofe. 

SJN.  To  swagger,  boast,  vapour,   bluster, 

vaunt,  flourish,  talk  big. 
Brag  (brag),  v.t.    To  boast  of.     'He  brags 

his  service.'    Shak. 
Brag  (brag),  it.     1.  A  boast  or  boasting;  a 

vaunt. 

Life  invests  itself  with  inevitable  conditions,  which 

the  unwise  seek  to  dodge,  which  one  and  another 

brags  that  he  does  not  know;  brags  that  they  do  not 

touch  him;  but  the  brag  is  on  his  lips,  the  conditions 

I      are  in  his  soul.  Emersen. 

2.  The  thing  boasted  of ;  that  by  which  a 
boast  is  made.  '  Beauty  is  nature's  bray. ' 
Milton.  —3.  A  game  at  cards :  so  called  be- 
cause one  of  the  players  brags  he  has  a 
better  hand  than  the  others,  which  is  de- 
clared by  saying  '  I  brag,'  and  staking  a  sum 
of  money  on  the  issue. 

Brag  t  (brag),  a.  Proud  ;  boasting.  "That 
bray  prescription.'  Staple  ton  Used  also 
adverbially. 

i       Seest  how  brag  yon  bullock  bears. 

So  smirke.  so  snioothe.  his  pricked  ears.      Sfenttr. 

Braggadocio  (brag-a-d6'shi-6),  ».  [From 
Braggadochio,  a  boastful  character  in  Spen- 
ser's '  Faery  Queen, '  brag  of  course  being  the 
origin  of  the  name.]  1.  A  boasting  fellow; 
a  braggart. 

The  world  abounds  in  terrible  fanfarons,  in  the 
masque  of  men  of  honour ;  but  these  braggadocios 
are  easy  to  be  detected.  Sir  K.  L'Eilrantt. 

2.  Empty  boasting;  brag.  '  Tiresome  brag- 
gadocio.' Lord  Li/tton. 

Braggardlsmt  (brag'ard-izm),  n.  Boastful- 
ness;  vain  ostentation.  'What  braimardism 
is  this?'  Shak. 

Braggart  (brag'art),  n.  (Brag,  and  suffix 
-art.-ard.]  A  boaster;  a  vain  fellow.  'Boys 
apes,  braggarts.'  Shak. 

He  feels  that  he  is  already  a  poor  braggart;  fast 
hastening  to  be  a  falsity  and  speaker  of  the  untruth. 

Braggart  (brag'art),  a.     BoastfulV'vaiiily  | 
ostentatious.  '  The  braggart  shout  for  some 
blind  glimpse  of  freedom. '    Tennyson. 

Braggartly  (brng-art-ri),  71.  Vain  boasting; 
hoastfulness.  Mrs  Gore.  [Rare  ] 

Bragger  (brtffer),  n.    One  who  brags. 

The  loudest  brapgtrs  of  Jews  and  Grecians  are 
found  guilty  of  spiritual  ignorance.  Hammond. 

Bragget.t  Braggatt  (brag'et,  brag-at),  n. 
[O.h.  braget.  Com.  bregautd,  W.  bragawd, 
from  bragiaw,  to  swell  out;  brag,  a  sprout- 
ing out,  malt.  ]  A  beverage  said  by  some  to 
be  made  of  ale  and  honey,  by  others  called 
a  kind  of  mead.  Called  also  Bragwort  and 
Braket. 

And  we  have  served  there,  armed  all  in  ale. 
With  the  brown  bowl,  and  charged  with 

Bragging  (bracing),  p.  and  a.  Boastful, 
•loud  and  bragging  self-importance.'  »'. 
Black. 

Braggingly  ( brag'ing-li ),  adv.  In  a  brag- 
ging manner;  boagtingly. 

Bragi  (bra'ge),  n.  In  Scand.  myth,  the  god 
of  poetry,  and  himself  the  most  perfect  of 
all  skalds  or  poets.  He  was  son  of  Odin 
and  Friga. 

Bragless  (brag'les),  a.  Without  bragging  or 
ostentation.  [Rare.] 

The  bruit  is.  Hector's  slain,  and  by  Achilles  — 
it  be  so,  yet  bragless  let  it  be.  Shak. 

Braglyt  (bragli),  adv.  So  as  it  may  be 
bragged  of;  finely.  '  How  bragly  it  (a  haw- 
thorn) begins  to  bud.'  Spenser. 

Bragot.t  Bragwort  t  (braget,  brag-wert), 
7t.  Same  as  Bragget. 


BRAHMANIC 

Brahm,  Brahma  (brain,  brii'ma).  n.  In 
Hind,  iiii/th.  the  invisible,  Immaterial,  self- 
existent  source  of  all,  from  whom  sprung 
the  gods  Brahma,  the  Creator;  Vishnu,  the 
Preserver;  and  Sica,  the  Destroyer.  Brahm 
is  not  properly  an  object  of  worship. 

Brahma  (bra'ma),  n.  In  Indian  myth,  one 
of  the  deities  of  the  Hindu  triniurti  or 
triad.  He  is  termed  the  Creator,  or  the 
grandfather  of  gods  and  men;  his  brothers 
Vishnu  and  Siva  being  resjwctively  the  pre- 
server and  the  destroyer.  Brahma  is  usually 
represented  as  a  red  or  golden  -  coloured 


Brahma,  from  an  idol  in  the  Indian  Museum. 

figure  with  four  heads  and  four  arms,  and 
he  is  frequently  attended  by  his  vehicle  the 
goose  or  swan.  Brahma  has  long  since 
ceased  to  occupy  the  high  place  he  once 
held  among  the  gods  of  India,  and  is  seldom 
if  at  all  worshipped,  as,  since  the  creation  of 
the  world,  he  has  ceased  to  have  any  func- 
tions to  perform.  It  will  not  be  till  the  tenth 
ai-atar  or  incarnation  (when  the  world  will 
undergo  total  annihilation)  that  his  services 
will  be  again  put  into  requisition. 

Brahmalc  (bra-ma'ik),<z.  Brahmanic  (which 
see). 

Brahman  (hra'man ),  «.  Among  the  Hindus 
one  of  the  sacred  or  sacerdotal  caste,  who 
claim  to  have  proceeded  from  the  mouth  of 
Brahma,  the  seat  of  wisdom,  and  to  be  the 
sole  depositaries  and  interpreters  of  the 
Vedas.  There  are  seven  subdivisions  of 
this  caste,  originating  with  seven  penitents 
of  high  antiquity.  Theoretically  the  Brah- 
mans  venerated  equally  the  three  gods  or 
persons  of  the  Hindu  triniurti  or  trinity, 
but,  practically,  the  worship  of  Brahma  hav- 
ing fallen  into  desuetude,  they  are  divided 
into  two  sects— the  devotees  of  Vishnu  and 
those  of  Siva,  the  former  wearing  an  oran^t-- 
coloured  dress  with  the  natna,  or  mark  of 
the  trident  of  Vishnu  on  the  forehead,  the 
hitter  being  distinguished  by  the  lingam,  or 
emblem  of  the  male  organ  of  generation, 
and  affecting  greater  abstemiousness.  The 
Brahman  passes  through  four  states.  He 
enters  on  the  flrst  stage  at  seven  years  of 
age.  In  it  he  learns  to  read  and  write, 
studies  the  Vedas,  and  makes  himself  fami- 
liar with  the  privileges  of  his  caste,  as  his 
right  to  ask  alms  and  to  be  exempted  from 
taxes,  as  well  as  from  corporal  and  capital 
punishment.  The  second  state  begins  with 
his  marriage,  when  regular  ablutions,  fast- 
ing, and  many  minute  observances  become 
incumbent  upon  him.  In  the  third  he  re- 
tires to  the  forest,  feeds  upon  herbs,  roots, 
and  fruits,  bathes  morning,  noon,  and  even- 
iug.and  subject*  himself  to  the  most  rigorous 
penance.  In  the  fourth  state,  which  is  that 
of  penance,  he  suppresses  his  breath,  stands 
upon  his  head,  and  performs  other  like  pain- 
ful ceremonies  till  he  rises  toa  participation 
of  the  divine  nature.  Called  also  Brahmin. 

Brahmanas  (bra-ma'naz),  n.  pi.  (Skr.)  The 
prose  portions  of  the  Vedas,  which  contain 
in  junctions  for  the  performance  of  sacri- 
fices, explain  their  origin,  and  the  occa- 
sions on  which  the  mantras  had  to  be  used, 
by  adding  sometimes  illustrations  and  le- 
gends, and  sometimes  mystical  and  philo- 
sophical speculations  as  well.  See  UPAN- 
ISHAD. 

Brahmanee,  Brahmaness  (bra'man-e.bra'- 
man-es),  n.  The  wife  of  a  Brahman. 

Brahmanic,  Brahmanlcal  (bra-man'ik, 
bra-man'ik-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 


Fate,  fir,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;      u.  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc.  ley. 


BRAHMANISM 


321 


BRAKE 


Brahmans  or  their  doctrines  and  worship. 
('alk-d  also  Ili'tilnniiiic. 

Bnilimanism  (brtf'man-tan),  n.  The  reli- 
gion or  system  of  doctrines  of  the  Brah- 
mans.  Culled  also  firahminisin. 

Brahmanist  (bra'man-ist),  n.  An  adherent 
of  Brahman  ism.  Called  also  Brahniinitst. 

Brahmin  (brii'min),  n.     Same  as  Brahman. 

Brahmin  Bull  (bra'min  but).  n.  The  Indian 
ox  or  zebu  (Bos  indicus).  See  ZEBU. 

Brahminic,  Branminical  (bra-min'ik,  brii- 
min'ik-al),  «.  Same  as  Brahmanic,  &c. 

Brahminism(bra'miu-izm),  n.  Brahmanism 
(which  see). 

Brahmo-Somaj  (bra-'mo-so'maj),  n.  [Hind., 
worshipping  assembly.]  The  monotheistic 
religion  of  India.abolishing  caste  and  ancient 
superstitions,  founded  by  Rammohun  Roy. 
Called  also  Bramoistn. 

Braid  (brad),  v.  t.  [A.  Sax.  bredan,  bregdan,  to 
weave,  to  braid,  to  draw,  drive,  or  take  out 
or  away,  to  move  quickly;  Icel.  bregtha,  to 
braid,  to  upbraid,  to  move  quickly,  to  trick, 
<fec.,  from  bragth,  a  sudden  movement,  a 
trick,  Ac. ;  0.  H.G.  brettan,  to  weave,  to  braid. 
See  also  ABRAIIX]  1.  To  weave  or  infold 
three  or  more  strands  to  form  one;  to  plait; 
to  intertwine;  as,  to  braid  the  hair.  'Braid 
your  locks  with  rosy  twine.'  Milton.  —  To 
braid  St.  Catharine's  tresses,  to  live  a  virgin. 

Thou  art  too  fair  to  braid  St.  Catharine's  tresses. 
Longfellow. 

2.  In  domestic  economy,  to  beat  and  blend 
soft  substances,  particularly  to  press  them 
with  a  spoon  through  a  sieve.— 3.  t  To  draw 
out  quickly;  to  take  off.  '  Hire  couverchief 
of  hire  hed  she  braid.'  Chaucer.— 1.\  To 
reproach.  "Twould  braid  yourself  too  near 
forme  to  tell  it.'  Shak. 
Braid  (brad),  n.  [From  the  verb.]  A  sort 
of  narrow  textile  band  or  tape,  formed  by 
plaiting  several  strands  of  silk,  cotton,  or 
woollen  together.  It  is  used  as  a  sort  of 
trimming  for  female  dresses,  for  stay-laces, 
&c.  'Blowing  the  ringlet  from  the  braid.' 
Tennyson. 

Braid  (brad),  a.     Broad.     [Scotch.] 
Braid  t  (brad),  a.     [See  the  noun  and  verb.] 
Deceitful;  crafty. 

Since  Frenchmen  are  so  braid, 
Marry  that  will,  I  live  and  die  a  maid.       Shak. 

Braid,t  Braide.t  n.  [A.  Sax.  brcegd,  bregd, 
Icel.  bragth,  a  sudden  movement,  a  trick, &c.  ] 
A  quick  motion;  a  start.  Cliaucer, 

Braid,  t  Braide,tv.i.  [See  BRAID,  v.t,  also 
ABRAID.]  To  spring;  to  start;  to  awake. 
'Out  of  her  sleep  she  braide.'  Chaucer. 

Braid-comb  (brad'kom),  n.  A  back  comb 
for  a  lady's  hair. 

Braiding  ( brad 'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  making 
or  attaching  braids. — 2.  Braids  collectively. 
'A  gentleman  enveloped  in  mustachios, 
whiskers,  fur  collars,  and  braiding.'  Thack- 
eray. 

Braik  (brak),  n.  A  kind  of  harrow.  Burns. 
See  BRAKE,  7. 

Brail  (bral),  n.  [O.E.  brayle,  O.Fr.  braiel, 
braieul,  &c.,  a  trouser-band,  from  braies, 
breeches;  L.  bracts.  See  BREECHES.]  1.  A 
piece  of  leather  to  bind  up  a  hawk's  wing. 
2.  Naut.  one  of  certain  ropes  made  fast  to 
the  outer  leach  of  a  fore-and-aft  sail,  and 
passing  through  leading  blocks  on  the  mast 
or  gaff  down  to  the  deck,  to  assist  in  taking 
in  the  sail;  a  rope  made  fast  to  the  head  of 
a  jib  for  a  similar  purpose. 

Brail  (bral),  v.t.  Naut.  to  haul  in  by  means 
of  the  brails:  followed  by  up. 

Brain  (bran),  n.  [A.  Sax.  brcegen,  bregen. 
D.  andO.Fris.  breiit.]  1.  That  soft  whitish 
mass,  or  viscus,  inclosed  in  the  cranium  or 
skull  in  man  and  other  vertebrate  animals, 
forming  the  centre  of  the  nervous  system, 
and  the  seat  of  consciousness  and  volition. 
In  it  the  nerves  and  spinal  marrow  ter- 
minate. It  is  divided  above  into  a  right  and 
left  hemisphere,  and  below  into  six  lobes. 
It  is  composed  of  a  cortical  substance,  which 
is  external,  and  -a  medullary,  which  is  in- 
ternal. From  the  brain  proceed  twelve 
pairs  of  nerves,  which  are  distributed  prin- 
cipally to  the  head  and  neck.  That  portion 
which  occupies  the  superior  part  of  the 
cavity  of  the  cranium  is  termed  the  cere- 
brum, or  brain  proper;  that  which  occupies 
the  lower  back  part  the  cerebellum,  or  lesser 
brain;  and  that  which  lies  at  the  base  of  the 
cranium  beneath  the  cerebrum  and  cere- 
bellum, and  which  is  the  smallest  portion, 
the  medulla  oblongata,this  being  the  upper 
portion  of  the  spinal  cord  or  spinal  mar- 
row. At  the  upper  part  of  the  medulla  ob- 
longata  is  an  eminence  or  convex  projec- 
tion surrounding  the  peduncles  of  the  cere- 


brum and  cerebellum,  and  covering  the  ex- 
pansion of  the  spinal  bulb  towards  these 
peduncles  like  a  bridge.  This  projection, 
called  Pons  Varoliit  from  its  having  been 


Section  of  Human  Head  showing  Brain. 

A,  Cerebrum.     B,  Cerebellum.    C,  Pons  Varolii. 
p,  Spinal  Cord  or  Marrow. 

first  described  by  Varolius,  is  the  centre  of 
convergence  or  emergence  of  the  nervous 
fascicles  or  bundles  which  it  seems  to  cover. 
The  brain  is  covered  by  three  membranes ; 
the  external  membrane  is  termed  the  dura 
tnater,  the  middle  one  the  arachnoid  mem- 
brane, and  the  innermost  the  pia  mater. 
According  to  Vauquelin  the  human  brain 
contains  80  parts  water,  7  albumen,  4'53 
white  fatty  matter,  070  red  fatty  matter, 
1 12  osmazome,  1  '5  phosphorus;  acids,  salts, 
and  sulphur,  5'15.  Later  chemists  have  de- 
tected a  large  proportion  of  cholesterine  in 
the  brain,  and  from  2  to  2'5  per  cent,  phos- 
phorus. The  human  brain  constitutes  about 
a^th  of  the  weight  of  the  body,  in  dogs  it  is 
T*,-jth,  in  the  horse  T|3th,  in  the  sheep  -^th, 
and  in  the  ox  ^j&nvth  part.  In  the  embryo 
the  brain  is  a  hollow  vesicle,  the  walls  of 
which  thicken  irregularly  but  symmetri- 
cally on  each  side  of  the  middle  line,  so 
that  the  cavity  becomes  reduced  to  the  com- 
plex series  of  fissures  and  canals  which 
mark  its  adult  state. — 2.  The  understanding; 
the  fancy;  the  imagination.  '  My  brain  is 
too  dull.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 

God  wilt  be  worshipped  and  served  according  to 
his  prescript  word,  and  not  according  to  the  brain 
of  man.  Abp.  Sandys. 

Brain  (bran),  v.t.  1.  To  dash  out  the  brains 
of;  to  kill  by  beating  out  the  brains.  '  There 
thou  may'st  brain  him.'  Shak. — 2.  Fig.  to 
destroy;  to  defeat;  to  balk;  to  thwart. 
[Rare.] 

It  was  the  swift  celerity  of  his  death  .  .  . 
That  brain'dmy  purpose.  Shak. 

3.t  To  conceive;  to  understand.    [Rare.] 

'Tis  still  a  dream,  or  else  such  stuff  as  madmen 
Tongue,  and  brain  not.  Shak. 

Brain-coral  (bran'ko-ral),  «•  A  variety  of 
aporose  coral,  genus  Meandrina,  family  As- 
tncidie,  occurring  in  hemispherical  lobes, 
with  its  surface  grooved  by  meandering  fur- 
rows like  the  brain.  Called  also 
Brainstone  -co  ral. 

Brained  (brand),  a.  Furnished  with 
brains:  used  chiefly  in  composition, 
but  sometimes  independently,  as  in 
the  following  extract : 

If  th'  other  two  be  brained  like  us,  the 
state  totters.  Shak. 

Brain-fever  (bran'fe-ver),  n.  In- 
flammation of  the  brain;  phrenitis; 
meningitis. 

Brainge  (branj),  v.i.  To  do  anything 
noisily  and  hurriedly,  especially 
through  anger.  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Brainish  (bran'ish),  a.  Hot-headed; 
furious.  '  In  his  brainish  appre- 
hension kills  the  unseen  good  old 
man.'  Shak.  [Rare.] 

Brainless  (bran'les),  a.     Without 
understanding;  silly;  thoughtless;  witless; 
stupid.    'The  brainless  Ajax.'    Shak. 

Brain-pan  (bran'pan),  n.  The  skull  which 
incloses  the  brain ;  the  cranium.  '  My 
brain-pan  had  been  cleft.'  Shak. 

Brain-Sick  (bi-an'sik),  a.  Disordered  in  the 
understanding;  fantastic;  crotchety;  crazed. 
'A  queer  brain-sick  brute  they  call  a  peer.* 
Swift. 

Brain-sickly  (bran'sik-li),  adv.  Weakly; 
madly.  Shak. 

Brain- sickness  (brin'tUt-nea),  n.  Disorder 
of  the  understanding.  Holland. 

Brainstone-coral  (bran'ston-ko-ral),  n.  See 
BRAIN-CORAL. 

Brain-throb  (bran'throb),  n.  The  throb- 
bing of  the  brain. 


Braird  (briird),  n.  [A.  Sax.  brnrd,  the  first 
libidr  or  spiiv  of  grass  or  corn.  See  HKAJ<  ] 
A  grain  crop  when  it  first  makes  its  appear- 
aiice  above  ground.  [Scotch.) 

The  braird  of  the  I-ord.  that  begins  to  rise  «,o 
«reen  in  the  land,  will  grow  in  peace  to  a  plentiful 
harvest.  ,,.,.-,. 

Braird  (brardX  t?.t.  To  spring  up,  as  seeds; 
to  shoot  forth  from  the  earth,  as  grain ;  to 
nmdnata.  [Scotch.] 

Braise,  Braize  (bra/.),  v.t.  [Fr.  bruiser,  to 
bruise,  from  the  Scandinavian;  Dan.  brase, 
to  fry;  >w.  IH-HMI,  to  Name.  Si-f  I'.KASS.]  To 
cook  in  a  certain  manner,  namely,  to  sur- 
round with  slices  of  bacon,  fat  beef,  herbs, 
spices,  Ac.,  stewing  in  a  closely-covered  pan 
till  the  meat  is  impregnated  with  the  aroma 
of  the  ingredients. 

Braise  (hraz),  n.     In  cookery,  braised  meat. 

Braising-pan  (bniz'ing-pan),  n.  A  small 
covered  pan  or  air-tight  oven  for  braising 
meat  in. 

Brait  (brat),  n.  [Comp.  W.  braith,  varie- 
gated ;  Ir.  breath,  fine,  comely.]  Among 
jewellers,  a  rough  diamond. 

Braize  (braz),  n.  [Allied  to  barse  and  bream 
(which  see).]  An  acanthopterygian  fish  of 
the  genus  Pagrus  (P.  vulgaris),  family  Spa- 
ridie,  found  in  our  seas.  Called  also  Becker. 

Braize,  v.t.    See  BRAISE. 

Brake  (brak),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bracce,  fern  (see 
BRACKEN);  L.G.  brake,  brushwood;  proba- 
bly allied  to  D.  braak,  Dan.  brak,  G.  brack, 
fallow;  comp.  also  W.  bncg,  wood,  brake.] 

1.  The  name  given  to  Pteris  aquilina,  a 
species  of  fern.    See  under  PTERIS. 

Others  (leaves)  are  parted  small  like  our  ferns  or 
brakes.  E.  Terry. 

2.  A  place  overgrown  with  brakes  or  brush- 
wood, shrubs,  and  brambles;  a  thicket,  as 
of  canes,  <frc.     '  This  hawthorn  brake  our 

tiring-house. '    Shak. 

He  staid  not  for  brake,  he  stopped  not  for  stone. 
He  swam  the  Hske  river  where  ford  there  was  none. 
Sir  IY.  Scott. 

Brake  (brak),  n.  [From  the  verb  to  break; 
comp.  L.G.  brake,  G.  breche,  an  instrument 
for  breaking  flax;  O.D.  brake,  a  clog  or 
fetter  for  the  neck,  braake,  an  instrument 
for  holding  an  animal  by  the  nose.]  1.  An 
instrument  or  machine  to  break  flax  or 
hemp.— 2.  The  handle  or  lever  by  which  a 
pump  is  worked.  —  3.  A  baker's  kneading 
trough.  —4.  A  sharp  bit  or  snaffle.  '  A  snaffle 
Ht  or  brake.'  Gascoigne.—b.  An  apparatus 
for  confining  refractory  horses  while  the 
smith  is  shoeing  them.— 6.  An  ancient  en- 
gine of  war  analogous  to  the  ballista. 

Yet  ceased  not  eyther  the  brakes  or  scorpions, 
whereof  these  discharged  stones  thicke,  the  other 
sent  out  darts  as  fast.  Holland. 

They  view  the  iron  rams,  the  brakes,  and  slings. 
Fairfax. 

7.  A  large  heavy  harrow  for  breaking  clods 
after  ploughing.  Called  also  a  Drag.— 8.  A 
kind  of  waggonette.  A  large  and  heavy 
variety  of  this  vehicle  is  used  for  breaking 
in  young  horses  to  harness.  — 9.  An  appli- 
ance used  to  stop  the  motion  of  a  body;  a 


bb, 

acted 
hand- 


Brake  for  Railway-waggon. 

The  wheels,  c  c.  The  brake-blocks  of  hard-wood, 
on  by  levers  worked  by  the  screw  d,  turned  by  the 
vheel  e. 

contrivance  for  retarding  or  arresting  ma- 
chinery in  motion  by  means  of  friction.  It 
generally  consists  of  a  simple  or  compound 
lever,  pressing  forcibly  upon  the  periphery 
of  a  broad  wheel,  fixed  upon  one  of  the 
shafts  or  axes  of  the  machine.  A  similar 
contrivance  is  attached  to  the  wheels  of 
road  and  railway  carriages  which  have  the 
motion  of  their  wheels  retarded  or  stopped 
by  their  pressure.  Continuous  brakes  ap- 
plied to  every  pair  of  wheels  in  a  railway 
train,  and  worked  by  steam  and  compressed 
air,  are  now  largely  used  in  railways.  The 
name  is  also  used  to  designate  a  form 
of  dynamometer,  called  Prony's  Friction- 
brake,  for  measuring  the  power  yielded  by 
water-wheels,  &c.— 10.  An  ancient  instru- 


ch,  ch&m;      6h,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL.  I. 


g.  0°;      3,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin/;;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  whig; 


zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
21 


BRAKE-BAR 


322 


BRANCHIOSTOMA 


inent  of  torture,  also  called  the  Duke  of 
Exeter's  Daughter. 

Brake-bar  (brak'bar),  n.    A  bar  connecting 
the  brake-shoes  of  opposite  wheels. 
Brake-beam  (brak'bem),  n.  Same  as  Brake- 
bar. 

Brake-block  (brak'blok), «,  1.  The  part  of  a 
brake  holding  the  brake-shoe.  — 2.  A  brake- 
shoe.  Goodrich. 

Brake-hopper  (brak'hop-er),  71.  A  local 
name  of  the  grasshopper-warbler  (Sylvia 
locustella). 

Brakeman,  Brakesman  (brak'man,  braks'- 
man),  n.  1.  The  man  whose  business  is  to 
stop  a  railway  train  by  applying  the  brake. 
2.  In  mining,  the  man  in  charge  of  a  wind- 
ing-engine. 

Brake-shoe  (brak'sho),  n.  The  part  of  a 
brake  which  is  brought  into  direct  contact 
with  the  wheel. 

Braket,*  n.     Same  as  Bragget. 
Brake- van  (brak'van),  n.    The  van  or  car 
in  a  railway  train  to  whose  wheels  the  brake 
is  applied.    See  BRAKK,  9. 
Brake-wheel  (brak'whel),  n.    The  wheel 
acted  on  by  a  brake. 

Brakisht  (brak'ish),  a.    Brackish.     'A  lake 
of  brakish  water.'    Q.Herbert. 
Braksy  (brak'si),  71.    Same  as  Braxy. 
Braky  (brak'i),  a.    Full  of  brakes;  abound- 
ing with  brambles  or  shrubs;  rough;  thorny. 
1  Braky  thickets  and  deep  sloughs.'    /;// 
Hall. 

Brama  (bra'ma),  71.  In  Hind.  myth.  Brahma 
or  Brahma  (which  see). 
Bramah-lock  ( bra'ma-lok ),  ».  A  lock  of  a 
peculiar  construction,  very  difficult  to  pick, 
invented  by  Mr.  Brainah  of  London. 
Bramah  Press,  Bramah's  Press  (bra'ma 
pres,  bra'maz  pres),  71.  The  name  given  to 
the  hydraulic  press,  from  its  inventor  Mr. 
Bramah.  See  HYDRAULIC. 
Bramantip  (bra-man'tip),  n.  In  logic,  a 
mnemonic  word  denoting  a  syllogism  of  the 
fourth  figure,  with  two  universal  affirmative 
premises  and  a  particular  conclusion. 
Bramble  (bramTil),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bremel, 
brembel,  from  stem  bram,  brem,  (seen  also 
in  broom),  el  being  simply  a  termination 
and  6  being  inserted  as  in  nutnber,  drc. ; 
corap.  L.G.  brummelrjeeTe,  Dan.  bramb&r,  G. 
&rombeere,Sw.  dram-bar,  a  blackberry.]  The 
name  common  to  the  blackberry  bush 
(Rubus  fruticosus)  and  its  varieties,  by 
some  reckoned  species.  They  are  armed 
with  prickles;  hence,  in  common  language, 
any  rough  prickly  shrub,  as  the  dog-rose 
(Rosa  canina).  'The  bramble  flour  that 
bereth  the  red  hope.'  Chaucer. 
Bramble -berry  ( bram'bl-be-ri ),  n.  The 
berry  of  the  bramble ;  a  blackberry ;  often 
applied  to  the  plant.  See  BRAMBU: 
Bramble-bond  (bram'bl-bond),  71.  A  band 
made  of  the  long  shoots  of  the  bramble  or 
blackberry,  formerly  used  in  thatching 
roofs. 

Bramble-bush  ( brain 'bl- bush),  n.  The 
bramble,  or  a  collection  of  brambles  grow- 
ing together. 

Brambled(bram'bld),  a.  Overgrown  with 
brambles. 

Forlorn  she  sits  upon  the  brantbtect  floor. 

Bramble-flnch  ( bram'bl-flnsh ),'  n.     The 

brambling  (which  see). 
Bramble-net  (bram'bl-net),  71.    A  hallier, 

or  a  net  to  catch  birds. 
Bramble-rose  (bram'bl-roz),  n.    The  flower 

of  the  bramble.     '  Bramble-roues  faint  and 

pale. '    Tennyson. 
Brambling   (bram'bling),  71.     A  coniros- 

tral  insessonal  bird,  the  mountain-finch 

(FringiUa  mrmtifringiUa).  It  is  larger  than 

tlie  chaffinch,  and  very  like  it.   It  breeds  in 

the  north  of  Scandinavia,  and  visits  Britain 

and  the  south  of  Europe  in  winter.    Called 

iilso  Bramble-finch. 
Brambly  (bram'bli),  adv.  Full  of  brambles. 

'  Bramblt/  wilderness. '    Tennyson. 
Bramet  (oram),  a.    [A.  Sax.  bremman,  to 

rnge.  SeeBREME]  Severe  passion.  Spenser. 
Bramln  (brii'min),  n.    Same  as  Brahman 
Bramlnee,  Bramlness  (bra'miu-e,  bra'min- 

es),  n.    Same  as  Brahmanee,  &c 
Bramlnlc,  Braminical   (bra-min'ik,  bra- 

miu'ik-al),  a.    Same  as  Brahmanic.  Ac. 
Bramlnism  ( bra'min-izm ),  n.     Same   as 

Brahmanism. . 
Bramolsm(bra'm6-izm),  71.    See  BRAHMO-  , 

SOMAJ. 

Bran  (bran),  71.    [Either  directly  from  W.  i 
Ir.  Gael,  bran,  bran,  chaff,  or  from  Armor,  i 
brenn,  bran,   through  O.  Fr.   bren.      'The 
latter  is  the  more  likely,  as  bren  is  the  more 


usual  form  in  early  writers.'  Skeat.]  The 
outer  coat  of  wheat,  rye,  or  other  farina- 
ceous grain,  separated  from  the  flour  by 
grinding ;  the  husky  portion  of  ground 
wheat  separated  by  the  bolter  from  the 
flour. 

Branct  (brangk),  71.  A  linen  vestment  simi- 
lar to  a  rochet,  anciently  worn  by  women 
over  their  other  clothing. 

Brancard  (brnngk'anl),  71.  [Fr.]  A  horse- 
litter.  Lady  il.  W.  Montagu. 

Branch  ( bransh ),  n.  [From  Fr.  branche,  a 
branch,  from  Armor,  branc,  an  arm;  con- 
nected with  L.L.  branca,  a  claw,  W.  braich, 
an  arm,  L.  brachium.]  1.  A  portion  of  a 
tree,  shrub,  or  other  plant  springing  from 
the  stem,  or  from  a  part  ultimately  sup- 
ported by  the  stem ;  a  bough ;  generally 
speaking  distinguished  by  size  from  a  shoot 
or  a  twig,  —  2.  Something  resembling  a 
branch;  an  offshoot  or  part  extending  from 
the  main  body  of  a  thing  ;  as,  the  branch  of 
a  candlestick,  of  an  artery,  of  a  stag's  horn; 
a  river  running  into  a  larger  one,  or  pro- 
ceeding from  it;  a  ramification. 

Most  of  the  brunches,  or  streams,  were  dried  up. 
frvirif. 

3.  Any  member  or  part  of  a  body  or  system; 
a  department;  a  section  or  subdivision;  as, 
the  various  branches  of  knowledge. 

In  the  United  States  of  America  .  .  .  the  study  of 
jurisprudence  and  of  some  branches  of  politics  lias 
made  great  progress.  Sir  C.  C.  Lewis. 

I  A  line  of  family  descent,  in  distinction 
from  some  other  line  or  lines  from  the  same 
stock;  as,  the  English  or  Irish  branch  of  a 
family.— 5.  Any  descendant  in  such  a  line. 
'  His  father,  a  younger  branch  of  the  same 
stock.'  Rich.Carew.  [Rare. ]— 6.  The  metal 
piece  on  the  end  of  a  hose  of  a  fire-engine 
to  which  the  nozzle  is  screwed. — 7.  In  for- 
tification, the  wing,  or  long  side  of  a  horn 
or  crown  work;  also,  one  of  the  parts  of 
a  zigzag  approach.  —8.  The  diploma  or  com- 
mission given  to  a  pilot  who  has  passed 
the  Trinity  House ;  used  in  a  similar  sense 
in  the  United  States —9.  t  A  chandelier. 
Ash.  —  Branches  of  a  bridle,  two  pieces  of 
bent  iron  which  bear  the  bit,  the  cross- 
chains,  and  the  curb.  —Branches  of  offices, 
in  arch,  the  ribs  of  groined  vaults  travers- 
ing from  one  angle  to  another,  and  form- 
ing a  cross  between  the  other  arches  which 
make  the  sides  of  the  square,  of  wliich  the 
branches  are  the  diagonals. 

Branch  (bransh),  r.i.  1.  To  spread  in 
branches;  to  send  out  branches  as  a  plant. 
2.  To  divide  into  separate  parts  or  subdivi- 
sions; to  diverge;  to  ramify.— -To  branch 
out,  to  speak  diffusively ;  to  make  many 
distinctions  or  divisions  in  a  discourse.  'To 
branch  out  into  a  long  discourse. '  Spectator. 
— To  branch  off,  to  form  separate  parts  or  i 
branches;  to  diverge. 

Branch  (bransh),  v.t.     1.  To  divide,  as  into  ' 
branches;  to  make  subordinate  divisions 
in. 


The  spirits  of  things  animate  are  brt 
•-.nals  as  blood  is. 


tcheti  into 
Bacon. 


2.  To  adorn  with  needle-work,  representing 
branches,  flowers,  or  twigs.  'A  dress  all 
branch'd  and  Hower'd  with  gold.'  Tenny- 
son. 

The  train  whereof  loose  far  behind  her  strayed. 
Branched  with  gold  and  pearl  most  richly  wrought. 
Spenser. 

—Branched  work,  the  carved  and  sculptured 
leaves  and  branches  in  monuments  and 
friezes. 

Branch-chuck  (bransh'chuk),  n.  In  mech. 
a  chuck  formed  of  four  branches  turned  up 
at  the  ends,  each  furnished  with  n  screw 

Brancher  (bransh'er),  71.  i.  That  which 
shoots  forth  branches. —2.  A  young  hawk  or 
other  bird  when  it  begins  to  leave  the  nest 
and  take  to  the  branches. 

Branchery  (bransh'er-i).  71.  A  system  of 
branches;in4o(.speciflcally  the  ramifications 
or  ramified  vessels  dispersed  through  the 
pulpy  part  of  fruit. 

Branchiae (brang'ki-e),  71.  pi.  [LbranchUe.pl 
of  branchia,  Gr.  branchia,  pi.  of  branchion, 
gills.  ]  The  respiratory  organs  of  fishes  it- 
See  GILL. 

Branchial  (brangTii-al),  a.  Relating  to  the 
branchiae  or  gills ;  performed  by  means  of 
branchiae. 

Branchiata  (brang-ki-a'ta),  n.pl.  Same  as 
Branchioaasteropoda. 

Branchiate  (brang'ki-at),  a.  Having  bran- 
chiee  or  gills. 

Branchlfera  (brang-kifer-a),  n.  1.  In  the 
system  of  Blamville,  a  division  of  univalve 
molluscs  belonging  to  the  order  Cervico- 


branchiata,  equivalent  to  the  family  Fissur- 

ellidae. — 2.  Same  as  Branchiogasteropoda 
Branchiness  (bransh'i-nes),  n.  The  quality 

of  being  branchy;  the  being  full  of  branches. 
Branching  (Iminsh'ing),  a.    Furnished  with 

branches;  shooting  out  branches. 

Not  thrice  your  branching  limes  have  blown 
Since  1  beheld  young  Lawrence  dead.  Tennyson. 

Branchiogasteropoda  ( brang-ki-o-gas'ter- 
op"o-da),  n.pl.  [Gr.  branchia,  gills,  and 
gasteropoda  (which  see).  )  A  division  of  gas- 
teropodous  Mollusca, constructed  to  breathe 
air  by  means  of  water.  Respiration  may 
be  effected  in  three  ways— first,  the  blood 
may  be  simply  exposed  to  the  water  in  the 
thin  walls  of  the  mantle-cavity  as  in  some 
of  the  Heteropoda ;  secondly,  the  respira- 
tory organs  may  be  in  the  form  of  outward 
processes  of  the  integument,  exposed  in 
tufts  on  the  back  and  sides  of  the  animal,  as 
in  the  Nudibranchiata,  such  as  the  sea- 
slugs,  <tc.  ;  and  thirdly,  the  respiratory 
organs  may  1«  in  the  form  of  pectinated  or 
plume-like  branchia;,  contained  in  a  more 
or  less  complete  branchial  chamber  formed 
by  an  inflection  of  the  mantle,  as  in  the 
whelks,  &c.  The  Branchiogasteropoda  fall 
into  two  distinct  series,  of  which  the  one 
is  hermaphrodite,  the  gills  in  this  division 
being  planed  towards  the  rear  of  the  body. 
In  the  other  section  the  sexual  organs  are 
in  distinct  individuals.  The  Branchiogas- 
teropoda are  divided  into  three  orders— 
(a)  Prosobranchiata  (sexes  distinct,  gills  In- 
closed), as  whelks,  <fec.  (6)  Opisthobranchi- 
ata  (sexes  united  in  the  same  individual, 
gills  exposed),  as  sea-slugs,  &c.  (c)  Hetero- 
poda  (free-swimming  gasteropods),  as  Car- 
inaria. 

Branchiopod  (brangTd-o-pod),  n.  An  ani- 
mal belonging  to  the  order  Branchiopoda. 
Branchlopoda  (brang-ki-op'o-da),  n.pl.  [Gr. 
branchia,  gills,  Htdjwtu,  podos,  a  foot.]  An 
order  of  crustaceous  animals,  so  called  be- 
cause their  branchiae,  or  gills,  are  situated 
on  the  feet.  They  have  one  to  three  masti- 
cating jaws,  and  the  head  is  not  distinct 
from  the  thorax,  which  is  much  reduced  in 
size.  They  are  divided  into  the  families 
Cladocera,  Phyllopoda,  Ostracoda,  and  Tri- 
lobita.  In  the  Ostracoda  the  body  is  in- 
closed in  a  bivalve  shell. 
Branchlopodoua  (brang-ki-op'o-dus),  a. 
Gill-footed;  belonging  to  the  order  Branchi- 
opoda. 

Branchiostegal  (brang-ki-os'te-gal),  o.  See 
BRANCH  IOSTEOOUS. 

Branchiostegal  (brang-kl-os'te-gal),  n.  A 
gill  ray. 

Branchlqstegan  (brang-ki-os'te-gan),  71. 
An  individual  of  the  Branchiostegi. 
Branchiostege  ( brang-ki-os'tej ),  n.  [Gr. 
branchia,  gins,  and  ttegos,  a  covering.  J 
The  membrane  which  covers  the  gills  of 
fishes,  lying  beneath  the  operculum.  It  is. 
supported  by  rays,  to  which  the  name  is 
also  applied. 

Branchlostegl  OirangTii-6-stej-e),n.  pi.  [See 
BKANCHiosTEGOl'S.]  A  l.iniM-an  tribe  of 
cartilaginous  fishes,  comprehending  those 
in  which  the  gills  are  free  and  covered  by  a 
membrane.  It  includes  the  sturgeon  and 
chimacra. 

Branchlostegous  ( brang  -  ki  -  os '  te  -  gus ),  a. 
Having  gill-covers,  or  covered  gills;  as,  a 
branchiosteyoits  fish;  covering  the  gills;  as, 
the  branchtostegous  membrane. 
Branchlostoma  (brang-ki-os'to-ma),  71. 
[Gr.  branchia,  gills,  and  stoma,  mouth.]  A 
genus  of  fishes,  also  called  Ampliioxus, 
including  the  lancclet  (/•'.  lanceolatmn  or 
AmphioxusLanceolatus)  the  most  anomalous 
of  all  living  fishes  and  of  all  vertebrated 
animals.  Although  recognized  as  a  verte- 
brated animal  it  has  no  vertebrae,  but  only 
a  persistent  notochord,  no  definite  brain, 
no  true  heart,  no  eyes,  nor  proper  bones, 
the  muscles  being  attached  to  soft  cartilage, 
and  no  proper  fills.  It  is  a  fish  with  tin 
respiratory  system  of  an  ascidian  and  the 
circulatory  system  almost  of  an  annelid. 
It  is  about  2  inches  in  length,  semi-trans- 
parent, of  a  lanceolate  form,  tapering  to 
each  extremity,  and  having,  instead  of  tins, 
a  narrow  membranous  border  running  along 
the  whole  of  the  dorsal  and  part  of  the 
ventral  surface,  and  expanding  at  the  tail 
to  form  a  lancet-shaped  caudal  fin.  The 
mouth  is  a  longitudinal  fissure  surrounded 
by  a  cartilaginous  ring  bearing  a  number  of 
filaments.  This  species  was  first  discovered 
on  the  coasts  of  Britain.  It  frequents  the 
coasts  of  England,  Ireland,  the  Firth  of 
Clyde,  and  the  Mediterranean,  and  another 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  h6r;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound; 


u,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  try. 


BRANCHIREME 


323 


JJRASH 


species  has  been  found  near  the  Philippine 
Islands;  so  that  the  geographical  range  of 
the  genus  is  very  extensive.  This  genus 
constitutes  an  order  of  itself— the  Lepto- 
cardii  or  Pharyngob  ranch  iL 

Branchireme  ( brans '  ki  -  rem ),  n.  [  Gr. 
branchia,  gills,  and  L.  remits,  an  oar.]  A 
crustacean  having  branchial  legs  or  legs 
with  branchiae  attached  to  them ;  a  bran- 
chiopod. 

Branch-leaf  (bransh'lef),  n.  A  leaf  growing 
on  a  branch. 

Branchless  (bransh'les),  a.  Destitute  of 
branches  or  shoots;  barren;  bare;  naked. 

If  I  lose  mine  honour, 
I  lose  myself:  better  I  were  not  yours 
Titan  yours  so  branchless.  Shak. 

Branchlet  (bransh'let),  ».     A  little  branch; 

a  twig;  the  subdivision  of  a  branch. 
Branch-line  (branshlin),  n.    A  subordinate 

line  of  railway  branching  off  from  the  main 

line. 
Branch-peduncle  (braMh'pft-dunfl-kl),  n. 

A  peduncle  springing  from  a  branch. 
Branch-pilot  (bransh'pi-lot),  n.     A  pilot 

approved  by  the  Trinity  House,  and  hold-  , 

ing  a  branch  or  diploma  for  a  particular 

navigation.     See  BRANCH,  8. 
Branchy  (bransh'i),  a.    1.  Full  of  branches; 

having  wide-spreading  branches. 

The  fat  earth  feed  thy  branchy  root.     Tennyson, 

2.  Embowered  in  or  overshadowed  by 
branches.  'The  woodman's  branchy  hut.' 
J.  BaUlie. 

Brand  (brand),  n.  [A.  Sax.  brand,  a  burning, 
asword,  from  brinnan,  to  burn;  Icel.  brandrt 
a  tire-brand,  a  sword-blade;  Dan.  brand,  a 
tire-brand;  D.  brand,  a  burning;  M.H.G. 
brant,  a  brand,  a  sword ;  G.  brand,  a  burn- 
ing, a  conflagration,  a  blight.  The  sword- 
blade  is  so  called  from  its  gleaming  flash. 
See  BURN.]  1.  A  burning  piece  of  wood,  or 
a  stick  or  piece  of  wood  partly  burned, 
whether  burning  or  after  the  fire  is  extinct. 

Is  not  this  a  brand  plucked  out  of  the  firef  Zee.  iii.a. 

2.  A  sword.  '  Drew  he  forth  the  brand  Ex- 
calibur.'  Tennyson.  [Poetical.  ]--3.  Light- 
ning; hence,  a  thunderbolt.  'A  brand 
from  heaven.'  Shak.—  4.  A  mark  made  by 
burning  with  a  hot  iron,  as  upon  a  cask,  to 
indicate  the  quality,  manufacturer,  and  the 
like,  of  its  contents;  a  trade-mark;  hence, 
quality;  kind;  as,  brandy  of  a  good  brand. 
Also,  a  mark  made  in  other  ways  than  by 
burning,  as  by  being  cut  in  a  log  of  wood  or 
painted  on  sheep  or  other  stock.  —5.  A  mark 
put  upon  criminals  with  a  hot  iron,  gener- 
ally to  indicate  the  character  of  their  crime 
and  for  identification ;  hence,  any  mark  of 
infamy;  a  stigma.  'The  brand  of  private 
vice.'  Charming. 

Tories  and  Whigs  had  concurred  ...  in  putting 
a  brand  on  L-udlow.  Mttcaulay. 

6.  A  disease  in  vegetables  by  which  their 
leaves  and  tender  bark  are  partially  de- 
stroyed as  if  they  had  been  burned.  It  is 
supposed  to  arise  from  a  sudden  change  of 
temperature  after  sunrise.  Called  al&oBurn. 

Brand  (brand),  v.t.  1.  To  burn  or  impress 
a  mark  upon  with  a  hot  iron;  as,  to  brand  a 
criminal  by  way  of  punishment  or  for  future 
identification;  to  brand  a  cask  or  anything 
else  for  the  purpose  of  fixing  a  mark  upon 
it;  also,  to  mark  with  a  pigment;  as,  to 
brand  sheep.— 2.  To  fix  a  mark  or  character 
of  infamy  upon;  to  stigmatize  as  infamous; 
as,  to  brand  a  vice  with  infamy.  'Enormi- 
ties branded  and  condemned  by  the  first  and 
most  natural  verdict  of  common  humanity.' 
South.  [Branding  was  formerly  a  punish- 
ment for  various  offences,  but  is  now  abol- 
ished in  Britain.] 

Branded  (brand'ed),  a.  Brindled;  of  a  red- 
dish-brown colour.  [Scotch.] 

Brander  (brand'er),  n.  1.  One  who  brands. 
2.  A  gridiron.  [Scotch.]— 3.  A  name  applied 
in  German  universities  to  a  student  during 
his  second  term.  Longfellow. 

Brander  (brand'er),  v.t.  To  broil  on  a 
brainier  or  gridiron;  to  grill.  [Scotch.] 

Brander  (brand'er),  v.i.  To  be  or  become 
broiled  on  a  gridiron.  [Scotch.] 

There's  no  muckle  left  on  the  spule-bane;  it  will 
brander  though ;  it  will  brander  weel.  Sir  IV.  Scott. 

Brand -goose   ( brand  'go's),   n.      Same   as 

Brent-goose. 
Brandied  (bran 'did),    a.      Mingled   with 

brandy;  made  stronger  by  the  addition  of 

brandy;  flavoured  or  treated  with  brandy. 
Brand-Iron,  Branding-iron  (brand'i-ern, 

brand'ing-i-ern),  n.     1.  An  iron  to  brand 

with. — 2.  A  trivet  to  set  a  pot  on. 
Brandish  ( brand 'ish),  v.t.     [O.E.  braun- 


dute,  from  Fr.  brandir,  brandwmnt,  from 
Teut.  brand,  asword.  See  BRAND.]  1.  To 
move  or  wave,  as  a  weapon;  to  raise  and 
move  in  various  directions ;  to  shake  or 
flourish ;  aa,  tcfbrandwh  a  sword  or  a  cane. 
'  His  brandished  sword.'  Shak. — 2.  Fig.  to 
play  with;  to  flourish.  "Eo  brandish  syllo- 
gisms.' Locke. 

Brandish  (brand 'ish),  n.  A  flourish,  as 
with  a  weapon.  'Brandishes  of  the  fan.' 
Tatler. 

Brandisher  (brand 'ish -fir),  n.  One  who 
brandishes.  '  Brand ixhertiot  spearcs.'  Chap- 
ma  n. 

Brandishing  (brand 'ish -ing),  n.  A  corrup- 
tion of  Brattishing  (which  see). 

Brandle,t  Branlet  (bran'dl,  branl),  v.i. 
[Fr.  branler,  for  brandeler,  from  brandir, 
brander,  to  brandish,  to  swing,  to  agitate.] 
To  waver ;  to  totter ;  to  shake ;  to  reel. 

Princes  cannot  be  too  suspicious  when  their  lives 
are  sought ;  and  subjects  cannot  be  too  curious 
when  the  state  brandies. 

Lord  Northampton  (State  Trials,  1606). 

Brandling  (brand'Iing),  ?i.  1.  A  species  of 
fish,  the  paiT  or  young  of  the  salmon,  so 
named  from  its  markings  being,  as  it  were, 
branded.  See  PARR. — 2.  A  small  red  worm 
used  for  bait  in  fresh- water  fishing,  so  named 
from  its  colour. 

Brand-marks  (brand'marks),  n.  pi.  Distin- 
guishing marks  bunted  upon  the  skin  or 
horns  of  animals  by  which  to  identify  them. 
Applied  also  to  marks  painted  on  animals 
or  cut  logs  o!  timber,  &c.,  with  the  same 
object. 

Brand  -  new  ( brand '  nu ),  a.  Same  as 
Bran-new. 

Brandon!  (bran 'don),  n.  [It.  brandone, 
from  brando,  a  sword.]  A  sword. 

Her  right  hand  swings  a  brandon  in  the  air. 

Drttmmond. 

Brandrette,  Brandrith  (brand'ret,  brand'- 
rith),  n.  A  fence  or  rail  round  the  opening 
of  a  well. 

Brandwinet  (brand'win),  n.  [See  BRANDY.] 
Brandy.  Beau.  <fc  Ft. 

Brandy*  (bran'di),  n.  [O.E.  brandywine,  D. 
brandewijn  (pron.  as  brandyvrine),  lit.  burnt 
wine— D.  branden,  to  bum,  to  distil,  and 
wijn,  wine,  like  G.  branntwein—brennen,  to 
burn,  and  wein,  wine.]  A  spirituous  liquor 
obtained  by  the  distillation  of  wine,  or  of 
the  refuse  of  the  wine-press.  The  average 
proportion  of  alcohol  in  brandy  ranges  from 
48  to  54  per  cent.  In  France  the  finest 
brandy  is  called  Cognac,  and  an  inferior 
sort,  distilled  from  dark-red  wines,  lees, 
grape  refuse,  &c,,  is  called  eau  de  vie.  The 
name  brandy  is  now  given  to  spirit  distilled 
from  other  liquors,  and  in  the  United  States 
particularly  to  that  which  is  distilled  from 
cider  and  peaches.  Much  of  the  brandy  sold 
in  Britain  is  made  at  home  from  grain  whisky 
by  adding  argol,  bruised  plums,  French  wine- 
vinegar,  and  a  small  quantity  of  Cognac,  and 
redistilling. 

Brandy-fruit  (bran'di -f rot),  n.  Fruits  pre- 
served in  alcohol,  to  which  sugar  is  usually 
added. 

Brandy  -  pawnee  (bran'di-pa-ne),  n.  [E. 
brandy,  and  Hind,  pani,  water.]  The  East 
Indian  name  for  brandy  and  water. 

Brandy-wine  t  (bran'di-wm),  n.     Brandy. 

It  has  been  a  common  saying,  A  hair  of  the  same 
dog;  and  thought  that  brandy-wine  is  a  common 
relief  to  such.  Wiseman. 

Brangle  (brang'gl),  n.  [Perhaps  a  modified 
form  of  wrangle,  or  nasalized  from  braggle, 
a  dim.  and  freq.  of  brag;  eomp.  also  brandle.  ] 
A  wrangle ;  a  squabble ;  a  noisy  contest  or 
dispute.  '  A  brangle  between  him  and  his 
neighbour.'  Swift. 

Brangle  (brang'gl),  v.i.    To  wrangle;  to  dis- 
pute contentiously ;   to  squabble.     'Some 
brangling  parishioner.'    Bp.  Hall. 
Here  I  conceive  that  flesh  and  blood  will  brangle 
And  murmuring  Reason  with  the  Almighty  wrangle. 
Sylvester,  Du  Bartas. 

Branglement  (brang'gl-ment),».    A  brang- 

lingTbrangle,  or  wrangle. 
Brangler  (brang'gler),  n.  One  who  brangles; 

a  quarrelsome  person. 
Brangling  (brang'gl  ing),  n.    A  quarrel  or 

wrangle. 

She  does  not  set  business  back  by  unquiet  bran- 

flings  and  find-faulting  quarrels.  w  hillock. 

Brank  (brangk),  n.  [L.  brance,  quoted  by 
Pliny  as  the  ancient  Gallic  name  of  a  white 
kind  of  corn.]  Buckwheat. 

Brank  (brangk),  n.  [From  the  Celtic:  Gael. 
branqat,  a  kind  of  pillory;  brana,  a  slip  of 
wood  in  a  halter;  Ir.  brancas,  a  halter;  allied 
to  D.  pranger,  pinchers,  G.  pranger,  a  pillory, 


Ilr.uik  ,. 


f  n  >  m  root  seen  in  Dpra  nge  n,  to  pinch .  Skia  t.  J 
Generally  used  in  the  plural.  1.  In  some 
partsuf  England  and  .Scotland  an  instrument 
formerly  used  for 
correcting  scolding 
women ;  a  scolding- 
bridle.  It  consists  of 
a  head-piece  to  in- 
close the  head  of  the 
offender,  and  of  a 
sharp  iron  to  enter 
the  mouth  and  re- 
strain the  tongue.— 
2.  [Scotch.]  (a)  A  sort 
of  bridle  for  horses 
and  cows.  Instead 
of  leather  it  has  on 
each  side  a  piece  of 
wood  joined  to  a 
halter,  to  which  a  bit  is  sometimes  added, 
but  more  frequently  a  wooden  nose  resem- 
bling a  muzzle.  (6)  The  mumps. 
Brank  (brangk),  v.i.  [Modified  form  of 
prank,  to  make  a  show.]  1.  To  make  a  show 
or  fine  appearance;  to  prank. 

Lieutenant  Hornby  .  .  .  came  branking  into  the 
yard  with  two  hundred  pounds*  worth  of  trappings 
_  upon  him.  H.  Kingsley. 

2.  To  hold  up  the  head  affectedly.  [Pro- 
vincial. ] 

Brankurslne  (krangk'6r-sm),  n.  [Fr.  branc- 
umine—'L.L.  branca, a  claw,  and  L.  ursinus, 
from  ursux,  a  bear,  from  the  leaves  resem- 
bling bears'  claws.]  Bear's-breech,  or  Acan- 
thus, a  genus  of  plants,  of  several  species. 
The  leaves  of  the  common  sort  (A.  tnollis) 
are  said  to  have  furnished  the  model  of 
the  Corinthian  capitals. 

Branlet  (branl),  v.  t.  [Fr.  branler,  to  shake, 
to  agitate.  See  BRANDLE.]  To  shake;  to 
agitate;  to  confuse. 

This  new  question  began  to  branle  the  words  type 
and  antitype.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Branlin  (bran'lin),  ?i.     Same  as  Brandling. 

Bran-new  (bran'nu),  a.  [For  brand-new, 
the  original  form,  from  brand,  a  burning, 
and  new.  (See  BRAND.)  Shakspere  uses 
fire-new  in  the  same  sense.]  Lit.  glowing 
like  metal  newly  out  of  the  fire  or  forge ; 
hence,  quite  new.  '  A  bran-new  defence  of 
his  own.'  Gladstone. 

Branny  (bran'ni),  a.  Having  the  appear- 
ance of  bran;  consisting  of  bran. 

Bransle.t  Branselt  (bran'sl),  n.  [O.Fr. 
bransle,  from  bransler,  to  totter,  to  reel ; 
perhaps  corrupted  from  brandeler.  See 
BRANDLE  and  BRANTLE.]  A  brawl  or  kind 
of  round  dance ;  a  song  for  dance  music. 
'.Bran*tes,ballads,virelays. 'Spenser.  Written 
also  Brantle. 

Brant,  Brant-goose  (brant,  brant'gbs),  n. 
See  BRENT-GOOSE. 

Brant,  Brent  (brant,  brent),  a.  [A.  Sax. 
brant,  bront,  Sw.  brant,  Icel.  brattr,  steep; 
perhaps  allied  to  W.  bryn,  a  hill,  brenach, 
a  summit.]  Steep.  [Provincial.] 

Grapes  grow  on  the  brant  rocks  so  wonderfully 
that  ye  will  marvel  how  any  man  dare  climb  up  to 
them.  Ascham. 

Brant-fox  (brant'foks),  n.  [For  brand-fox, 
from  its  colour.  ]  Vulpes  alopcx,  a  species  of 
Swedish  fox,  smaller  than  the  common  fox. 

Brantle  t  (bran'tl),  n.  [Probably  from  O.  Fr. 
brandeler,  Fr.  branler.  to  shake,  to  jog.  See 
BRANDLE.]  A  kind  of  dance  of  several  per- 
sons, who  held  each  other  by  the  hand,  each 
leading  in  turn. 

The  king  takes  out  the  Duchesse  of  York,  and  the 
duke  the  Duchesse  of  Buckingham;  the  Duke  of 
Montnouth,  my    Lady    Castlemaine,  and    so    other 
lords  other  ladies ;  and  they  danced  the  brantle. 
Pepys. 

Branular  (bran'u-ler),  a.  Relating  to  the 
brain;  cerebral.  N.  Brit.  Rev.  [Rare.] 

Brasen  (b™'zn)>  a»  Made  of  brass.  See 
BRASS  and  BRAZEN. 

Brash  (brash),  v.t.  [Probably  from  FT.  frrAaw, 
a  breach.]  To  break  to  pieces;  to  smash;  as, 
he  brashed  in  the  door.  [Scotch.] 

Brash  (brash),  n.  [From  Fr.  breche,*  breach, 
broken  stuff,  breccia.]  1.  A  confused  heap 
of  fragments;  as,  (a)  in  geol.  masses  of  loose, 
broken,  or  angular  fragments  of  rocks,  re- 
sulting from  weathering  or  disintegration 
on  the  spot.  Sir  C.  Lyell.  (6)  Naut.  small 
fragments  of  crushed  ice,  collected  by  winds 
or  currents,  near  the  shore,  or  such  that 
the  ship  can  easily  force  through.  Kane. 
(c)  Refuse  boughs  of  trees.  Wright.  — 
2.  [Local]  A  rash  or  eruption;  also,  a  crash. 

Brash  (brash),  a.  [G.  and  D.  barsch,  harsh, 
impetuous.]  1.  Hasty  in  temper;  impetu- 
ous. Grose.- -2.  Brittle.  [United  States.] 

Brash  (brash),  n.  Transient  fit  of  sickness. 
Burns.  [Scotch.] 


ch,  cAain;      Ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      t,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  «Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BRAS1ER 


324 


BRAVELY 


Brasier  (bra'zh6r),  n.  [Fr.  brasier,  braisier, 
from  braise,  embers,  live  coals ;  same  ori- 
gin as  braze,  brass.  ]  An  open  pan  for  burn- 
ing wood  or  coal. 

Brasier  (bra'zher),  n.  [From  brass  or  from 
braze.]  An  artificer  who  works  in  brass. 
See  BRASS. 

Brasil  (bra-ziV),  ».     Same  as  Brazil, 

Brass  (bras),  n.  [A.  Sax.  braes,  brass,  Icel. 
bras,  given  by  Haldorsen  as  meaning  solder, 
especially  for  iron ;  apparently  from  Scan- 
dinavian verb:  Icel.  brasa,  to  harden  by 
fire;  Sw.  brasa,  to  blaze;  Dan.  brase,  to  fry, 
from  which  stem  also  come  I'r.  braise,  live 
embers,  braser,  to  braze,  braiser,  to  braise; 
Sp.  brasa,  live  coal.]  1.  An  alloy  of  cop- 
per and  zinc,  of  a  yellow  colour,  usually 
containing  about  one-third  of  its  weight 
of  zinc,  but  the  proportions  are  variable. 
Brass  is  more  fusible  than  copper,  and  not 
so  apt  to  tarnish.  It  is  malleable,  and  so 
ductile  that  it  may  be  drawn  out  into  flue 
wire,  and  is  much  tougher  than  copper.  It 
is  employed  for  a  great  variety  of  purposes, 
both  ornamental  and  useful  The  best  brass 
is  made  by  cementation  of  calamine,  or 
oxide  of  zinc,  with  granulated  copper. 
English  brass  consists  of  one  proportion  of 
zinc  to  two  of  copper,  German  of  equal 
quantities  of  zinc 


and  copper,  and 
German  watch- 
maker brass  of 
two  proportions 
of  zinc  to  one 
of  copper.— 2.  In 
math,  a  pillow, 
bearing,  collar, 
box,  or  bush,  sup- 
portinga  gudgeon: 
so  called  because 
frequently  made 
of  brass. — 3.  Bra- 
zenness;  excess  of 
assurance ;  impu- 
dence ;  as,  he  has 
brass  enough  for 
any  thing.  [Colloq.] 

4.  A  utensil,  orna- 
ment, or  other  ar- 
ticle     made      of 
brass;  as,  to  clear 
the     brasses     on 
board    a    ship.  — 

5.  A  plate  of  brass 
inlaid   on  a   slab 
of  stone,  and  usu- 


ally forming  part  Brass  of  Eleanor  Bohun  (died 
Of  the  pavementof  ,399)  m  Westminster  Abbey. 

a  church,  with  ef- 
figies, coats  of  arms,  <fec.,  engraved  in  out- 
line upon  it.     Such  brasses  are  sometimes 
enamelled,  especially  the  shields  of  arms. 

Among  the  knightly  brasses  of  the  graves. 
And  by  the  cola  Hie  Jacets  of  the  aead. 

Tennyson. 

6.  Money.  [Slang.]  [The  word  brass  is  often 
used  as  symbolical  of  durability,  hardness, 
strength,  insensibility,  obduracy.  '  Unless 
my  nerves  were  brass  or  hammered  steel.' 
Shak. 

Men's  evil  manners  live  in  trass;  their  virtues 
We  write  in  water.  Ska*.] 

Brass  (bras),  ».(.     To  cover  or  coat  over 

with  brass. 
Brassage   (bras'aj),  n.     A  sum  formerly 

levied  to  defray  the  expense  of  coinage, 

and  taken  out  of  the  intrinsic  value  of  the 

coin. 
Brassart  (bras'art),  n.    [Fr.  bras,  the  arm.  ] 


Plate  armour  for  the  upper  part  of  the  arm, 
reaching  from  the  shoulder  to  the  elbow. 
Brass-band  (bras'band),  n.    A  company  of 
musicians  who  perform  on  instruments  of 


brass,  as  the  trumpet,  bugle,  cornet-a-pis- 
tons, &c. 

Brasse  (bras),  n.  [Modified  from  barse.] 
A  name  of  a  fish  of  the  p<jrch  family,  the 
pale  spotted  perch. 

Brasset  (hras'et), «.  A  casque  or  head-piece. 

Brass-finisher  (bras'fln-ish-er),  n.  A  work- 
man who  perfects  and  polishes  articles  made 
of  brass. 

Brass-foil  (bras'foil),  n.  Dutch  leaf  or  Dutch 
!  gold,  formed  by  beating  out  plates  of  brass 
'  to  great  thinness. 

Brass-founder  (bras'fpund-er),  n.  A  maker 
of  brass  or  of  articles  in  cast  brass. 

Brassica  (bras'si-ka),  n.  [L.J  A  genus  of 
1  cruciferous  plants,  containing  more  than  a 
!  hundred  species  of  wild  plants,  besides 
'  many  cultivated  forms  which  are  very  valu- 
able as  culinary  and  fodder  vegetables,  com- 
prehending among  other  species  the  red  and 
white  cabbage,  cauliflower,  brocolt,  bore- 
cole, rape,  turnip,  colza,  curled  kale,  kole- 
rabi  or  turnip-stemmed  cabbage,  Brussels 
sprouts,  &c.  B.  oleracea,  indigenous  on  our 
rocky  coasts,  is  considered  to  be  the  parent 
of  all  our  garden  cabbages,  including  bro- 
coli,  cauliflower,  &c.  B.  rubra,  or  red-cab- 
bage, makes  a  good  pickle.  The  infusion 
of  its  leaves,  which  is  of  a  very  rich  blue 
colour,  affords  an  excellent  test  both  for 
acids  and  alkalies,  turning  green  with  alka- 
lies and  red  with  acids. 

Brassiness  (bras'i-nes),  n.  The  quality  or 
appearance  of  being  brassy. 

Brass-leaf  (bras'Ief),  n.    Brass-foil. 

Brass-paved  (bras'pavd),  a.  Hard  or  firm, 
as  brass.  Spenser. 

Brass-rule  (bras'rol),  n.  Long  strips  of  thin 
metal,  type  high, used  by  printers  for  cutting 
into  lengths,  to  separate  advertisements 
and  newspaper  columns,  also  for  page  rules 
and  table  work  in  book-printing. 

Brass- visaged  (bras'viz-ajd),  a.  Impudent 
'That  braxs-visaged  monster.'  B.  Jonson. 

Brassy  (bras'i),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  brass ; 
partaking  of  brass ;  hard  as  brass ;  having 
the  colour  of  brass. 

Enough  ...  to  pluck  commiseration  of  his  state 
From  brassy  bosoms.  Shak. 

2.  Brazen-faced;  impudent    [Colloq.] 
Brassy  (bras'i),  n.    A  Scotch  name  of  the 
fish  otherwise  called  the  bib. 
Brastt  (brast),  ».  and  a.     Burst.     'Dread- 
ful furies  which  their  chains  have  brast.' 
Spenser. 

Brat  (brat),  n.  [A  Celtic  word:  rrov.E.  brat, 
a  child's  bib;  W.  brat,  a  rag,  a  pinafore; 
Ir.  brat,  a  cloak,  a  mantle;  Gael,  brat,  a 
rag,  an  apron.  The  usual  meaning  has 
arisen  from  a  contemptuous  use  of  the 
word,  which  is  really  the  same  as  the  fol- 
lowing.] A  child:  so  called  in  contempt. 
'This  brat  is  none  of  mine.'  Shah.  'Their 
dirty  brats.'  Thackeray.  Formerly  it  might 
be  used  without  any  feeling  of  contempt. 

O  Israel!  O  household  of  the  Lord! 
O  Abraham's  brats  I  O  blood  of  blessed  seed  I 
Gascoigne. 

Bratt,  Brat  (brat),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bratt,  a 
cloak,  borrowed  from  W.  brat,  a  clout;  Gael. 
brat,  a  mantle,  a  rag.  See  above.]  1. 1  A 
coarse  mantle  or  cloak.  Chaucer.  —  2.  A 
clout;  a  rag.  Burns.  [Scotch.  ] -3.  An  apron. 
[Provincial  English  and  Scotch.  J 

Brattach  (brat'tach),  n.  [Gael.  See  BRAT.] 
A  standard.  [Scotch.] 

Every  man  must  repair  to   the  brattach  of  his 
tribe.  Sir  //'.  Stott. 

Brattice  (brat'is),  n.  [O.Fr.  breteiche,  Fr. 
brettche,  O.E.  and  Norm.  Fr.  bretage,  a  bar- 
tizan ;  probably  from  G.  bret,  a  board,  a 
plank.]  Inmining,  (a)  a  wooden,  cast-iron, 
or  brick  partition  which  divides  a  mining 
shaft  into  two  chambers,  which  serve  as  the 
upcast  and  downcast  shafts  for  ventilation, 
or  placed  temporarily  or  permanently  across 
a  gallery  to  keep  back  noxious  gases,  or 
prevent  the  escape  of  water.  (6)  Wooden 
planking  to  support  a  wall  or  roof.  Written 
also  Brettice. 

Brattishing  (brat'ish-ing),  n.  [See  BRAT- 
TICE.) 1.  A  crest,  battlement,  or  other  para- 
pet. —2.  A  fence  of  boards  in  a  mine  or  round 
dangerous  machinery. 

Brattle  (brat'l),  n.  [Perhaps  allied  to  Icel. 
brdthr,  hasty,  sudden,  brdthla,  brdlla,  sud- 
denly, hastily;  Dan.  brat,  brad,  hasty.]  A 
clattering  noise  like  that  made  by  the  feet 
of  horses  moving  rapidly;  rapid  motion; 
violent  attack;  a  short  rapid  race.  Burns. 
[Scotch.] 

Brattle  (bratTi,  v.i.  To  make  a  loud  rum- 
|  bling  or  thundering  noise.  [Provincial.] 


Brattling  (b ratling),  n.  The  act  of  making 
a  clattering  noise;  tumult;  uproar;  quarrel. 

Her  voice  that  clove  through  all  the  din,  .  . 
Jarred,  but  not  drowned,  by  the  loud  brattling. 
Byron. 

Brava  (bra'vii).    See  BRAVO. 
Bravadet  (bra-vad'),  n.     Bravado  (which 
see). 

The  great  Pacheco,  like  himself,  this  hot 
And  fierce  bravaae  shall  in  a  trice  make  vain. 

Bravado  (bra-va'do),  n.  [Sp.  bravada,  i'r. 
bravade.  See  BRAVE.  ]  An  arrogant  men- 
ace, intended  to  intimidate;  a  boast;  a  ln-aur 
'  In  spite  of  our  host's  bravado. '  Irving. 

Bravado  (bra-va'do),  a.  Bragging;  boastful: 
said  or  done  in  bravado.  'Bravado  bets.' 
Disraeli. 

Bravado  (bra-va'do),  v.i.  To  act  in  a  spirit 
of  bravado;  to  storm;  to  rage.  'Like  winds 
where  ./Bolus  bravado'd.'  Lloyd.  [Rare.] 

Brave  (brav),  a.  [Fr.  brave,  brave,  gay, 
proud,  braggard;  Sp.  and  It.  bravo,  brave, 
courageous;  apparently  from  the  Celtic: 
Armor,  brao,  brav,  gaily  dressed,  fine,  hand- 
some; braga,  to  strut  (see  BRAG);  but  the 
word  probably  existed  independently  in  the 
Teutonic  languages;  comp.  O.D.  brauwen, 
to  adorn,  brauwe,  fine  attire;  O.Sw.  braf, 
Mod.  Sw.  bra,  good;  8c.  braw.]  1.  Courage- 
ous; bold;  daring;  intrepid;  high-spirited, 
valiant;  fearless;  as,  a  brave. warrior. 

The  brave  man  is  not  he  who  feels  no  fear. 
But  he  whose  noble  mind  its  fear  subdues. 

7.  Baillu. 

2.  Making  a  flue  display  in  bearing,  dress, 
or  appearance  generally ;  having  a  noble 
mien;  splendid;  beautiful;  gorgeous;  gaudy. 
[Formerly  common,  now  nearly  obsolete.] 
'With  blossoms  brave  bedecked  daintily.' 
Spenser. 

I'll  wear  my  dagger  with  the  braver  grace.      Skat. 
See  the  brave  day  sunk  in  hideous  night.      Sftat. 
I  ha'-e  gold,  and  therefore  will  be  bruz*, 
In  silks  111  rattle  it  of  every  colour.          Greene. 

3.  Excellent;  capital.     [Formerly  in  very 
common  use  in  this  sense  as  a  general  term 
of  commendation;  often  also  used  ironically; 
now  obsolete  in  this  sense  except  perhaps 
in  irony.] 

Iron  is  a  brave  commodity  where  wood  aboundeth. 

BafOH. 

If  a  statesman  has  not  this  science,  he  must  be  sub- 
ject  to  a  braver  man  than  himself.     Sir  A'.  Digby. 
Ill  devise  thee  brave  punishments  for  him.  Shak. 

—  Gallant,  Courageous,  Brave.  Gallant, 
splendid  either  in  dress  or  qualities,  Is 
most  appropriately  used  with  regard  to 
courage,  which  exhibits  itself  in  deeds  that 
attract  attention  and  applause :  of  the 
three  words  it  is  that  which  has  most 
of  compliment  and  least  of  high  commen- 
dation in  it;  courageous  denotes  the  pos- 
session of  that  spirit  which  enables  one 
readily  and  fearlessly  to  face  danger;  brave 
is  more  comprehensive  in  signification  than 
either  of  the  other  two  words ;  it  denotes 
the  possession  of  the  highest  and  noblest 
kind  of  courage  and  fortitude,  of  that  spirit 
which  enables  a  man  to  bear  up  against  evil 
and  danger  of  all  kinds,  as  well  as  to  go 
forth  to  face  it— SyN.  Courageous,  gallant, 
daring,  valiant,  valorous,  bold,  heroic,  in- 
trepid, fearless,  dauntless,  magnanimous, 
high-spirited. 

Brave  (brav),  n.  1. 1  A  hector;  a  bully.  '  Too 
insolent,  too  much  a  (mi  tie. '  Dryden.— 2.t  A 
boast;  a  challenge;  a  defiance. 

I  will  not  bear  these  braves  of  thine.        Shak. 

3.  A  brave,  bold,  or  daring  person;  a  man 
daring  beyond  discretion;  specifically,  a 
North  American  Indian  or  other  savage 
warrior;  as,  the  chief  was  accompanied  by 
two  hundred  braves. 

Hot  braves  like  thee  may  fight.        Dryden. 

Brave  (brav).  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  braved;  ppr. 
braving.  1.  To  encounter  with  courage  and 
fortitude,  or  without  being  moved;  to  set  at 
defiance;  to  defy;  to  challenge;  to  dare. 

The  ills  of  love,  not  those  of  fate,  I  fear ; 
These  I  can  brave,  but  those  I  cannot  bear. 

DryirH. 

Whose  flag  has  braved  a  thousand  years 
The  battle  and  the  breeze.  Campbell. 

2.  t  To  carry  a  boasting  appearance  of.  '  To 
brave  that  which  they  believe  not'  Bacon. 
3.t  To  make  fine,  showy,  or  splendid.  'He 
(the  sun)  should  have  braved  the  east  an 
hour  ago.'  Shale.  [Rare.] 
Bravely  (bravHi),  adv.  1.  In  a  brave  man- 
ner; (a) courageously;  gallantly;  splendidly; 
heroically. 

Who  combats  bravely  is  not  therefore  brave.    Pope. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  8c.  abune;       y,  Sc.  ley. 


BRAVENESS 


325 


BRAZIL-NUT 


(&)t  Finely;  gaudily.     Spenser. 

And  decked  herself  bravely  to  allure  the  eyes  of 
all  men  that  should  see  her.  Jiulith  x.  4. 

(c)  Well;  prosperously;  as,  he  is  getting  on 

bravely. 
Braveiiess  (brav'nes),  n.     The  quality  of 

being  brave;  bravery.    'The&rai?ene.wof  the 

exploit.'    Holland. 
Bravery  (brav'er-i),  n.     1.  The  quality  of 

being  brave;  courage;  heroism;  Undaunted 

spirit;  intrepidity;  gallantry;  fearlessness. 

'Lancelot,  the  flower  of  bravery.'  Tennyson. 

Remember,  sir,  my  liege.  .  .  . 
The  natural  bravery  of  your  isle.          Shak. 

2.t  Splendour;  magnificence.     'Great  bra- 
i-fi-if  of  building  to  the  marvellous  beautify- 
ing of  the  realm.'     Cantden. 
The  bravery  of  their  tinkling  ornaments.    Is.  iii.  18. 

3.f  Show;  ostentation;  parade. 

Prefaces,  .  .  .  and  other  speeches  of  reference  to 
the  person,  are  great  wastes  of  time;  and  though 
they  seem  to  proceed  of  modesty,  they  are  bravery. 

Bacon. 
•i.f  Bravado;  boast. 

There  are  those  that  make  it  a  point  of  bravery  to 
bid  defiance  to  the  oracles  of  divine  revelation. 

Sir  R.  L*  Estrange. 

5.f  A  showy  person.  'A  man  that  is  the 
bravery  of  his  at?e.'  Beau.  <£•  Ft. 

Bravi  (brii've).    See  BRAVO. 

Bravlngt  (brav'ing),  n.  Bravado;  defiance. 
'  With  so  proud  a  straine  of  threats  and 
bravings. '  Chapman. 

Bravirigly  (braVing-li),  adv.  In  a  braving 
or  defying  manner.  Sheldon.  [Rare.  ] 

Bravissimo  (bra-vis'i-mo),'  interj.  Superla- 
tive of  bravo! 

That's  right — I'm  steel — Bravo  ! — Adamant — Bra- 
vissimo I  Caiman. 

Bravo  (bra'yo),  interj.  [It.]  1.  Well  done  ! 
The  word  is  an  Italian  adjective,  and  the 
correct  usage  is  to  say  bravo  to  a  male 
singer  or  actor,  brava  to  a  female,  and  bravi 
to  a  company.— 2.  Used  as  a  substantive. 
'  With  bravo  and  hand-clapping.'  Carlyle. 

Bravo  (bra'vo),  n.  pi.  Bravoes  (bra'voz).  [It. 
and  8p.]  A  daring  villain;  a  bandit;  one 
who  sets  law  at  defiance;  an  assassin  or 
murderer.  'Stab,  like  bravoes,  all  who  come 
that  way.'  Churchill. 

Bravura  (bm-vO'ral  n.  [It.,  bravery,  spirit.] 
In  music,  a  florid  air,  requiring  great  force 
and  spirit  in  the  performer,  and  serving  to 
display  his  or  her  power,  flexibility  of  voice, 
and  distinctness  of  articulation. 

Bravura  (brii-vo'ra),  a.  In  music,  spirited; 
florid;  brilliant;  as,  a  bravura  air. 

Braw(bra),  a.  [Sw.  braf,  &ra,flne;  D.  brauwe, 
finery.  See  BRAVE.]  Fine;  gaily  dressed; 
handsome ;  pleasant ;  agreeable ;  worthy ; 
excellent ;  brave ;  stout.  '  There's  braw, 
braio  lads  on  Yarrow  braes.'  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Brawl  (bral),  v.i.  [From  root  of  bray;  comp. 
W.  brawl,  a  boast,  broliaw.  to  brag,  to  boast, 
bragal,  to  vociferate ;  with  this  there  may 
have  been  a  fusion  of  such  Teutonic  words 
as  D.  bralten,  to  boast,  Dan.  bralle,  to  jab- 
ber, to  prate,  brittle,  to  roar.]  1.  To  speak 
loudly  and  complainingly;  to  be  clamorous 
or  noisy;  to  quarrel  noisily  and  indecently. 
'I  do  the  wrong  and  first  begin  to  brawl.' 
Shak. — 2.  To  roar,  as  water;  to  make  a  noise. 
'Where  the  brook  brawls  along  the  pain- 
ful road.'  Wordsworth. — SYN.  To  wrangle, 
squabble,  quarrel,  dispute. 

Brawl  (bral),  v.t.  1.  To  wrangle  about;  to 
be  noisy  or  contentious  regarding. 

I  care  not  what  the  sects  may  bra-wl.     Tennyson. 

2.  To  drive  away  or  beat  down  by  noise. 
'Your  deep  wit  .  .  .  reason'd,  not  brawl" d 
her  (Truth)  hence.'  Sir  K.  Digby.  [Rare.] 
Brawl  (bral),  n.  1.  A  noisy  quarrel ;  loud 
angry  contention;  an  uproar;  row;  squabble. 
'Stout  polemick  brawl.'  Hudibras.  'He  is 
a  devil  in  private  brawl.'  Shak.  'Wholly 
given  to  brawls  and  wine. '  Tennyson.  — 2.  t  A 
kind  of  dance;  a  bransle  or  brantle. 

My  grave  lord-keeper  led  the  brawls; 

The  seal  and  maces  danced  before  him.     Gray, 

Brawler  (bral'er),  n.  One  who  brawls;  a 
noisy  fellow;  a  wrangler.  'The  great  states- 
man degenerated  into  an  angry  brawler.' 
Buckle. 

Brawlie  (bra'li),  adv.  [See  BRAW,  BRAVE.] 
Bravely;  finely;  very  well;  heartily.  [Scotch.  ] 

Brawling  (bral'ing),  n.  The  act  of  quar- 
relling; specifically,  in  law,  the  offence  of 
quarrelling  or  creating  a  disturbance  in  a 
church  or  churchyard. 

Brawling  (bral'ing),  a.  1.  Contentious; 
quarrelsome. 

I  know  she  is  an  irksome,  brawling-  scold.        Shak. 


'2.  Making  the  noise  of  rushing  water;  pur- 
ling; rippling.  'Brawling  springs.'  Collins. 

Brawlingly  (bral'ing-li).  adv.  Jn  a  brawl- 
ing or  quarrelsome  manner. 

Brawn  (bran),  n-  [O.Fr.  braon,  the  muscu- 
lar parts  of  the  body,  from  O.H.G.  brato, 
braton,  meat  for  roasting,  from  braten,  to 
roast.]  1.  Boar's  flesh;  the  flesh  of  the  boar 
or  of  swine,  collared  so  aa  to  squeeze  out 
much  of  the  fat,  boiled,  and  pickled.— 2. t  A 
boar.  Beau,  tfr  Fl.  — 3.  A  fleshy,  protuberant, 
muscular  part  of  the  body;  as,  the  brawn 
of  the  arm,  thigh,  Arc. 

It  was  ordained  that  murtherers  should  be  brent 
on  the  brawn  of  the  left  h-ind.  Hall. 

4.  Muscular  strength;  muscles. 

Brawn  without  brain  is  thine.          Drydeit. 

5.  t  The  arm,  so  called  from  its  muscles  or 
strength.     '  And  in  my  vantbrace  put  this 
wither'd  brawn.'    Shak.     'Hew  thy  target 
from  thy  brawn.'    Shak. — Mock  braivti,  the 
flesh  of  a  pig's  head  and  ox  feet  cut  in 
pieces,  and  boiled,  pickled,  and  pressed  into 
a  shape. 

Brawnedt  (brand),  a-.  Brawny;  strong. 
'Brawned  bowrs.'  Spenser. 

Brawner  (bran'er),  n.  A  boar  killed  for  the 
table. 

Brawn-fallent  (bran'fal-n),  a.  Having  the 
brawny  or  muscular  parts  of  the  body  shrunk 
or  fallen  away;  wasted;  thin.  'Tliy  brawn- 
fallen  arms.'  Dray  ton. 

Brawniness  (braii'i-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  brawny;  strength;  hardiness. 

This  trenvHt'ttesr  and  insensibility  of  mind  is  the 
best  armour  against  the  common  evils  and  accidents 
of  life.  Locke. 

Brawny  (bran'i),  a.  \.  Having  large  strong 
muscles;  muscular;  fleshy;  bulky;  strong. 

The  muscles  of  his  brawny  arms 

Are  strong  as  iron  bands.  Longfellow. 

2.  Hard;  unfeeling;  callous.  '  A  brawny  con- 
science which  hath  no  feeling  in  it.'  Joseph 
Mede. 

Braws  (braz),  n.  One's  best  apparel;  finery. 
[Scotch.] 

Braxy  (brak'si),  n.  [As  the  disease  is  in 
some  parts  called  also  braik,  bracks,  the 
name  is  probably  derived  from  the  verb  to 
break;  comp.  A.  Sax.  broc,  disease,  misery; 
G.  brechen,  vomiting,  and  brechen,  to  break.  ] 
1.  The  name  given  in  different  parts  of  the 
country  to  several  diseases  of  sheep,  the  two 
most  commonly  so  called  being  a  disease 
characterized  by  severe  diarrhoea,  and  one 
arising  from  a  plethora  or  fulness  of  blood, 
the  animal  dying  in  convulsions  in  a  short 
time.  — 2.  A  sheep  having  the  braxy;  the 
mutton  of  such  a  sheep. 

Braxy  (brak'si),  a.  Affected  or  tainted  with 
braxy;  as,  braxy  sheep;  braxy  mutton. 

Bray  (bra),  v.t.  [O.Fr.  brayer,  breier,  bre- 
hier  (Fr.  broyer),  to  pound,  from  G.  brechen, 
to  break.  ]  To  pound,  beat,  or  grind  small. 

Though  thou  shouldst  bray  a  fool  in  a  mortar,  .  .  . 
yet  will  not  his  foolishness  depart  from  him. 

Prov.  xxvii.  22. 

Bray  (bra),  v.i.  [Fr.  braire,  to  bray;  L.L. 
brayire,  bragare,  to  bray,  to  cry,  from  Celtic 
root  seen  in  brag,  brawl.]  1.  To  utter  a 
harsh  cry,  as  an  ass. 

Laugh,  and  they 
Return  it  louder  than  an  ass  can  bray.      Drydett. 

2.To  make  a  loud,  harsh,  disagreeable  sound. 

Heard  ye  the  din  of  battle  bray  t          Gray. 

Bray  (bra),  v.t.  To  utter  with  a  loud  harsh 
sound:  sometimes  with  out. 

Arms  on  armour  clashing  brayed 
Horrible  discord.  Milton. 

The  kettle-drum  and  trumpet  thus  bray  out 
The  triumph  of  his  pledge.  Shak. 

Bray  (bra),  «.  The  harsh  sound  or  roar  of 
an  ass;  a  harsh  or  grating  sound. 

Loud  rung  out  the  bugle's  bray.          Tennyson. 

Brayt  (bra),?i.  [In  first  sense  probably  from 
Fr.  braie,  O.Fr.  braye,  from  L.L.  braca, 
bracca,  a  dike  or  bank ;  in  second  meaning 
the  same  word  as  Sc.  brae,  W.  bre,  a  mount 
or  peak.]  1.  A  bank  or  mound  of  earth, 
used  in  fortification;  a  breastwork;  a  bul- 
wark; specifically,  a  wall  or  other  work  in 
advance  of  and  covering  the  gate  of  a  for- 
tress. 'That  they  could  scant  put  their 
heads  over  the  bray  or  bulwark.'  Hall 

Order  was  given  that  bulwarks,  trays,  and  walls 
should  be  raised  in  his  castles  and  strongholds. 

Ld.  Herbert. 

2.  A  piece  of  sloping  ground;  an  acclivity 
or  declivity.  '  Against  a  rocke  or  an  hye 
braye.'  Attcham. 

Push'd  up  the  bray  indignantly  they  feel 

The  clanking  lash  and  the  retorted  steel.    Brookes. 


Brayer  (bra'isr),  n.     One  that  brays  like  an 

ass. 
Brayer  (bnVir),  ».     In  hand -printing,  an 

instrument    used    for    spreading    the    ink 

equally. 
Braying  (hriYh)u').  n.     Hour;  noine;  clamour: 

used  only  in  contempt. 

There  he  staruK  with  unimpeachable  passivity 
amid  the  shouldering  and  braying;  a  spectacle  to 
men.  Cariyle. 

Brayle  (b"tt).  "•    Same  as  Brail,  1. 

Braze  (braz),  v.t.  piet.  &  pp.  brazed;  ppr. 
brazing.  [Fr.  braner,  to  braze,  from  tin; 
Scandinavian.  See  BKASS.  ]  1.  To  solder, 
more  especially  with  hard  solder,  such  as 
an  alloy  of  brass  and  zinc.— 2.  To  cover  or 
ornament  with  brass.  'A  tripod  richly 
brazed.'  Chapman. — 3. t  To  harden;  to 
harden  to  impudence. 

Let  me  wring  your  heart,  .  .  . 
If  damned  custom  hath  not  era  zed  \\  so, 
That  it  ii  proof  and  bulwark  against  sense.     Shak. 

Brazen  (braz'n),  a.  1.  Made  of  brass;  as,  a 
brazen  helmet;  also,  from  brass  of  ten  serving 
as  a  type  of  strength,  impenetrability,  and 
the  like,  extremely  strong,  impenetrable. 
'Environed  with  a  brazen  wall.'  Shak. — 

2.  Pertaining   to   brass;   proceeding  from 
brass. 

Trumpeters, 
With  brazen  din  blast  you  the  city's  ear.      Shak. 

3.  Impudent;  having  a  front  like  brass. 

Talbot  .  .  .  appeared  daily  with  brazen  front 
before  the  princess  whose  ruin  he  had  plotted. 

Macaulay. 

— Brazen  age,  or  age  of  brass,  in  myth,  the 
age  of  war  and  violence,  which  succeeded 
the  silver  age,  when  men  had  still  further 
degenerated  from  primitive  purity. — Brazen 
diah,  a  standard  measure  kept  in  certain 
mining  districts  under  the  charge  of  a  pro- 
per officer. — Brazen  sea,  in  Jewish  antiq.  a 
huge  vessel  of  brass  placed  in  Solomon's 
temple.  It  was  10  cubits  from  brim  to  brim, 
5  in  height,  and  30  in  circumference.  It  was 
designed  for  the  priests  to  wash  themselves 
in  before  they  performed  the  service  of  the 
temple. 

Brazen  (braz'n),  v.t.  To  behave  with  inso- 
lence or  effrontery:  with  an  indefinite  it. 

Men  would  face  it  and  brazen  it.         Latimer. 

— To  brazen  out,  to  persevere  in  treating 
with  effrontery:  with  an  indefinite  it,  or  a 
noun  like  matter,  affair,  business. 
Thornton  brazened  if  out  with  his  usual  impudence. 

Lord  Lytton, 
I'm  resolved  to  brazen  the  business  out. 

Sir  r.  Vanbrugh. 

Brazen-browed  (braz'n -broud),  a.  Shame- 
less; impudent.  'Noon-day vicesand brazen- 
broived  iniquities.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Brazen-face  (braz'n-fas),  n.  An  impudent 
person;  one  remarkable  for  effrontery. 

Well  said,  brasen-facf;  hold  it  out.        Shak. 

Brazen-faced  (braz'n-fast),  a.  Impudent; 
bold  to  excess;  shameless.  'A  brazen-faced 
varlet.'  Shak. 

Brazenly  (braz'n-li),  adv.  In  a  brazen  man- 
ner; boldly;  impudently. 

Brazenness  (braz'n-nes),  n.  1.  Appearance 
like  brass :  in  this  sense  braaninetis  is  the 
more  correct  word.— 2.  Impudence;  excess 
of  assurance;  as,  his  brazenness  is  excessive. 

Brazier  (bra'zher),  n.    Same  as  Bratitr. 

Brazil,  Brazil-wood  (bra-zil',  bra-zil'wndX 
n  [Fg.  braza,  a  live  coal  or  glowing  fire. 
This  name  was  given  to  the  wood  for  its. 
colour,  and  it  is  said  that  King  Emanuel  of 
Portugal  gave  this  name  to  the  country 
on  account  of  its  producing  this  wood.  The 
country  was  first  named  Santa  Cruz  by  its 
discoverer,  Pedro  Alvares  Cabral.]  A  very 
heavy  wood  of  a  red  colour,  growing  in 
Brazil  and  other  tropical  countries,  used  in 
manufactures  for  dyeing  red.  It  is  the  pro- 
duce of  Ccenalpinia  echinata  and  C.  bra- 
ziliensi*  The  heart-wood  only  is  of  value. 
The  inferior  Brazil-wood  of  the  West  Indies 
is  from  C.  crista.  See  OOBALPIHU. 

Braziletto  (braz-i-let'to),  n.  An  inferior 
species  of  Brazil-wood  brought  from  Ja- 
maica, the  produce  of  Ccesalpinia  crittta. 

Brazilian  ( bra-zil'i-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Brazil;  as,  Brazilian  productions. 

Brazilian  (bra-zil'i-an),  n.  A  native  or  in- 
habitant of  Brazil. 

Brazilin  (braz'il-in),  n.  The  red  colouring 
matter  of  Brazil-wood.  It  is  soluble  in 
water  and  alcohol;  acids  turn  it  yellow, 
alkalies  violet.  It  is  a  delicate  test  of  alka- 
linity. 

Brazil-nut  (bra-zil'nut),  n.  The  seeds  of 
the  fruit  of  Bertholtetia  excelsa,  a  tree  of 
the  nat.  order  Lecythidacete,  a  native  of 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ring;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  toig;     wh,  whig;    zh,  a*ure.-See  KEY. 


BRAZIL-TEA 


326 


BREAK 


Guiana,  Venezuela,  and  Brazil.  The  fruit 
ia  nearly  round  and  about  6  inches  in  dia- 
meter, having  an  extremely  hard  shell  about 
i  inch  thick,  and  containing  from  eighteen 
to  twenty-four  triangular  wrinkled  seeds, 
which  are  so  beautifully  packed  within  the 


Fruit  of  Bertholletia  excelsa. 

shell  that  when  once  disturbed  it  is  impos- 
sible to  replace  them.  When  the  fruits 
are  ripe  they  fall  from  the  tree  and  are  col- 
lected by  Indians.  They  are  then  split 
open  with  an  axe  and  the  seeds  taken  out 
and  packed  in  baskets  for  transportation. 
Besides  being  used  as  an  article  of  dessert, 
a  bland  oil,  used  by  watchmakers  and  others, 
is  expressed  from  them. 

Brazil-tea  (bra-zil'te),  u.    See  MATiS. 

Breach  (brech),  n.  [O.E.  breche,  softened 
from  A.  Sax.  brece,  brice,  a  breach  or  break- 
ing, from  brecan,  to  break;  partly  also  from 
FT.  brtche,  a  breach,  from  the  same  stem, 
but  directly  from  the  German.]  1.  The  act 
of  breaking :  in  this  sense  used  only  figura- 
tively of  the  violation  or  neglect  of  a  law, 
contract,  or  any  other  obligation,  or  of  a 
custom.  '  A  custom  more  honoured  in  the 
breach  than  the  observance.'  Shak. — 2.  The 
space  between  the  several  parts  of  a  solid 
body  parted  by  violence;  a  rupture;  a  break; 
a  gap;  as,  a  breach  in  a  wall. 

Thou  hast  made  the  earth  to  tremble :  thou  hast 
broken  it :  heal  the  brioches  thereof.          l\.  Ix.  2. 

3.  Separation  between  friends  by  means  of 
enmity;  difference;  quarrel. 

There's  fallen  between  him  and  my  lord 

An  unkind  breach.  Shak. 

4  Infraction;  infringement 

This  breach  upon  kingly  power  was  without  prece- 
dent. Clarendon. 

6.  Injury ;  wound  ;  bruise.  '  Breach  for 
breach;  eye  for  eye;  tooth  for  tooth. '  Lev. 
xxiv.  20.— 6. t  The  breaking  of  waves;  the 
surf. 

Some  hour  before  you  took  me  from  the  breach  of 
the  sea  was  tuy  sister  drowned.  Shak. 

— Breach  of  arrestment,  in  Scots  law,  an  act 
•of  contempt  of  legal  authority  committed 
ty  an  arrestee  disregarding  the  arrestmeiit 
used  in  his  hands,  and  paying  the  sum  or 
delivering  the  goods  arrested  to  the  com- 
mon debtor. — Breach  of  close,  in  law,  an 
unwarrantable  entry  on  another's  land.  - 
Breach  of  covenant,  a  violation  of  a  covenant 
contained  in  a  deed,  either  to  do  a  direct 
act  or  to  omit  it.— Breach  of  duly,  the  not 
executing  any  office,  employment,  trust, &c. , 
in  a  proper  manner. — Breach  of  promise,  a 
violation  of  one's  word  or  undertaking;  non- 
fulfilment  of  what  one  had  agreed  to  do: 
often  used  absolutely  for  breach  of  promise 
of  marriage.—  Breach  of  the  peace,  a  viola- 
tion of  the  public  peace,  as  by  a  riot,  affray, 
or  any  tumult  which  is  contrary  to  law  and 
destructive  to  the  public  community.— 
Breach  of  trust,  a  violation  of  duty  by  a 
trustee,  executor,  or  other  person  in  a 
fiduciary  position.  —  SYN.  Rupture,  cleft, 
chasm,  rift,  gap,  break,  infraction,  infringe- 
ment, violation,  quarrel,  difference,  separa- 
tion, misunderstanding. 
Breach  (brech),  o.t.  To  make  a  breach  or 
opening  in. 

The  first  bombardment  had  in  no  place  succeeded 
m  breaching  the  walls.  Pro/.  Yonge. 

Breachy  (brech'i).  a.  Apt  to  break  fences; 
unruly:  applied  in  south  of  England  and 
United  States  to  unruly  cattle. 

Bread  (bred),n.  [A  Sax.  bredd;  Cog.  D.  brood, 
Icel.  braud,  Sw.  and  Dan.  brad,  G.  brod,  brot. 
Root  doubtful  In  old  A.  Sax.  UOf,  loaf, 
was  the  word  generally  used  for  bread,  and 
bredd  is  hardly  found  except  in  the  com- 


pound beo-bread,  honey-comb,  lit.  bee-bread, 
like  G.  bienenbrod.  '  Down  to  the  ninth  cen- 
tury this  word  had  not  its  present  sense  in 
any  Teutonic  dialect,  but  was,  as  it  seems, 
in  all  of  them  used  of  the  honey-comb  only.' 
Vigfumon.)  1.  A  kind  of  food  made  by 
moistening  and  kneading  the  flour  or  meal 
of  some  species  of  grain,  or  that  prepared 
from  other  plants,  and  baking  it,  the  donah 
being  often  caused  to  ferment.— 2.  Food  or 
sustenance  in  general. 

But  sometimes  virtue  starves  while  vice  is  fed  : 
What  then?  is  the  reward  of  virtue,  bread!   Pep*. 

—Bread  and  butter,  often  used  colloquially 
for  means  of  living. 

Your  quarrelling  with  each  other  upon  the  subject 
of  bread  and  butter  is  the  most  usual  thing  in  the 
world.  Swift. 

Bread  t  (bred),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  bratdan,  to  make 
broad,  to  spread.  See  BROAD.]  To  spread. 
Kay. 

Bread-and-butter  (bred'and-but-ter),  a. 
Belonging  to  or  characteristic  of  the  time 
between  girlhood  and  womanhood;  roman- 
tic; gushing,  like  a  school- girl;  as,  she's 
but  a  bread-and-butter  miss.  'The  wishy- 
washy  bread-and-butter  period  of  life.' 
Trollope.  [Colloq.] 

Breadberry  (bred'l>e-ri),  n.  A  diet  for  con- 
valescents and  persons  in  delicate  health, 
made  by  pouring  boiling  water  on  toasted 
bread  and  seasoning  it  with  sugar,  &c.; 

Bread-chipper  t  (bred'cniP-*r).  "•  O"6  wno 
chips  or  slices  bread;  a  baker's  servant;  an 
under  butler.  'To  dispraise  me  and  call 
me  pantler,  and  bread-chipper,  and  I  know 
not  what?'  Shak. 

Bread-corn  (bred'korn),  n.  Corn  or  grain 
of  which  bread  is  made,  as  wheat,  rye,  oats, 
maize,  &C. 

Breadent  (bred'n),  a.  Made  of  bread.  'The 
idolatry  of  the  mass  and  adoration  of  the 
breaden  god.'  Joseph  Mede.  [Rare.] 

Bread-fruit  (bred'frot),  n.  The  fruit  of  the 
tree  Artocarpux  incisa. 

Bread-fruit  Tree,  n.    The  A  rtocarpus  in- 
ci&a,  a  tree  which  grows  in  the  islands  of 
the  Pacific  Ocean.     The  leaves  are  large, 
rough,  and  lobed,  the  fruit  is  composed  of 
the      numerous 
small        female 
flowers     united 
into   one    large 
fleshy     mass 
about  the  size  of 
a  child's   head. 
It     is     covered 
with  hexagonal 
marks  external- 
ly, which  are  the 
limits  of  the  in- 
dividual flowers. 
It  is  roasted  be- 
fore being  eaten, 
and  though  in- 
sipid   it    forms 
the  principal  ar- 
ticle of  food  in 
the    South   Sea 
Islands.     An- 
other species  of  Artocarpus(X.  inteifrifolia) 
yields  a  coarser  sort  of  bread-fruit  called 
jack-fruit.     See  AKTOCARPUS. 

Breadless  (bred'les),  a.  Without  bread; 
destitute  of  food. 

Plump  peers  and  breadUss  bards  alike  are  -lull. 
U'.  It'hiteltead. 

Breadmeal  (bred'mel),  n.  The  mountain- 
meal  or  bergmehl  of  Sweden  and  Finland. 
See  BERGMEHL. 

Bread-nut  (bred'nut),  n.  The  fruit  of  the 
tree  Brosimum  alicastrum,  nat.  order  Arto- 
carpaceoi.  See  BROSIMUM 

Bread-pudding  (bred'pud-ing),  n.  A  pud- 
dinggenerally  composed  of  bread,  milk,  eggs, 
butter,  lemons,  or  other  flavouring  ingred- 
ients. 

Bread-room  (bred'rom),  n.  An  apartment 
where  bread  is  kept,  especially  such  an 
apartment  in  a  ship,  sometimes  lined  with 
tin. 

Bread-root(bred'rot),n.  Aplantofthegenus 
Psoralea,  the  P.  esmlenta.  See  PSORALKA. 

Bread-sauce  (bred'sas),  n.  A  sauce  made 
usually  of  bread,  milk,  onions,  pepper,  cfcc. 

Bread-sauce  is  so  ticklish ;  a  simmer  too  much  and 
it  s  clean  done  for.  Trotlopc. 

Breadstuff(bred'stuf),  n.  Bread-corn;  meal; 
flour:  used  frequently  in  the  plural  to  signify 
all  the  different  varieties  of  grain  and  flour 
from  which  bread  is  made  collectively. 
[Originally  American.  ] 


Bread-fruit  (Artocarpns 
incisa). 


Breadth  (bredth),  n.  [A  comparatively 
modern  form,  formerly  written  bredth, 
bredthe,  bredetltv ;  the  A.  Sax.  was  broedu, 
later  brede,  breede.  From  broad;  comp. 
length,  width,  hiyhth  (height).  See  BROAD.] 

I.  The  measure  or  extent  of  any  plain  sur- 
face from  side  to  side;  a  geometrical  dimen- 
sion  which,    multiplied    into  the    length, 
gives  the  surface ;  as,  the  length  of  a  table 
is  5  feet  and  the  breadth  3,  therefore  5x3= 
15  feet, the  whole  surface. — 2.  In  tliefine  art*, 
a  term  applied  both  to  design  and  to  col- 
ouring.     It   conveys  the  idea  of   simple 

•  arrangement,  producing  an  impression  of 
largeness,  freedom,  and  space.  When  u 
work  offers  these  results  we  say  it  has 
breadth;  and  broad  touch,  broad  pencil  are 
terms  applicable  to  this  manner  of  working 
when  the  touches  and  strokes  of  the  peiu.l 
produce  such  breadth  of  effect. 

Breadthless  ( bredth '  lea ),  a.  Without 
breadth.  Dr.  H.  Afore. 

Breadthways  (hredth'waz),  adv.  In  the 
direction  of  the  breadth.  W/ieweU. 

Bread-tree  (bred'tre),  n.  Same  as  Bread- 
fruit  Tree. 

Break  (brak),  v.t.  pret.  broke  (brake  is 
obsolete  or  archaic,  but  is  frequently  used 
by  Tennyson);  pp.  broken  or  broke;  ppr. 
breaking.  [A.  Sax.  brecan,  to  break,  to 
weaken,  to  vanquish,  &c. ;  1).  breken,  Dan. 
brcekke,  G.  brechen,  Goth,  brikan,  to  break, 
to  crush,  »fec. ;  Icel.  braka,  to  creak ;  same 
root  as  L.  frango,  Gr.  (f)regnymi,  to  break. 
'The  original  sense  is  to  break  with  a  snap; 
comp.  L.  fragor,  &  crash,  Gael,  bragh,  a 
burst,  explosion.'  Skeat.]  1.  To  part  or 
divide  by  force  and  violence,  as  a  solid 
substance ;  to  rend  apart ;  to  make  a  gap  or 
a  breach  in ;  as,  to  break  a  stick ;  to  break 
a  thread  or  a  cable ;  fig.  to  break  company 
or  friendship ;  to  break  connection,  <tc. 

A  bruised  reed  shall  he  not  break.        Is.  xlii.  6. 
He  crosses,  scarce  knowing  what  he  seeks: 
He  breaks  the  hedge  :  lie  enters  there.      Tennyson. 

2.  To  destroy  the  formation  of ;  to  cause  to 
give  way;  to  disperse,  as  an  army;  aa,  a 
charge  of  cavalry  broke  the  left  wing  of  the 
enemy.— a  To  destroy,  crush,  weaken,  or 
impair,  as  the  human  body  or  constitution. 
'  An  old  man  broken  with  the  storms  of 
state.*  Shak.—  4.  To  reduce  the  power  of; 
to  subdue ;  to  quell ;  aa,  to  break  the  spiriu 
or  the  passions. 

Too  courteous  are  you,  fair  Lord  Lancelot. 

I  pray  you  use  sonic  rough  discourtesy 

To  blunt  or  break  her  passion.  Tennyson. 

5.  To  tame;  to  train  to  obedience;  to  make 
tractable ;  as,  to  break  a  horse. 

Why  then,  thou  canst  not  break  her  to  the  lute.  Shak. 

6.  To  make  bankrupt.— 7.  To  discard,  dis- 
miss, or  cashier;  to  pay  off;  to  disband;  as, 
to  break  an  officer.    '  A  great  officer  broken.' 
Swift. 

My  birthday  was  ominous  to  my  poor  father,  who 
was,  the  day  of  our  arrival,  with  many  other  brave 
officers  broRe  and  sent  adrift  into  the  wide  world. 
.  .  .  The  regiment  in  which  my  father  served  beinj; 
broke,  &c.  Sterne. 

8.  To  give  a  superficial  wound  to  so  as  to 
lacerate  the  skin;  as,  to  break  one's  face. 
She  break  lier  heart :  she'll  sooner  break  your  head. 

Dryden. 

9.  To  violate,  as  a  contract,  law,  or  promise, 
either  by  a  positive  act  contrary  to  the  law 
or  promise,  or  by  neglect  or  non-fulfilment. 

Unhappy  man  !  to  break,  the  pious  laws 

Of  nature.  Dryden. 

1C.  To  stop;  to  interrupt;  to  cause  to  cease; 
aa,  to  break  conversation;  to  break  sleep.— 

II.  To  intercept;  to  check;  to  lessen  the 
force  of;  as,  to  break  a  fall  or  a  blow. 

1  '11  rather  leap  down  first  and  break  your  fall.    Dryden. 

12.  To  make  a  first  and  partial  disclosure 
of,  as  an  opinion  or  project ;  especially,  to 
impart  or  tell  cautiously  so  as  not  to  startle 
or  shock ;  aa,  to  btrak  unwelcome  news  to 
a  person. 

They  afterwards  broke  the  matter  to  Catharine, 
bribing  her  by  a  share  to  acquiesce.  Brougham. 

13.  To  destroy   the   completeness  of;    to 
remove  a  pait  from ;  as,  to  break  a  set  of 
chess-men. 

But  I  am  uneasy  about  these  same  four  guineas: 
I  think  you  should  have  given  them  back  again  to 
your  master :  and  yet  I  have  broken  them. 

Richardson, 

—To  break  down,  to  take  down  by  break- 
ing; to  destroy;  aa,  to  break  down  a  fence : 
Jiff,  to  overcome ;  as.  to  bmik  down  all  op- 
position. —  To  break  in,  to  tame ;  to  dis- 
cipline; to  make  tractable,  as  a  horse.— 
To  break  off,  (a)  to  sever  by  breaking;  as,  to 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;        note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;        u.  Sc.  abtme;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BREAK 


327 


BREAKWATER 


break  o/si  twig,  (b)  To  put  a  sudden  stop 
to;  to  interrupt;  to  discontinue;  to  leave 
otf;  to  give  up;  as,  to  break  off  a  marriage. 
'  Vehement  desire  broke  <>/  the  rest. '  Milton. 
'  Brake  off  his  late  intent.'  Shak.— To  break 
open,  to  force  open;  to  unclose  by  violence; 
as,  to  break  open  a  door. —  To  break  up, 

(a)  to  open  or  lay  open;  as,  to  break  up  a 
door;  to  break  up  fallow  ground,   (b)  To  dis- 
solve or  put  an  end  to ;  as,  to  break  up  house- 
keeping,    (c)  To  separate;  to  disband;  as, 
tobreak  tip  company;  to  break  up  an  army. 
— 7*0  break  the  back,  (a)  to  strain  or  dislo- 
cate the  vertebra)  as  with  too  heavy  a  burden. 
(&)  Fig.  to  ruin,   (c)  Naut.  to  break  the  keel 
and  keelson.     (<0  F<<j.  to  get  through  the 
greater  or  the  worst  part;  as,  to  break  the 
back  of  a  heavy  piece  of  business  or  task.— 
To  break  bulk,  (a)  to  begin  to  unload,    (b)  To 
remove  a  part  from,  as  a  parcel  or  quantity 
of  goods. —To  break  cover,  to  come  forth  from 
a  lurking  place,  as  game  when  hunted.— To 
break  a  deer,  to  cut  it  up  at  table. — To  break 
one's  font,  to  eat  the  first  meal  in  the  day ; 
to  breakfast.—  To  break  ground,(a)  to  plough. 

(b)  To  dig ;  to  open  trenches ;  to  commence 
excavation,  as  for  building,  siege  operations, 
and  the  like;  hence,  Jig.  to  begin  to  execute 
any  plan,    (c)  Saut.'  to  release  the  anchor 
from  the  bottom.— To  break  of  a  habit  or 
practice,  to  cause  to  abandon  it;  as,  we  must 
break  him  of  that    habit.  —  To  break  the 
heart,  to  afflict  grievously;  to  cause  great 
sorrow  or  grief;  to  cause  to  die  of  grief.  — 
To  break  a,  lance,  to  enter  the  lists  with  an 
opponent;  to  make  a  trial  of  skill.— To  break 
one's  mind  to,  to  reveal  one's  thoughts. 

Break  thy  mind  to  me.  Shak, 

I,  who  much  desir'd  to  know 
Of  whence  she  was,  yet  fearful  how  to  break 
My  mind,  adventur'd  humbly  thus  to  speak.  Dryden. 

— To  break  the  ice,  to  overcome  obstacles 
and  make  a  beginning ;  especially,  to  get 
over  the  feeling  of  restraint  incident  to  a 
new  acquaintanceship.  —  To  break  jail  or 
prison,  to  make  one's  escape  from  confine- 
ment.—To  break  a  jest,  to  utter  a  jest;  to 
crack  a  joke.  Otway;  Bolingbroke.  —  To 
break  joints,  to  lay  stones,  bricks,  shingles, 
AI-  ,  in  building  so  that  the  joints  in  one 
course  do  not  coincide  with  those  in  the 
contiguous  courses.  See  BOND.— To  break 
the  neck,  to  dislocate  the  joints  of  the  neck. 
--To  break  the  parle,  to  begin  the  parley. 
Shak.— To  break  a  path,  a  road,  or  a  ivat/, 
to  force  a  passage  through  obstacles  or  diffi- 
culties.— To  break  Priscian's  head,  to  vio- 
late the  rules  of  grammar.  [Prisciau  was 
u  celebrated  Roman  grammarian.  ] 

Fair  cousin,  for  thy  glances. 
Instead  ottfWkftHf  Priscian's  head 
I  had  been  breaking  lances.  Praed. 

—To  break  sheer  (naut.),  to  be  forced  the 
wrong  way  by  the  wind  or  current  so  as  not 
to  lie  well  for  keeping  clear  of  the  anchor : 
said  of  a  ship  at  anchor.  —  To  break  no 
»jitares.  See  under  SQUARE.  —  To  break 
upon  the  ivheel,  to  put  to  death  or  torture 
by  stretching  out  the  victim  on  a  cart- 
wheel or  wooden  frame  in  the  form  of  a 
St.  Andrew's  cross  and  breaking  his  limbs 
with  an  iron  bar. — To  break  wind,  to  give 
vent  to  wind  from  the  body  backward. 
Break  (briik),  o.i.  1.  To  become  broken;  to 
part ;  to  separate ;  to  part  into  pieces ;  as, 
the  ice  breaks;  a  rope  breaks. — 2.  To  burst 
forth  violently ;  as,  a  storm  or  deluge 
breaks.  'A  second  deluge  o'er  our  heads 
may  break,'  Dryden.— 3.  To  open  spontane- 
ously or  by  force  from  within ;  to  discharge 
itself ;  to  burst,  as  a  bubble,  a  tumour,  a 
seed-vessel,  ifcc. 

Still  the  same  old  sore  breaks  out  from  use  to  age. 
Tennyson. 

4.  To  show  the  first  light  of  morning;  to 
dawn.     'The  day  breaks  not.'    Donne. 

Is  not  that  the  morning  which  breaks  yonder? 
Shak. 

5.  To  burst  into  speech  or  action:  generally 
with  into,  out,  &c.      (See  phrases  below.) 
'  From  ancient  grudge  broke  to  new  mutiny. ' 
Shak.— 6.  To  force  a  way:  generally  with  in, 
out,  throwjh,  <fec.    (See  phrases  below). 

Go,  break  among  the  press,  and  find  a  way  out 
To  let  the  troop  pass  fairly.  Shak. 

7.  To  fail  in  trade  or  other  occupation ;  to 
become  bankrupt. 

There  came  divers  of  Antonio's  creditors  in  my 
company  to  Venice,  that  swear  he  cannot  choose  but 
break.  Shak. 

8.  To  decline  in  health  and  strength;  to 
begin  to  lose  the  natural  vigour. 

See  how  the  dean  begins  to  break.  Swift. 


9.  t  To  broach  a  subject ;  to  come  to  an  ex- 
planation: with  to  or  with.    (See  below.) 

Then  after  to  her  father  will  I  break.         Shak. 

10.  To  interrupt  friendship ;  to  fall  out. 

To  break  upon  the  score  of  danger  or  expense  is 
to  be  mean  and  narrow-spirited.         Jeremy  Collier. 


11.  To  change  the  gait;  as,  to  break  into  a 
run  or  a  gallop.  — 12.  To  acquire  a  deeper 
tone:  said  of  the  voice  of  boys  as  it  changes 
when  they  attain  the  age  of  puberty.—  To 
break  away,  (a)  to  disengage  one's  self 
abruptly;  to  rush  off. 

Fear  me  not,  man ;  I  will  not  break  away.    Shak. 

(&)To  dissipate  and  disappear,  as  fog  or 
clouds.— To  break  down,  («)  to  come  down 
by  breaking;  as,  the  coach  broke  down.  (ft)  To 
fail  in  any  undertaking. 

He  had  broken  down  almost  at  the  outset. 

Thackeray. 

— To  break  forth,  (a)  to  burst  out;  to  be 
suddenly  manifested ;  to  exhibit  sudden 
activity;  as,  a  cry  broke  forth.  'His  malice 
'gainst  the  lady  will  suddenly  break  forth.' 
Shak.  (ft)  To  rush  or  issue  out.  (c)  To  give 
vent  to  one's  feelings;  as,  to  break  forth  into 
singing.  Is.  xliv.  23.— To  break  from,  to  dis- 
engage one's  self  from;  to  leave  abruptly  or 
violently. — To  break  in  or  into,  to  enter  by 
force;  as,  to  break  into  a  house.— To  break 
in  upon,  to  intrude  upon.— To  break  loose, 
to  get  free  by  force ;  to  escape  from  con- 
finement by  violence;  to  shake  off  restraint. 
—To  break  off,  (a)  to  part;  to  become  separ- 
ated ;  as,  the  branch  broke  off.  (b)  To  de- 
sist suddenly.  '  Do  not  break  off  so. '  Shak. 
—To  break  off  from,  to  part  from  with  vio- 
lence.—To  break  out,  (a)  to  issue  forth ;  to 
discover  itself  by  its  effects;  to  arise  or 
spring  up;  as,  a  fire  breaks  out;  a  sedition 
breaks  out;  a  fever  breaks  out.  (ft)  To  ap- 
pear in  eruptions :  said  of  certain  diseases ; 
to  have  pustules  or  an  efflorescence  on  the 
skin:  said  of  a  person,  (c)  To  throw  off 
restraint  and  become  dissolute ;  as,  after 
living  quietly  he  again  broke  out.— To  break 
up,  to  dissolve  and  separate ;  as,  a  company 
breaks  up;  a  meeting  breaks  up;  the  ice 
breaks  up;  a  fog  breaks  up.— To  break  with, 
(a)  to  part  in  enmity  from ;  to  cease  to  be  | 
friends  with ;  to  quarrel ;  as,  to  break  with  J 
a  friend  or  companion. 

Be  not  afraid  to  break  -with  traitors.     B.  Jonson. 
He  had  too  much  consideration  and  authority  in 
the  country  for  her  to  wish  to  break  -with  him. 

Presiott. 

(ft)  To  broach  a  subject  to;  to  make  a  dis- 
closure to. 

If  thou  dost  love  fair  Hero,  cherish  it. 
And  I  will  break  with  her  and  -with  her  father. 
And  thou  Shalt  have  her.  Shak. 

But  perceiving  this  great  alteration  in  his  friend, 
he  thought  fit  to  break  luith  him  thereof. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Break  (briik),  n.  1.  An  opening  made  by 
force ;  a  rupture ;  a  breach ;  as,  a  break  in 
a  wall.— 2.  An  interruption  of  continuity; 
as,  to  be  occupied  so  many  years  without  a 
break.  '  Breaks  and  openings  of  the  woods. ' 
Addition.—  3.  Specifically,  in  hat-making,  the 
line  where  the  brim  meets  the  body  of  the 
hat;  in  ships,  the  part  where  the  deck  ter- 
minates, and  the  descent  on  to  the  next 
deck  below  commences.—*  A  line  in  writing 
or  printing,  noting  a  suspension  of  the  sense 
or  a  stop  in  the  sentence. 

All  modern  trash  is 

Set  forth  with  numerous  breaks  and  dashes. 
SUffl. 

6.  In  engin.  a  contrivance  to  check  the  velo- 
city of  a  wheeled  carriage ;  a  brake  (which 
see).— 6.  In  teleg.  a  commutator  or  contriv- 
ance for  interrupting  or  changing  the  direc- 
tion of  electric  currents.—  7.  A  large  high- 
set  four-wheeled  vehicle  with  a  straight 
body,  and  a  seat  in  front  for  the  driver  and 
another  behind  for  footmen. —Break  of  day, 
the  first  appearance  of  light  in 
the  morning;  the  dawn. 

BreakaWe(brak'a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  broken. 

Breakage  (briik'aj),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  breaking.  —  2.  Allowance  for 
what  is  accidentally  broken.— 
3.  Naut.  the  act  of  leaving  empty 
spaces  in  stowing  the  hold. 

Break-down  (brak'doun),«.  l.An 
overthrow,  as  of  a  carriage ;  a 
downfall;  a  crash;  a  failure;  a  col- 
lapse. 'Well,  here  is  another 
break-down.'  T.  Hook. —  2.  A 
riotous  dance  at  the  termination 
of  a  ball.  [United  States.  ] 

Don't  clear  out  when  the  quadrilles  are  over,  for 
we  are  going  to  have  a  break-dmn  to  wind  up  with. 
Neit'  England  Tales. 


3.  A  lively  dance  accompanied  by  linging 
peculiar  to  the  negroes  or  negro  minstrel 
troupes. 

Breaker  (brak'cr),  n.  1.  The  person  who  or 
that  which  breaks  anything ;  a  violator  or 
transgressor;  as,  a  breaker  of  the  law.  -  2.  A 
wave  broken  into  foam  against  the  shore,  a 
sand-bank,  or  a  rock  near  the  surface. 

The  night-winds  sigh,  the  breakers  roar. 
And  shrieks  the  wild  sea-mew.         Byrem. 

3.  In  the  manufacture  of  linen,  the  name 
given  to  the  carding-machine  to  the  action 
of  which  the  tow  is  first  subjected.— 4.  dm- 
whose  occupation  is  to  break  up  old  ships; 
a  ship-breaker. — 5.  [In  this  sense  perhaps  a 
corruption  of  8p.  barrica,  a  keg  ]  A  small 
flat  water-cask  used  in  boats  for  ballast  and 
to  hold  supplies  of  water  for  cases  of  emer- 
gency. 

Breakfast  (brek'fast),  n.  1.  The  first  meal 
in  the  day ;  the  meal  which  enables  one  to 
break  the  fast  lasting  from  the  previous 
day;  the  food  eaten  at  the  first  meal. — 2.  A 
meal  or  food  in  general. 

The  wolves  would  get  a  breakfast  by  my  death. 
Dryden. 

Breakfast  (brek'fast),  ».«.  To  furnish  with 
the  first  meal  in  the  morning.  Hilton. 

Breakfast  (brek'fast),  t>.  i.  To  eat  the  first 
meal  in  the  day. 

First,  sir,  I  read  and  then  I  breakfast.        Prior. 

Breakfasting  (brek'fast-ing),  n.  The  act  of 
taking  breakfast;  a  party  at  breakfast. 

No  breakfasting*  with  them,  which  consume  a 
great  deal  of  time.  Chesterfield. 

Break-in  (brak'in),  n.  In  carp,  a  hole  made 
in  brick-work  with  the  ripping  chisel,  for 
the  purpose  of  inserting  timber,  or  to  re- 
ceive plugs,  the  end  of  ft  beam,  or  the  like. 

Breaking-ln  (brak'ing-in),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
subduing  and  training  to  labour;  the  train- 
ing of  a  young  horse  or  colt. — 2.  An  irrup- 
tion; an  inroad.  'A  wide  breaking-in  of 
waters.'  Job  xxx.  14. 

Break-joint  (brak'joint),  v.i.  In  arch,  to 
dispose  the  stones  or  bricks  of  a  building 
so  as  to  prevent  two  joints  occurring  im- 
mediately over  each  other.  See  BOND. 

Break-man  (brak'man),  n.  Same  as  Brake- 
man  (which  see). 

Breakneck  (brak'nek),  n.  1.  A  fall  that 
breaks  the  neck;  a  dangerous  business. 
'To  do't  or  no,  is  certain  to  me  a  break- 
neck.' Shak.—  2.  A  steep  place  endangering 
the  neck. 

Breakneck  (brak'nek),  a.  Endangering  the 
neck  or  life ;  extremely  hazardous ;  as,  he 
rode  at  a  breakneck  pace. 

On  chimney.tops,  .  .  .  over  the  roofs,  on  every 
lamp-iron,  signpost,  breakneck  coign  of  vantage,  siis 
patriotic  courage.  Carlyle. 

Break -promise  (brak'prom-is),  n.  One 
who  makes  a  practice  of  breaking  his  pro- 
mise. 

I  will  think  you  the  most  pathetical  break-promise, 
and  the  most  hollow  lover.  Shak. 

Breakshare  (briik'shar),  n.  A  term  some- 
times used  as  an  equivalent  to  Braxy. 

Break-up  (brak'up),  n.  A  disruption;  a 
dissolution  of  connection;  a  separation  of  a 
mass  into  parts;  a  disintegration;  adisband- 
ment. 

Seldom  was  there  a  greater  break-np  among  ttie 
speculators  than  in  the  autumn  of  that  year. 

Break-up  (brak'up),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  in 
celebration  of  the  breaking  up  or  termina- 
tion of  any  society,  association,  meeting, 
and  the  like ;  as,  a  break-up  party  or  cere- 
mony. 

Break- van  (brak'van).».  Same  as  Brake-tan 

Break- VOW  (brak'vou),  ».  One  who  ha- 
bitually breaks  his  vow.  '  That  daily  brea  J  - 
vow  he  that  wins  of  all.'  Shak. 

Breakwater  (brak'wa-ter),  n.  Any  struc- 
ture or  contrivance,  as  a  mole,  mound,  wall, 


Section  of  the  Plymouth  Breakwater. 

sunken  hulk,  serving  to  break  the  force  of 
waves  and  protect  a  harbour  or  anything 


ch.cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go; 


j.job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  si",,;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (/.in;     w,  urfg;    wh,  wMg;    zh,  azure.  -See  KKT. 


BREAM 

exposed  to  the  force  of  the  waves.  The 
breakwater  at  Plymouth  is  6100  feet  in 
length,  339  feet  wide  at  bottom,  and  45  feet 
at  top,  and  at  the  level  of  low  water  of 
spring  tides  there  is  a  set-off  of  06  feet.  The 
sea  slope  from  set-off  to  top  is  1  in  5. 

Bream  (brem),  ».  [Fr.  breme,  O.Fr.  bresme, 
from  O.H.G.  brah&ema,  G.  bressem,  brassen, 
the  bream;  allied  to  barse,  bass.]  1.  The 
name  of  several  fresh -water,  abdominal, 
soft-mined  teleostean  fishes,  family  Cyprini- 
da?  and  genus  Abramis,  inhabitants  of  lakes 
and  deep  water,  extremely  insipid  and  little 
valued.  The  species  best  known  to  anglers 
is  the  Abramis  brama,  or  carp-bream.  This 
species  sometimes  attains  the  weight  of  from 
12  to  14  Ibs.  The  white  bream  or  bream- 
flat  is  the  A.  blicca.  See  CYPRINID.E.— 2.  Ap- 
plied also  to  some  spiny-finned  sea-fishes, 
family  Sparidjc,  genus  Pagellus,  and  family 
Labrida),  genus  Labrus.  The  sea-bream  is 
the  Pagellus  centrodontus. 

Bream  (brem),  ".(.  [Probably  from  D.  brem, 
broom,  furze,  from  the  materials  commonly 
used,  the  verb  broom  being  also  used  in  the 
same  sense.]  Naut.  to  clear  of  shells,  sea- 
weed, ooze,  &c.  ,  by  fire  —an  operation  applied 


Breaming. — Drawn  by  Capt.  May. 

to  a  ship's  bottom,  and  performed  by  hold- 
ing to  it  kindled  furze,  reeds,  or  such-like 
light  combustibles,  so  as  to  soften  the  pitch 
and  loosen  the  adherent  matters,  which  may 
be  then  easily  swept  off. 

Breamflat  (brem'nat),  n.  The  white  bream. 

Breast  (brest),  n.  [A.  Rax.  breast.  Common 
to  Teutonic  tongues  generally,  as  Icel.  brjost, 
Sw.  briist,  Dan.  biijst,  D.  borst,  Goth,  brunts, 
Q.  brust.  Allied  to  K.  bunt,  and  primarily 
signifying  a  protuberance.a  swelling.)  l.The 
soft  protuberant  body  adhering  to  the 
thorax  in  females,  in  which  the  milk  is 
secreted  for  the  nourishment  of  infants.— 

2.  The  fore-part  of  the  thorax,  or  the  fore- 
part of  the  body  between  the  neck  and  the 
belly,  in  man  and  beast. 

My  I-ustace  might  have  sat  for  Hercules; 
So  muscular,  he  spread  so  broad  a  breast. 

3.  Fig.  the  seat  of  the  affections  and  emo- 
tions ;  the  repository  of  consciousness,  de- 
signs, and  secrets;  the  affections;  the  heart. 

Each  in  his  breast  his  secret  sorrow  kept.    Jfoit'e. 

The  choice  and  removal  of  senators,  however,  was 
by  no  means  left  perfectly  free  to  the  censors,  nor 
had  it  been  in  the  breast  of  the  consuls  and  dictators 
before  the  institution  of  the  censorial  office 

Brmrlmm. 

4.t  The  power  of  singing.  'An  excellent 
song,  and  a  sweet  songster ;  a  fine  breast  of 
his  own.'  B.  Jo>ison.—&.  Anything  resem- 
bling the  breast  in  position,  either  as  being 
in  front  like  the  human  breast,  or  below 
like  the  breast  in  the  lower  animals;  speci- 
fically, (a)  in  agri.  the  front  part  of  the 
mould  -board  of  a  plough.  (6)  In  arch. 
(1)  that  portion  of  the  wall  between  the 
window  and  the  floor.  (2)  That  portion 
of  a  chimney  between  the  flues  anil  the 
apartment,  (c)  In  carp,  the  lower  surface 
of  a  handrail,  rafter,  or  rib  of  a  dome, 
(d)  In  mining,  (1)  the  face  of  coal  or  other 
mineral  workings.  (2)  The  wooden  parti- 
tion dividing  the  shaft  of  a  coal-mine  into 
two  compartments,  one  for  the '  upcast '  and 
the  other  for  the  '  downcast'  current  of  ven- 
tilation, (e)  The  front  of  a  furnace.  (/)Same 
as  Breasting,  2. -6.  That  part  of  an  object 
against  which  the  breast  pushes  in  some 
machines,  such  as  the  breast-drill,  breast- 
plough,  &c.  -7.  A  line  on  which  persons  or 
things  are  ranged  abreast  side  by  side. 

The  troops  marched  in  close  order,  the  foot  bv 
twenty-four  in  a  breast,  and  the  horse  by  sixteen. 

—To  make  a  clean  breast,  to  disclose  secrets 
weighing  upon  one;  to  make  full  confession. 


328 

Breast  (brest),  !>.  (.  To  meet  in  front  boldly 
or  openly;  to  oppose  with  the  breast;  to 
act  with  the  breast  upon;  to  bear  the  breast 
against;  to  stem. 

Draw  the  huge  bottoms  through  the  furrow'd  sea, 
Breasting  the  lofty  surge.  Shafc. 

(Who)  breasts  the  blows  of  circumstance. 
And  grapples  with  his  evil  star.        Tennyson. 

—To  breast  up  a  hedye,  to  cut  the  face  of  it 
on  one  side,  so  as  to  lay  bare  the  principal 
i  upright  stems  of  the  plants  of  which  it  is 
i  constituted. 

Breast-band  (bresfband),  n.  A'aut.  a  band 
of  canvas  or  a  rope  passed  round  the  body 
of  a  man  who  heaves  the  lead  in  sounding, 
and  fastened  to  the  rigging  to  prevent  his 
falling  into  the  sea. 

Breast-beam  (bresfbem),  n.  1.  A  team  at 
the  break  of  a  quarter-deck  or  forecastle. — 
2.  The  cloth-beam  of  a  loom. —  3.  The  for- 
ward transverse  beam  of  a  locomotive. 

Breast-bone  (brest'bon),  n.  The  bone  of 
the  breast;  the  sternum. 

Breast -casket  (brest'kas-ket),  n.  One  of 
the  largest  and  longest  of  the  caskets  or 
strings  on  the  middle  of  the  yard  of  a  ship. 

Breastcloutt  (brest'klout),  n.  A  bib  for 
children.  Wright. 

Breast-deep  (brest'dep),  a.  Deep  as  from 
the  breast  to  the  feet;  as  high  as  the  breast. 

Set  him  breast^teep  in  earth  and  famish  him.    Shafc. 

Breast-drill  (brest'dril),  n.  In  mech.  a  drill- 
stock  operated  by  a  crank  and  bevel  gear- 
ing, and  having  a  piece  against  which  the 
workman  bears  his  breast  when  engaged  in 
drilling. 

Breasted  (brest'ed),  a.  1.  In  compounds, 
having  a  breast  (of  this  or  that  kind);  as, 
bTo&i\-breagted,  deep-breasted,  open-breast- 
ed, &c. — 2. t  Having  a  fine  voice.  'Singing 
men  well  breasted.'  Fiddes. 

Breast-fast  (brest'fast),  n.  A  large  rope  to 
confine  a  ship  sidewise  to  a  wharf  or  quay, 
or  to  some  other  ship. 

Breast-height  (bresfhit),  n.  In  fort,  the 
interior  slope  of  a  parapet. 

Breast-high  (brest'hi),  a.  High  as  the 
breast. 

Lay  madam  Partlet  basking  in  the  sun, 
Breast-high  in  sand.  Dryden. 

Breast-hook  (bresfhbk),  n.  A  thick  piece 
of  timber  bent  in  the  form  of  a  knee,  and 
placed  directly  across  the  stem  of  a  ship  to 
strengthen  the  fore-part  and  unite  the  lx>ws 
on  each  side. 

Breasting  (brest'ing),  n.  In  math,  the 
curved  channel  in  which  a  breast-  wheel 
turns,  closely  adapted  to  the  curve  of  the 
wheel  through  about  a  quarter  of  its  circum- 
ference, so  as  to  prevent  the  escape  of  the 
water  until  it  has  spent  its  force  upou  the 
wheel.  See  BREAST-WHEEL. 

Breast-knot  (brest'uot),  n.  A  knot  of  rib- 
bon worn  on  the  breast. 

What  may  we  not  hope  .  .  .  from  the  influence  of 
this  brenst-knot  1  Addison. 

Breast-milk  (brest'milk),  n.  Milk  from  the 
breast. 

Breast-pain  (brest'panV  n.  A  distemper  in 
horses,  indicated  by  stiffness  and  staggering 
of  the  fore-legs,  and  inability  to  bow  the 
head  to  the  ground. 

Breast-pang  (brest'pang),  n.  Angina  pec- 
toris.  See  ANGINA. 

Breastpin  (brest'pin),  n.  A  pin  worn  for  a 
fastening  or  for  ornament  on  the  breast;  a 
brooch. 

Breastplate  (brest 'plat),  n.  1.  Properly  a 
metal  plate  worn  on  the  breast  as  a  part 
of  defensive  armour,  but  also  applied  to 
armour  for  the  breast  made  of  other  ma- 
terials. See  ARMOUR.  -2.  A  strap  that  runs 
across  a  horse's  breast. — 3.  In  Jewish  antiq 
a  part  of  the  vestment  of  the  high-priest, 
consisting  of  a  folded  piece  of  the  rich  em- 
broidered stuff  of  which  the  ephod  was 
mad-.  It  was  set  with  twelve  precious 
stones,  on  which  were  engraved  the  names 
of  the  twelve  tribes.  It  was  called  also  the 
Breastplate  of  Judgment,  because  it  con- 
tained the  Urim  and  Tlmmmim.  — 4.  A  plate 
or  piece  which  receives  the  butt  end  of  a 
boring  tool,  and  is  held  against  the  breast 
when  the  tool  is  in  use. 

Breast-plough  (brest'plou),  n.  A  kind  of 
spade  propelled  by  the  hands  placed  upon 
a  cross-bar  held  opposite  the  breast,  used 
to  cut  or  pare  turf. 

Breast-rail  (brest'ral),  n.  Xaut.  the  upper 
rail  of  the  balcony,  or  of  the  breast-work 
on  the  quarter-deck. 

Breast-rope  (brest'rop), «.  Naut.  (a)  a  rope 
used  to  fasten  the  yards  to  the  parrels,  and 


BREATHABLENESS 

with  the  parrels  to  hold  the  yards  fast  to 
the  mast.    Called  also  a  Parrel-rope,    (b) 
Same  as  Breast-band. 
Breast-summer.    See  BREST-SUMMER 
Breast -wall  (brest'wal),  n.    A  retaining 
wall  at  the  foot  of  a  slope. 
Breast-wheel  (brest'whel),  n.    In  much. 
a  kind  of  water-wheel,  in  which  the  wain- 
is  delivered  to  the  float-board  at  a  point 
somewhere  between  the  bottom  and  top. 


Breast-wheel. 


generally  a  very  little  below  the  level  of 
the  axis.  In  this  kind  of  wheel  the  water 
acts  partly  by  Impulse  and  partly  by  Its 
weight.  When  the  water  is  laid  on  con- 
siderably above  the  axis  the  wheel  is  a 
pitch-back,  and  when  laid  on  very  much 
below  the  axis  it  is  undershot. 

Breast-wood  (brest'wiid),  n.  In  hart,  the 
shoots  of  fruit-trees  which  grow  out  from 
the  front  of  the  branches  trained  on  espa- 
liers or  against  walls. 

Breast-work  (brest'werk).  n.  1.  In  fort,  a 
hastily-constructed  work  thrown  up  breast- 
high  for  defence.— 2.  Kant,  a  sort  of  balus- 
trade of  rails  or  mouldings  which  terminates 
the  quarter-deck  and  poop  at  the  fore-ends, 
and  also  incloses  the  forecastle  both  before 
and  behind.— 3.  The  parapet  of  a  building. 

Breath  (breth).  n.  [A.  Sax.  trrmth,  odour, 
scent,  breath;  allied  to  O.H.G.  brddatn, 
Mod.  G.  bradem,  brodem,  broden,  steam, 
vapour,  breath,  brod,  vapour,  a  bubble. 
Grimm  regards  it  as  akin  to  G.  briihe,  8c. 
broo,  the  liquor  In  which  flesh  is  boiled, 
broth,  and  E.  broth  and  brew.)  1.  The  air 
inhaled  and  expelled  In  the  respiration  of 
animals.  —2.  The  power  of  breathing;  life. 
'  Weary  of  breath.'  Hood. 

No  man  has  more  contempt  than  I  of  breath. 

Drydea. 

3.  The  state  or  power  of  breathing  freely: 
opposed  to  a  state  of  exhaustion  from 
violent  action;  as,  to  be  out  of  breatJi. 
•Drink  to  Hamlet's  better  breath.'  Shak: 
'  I  lose  my  colour,  I  lose  my  breath.'  Tfinni- 
....;•!  Respite;  pause;  time  to  breathe. 
'Give  me  some  breath,  some  little  pause.' 
Skak.  —  5.  A  gentle  exercise,  causing  a 
quicker  respiration.  '  J'or  your  health  and 
your  digestion  sake, an  after-dinner's  breath  ' 
Shale.  [Rare.]— 6.  A  single  respiration:  as, 
he  swears  at  every  breath.  Hence— 7.  The 
time  of  a  single  respiration;  a  single  act: 
an  instant.  'Sweet  and  bitter  in  a  breath.' 
Tennyson.  —8.  A  very  slight  breeze ;  air  in 
gentle  motion. 

Calm  and  unruffled  as  a  summer's  sea. 
When  not  a  breath  of  wind  flici  o'er  its  surface. 
Addison. 

9.  Words;  language. 

Art  thou  the  slave  that  with  thy  breath  hast  kill'd 
Mine  innocent  child  t  Shak. 

10.  A  mere  word;  a  trivial  circumstance;  a 
thing  without  substance;  a  trifle. 

A  dream,  a  breath,  a  froth  of  fleeting  joy.     Shak. 
A  breath  can  make  them,  as  a  breath  has  made. 
Goldsmith. 

11.  An  exhalation;  an  odour;   a  perfume. 
"The  breath  of  the  fading  edges  of  box  be- 
neath.'    Tennyson. — Breath  of  the  nostrils, 
anything  essential  to  the  existence  of  a  per- 
son or  institution ;  the  inspiring  cause  of 
anything,  or  that  which  sustains  it. 

No  institutions  spring  up  in  such  countries  except 
those  which  the  prince  founds,  and  he  may  be  truly 
said  to  be  the  breath  of  their  nostrils.  Brougham. 

—Out  of  breath,  breathless. 

Too  much  breathing  put  him  out  v/  breath. 

Milton. 

Breathable  (breTH'a-bl),o.  Capable  of  being 

breathed. 
Breathableness  (breTU'a-bl-nes),  ».    State 

of  being  breathable. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      nate,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  »bune;      y,  8c.  ley. 


BREATHE 


329 


BREED 


Breathe  (breTH),  v.i.  pret.  <t  pp.  breathed; 
ppr.  breathing.  1,  To  respire;  to  inspire  and 
expire  air;  hence,  to  live. 

When  he  breathed  he  was  a  man.  Shak. 

2.  To  make  a  single  respiration.  'Before 
you  can  breathe  twice.'  Shak.— 3.  To  take 
breath;  to  rest  from  action. 

Breathe  awhile,  and  then  to  it  again.  Shak. 
4.  To  pass,  as  air;  to  blow.  'When  winds 
breathe  sweet.'  Shak.  —  5.  To  exhale,  as 
odour;  to  emanate.  'And  all  Arabia  breathes 
from  yonder  box/  J'ope.—Q.  Fty.  to  be  in- 
stinct; to  be  alive. 

The  staircase  in  fresco  by  Sir  James  Thornhill 
breatlied  with  the  loves  and  wars  of  gods  and  heroes, 

Disraeli. 

Breathe  (breTH),  v.t.  1.  To  inhale  and  ex- 
hale in  respiration;  as,  to  breathe  vital  air. 

2.  To  inject  by  breathing;   to  infuse:  fol- 
lowed by  into.  'Tobreathe  life  into  a  stone.' 
Shak. 

And  the  Lord  Cod  formed  man  of  the  dust  of  the 
ground,  and  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the  breath  of 
fife.  Gen.  ii.  7. 

3.  To  exhale;  to  send  out  as  breath;  to  ex- 
press; to  manifest. 

Can  any  mortal  mixture  of  earth's  mould 
Breathe  such  divine,  enchanting  ravishment? 

Mi/ton. 

Now  breathe  again,  dear  Youth,  the  kindling  fire. 
And  let  her  feel  what  she  could  once  inspire. 

Crabbe. 

4.  To  exercise;  to  keep  in  breath. 

Methinks  .  .  .  every  man  should  heat  thee.  I  think 
thou  wast  created  for  men  to  breathe  themselves 
upon.  Shak. 

5.  To  inspire  or   blow  into ;  to  cause   to 
sound    by  breathing.      'They  breathe  the 
rtute  or  strike  the  vocal  wire.'  Prior.— 6.  To 
utter;  to  speak;  to  whisper.     'Breathed  a 
secret  vow.'   'Or  let  the  church  our  mother 
breathe  her  curse.'    Shak.     'Breathes  she 
forth  her  spite.'    Shak.     'Breathe  a  thou- 
sand tender  vows. '  Tennyson. — 7.  To  suffer  to 
take  or  recover  breath.  '  A  moment  breathed 
his  panting  steed,'    Sir  W.  Scott.— -8.  To  put 
out  of  breath;  to  exhaust. 

Mr.  Tulkinifhorn  arrives  in  his  turret-room,  a  little 
breathed  by  the  journey  up.  Dickens. 

—  To  breathe  one's  last,  to  die. 

He,  safe  return'd,  the  race  of  glory  past. 
New  to  his  friends'  embrace,  had  breath'd  his  lasf. 

Pope. 

— To  breathe  a  vein,  to  open  it  and  take 
blood  from  it.     Dryden. 
Breathed  (bretht),   a.     1.  Endowed  with 
breath;  exercised. 

A  man  so  breathed,  that  certain  he  would  fight;  yea. 
From  morn  till  night.  Shak. 

2.  In  philol.  uttered  with  breath  as  distin- 
guished from  voice;  surd  or  mute. 
Breather  (breTH'er),  ?i.  1.  One  who  breathes 
or  lives. 

She  shows  a  body  rather  than  a  life, 

A  statue  than  a  breather.  Sha&. 

2.  One  who  utters  or  whispers. 

My  authority  bears  a  credent  bulk 
That  no  particular  scandal  once  can  touch, 
But  it  confounds  the  breather.  Shak. 

3.  One  who  animates  or  inspires. 

The  breather  of  all  life  does  not  expire.     Norris. 

4.  Anything,  as  a  walk,  gymnastic  exercise, 
or  the  like,  that  stimulates  or  gives  healthy 
action  to  the  breathing  organs.     [Colloq.] 

So  here  we  are  at  last — that  hill's  a  breather. 

Coltnan  the  Younger. 

Breathfult  (breth'ful),  a.  1.  Full  of  breath. 
'The  breathful  bellows.'  Spenser.—2.  Odor- 
ous; fragrant.  '  Fresh  costmarie  and  breath- 
ful camomile.'  Spenser. 
Breathing  (breTH'ing),  p.  and  a.  1.  Inhal- 
ing or  exhaling  breath.— 2.  As  if  informed 
or  instinct  with  life;  living,  as  a  breathing 
picture. 

Breathing  (breTH'ing),  n.  1.  Respiration; 
the  act  or  inhaling  and  exhaling  air.  'A 
difficulty  ofbrectthing.'  Nelmoth. — 2.  Aspira- 
tion; secret  prayer.  'Earnest  desires  and 
breathings  after  that  blessed  state.'  TU- 
lotson.—  3.  Air  in  motion;  a  gentle  breeze. 

There's  not  a  breathing  of  the  common  wind 
That  will  forget  thee.  Wordsworth. 

4.  Fig.  a  gentle  influence  or  operation;  in- 
spiration; as,  the  breathings  of  the  Spirit.— 
5.f  Breathing- place;  vent. 
The  warmth  distends  the  chinks,  and  makes 
New  breathings,  whence  new  nourishment  she  takes. 
Dryden. 

6.  Physical  exercise,  so  named  from  calling 
the  lungs  into  free  play;  as,  the  Oxford  crew 
took  their  breathings  every  morning  at  ten. 
'  I  lack  breathing  and  exercise  of  late.'    Sir 
W.   Scott.  —  7.   Communication    by   words 
breathed;  soft  or  secret  utterance. 

I  am  sorry  to  give  breathing  to  my  purpose.  Shak. 


8.  Time  taken  to  recover  breath;  hence,  a 
stop;  a  delay. 

Come,  you  shake  the  head  at  so  long  a  breathing. 
Shak. 

9.  In  gram,  an  aspiration;  an  aspirate.     In 
Greek  there  are  two  breathings— the  roiiu'li, 
indicated  by  a  mark  (  )  equivalent  to  the 
letter h, and  the  smooth('),indicatingsimply 
the  absence  of  the  rough.     Thus  es  is  equal 
to  /if>,v,  but  if  =  18. 

Breathing-hole  (bre-ni'ing-hol),  n.  A  vent- 
hole,  as  in  a  cask. 

Breathing-place  (breTH'ing-plas),  n.  1.  A 
pause.  'That  caesura,  or  breathing-place.' 
Sir  1\  Sidney.— 2.  A  vent. 

Breathing-pore  (breTH'ing-por),  n.  In  phy- 
tsiol.  a  microscopic  aperture  for  the  escape 
or  admission  of  air,  as  in  the  cuticle  of 
plants.  See  STOMA. 

Breathing-space  (breTH'ing-spas),  n.  A 
breathing-time;  a  brea thing- while ;  an  in- 
terval during  exertion. 

Breathing-time  (breTH'ing-tlm),  n.  Pause; 
relaxation.  '  We  may  have  some  breathing- 
time  between  our  promise  and  its  accom- 
plishment.' Bp.  Hall. 

Breathing-while  (breTH'ing-whll),  n.  An 
interval  during  exertion;  a  breathing-time, 
Shak. 

Breathless  (breth'Ies),  a.  1.  Being  out  of 
breath;  spent  with  labour  or  violent  action. 

Unwounded  from  the  dreadful  close. 

But  breathless  all  Fitz-James  arose.      Sir  If-'.  Scott. 

2.  Without  breath;  dead. 

Yielding  to  the  sentence,  breathless  thou 
And  pale  shall  lie.  Prior. 

3.  Incapable  of  breathing,  as  with  wonder  or 
admiration. 

The  holy  time  is  quiet  as  a  nun 

Breathless  with  adoration.        It'ordsivorth. 

Breathlessness  ( bre  th '  les-nes ),  n.  The 
state  of  being  breathless  or  out  of.  breath 
with  exertion;  difficulty  in  breathing. 

Breccia  (bre'chi-a),  n.  [It.,  a  breach,  a 
breccia.]  In  geol.  an  aggregate  composed 
of  angular  fragments  of  the  same  rock  or  of 
different  rocks  united  by  a  matrix  or  cement. 
Sometimes  a  few  of  the  fragments  are  a 
little  rounded.  The  varieties  are  the  sili- 
ceous, calcareous,  and  trap  breccias.  When 
rounded  stones  and  angular  fragments  are 
united  by  a  cement  the  aggregate  is  usually 
called  conglomerate  or  pudding  -  stone. 
Osseous  breccia  is,  as  its  name  implies,  com- 
posed of  bones. 

Brecciated  (bre'chi-at-ed),  a.  In  geol.  con- 
sisting of  angular  fragments  cemented  to- 
gether. '  A  brecciated  marble  of  white  and 
deep  green.'  Runkin. 

Brech.t  n.     Breeches.     Chaucer. 

Brecham  (brefth'am),  n.  [Perhaps  from 
Gael,  braid  (for  braghaid,  from  braghad, 
the  neck),  a  horse's  collar,  and  E.  name, 
Sc.  hem;  or  for  bear-hame,  as  carrying  the 
hames.]  A  work-horse's  collar.  [Scotch.] 

Brechan,  Breckan  (brek'an),  n.  Brake  or 
bracken  (}>teri$  aquuina).  [Scotch.] 

Bred  (bred),  pp.  of  breed. 

Brede  (bred),  n.  A  piece  of  embroidery;  a 
braid.  'A  curious  brede  of  needlework.' 
Dryden.  'Glowing  gauze  and  golden  brede.' 
Tennyson.  [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

And  as  the  lava  ravishes  the  mead. 

Spoilt  all  her  silver  mail,  and  golden  brede.      Keats. 

Brede.t  n.     Breadth.     Chaucer. 

Bred-sore  t  (bred'sor),  n.  A  whitlow,  or  a 
sore  coming  without  a  wound  or  visible 
cause. 

Bree,  Broo  (bre,  brii),  n.  [A.  Sax.  briw,  broth, 
G.  briihe;  from  root  of  brew,  broth.]  Broth; 
soup;  juice;  sauce;  water;  moisture  of  any 
kind.  [Scotch.] 

Breech  (brech),  n.  [A  singular  developed 
from  a  plural.  See  BREECHES.]  1.  The 
lower  part  of  the  body  behind. — 2.  The 
hinder  part  of  anything. —3.  The  large  thick 
end  of  a  cannon  or  other  firearm;  the  dis- 
tance from  the  hind  part  of  the  base  ring  to 
the  beginning  of  the  bore.  — 4.  Navt..  the 
angle  of  knee-timber,  the  inside  of  which  is 
called  the  throat. 

Breech  t  (brech),  n.  [Old  plural.  See 
BREECHES.]  Breeches. 

That  ynu  might  still  have  worn  the  petticoat, 
And  ne'er  have  stolen  the  breech  from  Lancaster. 
Shaft. 

Breech  (brech),  v.t.  I.  To  put  into  breeches. 

\Vho  was  anxious  to  know  whether  the    black- 
smith's youngest  boy  was  breeched.        Mucantay, 

2.  To  cover,  as  with  breeches.    [Rare.] 

There,  the  murderers, 

Steep'd  in  the  colours  of  their  trade,  their  daggers 
Unmannerly  breech'd  with  gore.  Shak. 


3.  To  whip  on  the  breech. 

H.ul  not  a  courteous  serving-man  conveyed  me 
away,  whilst  he  went  to  fetch  whips,  I  think,  in  my 
conscience,  he  would  have  breeched  me. 

Old  play  (1612). 

4.  To  fit  or  furnish  with  a  breech ;  as,  to 
breech  a  gun.— 5.  To  fasten  by  a  breeching 

Breech  (GrtohX  v.t.  To  suffer  whipping  on 
the  breech.  Shak. 

Breech-band  (brechljand),  n.  See  BREECH- 
ING, 4. 

Breeches  (brueh'ez),  n.  pi.  [Really  a  double 
plural  In  O.K.  breche,  brwcJie,  breke,  hud 
the  plural  meaning  of  breeches,  being  the 
form  corresponding  to  A.  Sax.  hn'-r,  breeches. 
pi.  of  br6ct  as  bf,c  (books)  was  the  pi.  of  boc, 
a  book,  and  as  in  E.  feet  is  the  pi.  of  f^nt. 
The  word  is  Teutonic  and  Celtic,  t'ris.  brtik, 
pi.  brek,  breeches;  D.  broek,  a  pairof  breeches 
or  trousers;  Dan.  brog,  breeches,  the  breech- 
ing of  a  gun;  Icel.  brok.  pi.  brcekr,  breeches; 
O.H.G.  proh,  Mod.G.  bnich,  Ir.  brog,  Gael. 
briogais, Annor.  brceges— breeches.  L.bracce, 
bracccc,  breeches,  is  from  the  Celtic.]  A  gar- 
ment worn  by  men,  covering  the  hips  and 
thighs ;  less  properly,  used  in  the  sense 
of  trousers  or  pantaloons.— To  wear  the 
breeches,  to  usurp  the  authority  of  the  hus- 
band: said  of  a  wife. 

Children  rule,  old  men  go  to  school,  women  wear 
the  breeches.  Burton. 

—Breeches  Bible.     See  BIBLE. 
Breeching  (brech'ing),  n.    1.  A  whipping  on 
the  breech. 

I  view  the  prince  with  Aristarchus'  eyes, 
Whose  looks  were  as  a  breeching  to  a  boy. 

Marlowe. 

2.  Hard,  clotted  wool  on  the  buttocks  of  a 
sheep. —-3.  In  gun.  (naut.),  a  strong  rope 
fastened  to  the  cascabel  of  a  cannon  by  a 
thimble,  and  clenched  to  ring-bolts  in  the 
ship's  side  to  prevent  it  from  recoiling  too 
much  when  fired  —4.  That  part  of  a  horse's 
harness  attached  to  the  saddle,  and  hooked 
on  the  shafts,  which  enables  him  to  push 
back  the  cart  or  other  vehicle  to  which  he 
is  harnessed.      Called  also  Breech-band. — 

5.  A  bifurcated  smoke-pipe  of  a  furnace. 
Breeching-loop  (brech'ing-lop),  n.    A'aut. 

a  loop  of  metal  at  the  breech-end  of  naval 
guns,  through  which  a  rope,  called  the 
breeching,  is  passed  and  secured  to  the  sides 
of  the  vessel,  to  prevent  the  guns  recoiling 
in  a  sea-way. 

Breech-loader  (brSdblOd-to^  *'•  A  cannon 
or  smaller  firearm  loaded  at  the  breech 
instead  of  the  muzzle.  The  objects  sought 
to  be  attained  by  this  mode  of  loading  are 
expedition  in  charging,  celerity  in  cleansing 
after  firing,  and  accurate  adjustment  of  the 
diameter  of  the  ball  to  the  calibre  of  the 
piece.  Breech-loaders  (small  arms)  have 
now  almost  entirely  superseded  muzzle- 
loaders,  both  for  sporting  and  military  pur- 
poses. The  earliest  firearms  made  in  Europe 
were  breech-loaders.  See  RIFLE. 

Breech-loading  (brech'lod-ing),  a.  Receiv- 
ing the  charge  at  the  breech  instead  of  the 
muzzle:  applied  to  firearms;  as,  a  breech- 
loading  rifle. 

Breed  (bred),  v.t  pret.  <t  pp.  bred,  ppr. 
breeding.  [A.  Sax.  bredan,  to  nourish,  che- 
rish, keep  warm  ;  cog.  with  D.  broeden,  G. 
briiten,  to  brood,  hatch ;  and  allied  to  E. 
brew,  W.  brwd,  warm.]  1.  To  procreate;  to 
beget;  to  engender;  to  hatch. 

Yet  every  mother  breeds  not  sons  alike.        Shak. 
2.f  To  produce  within  or  upon  the  body  by 
development    or   organic    process.      '  The 
worms  that  did  breed  the  silk.'    Skak. 
Children  would  breed  their  teeth  with  less  danger. 
Locke. 

3.  To  cause ;  to  occasion  ;  to  produce ;   to 
originate.     'To  breed  this  present  peace.' 
Shale. 

Intemperance  and  lust  breed  infirmities.     Tillotson. 
My  son  Edgar!  had  he  a  hand  to  write  this!  a 
heart  and  a  brain  to  breed  it  in  1  Shak. 

4.  To  produce;  to  be  the  native  place  of; 
as,  a  pond  breeds  fish;  a  northern  country 
breeds  a  race  of  stout  men. 

Hail  foreign  wonder  1 

Whom   certain  these  rough  shades  did  never  breed. 
Milton. 

5.  To  bring  up;  to  nurse  and  foster;  to  take 
care  of  in  infancy  and  through  the  period 
of  youth:  often  in  the  phrase  'born  and 
bred.' 

Ah  !  wretched  me !  by  fates  averse  decreed 
To  bring  thee  forth  with  pain,  with  care  to  breed. 
Dryden. 

6.  To  form  by  education ;  to  train ;  as,  to 
breed  a  son  to  an  occupation;  a  man  bred 
at  a  university:  often  with  up.    'To  breed 
up  the  son   to  common  sense.'    Dryden. 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      J.  job:      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  zing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  wfcig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


BREED 


330 


BRETON 


•  The  trade  he  breeds  them  up  in. '  Locke.— 
7  To  rear  as  live  stock  ;  as,  to  breed,  cattle 
for  the  market  —  Well  bred,  of  good  extrac- 
tion;  having  a  good  pedigree.  'A  gentleman 
well  bred  and  of  good  name.'  Shak.  Now 
used  in  this  sense  only  of  the  lower  animals. 
See  WELL-BRED.  —  True  bred,  genuine.  '  He 
is  true  bred.'  Shak.— Bred  <mt,  degenerated. 

The  strain  of  man's  bred  out 
Into  baboon  and  monkey. 

Breed  (bred),  ti.t.  1.  To  beget  or  bear  a 
child  or  children ;  to  produce  one  or  more 
young;  to  be  fruitful;  and.fr/.  of  the  increase 
of  money  at  interest,  or  of  increase  generally. 
'That  they  may  breed  abundantly  in  the 
earth,  and  be  fruitful.'  Gen.viii.17.  'Where 
they  most  dreed  and  haunt.'  Shak. 

The  mother  had  never  bred  before.    Dr.Carpenter. 
I  make  it  (money)  breed  as  fast.  Shak. 

2.  To  have  birth ;  to  be  produced ;  to  arise ; 
to  "row;  to  develop;  as,  maggots  breed 
readily  in  carrion.  '  So  will  this  base  and 
envious  discord  breed.'  Shak.— 3.  To  raise 
a  breed;  to  engage  in  rearing  live  stock;  as, 
to  choose  the  best  species  of  cattle  to  breed 
trom.—To  breed  in  and  in,  to  breed  from 
animals  of  the  same  stock  that  are  closely 
related. 

Breed  (bred),  n.  1.  A  race  or  progeny  from 
the  same  parents  or  stock;  especially,  a  race 
of  men  or  other  animals  which  have  an 
alliance  by  nativity  and  some  distinctive 
qualities  in  common;  hence,  family,  extrac- 
tion ;  as,  a  breed  of  men  in  a  particular 
country;  a  breed  of  horses  or  sheep.  '  Blas- 
pheme his  breed.'  Shak. 

I  bring  you  witnesses. 
Twice  fifteen  thousand  hearts  of  England's  breed. 

Hence  — 2.  Sort;  kind,  in  a  general  sense. 
•  This  courtesy  is  not  the  right  breed.'  Shak. 
3.t  A  number  produced  at  once;  a  hatch;  a 
brood.  'Above  an  hundred  at  a  breed.' 
A'.  Grew. 

Breed-bate  t  (bredTiat),  n.  One  that  breeds 
or  originates  quarrels.  '  No  tell-tale  nor  no 
breed-bate.'  Shak. 

Breeder  (bred'er),  n.  1.  One  who  breeds, 
procreates,  or  produces  young:  formerly 
often  used  distinctively  of  the  female  that 
breeds  or  produces,  whether  human  or  other 
animal.  '  She  was  a  great  breeder. '  Dr.  A. 
Carlyle. 
You  love  the  breeder  better  than  the  male.  Shak. 

2.  The  person  who  educates  or  brings  up ; 
that  which  brings  up. 

Italy  and  Rome  have  been  the  best  breeders  of 
worthy  men.  Astham. 

3.  One  who  or  that  which  produces,  causes, 
brings  about ;  as,  a  great  breeder  of  dissen- 
sions.   'The  breeder  of  my  sorrow.'    Shak. 

Time  is  the  nurse  and  breeder  o(  all  good.      Shak. 

4.  One  who  raises  a  breed ;  one  who  takes 
care  to  raise  a  particular  breed  or  breeds, 
as  of  horses  or  cattle. — 5.  Same  as  Bred-gore 
(which  see). 

Breeding  (bred'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  gener- 
ating or  producing.— 2.  The  rearing  of  cat- 
tle or  live-stock  of  different  kinds,  particu- 
larly by  mingling  or  crossing  one  species  or 
variety  with  another,  so  as  to  improve  the 
breed. — Cross  breeding,  breeding  from  in- 
dividuals of  two  different  offsprings  or 
varieties.—  Breeding  in  the  line,  breeding 
from  animals  of  the  same  variety,  but  of 
different  parentage. — In-and-in  breeding, 
breeding  from  animals  of  the  same  parent- 
age.—  3.  Upbringing;  nurture;  education; 
instruction. 

She  had  her  breeding  at  my  father's  charge.    Shak. 

4.  Deportment  or  behaviour  in  social  life; 
manners,  especially  good  manners;  as,  good 
breeding,  that  is  politeness;  a  man  of  no 
breeding,  that  is  a  very  ill-bred  man. 

As  men  of  breeding,  sometimes  men  of  wit, 
T'  avoid  gqeat  errors,  must  the  less  commit.      Pope. 
In  society  his  good  breeding  and  vivacity  made 
him  always  welcome.  Mataitlay. 

S.t  Descent;  extraction. 

Honest  gentleman,  I  know  not  your  breeding. 
Shak. 

SYN.  Generation,  begetting,  production, 
education,  instruction,  nurture,  training, 
up-bringing,  manners. 

Breedling  (bred'ling),  n.  A  term  applied 
formerly  to  the  rude  inhabitants  of  the  fen 
country  of  England.  Macaitlay. 

Breeks  (breks),  n.     Breeches.     [Scotch.  ] 

Breeme  t  (hreni),  a.    Breme  (which  see). 

Breer  (brer),  n.  and  v.i.  Same  as  Braird 
(which  see).  [Scotch.] 


Breese  (brez),  n.  The  breeze  or  breeze-fly. 
•The  breese  upon  her,  like  a  cow  in  June. 

Breeze  (brez),  n.     [Fr.  briie    Sp.  brim,  a 
breeze-  It  brezza,  a  cold,  windy  mist.J   1.  A 
wind,  generally  a  light  or  not  very  strong 
wind;  a  gentle  gale. 
From  land  a  gentle  breeze  arose  at  night.     Dryden. 

—Land  breeze,  a  breeze  blowing  from  the  [ 
land,  especially  one  blowing  near  the  coast 
by  night  in  consequence  of  the  more  rapid 
cooliii"  of  the  atmosphere  on  land  than  at  , 
sea.— Sea  breeze,  a  similar  wind  blowing  by 
day  from  the  sea,  in  consequence  of  the  I 
more  rapid  heating  of  the  atmosphere  on  t 
land.— 2.  A  noisy  quarrel ;  a  row;  a  disturb- 
ance.   [Colloq.] 

The  marine  went  forward  and  gave  the  order:  and 
lemmy.  who  expected  a  breeze,  told  his  wife  to  be- 
have quietly.  Uarryal. 

Breeze  (brez),  c.i.  To  blow  gently.  [Rare.] 
—To  breeze  up(naut.),  to  blow  with  greater 
strength,  to  freshen. 

Breeze,  Breeze-fly  (brez,  brez'fli),  n.  [A. 
Sax.  brimse,  a  gadfly,  a  horsefly;  D.  brems, 
G  breiiue;  from  the  sound  it  makes;  comp. 
G  bntmmen,  D.  brommen,  O.H.G.  bremen, 
to  hum.)  A  name  given  to  flies  of  various 
species,  more  especially  of  the  genera  Tab- 
anus  and  ffistrus.  Of  the  former  there  are 
many  species,  but  the  most  noted  is  the 
T  bovinm  (great  horsefly),  whose  mouth  is 
armed  with  sharp  blades  or  bristles,  which 
penetrate  the  skin  of  an  animal,  while  with 
a  proboscis  it  sucks  the  blood.  Written  also 
Breese  and  Brine. 

Breeze  (brez),  «•  [  Fr.  brie,  debris,  rubbish, 
fragments,  from  briier,  to  break.  ]  1.  House 
sweepings,  as  fluff,  dust,  ashes,  &c.— 2.  Small 
ashes  and  cinders  used  instead  of  coal  for 
burning  bricks. 

Breezeless  (brezles),  a.  Motionless;  desti- 
tute of  breezes. 

A  stagnant,  breezelesi  air  becalms  my  soul. 

SbauttH*. 

Breezy  (brez'i),  a.  1.  Fanned  with  gentle 
winds  or  breezes;  as,  the  breezy  shore.  "The 
breezy  call  of  incense  -  breathing  morn. ' 
(fray. — 2.  Subject  to  frequent  breezes. 

Bregma(breg'rna),  n.  [Qr.brechd,  to  moisten.] 
In  anat.  the  fontanel.  It  was  BO  named 
because  in  infants  it  is  tender  and  moist,  and 
was  thought  to  correspond  with  the  most 
humid  part  of  the  brain. 

Brehon  ( bretion ),  n.  [  Ir.,  a  judge.  ]  An 
ancient  Irish  judge.  Such  Judges  existed 
also  in  Scotland  during  its  Celtic  period. 

In  the  territories  of  each  sept,  judges,  called  fire- 
hons,  and  taken  out  of  certain  families,  sat  with 
primeval  simplicity  on  turfen  benches  in  some  con- 
spicuous situation,  to  determine  controversies. 

Hallam. 

— Brehon  laws,  the  ancient  system  of  laws 
of  Ireland.  These  laws,  originally  unwritten, 
and  developed  by  the  sacerdotal  order, 
were,  to  a  large  extent  at  least,  embodied 
at  a  very  early  period  in  certain  ancient 
writings  known  now  as  Brehon  Tract*.  Of 


Brant-goose  ( brent' 

[D.  and  G.  brent-nans, 
branc£gd8t  probably  from  its  colour  beiii£ 


Brent-goose 

brant'gos),  n. 


ans,  Ice], 


these  two  have  been  translated — the  Sean- 
chus  Mar,  or  Great  Book  of  the  Law,  com- 
piled, it  is  said,  by  nine  'pillars  of  Erin.' 
under  the  superintendence  of  St.  Patrick ; 
and  the  Book  of  A  icill,  containing  the  wis- 
dom of  two  of  the  most  famous  Brehon 
judges,  the  'Royal  Cormac'  and  the  'Learned 
Cenufaelah.'  This  system  of  law  was  abol- 
ished by  statute  of  Edward  III. 

Breme.t  Breeme  t  (brem),  a.  [A.  Sax  brem- 
nutn,  to  murmur,  to  rage,  to  fret;  M.H.G. 
bremen,  to  roar;  cog.  with  L.  fremo,  to  roar 
or  rage.]  Boisterous;  rough;  sharp;  severe, 
'  Comes  the  breme  winter.  Spenser. 

Bren,t  Brennet  (bren),  «.(.    [A.  Sax.  bren- 
nan,  to  burn.]    To  burn. 
Closely  the  wicked  name  his  bowels  brent.  Sfenier 

Brennage  (bren'aj),  n.  [From  O.E.  bren, 
bran.  ]  In  old  law,  a  tribute  or  compositioi 
wnich  tenants  paid  to  their  lord,  in  lieu  ol 
bran  which  they  were  obliged  to  furnish  for 
his  hounds. 

Brenning  t  (bren'ing),  p.  and  a.     Burning. 

Brenningly.t  ado.  In  a  burning  manner; 
hotlyi Chaucer, 

Brent  (brent),  a.    [Jamieson  regards  this 
word  as  being  the  same  as  brant,  steep 
(which  see).  ]  1.  [Scotch.  ]  Upright;  straight; 
lofty;  also,  smooth;  unwrinkled:  exclusively 
or  almost  exclusively  applied  to  the  brow. 
'Your  bonny  broo  was  brent.'    Burns. 
Her  fair  brent  brow,  smooth  as  th'  unrunkled  deep 
When  a'  the  winds  are  in  their  caves  asleep. 

Rarrtsay. 

2.  See  BRANT. 
Brent  (brent),  n.    Same  as  Brent-goose. 


likened  to  that  caused  by  burning.  ]  A  bird 
of  the  family  Anatida:,  frequenting  our 
shores,  and  known  to  naturalists  as  the 
Bernicla  Brenta.  It  is  much  smaller  than 
the  common  goose,  but  has  much  larger 
wings,  and  it  traverses  greater  distances  in 
its  migrations.  Its  breeding  places  are  in 
the  far  north,  but  it  migrates  for  the  winter 
as  low  down  as  the  middle  of  France. 
Called  also  simply  Brent  and  Brant. 
Brent-new  (brent'nu),  a.  Bran-new  (which 
see).  'Cotillon  brent -new  frae  France.' 
Burns.  [Scotch.  ] 

Brequet-chain  (brek'et-chan),  n.  [  After  a 
celebrated  French  watchmaker  named  Bre- 
yuet,  but  influenced  by  Fr.  brvruet,  a  littlr 
chain.]  A  short  watch-guard  or  chain  tn 
which  the  key  is  usually  attached ;  a  fob- 
chain. 

Brere.t  n.    Briar. 

Jressomer,  Bressummer  (bres'som-er. 
bres'sum-er),  n.  In  arch,  same  as  Brent- 
summer. 

3rest,  Breast  (brest),  n.    In  arch,  the  mem- 
ber of  a  column,  more  usually  called  Torus 
or  Tore.    See  TORUS. 
Breste.t  ».«.    To  burst. 
Brest-summer,  Breast-summer  (bresf- 
sum-er),  n.     In  arch,  a  summer  or  l>eam 
placed  horizontally   to  support  an  upper 
wall  or  partition,  as  the  beam  over  shop 
windows;  a  lintel. 

Bret  (bret),  n.  The  brill  ( Plenronectf* 
rhombus).  Called  also  Birt  and  Burt.  [Pro- 
vincial.] 

Breteche,  Bretesche  (bret-ash),  n.  [Fr. 
breteche,  O.Fr.  breUsche.  See  BRATTICE. 
BUTTRESS.  ]  A  name  common  to  several 
wooden,  crenellated,  and  roofed  erections, 
used  in  the  middle  ages  for  military  pur- 
poses. Erections  hearing  this  name  were 
used  in  sieges  both  by  the  assailants  ami 
besieged :  by  the  former,  to  afford  protec- 
tion while  they 
were  undermin- 
ing the  walls,  for 
which  purpose 
they  were  made 
with  a  strong 
roof ;  by  the  lat- 
ter, to  form  de- 
fences behind 
breaches,  fur 
which  purpose 
they  were  made 
much  on  the 
principle  of  the 
modern  chevalde 
frise.  Later,  the 
name  was  more 
specifically  given 
to  a  sort  of  roof  ei  I 
wooden  balcony 
or  cage,  crenel- 
lated and  machi- 
colated,  attached 
by  corbels,  some- 
times immedi- 
ately over  a  gati- 
way.  to  add  to 
its  defence,  and 
sometimes  pro- 
jecting from  the 
angle  of  a  build- 
ing where  the 


Breteche.  Council-house, 
Constance. 


wall  meets  the  roof,  and  standing  out  from 
the  latter  somewhat  like  a  storm-window, 
so  that  it  commanded  three  directions— in 
front  and  to  the  right  and  left— thus  serv- 
ing for  observation  as  well  as  defence.  The 
breteche  over  a  hotel-de-ville  was  some- 
times used  as  a  convenient  place  to  read 
proclamations  from. 

Bretessi  (bre-tes-a),  a.  [Fr,  from  O.Fr. 
bretesse,  battlements.  See  BRATTICE.  ]  In 
her.  a  term  applied  to  an  ordinary  embattled 
on  each  side,  the  battlements  being  oppo- 
site to  each  other. 

Bretexed,*  a.  [Comp.  bretesne,  breteche,  and 
see  BRATTICE.  ]    Embattled.     Lydgate. 
BretfuLt  a.    [Comp.  O.E.  brurdjtd,  full  to 
the    brim,   A.  Sax.    brerd.    breord,    brim.) 
Brimful.     'Bretful  of  pardons.'    Chaucer. 
Brethren  (breiH'ren),  n.  pi.  of  brother 
(which  see). 

Breton  (bret'on),  a.  Relating  to  Brittany, 
or  Bretanne  in  France,  or  the  language  of 
its  people.  '  Here  on  the  Breton  strand ; 
Breton,  not  Briton.'  Tennymin. 
Breton  (bret'on),  n.  The  native  language  of 
Brittany;  Armoric  (which  see). 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abime;      y,  Sc.  try. 


BRETT 

Brett  (bret),  n.     A  britzska  (which  see). 

Brettice  (bret'is),  «.     Same  as  Brattice. 

Bretwalda  (bret'wal-da),  n.  [A.  Sax.  Bret, 
Briton,  and  wo  W,  power,  rule.  ]  A  title  ap- 
plied to  one  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  tribe  chiefs 
or  kings,  who  was  chosen  by  the  other 
chiefs,  nobility,  anil  ealdormen  to  be  a  sort 
of  dictator  in  their  warfare  against  the 
ancient  Britons. 

Breunnerite  (broiu'er-it),  n.  A  mineral  con- 
sisting of  the  carbonates  of  miignesia  ami 
iron,  whitish,  and  after  exposure  brownish. 
It  occurs  granular  and  in  rhomliohedral 
crystals,  and  is  found  in  Switzerland.  Called 
also  Brown-tfpar. 

Breve  (brev),  n.  [From  L.  brevu,  short.] 
1.  In  music,  a  note  or  character  of  time, 
\c3  or  |p*|,  equivalent  to  two  semibreves  or 
four  minims.— 2.  t  In  law,  a  writ;  a  brief.— 
3.  In  printing,  a  mark  (")  used  to  indicate 
that  the  syllable  over  which  it  is  placed  is 
short— 4.  t  A  short  syllable.  'Corrector  of 
breves  and  longes.'  Hall.—&.  [Fr.  bri>ve,  from 
their  short  tails.  ]  A  name  sometimes  given 
to  the  ant-thrushes. 

Brevet  (bre-vef),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  brevis, 
short.]  1.  In  Britain  and  the  United  States, 
a  commission  to  an  officer  which  entitles 
him  to  a  rank  in  the  army  above  that 
which  he  holds  in  his  regiment,  without, 
however,  conferring  a  right  to  receive  cor- 
responding advance  in  pay.  It  does  not 
descend  lower  than  the  rank  of  captain, 
nor  ascend  higher  than  that  of  lieutenant- 
colonel.  It  does  not  exist  in  the  royal  navy. 
.See  extract  under  the  adjective.  —  2.  A 
patent;  a  warrant;  a  license;  a  commission; 
a  royal  act  in  writing  conferring  some  privi- 
lege or  distinction.  [French  usages.  ]— 3.  t  A 
letter  of  indulgence.  Piers  Plowman. 

Brevet  (bre-vef),  a.   Taking  rank  by  brevet. 

What  is  called  frrei'et  rank  is  given  to  officers  of  all 
branches  of  the  army  as  a  reward  for  brilliant  and 
lengthened  service;  and  when  such  nominal  rank 
has  been  held  for  a  certain  number  of  years  it  is 
usually  converted  into  substantial  rank. 

.-/.  l-'on/>liinqitf. 

Brevet  (bre-vef),  n.t.  Milit.  to  confer  brevet 
rank  upon. 

Brevetcy  (bre-vet'si),  ».  Brevet  rank. 
[Rare.] 

Breviary  (bre'vi-a-ri),  n.  [Fr.  breviaire,  L. 
breviarium,  from  brevin,  short.  See  BRIEF.] 
1.  An  abridgment;  a  compend;  an  epitome. 
Holland.— 2.  In  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  a  book  con- 
taining the  daily  oftices  which  all  who  are 
in  orders  are  bound  to  read.  It  consists  of 
prayers  or  offices  to  be  used  at  the  canonical 
hours,  and  is  an  abridgment  of  the  services 
•of  the  early  church,  which  were  exhausting 
from  their  great  length,  whence  the  name. 
It  consists  largely  of  the  Psalms,  of  passages 
of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments,  and  the 
fathers,  hymns,  anthems,  <ftc.,  all  in  Latin, 
arranged  for  the  various  seasons  and  festi- 
vals of  the  church.  The  English  Book  of 
Common  Prayer  is  based  on  it.  The  Greek 
Church  also  has  a  breviary. 

Breviat.t  Breviatet  (bre'vi-at,  bre'vi-at), «. 
[See  BREVE  and  BRIEF.]  1.  A  short  com- 
pend; a  brief  statement;  a  summary. 

The  same  little  breviales  of  infidelity  have  been 
published  and  dispersed  with  great  activity. 

rortens. 

•2.  A  lawyer's  brief.    S.  Butler. 

Breviate.t  o.t.  To  abridge.  Sherwood.  See 
ABBREVIATE. 

Breviature  (bre'vi-a-tur),  n.  An  abbrevia- 
tion. Johnson.  [Rare.] 

Brevier  (bre-verO,  n.  [G.  brevier,  Fr.  bre- 
aiaire :  so  called  from  being  originally  used 
in  printing  breviaries.]  A  kind  of  print- 
ing type,  in  size  between  bourgeois  and 
minion,  two  sizes  larger  than  the  type  of 
this  Dictionary. 

Breviloquence  (bre-vil'o-kwens),  n.  [L.  bre- 
viloijuentut  —  brevis,  short,  and  lofiuor,  to 
speak.)  A  brief  or  laconic  mode  of  speak- 
ing. [Rare.] 

Brevi-manu  (bre'vi-man'u).  [L.,  with  a 
short  hand.]  In  Scots  lam,  an  expression 
used  to  signify  the  performance  of  an  act 
by  a  party  on  his  own  authority  or  without 
legal  warrant. 

Breviped  (bre'vi-ped),  a.  [L.  brevis,  short, 
and  pea,  foot.)  Having  short  legs,  as  cer- 
tain birds. 

Breviped  (bre'vi-ped),  n.  A  bird  having 
short  legs. 

Brevipen  (bre'vi-pen),  n.  [See  BREVIPEN- 
NES.] A  short- winged  bird,  as  the  ostrich. 

Brevipennatse  (bre'vi-pen-na"te).  n.  pi.  [L. 
bnmr,  short,  and  penna,  a  feather.  ]  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  a  division  of  Natatores 
or  swimming  birds,  with  short  wings,  in- 


331 

eluding  the  penguins,  auks,  guillemots, 
divers,  and  grebes. 

Brevipennate  (bre'vi-pen-at),  a.  Having 
short  wings.  See  BilEVII'KNNATJi. 

Brevlpenuate  (bre'vi-peii-at),  n.  A  bird 
having  short  wings. 

Brevipennes  (bre-vi-pen'ez),  n.  [L.  brevu, 
short,  and  penna,  a  feather,  a  wing.]  In 
Cuvier's  classification  the  first  family  of  his 
order  Grallie  or  wading  birds,  and  equiva- 
lent to  the  order  now  ealled  Cursores  or 
Halite.  The  ostrich,  emu,  cassowary,  dodo, 
Ac.,  belong  to  this  family. 

Brevirostrate  (bre-vi-ros'trat).a.  [L.  brevis, 
short,  and  restrains,  beaked,  from  rostrum, 
a  beak.]  In  ornith.  having  a  short  bill. 

Brevity  (bre'vi-ti),  n.  [L.  breeitas,  from 
brevu,  short.  See  BRIEF.]  1.  Shortness: 
applied  to  time ;  as,  the  brevity  of  human 
life. — 2.  Shortness;  conciseness;  contraction 
into  few  words:  applied  to  discourses  or 
writings.  'Brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit.'  Shak. 

This  argument  is  stated  by  St.  John  with  his  usual 
elegant  brevity  and  simplicity.  Porteus. 

Brew  (bro),  n.t.  [A.  Sax.  breowan,  to  brew; 
cog.  with  D.  brouwen,  Icel.  brugga,  Dan. 
brygge,  G.  brauen,  to  brew  From  this  stem 
are  Sc.  bree,  broo,  G.  briihe,  juice,  liquor  in 
which  something  has  been  steeped  or  boiled; 
E.  broth.  ]  1.  To  produce  as  a  beverage  by 
the  fermentation  of  wort;  to  prepare, as  beer, 
ale,  or  other  similar  liquor  is  prepared,  from 
malt,  or  from  malt  and  hops,  or  from  other 
materials,  by  steeping,  boiling,  and  fermen- 
tation.—  3.  To  prepare  by  mixing,  boiling, 
or  the  like;  to  mingle;  to  mix;  to  concoct; 
as,  to  brew  a  bowl  of  punch.  '  Drinks  brewed 
with  several  herbs.'  Bacon.  'A  witch  who 
brewed  the  philtre.'  Tennyson. 

Breiu  me  a  pottle  of  sack.  Shak. 

4.  To  contrive ;  to  plot ;  to  prepare ;  as,  to 
brew  mischief.  '  Or  brew  fierce  tempests  on 
the  watery  main.'  Pope. 

I  found  it  to  be  the  most  malicious  and  frantick 
surmise,  and  the  most  contrary  to  Ins  nature  that,  I 
think,  had  ever  been  breiveti.  IVotton. 

Brew  (bro),  v.i.  1.  To  perform  the  business 
of  brewing  or  making  beer. 

I  ...  wash,  wring,  brew,  bake,  scour.      Shak. 

2.  To  be  in  a  state  of  preparation ;   to  be 
mixing,  forming,  or  collecting ;  as,  a  storm 
brews  in   the   west.      'There   is  some  ill 
a-breiving  toward  my  rest.'    Shak. 

Brew  (bro),  n.  The  mixture  formed  by 
brewing;  that  which  is  brewed. 

Brewage  (brb'aj),  ».  A  mixed  drink;  drink 
brewed  or  prepared  in  any  way.  '  My  brew- 
age.'  Shak.  'Some  well-spiced  brewage.' 
Milton.  '  A  rich  brewage  made  of  the  beat 
Spanish  wine.'  Xcuuiulay. 

Brewer  (bro'er),  n.  One  who  brews;  specifi- 
cally, one  whose  occupation  is  to  prepare 
malt  liquors. 

Brewery  (bro'er -i),  n.  1.  A  brew-house; 
the  house  and  apparatus  where  brewing  is 
carried  on.— 2.t  Collective  body  of  brewers; 
beer  trade. 

If  they  should  bring  any  distress  and  trouble  upon 
the  London  brewery,  it  would  occasion  the  making 
ill  drink,  and  drive  the  people  to  brew  themselves, 
which  would  destroy  the  duty,  Da-uenant. 

Brew-house  (brolious),  n.  A  brewery;  a 
house  appropriated  to  brewing. 

Brewing  (brb'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  or  process 
of  preparing  liquors  from  malt  and  hops; 
more  specifically,  brewing  is  the  process 
of  extracting  a  saccharine  solution  from 
malted  grain  and  converting  that  solution 
into  a  fermented  and  sound  alcoholic  bev- 
erage called  ale  or  beer.  The  process  usually 
followed  by  the  brewer  may  be  divided  into 
eight  distinct  parts,  viz.  the  grinding  of  the 
malt,  mashing,  boiling,  cooling,  the  fermen- 
tation, the  cleansing,  the  racking  or  vatting, 
and  the  fining  or  cleaning. —2.  The  quantity 
brewed  at  once. 

A  brewing  of  new  beer,  set  by  old  beer,  maketh  it 
work  again.  Bacon. 

3.  A  mixing  together. 

I  am  not  able  to  avouch  anything  for  certainty, 
such  a  brewing  and  sophistication  of  them  they 
make.  Holland. 

4.  A  collection  of  black  clouds  portending  a 
storm. 

Brewist  (bro'is),  n.  [A.  Sax.  briwas,  the 
small  pieces  of  meat  in  broth,  broth,  pot- 
tage, from  bretiwan,  to  brew.]  1.  Broth; 
pottage. 

What  an  ocean  of  bretvis  shall  I  swim  in.  Beau.  Grtl. 

2.  Bread  soaked  in  gravy. 
Brewster  (bro'ster),  n.     [Brew,  and  term. 
-ster.]    One  who  brews;   a  brewer;  more 
especially,  a  female  who  brews. 


BRICK 

Brewsterite  (bro'ster -it),  n.  (After  Sir 
I),  firewater. }  A  white,  yellow,  or  green 
pellucid  mineral  of  the  zeolite  family,  o, 
cnrring  in  veins  in  short  prismatic  crystals 
It  is  a  hydrous  silicate  of  aluminium,  stron- 
tium, and  barium. 

Breziline  (bre-zil'in),  n.  [Fr.  breiiline.] 
Same  as  BrazUin. 

Briar,  Briary,  <fcc.   See  BKIER,  BKIKKY,  &c 

Briarean  (brl-a're-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  Briareiut,  a  giant  with  a  humlri.il 
hands;  hence,  hundred-handed. 

Bribable  (brib'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  bcim.- 
bribed;  liable  to  be  bribed;  as,  a  bribahl. 
class  of  electors. 

Bribe  (brib),  n.  [Kr.  bribe,  Prov.  FT.  brtfe.  a 
lump  of  bread,  broken  victuals,  such  as  im- 
given  to  beggars,  something  given  awaj  . 
from  root  seen  ill  Armor,  breva,  to  break  : 
W.  briw,  a  fragment ;  connected  with  K 
break.]  1.  A  price,  reward,  gift,  or  favotn 
bestowed  or  promised  with  a  view  to  per 
vert  the  judgment  or  corrupt  the  condm  t 
of  a  judge,  witness,  or  other  person  in  the 
discharge  of  his  duty;  a  consideration  given 
or  promised  to  a  person  to  induce  him  to 
decide  a  cause,  give  testimony,  or  perform 
some  act  contrary  to  what  he  knows  to  bi- 
truth,  justice,  or  rectitude.  —  2.  Anything 
that  seduces;  as,  the  bribes  offered  by  glory 
or  power. 

Bribe  (brib),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  bribed;  ppr. 
bribing,  l.f  To  steal.  Chaucer.—  2.  To  give 
or  promise  a  reward  or  consideration  to. 
with  a  view  to  pervert  the  judgment  or  cor- 
rupt the  conduct;  to  induce  to  a  certain 
course  of  action,  especially  a  wrong  course, 
by  the  gift  or  offer  of  something  valued;  to 
gain  over  by  a  bribe. 

How  pow'rful  are  chaste  vows!  the  wind  and  tide 
You  bribed  to  combat  on  the  English  side. 

Drydtn. 

Does  it  follow,  because  we  have  not  the  worst  of  all 
corruptions,  bribed  justice  or  canvassing  justice,  that 
therefore  all  judges  hear  all  causes  without  bias? 
Broitghntn. 

Bribe  (brib),  v.i.  To  practise  bribery;  to  give 
a  bribe  to  a  person. 

An  attempt  to  bribe,  though  unsuccessful,  has 
been  holden  to  be  criminal,  and  the  defender  may  be 
indicted.  Eottvier. 

Bribeless  (brib'les),  a.  Incapable  of  being 
bribed;  not  to  be  bribed.  [Rare.] 

Conscience  is  a  most  bribeless  worker,  it  never 
knows  how  to  make  a  false  report.  tip.  Reynold*. 

Bribe-pander  (brib'pan-der),  n.    One  who 

procures  bribes.     Burke. 
Briber  (brib'er),  n.     [O.K.  bribour,  O.Kr. 

bribeur.}    l.t  A  thief  or  robber. 

Who  saveth  a  thefe  when  the  rope  is  knet. 
With  some  false  turn  the  bribour  will  him  quite. 
l.yJeat, 

2.  One  who  bribes  or  pays  for  corrupt  prac- 
tices. 

Bribery  (brib'er-i),  n.  l.t  Robbery;  extor- 
tion; rapacity. 

Ye  make  clean  the  utter  side  of  the  cup  and  of  the 
platter:  but  within  they  are  full  of  bribery. 

Mat.  xxiii.  25  {Geneva  Kibte). 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  giving  or  taking  a 
bribe  or  bribes;  the  act  of  paying  or  receiv- 
ing a  reward  for  a  false  judgment  or  testi- 
mony, or  for  the  performance  of  that  which 
is  known  to  be  illegal  or  unjust;  in  Engluli 
law,  more  specifically  the  giving  or  receiv- 
ing of  money  by  which  one's  conduct  in 
some  public  capacity  is  influenced.  In  this 
ountry  bribery  has  been  most  prominent  in 
onnection  with  parliamentary  elections. 


1  _  n  I 

-..illy  : _ 

ceiving  a  bribe. 
Bribery-oath  (brib'er-i-6th),  »i.  An  oath 
which  may  be  administered  to  a  voter  at  a 
parliamentary  election,  if  the  polling  sheriff 
see  cause,  certifying  that  he  has  not  received 
a  bribe  for  his  vote. 

Brick  (brik),  n.  [Kr.  briqiie,  a  brick,  also  a 
piece,  a  fragment,  as  in  brvjuc  de  pain; 
from  O.D.  brick,  a  piece,  a  fragment,  a  brick 
or  tile,  from  breken,  to  break.  ]  1.  A  kind  of 
artificial  stone  made  principally  of  clay 
moistened  and  made  fine  by  kneading, 
formed  usually  into  a  rectangular  shape  in 
a  mould,  hardened  by  being  burned  in  a 
kiln,  or  in  warm  countries  sometimes  by 
being  dried  in  the  sun.  Sun-burned  bricks 
were  anciently  mixed  with  chopped  straw 
to  give  them  greater  tenacity. — 2.  Bricks 

i  collectively  or  regarded  as  designating  the 
material  of  which  any  structure  is  com- 
posed; as,  a  thousand  of  brick;  the  wall  is 

i  built  of  brick.— S.  A  mass  or  object  resem- 
bling a  brick;  as,  a  brick  of  tea.— 4.  A  jolly 


,h,  c/.ain;      6h,Sc.  locft;      g,  90;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  <Aen;  th,  Mr,;      w,  uric;    wh,  »Aig;    *h,  azure.-See  KKV. 


BRICK 


332 


liKIDGE 


good  fellow.  'He's  a  dear  little  brick.' 
Thackeray.  [Colloq.  or  slang.  ]  This  appli- 
cation of  the  word  is  said  by  some  to  have 
originated  in  one  of  the  universities,  and  to 
be  a  translation  of  Aristotle's  tetragotws 
aner,  a  rectangular,  complete,  or  perfect 
man. 

Brick  (brik),  a.  Made  of  brick;  resembling 
brick;  as,  a  brick  wall;  a  brick-reft  colour. 

Brick  (brik),  v.t.  1.  To  lay  or  pave  with 
bricks,  or  to  surround,  close,  or  wall  in  with 
bricks.  '  A  narrow  street,  closely  bricked  in 
on  ail  sides  like  a  tomb.'  Dickens.— 2.  To 
imitate  or  counterfeit  a  brick  wall  on  plas- 
ter, by  smearing  it  with  red  ochre  and  mak- 
ing the  joints  with  an  edge-tool,  and  then 
filling  them  with  fine  plaster. 

Brickbat  (bnk'bat),  n.  A  piece  or  frag- 
ment of  a  brick.  See  BAT,  4, 

Brick-built  (brik'bilt),  a.  Built  with  brick. 
'The  brick-built  town.'  Drydcn. 

Brick-Clay  (brik'kla),  ».  1.  Clay  used  or 
suitable  for  making  bricks  and  tiles.  It 
should  be  a  pretty  pure  silicate  of  alumina, 
combined  with  various  proportions  of  sand, 
and  with  not  more  than  2  per  cent,  of  lime 
and  other  alkaline  earth.  The  red  colour 
of  bricks  depends  on  the  presence  of  a  little 
iron  peroxide. — 2.  In  geol.,  as  distinguished 
from  boulder-clan,  a  finely  laminated  clay 
immediately  overlying  and  evidently  de- 
rived from  the  boulder-clay  by  denudation 
and  re-assortment  by  water. 

Brick-dust  (brik'dust),  n.  Dust  of  pounded 
bricks. 

Brick-earth  (brik'erth),  n.  Clay  or  earth 
used  or  suitable  for  bricks. 

Brick-field  (brik'feld),  n.  A  fleld  or  yard 
where  bricks  are  made. 

Brick-kiln  (brflcWIX  n.  A  kiln  or  furnace 
in  which  bricks  are  baked  or  burned;  or  a 
pile  of  bricks,  laid  loose,  with  arches  under- 
neath to  receive  the  wood  or  fuel. 

Bricklayer  (brik'la-ftr),  u.  One  whose  occu- 
pation is  to  build  with  bricks.  —Bricklayers' 
itch,  a  species  of  local  tetter  produced  on 
the  hands  of  bricklayers  by  the  contact  of 
lime. 

Bricklaying  (brik'Ia-ing),  n.  The  art  of 
building  with  bricks,  or  of  uniting  them  by 
cement  or  mortar  into  various  forms ;  the 
art  or  occupation  of  laying  bricks. 

Brickie  (brik'l),  a.  [From  A.  Sax.  bman,  to 
break.]  Brittle;  easily  broken.  [Obsolete 
or  provincial.] 

Th'  altar  on  the  which  this  image  staid. 
Was,  O  great  pity  I  built  of  brickie  clay.     Spttiser. 

Brickleness  (brik'1-nes),  n.  Brittleness. 
[Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

Brickmaker  ( brik '  mak-er),  n.  One  who 
makes  bricks,  or  whose  occupation  is  to 
make  bricks. 

Brickmaking  (brik'mak-ing),  n.  The  art  of 
making  bricks. 

Brick -mason  ( brik'ma'sn  ),  n.  A  brick- 
layer. 

Brick-nogging  (brik'nng-ing),?i.  Brickwork 
carried  up  and  filled  in  between  timber 
framing. 

Brick-tea  (brik'te),  n.  The  larger  leaves 
and  young  shoots  of  the  tea-plant  softened 
by  steam  and  moulded  into  a  brick-shaped 
mass.  In  this  form  it  is  extensively  sent 
overland  to  Russia.  In  Asia  brick-tea  is 
employed  to  facilitate  commerce,  articles 
being  valued  by  bricks  of  tea. 

Brick-trimmer  (brik'trim-er),  n.  In  arch. 
a  brick  arch  abutting  against  the  wooden 
trimmer  in  front  of  the  fireplace,  to  guard 
against  accidents  by  fire. 

Brickwork  (brik'werk),  ».  1  The  laving  of 
bricks;  a  building  or  structure  of  brick.— 
2.  A  place  where  bricks  are  made. 

Bricky  (brik'i),  a.  Full  of  bricks,  or  formed 
of  bricks. 

Brick-yard  (brik'yard),  n.  A  place  where 
bricks  are  made. 

Bricole  (bre-kol),  n.  [Fr.]  Milit.  harness 
worn  by  men  for  dragging  guns  where  it  is 
impossible  to  use  horses. 

Bridal  (brid'al),  n.    [Properly  bride-ale  (in  ' 
which  form  the  word  was  formerly  written), 
from  bride,  and  ale,  in  the  sense  of  a  feast; 
comp.  church-ale,  and  other  similar  words.] 
A  nuptial  festival;  a  marriage. 

Sweet  day,  so  cool,  so  calm,  so  bright. 

The  bridal  of  the  earth  and  sky.       G.  Herbert. 

Bridal  (brid'al),  a.  Belonging  to  a  bride 
or  to  a  wedding.  '  The  bridal  chamber  ' 
Shak. 

Bridaltyt  (brid'al-ti  or  brid-al-teO, ».  Cele- 
bration of  the  nuptial  feast.  B.  Jonson. 

Bride  (brid),  n.     [A.  Sax.  bryd,  brtd,  O.E. 


bride,  bryde,  brude,  also  by  metathesis  birdc, 
burde;  cog.  D.  braid,  Icel.  bruthr,  Dan.  brud, 
Goth,  bntths,  G.  braut— a  bride.]  A  woman 
newly  married,  or  on  the  eve  of  being  mar- 
ried. 

He,  only  he.  can  tell,  who,  match'd  like 

me,  .  .  . 

Has  by  his  own  experience  tried. 
How  much  the  wife  is  dearer  than  the 

bride.  Ld.  Lytltelan. 

Bridet  (brid),  n.t.  To  make  a 
bride  of ;  to  marry. 

I  knew  a  man 

Of  eighty  winters,  this  I  told  them,  who 
A  lass  of  fourteen  brided.   Bean.  Gr  /•'/. 

Bride-ale  t  (brid'al),  n.  A  feast 
at  a  rustic  marriage. 

The  man  that's  bid  to  bride-ale,  if  he 

ha' cake 
And  drink  enough,  he  need  not  fear 

his  stake.  B.  Jomon. 

Bride-bed  (brid 'bed),  n.  The 
marriage-bed.  Shak.  [Rare.] 

Bridecake  (brid'kak),  n.  Same  as  Bridescake. 

Bride-chamber  (brid'cham-ber),  n.  The 
nuptial  apartment.  Mat  ix.  5. 

Bride-day  (brid'da),  n.  The  marriage-day. 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

Bridegroom  (brid'grom),  n.  [The  more 
proper  spelling  would  be  bride-goom,  or 
bridegome,  as  the  word  is  in  A.  Sax.  bryd- 
guma,  from  bryd,  a  bride,  and  guma,  a  man; 
comp.  D.  bniidcgoin,  Icel.  bruthgumi,  Dan. 
brudgom,  G.  brdutigam.  The  A.  Sax.  and 
Goth,  guma  is  cognate  with  L.  homo,  a 
man.  ]  A  man  newly  married,  or  just  about 
to  be  married. 

He  that  hath  the  bride  is  the  bridegroom.  Jn.  iii.  29. 

Those  dulcet  sounds  in  break  of  day. 
That  creep  into  the  dreaming  bridegroom  s  ear. 
And  summon  him  to  marriage.  SttaJk. 

Bride-knot  t  (brid'not),  n.  A  breast-knot;  a 
knot  of  ribbons  worn  by  the  guests  at  a 
wedding;  a  wedding-favour. 

Bridely  t  (brldli),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a 
bride;  nuptial. 

She,  hating  as  a  heinous  crime  the  bond  of  bridely 

bed. 

Did  fold  about  her  father's  neck  with  fawning  arms. 
folding. 

Bridescake  (hridzTcak),  n.  The  cake  which 
is  made  for  the  guests  at  a  wedding,  and 
pieces  of  which  are  sent  to  friends  after  the 
festival.  Such  cakes  are  commonly  highly 
ornamented. 

Bridesmaid,  Bridemaid  (bridz'- 
mad,  brid'mad ),  n.  A  woman 
who  attends  on  a  bride  at  her 
wedding. 

Bridesmaiding  (bridz'mad-ing), 
n.  The  state  of  being  a  brides- 
maid. 

I'll  bide  my  time  for  bridestxnifttug 
Trollofe. 

Bridesman,  Brideman  (bridz'- 
man,  brid'man),  n  A  man  who 
attends  upon  a  bridegroom  and 
bride  at  their  marriage. 

Bride's-Btake.  t  Bride-stake  t 
(bridz'stak,  brid'stak),  n.  A  stake 
or  post  set  in  the  ground  to 
dance  round.  B.  Jonnon. 

Bridewell  (brid'wel),  n.  A  house 
of  correction  for  the  confinement 
of  disorderly  persons,  in  which  they  are 
subjected  to  solitary  confinement  and  hard 
labour:  so  called  from  the  palace  built  near 
St.  Bride's  or  Bridget's   Well,  in  London, 
which  was  turned  into  a  penal  workhouse. 
The  name   is  now  sometimes  applied  to 
prisons  for  criminals  of  all  sorts  as  well  as 
for  debtors. 

Bridge  (brij ).  n.  [A.  Sax.  britg,  brycij.  O.E. 
brig,  bridge  (also  irtia.  bmgge),  Sc.  brig  or 
brigy;  Icel.  bruggia,  Dan.  bri/gi/e,  a  pier  or 
landing  stage;  D.  bnig,  G.  brucke,  a  bridge. 
From  a  shorter  form  seen  in  Icel.  bru,  Dan. 
bro,  a  bridge.  Root  doubtful.]  1.  Any 
structure  of  wood,  stone,  brick,  or  iron, 
raised  over  a  river,  pond,  lake,  road,  valley, 
or  the  like,  for  the  purpose  of  a  convenient 
passage.  Among  rude  nations  bridges  are 
sometimes  formed  of  other  materials,  and 
sometimes  they  are  formed  of  boats  or  logs 
of  wood  lying  on  the  water,  fastened  to- 
gether, covered  with  planks,  and  called 
floating  bridges.  A  bridge  over  a  marsh  may 
be  made  of  logs  or  other  materials  laid 
upon  the  surface  of  the  earth.  In  suspen- 
sion or  chain  bridges,  the  flooring  or  main 
body  of  the  bridge  is  supported  on  strong 
iron  chains  or  rods  hanging  in  the  form  of 
an  inverted  arch  from  one  point  of  support 
to  another.  The  points  of  support  are  the 
tops  of  strong  pillars  or  small  towers,  erected 


for  the  purpose  at  each  extremity  of  the 
bridge.  Over  these  pillars  the  chains  pass 
and  are  attached  beyond  them  to  rocks  or 
massive  frames  of  iron  firmly  secured  under- 


New  Suspension  Bridge,  Chelsea. 

ground.  The  flooring  is  connected  with  the 
chains  by  means  of  strong  upright  iron  rods. 
A  flying-bridge  is  made  of  pontoons,  liuht 
boats,  hollow  beams,  empty  casks,  or  the 
like.  They  are  made,  as  occasion  requires, 
for  the  passage  of  armies.  The  term  is  also 
applied  to  a  kind  of  ferry  in  which  the  force 
of  the  current  of  a  river  is  applied  to  propel 
the  boat,  which  is  made  fast  in  the  middle 
of  the  river  by  a  cable  and  an  anchor,  from 
the  one  side  to  the  other.  A  skew  bridge,  or 
oblique  bridge,  is  a  bridge  by  which  a  road 
or  railway  is  can-fed  over  an  opening  at 
some  other  than  a  right  angle,  so  as  better 
to  maintain  the  continuity  of  the  road  or 
line.  A  tubula*  bridge  is  formed  of  a  great 
rectangular  tube,  through  which  the  road- 
way or  railway  passes.  Tubular  bridges  are 
employed  where  the  span  is  wide  and  the 
weight  to  be  carried  over  great.  The  bridge 
over  the  Conway  in  Wales,  which  has  a  clear 
span  of  400  feet,  consists  of  two  such  tubes, 
formed  of  plate-iron  rivetted  upon  uialleable- 
iron  ribs,  each  weighing  1300  tons.  Other 
well-known  tubular  bridges  are  the  Britan  nia 
Bridge  over  the  Menai  Straits,  and  the  Vic- 
toria Bridge  over  the  St.  Lawrence  —  the 
latter  nearly  1}  mile  in  length,  and  resting 
on  twenty-four  piers,  from  242  to  330  feet 
apart.  A  lattice-bridge  i*  one  constructed 


The  Britannia  Tubular  Bridge. 

with  cross -framing,  like  lattice-work,  so- 
arranged  that  the  head  of  one  rafter  is  over 
the  bases  of  the  two  adjoining  rafters.  Some 
lattice  bridges  are  constructed  with  trussed 
rafters,  like  roofs,  with  a  king  •  post  or 
hanger  in  the  centre;  others  with  diagonal 
braces  united  by  strong  pins,  and  without 
suspension -rods.  These  bridges  are  con- 
structed both  of  wood  and  iron.  Many 
very  large  wood  bridges  of  this  kind  have 
been  erected  in  America,  that  over  the  Sus- 
quehanna  being  1J  mile  long.— 2.  The  upper 
part  of  the  nose.— 3.  In  engraving,  a  board 
resting  on  end-cleats  on  which  the  engraver 
in  working  rests  his  hand,  which  is  thus  sup- 
ported clear  altove  the  plate.  — 4.  In  furnaces 
of  different  kinds,  a  low  wall  or  vertical  par- 
tition for  compelling  the  flame  and  heated 
vapour  to  ascend. — 5.  In  gun.  the  two  pieces 
of  timber  which  go  between  the  two  tran- 
soms of  a  gun-carriage.  —  6.  In  metal,  the 
platform  or  staging  by  which  ore,  fuel,  &c., 
are  conveyed  to  the  mouth  of  a  smelting- 
furnace.  — 7.  In  musical  instruments,  the 
part  of  a  stringed  instrument  over  which  the 
strings  are  stretched,  and  by  which  they  are 
raised  above  the  sounding-hoard.  In  bow  in- 
struments, such  as  the  violin,  the  bridge  is 
arched  in  order  to  allow  the  bow  to  impinge 
on  any  one  string  without  touching  the 
others.— 8.  Xaut.  a  range  of  planks  which 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


BRIDGE 


333 


BRIGADE 


forms  a  communication  between  the  paddle- 
boxes  of  a  steam-vessel,  and  which,  being 
bolted  and  fastened  with  knees  to  the  pad- 
dle-boxes, serves  to  lessen  their  vibration. 


Lattice-bridge  on  Railway  from  St.  Gall  to  Appenzcll. 

Called  a\fM  Bridge-board.—  9.  A  bridge-deck. 
[American. }  -Electric  bridge,  a  term  applied 
to  several  contrivances  for  determining  the 
resistance  of  an  element  of  au  electric  cir- 
cuit. 

Bridge  (brij),  e.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bridged;  ppr. 
bridging.  1.  To  build  a  bridge  or  bridges 
on  or  over;  as,  to  bridge  a  river.  —2.  To  make 
a  bridge  or  bridges  for. 

Xerxes  .  .  .  over  Hellespont. 

Bridgitig  his  way,  Europe  with  Asia  joined. 

Milton. 

3.  Fig.  to  find  a  way  of  overcoming  or  get- 
ing  over:  generally  with  oner;  as,  to  bridge 
over  a  difficulty. 

Every  man's  work,  pursued  steadily,  tends  in  this 
way  to  become  an  end  in  itself,  and  so  to  bridge  enter 
the  loveless  chasms  of  life.  George  Eliot. 

Bridge-board  ( brijTwrd ),  n.     1.  A  board 

into  which  the  ends  of  wooden  steps  are 

fastened.  Called  also  Notch-board.— 2.  See 
BRIDGE,  8. 

Bridge-deck  (brij'dek),  n.  A  partial  deck, 
common  in  paddle-steamers,  extending  from 
side  to  side  of  a  vessel  amidships.  Called  in 
America  a  Bridge. 

Bridged -gutter,  Bridge  -  gutter  (brijd'- 
gnt-ter,  bri  j '  gut-ter),  u.  A  gutter  formed 
of  boards,  supported  on  bearers,  and  covered 
with  lead. 

Bridge-head  (brij'hed),  n.  la  fort,  a  work 
covering  that  extremity  of  a  bridge  which 
is  nearest  to  the  enemy;  a  tete-du-pont. 

Bridge-islet  (brij'il-et),  n.  A  portion  of 
land  which  becomes  insular  at  high-water, 
as  the  well-known  isle  of  Lindisfarne. 

Bridge-stone  (brij'ston),  «.  A  stone  laid 
over  an  area  at  the  entrance  to  a  house, 
when  not  supported  by  arches  underneath. 

Bridge-train  (brij'tran),  n.  Milit.  a  portion 
of  tlie  army,  with  its  equipment,  for  enabling 
troops  to  pass  across  a  river;  pontooners. 

Bridge-ward  (brij'ward),  n.  In  Locktitiiith- 
imj,  the  principal  ward  of  a  key,  usually  in 
the  plane  of  rotation. 

Bridging  (brij 'ing),  n.  A  piece  of  wood 
placed  between  two  beams  or  other  pieces, 
to  prevent  their  approaching  each  other. 
More  generally  called  a  Strutting  or  Strain- 
ing Piece. 

Bridging-floor  (brij'ing-flor),  n.  In  arch,  a 
floor  in  which  bridging-joists  are  employed. 

Bridging-joist  (brij'ing-joist),  n.  In  arch,  a 
joist  which  is  sustained  by  transverse  beams 
below  culled  6intii«i/-jow<te;also,a  joist  which 


is  nailed  or  fixed  to  the  flooring-boards.  In 
the  figure  a  is  the  flooring,  b  the  girder,  cc 
the  bridging-joists,  dd  the  ceiling-joists,  and 
>•>•  the  straps. 

Bridgyt  (brij'i),  a.  Full  of  bridges.  Sherwood. 

Bridle  (bri'dl),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bridel,  a  bridle ; 
D.  bridel,  O.H.G.  priddel,  bridel,  whence 
Fr.  bride,  Sp.  brida.  Probably  from  A.  Sax. 
bredan,  breijdan,  to  braid.  ]  1.  The  portion 
of  gear  or  harness  fitted  to  the  head  of  a 


horse  (or  animal  similarly  used),  and  by 
which  he  is  governed  and  restrained,  con-  j 
sisting  usually  of  a  head-stall,  a  bit,  and 
reins,  with  other  appendages,  according  to 
its  particularforinand  uses.-  2.  A 
restraint ;  a  curb ;  a  check.  '  A 
continual  bridle  on  the  tongue.' 
\\'attx. — 3.  The  piece  in  the  in- 
terior of  a  gun-lock  which  covers 
and  holds  in  place  the  tumbler 
and  sear,  being  itself  held  by  the 
screws  on  which  they  turn.  — 
4.  Naut.  a  short  piece  of  cable  well 
served,  attached  to  a  swivel  on 
a  chain,  laid  in  a  harbour,  and 
the  upper  end  drawn  into  a  ship 
and  secured  to  the  bitts.  The  use 
is  to  enable  a  ship  when  moored 
to  veer  with  the  wind  and  tide.— 
Bowline  bridles,  short  legs  or 
pieces  of  rope  running  through 
iron  thimbles,  by  which  the  bow- 
line is  attached  indifferent  places 
on  the  leech  or  edge  of  a  large  sail. 
Bridle  (bri'dl).  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bridled;  ppr. 
bridling.  1.  To  put  a  bridle  on  ;  as,  to  bridle 
a  horse.— 2.  To  restrain,  guide,  or  govern; 
to  check,  curb,  or  control ;  as,  to  bridle 
the  passions.  '  Savoy  and  Nice,  the  keys 
of  Italy,  and  the  citadel  in  her  hands 
to  bridle  Switzerland.'  Burke.  —  SYN.  To 
check,  restrain,  curb,  govern,  control,  re- 
press, master,  subdue. 

Bridle  (bri'dl),  c.t.  To  hold  the  head  up 
and  backwards,  especially  as  an  expression 
of  pride,  scorn,  or  resentment ;  to  assume  a 
lofty  manner  so  as  to  assert  one's  dignity 
or  express  indignation  at  its  being  offended ; 
to  toss  the  head;  to  strut:  generally  with  up. 
'  Gave  a  crack  with  her  fan  like  a  coach- 
whip,  and  bridled  out  of  the  room  with  the 
air  and  complexion  of  an  incens'd  turkey- 
cock.'  Gibber. 

If  you  charge  them  with  any  particular  sin  they 
bridle  up  and  deny  that  sin  fiercely  enough. 

Kingsley. 

Bridle -hand  (bri'dl -hand),  n.    The  hand 

which  holds  the  bridle  in  riding;  the  left 

hand.    Sir  W.  Scott. 
Bridle-path  (bri'dl -path),   n.      A  path 

which  can  be  travelled  ou  horseback  but 

not  by  wheeled  carriages. 
Bridle-port  (bri'dl-port),  n.    Xaut.  a  port 

cut  in  a  ship's  counter  for  getting  out 

hawsers  either  to  moor  by  in  harbour  or 

to  clap  springs  upon. 
Bridler  (bricl'ler),  «.    One  that  bridles ;  one 

that  restrains  and  governs. 

The  prelates  boast  themselves  the  only  bridlers  of 
schism.  Milton. 

Bridle-rein  (bri'dl-ran),  n.  A  rein  attached 
to  the  bit.  Sir  W  Scott. 

Bridle-road,  Bridle-way  (bri'dl-rod,  bri'- 
dl-wa),  n.  A  bridle-path. 

Bridoon  (bri-don'),  n.  [Fr.  bridon,  from 
bride,  a  bridle.  See  BRIDLE.]  A  light 
snaffle  or  bit  of  a  bridle  in  addition  to  the 
principal  bit,  and  having  a  distinct  rein. 

Brief  (bref),  a.  [O.  E.  bref,  brief,  O.Fr.  brief, 
Fr.  bref,  from  L.  brcvis,  short.  ]  1.  Short  in 
duration  ;  lasting  a  short  time.  '  How  brief 
the  life  of  man.'  Shak.—  2.  Short  in  expres- 
sion ;  using  few  words ;  concise ;  succinct. 

I  will  be  mild  and  gentle  in  my  words. — 
And  brie/,  good  mother,  for  I  am  in  haste.      Shak. 
The  brief  style  is  that  which  expresseth  much  in 
little.  B.  yonson. 

3.  Common;  rife;  prevalent.  [Old  and  pro- 
vincial English.]— In  brief,  (a)  in  few  words. 
•Open  the  matter  in  brief.'  Shak.  (b)  In 
short. 

Duke.  Proceed. 
fstili.  In  brief,  to  set  the  needless  process  by.  Shak. 

Brief  (bref),  n.  1.  An  epitome;  ashortorcon- 
cise  writing ;  a  short  statement  or  account. 

I  shall  make  it  plain  as  far  as  a  sum  or  brief  can 
make  a  cause  plain.  Bacon. 

And  she  told  me 
In  a  sweet  verbal  brief.  Shak. 

2.  In  law,  (a)  an  abridged  relation  of  the 
facts  of  a  litigated  case  drawn  up  for  the 
instruction  of  an  advocate  in  conducting 
proceedings  in  a  court  of  justice. 

The  young  fellow  had  a  very  good  air,  and  seemed 
to  hold  his  brief "in  his  hand  rather  to  help  his  action 
than  that  he  wanted  notes  for  his  further  information. 

Steffi. 

(b)  A  writ  summoning  a  man  to  answer  to 
any  action;  .or  any  precept  of  the  sovereign 
in  writing  issuing  from  any  court  and  or- 
dering something  to  be  done,  (c)  In  Scots 
law,  same  as  Brieve  (which  see),  (a)  A 
letter  patent  from  proper  authority  author- 
izing a  public  collection  or  charitable  contri- 
bution of  money  for  any  public  or  private 
purpose ;  a  license  to  make  collections  for 


repairing  churches,  making  up  for  IH*M  * 
by  flre,  &c.  :  sonu-litm^  ralh-<i  a  f'lti/n-h 
llriff  or  Kiiufii  Letter.  —  s.t  A  writing  in 
general ;  a  letter. 

Bear  this  sealed  brief 
With  winged  haste  to  the  lord-marshal.       .'thai-. 

4.t  In  muxic,  same  as  llreve  (which  M •»•) 
5.  A  papal  or  apostolical  brief.    See  In-low. 

I'llf'd    or   tt/tn*ti>/i,-ill    /'//'•/,  tllr    MHIIH'  l;ivrll 

to  the  letters  which  the  pope  addrcsws  I" 
individuals  or  religious  communities  upon 
matters  of  discipline.  Sometimes  they  ;m 
mere  friendly  and  congratulatory  letters  t'» 
princes  and  other  pel-sons  lii-h  in  oltire.  A 
ht-ii'f  is  distinguished  from  a  bull  in  bt-inu 
more  concise,  written  on  paper,  scaled  with 
red  wax,  and  impressed  with  the  seal  of  the 
nsherman  or  Peter  in  a  boat;  while  a  bull  is 
inoiv  ample,  written  on  parchment,  and 
sealed  with  lead  or  green  wax. 
Brief  (bref),  v.  t.  To  furnish  with  a  brief;  to 
instruct  by  a  brief.  [Rare.] 

I  never  could  look  a  counsel  in  the  face  again  if 
I'd  neglected  to  brief  \iu\\  with  such  facts  as  tiirse. 
TraUcfe. 

Brief*  (bref),  ado.  1.  In  brief;  in  short; 
briefly. 

Brief  \  recovered  him,  bound  up  his  wound.    Slink. 

2.  In  or  after  a  short  time ;  soon ;  quickly. 

It  were  a  grief,  so  brief  'to  part  with  thee: 
Farewell.  S/iai. 

Briefless  (brefles),  a.  Having  no  brief ;  as, 
a  briefless  barrister. 

Briefly  (bref'li),  adv.  In  a  brief  manner; 
concisely ;  in  few  words. 

Briefman  (bref'man),  n.  One  who  makes 
a  brief;  a  copier  of  a  manuscript.  y««r(. 
Rev. 

Briefness  (bref'nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  brief;  shortness;  conciseness  in  dis- 
course or  writing. 

There  is  a  briefness  of  the  parts  sometimes  that 
makes  the  whole  long.  B.  yonson. 

Brier,  Briar  (bri'er),  n.  [A.  Sax.  brier, 
brere,  a  brier;  probably  borrowed  from  the 
Celtic;  comp.  Ir.  briar,  a  thorn,  a  pin,  a 
brier;  Gael,  preas,  a  bush,  a  brier.]  1.  A 
prickly  plant  or  shrub  in  general. 

I  will  tear  your  flesh  with  the  thorns  of  the  wilder- 
ness and  with  briers.  Judg.  viii.  7. 

2.  The  sweet-brier  and  the  wild-brier, 
species  of  the  rose ;  the  wild-rose. 

Briered  (bri'erd),  a.  Set  with  briers. 
Chattorton. 

Briery,  Briary  (bri'er-i),  a.  Full  of 
briers ;  rough ;  thorny.  '  The  thorny  brake 
and  briery  wood. '  Fawkes. 

Briery  t  (bri'er-i),  n.  A  place  where  briers 
grow.  Hidoet. 

Brieve  ( brev ),  n.  [See  BRIEF,  «.]  In  Scott 
law,  a  writ  issuing  from  Chancery,  directed 
to  any  judge  ordinary,  ordering  trial  to  be 
made  by  a  jury  of  certain  points  stated  in  the 
brieve,  now  used  chierty  in  the  election  of 
tutors  to  minors,  the  cognoscing  of  lunatics 
or  idiots,  and  the  ascertaining  widows'  tierce. 

Brig  (brig),  n.  [An  abbrev.  of  bri<jantine.\ 
A  vessel  with  two  masts,  square  rigged 
nearly  like  a  ship's  mainmast  and  foremast. 


Brig. 

The  term,  however,  is  variously  applied  by 
the  mariners  of  different  nations.  —Herma- 
phrodite brig.  See  under  HERMAPHRODITE. 

Brig  (brig),  n.  Abridge.  '  The  key-stane  o' 
the  brig.'  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Brigade  (bri-gad'),  n.  [Fr.  brigade,  from 
It.  brigata,  a  brigade,  from  brigare,  to 
fight  See  BRIGAND.]  1.  A  party  or  divi- 
sion of  troops  or  soldiers,  whether  cavalry 
or  infantry,  regular  or  militia,  consisting  of 
several  regiments,  squadrons,  or  battalions. 
A  brigade  of  horse  is  a  body  of  eight  or  ten 


ch,cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinfir;      IH,  JAen;  th,  tAin;      w,  u,ig;    wh,  «,Aig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


BRIGADE 


334 


BRIMFUL 


squadrons;  of  infantry,  four,  five,  or  six 
battalions  or  regiments. 

A  female  brigade,  properly  disciplined  and  accou- 
tred would  not  be  afraid  to  charge  a  numerous  body 
of  trie-  enemy.  Goldsmith. 

2.  A  body  of  individuals  organized,  gener- 
ally wearing  a  uniform,  and  acting  under 
authority;  as,  a  shoeblack  brigade;  a  fire 
brigade. 

Brigade  (bri -gad'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  on- 
iiadcd  •  ppr.  brigading.  To  form  into  bri- 
gade or  into  brigades;  as,  regiments  of 
militia  are  brigaded  with  regiments  of  the 
line. 

Brigade -major  (bri -gad  ma  jer),  n.  An 
officer  appointed  by  the  brigadier  to  assist 
him  In  the  management  and  ordering  of  his 

Brigadier-general,  Brigadier(brig-a-der"- 
jei?er-al,  bng-a-derO,  n.  [Fr.,  from  brigade.] 
The  general  offlcerwliocommandsabrigade, 
whether  of  horse  or  foot,  and  in  rank  next 
below  a  major-general.  '  Wishing  to  be  one 
day  brigadiers.  Byron. 

Brigand  (brig'and),  n.  [Fr.  brigand,  a  brig- 
anil,  O.  Fr.  brigand,  brigant,  an  armed  foot 
soldier,  a  brigand  or  highway-robber,  from 
It.  brigante,  a  pirate,  a  brigand,  from  It. 
brigante,  intriguing,  seditious,  from  brig- 
are,  to  intrigue,  to  quarrel  (whence  also 
brigade),  from  briga,  an  intrigue,  a  quarrel, 
trouble,  disquiet]  l.t  A  sort  of  irregular 
foot  soldier.  Froissart.  —2.  A  robber;  a 
freebooter;  a  highwayman;  especially,  one 
of  those  robbers  who  live  in  gangs  in  secret 
retreats  in  mountains  or  forests. 

These  solitudes  gave  refuge  to  smugglers  and 
brigands.  Buckle. 

Brigandage  (brig'and-aj),  n.  The  life  and 
practices  of  a  brigand;  highway-robbery. 

Many  of  the  peasants  in  their  distress  had  taken  to 
poaching  or  brigandage  in  the  forests.  C.  H.  Pearson. 

Brigandinet  (brijf'an-din),  n.  A  kind  of 
light  sailing-vessel.  Spenser.  See  BRIO  AN  - 
TINK. 

Brigandine,  Brigantine  (brig'an-din,  brig'- 
an-tin),  n.  [Fr  brigandine,  from  brigand.  In 
the  sense  of  foot-soldier.  See  BRIGAND.] 
Hody  armour  composed  of  iron  rings  or 
small  thin  iron  plates  sewed  upon  canvas, 
linen,  or  leather,  and  covered  over  with 
similar  materials.  Mediaeval  archers  and 
crossbowmen  are  generally  represented  in 
these  quilted  coats  or  jackets.  Jer.  xlvi.  4. 

Then  put  on  all  thy  gorgeous  arms,  thy  helmet 
And  brigandine  of  brass,  thy  broad  habergeon, 
Vantbrace  and  greaves.  Milton. 

Brigant  t  ( brig' ant X  "•  Same  as  Brigand 
(in  both  senses). 

Brigantine  (brig'an-tin),  n.  [Fr.  brigantin, 
from  It.  brigantino,  a  pirate  vessel.  See 
BRIGAND.  Brig  is  an  abbrev.  of  this  word.] 
A  kind  of  light  sailing  vessel  formerly  much 
used  by  corsairs ;  now  more  specifically  a 
two-masted  vessel  partly  square-rigged; 
either,  (o)  a  brig  without  her  main -sail, 
that  is,  without  the  lowermost  square-sail 
on  the  main  or  aft  mast ;  or,  (b)  a  herma- 
phrodite brig.  Sec  under  HERMAPHRODITE. 

Brtgbotet  (brig'bot),  n.  [A.  Sax.  brig,  a 
bridge,  and  bat,  compensation.]  A  contri- 
bution for  the  repair  of  bridges,  walls,  and 
castles. 

Brlge,  t  n.  [See  BRISUE.  ]  Contention. 
Chaucer. 

Bright  (brit),  a.  [A.  Sax.  beorht,  briJit,  clear, 
shining;  Icel.  biartr,  Goth,  bairhts,  O.H.G. 
berht,  beraht,  M.H.G.  breht,  shining,  bright. 
Same  root  as  L.  Jlagro  (anciently  fragro), 
to  flame,  fiamma  (flagina),  flame.  Skr. 
bhraj,  to  shine.]  1.  Radiating  or  reflecting 
light;  brilliant;  shining;  luminous;  splendid; 
sparkling ;  as,  a  bright  am.  '  A  bright  par- 
ticular star.'  Shak. 

Candles  were  blazing  at  all  the  windows.  The 
public  places  were  as  bright  as  at  noonday. 

2.  Transmitting  light;  clear;  transparent, 
as  liquors. 

From  the  brightest  wines 
He  turn'd  abhorrent.  Thomson. 

3.  Manifest  to  the  mind,  as  light  is  to  the 
eyes ;  evident ;  clear. 

He  must  not  proceed  too  swiftly,  that  he  may  with 
more  ease,  and  brighter  evidence  .  .  .  draw  the 
learner  on.  If'atts. 

4.  Resplendent  with  charms ;  splendid. 

Thy  beauty  appears, 

In  its  graces  and  airs, 

All  bright  as  an  angel  new  dropt  from  thc<Aiy.Parnttt. 

5.  Illustrious ;  glorious :  applied  both  to 
persons  and  things ;  as,  the  brightest  period 
of  a  kingdom.     'The  brightest  annals  of  a 
female  reign.'    Cotton. 


If  parts  allure  thee.  think  how  Bacon  shined, 

The  wisest,  brightest,  meanest  of  mankind.     Pope.   . 

6.  In  a  narrower  sense  as  used  with  regard 
to  persons :  (a)  having,  or  characterized  by, 
brilliant  mental  qualities;  quick  in  wit; 
witty  clever;  not  dull;  as,  a  bright  remark; 
he  is  by  no  means  bright,  (b)  Spreading  joy 
or  cheerfulness  around,  as  the  sun  sheds 
light;  lively;  vivacious;  animated;  cheerful. 

Be  bright  and  jovial  among  your  guests.     Shat. 

7  In  painting,  luminous;  glittering;  full  of 
light.    A  picture  is  said  to  be  bright  when 
the  lights  so  much  prevail  as  to  overcome  | 
the  shadows,  and  are  kept  so  close  and  | 
distinct  as  to  produce  a  brilliant  appearance. 
Bright  (brit),  71.    Brightness ;  splendour. 

Dark  with  excess  of  bright  thy  skirts  appear. 
Milton. 

Bright,  Hi.  SeeBRITE. 

Brighten  (brit'n),  v.t.  1.  To  make  bright  or 

brighter;  to  shed  light  on;  to  make  to  shine; 

to  increase  the  lustre  of. 

Her  celestial  eyes 

Adorn  the  world,  and  brighten  up  the  skies.  Dryden. 

2.  To  dispel  gloom  from ;  to  cheer;  to  make 
gay  or  cheerful ;  as,  to  brighten  prospects. 

This  makes  Jack  brighten  up  the  room  wherever 
he  enters,  and  changes  the  severity  of  the  company 
into  .  .  .  gaiety  and  good  humour.  Steele. 

3.  To   make    illustrious   or   more  distin- 
guished ;  to  heighten  the  splendour  of ;  to 
add  lustre  to. 

The  present  queen  would  brighten  her  character 
if  she  would  exert  her  authority  to  instil  virtues  into 
her  people.  S-wifl. 

4.  To  make  acute  or  witty :  to  sharpen  the 
faculties  of. —5   Specifically,  In  the  calico 
trade,  to  add  brilliancy  to  the  colours  of,  as 
prints,  etc.,  by  boiling  them  in  a  solution  of 
soda. 

Brighten(brit'n), v.i.  Togrowbrightormore 
bright ;  to  clear  up ;  to  become  less  dark  or 
gloomy. 

Like  the  sun  emerging  from  a  cloud, 
Her  countenance  brightens,  ana  her  eye  expands. 
// -eras-worth. 

All  his  prospects  brightening  to  the  last. 
His  heaven  commences  ere  the  world  be  past. 
Goldsmith. 

Bright  -  harnessed    ( brit '  liar  -  nest ),    o. 

Having  bright  armour.     Milton. 
Brightly  (brit'li),  adv.    In  a  bright  manner ; 

splendidly ;  with  lustre. 

A  substitute  shines  brightly  as  a  king 

Until  a  king  be  by.  Shall. 

Brightness  (brit'nes),  n.  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  bright;  splendour;  lustre; 
glitter.  'The  brightness  ot  the  sun.'  Acts 
xxvi.  13. —2.  Acuteness:  applied  to  the 
faculties;  sharpness  of  wit.  'The  bright- 
ness of  his  parts  .  .  .  distinguished  him.' 
Prior. 

Bright's  Disease  (brits'  diz-cz).  n.  A  disease 
first  described  by  Dr.  Bright  of  London.  It  is 
characterized  by  a  granular  condition  of  the 
cortical  part  of  the  kidneys  and  inflamma- 
tion of  the  malpighian  bodies  The  urine 
during  life  contains  albumen,  and  is  of  less 
specific  gravity  than  natural.  The  disease  is 
accompanied  with  uneasiness  or  pain  in  the 
loins,  pale  or  cachectic  countenance,  dis- 
ordered digestion,  frequent  urination,  and 
dropsy.  The  blood  contains  urea,  and  is  de- 
ficient in  albumen  and  hacmatosin.  Progres- 
sive blood-poisoning  induces  other  visceral 
diseases,  and  in  the  end  gives  rise  to  the 
cerebral  disturbance  which  is  the  frequent 
cause  of  death.  Called  also  Granular  De- 
generation of  the  Kidneys. 

Brightsome  t  (brit'sum),  a.  Bright ;  bril- 
liant, ifanton. 

Brignole  (bre-nyol),  n.  [Fr.]  The  prunello, 
a  variety  of  the  common  plum. 

Brigoset  (bri-gos'),  a.  [L.L  brigostis,  It. 
brtgoso.  See  BRIQUE.  ]  Contentious.  '  Very 
brigose  and  severe.'  Dr.  Puller. 

Briguet  (brcg),  n.  [Fr  ,  a  cabal,  from  It. 
briga,  a  quarrel.  ]  A  cabal ;  intrigue ;  faction ; 
contention.  '  The  politicks  of  the  court,  the 
brigues  of  the  cardinals,  the  tricks  of  the 
conclave.'  Chesterfield. 

Brigue  t  (hreg),  v.i.  [Fr.  briguer.]  To  can- 
vass ;  to  intrigue. 

I  am  too  proud  to  brigite  for  admission.    />/.  Hard. 

Brike.tn.  [A.  Sax. brice,  ubreach.]  Abreach; 
ruin.  Chaucer. 

Brill  (bril),  n.  [Probably  from  Corn,  bri- 
thel,  a  mackerel,  pi.  brithelli,  brilli,  from 
brith,  streaked,  variegated.]  One  of  the 
flat-fishes,  family  Pleuionectidic,  the  Pleuro- 
nectes  rhombus.  In  its  general  form  it 
resembles  the  turbot,  but  is  inferior  to  it 
both  in  size  and  quality.  It  Is  taken  on 
many  parts  of  our  coasts,  the  principal 


part  of  the  supply  for  the  London  market 
being  from  the  southern  coast,  where  it  hi 
most  abundant. 

Brillante  (brel  an'ta).  [It.]  In  music,  a 
term  prefixed  to  a  movement,  denoting 
that  it  is  to  be  played  in  a  gay  and  lively 
manner. 

Brilliance,  Brilliancy  (bril'yans,  bril'yan- 
si),  n.  [See  BRILLIANT.  ]  Great  bright- 
ness;  splendour;  lustre:  used  both  in  a 
literal  and  figurative  sense.  '  Star  the 
black  earth  with  brilliance.'  Tennyson, 

The  author  does  not  attempt  to  polish  and  brighten 
his  composition  to  the  Ciceronian  gloss  and  brilli. in,  \ 
Uaejfatlay. 

Brilliant  (bril'yant),  a.  [Fr.  brillant,  spiirk- 
lint:.  from  briller,  to  shine  or  sparkle,  L.L. 
beryllare,  to  shine  like  a  beryl,  front  L. 
berylluf,  a  beryl.]  1.  Sparkling  with  lustre; 
glittering;  bright;  as,  a  brilliant  gem;  a 
brilliant  dress.  —  2.  Fig.  distinguished  by 
shining  qualities  or  such  as  command  ad- 
miration; splendid;  shining;  as,  a  brilliant 
wit;  a  brilliant  achievement. 

Washington  was  more  solicitous  to  avoid  fat.il  mis 
takes  than  to  perform  brilliant  exploits.       Anus. 
Just  knows,  and  knows  no  more,  her  Bible  true, 
A  truth  the  brilliant  Frenchman  never  knew. 

Cffiuper. 

Brilliant  (hril'yant),  n.  1.  A  diamond  of  tht* 
finest  cut,  formed  into  faces  and  facets  so  as 
to  reflect  and  refract  the  light  in  the  most 
vivid  manner  possible.  The  upper  and  pi-in 
cipal  face,  called  the  table,  is  octagonal  in 
form,  and  is  surrounded  by  sloping  faces 
called  facets,  the  lower  face  being  parallel 
to  the  upper,  but  of  smaller  size.  A  well- 
cut  brilliant  reflects  nearly  all  the  light  cast 
on  it,  and  refracts  it  in  coloured  rays  1 1 1  rough 
the  facets  in  front.  See  DIAMOND.—  2.  In 
printing,  a  very  small  type,  a  size  less  than 
diamond.— 3.  In  the  manege,  a  brisk,  high- 
spirited  horse,  with  a  stately  carriage. 

Brilliantly  (bril'yant-li),  adv.  In  a  bril- 
liant manner;  splendidly. 

One  of  these  (banners)  is  most  brilliantly  displayed. 

Brilliantness  (briryant-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  brilliant;  brilliancy; 
splendour;  glitter. 

Brills  (brilz),  n.  pi.  The  hair  on  the  eyelids 
of  a  horse. 

Brim  (brim),  n.  [A.  Sax.  brim,  Icel.  brim, 
the  surf,  the  sea;  Dan.  brcemme,  Q.  bf<m>. . 
the  edge,  border.  Derived  by  Max  Miiller 
from  root  seen  in  L.  fremere,  to  roar,  Skr. 
bfiram,  to  whirl,  bhrimi,  a  whirlpool,  brim 
being  thus  the  part  where  the  surf  makes  a 
roaring  noise.]  1.  A  brink,  edge,  or  mar- 
gin; more  especially,  the  part  of  the  bank 
of  a  river  or  sheet  of  water  next  the  water: 
by  Shakspere  used  of  the  brink  of  a  cliff. 
'By  dimpled  brook  and  fountain  brim.' 
Milton.  'A  primrose  by  the  river's  brim.' 
Wordsworth. 

New  stars  all  night  above  the  brim 

Of  waters  lightened  into  view; 
They  climb'd  as  quickly,  for  the  rim 

Changed  every  moment  as  we  flew.    Tennyson. 

2.  The  upper  edge  of  anything  hollow ;  as, 
the  brim  of  a  cup.  —3.  A  projecting  edge, 
border,  or  rim  round  anything  hollow,  as  a 
hat. 

And  therefore  would  he  put  his  bonnet  on, 
Under  whose  britn  the  gaudy  sun  would  peep. 
Shak. 

4.  Shallow  water  at  the  edge  of  a  sheet. 
[Rare.] 

The  feet  of  the  priests  that  bare  the  ark  were  dipped 
in  the  brim  of  the  water.  Josh.  iii.  15. 

Brim  (brim),  v.t.  pret.  <t  pp.  brimmed;  ppr. 
brimming.  To  nil  to  the  brim,  upper  edge, 
or  top. 

I  drink  the  cup  of  a  costly  death. 
llrimtned  with  delirious  draughts  of  wannest  life. 
Tennyson. 

Brim  (brim),  v.i.    1.  To  be  full  to  the  brim. 

The  savoury  pulp  they  chew,  and  in  the  rind. 
Still  as  they  thirsted,  scoop  the  brimming  stream. 

Milton. 

2.  To  coast  along  near ;  to  skirt.  '  Where 
I  trim  round  flowery  islands.'  Keats.— To 
brim  over,  to  run  over  the  brim ;  to  over- 
flow :  used  mainly  In  a  figurative  sense. 

He  was  also  absolutely  brimming  over  with  humour. 
Edin.  Rev. 

Brim  t  (brim),  o.  [A.  Sax.  bryme,  renowned, 
famous,  from  brSman,  to  celebrate.  ]  Public; 
well  known;  celebrated;  notorious.  Warner. 

Brimnllt  (brim'fll),  v.t.  To  fill  to  the  top. 
Crashaio. 

Brimful  (Drim'ful),  o.  Full  to  the  top;  com- 
pletely full;  as,  a  glass  brimful  of  wine. 
'  Brimful  of  sorrow.  Shak.  '  Her  brimful 
eyes.'  Dryden.  '  My  heart  brimful  of  those 
old  tales.  Tennyson.  [Generally  used  pre- 
dicatively.] 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abuue;      y,  8c.  ley. 


BRIMKULNESS 


BRISKLY 


Brlmfulnesst  (brim'ful-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  brimful;  fulness  to  the  top. 

Brimless(brim'les),  o.  Having  no  brim;  as, 
a  brimlesa  hat. 

Brimme.t  a.  1.  Same  as  Breme.—Z.  Same 
as  Brim,  a. 

Brimmed  (brimd).  a.  1.  Havinir  a  brim; 
having  a  brim  of  this  or  that  kind :  used 
especially  in  composition.  'Broad-drimmei/ 
hat.'  Spectator.  2.  Filled  to  the  brim;  level 
with  the  brim. 

May  thy  brimmed  waves  for  tliis 

Their  full  tribute  never  miss.  Milton. 

Brimmer  (brim'er),  n.  1.  A  bowl  full  to  the 
top.  'Dear  brimmer  that  makes  our  hus- 
liands  short-sighted.'  Wycherley.  —  2.  A  hat, 
from  the  breadth  of  its  brim.  'Now  takes 
Ms  brimmer  off.'  Bfoine. 

Brimming  (brim'ing),  o.  Full  to  the  top  or 
brim;  as,  a  brimming  pail. 

Brimming  (brim'ing),  «.  The  flash  of  light 
seen  in  the  sea  when  it  is  disturbed  at  night, 
especially,  in  fisherman's  phrase,  when  the 
disturbance  is  ilue  to  flsh  beneath  the  sur- 
face. 

Brimsey  (brim'zl),  n.  [A.  Sax.  briinse.  See 
BREEZE-FLY.)  In  her.  a  gadfly. 

Brimstone  (brim'ston),  ».  [O.  E.  bremstone, 
I'l-iuistoon,  brenston,  &c.,  Sc.  bntntstane, 
brunstane,  lit.  bum-stone,  or  burning- 
stone,  like  Icel. brennisteinn,  brimstone.  See 
BRAND  and  BURN.]  Sulphur  (which  see). 

Both  were  cast  alive  into  a  lake  of  fire  burning  with 
brimstone.  Rev.  xix.  20. 

Brimstone  (brim'ston),  a.  Composed  of  or 
pertaining  to  brimstone;  as,  brimstone 
matches. 

From  his  brimstone  bed  at  break  of  day 
A-walking  the  devil  has  gone.       Coleridge. 

Brimstone -butterfly  (brim'stSn-but'ter- 
tli),  n.  A  species  of  butterfly  (Gonopteryx 
rhamni)  marked  by  the  angulation  of  the 
wing  tips,  by  the  yellow  colour  of  both  sexes, 
and  by  possessing  a  red  spot  in  the  middle 
of  each  wing. 

Brimstone-moth  (brim'ston-moth),  n.  A 
lepidopterous  insect  (Rainia  cratcegata), 
possessing  yellow  wings,  with  light  streaks, 
and  with  chestnut  spots  on  fore-wings. 

Brimstony  (brim'ston-i),  a.  Full  pi  brim- 
stone or  containing  it;  resembling  brimstone; 
sulphurous.  'Brimstony,  blue,  and  flery.' 
B.joiwon.  [Rare.] 

Brinded  (brind'ed),  a.  [A  form  equivalent 
t->  Prov.  E.  and  Sc.  bra-tided,  of  a  reddish- 
brown  colour  with  streaks  or  patches  of 
darker  brown  or  black,  whence  brandie,  a 
name  often  given  to  cows  in  Scotland,  like 
Icel.  brand  ottr,  brindled,  a  term  applied  to 
a  cow.  The  meaning  is  lit.  of  a  burnt  colour, 
the  root  being  in  burn,  brand,  &c.)  Pro- 
pi-rly  of  a  gray  or  tawny  colour  marked  by 
bars  or  streaks  of  a  darker  hue,  but  applied 
in  a  looser  way  to  any  animal  having  a  hide 
variegated  by  streaks  or  spots,  and  by  Mil- 
ton to  the  lioness,  whose  hide  is  of  a  nearly 
uniform  hue.  [Brindled  is  now  more  com- 
monly used.]  'The  brinded  cat.'  Shak. 
'  My  brinded  heifer.'  Dryden. 

She  tam'd  the  brinded  lioness, 
The  spotted  mountain  pard.  Milton. 

Brindle  (brin'dl),  n.  [Probably  from  the 
following.]  The  state  of  being  brinded;  a 
colour  or  mixture  of  colours  of  which  gray 
is  the  base,  with  bands  of  a  darker  gray  or 
black  colour.  '  A  natural  brindle.'  Richard- 
son. 

Brindled  (brin'dld),  a.  [A  kind  of  dim.  form 
of  brinded.]  Brinded;  variegated  with  spots 
or  streaks  of  different  colours.  '  The  brin- 
<//<'</  monster.'  Addison. 

Brindle-moth  (brin'dl-moth),  n.  A  name 
given  by  some  British  collectors  to  moths  of 
the  genus  Xylophasia. 

Brine  (brin),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bryne,  brine,  so 
called  from  its  burning  taste;  A.  Sax.  bryne, 
a  burning.  See  BURN.]  Water  saturated 
or  strongly  impregnated  with  salt,  like  the 
water  of  the  ocean;  salt  water;  hence  used 
for  tears,  and  for  the  sea  or  ocean.  Artificial 
brine  is  used  for  the  preservation  of  the  flesh 
of  animals,  fish,  vegetables,  &c. 

What  a  deal  of  brine 

Hath  washed  thy  sallow  cheeks  for  Rosaline  1  Shak. 
The  sea  was  calm,  and  on  the  level  brine 
Sleek  Panope  with  all  her  sisters  played.        Milton. 

Brine  (brin),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  brined;  ppr. 

brining.     1.  To  steep  in  brine,  as  corn,  to 

prevent  smut.— 2.  To  mix  salt  with;  as,  to 

iin'ne  hay. 
Brine-pan  (brin'pan),  n.  Apitof  saltwater, 

where,  by  the  action  of  the  sun,  salt  is 

formed  by  crystallization. 


Brine-pit  (brin'pit),  n.  A  salt  spring  or 
well  from  which  water  is  taken  to  be  boiled 
or  evaporated  for  making  salt. 

Brine-pump  (brin'pump),  n.  A  pump  em- 
ployeu  in  some  steam-vessels  to  clear  the 
boiler  of  the  brine  which  collects  at  the 
bottom  of  it 

Brine-shrimp  (brin'shrimp),  n.  A  branehi- 
opodous  crustacean,  the  Artemia  salina, 
about  i  inch  in  length,  commonly  found  in 
the  salt-pans  at  Lymington,  and  intheGreat 
Salt  Lake  at  Utah,  U.S.  This  crustacean 
lives  naturally  in  a  briny  solution  of  suffi- 
cient strength  to  pickle  beef. 

Brine-spring  (brin'spriug),  «.  A  spring  of 
salt  water. 

Brine-worm  (brln'werm),  n.  Same  as  Brine- 
shrimp. 

Bring  (bring),  TJ.  (.  pret.  and  pp.  brought;  ppr. 
bringing.  [A.  Sax.  bringan,  brang,  brungen, 
later,  brengan,  brohte,  broht  (brang,  brung, 
are  still  common  in  Scotland),  D.  brengen, 
Goth,  briggan  (pron.  bringan),  G.  brinyen; 
same  root  as  bear,  to  carry.]  1.  To  bear  or 
convey  from  a  distant  to  a  nearer  place,  or 
to  a  person;  to  fetch;  to  carry. 

Bring  me,  I  pray  thee,  a  morsel  of  bread. 

I  Ki.  xvii.  II. 
Bring  me  spices,  bring  me  wine.     Tennyson. 

2.  To  procure;  to  make  to  come;  to  cause 
to  be  obtained;  as,  to  bring  honour  or  glory 
to  one.  '  Music  that  brings  sweet  sleep. ' 
Tennyson.— 8.  To  lead  or  guide  from  a  dis- 
tant to  a  nearer  place;  to  conduct;  to  at- 
tend; to  accompany. 

Yet  give  leave,  my  lord. 

That  we  may  bring  you  something  on  the  way. 
SfiaA. 

4.  To  change  from  one  condition  into  an- 
other; as,  to  bring  to  a  better  frame  of 
mind;  to  bring  to  nothing.— 5.  To  persuade; 
to  prevail  upon;  to  induce. 

A  due  consideration  of  the  vanities  of  the  world 
will  assuredly  bring  you  to  a  contempt  of  it. 

Sir  X.  L' Estrange. 

Profitable  employments  would  be  a  diversion,  if 
men  could  but  be  brought  to  delight  in  them,  l.ofke. 

—To  bring  about,  to  effect;  to  accomplish. 

It  enabled  him  to  gain  the  most  vain  and  imprac- 
ticable into  his  designs,  and  to  bring  about  several 
great  events  for  the  advantage  of  the  public. 

Addison. 

—To  briny  doom,  (a)  to  take  down;  to  cause 
to  come  down;  to  lower,  (b)  To  humiliate; 
to  abase.  Shak.  —To  bring  forth ,  (a)  to  pro- 
duce, as  young  or  fruit;  to  beget;  to  cause. 

Idleness  and  luxury  bring  forth  poverty  and  want. 
Tillotson. 

(b)  To  bring  to  light.     'To  bring  forth  this 
discovery.'  Shak.— To  bring  forward,  («)  to 
produce  to  view;  to  cause  to  advance.   (b)To 
adduce ;  as,  to  bring  forward  arguments  in 
support  of  a  scheme.— To  bring  in,  (a)  to 
bring  from  a  remote  place  or  from  without 
to  within  a  certain  precinct,    (b)  To  supply; 
to  furnish;  to  yield. 

Look  you  bring  me  in  the  names  of  sonic  six. 
Saal: 

Especially  used  in  speaking  of  a  revenue, 
rent,  or  income  produced  from  a  certain 
source. 

The  sole  measure  of  all  his  courtesies  is.  what  re- 
turn they  will  make  him,  and  what  revenue  they  will 
bring  him  in.  South. 

(c)  To  introduce. 

Since  he  could  not  have  a  seat  among  them  him- 
self, he  would  bring  in  one  who  had  more  merit. 

Taller, 

Especially,  to  introduce  to  or  lay  before 
parliament ;  as,  to  bring  in  a  bill,  (d)  To 
place  in  a  particular  condition  or  station. 

But  he  protests  he  loves  you 
And  needs  no  other  suitor  but  his  likings  .  .  . 
To  bring  you  in  again  (namely,  to  your  former  office). 

Shalt. 

(c)  To  reduce  within  the  limits  of  law  and 
government.  '  Perforce  briny  in  all  that  re- 
bellious rout.'  Spenser.— To  bring  of,  (n) to 
bear  or  convey  from  a  place ;  as,  to  bring 
off  men  from  a  wreck,  (b)  To  procure  to  be 
acquitted;  to  clear  from  condemnation;  to 
cause  to  escape.— To  briny  on,  (a)  to  bear  or 
convey  or  cause  to  be  conveyed  with  one 
from  a  distance;  as,  to  bring  on  a  quantity 
of  goods,  (b)  To  cause  to  begin;  as,  to  bring 
on  a  battle,  (c)  To  originate  or  cause  to 
exist;  as,  to  bring  on  a  disease,  (d)  To  in- 
duce; to  lead  on.  'When  we  would  bring 
him  on  to  some  confession.'  Shak.— To  bring 
out,  (a)  to  expose;  to  detect;  to  bring  to  light 
from  concealment;  as,  to  bring  out  one's 
baseness,  (b)  To  find  by  calculation;  as,  to 
bring  out  a  certain  result.— To  bring  over, 
(o)  to  carry  over;  to  bear  across;  as,  to  bmuj 
over  despatches;  to  bring  over  passengers  in 
a  boat,  (ft)  To  convert  by  persuasion  or  other 


nif-ans;  to  draw  to  a  new  party;  to  cause  to 
change  sides  or  an  opinion. 

The  Protestant  clergy  will  find  it  perhaps  no  dif. 
ficult  matter  to  bring  great  numbers  over  to  the 
church.  Hn'ijt. 

—To  bring  (a  ship)  In  (iiaitt.).  to  check  the 
course  of  n  ship  by  arranging  the  sails  in 
such  a  manner  that  they  shall  counteract 
each  other  and  keep  her  nearly  stationary. 
— To  bring  to  light,  to  reveal.-  To  bring  'in 
mind,  to  recall  what  has  been  forgotten  i  n- 
what  is  not  present  to  the  mind.  —  To  brimi 
to  pass,  to  effect. 

The  thing  is  established  by  God,  and  God  will 
shortly  bring  it  to  fast.  Gen.  xli.  33. 

— To  briny  wider,  to  subdue;  to  repress;  to 
restrain;  to  reduce  to  obedience. 

The  Minstrel  fell !— but  the  foeman's  chain 
Could  not  bring  his  proud  soul  tinder.      Moore. 

—To  bring  up,  (a)  to  bear  or  convey  up- 
ward. (6)  To  rear;  to  nurse,  feed,  and 
clothe,  (c)  To  educate;  to  instruct;  to  form 
the  manners  and  f  urnish  the  mind  of.  (d)  To 
introduce  to  notice  or  practice;  as,  to  briny 
up  a  subject  in  conversation.  (<•)  To  cause 
to  advance  near ;  as,  to  bring  up  forces,  or 
the  body  of  reserve.  (/)  Kaut.  to  anchor; 
as,  to  bring  up  a  vessel,  (g)  To  pull  up  (a 
horse);  to  cause  to  stop:  often  with  short; 
as,  he  brought  up  his  horse  short;  that  is, 
caused  it  to  stop  suddenly.  Hence,  Jig.  to 
stop  suddenly  in  any  career  or  course  of  ac- 
tion; to  bring  before  a  magistrate;  to  pull 
up. 

You  were  well  aware  that  you  were  committing 
felony,  and  have  probably  felt  tolerably  sure  at  times 
that  you  would  some  day  be  brought  np  short. 

Trollofe. 

—  To  bring  up  the  rear,  to  move  onwards  in 
the  rear;  to  form  the  rear  portion. 

Bringer  (bring'er),  n.  One  who  brings  or 
conveys  to.— Bringer  in,  one  who,  or  that 
which  introduces.  '  Lucifer  is  a  bringer  in 
of  light.'  Sandys. — Bringer  up,  one  who 
brings  up;  an  instructor;  one  who  feeds, 
clothes,  and  educates.  'The  bringer  up  of 
the  children.'  2  Kings  x.  5. 

Brinish  (brin'ish),  a.  Like  brine;  salt;  some- 
what salt:  saltish.  'Her  brinish  tears.' 
Shak. 

Brlnishness  (hrin'ish-nes),  »•  The  quality 
of  being  brinish  or  saltish. 

Brinjaree  (brin'ja-re),  71.  An  Indian  variety 
of  greyhound,  said  to  be  the  best  hunting 
dog  in  India.  It  is  rough-haired,  generally 
of  a  tan  colour,  and  nearly  equals  the  British 
greyhound  in  swiftness. 

Brink  (bringk),  n.  [A  Scandinavian  word; 
Dan.  and  Sw.  brink,  a  hill,  declivity;  Icel. 
brekka  (for  brengka).  a  slope;  allied  to  W. 
brynkyn,  a  hillock,  from  bnjn,  a  hill.]  The 
edge,  margin,  or  border  of  a  steep  place,  as 
of  a  precipice  or  the  bank  of  a  river;  verge; 
hence,  close  proximity  to  danger.  '  The  pre- 
cipice's brink.'  Dryrlcn.  ' The  plashy  brin k 
of  weedy  lake.'  Bryant.  '  The  brink  of  ruin. ' 
Burke. 

Briny  ( brin'i ),  a.  Pertaining  to  brine  or  to 
the  sea ;  partaking  of  the  nature  of  brine : 
salt;  as,  a  briny  taste;  the  briny  flood;  briny 
tears. 

Briony  (bri'o-ni),  n.  Same  as  Bryomi.  'The 
berried  briany.  Tennyson. 

Brise  n.  Same  as  Breeze,  an  insect. 

Brisk  (brisk),  a.  [From  the  Celtic:  W.  bnjsg, 
Ir.  brisy,  quick,  lively.  Fresh  and/™*-,  are 
closely  allied.]  1.  Lively;  active;  nimble: 
gay;  sprightly;  vivacious:  applied  to  living 
creatures;  as,  a  brisk  youth;  a  brisk  horse. 
'  A  brisk  gamesome  lass.'  Sir  K.  L' Estrange. 
2  Effervescing  vigorously :  said  of  liquors; 
as,  brisk  cider. -3.  Lively;  burning  freely; 
as,  a  brisk  fire.— 4.  Performed  or  kept  up 
with  briskness;  rapid;  quick;  as,  a  brisk  flre 
of  infantry.  'Bruit  toil  alternating  with 
ready  ease.'  Wordsworth.— 5.  t  Vivid;  bright. 

Had  it  {my  instrument)  magnified  thirty  or  twenty- 
five  times,  it  had  made  the  object  appear  more  brist 
and  pleasant.  JVfwton. 

Brisk  t  (brisk),  v.t.  To  make  lively ;  to  en- 
liven; to  animate;  to  refresh:  sometimes 
with  up.  Killinybeck. 

Brisk  (brisk),  v.i.  To  come  up  with  life  and 
speed;  to  take  an  erect  or  bold  attitude: 
usually  with  up.  Johnson. 

Brisket  (bris'ket),  n.  [O.Kr.  brischet  or 
bruschet  (Fr.  brechet),  from  Armor,  brusk, 
the  breast.]  The  breast  of  an  animal,  or 
that  part  of  the  breast  that  lies  next  to  the 
ribs;  In  a  horse,  the  fore-part  of  the  neck  at 
the  shoulder  down  to  the  fore-legs. 

Briskly  (brisk!!),  adv.  In  a  brisk  manner ; 
actively;  vigorously;  with  life  and  spirit. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j.job;      n,  Fr.  to?t;      ng, 


SCH,  (Aeu;  th,  toin;      w,  wig;    wh,  »Aig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


BRISKNESS 


336 


HKOAD 


Briskness  (brisk'nes),  ».  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  brisk;  liveliness;  vigour  in 
action;  quickness;  gaiety;  vivacity;  vigor- 
ous effervescence.  '  His  briskness,  his  jollity, 
anil  his  good-humour.'  Dryden. 

Bristle  (liris'I),  n.  [A  diminutive  (with  meta- 
thesis) of  A.  Sax.  byrst,  a  bristle;  correspond- 
ing to  D.  borstel,  abristle;  comp.  Sc.  birs,  bins 
(for  briftt),  Icel.  burst,  Dan.  borste,  G.  borste, 
ii  bristle.]  1.  One  of  the  stiff,  coarse,  glossy 
hiiirs  of  the  hog  and  the  wild  boar,  especially 
of  the  hair  growing  on  the  back;  extensively 
used  by  brushmakers,  shoemakers,  saddlers, 
ifcc.,  and  chiefly  imported  from  Russia.— 
2.  A  similar  appendage  ou  plants,  a  stiff 
roundish  huir. 

Bristle  (bris'l),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  bristled;  ppr. 
bratling.  1.  To  erect  in  bristles;  to  make 
bristly;  to  erect  iu  defiance  or  auger,  like  a 
swine. 

Doth  dogged  war  bristle  his  angry  crest?    Shuk. 
Boy,  bristle  thy  courage  up.  Shak. 

2.  To  fix  a  bristle  ou;  as,  to  bristle  a  thread. 
Bristle  (brisl),  v.i.    1.  To  rise  up  or  stand 
on  end  like  bristles. 
His  hair  did  bristle  on  his  head.         Sir  If.  Scott. 

2.  To  come  in  collision  with  or  contradict 
in  a  somewhat  rude  manner :  with  against. 
[Rare.) 

Tlie  annotation  here,  as  in  many  places,  bristles 
against  the  text.  Sir  IV.  Hamilton. 

3.  To  appear  as  if  covered  with  bristles. 
'The  hill  of  La  Haye  Sainte  bristling  with 
ten  thousand  bayonets.'    Thackeray. 

The  endless  fleets  of  barges,  the  quick  succession 
of  great  towns,  the  ports  bristling  with  thousands  of 
masts.  Macaulay. 

—To  bristle  up,  to  show  anger,  resentment, 
or  defiance. 
Bristled  (brisld),  a.  Having  bristles;  hence, 

bearded.      '  Bristled  lips.'    Shak. 
Bristle-fern  ( bris'l-fern  ),   n.    An  elegant 
British  fern  (Trichoinanes  speciosum).    See 
TRICHOMANES. 

Bristle -grass  ( brisl-gras ).  n.    Setaria,  a 
genus  of  grasses.     See  SETARIA. 
Bristle-herring  (bris'I-he-ring),  n.    Chato- 
essus,  a  genus  of  the  herring  family  (Clu- 
peida;)  found  in  the  tropical  seas,  so  called 
from  the  last  ray  of  the  dorsal  fin  prolonged 
into  a  whip-like  filament. 
Bristle-moss  (bris'1-mos),  n.    Species  of 
moss,  witli  a  hairy  calyptra,  of  the  genus 
Orthotrichum. 

Bristle-pointed  (bris'I-point-ed),  a.  Termi- 
nating gradually  in  a  very  flue  sharp  point, 
as  the  leaves  of  many  mosses.     Lindley. 
Bristle-tail  (bris'1-tal),  71.     A  fly  having  the 
tail  terminated  by  hairs;  the  gadfly. 
Bristliness  (bris'li-nes),  n.    The  quality  of 
being  bristly. 

Bristling  (brisling),  p.  &  a.  Showing  like 
bristles.  '  With  chatt'ring  teeth,  and  brist- 
ling hair  upright.'  Drtfoen. 
Bristly  (bris'li),  a.  1.  Thickset  with  bristles, 
or  with  hairs  like  bristles;  rough.  •  A  bristly 
neck.'  Thackeray.— -2.  Resembling  a  bristle 
or  bristles.  'Rugged  scales  and  bristly 
hairs.'  Benttey. 

Bristol-board(ljris'tol-b6rd),  n.  A  fine  kind 
of    pasteboard,    smooth,    and    sometimes 
glazed,  on  the  surface. 
Bristol-brick  (bris'tol-brik),  n.    A  sort  of 
brick  made  near  Bristol  of  a  siliceous  mate- 
rial, and  used  for  cleaning  cutlery. 
Bristol-diamond  ( bris'tol  -  di'a-mond ),  n. 
Same  as  Brutal- stone  (which  see) 
Bristol-paper  (bris'tol-pa-per),  n.    Stout 
paper  for  drawing,  so  named  from  the  place 
of  its  original  manufacture. 
Bristol-stone  (bris'tol-ston),  n.    Rock-crys- 
tal, or  Bristol-diamond,  small,  round  crys- 
tals of  quartz,  found  in  the  Clifton  lime- 
stone, near  the  city  of  Bristol  in  England. 
Brisure  (bris'nr),  n.    [Fr.]    A  term  applied, 
iu  permanent  fortification,  to  a  break  iu  the 
general  direction  of  the  parapet  of  the  cur- 
tain, when  constructed  with  orillous  and 
retired  flanks. 

Brit,  Britt  (brit),  n.    A  fish  of  the  herring 
kind  (Clupea  minima),  from  1  to  4  inches  • 
long,  found  at  some  seasons  in  immense 
numbers  on  the  Eastern  coast  of  New  Eng- 
land, and  serving  as  food  for  other  fish. 
Britain-crown  (brit'an-kroun),  n.   An  Eng- 
lish gold  coin  of  the  reign  of  James  I.,  the 
fourth  part  of  a  unity,  of  the  value  of  5s., 
afterwards  raised  to  fw*.  tid. 
Britannia-metal  (bri-tan'i-a-met'al),  n.    A 
metallic  compound  or  alloy  of  tin,  with  a 
little  copper  and  antimony,  used  chiefly  for 
teapots,  spoons,  &c.    The  general  propor- 
tions are  siH  tin,  10}  antimony,  3  zinc,  and 
1  copper. 


Britannic   ( bri-tan'ik ),   a.     Pertaining    to 
Britain;  as,  Her  Britannic  Majesty. 
Brite,  Bright  ( brit ),  «.  i.    To  be  or  become 
over  ripe,  as  wheat,  barley,  or  hops.    [Pro- 
vincial.] 

Brither  (briTii'er),  n.  Brother.  [Scotch.] 
Britinian  (liri-tin'i-an),  n.  [From  Britini. 
in  Ancona,  where  the  order  had  its  rise.]  A 
monk  of  the  order  of  St.  Augustine,  distin- 
guished for  their  austerity.  They  abstained 
from  all  kinds  of  meat,  and  fasted  from  the 
festival  of  the  Exaltation  of  the  Cross  to 
Easter.  In  1256  they  were  merged  in  the 
general  union  of  all  the  fraternities  of  the 
Augustine  order. 

British  (brit'ish),  «.  Pertaining  to  Great 
Britain  or  its  inhabitants:  sometimes  re- 
stricted to  the  original  inhabitants. — British 
(jinn,  a  substance  produced  by  raising  starch 
'to  a  temperature  between  600°  and  700°, 
when  it  swells  and  exhales  a  peculiar  smell. 
It  is  of  a  brown  colour,  and  is  employed  by 
calico-printers. — British  Lion,  the  national 
emblem  of  Great  Britain. — British  plate, 
albata  (which  see). 

Briton  (brit'on),  n.     A  native  of  Britain. 
Briton  (brit'on),  a.     British.     'A  Briton. 
peasant.'    Shak.    [Rare.] 
Britt,  n.    See  BRIT. 

Brittle  (brita),  a.  [O.E.  britel,  butel,  brutel, 
from  A.  Sax.  brytan,  breotan,  to  break; 
Icel.  brjota,  to  break  or  destroy;  Dan.  bryde, 
to  break.  ]  Easily  broken,  or  easily  breaking 
short,  without  splinters  or  loose  parts  rent 
from  the  substance;  fragile;  not  tough  or 
tenacious;  as,  brittle  stone  or  glass.  'Brittle 
life.'  Shak.  —  Brittle  tUver-ore.  Same  as 
Black-silver. 

Brittlely  (brifl-li),  adv.  In  a  brittle  manner. 
Sherwood. 

Brittleness  (brit'1-nes),  n.  Aptness  to  break; 
fragility:  opposed  to  toughness  and  tena- 
city. 'The  brittleness  of  bones.'  Owen. 
Britzska  ( brits'ka),  n.  [Rus.  britshka,  Pol. 
bryczka,  dim.  of  bryka,  a  freight- waggon.  ] 
An  open  carriage  with  a  calash  top,  and 
space  for  reclining  when  used  for  a  journey. 
Briza  (bri'za),  n.  [Gr.  brizo,  to  nod.]  A 
genus  of  grasses,  commonly  called  quaking 
grass,  maiden's  hair,  or  lady's  tresses.  (See 
QUAKING-GRASS.)  There  are  about  thirty 
species,  chiefly  found  in  South  America 
Two  (B.  media  and  B.  minor)  are  natives  of 
Britain ;  these  and  other  species  are  some- 
times to  be  found  in  gardens  as  ornamental 
plants. 

Bzize  (brez),  n.  The  gadfly.  See  BREE/.E. 
Brizure  ( briz'ur ),  n.  [  Fr.  ftrwwre,  from 
briter,  to  break.  ]  1.  In  fort,  see  BRISURK. 
2.  pi.  In  her.  variations  of  the  original  arms 
of  a  family,  or  marks  attached  to  them  for 
the  purpose  of  pointing  out  the  several 
branches  and  the  relation  in  which  they 
stand  to  each  other  and  to  their  common 
ancestor.  Called  also  Harks  of  Cadency. 
Broach  (broch),  n.  [Fr.  broche,  Sp.  broca, 
It.  brocca,  from  L.L.  brocca,  a  spit,  a  point, 
from  L.  broccus,  brocchits,  said  of  a  project- 
ing tooth,  or  an  animal  with  projecting 
teeth :  allied  to  W. 
prociaw,  Gael,  brog, 
to  goad,  and  brog, 
an  awl.  ]  1. 1  A  spit. 

He  turned  a  broach, 
that  had  worn  a  crown. 
Bacon. 

And  some  failed  not 
to  take  the  child  and 
bind  it  to  a  broach,  and 
lay  it  to  the  fire  to  roast. 

Sir  T.  More. 
2.  An  awl;  a  bodkin. 
[Provincial.]  — 3.  A 
breast-pin;  a  kind 
of  buckle  or  clasp 
to  fasten  a  garment. 
See  BROOCH. —4.  A 
start,  like  the  end 
o!  a  spit,  on  the 
head  of  a  young 
stag.  —  5.  An  old 
English  term  for  a 
spire,  still  in  use  in 
some  localities :  in 
Leicestershire  it  de- 
notes a  spire  spring- 
ing from  the  tower 
without  any  inter- 
mediate parapet. — 
6.  A  taper;  a  torch. 
Piers  Plounnan.— 7.  A  narrow-pointed  chisel 
used  by  masons  for  hewing  stones.  — 8.  A  gen- 
eral name  for  all  tapered  boring-bitsor  drills. 
Those  for  wood  are  fluted  like  the  shell-bit, 
but  tapered  towards  the  point ;  but  those 


Broach.  Ryhall,  Rut- 
landshire. 


for  metal  are  solid,  and  usually  three,  four, 
or  six  sided.  Their  usual  forms  are  shown 
iu  the  annexed  figures.  Broaches  are  also 
known  as  wideners 
and  rimers.  Fig.  a  is 
:ui  example  of  the 
broach  or  rimer  fur 
wood,  and  H-  //  1,1 
those  for  metal. —9.  A 
straight  steel  tool 
with  file  teeth  for 
pressing  through  ir- 
regular holes  in  me- 
tal that  cannot  lie 
dressed  by  revolving 
tools.— 10.  The  pin  in 
a  lock  which  enters 
the  barrel  of  the  key 
11.  The  stick  from 

which  candle-wicks  are  suspended  for  dip- 
ping.—12.  A  rod  of  sallow,  hazel,  or  other 
tough  and  pliant  wood,  sharpened  at  each 
end  and  bent  in  the  middle,  used  by 
thatchers  to  pierce  and  fa  their  work. 
[Provincial.  ] 

Broach  (broch),  v. (L  [See  noun.]  l.tTospit; 
to  pierce  as  with  a  spit. 

Ill  broach  the  tadpole  on  my  rapier's  point.    ShaJt. 

2.  To  open  for  the  first  time  for  the  purpose 
of  taking  out  something;  more  especially  to 
tap;  to  pierce,  as  a  cask  in  order  to  draw  the 
liquor;  as,  to  broach  a  hogshead. 

I  will  open  the  old  armouries,  I  will  broach  my 
store,  and  bring  forth  my  stores.  Knolles. 

Hence— 3.  To  let  out;  to  shed.  '  This  bio 
should  broach  thy  dearest  blood.'  Shalt.— 

4.  To  utter;  to  give  out;  to  begin  conversa- 
tion or  discussion  about ;  to  introduce  by 
way  of  topic;  as,  to  broach  an  opinion. 

This  error  .  .  .  was  first  broached  by  Tosephus. 
Sir  fl/.  Kaleifh. 

A  letter  from  him  to  our  ambassador  remains,  in 
which  he  broaches  the  subject  with  a  degree  of  fear 
and  trembling  that,  &C.  Brougham. 

5.  t  To  begin  in  general.     '  That  for  her  love 
such  quarrels  may  be  broached.'    Shak.— 
ft  In  masonry,  to  rough-hew.    [Scotch.]— 
To  broach  to  (naut.),  to  incline  suddenly  to 
windward,  so  as  to  lay  the  sails  aback  and 
expose  the  vessel  to  the  danger  of  overset- 
ting. 

Broacher  (brtch'er),  n.     l.t  A  spit. 

On  five  sharp  broachers  rank'd  the  roast  they 
turned.  Dryden. 

2.  One  who  broaches,  opens,  or  utters;  a 
first  publisher.     'The  first  broacher  of  a 
heretical  opinion.'    Sir  It.  L' Estrange. 

Broad  (brad),  a.  [A.  Sax.  (mid,  D.  breed,  Icel. 
breithr,  Dan.  &  Sw.  bred,  Goth,  braids,  G. 
breit,  broad ;  root  unknown.  ]  1.  Wide ;  ex- 
tended in  breadth  or  from  side  to  side,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  long,  or  extended  from  end 
to  end.  It  is  opposed  to  narrow;  as,  abroad 
street;  abroad  table. — 2.  Wide;  extensive; 
vast ;  as,  the  broad  expanse  of  ocean.  — 

3.  Fig.  not  limited  or  narrow;  liberal;  com- 
prehensive; enlarged;  as,  broad  views.    'In 
a  broad,  statesmanlike,  and  masterly  way.' 
Everett. 

Narrow  spirits  admire  basely  and  worship  meanly; 
broad  spirits  worship  the  right.  Thackeray. 

Specifically  (eccles.),  inclined  to  the  Broad 
Church  or  to  the  views  held  by  the  Broad- 
Church  party.— 4.  Having  a  large  measure 
of  anything  or  any  quality ;  large ;  ample. 
'Cunning  which  has  always  a  broad  mixture 
of  falsehood.'  Locke.—  5.  Widely  diffused  ; 
open;  full;  as,  in  broad  sunshine;  broad  day- 
light. 'Brood  day.'  Macaulay.  —  6.  Uncon- 
flued;  free;  unrestrained,  (a)  Absolutely. 

As  broad  and  general  as  the  casing  air.     Shot. 

(b)  Unrestrained  by  a  sense  or  habits  of  re- 
finement ;  gross ;  coarse;  unpolished ;  lout- 
ish. 

He  grins  and  looks  broad  nonsense  with  a  stare. 
Pope 

(c)  Unrestrained  by  considerations  of  de- 
cency; indelicate;  indecent. 

As  chaste  and  modest  as  he  is  esteemed,  it  can- 
not be  denied  but  in  some  places  he  is  broad  and 
fulsome.  Dryden. 

(d)  Unrestrained  by  fear  or  caution ;  bold ; 
unreserved. 

For,  from  broad  words  and  'cause  he  failed 
His  presence  at  the  tyrant's  feast,  1  hear 
Macduff  lives  in  disgrace.  Shak. 

7.  t  Puffed  up  with  pride.  '  In  full  as  proud 
a  place  as  broad  Achilles.'  Shak.—  at  Plain; 
evident.  'Proves  thee  far  and  wide  a  broad 
goose.'  Shak.— 9.  In  the  fine  arts,  charac- 
terized by  breadth ;  as,  a  picture  remark- 
able for  the  broad  treatment  of  its  subject. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BROAD 


3:37 


BROGUE 


.   i  ne  royal  maiK 

A 


See  BREADTH,  2.  -  -As  broad  ax  low;,  equal 
upon  the  whole;  the  same  either  way. 

It  is  (ix  broad  as  long  whether  they  rise  to  others 
or  bring  others  down  to  them.  Sir  A'.  L' Estrange. 

— Broad  Church,  a  name  given  originally  to 
a  party  in  the  Church  of  England  assuming 
to  be  midway  between  the  how  Church  or 
Evangelical  section  and  the  High  Church  or 
Ritualistic;  now  widely  applied  to  the  more 
tolerant  and  liberal  section  of  any  denomi- 
nation. 

It  is  called  by  different  names:  Moderate.  Catholic, 
or  Broad  Church,  by  its  friends;  Latitudinarian  or 
Indifferent,  by  its  enemies.  Its  distinctive  character 
is  the  desire  of  comprehension.  Its  watchwords  are 
charity  and  toleration.  Cony  heart, 

-  -  Broad  gauge,  any  distance  between  the 
rails  of  a  railway  exceeding  4  feet  8J  inches, 
which  is  the  common  or  narrow  gauge.— 
Broad  pennant  (naut.\  a  swallow-tailed 
piece  of  bunting  carried  at  the  mast-head 
of  a  man-of-war,  the  distinctive  mark  of  a 
commodore.  — SYN.  Wide,  large,  ample,  ex- 
tensive, vast,  comprehensive,  vulgar,  coarse, 
obscene. 

Broad  (brad),  n.  1.  A  lake  formed  by  the 
expansion  of  a  river ;  a  flooded  fen,  or  lake 
in  a  fen ;  as,  the  Norfolk  broads.  [Pro- 
vincial English.]— 2.  Inineck.  a  turning-tool 
used  for  turning  down  the  insides  and  bot- 
toms of  cylinders  in  the  lathe. 

Broad-arrow  (brad'a-ro),  n.  The  royal  mark 
of  government  stores  of 
every  description,  to  ob- 
literate or  deface  which 
is  felony.  Persons  in  pos- 
session of  goods  marked 
with  the  broad-arrow  for- 
feit the  goods  and  are 
subject  to  a  penalty  of 
£200.  The  origin  of  this 
mark  is  not  clearly  Broad-arrow, 
known. 

Broad-axe  (brad'aks),  n.  1.  Formerly,  a 
military  weapon;  battle-axe.— 2.  A  broad- 
edged  axe  for  hewing  timber. 

Broad-based  (brad'bast),  p.  and  a.  Having 
a  broad  foundation;  securely  founded.  Ten- 
nifson. 

Broad-bill  (bnul'bil),  n.  The  common  name 
in  America  of  a  wild  duck  (Fuligula  mar- 
ila),  called  in  England  the  Scaup  (which  see). 

Broad -blown  (brad'blon),  a.  Full-blown. 
'With  all  his  crimes  broad-blown  as  fresh 
as  May.*  Shak. 

Broad-brim  (brad'brim),  n.  1.  A  hat  with 
very  broad  brim,  worn  by  members  of  the 
Society  of  Friends.  Hence— 2.  A  member  of 
said  society;  a  Quaker.  Carlyle.  [Colloq.J 

Broad-brimmed  (brad'brimd),  a.  1.  Having 
abroad  border,  brim,  or  edge.— 2.  Wearing 
a  hat  with  a  broad  brim. 

This  broad-brimm'd  hawker  of  holy  things. 

Tennyson. 

Broadcast  (brart'kast).  n.  In  agri.  a  east- 
ing or  throwing  seed  from  the  hand  for  dis- 
persion in  sowing. 

My  lads,  said  he.  let  broad-cast  be, 
And  come  away  to  drill.  Hood. 

Broadcast  (brad'kaat),  a.  1.  Cast  or  dis- 
persed upon  the  ground  with  the  hand,  as 
seed  in  sowing:  opposed  to  planting  in  drills 
or  rows. — 2.  Widely  spread  or  diffused. 

Broadcast  (brad'kastX  adv.  1.  By  scatter- 
ing or  throwing  at  large  from  the  hand;  as, 
to  sow  broadcast.  —  2.  So  as  to  disseminate 
widely;  in  a  widely  disseminated  manner. 
'An  impure,  so  called,  literature  sown  broad- 
cast over  the  land.'  Blackwood's  Mag. 

Broad-cloth  (brad'kloth),  n.  A  species  of 
woollen  cloth,  so  called  from  its  breadth. 

Broaden  (brad'n),  v.t.  To  make  broad;  to 
increase  in  breadth;  to  render  more  broad  or 
comprehensive.  SirJ.  Mackintosh.  '  Broad- 
en'd  nostrils.'  Thomson. 

Broaden  (brad'n),  v.i.  To  grow  broad  or 
broader.  Te  nn  yuan. 

Broad-eyed  (brad 'id),  a.  Having  a  wide 
view  or  survey.  'Broad-eyed  day.'  Shak. 

Broad-fronted  (brad'fruut-ed),  a.  Having 
a  broad  front ;  having  a  large  forehead. 
'  Broad  fronted  Ctesar.'  Shak. 

Broad -horn  (brad'horu),  n.  A  name  by 
which  the  flat-boats  on  the  Mississippi  and 
other  American  rivers  were  formerly  known. 
'A  broad-horn,  a  prime  river  conveyance.' 
Infra 

Broad-horned  (brad'hornd),  a.  Having 
wide-spread  horns.  Huloet. 

Broadish  (brad'iah),  a.     Rather  broad. 

Broadly  (brad  li),  adv.  In  a  broad  manner; 
widely;  openly.  '  That  broadly  flows  through 
Pylos'  fields.'  Chapman. 

Custine  has  spoken  out  more  broadly.      Burke, 


Broadness  (brad'nes),  n.  l.  Breadth;  ex- 
tent from  side  t^.  Rid?  -  -9.,  Coarseness;  gross- 
ness  ;  luisomeness.  '  Broadness  ana  inde- 
cency of  allusion.'  Craik. 

Broad-piece  (brad'pi-s),  n.  A  denomina- 
tion of  some  old  English  gold  pieces,  broader 
than  a  guinea,  especially  Carolines  and 
Jacobuses. 

Broad-seal  (brad'sel),  n.  The  national  seal 
of  a  country;  specifically,  the  official  or 
great  seal  of  Great  Britain.  '  The  king's 
broad-seal. '  Sheldon. 

Broad-seal  (brad'sel),  v.  t.   To  stamp  as  with 
the  broad-seal;  to  guarantee;  to  make  sure. 
Thy  presence  broad-seals  our  delights  for  pure. 
K.  jenson. 

Broad-shouldered  (brad'shol-derd),a.  Hav- 
ing the  back  broad  across  the  shoulders. 
'Broad-xhoiildered,  and  his  arms  were  round 
and  long.'  Dryden. 

Broadside  (brad'sid),  n.  l.  A  discharge  of 
all  the  guns  on  one  side  of  a  ship,  above 
and  below,  at  the  same  time;  as,  to  fire  a 
broadside.— 2.  The  side  of  a  ship  above  the 
water  from  the  bow  to  the  quarter.  — 3.  A 
house-front. 

In  the  great  blank,  gray  broadside,  there  were 
only  four  windows.  Dickens. 

4.  In  printing,  a  sheet  of  paper,  one  side  of 
which  is  entirely  covered  by  a  single  page. 

Van  Citters  gives  the  best  account  of  the  trial.     I 
have  seen  a  broadside  which  confirms  his  narrative. 
Macattlay. 

—To  take  on  the  broadftide,  to  treat  freely 
and  unceremoniously.  '  Determined  to  take 
the  world  on  the  broadside,  and  eat  thereof 
and  be  filled.'  Carli/le. 
Broadside  (brad'sid),  adv.  Pell-mell;  un- 
ceremoniously; as,  to  go  or  send  broadsUle. 

He  used  in  his  prayers  to  send  the  king,  the  minis- 
ters of  state,      .      all  broadside  to  hell,  but 


larly  the  general  himself. 

Broad-sighted  (brad'slt-ed),  a.  Having  a 
wide  view.  Quart.  Rev. 

Broad-speaking,  Broad-spoken  (brad'- 
spek-ing,  brad'spo-kn),  a.  1.  Using  vxilgar 
or  coarse  language;  speaking  plainly  out 
without  endeavouring  to  soften  one's  mean- 
ing.— 2.  Speaking  with  a  vulgar  accent. 

Broad -spread  (brad'spred),  a.  Wide- 
spread. 

Broad  -  spreading  ( brad '  spred  -  ing ),  a. 
Spreading  widely.  'His  broad-spreading 
leaves.'  Shak. 

Broadsword  (brad'sord),  n.  A  sword  with 
a  broad  blade  and  cutting  edges,  formerly 
the  national  weapon  of  the  Highlanders. 

Broadwise  (brad'wiz),  adv.  In  the  direc- 
tion of  the  breadth;  as,  to  measure  broad- 
wise. 

Brpbdingnagian  (brob-ding-nag'i-an),  a. 
Gigantic,  like  an  inhabitant  of  the  fabled 
region  of  Brobdingnag  in  Swift's  Gulliver's 
Travels. 

Brobdingnagian  (brob-ding-nag'i-an),  n. 
A  gigantic  person. 

Sally!  screamed  the  Rrobdin^nagian,  what  bed- 
rooms is  disengaged?    A  gentleman  wants  a  bed. 
T.  Hook. 

Brocade  (bro-kad'),  n.  [Sp.  brocado,  from 
an  old  brocar,  equivalent  to  Fr.  brocher,  to 
prick,  emboss.  See  BROACH.]  Silk  stuff 
variegated  with  gold  and  silver,  or  having 
raised  flowers,  foliage,  and  other  ornaments; 
also  applied  to  other  stuffs  wrought  and 
enriched  in  like  manner.  'A  gala  suit  of 
faded  brocade.'  Irving. 

Brocaded  (bro-kad'ed),  a.  1.  Woven  or 
worked  into  a  brocade. 

Brocaded  flowers  o'er  the  gay  mantua  shine.     Gay. 

2.  Dressed  in  brocade. 

Brocade-shell  (bro-kad'shel),  n.  A  name 
given  to  the  Conns  geographicus,  one  of  the 
cone-shells  belonging  to  the  class  Gaster- 
opoda. 

Brocage,  Brokage  (bro'kaj),  n.  [See  BROKE, 
BROKER.]  1.  The  premium  or  commission 
of  a  broker;  the  gain  or  profit  derived  from 
transacting  business  as  broker  for  other 
men.— 2.  The  trade  of  a  broker;  the  trans- 
action of  commercial  business,  as  buying 
and  selling,  for  other  men.  See  BROKE, 
BROKER.— 3.  The  act  of  pimping. 

It  served  well  Pandar's  purpose  for  the  bolstering 
of  his  bawdy  brocage.  Spenser. 

Brocard  (bro-kanl'),  n.  [Perhaps  from  Bro~ 
cardica,  Brocardicorum  opus,  a  collection 
of  ecclesiastical  canons  by  Burkhard,  bishop 
of  Worms,  who  was  called  by  the  Italians 
and  French  Brocard.  Heyse,  as  quoted  by 
Mann.]  1.  A  law  maxim  founded  on  invet- 
erate custom,  or  borrowed  from  the  Roman 
law,  and  accounted  part  of  our  common 


law.  HL-IICI;  -2.  An  fli'iiit-ntary  principle  or 
maxim;  a  short  proverbial  rule;  a  canon. 

The  scholastic  brocard,  'Nihil  cst  in  intellect!) 
(jumi  non  fuerit  in  bCiiMi.'  is  the  fmidument.il  article 
in  HU  creed  of  that  school  of  philosophers  who  ..r<: 
called  sensu.ilists.  I-?rrier. 

Brocatel,  Brocatello  (bro'ka-tel.  bro  kn 
tel'Io),  n.  [Sp.  bwntt'l,  Fr.  brocatelle.  It. 
brocaU'llo,  from  root  of  brocade,]  1.  Sienna 
marble,  a  calcareous  stone  «r  spcdes  of 
ornamental,  brecctated  marble,  composed 
of  fragments  of  various  colours,  as  of  whitf. 
gray,  yellow,  and  red.  It  occurs  in  large 
strata  in  Italy.  2.  A  kind  of  light  thin 
woollen  cloth  of  silky  surface  used  for 
linings,  Ac.;  linsey-woolsey.  Spelled  also 
Brocatelle. 

Broccoli  (brok'o-li),  n.  [It.  broccoli,  pi.  of 
broccolo,  sprout,  cabbage -sprout,  dim.  of 
brocco,  a  skewer,  a  shoot.  See  BROACH.] 
One  of  the  many  varieties  of  the  common 
cabbage  or  kale  (Braxxiea  oleracea),  closely 
resembling  the  cauliflower.  The  part  used 
is  the  succulent  flower-stalks. 

Brpchan  (broch'an),  n.  (Gael]  Oatmeal 
boiled  in  water;  gruel.  [Scotch.] 

Brochantite(brok'an-tit),?i.  [AtterBrochant 
de  Villiers,  a  French  mineralogist.]  An 
emerald  green  mineral  consisting  of  hydrous 
sulphate  of  copper.  The  crystals  are  in  thin 
rectangular  and  transparent  tables. 

Broche,t  n.  The  tongue  of  a  buckle  orclnsp; 
the  buckle  or  clasp  itself.  See  BROACH, 
BROOCH.  Chaucer. 

Brochette  (bro-shef),  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of 
broche.  See  BROACH.]  A  skewer  to  stick 
meat  on:  used  in  cookery. 

Brochure  (bro-shorO,  n.  [Fr. ,  from  brocher, 
to  stitch.]  A  pamphlet,  especially  a  slight 
pamphlet,  or  one  on  a  iv.atter  of  transitory 
interest. 

Brock  (brok),  n.  [A.  Sax.  broc,  Dan.  brok, 
Ir.  and  Gael,  broc,  W.  brock,  a  badger.  It 
seems  doubtful  whether  the  word  in  English 
has  been  borrowed  from  the  Celtic  or  not. 
In  any  case  the  name  is  given  from  the 
white-streaked  face  of  the  animal.  Comp. 
Gael,  brocach,  brucach,  speckled;  Dan.  bro- 
uet,  Sw.  brofaig,  party-coloured,  and  Sc. 
brocket,  broakit,  speckled.  For  the  same 
reason  the  beast  is  called  Bawgin  or  Bow- 
son.}  1.  A  badger.  Frequently  used  as  a 
term  of  reproach. 

Marry,  hang  thee.  brockl  Shak. 

2.  A  contraction  for  Brocket. 

Brocked,  Broakit  (brok'et,  bro'kit),a,  [Dan. 
broyet,  party-coloured.  See  BROCK.]  Varie- 
gated; having  a  mixture  of  black  or  other 
colour  and  white:  chiefly  applied  to  cattle. 
[Scotch.] 

Brocket  (brok'et),  n.  [Fr.  brocart,  because 
it  has  one  broche  or  snag  to  its  antler.]  A 
red-deer  two  years  old;  a  pricket.  The  term 
has  been  applied  by  some  naturalists  to  de- 
signate a  group  of  the  deer  family. 

Brockish  t  (brok'ish),  a.  Like  a  brock  or 
badger;  beastly;  brutal.  'Brockish  boors.' 
Bale. 

Brod  (brod),  n.  [Either  from  Gael,  and  Ir. 
brod.  a  goad,  a  prickle,  a  sting,  or  Icel. 
broddr,  a  spike.  See  BRAD.]  [Scotch.]  1.  A 
sharp-pointed  instrument.  —2.  A  prick  with 
such  an  instrument ;  au  incitement ;  insti- 
gation. 

Brod  (brod),  v.t.  or  i.  To  prick:  to  spur;  to 
pierce:  often  used  metaphorically.  [Scotch..] 

Brodequln,  Brodekin  (brod'kin),  n.  [Fr. 
bt'odequin.]  A  buskin  or  half  boot,  used  in 
the  seventeenth  century.  '  Instead  of  shoes 
and  stockings,  a  pair  of  buskins  or  brode- 
kins.'  Echard, 

Broella  (bro-el'la),  n.  A  coarse  kind  of 
cloth  used  for  the  ordinary  dresses  of  coun- 
trymen and  the  monastic  clergy  in  the 
middle  ages. 

Brog  (brog),  n.  [Ir.  and  Gael.]  A  pointed 
instrument,  as  a  shoemaker's  awl. 

Brog  (brog),  v.t.  [Scotch.]  1.  To  prick  with 
a  sharp -pointed  instrument;  as,  to  brog 
leather.— 2.  To  push  or  thrust.  '  Brogging 
an  elshin  through  bend  leather.'  Sir  W. 
Scott. 

Brogan  (bro'gan),  n.  A  stout  coarse  shoe; 
the  same  as  Brogue  (which  see). 

Broggle  t  (bnMrl).  v '*•  (Dim.  of  brog,  which 
according  to  Halliwell  is  to  catch  eels  by 
brogs  or  small  sticks.]  To  fish  for  eels  by 
troubling  the  water.  Wright. 

Brogue  (brog),  n.  [Ir.  and  Gael,  brog,  a  sort 
of  shoe  made  of  the  rough  hide  of  any 
beast.  From  this  shoe  being  used  by  the 
wilder  Irish  the  word  came  to  designate 
their  manner  of  speaking  English.]  1.  A 
coarse  and  light  kind  of  shoe  made  of  raw 


ch,  r/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch; 
VOL.  I. 


g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  to7i;      ng, 


TH,  (Aen;  th,  Ma;      w,  trig;    wh,  K'Aig; 


h,  a*ure,— See  KEY. 
22 


BROGUE 


338 


BRONCHITIS 


or  half-tanned  leather,  of  one  entire  piece, 
and  gathered  round  the  foot  by  a  thong; 
a  stout,  coarse  shoe.  '  My  clouted  brogues. 
Shak.—l.  A  dia- 
lectical manner 
of  pronuncia- 
tion :  especially 
used  of  the  mode 
of  pronunciation 
peculiar  to  the 
Irish. 

In  the  House  of 
Commons.the  Scotch 
accent  and  the  Irish 

brogue  may  be  often  Irish  Brogues, 

heard.     Quart.  Rea 


One  that  em- 


Brogue  (brog).  ».  A  trick.  Burns.  [Scotch.] 
Brogues  t  (brbgz),  n.  pi.    [See  BREECHES.] 
Breeches.     Shenstane. 

Broidt  (broid),  v.t.    To  braid.    See  BRAID 
Broider  (broi'der),  v.t.     [Fr.  broder,  derived 
by  Littre    from  Armor,   brand,   a  needle 
whence  broudar,  to  broider ;  comp.  Ir.  and 
Gael,  brad,  a  point,  a  prickle.   Others,  how- 
ever regard  Fr.  broder  as  a  modified  form 
of  0  Fr  border,  Sp.  and  Pg.  bordar,  to  em- 
broider, originally  to  form  an  ornamental 
border,  from  Fr.  bord.    See  BORDER.]    lo 
adorn  with  figures  of  needlework,  or  by 
sewing  on  pearls,  or  the  like;  to  embroider. 
•A  broidered  coat.'    Ex.  xxviii.  4     'A  red 
sleeve   broider'd  with  pearls.'    Tennyson. 
[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 
Brolderer  (broi'der-er),  n. 
broiders. 

Broideress  (broi'der-es),  n.  A  female  who 
embroiders.  Hood. 

Broidery  (broi'der-i),  n.  Embroidery;  orna- 
mental needle-work  wrought  upon  cloth. 
' Rare  broidery  of  the  purple  clover,  len- 
nyson.  [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 
Broil  (broil),  n.  [Fr.  brouiller,  to  jumble 
or  mix  up,  to  throw  into  bustle  or  confu- 
sion; origin  doubtful.]  A  tumult;  a  noisy 
quarrel-  contention;  discord,  either  between 
individuals  or  in  the  state;  a  brawl.  '  Your 
intestine  broils  weakening  the  sceptre  of  old 
Night'  Hilton.  —  SYN.  Feud,  contention, 
fray,  affray,  tumult,  altercation,  dissension, 

Broil  (broil),  v.t.  [Origin  doubtful.  Skeat 
connects  it  with  Gael,  bmich,  to  boil,  seethe, 
or  simmer.]  To  dress  or  cook  over  a  fire, 
generally  upon  a  gridiron;  to  subject  to  a 
strong  heat. 

Broil  (broil),  v.i.  To  be  subjected  to  the 
action  of  heat,  like  meat  over  the  fire ;  to 
be  greatly  heated  or  to  sweat  with  heat. 

Where  have  you  been  broiling  t  Shak. 

Broiler  (broil'er),  n.  1.  One  that  excites 
broils;  one  who  promotes  quarrels. 

What  doth  he  but  turn  broiler,  .  .  .  make  new  libels 
against  the  church.  Hamrnoita. 

2.  One  who  or  that  which  dresses  by  broil- 
ing; a  gridiron. 

Broiling  (broil'ing),  a.  Torrid;  excessively 
hot;  as,  a  broiling  day. 

Brokage,  n.    Same  as  Brocage. 

Broke  (brok),  v.i.  pret.  ct  pp.  braked;  ppr. 
broking.  [A.  Sax.  brucan,  to  use,  to  profit; 
brace,  bryce,  use,  profit,  advantage;  allied 
to  Dan.  bnig,  use,  business,  trade;  G. 
brauchen,  to  use,  to  profit.  ]  1.  To  transact 
business  for  another  in  trade ;  to  act  as 
agent  in  buying  and  selling  and  other  com- 
mercial business ;  to  carry  on  the  business 
of  a  broker.— 2.  t  To  act  as  a  go-between  or 
procurer  in  love  matters;  to  pimp. 

We  do  want  a  certain  necessary  woman  to  broke 
between  them,  Cupid  said.  Fansha-w. 

3.t  To  transact  business  by  means  of  an 
agent. 

But  the  gains  of  bargains  are  of  a  more  doubtful 
nature ;  when  men  shalf  wait  upon  others'  necessity. 
broke  by  servants  ami  instruments  to  draw  them  on 
...  and  the  like  practices.  Bacon. 

Broke  (brok).  1.  Pret.  of  break.—  2.  Obsoles- 
cent or  poetical  pp.  of  break. 

And  the  widows  of  Asher  are  loud  in  their  wail, 
And  the  idols  are  broke  in  the  temple  of  Baal. 

Byron. 

As  late  as  1816  convicts  were  broke  on  the  wheel. 
Rrougkam. 

Broked,  a.  Same  as  Bracked.  [Scotch.] 
Broken  (brok'n),  pp.  of  break,  often  used  as 
an  a.  1.  Parted  by  violence;  separated  into 
fragments.— 2.  Not  integral  or  entire;  frac- 
tional: opposed  to  round,  as  applied  to 
numbers. 

This  new-created  income  of  two  millions  will  pro- 
bably furnish  £665,000  (I  avoid  broken  numbers). 

3.  Subdued;  humble;  contrite;  with  feelings 
crushed. 


The  sacrifices  of  Cod  are  a  broken  spirit:  a  broken 
and  a  contrite  heart,  O  God,  thou  w.lt  »<Xp^P™- 

4  Violated;  transgressed;  as,  a  broken  vow. 
6  Made  weak;  infirm;  with  strength  gone: 
often  with  down;  as,  a  broken  down  de- 
bauchee. '  So  brown,  so  bow'd,  so  broken. 
Tennymn.-6.  Interrupted  by  sobs  or  im- 
perfect utterance;  as,  to  speak  in  a  broken 
voice  —Broken  beer,  remnants  of  beer.  A 
bumbard  of  broken  beer.'  B.  /»'«»".  - 
Broken  meat,  fragments  of  meat.—  BroKt 
man,  an  outlaw;  vagabond;  public  depre- 
dator. [Scotch.  ]-Broken  colours,  in  paint- 
in,,  colours  produced  by  the  mixture  of  one 
or  more  pigments.  —  Broken  mater,  waves 
breaking  on  and  near  shallows,  or  by  the 
contention  of  currents  in  a  narrow  channel. 
' 


con 

Broken-backed  (brok'n-bakt),  a.  Having 
a  broken  back,  in  any  of  the  senses  of  the 
word;  in  extract  below,  having  a  crack 
down  the  back  from  rough  usage. 

Yellow,  thumbed,  devastated  by  flies  and  time. 
stained  with  spots  of  oil  and  varnish.  troitii-tactett. 
docVeared-a  sorry  lazar-house  copy,  which  no 
bookstall-keeper  would  look  at.  G.  A.  Sala. 

Broken-bellied  (brok'n-bel-lid),  a.   Having 

a  ruptured  belly;  broken  down;  degenerate. 

'  Such  is  our  broken-bellied  age.     Sir  E. 

Sandys.    [Rare.  ] 
Broken-hearted  (brok'n-hart-ed),  a.    Hav- 

ing the  spirits  depressed  or  crushed  by  grief 

or  despair. 

He  hath  sent  me  to  bind  up  the  broken  hearttrt. 

Brokenly  (brok'n-li).  adv.  1.  In  a  broken 
interrupted  manner;  without  a  regular 
series.—  2.  In  broken  or  imperfect  language. 

If  you  will  love  me  soundly  with  your  French  heart, 
I  will  be  glad  to  hear  you  confess  it  brokenly  with 
your  English  tongue. 

Brokenness  (brok'n-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  broken.  —Brokenness  of  heart,  the 
state  of  having  the  spirits  crushed  by  grief 
or  despair  ;  abject  mental  misery.  'Help- 


less, hopeless,  brokennests  of  heart.'    Byron. 

Nor  was  this  submission  the  effect  of  content,  but 
of  mere  stupefaction  and  brokrnness  of  heart.  The 
iron  had  entered  into  his  soul.  Macaulay. 

Broken-wind  (brok'n-wind),  n.  A  disease 
in  horses,  often  accompanied  with  an  en 
largement  of  the  lungs  and  heart,  which 
disables  them  for  bearing  fatigue.  In  this 
disease  the  expiration  of  the  air  from  the 
lungs  occupies  double  the  time  that  the 
inspiration  of  it  does;  it  requires  also  two 
efforts  rapidly  succeeding  to  each  other, 
attended  by  a  slight  spasmodic  action,  in 
order  fully  to  accomplish  it.  It  is  caused 
by  rupture  of  the  air-cells,  and  there  is  no 
known  cure  for  it. 

Broken-winded  (brflk'n-wiud-ed),  a.  Hav- 
ing short  breath  or  disordered  respiration, 
as  a  horse. 

Broker  (brolter),  ».  [See  BROKE ]  1.  One 
who  brokes;  an  agent  or  negotiator  who  is 
employed  by  merchants  to  make  and  con- 
clude bargains  for  them  for  a  fee  or  rate 
per  cent. ,  or  who  transacts  other  business 
for  his  employers.  Brokers  are  of  several 
kinds  —  Exchange  -  brokers,  Pawn  -  brokers. 
Ship-brokers,  Stock-brokers,  &c.  See  under 
these  headings.  —2.  One  who  deals  in  second- 
hand household  goods,  clothes,  and  the  like. 
3.  t  A  pimp  or  procurer. 

Hence  broker,  lackey,  ignomy  and  shame 
Pursue  thy  life.  Shak. 

[Rome  editions  read  broker-lackey.] 

Brokerage  (bro'ker-aj),  n.  1.  The  fee.  re- 
ward, or  commission  given  or  charged  for 
transacting  business  as  a  broker.  — 2.  The 
business  or  employment  of  a  broker. 

Brokerlyt  (bro'ker-li), a.  Mean;  servile.  'A 
brokerly  slave. '  B.  Jonson. 

Brokeryt  (broTier-i),  11.  The  business  of  a 
broker.  Marlowe 

Broking  (brok'iug),  a.  1.  Engaged  as  a 
broker.  — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  business  of  a 
broker,  as  a  pawnbroker.  '  Redeem  from 
broking  pawn  the  blemished  crown.'  Shak. 

Brokking.t  ppr.  [From  break,  broke;  with 
a  broken  voice.]  Throbbing;  quavering. 

He  singeth  brokking  as  a  nightingale.     Cttatu-er 

Broma  (bro'ma),  n.  [Gr.  broma,  food.) 
1.  Aliment. —2.  A  chocolate  preparation 
from  the  cocoa  seeds  or  beans. 

Bromal  (bro'mal),  n.  A  compound  obtained 
by  the  action  of  bromine  on  alcohol.  It  is 
a  colourless  oily  fluid,  of  a  penetrating 
odour,  which  attacks  the  eyes. 

Bromate  (bro'mat),  n.  A  salt  formed  of 
bromic  acid. 

Bromatology(brd-ma-toro-ji),7i.  [Or.  broma, 
bromatos,  food,  and  logos,  discourse.]  A  dis- 
course or  treatise  on  aliments. 


Brome  (brom),  n.     Same  as  Bromine. 
Brome-grass  (brom'graa),  n.    The  name 
popularly  Kiven   to  grasses  of  the  genus 
Bromus  (which  see). 

Bromeliaceae  (br6-i);e'li-a"sc-e),7i,  pi.  A  nat. 
order  of  endogenous  plants,  takiiii;  its  name 
from  the  genus  (Bromelia,  so  called  after  :i 
Swedisli  botanist,  Olaus  ISroiiiel.)  to  which 
the  pine-apple  wasonceincorrectlyreferred. 
and  consisting  of  herbaceous  plants  remark- 
able for  the  hardness  and  dryness  of  their 
gray  foliage.  They  abound  in  tropical  Ame- 
rica, commonly  growing  epu»hytically  on  the 
branches  of  trees.  With  the  exception  of 
the  pine-apple  (Ananassa  xativa)  the  Bro- 
meliaceo!  are  of  little  value,  but  some  spe- 
cies are  cultivated  in  hothouses  in  this 
country  for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers. 
They  can  exist  in  dry  hot  air  without  con- 
tact with  the  earth,  and  in  hothouses  are 
often  kept  hung  in  moist  moss. 
Bromic  (bro'mik),  a.  Pertaining  to  bromine 
—Broinic  acid,  a  compound  of  oxygen  and 
bromine. 

Bromide  (bro'mid  or  bro'mid),  n.  A  i-om 
pound  formed  by  the  union  of  bromine  « itli 
another  element. 

Bromine  (bro'min  or  bro'min),  n.  [Gr.  bm- 
mos,  a  fetid  odour.]  Sym.  Br.  At.  wt.  80. 
A  simple  non-metallic  element  discovered  in 
1828  by  Balard  of  Montpellier.  In  its  gene- 
ral chemical  habitudes  it  much  resembles 
chlorine  and  iodine,  and  is  generally  asso- 
ciated with  them.  It  exists,  but  in  very 
minute  quantities,  in  sea-water,  in  the  ashes 
of  marine  plants,  in  animals,  and  in  some 
salt  springs.  It  is  usually  extracted  from 
bittern  by  the  agency  of  chlorine.  At  com- 
mon temperatures  it  is  a  very  dark  reddish 
liquid  of  a  powerful  and  suffocating  odour, 
and  emitting  red  vapour.  It  has  bleaching 
powers  like  chlorine,  and  is  very  poisonous 
It  combines  with  hydrogen  to  form  hydro- 
bromic  acid  gas.  With  oxygen  it  forms  bra- 
mic  acid.  Its  combinations  are  termed 
bromides.  Its  density  is  about  four  and  :> 
half  times  that  of  water. 
Bromite  (brom'it),  n.  See  BROMYRITE. 
Bromize  (bro'miz),  v.t.  In  photog.  to  pre- 
pare or  treat  with  bromine. 


Bromofonn  (bro'mo-form),  n.    [E.  bromine, 
and  L.  formica,  an  ant  ]    (CHBr? )    A  lim- 
pid liquid  produced  by  bromine  with  caustic 
potash  acting  on  wood-spirits  or  alcohol, 
analogous   to  chloroform,  but  contaijiin. 
bromine  in  place  of  chlorine. 
Bromography  (br6-mogYa-fl),n.  [Grfcronm. 
food,  and  grapho,  to  write.)    A  term  for  a 
treatise  or  dissertation  on  food.    [Rare.] 
Bromus  (bro'mus),  n.  [Gr  bromos.  ]  A  genus 
of  grasses ;  the  brome-grasses.     Nearly  200 
species  have  been  described.  Of  these  eight 
are  enumerated  by  British  botanists;  they 
are  known  by  having  their  spikelets  many- 
flowered,  two  awnless  glumes  to  each  floret, 
two  palea?  or  valves,  the  lowermost  of  which 
has  a  rough,  straight,  rigid  awn  proceeding 
from  l>elow  the  tip  of  the  valve.    They  are 
not  held  in  much  estimation  by  the  farmer, 
but  an  Australian  species,  B.  Schraderi,  is 
strongly  recommended  as  a  forage  plant. 
Bromyrite  (bro'mi-rit),  n.    Native  bromide 
of  silver,  consisting  of  57  5  parts  silver  and 
42  5  bromine,  of  a  yellowish-green  colour, 
occurring  at  Huelgot,  in  Brittany,  in  Mexico, 
and  Chili,  accompanying  other  ores  of  sil- 
ver.   Called  sometimes  Bromite. 
Bronchi,  pi.  of  bronchia  (which  see). 
Bronchia  (brong'ki-a),  n.     [Gr.  and  L.) 
The  two  tubes,  with  their  subdivisions  or 
ramifications,  arising  from  the  bifurcation 
of  the  trachea  or  wind-pipe  in  the  lungs, 
and  conveying  air  to  the  latter;  the  bronchi 
See  LUNO. 

Bronchial  (brong'ki-al).  a.  Belonging  to  the 
bronchi  or  bronchia. — The  bronchia  I  arteries 
are  branchesofthe  superior  descending  aorta 
accompanying  the  bronchia.  —  Bronchial 
glands,  glands  at  the  division  of  the  bron- 
chia —Bronchial  tubet,  the  minute  ramifi- 
cations of  the  bronchia,  terminating  in  the 
bronchial  cells,  or  air-cells  of  the  lungs.— 
Bronchial  membrane,  the  mucous  mem- 
brane lining  the  bronchia. 
BronchlC  (  brong'klk ),  a.  Same  as  Bron- 
chial. 

Bronchitis  (brong-ki'tis),  n.  [Gr.  brmichos, 
the  wind-pipe,  and  term,  -itis,  signifying  in- 
flammation.] In  med.  an  inflammation  of 
the  lining  membrane  of  the  bronchia,  or 
tubes  which  convey  air  to  the  lungs;  acorn- 
plaint  of  very  frequent  occurrence.  It  is  of 
two  kinds,  acute  and  chronic.  It  is  also  a 
very  serious  disease  among  quadrupeds. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  So.  abune;      J',  Sc.  try. 


BRONCHOCELE 


339 


KKOOSK 


Bronchocele  ( l  »rong'k6-sGl)(».  [Gr.  bronchos, 
the  wind-pipe,  and  kclc,  a  tumour.]  Same 
as  Goitiv. 

Bronchophony  (brong-kof'o-ni),  n.  [Gr. 
In-tiiu'hoH,  the  wind-pipe,  and  phone,  voice.] 
In  med.  a  loud,  clear,  thrilling  sound,  seem- 
ing as  if  close  to  the  ear  of  the  hearer  when 
applied  to  the  patient's  chest,  or  as  if  tlie 
pMiiciit  spoke  through  his  ribs. 

Bronchotome  (hrong'ko-tom),  n.  In  tntrg. 
a  kind  of  lancet,  with  a  blunt  and  rounded 
pniiit  used  in  the  operation  of  broncho- 
tomy. 

Broncnotomy  (brong-kot'o-mi),  n.  [Gr. 
bronchos,  the  wind-pipe,  and  tome,  a  cut- 
ting.] In  xurg.  an  incision  into  the  wind- 
pip'-  or  larynx  between  the  rings,  to  afford  a 
pa. -sage  for  the  air  into  and  out  of  the  lungs 
when  any  disease  prevents  respiration  in  tin; 
usual  way,  or  to  extract  foreign  bodies  which 
have  got  into  the  trachea,  or  in  cases  of  suf- 
focation, drowning,  &c.  The  operation  is 
called  tracheotomy  when  the  opening  is 
made  into  the  trachea,  and  laryngotonty 
when  made  into  the  larynx. 

Bronchus   (brong'kus),    n.    pi.   Bronchi 

Strong'ki).     [Gr.  bronchos,  the  wind-pipe.] 
ne  of  the  bifurcations  of  the  trachea.    See 
TRACHEA,  LUNG. 

Brond t  (brond),  n.  A  brand;  a  sword- 
Spvnttr. 

Bronteum  (bron-te'um),  n.    [Gr.  bronteion, 
from  bronte,  thunder.]     In  ancient  Greek  ! 
theatres,  a  brazen  vessel  used  for  imitating 
thunder  by  rolling  atones  in  it. 

BrontOllth  (bron'to-lith),  n.  [Gr.  bronte, 
thunder,  and  lithon,  a  stone.]  An  aerolite; 
meteorolite. 

Brontology  (bron-tol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  bronte, 
thunder,  and  logos,  discourse.]  A  discourse 
or  dissertation  upon  thunder. 

BrontOZOUm  (bron-to-zo'uin),n.  [Gr.brontes, 
a  giant,  and  zoon,  a  living  creature.]  A 
name  given  to  the  animal  producing  certain 
gigantic  bird-like  footprints,  some  being  20 
inches  long,  occurring  in  the  new  red  sand- 
stone of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut. 

Bronze  (bronz),  n.  [Fr.  bronze,  from  It. 
bronza,  bronze;  allied  to  brown,  brand,  &c., 
being  from  Teut  root  bren,  to  burn.]  1.  A 
compound  or  alloy  of  from  2  to  20  parts  of 
copper  to  1  of  tin,  to  which  other  metallic 
substances  are  sometimes  added,  especially 
zinc.  It  is  brittle,  hard,  and  sonorous,  and 
used  for  statues,  bells,  and  cannon,  the  pro- 
portions of  the  respective  ingredients  being 
varied  to  suit  the  particular  purposes.  An- 
cient bronze  generally  contains  4  to  15  per 
cent,  of  tin.  The  alloy  of  our  present  bronze 
coinage  consists  of  94  parts  of  copper,  4  of 
tin,  and  1  of  zinc.— 2.  Any  statue  or  bust, 
urn,  medal,  or  other  work  of  art,  cast  of 
bronze,  whether  original  or  a  copy  of  an 
antique.  'A  print,  a  bronze,  a  flower,  a 
root '  Prior,—  3.  A  brown  colour  resembling 
bronze;  a  pigment  prepared  for  the  purpose 
of  imitating  bronze,  of  two  kinds,  the  yellow 
and  the  red.  The  yellow  is  made  of  flue 
copper  dust;  the  red  of  copper  dust  with  a 
little  pulverized  red  ochre.  —  4.  Boldness; 
impudence;  brass. 

Imbrowned  with  native  bronze,  lo,  Henley  stands, 
Tuning  his  voice  and  balancing  his  hands.        Pope. 

— Imitation  bronze,  tombac,  prince's  metal, 
or  Mannheim  gold,  terms  applied  to  alloys 
of  zinc  and  copper,  containing  80  per  cent. 
or  more  of  copper.  From  zinc  being  cheaper 
than  tin,  these  alloys  are  much  used  instead 
of  true  bronze  for  ornaments,  which  are  j 
gilt  or  artificially  bronzed  over  the  surface. 
These  terms  are  also  applied  to  alloys  of 
copper  with  zinc,  tin,  and  lead.  An  alloy 
of  about  85  parts  copper,  11  zinc,  and  4  tin, 
is  used  for  statues. 

Bronze  (bronz),  v.t  pret.  &  pp.  bronzed;  ppr. 
bronzing.  1.  To  make  brown  or  of  the  colour 
of  bronze,  as  by  exposure  to  the  sun. 

Seamed  with  an  ancient  sword-cut  on  the  cheek. 
And  bruised  and  bronzed.  Tennyson. 

Specifically— 2.  To  make  anything  resemble 
bronze  by  means  of  copper  dust,  or  leaf  fas-  ; 
tened  on  the  outside,  as  gold-leaf  is  in  gild-  j 
ing.  —3.  To  harden  or  make  like  bronze;  j 
hence,  to  make  hard  or  unfeeling.  'The  ! 
lawyer  who  bronzes  his  bosom  instead  of  his  ] 
forehead.'  Sir  W.  Scott  — Bronze  age,  in  , 
archceol.  the  age  between  the  stone  age  and 
the  iron  age.  (See  AGE.)  In  the  bronze  age  1 
the  implements  were  of  copper  or  bronze;  I 
the  dead  were  burned,  and  their  ashes  de-  j 
posited  in  urns  or  stone-chests,  covered  with  j 
conical  mounds  of  earth  or  cairns  of  stones.  ; 
Gold  and  amber  ornaments  appear  in  this  • 
age,  but  never  silver. 


Bronzed-skin  Disease,  Same  as  Addi- 
son's  /MMOM 

Bronze-liquor  (bronz'lik-er),  n.  A  solution 
of  chloride  of  antimony  and  sulphate  of 
copper,  used  for  bronzing  gun-barrels,  &c. 

Bronze  -  powder  ( bronz  'pou-dcr),  n.  A 
metallic  powder,  mixed  with  oil-paint,  for 
colouring  objects  in  imitation  of  bron/e. 
The  yellow  is  composed  of  pulverized  brass 
and  the  red  of  pulverized  copper. 

Bronze-steel  fbronj'ttWX  n.  The  name 
given  to  bronze  condensed  and  hardened  by 
a  method  which  has  been  adopted  in  the 
making  of  cannon.  The  piece  is  first  cast  in 
bronze  in  the  ordinary  way,  and  its  bore  is 
afterwards  widened  by  forcing  in  several 
strong  steel  cylinders  in  succession.  When 
so  treated  the  bronze  next  the  bore  is  said  to 
acquire  a  tenacity  approaching  that  of  cast- 
steel. 

Bronze-wing  (bronzVing),  n.  A  name  for 
certain  species  of  Australian  pigeons,  chiefly 
of  the  genus  Phaps,  distinguished  by  the 
bronze  colour  of  their  plumage.  The  com- 
mon bronze- winged  ground-dove  (P.  chal- 
coptera)  abounds  in  all  the  Australian  colo- 
nies, and  is  a  plump  bird,  often  weighing  a 
pound,  much  esteemed  for  table. 

Bronzlne  (bronz'in),  a.  Resembling  bronze; 
bronze-coloured. 

Bronzist  (bronz'ist),  n.  One  who  casts 
bronzes  or  lacquers  metals,  plaster-figures, 
Ac.,  to  give  them  the  appearance  of  bronze. 

Bronzite  (bronz'it),  n.  A  mineral,  a  variety 
of  diallage,  nearly  allied  to  Labrador  horn- 
blende or  hypersthene.  It  has  a  yellowish- 
brown  colour,  and  semi  -  metallic  lustre 
approaching  to  that  of  bronze.  It  is  a 
silicate  of  magnesia  and  iron. 

Bronzy  (bronz'i),  a.  Resembling  bronze; 
as,  a  bronzy  appearance. 

Broo,  n     See  BREE. 

Broo  (bro),  n.  Brow.  [Scotch.]— Nae  broo, 
no  favourable  opinion.  —  An  ill  broo,  an 
unfavourable  opinion. 

But  thir  rulings  and  wappenshawings,  my  Icddy, 
I  hae  nae  broo  of  them  ava.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Brooch  (broch),  n.  [A  form  of  broach  (which 
see);  the  present  is  the  commoner  spelling 
of  the  word  in  this  sense.  ]  1.  An  ornamental 
pin  or  clasp  used  for  fastening  the  dress  or 
merely  for  display.  It  is  now  worn  mostly 
by  women,  and  on  the  breast;  but  formerly 
brooches  were  also  worn  by  men,  and  on 
the  cap  or  hat.  A  large  circular  brooch,  * 
generally  made  of  silver,  and  set  with  a 
stone,  such  as  a  cairngorm,  is  one  of  the 
almost  indispensable  ornaments  of  a  High- 
land costume.  'With  broches  and  aiglets 
of  gold  upon  their  caps.'  Ralph  Robinson, 
Honour's  a  good  brooch  to  wear  in  a  man's  hat  at 
all  times.  B  Jonson. 

2.  In  painting,  a  painting  all  of  one  colour. 
Brooch  (broch),  v.t.     To  adorn  with  or  as 
with  a  brooch  or  brooches.     [Rare.] 
Not  the  imperious  show 
Of  the  full -fort  uned  C.-csar  ever  shall 
Be  broached  with  me.  Shak. 

Brood  (brod),  n.  [A.  Sax.  br6d,-  a  brood; 
D.  broed,  G.  brut,  a  brood ;  from  root  of 
breed.]  1.  Offspring;  progeny. 

The  lion  roars  and  gluts  his  tawny  brood.  H'ordsTvorth. 

2.  A  hatch  ;  the  young  birds  hatched  at  once ; 
as,  a  brood  of  chickens  or  of  ducks.  —3.  That 
which  is  bred;  species  generated;  that  which 
is  produced;  sort;  kind. 

Have  you  forgotten  Libya's  burning  wastes,  .  . 
Its  tainted  air,  and  all  its  broods  of  poison?  Addisatt, 
4.  In  mining,  any  heterogeneous  mixture 
among  tin  or  copper  ore,  as  mundic,  black- 
jack, &c.  —  To  ait  on  brood,  t  to  ponder. 
Shak. 

Brood  (brod),  v.i.  [From  the  noun;  comp. 
D.  broeden,  G.  brufan,  to  hatch.]  1.  To  sit 
upon  eggs,  aa  a  fowl,  for  the  purpose  of 
warming  them  and  hatching  chickens ;  to 
sit  over  and  cover  young  ones,  as  a  hen 
over  her  chickens  to  warm  and  protect 
them ;  hence,  to  remain  steadfastly  settled. 

Thou  from  the  first 

Wast  present,  and  with  mighty  wings  outspread, 
Dovehke  sat'st  brooding  on  the  vast  abyss.    Milton. 
Raven  darkness  brooded  o'er  the  deep.  Sir  If.  Jones. 

2.  To  remain  a  long  time  in  anxiety  or  soli- 
citous thought;  to  have  the  mind  dwelling 
for  a  long  time  uninterruptedly  on  a  subject: 
with  on  or  over.  '  Encouraged  in  themselves, 
by  reading  and  meditation,  a  disposition  to 
brood  over  their  wrongs.'  Macaulay. 
Brood  (brod),  v.t.  1.  To  sit  over,  cover,  and 
cherish;  as,  a  hen  broods  her  chickens; 
hence,  to  nourish. 

The  thrifty  earth  that  bring-eth  out 
And  broodeth  up  her  breed.       Warner. 


2.  To  cherish  with  care.    '  See  how  he  broods 
the  boy.'    Beau,  d-  Fl.     •  He  nor  heaps  hU 
brooded  stores.'    Gray. 

You'll  sit  and  brood  your  sorrows  on  a  throne 

Dryden. 

3.  To  plan  or  mature  with  care.     'To  brood 
Wiir.'     f la  con. 

Brooding  (brod'iiiK),  «-  1.  Sitting,  as  a  fowl 
on  bar  eon;  u,  *  ftreotftna  hen,  '-!  Warm- 
ing. 'The  briHiding  heat.'  7V;i/n/*"" 
:;  Pondering;  thinking  deeply  on;  disposed 
to  ponder  or  think  dimply  on;  as,  a  brood- 
ing disposition.— 4.  Settled;  rooted;  fixed 
in  the  heart:  a  tigurative  use  derived  from 
the  steadfastness  with  which  a  fowl  sits  nn 
her  eggs.  '  A  brooding  and  unavowed  im.s 
tility.'  Milman. 

Brood-mare  (brod'mar),  n.  A  mare  kept 
fnr  breeding. 

Broody  (brod'i),  a.  In  a  state  of  sitting  on 
eggs  for  hatching ;  inclined  to  sit.  [Rare.] 

The  common  hen,  all  the  while  she  i*  broody,  sits 
and  leads  her  chickens,  and  uses  a  voice  which  we 
call  clocking.  Ray. 

Brook  (bruk),  n.  [A.  Sax.  brdc,  a  spring, 
a  brook,  from  brecan,  to  burst  forth ;  D. 
brock,  a  marsh,  a  pool ;  G.  bruch,  a  marsh. 
A  brook  is  therefore  a  breaking  forth  of 
water ;  comp.  spring.  ]  A  small  natural 
stream  of  water,  or  a  current  flowing  from 
a  spring  or  fountain  less  than  a  river. 

Springs  make  little  rivulets;  those  united  make 
brooks;  and  those  coming  together  make  rivers, 
which  empty  themselves  into  the  sea.  Locke. 

Brook  (bruk),  v.t  [A.  Sax.  brucan,  to  use, 
employ,  or  perform,  to  eat  or  chew;  D. 
gebruiken,  Icel.  bruka,  Goth,  brukjan,  to 
use;  of  cognate  origin  with  L.  frui,  to 
enjoy.]  1.  To  bear;  to  endure;  to  support; 
as,  young  men  cannot  bruok  restraint. 

Shall  we,  who  could  not  brook  one  lord,  crouch  to  the 
wicked  ten?  Macaulay. 

2.t  To  earn;  to  deserve. 

Which  name  she  brooded  as  well  for  her  proportion 
and  grace  as  for  the  many  happy  voyages  she  made 
in  her  Majesty's  service.  Sir  y.  Hawkins. 

Brooklte  (brbklt),  n.  [After  a  crystallog- 
rapher  named  Brooke.]  Same  as  Jurinite. 

Brooklet  (brnk'let),  n.  [Dim.  of  brook.]  A 
small  brook.  Longfellow. 

Brook-lime  (bruk'lim),  n.  A  plant  (Vero- 
nica Beccabunga)  with  blue  flowers  in  loose 
lateral  spikes.  In  old  writers  it  is  Brok- 
lympe. 

Brook-mint  (bruk'mint),  n.  The  water- 
mint  (Mentha  Kylvextrin). 

Brook-weed  (bnik'wed),  n.  A  plant,  water 
pimpernel,  the  Samolw  Valerandi. 

Brooky  (bruk'i).  a.  Abounding  with  brooks. 
'  Hebron's  brooky  sides.'  John  Dyer. 

Broom  (brom),  n.  [A.  Sax.  br6m,  L.G.  brdm, 
broom;  D.  brem,  broom,  furze;  closely  allied 
to  bramble,  both  being,  according  to  Max 
Muller,  from  same  root  as  Skr.  bhrat/i,  to 
whirl,  to  be  confused.  See  BRAMBLE,  BRIM.] 
1.  The  popular  name  of  various  plants.  The 
common  broom  (Cytisits  Scopariwt)  is  a  legu- 
minous shrub  growing  abundantly  on  sandy 
pastures  and  heaths  in  Britain  and  through- 
out Europe.  It  is  distinguished  by  having 
large,  yellow,  papilionaceous  flowers,  leaves 
in  threes,  and  single,  and  the  branches  angu- 
lar. Spanish  broom  is  Spartium  junceum, 
and  butcher's -broom  is  Rusciis  aculeatus. 
See  BUTCHER'S-BROOM.  —2.  A  besom  or  brush 
with  a  long  handle  for  sweeping  floors :  so 
called  from  being  originally  made  of  the 
broom-plant.  A  broom  at  the  masthead  of  a 
vessel  indicates  that  she  is  for  sale,  derived 
probably  from  the  old  habit  of  displaying 
boughs  at  shops  and  taverns. 

Broom  (brom),  v.t    Same  as  Bream. 

Broom-corn,  Broom-grass  (brom'korn, 
brom'gras),  n.  Sorghum  vulgare  or  Guinea- 
corn,  with  a  jointed  stem,  like  a  reed  or  the 
stem  of  maize,  rising  to  the  height  of  8  or 
10  feet.  The  branched  panicles  are  made 
into  carpet-brooms  and  clothes-brushes. 

Broom-cypress  (brom-si'prea),n.  See  BEL- 
VIDE  RE 

Broom-Iand(brom'laml),n.  Land  producing 
broom.  Mortimer. 

Broom-rape(brbm'rap),  n.  A  parasitic  plant 
of  the  genus  Orobanche.  See  OROBANCH- 
ACEJE. 

Broomstick,  Broomstaff(hrorn'sttk,  brom'- 
staf),  n.    The  stick  or  handle  of  a  broom. 
Broomy  (brbm'i),  a.     Full  of  broom;  con- 
taining broom;  pertaining  to  or  consisting 
of  broom.     ' Broomy  peak.'    J.  Baillie. 
Broose,  Bruse  (brbs),  n.    [Scotch.)    A  race 
at  country  weddings.  — To  ride  the  broose, 
to  run  a  race  on  horseback  at  a  wedding 
from  the  church  to  the  place  where  the 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      u,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      *H,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


BROOZE 


340 


BROWNIE 


wedding-feast  was  held,  so  as  to  be  first  at 
the  brose  or  other  eatables,  the  term  being 
identical  with  brose. 

Broozet  (broz),  v.i.  To  browse.  'Suchlike 
sort  of  fruit,  which  those  animals  brooz'd 
upon.'  Oldys. 

Brora-beds  (bro'ra-bedz),  n.  pi.  In  yeol.  a. 
series  of  strata  occurring  near  Brora,Suther- 
landshire,  of  the  age  of  the  lower  oolite, 
remarkable  for  containing  a  seam  of  good 
coal  3i  feet  thick,  which  is  the  thickest  bed 
of  true  coal  found  in  the  secondary  strata 
of  Britain. 

Brose  (broz),  n.  [Gael,  brothas,  brose;  same 
root  as  brew,  broth,  Ac.]  A  Scotch  dish, 
made  by  pouring  boiling  water,  boiling  milk, 
the  liquor  in  which  meat  has  been  boiled, 
or  the  like,  on  oatmeal,  barley-meal,  orother 
meal,  and  immediately  mixing  the  ingre- 
dients by  stirring.  Sometimes  butter  is 
added  to  the  meal,  and  when  the  brose  is 
made  with  water  sweet  milk  is  generally 
added.  The  dish  is  denominated  from  the 
nature  of  the  liquid ;  as,  kail-brose,  water- 
brose, beef-broge,&c. — Athole-brose  is asome- 
what  different  dish. 

Brosen.t  Brostent  (bros'n),  pp.    Burst. 

Brosimum  (bro'si-mum),  n.  A  genus  of 
Artocarpacese,  one  species  of  which  (B. 
Galactodendron)  is  the  cow-tree  of  South 
America.  B.  Alicastrum  (the  bread-nut 
tree),  common  in  the  woods  of  Jamaica, 
produces  nuts  which,  when  roasted,  are  used 
as  bread,  and  taste  like  hazel-nuts.  The 
wood  resembles  mahogany,  and  is  some- 
times used  by  cabinet-makers.  The  leaves 
and  young  branches  form  a  most  useful 
fattening  fodder  for  cattle.  The  snake  or 
leopard  wood,  used  as  veneers  and  for  walk- 
ing-canes, is  yielded  by  a  species  (B.  Aub- 
lettii)  from  British  Guiana. 

Brosmius  (bros'mi-us),  n.  A  genus  of  fishes 
belonging  to  the  cod  family  (Gadidx).  One 
species  has  been  found  on  our  northern 
coasts,  commonly  called  the  torsk  or  tusk. 

Brotany  (l)rot'a-n').  "•  [L.L.  abretanum.] 
Southernwood. 

Broth  (broth),  n.  [A.  Sax.  broth,  Icel.  broth; 
from  root  of  brew.}  Liquor  in  which  flesh 
is  boiled  and  macerated,  usually  with  cer- 
tain vegetables  to  give  it  a  better  relish.  In 
Scotland  the  name  is  seldom  applied  unless 
pot  barley  forms  one  of  the  ingredients. 

Good  broth,  with  good  keeping,  do  much  now  and 

then ; 
Good  diet,  with  wisdom,  best  comforteth  men. 

Tusar. 

Brothel  (broth'el),  n.  [Usually  regarded  as 
another  form  of  bordel  (which  see),  but 
Skeat  shows  that  this  is  probably  a  mistake, 
brothel  being  originally  a  person.  He  de- 
rives brothel,  as  well  as  a  parallel  form, 
O.E.  brethel,  a  wretch,  from  same  root  as 
A.  Sax.  dbrothen,  degenerate,  base,  viz.  from 
root  brut,  to  break,  as  in  E.  brittle,  though 
he  admits  that  there  was  early  a  confusion 
between  brothel  and  bordel.  ]  A  house  of 
lewdness;  a  house  appropriated  to  the  pur- 
poses of  prostitution;  a  bawdy-house;  a 
stew. 

Epicurism  and  lust 

Make  it  more  like  a  tavern  or  a  brothel 
Than  a  graced  palace.  Shak. 

Brothel  (broth'el),  v.  i.    To  haunt  brothels. 
Sylvester,  Du  Bartas. 
Brothel-house  (broth'el-hous),n.  A  brothel. 

From  its  old  ruins  brothel-houses  rise. 

Scenes  of  lewd  loves  and  of  polluted  joys.    Dryden. 

Brotheller  (broth'el-er),  n.  One  that  fre- 
quents brothels.  'Gamesters,  jockies,  bruth- 
ellers  impure.'  Coieper. 

Brothelry  t  (broth'el-ri),  n.  1.  A  brothel.— 
2.  Lewdness;  obscenity.  '  Loathsome  broth- 
elry.'  Bp.  Hall. 

Brother  (bruTH'er),n.  pi.  Brothers  (UruTH'- 
erz)  or  Brethren  ( breTH'ren ).  [A.  Sax. 
brdthor;  a  word  widely  spread  through 
the  Indo-European  stock— D.  breeder,  Icel. 
brothir,  Dan.  and  Sw.  broder,  Goth,  brothar, 
G.  bruder,  Ir.  and  Gael,  brathair,  W.  brawd, 
Rus.  brat',  Bohem.  bratr,  L.  frater,  Gr. 
phrate.r,  Skr.  bhratr,  brother,  believed  to 
be  ultimately  from  root  bhar,  in  E.  to  bear.] 
1.  A  human  male  born  of  the  same  father 
and  mother.  A  male  by  one  of  the  parents 
only  is  called  a  half-brother  or  brother  of 
the  half-blood.  In  Scrip,  the  term  brother 
is  applied  to  a  kinsman  by  blood  more  re- 
mote than  a  son  of  the  same  parents,  as  in 
the  case  of  Jacob  and  his  uncle  Laban.  Gen. 
xxix.  12.  The  word  may  also  be  used  of  the 
lower  animals,  and  is  even  useil  of  plants. 

It  was  then  removed  and  planted  in  a  remote 
place  close  to  a  brother  long-style  plant.       Darwin, 


2.  Any  one  closelynnited.  as- by  a  common  in- 
terest; an  associate ;  one  of  the  same  rank, 
profession,  or  occupation ;  or  more  gener- 
ally, a  fellow-creature. 

We  few,  we  happy  few.  we  band  of  brothers; 
For  he.  to-day  that  sheds  his  blood  with  me. 
Shall  be  my  bratker. 

Specifically,  a  member  of  a  religious  order. 

Goine  to  find  a  barefoot  brother  out. 

One  of  our  order.  **•» 

3.  One  that  resembles  another  in  manners 
or  disposition. 

He  also  that  is  slothful  in  his  work  is  brother  to 
him  that  is  a  great  waster.  Prov.  xvili.  9. 

[The  plural  form  brethren  is  not  now  used 
in  the  sense  of  male  children  of  the  same 
parents,  but  only  in  the  wider  meanings  of 
the  word  brother.] 

Brother-german  (bruTU'er-jer-man),  n. 
[Brother,  anil  L.  germanus, full-brother.  See 
GERMAN  sprung  from  the  same  father  and 
mother.]  A  brother  by  both  father  and 
mother's  side;  a  full-brother. 

Brotherhood  (bruTH'er-hud),  n.  [Brother, 
and  term,  -hood.]  1.  The  fact  of  being  a 
brother. 

My  brother  slew  no  man :  his  fault  was  thought. 
And  yet  his  punishment  was  cruel  death. 
Who  sued  to  me  for  him?    .... 
Who  spake  of  brotherhood!  Shak. 

2.  The  quality  of  being  brotherly.  'And 
friendship  shall  combine,  and  brotherhood.' 
Shak.  — 3.  An  association  of  men  for  any 
purpose,  as  a  society  of  monks;  a  fraternity. 
'There  was  a  fraternity  of  men-at-arms, 
called  the  brotherhood  of  St.  George.'  Sir 
J.  Duties.— i.  A  class  of  individuals  of  the 
same  kind,  profession,  or  occupation.  'The 
brotherhood  of  Christendom.'  Burke.  'A 
brotherhood  of  venerable  trees.'  Words- 
worth. 

Brother-in-law  ( bruTii'er-in-la  ),  n.  The 
brother  of  a  husband  or  wife;  also,  a  sister's 
husband. 

Brotherless  (brurii'er-lcs),  a.  Without  a 
brother. 

Brotherllke  (bruTU'er-lik),  a.  Becoming  a 
brother.  Shak. 

Brotherlinesg  (hruTH'er-li-nes),  n.  State 
of  being  brotherly. 

Brother-love  (bruTH'er-luv),  n.  Brotherly 
affection.  Shak. 

Brotherly  (bruTH'er-li),  a.  Pertaining  to 
brothers ;  such  as  is  natural  for  brothers ; 
becoming  brothers;  kind;  affectionate;  as, 
brotlierlii  love. 

Brotherly!  ( briiTii'er-li ),  adv.  After  the 
manner  of  a  brother;  kindly;  affectionately. 
'  I  love  thee  brotherly. '  Shak. 

Brother-uterine  (bruTH'er-u'ter-in),  n.  A 
brother  by  the  mother's  side  only. 

Brouded,  t  pp.  [Fr.  brads.}  Embroidered. 
Chaucer. 

Brouette  (br°-e^),  "•  [Fr- 1  A  small  two- 
wheeled  carriage. 

Brougham  (bro'am  or  broin),  n.  [After  tbe 
first  Lord  Brougham.]  A  one-horse  close 
carriage,  either  two  or  four  wheeled,  and 
adapted  to  carry  either  two  or  four  persons. 

Brought  (brat),  pret.  &  pp.  of  briny. 

Brouken,*  «•<•  [See BROOK, nt]  Toenjoy; 
'  to  use.  '  So  mote  I  brouken  wel  mill  eyen 
'  twey. '  Chattcer. 

Broussonetla  (brbs-on-e'shi-a),  n.  [After 
M.Broiissonet,  a  French  naturalist.]  A  genus 
of  trees,  nat.  order  Moraceoi.  B.  papyr(fera, 
or  paper-mulberry,  is  cultivated  in  China 
and  Japan  for  the  sake  of  its  young  shoots, 
which  are  made  into  baskets.  Its  outer 
bark  is  the  chief  paper-making  material  in 
China  and  Japan,  and  cloth  is  made  from 
1  the  inner  bark. 

Brouzet  (brouz).  Same  as  Browte. 
'  Brow  (brou),  n.  [A.  Sax.  brtt,  brain,  the 
eyebrow;  D.  braauw  (only  in  compound 
wenkbraauw,  the  eyebrow,  lit.  wink-brow); 
Icel.  brun,  the  eyebrow,  brd,  the  eyelid ; 
G.  braue,  augenbraue,  the  eyebrow;  the 
same  word  is  seen  also  in  Gr.  ophrys,  Per. 
abru,  Skr.  bhrft,  the  eyebrow.]  1.  The  pro- 
minent ridge  over  the  eye,  forming  an  arch 
above  the  orbit.  The  skin  of  this  arch  or 
ridge  is  moved  by  muscles,  which  contract 
it  in  a  frown  and  elevate  it  in  joy  or  sur- 
prise ;  hence,  to  knit  the  brows  is  to  frown. 
2.  The  arch  of  hair  over  the  eye ;  the  eye- 
brow. 'Your  inky  brows,  your  black  silk 
hair.'  Sha k.  —3.  The  forehead. 

Beads  of  sweat  have  stood  upon  thy  brow.    Shak. 

4.  The  general  air  of  the  countenance. 
'  To  whom  thus  Satan  with  contemptuous 
brow.'  Milton.  —  5.  The  edge  of  a  steep 
place;  the  upper  portion  of  a  slope.  'The 


brow  of  the  hill.'  Luke  iv.  20.— 0.  A  fringe 
of  coppice  adjoining  the  hedge  of  a  field. — 
7.  The  gallery  in  a  coal-mine  which  is  cut 
across  the  face  of  the  coal.  —  8.  Ifattt.  an 
inclined  plane  of  planks  on  one  or  each 
side  of  a  ship,  to  communicate  with  the 
inside;  a  gangway  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  shipwrights  in  conveying  timber. 
Ac.,  on  board. — Nae  brow,  an  ill  brow.  See 
under  BROO. 

Brow  (brou),  v.  (.  To  form  a  brow  or  elevated 
border  to.  [Rare.  ] 

Tending  my  flocks  hard  by  i'  th'  hilly  crofts. 
That  brow  this  bottom  glade.  Milton. 

Brow -antler  (brou'ant-ler),  n.  The  first 
start  that  grows  on  a  deer's  head.  See 
ANTLER. 

Brow-band  (brouliand),  n.  1.  A  band  or 
fillet  worn  round  the  brow.— 2.  Insaddlery, 
a  band  of  a  bridle,  head-stall,  or  halter, 
which  passes  in  front  of  the  horse's  fore- 
head, and  has  loops  at  its  ends  through 
which  pass  the  cheek-straps. 

Browbeat  (brou'bet),  v.t.  To  depress  or 
bear  down  with  haughty,  stern  looks,  or 
with  arrogant  speech  and  dogmatic  asser- 
tions ;  or  in  general  to  bear  down  by  impu- 
dence. 

(He)  was  not  ashamed  to  browbeat,  from  the  seat 
of  judgment,  the  unfortunate  Roman  Catholics  who 
were  arraigned  before  him  foi  their  lives. 

Maeanlay. 

Browbeater(brou1)et-er),n.  One  who  brow- 
beats; a  bully.  Warren. 

Brow-bound  (brou'bound),  n.  Crowned; 
having  the  head  encircled,  as  with  a  diadem. 
'  Brow-bound  with  the  oak.'  Shak. 

A  queen  with  swarthy  cheeks  and  bold  black  eyes 
Brew-bound  with  burning  gold.  Tentiysott. 

Browless  (broules),  a.  Without  shame. 
' Hrowtess  heretick. '  L.  Addison.  [Rare.] 

Brown  (broun).o.  [A.  Sax.  brun,  Icel.  briinn, 
Dan.  brunn,  Sw.  brun,  D.  bruin,  G.  braun, 
brown ;  lit.  of  a  burnt  colour,  from  the  root 
seen  in  Goth,  brinnan,  to  burn,  Icel.  brenna, 
to  burn,  brunninn,  burnt.]  Dusky;  of  a 
dark  or  dusky  colour,  inclining  to  redness. 
'Cheeks  brown  as  the  oak  leaves.'  Long- 
fellow. —  To  do  a  person  brown,  to  deceive 
him;  to  take  him  in 

Brown  (broun),  n.  1.  A  dark  colour  inclin- 
ing to  red  or  yellow.  The  shades  are  vari- 
ous, as  Spanish  brown,  London  brown,  clove 
brown,  tawny  brown.  Brown  results  from 
a  mixture  of  red,  black,  and  yellow.— 2.  A 
halfpenny.  (Slang.  J 

Brown  (broun),  v.t.  1.  To  make  brown  or 
dusky. 

A  trembling  twilight  o'er  the  welkin  moves, 
Browns  the  dim  void  and  darkens  deep  the  groves. 
y.  KartoTti. 

Specifically  —  2.  To  give  a  brown  lustre  to 
articles  of  iron,  as  giin-barrels,  by  applying 
certain  preparations. 

Brown  (broun),  r.i.    To  become  brown. 

Brown-bess  (broun'bes),  n.  [Said  to  be 
jocularly  formed  in  imitation  of  Browti-bill, 
the  old  weapon  of  the  English  infantry.] 
A  name  given  to  the  old  government  regu- 
lation bronzed  flint  musket  formerly  used 
in  the  British  army. 

Brown-bill  (broun'bil),  n.  A  kind  of  hal- 
bert  formerly  used  by  the  English  foot 
soldiers.  See  BILL. 

The  black,  or  as  it  was  sometime*  called,  the 
frrcwn.bill,  was  a  kind  of  halbert,  the  cutting  part 
hooked  like  a  woodman's  bill,  from  the  back  of  which 
projected  a  spike,  and  another  from  the  head. 

Grose. 

Brown-blaze  (broun'  blaz),  n.  The  fumes 
which  rise  from  the  furnace  flame  in  reduc- 
ing zinc  when  cadmium  is  present;  they  are 
the  oxide  of  cadmium. 

Brown-bread  (broun'hred).  n.  l.Wheaten 
bread  made  from  unbolted  flour,  which  thus 
includes  the  bran  as  well  as  the  finer  parts 
of  the  flour.  — 2.  Wheaten  or  rye  bre»d  con- 
taining an  admixture  of  Indian  meal,  »onie- 
times  sweetened.  [United  States.] 

Brown-coal  (broun'kol),  n.  Lignite  (which 
see). 

Brown-gull  ( broun 'gul),  n.  The  brown 
gannet  or  booby  of  the  south  seas,  the  Stilit, 
fusca  of  naturalists. 

Brown  Holland  (broun'  hoi-land),  n.  An 
unbleached  linen  used  for  various  article* 
of  clothing  and  upholstery. 

Brownie  (  hronn'i ),  n.  [  From  his  bmttm  in- 
swarthy  appearance.]  In  Scotland, an  ima- 
ginary spirit  that  haunts  houses,  particu- 
larly farmhonses.  Instead  of  doing  any  i»- 
jury  he  was  believed  to  be  very  useful  totue 
family,  particularly  to  the  servants  if  they 
treated  hint  well;  for  whom,  while  they 
took  their  »ece«sary  refreshment  inBl«ej» 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       «,  Sc.  abime;      y,  Sc.  try. 


BROWNING 


341 


BRUNONJAN 


he  was  wont  to  do  many  pieces  of  drudgery. 
In  appearance  the  brownie  was  said  to  be 
meagre,  shaggy,  and  wild. 

Browning  (broun'ing),  n-  1-  The  act  °* 
making  brown  ;  specifically,  the  act  or  ope- 
ration of  giving  a  brown  lustre  to  articles  ' 
of  iron.— 2.  A  preparation  of  sugar,  port- 
wine,  spices,  Ac.,  for  colouring  and  flavour- 
ing meat  and  made  dishes. 

Brownish  (broun'ish),  «•  Somewhat  brown; 
inclined  to  brown.     'A  brownish  sediment.'  , 
Kay. 

Brownism  (broun'izm),  n.   1.  The  doctrines 
or  religious  creed  of  the  Brownists,  after- 
wards called  Independents;  Congregation-  , 
alism.  —  2.   The    Bruiionian    theory.      See 
BKUNONIAN. 

Brownist  (broun'ist),  n.  A  follower  of 
Robert  Brown,  a  Puritan  or  dissenter  from 
the  Church  of  England  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury. He  was  the  head  of  a  party  of  Inde- 
pendents in  church  government. 

I  had  as  lief  be  a  Erownist  as  a  politician.    S/m£. 
The  word  Puritan  seems  to  be  quashed,  and  all 
that  heretofore  were  counted  such  are  now  B-own- 
Ms.  Milton. 

Brpwnness  (broun'nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  brown. 

Brown-paper  (broun'pa-per),  n.  1.  A  coarse 
kind  of  wrapping  paper  made  of  unbleached 
materials.  — 2.  Paper  steeped  in  a  solution 
of  tar  to  make  it  more  tenacious  and  more 
impervious  to  water. 

Brown-rust  (broun'rust),  n.  A  disease  of 
wheat  in  which  a  dry  brown  powder,  con- 
sisting of  the  spores  of  Trichobaxix  rubigo 
vei-a,  is  substituted  for  the  farina  of  the 
onto. 

Brown-spar  (broun'spar),  n.  A  mineral 
consisting  of  a  crystallized  variety  of  dolo- 
mite, containing  some  carbonate  of  iron, 
inclining  to  red  or  brown,  and  having  the 
crystals  straight.  Siderite  and  breuunerite 
are  also  called  brown-spar. 

Brown-stout  (broun'stout),  n.  A  superior 
kind  of  porter. 

Brown-study  (broun'stu-di),  n.  A  state  of 
mental  abstraction  or  meditation  directed 
to  no  certain  object ;  a  reverie. 

My  companion  approached  and  startled  htm  from 
hib  fit  of  bre-wn-study.  Irving. 

Brown-ware  (broun'war),  n.    A  kiiid  of 

pottery,  named  from  its  colour. 
Brownwort  (broun'wert),  n.     The  English 

name  of    Scrophularia  vernalis,  so  called 

from  the  brown  colour  of  its  stem:   also 

called  Yellow  Figwort  from  the  colour  of  its 

flower. 
Brownyt  (broun'i),  a.    Somewhat  brown. 

'His  broicny  locks.'    Shak. 
Brow-post  (brou'post),  n.    In  arch,  a  beam 

that  goes  across  a  building. 
Browse  (brouz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  browsed; 

ppr.  browsing.     [O.Fr.  browser,  broU8ter(Yr. 

brouter),  to  browse,  from  O.Fr.  brost,  brount, 

a  sprout,  a  shoot,  from  O.H.G.   broz,  G. 

brosa,  Prov.   G.  brosxt,  a  shoot  or  sprout. 

The  same  root  is  also  in  the  Celtic;  Armor. 

brous,  a  sprout,  brouvta,  to  graze.]    1.  To 

feed  on:  said  of  cattle,  deer,  &c. ;  to  pasture 

on;  to  graze. 

The  fields  between 

Are  dewy  fresh,  browsed  by  deep-udder'd  kine. 
Tennyson. 

2.  To  nibble  and  consume;  to  eat  off:  said 
of  cattle.  '  The  barks  of  trees  thou  brows- 
edst.'  Shak. 

Browse  (brouz),  v.i.  1.  To  feed  on  pasture 
or  on  the  tender  branches  or  shoots  or  the 
bark  of  shrubs  and  trees :  said  of  animals, 
as  cattle,  deer,  &c. 

The  full  lips,  the  rough  tongue,  the  corrugated  car- 
tilaginous palate,  the  broad  cutting  teeth  of  the  ox, 
the  deer,  the  horse,  and  the  sheep,  qualify  this  tribe 
for  browsing  upon  their  pasture.  Paley. 

2.  To  feed:  said  of  human  beings. 

There  is  cold  meat  i'  the  cave ;  we'll  browse  on  that. 

Ska*. 

Browse  (brouz),  n.  [See  v.t.~\  The  tender 
shoots  or  twigs  of  trees  and  shrubs,  such  as 
cattle  may  eat;  green  food  fit  for  cattle, 
deer,  &c.  'The  whiles  their  goats  upon  the 
browser  feed. '  Spenser. 

Green  must  this  broiuse  be  .  .  .  when  it  is  gathered 
and  not  seer  or  withered.  Holland. 

Sheep,  goats,  and  oxen,  and  the  nobler  steed 
On  brirwse  and  corn  and  flow'ry  meadows  feed. 
Dryden. 

Browse  (brouz),  n.  In  mining,  the  name 
given  to  a  species  of  slag  which  requires  re- 
Darning. 

Browser  (brouz'er),  n.    One  that  browses. 

Browse-WOOd  (brouz'wud),  n.  Bushes  or 
twins  on  which  animals  feed.  [Rare.] 

Brow-sick  (brou'sik),  a.    Sick  of  the  brow- 


ague  or  megrims ;  dejected  ;  hanging  the 
head. 

But  yet  a  gracious  influence  from  you 

May  alter  nature  in  our  brtyw-sick  crew.     Suckling. 

Browsing  (brouz'ing),  71.     A  place  where  j 
animals  may  browse.     'Brownings  for  the 
deer.'    Hou'cll. 

Brow-snag  (brou'snag),  ».     The  tine  which 
projects  from  a  deer's  horn  close  to  the  j 
burr. 

Browst  (brouat),  «.  That  which  is  brewed; 
as  much  liquor  as  is  brewed  at  one  time. 
[Scotch.] 

Brow-transom  (brou  tran-sum),  n.  An 
upper  transom. 

Browze  (brou/).    Same  as  Browse. 

Bruang  (bra'ang),  »•  The  native  name  of  the 
Malayan  sun-bear  (Helarctvs  malayamw). 
It  has  fine  and  glossy  black  fur,  with  a 
white  patch  on  the  breast,  long  and  very 
flexible  tongue,  which  it  insinuates  into  re- 
cesses of  the  nests  of  the  wild  bees,  robbing 
them  of  their  honey.  It  is  easily  domesti- 
cated, very  harmless,  and  fond  of  children. 

Brucea  (bros'e-a),  n.  [After  J.  Bruce,  the 
African  traveller.]  A  genus  of  shrubs,  nat. 
order  Simarubea;.  One  species  is  an  African 
tree,  B.  antidysenterica.  the  bark  of  which 
is  bitter  and  astringent,  ami  used  as  a 
remedy  in  dysentery  and  diarrhoea. 

Bruclius  (bro'kus),  n.  A  genus  of  tetra- 
merous  coleopterous  insects  or  beetles, 
nearly  allied  to  the  weevils  (Curculionidne), 
the  females  of  which  deposit  their  eggs  in 
the  seeds  of  the  bean,  pea,  and  other  legu- 
minous plants.  The  seed  becoming  matured 


Sritchns  fisi  (natural  size  and  magnified). 

is  devoured  by  the  larva,  and  the  holes  so 
often  observed  in  peas  are  those  made  by 
the  perfect  insect  to  effect  its  escape.  The 
genus  is  divided  into  several  sub-genera, 
constituting  a  family  named  Bruchidte: 
they  have  all  a  short,  broad,  flattened  beak, 
and  exposed  filiform  antennae. 
Brucina  (bru-si'na),  n.  Same  as  Brucine. 
Brucine,  Brucin  (bros'in),  n.  (C.aU.Ky,Ot.) 
A  vegeto-alkaloid,  discovered  by  Pelletier 
and  Caventon  in  the  bark  of  the  Brucea 
atitidysenterica,  and  afterwards  as  accom- 
panying strychnia  in  nux  vomica.  Its  taste 
is  exceedingly  bitter  and  acrid,  and  it  forms 
with  the  acids  salts  which  are  soluble  and 
generally  crystallizable.  Its  action  on  the 
animal  economy  is  entirely  analogous  to 
that  of  strychnia,  but  much  less  powerful. 
Brucite  (brbs'it),  n.  [After  Dr.  Bruce,  a 
New  York  mineralogist.]  1.  A  native  hy- 
drate of  magnesia,  a  mineral  of  a  white 
pearly  colour,  found  in  thin  foliated  plates. 
2.  Another  name  for  Chondrodite. 
Bruckle  (bruk'l),  a.  [A  parallel  form  of 
brickie  (which  see).]  Brittle;  ticklish.  'Lasses 
and  glasses  are  bruckle  ware.'  Scotch  pro- 
verb. [Scotch.  ] 

Brugmansia  (brug-man'si-a),  n.  [After 
Prof.  Brugmans  of  Leyden.]  A  genus  of 
shrubs  common  in  conservatories,  nat.  order 
Solanaceos.  to  which  belongs  the  plant 
B.  sauveolenx,  also  called  Datura  arburea, 
a  native  of  Peru,  with  fragrant,  tubular, 
white  flowers. 

Bruh  (bro),  n.  A  species  of  Old  World 
monkey,  the  Rhesus  nemestrinui.  See 
RHESUS. 

Bruik  (bnik),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  briican.  See 
BROOK,  v.t.}  To  enjoy;  to  possess.  [Scotch.] 
Bruilzie  (brul'yi),  n.  See  BRULYIE. 
Bruin  (bro'in ),  n.  [The  name  given  to  the 
bear  in  the  celebrated  tale  or  fable  of  Rey- 
nard the  Fox ;  from  the  D.  bruin,  brown  ] 
A  name  given  to  the  bear. 
Bruise  (broz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bruised:  ppr. 
bruising.  [O.  Fr.  bruiser,  bmser,  briber,  to 
break  to  shiver,  from  O.  G.  brestan,  to 
break,  to  burst.  (See  BURST.)  The  (  has 
disappeared;  comp.  in  this  respect  browse.] 
1.  To  injure  by  a  blow  without  laceration, 
as  animals  or  vegetables;  to  contuse.  Gen. 
iii.  15.  'Bruised  underneath  the  yoke  of 
tyranny.'  Shak.  —  2.  To  crush  by  beating 
or  pounding ;  to  pound ;  to  bray,  as  drugs 
or  articles  of  food.  — 3.  To  make  a  dent  or 
dint  in.  'His  bruised  helmet.'  Shak.— 


SVN.  To  break,  crush,  pound,  bray,  com- 
minute, contuse. 

Bruise  (broz),  v.i.  To  fight  with  the  fists; 
to  box. 

/Irinsitif  was  considered  a  fine,  manly,  n!-:  • 
lisli  custom.  Thackeray. 

Bruise  (broz),  n.  A  contusion;  a  hurt  upun 
the  llr.-h  of  aiiinuils,  upon  plants  or  other 
bodies,  with  a  blunt  or  heavy  instrument 
Is.  1.  6. 

Bruiser  (broz'er),  ».  1.  The  person  or  thing 
that  bruises.— 2.  A  concave  tool  forgrinding 
the  specula  of  telescopes.  It  is  made  of 
brass,  about  J  inch  thick,  and  hammered  as 
near  the  gauge  as  possible.  By  this  instru- 
ment the  speculum  is  prepared  for  the  hands 
of  the  polisher.  —  3.  The  name  of  various 
machines  for  bruising  grain,  Ac.,  for  feed- 
ing cattle.— 4.  A  boxer. 

For  do  not  men  delight— 
We  call  them  men— our  bruisers  to  excite, 
And  urge  with  bribing  gold,  and  feed  them  for  the 
fight.  Crabbe. 

5.  A  name  applied  to  various  plants  supposed 
to  be  efficacious  in  healing  bruises,  as  bruise- 
wort,  soap-wort,  <tc. 

BrulseWOrt  (brbz'wert),  n.  A  plant,  com- 
frey,  so  named  from  its  supposed  efficacy  in 
healing  bruises. 

Bruit  (brot),  n.  [Fr.  bruit,  noise,  uproar, 
rumour,  from  bniire,  to  make  a  noise.] 

1.  Report;  rumour;  fame. 

A  bruit  ran  from  one  to  the  other  that  the  king 
was  slain.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  A  noise;  a  loud  sound;  a  din. 

Some  fresh  bruit 
Startled  me  all  aheap.  Hood. 

Bruit  (brot),  v.t.  1.  To  announce  with  noise. 

By  this  great  clatter  one  of  the  greatest  note 
Seems  bruited.  Sliak. 

2.  To  report;  to  noise  abroad. 

Thou  art  no  less  than  fame  hath  bruilect.      Shalt. 

Brulyement  ( bruTyi-ment ),  n.  Same  as 
Bnaj/ie.  [Scotch.  ] 

Brulyie,  Brulzie  (brul'yi),  n.  [Fr.  brouiller, 
to  quarrel.  See  BROIL.]  A  brawl,  broil, 
fray,  or  quarrel.  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Brumaire  (bru-mar),  n.  [Fr.,from  brume, 
fog,  from  L.  bruma,  winter.]  The  second 
month  in  the  calendar  adopted  by  the  first 
French  republic,  beginning  on  the  23d  of 
October  and  ending  21st  November. 

Brumal  (bro'mal),  a.  [L.  brumalis,  from 
brnma,  the  shortest  day  in  the  year,  the 
winter  solstice;  hence,  winter.]  Belonging 
to  the  winter.  Sir  T.  Herbert;  Sir  T.  Browne. 

And  in  the  sky  as  yet  no  sunny  ray 

But  brumal  vapors  gray.  Longfellim. 

Brume  (brom),  n.  [Fr.  bruine.  See  BRUMAL.] 
Mist;  fog;  vapours.  [Rare.] 

And  suddenly  through  the  drifting  brume 

The  blare  of  the  horns  began  to  ring.    Longfellow. 

Brummagem  (bnim'a-jem),  a.  [Colloq.  for 
Biriiiimjham(torm{:r\yBroi>imjcham),  where 
many  plated  articles  and  cheap  trinkets  are 
made.]  Showy  but  worthless;  fictitious; 
sham.  [Slang  or  colloq.  ] 

Brunette  (brb-nef),  n.  [Fr.,  a  dim.  from 
brun,  brown.  See  BROWN.  ]  A  woman  with 
a  brown  or  dark  complexion. 

Your  fair  women  therefore  thought  of  this  fashion 
to  insult  the  olives  and  the  brunettes.       Guardian. 

Bruniaeese  (bro-ni-a'se-e),  n.pl.  [In  memory 
of  Cornelius  Brun,  a  traveller  in  the  Levant 
and  Russia.]  A  small  natural  order  of  exo- 
gens,  nearly  allied  to  the  saxifrages.  The 
species  are  small  heath-like  shrubs,  natives 
cliiefly  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  Mada- 
gascar. Several  of  them  are  cultivated  hi 
this  country. 

Brunlon  (brun'yon),  n.  [Fr.  brugnon.]  A 
sort  of  fruit  between  a  plum  and  a  peach ; 
a  nectarine. 

Brunn's  Glands  (brunz'  glandz),  n.  pi.  In 
anal,  small  flattened  granular  bodies  in  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  small  intestine. 

Brunoniaceae  (I)ro-n6'ni-a"se-e),».j)i.  [After 
Robert  Brown,  the  celebrated  botanist.  ]  A 
natural  order  of  Australian  plants,  consist- 
ing of  one  genus  (Brunonia)  and  two  species 
of  monopetalous  exogens.  They  are  stem- 
less  herbs,  with  capitate  blue  flowers  on 
scapes  surrounded  by  large  bracts,  having 
the  aspect  of  a  scabious. 

Brunonlan  (bru-no'ni-an).  o.  Pertaining  to 
or  invented  by  Brown.—  Bnmonian  theory, 
a  theory  of  medicine  founded  by  John 
Brown,  according  to  which  diseases  are 
divided  into  two  classes:  those  resulting 
from  a  deficiency,  and  those  resulting  from 
an  excess  of  excitement — the  one  class  to 
be  treated  with  stimulants,  the  other  with 


iu.cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      IB,  lAen;  th,  (Aiu;     w,  ioig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


BRUNSTANE 


342 


BKUTISM 


debilitating  medicines.  Called  also  Brown- 
ism. 

Brunstane  (brun'stan),  n.  Brimstone. 
[Scotch.] 

Brunsvigia  (Immz-vig'i-a),  n.  [in  honour 
of  the  Bmnswick  family.]  A  beautiful  genus 
of  amaryllidaceous  plants,  favourite  orna- 
ments of  the  greenhouse,  bearing  red  or 
pink  flowers.  They  are  natives  of  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope,  and  though  they  only  grow 
from  4  inches  to  1  foot  in  height  some  of 
them  have  very  large  bulbs,  requiring  large 
pots  to  hold  them. 

Brunswick -black  (brunz'wik-blak),  ». 
Same  as  Japan-lacquer. 

Brunswick-green  (brunz'wik-gren),  n.  A 
pigment  formed  of  carbonate  of  copper 
mixed  with  chalk  or  lime. 

Brunt  (brunt),  n.  [From  the  root  or  stem 
of  buni;  comp.  Sc.  brunt,  burnt;  Icel.  bruni, 
a  burning;  Dan.  brynde  and  brunst,  ardour, 
ardency, burning  heat.  See  BURN.)  1.  The 
heat  or  utmost  violence  of  an  onset;  the 
strength  or  violence  of  any  contention. 
•The  brunt  of  a  battle.'  Hilton.  —  2.  The 
force  of  a  blow;  violence;  shock  of  any  kind. 
'Heavy  brunt  of  cannon  ball.'  Iludibras. 
[Rare.]— 3.  A  sudden  effort,  contact,  or  en- 
gagement; brush.  [Rare.] 

It  is  instantly  and  irrecoverably  scattered  by  our 
first  brunt  with  some  real  affair  of  common  life. 

Is.  Taylor. 

Brunyt  (bro'ni),»i.  A  breast-plate;  a  cuirass. 

Brush  (brush),  n.  [0.  Fr.  brace,  broche, 
brosse,  brushwood;  Mod.Fr.  brosse,  a  brush, 
a  bush;  fromO.H.G.  bursta,  brusta,  a  bristle. 
Mod.  G.  burste,  a  brush,  borste,  a  bristle.] 
1.  An  instrument  made  of  bristles  or  other 
similar  material  bound  together,  used  for 
various  purposes,  as  for  dressing  the  hair, 
removing  dust  from  clothes,  laying  on 
colours,  whitewash,  and  the  like,  and  hav- 
ing a  different  shape  and  name  according 
to  its  use;  as,  a  clothes-fcrusA;  a  hair-6nw/t; 
a  paint-6ru»A,  <tc.—  2.  The  small  trees  and 
shrubs  of  a  wood,  or  a  thicket  of  small 
trees.  'Out  of  the  thickest  brush.'  Spenser. 

3.  Branches  of   trees   lopped  off;   brush- 
wood: a  sense  common  in  the  United  States. 

4.  The  act  of  stripping  off.    '(Leaves)  have 
with  one  winter's  brush   fell   from  their 
boughs.'    Shak.—b.  A  skirmish;  a  slight  en- 
counter; a  shock;  a  collision;  as,  to  have  a 
brush  with  the  enemy. 

Let  grow  thy  sinews  till  their  knots  be  strong, 
And  tempt  not  yet  the  brushes  of  the  war.    Shalt. 

6.  In  elect,  the  luminous  appearance  of  elec- 
tric matter  issuing  in  diverging  rays  from  a 
point— 7.  The  bushy  tail  of  some  animals; 
as,  the  brush  of  a  fox,  squirrel,  <fcc.— 8.  A 
quick  ride. 

Let  us  enjoy  a  brush  across  the  county.    Fielding. 

Brush  (brush),  v.t.  1.  To  sweep  or  rub  with 
a  brush ;  as,  to  brush  a  hat.  '  Their  blue 
coats  brushed.'  S/iak.  'Dark  wiry  hair 
brushed  on  one  side.'  Lord  Lytton. — 2  To 
sweep  or  touch,  as  with  a  brush ;  to  strike 
lightly  by  passing  over  the  surface ;  to  pass 
lightly  over;  as,  to  brush  the  arm  in  passing. 
•Brushed  witli  the  kiss  of  rustling  wiu-s ' 
Milton. 

A  thousand  nights  have  brush'd  their  balmy  wings 
Over  these  eyes.  Dryden. 

3.  Fig.  to  ruffle;  to  excite. 

Poor  Silas's  loss  served  to  brush  the  slow  current 
of  Raveloe  conversation.  George  lUiot. 

4.  To  remove  by  brushing  or  by  lightly  pass- 
ing over;  as,  to  brush  off  dust.     'Though 
from  off  the  boughs  each  morn  we  brush  mel- 
lifluous dews. '  Milton.  '  This  gad-fly  brush'd 
aside.'    Tennyson. 

I  think  the  very  best  thing  is  to  brush  all  the  old 
Dons  off  the  stage.  Disraeli. 

-To  brush  up,  to  furbish;  to  polish;  to  im- 
prove; especially,  to  improve  the  appear- 
ance of. 

You  have  commissioned  me  to  paint  your  shop, 
and  I  have  done  my  best  to  brush  you  up  like  your 
neighbours.  p£. 

Brush  (brush),  v.i.  1.  To  move  nimbly  in 
haste ;  to  move  so  lightly  as  scarcely  to  be 
perceived;  as,  to  brush  past  a  person 
'  Brushed  through  the  dim  meadow.'  Ten- 
nyson. 

Snatching  his  hat,  he  brushed'  off  like  the  wind. 
Goldsmith. 

'..  To  move  or  skim  over  with  a  slight  con- 
tact, or  without  much  impression.  Dryden. 
Brush-burn  (brush'bern),  ».  The  injury 
resulting  from  violent  friction,  as  sliding 
down  a  rope  or  a  slope  of  grass  or  ice  The 
results  are  often  identical  with  those  of  a 
burn  with  scalding  water. 


Brusher  (brush'6r),  n.    One  who  brushes. 
Brushiness  (brush'i-nes),  n.     The  quality 
'    of  being  brushy. 

Brushing  (brush'ing),  a.     1.  Used  for  brush- 
ing ;   as,  a  brushing  machine.  —  2.  Brisk  ; 

rapid;  as,  a  brushing  gallop. 
Brushite  (brush'it),  n.    [After  Prof.  Bmsh 

of  Yale  College.  ]    A  hydrated  phosphate  of 
;    lime  occurring  in  the  guano  of  Aves  Island 
'    and  Sombrero  in  the  Caribbean  Sea.     Ure. 
Brush-ore  (brush'or),  n.     An  iron  ore  found 

in  the  Forest  of  Dean,  England.  Also  called 

Black  Brush.     Ure. 
Brush-puller  (brush'pul-er),  n.    A  machine 

for  pulling  up  brushwood  by  the  roots.    E. 

U.  Knight. 
Brush-turkey  (brush'ter-ki),  n.    The  name 

given  by  the  colonists  to  a  large  gregarious 


•*< 


Brush-turkey  (Tale£alla  Lat/uiini). 

rasorial  bird  of  Australia,  the  Talegalla 
I. 'it/ni ltii,  family  Megapodidae,  about  the 
size  of  a  turkey,  blackish-brown  above  and 
silvery-gray  below. 

Brush-wheel  (brush'whel),  «.  A  toothless 
wheel  sometimes  used  in  light  machinery  to 
turn  a  similar  wheel  by  means  of  bristles, 
or  some  brush-like  or  soft  substance,  as 
cloth,  buff-leather,  india-rubber,  or  the  like, 
attached  to  the  circumference. 

Brushwood  (brush'wud),  n.  [See  BRUSH,  n.  ] 
1.  A  thicket  or  coppice  of  small  trees  and 
shrubs.  — 2.  Branches  of  trees  cut  off. 

Brushy  (lirush'i),  a.  Resembling  a  brush ; 
rough;  shaggy;  having  long  hair.  'The 
brushy  substance  of  the  nerve.'  Boyle. 

Brusk,  Brusque  (brink),  a.  [Fr.  bnugue, 
rude,  from  It.  brusco,  brusque,  also  sharp, 
sour.]  Abrupt  in  manner;  rough;  rude. 

We  are  sorry  to  hear  that  the  Scottish  gentleman 
.  .  .  found  but  a  brusA  welcome.  It'otton. 

Bruskness,  Brusqueness  (brosk'uesX  " 
A  rude,  abrupt,  or  blunt  manner. 

Brussels-carpet  ( brus'elz-kar'pet),  n.  A 
carpet  having  a  heavy  linen  web  inclosing 
worsted  yams  of  different  colours,  which 
are  raised  in  loops  to  form  the  patterns.  In 
the  ordinary  Brussels-carpet  both  the  pat- 
tern and  the  ground  are  left  with  the  loops 
uncut ;  in  the  imperial  Brussels-carpet  the 
pattern  is  raised  above  the  ground,  and  its 
loops  are  cut  so  as  to  form  a  pile,  those  of 
the  ground  being  uncut. 

Brussels-lace  (brus'elz-liis),  n.  A  kind  of 
lace  which  takes  its  name  from  being  made 
at  Brussels. 

Brussels-sprouts  (brus'elz-sprout8),H.p(.  A 
variety  of  Brassica  oleracea,  or  cabbage 
characterized  by  little  clusters  of  leaves 
which  close  together  and  form  miniature 
cabbages.  They  are  cultivated  in  great 
numbers  near  Brussels,  whence  the  seed  is 
imported,  as  they  are  said  to  degenerate  in 
Britain. 

Brust  (brust),  r.  i.  To  burst;  to  break.  'Like 
tobrust.'  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Brusten  (brus'n),  p.  and  a.  Burst.  [Scotch.] 

Biustlet  (brus'l),  o.i.  [A.  Sax.  brastlian,  to 
crackle,  brastl,  a  crackling,  breaking  from 
berstan  for  brestan,  to  burst;  G.  brastelii 
to  crackle.)  1.  To  crackle;  to  make  a  small 
crackling  noise;  also,  to  rustle,  as  a  silk 
garment.— 2.  To  vapour,  as  a  bully.  Cower 

Brustlet  (brus'l),  r.i.  To  erect  the  hair  or 
bristles,  as  a  lion:  with  up.  Cuwley 

Brustlet  (brus'l),  v.t.  [Freq.  from  bruise  } 
To  bruise;  to  crush. 

Break  'em  more,  they  are  but  brustlea  yet 

Beau   &•  'pi 

Brutt  (brot),  v.i.  (Fr.  brouter.  See  BROWSE  ] 
To  browse. 

Brutal  (brdt'al),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  brute- 
as,  brutal  nature.  'Brutal  kind.'  IHMon.— 
2.  Like  a  brute;  savage;  cruel;  inhuman; 


brutish;  as,  brutal  passions;  brutal  man- 
ners. 

How  widely  doth  the  brutal  courage  of  Ajax  dllTcr 
from  the  amiable  bravery  of  Diomedcs  I  t-teidtnx. 

SYN.  Savage,  cruel,  inhuman,  merciless,  bar- 
barous, brutish,  beastly,  bestial,  gross. 

Brutalism  ( brot'al-i/m ),  n.  Duality  of  a 
brute;  brutality.  EC.  Itev. 

Brutality  (bro-tal'i-ti),  n.    1.  The  quality 
of  being  brutal ;  inhumanity;  savageneM; 
gross  cruelty;  insensibility  to  pity  or  shaim 
2.  A  savage,  shameless,  or  inhuman  act. 

The  mere  brutalities  exercised  in  war  by  enraged 
conquerors  are  perhaps  to  be  laid  out  of  view  in  esti- 
mating the  practical  effects  of  despotism. 

Brutalization  ( brot'al-iz-a"shon ),""». '"'let 
of  brutalizing.  [Rare.] 

Brutalize  (brot'al-iz),  o.t.  pret.  <fe  pp.  bnititl- 
ized;  ppr.  brutalizing.  To  make  brutal, 
coarse,  gross,  or  inhuman ;  to  degrade  to 
the  level  of  a  brute.  'Brutalize  .  .  .  his 
nature.'  Cowper.  'Degraded  and  brutal- 
ized by  a  long  course  of  oppressive  mis- 
government.  '  Whately. 

So  brutalizing  is  the  effect  of  such  a  code,  that 
suicide  is  generally  accomplished  by  that  ln.rril.le 
method  of  infliction.  Brougham. 

Brutalize  (brot'al-iz),  v.i.  To  Income  brutal, 
inhuman,  or  coarse  and  beastly.  [Rare.  ] 

He  ...  brutalized  with  them  in  their  habits  and 
manners.  Addison. 

Brutally  (brot'al-li),  adv.  In  a  brutal  man- 
ner; cruelly;  inhumanly;  in  a  coarse,  gross, 
or  unfeeling  manner.  'Brutally  repulsed 
by  the  attending  lictors.'  Goldsmith. 

Brute  (brbt),  a.  [L.  brutus,  stupid,  irra- 
tional.] 1.  Senseless;  unconscious.  'Not 
walking  statues  of  clay,  not  the  sons  of 
brute  earth. '  licittley.  -2.  Irrational;  ferine; 
as,  a  brute  beast. 

A  creature  .  .  .  not  prone 
And  brute  as  other  creatures,  but  endued 
With  sanctity  of  reason.  Milton. 

3.  Characteristic  of  a  brute;  associated  with 
brutes;  brute-like;  bestial.  'Brute  violence, 
and  proud,  tyrannic  power.  'Milton.—  4.  Blunt 
or  dull  of  sentiment;  without  sensibility; 
rough;  uncivilized;  insensible.  (Rare.) 

The  brute  philosopher  who  ne'er  has  proved 
The  joy  of  loving  or  of  being  loved.          Pope. 

5.  Not  associated  with  intelligence  or  intel- 
lectual effort;  unintelligent 

A  more  legitimate  kind  of  valour  that,  showing 
itself  against  the  untamed  forests  and  dark  brute 
Powers  of  nature,  to  conquer  nature  for  us.  Carlyle. 

Brute  (brat),  n.  1.  A  beast;  any  animal 
destitute  of  reason. 

Brutes  may  be  considered  as  either  aerial,  terres- 
trial, aquatic,  or  amphibious.  Lockt. 

2.  A  brutal  person ;  a  savage  in  disposition 
ormanners;  alow-bred,  unfeelingman.  'An 
ill-natured  brute  of  a  husband.'  Franklin. 

Brute t  (brot),  v.t.    To  report.    See  BRUIT. 

Brutelyt  (brot'li),  ode.  In  a  rude  manner 
Milton. 

Brutenesst  (brot'nes),n.  Brutality.  Spenter. 

Brutlflcation  (br6t'i-fl-ka"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  brutifying;  the  act  or  state  of  becom- 
ing brutal  or  morally  degraded  to  the  last 
degree. 

She  would  have  saved  thee,  as  I  said  before,  from 
brutijication.  J.  Baillie. 

Brutify  (brot'i-fi),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  brutiJUd; 
ppr.  bruti/ying.  To  make  a  person  a  brute; 
to  make  senseless,  stupid,  or  unfeeling. 
'Not  quite  brutijied  and  void  of  sense.' 
Barrow. 

It  has  possessed  onlv  two  secrets  for  governing  .  . . 
to  dram  and  to  bruti/y  its  subjects.  Sentham. 

Brutish  (brot'ish),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  a  brute  or  brutes.  '  Wandering 
gods  disguised  in  brutish  forms.'  Milton.— 

2.  Insensible;  uncultured;  unrefined;  ignor- 
ant; stupid.     'Brutes  and  brutish  men  are 
commonly  more  able  to    bear  pain  than 
others.'    N.  Grew. 

They  were  not  so  brutish  that  they  could  be  igno- 
rant to  call  upon  the  name  of  Cod.  Hooker. 

3.  Unfeeling;  savage;  ferocious;  brutal.— 

4.  Gross;  carnal;  bestial.    'It  is  the  Imiiifh 
love  of  this  world  that  is  blind.'    Baxter.— 
SYN.  Insensible,  stupid,  unfeeling,  savage, 
cruel,    brutal,   barbarous,  inhuman,  fero- 
cious, gross,  carnal,  sensual,  bestial. 

Brutishly  ( brot'ish-li ),  ado.  In  a  brutish 
manner;  grossly;  irrationally;  stupidly; 
savagely.  South. 

Brutishness  (brot'ish-nes),  n.  The  qualities 
of  a  brute;  stupidity;  insensibility;  brutal- 
ity; savageness.  '  Not  true  valour,  but  brut- 
ishness.'  Bp.  Sprat. 

Brutlsm  (brot'izm),  ».  Brutishness;  bru- 
tality. [Rare.] 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull; 


oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BRUITING 


343 


BUCK 


[Fr.  brouter,  to 


tation.'  Slink. — 3.  A  delusive  or  fraudulent 
scheme  of  speculation ;  an  empty  or  dis- 
honest project  to  raise  money  on  imaginary 
grounds ;  a  cheat ;  a  fraud ;  as,  the  South 
Sea  bubble. 

Tills  may  not  at  first  sight  appear  a  large  stnn  to 
those  who  remember  the  bubbles  of  1825  and  of  1845. 
Maca  ,ilay. 

4.  t  A  person  deceived  by  an  empty  project; 
a  dupe.  '  He  has  been  my  bubble  these 
twenty  years.'  Arbuthnol.  —  6.  The  glass 
spirit-tube  of  a  level. — 6.  One  of  the  small 
hiilluw  beads  of  glass  formerly  used  for 
testing  the  strength  of  spirits,  by  the  rate 
at  which  they  rise  after  being  plunged  in 
them. 

Bubble  (bub'l),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  bubbled;  ppr. 
bubbling.  [Dan.  boble,  to  bubble,  D.  bobbelen. 
See  the  noun.]  1.  To  rise  in  bubbles,  as 
liquors  when  boiling  or  agitated ;  to  send 
up  bubbles. — 2.  To  run  witha  gurgling  noise; 
to  gurgle;  as,  a  bubbling  stream.  Pope. 
4  Yon  swoll'n  brook  that  bubbles  fast.'  Ten- 
nyson.— 3.  To  utter  a  bubbling  or  gurgling 
cry.  Tennyson.  [Rare.] 

Bubble  (bub'l),  v.t.    1.  To  cause  to  bubble. 

I'd  bubble  up  the  water  through  a  reed.    Keats. 

2.  To  cheat;  to  deceive  or  impose  on. 
'Bubbled  out  of  their  goods  and  money.' 
Sterne. 

The  great  Locke,  who  was  seldom  outwitted  by 
false  sounds,  was  certainly  bubbled  here,      Stertte. 

Bubbler  (bubler),  n.  1.  One  who  cheats. 
1'ope.—  2.  [United  States.]  A  fish  found  in 
the  waters  of  the  Ohio  river:  so  called  from 
the  peculiar  noise  it  makes.  Bartlett. 

Bubbling  (bubling),  p.  and  a.    Emitting  or 


Emitting  t  (brutt'ing), 
hruwse.J    lirowsing. 

Hornbeam  preserves  itself  best  from  the  firit/lin-  > 
of  the  deer.  Evelyn. 

Brutus  (brb'tus),  n.  A  mode  of  dressing  the 
hair,  in  which  the  hair  is  brushed  back  from 
the  forehead,  and  the  whole  head  iscovered 
with  curls. 

He  wore  his  hair  with  the  curls  arranged  in  a 

tinttits  !\  l.i  Geuryi;  the  1'uurlll.  Mnyhnu. 

Bryle  (bril),  n.     In  mining,  traces  of  a  lode 

fmmd  in  loose  matter  at  or  near  the  surface. 
Bryological  (brl-6-loj'ik-al),  a.    Relating  to 

bryology;  relating  to  mosses;  as,  the  bnju- 

Inijical  Mora.     Nature. 
Bryology  (bri-ol'o-ji),  n.    [Gr.  brynn,  moss, 

and  linjm,  discourse.)  The  science  of  mosses, 

their  structure,  affinities,  classification,  <Sc. 
Bryonla  (bri-6'ui-a),  n.    Bryony,  a  genus  of 

plants,  nat.  order  Cucurbitacerc.     The  11. 

dioica  is  the  wild  bryony  of  our  hedges,  the 

root  of  which  was  formerly  much  employed 

in  rural  pharmacy  as  a  purgative,  but  is  now 

disused.    On  account  of  the  powerful  acrid, 

emetic,  and  purgative  properties  of  the  root 

the  French  call  it  iiavet  du  diable,  or  devil's 

turnip.    See  BRYONY. 

Bryonine  (bri'6-nin),  n.  A  bitter  and  some- 
what poisonous  principle  extracted  from 

the  root  of  Ilri/onia  alba  and  Bryonia  dioica. 

It  forms  a  brown  or  yellowish-white  mass, 

having  a  taste  at  first  sweetish,  then  acrid 

and  very  bitter.     It  is  a  compound  of  car- 
bon, hydrogen,  and  oxygen. 
Bryony  (bri'd-ni),  n.    (L.  bryonia.  Or.  bry- 

rmfoiliryoiiy,  from  bryo,  to  swell,  to  sprout, 

from  the  quick  growth  of  the  stems.  ]   White  ._  ... 

jalap-  the  popular  name  of  a  genus  of  plants  i    exhibiting  bubbles;  Riving  out  a  sound  such 

of  several  species.    The  root  of  the  rough  :    as  is  caused  by  bubbles ;  gurgling.     •  The  I 

or  white  bryony  is  a  strong  irritating  cath-  ,    bubbling  cry  of  some  strong  swimmer  in  his  ' 

artic.—  Black  bryony  is  the  popular  name 

of  a  genus  of  plants  called  Tamus.    Spelled 

also  Briony. 
Bryozoa  (brl-o-zo'a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  bryon,  moss, 

and  zoon,  animal.]    A  name  formerly  given 

to  the  Polyzoa,  from  their  resemblance  to 

mosses.    See  POLYZOA. 
Bryozoan  (bri-o-zo'an),  a.    In  zool.  relating 

to  the  Bryozoa. 
Bryozoan  (bri-o-zo'an),   n.     One  of   the 

Bryozoa. 
Bryozoum  (bri-o-zo'um),  n.    One  of  the 

Bryozoa.     Dana. 
Bryum  (bri'um),  n.  [FromGr.  bryd,  to  swell, 

to  sprout.]     A  large  genus  of  acrocarpous 

mosses,  characterized  by  the  capsules  hav- 
ing a  double  row  of  teeth.  There  are  many 

species,  natives  of  Britain. 
Bryze,t  n.     The  breeze  or  gadfly.    Spenser. 
Buansuah,  Buansu  (bo-an-so'a,  bo-an-sb'), 

n.  The  native  name  of  the  Cuon  (Chrysceux) 

primfevus,  or  wild  dog  of  Nepaul  and  Nor- 
thern India,  supposed  by  some  to  be  the 

original  type  of  the  dog-tribe.     It  is  of  a 

reddish  colour,  pale  underneath, with  bushy, 

pendulous  tail,   and  in  size  intermediate 

between  the  wolf  and  jackal,  but  with  very 

strong  limbs.  It  is  capable  of  being  tamed. 
Buat,  Bouet  (bii'at,  bo'et),  n.  [Gael  buite, 

a  tire-brand. ]    A  hand  lantern.     [Scotch.] 
Bub  (bub),  n.    [Perhaps  from  bubble,  from 

its  frothing  or  bubbling.]    1.  A  substitute 

for  yeast,  prepared  by  mixing  meal  or  flour 

with  a  little  yeast  in  a  quantity  of  warm 

wort  and  water.  —  2.  Strong  drink  of  any 

kind;  liquor,  especially  malt  liquor.    '  Loves 

cheap  port  and  double  bub.'  Prior.  [Cant.] 
Bub  (bub),  y.  t.  [  Abbrev.  from  bubble.  ]  To 

throw  out  in  bubbles.     Mir.  for  Mags. 
Bub  (bub),  n.    [See  BUBBY.]     A  woman's 
breast.     [Vulgar] 

Buballs,  Bubale  (bu'ba-lis,   bu'ba-le),  n. 

The  AntUupe  bubalus,  a  bovine  antelope,  of 
the  size  of  the  largest  stag,  common  over 
Northern  Africa,  marked  by  possessing 
lyrate  horns  suddenly  curved  at  nearly  a 
right  angle,  a  long  ox-like  head  and  muzzle, 
and  a  tuft  of  hair  over  the  te^r-pit.  Its 
colour  is  yellowish-brown. 

Bubalus  (bu'ba-lus),  n.  The  name  of  the 
genus  to  which  the  buffalo  belongs. 

Bubble  (bub'l),  n.  [Dan.  boble,  Sw.  bubbla, 
D.  bobbel,  a  bubble.  '  The  form  of  the  word 
is  clearly  a  diminutive;  and  it  is  to  be  re- 
garded as  the  diminutive  of  blob,  a  bubble; 
it  is  obvious  that  the  form  blobble  would 
give  way  to  bobble.'  Skeat.]  1.  A  small 
vesicle  of  water  or  other  fluid  inflated  with 
air;  a  blob  of  air  in  a  fluid. — 2.  Anything 
that  wants  firmness  or  solidity;  a  vain  pro- 
ject; that  which  is  more  specious  than  real; 
a  false  show ;  a  trifle.  '  Honour  but  an 

«mpty  bubble.'   Dryden.    ' The  bubble  repu- 


agony. '    Byron. 
Bubbly  (bub'li),  a.    Full  of  bubbles.    '  Bub- 

bly  spume.'    A'ash. 
Bubby  (bub'i),  n.     [Comp.   L.G.  bubi.  It 

poppa,  O.Fr.poupe,  a  woman's  breast.]  1.  A 

woman's  breast.    [Low.  ] 

Why  don't  you  go  and  suck  the  bnbbyl  Arbuthnot. 

2.  [United  States.]  A  familiar  conniption  of 
brother.  Bub  is  also  used  in  both  senses. 

Bubo  (bu'bo),  n.  [Gr.  boitbon,  the  groin,  a 
swelling  in  the  groin.  ]  In  ined.  a  tumour 
or  abscess,  with  inflammation,  which  rises  in 
certain  glandular  parts  of  the  body,  as  in 
the  groin  or  armpit. 

Bubo  (bu'bo),  7i.  [L. ,  an  owl.]  A  genus  of 
owls,  separated  by  Cuvier,  and  characterized 
by  possessing  a  small  concha  or  ear  aper- 
ture,andafa- 
cial  disk,  less 
perfect  than 
in  the  sub- 
genus  Syr- 
iiium.  Two 
tufts  or  fea- 
thered horns 
of  consider- 
I  able  size 
I  adorn  the 
head,  and  the 
legs  are  fea- 
thered down 
to  the  toes. 
To  this  genus  belong  the  great  owl  or  eagle- 
owl  (B.  maxiimts),  the  largest  of  the  noc- 
turnal birds;  and  the  Virginian  horned  owl 
(B.  virginiatiuii). 

Bubonocele  (bu-bon'6-sel),  n.  [Gr.  bonbon, 
the  groin,  and  keli,  a  tumour.]  Hernia  in- 
guinalis,  or  inguinal  rupture ;  a  tumour  in 
the  groin,  formed  by  a  prolapsus  of  the  in- 
testines or  omeutum,  or  both,  tlirough  the 
processes  of  the  peritoneum  and  rings  of  the 
abdominal  muscles. 

Bubukle,  I  n.  A  red  pimple :  a  word  found 
only  in  the  following  passage,  where  it  is 
put  into  the  mouth  of  a  Welshman. 

His  face  is  all  bubukles,  and  whelks,  and  knobs, 
and  names  of  fire.  3ftafc. 

Bubulln  (biYbu-lin),  n.  [Gr.  bous,  an  ox.) 
The  name  of  a  peculiar  substance  existing 
in  the  dung  of  horned  and  other  beasts, 
which  is  copiously  precipitated  by  metallic 
salts,  tincture  of  galls,  and  alum,  and  there- 
fore active  in  the  application  of  cow-dung 
to  calico-printing. 

Bucan,  Buccan  ( buk'an ),  n.  [  Fr.  boucan, 
said  to  be  originally  a  Carib  word.  See 
BUCANEER.]  A  kind  of  gridiron  for  smok- 
ing meat;  a  place  where  meat  is  smoked. 

Bucan,  Buccan  (buk'an),  v.t.  To  cut  into 
long  pieces,  salt,  and  smoke  on  a  bucan,  as 
beef:  a  mode  of  preserving  meat  said  to  have 


Head  of  Virginian  Horned  Owl. 


been  practised  by  the  C'arllis  and  others  in 
the  \Vt_-st  Indies.  'Dressed  in  the  smoke, 
which  in  their  language  they  call  bvucancd.' 
llnckhntf. 

Bucaneer,  Buccaneer  ( inik-a-ncrO,  »  [Fr. 
boucanier,  a  pirate,  from  Imnrn/KT.  t<>  smoke 
meat,  from  bottom,  a  place  for  smoking 
meat.  (See  BUCAN.)  The  name  was  first 
given  to  the  French  settlers  in  Ilayti  or 
Hispaniola,  whose  business  was  to  hunt  wild 
cattle  and  swine  and  smoke  their  flesh.)  A 
pirate;  a  sea-robber;  a  term  more  especially 
applied  to  the  piratical  adventurers,  Knglish 
and  French,  who  combined  to  make  depre- 
dations on  the  Spaniards  in  America  in 
the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries. 
'  Wretched  and  dissolute  like  an  island 
inhabited  by  buccaneer*.'  Up.  Berkeley. 
Spelled  also  Bucanier. 

Bucaneer,  Buccaneer  (buk-a-nerO,  v.i.  To 
act  the  part  of  a  pirate  or  sea-robber,  Quart. 
Rev. 

Bucca (buk'ka),  n.  [I.  ]  In  anat.  the  hollow 
part  of  the  cheek  which  stands  out  in  the 
act  of  blowing;  the  cheek  itself. 

Buccal  (buk'al),  a.  [L.  bucca,  the  cheek.] 
Pertaining  to  the  cheek  ;  as,  the  buccal 
glands,  the  small  glands  of  the  mouth,  under 
the  cheek,  which  secrete  a  viscous  fluid 
which  mixes  with  the  saliva.— Buccal  artery, 
a  branch  of  the  internal  maxillary  artery. 

Buccellationt  (buk-sel-la'shon),  n.  [L.  buc- 
cella,  dim.  of  bucca,  a  mouthful.]  The  act 
of  breaking  into  large  pieces.  Harris. 

Buccinal  (buk'sin-al),  a.  [L.  bvccina,  a 
crooked  horn  or  trumpet.]  1.  Shaped  like 
a  trumpet.  —2.  Sounding  like  a  horn  or 
trumpet. 

Buccinator  (buk'sin-a-ter),  n.  [L.,  a  trum- 
peter, from  buccina,  a  trumpet,  from  bucca. 
the  part  of  the  cheek  which  stands  out  when 
blowing.]  In  anat.  the  trumpeter's  muscle, 
a  flat  thin  muscle  forming  the  wall  of  the 
cheek,  assisting  in  mastication,  and  also  in 
blowing  wind-instruments;  hence  its  name. 

Buccinidse  (buk-sin'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
siphon-mouthed  carnivorous  univalve  mol- 
luscs, of  the  class  of  gasteropoda,  with  the 
shell  notched  in  front,  or  with  the  canal 
abruptly  reflected.  It  includes  the  whelk, 
auger-shell,  ivory-shell,  purpura,  tun,  harp- 
shell,  olive.  See  BCCCINUM. 

Buccinum  (buk'sin-um),  71.   [L.  ]   The  trum- 

Eeter's  shell,  a  genus  of  univalve  shells, 
irnily  Buccinida),  shaped  in  some  degree 
like  a  horn  or  other  wind-instrument.  The 
common  whelk  (Hitccinum  undatum)  is  a 
familiar  species. 

Bucco  (buk'ko),  n.  A  genus  of  birds,  the 
typical  genus  of  the  family  Buccouidai. 

Bucconid88  (buk-kon'i-de),  71.  pi.  The  bar- 
bets,  a  family  of  scansorial  birds  separated 
from  the  Picidffi  or  woodpeckers.  The  genus 
Bucco  is  the  type.  See  DARBET. 

Buccula  (buk'u-la),  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  bucca. 
the  cheek  or  puffed-out  mouth.]  In  anat. 
the  fleshy  part  under  the  chin. 

Bucentaur  (bu-sen'tar),  71,  [Gr.  bous,  an 
ox,  and  kentaums.  a  centaur.]  1.  A  mytho- 
logical monster,  half  man  and  half  ox.— 
2.  The  state  barge  of  Venice,  in  which  the 
doge  and  senate  went  to  wed  the  Adriatic. 

Buceros  (bu'scr-os),  ;i.  See  BUCEROTIDJ: 
and  HORNBILL. 

Bucerotidae  (bu-se-rot'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  bou- 
keros,  homed  like  an  ox,  and  eidus,  resem- 
blance.] The  hornbills,  a  family  of  insesso- 
rial  birds  remarkable  for  a  large  hooked  bill 
sunnoiinted  at  the  base  by  an  extraordinary 
horny  protuberance  nearly  as  large  as  the 
beak.  See  HORNBILL. 

Buchanite  (buch'an-it),  71.  One  of  an  extra- 
ordinary sect  of  fanatics  which  sprang  up 
in  1783,  in  the  Relief  Congregation,  Irvine, 
Ayrshire,  under  the  leadership  of  a  Mrs. 
(more  commonly  known  as  Lucky)  Buchan. 
She  declared  herself  to  be  the  woman  of  Rev. 
xii. ,  and  Mr.  Wright,  the  clergyman  of  the 
congregation  to  which  she  belonged,  her 
'  man-child ; '  and  taught  her  followers  they 
would  be  translated  to  heaven  without  tast- 
ing of  death.  The  sect  was  always  small, 
and  is  now  extinct. 

Buchu,  Bucku  (buk'u),  n.  A  South  African 
tree  (Diosma  crenata),  whose  leaves  are 
diuretic  and  anodyne,  and  have  been  found 
useful  in  cases  of  chronic  irritation  of  the 
kidneys  and  bladder. 

Buck  (buk),  n.  [Derived  by  Skeat  from  the 
Celtic :  Ir.  and  Gael,  (mac,  cow  dung  used 
in  bleaching,  bleaching  liquor,  lye;  W.  bn, 
bitw,  Gael,  bo,  a  cow.  See  the  verb.]  1.  Lye 
in  which  clothes  are  soaked  in  the  operation 
of  bleaching ;  the  liquor  in  which  clothes 


«h,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j.job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


BUCK 


344 


BUCKSKIN 


are  washed.  —2.  t  The  cloth  or  clothes  soaked 
or  washed  in  lye. 

Of  late,  not  able  to  travel  with  her  furred  pack,  she 
washes  bucks  here  at  home.  Shak. 

Buck  (buk),  v.t.  [Perhaps  directly  from  L.G. 
bucken,  biiken,  Dan.  byge,  Sw.  bijka,  Q. 
bauchen,  beuchen,  O.  Fr.  buer.  Skeat  derives 
these  words  ultimately  from  the  Celtic. 
See  the  noun.  J  1.  To  soak  or  steep  in 
lye,  a  process  in  bleaching;  to  wash  or  steep 
in  lye  or  suds.— 2.  To  break  up  and  pulver- 
ize, as  ores. 

Buck  (buk),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bucca,  buc,  a  he- 
goat,  a  buck;  a  widely  spread  word;  D.  bok, 
Icel.  bokkr,  bokki,  a  he-goat;  Dan.  buk,  a 
buck,  a  he-goat,  a  ram ;  G.  bock,  a  he-goat, 
a  buck;  W.  bwch,  a  buck,  Ir.  boc,  a  he-goat. 
Grimm  considers  the  word  as  of  Teutonic 
origin,  and  the  Celtic  forms  borrowed.] 


Buck  of  Fallow-deer. 

1.  The  male  of  the  fallow-deer,  of  the  goat, 
the  rabbit  and  hare:  often  used  specifically 
of  the  male  of  the  fallow-deer;  a  roe  buck. 
—Buck  of  the  first  head,  in  her.  a  roe-buck 
in  the  fifth  year. — Great  buck,  a  roe-buck  in 
its  sixth  year  or  older.  — 2.  A  fop,  blood, 
dandy. 

He  had  brilliant  underivaistcoats,  any  one  of  which 
would  have  set  up  a  moderate  buck.  Thackeray. 

3.  The  mark  of  a  cuckold. 

Buck  I  I  wish  I  could  wash  myself  of  the  buck  I 
Shut. 

Buck  (buk),  v.i.    To  copulate  as  bucks  and 

does.     '  In  the  buckitig  time. '    Mortimer. 
Buck  (buk),  n.  The  body  of  a  waggon.  Hal- 

liwell.    [Provincial.  ] 
Buck-basket  (buk'bas-ket),  n.    [See  BUCK, 

lye.  ]    A  basket  in  which  clothes  are  carried 

to  the  wash. 

They  conveyed  me  into  a  buck-basket;  rammed 
me  in  with  foul  shirts,  foul  stockings,  and  greasy 
napkins.  SJttij. 

Buck-bean  (buk'ben),  n.  The  marsh-trefoil. 
Properly  called  Bofi-bean  (which  see) 

Buck-board  (buk'bord),  n.  A  rude,  four- 
wheeled  vehicle  consisting  of  a  board  rest- 
ing directly  on  the  axles  of  the  fore  and 
hind  wheels,  or  in  front  on  a  bolster  above 
the  axle. 

Bucker  (buk'er),  n.  In  mining,  one  who 
bucks  or  bruises  ore. 

Bucket  (buk'et),  n.  [A.  Sax.  buc,  a  bucket, 
a  flagon,  a  pitcher,  with  dim.  term,  added. 
Probably  allied  to  back,  a  vessel.)  1.  A 
vessel  for  drawing  up  water,  as  from  a 
well;  a  lifting  pail  or  vessel  made  of  wood, 
leather,  metal,  or  other  material,  for  hold- 
ing water  or  other  liquids. — 2.  One  of  the 
cavities  on  the  circumference  of  a  water- 
wheel,  into  which  the  water  is  delivered  to 
move  the  wheel.  — 3.  The  scoop  of  a  dredg- 
ing machine;  or  of  a  grain-elevator. — 4  The 
float  of  a  paddle-wheel.  —5.  The  piston  of  a 
lifting-pump. 

Bucket  (buk'et),  B.I.  To  move  fast.  [Slang.] 

He  sprang  into  the  saddle  smiling,  because  the 
visit  was  over,  and  bucketed  back  at  a  hand-gallop 
Dickens. 

Bucket-engine  (buk'et-en'jin), «.  A  machine 
consisting  of  a  series  of  buckets  attached 
to  an  endless  chain  which  runsover  sprocket- 
wheels,  for  the  purpose  of  utilizing  a  stream 
of  water  which  has  a  considerable  fall  and 
is  but  of  moderate  quantity. 

Bucketful  (buk'et-ful),  n.  As  much  as  a 
bucket  will  hold. 

Bucket-lift  (buk'et-lift),  n.  In  mach.  a  set 
of  iron  pipes  attached  to  a  lifting-pump,  as 
of  a  mine. 

Bucket-rod  (buk'et-rod),  n.  In  mach.  one 
of  the  wooden  rods  to  which  the  piston  of  a 
lifting-pump  is  attached. 

Bucket-valve  (buk'et-valv),  n.  A  round 
valve  employed  in  the  air-pump  of  a  steam- 
engine. 

Bucket-wheel  (buk'et-whel).  n.  An  ancient 
form  of  water-raising  machinery,  consisting 
of  a  wheel  over  which  passes  a  rope  having 
buckets  which  dip  into  the  well  and  dis- 
charge at  the  surface. 


Buck-eye  (Imkl),  n.  1.  An  American  name 
for  the  different  species  of  horse-chestnut 
(jEsculus)  native  to  the  United  States.— 
2.  An  inhabitant  of  Ohio:  in  allusion  to  the 
quantity  of  buck-eye  trees  in  that  state, 
which  is  often  called  the  Buck-eye  State. 

Buck-eyed  (buk'id),  a.  A  horse-dealers 
epithet  for  horses  which  have  bad  or 
speckled  eyes. 

Buck-hound  (bukliound),  «.  A  kind  of 
hound,  resembling  a  small  stag-hound,  for 
hunting  bucks. 

Buckle  (buk'i),  n.  [Perhaps  from  L  biiecina, 
bucciimm,  a  trumpet,  also  a  kind  of  spiral 
shell ;  comp.  O.  Fr.  bouquet,  '  a  great 
prawn' (Cotgrave).]  [Scotch.]  1.  A  general 
name  in  Scotland  for  univalve  marineshells, 
but  more  particularly  applied  to  the  /•'««« 
antiguus.~2.  A  perverse  refractory  person; 
a  mischievous  madcap.  —Deevll's  or  dedi 
buckle  (a)  a  particular  species  of  that  kind 
of  shells  called  buckles,  (b)  Same  as  Buckle, 
2.  Hogg. 

Bucking-Iron  (buk'ing-i-ern),  n.  In  mining, 
a  tool  for  buckiiuj  or  pulverizing  ore. 

Bucklng-kler  (buk'ing-ker),  n.  A  large  cir- 
cular boiler  or  kier  used  in  bleaching. 

Bucking-plate  (buk'ing-plat),  n.  In  mining, 
an  iron  plate  on  which  the  ores  are  placed 
in  the  process  of  bucking. 

Bucking-stool  (buk'ing-stol),  n.  A  washing 
block. 

Buckish  (buk'ish),  a.  Pertaining  to  a  buck 
or  gay  young  fellow;  foppish. 

Buckishness  (buk'ish-nes),  n.  Foppishness; 
the  quality  or  condition  of  a  buck. 

Bucklsm  (buk'izm),  n.  The  quality  of  a 
buck;  foppery. 

I  was  once  a  delightful  auctioneer  — my  present 
trade  is  bjtckisnt.  Morton. 

Bucklandla  (buk-lan'di-a),  n.  A  magnificent 
evergreen  tree  of  India  (the  Himalayas)  and 
Sumatra,  nat.  order  Hamamelidece,  the 
trunk  of  which  sometimes  measures  21  feet 
in  circumference  5  feet  from  the  ground, 
and  grows  to  the  height  of  40  feet  without 
sending  out  any  branches. 

Buckle  (buk'l),  n.  [Fr.  boucle,  buckle,  from 
L.L.  buccula,  dim.  of  L.  bucca,  a  cheek,  the 
central  part  of  the  buckler,  the  boss.  ]  1.  An 
instrument,  usually  made  of  some  kind  of 
metal,  and  consisting  of  a  ring  or  rim  with 
a  chape  and  tongue,  used  for  fastening  har- 
ness, belts,  or  parts  of  dress  together— 2.  A 
curl,  or  a  state  of  being  curled  or  crisped, 
as  hair.  '  Lets  his  wig  be  in  buckle  for  a 
whole  half-year.'  Addinon.  'Earlocks  in 
tight  buckles  on  each  side  of  a  lantern  face.' 
Irving. — 3.  A  contorted  expression  of  the 
face.  Churchill.— To  turn  the  buckle  of  the 
belt  behind,  to  prepare  to  join  in  close  fight. 

Buckle  (buk'l),  ».(.  pret  &  pp  buckled;  ppr. 
buckling,  1.  To  fastenwith  a  buckle  or  buckles. 

2.  To  prepare  for  action  of  any  kind:  a  me- 
taphor taken  from  buckling  on  armour  pre- 
vious to  engaging  in  battle ;  hence,  to  set 
vigorously  to  work  at  anything:  with  the  re- 
flexive pronoun.      'The  Saracen  .  .  .  him 
buckled  to  the  field. '    Spenser. 

Hereupon  Carlwright  buckled  fiimle//  to  the  em- 
ployment.  Fuller. 

3.  To  join  in  battle.     '  The  foot  .  .  .  were 
buckled  with  them  in  front '    Sir  J.  llay- 
leard.— 4.  To  confine  or  limit. 

A  span  buckles  in  his  sum  of  age.         Sftftt. 

5.  To  curl,  as  a  wig.    Johnxon.  — 6.  To  join 
together;  to  unite  in  marriage.     [Scotch.] 
'Dr.  R.,  who  buckles  beggars  for  a  tester 
and  a  dram  of  Geneva. '    Sir  W.  Scott. 
Buckle  (buk'l),  v.i.    1.  To  bend;  to  bow. 

Whose  fever-weakened  joints,  like  strcngthless 

hinges. 
Buckle  under  life.  Skat. 

2.  t  To  curl ;  to  shrivel  up.  '  Melted  and 
buckled  with  the  heat  of  the  nre  like  parch- 
ment.' Pepys.—  3.  To  yield  assent;  toagree: 
with  to;  as,  I  can't  buckle  to  that,  I  don't 
understand  it.  [Slang.] — 4.  To  bend  to;  to 
apply  with  vigour;  to  engage  with  zeal.  '  Go, 
buckle  to  the  law.'  Dryden.—  5.  To  enter 
upon  some  labour  or  contest;  to  struggle; 
to  contend. 

The  bishop  was  as  able  and  ready  to  fiitckle  with 
the  Lord  Protector  as  he  with  him.  Latinur. 

—To  buckle  in,  to  close  in ;  to  embrace  or 
seize  the  body,  as  in  a  scuffle:  a  popular  use 
in  America. 

Buckle-beggar  (bnkl-beg-ger),  n.  A  per- 
son who  performs  the  ceremony  of  marriage 
in  a  clandestine  and  irregular  manner.  Sir 
W.  Scott. 

Buckled  (buk'id),  pp.  1.  Fastened  with  a 
buckle.— 2.  In  her.  a  term  applied  to  belts, 
bands,  collars,  etc.,  borne  with  buckles. 


Buckler  (buk'ler),  n.  [O.  Fr.  bocler.  Fr. 
bouclier,  a  protuberance,a  boss  on  the  shield. 
See  BtCKLK.]  1.  A  kind  of  shield,  a  piece 
of  defensive  armour  anciently  used  in  war, 
and  worn  on  the  left  arm.  Bucklers  varied 
considerably  in  size,  form,  and  materials  in 
j  different  ages  and  nations.  In  early  times 
they  were  of  wicker-work,  or  of  wood 
covered  with  leather,  and  ornamented  with 
metal  plates,  and  during  the  middle  ages 
they  were  made  entirely  of  metal.  Many 
of  them  were  chased  and  ornamented  iu 


Grecian  Buckler. 

embossed  work  in  a  highly  artistic  man- 
ner.—2.  Naut.  (a)  one  of  two  pieces  of  wood 
fitted  together  to  stop  the  hawse-holes  to 
prevent  the  ship  taking  in  much  water  in  a 
heavy  «ea.  (6)  The  lower  half  of  a  divided 
port  lid  or  shutter.  — 3.  The  anterior  seg- 
ment of  the  carapace  or  shell  in  trilobites. 

Buckler  (bnk'ler),  v.  t.  To  be  a  buckler  or 
shield  to;  to  support;  to  defend.  'Fear 
not,  sweet  wench,  .  .  .  I'll  buckler  thee 
against  a  million.'  Shak.  [Rare.] 

Buckler-head,  Buckler-headed  (bukler- 
hed,  buk'ler-hed-ed),  a.  Having  a  head  like 
a  buckler. 

Buckler-mustard  (buk'ler-mns-terd),  n. 
Biscutella,  a  genus  of  small  annual  or  per- 
ennial hispid  plants,  with  small  bright-yel- 
low flowers.  It  has  some  resemblance  to 
the  mustard  plant,  and  owes  Its  name  to 
that  fact  and  to  the  peculiar  form  of  the 
seed-vessels  when  bursting. 

Buckler-thorn  (buk'ler-thorn),  n.  Christ's- 
thorn :  so  called  because  the  seed-vessels 
are  shaped  like  a  buckler. 

Bxickmast  (buk'mast),  n.  [Buck,  for  beech, 
and  must;  comp.  buckwheat.}  The  mast  or 
fruit  of  the  beech-tree.  Johnson. 

Buckra  (buk'ra),  n.  [In  the  language  of  the 
Calabar  coast,  a  powerful  and  superior  su- 
pernatural being,  a  demon  ]  A  white  man; 
a  term  applied  to  white  men  by  the  blacks 
of  the  African  coast,  the  West  Indies,  and 
the  Southern  States  of  America. 

Buckra  (buk'ra),  a.  [See  previous  art  ] 
White;  as,  buck-ra  yam,  white  yam.  [Ne- 
groes' £nglish.] 

Buckram  (buk'ram),  n.  [O.  E.  bokeram.t rom 
O.  Fr.  boucaran,  boqueran  (Fr.  bougan), 
M.H.G.  buckeram,  buekeran,  L.L.  boquer- 
annus,  Ac.;  origin  doubtful.]  1.  A  coarse 
linen  cloth,  stiffened  with  glue,  used  in  gar- 
ments to  keep  them  in  the  form  intended, 
and  for  wrappers  to  cover  cloths  and  other 
merchandise.— 2.  pi.  Wild  garlic. 

Buckram  (buk'ram),  a.  Made  of  buck- 
ram, or  resembling  buckram:  hence,  stiff; 
precise;  formal.  '  Buckram  scribe. '  Beau. 
ct  Fl.;  Brooke.  Used  as  a  general  term  of 
contempt.  '  Ah,  thou  say,  thou  serge,  nay, 
thou  buckram  lord.'  Shak. 

Buckram  (buk'ram),  v.  t.  To  strengthen  with 
buckram,  or  in  the  manner  of  buckram ;  to- 
make  stiff.  Cou-per. 

Buckshish.  Buckshelsh  (buk'shesh).  Same 
as  Bakuhijth. 

Buckshom  (buks'hom),  n.  In  bot.  (a) 
buckshorn-plantain.  (b)  Lobelia  coronopi- 
folia,  a  native  of  the  C»p«  of  Good  Hope. 

Buckshorn-plantain  ( bnks'  horn  -plan  '- 
tan),  n.  A  plant  (Plantago  Coronopus,  from 
the  supposed  resemblance  of  its  furcate 
leaves  to  a  branching  horn).  It  is  a  com- 
mon plant,  growing  in  sandy  and  gravelly 
ground,  chiefly  near  the  sea. 
Buck-shot  (buk'shot),  n.  A  particularly 
large  kind  of  shot  used  for  killing  deer. 
Buckskin  (lmk'skin),n.  1.  The  skin  of  a  buck. 
2.  A  kind  of  soft  leather  of  a  yellowish  or 
grayish  colour,  made  originally  by  treating 
deer-skins  in  a  peculiar  way,  but  now  usually 
prepared  from  sheep-skins.  In  its  prepara- 
tion a  great  deal  of  manipulation  is  required, 
and  the  softness  which  is  its  chief  charac- 
teristic is  produced  by  using  either  oil  or 
brains  in  dressing  it— 3.  pi.  Breeches  made 
of  buckskin. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u.  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  fey. 


BUCKSKIN 


345 


BUDGET 


A  very  stout,  puffy  man  in  buckskins  and  Hessian 
boots.  Thackeray. 

4.  A  person  clothed  in  buckskin:  a  term  ap- 
plied to  the  American  troops  during  the  re- 
volutionary war. 

Buckskin  (Imk'skin),  a.  1.  Made  of  the  skin 
of  a  buck.— 2.  A  term  applied  to  a  species  of 
leather  prepared  in  a  particular  way.  See 
tlie  noun. 

Buck-stall  (buk'stal),  «.  A  toil  or  net  to 
take  deer.  W.  Drown. 

Buckthorn  (buk' thorn).  «.  The  popular 
name  of  a  genus  of  plants,  Rhanmus.  See 
KHAMNUS.  —  Sea -buckthorn,  the  popular 
name  of  II  ippophae  rluiianuidei.  See  IIIF- 
I'OI'HAB. 

Buck-tooth  (Imk'tbth),  ».  Any  tooth  that 
juts  out  from  the  rest. 

His  jaw  was  underhung,  and  when  he  laughed  two 
white  buck-teeth  protruded  themselves,  and  glistened 
savagely  in  spite  of  the  grin.  Thackeray. 

Bucku,  n.    See  BUCHU. 

Buck-wagon  (buk' wag-on),  n.  Same  as 
Buck-board. 

Buck-washing  (buk'wosh-ing),  n.  [From 
imck,  lye.)  The  act  of  washing  linen,  &c. 
Skat. 

Buckwheat  (buk'whet),  n.  [From  Sc.  and 
Northern  E.  buck,  beech,  and  E.  wheat;  D. 
boek-weit,  G.  buchtveizeu  (D.  boek,  G.  buche, 
a  beech) :  conip.  buckiiuist.  It  receives  its 
name  from  the  resemblance  of  its  triangular 
seeds  to  beech-nuts.  1  The  name  commonly 
given  to  a  plant. the  Fagopyrumesculentum, 
or  Polygoimin  Fagopyrmn,  nat.  order  Poly- 
gonacetc,  and  also  to  its  seeds.  It  is  a  native 
of  Central  Asia,  but  is  naturalized  both  in 
Europe  and  the  United  States,  and  also 
grown  to  a  small  extent  in  this  country.  It 
is  cultivated  chiefly  as  food  for  horses.cattle, 
and  poultry,  but  on  the  Continent  and  in 
the  United  States  is  much  used  for  human 
food.  It  grows  on  the  poorest  soils,  and  is 
much  less  nutritious  than  wheat.  Called 
also  Brank. 

Bucolic,  Bucollcal  (bu-kol'ik,  bu-kol'ik-al), 
a.  [L.  bucolicus,  from  Gr.  boiikolikos,  per- 
taining to  cattle,  pastoral,  from  bous,  an  ox.  ] 
Pastoral;  relating  to  country  affairs  and  to  a 
shepherd's  life  and  occupation.  'Bucolic 
song.'  T.  Warton. 

Bucolic  (bu-kol'ik),  n.  1.  A  pastoral  poem, 
representing  rural  affairs,  and  the  life,  man- 
ners, and  occupation  of  shepherds;  as,  the 
bucolics  of  Theocritus  and  Virgil. 

The  first  modern  Latin  bucolics  are  those  of  Pe- 
trarch. T.  Warton. 

2.  A  writer  of  pastorals.    [Rare.] 

Spenser  is  erroneously  ranked  as  our  earliest  Eng- 
lish bucolic.  T.  lYarloti. 

Bucranlum  (bfi-kra'ni-um),  n.  pi.  Bucra- 
nia  (bu-kra'ni-a).  [Gr.  bous,  an  ox,  and 
kranwii,&  skull.  ]  A  sculptured  ornament  re- 
presenting an  ox-skull  adorned  with  wreaths 
or  other  ornaments,  which  was  employed  to 
decorate  the  frieze  of  the  entablature  in  the 
Ionic  and  Corinthian  orders  of  architecture. 

Bud  (bud),  n.  [Allied  to  D.  bot,  a  bud;  O.Fr. 
boter,  to  bud;  Fr.  bouton,  a  bud;  E.  button.] 
1.  A  small  protuberance  on  the  stem  or 
branches  of  a  plant,  composed  of  a  solid 
conical  base  supporting  a  number  of  rudi- 
mentary leaves  or  flowers.  In  the  leaf-bud 
the  conical  base  represents  the  future  stem 
with  its  internodes  yet  undeveloped,  and 
the  rudimentary  leaves  are  all  either  the 
future  leaves  (as  in  so-called  naked  buds),  or 
some  of  the  outer  ones  are  modified,  form- 
ing protective  scales  which  fall  off  when  the 
bud  is  expanded.  —  2.  A  prominence  on  or 
in  certain  animals  of  low  organization,  as 
polyps,  which  becomes  developed  into  an 
independent  being,  which  may  or  may  not 
remain  permanently  attached  to  the  parent 
organism. 

Bud  (bud),  u.i.  pret.  &  pp.  budded;  ppr. 
budding.  1.  To  put  forth  or  produce  buds. 
Job  xiv.  9.  — 2.  To  be  in  the  condition  of  a 
bud;  to  sprout;  to  begin  to  grow  or  to  issue 
from  a  stock  in  the  manner  of  a  bud,  as  a 
horn  —3.  Fly.  to  be  in  an  early  stage  of 
development. 

Bud  (bud),  t>.  t.  To  insert  the  bud  of  a  plant 
under  the  bark  of  another  tree,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  raising  upon  any  stock  a  species  of 
fruit  or  flower  different  from  that  of  the 
stock;  as,  to  bud  a  garden-rose  on  a  brier- 
stock;  or,  to  bud  a  brier-stock  with  a  gar- 
den-rose. See  BUDDING,  n. 
Buddha  (bbd'da),  ».  [Skr.  buddha,  wise, 
from  buddh,  to  know.]  The  Wise  or  the 
Enlightened:  the  sacred  name  of  the  founder 
of  Buddhism,  who  appears  to  have  lived  in 
the  sixth  century  B.C.  His  religion  formed 


a  system  opposed  to  the  prevailing  Brah- 
uumism.    See  BUDDHISM. 


Buddha,  from  a  Burmese  Bronze. 

Buddhism  (bbd'izm),  n.  The  religious  sys- 
tem founded  by  Buddha,  one  of  the  most 
prominent  doctrines  of  which  is  that  nir- 
vdna,  or  an  absolute  release  from  existence, 
is  the  chief  good.  According  to  it  pain  is 
inseparable  from  existence,  and  conse- 
quently pain  can  cease  only  through  nir- 
vana; and  in  order  to  attain  nirvana  our 
desires  and  passions  must  be  suppressed, 
the  most  extreme  self-renunciation  prac- 
tised, and  we  must,  as  far  as  possible, 
forget  our  own  personality.  From  Buddh- 
ism involving  a  protest  against  caste  dis- 
tinctions it  was  eagerly  adopted  by  the 
Dasyus  or  non-Aryan  inhabitants  of  Hindu- 
stan. It  was  pure,  moral,  and  humane  in 
its  origin,  but  it  came  subsequently  to  be 
mixed  up  with  idolatrous  worship  of  its 
founder  and  other  deities.  Although  now 
long  banished  from  Hindustan  by  the  per- 
secutions of  the  Brahmans,  Buddhism  pre- 
vails in  Ceylon,  Java,  Cochin  •  China,  Bir- 
mah,  Tibet,  Mongolia,  Tartary,  China,  and 
Japan,  and  its  adherents  are  said  to  com- 
prise about  a  third  of  the  human  race. 
Buddhist  (bod'ist),  n.  A  worshipper  of 
Buddha;  one  who  adheres  to  the  system  of 
Buddhism. 

Buddhist,  Buddhistic  (bod'ist,  bbd-ist'ik), 
o.  Relating  to  Buddha  or  to  Buddhism.— 
Buddhist  architecture,  the  oldest  and  only 
true  native  style  of  Indian  ecclesiastical 
architecture,  the  earliest  specimens  dating 
to  250  B.C.  The  objects  of  Buddhist  art 
may  be  classed  into  five  groups :  (o)  Stam- 
bhas  or  hits,  bearing  inscriptions  on  their 
shafts,  with  emblems  or  animals  on  their 
capitals,  (b)  Stupas  or  topes,  a  great  num- 
ber of  which  were  built  in  the  form  of  large 
towers,  some  in  the  form  of  hemispheres, 
others  partly  cylindrical  and  furnished  with 
either  a  flat  circle  or  pointed  terminals  like 
a  dome  at  the  top.  These  topes  are  sup- 
posed to  have  been  erected  at  first  to  com- 
memorate some  event,  or  to  show  that  the 
place  was  sacred;  but  afterwards  they  were 
employed  to  contain  relics  of  the  Buddha 
or  of  some  noted  saint.  Where  there  are 
relics  the  tope  is  called  a  dagoba,  or  relic- 
shrine,  (c)  Rails,  consisting  of  elaborately 
sculptured  pillars,  found  surrounding  topes, 
sacred  trees,  temples,  pillars,  and  other  ob- 
jects, (d)  Chaityas,  churches  or  assembly 
halls,  vast  chambers  cut  out  of  the  living 
rock,  and  corresponding  in  almost  every 
respect  with  the  churches  of  the  Christian 
religion.  Their  plans,  the  position  of  the 
altar  or  relic  casket,  the  aisles,  the  apse,  and 
other  peculiarities,  are  the  same  in  both. 
(e)  Viharas,  or  monasteries,  also  excavated 
from  the  solid  rock,  supported  by  pillars  of 
the  natural  rock  left  in  their  places,  and 
surrounded  by  a  number  of  small  sleeping- 
places  or  cells.  One  leading  characteristic 
of  the  Buddhist  style  is  a  variety  of  arch, 
formed  by  each  layer  of  stones  overlapping 
that  below  it  till  the  two  sides  approach 
so  closely  that  the  aperture  at  the  top  can 
be  covered  by  a  single  stone  or  architrave. 
Buddhist  architecture  prevails  also  in  Cey- 
lon, Thibet,  Java,  and  generally  wherever 
this  faith  still  maintains  its  existence. 
Budding  (bud'ing),  a.  1.  Producing  buds ; 
as  a  budding  tree.— 2.  Being  in  the  condi- 
tion of  a  bud ;  fig.  being  in  an  early  stage  of 


growth;  being  at  the  entrance  of  a  period 
of  life,  a  career,  &c. ;  as,  a  budding  orator. 
'  Young  budding  virgin.'  Shak. 
Budding  (bud'ing),  ?i.  1.  The  putting  forth 
or  producing  of  buds  or  gems.  Specifically, 
in  zool.  a  name  applied  to  the  asexual  pro- 
cess of  reproduction,  whereby  new  animal- 
are  produced  by  a  process  analogous  to  that 
of  budding  in  plants.  See  GEMMATION. 
2.  In  hurt,  a  mode  of  grafting  in  which  a 
leaf-bud  is  used  as  a  graft  instead  of  a  yuunx 
shoot.  The  bud  thus  introduced  annsto- 
moses  with  the  stock,  forms  a  (item,  .nut 
becomes  in  all  respects  simi- 
lar to  the  parent  whence  it 
was  derived,  retaining  all  its 
special  peculiarities.  Roses, 
plums,  peaches,  nectarines, 
cherries,  and  many  other  kinds 
of  fruit  are  propagated  in  this 

Budding-knife  (bud'ing-nlf), 
n,  A  knife  used  by  gardeners 
in  the  operation  of  budding, 
the  handle  of  which,  usually 
made  of  bone  or  ivory,  tapers 
to  an  edge,  which  enables  it 
to  be  used  in  separating  the 
bark  from  the  wood  of  the 
stock  and  inserting  the  bud. 

Buddingness  (bud'iug-nes),  n. 
State  of  budding. 

Buddie  ( bud'l ),  n.     [Comp.  G.       Budding. 
hut!.  In .  to  shake. ]    In  mining, 
a  large  square  frame  of  boards  used  in  wash- 
ing metalliferous  ore. 

Buddie  (bud'l),  v.t.  or  i.  In  mining,  to  wash 
ore;  to  separate  the  metalliferous  ores  from 
earthy  matters  by  means  of  an  inclined 
hutch  called  a  buddle,  over  which  water 
flows. 

Bude-burner  (bfuVbern-er),  n.  [From  Bude 
in  Cornwall,  the  residence  of  Mr.  Gurney, 
the  inventor.]  An  arrangement  consisting 
of  two,  three,  or  more  concentric  argaud 
burners,  each  inner  one  rising  a  little  above 
the  outer,  by  which  a  very  powerful  light  is 
produced. 

Bude-light  (bud'lit), n.  [See BUDE-BURNER.] 
An  exceedingly  brilliant  light,  produced  by 
directing  a  current  of  oxygen  gas  into  the 
interior  of  the  flame  of  an  argand-lamp  or 
gas-burner. 

Budge  (buj),  v.i.  [Fr.  bouger,  to  stir  or  wag, 
to  move,  from  bullicare,  a  hypothetical 
freq.  from  L.  bullire,  to  boil,  whence  also 
It.  bolicare,  to  bubble.)  To  move  off;  to 
stir;  to  wag;  to  flinch ;  to  flee. 

I  will  not  biidfe  for  no  man's  pleasure.       Shak. 

Budget  (buj),  o.  [From  budge,  to  move.] 
Brisk;  jocund.  South. 

Budge  (buj),  ?i.  [From  O.Fr.  boufje.'L.bultja. 
a  leather  bag  or  sack,  the  Latin  being  from 
a  Gallic  word  seen  in  Ir.  and  Gael,  balij. 
bolg,  a  bag.  See  BELLOWS,  BELLY.)  MA 
leathern  bag.— 2.  Lamb-skin  with  the  wool 
dressed  outwards,  formerly  used  as  an  or- 
namental border  for  scholastic  habits.— 
3.  Same  as  Budge-barrel. 

Budget  (buj),  o.  1.  Trimmed  or  adorned 
with  budge.  See  the  noun.  '  Budge  gowns  ' 
Milton.—  2.  Scholastic;  pedantic;  austere; 
surly;  stiff;  formal.  'Budge  doctors.'  Mil- 
ton. 

The  solemn  fop.  significant  and  bndre; 

A  fool  with  judges,  amongst  fools  a  Judge.    Cowper. 

—Budge  bachelors,  a  company  of  poor  old 
men  clothed  in  long  gowns  lined  with  lamb's 
wool,  who  formerly  accompanied  the  Lord- 
mayor  of  London  at  his  inauguration. 

Budge-barrel  (buj'bar-el), «.  A  small  barrel 
with  only  one  head ;  on  the  other  end  a 
piece  of  leather  is  nailed,  which  is  drawn 
together  upon  strings.  It  is  used  for  carry- 
ing powder  with  a  gun  or  mortar. 

Budgenesst  (buj'nes),».  Sternness;  severity. 
•  A  great  Belloua  for  budgmta.'  Stanihnnt. 

Budger  (buj'er),  n.  One  who  moves  or  stirs 
from  his  place. 

Let  the  first  budger  die  the  other's  slave.    Shak. 

Budgero,Budgerow(buJ'e-r6),n.  A  cabined 
passage-boat  of  the  Gauges  and  Hoogly. 
W.  H.  Russell. 

Budget  (buj'et),  n.  [O.E.  boget,  bouyet, 
biiirijet;  Fr.  bougette,  dim.  of  bmtge.  See 
BUDGE,  n.]  1.  A  bag;  a  little  sack,  with  its 
contents.  Shak.  Hence— 2.  A  stock  or  store; 
as,  a  budget  of  news. 

It  was  nature,  in  fine,  that  brought  off  the  cat,  when 
the  fox's  whole  budget  of  inventions  failed  him. 

Sir  R.  L'F.strangt. 

3.  The  annual  financial  statement  which  the 
chancellor  of  the  exchequer  makes  in  the 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ag.eing;      TH,  fAen;  th,  thiu;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


BUDGY 


346 


BUFFY 


House  of  Commons  in  a  committee  of  ways 
and  means.  In  making  this  statement  the 
minister  gives  a  view  of  the  general  linundal 
policy  of  the  government,  ami  at  the  same 
time  presents  an  estimate  of  the  probable 
income  and  expenditure  for  the  following 
twelve  months,  and  a  statement  of  what 
taxes  it  is  intended  to  reduce  or  abolish,  or 
what  new  ones  it  may  be  necessary  to  im- 
pose.— To  open  the  budget,  to  lay  before  the 
legislative  body  the  financial  estimates  and 
plans  of  the  executive  government. 

Budgy  t  (buj'i),  a.     Consisting  of  fur. 

Bucllet  (bud'let),  n.  [Dim.  from  bud.]  A 
little  bud  springing  from  a  parent  bud. 

Budmash  (bud'mash),  ».  [Hind.]  A  scoun- 
drel; a  blackguard ;  during  the  time  of  the 
Indian  mutiny,  a  rebel. 

Buff  (buf),  n.  [Abbrev.  of  buffalo,  O.E. 
baffle,  Fr.  buffle,  a  buffalo.]  1.  A  sort  of 
leather  prepared  from  the  skin  of  the  buffalo, 
dressed  with  oil,  like  shammy.  It  is  used 
for  making  bandoliers,  belts,  pouches,  gloves, 
and  other  articles.  The  skins  of  oxen,  elks, 
and  other  animals  dressed  in  like  manner 
are  also  called  buff.  'A  suit  of  buff.'  Shak. 
2.  A  military  coat  made  of  buff-skin  orsimilar 
leather.  Shak.  —3.  The  colour  of  buff;  a  light 
yellow;  hence,  a  name  applied,  in  the  plural, 
to  the  third  regiment  of  the  line  in  the  Bri- 
tish army,  from  the  colour  of  their  facings. 
The  78th  is  called  the  Boss-shire  Buffi  for 
the  same  reason. —4.  Inmed.  the  buff  y  coat. 
5.  A  buff-stick;  a  buff-wheel.— 6.  The  bare 
skin ;  as,  to  strip  to  the  buf.  [Colloq.J 

To  be  in  t>itjP\s  equivalent  to  being  naked.   11  'right. 

Buff  (buf),  a.  1.  Made  of  buff  leather.  '  A 
buff  waistcoat. '  Goldsmith.  —2.  Of  the  colour 
of  buff  leather. 

Buff  t  (buf),».  (.  [0.  Fr.  buffer.  Inifer,  to  strike, 
bufe,  a  blow.)  To  strike.  '  A  shock  to  have 
buffed  out  the  blood.'  B.  J 'onion. 

Buff  t  (but),  n.  (O.Fr.  bufe,  buffe,  a  blow.  See 
the  verb.]  A  blow;  a  stroke;  a  buffet. 
Spenser.— To  stand  buff,  to  endure  blows 
without  flinching;  to  confront  without  fear. 
Another  origin  is  suggested  for  the  phrase, 
viz.  to  stand  stripped  to  the  buff  or  skin  like 
boxers. 

And  for  the  good  old  cause  stood  f<itjf 

'Gainst  many  a  bitter  kick  and  cuff.       Hitdilras. 

Buffalo  (buf'fa-16),  n.  [From  Sp.  bufalo, 
Fr.  buffle,  L.  bubalus,  bufalus,  from  Gr. 
boubalos,  from  bout,  an  ox.)  1.  A  ruminant 
mammal,  family  Bovidee,  the  best  known 
species  of  which  is  the  Bubahis  Buffclus  or 
Bat  Bubalus,  larger  than  the  ox  and  with 
stouter  limbs,  originally  from  India,  but 
now  found  in  most  of  the  warmer  countries 
of  the  Eastern  Continent.  It  is  less  docile 
than  the  common  ox,  and  is  fond  of  marshy 
places  and  rivers.  It  is,  however,  used  in 
tillage,  draught,  and  carriage  in  India, 
Italy,  &c.  The  female  gives  much  more 
milk  than  the  cow,  and  from  the  milk  the 
ghee  or  clarified  butter  of  India  is  made 
The  Cape  buffalo  (Bubahis  Ca/er)  is  distin- 


1,  Head  of  Indian  Buffalo  (Butalnt  Bi,/Kl,u\ 

2,  Head  of  Cape  Buffalo  (Bitbalus  Cafler). 

guished  by  the  size  of  its  horns,  which  are 
black  and  united  at  their  bases  forming  a 
great  bony  plate  on  the  front  of  the  head. 
It  attains  the  size  of  an  ordinary  ox  The 
hide  is  exceedingly  tough,  and  a  valuable 
leather  is  prepared  from  it,  but  the  flesh  is 
not  very  highly  esteemed.  The  name  is 
also  applied  to  wild  oxen  in  general,  and 
particularly  to  the  bison  of  North  America. 
See  BISON. -2.  A  buffalo-robe  (which  see) 
3  A  fresh-water  flsh  resembling  the  sucker 
Bartlett.  [United  States.] 


Buffalo-berry  (buf'fa-lo-be-ri),  n.  1.  The 
fruit  of  the  Shepherdia  argeittea,  a  shrub 
or  small  tree  which  grows  on  the  Upper 
Missouri.— 2.  The  tree  itself. 

Buffalo-chips  (bnf'fa-lo-chips),  n.  pi.  The 
dry  dung  of  the  bison,  used  for  fuel  on  the 
prairies  of  North  America.  [United  States.] 

Buffalo  -  clover  (buf'fa-16-klo-ver),  n. 
Trifoliuni  pcniixylvanicum,  an  American 
species  of  short  clover  which  covers  the 
vast  prairies  on  which  bisons  feed. 

Buffalo-grass  (buf'fa-16-gras),  n.  A  species 
of  short  grass  (Sesleria  dactifloulea')  which 
grows  on  the  prairies  of  North  America, 
where  bisons  feed. 

Buffalo-nut  (Imf'fa-lo-nut),  n.  1.  The  fruit 
of  the  Pyrularia  oleifera.  — 2.  The  plant 
itself.  Also  called  Oil-nut. 

Buffalo -robe  (buf'fa-lo-rob),  n.  The  skin 
of  the  bison  of  North  America  (incorrectly 
called  buffalo),  prepared  with  the  hair  on, 
whether  used  for  covering  the  person  or 
not. 

Buff-coat  (buf'kot),  n.  A  close  military 
outer  garment,  with  short  sleeves,  and  laced 
tightly  over  the  chest,  made  of  buffalo-skin 
or  other  thick  and  elastic  material,  much 
worn  by  soldiers  in  the  seventeenth  century 
as  a  defensive  covering. 

Buffel,  Buffel- duck  ( buf '1,  buf'1-duk),  n. 
[E.  buffle,  a  buffalo,  and  duck:  so  called 
from  the  largeness  of  the  head.  ]  Clangula 
albeola,  a  bird  with  a  short  blue  bill  and  a 
head  whose  apparent  si/e  isgreatly  increased 
by  the  fulness  of  its  feathers,  found  in  winter 
in  the  rivers  of  North  and  South  Carolina. 
Called  also  BuMe-head  and  Spirit-duck. 

Buffer  (buffer),  n.  [In  first  sense  evidently 
from  buf,  to  strike;  in  other  senses  not  so 
clear.)  1.  Any  apparatus  for  deadening  the 
concussion  between  a  moving  body  and  the 
one  on  which  it  strikes.  More  specifically, 
an  apparatus  attached  to  rail  way -carriages 


Part  of  Under  Frame  of  a  Railway-carriage,  showing 


buffing-sprint's  (a  a]  acted  on  at  the  ends  by  rods 
from  the  buffing-blocks  b  b. 

to  prevent  injury  from  violent  contact  The 
buffer  shown  above  consists  of  powerful 
springs  and  framing  attached  to  carriages 
and  wagons  to  deaden  the  buff  or  concus- 
sion between  them  when  they  come  into  col- 
lision. Called  also  Buffing-apparatus. 2.  A 

foolish  fellow;  a  fellow:  a  term  expressive 
of  extreme  familiarity,  and  generally  having 
a  flavour  of  contempt  [Slang  or  colloq.]— 
3.  t  A  person  who  killed  sound  horses  in  order 
to  sell  their  hides.— 4.  t  A  person  who  took 
pay  to  swear  false  oaths 

Buffer-head  (buf'fer-hed),  n.  A  block 
for  receiving  the  concussion,  fixed  at  the 
end  of  the  rods  connected  with  the  buffing, 
apparatus  of  a  railway-carriage.  Called  also 
Buffing-block. 

Buffet  (buffet).  «.  [Fr.  buffet,  a  side-board, 
a  cup-board.]  1.  A  cup-board,  side-board.  01 
closet,  to  hold  china,  crystal,  plate,  and  other 
like  articles.  -2.  The  space  set  apart  for 
refreshments  in  public  places.— 3.  That  part 
of  the  cabinet-work  of  an  organ  which  in- 
closes the  pipes  —  4.  A  kind  of  footstool 
[Obsolete  or  provincial  ] 

Buffet  (buffet),  n.  [O.Fr.  bufet,  bu/rt,  a 
slap,  a  blow,  dim.  from  buffe,  bufe,  a  blow 
See  BUFF,  v.t.  ]  A  blow  with  the  fist;  a  box; 
a  cuff;  a  slap;  hence,  hard  usage  of  any 
kind  suggestive  of  blows ;  violent  force  or 
resistance.  •  Fortune's  buffets. '  Shak  'To 
brave  the  buffets  of  the  Bay  of  Biscay  ' 
Burke. 

Buffet  (buffet),  v.t.  ppr.  buffeting-  pret  & 
pp.  buffeted.  1.  To  strike  with  the  hand  or 
fist;  to  box ;  to  beat.  Mat.  xxvi.  67.— 2.  To 
beatmcontention;  to  contend  against'  as  to 
buffet  the  billows.  Shak.— 3.  To  deaden  the 
sound  of  (bells)  for  a  funeral  peal  by  muffling 
the  tongue  or  clapper. 

Buffet  (buffet),  v.i.  To  exercise  or  play  at 
boxing;  to  contend  with  the  arms ;  to  make 
onrt  way  by  buffeting.  •  Strove  to  buffet  to 
land.  Tennyson. 

I  could  lay  on 
5A0>. 


Buffint  (Imffin),  n.  A  sort  of  coarse  chilli. 
'  Jlnjfin  -;o\vns. '  Maxxingcr. 

Buffing-apparatus  (buffing-ap-pa-ra'tus), 
n.  .Sec  liUKFKK 

Buffing-block  (buf  flng-blok),  «.  s(.(. 
BUFFER-HEAD. 

Buffing-spring  (buffing-spring),  «.  One 
of  the  springs  connected  with  a  railway- 
buffer.  See  cut  at  BUFFER. 

Buff-jerkin  (buf  Jer-kln),  ».  Originally 
a  leathern  waistcoat ;  afterwards  one  made 
of  cloth  of  a  buff  colour  and  worn  by  ser- 
geants and  catchpoles. 

Buffle  t  (buf'l),  n.    [Fr.]    The  buffalo 

Buffle  t  (bufl),  v.i.  [Probably  a  form  of 
baffle.  ]  To  be  puzzled ;  to  be  at  a  loss. 
Swift. 

Buffle-headt  (buf'1-hed),  n.  [Comp.  bvffel, 
buffel-duck.]  One  who  has  a  large  or  stupid 
head. 

What  makes  you  stare  so.  bitjfle.headl 

Traits,  of flatttui,  1694. 

Buffle-headedt  (buf'1-hed-ed),  «.  Having 

a  large  head  like  a  buffalo ;  dull ;  stupid ; 

foolish.     Gayton. 
Buffo  (buffo),  n.    [It]    The  comic  actor  in 

an  opera ;  a  comic  singer. 
Buffpnt  (buf'font),  ?i.    [From  Fr.  bov/er,  to 

puff  out.]    A  projecting  covering  of  gauze 


. 

If  I  might  />t<ffet  for  my  love, 
like  a  butcher. 


Buffeter  (buffet-er),  n. 
a  boxer. 


One  who  buffets ; 


or  linen  for  a  lady's  breast,  which  stuck  out 
from  beneath  the  chin  like  the  breast  of  a 
pigeon,  much  worn  about  1750. 

Buffoon  ( buf-fon'),  n.  [Fr.  bouffon,  Sp. 
bufon,  from  It.  buffone,  from  bvffare,  to  jest 
or  sport,  from  buffa,  a  trick,  a  piece  of  sport.  ] 
A  man  who  makes  a  practice  of  amusing 
others  by  low  tricks,  odd  gestures  and  pos- 
tures, jokes,  and  other  vulgar  pleasantries; 
a  droll;  a  merry-aiidrew;  a  clown;  a  jester. 
'  The  scurril  talk  of  bufoons,  pleasants,  and 
jesters.'  Holland.  'Buffoons  that  have  a 
talent  of  mimicking  the  speech  and  behav- 
iour of  other  persons. '  Ta  tier. 

Buffoon  (buf-fouO,  tJ.t.  To  act  the  part  of  a 
buffoon.  Dryden  [Rare.] 

Buffoon  (buf-fon')  v.t  To  make  ridiculous. 
'Religion  .  .  .  despised, buffooned, exposed 
as  ridiculous.'  Glanville.  [Rare.] 

Buffoon  (buf-fon'),  a.  Characteristic  of  a 
buffoon.  '  Buffoon  postures  and  antic  dances. ' 
Melmoth.  'Neither  buffoon  nor  contemp- 
tible.' Lamb.  'Buffoon stories.'  ilacaulay.' 

Buffoonery  (buf-fon'er-i),  n.  The  arts  and 
practices  of  a  buffoon;  low  jests;  ridiculous 
pranks;  vulgar  tricks  and  postures. 

No  merit  was  secure,  no  person  free 

From  its  licentious  buffoonery.        Oldhatn. 

Buffoonish  (huf-fon'ish),  a.  Like  a  buffoon, 
consisting  in  low  jests  or  gestures.  Blair. 

Buffoonism  (buf-fim'izm),  n.  The  practices 
of  a  buffoon. 

Buffoonly  (buf-fonli),  o.  Consisting  of  low 
vulgar  tricks,  or  of  low,  ridiculous  jesting. 
'Apish  tricks  and  buffoonly  discourse.'  Dr. 
J.  Goodman.  [Rare.] 

Buff-stick  (buf'stik),  n.  A  piece  of  stick 
covered  with  leather,  velvet,  velveteen,  Ac., 
and  charged  with  emery  or  other  powder, 
used  in  polishing. 

Buff-Up  (buf'tip),  n.  1.  The  popular  name 
of  Pygtrra  bucephala,  an  insessorial  bird  of 
the  family  Dicranuridae,  having  a  buff  patch 
at  the  tip  of  each  wing. — 2.  A  name  given  to 
a  kind  of  moth  for  a  similar  reason. 

Buff-wheel  (buf  whel),  n.  See  GLAZER,  2. 

Buffy  ( bufi ),  a.  Buff-coloured ;  pertaining 
to  buff  on  the  blood.— Buffy  coat  the  buff- 


r,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound; 


u,  Sc.  ahune;      y,  Sc.  try. 


1HIFO 


347 


BULB 


coloured  fibrin  on  the  surface  of  the  crassa- 
mentum  or  clot  of  blood  drawn  from  a  vein 
during  the  existence  of  violent  inflammation, 
pre.mmney,  and  particularly  manifested  in 
pleurisy. 

BufO  (bu'fo),  Ji.  [L.]  A  genus  of  tailless 
batrachians  comprehending  the  true  toads, 
with  rounded  muzzle  and  no  teeth.  Two 
species  are  found  in  llritain.  See  TOAD. 

Bufoiiidse  (bu-fon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [L.  bitfo, 
bii.fiiiun,  a  toad,  and  Or.  eidos,  resemblance.] 
A  family  of  anourous  or  tailless  batrachiuns, 
comprehending  thu  toads,  and  distinguished 
from  the  frogs  (llanidic)  by  a  thick  clumsy 
body,  warty  skin,  and  legs  generally  short, 
and  with  imperfectly  webbed  toes,  by  thu 
absence  of  teeth  on  the  jaws,  and  by  a 
cushioned  set  of  secreting  glands  behind 
each  ear. 

Bufonlte  (bu'fon-it),  «.  [From  L.  biifo, 
btifuniji,  a  toad.]  Toadstone;  a  fossil  con- 
sisting of  the  petrified  teeth  of  the  .Sphroro- 
dus,  1'ycnodus,  and  other  mesozoic  ganoid 
fishes,  formerly  much  esteemed  for  its  ima- 
ginary virtues  and  worn  in  rings.  It  was 
thought  to  have  existed  in  the  head  of  a 
toad. 

Bug  (bug),  71.  [W.  bwg,  a  hogoblin,  a  scare- 
crow; probably  connected  with  G.  bogge, 
bogle,  ascarecrow,andwith  Sc.  bogle,  K.bogey. 
In  meanings  2  and  3  the  original  sense  was 
probably  that  of  a  nasty  terrifying  insect.] 
l.t  A  hobgoblin;  a  spectre;  anything  terrify- 
ing; a  bugbear.  'Fear  boys  with  bugs.' 
Shak.  '  The  bug  which  you  would  fright  me 
with.'  Shak.  'The  bug  we  fear.'  Hilton. 

2.  The  name  formerly  applied  loosely  to  in- 
sects of  various  kinds,  and  still,  with  certain 
distinctive  additions,  of  wide  application,  as 
may-6i«7,  the  lady-fttig.,  the  Isaa-bvai  (Geo- 
corisa)),  the  water-6«</s  (Hydrocorisaj),  &c. 
In  the  United  States  'the  name  is  generally 
used  where  beetle  would  be  used  in  Eng- 
land. 

Yet  let  me  flap  this  bu«  with  gilded  wings ; 
This  painted  child  of  dirt,  which  stinks  and  stings. 

Pofe. 

3.  The  Ciinex  lectularius,  otherwise  known 
as  the  house-bug  or  bed-bug,  or  any  mem- 
ber of  this  genus  or  of  the  family  Cimicidu;. 
It  is  about  -5*5  inch  long,  wingless,  of  a 
roundish,  depressed  body,  dirty  rust  colour, 
and  emits  an  offensive  smell  when  touched. 
The  female  lays  her  eggs  in  summer  in  the 
crevices  of  bedsteads,  furniture,  and  walls 
of  rooms.     Its  larva;  are  small,  white,  and 
semi-transparent.    They  attain  full  size  in 
eleven  weeks.    The  mouth  of  the  bug  has 
a  three-jointed  proboscis,  which  forms  a 
sheath  for  a  sucker. 

Bugaboo  (bug'a-bo),  n.  [From  bug,  and  boo! 
boh!]  A  bugbear;  a  vain  terror;  something 
to  frighten  a  child. 

Bugbane  (bug'bau),  n.    Same  as  Bugwort. 

Bugbear  ( bug'bar ),  71.  (Lit.  a  bug  or  hob- 
goblin in  the  shape  of  a  bear.]  Something 
that  causes  terror  ;  frequently  something 
that  causes  needless  fright  or  terror. 

A  bugbear  take  him !  Shak. 

Invasion  was  the  bugbear  with  which  the  court 
tried  to  frighten  the  nation.  Macaulay. 

Bugbear  (bug'bar),  a.  Occasioning  causeless 
fright;  as,  such  bugbear  thoughts.  Locke. 

Bugbear  (bug'bar),  v.t.  To  alarm  with  ima- 
ginary or  idle  fears.  A  bp.  King. 

Buggalow  (bug'a-lo),  7t.  Same  as  Baggala. 
Stocqueler. 

Buggerow-boat  (buj'e-ro-bot),  n.  Same  as 
Budgero. 

Bugginess  (b'lg'i-nes),  n.  The  state  of  being 
infested  with  bugs. 

Buggy  (bug'i),  a.    Abounding  with  bugs. 

Buggy  (bug'i),  7».  [  Perhaps  an  Indian  term 
originally.  ]  A  name  given  to  several  species 
of  carriages  or  gigs ;  as,  (a)  in  England,  a 
light  one-horse  two-wheeled  vehicle  without 
a  hood.  'See  if  my  buggy  is  at  the  door.' 
Thackeray,  (b)  In  the  I'nited  States,  a  light 
one-horse  four-wheeled  vehicle,  with  or 
without  a  hood  or  top.  (c)  In  India,  a  gig 
with  a  large  hood  to  screen  those  who  travel 
in  it  from  the  sun's  rays. 

Buggy-boat  (bug'i-bot),  n.  A  boat  made  so 
as  to  be  capable  of  having  wheels  attached 
to  it,  and  being  thus  converted  into  a  land 
vehicle. 

Buggy-cultivator  (bug-i-kul'ti-vat-er),  n.  A 
cultivator  with  wheels  and  a  seat  on  which 
the  person  attending  it  may  ride.  £.  H. 
Knight. 

Buggy-plough  (bug'i-plou),  n.  A  plough 
with  a  seat  on  which  the  ploughman  may 
ride,  and  usually  having  several  ploughs  in 
the  same  frame.  K.  H.  Knight. 


Bugiardt  (bu'jard),  n.  [It  bugiardo. }  A 
liur.  lip.  Ilacket.  [Hare.] 

Bugla  (bcnr/hi),  n.     Same  as  Bagijala. 

Bugle  (liu'gl),  n.  [An  abbreviation  of  bugle- 
horn,  that  is  butfalo-horn,  from  O.K.  bugle,  a 
buffalo,  from  L.  buculitx,  a  young  bullock.] 
1.  A  hunting  horn. — 2.  A  military  musical 
brass  wind-instrument,  now  generally  fur- 
nished with  keys  so  as  to  be  capable  of  pro- 
ducing all  the  notes  of  the  scale. 

Buglet  (bu'gl),  n.  [L.  buculux,  a  young  bul- 
lock, a  steer,  (Urn.  of  box,  an  ox.]  A  sort  of 
wild  ox;  a  buffalo. 

These  are  the  beastes  which  ye  shall  eat  of:  oxen, 
shepe,  and  gootes,  hert,  roo,  and  bugle  (in  the  Au- 
thorised Version,  wild  ox),  wylde  goote.  &c. 

BMt,  1551,  Ucut.  xiv.  5. 

Bugle  (bu'gl),  7i.  [L.L.  tuffuau,  a  female 
ornament,  from  root  seen  in  A.  Sax.  buyan, 
to  bend,  G.  biigel,  a  bent  piece  of  metal.]  A 
shining  elongated  glass  bead,  usually  black, 
used  in  decorating  female  apparel  and  also 
in  trafficking  with  savage  tribes.  'Bugle 
bracelet.'  Shak. 

Bugle  (bu'gl),  a.  Having  the  colour  of  a  glass 
bugle ;  jet  black.  'Bugle  eye-balls. '  Shak. 
Bugle  ( bu'gl X  ".  Iff-  bugle.  It.  bugola,  L. 
bugillo.]  The  popular  name  for  Ajuga  rep- 
tans,  a  labiate  plant,  with  dark  leaves  and 
purplish  flowers,  common  in  woods  and  pas- 
tures. —  Yellow  bugle,  the  Ajuga  Chaiiicepitys, 
a  plant  which  grows  in  sandy  fields. 
Bugle-horn  (bu'gl-horn),  n.  1.  Same  as 
Bugle.  —2.  t  A  drinking  vessel  made  of  horn. 
'And  drinketh  of  his  bugle-hunt  the  wine.' 
Chaucer. 

Bugler  (biig'ler),  n.  One  who  plays  a  bugle; 
specifically,  a  soldier  whose  duty  is  to  con- 
vey the  commands  of  the  officers  by  sound- 
ing a  bugle. 

Bugle-weed  (bu'gl-wed).  n.  The  American 
name  of  Lycopux  virginicus,  valued  as  a 
remedy  for  hemoptysis  or  spitting  of  blood. 
Bugloss  (bu'glos),  n.  [L.  buglosms,  Or. 
bouglossos—bous,  an  ox,  and  gUma,  tongue.] 
The  popular  name  of  the  plant  Anchuaa 
officiiialis,  descriptive  of  the  shape  and  rough- 
ness of  its  leaves.  The  small  wild  bugloss 
is  the  Asperugo  procuitibenjt ;  the  viper's 
bugloss  is  Echium,  cidgare.  They  all  possess 
rough  leaves,  and  are  used  in  dyeing.  Called 
also  Ox-tongue. 

Bugwort  (bug'wert),  71.  A  plant,  Ciinicifuga 
foetetitt,  so  called  from  its  supposed  virtue  in 
expelling  bugs. 

Buhl  (bill),  n.  (From  A.  Ch.  Boule,  an 
Italian  wood-carver,  who  introduced  this 
style  of  work  into  France  in  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV.]  Unburnished  gold,  brass,  or 
mother-of-pearl  worked  into  complicated 
and  ornamental  patterns,  used  for  inlaying. 
The  name  is  also  given  to  ornamental  fur- 
niture, work-boxes,  toilet  articles,  &c.,  in 
which  tortoise-shell  or  wood  is  ornamented 
with  buhlwork.  Originally,  and  properly, 
the  word  was  spelled  Boule. 
Buhl-saw  (bul'sa),  n.  A  peculiar  kind  of 
frame-saw  used  in  cutting  out  buhlwork. 
Buhlwork  (bul'werk),  71.  Work  in  which 
wood,  tortoise-shell,  Ac.,  is  inlaid  with  buhl. 
Buhrstone  (bor'ston),  n.  Same  as  Burr- 
stone. 

Bulk,  Beuk  (buk),  n.     A  book.    [Scotch.] 
Bulk   (buk),  v.t.    To  book   (which  see). 
[Scotch.] 

Bulk  (bok),  71.  Bulk.  [Scotch.] 
Build  (bild),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  built;  ppr. 
building.  The  regular  pret.  &  pp.  btiilded 
is  now  confined  to  poetry.  [O.E.  bulde, 
belde,  bulden,  belden,  buildtn,  of  obscure 
origin,  but  no  doubt  connected  with  A.  Sax. 
bold,  a  house,  a  dwelling;  Icel.  bol,  Dan.  bol, 
a  house,  a  dwelling,  from  same  root  as 
Icel.  bi'ta,  to  dwell,  G.  bauen,  to  build  or 
cultivate,  and  ultimately  E.  to  be.]  1.  To 
frame,  construct,  and  raise,  as  an  edifice  or 
fabric  of  almost  any  kind ;  to  form  by  unit- 
ing materials  into  regular  structure  ;  to  cou- 
struct;  to  frame. 

The  house  was  btcildedotthe  earth, 
And  shall  fall  again  to  ground.         Tennyson. 

2.  Fig.  (a)  to  form  by  art;  to  construct. 

He  knew 
Himself  to  sing  and  build  tin:  lofty  rhyme.    Milton. 

(b)  To  raise  on  a  support  or  foundation;  to 
rear;  as,  to  build  a  reputation.    '  Who  builds 
his  hopes  on  air.'    Shak. 

On  God  and  godlike  men  we  build  our  trust. 

Tennyson. 

(c)  To  settle  or  establish  and  preserve ;  to 
1    increase  and  strengthen:  frequently  with 

up;  as,  to  build  up  a  character.  'I  that 
have  lent  my  life  to  build  up  yours.'  Tenny- 
son. 


Build  (bild),  r.i.     1.  To  exercise  the  art  or 

pirn-Use  the  business.. f  building.     •>.  To 
or  depend,  as  on  a  foundation;  to  base;  to 
rely:  with  on. 

This  is  a  surer  way  th.-in  to  Intild  an  the  interpre- 
tation of  an  author,  who  does  not  consider  how  ihc 
ancients  used  to  think.  .  Ltdison. 

Build  (bild),  H,  Construction ;  make ;  form ; 
as,  the  build  of  a  ship. 

The  little  sofa  w.1s,  fortunately,  like  its  build, 
strong  as  a  cob.  M.,rrj,il. 

Builder  (bildVr),  ».  <>»<•  vim  builds;  (.no 
whose  occupation  is  to  build;  an  architect, 
aship-wright,  a  mason,  *c. 

In  the  practice  of  civil  architecture,  the  buildrr 
comes  between  the  architect  who  designs  the  work 
and  the  artisans  who  execute  it.  T-.ng.  littfy. 

Building  (bild'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  c.m- 
structing,  erecting,  or  establishing.  —  2.  A 
fabric  or  edifice  constructed;  the  thing 
built,  as  a  house,  a  church,  and  the  liK. . 
'Seest  thou  these  great  bttildini/s!'  .Mark 
xiii.  2. 

Building-lease  (liil'l'lng-lcs),  »•  A  lease  of 
land  for  a  long  term  of  years  (usually  91)), 
according  to  which  the  lessee  engages  to 
erect  certain  edifices  on  the  land  according 
to  specification,  these  edifices  falling  to  the 
landowner  on  the  expiration  of  the  lease. 

Building  Society  (bild'ing  so-sl'e-ti),  71.  A 
joint-stock  benefit  society,  for  the  purpose 
of  raising  by  periodical  subscriptions  a  fund 
to  assist  members  in  obtaining  small  por- 
tions of  landed  property  and  houses,  which 
are  mortgaged  to  the  society  till  the  amount 
of  the  shares  drawn  on  shall  be  fully  repaid 
with  interest.  The  original  object  of  such 
societies  was  to  make  their  members  pro- 
prietors of  dwelling-houses,  but  now  in  many 
cases  they  merely  provide  a  means  of  in- 
vesting the  members'  money  in  house  pro- 
perty. 

Building-stance  (bild'ing-stans),  n.  A  piece 
of  ground  for  building  on.  [Scotch.] 

Buildress  (bild'res),  n.  A  female  builder. 
fuller.  [Rare.] 

Built  (hilt),  p.  and  a.  1.  Formed ;  shaped. 
'  Like  the  generality  of  Genoese  country- 
women, strongly  built.'  Landor.  Frequently 
used  in  composition  in  sea- terms;  as.clinker- 
built,  clipper  -  bu ilt,  frigate  -built,  <tc. — 
2.  Constructed  of  different  pieces;  not  com- 
posed of  one  piece;  as,  a  built  mast  or  block; 
a  built  beam;  a  built  rib. 

Builtt  (bilt),  n.  Form;  shape;  build;  mode 
of  building.  Sir  W.  Temple. 

Buirdly  (biird'li),  a.  [Comp.  Icel.  burthr, 
the  habit  of  body,  strength.  Perhaps  burly 
Is  another  form  of  this  word.  ]  Large  and 
well  made;  stout  in  appearance;  burly. 
'  Buirdly  duels  and  clever  hizzies.'  Sums. 
[Scotch.] 

Buisson (bwes-son),  n.  [Fr.,abush.]  Inyar- 
dening,  a  fruit-tree  on  a  very  low  stem,  and 
with  the  head  closely  pruned. 

Buist,  Boost  (bust,  bbst),  n.  The  distinctive 
mark  set  upon  sheep  and  cattle  by  their 
owners;  hence,  any  distinguishing  charac- 
teristic. Sir  W.  Scott.  [Scotch.] 

Buist,  Boost  (biist,  bbst),  c.  (.  To  mark  with 
a  buist,  as  sheep.  [Scotch.  ] 

Bukshee  (buk'she),  n.  An  Indian  name  for 
a  paymaster  or  a  commander. 

Bukshlsh  (buk'shesh),  n.  Same  as  Bokshinh. 

Bulb  (bulb),  71.  [L.  bulbus,  a  bulbous  root.] 
1.  A  modified  leaf-bud,  formed  on  a  plant 
upon  or  beneath  the  surface  of  the  ground, 
emitting  roots  from  its  base,  and  producing 


I,  Bulb  of  Hyacinth.   2,  Longitudinal  section  of  do. 

a.  Bud  or  growing  point.  *,  Bases  of  leaves. 
c.  Crown  of  the  root  or  stem,  d.  Fibres  or  root 
proper.  t>.  Young  bud  or  offset. 

a  stem  from  its  centre.  It  is  formed  of  im- 
bricated scales  or  of  concentric  coats  or 
layers.  It  incloses  the  rudiments  of  the 
future  plant  and  a  store  of  food  to  nourish 
it.  Examples  of  bulbs  are  the  onion,  lily, 
hyacinth,  &c. — 2.  Any  protuberance  or  ex- 
pansion resembling  a  bulb,  especially  an  ex- 
pansion at  the  end  of  a  stalk  or  long  and 
slender  body;  as,  the  bulb  of  a  thermome- 


ch,  cftain;      oh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin?;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.-8ee  KEY. 


BULB 


348 


BULL-DOG 


ter;  the  bulb  of  a  hair;  the  bulb  of  the  aorta. 
— Bulb  of  a  tooth,  the  vascular  and  nervous 
papilla  in  the  cavity  of  the  tooth.— llulb  nf 
the  eye,  the  eye-ball.  — Bulb  of  a  hair,  the 
swollen  part  at  the  origin  of  the  hair. 

Bulb  (bulb),  v.i.  To  project  or  be  protuberant: 
with  out.  Eeelijn. 

Bulbaceous  ( bul  -  ba '  shus ),  a.    Bulbous. 

JollllH'Hl. 

Bulbed  (bulbil),  a.    Having  a  bulb ;  round- 

Buibei,  Bulbil  (buVbel,  bul'bil),  ».  [Dim. 
of  bulb.]  In  bot  a  separable  bulb  formeil 
on  certain  flowering  plants;  a  small  axillary 
bulb. 

Bulblferous  (bul-bif'er-us),  a.  [L.  balim*, 
a  bulb,  and/era,  to  bear.]  Producing  bulbs; 
as.  bulbiferous  stems. 

Bulblet  (bulblet),  n.  [Dim.  of  bulb.]  Inbot 
a  bulb  which  separates  spontaneously  from 
the  stem  of  a  plant,  as  in  Lttium  bulbi- 
ferum. 

Bulbodiumt  (bul-bo'di-um),  ?i.  A  word  for- 
merly used  by  botanists  for  what  is  now 
called  a  corm. 

Bulbo-gemma(bul-b6-jem'a), «.  [L.  bulbus, 
a  bull),  and  gemma,  a  bud.]  Same  as  Bulble.t. 

Bulbose,  Bulbous  (bul'bos,  bul'bus),  a. 

1.  Having  or  pertaining  to  bulbs  or  a  bulb ; 
growing  from  bulbs;  as,  bulbous  plants. — 

2.  Resembling  a  bulb  in  shape;  swelling  out. 
Bulbo-tuber  (bul'bo-tu-ber),  n.     A  name 

sometimes  given  to  a  corm. 

Bulbul  (bul'bnl),  n.  The  Persian  name  of 
the  nightingale,  or  a  species  of  nightingale, 
rendered  familiar  in  English  poetry  by 
Moore,  Byron,  and  others.  The  same  name 
is  also  given  in  southern  and  south-western 
Asia  to  sundry  other  birds. 

Bulbule  (bul'bul),  n.  [L.  bulbulue,  dim.  of 
bulbus,  a  bulb.]  A  little  bulb. 

Bulbus  (bul'bus),  n.  [L.]  A  bulb.—  Bulbus 
arterinsus,  a  dilatation  at  the  base  of  the 
branchial  artery  in  fishes  in  which  the  ven- 
ous blood  is  collected  before  it  is  carried  by 
the  artery  to  the  gills. 

Bulchint  (bul'chin),  n.  [A  dim.  of  bull.  ]  A 
young  male  calf :  often  applied  to  persons 
in  contempt.  Drayton. 

Bulgarian,  (bul-ga'ri-an),  a.  'Pertaining  to 
Bulgaria. 

Bulgarian  (bul-ga'ri-an),  n.  I.  A  member  of 
the  Bulgarian  race.  —2.  The  language  of  the 
Bulgarians.  It  is  divided  into  two  dialects 
-Old  Bulgarian  and  New  Bulgarian.  The 
former  is  the  richest  and  best  of  the  Sla- 
vonic tongues,  and  although  extinct  as  a 
living  tongue  is  still  used  as  the  sacred  lan- 
guage of  the  Greek  Church.  See  SLAVIC. 

Bulgaric  (bul-gartk),  n.  The  name  given  to 
one  of  the  four  branches  of  the  Finnish  class 
of  languages,  the  other  three  being  the  Per- 
mic,  Ugric,  and  Chudic.  It  comprises  the 
original  dialects  of  the  Mordvinians  and 
Cheremissians,  Bulgarian  tribes  inhabiting 
the  banks  of  the  Volga. 

Bulge  (bulj),  it.  Same  as  Bilge  in  both  senses 
of  the  word. 

Bulge  (bulj).  v.i.  pret.  and  pp.  bulged;  ppr 
bulging.  [From  the  Scandinavian;  O.Sw. 
bulyja,  to  swell;  Icel.  btilginn,  swollen.  It  is 
the  same  word  as  A.  Sax.  belqan,  which,  how- 
ever, only  means  to  swell  in  the  sense  of 
being  angry.  From  the  same  root  as  belli/, 
bellows,  bold,  billow,  bulk,  &c.  Bilge  is 
simply  another  spelling.  ]  1.  To  swell  out ; 
to  be  protuberant. 

He  spoke :  the  brawny  spearman  let  his  cheek 
Bulge  with  the  unswallow'd  piece,  and  turning  stared. 
Tennyson. 

2.  To  bilge,  as  a  ship. 

Here  I  found  that  the  ship  was  bulged  and  had 
a  great  deal  of  water  in  her  hold.  De  Foe. 

['This  word  in  the  sense  of  to  swell  out 
is  very  rare  except  in  modern  writers.' 
Skeat.] 

Bulgeways  (bulj'waz),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Bibjeways. 

Bulging  (bulj'ing).  a.     Protuberant. 

Bulgy(bul'ji),  o.  Bending  outward.  'Bulgy 
legs.  Dickens.  [Rare.] 

Bulimia  (bu-lim'i-a),  n.  Voracious  appe- 
tite. See  BULIMY. 

Bullmus  (bu'li-mus),  n.  A  very  exten- 
sive genus  of  pulmoniferous  gasteropod- 
ous  molluscs,  allied  to  the  genus  Helix. 
In  the  tropical  forests  some  of  the  spe- 
cies are  of  large  size,  and  their  eggs 
might  almost  be  taken  for  those  of  small 
birds. 

Bulimy  (bu'li-mi),  «.    [Gr.  boulimia— bou 
(in  composition),  huge,  great. and  linn*,  hun- 
ger. ]  Morbidly  voracious  appetite:  a  disease 
in  which  the  patient  has  a  perpetual  and 


insatiable  appetite  for  food,  often  fainting 
if  not  indulged. 

Bulk  (bulk),  n.  [Same  root  as  bulge;  Icel. 
bidki,  a  heap,  the  freight  of  a  vessel;  Dan. 
bulk,  a  lump,  a  clod;  O.Sw.  bulk,  a  crowd,  a 
mass.  As  bunki  is  another  form  of  Icel. 
bidki,  so  bulk  in  meaning  6  is  a  less  common 
form  equivalent  to  bunk.]  1.  Magnitude  of 
material  substance;  whole  dimensions;  size 
of  a  thing;  as,  an  ox  or  ship  of  great  bulk. 

2.  The  gross;  the  majority;  the  main  mass 
or  body;  as,  the  bulk  of  a  debt;  the  bulk  of 
a  nation.     '  The  bulk  of  mankind.'    Hume. 

It  is  certain  that,  though  the  English  love  liberty, 
the  bulk  of  the  English  people  desire  a  king. 

//'.  t.,od™in. 

3.  The  whole  content  of  a  ship's  hold  for 
the  stowage  of  goods.  —  4.  t  A  part  of  a  build- 
ing jutting  out.     '  Here,  stand  behind  this 
bulk.'    Shak.—5.  The  body  of  a  living  crea- 
ture. 

He  raised  a  sigh  so  piteous  and  profound. 
As  it  did  seem  to  shatter  all  his  bulk, 
And  end  his  being.  Shak. 

Bones  of  some  vast  bulk  that  lived  and  roared 
Before  man  was.  Tennyson. 

6.  A  large  chest  or  box. 

On  a  bulk  in  a  cellar  was  to  be  found  the  author  of 
the  Wanderer.  yohnson. 

— To  break  bulk  (naitt. ),  to  begin  to  unload. 
— Laden  in  bulk,  having  the  cargo  loose  in 
the  hold,  or  not  inclosed  in  boxes,  bales, 
or  casks.— SYN.  Size,  magnitude,  greatness, 
largeness,  extent,  majority. 
Bulk  (bulk),  u.i  1.  To  grow  large;  to  swell. 

He  (Chalmers)  would  dilate  on  one  doctrine  till  it 
bnlkrtt  into  a  bible.  North  Brit.  Rev. 

2.  To  appear  large  or  important;  as,  the 
question  bulked  large  in  his  sight. 

Bulker  (bulk'er),  n.  Xaut.  a  person  em- 
ployed to  determine  the  quantity  or  bulk  of 
goods,  so  as  to  li\  the  amount  of  freight  or 
shore-dues  to  which  they  are  liable. 

Bulk-head  (ImlkTied),  n.  A  partition  in  a 
ship  made  with  boards,  to  form  separate 
apartments. 

Bulkiness  (bulk'i-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  bulky;  greatness  in  bulk, 
size,  or  stature. 

Bulky  (bulk'i),  a.  «f  great  bulk  or  dimen- 
sions; of  great  size;  large.  'Bulky  bribes.' 
rope.  '  Latreus  the  bulkiest  of  the  double 
race.'  Dryden.— Bulky,  Massive  or  Massy. 
Bulky  relers  to  prominenceorexcessof  figure 
or  size;  massive  or  inaxsy  designates  what  is 
both  large  and  weighty  without  implying 
excess  of  size. 

Bull  (bul),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bull,  only  found  in  dim. 
bulluca,  a  bullock  ;  LG.  bulls,  bolle,  D.  bul, 
Icel.  boli,  a  bull.  The  root  may  be  in  A.  Sax. 
bellan,  to  bellow.]  1.  The  male  of  any  bovine 
quadruped,  or  of  the  different  species  of  the 
genus  Bos.  — 2.  Taurus,  one  of  the  twelve 
signs  of  the  zodiac.  — 3.  In  stock-exchange 
ilany,  one  who  operates  in  order  to  effect  a 
rise  in  the  price  of  stock  :  the  opposite  of  a 
bear.  See  BEAR.— 4.  An  old  male  whale.— 
5.  A  small  keg.  —8.  The  weak  grog  made  by 
pouring  water  into  a  spirit  cask  nearly 
empty.  [Slang.] 

Bull  (bul),  a.  Male,  or  of  large  size:  used  in 
composition;  as,  a  ftuU-trout,  ftuU-liead,  bul- 
rush, &c. 

Bull  (b(ll),  t).(.  In  the  stock-exchange,  to  en- 
deavour to  raise  the  price  of  shares  artifi- 
cially and  unduly.  Sec  the  noun. 

Bull  (b\|l),  n.  [L.  bulla,  a  boss,  an  ornament 
worn  on  a  child's  neck,  later  a  leaden  seal. 
Bullet,  bullion,  are  from  this  word.)  1.  Ori- 
ginally the  seal  appended  to  the  edicts  and 
briefs  of  the  pope.  Hence  — 2.  A  letter, 
edict,  or  rescript  of  the  pope,  published  or 
transmitted  to  the  churches  over  which  he 


Leaden  Bulla  of  Pope  Alexander  IV. 


is  head,  containing  some  decree,  order,  or 
decision.  It  is  used  chiefly  in  matters  of 
justice  or  of  grace.  If  the  former,  the  lead 


or  seal  is  liun-j  by  a  hempen  cord ;  if  the 
latter,  by  a  silken  thread.  Up  to  the  six- 
teenth century  the  seal  or  bulla  was  im- 
pressed on  one  side  with  the  heads  of  St 
Peter  and  St.  Paul,  latterly  witli  the  arms 
of  the  pope;  on  the  other  with  the  name  of 
the  pope.  The  document  is  in  Latin,  and  on 
parchment,  the  writing  being  in  the  oldround 
Gothic  letter.—  Golden  Bull,  a  name  given 
to  several  celebrated  historical  documents; 
so  called  from  their  golden  seal.  The  most 
notable  of  these  is  an  edict  or  imperial  con- 
stitution, made  by  the  Emperor  Charles  IV. 
regulating  the  mode  of  procedure  in  the 

election  and  coronation  of  the  emperor. 

Leaden  bulls  were  sent  by  the  emperors  of 
Constantinople  to  patriarchs  and  princes 
and  by  the  grandees  of  the  Empire  of  Friim-r, 
Sicily.  &c..  and  by  patriarchs  and  bishops. - 
Waxen  bulls  were  in  frequent  use  with  the 
Greek  emperors,  who  thus  sealed  letters  to 
their  relations. 

Bull  (bul),  n.  [So  named,  it  is  conjectured 
from  the  contrast  implied  in  the  pope  in  his 
bulls  styling  himself  'servant  of  servants,' 
while  they  convey  absolutely  dictatorial 
edicts.  Compare  extract  from  Milton  below 
The  following  adduces  a  different  origin, 
however.  '  The  British  Apollo,  1740,  says  the 
term  is  derived  from  one  Obadiah  Bull,  an 
Irish  lawyer  of  London  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII.,  whose  blundering  in  this  way 
was  notorious.'  Bmcer.]  A  gross  incon- 
sistency in  language;  a  ludicrous  blunder 
involving  a  contradiction  in  terms. 

And  whereas  the  Papist  boasts  himself  to  be  a 
Roman  Catholic,  it  Is  a  mere  contradiction,  one  of 
the  pope's  bulls,  as  if  he  should  say  universal  parti- 
cular ;  a  Catholic  schismatic.  Milton. 

Bulla  (bulla),  n.  [L.  See  BULL.  ]  1.  An 
ornament  worn  round  the  neck  by  noble 
Roman  children  till  they  were  seventeen 
years  old ;  in  later  times,  a  leaden  seal  at- 
tached to  a  document.— 2.  In  ined.  a  bleb  or 
portion  of  cuticle  raised  by  the  extravasation 
of  a  transparent  watery  fluid.-  3.  A  genus 
of  molluscs.  See  l:i  I.M'H.K 

Bullace  (bullasX  n.  [A  Celtic  word;  W. 
biflas,  Ir.  bulos,  Fr.  bulocc,  Armor,  bolos.] 
1.  The  wild  plum  (frunus  insititia).  Called 
also  Bullace-plum  and  Bullace -tree.  It  is  a 
British  plant,  yielding  two  varieties  of  fruit, 
red  and  white,  used  like  damsons.  See 
PKUNUS.— 2.  The  popular  name  of  Mclicocca 
bijuna,  a  tree  common  in  the  West  Indies, 
producing  numerous  green  egg  -  shaped 
fruits,  having  an  agreeable  vinous  and  aro- 
matic flavour. 

Bulladse  (bulla-de),  n.  pi.  Same  as  Bttllidai 
(which  see). 

Bullantlc  (bi|l-lan'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
used  in  apostolic  bulls;  as,  bullantic  letters, 
that  is,  certain  ornamental  capitals  used  in 
these  bulls. 

Bullary  (bul'a-ri),  n.  1.  A  collection  of  papal 
bulls.  —2.  A  house  in  which  salt  i«  prepared 
by  boiling. 

Bullate  (bunat),  a.  [L.  bullatui,  from  bulla, 
a  bubble.]  In  bot.  having  elevations  like 
blisters;  as,  a  bullate  leaf,  that  is,  a  leaf 
whose  membranous  part  rises  between  the 
veins  in  elevations  like  blisters. 

Bull-baiting  (uqruat-ing),  n.  The  practice 
of  baiting  or  attacking  bulls  with  dogs. 

Bull-bat  (bul'bat),  n.  The  American  goat- 
6ucker(Caj>rimufyt/«awieTi'cttntis):  so  called 
in  the  United  States  from  its  general  resem- 
blance to  a  bat,  and  from  a  booming  sound 
it  sometimes  makes  in  the  air,  like  the  bel- 
lowing of  a  bull. 

Bull-beef  (bun>ef),  >»-  The  flesh  of  a  bull ; 
coarse  beef. 

Bull-beggar  (biilTjeg-ger),  n.  [Perhaps  from 
a  verb  bull,  to  toss  or  butt,  and  beggar; 
comp.  obsolete  bullbear,  a  hobgoblin,  and 
D.I>uffe-i>a*,abugbear,ahobgoblin.]  Some- 
thing to  excite  needless  fear ;  a  hobgob- 
lin; an  object  of  terror. 

This  was  certainly  an  ass  in  a  lion's  skin;  a  harm- 
less bull-besptr,  who  delights  to  frighten  inno- 
cent people.  Taller. 

Bull-calf  (bumf),".  A  male  calf;  a  stupid 

fellow.     Shak. 

Bull-comber  (bul'kom-er).  n.    A  name 
given  to  several  species  of  beetles  of  the 
family  Scarabasida;;  the  Typhtrut  i-ulgaris 
is  commonly  so  called. 
Bull-dance  (bul'dans),  n.    Naut.  a  dance 
performed  by  men  only. 
Bull-dog  (btil'dog),  n.    1.  A  species  of  dogs 
very  strong  and  muscular,  with  large  head, 
broad  muzzle,  short   hair,   tapering   non- 
bushy  tail,  and  of  remarkable  courage  and 
ferocity:  formerly  much  used  in  bull-baiting. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


BULLED 


349 


BULL-VOICED 


hence  the  name.— 2.  A'aut.  the  great  gun  in 
the  officers'  ward-room  cabin ;  also,  a  general 
term  for  main-deck  guns.  -3.  In  metal,  a  de- 
composed protosilicate  of  iron,  used  as  a 
lining  for  the  boshes  of  puddling  or  smelt- 
ing furnaces. 

Bulledt  (bulled),  a.  [From  root  of  bulge, 
Ac.  See  BoLN.]  Swollen.  '  And  hang  the 
bulled  nosegays  'bove  their  heads.'  />.  Jon- 
ton, 

Bullen  (biillen).  «.  The  awn  or  chaff  from 
hemp  or  flax.  [Provincial.] 

Bullen-nail  (bul'en-nal),  n.  [O.K.  bollen, 
hutn  (which  see).]  A  round-headed  nail  with 
short  shank,  tinned  and  lackered:  used 
chiefly  by  upholsterers. 

Bullescehce  (bul-les'ens),  n.  [L.  bullesco, 
incept,  from  bullio,  to  be  in  bubbling  mo- 
tion. See  BOIL,  ».]  In  bot.  state  of  leaves 
in  which  the  parenchyma  between  the  nerves 
is  so  developed  as  to  seem  inflated  or  blad- 
dery, as  in  the  cabbage. 

Bullet  (linnet),  «.  [Kr.  botllet,  a  dim.  from 
bottle,  a  ball,  from  L.  bulla,  a  bubble,  a  boss.  ] 
1.  A  small  ball. —2.  A  projectile  intended 
to  be  discharged  from  firearms  or  other  j 
missile  weapons;  more  specifically,  one  dis-  i 
charged  from  a  ritle,  musket,  fowling-piece,  I 
pistol,  or  similar  firearm.  Bullets  used  to  be 
solid  spherical  masses,  but  of  late  many 
cbiinges  have  been  made  on  their  shape  and 
structure.  The  bullet  used  for  riflesof  recent 
construction  is  elongated  and  conical,  or 
rather  ogival  at  the  apex,  somewhat  like 
half  an  egg  drawn  out,  with  a  hollow  at  the 
base,  into  which  a  plug  of  wood  or  clay  is  in- 
serted, and  with  small  cuts  (cannelures)  iu 
the  metal  outside,  which  are  filled  with  bees'- 
wax  to  lubricate  the  barrel  while  the  bullet 
is  passing  through  it.  When  the  gun  is  fired 
the  plug  is  driven  forward  to  the  head  of  the 
cavity,  forcing  the  base  of  the  bullet  out- 
ward till  the  lead  completely  fills  the 
grooves. 

Bullet-headed(bul'let-hed-ed),a.  1.  Round- 
headed.— 2.  Stupid;  doltish. 

Bulletin  (bulle-tin),  n.  [Fr.,  from  It.  bulte- 
tuw,  dim.  of  bulla,  an  edict  of  the  pope.] 

1.  An  authenticated  official  report  concern- 
in!;  some  public  event,  such  as  military 
operations,  the  health  of  the  sovereign  or 
other  distinguished  personage,  issued  for 
the  information  of  the  public. 

'  False  as  a  bulletin '  became  a  proverb  in  Napo- 
leon's time.  Carlyle. 

2.  Any  notice  or  public  announcement,  espe- 
cially of  news  recently  received. —3.  The 
name  given  to  some  periodical  publications 
recording  the  proceedings  of  learned  so- 
cieties. 

Bulletin  (bul'le-tin),  o.  t.  To  make  known, 
as  by  a  bulletin. 

The  report  received  at  a  late  hour  this  afternoon, 
and  bulletined  throughout  the  city,  that  the  fire  had 
broken  out  again  m  Chicago,  in  a  quarter  hitherto 
untouched,  happily  proves  untrue. 

Scotsman  newspaper. 

Bullet-mould  (bullet-mold),  n.  A  mould 
for  casting  bullets. 

Bullet-proof  (bullet-prof),  a.  Capable  of 
resisting  the  force  of  a  bullet. 

Bullet-shell  (bul'let-shel),  n.  An  explosive 
bullet  for  small  arms. 

Bullet-tree,  n.    See  BULLY-TREE. 

Bullet-wood  (bul'let-wud),  n.  A  wood  of  a 
greenish-hazel  colour,  close  and  hard,  re- 
sembling green-heart.  See  BULLY-TREE. 

Bull-faced  (bul'fast),  a.  Having  a  large 
coarse  face.  'Bull-faced  Jonas.'  Dryden. 

Bull-feast  (bul'fest),  n.     Same  as  Bull-fiyht. 

Bull-feist,  Bullflce  (bul'fest,  bi.il'fis),  n. 
(Bull,  and  Prov.  E.  feist,  foist,  a  puff-ball, 
feist,  foist,  being  lit.  wind  from  the  anus. 
(See  FOIST.  )  The  German  name  bofist  (whence 
Bovista)  and  the  generic  name  Lycopcrdon 
are  of  similar  signification.]  Puff-ball.  See 
BOVISTA  and  LYCOPERDON. 

Bull-fight  (bul'fitVn.  A  combat  between  men 
and  a  null  or  bulls:  an  amusement  among 
the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese.  A  horseman, 
called  a  toreador  or  picador,  attacks  a  bull  in 
a  closed  arena,  iu  presence  of  multitudes  of 
spectators,  irritating  him  till  the  bull  rushes 
upon  and  perhaps  dismounts  him.  After 
the  bull  has  been  tormented  a  long  time  the 
horseman  leaves  him,  and  some  persons  on 
foot  attack  him  and  plunge  darts  into  his 
neck;  and  at  it  signal  given  by  the  president 
the  barbarous  sport  is  ended  by  the  sword 
of  a  matador. 

Bull-fighter  (bul'fit-er),  n.  One  who  fights 
bulls;  the  human  combatant  iu  a  bnll-fight. 
Byron. 

Bullfinch  (bul'flnsh),  n.  An  insessorial 
bird,  Pyrrhula  rubicilla,  family  Fringillidae 


or  finches,  with  short  thick  rounded  bill, 
beak  and  crown  of  the  head  black,  body 
bluish-gray  above  and  bright  tile-red  below. 
It  occurs  in  Britain,  iu  the  middle  and  south 


Bullfinch  (Pyrrhula 


of  Europe,  and  in  Asia,  and  when  tamed 
may  be  taught  to  sing  musical  airs.  P.  syno- 
ica  is  an  Asiatic  species,  and  /'.  cineriola  an 
inhabitant  of  Brazil. 

Bull-finch  (bul'fiush),  n.  [Probably  a  cor- 
ruption of  bull-fence.  ]  A  strong  fence,  or 
a  hedge  allowed  to  grow  high  to  impede 
hunters.  [Provincial  English.] 

Bull-fly,  Bull-bee  (bul'tli,  bul'be),  n.  An 
insect,  the  gadfly,  so  named  from  its  tor- 
menting cattle.  See  GADFLY. 

Bull-frog  (bul'frog),  n.  The  Rana  pipiens, 
a.  large  species  of  frog  found  in  North 
America,  8  to  12  inches  long,  of  a  dusky- 
brown  colour  mixed  with  a  yellowish-green, 


and  spotted  with  black.  These  frogs  live 
in  stagnant  water,  and  utter  a  low  croaking 
sound  resembling  the  lowing  of  cattle, 
whence  the  name. 

Bull-fronted  (bul'frunt-ed),  a.  Having  a 
front  or  forehead  like  a  bull. 

A  sturdy  man  he  looked  to  fell  an  ox, 
Bull-fronted,  ruddy.  Hood. 

Bull-head  (bullied),  n.  1.  The  popular 
name  of  certain  fishes.  One  of  these,  the 
Coitus  gobio,  is  about  4  inches  long,  with 
head  very  large  and  broader  than  the  body. 
It  is  often  called  also  Miller's-thutnb.  The 
armed  bull-head  is  the  Aspidophorus  euro- 
poeus,  found  in  the  Baltic  and  northern 
seas;  the  six-horned  bull-head  (C.  hexacor- 
nis)  is  a  North  American  species.  In  Ame- 
rica this  name  is  given  to  a  species  of  Pim- 
elodus, called  also  Ca£-yijtAand Horned-pout. 
See  CAT-FISH. —2.  A  small  water  insect  of  a 
black  colour.— 3.  A  stupid  fellow;  a  lubber. 
Johnson. 

Bullidae  (bul'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of  tecti- 
branchiate  gasteropod  molluscs,  of  the  sec- 
tion Monoecia,  having  the  male  and  female 
organs  in  the  same  individual.  The  shell 
is  convoluted  and  fragile,  and  serves  as  a 
covering  for  the  gills.  Some  are  very  vora- 
cious, preying  on  shell-fish,  which,  by  means 
of  a  gizzard  lined  with  calcareous  or  horny 
plates,  they  crack  after  swallowing  whole. 
The  family  includes  the  genera  Accra,  Bul- 
Iffia,  Bulla,  <fec. 

Bullion  (bul'yon),  n.  [Partly  directly  from 
L.L.  bullio,  bulliona,  a  mass  of  gold  or  sil- 
ver, partly  from  O.Fr.  bouillon,  a  stud,  a 
boss,  a  large-headed  nail,  both  from  L. 
bulla,  a  bubble,  a  boss,  a  stud.  An  old 
meaning  of  the  word  was  the  mint  itself, 
whence  came  the  signification  base  coin, 
which  meant  originally  coin  that  ought  to 
be  taken  to  the  mint  to  be  purified  and 
recoined.]  1.  Uncoined  gold  or  silver  in 
the  mass ;  gold  or  silver  not  current  or  not 
in  the  form  of  current  coin ;  the  precious 
metals  smelted  and  not  perfectly  refined,  or 
refined  but  in  bars,  ingots,  or  in  any  un- 
coined form,  as  in  plate. 

The  balance  of  trade  must  of  necessity  be  returned 
in  coin  or  bullion.  Bacon. 


Foreign  coin  hath  00  vallu  here  for  its  stamp,  and 
our  coin  is  bullion  in  foreign  dominions.        l.octif. 

2.  t  Base  or  objectionable  coin. 

And  those  which  eld's  strict  doom  did  disallow, 
And  damn  for  bullion,  yo  for  current  now. 

Syl-'fiter. 

3  t  A  showy  metallic  ornament  either  ..f 

gold  or  in  imitation  of  gold,  as  a  button, 
stud,  clasp,  buckle,  boss,  and  the  lik.v 
The  clasps  and  bullions  were  worth  a  thnus.m.l 
pound.  .s/W/.i;<. 

4.  A  kind  of  heavy  twisted  fringe,  the  cords 
of  which  are  prominent;  when  used  for 
epaulets,  &c.,nuide  of  silk  and  covered  with 
fine  gold  or  silver  wire. —  5.  In  pbufcmoMiVi 
the  extreme  end  of  the  glass  bulb  at  the  eml 
of  the  blowing-tube. 

Bullioner  (bul'yon-er),  n.  A  dealer  in  bul- 
lion. 'Melted  down  by  the  bulKoners.' 
Rice  Vaughan. 

Bullion-fringe  (bul'yon.frinj),  n.  Some  as 
Bullion,  4. 

Bullionist  (bul'yon-ist),  n.  An  advocate  of 
an  exclusive  metallic  currency,  or  of  a  paper 
currency  always  convertible  into  gold. 

Bullirag  (I'Ul'li-rag),  ».(.   Same  as  Bullyrag 

Bullish  (bul'ish),  a.  Partaking  of  the  nature 
of  a  bull  or  blunder.  (Rare.) 

A  toothless  satire  is  as  improper  as  a  toothed  sleek- 
stone,  and  as  bullish.  Milton. 

Bullist  (bul'ist),  n.  A  writer  of  papal  bulls. 
Httrwar.  [Rare.] 

Bullitiont  (bul-li'shon),  n.  [L.  bullio,  to 
boil.  See  BOIL.]  The  act  or  state  of  boil- 
ing; ebullition.  Bacon. 

Bullock  (bul'ok),  n.  [A.  Sax.  bulluca,  dim. 
of  bull  (which  see).]  Lit.  a  young  or  little' 
bull,  but  always  used  of  an  ox  or  castrated 
bull;  a  full-grown  steer. 

Take  thy  father's  young  bMlock,  even  the  second 
bullock  of  seven  years  old.  Jud^.  vi.  25. 

Bullock  (bul'ok),  u.«.  or  i.  To  bully.  'To 
bullock  anil  domineer  over  me.'  Foftte. 

Bullock's-eye  (bul'oks-i),  n.  A  small  thick 
glass  or  skylight  in  a  covering  or  roof. 

Bull-segg  (hul'seg),  n.  A  castrated  bull. 
[Scotch  and  North  English.) 

Bull's-eye  (bulz'i),  «.  1.  Xattt.  (a)  an  oval 
wooden  block  without  a  sheave,  having  a 
groove  round  it  for  the  band  and  a  hole  in 
the  centre  for  a  small  stay  or  rope  to  reeve 
through.  (&)  A  round  piece  of  thick  glass, 
convex  on  one  side,  inserted  into  the  decks, 
ports,  scuttle-hatches,  or  skylight -covers 
of  a  vessel  for  the  purpose  of  admitting 
light,  (c)  A  perforated  ball  on  the  jaw-rope 
of  a  gaff,  (rf)  A  small  obscure  cloud,  ruddy 
in  the  middle,  supposed  to  portend  a  hurri- 
cane or  storm,  (e)  The  hurricane  or  storm 
itself.— 2.  Inarch,  any  circular  opening  for 
light  or  air;  a  bullock's  eye.— 3.  In  astron. 
Aldebaran,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in 
the  eye  of  Taurus  or  the  hull.— 4.  A  small 
lantern  with  a  lens  in  one  side  of  it,  to  con- 
centrate the  light  in  any  given  direction. 

He  takes  a  lighted  bull s-<ye  from  the  constable  on 
duty  there.  Dickens. 

5.  In  archery  and  gun.  (a)  the  centre  of  a 
target,  of  a  different  colour  from  the  rest  of 
it  and  usually  round. 

One  or  two  beings,  who  have  shot  into  the  very 
centre  and  cults-eye  of  the  fashion.  Thackeray. 

(ft)  A  shot  that  hits  the  bull's-eye ;  the  best 
shot  that  can  be  made.— 6.  The  knob  in  a 
sheet  of  glass  marking  where  the  tube  by 
which  it  was  blown  was  inserted. — 7.  A  small 
and  thick  old-fashioned  watch. 

Bull's-feathert  (b\ilz'feiH-er),Jt.  An  emblem 
of  cuckoldom. 

Bull's-nose  (bulz'noz),  «.  In  arch,  the  ex- 
ternal angle  of  a  polygon  or  of  two  lines 
which  meet  at  an  obtuse  angle. 

Bull-stag  (bul'stag),  7i.     A  castrated  bull. 

Bull-terrier  (bul'ter-i-er),  n.  A  cross-breed 
j  between  the  bull-dog  and  the  terrier,  ex- 
hibiting the  courage  and  fierceness  of  the 
one  with  the  activity  of  the  other. 

Bull-trout  (bul'trout),  n.  1.  A  large  species 
of  fish  of  the  salmon  family,  the  Salmo 
eriox,  the  gray-trout  of  the  Tweed  and  the 
sewin  of  Wales,  thicker  and  clumsier  in 
form  than  the  salmon,  but  so  like  it  as  some- 
times to  be  mistaken  for  it  by  fishers.  It 
attains  a  weight  of  15  to  20  Ibs.,  and  lives 
chiefly  in  the  sea,  ascending  rivers  to  spawn. 
Its  scales  are  smaller  than  those  of  the 
|  salmon,  and  its  colour  less  bright.— 2.  A 
name  given  to  the  huso  or  Danube  salmon, 
which  sometimes  attains  the  weight  of 
60  Ibs. 

Bull-voiced  (bul'voist),  a.  Having  a  loud 
coarse  voice.  'Bull-voiced  St.  Huruge.' 
Carlyle. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;    h,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sini?;      TH,  then;  th,  tfiin;     w,  wig;     wh,  icAIg;      zh,  azure.— See  KKY. 


BULL-WEED 


350 


BUNCHY 


Bull-weed  (bul'wed),  ».  Knap-weed. 
Bull-wort  (liul'wert),  11.  Goutwort  or  bishop- 
Bully  (bi.il'i),  n.  [From  root  of  bull,  bellow; 
probably  it  originally  formed  the  first  ele- 
ment in  compounds  such  as  buUy-rwik.bully- 
Jaclc  bully-back,  equivalent  to  L.G.  buller- 
iaan,  buller-bak,  bidler-brook,  a  bully  or  blus- 
terin"  fellow;  Sw.  bullerbax,  a  noisy  person, 
from  bullra,  to  make  a  noise ;  D.  bulder- 
aar,  bulderbas,  a  rough  or  rude  fellow,  from 
buldf.ren  to  bluster.]  1.  A  blustering,  quar- 
relsome, overbearing  fellow,  more  distin- 
guished for  insolence  than  for  courage ;  a 
swaggerer ;  a  swash-buckler ;  one  who  hec- 
tors, browbeats,  or  domineers.  '  The  bluster- 
ing bully  in  our  neighbouring  streets.  Prior. 
Daily  conflicts  with  prostitutes  and  thieves  called 
out  and  exercised  his  powers  so  effectually  that  he 
(Jeffreys)  became  the  most  consummate  bully  ever 
known  in  his  profession. 

2.  t  A  companion ;  a  brisk,  dashing  fellow : 
a  familiar  term  of  address. 

I  love  the  lovely  bully.  Ska*. 


ood  con- 
rrow. 


Prayers  are  the  toil-warts  of  piety  and  go 
science  a' *  *""' 

The  royal  navy  of  England  hath  ever  been  its 
greatest  defence  and  ornament,  .  .  the  floating 
bulwark  of  our  island.  Blackstate. 

3  Saut.  the  boarding  above  the  level  of 
the  decks,  nailed  on  the  outside  of  the  stan- 
chions and  timber-heads. 
Bulwark  (biil'werk),  v.t.  To  fortify  with  a 
bulwark  or  rampart;  to  secure  by  a  fortifl 
cation;  to  protect. 

Some  proud  city,  bul-ajar&'ti  round  and  arm  d 
With  rising  towers.  Clmr. 

Bum  (bum),  n.  [Contr.  of  bottom .}  The 
buttocks;  the  part  of  the  body  on  which  we 
sit.  Shak.  , 

Bum  (bum),  r.».  [A  different  spelling  of 
boom  D  bommen,  to  boom  or  sound  hollow.  J 
To  make  a  hollow  noise;  to  boom.  Marston. 
[Rare.] 

Bum  (bum),  n.  An  imitative  word  express- 
ive of  a  droning  or  humming  sound,  as  that 
made  by  the  bee ;  a  hum.  [Rare.] 

I  ha'  known 

Twenty  such  breaches  pieced  up,  and  made  whole. 
Without  a  bum  of  noise.  B.  Jonson. 


For  the  last  fortnight  there  have  been  prodigious 
shoals  of  volunteers  gone  over  to  bully  tile  French, 
upon  hearing  the  peace  was  just  signing.  Taller. 

Bully  (bul'i),  v.l.  To  be  loudly  arrogant  and 
overbearing;  to  be  noisy  and  quarrelsome. 

So  Britain's  monarch  once  uncovered  sat,    > 
While  Bradshaw  bullied  in  a  broad-brunm  d  hat. 
Braiitston. 

SVN.  To  bluster,  swagger,  vapour,  crow, 
hector,  domineer. 

Bully  (bul'i),  a.  Fine;  capital ;  good  ;  as,  a 
bully  horse,  picture,  Ac.  —  Bully  for  you, 
you  have  done  very  well.  [Vulgar  American.] 

Bullying  (bun-ing),  p.  and  a.  Insulting 
witli  threats;  imperious;  overbearing;  blus- 
tering; as,  a  bullying  manner. 

Bully-rag  (bn.l'i-rag),  v.t.  [A  different  spell- 
ing of  bully-rook,  bully-rock.  (See  BULLY.) 
Ballarag  is  another  form.)  To  bully;  to 
badger;  to  abuse  or  scold.  '  He  bully-ragged 
me  '  Lever.  [Provincial  and  low.] 

Bully-rook,  Bully-rock  (bul'li-rok,  bulli- 
rok),  n.  [Comp.  L.G.  buller-brook,  buller- 
bak,  a  bully.  See  BULLY.]  A  hectoring, 
boisterous  fellow ;  a  cowardly  braggart ;  a 
bully. 

What  says  my  bully-root  1  Shut. 

Bully-tree,  Bullet-tree  (bul'i-tre,  bul'let- 
tre),  n.  [A  corruption  of  ballota,  the  native 
name.]  The  common  name  in  Guiana  for  a 
species  of  Mimusops,  which  produces  dur- 
able, close-grained  timber  and  small  deli- 
cious fruits. 

Bulrush  (bul'rush),  n.  [From  bull,  imply- 
ing largeness,  and  ru.th  ]  The  popular  name 
for  large  rush-like  plant! growing  in  marshes, 
not  very  definitely  applied.  Thus  while 
Johnson  says  the  bulrush  is  without  knots, 
Dryden  calls  it '  the  knotty  bulrush:  Some 
authors  apply  the  name  to  Tijpha  latifolui 
and  T.  angustifolia  (cat's-tail  or  reed-mace). 
But  it  is  more  generally  restricted  to  Scir- 
pu»  lacustris,  a  tall  rush-like  plant  from 
which  the  bottoms  of  chairs,  mats,  Ac.,  are 
manufactured.  (See  SCIRPUS.)  The  bulrush 
of  Egypt  (Ex.  ii.  3)  is  theJuncus  globuloxux. 
Bulrusliy  (bul'rush-i),  a.  Abounding  in  bul- 
rushes; resembling  or  pertaining  to  bul- 
rushes. 

Bulse  ( bills ),  n.  [Pg.  balsa,  a  puree  ;  same 
word  as  burse,  bourse.]  In  the  East  Indies, 
a  bag  or  puree  to  carry  or  measure  valu- 
ables; a  certain  quantity  of  diamonds  or 
other  valuables.  'Presents  of  shawls  and 
silks,  .  .  .  bulges  of  diamonds  and  bags  of 
guineas. '  Macaulay. 

Bultelt  (bul'tel),  n.  A  bolter  or  bolting 
cloth;  also,  bran  after  sifting. 
Bultow  (bul'to),  ?i.  [Bull,  large,  and  tow; 
comp.  bulrush.  ]  A  mode  of  fishing  for  cod 
on  the  Newfoundland  Banks,  by  stringing 
a  number  of  hooks  on  one  line. 
Bulwark  (bul'werk),  n.  [Lit.  a  work  built 
of  the  boles  or  trunks  of  trees,  from  Dan. 
bulvcerk,  D.  bolwerk,  G.  bollwerk,  rampart, 
by  corruption  Fr.  boulevard.}  1.  In  fort,  a 
rampart;  a  mound  of  earth  round  a  place, 
capable  of  resisting  cannon  shot,  and  formed 
with  bastions,  curtains,  Ac. :  a  fortification. 
2.  That  which  protects  or  secures  against 
external  annoyance  or  injury  of  any  kind ; 
a  screen  or  shelter ;  means  of  protection 
and  safety. 


Bumbard,  «.  and  v.    Same  as  Bomba: 
Bumbast  (bum'bast),  n.     Same  as  Bombast. 
Bumbazed  (bum-bazd'),  pp.    Amazed;  con- 
fused; stupefied.    [Scotch.] 
Bumbee(bum'be).  n.    [See  BUM,  v.i.]    The 
bumble-bee  (which  see)     (Scotch.) 
Bumbelo  Bumbolo  (bum'be-16,  bum'bo-16), 
n.    [It.  kombola.]    A  glass  flask  used  for  sub- 
liming camphor.  Also  called  Bombola,  which 
is  the  proper  spelling. 

Bumble.t  v.i.     [  Freq.   from  bum,  boom.  ] 
To  make  a  humming  noise  ;  to  boom  ;  to 
cry  like  a  bittern.     '  As  a  bitore  bmnbleth  j 
in  the  mire.'    Chaucer. 
Bumble  (bum'bl),  n.     A  name  for  the  bit- 
tern.    [  Provincial.  ] 

Bumble-bee  (bum'bl-be),  n.  A  large  bee, 
sometimes  called  Humble-bee:  so  named 
from  its  sound. 

Bumbledom  (bum'bl-dum),  n.  [From  Mr. 
Bumble,  the  beadle,  a  character  in  Dickens' 
Oliver  Twiit.]  A  sarcastic  term  applied  to 
fussy  official  pomposity,  especially  in  the 
case  of  the  members  of  petty  corporations, 
as  vestries,  and  covertly,  less  or  more,  im- 
plying inefficiency. 

Bumboat  (bum'bot),  n.  [D.  MtmMM,  a 
wide  fishing  boat  used  in  the  Netherlands, 
from  6101,  a  tank  in  a  boat  in  which  fish  are 
kept  alive,  and  boot,  a  boat.)  A  boat  for 
carrying  provisions  to  a  ship  at  a  distance 
from  shore. 

Bumelia  (bu-me'li-a),  n  [Gr.  boumtlia,  a 
large  kind  of  ash.]  A  genus  of  plants  of  the 
nat.  order  Sapotaceic.  They  are  trees  or 
shrubs,  with  a  milky  juice,  a  spiny  stem, 
and  small  white  or  greenish  flowers,  natives 
of  the  West  Indies,  called  there  Bastard 
Bully-tree.  The  fruit  of  B.  lycividts  is  said 
to  be  useful  in  diarrheoa. 
Bumkin  (bum'kiu),  n.  [For  bomnkin— boom, 
a  spar,  and  dim.  suffix  -kin.]  Xaut.  (n)  a 
short  boom  projecting  from  each  bow  of  a 
ship  to  extend  the  clue  of  the  foresail  to 
windward.  (6)  A  small  outrigger  over  the 
stern  of  a  boat  to  extend  the  mizzen. 
Bummalo,  Bummaloti  (bum'ma-16,  bum- 
ma-lo'te),  n.  The  Indian  name  for  a  small 
glutinous,  transparent,  teleostean  flsh,  about 
the  size  of  a  smelt,  found  on  all  the  coasts  of 
Southern  Asia,  which,  when  dried,  is  much 
used  as  a  relish  by  both  Europeans  and 
Indians,  and  facetiously  called  Bombay - 
duck.  It  is  the  Saurus  ophiodon,  family 
Scope  lidffi. 

Bummaree  (hum'ma-re),  n.  [Corruption  of 
Fr.  bonne  maree,  good  fresh  fish.  ]  A  term 
given  to  a  class  of  speculating  traders  at 
Billingsgate  Market,  London,  who  buy  large 
quantities  of  flsh  from  the  salesmen  and 
resell  them  to  smaller  dealers. 
Bump  (bump),  v.  t.  [Perhaps  onomatopoetic. 
Comp.  L.G.  bumsen,  to  strike  or  fall  on  with  a 
hollow  noise,  and  see  the  noun.  Skeat  con- 
nects it  with  bunch,  bun,  bunion.  ]  To  make 
to  come  in  violent  contact ;  to  give  a  shock 
1  to;  to  strike;  to  thump;  as,  to  bump  the 
head  against  a  wall.  '  Bump'd  the  ice  into 
three  several  stars.'  Tennyson.  —  To  bump 
a  boat,  to  run  the  stem  of  your  boat  against 
her. 

Bump  (bump),  v.i.    1.  To  come  in  contact 
I    with  something ;   to  strike ;  as,  the  vessel 


bumped  against  the  quay. —2.  t  To  form 
bumps  or  protuberances.  '  Long  fruit  fast- 
ened together  by  couples,  one  right  against 
another,  with  kernals  bumping  out  near  the 
place  in  which  they  are  combined. '  Gerarde. 
Bump  (bump), ".  [From  the  verb,  a  swelling 
being  often  the  result  of  a  blow.  Comp.  W. 
pivinp,  a  round  mass,  pwmpiaiv,  to  thump. 
to  form  a  round  mass.  ]  1.  A  swelling  or  pro- 
tuberance. '  A  bump  as  big  as  a  young 
cockerel's  stone. '  Shak.  Specifically—  2.  In 
phren.  one  of  the  natural  protuberance*  on 
the  surface  of  the  skull  or  cranium  which 
phrenologists  associate  with  distinct  quali- 
ties, affections,  propensities,  &c.,  of  the 
mind ;  as,  the  bump  of  veneration,  acquisi- 
tiveness, and  the  like.— 3.  A  shock  from  a  col- 
lision, such  as  from  the  jolting  of  a  vehicle; 
specifically,  in  boat-racing,  the  striking  of 
one  boat  by  the  prow  of  another  following 
her.  'Those  thumps  and  bumps  which 
flesh  is  heir  to.'  Hook. 

I  can  still  condescend  to  give  our  boat  a  shout 
when  it  makes  a  bumf.  Cambridge  Sketches. 

Bump  (bump),  v.i.  [W.  bttrmp,  a  hollow 
sound,  bymp-y-gors,  the  bittern ;  comp 
bumble,  to  boom,  bumble,  a  bittern.]  Imita- 
tive.] To  make  a  loud,  heavy,  or  hollow 
noise  as  the  bittern ;  to  boom.  Dryden. 

Burnpt  (bump),  n.  A  booming,  hollow  noise. 
'  The  bittern  with  his  bump. '  Skeltvn. 

Bumper  (bump'er),  n.  [Corrupted  from 
older  bumbard,  bombard.  ]  I.  A  cup  or  glass 
filled  to  the  brim  or  till  the  liquor  runs 
over.  '  He  frothed  his  bumpers  to  the 
brim.'  Tennyson.  —  2.  A  crowded  house 
at  a  theatre,  <fec.—  A  bumper  game,  one  In 
which  the  scoring  is  all  on  one  side. 

Bumper  (bump'er),  v.t.  To  nil  to  the  brim. 
Bums. 

Bumperize  (bump'er-iz),  v.i.  To  drink  in 
bumpers.  [Rare.) 

Pleased  to  see  him,  we  kept  bumperizing  till  after 
roll-calling.  Gibbon. 

Bumpkin  (bump'kin),  n.  [Perhaps  from 
biiintin,  a  short  boom,  a  bumpkin  being 
a  blockish  fellow,  a  blockhead.]  An  awk- 
ward, heavy  rustic;  a  clown  or  country 
lout. 

What  a  bumpkin  he  is  for  a  captain  in  the  army ! 
old  Osborne  thought.  Thackeray. 

Bumpklnly  (bump'kin-li),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  bumpkin  or  clown ;  clownish. 


He  is  a  simple,  blundering,  and  yet  conceited 
pkinly  romanc< 
Richardson. 


.—.--.   -.-.  „.  »"d  yet 

fellow,  who  .  .  .  gives  an  air  of  bumpkinly  romance 
to  all  he  tells. 


Bumptious  ( bump '  shus ),  a.  [  Probably  for 
bumpiih,  from  bump,  apt  to  strike  against 
others,  having  protuberances,  liable  to  come 
into  contact  with  others.)  Offensively  self- 
assertive;  liable  to  give  or  take  offence;  dis- 
posed to  quarrel;  domineering.  Thackeray. 
[Colloq.] 

Bumptiousness(bump'shus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  lieing  bumptious.  '  Tom,  notwith- 
standing his  buinptioumesi,  felt  friends  with 
him  at  once.'  T.Hughes.  [Colloq.] 

Bun  (bun),  n.  [O.Fr.  bugne,  a  swelling;  Fr. 
but/net,  a  little  puffed  loaf.]  A  kind  of 
cake ;  a  kind  of  sweet  bread. 

Bunch  (bunsh),  n.  [Softened  form  of  O.Sw 
and  Dan.  bunke,  Icel.  bunki,  a  heap.  An 
O  E  form  bulche  also  occurs,  like  Icel.  bfdlri, 
bunki,  bulk,  a  heap.  See  BULK,  BUNK.) 

1.  A  protuberance ;    a  hunch ;   a  knob  or 
lump. 

They  will  carry    .    .     .    their  treasures  upon  the 
bunches  of  camels.  Is.  x«.  6. 

2.  A  collection,  cluster,  or  tuft  of  things  of 
the  same  kind  connected  together  in  growth 
or  tied  together ;  as,  a  bunch  of  grapes ;  a 
bunch  of  radishes ;  a  bunch  of  rhubarb.    '  A 
Imuch  of  hairs.'  Spenter.—S.  More  generally, 
any  cluster  or  aggregate. 

He's  the  best  of  a  bad  bunch  of  them.  Cornhill  Mag. 

4.  In  mining,  a  small  isolated  mass  of  ore,  as 
distinguished  from  a  vein. 

Buncn(bunsh),D.i.  1.  Toswelloutinaprotub- 
erance ;  to  be  protuberant  or  round.  '  Bunch- 
ing out  into  a  large  round  knob  at  one  end. ' 
Woodward.— 2.  To  cluster,  as  into  bunches 
'  Cloistered  among  cool  and  bunched  leaves. ' 
Keats. 

Bunch  (bunsh),  v.t.  To  form  or  tie  in  a  bunch 
or  bunches. 

Bunch  -  backed  ( bunsh  'bakt ),  a.  Having  a 
bunch  on  the  back  ;  crooked.  '  Foul  bunch- 
backed  toad.1  Shak. 

Bunchlneas  (bimsh'i-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  bunchy  or  growing  in  bunches. 

Bunchy  (bunsh'i),  a.    1.  Having  a  bunch  or 

hunch ;   having    knobs  or   protuberances. 

i    'An  unshapen    bunchy  spear.'     Phaer.  — 


Fa'.e,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


BUNCOMBE 


351 


BUOY 


2.  Growing  in  bunches;  liken  bunch;  having 
tufts.  'His  bunchy  tail.'  A'.  Grew. —'A  In 
mining,  variable  in  yield,  sometimes  rich, 
sometimes  poor.  7*<(.'"' 

Buncombe,  n.    See  BUNKUM. 

Bund  (hutul),  «.  IB.  the  East  Indies,  an 
embankment. 

Bundle  (bun'dl),  n.  [A  dim.  form  from  stem 
of  bind ;  equivalent  to  IX  bimtiel,  (J.  bdmli-l, 
imndle.J  Anumberof  things  humid  together; 
anything  bound  or  rolled  into  a  convenient 
form  for  conveyance  or  handling;  a  package; 
a  roll;  as,  a  bundle  of  lace;  a  bundle  of  hay. 

Every  schoolboy  can  have  recourse  to  the  fable  of 
the  rods,  which,  when  united  in  a  hmtllf,n»  strength 
could  bend.  Goldsmith, 

Bundle  (mm Ml),  v.t  pret.  &  pp.  bundted; 
jipr.  bundling.  1.  To  tie  or  bind  in  a  bundle 
or  roll:  often  followed,  by  up;  as,  to  bundle 
tip  clothes.— 2.  To  place  or  dispose  of  in  a 
hurried  unceremonious  manner. 

They  unmercifully  bundled  me  and  my  -.ill. mi 
second  into  our  own  hackney-coach.  T.  Hook, 

-To  bundle  off,  to  send  a  person  off  in  a 
hurry;  to  send  off  unceremoniously ;  as,  the 
children  were  bundled  of  to  bed.  —To  bundle 
out,  to  expel  summarily  ;  as,  I  bundled  him 
out  of  doors. 

You  ought  to  be  bundled  out  for  not  knowing  how  to 
behave.  Dickens. 

Bundle  (bun'dl),  v.i.  1.  To  depart  in  a  hurry 
or  unceremoniously :  often  with  off. 

Is  your  ladyship's  honour  bundling  off  then? 
Colman  the  Younger. 

2.  In  America  and  Wales,  to  sleep  in  the 
same  bed  without  undressing:   applied  to 
the  custom  of  men  and  women,  especially 
sweethearts,  thus  sleeping. 

Van  Corlear  stopped  occasionally  in  the  villages  to 
eat  pumpkin  pies,  dance  at  country  frolics,  and  bundle 
with  the  Yankee  lasses.  Irving. 

Bundle  -  pillar  (bun'dl-ptl-ler),  n.  Same 
as  Clustered  Column  (which  see  under 
CLUSTER,  v.t.). 

Bung  (bung),  n.  [Allied  to  D.  bom,  O.D. 
liotine,  a  bung;  Ir.  buinne,  a  tap,  a  spigot; 
W.  bwng,  a  bung-hole.]  1.  A  large  cork 
or  stopper  for  closing  the  hole  in  a  cask 
through  which  it  is  rilled.— 2.  The  hole  or 
orifice  in  a  cask  through  which  it  is  filled. 

3.  t  A  pickpocket ;  a  sharper.     '  Away,  you 
cutpurse  rascal  I   you  filthy  bung,  away ! ' 
Shak. 

Bung  (bung),  v.  t.    To  stop  the  orifice  of  with 
a  bung;  to  close  up. 
All  entries  to  the  soul  are  so  stopped  and  bunged  up. 

Bungall  (bun'gal),  n.  A  base  coin  current 
in  Ireland  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
At  one  time  it  went  for  sixpence,  at  another 
for  twopence,  and  ultimately  for  a  penny. 

Bungalow  (bung'ga-lo),  n.  [Per.  bangalah, 
from  Bengal;  lit.  a  Bengalese  house.]  In 
India,  a  house  or  residence,  generally  of 
a  single  floor.  Native  bungalows  are  con- 
structed of  wood,  bamboos,  &c. ;  but  those 
erected  by  Europeans  are  generally  built  of 


Bungalow  on  Penang  Hills. 

sun-dried  bricks,  and  thatched  or  tiled,  and 
are  of  all  styles  and  sizes,  but  invariably 
surrounded  by  a  verandah.  —A  ddk-bun- 
galow  is  a  house  for  travellers,  one  of 
which  is  constructed  at  intervals  of  from 
12  to  15  miles  on  the  highroads  in  many 
parts  of  India  at  the  expense  of  the  autho- 
rities. Government  charges  each  traveller 
one  rupee  or  two  shillings  a  day  for  the  use 
of  the  bungalow. 

Bimgarus  (bung'ga-rus),  n.  [A  Latinized 
form  of  the  native  name  bumjar  or  bon- 
gar.]  A  genus  of  venomous  serpents,  family 
Elapidre,  natives  of  India,  and  closely  allied 
to  the  Naja,  though  the  neck  is  not  so  dilat- 
able. In  the  banded  Bungarus  the  head  is  i 
Mat  and  short,  the  muzzle  round,  and  the 


upper  jaws  are  furnished  with  grooved 
fangs.  The  colour  is  generally  of  a  light 
hue,  relieved  by  bands  or  rings  of  jetty 
black.  Called  also  Itock-ttci-fn-iit. 

Bung-drawer  (bungMra-er),  «.  A  wooden 
mallet  of  a  peculiar  form  for  taking  the 
bung  out  of  a  cask.  [Local.] 

Bung-hole  ( Inm^'bol),  n.  The  bole  or  ori- 
fice in  :i  cask  through  which  it  is  tilled,  and 
which  is  closed  by  a  bung. 

Bungle  (bung'gl),r.i.  [A  diminutive  or  fre- 
quentative from  bang,  G  dial,  bungen,  O. 
Sw.  bunga,  to  beat,  to  bang.]  To  perform  in 
a  clumsy  awkward  manner;  as,  to  bungle  in 
milking  shoes. 

Can  you  fail  or  bungle  in  your  trade?       Oldham. 

Bungle  (bung's!),  v.t  pret.  A-  pp.  Jninji^d; 
ppr.  bungling.  To  make  or  mend  clumsily; 
to  botch;  to  manage  awkwardly;  to  perform 
inefficiently.  'Botch  and  bungle  up  dam- 
nation with  patches.'  Shak.  'Seams  are 
coarsely  bungled  up  and  seen.'  Dryden. 

I  had  always  an  idea  that  it  {the  rising  at  Ravenna) 
would  be  bungled.  Byron. 

Bungle  (bung'gl),  n.  A  clumsy  performance; 
a  piece  of  awkward  work;  a  botch.  Hay. 

Bungler  (bung'gler),  n.  One  who  bungles;  a 
clumsy  awkward  workman;  one  who  per- 
forms without  skill. 

If  to  be  a  dunce  or  a  bungler  in  any  profession  be 
shameful,  how  much  more  ignominious  and  infamous 
to  a  scholar  to  be  such.  Barrow, 

Bungling  (bung'gling),  a.  1.  Prone  to 
bungle;  clumsy.  'This  bungling  wretch.' 
Oldham.— 2.  Characterized  by  bungling. 

Letters  to  me  are  not  seldom  opened,  and  then 
sealed  in  a  bungling  manner  before  they  come  to 
my  hands.  Swift. 

Bunglingly  (bung'gling-li),  adv.  In  a  bung- 
ling manner;  clumsily;  awkwardly.  'Solids 
and  fluids  that  executed,  though  but  bung- 
lingly,  their  peculiar  motions.'  Bentley. 

Bung-stager  (bung^start-er),  n.  A  kind 
of  Hat  bat  for  starting  slaves  or  wooden 
bungs. 

Bunion,  n.    See  BUNYON. 

Bunium  (bu'ni-um),  n.  [Gr.  bounion.  ]  A 
genus  of  plants  of  the  nat.  order  Umbelli- 
fenc.  B.  jlexuosum,  called  also  earth-nut, 
hawk-nut,  kipper-nut,  and  pig-nut,  is  a  plant 
with  a  root  as  large  as  a  nutmeg,  hard, 
tuberous,  and  brown.  B.  Bulbocastanum 
has  a  similar  root. 

Bunk  (bungk),  n.  [Sw.  bunke,  a  wooden 
vessel,  coop,  in  O.Sw.  also  part  of  a  vessel's 
deck,  and  a  heap.  ]  1.  A  wooden  box  or  case, 
serving  as  a  seat  during  the  day  and  a  bed 
at  night ;  one  of  a  series  of  sleeping  berths 
arranged  above  each  other.— 2.  A  piece  of 
timber  crossing  a  sled  to  sustain  a  heavy 
weight.  [American.] 

Bunker  (bungk'cr)  n.  [See  BUNK;  comp. 
also  banker  in  the  sense  of  a  bench,  a  seat.] 
A  bench  or  sort  of  chest  that  serves  for  a 
seat;  a  sort  of  fixed  chest  or  box;  a  large  bin 
or  receptacle ;  as,  a  coal-bunker. 

Bunkum,  Buncombe  (bung'kum),  n.  [Bun- 
combe, a  county  of  North  Carolina. 
See  last  extract.  ]  Talking  for  talk- 
ing's  sake;  bombastic  speech-mak- 
ing; mere  words.  [Originally  Ame- 
rican.] 

When  a  crittur  talks  for  talk  sake, 
just  to  have  a  speech  in  the  paper  to 
send  to  home,  and  not  for  any  other 
i  in  hly  puppus  but  electioneering,  our 
folks  call  it  onnkttm.  Haliburton. 

The  origin  of  the  phrase,  'talking  for 
Buncombe,  is  thus  related  in  Wheeler's 
History  of  North  Carolina:  'Several 
years  ago,  in  Congress,  the  member  for 
this  district  arose  to  address  the  house, 
without  any  extraordinary  powers,  in 
manner  or  matter,  to  interest  the  audi- 
ence. Many  members  left  the  hall.  Very 
naively  he  told  those  who  remained  that 
they  might  go  too :  he  should  speak  for 
some  time,  but  "he  was  only  talking  for 
Buncombe."'  Bartlett. 

Bunnian.    Same  as  Bunjion. 

Banning  (bun'ing),  n.  In  mining,  a  stage 
or  platform  placed  for  miners  to  stand  upon 
whilst  stripping  down  the  lode,  and  used 
also  when  selecting  the  ore  from  the  deads, 
or  rubble  and  loose  stones.  Called  also  a 
Stull 

Bunny  (bun'ni),  n.  In  mining,  in  tin  and 
copper  mines  a  great  collection  of  ore  with- 
out any  vein  coming  into  or  going  out  from 
it. 

Bunny  (bun'ni),  n.  [Ir.  and  Gael,  bun,  root, 
stump:  lit.  the  short-tailed  animal.]  A  sort 
of  pet  name  for  a  rabbit. 

Bunt  (bunt),  n.  [Sw.  bunt,  Dan.  bundt,  a 
bundle.]  Naut.  the  middle  part,  cavity,  or 
belly  of  a  sail. 


Bunt  (hunt),  r/.  1.  To  swi-11  nut;  ii*.  tin- 
s;ti|  lm,,fn.  -2.  To  pu.-h  with  th,-  hoiiiH,  to 
butt.  [Cnlluq  ]  Ntu  I'ujXT. 

Bunt  (bunt),  n.     [Suj.|iriM-il  to  )M  ,i  cnrrup- 
tion  of  burnt.}    1.  A  disease  of  wheat;  smut 
(which  see). -2.  The   L',~'-<l<,  (or    /• 
,!''••  tt'itu,  the  fungus  producing  UU  disniBc  in 
u  hi.it  called  bunt. 

Bunter  (bunt'r-r),  n.  A  woman  who  picks 
up  r.-i'^.s  in  the  streets;  hence,  a  low  vulgar 
woman.  [Slung.] 

Her  two  marriageable  daughters,  like  hunters  in 
stutl  gowns,  are  now  taking  sixpenny  worth  of  tea  at 
the  \\  lute  Conduit  House.  Goldsmith. 

Bunter -sandstein  (bim'ter-sanrtVtm),  n. 
[G.,lit.  variegated  aanditone.]  A  <;rnuan 
name  for  the  new  ml  ,-;inoStonr,  i  In  lowest 
group  of  the  Triassic  system.  .See  M;\\  RKI> 
SANUSTONE. 

Bunting  (bunt'ing),  n.  [O.E.  bunting,  haunt- 
ing, buntel,  Sc.  buntlin;  origin  unknown.] 
The  popular  name  of  a  number  of  insessorial 
birds,  family  Emberizidie,  chiefly  included 
in  the  genus  Kmberiza;  such  as  the  English 
or  common  bunting ;  the  rice  bunting ;  the 
Lapland,  snow,  black-headed,  yellow,  cirl, 
and  ortolan  buntings.  The  yellow  buntinu 
or  yellow  hammer  (J£.  citrinella)  is  one  of 
our  most  common  birds.  The  common  or 
corn  bunting  (E.  miliaria)  is  also  common 
in  cultivated  districts.  The  snow-bunting 
(I'lectrophanes  nivalis)  is  one  of  the  few 
birds  which  cheer  the  solitudes  of  the  polar 
regions. 

Bunting,  Buntine  (bunt'ing,  hunt'in),  n. 
[Probably  from  G.  bunt,  D.  bontt  party- 
coloured,  of  different  colours.  Comp.  next 
art.]  A  thin  woollen  stuff,  of  which  the 
colours,  or  flags  and  signals,  of  ships  are 
made;  a  vessel's  flags  collectively. 

Do  you  see  my  boat?  It  has  an  ensign  in  it.  It  is 
a  piece  of  vulgar,  ragged  bunting — but  all  the  world 
honours  it.  Such  is  the  force  of  symbols.  Hannay. 

Bunting-crow  0»'»"t'ing-kro),  n.  [D.  bonte- 
kraai--bont,  party-coloured,  and  kraai,  a 
crow.]  The  hooded  crow(Corrtw  comix}. 

Buntline  (bunt'lin),  n.  [See  BUNT  (naut).] 
A'aut.  one  of  the  ropes  fastened  to  cringles 
on  the  bottoms  of  square  sails,  to  draw 
them  up  to  their  yards. 

Buntline-cloth  (bunt'lln-kloth).  «.  A'attt. 
the  lining  sewed  up  the  sail  in  the  direction 
of  the  buntline  to  prevent  the  sail  being 
chafed. 

Bunyon,  Bunion  (bun'yon)  n.  [From  O.Fr. 
bugnc,  buigne,  a  lump,  a  swelling,  perhaps 
through  It.  but/none,  a  round  knot,  or  bunch. 
a  boil.  Bun  is  of  the  same  origin.]  An  ex- 
crescence or  knob  at  the  side  of  the  ball  of 
the  great  toe,  arising  from  an  inflammation 
of  the  small  membranous  sac  called  bursa 
imtcosa. 

Buoy  (boi  or  hwoi),  H.  [D.  boei,  a  buoy,  a 
fetter,  O.Fr.  boye,  from  L.  boiae,  a  kind  of 
fetter  or  shackle;  a  buoy  being  a  floating 
object  fettered  at  a  fixed  point.]  1.  A  float- 
ing object  attached  to  something  for  a 
particular  purpose;  as,  (a)  a  floating  object 
fixed  at  a  certain  place  to  show  the  position 
of  objects  beneath  the  water,  as  shoals, 
rocks,  ttc.,  or  to  mark  out  the  course  a  ship 
is  to  follow.  (M  An  empty  cask  or  piece  of 
wood  employed  to  float  a  cable  in  rocky 
anchorages  to  keep  it  from  chafing  on  the 
rocks,  called  more  specifically  a  mooring  or 
cable -buoy.  Buoys  are  of  various  shapes 
and  with  various  names,  as  can-buoy*,  in 


Buoys.— Drawn  by  Captain  May. 

i,  Can-buoy.        3,  Nun-buoy.        3,  Bell-buoy. 
4,  Mooring-buoy. 

the  form  of  a  cone;  nun-buoy*,  which  are 
large  in  the  middle,  and  tapering  nearly  to 
a  point  at  each  end ;  bell-buoy*,  consisting 


ch,  c/min;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     J,  job;      fi,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  irAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


BUOY 


352 


UURG 


of  an  apparatus  connected  with  a  bell,  which 
rings  with  the  motion  of  the  sea. — 2.  A  float- 
ing object  used  to  throw  overboard  for  a  per- 
son who  has  fallen  into  the  water  to  lay  hold 
of,  and  to  keep  him  afloat  till  he  can  be  taken 
out;  more  particularly  called  a  life-buoy. 


Navy  Life-buoy. — Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich. 

The  life-buoy  now  commonly  used  in  the 
navy  consists  of  two  hollow  copper  vessels 
connected  together,  between  which  there 
stands  up  a  hollow  pole  or  mast,  having  a 
port-fire  fixed  to  its  top,  as  a  beacon,  and  a 
lead  weight  at  the  lower  end  to  act  as  bal- 
last. 

Buoy  (boi  or  bwoi),  v.t.  1.  To  keep  afloat  in 
a  fluid ;  to  bear  up  or  keep  from  sinking  in 
a  fluid,  as  in  water  or  air:  generally  with 
•up. 

There  was  heat  enough  in  the  air  to  buoy  it  (water 
in  the  state  of  vapour)  uf.  Wood-ward. 

Many  a  flowing  range 
Of  vapour  buoyed  the  crescent  bark.      Tennyson. 

2.  Fig.  to  support  or  sustain ;  to  keep  from 
sinking  into  despondency. 

The  recollection  of  the  applause  with  which  he  had 
been  greeted  still  buoyed  up  his  spirits.     Macaulay. 

3.  To  fix  buoys  in  as  a  direction  to  mariners;  I 
as,  to  bnoy  or  to  bnoy  off  a  channel. 

Buoy  (boi  or  bwoi),  v.  i.  To  float;  to  rise  by 
specific  lightness.  [Bare.] 

Rising  merit  will  bitoy  up  at  last.  Pope. 

Buoyage  (boi'aj  or  bwoi'aj),  n.  1.  A  series  of 
buoys  or  floating  beacons,  for  the  guidance 
of  vessels  into  or  out  of  port,  &c.  — 2.  The 
providing  of  buoys. 

Buoyance  (boi'ans  or  bwoi'ans).  Same  as 
Buoyancy.  Quart.  Rev.  [Rare.] 

Buoyancy  (bpi'an-si  or  bwoi'an-si),  n.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  buoyant,  that  is  of  floating 
on  the  surface  of  water  or  in  the  atmosphere; 
specific  lightness.  Thus  ice,  most  kinds  of 
wood,  and  all  bodies  specifically  lighter 
than  water,  are  said  to  have  buoyancy  in 
that  fluid.— 2.  The  weightofafloa  ting  bodyas 
measured  by  the  volume  of  fluid  displaced; 
the  weight  of  the  volume  of  water  displaced 
by  the  floating  body ;  displacement.  Eny. 
Cyc.—3.Fig.  lighthearteduess;  cheerfulness; 
hopefulness;  elasticity  of  spirit. 

The  Spaniards  are  remarkable  for  an  inertness,  a 
want  of  buoyancy,  and  an  absence  of  hope,  which 
.  .  .  isolate  them  from  the  rest  of  the  civilized  world. 
Buckle. 

Buoyant  (boi'ant  or  bwoi'ant),  a.  [From 
buoy.]  1.  Floating;  light;  that  will  not 
sink;  having  the  anility  of  rising  or  floating 
in  a  fluid.— 2.  Fig.  cheerful;  hopeful;  not 
easily  depressed. 

His  was  not  the  buoyant  temper,  the  flow  of  animal 
spirits,  which  carries  a  man  over  every  obstacle. 
Prfscott. 

3.  Bearing  up,  as  a  fluid;  sustaining  another 
body.  'The  water  under  me  was  buoyant.' 
Dryden.  [Rare.] 

Buoyantly  (boi'ant-li  or  bwoi'ant-li),  adv. 
In  a  buoyant  manner. 

Buoy-rope  (boi'rop  or  bwoi'rop),  n.  The 
rope  which  fastens  a  buoy  to  an  anchor 

Buphaga  (bu'fa-ga),  n.  [Gr.  bom,  an  ox,  and 
phago,  to  eat.  ]  A  genus  of  insessorial  African 
birds,  family  Sturnida)(starlings),with  short 
bills  square  at  the  base,  and  rather  swollen 
towards  the  tip.  The  species  are  called 
beef-eaters  or  ox-peckers  because  they  alit-ht 
upon  the  backs  of  the  cattle,  and  pick  holes 
in  the  skin  to  get  at  the  larvse  of  the  insects 
deposited  directly  below  it.  Two  species  are 
known,  the  B.  africana  of  South  Africa,  and 
the  B.  erythrorhyncha  of  Madagascar 

Buprestidae  (bii-pres'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  bou- 
prestis,  a  beetle  which  being  eaten  by  cattle 
in  the  fields  caused  them  to  swell  up  and 
die;  bom,  an  ox,  prlthein,  to  swell  up, 
and  eidos,  resemblance.  ]  A  family  of  cole- 
opterous insects,  distinguished  by  the  un- 
common brillancy  and  highly  metallic  splen- 


dour of  their  colours.  The  largest  and  most 
brilliant  of  these  beetles  are  found  chiefly 
in  tropical  climates ;  their  larva?  are  wood- 
eaters  or  wood -borers,  and  attack  both 
fruit  and  forest  trees.  The  golden  elytra  of 
some  species,  called  golden-beetles,  are  used 
in  Indian  embroidery,  and  the  lustrous  leg-  ( 
joints  arestrung  into  brilliant  necklaces  and  , 
bracelets.  The  family  is  divided  into  several 
genera.  About  1200  species  are  known, 
which  differ  considerably  in  form  among 
themselves.  Four  or  flve  small  species  are 
found  in  this  country. 

Buprestidan  (bii-pres'ti-dan),  n.  An  indi- 
vidual of  the  Buprestidre  (which  see). 

Bur,  Burr  (ber),  n.  [A.  Sax.  burr,  a  bur,  a 
burdock;  Dan.  borre,  Sw.  kardborre,  a  bur- 
dock; the  root  is  probably  seen  in  Ir.  ban-, 
a  knob,  borraim,  to  swell.  In  meaning  11  the 
word  may  be  of  imitative  origin.  ]  1.  A  rough 
prickly  covering  of  the  seeds  of  certain 
plants,  as  of  the  chestnut  and  burdock; 
also,  the  plant  burdock.  'Rude  burs  and 
thistles.'  Milton.— 2.  In  engr.  a  slight  ridse 
of  metal  raised  on  the  edges  of  a  line  either 
engraved  by  the  burin  or  the  dry-point,  and 
which  is  removed  by  a  scraper,  as  it  retains 
superfluous  ink  in  printing  a  plate,  and  has 
the  effect  of  a  smear. — 3.  The  rough  neck 
left  on  a  bullet  in  casting.— 4.  The  round 
knob  of  a  horn  next  a  deer's  head.  —5.  The 
lobe  or  lap  of  the  ear.  —  6.  A  triangular 
chisel  used  to  clear  the  corners  of  mortices. 
7.  A  small  circular  saw.  —  8.  A  broad  ring 
of  iron  behind  the  place  of  the  hand  on  a 
spear  used  in  tilting.— 9.  The  sweet-bread. 

10.  A  partially  vitrified  brick;  a  clinker  — 

11.  The  guttural  pronunciation  of  the  rough 
/  common  in  some  of  the  northern  counties 
of   England,    especially   Northumberland; 
rotacism:  often   called    the    Northumber- 
land, Newcastle,  or  Tweedside  burr. 

Buract  (bu'rak),  n.  In  one,  chem.  a  general 
name  for  all  kinds  of  salts. 

Burboltt  (ber'bolt),  n.  A  bird-bolt.  Mar- 
ston. 

Burbot  (ber'bot),  n.  [Fr.  barbotc,  from  barbe, 
L.  barba,  a  beard.  The  name  is  thus  of  the 
same  origin  with  barbel.  ]  A  fish  of  the  fa- 
mily Gadidre,  genus  Lota  (L.  vulgaris), 
shaped  like  an  eel  but  shorter,  with  a  flat 
head.  It  has  two  small  beards  on  the  nose, 
and  another  on  the  chin,  and,  although  its 
appearance  is  repulsive,  it  is  delicate  food. 
It  is  called  also  Eel-pout  or  Coney-Jtih,  and 
is  found  in  several  of  the  English  rivers  and 
lakes  of  the  northern  counties;  but  it  is  said 
to  arrive  at  its  greatest  perfection  in  the 
Lake  of  Geneva. 

Burdelals  (Wde-la),  n.  [Fr.  bordelais,  of 
or  belonging  to  Bordeaux.]  A  sort  of  grape. 
Juh  nson. 

Burden,  Burthen  ( herein,  Wrim),  ti. 
[A  Sax.  byrtlien,  from  beran,  to  bear,  like 
Icel.  byrthr,  bitrthi,  Dan.  biffde,  Goth. 
baurthei,  G.  biirde,  a  burden,  all  from  same 
stem.  See  BEAR.]  1.  That  which  is  borne 
or  carried;  a  load. 

Let  them  break  their  backs  with  burdens.    Shai. 

Hence— 2.  That  which  is  Ixjrne  with  labour 
or  difficulty;  that  which  is  grievous,  weari- 
some, or  oppressive.  'The  burthen  of  an 
honour  unto  which  she  was  not  boni. '  Ten- 
nyson. 

Deaf,  giddy,  helpless,  left  alone. 

To  all  my  friends  a  burden  grown.          Sii'i/t. 

3.  t  The  act  of  bearing  children ;  a  birth. 

Thou  hadst  a  wife  once  called  ^Emilia. 

That  bare  tliee  at  a  burden  two  fair  sons.     Stiat. 

4.  A  fixed  quantity  of  certain  commodities; 
as,  a  burden  of  gad-steel,  120  Ibs.  —  5.  The 
contents  of  a  ship;  the  quantity  or  number 
of  tons  a  vessel  will  carry;  as,  a  ship  of  100 
tons  burden.  — 6.  In  mining,  the  tops  or  heads 
of  stream-work,  overlying  the  stream  of  tin, 
and  which  must  be  first  cleansed.— Burden 
o/  proof,  in  law,  the  necessity  or  duty  of 
proving  a  fact  or  facts  in  dispute  on  an  issue 
raised  between  the  parties  in  a  cause. — SYN. 
Load,  encumbrance,  weight,  freight  cargo 

Burden,  Burthen  (ber'dn,  ber'THn),  n.t. 
1.  To  load ;  to  lay  a  heavy  load  on;  to  en- 
cumber with  weight. 

I  mean  not  that  other  men  be  eased  and  ye  bur- 
dened. ,  Cor.  viii.  13. 

Hence— 2.  To  oppress  with  anything  griev- 
ous ;  to  surcharge ;  as,  to  burden  a  nation 
with  taxes;  to  burden  the  memory.— 3  To 
lay  or  impose,  as  a  load,  burden,  or  charge 
[Rare.] 

It  is  absurd  to  burden  this  act  on  Cromwell  and 
his  party.  Celeridft. 


Burden  (ImrMn),  n,  [O.  E.  but-done,  the  bass, 
the  burden  of  a  tune,  from  Fr.  bourdon,  a 
drone  or  bass,  the  humble-bee;  L.L.  burdo, 
a  drone.]  1.  The  verse  repeated  in  a  song, 
or  the  return  of  the  theme  at  the  end  of 
each  verse;  the  chorus;  refrain. —  2.  The 
drone  of  the  bagpipe.  —3.  That  which  is  often 
repeated  ;  a  subject  on  which  one  dwells; 
the  main  topic. 

Burdent  (biTMn),  n.    [Fr.  bourdon,  a  staff. 

See  IJOUHDON.]      A  club.      Kpeti.tr,'. 

Burdener  (b*rdn-*r),  n.  One  who  loads;  an 

oppressor. 
Burdenous.t  Burthenoust(bur'dn-us,  her'- 

THn-us),  a.   1.  Burdensome;  grievous;  heavy 

to  be  borne;  oppressive;  heavy.     'The  very 

burthcnoug  earth.'    Drayton. 

Nor  let  that  be  light  to  thee.  which  to  me  is  so 

burdenous.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  Cumbersome;  useless.  'A  burd'nmis 
drone.'  Milton. 

Burdensome,  Burthensome  (Wtln-sum. 
ber'THn-sum),  a.  Weighing  like  a  heavy 
burden;  grievous  to  be  borne;  causing  un- 
easiness or  fatigue;  oppressive;  heavy; 
wearisome.  'The  inferior  and  burtlietuome 
offices  of  society.'  Burke.  '  Burtliciifi.iui- 
exactions.'  llallant.. 

The  debt  immense  of  endless  gratitude. 

So  burdensome.  Milton. 

Burdensomely,  Burthensomely  (ber'dn- 
sum-li,  ber'THn-sum-li),  adv.  In  a  bur- 
densome manner.  'That  as  few  employ- 
ments as  possible  may  be  burthentoitn-lii 
and  vexatiously  interfered  with.'  J.  S. 
Hill. 

Burdensomeness  (berMn-sum-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  burdensome;  heaviness;  op- 
pressiveness. 

Burdock  (ber'dok),  n.  [Bur  and  dock.  ]  The 
popular  name  of  the  plant  Arctium  Lappa. 
In  Britain  burdocks  are  regarded  as  trouble- 
some weeds,  but  in  some  countries  the  roqts. 
young  shoots,  and  young  leaves,  are  used  in 
soups,  and  the  plant  is  cultivated  with  this 
view  in  Japan.  The  lesser  burdock  is  a 
species  of  Xanthium. 

Burdpun,t  n.  The  burden  of  a  piece  of 
music;  the  bass.  Chaucer. 

Bureau  (bu-ro'),  pi.  Bureaux  or  Bureaus 
(bu-roz'),  n.  [Fr.  bureau,  an  office,  a 
desk  or  writing-table,  a  court,  a  chest  of 
drawers,  originally  a  kind  of  coarse  brown- 
ish or  russet  stuff  with  which  writing-tables 
were  covered,  from  O.Fr.  burel,  a  coarse 
woollen  stuff.  SeeBOREL.]  1.  A  desk  or  writ- 
ing-table, with  drawers  for  papers;  an  escri- 
toire. Swift. — 2.  An  office  orplace  where  busi- 
ness is  transacted.  — 3.  A  department  for  the 
transaction  of  public  business.  On  the  Con- 
tinent the  highest  departments  of  govern- 
ment in  most  countries  have  the  name  of 
bureau;  as,  the  bureau  of  the  minister  for 
foreign  affairs.  In  England  the  term  is  con- 
fined to  inferior  and  subordinate  depart- 
ments.—4.  A  chest  of  drawers  for  clothes, 
&c. 

Bureaucracy  (bu-rtTcra-si),  n.  [Fr.  bureau, 
and  Gr.  Jcrateo,  to  govern.]  The  system  by 
which  the  business  of  administration  is  car- 
ried on  in  departments  or  bureaux,  each 
under  the  control  of  a  chief,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  those  systems  in  which  the 
officers  of  government  have  a  co-ordinate 
authority ;  the  system  of  centralizing  the 
administration  of  a  country,  through  regu- 
larly graded  series  of  government  officials; 
such  officials  collectively.  '  The  inexpediency 
of  concentrating  in  a  dominant  bureaucracy 
all  the  skill  and  experience  in  the  manage- 
ment of  large  interests.'  J.  S.  Mill. 

Bureaucrat  (bu-ro'krat).n.  An  advocate  for 
or  supporter  of  bureaucracy. 

Bureaucratic,  Bureaucratical  ( bu-ro - 
krat'ik,  bu-ro-krat'ik-al),  a.  Relating  to 
bureaucracy. 

There  is  a  great  material  prosperity  open  to  Hun- 
gary if  the  people  will  be  content  to  be  quietly 
governed,  and  if  Austria  will  be  wise  enough  to  relax 
a  little  in  the  bureaucratic  notions  that  now  influence 
her.  A  nited. 

Bureaucratist  (bu-roTtrat-ist),  n.  Same  as 
Bureaucrat. 

Burette  (bu-ref),n.  [Fr.  ]  A  graduated  glass 
tube  occasionally  used  in  the  chemical  la- 
boratory and  in  the  assay  office,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  dividing  a  given  portion  of  any 
liquid  into  small  quantities  of  a  definite 
amount. 

Burg  (berg),  n.  [A.  Sax.  burg,  an  inclosure.  ] 
1. 1  A  fortified  town;  a  borough  (which  see) 
2.  One  of  a  class  of  buildings  of  very  great 
antiquity,  found  in  the  north  of  Scotland. 
Orkney,  and  Shetland.  The  Burg  of  Moussa 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  tey. 


BURGAOE 


353 


BURITI 


Is  a  circular  building  41  feet  high;  its  walls,  ' 
which  are  double,  with  a  vacant  spa™ 
between  them,  diminish  from  14  feet  in 
width  nt  the  base  to  8  feet  at  the  summit, 
anil  inclose  a  central  area;  the  door  is  7  feet 
high.  These  structures  are  older  than  the 
Scandinavian  invasions,  and  probably  date 
almost  from  the  bronze  age. 

Burgage  (bergTij),  «.  [  b'nmi  burg.  ]  In  law, 
(it)  in  England,  a  tenure  in  soeage,  whereby  i 
burgesses,  citizens,  or  townsmen  hold  their 
lands  or  tenements  of  the  kin;;  or  other 
lord  for  a  certain  yearly  rent.  (!>)  In  Scot- 
land that  tenure  by  which  the  property  in 
royal  burghs  is  hold  under  the  crown,  pro- 
prietors being  liable  to  the  (nominal)  ser- 
vice of  watching  and  warding ;  or,  as  it  is 
commonly  termed,  'service  of  burgh,  used 
and  wont.' 

Burgamot  (ber'ga-mot),  n.  Same  as  Ber- 
gaiiiot  ill  sense  of  pear  and  perfume. 

Burganet,  Burgonet  (bcr'ga-net,  hei-'go- 
net),  n.  |  l-'r.  bnurguignotte,  properly  a  Bur- 
"iindiau  helmet]  In  milit.  ttnttq.  a  kind  of 
helmet,  with  a  small  visor,  especially  char- 


Burganet. 


notarized  by  the  fact  that  its  lower  rim  was 
so  fitted  to  the  upper  rim  of  the  gorget  that 
the  head  could  be  turned  to  the  right  or  left 
without  exposing  the  neck.  It  was  flrst  used 
by  the  Burgnnclinns,  hence  its  name. 

Burgee  (biVje),  "-  1-  ffaut.  a  Hag  or  pen- 
nant which  ends  in  two  points.— 2.  A  kind 
of  small  coal  suited  for  burning  in  the  fur- 
naces of  engines. 

Burgelnt  (ber'jin),  v.i.  To  bourgeon;  to 
blossom  or  bud.  Spenser. 

Burgeois  (bur-jo'),  n.  A  printing  type.  See 
BOURGEOIS. 

Burgeon  (ber'jon),  n.  and  v.  i.  Same  as  Bour- 
geon. 

Burgess  (her'jes),  n.  [O.E.  burgeys,  O.Fr. 
liiinjein,  Fr.  bourgeois,  from  boiirg,  L.L. 
burgttx.  a  borough.]  1.  An  inhabitant  of  a 
borough  or  walled  town,  or  one  who  pos- 
sesses a  tenement  therein;  a  citizen  or  free- 
man of  a  borough.  — 2.  A  representative  of 
a  borough  in  parliament. 

The  majority  of  the  bnrgesses  had  been  returned 
by  constituent  bodies  remodelled  in  a  manner  which 
w.is  generally  regarded  as  illegal.  Macanlay. 

Hence— 3.  The  term  given  before  the  Ameri- 
can Revolution  to  the  representatives  in  the 
popular  branch  of  the  legislature  of  Virginia; 
as,  the  House  of  Burgesses,  now  called  the 
House  of  Delegates. —  4.  A  magistrate  of  a 
corporate  town. — 5.  A  member  of  the  cor- 
poration of  a  Scotch  burgh,  now  any  inhabi- 
tant of  a  burgh  of  full  age,  rated  for  poor- 
rates,  and  not  in  arrears,  and  who  for  a 
period  of  three  years  has  occupied  any  house, 
shop,  or  other  building  in  it,  not  being  an 
alien  and  not  having  received  parochial  nor 
burgh  relief  for  twelve  months  preceding 
the  last  Whitsunday.— 6.  A  resident  in  or 
occupant  of,  a  place.  [Rare.] 

Twenty  years  have  I  lived 
A  burgess  of  the  sea.  and  have  been  present 
At  m. my  a  desperate  fight.  Bean.  Gr  Ft. 

— Burgess  list,  the  list  of  municipal  electors 
annually  drawn  up  by  the  overseers  of  the 
poor,  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of 
5  and  6  Will.  IV.  Ixxvi.  as  amended  by  20  and 
21  Viet.  1.  and  32  and  33  Viet.  lv.,  previous 
to  its  revision  by  the  revising  barrister.— 
Burgess  roll,  the  same  list  as  revised  by  the 
revising  barrister  and  transferred  to  a  book 
provided  for  the  purpose. 

Burgess-ship  (beiges-ship),  n.  The  state 
or  condition  of  a  burgess.  South. 

Burg-grave  (berg'grav),  n.  Same  as  Bur- 
<imt!>-  (.which  see). 

Burgh  (bu'ro),  n.  [See  BOROUGH.]  A  cor- 
porate town  or  borough ;  more  especially  the 
Scotch  term  corresponding  to  the  English 
borough,  applied  to  several  different  kinds 
of  corporations,  and  to  towns  and  cities  in 
Scotland.—  Royal  burgh,  a  corporate  body 
erected  by  a  charter  from  the  crown.  The 
corporation  consists  of  the  magistrates  and 
burgesses  of  the  territory  erected  into  the 
burgh.  The  magistrates  are  generally  a 
provost  and  bailies,  dean  of  guild,  treasurer, 


and  common  council.  —  Burgh  of  barony,  a 
corporation  somewhat  analogous  to  a  royal 
burgh,  consisting  of  a  determinate  tract  of 
ground  within  the  barony,  erected  by  the 
feudal  superior  and  subjected  to  the  govern- 
ment of  magistrates.  The  right  of  electing 
magistrates  is  vested  by  the  charter  of  erec- 
tion sometimes  in  the  baron,  or  superior  of 
the  barony,  and  sometimes  in  the  inhabit- 
ants themselves.—  llunfft  of  n'gttlitij,  a  kind 
of  burgh  of  barony,  which  had  regal  or  ex- 
clusive jurisdiction  within  its  own  territory. 
— Free  burgh,  a  burgh  of  barony  which  en- 
joyed, by  crown  charter,  rights  of  trade 
both  home  and  foreign,  but  which  at  the 
same  time  had  to  bear  certain  public  bur- 
dens as  the  price  of  its  privileges. — ParlUt- 
mentary  burgh,  a  burgh  or  town  which  sends, 
or  unites  with  others  in  sending,  a  represen- 
tative to  parliament.  In  parliamentary 
burghs  the  mode  of  electing  councillors  and 
magistrates  is  the  same  as  in  royal  burghs. 
— Police  burgh,  any  populous  place  the 
boundaries  of  which  have  been  ascertained 
in  terms  of  the  act  13  and  14  Viet,  xxxiii.. 
and  the  affairs  of  which  are  managed  by 
commissioners  elected  by  the  inhabitants. 
— Burgh  acres,  acres  or  small  patches  of 
land  lying  in  the  neighbourhood  of  royal 
burghs,  usually  feued  out  to  and  occupied 
by  burgesses  or  persons  resident  within  the 
burgh. 

Burghal  (berg'al),  o.    Belonging  to  a  burgh. 

Burgh-bote  (bfirg'bot),  71.  [Burgh  and  bote.  ] 
In  old  law,  a  contribution  toward  the  build- 
ing or  repairing  of  castles  or  walls  for  the 
defence  of  a  city  or  town. 

Burgh -brechet  ( berg'brech  V  n.  [Burgh 
nmlbreach.)  InAnglo-Sazonlaw.ttieofSence 
of  violating  the  pledge  given  by  every  in- 
habitant of  a  tithing  to  keep  the  peace. 

Burgher  (bei-g'er),  n.  1.  An  inhabitant  of  a 
burgh  or  borough,  who  enjoys  the  privileges 
of  the  borough  of  which  he  is  a  freeman. — 
2.  One  of  a  body  of  Presbyterians  in  Scot- 
land, constituting  the  majority  of  the  early 
Secession  Church,  which  was  split  into  two 
in  1747  on  the  lawfulness  of  accepting  the 
oath  then  required  to  be  taken  by  the  bur- 
gesses in  certain  burghs.  See  ANTIBUKGHER. 

Burgher-master  (berg'er-nias-ter),  n.  [G. 
biiri/eriiteiiter.]  Same  as  Burgomaster. 

Burghership  (berg'er-ship),  n.  The  state 
or  privilege  of  a  burgher. 

Burgh-master  (berg'mas-ter),  n.  1.  A  bur- 
gomaster.—2.  An  officer  in  the  tin  mines 
who  directs  and  lays  out  the  meers  for  the 
workmen.  Called  also  Bailiff  and  Bar- 
master. 

Burgh-mote  (berg'mot).  n.  [Burgh,  and 
mote,  meeting.]  The  meeting  or  court  of  a 
burgh  or  borough. 

Burgholder  (bergTiold-er),  n.  A  tithing 
man.  See  BORSHOLDER. 
Burglar  (berg'lar),  n.  [From  Fr.  bourg,  a 
town,  and  O.Fr.  laire,  Pr.  lairo,  L.  latro,  a 
thief.]  One  guilty  of  nocturnal  housebreak- 
ing;  one  who  breaks  and  enters  a  mansion- 
house  by  night  with  intent  to  commit  a 
felony.  See  BURGLARY. 

The  definition  of  burglar,  as  Riven  by  Sir  Edward 
Coke,  is  '  he  that  by  night  breaketh  or  enteretlMnto 
a  mansion-house  with  intent  to  commit  a  felony.' 
Btackstone. 

Burglarer  t  (berglar-er),  n.    A  burglar. 

Sir  William  Brain  was  sent  to  the  Tower  only  for 
procuring  the  Pope's  bull  against  certain  btirglnrers 
that  robbed  his  own  house.  Slate  Trials,  1606. 

Burglarian  (berg-la'ri-an),  n.  A  person 
guilty  of  burglary.  [Rare.] 

Burglarious  (berg-la'ri-us),  a.  Pertaining 
to  burglary;  constituting  the  crime  of  bur- 
glary. 

To  come  down  a  chimney  is  held  a  burglarious 
entry.  Blactstan,. 

Burglariously  (herg-Ia'ri-ns-li),  ailv.  With 
an  intent  to  commit  burglary;  in  the  man- 
ner of  a  burglar. 

Burglary  (bergla-ri),  n.  [From  burglar.] 
The  act  or  crime  of  nocturnal  housebreak- 
ing,  with  an  intent  to  commit  a  felony.  To 
constitute  this  crime  the  act  must  be  com- 
mitted in  the  night,  or  when  there  is  not 
daylight  enough  to  discern  a  man's  face. 
It  must  be  in  a  dwelling-house,  or  in  an 
adjoining  building  which  is  a  part  or  parcel 
of  the  dwelling-house.  There  must  be  an 
actual  breaking  and  an  entry;  but  an  open- 
ing made  by  the  offender,  as  by  taking  out 
a  pane  of  glass,  or  lifting  a  window,  raising 
a  latch,  picking  a  lock,  or  removing  any 
fastening,  amounts  to  a  breaking;  and  put- 
ting in  of  the  hand,  after  such  breaking,  is 
an  entry.  The  act  must  also  be  done  with 


an  intent  t"  commit  felony.  In  American 
law  the  term  is  applied  to  the  criminal 
breaking  into  other  buildings  than  dwell- 
ing-houses, whether  by  night  or  by  day. 

Burg-master  (herg'mas-ter),  n.  Same  as 
liiti'yli-inaster. 

Burgmote  (berg'mot),  n.  Same  as  Burgh- 
RM& 

Burgomaster  (IX'T'KO -mas -ti'-r), «  ID  '•-• 
tiuenter  =  K.bor,ni:ili  ,,,^.,7,-r  ]  i.  A  borough- 
master;  the  chief  magistrate  of  a  munici|<.d 
town  in  Holland.  Flanders,  and  Crnnany, 
nearly  corresponding  to  nun/or  in  Knghnid 
and  the  I'nited  States.  •>.  An  aquatic  bird, 
the  glaucous  gull  (Larus  glaucus),  common 
in  arctic  regions,  which  lays  its  eggs  in  the 
holes  of  rocks.  It  is  so  called  from  Its  do- 
mineering over  the  smaller  species  of  gulls 
and  other  aquatic  birds. 

Burgouet,  n.    See  BUROANET. 

Burgoo,  Burgout  (ber'gb),  n.  A  seafaring 
dish,  made  by  gradually  adding  two  quarts 
of  water  to  one  of  oatmeal,  then  boiling  it 
for  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  stirring  it  con- 
stantly, after  which  a  little  salt  butter  and 
sugar  is  generally  added. 

Don't  stand  staring  there  like  a  cabin-boy  brought 
up  before  the  skipper  for  swallowing  the  burgoo  as 
he  mixed  it.  G.  A.  .s.i/.r. 

Burgrave  (ber'grav),  n.  [L.L.  burggraviut, 
from  G.  burggraf—burg,  a  town,  and  graf, 
a  count,  an  earl.  ]  In  some  European  coun- 
tries an  hereditary  governor  of  a  town  or 
castle. 

They  then  requested  that  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
who  held  the  office  of  bttrgravc  of  Antwerp,  and 
whose  influence  was  unbounded,  might  be  sent  to 
them.  Prtscott. 

Burgundy  (ber'gun-di),  n.  A  kind  of  wine, 
so  called  from  Burgundy  in  France.  '  The 
mellow-tasted  Burgundy.'  Thomson. 

Burgundy  Fitch  (ber'guii-di  pich),  n.  [From 
Burgundy  in  France,  where  it  was  first  pre- 
pared. ]  A  resin  got  from  the  Norway  spruce 
(Abies  excelsa)  and  several  other  pines.  It 
is  used  in  medicine  as  a  stimulating  plaster. 

Burgwardt  (berg'ward),?!.  [Burg and  ward.] 
Anciently,  the  custody  or  keeping  of  a  castle. 

Burh.  t  [A  form  of  burgh,  borough.  See 
BOROUGH.]  A  borough  or  burgh;  a  city,  a 
castle,  a  tower. 

Burial  (be'ri-al),  n.  [From  bury.  In  the 
older  sense  of  place  of  burial  the  word  is 
directly  from  O.E.  biriel,  buriel,  buryels 
(sing.),  a  tomb,  from  A.  Sax.  birgels,  a  sep- 
ulchre, from  bn/gan,  to  bury ;  in  the  modem 
sense  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  noun  formed  on 
the  model  of  betrothal,  renewal,  Ac.  ]  1. 1  A 
grave  or  place  of  sepulture;  a  tomb.  '  Birials 
weren  opened.'  WiMiffe.  'Vailing  her  high- 
top  lower  than  her  ribs  to  kiss  her  burial.' 
Shak.— 2.  The  act  of  burying;  specifically,  the 
act  of  burying  a  deceased  person ;  sepulture ; 
interment;  the  act  of  depositing  a  dead 
body  in  the  earth,  in  a  tomb  or  vault,  or  in 
the  water.  'Christian  burial.'  Shak.  'Gave 
order  for  his  burial.'  Shak.  'Privilege  of 
death  and  burial.'  Milton.— Burial  case,  a 
kind  of  coffin  made  so  as  to  be  capable  of 
being  closed  air-tight,  intended  for  the  pre- 
servation of  the  body.— Burial  mound,  the 
mound  raised  over  the  remains  of  a  person  of 
distinction  in  old  times;  a  barrow.— Burial 
service,  the  religious  service  performed  nt 
the  interment  of  the  dead;  that  portion  of  a 
liturgy  which  is  read  at  an  interment. 
Buried  (be'rid),  p.  and  a.  1  Deposited  in 
the  earth  or  in  a  grave;  interred. — 2.  Hidden 
by  the  lapse  of  time ;  long  forgotten ;  long 
past. 

One  kiss  brings  honey-dew  from  buried  days.  Keats. 

Burler  (be'ri-er),  n.  One  who  buries 
a  deceased  person ;  that  which  buries  or 
covers.  '  All  darkness  be  the  burier  of  the 
dead.'  Shak. 

Burin  (bu'rin),  n.  [Fr.  burin,  It.  borino, 
a  graver's  chisel,  from  root  of  bore.]  1.  A 
graver;  an  instrument  for  engraving  on 
copper  made  of  tempered  steel,  of  a  pris- 


Burin. 

matic  form,  and  with  the  graving  end 
ground  off  obliquely  so  as  to  produce  a 
sharp  point.— 2.  The  manner  or  style  of 
execution  of  an  engraver;  as,  a  soft  burin; 
a  brilliant  burin. 

Buriti(bu-re'ti),  n.  [Native  name.]  A  South 
American  palm  (Hauritia  cini/fra),  called 
also  Brazilian  Wine-palm.  It  grows  to  the 
height  of  100-150  feet,  preferring  marshy 


eh,  cAain;      6h,  So.  locA;      g,  go;      J,  job; 
VOL.  I. 


n   Fr  ton-      ng,  ting;      IH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  trig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 

23 


BTTRKE 


354 


BURNISH 


situations,  and  bears  an  imposing  crown  of 
fan-shaped  leaves.  A  sweet  vinous  liquor  is 
prepared  from  the  juice  of  the  stem,  as  also 
from  the  fruits. 

Burke  (berk),  v.t.  [From  the  name  of  an 
Irishman  who  first  committed  the  crime, 
in  1829,  in  Edinburgh,  with  the  view  of 
selling  the  dead  bodies  for  dissection.] 

1.  To  murder  by  suffocation  so  as  to  produce 
few  signs  of  violence  upon  the  victim. 

'You  don't  mean  to  say  he  was  burked,  SamT'  said 
Mr.  Pickwick.  Dickens. 

2.  Fig.  to  smother ;  to  shelve ;  to  get  rid  of 
by  some  indirect  manoeuvre ;  as,  to  burke  a 
parliamentary  question. 

Burker  (berk'er),  n.    One  who  burkes. 

Burkism  (berk'izm),  «.  The  practice  of 
killing  persons  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining 
bodies  for  dissection.  We&ttninster  Review. 
[Rare.] 

Burl  (berl),  n.  [Prov.  Fr.  bouril,  burril, 
Hocks  or  ends  of  threads  which  disfigure 
cloth,  from  Fr.  bourre,  a  flock  of  wool  as 
for  stuffing,  L.L.  burra,  a  flock  of  wool.] 
A  small  knot  or  lump  in  thread,  whether 
woven  into  cloth  or  not. 

Burl  (berl),  v.t.  [From  the  noun.)  l.t  To 
cleanse  cloth  with  a  kind  of  earth  used  by 
fullers. 

To  come  then  to  the  mysterie  of  fuller's  craft,  first 
they  wash  and  scour  a  piece  of  cloth  with  the  earth  of 
Sardinia,  then  they  perfume  it  with  the  smoke  of  brim- 
stone, which  done,  they  fall  anon  to  burling  it  with 
cimolia.  Holland. 

2.  To  pick  knots,  loose  threads,  <tc.,  from, 
as  in  finishing  cloth. 

Burl  (berl),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  byrlian,  to  draw, 
as  water,  &c. ;  O.E.  and  Sc.  birl.}  To  draw 
or  pour  out,  as  beer.  [Local.  ] 

He  told  me  to  burl  out  the  beer,  as  he  was  in  a  hurry, 
and  I  burled  out  a  glass  and  gave  it  to  him. 

Times,  Law  Reports. 

Burlace  (borlas),  n.  [A  contr.  of  burdelais; 
Fr.  bourdelais,  from  Bourdeaux.  J  A  sort  of 
grape. 

Burlaw  (bnrla),  n.    Same  as  Byrlaw. 

Burler  (berl'er),  n.    One  who  burls  cloth. 

Burler  (berl'er),  n.  [See  BURL,  to  draw,  as 
beer.]  In  Cumberland,  the  master  of  the 
revels  at  a  wedding-feast,  whose  duty  is  to 
see  that  the  guests  are  well  furnished  with 
drink.  Brewer. 

Burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  a.  [Fr.  burlesque, 
from  It.  burleeco,  ludicrous,  ridiculous,  from 
burlare,  to  ridicule,  burla,  mockery,  raillery. 
The  Fr.  term,  -esque  answers  to  the  E.  -ish.] 
Tending  to  excite  laughter  by  ludicrous 
images,  or  by  a  contrast  between  the  subject 
and  the  manner  of  treating  it,  as  when  a 
trifling  subject  is  treated  with  gravity. 

It  is  a  dispute  among  the  critics  whether  burlesque 
poetry  runs  best  in  heroic  verse,  like  that  of  the  Dis. 
pensary,  or  in  doggerel,  like  that  of  Hudibras. 

Burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  n.  1.  That  kind" of 
literary  composition  which  exhibits  a  con- 
trast between  the  subject  and  the  manner 
of  treating  it  so  as  to  excite  laughter  or 
ridicule;  travesty;  caricature. 

Burlesque  is  therefore  of  two  kinds :  the  first  repre- 
sents mean  persons  in  the  accoutrements  of  heroes; 
the  other  describes  great  persons  acting  and  speak- 
ing like  the  basest  among  the  people.  Addison. 

2.  A  piece  composed  in  thisstyle:  a  travesty 
in  modern  times  often  specifically  a  theatri- 
cal piece ;  a  kind  of  dramatic  extravaganza 
with  more  or  less  singing  in  it.— 3.  A  ludi- 
crous or  debasing  caricature  of  any  kind ;  a 
gross  perversion. 

Who  is  it  that  admires, and  is  from  the  heart  attached 
to,  national  representative  assemblies,  but  must  turn 
with  horror  and  disgust  from  such  a  profane  burlesque 
and  abominable  perversion  of  that  sacred  institute. 

Burlesque  (Wr-Iesk'),  v.t.  pret.  &  ppTfcur- 
lexqued;  ppr.  burlesquing.  To  make  ridicu- 
lous by  burlesque  representation;  to  turn 
into  a  burlesque. 

They  burlesqued 'the  prophet  Jeremiah's  words,  and 
turned  the  expression  he  used  into  ridicule. 

SttltfyufMmt, 

Burlesque  (ber-lesk'),  v.i.  To  use  burlesque. 
I  Bare.] 

Burlesquer  (ber-Iesk'er),  n.  One  who  bur- 
lesques or  turns  to  ridicule. 

Burletta  (ber-let'ta),  n.  [It.,  dim.  of  burla, 
mockery.  See  BURLESQUE.]  A  comic  opera; 
a  musical  farce. 

Burliness  (berti-nes),  n.  State  or  quality  of 
being  burly. 

Burling-iron  (berting-I-ern),  n.  A  kind  of 
pincer  or  tweezer  used  in  burling  cloth. 

Burly  (berli),  a.  [Apparently  a  form  equiva- 
lent to  O.  H.G.  burlih,  purlih,  elevated,  high 
from  bar,  par,  an  elevation,  and  term.  -lih  = 
E.  like,  from  a  root  bor,  seen  in  bourgeon; 


Ir.  and  Gael,  borr,  a  knob.  Comp.  however 
Sc.  buirdly,  which  has  the  same  meaning,  and 
may  represent  an  older  form  of  the  word.] 
1.  Great  in  bodily  size;  bulky;  lusty:  the 
word,  now  used  only  of  persons,  includes 
the  idea  of  some  degree  of  coarseness.  'A 
priest  burly  and  big  and  studious  of  his  ease.' 
Cowper.  Formerly  used  also  of  things. 
'  Burly  sacks  and  well  stuffed  barns.' 
Drai/ton. — 2. t  Boisterous ;  loud.  'So  when 
a  burly  tempest  rolls  his  pride.'  Beaumont. 
Bur-marigold  (ber'mar-i-gold),  n.  A  genus 
of  plants  (Bidens),  nat.  order  Composite, 
of  which  there  are  two  British  species,  viz. 
B.  cernua  and  B.  tripartite,  both  annuals, 
growing  by  the  sides  of  ponds  and  ditches. 
Burmese  (bur'mez),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Burmah. 

Burmese  (bur'mez),  71.  1.  An  inhabitant 
or  inhabitants  of  Burmah. — 2.  The  language 
of  the  people  of  Burmah.  It  is  one  of  the 
monosyllabic  languages. 
Burn  (bern),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  burned  or 
burnt;  ppr.  burning.  [O.E.  bren,  brennen, 
bernen,  from  A.  Sax.  bernan,  byrnan, 
beornan,  brinnan,  to  burn ;  cog.  Icel. 
brenna,  Dan.  brtxndc,  O.D.  bernen,  Goth. 
brinnan,  G.  brennen,  to  burn.  Brand, 
brown,  brimstone,  &c. ,  are  from  this  stem.  ] 
1.  To  consume  with  fire ;  to  reduce  to  ashes 
by  the  action  of  heat  or  fire. —2.  To  act 
on  with  flre;  to  expose  to  the  action  of 
fire ;  as,  to  burn  clay ;  to  burn  wood  for 
charcoal;  to  burn  limestone.— 3.  To  make 
into  by  means  of  flre ;  as,  to  burn  bricks ; 
to  burn  charcoal;  to  burn  lime.  —  4.  To 
scorch ;  to  affect,  injure,  or  destroy  by 
heat;  as,  to  burn  one's  clothes  by  being 
too  near  the  fire ;  to  burn  one'a  fingers ; 
to  burn  bread  or  meat;  the  sun  burns  the 
grass  or  plants.— 5.  To  produce  an  effect 
like  that  of  flre;  to  heat  or  inflame;  to 
affect  with  a  burning  sensation ;  as,  ardent 
spirits  burn  the  stomach ;  the  fever  burns 
a  patient.  —  6.  In  chein.  to  combine  with 
oxygen;  to  oxygenize;  as,  a  man  buna  a 
certain  amount  of  carbon  at  each  respira- 
tion.—7.  In  surg.  to  apply  a  cautery  to ;  to 
cauterize. — To  burn  a  bowl,  curling -stone, 
Ac.,  in  the  game  of  bowls,  curling,  and  the 
like,  is  to  displace  a  bowl,  curling-stone, 
*c. ,  accidentally.  —  To  burn  daylight,  to 
light  a  candle  or  caudles  before  it  is  dark ; 
to  waste  time. 

Afer.         .         Come,  we  burn  davlight ;  hoi 

Rom.  Nay,  that's  not  so. 

Afer.  I  mean,  sir,  in  delay. 

We  waste  our  lights  in  vain,  like  lamps  by  day. 
Sliat. 

—To  burn  metals  together,  to  join  them  by 
melting  their  adjacent  edges,  or  heating  the 
adjacent  edges  and  running  some  molten 
metal  of  the  same  kind  into  the  intermediate 
space.  E.  II.  Knight.— To  burn  one's  fingers 
(Jig.\  to  bring  one's  self  into  unexpected 
trouble,  as  by  interfering  in  the  concerns 
of  others,  engaging  in  speculation,  &c.  — 
To  burn  out,  to  destroy  or  obliterate  by 
burning.  '  Must  you  with  hot  irons  burn 
out  both  mine  eyes?'  Khak. 
Burn  (bern),  v.i.  1.  To  be  on  flre ;  to  flame ; 
as,  the  fuel  burns.  'Fire  that  burin  as  on 
an  altar.'  Ttnnylm.—t,  To  suffer  from  or 
be  injured  by  an  excess  of  heat.  'Your 
meat  doth  burn,  quoth  I.'  Shak.—Z.  To 
shine ;  to  sparkle ;  to  glow ;  to  gleam. 

The  barge  she  sat  in,  like  a  burnish'd  throne 

Burn'd  on  the  water.  SAai. 

O  Prince:    O  wherefore  burn  your  eyes?     RpTt't. 

4.  To  be  inflamed  with  passion  or  desire ; 
to  be  affected  with  strong  emotion ;  as,  to 
burn  with  anger  or  love. 

Did  not  our  heart  burn  within  us  while  he  talked 
with  us  by  the  way?  Luke  xxiv.  33. 

5.  Toact  or  behave  with  destructive  violence; 
to  be  in  a  state  of  violent  action ;  to  rage. 

Shall  thy  wrath  burn  like  fire?       Ps.  Ixxxix.  46. 
The  groan  still  deepens  and  the  combat  burns.  Pope. 

6.  To  be  affected  with  a  sensation  of  heat  or 
burning,  pain,  or  acidity;  to  feel  excess  of 
heat;  as,  the  face  burns;  the  patient  burns 
with  a  fever. —7.  To  resemble  flre  in  the 
effect  or  sensation  produced. 

The  parching  air 

Burns  frore,  and  cold  performs  the  effect  of  fire 
Milton. 

8.  In  certain  games,  to  be  near  a  concealed 
object  which  is  sought,  that  is,  so  near  as  to 
be  burned  if  it  were  flre;  hence,  to  be  nearly 
right  in  guessing.  [Colloq.] 

I  flatter  myself  that  I  burti  (as  children  say  at  hide- 
and-seek  when  they  approach  the  person  or  thing  con- 
cealed): yes.  I  do  flatter  myself  that  I  burn  in  the  con. 
elusion  of  this  paper.  Blackwood's  Mag. 


9.  In  metal,  to  perform  theoperation  of  bum- 
ing  metals  together.  See  under  the  v.t. — To 
burnout,  to  burn  tillthe  fuel  isexhausted  and 
the  flre  ceases.-  To  burn  with  labour,  to  be 
full  of  busy  stir  and  activity.  Thomson 
Burn  (bem),  n.  1.  A  hurt  or  injury  of  the 
flesh  caused  by  the  action  of  fire.— 2.  Tin- 
operation  of  burning  or  baking,  as  in  brick- 
making  ;  as,  they  have  a  good  burn.  —  3.  A 
disease  in  vegetables.  See  BRAND,  6.— Burn. 
Scald.  Burns  are  produced  by  heated  solids 
and  flames,  scalds  by  heated  fluids. 
Burn  (burn),  n.  [O.E.  bourn,  A.  Sax.  burna. 
a  stream,  a  well;  Icel.  brunnr,  D.  born,  Goth. 
brunna,  a  spring;  G.  brunnen,  a  well;  from 
root  of  A.  Sax.  byrnan,  to  burn;  comp. 
torrent,  from  L.  torreo,  to  burn.)  A  rivulet- 
a  brook.  [Scotch  and  Northern  English.) 
Burnable  (bern'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
burnt.  Cotgrave. 

Burned,  t  pp.  [O.Fr.  tmmir,  to  burnish.] 
Burnished.  '  Burned  stele.'  Chaucer. 
Burner  (bem'er),  n.  1.  A  person  who  burns 
or  sets  fire  to  anything.— 2.  The  part  of  a 
lamp  from  which  the  flame  issues;  the  part 
that  holds  the  wick;  the  jet -piece  from 
which  a  gas-flame  issues. 
Burnet  (ber'net),  n.  [From  their  burning 
or  acrid  properties.]  The  name  of  several 
plants.  The  common  or  garden  burnet  is 
Poterium  sanguisorba;  called  also  salad- 
burnet.  Great  burnet  is  Sanguisorba  ofl- 
cinalis. 

Burnet-moth  (ber'net-moth),  n.  The  name 
given  to  Zygaena  filipendula,  a  greenish- 
black  insect  with  crimson  spots  on  its  wings, 
common  in  this  country. 
Burnette  t  (ber-nef),  n.  [A  form  equiva- 
lent to  brunette.}  Cloth  dyed  of  a  brown 
colour. 

Burnettlse,  Burnettlze  (ber'net-iz),  v.t. 
fiaut.  to  impregnate,  as  canvas,  timber,  cor- 
dage, dead  bodies,  &c.,  with  Burnett's  liquid 
(which  see). 

Burnett's  Liquid  (ber'nets  lik-wid ),  n.  A 
solution  of  chloride  of  zinc,  first  used  by  Sir 
William  Burnett  to  preserve  timber,  canvas, 
and  cordage  from  dry-rot,  mildew,  &c.,  and 
afterwards  employed  as  an  antiseptic  to  pre- 
serve dead  bodies. 

Burnewln  (bur'ne-win),  n.    [Lit.  burn-the- 
wind.)    A  blacksmith.     Burns.    [Scotch.] 
Burnle  Oiur'ni),  n.   A  rivulet :  diminutive  of 
burn.    [Scotch.  ] 

Burnlng(bern'ing),  o.  1.  Much  heated;  flam- 
ing; scorching;  as,  the  burning  sands  of  the 
Sahara.— 2.  Vehement;  powerful.  'Like  a 
young  hound  upon  a  burning  scent '  Dryden. 
3.  Causing  excitement,  ardour,  or  enthu- 
siasm; as,  the  extension  of  the  franchise 
now  became  a  imminjjquestion.—SYN. Blam- 
ing, flaming,  scorching,  flery,  hot 
Burning  Bush  (bern'ing-bush ),  n.  1.  The 
emblem  adopted  by  the  Church  of  Scotland 
in  allusion  to  Ex.  iii.  2,  surrounded  by  the 
legend,  '  Nee  tamen  consumebatur.  '—2.  The 
name  applied  to  an  ornamental  shrub, 
Euonymus  atropurpureus,  from  its  bright 
crimson  berries. 

Burning-glass  (Wrn'ing-glas),  n.  A  double 
convex  lens  of  glass,  which,  when  exposed 
to  the  direct  rays  of  the  sun,  collects  them 
into  a  small  space  called  a  focus,  producing 
an  intense  heat,  so  that  combustible  matter 
placed  in  the  focus  of  the  lens  will  be  set 
on  flre,  and  if  the  lens  be  powerful  metals 
may  be  melted  and  substances  reduced  to  a 
vitrified  state. 

Burning -house  (bern'ing-hous),  n.  The 
furnace  in  which  tin  ores  are  calcined  to 
sublime  the  sulphur  from  the  pyrites. 
Burning-mirror  (bern'ing-mir'er),  n.  A 
concave  mirror,  usually  made  of  metal, 
which,  being  exposed  to  the  direct  rays  of 
the  sun,  reflects  them  in  such  a  way  as  to 
make  them  converge  to  a  point  called  the 
focus,  where  their  whole  heat  is  concen- 
trated; hence  this  instrument  will  produce 
effects  similar  to  those  of  a  burning-glass; 
but  the  power  of  a  burning-glass  is  almost 
four  times  less  than  that  of  a  burning-mirror 
of  equal  extent  and  equal  curvature.  Called 
also  a  Reflector. 

Burnish  (ber'nish),  v.t.  [Fr.  bninir,  O.Fr. 
brunir,  burnir,  brunissant,  burnissant,  to  po- 
lish, to  embrown,  from  bnm,  O.H.G.  brun, 
brown.  (See  BROWN.)  It  is  easy  to  see  how 
the  same  radical  may  give  both  browned,  as 
by  flre,  and  burnished,  rendered  glowing  or 
brilliant  as  flre.  ]  1.  To  cause  to  glow  or  be- 
come resplendent.  'The  shadowed  livery 
of  the  burnished  sun.'  Shak. 

Now  the  village  windows  blaze, 

Burnished  by  the  setting  sun.    jf.  Cunningham, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


BURNISH 


355 


BURSTER 


9  To  polish  by  friction  ;  to  make  smooth  Burr  (ber),  r.  i.  To  speak  with  a  guttural  or 
and  lustrous •  MB  to  burnish  steel.  'Bur-  I  rough  pronunciation  of  the  letter  'r';  to 
ntaAedgoid.'  .SA«fr.  '  Frame  of  burnished  talk  or  whisper  hoarsely;  to  murmur.  See 
steel.'  "Dnjden. 

1    sitting,  burnish'd  without  fenr 

The  brand,  the  buckler,  and  the  spear.      Tennyson. 

Burnish  t  (ber'nish),  v.i.  To  grow  bright  or 
brilliant;  to  show  conspicuously.  '  Ere  Juno 
burnished,  or  young  Jove  was  grown.'  Dnj- 


. 

I've  seen  a  snake  in  human  lorm 
Riii'ttisii  and  make  a  gaudy  show. 


Swift. 


Burnish  (ber'nish),  n.    Gloss;  brightness; 
Blushes.  .  .  the  burnish  of  no  sin. 


Burnisher  (ber'nish-ifr),  n.  1.  The  person 
who  burnishes  or  makes  glossy.—  2.  An  in- 
strument used  in  burnishing,  of  different 
kinds,  as  a  piece  of  round  polished  steel,  a 
do"'s  or  wolf's  tooth,  a  piece  of  copper,  agate, 
or  pebble,  &c.  It  is  used  for  giving  a  gloss 
or  smoothness  to  metals,  to  the  edges  of 
books,  preparing  the  surface  of  engraver  s 
plates,  and  toning  their  work,  &c.,  by  rub- 
bing with  pressure. 

Burnoose  (Wnosor  ber-nos'),  n.  [Fr.  bur- 
nous Imurnous,  from  Sp.  al-bornoz,  a  kind 
of  Moorish  cloak,  from  Ar.  burnus,  a  high- 
crowned  cap.]  1.  A  white  woollen  mantle, 
with  hood,  woven  in  one  piece,  worn  by  the 


BL'K. 

These  hideous   streets,  these  Braves,    where  men 

alive. 

Packed  close  with  earth-worms,  burr  unconsciously 
About  the  plague  that  blew  them.     E.  R.  Brtru-in>i£. 

Burrage  (l^rYij),  n.    Borage.     Tatter. 
Burras-pipe  (liur'as-pip),  n.  A  tube  to  con- 
tain lunar  caustic  or  other  corrosive. 


In  beer -swilling  Copenhagen    I   have  drunk  your 

1  i.iiip-i.ni.iu  blind. 
I  have  kept  my  feet  in  Jena  when  each  bunch  tu 

earth  declined.  Aytaun. 

Burse  (hers),  n.    [Fr.  bourse,  a  purse,  bur 
sary,  exchange,  from  L.L.  bursa,  a  purse,  a 
skin,  leather.     See  1'ir.sE.J    1.  A  purse  to 
hold  something  valuable:  now  user!  only  us 
the  designation  of  one  of  the  official  insignia 
of  the  lord  high  chancellor  .,f  England. 
2.  t  Anything  nMmbllng  a  purse;  a  v. 
apod.     Holland.— S.t  A  public  edifice  in 


Bur-reed  (berYed),  n.  The  common  name  of      ^  fo"  the 'meeting  o!"  merchants;  an 


,    . 

British  plants  of  the  genus  Sparganium. 
Their  habitat  is  the  sides  of  lakes  and  pools. 
See  SPARGANIUM. 

Burrel  (bur'el),  n.  [O.Fr.  burel,  reddish, 
from  O.L.  /merits,  red.]  A  sort  of  pear, 
called  also  the  red  butter  pear,  from  its 
smooth,  delicious  soft  pulp. 

Burrel-fly  (bur'el-fli),  n.  [From  its  reddish 
colour.  See  above.]  A  kind  of  reddish- 
coloured  gadfly,  or  breeze. 

Burrel-shot(bur'el-shot),  n.  [Fr.  bonrreler, 
to  torment,  and  E.  shot.]  Small  shot,  nails, 
stones,  pieces  of  old  iron,  etc.,  put  into 
cases,  to  be  discharged  from  a  cannon  at 
short  range;  an  emergency  shot. 
Surrh,  Burr-stone  (  ber.  ber'ston  ),  n.  A 
name  given  to  certain  siliceous  or  siliceo- 
calcareous  stones,  whose  dressed  surfaces 
present  a  burr  or  keen  -cutting  texture, 
whence  they  are  much  used  for  millstones. 
The  most  esteemed  varieties  are  obtained 
from  the  upper  fresh-water  beds  of  the  Paris 
basin,  and  from  the  eocene  strata  of  South 
America.  The  French  burrhs  are  of  a  whitish 
or  cream  colour.  Page.  Written  also  Buhr- 
stone. 

Jurridge  (ber'ij).    Same  as  Borage. 
Jurr-millstone  (ber'mil-ston),  n.    Same  as 


Arabs.  —2.  A  kind  of  mantle  worn  by  ladies. 
Written  also  Bernouse,  Burnouse,  Burnous, 
Burnos. 

Burnt  (bernt),  p.  and  a.  Consumed  or 
scorched  by  fire.— Burnt  wine,  wine  treated 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  acquire  a  peculiar 
flavour  suggestive  of  burning. 

Burnt  wine  is  a  wine  boiled  up  with  sugar  and 
sometimes  with  a  little  spice.    K, 

— Burnt  brandy,  rum,  whisky,  etc. ,  brandy, 
&c.,  with  part  of  the  spirit  removed  by 
burning. 

Burnt-ear  (bernt'er),  n.  A  disease  in  corn 
in  which  the  fructification  of  the  plant  i: 
destroyed,  aud,  as  it  were,  burnt  up,  so  that 
the  whole  ear  appears  black,  and  is  easily 
reduced  to  powder.  Microscopic  observa- 
tions have  proved  that  the  black  powder 
consists  of  the  minute  germs  or  seeds  of  a 
parasitical  mushroom,  the  Uredo  carbo  or 
U.segetum,  which  aredeveloped  in  thegrow 
ing  ears,  and  live  on  its  substance. 
Burnt-offering  (bernt'of-fer-ing),  n.  Some 
thing  offered  and  burnt  on  an  altar  as  ai 
atonement  for  sin ;  a  sacrifice:  called  alsc 
Burnt-mcrifl.ce.  The  burnt  offerings  of  the 
Jews  were  either  some  clean  animal,  as  ai 
ox,  a  sheep,  a  pigeon,  or  some  species  o 
vegetable  substance,  as  bread,  flour,  ear 
of  wheat  or  barley. 

Burnt-sacrifl.ce  ( bernt  'sak-ri-fis),  n.  See 
BURST-OFFERING. 

Burnt-sienna  (bernt'si-en-na),  n.  Sienna 
earth  (Terra  di  Sienna)  submitted  to  the 
action  of  flre  by  which  it  is  converted  into 
a  flue  orange-red  pigment,  used  both  in  oil 
aud  water-colour  painting.  See  SIENNA. 


Buhrstone. 
Burr-oak  (ber'ok), 


A.  useful  and  orna- 


mental species  of  oak  (Quercusmacrocarpa), 
growing  in  the  middle  and  western  states  of 
America,  the  wood  of  which  is  close-grained, 
tough,  and  durable. 

Burrock  (bur'ok),  n.  [A.  Sax.  burg,  burh,  a 
hill,  and  dim.  -oc*.]  A  small  weir  or  dam  in 
a  river  to  direct  the  stream  to  gaps  where 
fish-traps  are  placed. 

Burrow  (bu'ro),  n.  [The  same  word  with 
burgh,  borough,  from  A.  Sax.  beorgan,  to 
protect,  shelter.  Barrow  is  closely  allied. 
See  BOROUGH,  BARROW.)  1.  A  hole  in  the 
ground  excavated  by  rabbits,  hares,  and 
some  other  animals,  as  a  refuge  and  habi- 
tation — 2.  t  Same  as  Barrow,  a  sepulchral 
mound.  Sir  T.  Browne.  See  BARROW.— 3.  In 
mining,  a  heap  of  attal  or  rubbish.— 4.  t  A 
borough. 

Burrow  (bu'ro), t>.  i.  1.  To  make  a  hole  or  bur- 
row to  lodge  in,  as  in  the  earth;  to  work 
a  way  into  or  under  something.— 2.  To  lodge 
in  a  burrow ;  in  a  more  general  sense,  to 
lodge  in  any  deep  or  concealed  place ;  to 
hide.  '  The  human  vermin  which  .  .  .  bur- 
roui  among  all  physical  and  among  all  moral 
pollution.'  Macaulay. 
Burrow-duck(bu'ro-duk),n.  The  sheldrake 
so  called  because  it  makes  its  nest  iu  rabbit 
burrows  or  other  holes  in  soft  soil. 
Burrowing-owl(bu'ro-ing-onl),n.  An  Ame 
rican  species  of  owl,  the  Athena  cunicu 
laria,  which  dwells  in  holes  in  the  groum 
either  made  by  itself  or  by  some  other  aui 


mal,  as  the  prairie-dog  or  marmot.  It  feeds      rate,  explode. 

on  insects  and  seeks  its  food  by  dar 
Burr-pump  (ber'pump),  n.  Nau 

of  pump,  in  which  a  cup-shaped  cone  of 

leather  nailed  on  the  end  of  a  pump-rod 

serves  instead  of  a  box,  its  sides  collapsing 

as  the  rod  descends,  and  expanding  with  the 

weight  of  the  water  as  it  ascends;  a  bilge- 
pump. 
Burry  (biVi),  a.    Full  of  burs;  resembling 

burs;  as,  burry  wool. 
Bursa  (ber'sa),  n.    [L.]    In  anal,  a  kind  of 

sack.    Bursa  mucosa,  a   sack  situated  at 

a  joint  and  containing  the  synovial  fluid. 


exchange;  a  bourse.  'Merchants'  tin, 
[li/rt'in. — 4.t  A  name  formerly  given  in  Lon- 
don to  the  shops  over  the  Exchange,  win  i  e 
female  finery  was  largely  sold. 

She  says  she  went  to  the  Burse  for  patterns. 

Old  play. 

5.  A  bursary  (which  see).  [Scotch.]— 6.  Eccleg. 
a  receptacle  for  the  corporal  and  chalice 
cover.  It  is  square  and  flat,  made  of  card- 
board covered  with  rich  silk  or  cloth  of 
gold,  embroidered  and  studded  with  jewels, 
open  on  one  side  only,  and  placed  over  the 
chalice  veil  when  the  sacred  vessels  are  car- 
ried to  the  altar  by  the  celebrant. 
3ursera(ber'ser-a),n.  [Named  after  Joachim 
Burner,  a  Neapolitan  botanist.]  A  genus  of 
tropical  plants,  nat.  order  Amyridacese,  con- 
sisting of  trees  with  compound  leaves.  B. 
acmninala  yields  a  yellow  concrete  essential 
oil;  and  B.  paniculata,  called  bow  de  colo- 
phane  in  Mauritius,  gives  out,  from  the 
slightest  wound  in  the  bark,  a  copious  flow 
of  limpid  oil,  of  a  pungent  turpentine  odonr, 
which  soon  acquires  the  consistence  of 
butter,  having  the  appearance  of  camphor. 
Burseraceae  (ber-ser-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Ainyridacece. 

Bursiform  (bers'i-form).  a.  [L.  bursa,  a 
purse,  and  forma,  shape.]  Shaped  like  a 
purse;  sub-spherical. 

Burst  (berst),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  bunt;  ppr. 
bursting.  [O.  E.  berst,  breste,  Sc.  bntst,  A.  Sax. 
berstan,  to  burst ;  cog.  Icel.  bersta,  Dan. 
briste,  briiste,  D.  bersten,  O.G.  bresttn.  Mod. 
G.  berstf.il,  to  burst.  The  same  root  appears 
in  Ir.  brisaim,  Gael.  6m,  brisd,  to  break. ) 

1.  To  fly  or  break  open  from  internal  force 
and  with  sudden  violence;  to  suffer  a  vio- 
lent disruption;  to  explode.  '  Ready  to  burst 
like  new  bottles.'    Job  xxxii.  19.    Hence, 
figuratively,  as  of  the  heart,  in  reference  to 
the  violence  of  grief,  desire,  passion,  &c. 

No,  no,  my  heart  will  burst  an  if  I  speak  ; 
And  I  will  speak  that  so  my  heart  may  burst. 

Shut. 

2.  To  become  suddenly  manifest;  to  make 
a  sudden  change  or  transition  of  state ;  to 
rush:  with  prepositions,  adverbs,  and  ad- 
verbial phrases. 

For  had  the  passions  of  thy  heart  burst  out, 
I  fear,  we  should  have  seen  decypher'd  there 
More  rancorous  spite.  Shat. 

If  the  worlds 

In  worlds  inclosed  should  on  his  senses  burst, 
He  would  abhorrent  turn.  Thomson. 

"We  were  the  first  that  ever  burst 

Into  that  silent  sea. 
Every  bird  in  Eden  burst  in  carol.       Tennyson. 

—To  burst  up,  to  explode;  hence,  to  fail;  to 
become  bankrupt.    [Colloq.  and  vulgar.) 

Then  you  think  that  if  L.  got  time  he  woukln  t 
burst  uf>  Dictens. 

SYN.  To  crack,  break,  split,  rend,  tear,  sepa- 


insects  and  seeks  its  food  by,lay.  &  ^     ^  £**>£•  £$X&3S$,  to 

burst  one's  bonds;  to  burst  a  cannon. 
He  fastened  on  my  neck,  and  bellow'd  out. 
As  he'd  burst  heaven.  Shak. 

2.  t  To  break. 

You  will  not  pay  for  the  glasses  you  have  burst  I 


Burnt  -  sponge  (bemt'spunj).    See  under     Bursar  (bers'er),  n.    [See  BI.-RSE.]   1.  Atrea- 
SPONCIE  surer  or  cash-keeper;  as,  the  Cursor  of  a  col- 

Burnt-Stone  (bernt'ston),  n.  A  term  applied  i    lege  or  of  a  monastery;  a  purser.— 1  A  stu- 


He  burst  his  lance  against  the  sand  belo 


Shat. 


Burst  (birsi),  n.    1.  A  s 


Bur-parsley  (ber'nars-li),  n.  The  common 
name  for  Caucalis  daucoitles,  an  umbel- 
liferous plant,  with  bristly  bur-like  carpels. 
It  is  frequently  found  in  corn-fields,  in 
chalky  soils,  in  England. 

Burr,  n.    See  BUR. 


, 

period  of  years  to  enable  a  student  to  pro- 
secute his  studies;  sometimes  bestowed  by 
competition,  sometimes  by  presentation. 
Bursch  (bursh),  n.  pi.  Burschen  (bursh  en). 
In  Germany,  a  youth;  specifically,  a  student 
at  a  university. 


Fair/ax. 

,„,„„  v , -  Judden  disruption;  a 

violent  rending.— 2.  A  sudden  explosion  or 
shooting  forth;  a  rush;  an  outburst;  an.  a 
burst  of  applause:  a  burst  of  passion.  'Burnt 
of  thunder.'  Milton.  '  Bunts  of  fox-hunt- 
ing melody.'  W.  Irving.— S.t  A  rupture;  a 
hernia.— 4.  A  smart  race;  a  spurt. 

There  are  foxes  that  run  so  uncommonly  short 
that  you  can  never  get  a  burst  after  them. 

Trollof*. 

Burstent  (berst'n),  p.  and  a.    Affected  with 
a  rupture  or  hernia- 
He  was  born  bursten;  and  your  worship  knows 
That  is  a  pretty  step  to  men's  compassion. 

Beau.  £r  Ft. 

Burstennesst  (berst'n-nes),  n.    The  state 

of  having  a  rupture;  the  hernia. 
Burster  (berst'er),  n.    One  that  bursts;  one 

that  breaks  in  pieces.     Cotgrave. 


ch,cAam;     ch,  Sc.  locA;     g,  go;     j.job;     t,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sins;     TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w.vis;    wh,  «Mg;    zh,  azure-See  KEY. 


BURSTING 


356 


BUSILY 


Bursting  (berst'lng),  p.  and  o.  Breaking 
forth;  ready  to  burst  or  expand. 

Young  spring  protrudes  the  bursting  gems. 

Thomson. 

Bursting-charge  (burst'ing-charj),  n.  1.  In 
,,'iniity,  a  small  charge  of  fine  powder, 
placed  in  contact  with  a  charge  of  coarse 
powder  to  ensure  the  ignition  of  the  latter. 

2.  In  onliumce,  the  charge  of  powder  re- 
quired for  bursting  a  shell  or  case-shot. 

Burst-wort  (berst'wert),  n.  The  herniaria, 
orrupture-wort,  a  plant  formerly  considered 
efficacious  in  the  cure  of  hernia. 

Burt  (bert),  n.  A  flat -fish  of  the  turbot 
kind.  See  BRET. 

Burthen.  For  this  and  its  derivatives,  see 
BURDEN,  &c. 

Burthen  (ber'THn),  n.  [Erroneous  form  for 
burden,  the  refrain  of  a  song  (which  see).] 
'The  sad  burthenof  some  merry  song.'  Pope. 
'As  if  it  were  the  burthen  of  a  song.'  Ten- 
nytjon. 

Bur-thistle,  Burry-thistle  (bur'this-1, 
bui'i-this-1),  n.  The  spear-thistle  (Cardmu 
lanceolatus),  from  its  prickly  involucre.  See 
THISTLE.  [Scotch.] 

Burton  (b^r'ton),  n.  A  small  tackle  formed 
by  two  blocks  or  pulleys,  used  in  ships  to  set 
up  or  tighten  the  topmost  shrouds  and  for 
various  other  purposes.  Called  also  Top- 
burton-tackle.. — A  single  Spanish  burton  has 
three  single  blocks,  or  two  single  blocks  and 
a  hook  fixed  to  one  of  the  bights  of  the  stand- 
ing part  of  the  tackle. — 4  double  Spanish 
burton  hasone  double  and  two  single  blocks. 

Bur-weed  (berVed),  n.  A  name  common  to 
plants  of  the  genus  Xanthium. 

Bury  (be'ri),  n.  A  different  orthography  of 
burn,  borough.  It  signifies  a  house,  habita- 
tion, castle,  or  borough,  and  is  retained  iu 
many  names  of  places,  as  in  Shrewsbury, 
Aldermanimrj/,  Bury  St.  Edmund's. 

To  this  very  day  the  chief  house  of  a  manor,  or  the 
lord's  seat,  is  called  bitry  in  some  parts  of  England. 
Allege. 

Bury  (be'ri),  n.  [Fr.  beurre,  from  beum, 
butter.]  A  delicate  pear  of  several  varie- 
ties. 

Bury  (be'ri),  n.  1.  A  camp  or  heap  of  tur- 
nips or  the  like  stored  up.  —  2.  t  A  burrow. 

It  is  his  nature  to  dig  himself  buries,  as  the  coney 
doth.  N.  Grew. 

Bury  (be'ri),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  buried;  ppr. 
burning.  [A.  Sax.  byrijan,  byrigan,  to  bury; 
allied  to  beorgan,  to  protect,  and  thus  to 
burgh,  borough,  burrow,  barrow,  &c.J  1.  To 
cover  with  earth,  water,  or  other  matter;  as, 
the  jewel  lay  buried  under  a  heap  of  rub- 
bish. '  In  the  deep  bosom  of  the  ocean 
buried.'  Shak. 

All  their  confidence 
Under  the  weight  of  mountains  buried  deep. 

MUUll. 

Specifically— 2.  To  deposit  in  the  grave  when 
dead;  to  inter;  to  entomb. 

Lord,  suffer  me  first  to  go  and  bttry  my  father. 

Mat.  viii.  at. 

I'll  bitry  thee  in  a  triumphant  grave.          Shak. 

3.  To  hide;  to  keep  secret;  to  cover  up;  to 
conceal. 

I  have,  as  when  the  sun  doth  light  a  storm, 
Bnriett  this  sigh  in  wrinkle  of  a  smile.        Shak. 

4.  To  withdraw  or  conceal  in  retirement;  as, 
to  bury  one's  self  in  a  monastery  or  in  soli- 
tude. 

I  will  bttry  myself  in  myself,  and  the  devil  may  pipe 
to  his  own.  Tennyson. 

5.  To  hide  in  oblivion;  to  put  away  finally; 
as,  to  bury  an  injury. 

Give  me  a  howl  of  wine; 
In  this  1  bury  all  unkindness,  Cassius.  Shab. 

—To  bury  the  hatchet,  to  lay  aside  the  in- 
struments of  war,  forget  injuries,  and  make 
peace:  a  phrase  borrowed  from  the  Ameri- 
can Indians,  who  bury  a  tomahawk  when 
they  conclude  a  peace.— SVN.  To  entomb, 
inter,  hide,  cover,  conceal,  overwhelm,  re- 
press, keep  down. 

Bury  (be'ri),  v.i.  To  perform  a  burial  ser- 
vice. 

Burying  (be'ri-ing),  n.  Burial;  sepulture. 
John  xn.  7. 

Burying-beetle  0«'ri-ing-be-tl),  n.  An  in- 
sect of  the  genus  Necrophorus  (which  see) 

Burying -ground,  Burying -place  (be'ri- 
ing-ground,  be'ri-ing-plas),  n.  A  graveyard; 
a  place  appropriated  to  the  sepulture  of  the 
dead;  a  churchyard. 

Bus,  Buss  (bus),  n.  An  abbreviation  com- 
monly used  instead  of  omnibus,  a  street- 
carriage.  See  OMNIBUS. 

I'm  a  conductor  now,  but  wouldn't  be  long  behind 
a  bits  if  it  wasn't  from  necessity.  Mayheto. 

He  proposed  that  they  should  go,  per  bitsi,  a  little 
way  into  the  country.  Dickens. 


Busby. 


Busby  (buz'bi),  n.     A  military  head-dress 

worn  by  hussars,  artillerymen, and  engineers, 

consisting  of  a  fur  hat  with  a  bag,  of  the 

same  colour  as  the  fac- 
ings of  the  regiment, 

hanging  from  the  top 

over    the    right    side. 

The  bag  appears  to  be 

a  relic  of  a  Hungarian 

head-dress  from  which 

a  long  padded  bag  hung 

over,  and  was  attached 

to  the  right  shoulder 

as   a   defence    against 

sword-cuts. 
Buscone  (bus'kon),  n. 

[Sp.  buxcon,  a  searcher, 

buscar,  to  search.  ]  One 

who      prospects      or 

searches  for  ores;  a  pro- 
spector; also,  a  miner 

who  pays  part  of  the 

proceeds  of  his  work  to  the  owner  or  renter 

of  the  mine.    [American.] 
Bush  (b«sh),  n.    [Softened  form  of  an  older 

busk,  from  the  Scandinavian:  Dan.  busk,  Sw. 

buske,  a  bush;  cog.  with  D.  bosch,  a  grove; 

G.  busch,  a  bush.    The  word  passed  from 

the  Teutonic  into  the  Romance  languages. 

It.  boieo,  Pr.  bone,  O.Fr.  bos  (Mod.  Fr.  bois). 

Ainbush,  bosky,  bouquet,  &c. ,  are  from  this 

stem.]    1.  A  thicket;  a  clump  of  shrubs  or 

trees. 

There  as  by  aventure  this  Palamon 

W.is  in  a  bitsh,  that  no  man  might  him  see. 

For  sore  afered  of  his  death  was  he.      Cftanctr. 

2.  A  shrub  with  branches;  a  thick  shrub. 

Each  common  bnsh  shall  Syrian  roses  wear. 

Drydeii. 

3.  A  branch  of  a  tree,  properly  of  ivy,  as 
sacred  to  Bacchus,  fixed  or  hung  out  as  a 
tavern  sign.    '  If  it  be  true  that  good  wine 
needs  no  bush.'    Shak.    Hence— 4.  t  The  ta- 
vern itself. 

Twenty  to  one  you  find  him  at  the  truth. 

Keau.  G-  Ft. 

5.  A  stretch  of  forest  or  of  shrubby  vegeta- 
tion; a  district  covered  with  brushwood,  or 
shrubs,  trees,  &c. ;  a  wide  uncultivated 
tract  of  country  covered  with  scrub;  as,  the 
bush  was  here  very  dense;  to  take  to  the 
bush  (to  become  a  itM/i-ranger).  —  6.  The  tail 
or  brush  of  a  fox  —To  beat  about  the  bush, 
to  approach  anything  in  a  roundabout  man- 
ner; to  use  circumlocution;  to  dilly-dally. 

Bush  (bnsh),  v.i.  To  grow  thick  or  bushy; 
to  serve  or  show  as  a  bush.  'The  bushing 
alders  formed  a  shady  scene.'  Pope. 

Bush  (bush),  v.t.  1.  To  set  bushes  about;  to 
support  with  bushes;  as,  tofmsApeas.— 2.  To 
use  a  bush-harrow  on,  or  for  covering;  as,  to 
bush  a  piece  of  wood;  to  bvth  in  seeds. 

Bush  (b«sh),  ».  [A  parallel  form  of  box,  pro- 
bably from  D.  bus,  a  box,  a  bush;  O.  buchse, 
a  box,  also  means  the  bush  of  a  wheel.] 
1.  A  lining  of  harder  material  let  into  an 
orifice  to  gtiard  against  wearing  by  friction; 
the  perforated  box  or  tube  of  metal  fitted 
into  certain  parts  of  machinery,  as  the 
pivot  holes  of  a  clock,  the  centre  of  a  cart- 
wheel, &c  ,  to  receive  the  wear  of  pivots, 
journals,  and  the  like.  — 2.  A  like  circular 
metallic  lining  in  other  round  holes,  as  the 
keyhole  of  a  watch,  the  vent  of  a  gun,  Ac 
3.  A  thimble.  [American.]  Called  also 
Bushing. 

Bush  (bi)sh),  v.t  To  furnish  with  a  bush,  or 
to  line  any  orifice  with  metal  to  prevent 
wearing. 

Bush-bean  (bnsh'ben),  n.  The  American 
name  for  the  kidney-bean. 

Bush-buck  (biish'buk),  n.  [D.  bosch-bok.] 
The  name  given  to  several  species  of  the 
genus  Tragelaphus,  especially  to  T.  sylva- 
tica,  an  antelope  of  Caffraria  and  Cape 
Colony,  4  feet  long  and  2J  feet  high,  with 
triangular  sub-spiral  horns.  The  male  is 
dark  sepia  brown  and  the  female  reddish 
brown  above;  both  are  white  below.  Called 
also  Bush-goat. —White-backed  truth-buck 
the  name  given  to  the  Cephalophtis  tylmcul- 
trix,  a  white-backed  true  antelope  of  Sierra 
Leone,  &c.,  5  feet  long  and  3  feet  high,  with 
black,  shining,  pointed,  and  nearly  straight 
horns,  short  slender  limbs,  sleek,  glossy 
deep  brown  hair. 

Bush-cat  (bush'kat),  n.    See  SERTAL. 

Bushel  (bnsh'el),  ».  [Norm.  Fr.  basset,  O.Fr. 
baud,  bussel,  &c. ,  L.  L.  bussellus,  a  dim.  form 
from  bussida,  for  buxida,  pyxida,  from  Or. 

pyxis,  a  box.  ]  1.  A  dry  measure,  containing 
8  gallons  or  4  pecks.  The  imperial  bushel 
introduced  in  1826  has  a  capacity  of  2218  192 
cubic  inches,  and  holds  80  Ibs.  avoirdupois 


of  distilled  water,  at  the  temperature  of  62° 
Fahr.  with  the  barometer  at  30  inches.  Pre- 
vious to  this  the  Winchester  bushel  had  been 
the  standard  measure  from  the  time  of 
Henry  VII.  Its  capacity  was  2150'4-2  cubic 
inches.— 2.  A  vessel  of  the  capacity  of  a 
bushel.  —  3.  A  large  indefinite  quantity 
[Colloq.] 

The  worthies  of  antiquity  bought  the  rarest  pic- 
tures with  bitshtls  of  jjold.  without  counting  the 
weight  or  the  number  of  the  pieces.  Dry,1e}i. 

Bushel  (bush'el),  n.  The  circle  of  iron  in  the 
nave  of  a  wheel.  See  BUSH. 

Bushelage  ( b«sh'el-aj  ),  n.  A  duty  payable 
on  commodities  by  the  bushel. 

Busheler,  Bushelman  (bush'el-er,  bush'el- 
man),  n.  [From  American  bush,  imxA/m/, 
a  thimble.  ]  One  who  repairs  garments  for 
tailors.  Spelled  also  Btuhetter.  [American  ] 

Bushel  (hush'et),  n.  [ Dim.  of  bath.  ]  A 
thicket;  a  copse;  a  wood.  'A  buxlut  or 
wood  on  a  hill,  not  far  from  the  wayside  ' 
Kay.  [Rare.] 

Bush-fighting  (bush'fit-iiif;),  n.  A  mode  of 
fighting  in  which  the  combatants  scatter, 
and  fire  from  behind  the  shelter  of  trees  and 
bushes. 

I  don't  like  this  pitiful  ambuscade  work;  this  bush- 
fishtail.  Caiman. 

Bush-goat  (bnsh'got),  n.  Same  as  Bush- 
buck  (which  see). 

Bush-hammer  ( bush '  ham  -  mer ),  n.  A 
mason's  large  breaking  hammer;  a  hammer 
for  dressing  millstones. 

Bush-harrow  (bush'ha-ro),  n.  An  imple- 
ment of  husbandry  for  harrowing  grass 
lands,  and  covering  grass  or  clover  seeds. 
It  consists  of  a  frame  with  three  or  more 
bars,  in  which  bushes  are  interwoven. 

Bushiness  (bush'i-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  bushy,  thick,  or  intermixed,  like  the 
branches  of  a  bush. 

Bushing  (bu.sh'ing),  n.  1.  Same  as  Bush,  a 
perforated  box. -2.  A  thimble:  also  called 
a  Bunh.  [American.  ] 

Bushless  (bush'les),  a.  Destitute  of  bushes; 
bare.  Tennyson. 

Bushman  (biish'nian),  n.  [In  second  sense  a 
translation  of  D.  botjttman.  ]  1.  A  woodsman; 
a  settler  in  a  new  country,  as  Australia.— 
2.  An  aboriginal  of  Bushmanland,  near  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope;  a  Bosjesman. 

Bushmentt  (bush'ment), n.  i.  [From  bush.] 
A  thicket;  a  cluster  of  bushes.  'Woods, 
briars,  biuhments,  and  waters.'  Raleigh.— 
2.  [Contr.  for  ambuihment.  ]  An  ambush 
or  ambuscade;  any  concealed  body  of  sol- 
diers or  men.  'Environing  him  with  a 
bushment  of  soldiers.'  Golding. 

In  the  nether  end  of  the  hall,  a  biishtnetit  of  the 
Duke's  servants  .  .  .  began  suddenly  at  men's  backs 
to  cry  out.  .  .  .  •  King  Richard.'  Sir  T.  More. 

Bush-metal  (bush'met-al),  n.  Hard  brass; 
gun-metal;  a  composition  of  copper  and  tin, 
used  for  journals,  bearings  of  shafts,  Ac. 

Bush-ranger  (bijsh'ranj-er),  n.  In  Austra- 
lia, a  criminal,  generally  an  escaped  convict, 
who  takes  to  the  '  bush,'  or  woods,  and  lives 
by  robbery. 

Bush-shrike  (ui.ish'shrik),  n.  One  of  a  sub- 
family (Thamnophilin«!)  of  the  FormicariidK 
or  aut-birds.  The  bush-shrikes  live  among 
thick  trees,  bushes,  and  underwood,  where 
they  are  perpetually  prowling  about  after 
insects,  and  young  and  sickly  birds,  and 
are  great  destroyers  of  eggs.  Numerous 
species  of  hush-shrikes  are  found  in  the 
hotter  latitudes  of  America. 

Bush-whacker  (bi)sh'whak-er),  n.  [  Amer- 
ican. ]  1.  One  accustomed  to  sojourn  in  the 
woods,  or  beat  about  bushes. 

They  were  gallant  bush-lvhac/ters  and  hunters  of 
raccoons  by  moonlight.  If.  Irving. 

2.  A  strong  scythe  or  other  implement  for 
cutting  bushes. 

Bush-whacking  (bush'whak-ing),  n.  Push- 
ing one's  way  through  bushes  or  thickets; 
hauling  a  boat  along  a  stream  bordered  by 
bushes  by  pulling  at  the  branches.  [Amer- 
ican.] 

Bush-woman  (bush'wu-man),  n.  A  female 
Bushman. 

Bushy  (b\|sh'i),  a.  1.  Full  of  bushes ;  over- 
grown with  shrubs. 

The  kids  with  pleasure  browse  the  bushy  plain. 
Dryden. 

2.  Having  many  close  twigs  and  branches ; 
low  and  shrubby.  Spenser;  Bacon.  — 3.  Re- 
sembling a  bush ;  thick  and  spreading,  like 
a  bush;  as,  a  bushy  beard.  'Bushy  eye- 
brows.' Irving. 

Busily;  (bi'zi-li),  ado.  In  a  busy  manner: 
(a)  with  constant  occupation ;  actively ; 
earnestly;  as,  to  be  busily  employed. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J,  So.  ley. 


BUSINESS 


357 


BUT 


'How  busily  she  turns  the  leaves.'  Sliak. 
(!))  With  an  air  of  hurry  or  Importance ; 
with  too  much  curiosity;  importunately; 
officiously.  Dnjden. 

Business  ( I  >i/m>s),  ».  [This  wonl  call  hardly 
be  unconnected  with  busy,  and  yet  it  is  not 
an  ordinary  abstract  noun  derived  from  the 
adjective,  for  it  seems  never  to  have  the 
meaning  of  state  of  being  busy,  busy-nets. 
Probably  the  O.  Fr.  busoirjnes,  baoynee, 
affairs,  business  ( r'r.  bexoynr,  work,  affair), 
was  supposed  to  be  connected  with  the  E. 
adjective  busy,  and  influenced  at  least  the 
nieauiiij!  of  the  word.  ]  1.  A  matter  or 
affair  Unit  engages  a  person's  time,  care,  and 
attention  whether  for  a  longer  or  shorter 
period  ;  an  affair  receiving  or  requiring  at- 
tention ;  specifically,  that  which  busies  or 
occupies  one's  time,  attention,  and  labour 
as  his  chief  concern ;  that  which  one  does 
for  a  livelihood ;  occupation;  employment; 
as,  his  business  was  that  of  a  merchant;  to 
carry  on  the  business  of  agriculture. 

They  were  far  from  the  Zidonians,  and  had  no 
business  with  any  man.  Judg.  xvih.  7. 

2.  Mercantile  concerns,  or  traffic  in  general. 

It  seldom  happens  that  men  of  a  studious  turn  ac- 
quire any  degree  of  reputation  for  their  knowledge 
of  business.  Par  tens. 

3.  The  proper  duty;  what  belongs  to  one  to 

Analysis  is  not  the  business  of  the  poet.  Macatthy. 

4.  Task  or  object  undertaken. 

It  is  the  bn st'nfss  of  the  following  pages  to  discover 
how  his  lofty  hopes  came  to  terminate  in  disappoint- 
ment. GodTtrin. 

5.  Concern;  right  of  action  or  interposing; 
as,  what  business  has  a  man  with  the  dis- 
putes of  others?— 6.  Affair;  point;  matter. 

Fitness  to  govern  is  a  perplexed  business. 

Bacon. 

—Business  card,  an  advertisement  in  a 
public  print  giving  a  tradesman's  name  and 
address  with  a  few  particulars  as  to  the 
nature  of  his  business.— To  do  the  business 

for  a  man,  to  do  one's  business,  to  kill, 
destroy,  or  ruin  him  ;  to  settle  him.  [Col- 
loc|.]  —  To  make  a  thing  one's  business,  to 
devote  one's  attention  to  it;  to  see  that  it  is 
done.— SYN.  Affair,  concern,  matter,  engage- 
ment, employment,  calling,  occupation, 
tni'le,  profession,  office,  duty. 

Business  (biz'nes),  a.  Relating  to  or  con- 
nected with  business,  traffic,  trade,  &c.;  as, 
business  habits;  business  hours;  business 
men. 

Busk  (busk),  n.  [Fr.  busc.  busqiw,  probably 
from  It.  busto,  bust,  boddice,  by  change  of 
letter.]  A  piece  of  steel,  whalebone,  or 
wood,  somewhat  elastic,  worn  by  women  in 
front  of  their  stays. 

Busk  (busk),  v.t.  i.  and  r.  [From  Icel. 
biiask,  to  get  one's  self  ready,  this  form 
being  a  contraction  of  bua  sik,  from  bua, 
to  prepare,  and  sik  (  =  G.  ste/t),  one's  self. 
Bask  is  similarly  formed.  Bound,  in  the 
sense  of  on  the  point  of  going,  is  from  same 
verb.)  1.  To  prepare;  equip;  dress.  '  Eunk't 
him  boldly  to  the  dreadful  fight.'  Fairfax. 
(Old  English  and  Scotch.]— 2.t  To  go;  to 
direct  one's  course.  '  And  busked  westward, 
for  to  rob  eft.'  Ro.  of  Bmnne.  'Busked 
hem  to  the  bonre:  there  the  bride  dwelled.' 
Piers  Plowman. 

Busk  (busk),  v.i.  Naut.  (a)  to  beat  to  wind- 
ward along  a  coast ;  to  cruise  off  and  on. 
(6)  To  cruise,  as  a  pirate. 

Buske.t  ».    A  bush.     Chaucer. 

Busked  (buskt),  a.     Wearing  a  busk. 

Busket  (bus'ket),  n.  [Fr.  bosquet,  a  thicket, 
whence  bouquet.] 

1.  A  small  bush. — 

2.  A  compartment 
of  shrubs  in  a  gar- 
den.—3.  A  sprig;  a 
bouquet.    Spenser. 

Buskin  (bus'kin),  n. 
i  Probably  for  brtu- 
kin,  ftrvsiui,  adiin. 
from  D.  broos,  a 
buskin,  perhaps  al- 
lied to  E.  brogue.] 
1.  A  kind  of  half- 
boot  or  hitth  shoe 
covering  the  foot 
and  leg  to  the 
middle  and  tied  un- 
derneath the  knee,  worn  to  protect  the  leg 
against  thorns,  mud,  &c. 

The  hunted  red-deer's  undressed  hide 

Their  hairy  buskins  well  supplied.      Sir  If.  Scott. 

2.  A  similar  covering  worn  by  actors  in 
tragedy  among  the  ancients  in  contradis- 
tinction to  the  sock  woru  by  comedians. 


r,  Buskin  of  Diana. 
3,  Buskin  of  Bacchus. 


The  stage  buskins  had  very  thick  soles  to 
give  an  appearance  of  elevation  to  the  stature 
of  the  actor.  Hence-  3.  Tragedy  or  the  tragic 
drama,  as  opposed  to  comedy. 

He  was  a  critic  upon  operas  too. 
And  knew  all  niceties  of  the  sock  and  buskin.  Byron. 

4.  In  the  R.  Cath.  Cli.  a  kind  of  stocking  of 
precious  stuff,  as  satin,  cloth  of  gold  or  silk 
embroidered,  worn  by  bishops  when  cele- 
brating, being  the  first  vestment  assumed. 
BuskinedthusTdnd),  a.  1.  Wearing  buskins. 
'The  bouncing  Amazon,  your  buskined  mis- 
tress.' Shak.  —  2.  Pertaining  to  tragedy; 
tragic. 

In  bnskin'ci  measures  move 

Pale  Grief,  and  pleasing  Pain.        Gray. 

Busky  t  (bus'ki),  a.  liushy;  wooded;  shaded 
or  overgrown  with  trees  or  shrubs ;  bosky. 
'  Yon  husky  hill.'  Shak. 

Buss  (bus),  u.  [A  word  of  somewhat  doubtful 
origin,  but  apparently  the  same  as  G.  btis, 
Sw.  puss,  a  kiss;  comp.  also  Ir.  and  Gael. 
bun,  a  mouth,  a  lip.]  A  kiss ;  a  salute  with 
the  lips.  '  Thou  dost  give  me  Haltering 
busses.'  Shak.  [Familiar.] 

Buss  (bus),  v.t.  [O.  and  Prov.  O.  bussen, 
Sw.  pussa,  to  kiss.  See  the  noun.]  To 
kiss;  to  salute  with  the  lips.  'And  buss 
thee  as  thy  wife.'  Shak.  '  Nor  burnt 
the  grange,  nor  Intss'd  the  milking-maid.' 
Tennyson.  [Familiar.] 

Kissing  and  bussing  differ  both  in  this. 

We  bitssour  wantons,  but  our  wives  we  kiss.  Herrick. 

Buss  (bus),  ?i.  [O.Fr.  busse,  L.L  bussa,  a 
kind  of  boat,  whence  also  D.  buis,  G.  biise, 
a  herring  boat;  really  the  same  word  as 
box.]  A.  small  vessel,  from  50  to  70  tons 
burden,  carrying  two  masts,  and  two  sheds 
or  cabins,  one  at  each  end,  used  in  herring- 
fishing. 

It  was  a  sea  most  proper  for  whale-fishing ;  little 
busses  might  cast  out  nets  for  smelts  and  herrings. 
Bf.  Hacfcet. 

Buss.    See  Bus. 

Bussu-palm  (bus'sb'-pam),  n.  A  palm,  the 
Manicariasaccifera,  found  in  thcswampsof 
the  Amazon,  whose  stem  is  only  10  to  15  feet 
high,  but  whose  leaves  are  often  30  feet  long 
by  4  to  6  feet  in  breadth.  These  are  used 
by  the  Indians  for 
thatch.for  which  they 
are  admirably  adapt- 
ed,the  furrows  left  by 
their  veins  acting  as 
gutters  to  carry  off 
the  rain.  The  spathes 
are  used  as  bags,  or 
when  cut  longitudin- 
ally and  stretched  out 
they  form  a  coarse 
but  strong  kind  of 
cloth. 

Bust  (bust),  n.  [Fr. 
buste,  It.  and  Sp. 
busto,  L.  L.  bustuitt, 
from  buxta,  a  small 
box,  L.  buxida.  See 
Box.]  1.  In  sculp,  the  figure  of  a  person 
in  relief,  showing  only  the  head,  shoulders, 
and  breast.— 2.  The  chest  or  thorax;  the 
trunk  of  the  human  body. 

It  pressed  upon  a  hard  but  glowing  bust 
Which  beat  as  if  there  was  a  warm  heart  under. 
Byron. 

Bustard  (bus'terd),  n.  [O.Fr.  bistanle,  a 
peculiar  corruption  of  L.  avis  tarda;  lit. 
slow  bird;  comp.  Sp.  abutarda.avutarda.}  A 
bird  of  the  genus  Otis,  belonging  to  the  order 
Cursores,  but  approaching  the  waders.  The 
great  bustard  (Otis  (arda)is  thelargest  Euro- 
pean bird,  the  male  often  weighing  30  Ibs., 
with  a  breadth  of  wing  of  C  or  7  feet.  The 
bustard  is  now  rare  in  Britain,  but  abounds 
in  the  south  and  east  of  Europe  and  the 
steppes  of  Tartary,  feeding  on  green  corn 
and  other  vegetables,  and  on  earth-worms. 


Bust. 


Great  Bustard  (Otis  tarda}. 

All  the  species  run  fast,  and  take  flight  with 
difficulty.  0.  nigricepi  is  the  Asiatic  and  O. 
coerulescens  the  African  species. 


Buster  (bus'tcr),  n  [Fur  Imrxtfi  ]  1.  Some- 
thing of  extraordinary  size.-  2.  A  roi»tcring 
lihi'lc. — 3.  A  frolic;  a  spree.— 4.  A  viulmt 
wind.  [Slang  in  all  its  senses,  and  probably 
of  American  origin.] 

Bustle   (bus'l),   v.i.    pret.    bustled;    MH 
ln>.>.iliu>j.     [From  root  of  busy;  same  word 
as  Icel.  bustla,  to  bustle,  to  splash  in  water  : 
bustl,  bustle,  a  splash;  comp.  O.K.  fcw«M<-. 
bustle,  which  is  evidently  of  same  origin  if 
not  a  mere  modification.]    To<li*]ila\  ;u -tiv 
ity  with  a  certain  amount  of  imiw  or  agitn 
tion;  to  be  active  and  stirring;  to  be  very 
quirk  in  motion.     'And  leave  the  world  for 
me  to  bustle  in.'    Shak. 

Bustle  (busl),  n.  Activity  with  noise  anil 
agitation;  stir;  hurry-scurry ;  tumult;  dis- 
turbance. '  A  strange  bustle  and  disturbance 
in  the  world.'  South. 

Seldom  he  varied  feature,  hue.  or  muscle, 

And  could  be  very  busy  without  bustle.     Byron. 

Bustle  (bust),  n.  [Perhaps  for  buxkU,  a 
dim.  of  bush,  a  support  for  a  lady's  stays.] 
A  pad  stuffed  with  cotton,  feathers,  Ac., 
worn  by  ladies  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a 
greater  rotundity  or  prominence  to  the  back 
part  of  the  body  immediately  below  the 
waist,  and  of  setting  off  the  smalluess  of 
the  waist,  but  more  especially  to  relieve  the 
weight  of  the  clothes.  'Whether  she  was 
pretty,  whether  she  wore  much  bustle.' 
Dickens. 

Bustler  (biis'ler),  n.  One  who  bustles; 
an  active  stirring  person. 

Forgive  him,  then,  that  bustler  in  concerns 
Of  little  worth.  Coiufer. 

Bustling  (biisling),  p.  and  a.  Moving  ac- 
tively with  noise  or  agitation;  active;  busy; 
stirring.  'A  busy,  bustling  time.'  Crabbc. 

Sir  Henry  Van«  was  a  busy  and  bustling  man. 
Clarendon. 

Busto  (bus'to),  ».    [It]    A  bust ;  a  statue. 

The  busto  moulders,  and  the  deep  cut  marble. 
Unsteady  to  the  steel,  gives  up  its  charge.    Blair. 

Busy  (bi'zi),  a.  [O.E.  bisy,  A.  Sax.  bysig, 
bimy ;  cog.  D.  bezig,  L.G.  bnig,  busy; 
further  affinities  doubtful.  The  old  spelling 
with  «  instead  of  u  had  better  have  been 
retained.]  1.  Employed  with  constant  atten- 
tion; engaged  about  something  that  renders 
interruption  inconvenient. 

My  mistress  sends  you  word 
That  she  is  busy,  and  she  can  not  come.     Shalt. 

2.  Actively  employed ;  occupied  without 
cessation  ;  constantly  in  motion.  '  Busy 
hammers  closing  rivets  up.'  Sliak.  'The 
music-stirring  motion  of  soft  and  busy  feet. ' 
Shelley.—  3.  Active  in  that  which  does  not 
concern  the  person ;  meddling  with  or  prying 
into  the  affairs  of  others ;  officious ;  impor- 
tunate; hence,  troublesome;  vexatious.  '  On 
meddling  monkey  or  on  busy  ape.'  Shak.— 
4.  Causing  to  be  much  occupied  with  em- 
ployment. '  To-morrow  is  a  bust/  day. '  Shak. 
Busy  (bi'zi),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  busied;  ppr. 
busying.  To  employ  with  constant  atten- 
tion ;  to  keep  engaged ;  to  make  or  keep 
busy ;  as,  to  busy  one's  self  with  books. 

Be  it  thy  course  to  busy  giddy  minds 
With  foreign  quarrels.  Shak. 

Busybody  (bi'zi-bo-di),  n.  A  meddling 
person ;  one  who  officiously  concerns  him- 
self with  the  affairs  of  others.  '  A  busy- 
body who  had  teen  properly  punished  for 
running  into  danger  without  any  call  of 
duty.'  ilacaulay. 

Busybodyism  (bi'zi-bo-di-izm),  n.  The 
habit  of  busying  one's  self  about  other 
people's  affairs. 

The  most  common  effect  of  this  mock  evangelical 
spirit,  especially  with  young  women,  is  self-inflation 
and  bmyliodyism.  CoUridft. 

But  (but).  Originally  a  prep,  and  still  often 
to  be  so  regarded,  though  also  an  adv.  and 
frequently  a  conj. ;  in  many  cases  its  charac- 
ter is  ambiguous.  [A.  Sax.  butan.  buton, 
without,  out  of,  unless— be,  by,  mid  titan,  out, 
without,  like  O.  Sax.  biutan,  D.  buitrn,  ex- 
cept ]  1  t  Without;  as,  A.  Sax.  butan  aide, 
without  end.  'Of  fassoun  fair,  but  feir  (that 
is  without/freer  equal). '  Dunbar.  'Touch 
not  a  cat  but  a  glove :'  a  Scotch  proverbial 
motto.— 2.  Except;  besides;  unless. 

Who  can  it  be.  ye  gods,  bill  perjur'd  I-ycon. 

r.d.  ii  tn  it  A. 

The  wedding  guest  he  beat  his  breast. 
Yet  he  cannot  choose  but  hear.      Coleridge. 
Far  less  than  this  is  shocking  in  a  race 
Most  wretched,  but  from  streams  of  mutual  love. 
And  uncreated  but  for  love  divine.  Youitff. 

In  this  sense  but  Is  very  common  after  all 
and  cannot.    (See  under  AJ.L  and  CAN.)    In 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing; 


TH,  then;  th,  «Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  uMg;    in,  azure. -See  KEY. 


BUT 


338 


I1UTT 


Old  English  if  was  often  used  pleonastically 
after  but  in  this  sense. 

Hut  if  \  have  my  wille 

For  derne  love  of  thee,  leman,  I  spille.     Chaucer. 

3.  Excepting  or  excluding  the  fact  that; 
save  that ;  were  it  not  that ;  unless. 

And.  hut  infirmity, 

Which  waits  upon  worn  times,  hath  something  seized 
His  wish'd  ability,  he  had  himself 
The  lands  and  waters  'twixt  your  throne  and  his 
Measured  to  look  upon  you.  Shak. 

Last  year,  my  love,  it  was  my  hap, 

Behind  a  grenadier  to  be. 
And,  but  he  wore  a  hairy  cap, 
No  taller  man  methinks  than  me.     Thackeray. 

Often  followed  by-that. 

Here  we  live  in  an  old  crumbling  mansion  that 
looks  for  all  the  world  like  an  inn,  but  that  we 
never  see  company.  Goldsmith. 

4.  Only ;  merely ;  simply ;  as,  there  is  but 
one  man  present. 

If  they  kill  us  we  shall  but  die.          2  Ki.  vii.  4. 
I  am,  my  lord,  but  as  my  betters  are 
That  led  me  hither.  Shak. 

(A  negative  has  heen  omitted  in  such  phrases. 
Chaucer  would  have  said,  'There  nig  (i.e.  is 
not)  but  one  man  present.]— 5.  Equivalent 
to  a  relative  with  a  negative ;  who,  which, 
<tc.,  .  .  .  not. 

No  voice  exempt;  no  voice  but  vtc\\  could  loin 
Melodious  part.  Milton. 

Here  'no  voice  but  well  could  join*  is  equi- 
valent to  'no  voice  which  could  not  well  join. ' 

6.  Otherwise  than  that ;  that  .  .  .  not.    In 
this  sense  (a)  after  negative  clauses. 

I  see  not  then  but  we  should  enjoy  the  same  license. 

B.  Jotison. 

It  cannot  be  but  nature  h:ith  some  director  of  infinite 
power  to  guide  her  in  all  her  ways.  Hooker. 

Believe  not  but  I  joy  to  see  thee  safe.        Rowe. 

The  negative  clause  is  often  represented  by 
the  single  word  not. 

\ot  but  they  thought  me  worth  a  ransom.  Hudibras. 

Often  followed  by  that. 

I  was  not  so  young  when  my  father  died  but  that  I 
perfectly  remember  him.  Kyron. 

Sometimes  what  follows,  but  this  is  consid- 
ered ungrammatical. 

Not  but  to  hat  I  hold  it  our  duty  never  to  foster  into 
a  passion  what  we  must  rather  submit  to  as  an  awful 
necessity.  Lord  l.ytton. 

(b)  In  interrogative  sentences  implying  a 
negative  answer. 

Who  knows  but  we  may  make  an  agreeable  and 
permanent  acquaintance  with  this  Intart Ittatf  family  r 
T  Hoot. 

(f)  After  such  expressions  as  God  forbid. 

God  defend  but  still  I  should  stand  so.       Shak. 

7.  But  and  but  that  are  used  in  a  peculiar 
manner  after  phrases  expressing  absence  of 
doubt. 

I  doubt  not  but  I  shall  find  them.  Shak. 

There  is  no  question  but  the  King  of  Spain  will 
reform  most  of  the  abuses.  Addisoit. 

My  lord,  I  neither  can  nor  will  deny 
flut  that  I  know  them.  Shak. 

[The  but  in  this  case  may  be  the  adversative 
conjunction  as  in  9.] -8.  For  than. 

I  no  sooner  saw  my  face  in  it  but  I  was  startled  at  my 
shortness  in  it.  Addisoii. 

[This  usage  is  not  obsolete,  but  is  now 
considered  ungrammatical.]— 9.  [In  the  fol- 
lowing usages  hut  is  clearly  an  adversative 
conjunction.  ]  On  the  contrary;  on  the  other 
hand;  yet;  still;  however;  nevertheless.  [In 
this  use  but  notes  an  addition  to  supply 
wliat  is  wanting  to  elucidate  or  modify  the 
sense  of  the  preceding  part  of  a  sentence 
or  of  a  discourse,  or  to  continue  the  dis- 
course, or  to  exhibit  a  contrast.  ] 

Now  abideth  faith,  hope,  charity,  these  three;  but 
the  greatest  of  these  is  charity.  i  Cor.  xiii.  13. 

When  pride  Cometh,  then  Cometh  shame ;  but  with 
the  lowly  is  wisdom.  Prov.  xi.  2. 

[The  adversative  force  of  this  conjunction 
often  refers  to  an  unexpressed  thought, 
and  not  to  the  clause  or  sentence  preceding 

Of  much  less  value  is  my  company  than  your  trood 
words.  But  who  comes  here  f  Slut. 

Have  you  got  nothing  for  me?— Yes,  but  I  have. 

But  often  also  follows  an  exclamation  of 
surprise,  admiration,  terror,  or  any  strong 
feeling,  and  introduces  a  clause  expressin" 
the  ground  of  the  feeling. 

Good  heavens,  but  she  is  handsome  1  Adam  Smith. 

—But  and  if,  t  but  if. 


known  at  the  last  day.  Latimer. 

See  AND.  t 

-However,  But,  Yet,  Still.  Notwithstand- 
ing, nevertheless.    See  HOWEVER. 


But  (but),  ?i.  [That  is  be-out,  the  opposite 
of  ben  =  be-in.  See  BUT,  adv.]  The  outer 
apartment  of  a  house  consisting  of  only  two 
apartments ;  the  kitchen  ;  the  other  apart- 
ment being  the  ben.  Also  used  as  a  prep, 
and  adv. ;  as,  to  come  but  the  house,  to  come 
but.  [Scotch.] 

Butt  (but),  v.i.    To  butt  or  abut. 

But  (but),  71.     Same  as  Butt  (which  see). 

Butcher  (buch'er),  n.  [Fr.  bouclter,  from 
bouc,  a  he-goat,  the  males  being  generally 
killed  for  food  and  the  she-goats  kept  for 
milk.  Comp.  It.  beccaio,  beccaro,  a  butcher, 
from  beceo,  a  goat.  ]  1.  One  who  slaughters 
animals  for  market ;  one  whose  occupation 
is  to  kill  animals  for  food.— 2.  One  who  kills 
in  a  cruel  or  bloody  manner ;  one  guilty  of 
indiscriminate  slaughter. 

Honour  and  renown  are  bestowed  on  conquerors, 
who,  for  the  most  part,  are  but  the  great  butchers  of 
mankind.  Locke. 

Butcher  (buch'er),  n.t.  1.  To  kill  or 
slaughter  for  food  or  for  market. — 2.  To 
murder,  especially  in  an  unusually  bloody 
or  barbarous  manner. 

A  man  beset  by  assassins  is  not  bound  to  let  himself 
be  tortured  and  butchered  without  using  hisweapons. 
Macaulay. 

Butcher-bird  (buch'er-berd),  n.  An  inses- 
sorial  bird  of  the  genus  Lanius,  sub-family 
Laniinre ;  a  shrike.  They  have  received 
the  name  of  butcher-birds  from  their  habit 
of  suspending  their  prey,  after  depriving  it 
of  life,  upon  thorns,  as  a  butcher  does  his 
meat,  and  then  pulling  it  to  pieces,  and 
devouring  it  at  their  leisure.  See  SHRIKE. 

Butcherllnesst  (buch'er-li-nes), ».  The 
quality  of  being  butcherly.  Johnson. 

Butcherlyt  (buch'er-li),  o.  Cruel;  savage; 
murderous.  Shak. 

Butcher-meat  (buch'er-met),  n.  The  flesh 
of  animals  slaughtered  by  the  butcher  for 
food,  such  as  that  of  oxen,  sheep,  pigs,  &c., 
as  distinguished  from  game  or  other  animal 
or  vegetable  food. 

Butcher-row  (buch'er-ro),  n.  A  row  of 
shambles. 

How  large  a  shambles  and  butcher-row  would  such 
make?  irhttlock. 

Butcher's-broom  (bnch'erz-brom),  n.  Kus- 
cus  aculeatus,  a  plant,  called  also  Knee- 
holly,  used  by  butchers  for  brooms  to  sweep 
their  blocks.  See  Ruscus. 

Butcher'S-meat  (buch'erz-met),  ».  Same 
as  Butcher-meat. 

Butchery  (buch'er-i),  n.  1.  The  business 
of  slaughtering  cattle  for  the  table  or  for 
market.  — 2.  Murder,  especially  murder  com- 
mitted with  unusual  barbarity;  great  slaugh- 
ter. '  Whom  gaols,  and  blood,  and  butchery 
delight.'  Dnjden.—Z.  The  place  where  ani- 
mals are  killed  for  market;  a  shambles  or 
slaughter-house;  also,  a  place  where  blood 
is  shed. 

This  house  is  but  a  butchery: 
Avoid  it,  fear  it,  do  not  enter  it.  Shak. 

SYN.  Murder,  slaughter,  carnage,  massacre. 

Butea  (bu'te-a),  ?i.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Legumlnom,  tribe  Papilionacere, 
named  after  a  late  Earl  of  Bute,  a  distin- 
guished patron  of  botanical  science.  The 
species  are  natives  of  the  East  Indies;  they 
are  trees  having  pinnately  trifoliate  leaves, 
with  racemes  of  deep  scarlet  flowers.  B. 
frondosa  yields  a  red  juice,  which  is  brought 
into  the  market  under  the  name  of  Butea- 
gum  or  Bengal  kino. 

Butea-gum  (bu'te-a-gum),  n.    Sec  BUTEA. 

But-end  (but  end),  71.    See  BUTT  END. 

Buteo  (bu'te-6),  n.  A  genus  of  raptorial 
birds,  family  Falconidrc,  containing  the  buz- 
zards. 

But-gap  (but'gap),  ?i.    A  fence  of  turf. 

Butler  (but'ler),  «.  [O.E.  bolder,  from  L.L. 
botellarius,  a  butler,  and  that  from  botcllus, 
a  bottle.  See  BOTTLE  ]  A  servant  or  officer 
in  a  household  whose  principal  business  is 
to  take  charge  of  the  liquors,  plate,  &c. 

Fie,  daughter  !  when  my  old  wife  lived,  upon 
This  day,  she  was  both  pantler,  butler,  cook.  Shak. 

Butlerage  (Imtler-a]),  n.  In  old  English 
law,  a  duty  of  two  shillings  on  every  tun  of 
wine  imported  into  England  by  foreigners 
or  merchant  strangers :  so  called  because 
originally  paid  to  the  king's  butler  for  the 
king. 

These  ordinary  finances  are  casual  or  uncertain, 
as  be  the  escheats,  the  customs,  t.utlera£e.  and  im- 
P°«.  Baton. 

Butleress  (but'ler-es),  n.    A  female  butler. 

Chapman. 
Butlership  (butler-ship),  ».    The  office  of 

a  butler.   Gen.  xl.  21. 
Butment  (but'ment).  71.     In  arch,  and  con- 

struction,  same  as  Abutment. 


Butment-cheek  (imt'ment-chCk),  71.  One 
of  the  sides  of  a  mortise. 

Butomacese  (bu-to-ma'se-c),  n.  pi.  A  smnll 
nat.  order  of  endogens,  the  type  of  which  is 
the  r,ut<:ni<'*  innh'-lltifiiH,  or  llo\vering-nish. 
See  FLOWERING-RUSH. 

Butomus  (Im'to-mus),  n.  [Gr.  bous,  an  ox, 
and  temiu'i,  to  tut:  said  to  cause  the  months 
of  cattle  that  crop  it  to  bleed.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  the  type  of  the  nat.  order  Jititom- 
aceae.  The  B  umbellatus  is  the  well-known 
flowering-rush.  See  FLOWERINO-RI  MI 

BUt-Shaft,  71.      See  lil'TT-SHAFT. 

Butt  (but),  71.  [Partly  from  O.Fr.  bot,  Fr. 
bunt,  the  end  or  extremity  of  a  thing,  partly 
from  O.Fr.  bot,  Fr.  but,  an  end,  aim  or 
goal,  and  partly  from  Fr.  biitte,  a  butt  used 
in  shooting,  all  these  words  being  from  an 
older  verb  (boter,  to  push,  thrust,  strike) 
derived  from  M.H.G.  bozen,  to  strike,  to 
beat,  a  word  cognate  with  E.  beat]  1.  The 
end  or  extremity  of  a  thing,  particularly, 
the  larger  end  of  a  thing,  as  of  a  piece  of 
timber  or  of  a  fallen  tree;  the  thick  end  of 
a  musket,  fishing-rod,  whip-handle,  &c.— 

2.  In  agri.  an  irregularly  shaped  piece  of 
land,  as  an  outlying  piece  left  unploughed 
at  the  end  of  a  field. 

The  hay  was  growing  upon  headlands  and  butts  in 
corn-fields.  BnrriU. 

3.  In  ship-building,  the  end  of  a  plank  or 
piece  of  timber  which  unites  with  another 

endways  in  a  ship's  side 
or  bottom;  also,  the  join- 
ing of  two  such  pieces. — 
4.  In  inach.  the  square 
end  of  a  connecting-rod 
or  other  link,  to  viliich 
the  bush-bearing  is  at- 
K  tached  by  a  strap  fas- 

J-       6      U tened  to  the  butt  by  a 

<— I  I  I    cotter  and  gib.     In  the 

cut  b  marks  the  butt. 
^.   I  See  COTTER.—  5.  In  carp. 

{    )  I  asortofhingeforadoor, 

consisting  of  two  plates 
of  metal  with  edges  in-  • 
terlocking  for  a  joint. 
and  fastened  together  by  a  pin  on  which  they 
turn:  so  named  from  being  screwed  to  the 
edge  of  the  door,  or  the  part  which  butt 
against  the  casing,  and  not  on  the  face  of  it. 
6.  The  thickest  and  stoutest  part  of  tanned 
ox-hides,  used  for  soles  of  shoes,  harness, 
trunks,  <v.c.— 7.  [Fr.  bout  in  sense  of  ferule.) 
The  metal  ring  at  the  ends  of  the  hose  of  a 
flre-engine.—  8.  A  mark  to  be  shot  at;  the 
point  where  a  mark  Is  set  or  fixed  to  be  shot 
at;  the  object  of  aim.  'As  an  aim  or  butt.' 
Shak. 

Base  Argives,  blush  ye  not  to  stand  as  made  for 
butts  to  darts  T  Chapman. 

Hence — 9.  The  person  at  whom  ridicule, 
jests,  or  contempt  is  directed. 

I  played  a  sentence  or  two  at  my  butt,  which  I 
thought  very  smart,  when  my  ill  genius  .  .  .  sug- 

Kested  to  him  such  a  reply  as  got  all  the  laughter  on 
is  side.  Bud£ell. 

10.  A  goal;  abound;  a  limit. 

Here  is  my  journey's  end,  here  is  my  butt, 
And  very  sea-mark  of  my  utmost  sail.        Shak. 

11.  In  rifle-practice,  the  hut,  embankment, 
or  other  protection  in  which  the  marker 
sits.— Butt's  length,  the  ordinary  distance 
from  the  place  of  shooting  to  the  butt  or 
mark;  as,  not  two  pair  of  butt's  length  from 
the  town. -Butts  and  bound*,  the  abuttals 
and  boundaries  of  land. — Butt  and  butt  sig- 
nifies that  the  butt-ends  of  two  planks  come 
together  but  do  not  overlie  each  other.— To 
start  or  spring  a  butt  (naut.),  to  loosen  the 
end  of  a  plank  by  the  ship's  weakness  or 
labouring. 

Butt  (but),  u.  t.  [Sec  BUTT,  an  end.  ]  1. 1  To 
lay  down  bounds  or  limits  for. 

That  the  dean,  &c,  do  cause  all  and  singular 
houses,  dwellings  of  the  church,  to  be  noundeo:  and 
tutted.  Abp.  Parker. 

2.  To  saw  the  ends  off,  aa  boards,  to  make 
them  square  and  remove  faulty  portions. 
E.  U.  Knight. 

Butt  (but),  v.i.  [Fr.  bonier,  O.Fr.  boter,  to 
push,  to  but.  See  BUTT,  an  end.]  To  strike 
by  thrusting  the  head  against,  as  an  ox  or  a 
ram;  to  have  a  habit  of  so  striking. 

A  lam  will  I utt  with  his  head,  though  he  be  brought 
up  tame,  and  never  saw  that  manner  of  fighting. 

Kay. 

Butt  (but),  v.t.  To  strike  by  thrusting  with 
the  head,  as  a  ram;  to  strike  with  the  bead 

Come,  leave  your  tears:  a  brief  farewell:  the  beast 
With  many  heads  butts  me  away.  Shak. 

Butt  (but),  n.  [In  the  first  sense  directly 
from  the  preceding  verb ;  in  second  from 


Fate,  fur,  fat.  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;        u,  Sc.  abime;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


BUTT 

Fr  both  a  pass  or  thrust  in  fencing.  See 
BUTT  an  end.]  1.  A  push  or  thrust  given 
by  the  head  (if  an  animal;  as,  the  MM  of  a 
ram.— Full  butt,  with  the  head  directed  at 
an  object  so  as  to  strike  it  most  effectively. 
'  Kan  full  butt  at  the  lieutenant.'  llarryat. 
2.  A  tiirust  in  fencing. 

To  prove  who  gave  the  fairer  butt, 

John  shows  the  chalk  on  Robert's  coat.     Prior. 

Butt  (but).  ».  [O.Fr.  boute,  Fr.  bottc,  a 
boot  a  butt,  the  two  having  a  consider- 
able resemblance.  See  BOOT.]  A  cask  whose 
contents  are  12(3  gallons  of  wine  or  2  hogs- 
heads: called  also  a  Pipe.  A  butt  is  109-«5 
imperial  gallons. 

Butt  (but),  n.  The  east  coast  name  for  the 
ilounder  (Plateiia  flesus). 
Butt-Chain,  (bufchan),  n.  In  saddlery,  a 
short  chain  attached  at  one  end  to  the  lea- 
ther tin;,  and  at  the  other  to  the  single 
tree.  E.  II.  Knight. 

Butte(but),  n.  [Fr.]  A  term  applied  to  a 
detached  hill  or  ridge  in  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain and  Oregon  region  of  America,  rising 
abruptly,  too  high  to  be  called  a  hill,  with- 
out being  high  enough  to  be  called  a  moun- 
tain. '  Two  remarkable  buttes  of  a  red  con- 
glomerate.' Ruxtnn. 

Butt-end  (bufend),n.  The  largest,  thickest, 
or  blunt  end  of  anything;  as,  the  butt-end 
of  a  musket  or  a  piece  of  timber. 
Butter  (hut'cr),  n.     An  animal  that  butts. 
Butter  (but'er),  n.     A  machine  for  sawing 
off  the  butts  or  ends  of  boards.     J£.   H. 
Knight. 

Butter  (but'er),  n.  [A.  Sax.  buter,  butera, 
liutor,  butter,  from  L.  butyruin,  butter, from 
Or.  boutyroii,  butter,  from  bous,  an  ox,  and 
turns,  cheese.]  1.  An  oily  or  unctuous  sub- 
stance obtained  from  cream  or  milk  by 
churning.  It  is  a  sort  of  concrete  oil  fur- 
nished by  female  Mammalia,  especially  by 
the  cow  and  goat,  and  used  as  food  by  most 
civilized  nations.  Agitation  separates  the 
fat  or  oily  part  of  milk  from  the  thin  or 
serous  part,  called  butter-milk.— 2.  In  old 
<ihem.  a  term  applied  to  certain  anhydrous, 
metallic  chlorides  of  buttery  consistency 
and  fusibility;  as,  butter  of  antimony,  a 
name  given  to  the  trichloride  of  antimony, 
and  made  by  distilling  a  mixture  of  corro- 
sive sublimate  and  the  regains;  butter  of 
arsenic,  sublimated  chloride  of  arsenic 
made  by  a  like  process;  butter  of  bismuth, 
sublimated  chloride  of  bismuth ;  butter  of 
tin,  sublimated  chloride  of  tin ;  butter  of 
zinc,  sublimated  chloride  of  zinc.—  Butter  of 
cacao,  an  oily  concrete  white  matter  ob- 
tained from  the  beans  or  seeds  of  the  cacao, 
made  by  bruising  the  seeds  and  boiling 
them  in  water.— Butter  of  vmx,  the  olea- 
ginous part  of  wax,  obtained  by  distillation, 
and  of  a  butyraceous  consistence.  —  Vegeta- 
ble butters,  a  name  given  to  certain  concrete 
fixed  vegetable  oils,  from  their  resemblance 


359 

vorus)  in  Jamaica,  where  it  is  in  great  re- 
quest for  the  table. 

Butter-boat  (but'er-bot),  n.  A  vessel  for  the 
table  in  which  melted  butter,  intended  to 
be  used  as  a  sauce,  is  contained. 

Butter- bump  (ijtit'er-bmnp),  ».  The  bit- 
tern. T/'iinitHoti.  [Provincial.  ] 

Butter-burr  (but'er-ber),  n.  A  plant  (Pe- 
tiuitfi  culi/aria)  growing  in  wet  land,  with 
large  leaves,  which  were  formerly  used  for 
wrapping  butter  in.  See  PETASITES. 

Butter-crook  (but'er-krok),  n.  An  earthen- 
ware vessel  in  which  salted  butter  is  kept. 
When  tilled  it  weighs  about  J  cwt. 

Buttercup  (but'er-kup),  n.  A  name  given 
to  several  species  of  Ranunculus  or  crow- 
foot, but  most  commonly  to  It.  acris,  a  com- 
mon field-plant  with  bright  yellow  flowers. 
Sometimes  called  also  Gold-cup  and  King- 
cup. 

Butter-fingers  (but'er-flng-gerz),  n.  One 
who  lets  drop  anything  he  ought  to  hold. 
[Slang.] 

When,  on  the  executioner  lifting  the  head  of  the 
seventh  traitor,  as  the  preceding  six  had  been  lifted 
to  the  public  gaze,  he  happened  to  let  it  fall,  cries  of 
'  Ah,  clumsy !  '  Halloo,  butter -fingers  I '  were  heard 
from  various  quarters  of  the  assembly.  Hook. 

Butter-fish  (but'er-fish),  n.  A  small  acan- 
thopterygious  fish,  allied  to  the  blennies, 
and  so  called  from  the  copious  mucous  se- 
cretion of  the  skin.  It  is  the  Hurcrnoides 
(juttatus  or  spotted-gunnel. 

Butter-flower  (but'er-nou-er),  H.  The  but- 
tercup. 

Let  weeds  instead  of  biitter-Jlojv'rs  appear, 

And  meads,  instead  of  daisies,  hemlock  bear.    Gay. 

Butterfly  ( but'er-lli ),  n.  [A.  Sax.  buterflege 
or  butter-fleoge,  like  G.  butterjlicge,  D.  boter- 
vlieg  — butter  and  fly.  Probably  the  name 
was  originally  given  to  a  common  yellow 
species.  Grimm  says  it  has  its  name,  as  well 
as  an  old  German  name  molkendieb  (whey- 
thief),  from  the  fact  that  people  formerly 
believed  that  the  butterfly,  or  witches  in  its 
shape,  stole  milk  and  butter.]  1.  The  com- 
mon English  name  of  all  the  diurnal  lepi- 
dopterous  insects,  corresponding  to  the  ori- 
ginal Linnscan  genus  Papilio,  in  their  last 
and  fully  developed  state.  See  DIURNA, 
LEMDOI-TERA,  PAPILIO.— 2.  Fig.  a  person 
whose  attention  is  given  up  to  a  variety  of 
trifles  of  any  kind  ;  one  incapable  of  steady 
application;  a  showily  dressed,  vain  and 
giddy  person. 

Butterfly-cock  (but'er-fli-kok),  n.  Same  as 
Butterfly -valve. 

Butterfly-fish  (bufer-fli-fish),  n.  A  fish 
found  on  our  coast,  the  Blmnivi  ocellaris. 

Butterfly-orchis  (but'er-fli-or-kis),  n.  A 
British  orchid,  Ilabcnaria  bifolia.  It  grows 
in  woods  and  open  heaths.  The  great  butter- 
fly-orchis is  the  //.  chlorantha. 

Butterfly  -  plant  (but'cr-fli-plant),  n.  A 
West  Indian  orchideous  plant,  Oncidiwn 
Papilio.  See  ONCIDIUM. 


to  butter  produced  from  the  milk  of  am-  i  Butterfly-shaped  (but'er-fli-shapt),  a.    In 
mals    such  as  those  of  the  cacao-beans  and     "" 


mals;  such  as  those  of  the  cacao-beans  and 
cocoa-nut,  of  the  nutmeg,  Ac. ,  which  are 
solid  at  common  temperatures.  —Run  but- 
ter, clarified  butter;  butter  melted  and 
potted  for  culinary  use.  The  name  of  ghee 
(which  see)  is  given  to  a  kind  of  run  butter 


aut.  papilionaceous  (which  see). 

Butterfly -shell  (but'er-nl-shel),  n.  The 
popular  name  of  a  genus  (Voluta)  of  testa- 
ceous molluscs,  with  a  spiral  uuilocular 
shell. 

Butterfly -valve  (but'er-fli-valv),  n.     In 


Butterfly-valve. 


made  in  India.— Butter  and  tallow  tree  a  |  J  species  of  double  clack-valve,  con- 

,...,.,.,  .,;,..,,   tn   a   tvoo  /if  tMA  (TpTiiiu  Ppnr.ii-        j"«. ••!'', 

sistmg    essentially    of 
two  semicircular  clap- 
pel's,  clacks,  or  wings 
hinged    to  a  cross-rib 
cast    in     the     pump- 
bucket,  and  so  named 
from  its  butterfly  ap- 
pearance when  open,  as 
represented  in  section 
in    the    annexed    cut. 
This  form  of  valve  is 
employed  in  the  lift- 
buckets  of  large  water- 
pumps,  and  for  the  air- 
pump  buckets  of  con- 
densing steam-engines.    See  CLACK-VALVE. 
Butterfly-weed  ( but'er-fli-wed ),  n.    A  scle- 
pias  tubcrosa,  the  pleurisy-root  of  America, 
where  it  has  a  considerable  reputation  as 
an  article  of  the  materia  medica.    It  is  an 
expectorant,  a  mild  cathartic,  and  a  diapho- 
retic, and  is  employed  in  incipient  pulmo- 
nary affections,  rheumatism,  and  dysentery. 
Butterine  (but'er-in),  n.  An  artificial  butter 
made  from  oleomargarine,  a  product  of  ani- 
mal fat  churned  with  milk  and  water,  or 
from  milk  churned  with  some  sweet  butter 
and  the  yolks  of  eggs,  the  whole  of  the  con- 
tents of  the  churn  in  the  latter  case  being 
converted  into  butterine. 


name  given  to  a  tree  of  the  genus  Penta- 
desma,  the  P.  butyracea.  See  PENTADESMA. 
—Rock  butter,  a  peculiar  mineral  composed 
of  alum  combined  with  iron,  of  the  consist- 
ence and  appearance  of  soft  butter,  appear- 
ing as  a  pasty  exudation  from  aluminiferoiis 
rocks,  as  alum-slate,  occurring  at  Hurlet 
Alum  Works,  Paisley,  and  several  places  on 
the  continent  of  Europe.  —  Shea  butter,  a 
vegetable  butter  occurring  in  the  nut  of  the 
shea-tree  or  Bassia  Parkii  of  tropical  Africa, 
where  it  forms  an  important  article  of  in- 
ternal commerce.  See  SHEA. 
Butter  (but'er).  ».t.  1.  To  smear  with  butter. 

I'll  have  my  brains  ta'en  out  and  buttered.    Sha&. 

2.  To  flatter  grossly ;  as,  he  buttered  him  to 
his  heart's  content.  [Vulgar.] 

Butter  (but'er),  v.i.  In  gambling  slang,  to 
increase  the  stakes  at  every  throw  or  every 
game. 

Butter-and-eggs(but'er-and-egz),  n.  1.  In 
bat.  the  popular  name  of  the  doublw-flowered 
variety  of  Xarcissus  au.rantius.-2.  The  act 
of  going  along  a  slide  on  one  foot  and  beat- 
ing with  the  heel  and  toe  of  the  other  at 
short  intervals.  [School-boy  slang.] 

I  can  do  bittter-and-eggs  all  down  the  slide. 

MacmiUan's  Mag. 

Butter -bird  (but'er-berd),  n.  The  name 
given  to  the  rice-bunting  (Dolichonyx  oryzi- 


BUTTOCK 

Buttering  (but'er-ing),  n.  A  cant  term  ap- 
plied to  gamesters  who  increase  the  stakes 
at  every  throw  or  every  gume. 

It  Is  a  fine  simile,  in  one  of  Mr.  Confrere's  pro- 
logues, which  compares  a  writer  to  a  buttering  %*mt- 
stcr,  that  stakes  all  his  winning  upon  one  cast ;  sn 
that  if  he  loses  the  last  throw,  he  is  sure  tote  inn  lone. 

.l.t.tifon. 

Butteris  (but'er-is),  n.  [A  form  of  buttress, 
with  a  different  application.]  An  instrument 
of  steel  set  in  wood  for  paring  the  hoof  of  a 
horse. 

Butter-knife  (but'er-nif),  n.  A  blunt,  and 
generally  ornamented,  knife  used  for  cutting 
butter  at  table. 

Butterman  (but'er-man),  n.  A  man  who 
sells  butter. 

Butter-milk  (but'er-milk),  n.  The  milk 
that  remains  after  the  butter  is  separated 
from  it.  It  has  a  pleasant  acidulous  taste 
Butter-mould  (but'er-mold),  n.  A  mould 
in  which  pats  of  butter  are  shaped  and 
stamped. 

Butter-nut  (but'er-nut),  n.  1.  The  fruit  of 
Juglans  ciiwrea,  an  American  tree,  so  called 
from  the  oil  it  contains.  The  tree  bears  a 
resemblance  in  its  general  appearance  to 
the  black  walnut,  but  the  fruit  is  oblong 
and  clammy,  and  the  wood  is  not  so  dark  in 
the  colour.  It  is  sometimes  called  oil-nut 
and  white  walnut.— 2.  The  nut  of  Caryocar 
butyraceum  and  C.  nuciferum,  a  native  of 
South  America.  Also  called  Smoarrow  or 
Suwarra  Nut. 

Butter-pat  (but'er-pat),  n.  A  small  piece 
of  butter  formed  into  a  shape,  generally 
ornamental,  for  table. 

Butter-print,  Butter-stamp  (but'cr-print, 
but'er-stamp),  n.    A  piece  of  carved  wood 
used  to  mark  cakes  of  butter. 
Butter-Scotch  (but'er-skoch),  n.  The  name 
given  to  a  kind  of  toffee. 
Butter-tongs  (but'er-tongz),  n.  pi.    A  kind 
of  tongs  with  flat  blades  for  slicing  and  lift- 
ing butter. 

Butter-tOOth  (but'er-toth),  n.  A  broad  fore- 
tooth. 

Butter-tree  (but'er-tre),  n.  A  species  of 
Bassia,  found  in  Africa,  which  yields  a  sub- 
stance like  butter,  called  shea-butter. 
Butter-wife,  Butter-woman  (but'er-wif, 
but'cr-wt.i-man),  n.  A  woman  who  sells 
butter.  Johnson. 

Butterwort  (but'er-wert),  n.  Pinguicula 
milgaris,  a  plant  growing  in  bogs  or  soft 
grounds.  The  leaves  are  covered  with  soft, 
pellucid,  glandular  hairs,  which  secrete  a 
glutinous  liquor  that  catches  small  insects. 
The  edges  of  the  leaf  roll  over  on  the  insect 
and  retain  it,  and  the  insect  thus  retained 
serves,  it  is  said,  as  food  for  the  plant.  In 
the  north  of  Sweden  the  leaves  are  employed 
to  curdle  milk.  See  PINGCICULA. 
Buttery  (but'er-i),  a.  1.  Having  the  quali- 
ties or  appearance  of  butter.— 2.  Apt  to  let 
fall  anything  one  ought  to  hold,  as  a  ball  in 
the  game  of  cricket. 

Buttery  (but'er-i),  n.  [Originally  butclerie. 
a  place  for  bottles.  'But  as  butter  was  (and 
is)  also  kept  in  butteries  the  word  was  easily 
corrupted  to  its  present  form. '  Skeat.  See 
BOTTLE  ]  1.  An  apartment  in  a  household, 
in  which  wines,  liquors,  and  provisions  are 
kept. 

Take  them  to  the  buttery,  and  g\\-e  them  friendly 
welcome.  Shak. 

This  person  was  an  assistant  to  the  butler  to  put 
on  (that  is  enter)  bottles  in  the  buttery  book. 

It ooa. 

2.  In  some  colleges,  a  room  where  liquors, 

fruits,  and  refreshments  are  kept  for  sale  to 

the  students. 
Buttery-bar  (but'er-i-bar),  n.    A  ledge  on 

the  top  of  the  buttery-hatch  on  which  to 

rest  tankards.    Shak. 
Buttery-hatch  (but'er-i-hach),  n.    A  hatch 

or  half-door  giving  entrance  to  the  buttery. 
Butt-hinge,  But-hlnge, ».  Same  as  BUTT,  5. 
Butt-howel  (but'hou-el).M.  A  kind  of  howel 

or  adze  used  by  coopers. 
Butting  (but'ing),  n.  An  abuttal,  'Without 

buttings  or  boundings  on  any  side.'    Bp. 

Beveridge. 
Butting-Joint,  Butt-joint  (but'ing-joint, 

but'joint),  n.    See  under  JOINT. 
Butting-ring  (but'ing-ring),  n.    A  collar  on 

the  axle  of  a  wheel,  inside  the  wheel,  which 

it  prevents  from  moving  further  inwards 

along  the  axle. 

Buttnerla  (but-ne'ri-a).  n.  See  BYTTNERIA. 
Buttock  (but'ok),  n.  [Dim.  of  butt.}  1.  The 

rump    or   the    protuberant   part   behind 

•Like  a  barber's  chair,  that  fits  all  buttocks.' 

Shak  —2.  The  convexity  of  a  ship  behind. 

under  the  stern.— Buttock-mail,  a  ludicrous 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loc/i;      g,  yo;      j,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinfl;      TH,  then;  th,  tAin;      w,  wig;    wh,  icWg;    zh,  azure.-See  KBY. 


BUTTON 


3(50 


BUZZ 


lerm  for  the  fine  paid,  in  a  case  of  fornica- 
tion, to  an  ecclesiastical  court.  Sir  W.  Scott. 
[Scotch  ] 

Button  ( but'n),  n.  [Fr.  bouton,  a.  button,  a 
bud  from  bmiter,  to  push.  See  BUTT,  to 
thrust,  BUTT,  an  end.)  1.  Any  knob  or  ball 
fastened  to  another  body;  a  small  protuber- 
ant body.  —2.  The  knob  of  metal  which  ter- 
initiates  the  breech  of  most  pieces  of  ord- 
nance, and  which  affords  a  convenient  bear- 
ing for  the  application  of  handspikes,  breech- 
ings,  &c.-  3.1  A  bud  of  a  plant. 

The  canker  galls  the  infants  of  the  spring. 

Too  oft  before  their  buttons  be  disclosed.    Shak. 

4.  A  catch,  of  various  forms  and  materials, 
used  to  fasten  together  the  different  parts 
of  dress  by  being  attached  to  one  part  and 
passing  through  a  slit  or  loop  called  a  button- 
hole in  the  other;  used  also  for  ornament.— 

5.  A  ring  of  leather  through  which  the  reins 
of  a  bridle  pass,  and  which  runs  along  the 
length  of  the  reins.— 6.  A  flat  or  elongated 
piece  of  wood  or  metal,  turning  on  a  nail  or 
screw,  to  fasten  doors.— 7.  A  small  round 
mass  of  metal  found  at  the  bottom  of  a 
crucible  in  chemical  experiments  or  of  the 
cupel  in  assaying.— 8.  A  slang  term  for  a 
person  who  acts  as  a  decoy;  specifically,  (a) 
an  auctioneer's   accomplice  who  employs 
various  devices  to  delude  bidders  so  as  to 
raise  the  price  of  articles  sold,  <fcc.    (ft)  A 
thimble-rigger's  accomplice.  -9.  [A  pi.  used 
as  a  sing.]    A  page,  from  the  rows  of  gilt 
buttons  which  adorn  his  jacket. 

Our  present  girl  is  a  very  slow  coach;  but  we  hope 
some  day  to  sport  a  buttons.  Dean  Ramsay. 

—Elastic  button,  a  rounded  knob  at  the  end 
of  a  sliding  spring-bolt  placed  on  the  edge 
of  a  door,  and  fitting  into  a  depression  in 
the  opposite  jamb;  intended  to  keep  the 
door  closed  without  being  locked,  yet  so 
that  it  can  easily  be  opened.— To  hold  by 
the  button,  to  detain  in  conversation  to 
weariness ;  to  bore.  '  Not  to  hold  you  by 
the  button  too  peremptorily. '  Mrs.  Gore.— 
In  such  phrases  as  not  worth  a  button  the 
word  button  is  used  to  signify  that  which  is 
almost  valueless. 

Button  (but'n),  v.  t.  1.  To  attach  a  button  or 
buttons  to.  'His  bonnet  buttoned  with  gold.' 
Gascoigne.—l.  To  fasten  with  a  button  or 
buttons;  to  inclose  or  make  secure  with 
button*:  often  followed  with  up;  as,  to 
button  up  a  waistcoat.  'One  whose  hard 
heart  is  buttoned  up  with  steel.'  Shak. 

He  was  a  tall,  fat,  long-bodied  man,  buttoned  ttf  to 
the  throat  in  a  tight  green  coat.  Dickens. 

Button  (but'n),  ».  t.  To  be  capable  of  being 
buttoned. 

Diderot  writes  to  his  fair  one,  that  his  clothes  will 
hardly  button.  Carlyle. 

Button-blank  (but'n-blangk),  n.  A  disk  of 
metal,  bone,  *ve. ,  to  be  formed  into  a  button. 

Button-bush  (but'n-bnsh),  n.  A  name  given 
to  the  Cephalanthui  occidentalis,  a  North 
American  shrub,  on  account  of  its  globular 
flower-heads.  See  CEPHALANTHUS. 

Buttoned  Omt'nd),  p.  and  a.  In  her.  applied 
to  buckles  in  coat  armour  when  ornamented; 
garnished ;  studded. 

Button-hole  (but'n-hol),  n.  The  hole  or 
loop  in  which  a  button  is  caught. 

Button-hole  (but'n-hol), ».  (.  To  seize  a  man 
by  the  button  or  button-hole  and  detain 
him  in  conversation  against  his  will. 

Button-loom  (but'n-lom),  n.  A  loom  for 
weaving  button-blank  coverings. 

Button-mould  (hut'u-mold),  n.  Same  as 
Button-blank.  —Fossil  button-mould,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  a  section  of  an  eucrinite 
between  two  joints. 

Button-tool  (but'n-tol),  n.  An  instrument 
used  chiefly  for  cutting  out  the  disks  or 
buttons  of  leather  which  serve  as  nuts  for 
the  screwed  wires  in  the  mechanism  con- 
nected with  the  keys  of  the  organ  and  piano- 
forte. It  is  a  modification  of  the  ordinary 
centre-bit.  See  BIT. 

Button-tree  (but'n-tre).n.  The  Conocarpus, 
called  also  Button-wood,  a  genus  of  plants, 
natives  of  tropical  America  and  Western 
Africa. 

Button-weed  (but'n-wed),  n.  A  name  given 
to  several  plants  of  the  genus  Spermacoce, 
and  also,  in  America,  to  those  of  the  genus 
Diodia. 

Button-wood  (but'n-wud),  n.  1.  Same  as 
Button-bush. --1.  Same  as  Button-tree. 

Buttony  (but'n-i),  a.  Decorated  with  a  pro- 
fusion of  buttons. 

The  buttony  boy  sprang  up  and  down  from  the  box 
with  Emmy's  ana  Joe's  visiting  card.     Thacbtray. 


Buttress  (but'res),  n.  [O.K.  bull-am,  bote- 
rase,  Ac. ,  generally  derived  from  Kr.  bouter, 
to  thrust  (see  BUTT),  but  believed  by  Skeat 
to  be  a  modification 
of  O.  Fr.  bretesche, 
part  of  a  fortification. 

See  BRETECHE.Blt  AT- 

TICE.)  1.  A  project- 
ing support  to  the  ex- 
terior of  a  wall,  most 
commonly  applied  in 
churches  ill  the 
Gothic  style,  but  also 
to  «ther  buildings.  — 
Flying  or  detached 
buttress.  SeeFLYINO- 
BUTTKESS.  —  2.  Fig. 
any  prop  or  support. 
'  The  ground  -  pillar 
and  buttress  of  the 
good  old  cause  of  non- 
conformity.' South. 

Buttress  (but'res), 
».  t.  To  support  by  a 
buttress;  to  prop.  '  To 
set  it  upright  again, 
and  prop  and  buttress 

it   up  for  duration.'  

Burke. 

Butt-shaft,  t  But-shaftt  (but'shaft),  '»•  An 
arrow  from  its  being  often  shot  at  a  butt. 
•The  blind  boy's  butt-shaft. '  Shak. 

Butt-weld  (but'weld),  n.  In  mech.  a  weld 
formed  by  welding  together  the  flattened 
ends  of  two  pieces  of  iron  at  white  heat ;  a 
jump-weld. 

Butty  (but'ti).  n.  A  miner  who  raises  coal 
or  ore  by  contract  at  a  stated  price  per  ton, 
employing  men  to  do  the  work.  —  Butty 
gang,  a  gang  of  men  to  whom  a  portion  of 
the  work  in  the  construction  of  railways 
and  other  large  enterprises  is  let,  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  work  being  equally  divided 
amongst  them,  something  extra  being  al- 
lowed to  the  head  man.  This  system  origi- 
nated when  the  formation  of  canals  first 
began  in  England. 

Butyl  (bu'til),  n.     See  TETRYL. 

Butylamine  (bu-tU'a-nilii). ».    See  TETRVL- 

AMINE. 

Butyraceous,  Butyrous  (bu-ti-ra'shus, 
bu'ti-rus),  a.  [From  L.  OHtynm,  butter.) 
Having  the  qualities  of  butter ;  resembling 
butter. 

Butyrate  (bu'ti-rat),  n.  A  salt  of  butyric 
acid.— Butyrate  of  ethyl  (C6H12O,s)  Is  a  very 
mobile  liquid,  of  an  odour  somewhat  simi- 
lar to  that  of  pine-apples.  It  is  very  soluble 
In  alcohol,  and  is  employed  to  flavour 
spirits.  It  may  be  formed  by  distilling  a 
mixture  of  alcohol  and  butyric  acid,  with 
the  addition  of  a  little  sulphuric  ether. 
Butyric (bu-tir'ik),  n.  [L.  butyrum,  butter.] 
Pertaining  to  or  derived  from  butter.— Bu- 
tyric acid  (C^HjOj),  an  acid  obtained  from 
butter;  it  also  occurs  in  perspiration,  juice 
of  flesh,  cod-liver  oil,  Ac.,  as  a  product  of 
the  transformation  of  lactic  acid,  as  also  of 
the  metamorphosis  of  sugar,  starch,  &c.,  by 
ferments.  Butyric  acid  is  a  colourless 
liquid,  having  a  smell  like  that  of  rancid 
butter;  its  taste  is  acrid  and  biting  with  a 
sweetish  after-taste,  and  it  combines  with 
different  bases  to  form  various  butyrates.— 
Butyric  ether,  a  class  of  compounds  formed 
from  butyric  acid  by  the  substitution  of 
1  atom  of  an  organic  radical,  such  as  ethyl, 
for  1  atom  of  hydrogen. 
Butyril  (bu'ti-ril),  n.  (C4H?O.)  The  radical 
of  butyric  acid  and  its  derivatives. 
Butyrin  (bu'ti-rin),  n.  [L.  bvtymm,  butter.  ] 
A  peculiar  oleaginous  matter  derived  from 
butter,  in  which  it  exists  combined  with 
oleine,  and  stearine,  and  a  very  small  quan- 
tity of  butyric  acid.  Its  smell  resembles 
that  of  heated  butter,  its  colour  is  generally 
yellowish,  but  some  kinds  of  butter  yield  it 
almost  colourless. 

Buxeous  (buk'se  us),  a.  [L.  buxeus,  from 
buxus,  the  box-tree.)  Pertaining  to  the 
box-tree  or  resembling  it. 
Buxina,  Buxine  (buk'sin-a.  buk'sin),  n.  [L. 
buxus,  the  box.  ]  An  alkaloid  obtained  from 
the  box-tree.  It  has  generally  the  appear- 
ance of  a  translucent  deep  brown  coloured 
mass ;  its  taste  is  bitter,  it  excites  sneezing, 
it  is  insoluble  in  water,  but  is  dissolved  in 
small  quantity  by  alcohol  and  ether. 
Buxom  (buk'sum),  a.  [O.E.  buhsum,  boh- 
stun,  A.  Sax.  buhsom,  compliant,  obedient, 
from  bugan,  to  bend,  to  bow,  and  term. 
-som,  -some,  as  in  blithesome,  &c. :  D.  buig- 
zaam,  G.  biegsam,  flexible,  tractable,  are 
exactly  similar  forms. )  1. 1  Yielding  to  pres- 


sure; flexible;  unresisting.  '  Wing  silently 
the  buxom  air.'  Milton.  'Winnows  the 
buxom  air.'  Miltvn.  —  2.t  Obedient;  obse- 
quious ;  ready  to  obey.  '  To  be  buxauie  at 
his  biddyng. '  Piers  Plowman.  'To  be 
ever  buxom  and  obedient.'  Foxe. 

He  did  tread  down  and  disgrace  all  the  English, 
and  set  up  and  countenance  the  Irish;  thinking  there- 
by to  make  them  more  tractable  and  bnxon  to  the 
government.  Sfenser. 

3.  Having  health  and  comeliness  together 
with  a  lively  disposition;  healthy  and  cheer- 
ful; brisk;  jolly;  lively  anil  vigorous.     'The 
buxom  god '  (Bacchus).    Dryden.    'A  parcel 
of  buxom  bonny  dames.'    Taller. 

A  daughter  fair. 
So  buxom,  blithe,  and  debonair.        Milton. 

4.  Showing  health  or  vigour ;  fresh  ;  brisk : 
said  of  things.      'Buxom  valour.'     Sliak 

1  Buxom    health    of   rosy    hue.'      Gray. - 

5.  t  Amorous;  wanton. 

Buxomly  (Imk'sum-li).  ado.  1. 1  Obediently. 
Chaucer;  Gower. — 2.  In  a  buxom  manner, 
briskly;  vigorously. 

Buxomness  (buk'sum-nes),  n.  l.t  Meek- 
ness; obedience.  Chaucer. — 2.  The  quality 
of  being  buxom;  briskness;  liveliness. 

Buxus  (buk'sus),  n.  [L.  buxus,  buxum,  the 
box-tree.)  A  genus  of  plants  whose  species 
afford  the  valuable  hard  wood  called  box- 
wood; the  box.  It  is  the  most  northern  arbor- 
escent plant  of  the  nat.  order  Euphorbiacea?. 
B.se>npercirens(t}ifi  common  box)  is  indigen- 
ous in  England,  occurring  on  the  chalk  bills 
of  the  south.  Its  wood  is  employed  for 
wood  engraving  and  various  other  purposes. 
In  France  in  the  wild  state  it  attains  u 
height  of  from  15  to  20  feet.  A  dwarf 
variety  (B.  sempervirens  su/ruticosa)  U 
reared  as  an  edging  for  garden  -  walks, 
flower-beds,  and  the  like. 

Buy  (bi),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  bought;  ppr.  buy- 
ing. [O.E.  bygge,  bvgge,  A.  Sax.  bicgan, 
bycgan,  bygan;  Goth,  bugjan,  to  buy.)  1.  To 
acquire  the  property,  right,  or  title  to,  by 
paying  a  consideration  or  an  equivalent, 
usually  in  money ;  to  acquire  by  paying  a 
price  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  seller;  to 
purchase:  opposed  to  sell. 

Ktty  what  thou  hast  no  need  of,  and  ere  long  thou 
wilt  sell  thy  necessaries.  FranRHn. 

2.  More  loosely,  to  get.  acquire,  or  procure 
for  any  kind  of  equivalent;  as,  to  buy  favour 
with  flattery. 

I  have  bought 
Golden  opinions  from  all  sorts  of  people.    Shak. 

8.  To  bribe;  to  corrupt  or  pervert  by  paying 
a  consideration.  —  To  buy  in,  (a)  to  purchase 
for  one's  self,  especially  shares  or  stock:  op- 
posed to  to  sell  out.  (b)  To  buy  for  the  owner 
at  a  public  sale,  especially  when  an  insuffi- 
cient price  is  offered. — To  buy  off,  (a)  to  re- 
lease from  military  service  by  a  payment. 
(i>)  To  get  rid  of  the  opposition  of  by  paying; 
to  purchase  the  non-intervention  of. 

What  pitiful  things  are  power,  rhetoric,  or  riches, 
when  they  would  terrify,  dissuade,  or  buy  off  con- 
science.  South. 

—  To  buy  off  counsel  is  to  pay  them  not  to 
take  employment  from  the  opposite  party. 
—To  buy  out,  (a)  to  buy  oft  ;  to  redeem. 
'  Dreading  the  curse  that  money  may  buy 
out.'  Shak.  (b)  To  purchase  the  share  or 
shares  of  a  person  in  a  stock,  fund,  or  part- 
nership, by  which  the  seller  is  separated 
from  the  company,  and  the  purchaser  takes 
his  place;  as,  A  buys  out  S.—To  buy  over, 
to  detach  by  a  bribe  or  consideration  of 
some  sort  from  one  party  and  attach  to  the 
opposite  party.— To  buy  the  refusal,  to  give 
money  for  the  right  of  purchasing  at  a  fixed 
price  at  a  future  time. 

Buy  (bi),  r.f.  To  negotiate  or  treat  about  a 
purchase;  to  become  a  purchaser. 

I  will  buy  with  you  and  sell  with  you.        Shak. 

Buye.t  v.t.    To  aby;  to  suffer.     Chaucer. 

Buyer  (bi'er),  n.  One  who  buys;  a  pur- 
chaser. 

Buz,  t  Buzz  t  (buz),  inter).  A  sibilant  sound 
uttered  to  enjoin  silence. 

The  actors  are  come  hither,  my  lord.— Buz,  bitzl 
Sttafc. 

Buzz  (buz),  v.i.  [Purely  onomatopoetic. 
Conip.  It.  builicare,  to  buzz,  whisper.]  1.  To 
make  a  low  hissing  sound,  as  bees;  to  make 
the  sound  of  z,  with  an  expiration  of  breath 
between  the  tongue  and  the  roof  of  the 
mouth  or  upper  teeth.  '  A  sw  arm  of  drones 
that  buzz'd  about  your  head.'  Pope.— 2.  To 
whisper;  to  speak  with  a  low  hissing  voice; 
to  make  a  low  hissing  sound.  '  These  dis- 
turbers of  our  peace  butt  in  the  people's 
ears.'  Shak. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtrne;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


BUZZ 


3G1 


BYRE 


BUZZ  (buz),  v.t.  1.  To  make  known  by  buzz- 
ing. 

Hut  how,  if  that  fly  had  a  father  and  mother! 
How  would  he  lung  1"''  ^-mler  j^iUcd  wings, 
And  buzz  lamenting  doings  in  the  air \  Shak. 

2.  To  whisper;   to  spread    or  report   by 
whispers;  to  spread  secretly. 

I'or  I  will  buzz  abroad  such  prophecies 

That  Hdward  shall  be  fearful  of  his  life.     Shafc. 

3.  To  share  equally  the  last  of  a  bottle  of 
wine,  when  there  is  not  enough  for  a  full 
glass  to  each  of  the  party. 

Get  some  more  port,  whilst  I  buzz  this  bottle  here. 
Thackeray. 

Buzz  (bn/.),  «.  1.  A  continuous  humming 
sound,  as  of  bees.  'The  constant  buzz  of  a 
fly.'  Afacaulatj.—Z.  A  low  whispering  hum 
passing  through  a  crowd;  a  report  circu- 
lated secretly  and  cautiously;  a  general  con- 
fused conversation. 

There  is  a  certain  bus* 

Of  a  stolen  marriage.  Massingtr, 

There  is  a  buzz  all  around  regarding  the  sermon. 

Thackeray. 

Buzzard  (lnu'cnl),  n.  [Fr.  buzard,  toward, 
from  tow,  a  buzzard,  and  term,  -ard,  buse 
being  from  L.L.  bitsio,  for  L.  bitteo,  a  buzz- 
ard. ]  1.  A  genus  (Btiteo)  of  large  raptorial 
birds,  of  the  falcon  family,  marked  by  a  short 
curved  bill,  hooked  at  the  tip,  long  wings, 
long  tarsi, and  short  weak  toes.  The  common 
buzzard  (C.  vulgarix)  is  20  inches  long,  and 
4  feet  from  tip  to  tip  of  outstretched  wings. 
It  occurs  in  western  Europe  and  America, 
and  feeds  on  moles,  mice,  rats,  frogs,  &c. 
It  is  sluggish  in  habits,  sitting  for  long 
periods  on  a  tree  watching  its  prey.  The 
rough -legged  buzzard  is  the  /».  lagopus. 
The  term  IB  applied  to  members  of  other 
sections  of  the  Faloonldae ;  thus  the  moor- 
buzzard  is  the  Circus  otruatnostu;  the  bald- 
buzzard  istheFandion  haliaetux,  orosprey; 
and  the  honey-buzzard  is  the  Pernis  apivo- 
rits.  All  these  species  are  British.— 2.  A 
blockhead;  a  dunce.  Goldsmith. 

Buzzard  (buz'erd),  a.  Senseless;  stupid. 
•Thought  no  better  of  the  living  God  than 
of  a  buzzard  idol.'  Milton. 

Buzzard-Clock  (buz'erd-klok),  n.  [Buzzard, 
from  its  buzzing  or  humming  noise,  and 
prov.  clock,  a  beetle.]  A  local  name  for  the 
dor-beetle.  'Bummin'  awaay  loike  a  buzz- 
ard-clock,' Tennyson.  [Provincial.] 

Buzzardet  (buz'erd-et),  n.  A  species  of 
hawk  resembling  the  buzzard,  but  having 
legs  in  proportion  rather  longer.  Pennant. 

Buzzer  (buz'er),  n.  One  who  buzzes;  a 
whisperer;  one  who  is  busy  in  telling  tales 
secretly.  Sliak. 

Buzzing  (buz'ing),  p.  and  a.  1.  Resembling 
a  buzz.  'A  low  buzzing  musical  sound.' 
Lamb.  —  2.  Making  a  buzz.  'The  buzzing 
multitude.'  Shak. 

Buzziugly  (buz'ing-li),  ado.  With  a  low 
humming  sound. 

By  (In),  prep.  [A.  Sax.  bi,  be,  big,  by;  O  Sax. 
0.  Fris.  bi,  D.  bij,  G.  bei,  Goth.  bi.  Often 
as  a  prefix  in  form  be.]  1.  Near;  close;  as, 
sit  by  me ;  that  house  stands  &y  a  river  — 
2.  Near,  in  motion;  as,  to  move,  go,  or  pass 
bif  a  church.— 3.  Through  or  with,  denoting 
the  author,  producer,  or  agent,  means,  in- 
strument, or  cause;  as,  Waverleii,  a ^ novel 
by  Sir  Walter  Scott ;  a  statue  by  Thorwald- 
sen ;  the  city  was  destroyed  by  flre ;  profit 
is  made  by  commerce;  to  take  by  force. — 

4.  In  an  oath  or  adjuration  it  indicates  the 
being  or  thing  appealed  to  as  sanction ;  as, 
I  appeal  to  you  by  all  that  is  sacred. 

Swear  nqf  at  all :  neither  by  heaven,  for  it  is  God's 
throne;  nor  by  the  earth,  for  it  is  his  footstool. 

Mat.  v.  34,  35. 

5.  According  to;  by  direction,  authority,  or 
example  of;  as,  this  appears  by  his  own  ac- 
count; it  is  ten  o'clock  by  my  watch;  these 
are  good  rules  to  live  by;  that  is  a  good 
model  to  live  by. — 6.  In  the  measure  or 
quantity  of;  at  the  rate  of  ;  in  the  ratio  or 
proportion  of;  as,  to  sell  cloth  by  the  yard, 
milk  by  the  quart,  eggs  by  the  dozen,  beef 
by  the  pound;  to  board  by  the  week.— 7.  In 
comparison  it  denotes  the  measure  of  ex- 
cess or  inferiority;  when  anything  is  made 
larger  or  smaller  it  indicates  the  measure 
of  increase  or  diminution ;  as,  larger  by  a 
half;  older  by  five  years;  to  lessen  by  a 
third.— 8.  During  the  course  of;  within  the 
compass  or  period  of;  as,  by  day,  by  night. 
9,  Between  now,  or  a  specified  preceding 
time,  and  a  later  specified  time;  not  later 
than;  as,  by  this  time  the  sun  had  risen;  he 
will  be  here  by  two  o'clock. — 10.  To;  to- 
wards;  with  reference  to.  '  Do  as  you  would 
be  done  by.'    Proverb. 


In  his  behaviour  to  me,  he  hath  dealt  hardly  by  a 
relation.  1  xlding. 

11.  t  Against. 

Thou  hast  spoken  evil  words  by  the  Queen.      Foxe. 
For  I  know  nothing  by  myself;  yet  am  I  not  hereby 
justified  :  but  he  that  judgcth  me  is  the  Lord. 

i  Cor.  iv.  4. 

12.  Beyond;    besides;    over   and    above. 

[Scotch.] 

This  ship  was  of  so  great  stature,  and  took  so 
much  timber,  that,  except  Falkland,  she  wasted  all 
the  woods  in  F  ife,  which  was  oak-wood,  by  all  timber 
that  was  gotten  out  of  Norroway.  f'itscottie. 

— By  and  by,(a)\  at  once;  immediately ;  then. 

When  persecution  ariseth  because  of  the  word,  by 
and  by  (Gr.  eitthys,  immediately)  he  is  offended. 
Mat.  xiii.  21. 

(6)  Pretty  soon;  before  long;  presently. 

In  the  temple,  by  and  by  with  us 

These  couples  shall  eternally  be  knit.     Shak. 

— By  one's  self,  without  any  one  else  near ; 
solitary;  alone.—  Two  by  two,  day  by  day, 
piece  by  piece,  each  two,  each  day,  each 
piece,  taken  by  itself  separately  or  singly. — 
Five  feet  by  four,  measuring  five  feet  one 
way  and  four  the  other.—  By  north,  south, 
east,  west  (naut.),  next  in  the  direction 
stated :  phrases  used  in  designating  the 
points  of  the  compass;  as.  north-east  by 
north.  See  COMPASS.— By  the  head(naut.)t 
the  state  of  a  vessel  so  loaded  as  to  draw 
more  forward  than  aft :  opposite  to  by  the 
stern. 

By.  -with,  through:  Nfar>tess,onenessjhroit£hness, 
are  the  ideas  these  words  express,  and  they  are  some- 
times interchangeable ;  when  by  and  with  express 
two  causes,  the  first  c.uise  or  agent  is  expressed  by 
the  use  of  by,  and  the  second  or  instrumental  cause 
by  with.  By  belongs  to  the  agent,  with  to  the  in- 
strument. This  is  modern  usage.  When  they  both 
express  means  only,  and  not  original  agency,  by  im- 
plies that  the  means  are  necessary,  with,  that  they 
are  auxiliary  only.  Hence  the  phrase, ' Ky  our  swords 
we  gained  these  lands,  and  7t-ith  our  swords  we  will 
keep  them.'  Generally,  with  indicates  companion- 
ship, ly,  the  mode  or  way  of  performing  some  act. 
They  are  sometimes  either  appropriate, '  by  patience ' 
— 'with  patience,*  though  the  sense  is  not  exactly  the 
same.  Through  implies  that  the  means  used  form 
the  appointed  channel  for  the  conveyance  of  the 
object  named.  Angus. 

By(bl),  a.    Side;  secondary:  used  only  in 

composition;  as,6y-path;  &y-play;  by-street, 

&c. 
By  (bi),  adv.    1.  Near;  in  the  same  place 

with;  at  hand.  *  Unto  a  neighbouring  castle 

by.'    Hudibras. 

You  have  put  a  principle  into  him.  which  will  influ- 
ence his  actions  when  you  are  not  by.  Locke. 
2.  Aside;  off.     'Let  them  lay  their  helmets 
by.'    Shak. —3.  With  verbs  of  motion   by 
conveys  the  notion  of  pausing,  and  with  ' 
reference  to  time  by  is  equivalent  to  past;  \ 
as,  the  time  has  long  gone  by  for  such  ob- 
servances. 

By,  Bye  (bi),  n.  A  thing  not  directly  aimed 
at;  something  not  the  immediate  object  of 
regard;  as,  by  the  by,  or  by  the  bye,  that  is, 
by  the  way,  in  passing. —On  or  upon  the 
bye,\  in  passing;  indirectly;  by  implication. 

The  Synod  of  Dort  condcmneth  upon  the  bye  even 
the  discipline  of  the  Church  of  England.  Fuller. 

Byard  (bl'ard),  n.  A  piece  of  leather  cross- 
ing the  breast,  used  by  the  men  who  drag 
wagons  in  coal-mines. 

Byasst  (bl'as),  n.  and  v.    Same  as  Bias. 

By-bidder  (bi'bid-er),  n.  A  person  employed 
at  public  auctions  to  bid  on  articles  put  up 
for  sale,  in  order  to  obtain  higher  prices,  i 
{United  States.] 

By-blow  (bi'blo),  ?i.  1.  A  side  or  accidental 
blow.  '  Now  and  then  a  by-blow  from  the 
pulpit.'  Milton.—  2.  An  illegitimate  child. 
'  Her  pretty  by-blow,  the  present  Padre 
Ottomano.'  Evelyn.  [Colloq.  or  vulgar.] 

By-business  (bi'biz-nes), «.  Business  aside 
of  the  main  business ;  something  quite 
secondary  or  subordinate.  Barrow. 

By-concernment  (bi'kon-sern-ment).  n.  An 
affair  distinct  from  the  main  business. 
D  i' yd  en. 

By-corner  (bntor-ner),  n.  A  private  or  out- 
of-the-way  corner.  Mamtiixjer;  Fuller. 

By-dependence,  By-dependency  (bi'de- 
pend-ens,  bi'de-pend-en-si),  n.  Something 
depending  on  another;  an  accessory  circum- 
stance. Shak. 

By -design  (bi' de-sin  or  bi'de-zm),  n.  An 
incidental  or  subordinate  design  or  purpose. 

They'll  serve  for  other  by  designs,      ffndibras. 

By-drinking  (bi'dringk-ing),  n.  Drink  be- 
tween meals. 

You  owe  money  here  besides,  Sir  John,  for  your 
diet  and  bydrinkings.  SHak. 

Bye  (M)«  »•  In  cricket,  a  run  made  on  a  ball 
not  struck  by  the  batsman,  but  which  the 


wirkct  keeper  and  long-stop  have  faib-d  to 
stop  Tn  Kti'til  a  hifc.  to  juiikc  a  run  »n  .1 
ball  which  has  passed  the  wic-kct-krrpri, 
but  which  the  batsmen  do  not  allow  tiuir 
to  reach  the  lon^-stop  before  they  ln^in  to 
run. 

He  (the  batsman)  is  never  in  liU  ground,  except 
when  his  wicket  is  down.   Nothing  in  Hie  whole  g.»mc 
IM  to  boys;  he  has  stotcn  thrtt  t>\ft  in  the  first 
ten  minutes.  "/-.  Hughes. 

Bye-altar  (hi-»l'ti>r),  if.  1  A  minoi  orsrnm- 
dary  altar,  in  distinction  to  the  high  altar; 
any  other  altar  than  the  chief  one  in  a 
church.— 2.  In  the  primttivt  rhtircli.  a  table 
standing  beside  the  altar  for  holding  the 
vestments,  the  sacred  vessels,  &c. ;  a  on 
dence. 

Bye-ball  (bi'bal),  n.  In  cricket,  same  as  Rye, 
By-end  (bi'end),  n.     Private  end;  secret 
purpose  or  advantage. 

All  persons  that  worship  for  fear,  profit,  or  some 
other  by-end,  fall  within  theintendment  of  this  f.ihkr. 
Sir  K.  i: Estrange. 

Bye-wash,  By-lead  (bi'wosh,  bi'led),  n.  A 
channel  cut  to  convey  the  surplus  water 
from  a  reservoir  or  aqueduct,  and  prevent 
overflow. 

Bygone  (bi'gon),  a.  Past;  gone  by.  'Thy 
bygone  fooleries.'  Shak. 

The  Chancellor  was  a  man  who  belonged  to  a 
bygane  world,  a  representative  of  a  past  age,  of 
obsolete  modes  of  thinking,  A.T.  Mucaitlay. 

Bygones  (bi'gonz),  n.  pi.  What  is  gone  by 
and  past;  as,  let  bygone*  be  bygone*.  'Let 
old  bygones  be.'  Tennyson. 

By-interest  (bi'in-ter-est),  n.  Self-interest; 
private  advantage.  Atterbury, 

Byke.    See  BIKE. 

Bylander  (bil'an-der),  n.  Same  as  Bilander 
(which  see). 

By-lane  (bi'lan),  n.  A  private  lane,  or  one 
out  of  the  usunl  road.  Burton. 

By-law.  Bye-law  (bi'la),  n.  [From  the 
Scand.  by,  a  town,  the  termination  in  Whit- 
by  and  other  names,  and  law;  Dan.  by-lov, 
a  municipal  law;  Sw.  by-lag,  &  by-law.]  A 
local  or  private  law ;  a  law  made  by  an 
incorporated  body  for  the  regulation  of  its 
own  affairs,  or  the  affairs  intrusted  to  its 
care.  Town  councils,  river  trustees,  railway 
companies,  Ac.,  enact  by-lawa  which  are 
binding  upon  all  coming  within  the  sphere 
of  the  operations  of  such  bodies.  By-laws 
must  of  course  be  within  the  meaning  of 
the  charter  of  incorporation,  and  in  accord- 
ance with  the  law  of  the  land.  Societies 
not  inco)~porated  by  charter  also  enact  by- 
laws, which,  however,  are  only  binding  upon 
their  members. 

There  was  likewise  a  law  to  restrain  the  t>y-tait>s  or 
ordinances  of  corporations.  Bacon. 

Byleve.t  v.i.     Same  as  Bileve.\     Chanter. 

By-matter  (bi'mat-er),  n.  Something  Iw- 
side  the  principal  matter ;  something  inci- 
dental. 

I  knew  one.  that  when  he  wrote  a  letter,  would  put 
that  which  was  most  material  into  the  postscript,  as 
if  it  had  been  a  by-mattrr.  Bacon. 

By-name  (bi'nam),  n.  Nickname.  '  A  per- 
sonal by-name  given  him  on  account  of  his 
stature.'  Bp.  Loteth.  [Obsolete  and  Scotch.] 

By-name  t  (bi'nam),  v.t.  To  give  a  nick- 
name to.  Camden. 

Bynempt.t  Benempt  (bi-nemf,  be-nemt'), 
pret,  and  pp.  See  BENKME. 

By-prdinar  (bi-ord'in-er),  a.  More  than 
ordinary.  [Scotch.] 

By-passage  (bi'pas-aj),  n.  A  private  or 
retired  passage;  a  by-way. 

By-passer  (bl'pas-er),  n.  A  passer-by. 
Latham. 

By-past  (lii'past),  a-  Past;  gone  by.  'By- 
pant  perils.'  Shak. 

By-path  (bi'path),  n.  A  by-way;  a  private 
path;  indirect  course  or  means.  '  By -paths 
and  indirect  crooked  ways.'  Shak. 

By-peep  (bi'pep),  v.i.  To  look  or  glance 
aside.  Shak. 

By-place  (bl'plas),  n.  A  retired  place,  spot, 
or  situation. 

By-play  (bi'pla),  n.  Action  carried  on  aside, 
and  commonly  in  dumb-show,  while  the 
main  action  proceeds ;  action  not  intended 
to  be  observed  by  some  of  the  persons 
present. 

'Will  you  allow  me  to  ask  yon.  sir.'  he  said,  ad- 
dressing Mr.  Pickwick,  who  was  considerably  mysti- 
fied by  this  very  OBpoHH  by-flay,  '  whether  that 
person  belongs  to  your  party?'  Dickens. 

By-purpose  (bl'per-pus),  n.    An  indirect  or 

concealed  purpose  or  design. 
Byraft,t  pp-    Bereft;  taken  away.  Chaucer. 
Byre  (bir),  n.    ['  Merely  the  Scandinavian  or 

Northern  doublet  of  E.  bower.'    Skeat.]    A 

cow-house.    [Scotch.] 


ch,  e&ain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  ffo;     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin?;      TH,  <Aen;  th,  tAin;      w,  trig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


BY-RESPECT 


362 


By-respect  t  (l>i're-spekt).  n.  Private  end 
or  view.  '  Augustus  had  some  by-rctpccts  in 
the  enacting  of  this  law.'  Dri/dt-n. 
Byrlaw,  Birley  (bir'la,  bir'li),  n.  [Icel. 
bcejar-lng,  a  town  law  —  beer,  byr,  a  town, 
and  Kg,  a  law,  the  same  elements  as  in  by- 
law. ]  A  certain  system  of  popular  jurispru- 
dence formerly  prevailing  in  Scotland,  and 
which  Sir  John  Skene,  writing  in  1597,  when 
the  system  was  in  force,  describes  as  fol- 
lows:—'Laws  of  Byrlaw  ar  maid  and  deter- 
mined be  consent  of  neichtbors,  elected 
and  chosen  be  common  consent,  in  the  courts 
called  the  Byrlaw  courts,  in  the  quhilk 
cognition  is  taken  of  complaiutes  betuixt 
neichtbor  and  neichtbor.  The  quhilk  men 
so  chosen  as  judges  and  arbitrators  to  the 
effect  foresaid.  are  commonly  called  Byrlaw- 
men.'  [Scotch.] 

Byrlaw-court,  Birley-court  (birla-kort, 
hir'li-kort),u.  The  court  in  which  the  byr- 
law  was  administered.  [Scotch.]  See  BYK- 
LAW. 

Byrlaw -man,  Birley-man  (bii-'la-man, 
bir'li-man).  n.  [Scotch.]  1.  A  judge  or  arbi- 
trator in  the  birlaw-court. — 2.  An  arbiter; 
an  oversman;   an  umpire;   a    thinUman. 
[Tills  is  the  modern  use  of  the  word.) 
Byrlet  (birl).  v.t.    Same  as  Birl. 
By-road  ( bi'rpd  ),  n.    A  private  or  obscure 
road;  a  road  different  from  the  usual  or  main 
highway.     'Slippery  by-roadi.'    Swift. 
By-roomt  (bi'rom),  n.  An  adjoining  room  or 
apartment ;  a  side-room.     '  Stand  in  some 
by-room.'    Shak. 

Byrrhldae  (bir'ri-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
pentamerous  coleopterous  insects,  common- 
ly known  as  pill-beetles  from  their  spherical 
form.  They  are  usually  found  crawling  in 
sandy  localities,  but  some  frequent  houses 
and  warehouses,  where  they  are  often  ex- 
ceedingly destructive  to  dried  animal  mat- 
ter. 

Byrrhus  (bir'us),  n.  The  typical  genus  of 
the  above  family,  containing  B.  pilula,  the 
common  pill-beetle,  which,  when  alarmed, 
simulates  death. 

By-speech  (bi'spech),  71.    An  incidental  or 
casual  speech  not  directly  relating  to  the 
point.     '  To  quote  by-speeches.'    Honker. 
By-spell  t  (bi'spel),  n.    [A.  Sax.  bijspell.  ] 
A  proverb.     Coles. 

Byssaceous  (bis-sa'shus),  a.    Resembling 
«  byssus;  consisting  of  flue  silky  filaments. 
Bysse.t  Byssin  t  (bis,  bis 'in),  n.     [See 
BYSSUS.]  A  kind  of  floe  cloth.  See  Byssus,  l. 
Byssiferous  (bis-if'er-us),  a.    [L.  byssut, 
iind/ero,  to  bear.)    Producing  a  byssus. 
Byssine  (bis'in),  o.    Made  of  byssus;  having 
a  silky  or  flax-like  appearance.     Coles. 
Byssold  (bis'oid),  a.    Having  the  appearance 
of  byssi ;  in  hot.  exhibiting  a  fringed  struc- 
ture with  threads  of  unequal  lengths. 
Byssolite  (bis'o-lit),  n.     [Or.  byssos,  flue 
silky  flax,  and  lit/tog,  stone.  ]  1.  An  azure  blue 
transparent  mineral  in  long,  fine,  capillary 
crystals,  from  St.  Gothard  and  the  Tyrol.  - 
2.  A  name  given  to  the  finer  fibrous  varie- 
ties of  filamentous  minerals,  as  amianthus, 
tremolite,  actinolite,  Ac. 
Byssus  (bis'us),  n.  pi.  Byssi  (bis'i).    [L. 
byssus,  Gr.    byssos,   flue  linen   or  cotton.  ] 

1.  Among  the  ancients,  a  cloth  of  exceed- 
ingly fine  texture.     It  is  not  ascertained 
whether  it  was  of  linen,  cotton,  or  silk.— 

2.  One  of  the  byssi,  a  name  formerly  given 
by  botanists  to  a  heterogeneous  collection 
of  filamentous  cryptogamic  plants.  — 3.  In 
hot.  the  stipe  of  certain  fungals.     Treas.  of 
Bot.—i.  A  long,  delicate,  lustrous,  and  silky 


Pinna  rUbellum. 


bunch  of  filaments,  secreted  by  the  foot, 
and  by  means  of  which  the  Mytilus,  Pinna, 
and  other  bivalve  molluscs  are  attached 
to  fixed  objects.  The  Sicil- 
ians and  Neapolitans  make  a 
strong  silky  fabric  of  the  bys- 
sus of  the  Pinna,  and  manu- 
facture stockings  therefrom. 

By-stander  (bi'stand-er),  n. 
One  who  stands  near;  a  spec- 
tator; one  who  has  no  concern 
with  the  business  transacting. 
Sir  R.  L' Estrange;  Macaulay. 

By-street  (bi'stret),  n.  A  se- 
parate, private,  or  obscure 
street. 

To  avoid  reproach. 

He  seeks  by-streets,  and  saves  the 

expensive  coacli.  Gay. 

By-stroke  (bi'strok),  n.  An 
incidental  or  sly  stroke. 
By-time  (bi'tim),  n.  Odd  time;  ",  Byssus. 
interval  of  leisure.  [Scotch.] 
Bytoure.t  n.  The  bittern.  Chaucer 
Byttneria  (bit-ne'ri-a),  n.  [After  David 
Byttner  or  Bftitnir,  professor  of  botany  and 
medicine  in  the  University  of  Gottingen.] 
A  genus  of  plants  of  the  nat.  order  Byttne- 
riacese.  They  are  herbs  or  climbing  prickly 
shrubs,  sometimes  climbing  over  the  highest 
trees,  and  are  chiefly  inhabitants  of  tropical 
countries.  The  B.  cordata,  a  native  of  Peru, 
has  cordate  leaves,  the  juice  of  which  is  used 
by  the  natives  as  a  remedy  against  the  bites 
of  the  large  spiders  of  that  region. 

ByttneriacesB  (bit-ne-ri-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  A  nat. 
order  of  plants,  sometimes  included  among 
the  Stereuliacese.  They  are  distinguished 
by  their  hermaphrodite  flowers, 
with  petals  hollow  at  the  base; 
filaments  often  united  into  a 
tube,  five  of  them  larger  than  the 
others,  and  bearing  no  anthers; 
anthers  two  celled;  fruit  a  five- 
or  three-celled  capsule  or  bac- 
cate. Almost  all  the  species  con- 
tain a  fatty  oil  in  their  seeds,  and 
have  a  fibrous  bast.  The  typi- 
cal genus  is  Byttneria,  from 
which  the  order  is  named,  but  by 
far  the  most  important  is  Theo- 
broina.  to  which  the  tree  yield- 
ing the  cocoa-bean  belongs. 

By-turning  (bi'tern-ing),  n.     A 
by-way;  a  road  leading  off  the 
main  road.    '  The  many  by-turn- 
ings  that  may  divert  you  from  your  way.' 
Sir  P.  Sidney. 

By-view  (bi'vu),  n.  Private  view;  self- 
interested  purpose. 

No  ay-virwj  of  his  own  shall  mislead  turn.  Atttrbury. 

By-walk  (bi'wak),  n.  A  secluded  or  private 
walk.  Dryden. 

By-way  (bi'wa),  n.  A  secluded,  private,  or 
obscure  way;  an  out-of-the-way  path;  as, 
highways  and  by-ways.  •  A  vast  and  tangled 
maze  the  by-ways  of  which  our  plan  does 
not  allow  us  to  enter.'  Whewett. 

By-west  (bi'west),  prep.  Westward  from; 
to  the  west  of.  [Old  or  provincial.] 

Whereupon  grew  that  by-word  used  by  the  Irish, 
that  they  dwelt  f>y-n-ftt  the  law  which  dwelt  beyond 
the  river  of  the  Barrow.  Sir  J.  'Da-jits. 

By-wipe  (W'wip),  n.  A  secret  stroke  or 
sarcasm.  '  Wherefore  that  conceit  of  Legion 
with  a  by-wipe.'  Milton. 

Byword  (bi'werd),  n.  (By  and  word; 
A.  Sax.  bigicord,  a  proverb  (My  =  (»/)•]  A 
common  saying;  a  proverb;  a  laying  that 


has  a  general  currency.     'A  wise  man  that 
had  it  for  a  byword. '    Bacon. 

I  agree  with  him  fully  in  the  last,  and  if  I  were 
forced  to  allow  the  first.  I  should  still  think,  with  our 
old  coarse  hyiaorii,  that  the  same  power  which  fur- 
mshed  all  their  restorateurs  sent  also  their  present 
cooks-  Surie. 

[See  also  extract  under  BV-WEST.]  —  Aphor- 
ism, Axiom,  Maxim,  Apophthegm,  Adage, 
Proverb,  Byword,  Saw.  See  under  APHORISM 
Byzant,  Byzantine  (biz'ant,  biz-an'tiu),  n. 
Same  as  Bezant  (which  see). 
Byzantine.Byzantlanfbiz-an'tin.biz-an'shi- 
an),  a.  Pertaining  to  Byzantium,  an  ancient 
city  of  Thrace,  situated  on  the  Bosporus 
In  the  year  330  Constantino  the  Great  fixed 
the  seat  of  government  of  the  Roman  Empire 
at  Byzantium,  enlarged  and  embellished  it, 
and  changed  its  name  to  Constantinople 
—Byzantine  architecture,  a  style  of  archi- 
tecture developed  in  the  Byzantine  Empire 
about  A.I).  300,  and  which,  under  various 
modifications,  continued  in  use  till  the  final 
conquest  of  that  empire  by  the  Turks  in  A  i> 
1453.  It  spread  so  widely,  and  was  so  thor- 
oughly identified  with  all  middle -age  art 
that  its  influence  even  in  Italy  did  not 
wholly  decline  before  the  fifteenth  century 
Its  ruling  principle  is  incrustation  the 
incrustation  of  brick  with  more  precious 
materials ;  large  spaces  are  left  void  of  bold 
architectural  features,  to  be  rendered  inter- 
esting merely  by  surface  ornament  or  sculp- 
ture. It  depended  much  on  colour  for  its 
effect,  and  with  this  intent  mosaics  wrought 
on  grounds  of  gold  or  of  positive  colour  are 
profusely  introduced.  The  leading  forms 
which  pervade  the  Byzantine  are  the  round 


I,  From 


Byzantine  Capitals. 


the  Apse  of  Murano.    2.  From  the  Casa  Loredan 
Venice.— Ruskin's  Stones  of  Venice. 

arch,  the  circle,  the  cross,  and  the  dome 
the  last  being  of  eastern  origin,  while  its 
other  features  are  founded  on  ancient  Roman 
architecture.  The  capitals  of  the  pillars  are 
of  endless  variety,  and  full  of  invention; 
while  some  are  founded  on  the  Greek-Cor- 
inthian, many  approach  in  character  to 
those  of  the  Norman ;  and  so  varied  are 
their  decorations  that  frequently  no  two 
sides  of  the  same  capital  are  alike.  Both 
the  Norman  and  the  Lombardic  styles 
may  be  considered  as  varieties  of  the 
Byzantine,  and  all  of  these  are  comprised 
under  the  term  Romanesque,  which  com- 
prehends the  round-arch  style  of  middle- 
age  art,  as  distinguished  from  the  Sara- 
cenic and  the  Gothic,  which  are  pointed- 
arch  species.  The  mosque  of  St.  Sophia, 
Constantinople,  and  the  church  of  St. 
Mark's,  Venice,  are  prominent  examples  of 
Byzantine  architecture.  —Byzantine  histo- 
rians, a  series  of  Greek  historians  who  lived 
in  the  Eastern  Empire  between  the  sixth 
and  fifteenth  centuries. 


c. 


C,  the  third  letter  in  the  English  alphabet  and  [ 
the  second  of  the  consonants.  In  English  it 
serves  to  represent  two  perfectly  distinct 
sounds,  namely,  the  guttural  sound  per-  ' 
taining  to  k  and  the  hard  or  thin  sound  of 
»,  the  former  being  that  which  historically 
belongs  to  it;  while  it  also  forms  with  h  the 
digraph  ch.  The  former  sound  it  has  before 
the  vowels  a,  o,  and  n,  the  consonants  I,  r, 
s,  t,  and  when  final ;  the  latter  before  e,  i, 
and  i/.  The  digraph  ch  has  three  different 
sounds,  the  first  nearly  equivalent  to  tsh,  as 
in  church;  the  second  in  words  from  the 


French,  equivalent  to  ih,  as  in  chaise ;  and 
the  third  in  words  from  the  Greek,  equiva- 
lent to  *,  as  in  chord.  To  these  the  Scotch 
adds  a  fourth,  heard  in  the  word  loch, 
where  the  sound  of  ch  is  the  same  as  in 
German.  As  an  initial  sound  c  occurs 
either  alone  or  before  the  consonants  I  and 
r;  as  a  final  it  is  found  chiefly  or  only  in 
words  of  foreign  origin,  in  purely  English 
words  being  followed  by  *  when  in  this 
position.  (See  K.)  In  the  Latin  alphabet 
c  had  the  k  sound,  and  this  was  the  sound 
which  belonged  to  the  letter  in  Anglo - 


Saxon  in  all  positions,  cicen,  a  chicken, 
being  pronounced  kiken,  and  did,  a  child, 
Itild.  The  old  sound  is  still  retained  in 
many  words,  but  is  now  often  represented 
by  *  or  <*;  in  many  other  words  it  has 
been  softe_ned,  and  is  now  represented  by 
ch,  this  digraph  being  borrowed  from  the 
French.  Thus  cicen,  cin,  cese,  ceo/,  hwih . 
are  now  chicken,  chin,  cheese,  cha/,  which. 
In  ajar,  knowledge,  the  Ar-sound  first  changed 
to  the  cA-sound,  and  latterly  to  the  sound 
of  j.—  As  a  numeral,  C  stands  for  100;  CC 
for  200 ;  &c. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  mdve;       tube,  tub.  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


363 


CABBAOE-TREE 


C.  In  music,  (a)  alter  the  clef,  the  mark  of 
common  time,  in  which  each  measure  is  a 
semibreve  or  four  minims,  corresponding  to 
J;  or  *  ;  anil  when  a  liar  is  perpendicularly 
itrawn  through  it  nlla-breve  time  or  aquicker 
movement  is  indicated,  (b)  The  name  of 
the  first  or  key  note  of  the  modern  normal 
scale  answering  to  the  do  of  the  Italians  and 
the  ut  of  the  French.  (See  SCALE.)  This  ' 
letter  is  likewise  used  as  the  abbreviation  of 
counter-tenor  or  contralto. 

Ca'  (ka),  v.t.  [Scotch.  ]  1.  To  call.— 2.  To 
drive ;  to  impel ;  to  push  ;  to  knock ;  as,  to 
co'  a  man  ower,  that  is,  drive  or  knock  him 
over.  [In  this  sense  the  word  can  scarcely 
be  the  same  as  in  the  other;  comp.  Icel.  lid, 
to  harass.] 

But  ca'  them  out  to  park  or  hill. 

And  let  them  winder  at  their  will.          Burns. 

Caa  (ka),  «.  An  Indian  name  for  the  Para- 
guay tea-plant,  which  is  a  species  of  holly. 
See  HATE. 

Caaba  (ka-iVIm),  n.  [Ar.,  from  ka'b,  a  cube.] 
An  oblong  stone  building  within  the  great 
mosque  at  Mecca,  regarded  with  adoration 
by  Mohammedan!  as  having  been  a  place 
of  worship  from  time  immemorial,  and  as 
containing  the  famous  black  stone  or  Keb- 
lah  presented  by  the  angel  Gabriel  to  Abra- 
ham on  the  occasion  of  building  the  original 
Caaba.  The  entire  temple  is  sometimes 
called  by  this  name. 

Caalng- whale  ( ka '  ing  -  wlial ),  n.  [A 
Scotch  name,  from  the  verb  to  ca ,  that 
is,  to  drive,  because  these  whales  can  be 
driven  like  cattle.]  The  round-headed 
porpoise  (Glubicephalns  deductor,  Delphinus 
melas,  or  D.  globiceps),  a  cetaceous  animal 
of  the  family  Delphinidte,  characterized  by 
a  rounded  muzzle  and  a  convex  head.  Its 
general  form  resembles  that  of  the  porpoise, 
but  it  is  much  larger,  attaining  a  size  of  18 
to  24  feet,  and  its  general  colour  is  black. 
It  frequents  the  shores  of  Orkney,  Shet- 
land, the  Faroe  Islands,  and  Iceland,  ap- 
pearing in  herds  of  from  200  to  1000,  and 
numbers  are  often  caught.  They  live  oil 
cod,  ling,  and  other  large  fish,  and  also  on 
molluscs,  especially  the  cuttle-fishes. 

Caama,  n.    Same  as  Kaama. 

Caas,  t  n.    A  case;  a  quiver.     Chaucer. 

Cab  (kab),  n.  [Heb.  and  Chal.  kali,  a  hollow, 
from  Irabab,  to  hollow  out.  ]  A  Hebrew 
dry  measure,  containing  according  to  one 
estimate  2  pints,  according  to  another  4. 

Cab  (kab),  n.  [Abbrev.  of  cabriolet.]  1.  A 
kind  of  hackney  carriage  with  two  or  four 
wheels,  drawn  by  one  horse ;  a  cabriolet. 
'A  cab  came  clattering  up.'  Thackeray. 

With  great  difficulty  Messrs.  Bradshaw  &  Rotch 
(the  latter  a  member  of  Parliament)  obtained  licenses 
for  eight  cabriolets  in  1823,  and  started  them  at  fares 
one-third  lower  than  those  of  hackney-coaches.  The 
new  vehicles  were  hooded  chaises,  drawn  by  one 
horse,  and  carrying  only  one  passenger  besides  the 
driver,  who  sat  it]  the  cabriolet  (or,  as  more  commonly 
called  for  brevity,  the  cab)  with  his  fare.  .  .  .  The 
name  'or*'  is  still  commonly  applied  to  all  hackney 
carriages  drawn  by  one  horse,  whether  on  two  or 
four  wheels.  Penny  Cyc. 

2.  The  covered  part  in  front  of  a  locomotive, 
which  protects  the  driver  and  stoker  and 
shields  the  levers,  &c. 

Cab  (kab),  v.  t.  To  pass  over  in  a  cab;  as,  to 
cab  the  distance:  often  with  an  indefinite 
it;  as,  I'll  cab  it  to  Whitehall.  [Colloq.] 

Cabacalli  (kab-a-kal'le),  n.  The  native  name 
of  the  green-heart  (which  see). 

Cabal  (ka-bal'),  n.  [Fr.  cabale,  the  cabala, 
an  intrigue,  a  cabal.  See  CABALA.]  l.t  The 
cabala  (which  see).  — 2.  t  A  secret.  '  The  mea- 
suring of  the  temple,  a  cabal  found  out  but 
lately.'  BenJonson.  [Bare.]— 3.  Intrigue; 
secret  artifices  of  a  few  persons  united  in 
some  design.  'Curs'd  cabals  of  women.' 
Dryden. 

Centuries  glide  away  in  the  same  unvaried  round  of 
cabals  at  court.  Brougham. 

4.  A  number  of  persons  united  in  some  close 
design,  usually  to  promote  their  private 
views  in  church  or  state  by  intrigue;  a 
junto.  The  name  of '  the  cabal'  was  given 
to  a  ministry  of  Charles  II.,  consisting  of 
Clifford,  Ashley,  Buckingham,  Arlington, 
andLauderdale,  the  initials  of  whose  names 
happened  to  compose  the  word. 

These  ministers  were  therefore  emphatically  called 
the  cabal;  and  .  .  it  has  never  since  their  time  been 
used  except  as  a  term  of  reproach.  Macanlay. 

— Parti/,  Inaction,  Cabal,  Junto,  Combina- 
tion. Party,  a  number  of  influential  per- 
sons in  a  state  united  for  the  furtherance 
of  some  common  object  or  principle,  and 
necessarily  involving  the  idea  of  an  opposi- 


tion; faction,  a  smaller  number  of  persons 
than  a  party,  whose  principles  and  objects 
are  mostly  of  a  captious  and  frivolous  nature, 
but  so  persistently  advocated  as  to  become 
annoying;  cabal,  junto,  a  union  less  com- 
prehensive than  cither  party  or  faction, 
whose  intrigues  are  conducted  in  secret  and 
mainly  for  the  aggrandizement  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  union;  combination,  a  union  of 
persons  in  a  state  or  society  for  self-defence, 
or  the  defence  of  property  or  principles. 
Cabal  (ka-bal'),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  caballed; 
ppr.  caballing.  To  form  a  cabal ;  to  in- 
trigue; to  unite  in  secret  artifices  to  effect 
some  design.  '  Caballing  still  against  it 
with  the  great.'  Dryden.  'Perpetually 
caballing  against  each  other.'  Macaulay. 
Cabala,  Cabbala  (kab'a-la),  n.  [Heb.  aab- 
bi'tld,  reception,  the  cabala  or  mysterious 
doctrine  received  traditionally,  from  qdbal, 
to  take  or  receive.)  1.  Tradition,  or  a  mys- 
terious kind  of  science  among  Jewish  rab- 
bins, pretended  to  have  been  delivered  to 
the  ancient  Jews  by  revelation— specifically 
to  Moses  on  Sinai— and  transmitted  by  oral 
tradition,  serving  for  the  interpretation  of 
difficult  passages  of  Scripture.  This  science 
consists  chiefly  in  understanding  the  com- 
bination of  certain  letters,  words,  and  num- 
bers, which  are  alleged  to  be  significant. 
Every  letter,  word,  number,  and  accent  of 
the  law  is  supposed  to  contain  a  mystery, 
and  the  cabalists  pretend  even  to  foretell 
future  events  by  the  study  of  this  science.— 
2.  Any  secret  science;  mystery.  '  If  I  wholly 
mistakenot  the  cabalaof  this  sect.'  Bentley. 
Cabalisra  (kab'al-izm), «.  The  secret  science 
of  the  cabalists.  'Allegories,  parables, 
cabalisms'  Dr.  Spencer.  [Rare.] 
Caballst(kab'al-ist),Ji.  A  Jewish  doctor  who 
professes  the  study  of  the  cabala,  or  the 
mysteries  of  Jewish  traditions.  'Studious 
cabalists.'  Swift. 

Cabalistic,  Cab'alistical  (kab-al-ist'ik,  kab- 
al-ist'ik-al),  a.    Pertaining  to  the  cabala  or 
mysterious  science  of   Jewish  traditions ; 
containing  an  occult  meaning.  '  The  letters 
are  cabalixticul.'    Addison. 
Cabalistic  (kab-al-ist'ik),  n.     One  of  the 
mysteries  of  the  cabala.    L.  Addison. 
Cabalistlcally  (kab-al-ist'ik-al-li),  adv.    In 
the  manner  of  the  cabalists. 
Cabalize  (kab'al-iz),  v.  i.    To  use  the  manner 
or  language  of  the  cabalists.    [Rare.  ] 
Caballarik  (kab-al-la'ri-a),  n.    [L.  caballus, 
a  nag,  a  jade.  ]    A  feudal  tenure  of  lands, 
the  tenant  furnishing  a  horseman  suitably 
equipped  in  time  of  war,  or  when  the  lord 
had  occasion  for  his  service. 
Caballer  (ka-bal'ler),  n.    One  who  unites 
with  others  in  close  designs  to  effect  an 
object  by  intrigue ;  one  who  cabals.  '  A  close 
caballer  and  tongue-valiant  lord.'    Dryden. 
Caballerla,  Cavalleria  (ka-val-ya-re'a),  n. 
[Sp.  caballeria,  a  saddle  or  cavalry  horse, 
probably  because  each  such  measure  of  land 
must  provide  a  mounted  horseman.]     A 
Spanish  superficial  measure,  equal  to  about 
32  English  acres. 

Caballero  (ka-val-ya'ro),  n.  A  grave  and 
stately  Spanish  dance. 

Caballlne  (kab'al-lin),  a.  [L.  caballinus, 
from  caballus,  a  horse.]  Pertaining  to  or 
suited  for  a  horse;  as,  caballine  aloes. — Co- 
balline  spring,  the  fountain  Hippocrene. 
/'.  Beaumont. 

Caballlne  (kab'al-lin),  n.    A  coarse  kind  of 
aloes  used  as  a  medicine  for  horses. 
Caballing  (ka-bal'ing),  p.  and  a.     Uniting 
into  a  cabal ;  forming  cabals ;  intriguing. 
'  Caballing  captains.'    Druden. 
Cabaret  (kab'a-ret),  n.    [Fr.]    A  tavern;  a 
house  where  liquors  are  retailed.     '  Some 
cabaret  or  tennis-court.'    Bramhall. 
Cabaretier(ka-bar-tya),n.  [Fr.]  The  keeper 
of  a  cabaret ;  an  alehouse  or  tavern  keeper 
in  France. 

Cabas(ka-ba),n.  [Fr.,  from  Pg.cabaz,  from  Ar. 
yafas,  a  cage,  a  pannier.]  1.  A  kind  of  pan- 
nier of  rush  or  palm-leaves  or  grass, gene  rally 
of  a  round  form,  serving  to  carry  provisions, 
especially  figs  of  Provence,  prunes  and  rai- 
sins. —2.  A  lady's  flat  work-basket  or  reticule. 
Sometimes  written  Caba.  Charlotte  Bronte. 
Cabassou  (ka-bas'so),  ii.  [Native  name.]  A 
large  species  of  armadillo,  a  native  of  South 
America  (Dasypus  unicinctus). 
Cabbage  (kab'baj),  n.  [O.E.  cabbish,  cabage, 
from  Fr.  cabus,  O.Fr.  choux  cabus,  a  large- 
headed  cabbage,  O.Fr.  cabus,  cabucc,  large- 
headed,  from  L.  caput,  a  head.]  1.  The 
popular  name  of  some  species  of  Brassica, 
nat.  order  Crucifenc,  and  especially  applied 
to  the  plane-leaved,  hearting,  garden  varie- 


ties of  B.  olrracra,  cultivated  fur  fuml     The 
kinds  most  cultivated  are  tin-  omnium  cab- 
l>a'.,'e,  the  savoy,  the  broccoli,  and  the  cauli- 
flower.     The  common  cabbage   forms  it! 
leaves  into  heads  or  bolls,  tin:  inner  leaves 
being  blanrhed.   Its  varietir,  are  tin-  white, 
the  red  or  purple,  the  tree  or  cow  cabbage 
for  cattle  (branching  and  crowing  when  in 
flower  to tlie  height  of  lOfeet),  ami  the  vei\ 
delicate  Portugal  cablnigc      l> 
See  l)oo's-CABBAOE.  —  Sea-cabbage,  CY.< 
marilirna.    See  CKAMBE.— Cabbage  OK/I  / .  I 
name  sometimes  given  to  the  Crucift-ra 
2.  t  The  part  of  a  deer's  head  wherein  the 
horns  are  set. 

Cabbage  (kal/biij),  r.i.  1.  To  form  a  head 
like  that  of  a  cabbage  in  growing;  as,  a 
plant  cabbages. — 2.  t  To  grow  to  a  head,  ap 
plied  to  the  horns  of  a  deer.  Skelttm. 

Cabbage  (kab'baj),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cabbaged; 
ppr.  cabbaging.  [Fr.  cabaxser,  to  put  in  a 
cabas  or  basket;  hence,  to  hoard,  steal.)  To 
purloin,  especially  to  purloin  pieces  of  cloth 
after  cutting  out  a  garment. 

Your  tailor,  instead  of  shreds,  cabbages  whole  yards 
of  stuff.  Arbttthnot. 

Cabbage  (kab'baj).  n.  [See  the  verb.]  A 
cant  name  for  anything  filched,  more  par 
tictilarly,  cloth  purloined  by  one  who  cuts 
out  garments. 

Cabbage-bark  (kab'baj-biirk),   n.    Worm 
bark;  the  bark  of  the  Andira  inermit,  a 
leguminous  tree  of  the  West  Indies,  for- 
merly used  as  an  anthelmintic.  See  ANDIRA. 
Cabbage-butterfly  ( kab'baj-but'er-flS ),  n. 
Pontia  or  J'it'ris  Jlrassiccp,  a  large  white 
butterfly,  the  larva?  of  which  destroy  cruci- 
ferous plants.especially  of  the  cabbage  tribe. 
Cabbage-daisy(kab'baj-da-zi),n.  The  globe- 
flower  (which  see). 

Cabbage-fly  (kab'baj-ffi),  n.  The  Antho- 
inyia  Ifrassicai,  a  fly  belonging  to  the  same 
family  (Muscidrc)  as  the  house-fly,  and  the 
same  genus  as  the  turnip  and  potato  flies. 
Its  larva;  or  maggots  are  destructive  to  cab- 
bages by  producing  disease  in  the  roots  on 
which  they  feed. 

Cabbage -lettuce  (kab'baj-let-is),  n.  A 
variety  of  garden  lettuce,  with  leaves  form- 
ing a  low,  broad,  rounded  head  like  a  cab- 
bage. See  LACTUCA. 

Cabbage-moth  (kab'baj-moth),  n.  The 
Mamestra  or  Noctua  Brassicos,  or  pot-herb 
moth, a  moth  measuring  about  if  inch  across 
the  open  fore-wings,  which  are  dusky  brown, 
clouded  with  darker  shades,  and  marked 
with  pairs  of  dark  spots  in  their  front  edge. 
There  are  also  various  streaks  and  spots  of 
a  yellowish  or  white  colour.  The  caterpillar 
is  greenish-black,  and  is  found  in  autumn 
feeding  on  the  hearts  of  cabbages.  It 
changes  to  a  green  pupa. 
Cabbage-net  (kab'baj-net),  «.  A  small  net 
to  boil  cabbage  in. 

Cabbage-palm  (kabTjaj-piim),  n.  The  cab- 
bage-tree (which  see). 

Cabbage-rose  (kab'baj-roz),  n.  A  species 
of  rose  (Rosa  centifolia)  of  many  varieties, 
supposed  to  have  been  cultivated  from 
ancient  times  and 
eminently  fitted 
for  the  manufac- 
ture of  rose-water 
and  attar  from  its 
fragrance.  It  has 
a  large,  round- 
ed, and  compact 
flower.  Called  also 
Provence  Rose. 

Cabbage-tree 
(kab'baj-tre),  n 
1.  The  cabbage- 
palm  (Areca  oler- 
acea),  a  native  of 
the  West  Indies. 
The  simple  nn- 
branched  stem  of 
this  palm  grows  to 
a  height  of  150  or 
even  200  feet.  It 
is  crowned  by  a 
head  of  large  pin- 
nated leaves.  The 
flowers  are  placed 
on  a  branching 
spadix  and  pro- 
tected by  a  double 
spathe.  The  un- 
opened bud  of 
young  leaves  is 
much  prized  as  a  vegetable,  but  the  re- 
moval of  it  completely  destroys  the  tree, 
as  it  is  unable  to  produce  lateral  buds. 
The  fibres  of  the  leaves  arc  used  for  making 


Cabbage-palm  (Areca 
oltracta). 


ch,  c'iain;      ch,  8c  loc/i;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Wn;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CABBAGE-WOOD 


3G4 


CABOOSE 


cordage  and  nets  —2.  A  name  given  in  the 
West  Indies  to  the  Andira  ineruus.  See 
ANDIRA. 

Cabbage-wood  (kal/baj-wnd),  n.  A  name 
given  to  the  wood  of  the  tree  Ei'iodendron 
anfi'actiifmuni. 

Cabbage-worm  (kab'bfij-werm),  n.  A  larva 
of  a  species  of  moths  or  butterflies  infesting 
cnblmges.  See  CABBAGE-BUTTERFLY. 

Cabbala,  Cabbalism,  Cabbalist,  Ac.,  n. 
s<v  CABALA,  CABALISM,  CABALIST,  Ac. 

Cabbie  (kab'l),  v.  t.  or  i.  pret.  &  pp.  cabbled; 
ppr.  cabbling.  In  metal,  to  break  flat  masses 
of  partially  finished  iron  into  pieces,  to  be 
again  heated  in  a  furnace  and  wrought  or 
hammered  into  bar-iron. 

Cabbler  (kab'ler),  n.  In  metal,  one  who 
cabbies. 

Cabby  (kab'bi),  n.  The  colloquial  or  slang 
name  for  a  cab-driver. 

Cabeca(ka-ba'sa),  n.  [Pg., lit.  ahead.]  1.  The 
Portuguese  name  of  the  finest  kind  of  silk 
received  from  India,  as  distinguished  from 
the  bariya,  or  inferior  kind. — 2.  A  nominal 
money  of  account  on  some  parts  of  the  west 
coast  of  Africa.  Four  large  or  eight  small 
cabecas  make  an  ounce,  an  imaginary  coin 
equal  to  12,000  cowries. 

Cabeer  (ka-berO.H.  A  coin  current  at  Mocha, 
of  the  value  of  2».  6d.  sterling. 

Cabelri,  n.  pi.    See  CABIRI. 

Cabelrian,  Cabeiric  (ka-bi'ri-an,ka-bi'rik), 
a.  See  CABIRIAN. 

Cabeiritic  (ka-b!-rit'ik),  a.    See  CABiRmc. 

Caber  (ka'ber),n.  [Gael,  cabar,  a  pole, a  stake, 
a  rafter.]  A  pole;  a  beam;  specifically,  in 
Highland  games,  a  long  undressed  stem  of 
a  tree,  used  for  tossing  or  turning  over.  It 
is  a  very  severe  trial  of  strength.  See  KE- 

BAK. 

Cabesse  (ka-bes),  n.  [Fr.  ]  Same  as  Cabeca,  1. 

Cabin  (kab'in),  n.  [O.  E.  caban,  cabane, 
from  \V.  caban.  a  cabin,  dim.  of  cab,  a  kind 
of  hut;  Ir.  and  Gael,  caban,  a  cabin.]  1.  A 
small  room;  an  inclosed  place. 

Long  in  secret  cabin  there  lie  held 

Her  captive  to  his  sensual  desire.        Sfeitser. 

2.  A  cottage ;  a  hut  or  small  house  or  habi- 
tation, especially  one  that  is  poorly  con- 
structed. 

Some  of  green  boughs  their  slender  cabins  frame. 
Fairfax. 

By  the  peat  fires  of  a  hundred  thousand  cabins 
had  nightly  been  sung  rude  ballads  which  predicted 
the  deliverance  of  the  oppressed  race.  Macanlay. 

3.  An  apartment  in  a  ship  for  officers  or  pas- 
sengers. 

Cabin  (kab'in),  v.i  To  live  in  a  cabin;  to 
lodge.  '  Suck  the  goat  and  cabin  in  a  cave. ' 
Skak. 

Cabin  (kab'in),  v.  (.    To  confine  in  a  cabin. 

Now  I'm  cabined,  cribbed,  confined.        Sttajt. 

Cabin-boy  (kab'in-boi),  n.  A  boy  whose 
duty  is  to  wait  on  the  officers  and  passengers 
on  board  of  a  ship. 

Cabined  (kab'ind),  a.   Belonging  to  a  cabin. 

Ere  the  blabbing  eastern  scout. 

The  nice  mom.  on  the  Indian  steep. 

From  her  cabin'd  loophole  peep.          Milton. 

Cabinet  (kab'in-et),  n.  [Fr.  cabinet,  a  closet, 
receptacle  of  curiosities,  <fcc.,  a  dim.  form, 
ultimately  from  the  Celtic.  See  CABIN.] 

1.  t  A  hut;  a  cottage;  a  small  house. 

Hearken  awhile  from  thy  preen  cabinet. 
The  rural  song  of  careful  Coliuet.       Spenser. 

2.  A  closet ;  a  small  room  or  retired  apart- 
ment —3.  A  private  room  in  which  consult- 
ations are  held. 

You  began  in  the  cabinet  what  you  afterwards 
practised  in  the  camp.  Dryden. 

4.  The  select  or  secret  counsel  of  a  prince  or 
executive  government;  the  collective  body 
of  ministers  who  direct  the  government  of 
a  nation  or  country ;  a  goverment  council  • 
so  called  from  the  apartment  in  which  the 
meetings  were  originally  held.     In  Great 
Britain,  though  the  executive  government 
is  vested  nominally  in  the  crown,  it  is  prac- 
tically in  a  committee  of  ministers  called 
the  cabinet.     Every  cabinet  includes  the 
first  lord  of  the  treasury,  who  is  chief  of  the 
ministry,  and  therefore  of  the  cabinet;  the 
lord-chancellor,  the  lord-president  of  the 
council,  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer, 
and  the  five  secretaries  of  state.    A  number 
of  other  ministerial  functionaries,  varying 
from  two  to  eight,  have  usually  seats  in  the 
cabinet.    Although  the  cabinet  is  regarded 
as  an  essential  part  of  the  institutions  of 
Great  Britain,  it  has  never  been  recognized 
by  act  of  Parliament  — 6.  A  piece  of  furni- 
ture,  consisting  of  a  chest  or  box,  with 
drawers  and  doors.      'A  cedani  cabinet.' 


Tennyson  —  6.  Any  part  of  a  building,  cl- 
one or  more  whole  buildings,  set  apart  for 
the  conservation  of  works  of  art,  antiqui- 
ties, Ac.;  and  hence,  by  metonymy,  the  col- 
lection itself.  —  Cabinet  picture,  a  picture  of 
a  small  and  generally  a  highly  finished  cha- 
racter, suitable  to  a  small  room,  and  for 
close  inspection. 

Cabinet  (kab'in-ct),  v.t.  To  inclose,  as  in  a 
cabinet.  [Rare.  ] 

'Tis  the  frame  of  most  men's  spirits  to  adore  the 
casket  and  contemn  the  jewel  cabi.Htled  in  it. 

lleuyt. 

Cabinet-council  (kab'in-et-koun-sil),  n.  1.  A 
council  held  with  privacy;  the  confidential 
council  of  a  prince  or  executive  magistrate; 
a  council  of  cabinet  ministers  held  with 
privacy  to  deliberate  upon  public  affairs.  — 
2.  The  members  of  a  pnvy-conncil;  a  select 
number  of  confidential  counsellors.  See 
CABINET,  4. 

Cabinet-maker  (kab'in-et-mak-er),  n.  A 
man  whose  occupation  is  to  make  house- 
hold f  ui  r  i  i  t  u  iv,  such  as  cabinets,  side-boards, 
tables,  bedsteads,  Ac. 

Cabinet -making  (kab'in-et  mak-ing),  n. 
The  trade  or  occupation  of  a  cabinet-maker. 
Cabin-mate  (kab'in-mat),  n.     One  who  oc- 
cupies the  same  cabin  with  another.   Beau. 
d-  /•'(. 

Cabirean  (kab-i-re'an),  n.  One  of  the  Cabiri. 
Cabiri,  Cabeiri(ka-bi'ii),7i.j>(.  [Gr.Kabeiroi.] 
Divinities  worshipped  in  the  ancient  Greek 
islands  of  Lemnos,  Imbros,  and  Samothrace, 
and  also  on  the  neighbouring  coast  of  Troy 
in  Asia  Minor.  Very  little  is  known  regard- 
ing them.  They  were  worshipped  with  par- 
ticular honours  in  the  island  of  Samothrace, 
where  mysteries  were  celebrated  in  connec- 
tion with  their  worship.  Herodotus  found 
certain  religious  observances  practised  at 
Memphis  in  Egypt  which  he  identifies  with 
the  worship  paid  to  the  Cabiri,  and  there 
are  traces  of  a  similar  woiship  in  Phoenicia 
also. 

Cabirian,  Cabiric  (ka-bir'i-an.  ka-bii^k),o. 
Pertaining  to  the  Cabiri  or  their  worship. 
CabiritlC  (ka-bi-rit'ik),  a.  Same  as  Cabirian. 
Cable  (ka'bl),  n.  [Fr.  cable,  a  rope,  fromL.L 
capulmn,  caption,  a  rope,  a  halter,  from 
capio,  to  take.]  1.  A  large  strong  rope  or 
chain,  such  as  is  used  to  retain  a  vessel 
at  anchor.  It  is  made  usually  of  hemp, 
jute,  or  iron,  but  may  be  made  of  other 
materials.  A  hemp  cable  is  composed  of 
three  strands,  each  strand  of  three  ropes, 
and  each  rope  of  three  twists.  A  ship's 
cable  is  usually  120  fathoms  or  720  feet 
in  length;  hence  the  expression  a  cable's 
length.  Chain-cables  have  now  almost  su- 
perseded rope-cables.  Although  deficient 
in  elasticity,  heavier,  and  more  difficult  of 
management,  yet  their  immunity  from 
chafing  and  rotting,  their  greater  compact- 
ness for  stowage,  and  the  fact  that  from 
their  greater  weight  the  strain  is  exerted  on 
the  cable  rather  than  on  the  ship,  more  than 
counterbalance  these  drawbacks. -Stream 
cable,  a  hawser  or  rope,  smaller  than  the 
bower  cables,  used  for  warping  a  vessel,  or 
to  moor  her  by  means  of  the  stream  anchor 
in  a  river  or  haven.  —  Submarine  or  elec- 
tric telegraph  cable,  a  cable  composed  of 
a  single  wire  of  pure  copper,  or  of  several 
wires,  embedded  in  a  compound  of  gutta- 
percha  and  resinous  substances,  so  as  to 
be  compacted  into  one  solid  strand,  en- 
circled by  layers  of  gutta-percha  or  india- 
rubber,  hemp  or  jute  padding,  and  coils  of 
iron  wire,  by  which  telegraphic  messages 
are  conveyed  through  the  ocean  (See 
TELEGRAPH.)  The  copper  wire.or  embedded 
strand  of  wires,  is  called  the  core.  This  is 
insulated  by  being  surrounded  by  several 
layers  of  gutta-percha  or  india-rubber,  each 
layer  separated  from  the  other  by  a  coating 
of  resinous  matter,  and  the  whole  is  pro- 
tected by  several  iron  wires  (sometimes  gal- 
vanized) bound  round  it  in  the  form  of  a 
spiral.  The  insulating  layers  are  generally 
separated  from  the  outer  wires  by  a  pad- 
ding of  jute  or  hemp  saturated  with  tar  or 
other  protective  substance.  One  wire  is 
found  to  be  better  than  a  strand  as  regards 
conducting  power;  but  the  latter  is  safer, 
as  if  one  wire  should  break  messages  could 
be  conveyed  through  those  which  remain 
entire.— Cable  bende  (naut.),  (a)  small  ropes 
for  fastening  the  ends  of  a  rope-cable  so  as 
to  secure  the  knot  by  which  it  is  attached 
to  the  anchor-ring,  (b)  See  BEND,  2  (6).— 
2.  In  arch,  (a)  a  moulding  of  the  torus  kind, 
with  its  surface  cut  in  imitation  of  the  twist- 
ing of  a  rope.  (6)  A  cylindrical  moulding 


inserted  in  the  flute  of  a  column  ;ind  partlv 
filling  it. 

Cable  (ka'bl),  v.t.  pret.  <t  pp.  cidilnl ;  ppr. 
cabling.  1.  To  fasten  with  a  cable. 

Cast  out  the  tabled  stone  upon  the  strand 

John  Dyer 

2.  In  arch,  to  fill  the  flutes  of  columns  witli 
cables  or  cylindrical  pieces.  —  3.  To  send  a 
message  by  an  oceanic  telegraph  cable;  as, 
to  cable  a  message  across  the  Atlantic.  Com- 
pare to  wire  in  the  same  use. 

Cabled  (ka'bld).  a.  1.  Fastened  or  supplied 
with  a  cable  or  cables.  —  2.  In  her.  a  term 
applied  to  a  cross  formed  of  the  two  ends 
of  a  ship's  cable.  — 3.  In  arch,  having  the 
ornament  called  a  cable. 

Cablegram  (ka'bl-gram),  n.  [Formed  some- 
what on  type  of  telegram.  ]  A  message  sent 
by  an  oceanic  telegraph  cable. 

This  cablegram  is  a  fair  specimen  of  the  kinds  that 
are  daily  passing.  Argosy. 

Cable-laid  (kii'bl-lad),  a.  1.  Naut.  applied 
to  a  rope  formed  of  three  ropes  of  thive- 
strand  yarn  made  up  into  one.— 2.  Applied 
also  to  anything  twisted  after  the  manner 
of  a  cable;  as,  a  cable-laid  gold  chain. 

Cable -moulding  (ka'bl-mold-ing),  ».    See 

•  'ABLE,  H.  2. 

Cablet  (kab'let),  n.  A  little  cable ;  specifi- 
cally, any  cable-laid  rope  under  !)  inches  in 
circumference. 

Cable-tier  (ka'bl-ter),  n.  Xaut.  (a)  the 
place  where  the  cables  are  coiled  away. 
(b)  The  range  of  coils  or  rolls  of  a  cable. 

Cabling  (kab'ling),  n.  In  arch,  the  filling 
of  flutes  with  cables,  or  the  cables  them- 
selves so  disposed,  whether  in  flutes  or  with- 
out them. 

Cablish  (kab'lish),  n.  [O.Fr.  cablis.  Norm. 
cabeletz.caablet.ttees  blown  down,  from  L  L. 
cadabalum,  from  L.  cado,  to  fall.]  In  old 
forest  law,  windfall  wood;  wood  overthrown 
by  tempestuous  weather:  applied  also  some- 
times to  brushwood. 

Cabman  (kab'man),  n.    The  driver  of  a  cab. 

Cabob  (ka-bob'),  n.  [Per.  kabaub,  kibaub. 
roast  meat,  from  leak,  an  ox.  ]  An  oriental 
dish,  consisting  generally  of  a  neck  or  loin 
of  mutton  cut  in  pieces  and  roasted  on  a 
wooden  spit,  dressed  with  onions,  eggs, 
spices,  and  sauce.  In  India  the  term  is 
applied  to  a  hot-spiced  dish  of  fish, flesh,  or 
fowl. 

Cabob  (ka-bobO,  v.t.  To  make  cabob  of;  to 
roast,  as  a  leg  of  mutton,  with  savoury  herbs, 
spices,  Ac.,  at  a  quick  fire.  Sir  T.  Herbert 

Caboceer  (kab-o-seV),  n.  [Probably  from 
Pg.  cabeca,  a  head,  a  chief.]  The  name 
given  to  local  gover- 
nors in  Western  Africa 


Stay's  head  ca- 
boched. 


appointed  by  the  king 
over  towns  or  districts. 
Caboched,  Cabossed 
(ka-hoshf,  ka-bost'),  a. 
[O.Fr.  caboche,  a  head, 
from  L.  caput.  Sec  CAB- 
BAGE.] In  tier,  a  term 
used  to  express  the  head 
of  a  buck  or  any  other 
animal  that  is  placed 
full -faced  or  a/rontr, 
without  any  part  of  the  neck  being  visible. 
It  is  sometimes  termed  Trunked. 
Cabocle  (ka-bok'la),  n.  The  Brazilian  name 
of  a  mineral  resembling  red  jasper,  found  in 
the  diamond-producing  sand  of  Bahia.  It 
contains  phosphoric  acid,  alumina,  lime, 
baryta,  protoxide  of  iron,  and  water. 
Cabombacese  (kab-om-ba'se-e),  n.  pi.  [  Ca- 
bomba,  the  native  name  of  the  typical  genus 
in  Guiana.  ]  A  small  nat.  order  of  aquatic 
plants  closely  allied  to  the  Xymphieacea:  or 
water  lilies,  found  in  America.  India,  and 
Australia,  and  popularly  called  Water- 
xhiehls.  They  are  nutritious  and  slightly 
astringent.  There  are  two  genera  and  only 
three  or  four  known  species. 
Cabooleat(ka-b|tl'i-at),n.  [Hind,  kalmliyat, 
a  written  agreement,  from  kabul,  consent.] 
An  agreement  made  between  the  Indian 
government  and  the  zemindars  or  feuda- 
tory landholders,  for  the  farming,  manage- 
ment, and  collection  of  the  revenue. 
Caboose  (ka-bos'),  71.  [From  D.  kabuis,  Icom- 
btiii,  a  caboose  or  ship's  galley;  Dan.  kabyt, 
Sw.  kabym,  kabyxsa,  a  caboose,  L.G.  kabute. 
kabiise,  a  little  room  or  hut;  probably  from 
same  root  as  cabin.  The  D.  kowbitw  seems 
to  be  from  kom,  a  dish,  and  Intii,  a  pipe, 
but  it  is  perhaps  a  modern  form  invented  to 
make  the  word  appear  self-explanatory.] 
1.  The  cook-room  or  kitchen  of  a  ship.  In 
smaller  vessels  it  is  an  inclosed  fireplace, 
hearth,  or  stove  for  cooking  on  the  main 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     u,  8c.  ab«ne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CABOSHED 


365 


CACOLET 


deek.     In  ships  of  war  and  steamboats  the 
couk-roum  is  called  a  '.alley.     2.  A  box  that 
covers  the  elliinney  in  a  ship.     [Called  also 
('(iiiilmiiM  ill  bnth  senses.] 
Caboshed  (ka-bushf),  a.    See  CABOCHED. 
Cabot  (ka-bo),  n.    In  Jersey,  a  dry  measure 
in  general  use,  of  which  1!)  make  a  quarter 
of  wheat,  and  11  a  quarter  of  barley.     The 
potato  and  apple  cabut  weighs  about  3S  Ibs. . 
but  generally  the  cabut  differs  according  to 
the  specific  gravity  of  the  various  articles. 
Cabotage  (kab-o-tazh),    ».     [Fr.   cabotage, 
from  rnlinter,  to  coast,  from  Sebastian  Cabut, 
the  celebrated  navigator.]  Kant,  navigation 
aloiiir  a  coast;  coasting-trade. 
Cabree  (ka-bra),  a.    [Fr.,  pp.  of  cabrer,  to 
rear,  from  L.  capra,  a  she-goat.]    In  her.  a 
term  applied  to  a  horse  rising  on  his  hind- 
feet;  salient. 

Cabriole  (kab'ri-61),  n.  [Fr.  cabrinlc,  a  goat- 
leap,  from  L.L.  mprMus,  a  goat,  from  L. 
caver,  a  goat.  ]  A  leap  or  curvet  of  a  horse  ; 
a  capriole  (which  see).     Sir  W.  Scott. 
Cabriolet  (kab-re-6-la),  ».     [Fr.  cabriolet, 
dim.  from  cabrivle,  a  goat-leap.     See  CAB- 
RIOLE.)   A  one-horse  carriage;  a  cab.     [Cab 
is  a  mutilated  form  of  this  word,  but  the 
one  now  always  used.] 
Cabrit  (kab'rit),  ».    The  hunter's  name  for 
the  prong-honied  antelope  of  North  Ame- 
rica (Antilocapra  anu'i'ictnul  or  furcifera). 
Cab-stand  (kab'staml),  ».    A  place  where 
cabs  stand  for  hire. 

Caburn  (kab'ern),  n.  A  small  line  made  of 
spun  yarn,  to  bind  cables,  seize  tackles,  and 
the  like. 

Cacagogue  (kak'a-gog),  n.  [Gr.  kakkf,  ex- 
crement, and  a</«),  to  drive,  to  expel.  ]  An 
ancient  ointment  made  of  alum  and  honey: 
applied  to  the  anus  to  produce  evacuation. 
Cacalia  (ka-ka'li-a),  n.  [L.  cacalia,  Gr. 
kakalia,  from  kakos,  evil,  and  litin,  exceed- 
ingly, because  supposed  to  be  hurtful  to  the 
soil.]  A  genus  of  plants  nearly  related  to 
Senecio  (groundsel),  nat.  order  Composita;; 
alpine  colt's-foot.  There  are  more  than 
thirty  species,  of  which  some  are  used  in 
different  countries  as  condiments.  C.  odora 
is  employed  in  Arabia  to  fumigate  the  cham- 
bers of  the  sick. 

Cacao  (ka-ka'6),  n.    [Fr.  Sp.  Pg.  cacao,  from 
Mexican  cacattatl,  cacao.]    The  chocolate- 
tree  (Theobroma  Cacao),  nat.  order  Byttner- 
acero.     The  cacao  is  a  small  tree  1C  to  18 
feet  htjh,  a  native  of  the  West  Indies,  and 
much  cultivat- 
ed in  the  tro- 
pics of  both  he- 
mispheiei.   Its 
fruit     is    con- 
tained in  point- 
ed,oval,  ribbed 
pis   6   to   10 
ins.  long,  each 
inclosing  60  to 
100  seeds  ill  a 
white.sweetish 
pulp.       These 
are  very  nutri- 
tive,   contain- 
ing 50  per  cent 
of  fat,  are  of  an 
agreeable    fla- 
vour, and  used, 
both    in   their 
fresh  state  and 
when  dried,  as  an  article  of  diet.     Cocoa 
and  chocolate  are  prepared  from  them,  the 
former  being  a  powder  obtained  by  grind- 
in1*  the  seeds,  and  often  mixed  with  other 
substances  when  dried  and   roasted,   the 
latter  being  this  powder  mixed  with  sugar 
and  various  flavouring  matters,  and  formed 
into  solid  cakes.    The  seeds  when  roasted 
and  divested  of  their  husks  and  crushed 
are    known    as    cocoa   nib*.      The    seeds 
yield  also  an  oil  called  butter  of  cacao,  used 
in  pomatum  and  for  making  candles,  soap, 
Ac.    [The  term  cocoa  is  a  corruption  of 
cacao,  but  is  more  commonly  used  in  com- 
merce; cocoa-nuts,  however,  are  obtained 
from  an  entirely  different  tree.] 
Cacao-nut  (ka-ka'6-nut),  n     The  fruit  of 
the  Theobroma  Cacao.     See  CACAO. 
Cacatuinae  (kak'»-ta-I"ne),  n.  pi.     [Malay 
kukatua,  a  cockatoo.]  A  sub-family  of  scan- 
sorial  birds  belonging  to  the  family  Psit- 
tacidro,  characterized  by  a  strong,  short,  and 
much  curved  beak,  and  a  tuft  of  feathers  on 
the  head  which  they  can  raise  or  depress  at 
pleasure  as  they  are  agitated  by  surprise, 
fear,  or  curiosity ;  the  cockatoos.     It  em- 
1 1]  aces  the  genera  Cacatua  or  Plictolophus, 
or  white  cockatoos;   Calyptorhyuchus,  or 


Cacao  (Tlieobronta  Cacao). 


black  cockatoos;  and  Mien^l.issum,  cocka- 
toos with  very  large  bills  and  long  cylindri- 
cal tongues. 

Cacche.t  v.  t.     To  catch.     Chaucer. 

Cachsemia  (ka-kc'mi-a),  n.  [Or.  kakox,  bad, 
and  liaima,  blood.]  A  vitiated  state  of  the 
blood. 

Cachalot  (kash'a-lot  or  kash-a-16),  n.  [Fr. 
i-ni-hnlot,  said  to  be  from  Catalan  i/uiclial,  a 
tooth,  lit  therefore  toothed  whale.]  A  ceta- 
ceous mammal,  the  J'hyteteror  Cattidoil  ina- 
eracephaliu,  or  blunt-headed  sperm-whale, 
family  Physeterida;  or  Catodontida).  Its 
head  is  of  enormous  size,  and  contains 
a  large  receptacle  filled  with  spermaceti. 
The  cachalot  has  been  found  84  feet  long, 
and  30  to  35  feet  in  circumference^.  Its 
mouth  contains  no  whalebone,  and  it  has 
teeth  iu  the  lower  jaw.  It  feeds  chiefly  on 
cuttle-fishes,  and  lives  in  large  troops,  espe- 
cially in  the  ocean  between  the  west  coast 
of  America  and  the  eastern  hemisphere, 
liesides  spermaceti  it  yields  fine  sperm-oil 
and  ambergris. 

Cache  (kash),  ».  [Fr.  ]  A  hole  in  the  ground 
for  hiding  and  preserving  provisions  which 
it  is  inconvenient  to  carry:  used  by  settlers 
in  the  western  states  of  America  and  Arctic 
explorers. 

Cachectic.Cachectical  (ka-kek'tik,  ka-kek'- 
tik-al),  a.  Having  or  pertaining  to  cachexy 
or  a  morbid  habit  of  body.  'Young  and 
florid  blood  rather  than  vapid  and  cachec- 
tical.'  Arbuthnot. 

Cachemere  (kash'mer),  n.    See  CASHMERE. 

Cachet  (ka-sha),  n.  [  Fr. ,  from  cacher,  to  con- 
ceal.) A  seal.— Lettre  de  cachet,  a  private 
letter  of  state ;  a  sealed  letter  or  order ;  a 
name  given  especially  to  letters  proceeding 
from  and  signed  by  the  kings  of  France,  and 
countersigned  by  a  secretary  of  state.  They 
were  at  first  made  use  of  occasionally  as  a 
means  of  delaying  the  course  of  justice,  but 
they  appear  to  have  been  rarely  employed 
before  the  seventeenth  century  as  warrants 
for  the  detention  of  private  citizens,  and 
for  depriving  them  of  their  personal  liberty. 
During  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  their  use 
became  frightfully  common,  and  by  means 
of  them  persons  were  imprisoned  for  life  or 
for  a  long  period  on  the  most  frivolous  pre- 
texts. They  were  abolished  at  the  Revolu- 
tion. 

Cachexy,  Cacliexia  (ka-kek'si,  ka-kek'si-a), 
n.  [Gr.  kachexia,  from  kakos,  ill,  and  hexis, 
habit,  from  echo,  to  have.  ]  A  morbid  state 
of  the  bodily  system,  the  result  of  disease, 
as  the  venereal,  or  of  intemperate  habits. 

Cachinnatlon  (kak-in-na'shon),  n.  [L.  cach- 
innatio,  from  cachinno,  to  laugh.  Imita- 
tive.] Loud  or  immoderate  laughter. 

Hideous  grimaces    .    .    .    attended  this  unusual 
cachiiinatian.  Sir  II'.  Salt. 

Cachlnnatory  (ka-kin'a-to-ri),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  cachinnation;  laughing  loudly. 
'  To  which,  of  course,  I  replied  to  the  best 
of  my  cachinnatory  powers.'  Lord  Lytton. 
Cachiri  (ka-she're),  n.  A  fermented  liquor, 
somewhat  resembling  perry,  made  in  Cay- 
enne from  the  rasped  root  of  the  manioc. 
Cacholong  (kash'o-long),  n.  [Said  to  be 
from  Cach,  the  name  of  a  river  in  Bucharia, 
and  cholong,  a  Calnntc  word  for  stone.]  A 
mineral  of  the  quartz  family,  a  variety  of 
opal,  and  so  often  called  Pearl-opal,  usually 
milk-white,  sometimes  grayish  or  yellowish- 
white,  opaque  or  slightly  translucent  at  the 
edges.  It  often  envelops  common  chalce- 
dony, the  two  minerals  being  united  by  in- 
sensible shades.  It  also  associates  with 
flint  and  semi-opal. 

Cacholot  (kash'o-lot  or  kash-o-16),  n.  See 
CACHALOT. 

Cachou  (ka-shb),  n.     [Fr.]    A  sweetmeat 
generally  in  the  form  of  a  pill,  and  made  of 
the  extract  of  liquorice,  cashew-nut,  gum, 
<fcc.,  used  by  tobacco-smokers  and  others  to 
remove  an  offensive  breath. 
Cachuca  (ka-chuT<a),  n.    [Sp.]    A  kind  of 
dance  performed  by  a  man  and  woman  to  a 
lively  graceful  air,  in  triple  time  and  with  a 
strongly  marked  accent. 
Cachunde  (ka-chon'da),  n.    [Sp.]    A  medi- 
cine composed  of  several  aromatic  ingredi- 
ents, highly  celebrated  in  India  and  Chma 
as  an  antidote  and  stomachic. 
Cacique  (ka-sek'),  n.   [Sp.,  from  a  Haytian 
word  ]  The  name  given  to  the  native  chiefs 
of  the  W.  Indies  and  America  when  it  was 
discovered.    See  CAZIQUE. 
Cack(kak),  v.i.    [From  L.  cacare.}    To  ease 
the  body  by  stool.     Pope. 
Cackerel  (kak'er-el),  n.    [O.Fr.  eayverel. 
from  same  root  as  cack.]    A  fish  which  is 


said  to  void  excrements  when  iuiisn.il 
others  say,  a  fish  which  eaten  produces  lux 
bowels.  Skinio'i ;  ./• 

Cackle  (kak'l),  v.  i.  pret.  <V  pp.  cackled;  ppr. 
r<tcldin<j.  [Same  wiinl  a^  1).  am!  I.  <i.  kake- 
li-ii,  Sw.  kackla,  Dan.  kayl?;  of  imitative 

origin  like  ij'<!!',tl'-,  !/i<J:fl>',  <-:ii-litiiniiti"ii,  tVv   ] 

1.  To  utter  u.  noisy  cry  such  as  that  often 
made  by  a  goose  or  a  hen.     •  \\  In  n  rv -\\ 
goose  is  rack  -'liny.'     Slink.     •>.  To  lauu'h  » itii 
a  broken  noise,  like  the  cackling  of  a  goose; 
to  giggle. 

Nk  arbmed,  cackled,  and  laughed  till  he  was  like 
to  kilt  himiclf.  ArbntlitU'l. 

:;.  To  prate;  to  prattle;  to  tattle;  to  talk 
in  a  silly  manner.    JoliHxon. 
Cackle  (kak'l),  n.     1.  The  broken  cry  of  a 
goose  or  hen. 

The  silver  goose  before  the  shining  Rate 
There  new,  and  by  her  caikle  saved  the  state. 
Dry  den. 

2.  Idle  talk;  silly  prattle. 

There  is  a  buzz  and  cackle  all  round  regarding  the 
sermon.  Thackeray. 

Cackler  (kak'ler),  n.  1.  A  fowl  that  cackles. 

2.  A  tell-tale;  a  tattler.    Johnson. 
Caco  (ka-ko'),  n.  A  Brazilian  mining  term  for 

the  sugary  quartz  in  some  gold  veins. 
Cacochymia,  Cacochyray  (kak-6-kim'i-a, 

kak'o-ki-mi),  n.    (Gr.  kakot,  bad,  chyimi*. 

juice.]    In  ,/<••'/.  a  morbid  state  of  the  fluids 

of  the  body. 
Cacochyraic,  Cacochymlcal  (kak-6-kim'ik, 

kak-6-kim'ik-al),a.  [SeeCACOCHYMiA.]  Hav- 
ing the  fluids  of  the  body  vitiated,  especially 

the  blood. 
Cacodemon,  Cacodaemon  (kak-6-de'mon), 

n.    [Gr.  kakos,  evil,  and  daiuiOn,  a  demon.] 

1.  An  evil  spirit;  a  deviL 

Hie  thee  to  hell  for  shame,  and  leave  this  world, 
Thou  cacocteinoH'.  Sliak. 

Z.  In  mcd.  the  nightmare. 

Cacodyl,  Cacodyle  (kak'6-dil,  kak'6-dil),  n. 
See  KAKOIIVLE. 

Cacoeconoray  (kuk-e-kon'o-mi),n.  [Gr.kakos. 
bad,  and  oikoiwmia,  economy,  administra- 
tion.] Bad  management;  maladministra- 
tion. 'Marvellous  cacaeconuiny  of  their 
government.'  S.  Smith.  [Bare.] 

Cacoethes  (kak-6-e'thez).  n.  [L.  cacoethet, 
a  disease,  an  excessive  desire,  from  Gr.  kako- 
fthet,  a  bad  habit,  an  itch  for  doing  some- 
thing— kakos,  vicious,  and  ethos,  custom, 
habit.  ]  A  bad  custom  or  habit;  a  bad  dis- 
position.—  Cacoethes  scribeiidi,  a  diseased 
propensity  for  writing;  an  itch  for  author- 
ship. The  phrase  was  used  by  Juvenal. 

Cacogenesis  (kak-6-jen'e-sis),  n.  [Gr.  kakot, 
bad,  and  geiiesii,  generation.)  In  med.  a 
morbid  formation;  a  monstrosity. 

Cacographic  (kak-6-graf'ik),  a.  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  cacography  or  bad  writing; 
ill-written.— 2.  Pertaining  to  or  character- 
ized by  bad  spelling;  ill-spelled. 

Cacography  (ka-kog'ra-fi),  n.  [Gr.  kakos, 
bad,  and  yrapho,  to  write.  ]  Bad  spelling  or 
writing. 

Cacolet,  Cacolete  (kak-o-la,  kak'o-let),  n. 
[A  French  term  used  oiiginally  in  the 
Pyrenees,  and  perhaps  of  Basque  origin.)  A 
contrivance  fixed  on  the  back  of  a  mule  or 
horse  for  carrying  travellers  in  mountain- 
ous districts,  or  sick  or  wounded  persons, 
composed  of  strong  iron  rods  with  joints, 
united  by  bandsof  strong  cloth,  the  arrange- 
ment of  bands  offering  sufficient  elasticity 
to  permit  of  the  occupant  sitting  or  lying. 


Cacolet  or  Mule-chair. 

Military  cacolets  are  of  two  kinds:  one  in 
the  form  of  an  arm-chair,  suspended  one  on 
either  side  of  a  mule,  for  the  less  wounded; 
the  other  in  the  form  of  a  bed  laid  at  length 
along  the  mule's  back  for  the  more  severely 
wounded.  The  French  were  the  first  to 
employ  cacolets  in  the  Crimean  war  (1S54-5). 


ch,  cAaiu;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      i.job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  rinff;     TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Wn;     w,  wig;    «h,  icAig;    zh,  azure.-SeeKKY. 


CACOLOGY 


366 


CADENT 


Cacology  (ka-kol'o-ji),  ".  [Or.  toWwte— 
total  tad, and  logon,  word]  Bad  speaking; 
bail  choice  of  words.  Buchanan. 

Caooon  (ka-kon'),  n.  [An  African  name.]  A 
commercial  name  for  the  large  beans  of  the 
Entada  scaiulent,  nat.  order  Legummosa:, 
used  for  making  scent-bottles,  purses,  *c. 

Cacophonia  (kak-6-fo'ni-a),  n.  Same  as 
Cacophinui.  Stotft. 

Cacophonic,  Cacophonical  (kak-o-fo'mk, 
kak-6-fo'nik-al),a.  [See CACOPHONY.]  Sound- 
ing harshly. 

Cacophonious,  Cacophonous  (kak-o-fo- 
iii-usT  ka-kof'o-nus),  a.  [See  CACOPHONY.] 
Sounding  harshly. 

Cacophony  (ka-kof'o-ni),  n.  [Gr.  kakoplw- 
nia—kakos,  bad,  and  phow,  sound,  voice.] 
1.  In  rhet.  an  uncouth  or  disagreeable  sound 
of  words,  proceeding  from  the  meeting  of 
harsh  letters  or  syllables.  '  Cacophonies  of 
all  kinds.'  Pope.—  2.  In  music,  a  combina- 
tion of  discordant  sounds.— 3.  In  wed.  a  de- 
praved voice;  an  altered  state  of  the  voice. 


errand-boys,  and  the  like;  now  extended  to 
any  mean,  vulgar  fellow  of  whatever  social 
rank.  'The  conductor  who  is  vulgarly 
known  as  the  cad.'  tlayhcw. 


I  will  appear  to 


the  cads  of  the  thimble-rig  kno 


ore  of  you  than  one  of 


ws  of  the  pea-holdei 
Hoot. 
There's  a  set  of  cadi  in  that  club  that  will  say  any- 


thing. 


Thackeray. 


organization,  as  the  indurations  resulting 
from  low  or  chronic  inflammation,  cirrhosis, 
Ac  Dunylison. 

Cacotechny  (kak-o-tek'ni),  n.  [Gr.  kakos, 
bad,  and  techuf..  art.]  A  corruption  or  cor- 
rupt state  of  art.  (Rare.) 
Cacotrophy  (ka-kot'ro-ft),  n.  [Gr.  kakos, 
bad,  and  trophf,  nourishment.]  In  HMO. 
disordered  nutrition. 

Cacoxene,  Cacoxenite  (ka-kok'sen,  ka- 
kok'sen-it).  n.    [Gr.  kakos,  bad,  and  xenos, 
a  -uest  ]  A  yellowish  silky  mineral,  in  very 
minute  fibrous,  radiating  tufts,  a  native  fer- 
ric phosphate  with  water,  containing  per- 
oxide of  iron  and  phosphoric  acid.  It  occurs 
in  the  iron  ore  of  Bohemia.  The  phosphoric 
acid  injures  the  quality  of  the  iron  extracted 
from  the  ore  in  which  cacoxene  occurs. 
Cactacese  (kak-ta'se-e),  n.  pi.    A  nat.  order 
of  dicotyledonous  plants,  the  cactus  or  In- 
dian fig  order.   The 
species  are  succu- 
lent  shrubs,  with 
minute  scale -like 
leaves',    except    in 
the  genus  Pereskia, 
and  with  clusters 
of   spines   on   the 
stems.    They  have 
fleshy  stems,  with 
sweetish  watery  or 
milky  juice.     The 
fruit  is  succulent, 
in  some  species  sub- 
acid   and    refresh- 
ing, in  others  insi- 
pid. All  the  plants 
of   this  order,  ex- 
cept a  single  spe- 
cies, are  natives  of 
America.     Several 

have  been  introduced  into  the  Old  World, 
and  in  many  places  they  have  become  natur- 
alized. The  principal  genera  are  Melocac- 
tus,  Echinocactus,  Opuntia,  and  Mammil- 
laria.  The  species  figured  above  is  a  native 
of  South  Brazil.  Its  rounded  or  oval  stem 
is  from  8  inches  to  1  foot  in  diameter. 
Cactaceous  (kak-ta'shus),  a.  Relating  to 
or  resembling  the  cactus;  as,  cactaceous 
plants. 

Cactal  (kak'tal),  a.    [See  CACTUS.]    In  bot. 
of  or  belonging  to  the  cactus  group  or  order 
of  plants;  as,  the  cactal  alliance. 
Cactesa  (kak'te-e),  n.  pi.    Same  as  Cactaceai. 
Cactine  (kak'tin),  n.    The  red  colouring 
matter  extracted  from  the  fruit  of  some  of 
the  Cacti  and  Opuntia. 
Cactus  (kak'tus),  n.    [L.,  from  Gr.  kaktos,  a 
prickly  plant.  ]    The  old  name  of  a  group  of 
plants  once  considered  to  form  a  single 
genus,  but  now  divided  into  several,  and 
constituting  the  nat.  order  Cactacese  (which 
see). 

Cacuminal  (ka-ku'mi-nal),  a.  [I/,  cacumen, 
a  top  or  summit.  ]  Pertaining  to  a  top  or 
summit;  specifically,  pertaining  to  the  top 
of  the  palate;  as,  a  cacumwioi  letter.  See 
under  CEREBRAL. 

Cacumlnate  t  (ka-ku'mi-nat),  ti.  t.  [L.  cam- 
men,  a  top,  a  point]  To  make  sharp  or 
pointed.  Bailey. 

Cad  (kad),  n.  [An  abbreviation  of  cadet,  Sc. 
cadfe,  caddie,  a  porter  or  messenger.  See 
CADET.  ]  A  slang  term  of  contempt  applied 
originally  to  various  classes  of  persons  of  a 
low  grade,  as  hangers-on  about  inn-yards, 
conductors  of  omnibuses,  messengers  or 


CadamhaCka-damTja),  n.  The  general  name 
Kiven  to  the  wood  of  trees  belonging  to  the 
genus  Nauclea  (which  see).  The  yellow  close- 
grained  wood  of  N.  cordifolia.  and  f.  parm- 
folia  is  used  in  India  for  flooring-planks, 
packing-boxes,  &c.  Its  great  drawback  is 
that  it  is  exceedingly  liable  to  be  injured  by 
moisture  Written  also  Ktulumba. 
Cadastral  (ka-das'tral),  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
cadastre  or  government  survey  and  register 
of  the  properties  of  a  country;  pertaining 
to  the  survey  of  a  country  on  a  large  and 
complete  scale;  as,  the  cadastral  or  ord- 
nance survey  of  Great  Britain. 
Cadastre,  Cadaster  (ka-das'ter),  n.  [Fr. 
cadastre,  a  survey  and  valuation  of  real  pro- 
perty; It.  catastro,  contracted  from  L.L 
capitastrum,  register  for  a  poll-tax,  from  L. 
capnt,  the  head  ]  A  detailed  survey  of  the 
lands  of  a  country,  their  extent,  divisions, 
and  subdivisions,  nature  of  culture,  <fcc. ,  in 
most  countries  executed  by  the  government 
as  the  basis  of  an  assessment  for  fiscal  pur- 
poses, &c.  Doomsday  Book  is  a  kind  of  ca- 
dastre. 

Cadaver  (ka-da'ver),  n.  [L]  A  corpse.  Sir 
J  Dailies.  '  A  mere  cadacer.'  Boyle. 
Cadaveric,  Cadaverine  (ka-dav'er-ik,  ka- 
dav'cr-in)  <i.  [See  CADAVEROUS.]  Relat- 
in"  to  a  dead  body;  relating  to  the  changes 
induced  in  a  corpse  by  putrefaction;  as, 
cadaveric  phenomena. 

Cadaverous  (ka-dav'er-us),  a.  [L.  cadaver- 
osiis,  from  coda ver,  a  dead  body,  from  cado, 
to  fall.]  Pertaining  to  a  dead  body;  espe- 
cially having  the  appearance  or  colour  of  a 
dead  human  body;  pale;  wan;  ghastly.  'A 
cadaverous  man,  composed  of  diseases  and 
complaints.'  Feltham.  '  A  pale  cadaverous 
face.'  Matryat. 

Cadaverously  (ka-dav'er-us-li),  adv.  In  a 
cadaverous  manner. 

Cadaverousness  (ka-dav'er-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  cadaverous. 
Cad-bait,  Cad-bate  (kadljat).  n.  The  larva 
of  the  caddice-fly.  See  CADDICE. 
Caddlce,  Caddis  (kad'is),?i.  [Called  by  vari- 
ous other  names,  as  caddy,  caddew,  cad-bait, 
cod-bait,  &c.,  probably  from  the  case  or  bag 
in  which  it  is  enveloped.  Comp.  W.  cod,  a 
bag,  cadach,  a  piece  of  cloth,  a  rag,  codas,  a 
kind  of  cloth.  See  CADDIS.]  The  larva  of 
the  caddice-fly;  a  caddice-worm. 
Caddice-fly,  Caddis-fly  (kad'is-fli),  n.  An 
insect  of  the  genus  I'hryganea,  order  !<eu- 
roptera,  called  also  the  May-fly,  the  larva 
or  grub  of  which  (caddice  or  case  worm) 
forms  for  itself  a  case  of  small  stones,  grass- 
roots, shells,  &c.,  lives  under  water  till 
ready  to  emerge  from  the  pupa  state,  and  is 
used  as  bait  by  anglers.  This  grub  is  very 
rapacious,  and  devours  large  quantities  of 
fish-spawn. 


Caddice  Fly  and  Worms. 

I,  Caddice-fly.  2,  Larva  in  case  formed  of  straw  or 
dry  grass  stalks.  3,  In  case  formed  of  small  stones. 
4,  In  case  formed  of  grass  roots.  5,  In  case 
formed  of  shells. 

Caddice-worm,  Caddis -worm  (kad'is- 
werm),  n.  The  larva  of  the  caddice-fly. 

Caddie  Caddy  (kad'i),  n.  [Fr.  cadet,  a 
younger  brother.  See  CADET.]  A  boy,  espe- 
cially as  employed  in  running  errands; 
hence,  specifically,  one  who  gains  a  liveli- 
hood by  running  errands  or  delivering  mes- 
sages ;  also,  one  who  carries  the  clubs  of 
persons  playing  at  golf.  [Scotch,] 


Caddis,  Caddice  (kad'is),n.  [Comp.  Sc.  cad- 
dig,  caddice,  floooulent  cotton  or  wool;  prr- 
bablyfrom  the  Celtic;  lr.  and  Gael,  cada-, 
cadan,  cotton ;  W.  cadan,  a  kind  of  cloth, 
and  cadach,  a  clout,  a  kerchief.]  1. 1  A  kind 
of  worsted  tape  or  ribbon.  '  Caddises,  cam- 
brics, lawns.'  Shak.  — 2.  A  kind  of  tape  lint 
for  dressing  wounds.  Slmmonds. — 3.  A  cad- 
dis-worm. See  CADDICE. 

Caddis-gartert  (kad'is-giir-ter),  n.  A  garter 
of  worsted  ribbon.  Shak. 

CaddOW  (kad'6),  n.  [O.E.  co-daw,  that  is 
caw-daw—caw  and  daw;  comp.  Sc.  kac,  Dan. 
kaa,  a  jackdaw.]  A  chough;  a  jackdaw. 
liny.  [Provincial.] 

Caddy  (kad'i),  n.  [Corruption  of  catty,  a 
small  package  of  tea,  from  Malay  kati,  a 
catty  or  weight  equivalent  to  14  Ibs.]  A 
small  box  for  keeping  tea. 

Cade  {kad),  a.  [Perhaps  connected  with 
Dan.  kaad,  wanton,  frolicsome.]  Tame; 
bred  by  hand;  domesticated. 

He  brought  his  cade  lamb  with  him  to  mass. 

Sheldon. 

Cade  (kad),  t>.  (.  To  bring  up,  or  nourish  by 
hand,  or  with  tenderness;  to  tame.  John- 
son. 

Cade  (kad),  n.  [L.  cadus,  a  cask.]  A  barrel 
or  cask.  A  cade  of  herrings  is  the  quantity 
of  five  hundred ;  of  sprats,  a  thousand. 
•Stealing  a  code  of  herrings.'  Shak. 

Cade  (kad),  n.     A  sheep-tick. 

Cadelle  (ka-del'),  n.  The  French  name  of 
the  larva  of  a  beetle,  Trogosita  (Teneliria) 
mauritanica,  exceedingly  destructive  in 
granaries.  Although  not  indigenous  to  Bri- 
tain, it  is  occasionally  found  in  our  wheat 
granaries,  imported,  probably,  from  foreign 
countries.  When  full-grown  it  is  about 
}  inch  long,  whitish,  covered  with  scattered 
hairs,  and  has  a  black  horny  head,  armed 
with  two  curved  jaws. 

Cadence  (ka'dens),  n.  [L.L.  cadentia,  a 
falling,  from  L.  cado,  to  fall.  Chance  is 
the  same  word.]  1. 1  A  decline ;  a  state  of 
falling  or  sinking.  'The  sun  in  western 
cadence  low.'  Milton.  —  2.  A  fall  of  the 
voice  in  reading  or  speaking,  as  at  the 
end  of  a  sentence ;  also,  the  falling  of  the 
voice  in  the  general  modulation  of  tones  in 
reciting. —3.  The  general  tone  or  modula- 
tion of  the  voice  in  reading  or  reciting, 
especially  in  reading  or  reciting  verse. 
'Passion's  tenderest  cadence.'  Sir  W.Scott. 

The  preacher's  cadence  flowed. 
Softening  thro  all  the  gentle  attributes 
Of  his  lost  child.  Tennyson. 

4.  Tone;  sound.  'Blustering  winds  .  .  . 
with  hoarse  cadence.'  Milton.— 5.  Milit.  uni- 
formity in  time  and  pace  in  marching.— 
6.  In  the  manege,  an  equal  measure  or  pro- 
portion observed  by  a  horse  in  all  his  mo- 
tions.—7.  In  her.  same  as  Marks  of  Cadency 
(which  see  under  CADESCY).— 8.  Proportion. 
[Rare  and  poetical.] 

A  body  slight  and  round,  and  like  a  pear 
In  growing,  modest  eyes,  a  hand,  a  foot 

Lessening  in  perfect  cadence.      Tennyson. 

9.  In  music,  (a)  in  general,  the  close  of  a 
musical  passage  or  phrase.  (6)  Specifically, 
a  vocal  or  instrumental  shake  or  trill,  run, 
or  division,  introduced  as  an  ending  or  as  a 
means  of  return  to  the  first  subject.  Stainer 
ct  Barrett,  (c)  Same  as  Cadenza.— A  perfect 
cadence  is  composed  of  the  chord  of  the 
dominant,  followed  by  that  of  the  tonic,  like- 
wise of  the  chord  of  the  dominant  seventh, 
followed  by  that  of  the  tonic.— An  imper- 
fect cadence  consists  of  the  chord  of  the 
tonic,  followed  by  that  of  the  dominant, 
but  rarely  occurs  as  a  final  close.—  The  in- 
territpted  or  deceptive  cadence  is  formed  by 
a  chord  quite  foreign  to  that  which  was  ex- 
pected, thus  evading  the  close,  and  deceiv- 
ing expectation.— The  plagal  cadence  con- 
sists of  the  chord  of  the  subdomiuant,  fol- 
lowed by  that  of  the  tonic,  occasionally 
used  in  sacred  music.  Slainer  <t  Barrett. 
Cadence  (ka'dens),  t>.(.  pret.  <fe  pp.  cadencfd; 
ppr.  cadencing.  To  regulate  by  musical 
measure;  as,  well  cadenced  music.  'These 
parting  numbers  cadenced  by  my  grief.' 
Philips. 

Cadency  (ka'den-si),  n.  [See  CADENCE.  ]  De- 
scent.— Marks  of  cadency,  in  her.  marks  in- 
tended to  show  the  descent  of  a  younger 
branch  of  a  family  from  the  main  stock; 
brizures. 

Cadene  (ka-denO,  n.  A  common  kind  of  car- 
pet imported  from  the  Levant. 
Cadent  (ka'dent),  a.  [L.  cadens,  caientis, 
ppr.  See  CADENCE.]  1.  Falling  down;  sink- 
ing. 'With  cadent  tears  fret  channels  in 
her  cheeks.'  Shak.  [Rare.]— 2.  The  term 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  try. 


CADENZA 


3G7 


C^SURAL 


applied  to  the  tenth  of  1'rofessor  H.  Rogers' 
fifteen  divisions  of  the  paleozoic  strata  in 
tin-  Appalachian  chain  of  North  Anicrira, 
the  names  of  which  suggest  metaphorically 
the  different  natural  periods  of  the  day;  it 
corresponds  to  our  lower  middle  Devonian. 

Cadenza  (ka-den'za). »,  [It.  See  CADENCE.) 
In  manic,  (a)  an  addition  or  embellishment 
made  by  the  performer  at  the  end  of  an  air 
or  concerto,  either  actually  extempore  or 
of  an  impromptu  character.  (b)  A  running 
passage  at  the  conclusion  of  a  vocal  piece. 

Cade-Oil  (kiUl'oil),  ».  An  oil  used  in  Ger- 
many and  France  for  veterinary  purposes, 
made  of  the  fruit  of  the  Junipenu  (tei/- 
ri'i/i-iix,  called  ill  those  countries  coda. 

Cadesse  t  ( kacl'es ),  n.  Same  as  Caddow. 
JfortotM. 

Cadet  (ka-clef).  ».  [Fr.  cadet,  O.Fr.  capdet, 
contr.  from  L.L.  capitettum,  dim.  of  caput, 
the  head.  The  capdet  or  cadet  was  the  little 
head  or  chief,  in  distinction  from  the  eldest 
son,  who  was  caput  or  head.  ]  1.  The  younger 
oryoungest  son.  —2.  A  gentleman  who  carries 
arms  in  a  regiment,  as  a  private  man,  with 
a  view  to  acquire  military  skill  and  obtain  ! 
a  commission.  His  service  is  voluntary, but 
he  receives  pay,  and  thus  is  distinguished 
from  a  volunteer.— 3.  A  young  man  in  train- 
ing for  the  rank  of  an  officer  in  the  army  or 
navy,  or  in  a  military  school ;  specifically, 
one  who  is  trained  for  the  army  by  a  course 
of  military  discipline,  at  the  Royal  Military  i 
Academy  at  Woolwich,  or  the  Royal  Mill-  ' 
tary  College  at  Sandhurst,  previous  to  ob- 
taining a  commission;  or  one  who  holds  the 
first  01-  lowest  grade  as  a  candidate  for  a 
commission  in  the  Royal  Navy. 

Cadet's  Fuming  Liquor  (kad'ez  fiim'ing 
lik'er).  See  ALKARSINE,  KAKODYLE. 

Cadetship  (ka-det'ship),  n.  The  commission 
given  to  a  cadet. 

Cadew  (ka-diY),  n.    A  caddice-worm. 

Cade- worm  (kad'werm),n.  A  caddice-worm. 

Cadge  (kaj),  v.t  [From  cadger.]  [Provincial 
English  and  Scotch.  ]  To  carry,  especially 
to  carry  for  sale;  to  hawk. 

Cadge  (kaj),  v.s.  [Provincial  English  and 
Scotch.  ]  1.  To  hawk  goods,  as  in  a  cart  or 
otherwise. — 2.  To  intrude  or  live  on  another 
in  a  mean  way. 

Cadger  (kaj'er),  n.  [Perhaps  from  O.Fr. 
cagter,  one  who  carried  about  falcons  or 
other  birds  in  a  cage  for  sale.  ]  1.  One  who 
brings  butter,  eggs,  poultry,  and  the  like, 
to  the  market  from  the  country;  an  itiner- 
ant huckster.  —  2.  A  person  who  gets  his 
living  in  a  questionable  manner.  '  The  gen- 
tleman cadijer.'  Dickens.  [Provincial  or 
low  in  both  senses.] 

Cadgy  ( kaj'i ),  a.  [A  provincial  word  allied 
to  Dan.  kaad,  wanton.]  1.  Lively;  frolic- 
some.—2.  Wanton. 

Cadi  (kad'i  or  ka'di),  n.  [Turk,  kadi,  a  judge. 
See  ALCALDE.]  A  judge  in  civil  affairs 
among  the  Turks;  usually  the  judge  of  a 
town  or  village. 

Cadllesker  (kart-i-les'ker),  n.  [Turk,  kadi, 
a  judge,  and  leskar,  army.]  The  chief  judge 
in  the  Turkish  Empire ;  so  called  because 
he  had  originally  jurisdiction  over  the  sol- 
diery, who  now,  however,  can  be  tried  only 
by  their  own  officers. 

Cadillac  (ka-dil'lak),  n.  [Cadillac,  a  town 
in  Gironde,  France.]  A  sort  of  pear. 

Cadis  (kad'is),  n.  [See  CADDIS.]  A  French 
term  for  a  coarse  woollen  serge. 

CadjU  Gum  (kaj'e-i  gum),  n.  See  ANACAR- 
DIUM. 

Cadmean,  Cadmian(kad-me'an,  ka  cl'mi-an), 
a.  Relating  to  Cadmus,  a  legendary  prince 
of  Thebes,  in  Greece,  who  is  said  to  have 
introduced  into  Greece  the  sixteen  simple 
letters  of  the  alphabet—*, &,r,),i,i,x, *.,/*, 
»* »,  T.  ;,  f,  r,  v,  which  are  therefore  called 
Cadmean  letters. — A  Cadmean  victory,  a 
proverbial  phrase  for  a  victory  in  which  the 
victors  suffer  as  much  as  the  vanquished : 
probably  in  allusion  to  the  soldiers  who 
sprung  from  the  dragon's  teeth  sown  by 
Cadmus,  and  having  engaged  in  combat 
destroyed  each  other. 

Cadmia  (kad'mi-a),  n.  [L.  cadmio,  Gr.  kad- 
mia,  kadmeia,  calamine.  ]  1. 1  A  name  given 
by  old  writers  to  calamine.— 2.  An  oxide  of 
zinc  which  collects  on  the  sides  of  furnaces 
where  zinc  happens  to  be  present  in  an  ore 
and  is  sublimed.  Dana. 
Cadmium  (kad'mi-um),  n.  [From  the  above.] 
Sym.  Cd.  At.  wt.  112.  A  metal  discovered 
by  II.  Stromeyer,  in  1817,  in  carbonate  of 
zinc,  at  Hanover.  Its  colour  is  a  fine  white, 
with  a  shade  of  bluish  gray,  resembling  that 
of  tin.  Its  texture  is  compact,  its  fracture 


irregular,  and  it  is  sus<  eptilde  of  polish.  In 
all  its  relations  it  is  very  analogous  to  zinc, 
and  it  is  almost  invariably  associated  with  it. 
It  is  ductile  and  malleable,  and  when  fused 
crystallizes  in  octahedrons.  It  melts  below 
a  red  heat,  and  when  strongly  heated  in  the 
air  it  burns,  forming  a  yellow  oxide  (CiUi). 
Its  scarcity  prevents  its  employment  in  the 
arts,  but  the  oxide  has  been  used  as  a  pig- 
ment. Cadmium  occurs  in  the  form  of  car- 
bonate, as  an  ingredient  in  various  kinds  of 
calamine,  or  carbonate  of  zinc.  It  is  also 
found  in  the  form  of  sulphide,  as  the  rare 
mineral  greenockite,  and  to  the  extent  of 
5  per  cent,  in  some  kinds  of  zinc  blende. 
Like  zinc,  it  forms  only  one  oxide,  chloride, 
sulphuret,  Ac. 

Cadmium-yellow  (kad'mi-um-yel-16),  n.  A 
pigment  prepared  from  the  sulphide  of  cad- 
mium. It  is  of  an  intense  yellow  colour, 
and  possesses  much  body. 

Cadrans  (kad'ranz),  n.  [  Properly  a  plural 
from  Fr.  cadran,  cadrant,  lit.  a  quadrant.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  angles  in 
cutting  and  polishing  gems,  and  keeping 
the  gems  at  the  proper  angle  during  the 
process.  E.  H.  Knight. 

Caducaryt  (ka-dft'ka-ri),  a.  [L.  caducarius, 
relating  to  property  without  a  master.]  In 
old  law,  relating  to  escheat,  forfeiture,  or 
confiscation. 

Caduceau  (ka-du'se-an),  o.  Belonging  to 
the  caduceus  or  wand  of  -Mercury. 

Caduceus  (ka-du'se-us),  n.  [L.]  In  class, 
myth.  Mercury's  rod;  a  wand 
entwisted  by  two  serpents, 
borne  by  Mercury  as  an  en- 
sign of  quality  and  office.  On 
medals  the  caduceus  is  a  sym- 
bol of  peace  and  prosperity; 
in  modern  times  it  is  used  as 
a  symbol  of  commerce.  Mer- 
cury being  the  god  of  com- 
merce. The  rod  represents 
power;  the  serpents,  wisdom; 
and  the  two  wings,  diligence 
and  activity. 

CadUCiary  (ka-du'shi-a-ri),  a. 
[L.  caducus,  falling.  ]  In  Scots 
law,  a  term  applied  to  a  right 
not  acquired  by  succession. 

Caducibranchiate  (ka-du'sl- 
brang"ki-at),  a.  [L.  caducng, 
falling,  and  branchiae,  gills.] 
In  zool.  a  term  applied  to  tailed  amphibi- 
ans, such  as  the  newts,  which  lose  the  gills 
before  attaining  maturity. 

Caducibranchiate  (ka-du'si-brang"ki-at),n. 
[See  above.]  A  caducibranchiate  amphi- 
bian. 

Caducity  (ka-du'si-ti),  n.  [Fr.  caduciU, 
from  L.  caducus ,  from  cado,  to  fall.  ]  A  ten- 
dency to  fall  or  decay;  hence,  the  period  of 
declining  life ;  senility.  '  A  heterogeneous 
jumble  of  youth  and  caducity.'  Lord  Chett- 
terfield.  'At  once  in  a  state  of  childhood 
and  caducity.'  Gibbon.  [Rare.] 

Caducous  (ka-du'kus),  a.  [See  above.]  Hav- 
ing a  tendency  to  fall  or  decay;  specifically, 
in  bot.  applied  to  organs  that  early  drop  off, 
as  the  envelopes  of  a  flower. 

Caduket  (ka-duk'),  a.  [See  CADUCITY.]  Per- 
ishing; frail;  fleeting.  [Rare.] 

Cady  (kad'i),  n.  A  street  porter  in  Edin- 
burgh. See  CADDIE. 

Caecal  (se'kal),  a.  1.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
cajcum.  — 2.  Having  the  form  of  a  caecum ; 
bag-shaped ;  as,  the  ccecal  extremity  of  a 
duct. 

Caecally  (se'kal-li),  adv.  In  the  form  or 
manner  of  a  crocum. 

In  the  former  (the  Articulata),  .    .    .  the  intestine 
ends  rurally.  Dr.  H.  A.  Nicholson. 

Caecias  (se'si-as),  n.  [L.,  Gr.  kaikias.]  The 
north-east  wind.  Milton. 

Caecllia,  Ccecllla  (se-sil'i-a),  n.  [L.  caxus, 
blind.from  the  minute  sizeof  their  eyes.]  A 
genus  of  amphibians,  formerly,  on  account 
of  their  external  form,  ranked  with  the 
ophidian  reptiles.  They  are  entirely  desti- 
tute of  limbs,  and  the  eyes  are  very  small, 
and  nearly  hidden  by  the  skin.  They  are 
usually  1  to  2  feet  in  length,  but  often  much 
longer.  They  constitute  an  order  Ophio- 
morpha  (Owen),  of  the  class  Amphibia. 

Cseciliadae,  Caeciliae  (se-sil-i'a-de,  se-sil'i-e), 
n  pi.  A  name  given  to  the  group  or  order 
of  animals  included  in  the  above  genus. 
Also  called  Ctfdlians. 

Caecum  (se'kum),  n.  pi.  Cseca  (se'ka).  [L. 
ccecia,  blind.]  In  compar.  anat.  a  blind 
process  in  the  alimentary  canal  of  various 
animals.  In  fishes  they  are  often  numerous 
and  long;  and  birds  have  generally  two 


Caduceus. 


in  MI  tin-  termination  of  the  intestine.  Main 
inalw  him-  rniiminnh  only  t>ne  <••' 

Caenozolc  (se-no -zo'ik),  a.     See  CAINtiZOIC. 

Caen-stone  (ka'en  or  koft  ston),  n.  The 
Kreneh  cqnivah 'lit  for  our  Bath  oolite,  ll 
is  a  cream-coloured  Ijiiilding  .-tnne  uf  excel- 
lent quality,  got  near  Caen  in  Normainlv 
Although  soft  in  the  quarry,  it  is  ..f  tine 
texture  and  hardens  by  exposure,  so  as  to 
l»">Mie  extremely  durable.  Winchester 
and  Canterbury  Cathedrals,  Henry  VII  'i 
Chapel  at  Westminster,  and  many  e'him  h.  , 
are  built  of  it.  It  is  still  frequently  used 
in  Kngland. 

Caaomacei  (se-6-nia'se-IX  n.  pi.  A  group  of 
parasitic  fungi,  including  the  forms  com- 
monly called  rust  and  mildew,  which  have 
naked  simple  spores. 

Caereblnae  (se-re-bi'ne),  71.  pi.  The  guit- 
guits,  a  sub-family  of  Australian  and  South 
American  tenuirostral  passerine  birds,  fam- 
ily Nectarinidfc,  of  which  the  Cosreba  Cinm" 
of  Cayenne  and  Guiana  may  be  taken  as  the 
type.  It  is  a  brilliant  bird  of  the  size  of  a 
sparrow,  its  plumage  being  deeply  and 
gorgeously  dyed  with  azure,  verditer,  and 
velvet-black,  arranged  in  a  bold  and  striking 
manner.  Its  nest  is  neatly  woven  and  pen- 
sile on  the  extremity  of  a  slender  twig 

Caerule,  Caerulean,  See  CERULE,  CERU- 
LEAN. 

Csesalplnla  (se-zal-pin'i-a),  n.  (After  Cceml- 
pintts,  physician  to  Pope  Clement  VIII.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Leguminosrc. 
The  species  are  trees  or  shrubs  found  in  the 
warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres,  with 
showy  yellow  or  red  flowers,  biplnnate 
leaves,  and  usually  more  or  less  prickly 
stems.  The  Brazil-wood  of  commerce  is 
furnished  by  C.  braziliensis,  C.  crista,  and 
C.  echinata;  and  C  Sappan  furnishes  the 
red  dye-wood  called  sappan-wood. 

Caesalplniea8,Caesalplne88(se-zal-pi-ni'e-e, 
se-zal-pin'e-e),  n.  pi.  A  sub-order  of  legu- 
minous trees,  of  which  Ctesalpinia  (which 
see)  is  the  type. 

Caesar  (se'zer),  n.  A  title,  originally  a  sur- 
name of  the  Julian  family  at  Rome,  which, 
after  being  dignified  in  the  person  of  the 
dictator  C.  Julius  Cresar,  was  adopted  by 
successive  Roman  emperors,  and  latterly 
came  to  be  applied  to  the  heir  presumptive 
to  the  throne.  The  title  was  perpetuated 
in  the  Kaiser  of  the  Holy  Roman  Empire, 
a  dignity  first  assumed  by  Charlemagne. 
Sometimes  in  English  literature  it  is  nearly 
equivalent  to  emperor,  conqueror.  'Ami 
she  shall  be  sole  victress,  Cresar's  Ccesar.' 
Shak.  (Rich.  III.  Iv.  4.) 

Caesarean,  Caesarian  (se-za're-an,  se-za'ri- 
an),a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  Caesar.  —  Ccesarean 
section  or  operation,^  midwtfery,  the  oper- 
ation by  which  the  fetus  is  taken  out  of  the 
uterus  by  an  incision  through  the  parietes 
of  the  abdomen  and  uterus,  when  the  ob- 
stacles to  delivery  are  so  great  as  to  leave 
no  other  alternative:  said  to  be  so  named 
because  Julius  Cecsar  was  brought  into  the 
world  in  this  way. 

Csesious  (se'zi-us),  a.  [L.,  crrsiufi,  blue.  ]  In 
bot.  lavender -coloured;  pale -blue,  with  a 
slight  mixture  of  gray. 

Caesium  (se'zi-um),  n.  [L.  ccesius,  blue.] 
Sym.  Cs.  At.  wt.  133.  A  rare  alkaline  mine- 
ral, first  discovered  by  Bunsen  and  Kirchoff 
by  spectrum  analysis  in  the  saline  waters 
of  Durkheim  in  Germany,  and  subsequently 
in  other  mineral  waters.  Its  spectrum 
exhibits  two  characteristic  blue  lines.  The 
metal  occurs  in  the  mineral  lepidolite. 
and  has  been  discovered  in  greatest  abun- 
dance in  the  lepidolite  of  Hebron,  Maine, 
U.S.  It  is  always  found  in  connection  with 
rubidium.  It  belongs  to  the  same  group  of 
elements  with  lithium,  sodium,  potassium, 
and  rubidium,  viz.  the  group  of  the  alkali- 
metals. 

Caespltose,  Caespitous  (ses'pi-tos,  ses-pi'- 
tus),  a.  See  CESPITOSE. 
Caestus  (ses'tus),  n.  See  CESTUS. 
Caesura  (se'zu-ra),  n.  [L.  caesura,  a  cutting 
off,  a  division  or  stop,  from  catdere,  ccesum, 
to  cut  off.]  In  pros,  a  pause  or  division 
in  a  verse;  a  separation,  by  the  ending  of  a 
word  or  by  a  pause  in  the  sense,  of  syllables 
rythmically  connected.  Thus  in  the  first  of 
the  following  lines  there  is  a  ceesura  or 
cacsural  pause  between  the  fourth  and  fifth 
syllables,  in  the  second  a  caesura  between 
the  fifth  and  sixth. 

Lives  through  all  life,  extends  through  all  extent 
Spreads  undivided,  operates  unspent. 

Caesura!  (se-zu'ral),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
caesura. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sins;      TU,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  trig;     wh,  icAig;      zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CAF 


368 


CAJEPUT 


Caf  (kaf),  n.  The  name  of  the  mountain 
which,  according  to  the  Mohammedans, 
environs  the  whole  earth,  which  is  thus  set 
within  it  like  a  ringer  in  a  ring. 

Cafe  (kaf-a),  n.  [Fr:,  coffee,  a  coffee-house.] 
A  coffee-house ;  a  restaurant. —Cafi  chant- 
ant,  a  coffee-house  in  France  where  the 
guests  are  treated  with  music.  Such  houses 
have  frequently  inclosed  yards  in  front 
planted  with  trees,  under  which  the  guests 
sit  in  summer  listening  to  the  singers,  &c. , 
who  perform  on  a  stage. 

Cafenet  (kaf'e-net),  n.  [A  corruption, 
through  the  influence  of  Fr.  caff,,  of  Turk. 
qahvek-khaneh,  contr.  qahvench,  coffee- 
house.] In  Turkey,  a  hotel  or  house  of 
rest  for  travellers;  a  coffee-house. 

Caff(kaf).  n.     Chaff.     [Scotch.] 

CafTa  (kaf'a),  n.  A  kind  of  painted  cloth 
goods  manufactured  in  India. 

CaffeiC  (ka-fe'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
coffee. — Ca/eic  acid,  a  peculiar  vegetable 
acid  (CsjHagO,,)  existing  in  coffee,  composed 
of  carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen.  Called 
also  Ca/ftannic  Acid  and  Chloroijenic  Acid. 

Caffeine  (ka-fe'in).K.  (CSH10NA-)  A  slightly 
bitter,  highly  azotized  substance,  crystalliz- 
ing in  slender,  silk-like  needles,  found  In 
coffee-beans,  tea-leaves,  Paraguay  tea,  gua- 
rana,  <fcc.  Coffee  contains  from  0-8  to  3-6, 
and  tea  from  2  to  4  per  cent.  It  is  a  weak 
base,  and  forms  salts  with  an  acid  reaction. 
Doses  of  2  to  10  grains  induce  violent  ner- 
vous and  vascular  excitement.  Called  also 
Theine  (which  see). 

Caffeone  (ka-fe'6n),  n.  The  aromatic  prin- 
ciple of  coffee.  It  is  a  brown  oil,  heavier 
than  water.  An  almost  imponderable  quan- 
tity gives  an  aroma  to  a  (mart  of  water. 

Caffer-bread  (kaf'er-bred),  n.  The  spongy 
farinaceous  pith  of  the  trunk  and  cones  of 
certain  cycadaceous  African  plants  of  the 
genus  Encephalartos,  used  by  the  Caffres 
as  food.  Written  also  Ca/re-bread. 

Caffer-corn  (kaf'er-korn),  n.  A  name  given 
to  Indian  millet,  or  Sorghum  vulgare,  which 
is  cultivated  in  portions  of  Africa  as  a 
cereal.  Written  also  Cajfrc-corn.  See  DURR.V, 

SOROHUM. 

Caffetannic  (kaf-e-tan'ik),  a.  Same  as  Caf- 
feic  (which  see). 

Cafflla,  Cafllah  (kafi-la),  n.  [Ar.  and  Per. 
kajilet,  a  caravan,  a  body  of  travellers.]  An 
official  Persian  government  caravan;  a  com- 
pany of  travellers  or  merchants. 

Caffre  (kaf'er),  n.  One  of  a  native  race  of 
Southern  Africa;  a  Kafir  or  Kaffir.  See 
KAFIR. 

Caftan.     Same  as  Kaftan. 

Cag  (kag),  71.  [Dan.  and  Sw.  kagge,  a  keg.] 
A  small  cask  or  barrel,  differing  from  the 
barrel  only  in  size,  and  containing  a  few 
gallons,  hut  not  of  any  definite  capacity: 
more  commonly  written  Keg. 

Cage  (kaj),  n.  [Fr.  cage,  from  L.  caeea.  a 
hollow,  from  cavus,  hollow  (whence  E.eawe). 
For  changes  similar  to  cage  from  cavea,  see 
ABRIDGE.]  1.  A  box,  or  inclosure  made  of 
boards,  or  with  lattice- work  of  wood,  wicker, 
or  wire,  for  confining  birds  or  beasts.  For 
the  confinement  of  the  more  strong  and 
ferocious  beasts  a  cage  is  sometimes  made 
of  iron  bars. 

It  happens  with  it  (wedlock)  as  with  cages;  the 
birds  without  despair  to  get  in,  and  those  within 
despair  to  get  out.  Florio. 

2.  Formerly,  a  prison  orplaceof  confinement 
for  petty  malefactors.  — 3.  A  skeleton  frame- 
work of  any  kind;  as,  (a)  in  carp,  an  outer 
work  of  timber,  inclosing  another  within  it; 
as,  the  cage  of  a  windmill,  or  of  a  staircase, 
(ft)  In  mach.  a  framework  to  confine  a 
hall-valve  within  a  certain  range  of  motion. 
(c)  A  wire  guard  placed  in  front  of  an 
eduction-opening  to  allow  liquids  to  pass, 
but  prevent  the  passage  of  solids,  (rf)  The 
framework  of  a  hoisting  apparatus,  as 
the  framework  in  which  miners  ascend 
and  descend  the  shaft,  and  by  which  hutches 
are  raised  and  lowered,  (e)  Xaut.  an  iron 
vessel  formed  of  hoops  placed  on  the  top 
of  a  pole,  ami  filled  with  combustibles.  It 
is  lighted  an  hour  before  high  water,  and 
marks  an  intricate  channel  navigable  for 
the  period  it  burns.— 4.  A  cup  with  a  glass 
bottom  and  cover  with  a  drop  of  water  be- 
tween containing  animalcules  to  be  ex- 
amined under  a  microscope. — 5.  In  mining 
slang,  a  tap-room,  or  bar  in  the  store  at- 
tached to  a  work. 

Cage  (kaj),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  caged;  ppr. 
caging.  To  confine  in  a  cage;  to  shut  up  or 
confine.  'Caged  nightingales.'  Shak. 

Caged  (kajd),  pp.  or  a.    Resembling  a  cage 


or  place  of  confinement.  '  The  catjed  clois- 
ter.' Shak. 

Cageling  (kfij'ling),  w.  A  bird  kept  in  a 
cage;  a  cage-bird.  Tennii*»n. 

Cagmag  (kag'mag),  n.  1.  Tough  old  geese 
sent  to  market;  tough  dry  meat.— 2.  An  in- 
ferior kind  of  sheep,  llalliwell.  [Vulgar.] 

Cagot  (ka-go),  n.  [Fr. ,  perhaps  from  Armor. 
cactmz,  leprous.  The  Cagots  are  supposed  to 
be  descended  from  lepers.]  One  of  a  miser- 
ably degraded  race  of  men  inhabiting  France, 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Pyrenees,  as 
also,  formerly  at  least.  Lower  Brittany.  In  the 
middle  ages  they  were  believed  to  be  can- 
nibals and  heretics,  and  treated  with  the 
greatest  ignominy.  Legally  they  are  now  on 
a  level  with  other  Frenchmen,  but  socially 
they  are  still  regarded  as  degraded.  From 
insufficient  nourishment  and  their  mode  of 
life  they  are  often  deformed  and  diseased, 
and  have  been  confounded  with  Cretins. 

Cagul (kag'n-e),  ».  [Native  name.]  A  name 
common  to  two  species  of  monkeys  of  Brazil, 
one  of  them  called  liapale  Jacchus,  and 
:  the  other  //.  (Kdipus. 

Cahier  (ka-e-ya),  n.  [Fr.,  O.Fr.  cayer, 
quaycr,  L.L.  quatermini,  a  sheet  of  four 
leaves,  L.  quatttor,  four.)  1.  A  number  of 
sheets  of  paper  put  loosely  together;  speci- 
fically, one  of  the  successive  portions  of  a 
work,  when  printed  in  parts  or  numbers.— 
2.  Report  of  proceedings  of  any  body,  as 
the  legislature;  a  memorial. 

Cahoot  (ka-hof),  ».  [Perhaps  from  Fr.  co- 
horte,  a  company.]  A  company  or  partner- 
ship ;  as,  to  go  in  cahoot  with  a  person. 
Bartktt.  [Southern  and  Western  States  of 
America.] 

CalC  (ka-ekO,  n.    Same  as  Caique. 

CaiUiacn  (kyi'yach),  n.  [Gael.]  An  old 
woman. 

Give  something  to  the  Highland  MillMchs  that 
shall  cry  the  coronach  loudest.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Caimacam  (ka-ma-kam'),  n.  [Turk.  kai- 
iitaeam,  lieutenant  —  taint,  vigilant,  and 
innkaum,  a  deputy.]  A  lieutenant  or  a 
lieutenant-general  in  the  Turkish  service; 
specifically,  a  title  of  the  deputy  of  the 
grand  vizier,  and  governor  of  Constanti- 
nople. Called  also  Caimacan. 

Caiman,  n.    See  CAYMAN. 

Cain-coloured  (kan'kul-erd),  a.  A  word 
found  only  in  the  following  passage: — 

No,  forsooth,  he  has  but  a  little  wee  face,  with  a 
little  yellow  beard— a  cein-tolottred  l>eard. 

Shat.  Mfr.trtsi.  1.4,33. 

Supposed  by  some  to  he  for  cane-cvloured; 
but  Nares  explains  the  word  as  meaning 
•yellow  or  red  as  applied  to  hair;  which 
being  esteemed  a  deformity,  was  by  common 
consent  attributed  to  Cain  and  Judas.' 
Conip.  As  You  Like  It,  in.  4.  9.  The  word 
cane  does  not  occur  in  Shakspere. 

Ca'ing-whale  (ka'ing-wh&l),  n.  Same  as 
Caaing-whale. 

Cainite  (kau'it),  n  [From  OIIH.]  A  mem- 
ber of  a  strange  sect  of  fanatical  heretics  of 
the  second  century,  who  professed  to  vener- 
ate Cain,  Korah,  Dathan,  and  Abiram,  and 
the  Sodomites.  They  imagined  a  variety  of 
angels,  attributing  to  each  a  particular  sin, 
so  that  when  they  were  about  any  wicked- 
ness they  invoked  the  angel  whom  they 
fancied  to  preside  over  it.  They  held  that 
the  way  to  be  saved  was  to  gratify  their 
lusts  and  evil  passions,  and  are  said  to  have 
asserted  that  the  power  which  created  hea- 
ven and  earth  was  an  evil  one. 

Cainozoic  (ka-no-io'lk),  a.  [Or.  kainos,  re- 
cent, and  zoe.  life.]  In  geol.  a  term  applied 
to  the  latest  of  the  three  divisions  into  which 
strata  have  been  arranged,  with  reference 
to  the  age  of  the  fossils  they  include.  The 
Cainozoic  system  embraces  the  tertiary  and 
post-tertiary  systems  of  British  geologists, 
exhibiting  recent  forms  of  life,  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  Mtfozoic,  exhibiting  inter- 
mediate, and  the  Palaeozoic,  ancient  and 
extinct,  forms.  It  corresponds  nearly  with 
what  has  been  called  the  age  of  mammals. 
Written  also  Ctrnozoic,  Kainozoic. 

Caique  (ka-ekO,  n.  [Fr,  from  Turk,  kaik.} 
1.  A  small  skiff  or  rowing  boat;  especially  a 
light  skiff  used  in  the  Bosporus,  where  it 
almost  monopolizes  the  boat  traffic.  It  may 
have  from  one  to  ten  or  twelve  rowers.  —  2.  A 
Levantine  vessel  of  larger  size. 

Oaira(sae-ra).  (Fr.  '  It  (the  revolution) 
shall  go  on. ']  The  burden  of  a  French  revolu- 
tionary song  composed  about  1789  or  1790 

Caird(kard),  n.  [Ir.  Gael,  ceard,  a  tinker] 
A  travelling  tinker;  a  tramp;  a  vagrant  •  a 
gypsy.  Sir  W.  Scott.  [Scotch.] 

Cairn  (karn),  n.    [Gael  Ir.  W.  earn,  a  heap, 


a  cairn.]  A  heap  of  stones;  especially  one  of 
those  large  heaps  of  stones  common  in  Great 
Britain,  particularly  in  Scotland  and  Wales, 
and  generally  of  a  conical  form.  They  are  of 
various  sizes,  and  were  probably  constructed 
for  different  objects.  Some  are  evidently 
sepulchral,  containing  urns,  stone  chests, 
bones,  &c.  Some  were  erected  to  commemo- 
rate some  great  event,  others  appear  to  have 
been  intended  for  religious  rites,  while  the 
modern  cairn  is  generally  set  up  as  a  land- 
mark, or  to  arrest  the  attention,  as  in  sur- 
veying, or  in  leaving  traces  of  an  exploring 
party  or  the  like.  See  BARROW. 
Cairned  (karnd),  a.  Surmounted  by  a  cairn 
or  cairns. 

The  cairn'd  mountain  was  a  shadow.      TtHHyscii. 

Cairngorm,Cairngorm-8tone(kHi]]^nn,i, 
karn'gorm-ston),  n.  A  yellow  or  brown 
variety  of  rock-crystal  or  crystallized  silica, 
found  in  great  perfection  on  the  CairngoxiD 
range  in  Scotland.  They  are  regular  hexa- 
gonal crystals,  with  a  pyramidal  top.  and 
are  much  used  for  brooches,  seals,  and  other 
ornaments.  The  colour  is  due  to  a  little 
oxide  of  iron  or  manganese. 

Caisson  (kas'son),  n.  [Fr,  caisson,  from 
caisxe.  a  chest,  a  case,  from  L.capsa,  a  chest.  ] 

1.  MUit.  (a)  a  wooden  chest   into  which 
several  bombs  are  put,  and  sometimes  gun- 
powder, to  be  laid  in  the  way  of  an  enemy 
or  under  some  work  of  which  the  enemy 
intend  to  possess  themselves,  and  to  be  fired 
when  they  get  possession.    (&)  An  ammuni- 
tion wagon;  also,  an  ammunition  chest  — 

2.  In  arch,  a  sunken  panel  in  a  vaulted 
ceiling  or  in  the  soffit  of  a  Corinthian  or 
Composite  cornice;  a  coffer;  a  lacunar.— 

3.  In  civil  enyin.  (a)  a  vessel  in  the  form  of 
a  boat  used  as  a  flood-gate  in  docks.    (6)  An 
apparatus  on  which  vessels  may  be  raised 
and  floated;  especially  a  kind  of  floating- 
dock,  which  may  be  sunk  and  floated  under 
a  vessel's  keel,   used  for  docking  vessels 
while  at  their  moorings,  without  removing 
stores  or  masts.   See  FLOATING-DOCK,   (c)  A 
water-tight  box  or  casing  used  in  foumlhr,' 
and  building  structures  in  water  too  deep 
for  the  coffer-dam,  such  as  piers  of  bridges, 
quays,  Ac.    They  often  take  the  shape  of  a 
cylinder  with  an  open  bell-like  chamber 
resting  on  the  ground  where  the  excavating, 
building,  Ac.,  is  to  take  place.    Air  is  sup- 
plied to  the  workman  in  the  same  way  as  is 
done  to  the  diver  in  a  diving-bell. 

Calssoon  (kas-son),  ».  Same  as  Caisson, 
more  especially  in  meaning  3. 

Caithness  Flags  (kath'ncs  flagz),  71.  pi.  A 
well-known  series  of  dark,  bituminous,  dur- 
able, slightly  micaceous  and  calcareous 
flaggy  beds  of  the  lower -middle  old  red 
system  of  Scotland.  They  abound  in  fossil 
fishes,  and  are  much  used  in  paving. 

Caitiff  (ka'tif),  n.  [O.Fr.  cait\f,  chaitif,  cap- 
tive, unfortunate ;  Mod.  Fr.  chetif,  pitiful, 
mean,  vile;  from  L.  captimts,  a  captive,  from 
capere,  to  take.]  l.t  A  captive;  a  prisoner; 
a  slave. 

Avarice  doth  tyrannize  over  her  caitiff  ynA  slave. 
Holland. 

2.  A  mean  villain ;  a  despicable  knave;  one 
who  is  both  wicked  and  mean.  '  Striking 
great  blows  at  caitiffs  and  at  wrongers  of  the 
world.'  Tennyson. 

Like  caitiff 'vile  that  for  misdeed 

Rides  with  his  face  to  rump  of  steed.     Hudibras. 

Caitiff  (ka'tif),  a.  Belonging  to  a  caitiff;  ser- 
vile; base.  'His  caitiff  flight.'  Irving. 
'Bandit  earls  and  caitiff  knights.'  Tenny- 

Caitlfflyt  (ka'tif-li),  adv.  Knavishly;  ser- 
vilely; basely. 

Caitiitee.t  «.  [Through  the  French,  from 
L.  captivitai,  captivity.  See  CAITIFF.]  The 
state  of  being  a  captive;  captivity. 

He  that  leadeth  into  caitifttt,  schall  go  into  caitif- 
ttt.  ll'ictliffe. 

Caitive.t  Caytlvet  (ka'tiv),  n.  and  a.  Same 
as  Caitiff.  Spenser. 

Cajanus,  Cajan  (ka-ja'nus,  kaj'an),  n. 
[Catjan,  its  Malabar  name.)  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Leguminosee,  one  species 
of  which,  C.  indicus,  furnish  a  sort  of  pulse 
used  in  tropical  countries.  It  is  a  shrub 
3  to  10  feet  high,  and  a  native  of  the  East 
Indies,  hut  now  extensively  cultivated 
throughout  the  tropics.  Called  also  Pigeon- 
pea.,  Angola-pea,  Congo-pea,  &c. 

Cajeput,  Cajuput  (kaj'i-put,  kaj'u-put),  ?i. 
[Malay  Icayu,  a  tree,  and  plttih,  white.]  An 
oil  from  the  East  Indies  resembling  that  of 
cardamoms,  obtained  from  the  Melaleuca 
Cajuputi,  or  cajeput-tree  of  the  Moluccas. 
It  is  antispasmodic,  stimulant,  and  sudori- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CAJOLE 


369 


CALAMUS 


flc,  and  is  said  to  be  a  remedy  in  Asiatic 
cliulera. 

Cajole  (ka-jol'),  n.  t.  prut.  &  pp.  mauled;  ppr. 
cajoling.  [Fr.  cnjulcr,  to  cnjole;  O.Fr.  ca- 
geoler,  to  sing  or  chatter  like  a  bird  in  a 
cage,  from  cage.  ]  To  deceive  or  delude  by 
flattery,  specious  promises,  simulated  com- 
pliance with  anotlier's  wishes,  and  the  like; 
to  wheedle;  to  coax. 


went  on  the  emperor  did  cajvle 
Sf.  Jinriirl. 


But  while  the 
the  king. 

Charles  found  it  necessary  to  postpone  to  a  more 
convenient  season  all  thought  of  executing  the  treaty 
of  Dover,  and  to  cajole  the  nation  by  pretending;  to 
return  to  the  policy  of  the  Triple  Alliance. 

.Mataulay. 

Cajolement  (ka-jol'ment),  ».  Cajolery. 
Ciili'ritiije.  [Rare.] 

Cajoler  (ka-jol'6r),  ».  One  who  cajoles;  a 
wheedler. 

Cajolery  (ka-jol'er-i),  ».  The  act  of  cajoling; 
coaxing  language  or  tricks;  a  wheedling  to 
delude.'  '  Infamous  cajoleries.'  Evelyn. 

Cajuput.    See  CAJEMJT. 

Cake  (kiik),  n.  [Icel.  and  Sw.  kaka,  Dan. 
kage,D.  koeck,G.  kitchen,  c;\ke;probablyfrom 
L.  coguere.  to  cook.  See  COOK.]  1.  A  mass  of 
fine  light  dough  baked,  and  generally  sweet- 
ened or  flavoured  with  various  ingredients, 
or  a  composition  of  flour,  butter,  sugar,  or 
other  ingredients,  baked  in  a  mass.  The 
name  is  applied  to  various  compositions 
baked  or  cooked  in  different  shapes.— 
2  Something  made  or  concreted  in  the  form 
of  a  cake;  a  mass  of  matter  in  a  solid  form 
relatively  thin  and  extended;  as,  a  cake  of 
soap. 

C.ckcs  of  rustling  ice  came  rolling  down  the  flood. 
Dryden. 

3.  Oil-cake  for  feeding  cattle. 

How  much  cake  or  guano  this  labour  would  pur- 
chase we  cannot  even  guess  at.  .-lusted. 

—One's  cake  is  dough,  one  has  failed  ;  one 
has  had  a  failure  or  miscarriage. 

My  cake  is  dough,  but  I'll  in  among  the  rest.  Shak. 
Steward,  your  cake  is  dough  as  well  as  mine. 

A1,  yoiisoit. 

Cake  (kiik),  v.t.  pret.  <fe  pp.  caked;  ppr. 
wiking.  To  form  into  a  cake  or  mass. 

Cake  (kak),  v.i.  To  concrete  or  become 
formed  into  a  hard  mass,  as  dough  in  an 
oven,  &c.  'Clotted  blood  that  caked  within.' 
Addition. 

Cake  (kak),  v.i.  To  cackle.  [North  of  Eng- 
land.) 

Cake-bread  (kSk'bred),  n.  Fine  white  bread  ; 
manehet.  Jt.  Jonxon. 

Cake-urchin  (kak'ur-ehin),n.  A  name  popu- 
larly applied  to  sea-urchins  (Echinoidea) 
having  a  discoid  shape. 

Cakile  (kak'i-le),  ».  [Arabic  name.]  A  genus 
of  cruciferous  plants.  The  species  are 
smooth,  fleshy,  annual  branched  herbs,  with 
entire  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  natives  of 
the  sea-coasts  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
C.  inaritima  (purple  sea-rocket)  is  a  native 
of  Britain.  (See  SEA-ROCKET.)  There  are 
two  other  species,  C.  americana  and  C. 
fenualix,  all  pretty  annuals. 

Cal  (kal),  n.  A  mining  term  for  a  kind  of 
bastard  metal  found  in  tin  ore;  wolfram. 

Calaba  (kal'a-ba).    See  CALOPHVLLUM. 

Calabar  Bean  (kal-a-bar'  ben),  n.  The  seed 
of  Physostig  ina,  oenenosutn,  a  leguminous 
African  plant,  nearly  allied  to  the  kidney- 
bean,  employed  in  medicine  chiefly  as  an 
agent  for  producing  contraction  of  the 
pupil.  It  is  a  powerful  narcotic  poison, 
operating  also  as  a  purgative  and  emetic, 
and  in  virtue  of  these  last  qualities  is  the 
famous  'ordeal  bean'  of  Africa,  adminis- 
tered  to  persons  suspected  of  witchcraft. 
If  it  causes  purging  it  indicates  crime  ;  if 
vomiting,  innocence.  It  induces  fainting 
fits  and  asphyxia,  and  weakens  or  paralyzes 
the  action  of  the  heart. 

Calabash  (kal'a-bash),   n.     [Pg.   calabaca, 


Calabashes,  from  Kew  Gardens,  and  Private 
Collection. 

Sp.  calabaza,  Catalan  carabassa,  a  gourd, 
a  calabash  ;  from  Ar.  qar,  a  gourd,  and 
<tibas,  dry.]  1.  A  vessel  made  of  a  dried 


gourd-shell  or  of  a  calabash  shell,  used  for 
containing  liquors  or  goodrf,  as  pitch,  resin, 
and  the  like.  They  are  so  close-grained  ainl 
hard  that  when  they  contain  any  liquid  they 
may  be  put  several  times  on  the  fire  as 
kettles.  They  are  sometimes  highly  polished, 
and  have  figures  engraved  on  them,  which 
are  variously  tinged  with  indigo  or  other 
colours.  —2.  The  fruit  of  the  calabash-tree. 
3.  A  popular  name  of  the  gourd-plant  (Cu- 
cnrbita). 

Calabash-tree  (kal'a-bash-tre),  n.  1.  The 
popular  name  of  the  American  trees  or 
shrubs  belonging  to  the  genus  Crescentia, 
given  to  them  because  of  their  large  gourd- 
like  fruits,  the  hard  shells  of  which  are 
made  into  numerous  domestic  utensils,  as 
basins,  cups,  spoons,  bottles,  itc. — 2.  A  name 
also  given  to  Adanxonia  digitata,  the  bao- 
bab of  Africa.  See  BAOBAB. 

Calaboose  (kal-a-Los'),  n.  LSp.  calaoozo.  a 
dungeon,  probably  from  Ar.  aal'ah,  castle, 
and  bft s,  hidden.]  A  prison.  [inited States, 
local.] 

Calabre.t  Calabert  (ka-la'br),  n.  A  Cala- 
brian  fur.  'His  cloke  of  calabre.'  Piers 
Plowman.  '  Costly  grey  amices  of  calaber.' 
Bale. 

Calade  (ka-)ad'  or  ka-liid),  n.  [Fr.]  The 
slope  or  declivity  of  a  rising  manege-ground, 
down  which  a  horse  is  ridden  in  training 
him. 

Caladium  (ka-la'di-um),  n.  [Fromfato, 
a  native  name  for  the  edible  rhizome.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Aracere,  having 
the  upper  part  of  the  spadix  entirely  covered 
with  stamens,  and  the  base  with  ovaries. 
The  leaves  are  oblong-cordate,  with  large 
lobes,  often  veined  with  red.  The  juice  of 
these  plants  is  very  acrid,  but  its  injurious 
qualities  are  destroyed  by  cooking,  and  the 
fleshy  starch-bearing  rhizomes  of  some  spe- 
cies are  used  as  food.  They  are  natives  of 
the  West  and  East  Indies,  &c. ,  and  are  often 
cultivated.  They  have  been  introduced  into 
our  hot-houses  because  of  their  fine  foliage. 

Calalte  (ka-lalt),  n.  [L.  callais,  Gr.  kallais, 
a  greenish-blue  precious  stone.]  A  name 
given  to  the  turquoise  (which  see). 

Calamagrostis  (kal'a-ma-gros"tis),  n.  [Or. 
kalamos,  a  reed,  and  agrostis,  the  name  of 
several  grasses.  ]  A  genus  of  grasses  allied 
to  Arundo;  small  reed.  The  species  are 
mere  weeds,  found  chiefly  in  damp  woods. 
Three  species  are  found  in  Britain. 

Calamanco  (kal-a-mang'ko),  n.  [L.L.  cala- 
mancus,  calamaucum,  camelaucum,  &c. , 
perhaps  a  stuff  originally  of  camel's  hair.] 
A  woollen  stuff  of  a  line  gloss  and  checkered 
in  the  warp.  '  A  gay  calamanco  waistcoat.' 
Addison. 

Calamander  Wood  (kal-a-man'der  wud), 
n.  [Supposed  to  be  a  corruption  of  Coro- 
wandel  wood.  ]  A  beautiful  species  of  wood, 
the  product  of  Diospyros  qvamita,  nat.  order 
Ebenaeea?.  a  native  of  Ceylon;  it  resembles 
rosewood,  but  is  so  hard  that  it  is  worked 
with  great  difficulty.  It  takes  a  very  high 
polish,  and  is  wrought  into  chairs  and  tables, 
and  yields  veneers  of  almost  unequalled 
beauty. 

Calamar  (kal'a-mar),  ».  Same  as  Cala- 
manj. 

Calamary  ( kal'a-ma-ri ).  n.  [Pg.  calamar, 
an  inkstand,  from  L.  calamus,  a  reed,  pen.  ] 
The  general  name  for  decapod  cuttle-fishes 
of  the  family  Teuthida?,  order  Dibranchiata, 
but  properly  used  to  designate  those  of  the 
genus  Loligo.  The  body  isoblong,  soft,  fleshy, 
tapering,  and  flanked  behind  by  two  trian- 
gular fins,  and  contains  a  pen-shaped  gladius 
or  internal  horny  flexible  shell.  They  have 
the  power  of  discharging,  when  alarmed  or 
pursued,  a  black  fluid  from  an  ink-bag. 
The  species  are  found  in  all  seas,  and  fur- 
nish food  to  dolphins,  whales,  &c.  Some 
species  can  dash  out  of  the  water  and  propel 
themselves  through  the  air  for  80  or  100 
yards  Loligo  vulgaris  occasionally  grows 
to  the  length  of  2i'feet.  Called  also  Squid, 
Sea-sleeve,  Preke,  or  Pen-fish. 

Calambac  (kal'am-bak),  u.  [Fr.  calambac, 
from  Per.  kalambak,  a  fragrant  wood.  ] 
Same  as  Agalluchmn. 

Calambour  (kal'am-bor),  n.     [Fr.  calam- 
bour,  calambourc.  Ac.     See  CALAMBAC.  ]    A 
species  of  the  aloes- wood,  of  a  dusky  or 
mottled  colour,  of  a  light  friable  texture, 
and  less  fragrant  than  calambac.  This  wood 
is  used  by  cabinet-makers  and  inlayers. 
Calamiferous  (kal-a-mif'er-us),  a.  [L.  cala- 
mus, a  reed,  and/ero,  to  bear.]    Producing 
reedy  plants;  reedy. 
Calamlne,  Calamln  (kal'a-mm,  kal  a-min), 


«  [I.  I.  catomina,  from  I.,  cadmia  (d  Wiir-c 
changed  into  1),  calaminc,  railiuU. ]  The 
native  siliceous  oxide-  of  zinr.  aii  iuii  ortant 
llritish  ore  of  zinc-,  from  which  the  metal 
is  got  chiefly  by  distillation.  It  unicrally 
occurs  associated  with  zinc;  i-ail»>iiato  in 
calcareous  rocks. 

Calamint  (kal'a-iuiiit),  n.  A  plant  of  the 
Hcmts  Calamintlm. 

Calamintha  (kal-a-miu'tha),  n.  [Gr.  kalon, 
beautiful,  and  mint/in ,  miict.  i  A  HI-MUS  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Labiatie.  ]  The  plants  are 
herbs  or  shrubs  with  dense  whorls  of  purplu- 
white  or  yellow  flowers,  with  a  twn-lippi-d 
corolla  and  four  conniving  stamens,  riv.; 
species  are  British,  viz.  C.  Xepcta.  lesser 
calamint;  C.  u/icinalis,  common  calamint ; 
C.  sylvatica,  wood-calamint;  C.  Acinus,  basil- 
thyme  ;  and  C.  Clinopodium,  wild-basil. 
They  all  contain  a  volatile  oil. 

Calamist  t  (  kal'a-inist).  n.  [  L.  calannu,  a 
reed.]  A  piper;  one  who  plays  on  a  reed  or 
pipe.  Blount. 

Calamistrate  t  ( kal-a-mis'trat ),  v.t.  [I>. 
caltntiistrare,  from  calamistfr  or  calamis- 
trum,  an  iron  tube  for  curling  the  hair, 
from  calamus,  a  reed.]  To  curl  or  frizzle, 
as  the  hair.  Cotgrave;  Burton. 

Calamistration  t  (kara-mis-tra"shon ),  n. 
The  act  of  curling  the  hair. 

Calamistrations,  ointments,  &c will  make 

the  veriest  dowdy  otherwise  a  goddess.      Burton. 

Calamlte  (kal'a-mit).  n.  [L.  calamus,  a  reed  ] 
1.  A  mineral,  probably  a  variety  of  tremo- 
lite.  It  occurs  in  imperfect  or  rounded 
prismatic  crystals,  longitudinally  striated, 
and  sometimes  resembling  a  reed.  Its  struc- 
ture is  foliated,  its  lustre  vitreous,  and  more 
or  less  shining.  —  2.  A  fossil  of  the  genus 
Catamites. 

Calamites  (kal-a-mi'tez),  n.  [L.  calamus, 
a  reed.]  A  genus  of  fossil  plants,  very 
characteristic  of  the  carboniferous  rocks. 
They  had  the  habit  of  the  modern  equi- 
setums,  to  which  they  are  closely  allied,  but 
they  were  arborescent,  with  woody  stems, 
true  leaves,  and  corms  with  fruit  scales  like 
Equisetum,  but  protected  externally  with 
bract  leaves. 

Calamitous  ( ka-lam'i-tus ),  a.  [Fr.  cala- 
witeux,  L.  calauritosus.  See  CALAMITY.  ] 
l.t  Suffering  calamity;  miserable;  involved 
in  deep  distress;  wretched.  'Ten  thousands 
of  calamitous  persons.'  South. — 2.  Produc- 
ing or  resulting  from  calamity ;  making 
wretched ;  distressful ;  as,  a  calamitous 
event.  'That  calamitous  prison.'  Milton. 
•His  sad  and  calamitous  condition.'  South. 
SYN.  Miserable,  deplorable,  distressful,  af- 
flictive, wretched,  grievous,  baleful,  disas- 
trous, adverse,  unhappy,  severe,  sad. 

Calamitously  ( ka-lam'i-tus-li ),  adv.  In  a 
calamitous  manner;  in  a  manner  to  produce 
great  distress. 

CalamitOUSneSS  (ka-lam'i-tus-nes),  ?j.  The 
quality  of  bringing  calamity  or  misery; 
deep  distress;  wretchedness;  misery. 

Calamity  (ka-lam'i-ti),  n.  [L.  calamitas,  a 
word  of  doubtful  root.  ]  Any  great  misfor- 
tune or  cause  of  misery ;  generally  applied 
to  events  or  disasters  which  produce  exten- 
sive evils,  as  loss  of  crops,  earthquakes,  con- 
flagrations, defeat  of  armies,  and  the  like. 
But  it  is  applied  also  to  the  misfortunes 
which  bring  great  distress  upon  individuals. 

Calamity  is  man's  true  touchstone.     Btau.  £r  Ft. 
The  deliberations  of  calamity  are  rarely  wise. 

Buflu. 

—Misfortune,  Calamity,  Disaster.  See  under 
MISFORTUNE.— SYN.  Disaster,  distress,  afflic- 
tion, adversity,  misfortune,  unhappiness,  in- 
felicity, mishap,  mischance,  misery,  evil,  ex- 
tremity, exigency,  downfall. 

Calambdendron  (kal'a-mo-den"dron),  n. 
[Gr.  kalamos,  a  reed,  and  dentlron,  a  tree.) 
In  geol.  a  genus  of  coal-plants,  nat.  order 
Equisetacea:,  often  of  considerable  thickness, 
with  smooth  surface  or  bark,  and  articulated 
hollow  stems;  reed-tree.  They  are  gener- 
ally represented  by  the  amorphous  casts  of 
their  striated  hollow  axes. 

Calamus  (kal'a-mus),  n.  [L.  calamus,  a 
reed,  a  reed-pen,  a  pipe  of  reed ;  Gr.  kala- 
mos. The  root  is  the  same  as  in  E.  haulm.] 
1.  In  Scrip,  the  word  used  to  translate  a 
Hebrew  term  which  is  believed  to  mean 
an  aromatic  substance  obtained  from  some 
kind  of  reed  or  cane,  probably  Andropogon 
Scluenantlms  or  A.  Calamus  aromaticus 
(sweet-scented  lemon-grass).  —2.  The  root  of 
the  sweet-flag  or  sweet-rush  (Atunu  Cala- 
mn#).  See  SWEET-RUSH.  —  3.  A  genus  of 
palms,  the  stems  of  the  different  species  of 
which  are  the  rattan-canes  of  commerce. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch; 
VOL.  I. 


g,  90;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  to»;      ng,  simj,      TH,  (Aen;  th,  Ma; 


w,  «>ig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
24 


CALANDO 


370 


CALCITRATION 


This  genus  holds  a  middle  station  between 
the  grasses  and  palms,  with  the  habit  of 
the  former  and  the  inflorescence  of  the 
latter.  The  species  are  principally  found 
in  the  hotter  parts  of  the  East  Indies.  The: 
stems  of  C.  Rotang,  C.  verus,  C.  rudcntum, 
and  C.  extensus  are  extensively  used  for  the 
bottoms  of  chairs  and  similar  articles.  Ma- 
lacca canes,  so  much  used  for  walking-sticks, 
are  the  stems  of  C.  scipionum,  which  are 
imported  from  Singapore  and  Malacca,  but 
are  chiefly  grown  in  Sumatra.  The  resin 
called  dragon's-blood  is  yielded  by  C.  Draco. 
4.  In  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  a  tube  of  precious 
metal,  anciently  used  by  communicants 
when  partaking  of  the  contents  of  the  chal- 
ice in  the  eucharist.  The  kings  of  France 
used  it  at  their  coronation  when  they  par- 
took of  both  kinds  in  the  sacrament. 

Calando  (ka-lan'do).  [It.,  ppr.  otcalare,  to 
decrease.]  In  music,  a  direction  to  gradu- 
ally slacken  the  pace  and  decrease  the  volume 
of  tone. 

Calandra  (ka-lan'dra),  n.  [It.  calaiidra,  Gr. 
Icalandra,  a  kind  of  lark.)  1.  A  species  of 
lark  (Alauda  calandra),  with  a  thick  bill, 
the  upper  part  of  the  body  of  a  reddish 
brown,  spotted  with  black,  with  a  body 
thicker  than  the  sky-lark.  It  is  a  native  of 
Southern  Europe  and  Northern  Africa. — 
2.  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  belong- 
ing to  the  section  Rhynchophora,  and  family 
Curculionidae.  Some  of  the  minute  species 


Corn-weevil  (Calandra  granaria),  natural  size 
and  magnified. 

commit  great  havoc  in  granaries,  both  in 
their  larva  and  perfect  state.  They  are  very 
numerous,  and  among  them  are  the  well- 
known  corn-weevil  (C.  nmnaria)  and  the 
rice-weevil  (C.  oryzce).  The  gru-gru  worm, 
which  destroys  palm-trees  in  South  America, 
is  the  larva  of  C.  palmarum,  and  is  nearly 
2  inches  long.  This  grub  is  eagerly  sought 
for  by  the  natives,  who  eat  it  when  cooked. 
This  species,  with  C.  sacchari,  destroys  also 
the  sugar-canes  of  the  West  Indies. 

Calangay  ( ka  -  laug '  ga ),  n.  A  species  of 
white  parrot. 

Calapitte  (kal'a-pit),  n.  [Malayan  calappa, 
the  cocoa-tree.]  A  stony  concretion  occa- 
sionally present  in  the  cocoa-nut,  called  also 
Vegetable  Bezoar,  much  worn  by  the  Malays 
as  an  amulet  of  great  virtue. 

Calash  ( ka-lash'),  n.  [  Fr.  caliche,  from  G. 
kalesche,  a  word  of  Slavonic  origin:  Bohem. 
kolesa,  Pol.  kolaska.~}  1.  A  light  chariot  or 
carriage,  with  very  low  wheels.  It  may  be 
open,  or  covered  with  afolding  top  which  can 
be  let  down  at  pleasure.  'When  you  and  I 
take  the  air  in  the  calash  together.'  Locke. 
2.  The  folding  hood  or  top  sometimes  fitted 
to  such  a  carriage.  —3.  A  cover  for  the  head 
sometimes  used  by  ladies.  It  is  generally 
made  of  silk  supported  on  a  frame  of  cane 
or  whalebone,  and  worn  projecting  well 
over  the  face. 

Mrs.  Bute's  eyes  flashed  out  at  her  from  under  her 
black  calash.  Thac/ttray. 

Calathldium,  Calathium  (kal-a-thid'i-um, 
ka-la'thi-um ),  n.  [Gr.  kalathos,  a  Mower- 
basket.]  Names  sometimes  given  to  the 
flower-head  of  the  plants  called  Composite 

Calathifonn  ( kara-thi-form ),  o.  [  L.  cala- 
thiis,  a  basket,  a  bowl,  and/onna,  form.]  In 
bot.  hemispherical  or  concave,  like  a  bowl 
or  cup. 

Calathium.    See  CALATHIDIUM. 

Calathus(kara-thus),  n.  [Gr.  kalathos,  a 
basket.]  An  ancient  sort  of  basket  in  which 
Greek  and  Roman  women  kept  their  work. 
It  is  often  represented  on  monuments,  and 
frequently  as  a  symbol  of  maidenhood. 

Calcaire-grpssier  (kal-kar-gro-se-a),  n.  [Fr. , 
lit.  coarse  limestone.  ]  In  geol.  the  coarse 
calcareous  building-stone  of  Paris,  formed 
of  foraminiferous  shells.  It  forms  an  exten- 
sive stratum,  or  rather  series  of  strata,  in 
the  Paris  basin,  and  belongs  to  the  eocene 
tertiary  period. 

Calcaneal  (kal-ka'ne-al),  a.  In  aiwt.  relat- 
ing to  the  calcaueum,  or  great  bone  of  the 
heel;  as,  calcaneal  arteries. 


Calcaueum  (kal-ka'ne-um),  n.  [L. ,  the  heel.  ] 
In  anat.  the  largest  bone  of  the  tarsus;  the 
bone  that  forms  the  heel. 

Calcar  (kal'kar),  n.  [L.  cnlcar,  a  spur,  from 
calx,  calcis,  the  heel.]  In  bot.  a  spur ;  a  hol- 
low projection  from  the  base  of  a  petal.  It 
is  the  nectary  of  Linnanis. 

Calcar  (kal'kar),  ».  [L  calcaria,  a  lime- 
kiln, from  calx,  lime.  ]  In  glass-work*,  a 
kind  of  oven  or  reverberating  furnace,  used 
for  the  calcination  of  sand  and  salt  of  pot- 
ash, and  converting  them  into  frit. 

Calcarate  (kal'ka-rat),  a.  [L.  calcar,  a  spur.] 
In  bot.  furnished  with  a  spur;  as,  a  calcar- 
ate  corolla,  such  as  that  of  larkspur. 

Calcareo  -  argillaceous  (kal-ka're-6-ar-jil- 
la'shus),  a.  Partly  calcareous  partly  argil- 
laceous. 

Calcareo  -  bituminous  (kal-ka're-6-bi-tu'- 
min-us),  a.  Consisting  of  or  containing 
lime  and  bitumen. 

Calcareo-siliceous  (kal-k;Yre-6-si-li"shus), 
a.  Consistingof  orcontaining  lime  and  silica. 

Calcareo  -  sulphurous  (kal-ka're-6-sul'fer- 
us),  a.  Having  lime  and  sulphur  in  com- 
bination, or  partaking  of  both. 

Calcareous  (kal-ka're-us),  a.  [L.  calcariiu, 
calcareous,  from  calx,  lime  (whence  E. 
chalk).}  Partaking  of  the  nature  of  lime; 
having  the  qualities  of  lime;  containing  lime; 
as,  calcareous  earth  or  stone.  —  Calcareous 
spar,  crystallized  carbonate  of  lime.  It  is 
found  crystallized  In  more  than  700  different 
forms,  all  having  for  their  primitive  form 
an  obtuse  rhomboid.  The  rarest  and  most 
beautiful  crystals  are  found  in  Derbyshire. 
—  Calcareous  tvja,  an  alluvial  deposit  of 
carbonate  of  lime,  formed  generally  by 
springs,  which,  issuing  through  limestone 
strata,  hold  in  solution  a  portion  of  calca- 
reous earth;  this  they  deposit  on  coming  in 
contact  with  air  and  light. 

Calcareousness  (kal-ka're-us-nes),  n.  Qua- 
lity of  being  calcareous. 

Calcarlferous  (kul-ka-rif'er-us),  a.  [L.  eal- 
canun,  from  calx,  calcis,  lime,  and  /era,  to 
bear.  ]  In  geol.  and  mineral,  lime-yielding; 
as,  calcarifermis  strata.  Applied  also  to 
petrifying  springs  charged  with  carbonate 
of  lime,  which,  on  the  spring  issuing  into 
the  air,  is  deposited  as  crusts  of  calcareous 
tufa.  [Rare.  ] 

Calcavella,  Calcavellos  (kal-ka-vclla,  kal- 
ka-vel'los),  n.  A  kind  of  sweet  wine  from 
Portugal.  See  CARCAVELHOS. 

Calceatedt  (kal'se-at-ed),  a.  [L.  calceatus, 
from  calci'UK,  a  shoe.]  Shod;  fitted  with  or 
wearing  shoes.  Johnson. 

Calcedon  (kal'si-don),n.  [See CHALCEDONY.] 
In  jewelry,  a  foul  vein,  like  chalcedony,  in 
some  precious  stones. 

Calcedonlc,  Calcedonlan  (kal-si-don'ik, 
kal-si-do'ni-an),  a.  C'halcedonic  (which  see). 

Calcedony  (kal-sed'o-ni),  n.  Chalcedony 
(which  see). 

Calcelform  (kal-se'i-form),  a.  [L.  calcetui, 
a  slipper,  and  forma,  form.)  Having  the 
form  of  a  slipper,  as  the  corolla  of  Calceo- 
laria; calceolate. 

Calceolaria  (kal-se-6-la'ri-a),  n.  [L.  calceo- 
lus,  a  slipper,  from  the  shape  of  the  inflated 
corolla  resembling  a  shoe  or  slipper]  Slip- 
perwort,  a  genus  of 
ornamental  herba- 
ceous or  shrubby 
plants,  nat.  order 
Scrophulariacea). 
All  the  species  are 
South  American ; 
several  have  been 
long  known  in  Brit- 
ish gardens.  Most 
of  them  have  yel- 
low flowers,  some 
have  puce-coloured 
ones,  and  some  oc- 
cur with  the  two 
f-olours  intermix- 
ed, while  some  are 
white.  The  roots  of 
C.  arachnoidea,  the 
parent  of  many  of  Calceolaria, 

our     hybrids,    are 

used  for  dyeing  woollen  cloth  crimson,  un- 
der the  name  of  relbun.  The  greater  num- 
ber of  the  calceolarias  in  cultivation  are 
hybrids  and  not  true  species. 

Calceolate  (kal'se-o-Iat),  a.  Same  as  Cal- 
ceifvrtn. 

Calces,  Calxes.    See  CALX. 

Calcic  (kal'sik),  o.  [L.  calx,  calcis,  lime] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  lime ;  containing  cal- 
cium; as,  calcic  chloride,  or  chloride  of  cal- 
cium. 


Calclferous  (kal-sif'er-us).  a.  [L.  calx,  lime, 
and /(.•;•«,  to  produce.]  Producing  or  con- 
taining lime,  especially  when  in  consider- 
able quantity;  as,  calci/erous  strata;  calci- 
ffi-mix  sandstone. 

Calcification  (kal'si.fl.ka"shon),  n.  [L.calx 
calcis,  lime,  and  facia,  to  make.)  In  chem. 
a  changing  into  lime;  the  process  of  chang- 
ing into  a  stony  substance  by  the  deposi- 
tion of  salts  of  lime,  as  in  the  formation  of 
teeth. 

Calclform  (kal'si-form),  a.  [  L.  calx,  lime 
and  forma,  form.]  In  the  form  of  chalk  or 
lime. 

Calcify  (kal'si-fi),  v.i.  pret.  *  pp.  calcified- 
ppr.  calcifying.  [L.  calx,  lime,  and  facio, 
to  make.]  To  become  gradually  changed 
into  a  stony  condition  by  the  deposition  or 
secretion  of  lime,  as  in  the  formation  of 
teeth. 

Calcify  (kal'si-fi),  t.t.  To  make  stony  by 
depositing  lime.  —  Caltrifyiny  segment,  a 
thick  glandular  sac  or  dilatation  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  oviduct  of  birds,  often, 
but  erroneously,  called  the  uterus,  which 
secretes  the  shell  of  the  egg. 

Calcigenous  (kal-sij'en-us),  a.  [L  calx, 
calcis,  lime,  and  gigno,  genui,  to  produce.) 
In  chem.  a  term  applied  to  the  common 
metals,  which  with  oxygen  form  a  calx  or 
earth-like  substance. 

Calcigerous  (kal-sij'er-ns).  a.  [L.  calx, 
lime,  and  gero,  to  bear.  ]  Producing  or  con- 
taining lime. 

Calcimine  (kal'si-min),  n.  [L.  calx,  calcis, 
lime.]  A  superior  kind  of  white  or  coloured 
wash  for  the  walls  of  rooms,  ceilings  Ac 

Calcimine  (kal'si-min),  v.t.  To  wash  or 
cover  with  calcimine;  as,  to  calcimine 
walls. 

Caldmurite  (kal-si-mu'rit),  n.  [L.  calx, 
lime,  and  muria,  salt  water.  ]  A  species  of 
earth  of  a  blue  or  olive-green  colour,  <>f  the 
consistence  of  clay.  It  consists  of  calcare- 
ous earth  and  magnesia  tinged  with  iron. 

Calcinable  (kal-si'na-bl),  a.  Capable  of  be- 
ing calcined  or  reduced  to  a  friable  state  by 
the  action  of  fire. 

Calcinate  (kal'si-nat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  calci- 
nated ;  ppr.  calcinating.  To  calcine  Bacon 
[Rare.) 

Calcination  (kal-si-na'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
or  operation  of  calcining  or  expelling  from 
a  substance  by  heat  some  volatile  matter 
with  which  it  is  combined,  or  which  is  the 
cementing  principle,  and  thus  reducing  it 
to  a  friable  state.  Thus  chalk  and  carbonate 
of  lime  are  reduced  to  lime  by  calcination 
or  the  expulsion  of  carbonic  acid.— 2.  t  The 
operation  of  reducing  a  metal  to  an  oxide 
or  metallic  calx:  now  called  Oxidation. 
Ure. 

Calcinatory  (kal-sin'a-to-ri),  n.  A  vessel 
used  in  calcination. 

Calcine  (kal-sin'),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  calcined; 
ppr.  calcining.  [Fr.  calciner,  from  L.  calx 
See  CALX.  ]  1.  To  reduce  to  a  powder  or  to 
a  friable  state  by  the  action  of  heat;  to  expel 
from  a  substance  some  volatile  matter  com- 
bined with  it,  or  forming  its  cementing 
principle,  as  carbonic  acid  from  limestone, 
sulphur  from  iron  ore,  or  the  water  of  crys- 
tallization from  salts.— 2.  t  To  oxidize,  as  a 
metal ;  to  reduce  to  a  metallic  calx. 

Calcine  (kal-sin'),  v.i.  To  be  converted  Into 
a  powder  or  friable  substance,  or  into  a 
calx,  by  the  action  of  heat. 

This  crystal  is  a  pellucid  one  ...  in  a  very  strong 
heat  calcining  without  fusion.  Neoitan. 

Calciner  (kal-sin'er),  n.  1.  One  who  cal- 
cines. —2.  A  calcining  or  roasting  furnace. 

CalcispongiSB  (kal-si-spon'ji-e),  n.  pi.  [L. 
calx,  calcu,  lime,  and  spongia,  Gr.  sponggia, 
a  sponge.  ]  A  maiine  order  or  division  of  the 
sponges,  the  sarcodeof  which  is  supported  by 
granular  horny  matter,  mixed  with  three- 
rayed  needles  or  spicules  of  carbonate  of  lime. 
These  sponges  are  mostly  extinct,  but  some 
species  are  found  round  the  coast  of  Britain, 
hanging  from  the  under  side  of  rocks  be- 
tween tide  marks. 

Calclte  (kal'sit).  n.  [L,  calx,  lime.]  A  term 
applied  to  various  minerals,  all  of  which 
are  modifications  of  the  rhombohedral  form 
of  calcium  carbonate.  It  includes  lime- 
stone, all  the  white  and  most  of  the  coloured 
marbles,  chalk,  Iceland-spar,  Ac. 

Calcitrate  t  (kal'si-trat),  r. «.  [L.  calcitro,  to 
kick,  from  calx,  the  heel.]  To  kick. 

Calcitrationt  (kal-si-tra'shon),  71.  The  act 
of  kicking. 

The  birth  of  the  child  is  caused  partly  by  its  cal- 
citration  breaking  the  membranes  in  which  it  lieth. 

Rots. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  plnj     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  So.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CALCIUM 


371 


CALENDAR 


numerous,  long  known,  and  extensively 
id.   The  combination  of  calcium  and  oxy- 


Calcium  (kal'si-mn),  n.  [From  L.  mix,  lime.] 
Sym.  Ca.  At.  wt.  40.  The  metallic  basis  of 
lime,  and  the  most  widely  diffused  of  the 
alkaline  nu-tals.  It  was  first  obtained  by 
Davy  in  1808  by  the  action  of  vultaic  elec- 
tricity. Calcium  is  a  light  yellow  metal, 
about  as  hard  as  sold,  very  ductile  and 
malleable,  and  burns  in  chlorine  with  a 
most  brilliant  Hume.  It  is  very  oxidizable, 
rapidly  changing  into  the  oxide  or  quick- 
lime iu  the  air.  It  unites  with  all  the  non- 
metallic  elements,  and  hence  its  compounds 
are 

used.    

gen  forms  the  well  known  and  highly  useful 
substance  lime. 

Calcium  Light  (kal'si-um  lit),  n.  See  DKUM- 

MOND  LlOIIT. 

Calcographer  (kal-kog'ra-fer),  n.  One  who 
practises  calcography. 

Calcographical  (kal-ko-sraf'ik-al),  a.  [See 
CALCOQRAPHY.]  Pertaining  to  calcography. 

Calcography  (kal-kog'ra-n),  n.  [L.  calx, 
chalk,  and  Or.  grapho,  to  engrave.]  Die 
art  of  drawing  with  black  or  coloured 
chalks. 

Calc-sinter  (kalk'sin-ter),  n.  [L.  calx,  lime, 
and  G.  sinter,  a  stalactite.]  A  stalactitic 
carbonate  of  lime,  a  variety  of  ealcite,  con- 
sisting of  deposits  from  springs  holding  car- 
bonate of  lime  in  solution.  Calc-sinter  forms 
the  stalactites  and  stalagmites  which  beau- 
tify many  caves,  as  that  of  Castleton,  Derby- 
shire, the  Griine  Hohle,  Westphalia,  itc. 
I'nguent  boxes  were  made  of  it  by  the 
ancients. 

Calc-spar  (kalk'spar),  n.  Calcareous  spar, 
or  crystalli/ud  carbonate  of  lime. 

Calc-tuff  (kalk'tuf),  n.  An  alluvial  forma- 
tion of  carbonate  of  lime.  See  CALCAR- 
EOUS. 

Calculable  (kalTcu-la-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  calculated  or  ascertained  by  calcula- 
tion. 'The  operation  of  forces  visible  and 
calculable.'  Ansted. 

Calculary  (kal'ku-la-ri),  n.  [L.  calculus,  a 
pebble.  ]  A  congeries  of  little  stony  knots 
often  found  in  the  pulp  of  the  pear  and 
other  fruits,  formed  by  concretions  of  the 
sap. 

Calculary  (kal'ku-la-ri),  a.  In  incd.  relat- 
ing to  calculi ;  relating  to  the  disease  of 
stone  in  the  bladder. 

Calculate  (kal'ku-lat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cal- 
culated; ppr.  calculating.  [L.  calculo,  cal- 
culatiim,  from  calculus,  a  counter  or  pebble 
used  in  calculations,  a  dim.  from  calx,  a 
small  stone,  a  counter.]  1.  To  ascertain  by 
computation;  to  compute;  to  reckon  up;  to 
estimate;  as,  to  calculate  the  cost  of  a  house. 

2.  To  make  the  necessary  or  usual  computa- 
tions regarding;  as,  to  calculate  eclipses  or 
nativities. 

A  cunning  man  did  calculate  my  birth, 

And  told  me  that  by  water  1  should  die.    SftitA. 

3.  To  fit  or  prepare  by  the  adaptation  of 
means  to  an  end ;  to  make  suitable :  gener- 
ally in  pp.  in  this  sense.    '  Religion  is  calcu- 
lated for  our  benefit.'    Tillotson. 

This  letter  was  admirably  calculated  to  work  on 
those  to  whom  it  was  addressed.  Macaulay. 

Calculate  (kal'ku-lat),  v.i  1.  To  make  a 
computation;  to  arrive  at  a  conclusion  after 
weighing  all  the  circumstances;  to  estimate 
by  calculation;  to  deliberate;  as,  we  calcu- 
late better  for  ourselves  than  for  others. 

The  strong  passions,  whether  good  or  bad.  never 
calculate.  F.  W.  Robertson. 

2.t  To  speculate  about  future  events;  to 
predict.  '  Old  men,  fools,  and  children  cal- 
culate.' Shak.  —  3.  To  suppose  or  believe; 
to  think;  as,  you  are  wrong  there  I  calculate 
(comp.  the  similar  uses  of  guess  and  reckon); 
also  to  think  of  doing  something;  to  intend; 
as,  a  man  calculates  to  go  a  journey.  [United 
States.) 
Calculating  (kal'ku-lat-ing),  p.  and  a. 

1.  Having  the  power  or  habit  of  making  arith- 
metical calculations;  quick  at  arithmetical 
calculations. 

The  American  calculating  boy,  Zerah  Colbum. 
being  asked  how  many  black  beans  it  would  take 
to  make  ten  white  ones,  answered,  '  Ten  if  you  skin 
them.'  De  Morgan. 

2.  Given  to  forethought  and  calculation ; 
especially  given  to  look  ahead  with  thought- 
ful regard  to  self-interest;  deliberate  and 
selfish;  scheming. 

With  his  cool  calculating  disposition  he  easily  got 
the  better  of  his  ardent  rival.  Godwin. 

—Calculating  machine,  a  machine  by  which 
the  results  of  arithmetical  operations  may 
be  obtained  by  inspection,  such  as  the 


machine  invented  by  Mr.  Babbage.  The 
objects  aimed  at  in  the  last-named  machine 
are,  first,  the  performance  of  arithmetical 
calculations  with  absolute  accuracy,  and, 
second,  the  immediate  transference  of  the 
results  to  copper  plates,  from  which  any 
number  of  copies  may  be  printed  without 
the  possibility  of  error.  In  1804  an  instru- 
ment, constructed  on  the  type  of  Babbage's 
by  Messrs.  Seheutz,  Swedish  engineers,  was 
employed  in  calculating  a  large  volume  of 
life-tables  for  the  British  government,  who 
declared  they  would  never  have  been  under- 
taken had  not  this  machine  been  in  exist- 
ence. A  machine  invented  in  1819  by  M. 
Thomas  of  Colmar,  and  called  an  arith- 
mometer, is  now  pretty  extensively  used 
for  addition  and  subtraction  and  all  opera- 
tions that  can  be  resolved  into  these  two. 
Calculation  (kal-ku-lii'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  calculating;  the  art,  practice,  or  manner 
of  computing  by  numbers ;  reckoning ;  com- 
putation ;  as,  to  perform  a  calculation;  to 
find  a  result  by  calculation. 

Whenever  we  speak  of  arithmetic  as  the  science  of 
calculation  we  in  tact  allude  to  that  rudimental  period 
of  the  science  of  numbers  when  pebbles  (calculi)  were 
used,  as  now  among  savages  they  often  are,  to  facili- 
tate the  practice  of  counting.  '  Trench. 

2.  A  series  of  arithmetical  processes  set 
down  in  figures  and  bringing  out  a  certain 
result;  as,  he  showed  me  his  calculation. — 

3.  Estimate  formed  iu  the  mind  by  comparing 
the  various  circumstances  and  facts  which 
bear  on  the  matter  in  hand. 

The  lazy  gossips  of  the  port, 
Abhorrent  of  a  calculation  crost, 
Began  to  chafe  as  at  a  personal  wrong.     Tennyson. 

Calculative  (kal'ku-la-tiv),  a.  Pertaining 
to  calculation ;  tending  to  calculate.  '  Long 
habits  of  calculatiee  dealings.'  Burke. 

Calculator  (kal'ku-la-ter),  n.  One  who 
calculates,  computes,  or  reckons;  one  who 
estimates  or  considers  the  force  and  effect 
of  causes  with  a  view  to  form  a  correct 
estimate  of  the  effects.  '  Ambition  is  no 
exact  calculator.'  Burke. 

Calculatory  (kalTcu-la-to-ri),  a.  Belonging 
to  calculation.  Sherwood. 

Calculet(kal'kul), n.  [Fr.  calcul]  Reckon- 
ing; computation.  '  The  general  calcule  ex- 
ceeded eight  millions.'  tlowell. 

Calcule, \  v.t.  [ Fr.  calculer,  L.  calculare. 
See  CALCULATE.]  To  calculate.  Chaucer. 

CalculifragOUS  (kal-ku-iif'ra-gus),  a.  [L. 
calculus,  a  chalky  pebble,  and  frango, 
fregi,  to  break.  ]  In  surg.  having  power 
to  dissolve  or  break  calculus  or  stone  in 
the  bladder ;  lithotritic. 

Calculous,  Calculose  (kal'ku-lus,  kalTiu- 
16s),  a.  [See  CALCULUS.]  1.  Stony ;  gritty ; 
hard  like  stone ;  as,  a  calculous  concretion. 
2.  Arising  from  calculi,  or  stones  in  the 
bladder ;  caused  by  calculi ;  as,  a  calculous 
disorder.  — 3.  Affected  with  the  gravel  or 
stone ;  as,  a  calculous  person. 

Calculus  (kal'ku-lus),  n.  pi.  Calculi 
(kal'ku-li).  [L.,  a  pebble  used  for  calcu- 
lating or  voting,  from  calx,  a  small  stone, 
a  counter.]  1.  In  pathol.  a  general  term 
for  inorganic  concretions  of  various  kinds 
formed  in  various  parts  of  the  body.  Those 
concretions  formed  in  the  gall-bladder  are 
called  biliary  calculi  or  gall-stones;  those 
formed  by  a  morbid  deposition  from  the 
urine  in  the  kidney  or  bladder  are  called 
urinary  calculi;  those  found  in  the  sub- 
stance of  the  lungs  or  in  the  ramifications 
of  the  bronchi  are  called  plthnonary  calculi; 
and  those  formed  in  the  salivary  glands 
or  their  ducts  are  called  salivary  calculi. 
There  are  also  gouty  concretions,  called 
arthritic  calculi,  and  others  called  pan- 
creatic  calculi,  lachrymal  calculi,  sper- 
matic calculi,  &C.  —  2.  In  math,  a  method 
of  computation.  —Differential  calculus,  the 
arithmetic  of  the  infinitely  small  differences 
of  variable  quantities;  the  method  of  differ- 
encing quantities  or  of  finding  an  infinitely 
small  quantity,  which,  being  taken  infinite 
times, shall  be  equal  to  a  given  quantity.  This 
coincides  with  the  doctrine  of  fluxions.— 
Integral  calculus,  a  method  of  integrating  or 
summing  up  moments  or  differential  quanti- 
ties :  the  inverse  of  the  differential  calculus. 
—Literal  calculus,  a  name  sometimes  given 
to  algebra.  —  Calculus  of  functions,  that 
branch  of  mathematical  analysis  which  in- 
vestigates the  form  of  a  function  and  not 
its  value  in  any  particular  case,  nor  the 
conditions  under  which  it  may  have  a  par- 
ticular value.  Thus,  the  calculus  of  func- 
tions may  be  considered  as  similarly  related 
to  algebra  as  algebra  is  to  arithmetic.  See 


FUNCTION.  —  Calculus  of  variation*.  See 
umh-r  VARIATION. 

Calderari  (kul-da  r.Yrr),  n.  pi.  [It.,  copper- 
smiths.] A  politico-religious  sect  in  Italy 
set  on  foot  during  the  reign  of  Murat  in 
opposition  to  the  Carbonari. 

Caldese  t  (kal-de/J>,  c.t.  [In  allusion  to  the 
Chaldwans,  who  were  famed  for  necromancy, 
&c.  ]  To  cheat,  as  by  necromancy  or  sleight  of 
hand.  '  Choused  and  caldes'd  ye  like  a  block- 
head.' Hudibras. 

Caldron  (kal'dron),  „.  |  Kn,m  n.  Fr.  caldron 
(hypothetical)  -Fr.  chaudron,  O.Fr.  chaul- 
dron,  Sp.  calderon,  It.  calderone,  from  L.  col- 
darius,  pertaining  to  heating,  from  caldun, 
calidus,  hot,  from  caleo,  to  grow  hot]  A 
large  kettle  or  boiler  of  copper  or  other 
metal. 

In  the  midst  of  all 

There  placed  was  a  caldron  wide  and  tall. 
Upon  a  mighty  furnace,  burning  hot,     Spenttr. 

Calecarmon  (kal-kan'nun),  n  [The  flrst 
part  of  the  word  seems  to  be  cale  or  cole, 
cabbage.]  A  well-known  Irish  dish,  made 
by  boiling  and  mashing  greens,  young  cab- 
bage, or  spinach,  and  mixing  them  with 
mashed  potatoes,  butter,  pepper,  and  salt. 
A  plainer  kind  is  made  among  the  poorer 
classes  by  boiling  the  vegetables  till  nearly 
done,  then  adding  the  raw  potatoes  to  them, 
and  draining  them  when  boiled.  Written 
also  Colcannon,  Colecannon. 

Caleche(ka-lash').  Same  as  Calash.  'Ladies 
hurried  in  caleches.'  Hudibras. 

Caledonian  (kal-i-do'ni-an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  Caledonia,  an  ancient  name  of  Scotland  ; 
Scottish;  Scotch. 

Caledonian  (kal-i-do'ni-an),  n.  A  native  of 
Caledonia,  now  Scotland ;  a  Scotchman. 

Caledonite  (kal'i- do-nit),  n.  A  blue  or 
greenish-blue  mineral,  a  cupreous  sulphato- 
carbonate  of  lead,  found  in  attached  crys- 
tals, with  other  compounds  of  sulphate 
and  carbonate  of  oxide  of  lead,  at  Lead- 
hills,  in  Lanarkshire,  and  at  Roughten  Gill, 
in  Cumberland. 

Calefacient  (kal-i-fa'shi-ent),  o.  [See 
CALEFY.]  Warming;  heating. 

Calefacient  (kal-i-fa'shi-ent),  n.  That  which 
warms  or  heats ;  in  med.  a  substance  which 
excites  a  degree  of  warmth  in  the  part  to 
which  it  is  applied,  as  mustard,  pepper,  Ac. 

Calefaction  (kal-i-fak'shon),  n.  [L.  cale- 
factio,  from  calefacio,  to  make  warm.  See 
CALEFY.]  1.  The  act  or  operation  of  warm- 
ing or  heating ;  the  production  of  heat  in  a 
body  by  the  action  of  fire,  or  by  the  com- 
munication of  heat  from  other  bodies. — 
2.  The  state  of  being  heated.  '  As  if  remem- 
brance of  calefaction  can  warm  a  man  in  a 
cold  frosty  night.'  E.Moore. 

Calefactive,  Calefactory  (kal-i-fak'tiv, 
kal-i-fak'to-ri),  a.  [See  CALEFACTION.] 
Adapted  to  make  warm  or  hot ;  communi- 
cating heat. 

Calefactor  (kal-i-fak'ter),  n.  A  small  kind 
of  stove. 

Calefactory  (kal-i-fak'to-ri),  n.  1.  A  warm- 
ing-room in  a  monastery.— 2.  A  chafing-dish 
of  silver  or  other  metal  placed  xipon  the  altar 
in  cold  weather,  and  filled  with  charcoal. 

Calefy  t  (kal'i-fi),  r.  i.  pret.  &  pp.  calefied;  ppr. 
calefying.  [L.  calefio,  to  become  warm  or  hot 
— caleo,  to  be  warm,  and  fio,  to  become,  pass, 
of  facio,  to  make.]  To  grow  hot  or  warm; 
to  beheated.  '  Chrystal  v/illcalefy  unto  elec- 
tricity.' Sir  T.  Browne. 

Calefy (kal'i-fi),  v.t.  pret.  &pp.  calefied;  ppr. 
calefying.  To  make  warm  or  hot. 

Caleidophone  (ka-li'do-fon),  n.    See  KA- 

LEIDOPHON. 

Calemberre  (kal-em-berO,  n.  A  species  of 
Coromandel  wood,  of  a  lighter  colour  than 
the  calamander,  and  striped.  It  is  a  scarce 
wood,  and  is  found  only  in  Ceylon. 

Calembour,  Calembourg  (ka'lem-bor),  n. 
[Fr. ,  said  to  be  from  a  count  or  abb6  of  K al- 
emberg,  an  amusing  personage  in  German 
anecdotes.  ]  A  pun ;  a  play  on  words. 

Calendar  ( kal '  en  -  der ),  n.  [L.  calen- 
darnnn,  an  account-book.  See  CALENDS. ] 

1.  A  register  of  the  year,  in  which  the 
months,  weeks,  and  days  are  set  down  in 
order,   with   the  feasts  observed    by  the 
church,  &c. ;  an  almanac.    It  was  so  named 
from  the  Roman  Calendce,  the  name  given 
to  the  flrst  day  of  the  month,  and  written 
in  large  letters  at  the  head  of  each  month. 

Let  this  pernicious  hour 
Stand  aye  accursed  in  the  calendar.         Sfiat. 

2.  An  orderly  table  or  enumeration  of  persons 
or  things,  as  a  list  of  criminal  causes  which 
stand  for  trial;  a  list;  acatalogue;  a  schedule; 
a  register.     '  Rhadamanthus,  who  tries  the 


eh,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin?;      IH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


CALENDAR 


372 


CALISTHENTC 


lighter  causes  below,  leaving  to  his  two 
brethren  the  heavy  calendars.'  Lamb, 

The  care  I  have  had  to  even  your  content,  I  wish 
might  be  found  in  the  caltndarotmy  past  endeavours. 

-Calendar  month,  a  solar  month  as  it 
stands  in  almanacs.  —  Gregorian  calendar. 
See  GREGORIAN.  —Julian  calendar.  See 
JULIAN. 

Calendar  (kal'cn-der),  v.t.  To  enter  or 
write  in  a  calendar;  to  register. 

Twelve  have  been  martyrs  for  religion,  of  whom 
ten  are  calendared  for  saints.  ll'aterhouse. 

Calendary,  Calendarial  (kal'en-da-ri,  kal- 
en-da'ri-al),  a.  Belonging  to  the  calendar. 
London..  '  The  usual  or  calendar]/  month. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Calender  (kal'en-der),  n.  [Fr.  calandre, 
L  L  celendra.  a  calender,  from  Or.  kylindrog, 
a  cylinder.  ]  1.  A  machine  consisting  of  two 
or  more  cylinders  revolving  so  nearly  in 
contact  with  each  other,  that  cloth  passing 
through  between  them  is  smoothed  and 
even  glazed  by  their  pressure.— 2.  An  estab- 
lishment in  which,  by  a  series  of  operations, 
differing  according  to  the  goods,  woven 
fabrics  are  straightened,  damped,  pressed, 
stretched,  starched,  &c.,  including  the  vari- 
ous processes  intervening  between  the 
bleaching  or  dyeing  and  the  printing  or 
packing  for  market. —3.  The  person  who 
manages  such  a  business;  a  calenderer. 

My  good  friend  the  calender 

Will  lend  his  horse  to  go.  Conifer. 

Calender  (kal'en-der),  v.t.  To  press  in  a 
calender  for  the  purpose  of  making  smooth, 
glossy,  and  wavy,  as  woollen  and  silk  stuffs, 
linen,  &c. 

Calender  (kal'en-der),  n.  One  of  an  order 
of  dervises  in  Turkey  and  Persia,  of  not  very 
strict  morals,  nor  held  in  very  high  esteem 
by  the  Mohammedans.  They  preach  in  the 
market-places,  and  live  upon  alms.  The 
name  is  derived  from  the  founder  of  the 
sect.  Also  written  Kalender. 

Calendographer  (kal-en-dog'ra-fer),  n.  [L. 
calendarium,  an  account-book,  and  Or. 
graphs,  to  write.]  One  who  makes  calen- 
dars. Boyle.  [Rare.] 

Calendrer,  Calenderer(kal'en-drer,  kal'en- 
der-er),  n.  A  person  who  calenders  cloth. 

Calendrioal  (ka-len'drik-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  calendar.  [Rare.] 

Calends  (kal'endz),  ».  pi.  [L.  calendai,  from 
L.  calo,  Gr.  kalein,  to  call.)  Among  the 
Romans,  the  first  day  of  each  month.— The 
Greek  calends,  a  time  that  never  occurred; 
an  ancient  Roma'n  phrase  which  originated 
in  the  fact  that  the  Greeks  had  nothing 
corresponding  to  the  Roman  calends;  hence, 
to  say  that  a  debt  would  be  paid  at  the 
Greek  calends  meant  that  the  debt  would 
never  be  paid  at  all. 

Calendula  (ka-len'du-la),  n.  [L.  calendce, 
the  first  day  of  the  month,  from  its  flowers 
being  produced  almost  all  the  year  round.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Compositae, 
with  yellow  or  orange  flowers,  with  a  power- 
ful but  not  pleasant  odour,  natives  of  the 
Mediterranean  region ;  the  marigolds.  C. 
offlcinalis  is  the  common  or  pot  marigold, 
fts  flowers  are  used  to  give  a  yellow  colour 
to  cheese,  and  to  adulterate  saffron,  and 
were  once  used  in  soups  and  broths. 

Calenduline  (ka-len'du-lin),  n.  A  mucila- 
ginous substance  or  gum  obtained  from  the 
marigold,  the  Calendula  of  botanists. 

Calenture  (kal'en-tur),  n.  [Fr.  calenture, 
Sp.  calentura,  heat,  a  calenture,  from  calen- 
tar,  to  heat,  from  L.  caleo,  to  be  hot.  ]  A 
kind  of  delirium  sometimes  caused  within 
the  tropics,  especially  on  board  ship,  by  ex- 
posure to  excessive  heat.  It  is  said  to  be 
accompanied  with  such  fancies  as  those 
mentioned  in  the  extract. 

So  by  a  calenture  misled. 

The  mariner  with  rapture  sees. 
On  the  smooth  ocean's  azure  bed. 

Enamelled  fields  and  verdant  trees. 
With  eager  haste  he  longs  to  rove 

In  that  fantastic  scene,  and  thinks 
It  must  be  some  enchanted  grove. 

And  in  he  leaps  and  down  he  sinks.    Swf/t. 

Calescence  (ka-les'ens),  n.  [From  L.  calesco, 
to  grow  warm,  incept,  of  caleo,  to  be  hot.] 
Growing  warmth;  growing  heat. 

Calf  (kaf),  n.  pi.  Calves  (kiivz).  [A.  Sax. 
cealf,  D.  Icalf,  Icel.  kalfr,  Sw.  kalf,  Dan.  kalv, 
G.  kalb,  a  calf.  ]  1.  Properly  the  young  of  the 
cow  or  of  the  bovine  genus  of  quadrupeds, 
but  applied  also  to  the  young  of  the  marine 
mammalia,  as  the  whale. — 2.  An  ignorant, 
stupid  person ;  a  dolt ;  a  weak  or  cowardly 
man.  '  Some  silly,  doting,  brainless  calf. ' 
Drayton.  [Colloq.]— 3.  Naut.  a  moss  of  floe- 


ice  breaking  from  under  the  floe,  as  a  calf 
from  under  its  mother,  and  rising  to  the 
surface  of  the  water,  often  with  violence.  - 
The  calces  nf  the  lips,  in  Hosea,  signifies  the 
sacrifices  of  prayer,  praise,  and  thanksgiving 
which  the  captives  of  Babylon  addressed  to 
God,  being  no  longer  in  a  condition  to  otter 
sacrifices  in  the  temple. 
Calf  (kaf),  n.  (Icel.  kMli,  the  calf  of  the 
leg  ]  The  thick  fleshy  part  of  the  leg  behind, 
below  the  knee,  chiefly  formed  by  the  gastro- 
cnemius  muscle. 

His  leg  is  too  big  for  Hector's. 

More  calf,  certain.  ^ftaft. 

Calf-lick  (kaf'lik).    Same  as  Cow-lie*  (which 

Caff-like  (kaf'lik),  a.  or  adv.  Resembling  a 
calf. 

So  I  charmed  their  ears 

That  calf-like  they  my  lowing  follow  d.     Shak. 

Calf-skin,  Calf  s-skin  (kiif'skin,  kiifs'skin), 
n  The  hide  or  skin  of  a  calf ;  or  leather 
made  of  the  skin.  'And  hang  a  calf-skin  on 
those  recreant  limbs. '  Shak. 

Calf-ward  (kiif'ward),  n.  A  place  where 
calves  are  kept  in  the  field.  [Scotch.] 

Callatour-wood  (kal'i-a-tor-wud),  n.  A 
kind  of  dye-wood  which  grows  in  India  mi 
the  Coromandel  coast.  It  is  sometimes 
confounded  with  red  sandal-wood. 

Caliber  (kal'i-ber),  n.    See  CALIBRE. 

Caliber  (kal'i-ber),  v.t.  In  srun.  to  measure 
with  caliber-compasses;  to  calibrate. 

Calibrate  (kal'i-brat),  ».  (.  To  ascertain  the 
calibre  of,  as  a  thermometer-tube. 

Calibration  (kal-i-bra'shon),  n.  The  act  or 
process  of  calibrating,  especially  of  ascer- 
taining the  calibre  of  a  thermometer-tube, 
with  the  view  of  graduating  it  to  a  scale  of 
degrees. 

Calibre  Caliber  (kal'i-ber),  n.  [Fr.  calibre, 
possibly  from  Ar.  kdlib,  Pens,  kiilab,  a 
mould.  ]  1. 1  In  nun.  the  weight  of  any  pro- 
jectile. —2.  The  diameter  of  a  body;  as,  the 
calibre  of  a  column  or  of  a  bullet;  usually 
and  specifically,  the  diameter  of  the  bore  of 
a  firearm.  —3.  Fig.  compass  or  capacity  of 
mind;  the  extent  of  one's  intellectual  endow- 
ments: in  this  sense  always  written  calibre, 
and  frequently  pronounced  as  a  French 
word — ka-le-br. 

Coming  from  men  of  their  calibre  they  were  highly 
mischievous.  Burke. 

— Caliber -compasses,  calibers,  or  callipers, 
compasses  made  either  with  arched  legs  to 
measure  the  diameters  of  cylinders  or  globu- 
lar bodies,  or  with  straight  legs  and  retracted 
points,  to  measure  the  interior,  diameter, 
or  bore  of  anything.  The  legs  move  on 
an  arc  of  brass,  on  which  are  marked  the 
inches  and  half  inches,  to  show  how  far  the 
points  of  the  compasses  are  opened  asunder. 
—  Caliber-ride,  gunner's  callipers,  an  instru- 
ment in  which  a  right  line  is  so  divided  as 
that  the  first  part  being  equal  to  the  dia- 
meter of  an  iron  or  leaden  ball  of  1  Ib.  weight, 
the  other  parts  are  to  the  first  as  the  dia- 
meters of  balls  of  2,  3,  4,  etc.,  Ibs.  are  to 
the  diameter  of  a  ball  of  1  Ib.  It  is  used  by 
engineers  to  determine,  from  a  ball's  weight, 
its  diameter  or  caliber,  and  vice  versa.— 
Caliber-square,  calliper-square,  a  rule  carry- 
ing two  cross-heads,  one  of  which  is  adjusted 
slightly  by  a  nut,  the  other  being  movable 
along  the  rule.  The  cross-heads  on  one  side 
are  adapted  to  the  measurement  of  interior 
diameters  or  sizes,  and  on  the  other  side  to 
the  measurement  of  external  sizes. 
Caliburn  (kal'i-bern),  n.  Another  name  for 
Excalibur,  tile  sword  of  King  Arthur.  '  Call- 
burn'  s  resistless  brand.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 
Calicate  (ka'li-kat),  a.  [L.  calix,  calicis,  a 
cup.  ]  In  bat.  having  a  calyx,  or  a  large  or 
remarkable  one. 

Calice  (kal'is), n.  [Fr.  calice,  L.  calix.}  l.t  A 
cup,  usually  a  communion  cup ;  a  chalice. 
'  Eating  the  holy  bread  and  drinking  the 
wcred  calice.'    Jer.  Taylor.— 2.  In  zool.  the 
little  cup  in  which  the  polype  of  a  coral- 
producing  zoophyte  is  contained. 
Caliche  (ka-le'cha),  n.    The  name  by  which 
the  impure  native  nitrate  of  soda  of  Peru  is 
known  throughout  South  America. 
Calico  (kal'i-ko),  n.   [From  Calicut  in  India.  1 
1.  A  term  for  any  white  cotton  cloth.     In 
this  country  we  have  unbleached  calicoes, 
shirting  calicoes,  and  the  like.     Calico  was 
first  manufactured  in,  and  introduced  from 
India.  — 2.  Printed  cotton  cloth  coarser  than 
muslin.    [United  States.] 
Calico-printer  (kal'i-ko-print-er),  n.    One 
whose  occupation  is  to  print  calicoes. 
Calico-printing  (kal'i-ko-print-ing),  n.  The 
art  of  printing  or  impressing  calicoes  with 


variegated  figures  and  colours,  more  or  less 
permanent. 

Calicular(ka-lik'u-lt'T),  a.  [L.  calix,  acup.l 
Formed  like  a  cup.  'CalicuUu-  leaves.' 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Calldl  (kal'id),  a.  [L.  calidvs,  from  caleo,  to 
be  hot.]  Hot;  burning;  ardent.  Ilaili-i/. 

Calidge  (kal'ij),  n.  A  kind  of  Indian  phea- 
sant. W.  H  Russell. 

Calidityt  (ka-lid'i-ti),  n.  [See  CALID.J  Heat. 

Ice  doth  not  endure  the  potential  calidity  of  many 
waters.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Calicluct  (kal'i-dukt),  n.  [From  L.  caleo,  to 
be  warm,  and  duco,  ductum,  to  lead.]  A 
pipe  or  canal  used  to  convey  hot  air  or  steam 
from  a  furnace  to  the  apartments  of  a  house. 

Calif,  Caliph  (ka'lif),  n.  [Fr.  calif e,  from 
Ar.  khalifa,  a  successor,  from  khalafa,  to 
succeed.]  A  title  given  to  the  acknowledged 
successors  of  Mohammed,  regarded  among 
Mohammedans  as  being  vested  with  su- 
preme dignity  and  power  in  all  matters 
relating  to  religion  and  civil  policy.  The 
sultans  of  Turkey  assume  this  as  one  of 
their  titles.  Written  also  Calif,  Kaltf, 
Khali/,  Ac. 

Califate  (kali-fat),  n.  The  office  or  dignity 
of  a  calif;  or  the  government  of  a  calif. 
Written  also  Kalifate,  Caliphate. 

Californian(kal-i-for'ni-an),  a.  Of  or  be- 
longing to  California;  as,  Caltfornian  gold. 

California!!  (kal-i-for'ni-an),  n.  A  native 
or  inhabitant  of  California. 

Caligation  (kal-i-ga'shon),  n.  [L.  caligatia, 
dimness,  from  caligo,  to  be  dark,  darkness.] 
Darkness;  dimness;  cloudiness;  specifically, 
dimness  of  sight.  'A  caliaatiun  or  dimness.' 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Caligidas  (ka-lij'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
crustaceans  parasitic  on  marine  fishes,  of 
which  the  genus  Caligus  may  be  regarded 
as  the  type.  See  FISH-LOUSE. 

Caliginous  (ka-lij'i-nus),  a.  Dim;  obscure; 
dark.  Haiti/well.  [Rare.] 

Caliginously  (ka-lij'i-nus-li),  adv.  Ob- 
scurely. [Rare.] 

Caliginousness  (ka-lij'i-nus-nes),  n.  Dim- 
ness; obscurity.  [Rare.] 

Caligo  (ka-li'go),  n.  [L.  , darkness.  ]  A  disease 
of  the  eye,  imparting  dimness,  cloudiness, 
obscurity;  caligation  (which  see). 

Caligraphic,  Caligraphical  (kal-i-graf'ik, 
kal-i-graf'ik-al),  a.  Same  as  CuUiyraphic. 

Caligraphist  (ka-lig'ra-fist),  n.  Same  as 
CaUigraphixt. 

Caligraphy  (ka-lig'ra-fl),  H.  Same  as  Calli- 
graphy. 

Calin  (ka'lin),  n.  A  compound  metal,  of 
which  the  Chinese  make  tea-canisters  am! 
the  like.  The  ingredients  seem  to  be  lead 
and  tin. 

Calipash  (kal'i-pash),  n.  [A  form  of  cala- 
bash with  sense  of  carapace,  the  upper  shell 
of  the  tortoise.  ]  In  cookery,  that  part  of  a 
turtle  which  belongs  to  the  upper  shield, 
consisting  of  a  fatty,  gelatinous  substance 
of  a  dull  greenish  colour.  Spelled  also 
CaUipath. 

Dobbin  helped  himself  to  turtle  soup ;  for  the  lady 
of  the  house,  before  whom  the  tureen  was  placed, 
was  so  ignorant  of  the  contents,  that  she  was  going 
to  help  Mr.  Sedley  without  bestowing  upon  him  either 
calipash  or  call  fee.  Thackeray. 

Calipee  (kal'i-pe),  n.  That  part  of  a  turtle 
which  belongs  to  the  lower  shield,  and  con- 
sists of  a  fatty,  gelatinous  substance  of  a 
light  yellow  colour.  Spelled  also  Callipee. 

Caliper  (kal'i-per),  n.    Same  as  Caliber. 

Caliph,'n.    See  CALIF. 

Caliphate,  Caliphat  (ka'li-fat),  n.  See 
CALIFATE.  Tennyson. 

Caliphship  (kalif-ship),  n.  Califate  (which 
see). 

Calipplc  (ka-lip'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Cahppus,  a  Greek  astronomer  of  the  fourth 
century  before  Christ.—  Calippic  period,  a 
collection  of  the  metonic  cycle  of  nineteen 
solar  years,  proposed  by  Calippus.  At  the 
end  of  four  of  these  cycles  there  is  an  excess 
of  one  day  and  six  hours  over  the  number 
of  lunations.  Calippus,  therefore,  proposed 
to  quadruple  the  metonic  cycle,  and  deduct 
a  day  from  the  end  of  it,  by  reducing  the 
days  of  one  of  the  months  from  thirty  to 
twenty-nine. 

Calisaya  Bark  (kal-i-sa'a  bark),  n.  A  name 
for  the  yellow,  or  orange  yellow,  febrifugal 
barks  of  Cinchona  flava  or  aurantiaca,  con- 
sisting of  the  bass  or  inner  bark. 

Calisayine  (kal-i-sa'in),  H.  An  alkaline  sub- 
stance obtained  from  calisaya  bark,  now 
used  in  making  a  kind  of  bitters. 

Calisthenic  ( kal-is-then'ik ),  a.  Same  as 
Callivthenic. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;       J',  Sc.  ley. 


CALISTHENICS 


373 


CALLICHTHYS 


Calisthenics  (kal-is-theu'iks),  n.  Same  as 
Callisthenics 

••  Callvert  (kal'i-ver),  n.  [Probably,  as  Wedg- 
wood thinks,  from  O.D.  koluvre,  a  niliver, 
from  Fr.  coitleuvre,  L.  coluber,  a  serpent, 
an  adder,  whence  coulenvrine,  E.  culverin. 
('(imp.  etymol.  of  dragoon.)  A  kind  of  hand- 
gun, musket,  or  arquebus*.  'The  report  of 
a  calimr.'  Shak. 

He  is  so  hung  will]  pikes,  halberts,  pctronels,  cali- 
:  TS,  ami  muskets,  that  he  looks  like  a  Justice  of 
peace's  hall.  B.  Jonson. 

,  Callx  (ka'liks),  n.  Same  as  Calyx  (which 
sec) 

Calixtlne,  Callxtin  (ka-liks'tin,  ka-liks'- 
tin),  n.  1 .  [Kroiii  L.  calix,  a  cup.J  One  of  a 
sect  of  Hussites  in  Bohemia,  who  published 
their  confession  in  1421,  the  leading  article 
of  which  was  a  demand  to  partake  of  the 
eup(c«te)  as  well  as  of  the  liread  in  the 
Lords  Supper,  from  which  they  received 
their  name  of  Utraquists  (L.  utenjtte,  hoth). 
Their  tenets  were  conceded  by  the  articles  of 
li:iscl  in  1433.  and  they  became  the  predomi- 
nant party  in  Bohemia.  Gradually  they 
lapsed  from  the  severity  of  their  principles, 
and,  by  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, had  ceased  to  be  of  any  importance, 
serving  only  to  prepare  the  way  for  Protes- 
tantism.—2.  A  follower  of  George  Calixtus, 
n  Lutheran,  who  died  in  1656.  He  wrote 
against  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy,  and  pro- 
posed a  reunion  of  Catholics  and  Protestants 
upon  the  basis  of  the  Apostles'  Creed. 

Calk  (kak),  v.t.    Same  as  Caulk  (which  see). 

Calk  (kak),  v.t.  [Fr.  calquer,  It.  calcare, 
from  L.  calx,  lime.]  To  cover  with  chalk 
for  the  purpose  of  transferring  the  design. 
See  CALKINS. 

Calk  (kak),  «.  1.  A  calker  or  calkin  (which 
see).— 2.  A  piece  of  iron  with  sharp  points 
worn  on  the  sole  of  the  shoe  or  boot  to  pre- 
vent slipping  on  the  ice.  [United  States.] 

Calk  (kak),  t>.  t  To  furnish  with  a  calker  or 
ralkin  to  prevent  slipping. 

Calker,  Calkin  (kak'er,  kak'in),  n.  [Per- 
haps  from  L.  calcar,  a  spur,  from  L.  calx, 
the  heel,  whence  A.  Sax.  calc,  a  shoe,  a  hoof.] 

1.  The  prominent  part  of  either  extremity 
of  ahorse-shoe,bent  down  wards  and  brought 
to  a  sort  of  point,  to  prevent  the  horse  slip- 
ping: in  America  called  a  calk. — 2.  The  semi- 
circular ring  of  iron  nailed  on  to  the  heel 
of  a  strong  shoe  or  boot  to  make  it  wear 
longer. 

Calker  (kak'er),  n.     A  caulker  (which  see). 

Calki  (kal'ke),  n.  [Hind.JtaiH.]  See  KALKI. 

Calking  (kak'ing),  n.  [See  CALK,  to  cover 
with  chalk.]  The  copying  of  a  picture 
or  design  by  rubbing  the  back  of  it  with 
a  pencil,  chalk,  or  crayon,  and  tracing  lines 
through  on  a  piece  of  paper,  or  other  mat- 
ter, by  passing  lightly  over  each  stroke  of 
the  design  with  a  point. 

Calklng-iron.    Same  as  Caulking-iron. 

Call  (kal),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  cealhan,  Icel.  and 
Sw.  kalla,  Dan.  kalde,  to  call;  D.  kallen,  to 
talk,  to  prattle.  Same  root  as  Gr.  geryo,  to 
cry;  Skr.  gar,  to  call.]  1.  To  name;  to  de- 
nominate or  give  a  name  to. 

And  God  called  the  Unlit  Day,  and  the  darkness 
he  called  Night  Gen.  i.  5. 

2.  To  pronounce  the  name  of.     '  Answer  as 
I  call  you.'   Shak  -3.  To  designate  or  char- 
acterize as;  to  affirm  to  be. 

Call  you  that  backing  of  your  friends!  A  plague 
upon  such  backing.  Shak. 

In  this  sense  the  word  is  often  used  to  indi- 
cate that  something  is  stated  roughly  or  on  in- 
sufficient data,  or  that  what  is  stated  is  only 
nominally  and  not  virtually  the  case.  The 
following  are  examples. 

He  was  a  grave  personage,  about  my  own  age 
(which  we  shall  call  about  fifty).  Sir  If.  Scott. 

The  whole  army  is  called  700,000  men,  but  of  these 
only  80,000  can  be  reckoned  available.  Brougham. 

4.  To  invite  or  command  to  come;  to  sum- 
mon; to  convoke;  as,  to  call  a  messenger; 
to  call  a  cab;  to  call  a  meeting:  often  with 
together;  as,  the  king  called  his  council 
together. 

He  sent  his  servants  to  call  them  that  were  bidden. 
Mat.  xxii.  3. 

Call  hither  Clifford,  bid  him  come  amain.     Shak. 

Be  not  amazed,  oz//all  your  senses  to  you,  defend 
your  reputation.  Ska*. 

6.  To  select  or  appoint,  as  for  an  office, 
duty,  or  employment.     '  Paul,  called  to  be 
nn  apostle.'  Rom.  i.  1. — 6.  To  invoke  or  ap- 
peal to. 

1  call  God  for  a  record  upon  my  soul.     2  Cor.  1.  23. 

7.  To  arouse,  as  from  sleep;  to  awaken. 

You  must  wake,  and  call  me  early,  call  me  early, 
mother  dear.  Tennyson. 


1  8.  To  proclaim ;  to  utter  the  name  of  in  a 
loud  voice.  'Nor  parish  clerk  who  calli 
the  psalm  so  clear.'  (,'«;/.—».  To  brini;  to 
know,  believe,  and  obey  the  gospel.  Rom. 
viii.  29,30. — 10.  In  American  law,  to  re- 
quire to  answer  or  correspond  with  a  de- 
scription in  a  survey  or  grant  of  land.  Good- 
rich.— To  call  back,  to  revoke  or  retract;  to 
recall;  to  summon  or  bring  back.— To  call 
forth,  to  bring  or  summon  to  action;  as,  to 
call  forth  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind.— To 
call  in,  to  collect;  as,  to  call  in  debts  or 
money;  or  to  draw  from  circulation;  as,  to 
call  in  clipped  coin;  or  to  summon  to  one's 
house;  to  invite  to  come  together;  as,  to  call 
in  neighbours  or  friends.— To  call  names,  to 
use  opprobrious  epithets  to.  Swift.  —  To 
call  off,  to  summon  away;  to  divert;  as,  to 
cull  off  the  attention;  to  call  of  workmen 
from  their  employment. —  To  call  out,  to 
challenge  to  a  duel;  also,  to  summon  into 
service;  as,  to  call  out  the  militia.— To  call 
over,  to  go  over  liy  reading  aloud  name 
by  name ;  as,  to  call  over  a  list  or  roll  of 
names. — To  call  to  mind,  to  recollect;  to  re- 
vive in  memory. — To  call  to  another' 8  inind, 
to  put  another  in  mind  of,  to  remind  of.— 
To  call  to  the  bar,  to  admit  to  the  rank  of 
barrister.— To  call  up,  (a)  to  bring  into  view 
or  recollection;  as,  to  call  up  the  image  of  a 
deceased  friend.  (6)  To  bring  into  action  or 
discussion;  as,  to  call  up  a  bill  before  a  legis- 
lative body,  (c)  To  require  payment  of;  as, 
to  call  up  the  sums  still  due  on  shares.— A 
calltd  session,  an  extraordinary  session  of 
the  Congress  of  the  United  States.  —Call,  In- 
vite, Convoke,  Summon.  Call  is  generic  and 
applicable  to  summonses  of  all  kinds ;  in- 
vite is  formal,  and  in  accordance  with  the 
requirements  of  courteous  ceremony ;  con- 
voke, lit.  to  call  together,  implies  a  degree 
of  authority  in  the  agent,  and  some  sort  of 
organization  among  the  individuals  so  called 
together;  summon  implies  authority  in  the 
summoner  and  formality  in  the  method.— 
SYN.  To  name,  designate,  denominate,  in- 
vite, summon,  convoke,  assemble,  invoke, 
appeal  to,  arouse,  awaken. 
Call  (kal),  v.i.  1.  To  litter  a  loud  sound,  or 
to  address  by  name:  often  with  to. 

The  angel  of  God  called  to  Hagar       Gen.  xxi.  17. 

2.  To  visit  without  intention  of  remaining; 

to  make  a  short  stop  or  pay  a  short  visit;  as, 

to  call  at  the  inn. 

Yet  say  the  neighbours  when  they  call, 

It  is  not  bad  but  good  land.  Tennyson. 

In  this  sense  call  is  often  followed  by  at,  for, 
or  on.  To  call  at  is  to  visit  for  any  purpose; 
to  call  for  (a  person  or  thing)  is  to  visit  a 
house  or  other  place  in  order  to  obtain  the 
company  of  the  person  to  some  other  place, 
or  to  get  the  thing ;  to  call  on  (a  person)  is 
to  visit  a  house  or  other  place  in  order  to 
see  and  converse  with  the  person  there. 
[This  use  Johnson  supposes  to  have  origi- 
nated in  the  custom  of  denoting  one's  pres- 
ence at  the  door  by  a  call.]  —  To  call  for. 
(a)  See  above  under  definition  2.  (6)  To  de- 
mand, require,  claim ;  as,  a  crime  calls  for 
punishment.  —  To  call  on  or  upon,  (a)  See 
above  under  definition  2.  (6)  To  demand 
from  or  appeal  to;  as,  to  call  on  a  person  to 
pay  what  he  owes ;  to  call  on  a  gentleman 
for  a  song,  (c)  To  pray  to  or  worship;  to 
invoke;  as,  to  call  on  the  name  of  the  Lord. 
—  To  call  out,  to  utter  in  a  loud  voice;  to 
bawl. 

Call  (kal),  n.  1.  A  vocal  address  or  sum- 
mons or  invitation;  as,  he  would  not  come 
at  my  call. 

But  death  comes  not  at  call;  Justice  divine 
Mends  not  her  slowest  pace  tor  pray'rs  or  cries. 
Milton. 

2.  Demand ;  requisition  ;  claim,  public  or 
private;  as,  listen  to  the  calls  of  justice  or 
humanity ;  to  have  many  calls  upon  one's 
time.  Specifically— 3.  In  reference  to  joint- 
stock  companies,  a  demand  for  payment 
of  the  whole  or  a  portion  of  the  amount 
which  a  person  has  undertaken  to  contribute 
to  any  scheme;  as,  a  call  was  made  of  five 
pounds  a  share.  — 4.  Divine  vocation  or  sum- 
mons; as,  the  call  of  Abraham. 

St.  Paul  himself  believed  he  had  a  call  to  it  when 
he  persecuted  the  Christians.  Locke. 

5.  Invitation;  request  of  a  public  body  or 
society;  as,  a  clergyman  receives  a  call  to 
become  the  pastor  of  a  church;  in  the  Pres- 
byterian churches,  the  written  document 
signed  by  the  members  of  a  congregation 
calling  on  or  inviting  a  clergyman  to  become 
their  pastor,  and  presented  to  him  after  he 
has  been  duly  elected.— 6.  Right ;  business; 


••;  as,  you  have  no  call  to  be  there. 
[(•oll.Kj.j— 7.t  Authority;  command. 

'  >li :  Mr,  ]  wish  he  were  w  ithiu  my  call  or  yours 
Sir  7   Denhain. 

8.  A  short  visit;  as,  to  make  a  call;  to  givr 
oneacoU.—  9.t  Vocation;  employment;  call- 
Ing.  'Still  cheerful,  ever  constant  to  his 
call.'  I>ry<len.  —  I0.  The  cry  of  a  bird  to  its 
mate  or  young. —  11.  In  hunting,  a  note 
blown  on  the  horn  to  encourage  the  hounds. 
12.  A'aut.  a  whistle  or  pipe  used  by  the 
boatswain  and  his  mate  to  summon  the 
sailors  to  their  duty.  -13.  In  foaling,  the 
noise  or  cry  of  a  fowl,  or  a  pipe  to  call  birds 
by  imitating  their  voice.— 14.  Milit.  a  sum- 
mons by  bugle  or  pipe  for  the  soldier*  to 
perform  any  duty;  as,  a  bugle-eatt.— 15.  In 
American  land  law,  an  object,  course,  dis- 
tance, or  other  matter  of  description  in  a 
survey  or  grant,  requiring  or  calling  for  a 
corresponding  object,  *c.,  on  the  land. 
Goodrich.  —  Call  of  the  House,  a  parliamen- 
tary phrase  implying  an  imperative  sum- 
mons sent  to  every  member  of  the  House  to 
be  present  at  a  stated  time,  for  the  consider- 
ation of  some  important  measure,  or  for 
ascertaining  what  members  are  absent  with- 
out leave  or  just  cause.— Call  to  the  bar,  the 
formal  admission  of  a  person  to  the  rank  of 
barrister. 

Calla  (kal 'la),  ?i.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Orontiaceie.  The  known  species  are 
few  and  of  widely  different  habitats.  C.  pa- 
lustris  occurs  in  the  North  of  Europe  and 
America.  It  has  a  creeping  root-stock  ex- 
tremely acrid  in  taste,  but  which,  when  de- 
prived of  its  causticity  by  maceration  and 
boiling,  is  made  by  the  Lapps  into  bread. 
The  beautiful  Richardia  ethiopica  was  for- 
merly included  in  this  genus,  and  is  still 
sometimes  called  Calla  ethiopica. 

Callan,  Gallant  (kal'an,  kal'ant),  n.  [O.Hc. 
galand,  a  young  man,  from  Fr.  aalant,  a 
gallant]  A  young  lad;  a  fine  fellow.  [Scotch.] 

Ye're  a  daft  callattt,  and  I  must  correct  you  some 
of  these  days.  Sir  if'.  Scott. 

Callat,!  Callott  (kallat,  kallot),  ».  Same 
as  Callet. 

Call-bell  (kal'bel),  «.  A  stationary  hand- 
bell rung  by  means  of  a  clapper  pivoted  at 
one  end,  and  acted  on  by  means  of  a  verti- 
cal plunger. 

Call-bird  (kalTjerd),  n.  A  bird  taught  to 
allure  others  into  a  snare. 

Call-boy  (kal'boi),  ».  1.  A  boy  whose  duty 
it  is  to  call  actors  on  to  the  stage  at  the 
proper  moment.— 2.  The  boy  who  repeats 
the  orders  of  the  captain  of  a  steamboat  to 
the  steward. 

Calle.t  n.  [Fr.  cafe.  See  CAUL.]  A  sort  of 
cap.  Chaucer. 

Caller  (kal'er),  n.    One  who  calls. 

Caller  (kal'er),o.  [From  root  of  cold.  ]  [Scotch.  ] 

1.  Cool ;  refreshing ;  as,  a  caller  breeze. — 

2.  Fresh ;  in  proper  season :  as  opposed  to 
what  is  beginning  to  corrupt  in  consequence 
of  being  too  long  kept,  or  is  actually  in  a 
state  of  putridity;  as,  caller  herrings. 

Callett  (kal'let),  n.  [Fr.  caillette,  a  frivolous 
babbling  woman,  dim.  from  caille,  a  quail. 
The  French  use  the  quail  as  the  type  of  an 
amorous  nature:  'Chaud  comme  une  caille.' 
Cotgrave.  Probably  this  meaning  of  Fr. 
caille  has  arisen  from  confusion  with  a 
Celtic  word :  Ir.  caile,  a  strumpet,  Gael. 
caile,  a  hussey,  a  slut]  1.  A  tattling  or 
talkative  woman;  a  scold;  a  gossip. 

Come  hither,  you  old  callet,  you  tattling  huswife. 
Gascoigne. 

2.  A  trull;  a  drab ;  a  lewd  woman. 

He  call'd  her  whore :  a  beggar  in  his  drink, 
Could  not  have  laid  such  terms  upon  his  callet. 

Shak. 

Callett  (kailet),  v.i.  To  rail;  to  scold.  'Callet 
like  a  butter-quean.'  Kich.  Brathwaite. 

Calliard  (kal'yard),  n.  [Perhaps  connected 
with  Fr.  caillou,  a  flinty  pebble.)  An  Eng- 
lish local  name  for  any  hard  siliceous  stone: 
often  applied  by  miners  and  quarrymen  to 
beds  of  cherty  or  siliceous  limestone. 

Callichroma  (kal-i-kro'ma),  n.  [Gr.  kallot, 
beauty,  and  chroma,  colour.]  A  genus  of 
coleopterous  insects,  of  the  section  Longi- 
cornes  and  family  Cerambycidfc.  The  spe- 
cies of  this  genus  emit  a  very  agreeable 
odour,  as  the  British  Callichroma  moschata, 
or  musk-beetle.  This  species  is  about  an 
inch  long,  entirely  green  or  shaded  with  a 
blue  or  golden  hue,  and  very  common  upon 
willows. 

Callichthys  (kal-ik'this),  n.  [Gr.  kallos. 
beauty,  and  ichthys,  a  fish.  ]  A  genus  of  fish 
belonging  to  the  section  abdominal  mala- 
copterygians  and  family  Siluridn  or  sheat- 


ch,  cAain;      6h.Sc.locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      ft,  Fr.  to?i;      ng,  sing;      IH,  then;  th,  tAin;      w,  u>ig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


CALLICO 


374 


CALM 


fishes.  The  species  generally  frequent  rivers 
and  streams;  they  are  natives  of  hotclimates. 

Galileo  (kal'i-ko),  n.    Same  as  Calico. 

Callld  (kal'lid),  a.  [  L.  callidus,  expert, 
shrewd,  from  callum,  hardened  skin,  espe- 
cially on  the  hands,  because  persons  who 
work  long  at  an  occupation  have  the  skin  of 
their  hands  thickened.]  Skilled;  expert; 
shrewd.  [Rare.] 

Callidlty,  Callldness  (kal-lid'i-ti,  kal'id- 
nes),  n.  [L.  calliditas.  See  CAI.LII).]  Skill; 
discernment;  shrewdness.  '  Her  eagle-eyed 
cattiditij.'  C.  Smart. 

Calligrapher  (kal-lig'ra-fir),  n.  One  skilled 
in  calligraphy. 

Calligraphic,  Calligraphical(kal-i-graf'ik, 
kal-i-grafik-al),  a.  Relating  to  calligraphy. 

Calligraphist  (kal-lig'ra-flst),  n.  One  skilled 
in  calligraphy. 

Calligraphy  ( kal-lig'ra-fl ),  n.  [Gr.  talli- 
fjraphia  —  kallos,  heauty,  and  graphd,  to 
write.]  The  art  of  beautiful  writing;  fair 
or  elegant  writing  or  penmanship. 

My  calligraphy,  a  fair  hand 

Fit  for  a  secretary.  B.  JoHson. 

Callimanoo  (kal-i-mangTco),  n.  See  CALA- 
MANCO. 

Callimus  (kalli-mus),  n.  [Gr.  kallimos,  very 
beautiful.]  In  mineral,  the  loose  and  mov- 
able central  core  or  stony  matter  in  the 
cavities  of  aetites  or  eagle-stone. 

Calling  (kal'ing),  n.  1.  A  vocation;  pro- 
fession; trade;  usual  occupation  or  employ- 
ment.—  2.  A  collective  name  for  persons 
following  any  profession. 

It  may  be  a  caution  to  all  Christian  churches  and 
magistrates,  not  to  impose  celibacy  on  whole  callings 
who  cannot  be  supposable  to  have  the  gift  of  conti- 
nence. Hammond. 

3.  Divine  summons ;  state  of  being  divinely 
called. 

Give  diligence  to  make  your  calling  and  election 
sure.  2  Pet.  i.  10. 

4.t  Name;  appellation;  title. 

I  am  more  proud  to  be  Sir  Rowland's  son. 

His  youngest  son,  and  would  not  change  that  calling 

To  be  adopted  heir  to  Frederick.  Shak. 

—Calling  of  the  plaintiff,  a  form  in  English 
courts  of  law  of  calling  upon  the  plaintiff 
to  appear  in  cases  where,  for  want  of  suffi- 
cient evidence,  he  consents  to  be  non-suited 
or  to  withdraw  himself.  Accordingly  neither 
he  nor  any  for  him  appears  to  answer  the 
summons.— SYN.  Occupation,  employment, 
business,  trade,  profession,  office,  engage- 
ment, vocation. 

Calling-crab  (kal'ing-krab),  n.  The  popular 
name  for  the  species  of  tropical  crabs  con- 
stituting the  genus  Gelasimus.  The  males 
have  one  of  the  claws  much  larger  than 
the  other.  This,  when  disturbed,  they  hold 
up  before  them,  as  if  beckoning  or  calling 
upon  some  one.  With  the  large  claw  they 
close  up  the  mouth  of  their  burrow. 

Calling-hare  (kal'ing-har),  n.    See  PIKA. 

C'allionynius  (kal-li-on'i-mus),  n.  [Gr.  kal- 
lionymris.}  A  genus  of  acanthopterygious 
fishes  of  the  goby  family,  known  in  England 
by  the  name  of  dragonets,  and  in  Scotland 
as  gowdies  (gowd,  gold),  from  their  colour. 
They  have  no 
air  -  bladder, 
their  eyes  are 
close  together 
at  the  top  of 
the  head,  and 
their  gill-open- 
ings are  reduc- 
ed to  a  small 
hole  on  each 
side  of  the 
nape.  They  live 
at  the  bottom 
of  the  sea,  and 
are  10  to  12 
inches  long. 

Calliope  (kal-  ' 
li'o-pe),  n.  [Gr. 
Kalliope,  from 
kallos,  beauty, 
and  ops,  the 
voice.  ]  1.  In 
class,  myth,  the 
At  use  that  pre- 
sides over  elo- 
quence and  heroic  poetry.  —  2.  The  name 
given,  apparently  on  the  hunu  a  rum  lucendo 
principle,  to  a  musical  instrument  consist- 
ing of  a  number  of  steam  whistles  toned  to 
produce  different  notes.  Such  instruments 
are  sometimes  to  be  seen  and  heard  on 
American  steamboats. 

Calllpash,  Callipee  (kal'i-pash,  kal'i-pe). 
See  CALIPASH,  CALIPEE. 


Calliope,  from  antique  statue 
in  Vatican. 


Callipers  (kal'i-perz),  n.  pi.  Compasses  for 
gauging  round  bodies.  See  CALIBER. 

Calliper-square  (kal'i-per-skwar),  n.  See 
under  CALIKUE. 

Callipeva  (kal-i-pc'va),  n.  The  Wugil  liza, 
a  much -prized  river  mullet  of  the  WtM 
Indies,  which  seldom  ventures  further  sea- 
ward than  the  mouths  of  streams  or  the 
ponds  and  marshes.  Its  scales  are  used  for 
ornaments,  itc. ,  and  its  roes  form  an  excel- 
lent caviare. 

Callistemina(kal-i-stem'ma),  n.  [Gr.  kallos, 
beauty,  and  stemma,  a  crown.]  See  CALLI- 
STKPHUS. 

Callistephus  (kal-lis'te-fus),  n.  [Gr.  kallos, 
beauty,  and  stephos,  a  crown.  ]  A  genus  of 
composite  plants,  con  taining  a  single  species, 
the  China  aster,  which  has  been  long  in 
cultivation,  and  is  much  prized  as  a  hardy 
annual ,  remaining  long  in  flower.  The  genus 
is  often  called  Callistemma. 

Callisthenic  (kal-is-then'ik),  a.  Relating  to 
callisthenics,  or  exercises  for  health  or 
bodily  symmetry. 

When  the  morning  occupations  are  concluded,  these 
unfortunate  young  women  perform  what  they  call 
Callisthenic  exercises  in  the  garden.  I  saw  them 
to-day  pulling  the  garden  roller.  Thackeray. 

CallistheniCS(kal-is-then'iks),n.  [Gr.kallos, 
beauty,  and  sthenos,  strength.]  The  art  or 
practice  of  taking  exercise  for  health, 
strength,  or  grace  of  movement. 
CaUithrix,  Callitrix  (kal'li-thriks,  kalli- 
triks),  n.  [Gr.  kallos,  beauty,  and  thrix, 
hair.]  A  Brazilian  genus  of  platyrhine  mon- 
keys with  non-prehensile  tails.  Called  also 
Sanouin.  See  SAGOUIN. 
Callitrlchacese(kal'i-tri-ka"se-e),  n.pl.  [Gr. 
kallitrichos,  beautiful  -  haired.  ]  A  small 
nat.  order  of  achlamydeous  dicotyledonous 
plants,  consisting  of  a  few  floating  species 
with  very  simple  monoecious  flowers,  the 
one  kind  consisting  of  a  single  stamen,  and 
the  other  of  a  four-celled  ovary  with  two 
styles.  They  all  belong  to  the  genus  Calli- 
triche,  called  in  English  water  star-wort. 
They  inhabit  the  still  waters  of  Europe  and 
North  America.  This  order  in  some  later 
works  disappears,  its  species  being  referred 
to  Caryophyllacere. 

Callitrlche  ( kal-lit'ri-ke ),  n.  A  genus  of 
plants.  See  CALLITRICHACE.E.  STAR-WORT. 
Callitrls(kal'i-tris),  n.  [Gr.  kalos,  beauti- 
ful.] A  genus  of  conifers  with  small  cones 
composed  of  four  to  six  woody  scales  like 
those  of  Thuja.  The  wood  of  C.  guadri- 
valvis  is  much  used  by  the  Turks  for  the 
floors  and  ceilings  of  their  mosques,  because 
they  believe  it  to  be  imperishable.  It  sup- 
plies the  aromatic  gum-resin  called  sandarac. 
See  SANDARAC. 

Call-note  (kal'not),  n.  The  note  or  sound 
produced  by  the  male  of  birds  and  some 
other  animals  to  call  the  female.  '  The 
chirping  call-note  of  the  gecko.'  Owen. 
Callography  (kal-log-ra-H),  n.  See  CALLI- 
GRAPHY. 

Callose  (kallos),  a.  [See  CALLOUS.]  Inbot. 
having  callosities  or  hard  spots;  hardened 
Callosity  (kal-los'i-ti).  n.  [Fr.  eallosile;  L. 
callositas.  See  CALLOUS.]  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  hardened  or  indurated.— 
2.  In  a  concrete  sense;  any  thickened  or 
hardened  part  on  the  surface  of  the  human 
body  or  that  of  any  other  animal,  such  as  the 
hard  and  often  somewhat  bony  lumps  that 
arise  in  places  exposed  to  constant  pressure 
and  friction ;  the  cicatrized  surfaces  of  old 
ulcers,  wounds,  Ac. ;  the  natural  cutaneous 
thickenings  on  the  buttocks  of  gibbons  and 
other  monkeys,  Ac.— 3.  In  hot.  any  part  of  a 
plant  unusually  hard. 

Callosoma  (kal-lo-so'ma),  n.  See  CALOSOMA 
Callot  (kal'ot),  n.    A  cap.    See  CALOTTE 
Callotechnlcs  (kal-lo-tek'niks),  n.  ;>(.     [Or    , 
kalos,  beautiful,  and  techne,  art]    The  fine 
or  ornamental  arts.    [Rare.) 
Callous  (kal'lus),  a.     [L.  callows,  from  cal- 
him,  hard  skin.  See  CALLID.]  1.  Hard:  hard- 
ened; indurated,  as  an  ulcer,  or  the  skin  on 
some  part  of  the  body,  from  exposure  to 
continuous  pressure  or  friction.    '  A  cattmis 
cicatrice.'     Holland.     'The  patient  rustic 
came,  whose  callous  hand.'    Goldsmith     'A 
callous ulcer.'    Dunglison.—Z.  Hardened  in 
mind  or  feelings;  insensible;  unfeeling.  'The 
callow  diplomatist '    Macaulay. 

It  is  an  immense  blessing  to  be  perfectly  callous  to 
"dicule.  Dr  Arnold 

SYN.  Hard,  hardened,  indurated,  insensible 
unfeeling,  obdurate,  unsusceptible 

Callously  (kal'lus-li),  adv.     In  a 
hardened,  or  unfeeling  manner 

Callousness  ( kal'lus-nes ),  n.    The  state  of 


.  callous, 


being  callous:  (n)  hardness,  induration:  ap- 
plied to  the  body.  'A  callousness  of  his 
feet.'  Jer.  Taylor,  (b)  Insensibility  of 
mind  or  he-irt.  'A  callousness  and  numb- 
ness of  soul.'  Bentley. 

Callow  ( kal'lo),  n.  [  Possibly  from  A.  Sax 
catu,  bald.  ]  The  stratum  of  vegetable  earth 
lying  above  gravel,  sand,  or  limestone,  *c  • 
I  the  top  or  rubble  bed  of  a  quarry,  which 
1  must  be  removed  to  reach  the  rock.  [Pro- 
vincial.] 

Callow  (kal'lo),  a.  [O.E.  calugh,  caleirc- 
A.  Sax.  calu,  bald;  cog.  D.  kaal,  Sw  kal 
G.  kahl,  bald.]  Destitute  of  feathers;  naked; 
unfledged,  as  a  young  bird;  pertaining  t» 
the  condition  of  a  young  bird.  'Calli.w 
young.'  Milton.  ' Callow  down.'  Draytan. 
•My  callow  wing,  that  newly  left  the  nest.' 
P.  Fletcher. 

Calluna  (kal-lu'na),  n.  [Gr.  kalluno,  to  make 
clean,  from  its  use  in  making  brooms.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Ericaceae,  nearly 
allied  to  Erica.from  which  it  is  distinguished 
chiefly  by  the  structure  of  its  capsule  and 
the  small  number  of  its  seeds.  There  is  but 
one  species,  C.  vulgaris(trie  common  heather), 
which  covers  and  relieves  much  of  the  heath 
and  moorland  districts  of  Britain,  and  is 
found  in  the  northern  temperate  and  boreal 
regions  of  the  Old  World,  and  also  in  the 
New  World,  though  it  is  there  a  rare  plant. 

Callus  (kal'lus),  n.  [L.  callus,  callum.  from 
calleo,  to  be  hard.  ]  1.  In  anat.  (a)  a  callosity. 
(6)  A  new  growth  of  osseous  matter  between 
the  extremities  of  fractured  bones,  serving 
to  unite  them. —  2.  In  bot.  any  part  of  a 
plant  unusually  hard.  — 3.  In  hort.  the  new 
formation  over  the  end  of  a  cutting  before 
it  sends  forth  rootlets. 

Calm  (kam),  a.  [Fr.  calme,  calm;  It.  and 
Sp.  calma,  a  calm ;  also  in  Sp.  and  Pg.  the 
heat  of  the  day;  from  L.L.  cauma,  the  heat 
of  the  sun,  Gr.  kauma,  heat,  from  kaio,  to 
burn,  the  hot  part  of  the  day  being  the 
period  of  rest.  The  change  of  au  into  al 
has  probably  been  brought  about  by  the  in- 
fluence of  L.  calor,  heat. )  1.  Still ;  quiet  • 
being  at  rest ;  undisturbed  ;  not  agitated ; 
not  stormy. 

Be  cairn,  good  wind.  Skat. 

Calm  is  the  morn  without  a  sound.      Tennyson. 

The  bay  was  oily  calm.  Tennyson. 

2.  Undisturbed  by  passion ;  not  agitated  or 
excited ;  quiet ;  tranquil,  as  the  mind,  tem- 
per, or  attention.  'Cairn looks. 'Shak.  'Calm 
words. '  Shak. 

People  are  generally  calm  at  the  misfortunes  of 
others.  Goldsmith. 

—  Calm,  Tranquil,  Placid,  Quiet.  Calm, 
when  applied  to  the  mind,  is  nearly  synony- 
mous with  cool,  and  implies  that  the  person 
remains  unagitated,even  though  there  may 
be  considerable  care  and  anxiety;  tranquil 
implies  that  the  mind  is  serene  and  free 
from  anxiety.  Calm  is  therefore  the  better 
word  for  the  outward  manner.  Quiet,  when 
applied  to  the  disposition,  implies  that  the 
person  is  naturally  silent  and  undemonstra- 
tive. It  implies  also  that  one  is  free  from 
external  annoyances;  as,  leave  him  quiet. 
1'lacid  is  nearly  allied  in  sense  to  tranquil. 
but  denotes  a  more  cheerful  and  settled 
state. 

Calm  (kam).  n.  Freedom  from  motion,  agi- 
tation, or  disturbance ;  stillness ;  tranquil- 
lity; quiet.  'The  soul  as  even  as  a  calm.' 
Shak.  'The  unity  and  married  calm  of 
states.'  Shak.  'Each perturbation smooth'd 
with  outward  ealtn. '  Milton.  •  Calms,  and 
then  winds  variable.'  Tennyson.— A  dead 
calm,  stark  calm,  or  flat  calm,  terms  used 
by  seamen  to  denote  the  greatest  possible 
calm.— Region  of  calms,  or  calm  latitudes, 
the  tracts  in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans 
on  the  confines  of  the  trade-winds,  where 
calms  of  long  duration  prevail.  About  the 
winter  solstice  its  average  northern  limit  is 
in  5°  N.,  and  in  the  months  about  the  sum- 
mer solstice  about  12°  N.  The  southern 
limit  lies  nearly  always  to  the  north  of  the 
equator,  varying  between  1'  and  S°  N. 

Calm  (kam),  v.t.  1.  To  still;  to  quiet,  as  the 
wind  or  elements;  to  still,  appease,  allay,  or 
pacify,  as  the  mind  or  passions.  '  To  calm 
contending  kings.'  Shak. 

She  calmed  its  wild  hair  with  a  golden  comb. 
Keats 

2.t  To  becalm. 

I.ike  to  a  ship  that,  having  'scaped  a  tempest. 
Is  straightway  calm'd and  boarded  with  a  pirate. 
Shak. 

Calm  (kam).  v  i.  To  become  calm  or  serene; 
as,  the  tempest  now  began  to  calm. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull ;        oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  ab.me;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CALMER 


375 


CAUJMBA 


Calmer  (k,'im'6r),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
calms,  or  has  the  power  to  still  ami  make 
(juift;  one  who  or  that  which  allays  or  paci- 
fies. 

Angling  was  a  cheerer  of  hi*  spirits,  a  diverter  of 
sadness,  a  calmer  of  unquiet  thoughts.     /-.  ll'altvn. 

Calmly  (kiim'li),  ado.  In  a  calm  manner ; 
without  disturbance,  agitation,  tumult,  or 
violence;  without  passion;  quietly.  'Anil 
niliuli/  run  on  in  obedience.'  Shale.  'The 
gen tie  stream  which  calmly  Hows.'  Denbain. 
Calmness  (kitm'ues),  n.  The  state  of  being 
calm:  («)  quietness;  stillness;  tranquillity, 
as  of  the  elements.  '  The  gentle  aaimntu 
of  the  flood.'  Denham.  (b)  Quietness;  mild- 
ness; unruffled  state:  applied  to  the  mind, 
passions,  or  temper.  '  Defend  yourself  by 
caliiiiifsxm  by  absence.'  Shak.—  SYS.  Quiet- 
ness, quietude,  stillness,  tranquillity,  seren- 
ity, repose, composure,  sedateness,  placidity. 
Calmuc,  Calmuck  (kal'muk),  n.  1.  A  mem- 
ber of  a  remarkable  branch  of  the  Mongol 
race,  originally  from  Thibet,  but  now  spread 
over  a  large  portion  of  Asia.  —  2.  The  lan- 
nuau'e  spoken  by  the  Calmucks. 
Calmy  (kam'i),  a.  Calm;  quiet;  peaceable. 
•A  still  and  calmy  bay.'  Spenser.  'Tez- 
cuco's  cad/it/lake.'  Southey.  [Poetical.] 
Calochortus  (kal-6-kor'tus),  n.  [Or.  kalos, 
beautiful,  and  chortos,  grass.]  A  beautiful 
genus  of  bulbous  plants  from  Columbia, 
Mexico,  and  California,  nat.  order  Liliacerc, 
nearly  allied  to  the  fritillary  and  tulip. 
Calodendron  (kal-6-den'dron),  n.  [Gr.  kalos, 
beautiful,  and  dendron,  a  tree.]  A  genus  of 
beautiful  Diosma-like  Cape  Colony  trees, 
nat.  order  Rutaceaj.  C.  capeiise  is  an  ever- 
green tree  40  feet  high,  with  beautiful 
Mowers  and  foliage.  Called  also  Caloden- 
ttfwn. 

Calography  (ka-log'ra-fl),  n.  Calligraphy 
(which  see). 

Calomel  (kal'o-mel), «.  [Gr.  kalos,  fair,  good, 
and  mrliis,  black,  perhaps  because  it  was 
good  for  black  bile.]  (Hg  Cl.)  Hemi-,  di-, 
sub-,  or  proto-chloride  of  mercury,  or  mer- 
curous  chloride ;  a  preparation  of  mercury 
much  used  in  medicine,  and  also  found 
native  as  horn-quicksilver.  It  is  prepared 
by  grinding  in  a  mortar  sulphate  of  mer- 
cury with  as  much  mercury  as  it  already 
contains,  and  heating  the  compound  which 
is  formed  with  common  salt  until  it  sub- 
limes. The  calomel  is  thus  produced  in  di- 
metric  crystals,  the  prisms  being  generally 
united  in  fibrous  masses.  It  is  dirty-white 
and  translucent.— Precipitated,  calomel  is  a 
white  heavy  powder,  with  a  lemon-yellow 
tinge.  It  ia  tasteless,  inodorous,  and  in- 
soluble in  water.  It  becomes  gray  on  ex- 
posure to  light. 

Calophyllum  (kal-6-nl'um),  n.  [Gr.  kalos, 
beautiful,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Guttifern,'.  The  species 
are  large  timber-trees,  with  shining  leaves 
which  have  numerous  transverse  parallel 
veins,  giving  the  plants  a  very  beautiful 
appearance ;  hence  the  name.  C.  Inophyl- 
lum  yields  a  medical  resin,  the  tacamahac 
of  the  East  Indies.  The  seeds  afford  an 
oil  which  is  used  for  burning,  for  making 
ointment,  &c.  C.  Calaba  (calaba-tree),  a  tro- 
pical evergreen  tree  b'O  feet  high,  with  an 
edible  green  fruit,  is  a  native  of  the  West 
Indies  and  Brazil,  and  yields  another  variety  I 
of  tacamahac. 

Caloric  (ka-lortk),  n.  [L.  color,  heat.]  The 
name  given  to  a  supposed  subtle  imponder- 
able fluid  to  which  the  sensation  and  phe- 
nomena of  heat  were  formerly  attributed. — 
Sensible  and  insensible  caloric,  obsolete  for 
sensible  and  latent  heat.  See  under  HEAT. 
Caloric  (ka-lor'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  caloric. 
—Caloric  engine,  a  name  given  by  Captain 
Ericsson  to  his  improved  air-engine,  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  other  air-engines  on  the 
same  principle.  Such  engines  are  similar 
in  principle  and  mode  of  working  to  the 
ordinary  steam-engine,  their  motive  power 
being  derived  from  air  expanded  by  heat 
instead  of  steam.  The  distinctive  features 
of  the  improved  caloric  engines  are  that  the 
air  employed  is  compressed  before  being 
heated,  and  that  the  greater  part  of  the 
waste  heat  is  saved  and  used  again  and 
again,  so  as  to  effect  a  great  saving  of  fuel. 
Many  such  engines  are  used,  especially  in 
America,  for  printing-presses  and  the  like. 
Caloricity  (kal-o-ris'i-ti),  n.  [Fr.  caloriciU.'] 
That  faculty  in  animals  of  developing  a 
-  quantity  of  heat  necessary  to  life,  and  to 
enable  them  to  resist  atmospheric  cold,  so 
as  to  preserve  at  all  times  and  in  every  part 
a  temperature  nearly  equal. 


Caloriduct  (ka-lort-dnkt).  7t.  [L.caiw.lieat. 
and  duco.duct itm.  to  U-ad  ]  A  tube  or  pass- 
a«e  for  conveying  heat.  See  CAI.IDUCT. 

Calorie  (ka-lo-re),  n.  [Fr.]  In  physics,  the 
quantity  of  heat  necessary  to  raise  the  tem- 
perature of  a  kilogramme  of  water  one  de- 
gree Centigrade.  It  is  the  French  conven- 
tional unit  used  in  calorimetry. 

Calorifacient  (ka-lor/i-fa"shi-ent),  n.  Same 
as  Cafurijicient. 

Calorifefe  (ka-lor-i-far),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
calor,  heat,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  An  appara- 
tus for  conveying  and  distributing  heat;  a 
term  particularly  applied  to  an  apparatus 
for  heating  conservatories,  Ac".,  by  means  of 
hot  water  circulating  in  tubes. 

Calpriflant  (ka-lort-frant).  Same  as  Calori- 
ficient. 

Calorific  (kal-o-rifik),  a.  Capable  of  pro- 
ducing heat;  causing  heat;  heating;  calori- 
nent;  caloriflcient. 

We  distinguish  the  gravitative,  luminiferous.  and 
calorific  properties  of  the  sun.  J.  S.  Mill. 

—  Calorific  rays,  certain  rays  emanating 
from  the  sun,  which  are  not  visible,  ana 
which  are  only  manifested  by  their  effects 
on  the  thermometer.  Their  presence  is 
detected  by  placing  a  thermometer  near  the 
rays  forming  the  solar  spectrum  by  being 
transmitted  through  a  glass  prism.  They 
are  most  powerful  near  the  red  end  of  the 
spectrum. 

Calorification  (ka-Ior'i-n-ka"shon),  n.  The 
production  of  heat,  especially  animal  heat. 

Caloriflcient,  Calorlflent  (ka-lor'i-fl"shent, 
ka-lort-fpent),  n.  [L.  calor,  heat,  and  facia, 
to  make.  ]  Heat-producing ;  relating  to  the 
power  of  producing  heat :  a  term  applied  by 
physiologists  to  materials  of  food  of  which 
the  basis  is  carbon,  as  fat,  gum,  sugar,  starch, 
and  which  are  believed  to  be  expended  in  the 
production  of  heat  in  the  system.  Written 
also  Calorifiant. 

Calorimeter  (kal-o-rim'e-ter),  n.  [L. 
calor,  heat,  and  Gr.  inetron,  measure.]  An 
apparatus  for  measuring  absolute  quantities 
of  heat  or  the  specific  or  latent  heat  of 
bodies,  as  an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
heat  given  out  by  a  body  in  cooling  from 
the  quantity  of  ice  it  melts  or  from  the 
rise  of  temperature  it  produces  in  water 
around  it. 

Calorimetric  (ka-lor'i-met"rik),  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  use  of  the  calorimeter. 

Calorimetry  ( kal  -  o  -  rim '  et  -  ri ),  n.  The 
estimation  of  the  specific  or  latent  heat  of 
bodies  apart  from  the  sensible  changes  of 
temperature;  the  art  or  process  of  using 
the  calorimeter  (which  see). 

Calorimotor  (ka-lor'i-m6"ter),  n.  [L.  calor, 
heat,  and  motor,  mover.  ]  A  galvanic  instru- 
ment of  one  pair  or  a  few  pairs  of  very  large 
plates  to  produce  considerable  heat  effects, 
and  in  which  the  calorific  influence  or  effects 
are  attended  by  scarcely  any  electrical  power. 

Calorist  (kal'or-ist),  n.  One  of  those  who 
upheld  the  theory  that  the  sensation  and 
phenomena  of  heat  were  attributable  to  a 
fluid  called  caloric. 

The  theory  of  the  calorists,  as  those  who  held  this 
view  were  called,  and  called  themselves,  is  now  utterly 
disproved.  Paf.  £«'!/• 

Calosoma  (kal-o-so'ma),  n.  [Gr.  kalos,  beau- 
tiful, and  soma,  body.]  A  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects  of  the  family  Carabida;.  To 
thjsgenus belongs  thelargest  and  most  beau- 
tiful British  insect  of  the  family,  the  C.  Syco- 
phanta,  which  is  about  1  inch  long.  Species 
of  this  genus  occur  in  almost  all  countries. 

CalOtropis(ka-lot'ro-pis),».  [Gr.  kalos, beau- 
tiful, and  tropis,  a  keel,  alluding  to  the  keel 
of  the  flower.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Asclepiadacesc.  The  species  are  shrubs 
or  small  trees,  natives  of  the  tropics  of  the 
Old  World.  C.  giyantea  yields  a  tough  fibre; 
its  acrid  juice  is  used  for  cutaneous  diseases, 
and  a  tincture  called  mudar  obtained  from 
the  roots  is  similarly  employed.  See  MU- 
DAR. 

Calotte  (ka-lof),  n.  I  Fr.  calotte,  a  skull- 
cap, dim.  of  cale.  See  CAUL.]  1.  A  plain 
skull-cap  or  coif  of  hair,  satin,  or  other  stuff 
worn  in  Catholic  countries  as  an  ecclesias- 
tical ornament,  and  in  England  by  sergeants- 
at-law  on  their  wigs ;  also,  a  military  skull- 
cap. After  the  Bourbon  restoration  the  epi- 
thet Regime  de  la  Calotte  was  applied  to  the 
influence  of  the  clergy  in  political  matters. 
2.  Anything  having  the  form  of  asmallcap,  as 
the  cap  of  a  sword-hilt.— 3.  In  arch,  a  round 
cavity  or  depression  in  form  of  a  cup  or  cap, 
lathed  and  plastered,  used  to  diminish  the 
elevation  of  a  chapel,  cabinet,  alcove,  Ac., 
which  would  otherwise  be  too  high  for  other 


piecesof  theapartlnent     Ninjetimes  \vrittcn 
Calote. 

Calottist  (ka-  lot  'list),  11.  A  member  of 
the  V(.!;""" -at  ,/,•  l,i  Calotte,  a  society  which 
sprang  up  at  I'aris  in  the  lust  years  of 
the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  formed  a 
regiment  under  the  name  La  Calotte  (a  flat 
cap  worn  by  the  priests),  which  was  the 
symbol  of  the  society.  All  were  admitted 
whose  ridiculous  behaviour,  odd  character, 
foolish  opinions,  &c.,  had  exposed  them  to 
public  criticism. 

Calotype  (kal'o-tip),  n.  [Gr.  kalos.  I 
tiful,  and  typos,  figure,  impression.]  The 
name  given  by  Mr.  Talbot  to  the  prm.-- 
which  lie  invented  about  1-tn  of  producing 
photographs  by  the  action  of  light  upon 
nitrate  of  silver.  The  paper  is  first  washed 
on  one  side  with  a  solution  of  nitrate  of 
silver ;  when  dry  it  is  immersed  in  a  solu- 
tion of  iodide  of  potassium  ;  and  again, 
after  drying,  in  a  mixture  of  nitrate  of  silver 
solution,  acetic  acid,  and  gallic  acid.  'I  lie 
paper  is  now  exposed  to  the  luminous  image 
in  the  camera,  after  which  the  paper  is  again 
soaked  in  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  and 
gallic  acid,  when  the  latent  image  makes  its 
appearance,  and  is  fixed  by  hyposulphite  of 
soda  solution.  From  the  negative  image  a 
positive  is  then  easily  obtained. 
Caloyer  (ka-loi'er),  n.  [Fr,  from  Mod.  Gr. 
kalogeros,  from  Gr.  kalos,  beautiful,  and 
nernn,  Mod.  Gr.  geros,  an  old  man,  the  g 
in  Mod.  Gr.  being  pronounced  like  y.  ]  One 
of  a  sect  of  monks  of  the  Greek  Church. 
They  are  also  divided  into  cenobites,  who 
are  employed  in  reciting  their  offices  from 
midnight  to  sunrise ;  anchorets,  who  retire 
and  live  in  hermitages ;  and  recluses,  wlro 
shut  themselves  up  in  grottoes  and  caverns 
on  the  mountains,  and  live  on  alms  furnished 
to  them  by  the  monasteries. 
Calp  (kalp),  71.  A  sub-species  of  carbonate 
of  Time,  of  a  bluish-black,  gray,  or  grayish- 
blue  colour,  its  streak  being  white.  It  is  in- 
termediate between  compact  limestone  and 
marl,  and  forms  a  division  of  the  carbon- 
iferous limestones  of  Ireland.  Called  also 
Argillo-ferruginous  Limestone. 
Calp-slates  (kalp'slats),  n.  pi.  A  series  of 
shale,  calp,  and  flaggy  sandstone  strata  de- 
veloped in  Ireland  between  the  two  great 
bands  of  carboniferous  limestone. 
Caique  (kalk),  v.t.  In  painting,  to  calk 
(which  see). 

Calquing  (kalk'ingX  n.  In  painting,  calking 
(which  see). 

Caltha  (kal'tha),  n.  [L.  caltha,  supposed  to 
be  our  Calendula  oficinalis,  or  pot-mari- 
gold. ]  A  genus  of  ranunculaceous  plants, 
with  stout  creeping  root-stocks,  and  showy 
flowers  composed  entirely  of  petaloid  sepals. 
The  carpels  contain  many  seeds.  These 
herbs  are  found  in  the  temperate  and  cold 
regions  of  both  hemispheres.  C.  palustris 
(marsh  marigold)  is  common  in  meadows 
and  marshy  places,  and  about  the  edges  of 
rivers  and  lakes  in  Britain.  A  double  variety 
is  cultivated  in  gardens. 
Calthrop  (kal'throp),  n.  See  CALTROP. 
Caltrop  (kal'trop),  «.  [L.L.  calcitrapa, 
from  L.  calx,  calcis,  a  heel,  and  L.L.  Irapjia, 
a  snare.]  1.  llilit.  an  instrument  with  four 
iron  points  dis- 
posed in  such  a 
manner  that 
three  of  them 
being  on  the 
ground  the  other 
points  upward. 
These  are  scat- 
tered on  the 
ground  where  an 
enemy's  cavalry 
are  to  pass  toim- 
pede  their  pro- 
gress by  wound- 
ing the  horse's 
feet— 2.  In  bot.  a  term  applied  first  to  the 
spiny  heads  or  fruits  of  several  plants  from 
their  resemblance  to  the  military  instru- 
ment, and  then  to  the  plants  themselves. 
The  common  caltrops  is  Centaurea.  Calci- 
trapa (the  star-thistle),  found  in  waste  places 
in  the  south  of  England.  The  heads  are 
covered  with  long  yellow  spines.  The  name 
is  also  given  to  Tribulus  tcrrestris,  a  plant 
of  the  Mediterranean  region,  with  a  spiny 
pentagonal  fruit.  The  water  caltrop  is 
Trapa  natans,  the  fruit  of  which  has  several 
horns  formed  of  the  indurated  lobes  of  the 
calyx. 

Calumba  (ka-lumTia),  n.  [From  a  mistaken 
notion  that  the  plant  came  from  Colombo. 


ch.cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  30;      JJob;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin?;      TH,  tAen;  th,  (Aln;     w,  u-ig;    wh,  uMg;    in,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


CALUMBIN'E 


370 


CALYPTRA 


Ceylon.]  A  plant.  Jatenrhiza  palmata,  indi- 
genous to  the  forests  of  Mozambique,  nat. 
order  Menisijemmeeie.  The  large  roots  are 
much  used  as  a  bitter  tonic  in  cases  of  in- 
digestion. American  or  false  cahnnba  is  the 
bitter  root  of  Frasera  Carolinenxix,  a  genti- 
anaceous  herb  found  in  North  America. 

Calumbme  (ka-lum'bin),  n.  The  bitter  prin- 
ciple of  calumba. 

Calumbo  (ka-lum'bo),  n.   Same  as  Calumba. 

Calumet  (kal'u-met),  ».     [Fr.  calumet,  from 


Calumet,  from  the  Christy  Collection  in  British 
Museum. 

L.  calaimm.  a  reed— a  parallel  form  of  chalu- 
meau,  a  reed-pipe.)  A  kind  of  pipe  used  by 
the  American  Indians  for  smoking 
tobacco.  Its  bowl  is  usually  of  soft 
red  soapstone,  and  the  tube  a  long 
reed,  ornamented  with  feathers.  The 
calumet  is  used  as  a  symbol  or  in- 
strument of  peace  and  war.  To  ac- 
cept the  calumet  is  to  agree  to  the 
terms  of  peace,  and  to  refuse  it  is  to 
reject  them.  The  calumet  of  peace 
is  used  to  seal  or  ratify  contracts 
and  alliances,  to  receive  strangers 
kindly,  and  to  travel  with  safety. 
The  calumet  of  war,  differently 
made,  is  used  to  proclaim  war. 

Calumniate  (ka-lum'ni-at),  v.  t.  pret. 
»fe  pp.  calumniated;  ppr.  calumniat- 
ing. [  L.  calumnior,  calutmiiatus, 
to  calumniate,  from  calumnia,  ca- 
lumny. See  CALUMNY.]  To  utter  calumny 
regarding ;  to  accuse,  or  charge  falsely  and 
knowingly,  with  some  crime,  offence,  or 
something  disreputable  ;  to  slander.  '  To 
disdain  and  calumniate  another. '  Bp.  Sprat. 
'Calumniated  by  apostates. '  Macaulay.— 
Axperse,  Defame,  Calumniate,  Slander.  See 
under  ASPERSE  — SYN.  To  slander,  defame, 
vilify,  traduce,  asperse,  blacken,  backbite, 
libel. 

Calumniate  (ka-lum'ni-at),  v.i.    To  charge  ' 
one  falsely  and  knowingly  with  a  crime  or 
offence;  to  propagate  evil  reports  with  a 
design  to  injure  the  reputation  of  another.  ' 
'Created  only  to  calumniate.'    Shak. 

Calumniation  (ka-lum'ni-a"shon),  «.  The 
act  of  calumniating ;  calumny. 

The  slander  and  calumniation  of  her  principal 
counsellors  agreed  best  with  the  humours  of  some 
malecontents  within  the  realm.  Bacon. 

These  descriptions  .  .  .  are  delivered  dispassion- 
ately, and  not  thrown  out  in  the  heat  of  controversy 
and  calumniation.  T.  It-'arton. 

Calumniator  (ka-lum'nl-a"ter),  n.  One  who 
calumniates  or  slanders;  one  who  falsely 
and  knowingly  accuses  another  of  a  crime 
or  offence,  or  maliciously  propagates  false 
accusationsorreports.  'The devil,  thefather 
of  all  calumniators  and  liars. '  Ifssher.  'The 
calumniators  of  Epicurus's  philosophy.' 
Cowley. 

A  wicked  thinff  is  a  calumniator.    Brougham. 

SYN.  Slanderer,  defamer,  backbiter,  libeller, 
detractor,  traducer. 

Calumniatory  (ka-lum'ni-a-to-ri),  a.  Slan- 
derous. '  Calumniatory  information.'  iloun- 
tagu. 

Calumnious  (ka-lum'ni-us),  o.  Using  cal- 
umny; containing  or  implying  calumny;  in- 
jurious to  reputation;  slanderous.  'Calum- 
nious knave.'  Shak.  'Calumnious  mis- 
statements.'  Motley. 

Virtue  itself  'scapes  not  calumnious  strokes.  Sha£. 

For  thither  he  assembled  all  his  train, 

.     .     .     and  with  calumnious  art 

Of  counterfeited  truth  thus  held  their  ears.    Milton. 

Calumniously  (ka-lum'ni-us-li),  adv.  In  a 
calumnious  manner;  slanderously,  iloun- 
taau;  Sheldon. 

Calumniousness  (ka-lum'ni-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  calumnious;  slanderous- 
ness;  defamation. 

The  bitterness  of  my  stile  was  plainness,  not  catiim- 
ttioiiiatss.  Bp.  Morton. 


Calumny  (kal'iim-ni),  n.  [L.  calumnia.] 
-False  accusation  of  a  crime  or  offence, 
knowingly  or  maliciously  made  or  reported, 
to  the  injury  of  another;  untruths  mali- 
ciously spoken  to  the  detraction  of  another; 
defamatory  reports;  slander. 

Be  thou  as  chaste  as  ice,  as  pure  as  snow,  thou 
shalt  not  escape  calumny.  Sha£. 

Channteth  not  the  brooding  bee 
Sweeter  tones  than  calumny  t          Tennyson. 

SYN.  Slander,  detraction,  libel,  falsehood, 
hackuiting,  evil-speaking,  lying,  defama- 
tion. 

Calvary  (kal'va-ri),  ?i.  [L.  calvaria,  a  skull, 
used  in  the  Vulgate  to  translate  the  Hebrew 
Golgotha,  from  calea,  a  scalp  without  the 
hair,  from  calms,  bald.  ]  1.  A  place  of  skulls; 
Golgotha;  the  place  where  Christ  was  cruci- 
fied on  a  small  hill  west  of  Jerusalem.— 
2.  In  R.  Cath.  countries,  a  kind  of  chapel, 
sometimes  erected  on  a  hill  near  a  city,  and 
sometimes  on  the  exterior  of  a  church,  as  a 
place  of  devotion,  in  memory  of  the  place 
where  our  Saviour  suffered.  In  Calvaries  of 
this  sort  the  various  scenes  of  his  passion 
and  crucifixion  are  represented  by  statu- 
ary and  carving  strongly  coloured. — 3.  A 
rocky  mound  or  hill  on  which  three  crosses 
are  erected,  an  adjunct  to  religious  houses. 
—Calvary  cross,  or  cross  of  Calvary,  see 
CROSS. 


Calvary,  formerly  on  Mont  Vale 


Calve  (kav),  u.i.  pret.  A  pp.  calved;  ppr. 
calvinrt  [From  ca{f,pl  calvcwomp.D.lcalven, 
Dan.  halve,  to  calve.  ]  To  bring  forth  a 
calf  or  calves  :  useit  sometimes  contemptu- 
ously of  human  beings,  and  by  Milton  of  the 
earth  at  the  creation  of  cattle,  Ac.  'Not 
Komans  .  .  .  though  calved  i'  the  porch 
o'  the  Capitol.'  Shak. 

Knowest  thou  the  time  when  the  wild  goats  of  the 
rock  bring  forth?  or  canst  thou  mark  when  the  hinds 
dott/tvl  Job  xxxix.  i. 

The  grassy  clods  now  calved.         Milton. 

Calver  (kal'ver),  v.t.  1.  In  old  cookery  to 
prepare  (fish)  in  a  certain  way,  apparently 
by  a  kind  of  pickling.  '  Larks,  woodcocks, 
cnlver'd  salmon.'  Maseiiiger. 

My  foot-boy  shall  eat  pheasants,  calvfr'tf  salmon, 
knots,  godwits.  lampreys.  Jl.  fonson. 

2  As  a  modern  term,  to  crimp  (flsh).  A'ares. 
Calver  (kal'ver),  v.i.   To  be  susceptible  of 
being  calvered.    See  above. 

For  his  flesh  (the  grayling's1,  even  in  his  worst  sea- 
son,  is  so  firm,  and  will  so  easily  calvfr  that  in  plain 
truth  he  is  very  good  meat  at  all  times.  Cotton. 

Calves'-snout  (kavz'snout),  n.    A  plant, 
Antirrhinum  majits,  so  called  from  a  fancied 
resemblance  in  the  seed-vessel  to  a  calfs 
head.    Called  also  Snapdragon 
CalviUe  (kal-vilO,  n.    [Fr  .]  A  sort  of  apple 
Calving  (kav'ing),  n.    The  act  of  bringing 
forth  a  calf:  used  specifically  of  cows,  whales, 
and  seals 

The  Russians  providently  prohibit  bay-whaling,  a 
practice  destructive  to  the  cow  whales  about  the 
time  of  mMHf,  Prof.  Ka.  Fortus. 

Calvinism  (kal'vin-izm),  n.  The  theological 
tenets  or  doctrines  of  John  Calm'n,  who  was 
born  in  Picardy  in  France,  and  in  1536  chosen 
professorof  divinity  and  minister  of  achurch 
in  Geneva.  The  distinguishing  doctrines  of 
this  system  are.  predestination,  particular 
redemption,  total  depravity,  Irresistible 
grace,  and  the  certain  perseverance  of  the 
saints. 

Calvinlst  (kal'vin-ist),  n.  A  follower  of 
Calvin  ;  one  who  embraces  the  theological 
doctrines  of  Calvin. 

Calvinistic,  Calvinistlcal  (kal-vin-ist'ik, 
kal-vin-isfik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  Calvin  or 
to  his  opinions  In  theology. 

Calvlnize  (kal'vin-Iz),  v.t  To  convert  to 
Calvinism. 

Calvish  (kav'ish),  o.     Like  a  calf.    Sheldon. 

Calvities  (kal-vi'shi-ez),  n.  [L.,  from  calvus, 
bald.  ]  Diffused  or  general  baldness,  appear- 


ing generally  first  on  the  crown  or  on  the 

forehead  and  temples. 
Calvityt  (kal'vi-ti),  n.     See  CAIVITIF.S. 
Calx(kalks),n.  pi.  Calxes,  Calces  (kalk'sez, 

kal'sez).    [L.  call,  limestone,  whence  A. Sax. 

cealc,  E.  chalk.]    1.  Properly  lime  or  chalk. 

but  applied  formerly  to  the  substance  of  a 

metal  or  mineral  which  remains  after  being 

subjected  to  violent  heat  or  calcfiiatinn. 

Metallic  calxes  are  now  generally  called 
1    oxides. 

Gold,  that  is  more  dense  than  lead,  resists  per- 
emptorily all  the  dividing  power  of  fire ;  and  v.  ill  not 
I      he  reduced  into  a  calx  or  lime  by  such  operations 
as  reduces  lead  into  it.  Sir  A".  Lligby. 

2.  Lime  recently  prepared  by  calcination.— 

3.  Broken  and  refuse  glass,  which  is  restored 
to  the  pots. 

Calycanthaceae  (kal'i-kan-tha"se-e),  «.  pi. 
[Gr.  kalyx,  a  calyx,  and  anthos,  a  flower.] 
A  nat.  order  of  dicotyledonous  plants,  allied 
to  Magnoliaceae,  but  with  aberrant  diame- 
ters which  indicate  affinities  with  other 
natural  orders.  They  are  hardy  shrubs,  well 
known  in  gardens  for  the  delicious  fragrance 
of  their  blossoms.  The  order  contains  only 
two  genera— Calycanthus,  the  best  known 
of  the  two  species  of  which  is  C.  floridug, 
or  Carolina  allspice,  a  sweet-scented  shrub 
with  yellow  flowers,  whose  bark  is  used  as 
cinnamon  in  the  United  States ;  and  Chi- 
monanthus,  the  only  species  of  which,  C. 
fraarans  (Japan  allspice),  has  lemon- 
coloured  flowers. 

Calycanthemous    (kal-i-kan'the- 
inus),  o.     [Gr.  kalyx,  a  calyx,  and 
ftnthog,  a  flower.]    In  bot.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  plants  having  the  corolla 
and  stamens  inserted  in  the  calyx. 
Calyciflorae  (ka-lis'i-fl6"re),  n.  pi.  (L. 
calyx.n  calyx, and  flos,  florin,  a  flower, 
a  corolla.]  According  to  Decandolle, 
a  sub-class  uf  dicotyledons  or  exo- 
gens,  distinguished  generally  by  hav- 
ing a  calyx  and  corolla  (dichlamyde- 
ous),  petals  separate  (polypetalous 
or  dipetalous)  or  united  (monopcta- 
lous  or  gamopetalous),  and  the  sta- 
mens inserted  either  on  the  side  of 
the  calyx  (perigynous)  or  above  and 
on  the  ovary  (eplgynous). 
Calycifloral  (ka-lis'i-flo"ral),  a.     In  bot. 
having  the  petals  and  stamens  springing 
from  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 
Calyciflorate  (ka-lis'i-H6"rat),  a.    In  bot. 
having  the  stamens  inserted  in  the  calyx. 
Calyciform  (ka-lis'i-form),  a.    In  but.  hav- 
ing the  form  of  a  calyx. 
Calycinal,  Calycine  (ka-lis'i-nal,  kali-sin). 
u.    In  bot.  pertaining  to  a  calyx ;  situated 
on  a  calyx. 

Calycle,  Calycule  (kal'i-kl,  kal'i-kul),n.  [L. 
calymlue,  dim.  of  calyx,  Gr.  kalyx,  a  calyx, 
a  cup.)  1.  In  bot.  an  outer  accessory  calyx, 
or  set  of  leaflets  or  bracts  looking  like  a 
calyx,  as  in  the  pink.  —  2.  In  zool.  a  term 
applied  to  the  small  cuplike  prominences, 
containing  each  a  polype,  covering  the  sur- 
face of  many  corals:  better  known  as  Calice 
(which  see). 

Calycled  (kali-kid),  a.  Same  as  Calyculate 
(which  see). 

Calycoid  (ka'li-koid),  a.  In  bot.  like  a  calyx; 
cup-shaped. 

Calyculate,  Calculated  (ka-lik'u-lat,  ka- 
lik  u-la-ted),  a.    In  but.  having  bracts  which 
resemble  an  additional  external  calyx. 
Calymene  (ka-lim'c-ne),  n.  A  genus  of  fossil 
trilobites  found  In  the  Silurian  rocks. 
Calyont  (kal'yon),  n.   Flint  or  pebble  stone, 
used    in  building   walls,  Ac.     Palxgrave; 
Promptoriitm  Parvulorum. 
Calypso  (ka-lip'so),  n.     [After  Cali/pgo,  a 
mythological  being  of  ancient  Greece,  cele- 
brated for  her  beauty  and  fascination.]    A 
genus  of  orchidaceous  plants  remarkable 
for  their  beauty.    The  C.  borealin  is  a  small 
tuberous  plant  found  in 
high  latitudes  through- 
out the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, and  having  only 
a  single  thin, many-nerv- 
ed   leaf,   and    a   single 
rose-coloured  flower  at 
the    end  of  a    slender 
sheathing  stem.  Itgrowg 
in  woods,  especially  of 
firs,  appearing  as  soon 

.      "»  tne  SHOW  lllrll>. 

y .  Calyptra(ka.lip'tra),  n. 

with  calyptra  removed.    [G.  Kalyptra,  a  veil  or 

covering.]  In  bot.  the 
hood  of  the  theca  or  capsule  of  mosses.  It 
is  the  archegonium  which  has  continued  to 
grow  and  has  been  carried  up  by  the  elon- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;        u,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


CALYPTR/EIDJE 


377 


CAME 


gallon  of  the  peduncle  of  the  capsule.  In 
liverworts  the  archegonlum  is  burst  through 
))y  the  growing  peduncle  and  the  calyptra 
remains  at  its  base.  The  same  name  is 
given  to  any  hood-like  body  connected  with 
the  organs  of  fructification  in  flowering 
plants.  In  Pileanthus  it  covers  over  the 
Hower  and  is  formed  of  united  bracts;  in 
Eucalyptus  and  Euclesmia  it  is  simply  a  lid 
or  opercuhmi  to  the  stamens. 

Calyptraeldas  (ka-lip-tre'i-clc),ii.}rf.  A  family 
of  gasteropodous  molluscs,  known  by  col- 
lectors as  bonnet  or  chambered  limpets. 
The  typical  genus  Calyptrica  includes  the 
cup-and-saucer  limpet. 

Calyptrate(ka-lip'trat).a.  In  but.  furnished 
with  a  calyptra ;  also  applied  to  the  calyx 
when  it  comes  off  like  a  lid  or  extinguisher. 

Calyptriform  (ka-lip'tri-form),  a.  Having 
the  form  of  a  calyptra. 

Calystegia  (kal-i-ste'ji  a),  n.  [Or.  kaliix,  the 
calyx,  and  siege,  &  covering,  two  bracts  hid- 
ing the  calyx.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  C'onvolvulacete,  composed  of  species 
separated  from  Convolvulus  because  of  the 
two  large  bracts  which  inclose  the  calyx. 
The  species  are  lactescent,  glabrous,  twining 
or  prostrate  herbs,  with  solitary  one-flowered 
peduncles.  Two  British  species,  C.  sepiuin 
and  C.  Soldaiutlla,  are  known  by  the  name 
of  bindweed. 

Calyx  (ka'liks).  n.  pi  Calyces,  Calyxes 
(ka'li-sez,  ka'lik-sez).  [L  calyx,  the  cup 
or  calyx  of  a  flower,  from  Gr.  kali/x,  a  calyx, 
a  husk  or  covering,  from  kalyptein,  to  cover, 
conceal.  ]  l.lnbot.  the  exterior  covering  of  a 
flower  within  the  bracts  and  external  to  the 
corolla,  which  it  incloses  and  supports,  and 
consistingof  several  verticillate  leaves  called 
sepals,  united  by  their  margins  (mono-  or 
gamosepalous,  b  b)  or  distinct  (poly-  or  dialy- 
sepalous,  a  a),  usually  of  a  green  colour 
and  of  a  less  delicate  texture  than  the  cor- 
olla. In  endogens  the  venation  of  the  sepals 
is  parallel,  in  exogens  reticulated.  The  part 
formed  by  the  union  of  the  sepals  is  called 
the  tube;  the  upper  part,  where  the  sepals 
are  free,  is  the  limb.  In  some  plants  the 
calyx  grows  to  the  sides  of  the  ovary,  ex- 
cept, perhaps,  a  small  portion  at  the  ex- 
tremity, in  which  case  it  is  termed  superior, 
but  when  it  is  quite  separate  from  the 


form  of  cam  employed  when  the  series  of 
changes  in  velocity  and  direction  required 
are  too  numerous  to  be  included  in  a  single 


Forms  of  Calyx. 

ovary  it  is  called  inferior.— 2.  In  anat.  a 
small  cup-like  membranous  canal,  several 
of  which  invest  the  points  of  the  papilla;  of 
the  kidney.  The  union  of  the  calyces  forms 
the  three  infundibula  which  open  into  the 
pelvis  of  the  kidney,  whither  they  convey 
the  urine. 

Calzoonst  (kal-zonz'),  n.  pi.  [O.Fr.  calfons, 
Mod.  1'r.  calefons,  from  It.  calzoni,  aug.  of 
calza,  a  stocking,  from  L.  calcevx,  a  shoe.] 
An  under-garnitiiit  woru  on  the  lower  limbs; 
drawers. 

The  better  sort  of  that  sex  here  wear  linen  drawers 
or  calxoons.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Cam  (kam),  n.  [O.  E.  camb,  a  comb,  a  crest; 
comp.  Dan.  kam-hiul,  G.  kamm-rad,  a  cog- 
wheel, from  kam,  kamin,  a  comb.]  In  inach. 
a  simple  contrivance  for  converting  a  uni- 
form rotatory  motion  into  a  varied  recti- 
linear motion;  a  projecting  part  of  a  wheel 
or  other  revolving  piece  so  placed  as  to  give 
au  alternating  or  varying  motion  to  another 
piece  that  comes  in  contact  with  it  and  is 
free  to  move  only  in  a  certain  direction;  a 
nun-wheel.  A  common  variety  of  the  cam 
is  that  better  known  as  the  eccentric  (which 
see).  Various  forms,  such  as  those  exem- 
plified in  figs.  1  and  2,  are  employed  to  im- 
press accelerated  or  retarded  motions.  The 
form  shown  in  fig.  3  is  employed  when  two 
or  more  strokes  of  the  rectilinear  motion 
are  required  to  be  produced  during  one  re- 
volution of  the  rotatory  part. — Solid  cam,  a 


Camail. 


i.  Elliptical  cam,  used  fur  Riving  motion  to  the  levers 
of  [ninUiing  and  shearing  machines.  2,  The  heart- 
cam  or  heart. wheel,  much  used  in  cotton  machin- 
ery to  produce  a  regular  ascent  and  descent  of 
the  rail  on  which  the  spindles  are  situated.  3, 
Form  of  cam  much  nsed  in  iron-works  for  setting 
in  motion  the  tilt-hammers. 

rotation  of  a  cam-plate.  The  cam  is  formed 

on  the  surface  of  a  cone,  either  parallel  to 
the  axis  or  spirally,  and  the  cone  as  it  re- 
volves is  made  to  travel  also  endlong  by 
means  of  a  screw.  Usually  the  spindle  pass- 
ing through  it  is  screwed  and  works  in  a 
fixed  rut  to  communicate  this  endlong  mo- 
tion. 

Cam  (kam),  a.  [\V.  Gael.  Ir.  cam,  crooked. 
Comp.  Gr.  kampto,  to  bend.]  Crooked; 
bending.  See  KAM. 

Camaieu,  n.    See  CAMAYEU. 

Camail  (ka-mal'),  n.  [Fr.,  a  camall,  also  a 
head-dress  worn  by 
priests  in  winter, 
from  Pr.  capmail — 
cap,  from  L.  caput, 
the  head,  and  mail. 
See  MAIL.]  1.  Milit. 
the  chain -mail  or 
armour  appertain- 
ing to  the  head- 
piece, as  tlie  casque 
or  bascinet,  and  fall- 
ing down  from  it 
over  the  shoulders 
like  a  tippet,  so  as 
to  form  a  guard  for 
the  sides  of  the  head,  throat,  and  chest, 
worn  by  knights  in  the  fourteenth  and 
fifteen  centuries. — 2.  Eccles.  a  name  some- 
times given  to  the  almucc  (which  see). 

Camaldolite,  Camaldulian  (ka-mal'do- 
lit,  kam-al-du'li-an),  n.  A  member  of  a 
nearly  extinct  fraternity  of  monks  founded 
in  the  Vale  of  Camaldoli  in  the  Apennines 
in  1018,  by  St.  Bomuald,  aBenedictinemonk. 
They  were  originally  hermits,  but  as  their 
wealth  increased  they  associated  in  con- 
vents. They  have  always  been  distinguished 
for  their  extreme  asceticism,  their  rules  in 
regard  to  fasting,  silence.and  penances  being 
most  severe.  Like  the  Benedictines  they 
wear  white  robes. 

Camara  (kam'a-ra),  n.  A  hard,  tough,  and 
durable  wood  obtained  in  Essequibo,  from 
Dipteryx  odorata.  It  is  well  adapted  for 
shafts,  mill-wheels,  or  cogs.  Siminonds. 

Camarilla  (kam-a-ril'a,  Sp.  pron.  ka-ma- 
rel'ya),  n.  [Sp. ,  a  small  room,  a  dim.  from 
camara,  L.  camera,  camara,  a  vault.  See 
CHAMBER.]  A  company  of  secret  counsel- 
lors or  advisers;  a  cabal;  a  clique:  from 
meaning  the  private  chamber  o/  the  king, 
the  word  came  to  express  collectively  cour- 
tiers, sycophants,  priests,  and  such  unac- 
credited and  secret  councillors,  in  opposi- 
tion to  that  of  a  legitimate  ministry.  '  En- 
circled with  a  dangerous  camarilla.'  Times 
newspaper. 

Camassia  (ka-mas'i-a),  n.  The  latinized 
form  of  (jnatnatth .  and  the  name  of  the  genus 
to  which  that  plant  is  referred.  See  QUA- 

MASH. 

Camata  (kam'a-ta),  n.  The  commercial 
name  for  the  half -grown  acorns  of  the 
Quercus  ^Kgilops,  dried  and  imported  for 
tanning.  In  a  still  younger  condition  they 
are  called  camatina 

Camatlna(kam-a-ti'na),  n.  The  commercial 
name  for  the  incipient  acorns  of  the  Quercus 
jEgilops,  which  are  imported  for  tanning. 

Camayeu,  Camaieu  ( ka-ma'u ),  n.  f  Fr. 
camaieu,  a  form  equivalent  to  cameo  (which 
see)  ]  1.  A  stone  or  an  onyx  engraved  in 
relief;  a  cameo  (which  see).— 2.  IK  fine  arts, 
monochrome  painting  or  painting  with  a 
single  colour,  v.iried  only  by  the  effect  of 
chiaro-oscuro.  Pictures  in  two  or  three 
tints  where  the  natural  hues  of  the  objects 
are  not  copied  may  also  be  called  en  camaieu. 


Wr  sprak  of  brown,  i-fd,  yellow,  green,  and 
blue  camaieus,  according  to  their  principal 
oobnm, 

Cambaye(k!im-bfO,)i.  A  kind  of  cotton  cloth 
iiiu.lf  in  Helical  and  elsewhere  in  India. 

Camber  (kcrn'Mr),  n.  (  Kr.  cambrer,  to 
arch,  to  vault,  to  bend,  from  L.  camera,  a 
vault,  a  chamber.]  1.  A  convexity  upon  an 
upper  surface,  as  a  deck  amidships,  a 
bridge,  a  beam,  :t  lintt-1.  '.'.  The  curve  of  a 
ship's  plank.  —  8.  The  part  in  ii  dockyard 
where  timber  is  stored,  and  where  camber 
ing  is  performed ;  also,  the  small  dock  f<  >r 
loading  and  unloading  timber.  —  Camber 
iriinliKf,  a  window  arched  at  the  top. 

Camber  (kutn'bcr),  v.t.  To  arch ;  to  bend ; 
to  curve  ship-planks. 

Camber-beam  (kami>er-bem),  n.  In  arch. 
a  beam  which  is  laid  upon  the  straining- 
beam  of  a  truncated  roof,  and  supports  the 
covering  of  the  summit. 

Cambered  (kam'berd),  pp.  or  a.    Bent  up- 
wards in  the  middle ;  arched  ;  convex 
Cambered  deck,  (a)  one  which  is  higher  in 
the  middle  or  arched,  but  drooping  toward 
the  stem  and  stern.    (6)  An  irregular  deck. 

Cambering  (kam'ber-ing),  p.  and  a.  Bend- 
ing; arched;  as,  a  deck  lies  cambering. 

Camber-keeled  (kam'ber-keld),  o.  Applied 
to  a  keel  slightly  arched  upward  in  the 
middle  of  the  length,  but  not  BO  much  as  to 
be  hogged. 

Camberwell  Beauty  ( kam'ber-wel  bu'ti ), 
n.  A  rare  British  butterfly,  Vanessa  An- 
liopa,  so  named  from  having  been  some- 
times found  at  Camberwell  when  it  was 
more  rural  than  now,  and  from  its  great 
beauty.  The  wings  are  deep,  rich,  velvety 
brown,  with  a  band  of  black,  containing  a 
row  of  large  blue  spots  around  the  brown, 
and  an  outer  band  or  margin  of  pale  yellow 
dappled  with  black  spots.  The  caterpillar 
feeds  on  the  willow. 

Camblal(kam'bi-al),a.  [L.L.  cambialis,  from 
L.  cambio,  to  exchange.]  Belonging  to  ex- 
changes in  commerce.  [Rare.] 

Cambist  (kam'bist),  n.  [Fr.  cambiste,  from 
L.  cambio,  to  exchange.  ]  One  who  has  to 
do  with  exchange,  or  is  skilled  in  the  science 
of  exchange ;  one  who  deals  in  notes  and 
bills  of  exchange;  a  banker. 

The  word  cambist,  though  a  term  of  antiquity,  is 
even  now  a  technical  word  of  some  use  among  mer- 
chant traders  and  bankers.  Hees. 

Cambistry  (kamTm-tri),  n.  The  science  of 
exchange,  weights,  measures,  A;c. 

Cambium  (  kam'bi-um ),  n.  [L.  cambio,  to 
exchange,  from  the  alterations  occurring 
in  it.  ]  1.  In  bot.  a  mucilaginous  viscid  sub- 
stance forming  a  layer  immediately  under 
the  liber  of  plants,  now  known  to  consist 
entirely  of  cellular  tissue,  composed  of 
growing  cells  with  very  thin  walls,  retaining 
their  primordial  utricles,  and  largely  charged 
with  the  fluid  to  which  the  name  of  cam- 
bium was  once  given.  The  growth  of  the 
wood  and  bark  takes  place  in  this  layer.  - 
2.  A  name  formerly  given  to  a  fancied  nutri- 
tious humour,  which  was  supposed  to  repair 
the  materials  of  which  the  body  is  com- 
posed. 

Camblet  (kam'blet).  n.    See  CAMLET. 

Camboge  (kam-boj'  or  kam-boj').  See  GAM- 
BOGE. 

Camboose  (kam-bosO, ".    Same  as  Caboose. 

Cambrasine  (kam'bra-sen),  n.  A  kind  of 
fine  linen  cloth  fabricated  in  Egypt,  so 
called  from  resembling  cambric. 

Cambrel  (kamljrel),  n.  A  crooked  piece  of 
wood  or  iron  to  hang  meat  on.  See  GAM- 
BREL. 

Cambrian  (kam'bri-an),  a.  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  Wales  or  Cambria. 

The  Cambrian  mountains,  like  far  clouds, 
That  skirt  the  blue  horizon,  dusky  rise. 

Thomson. 

—Cambrian  group,  in  geol.  an  extensive 
series  of  gritstones,  sandstones,  and  slates, 
often  metamorphosed  into  chlorite  and  mica 
schists,  and  gneiss,  and  lying  under  the 
lower  Silurian  beds.  A  few  fossils  occur  in 
the  series.  They  may  be  regarded  as  the 
bottom  rocks  of  the  Silurian  system. 

Cambrian  (kam'bri-an).  n.    A  Welshman. 

Cambric  ( kam '  brik ),  n.  A  species  of  flue 
white  linen  fabric,  said  to  be  named  from 
Cambray  in  Flanders,  where  it  was  first 
manufactured.  An  imitation  of  cambric 
is  also  made  of  fine  cotton  yarn,  hard 
twisted.  'Cadisses,  cambrics,  lawns.'  Slink. 

Cambro-Briton  ( kam'bro-brit-on ),  n.  A 
Welshman. 

Came  (kam),  pret.  of  come  (which  see). 

Came  (kam),  n.     In  glazing,  n  small  slender 


certain;     ch,  Sc.locA;     g,  go;     J.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin?;     TH,  tten;  th,  JAiu;     w,  idg:    wh,  iMig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CAMEL 


3""Q 
10 


CAMERA 


rod  of  cast  lead,  12  or  14  inches  Ions,  of 
which,  by  drawing  it  through  a  species  of 
vice,  glaziers  make  their  turned  or  milled 
lead  for  joining  the  panes  or  quarrels  of 
glau 

Camel  (kam'el ),  n.  [  From  L.  camelus,  Gr. 
kamelas,  from  Hell,  gilmdl,  camel.]  1.  A 
large  quadruped  of  the  genus  Camelus. 
family  Camelidie  (or  Tylppoda),  and  order 
lluminantia,  used  in  Asia  and  Africa  for 
carrying  burdens,  and  for  riding  on.  It  is 
characterized  by  the  absence  of  horns,  by 
having  16  teeth  in  the  upper  jaw— 2  incisors, 
2  canines,  and  12  molars— and  18  in  the 
lower— 6  incisors,  2  canines,  and  10  molars 
— and  a  fissure  in  the  upper  lip.  It  has  a 
very  long  neck,  and  a  broad  elastic  foot,  end- 
ing in  two  small  hoofs,  which  does  not  sink 
readily  in  the  sand  of  the  desert.  The  drome- 
dary or  Arabian  camel  (Camelus  droineda- 
rius)  lias  only  one  adipose  hump  on  the 
middle  of  the  back,  four  callous  protuber- 
ances on  the  fore  legs,  and  two  on  the  hind 
legs.  It  is  a  native  of  the  Arabian  deserts, 
and  is  chiefly  confined  to  Arabia  and  Egypt 
in  a  domesticated  state.  There  are  two 
varieties,  one  strong  and  slow,  for  burdens, 
the  other  slighter  and  fleeter,  for  travelling. 
The  Bactrian  camel,  or  common  camel 
(Camelus  bactrianus),  has  two  humps  on  the 
back,  and  is  stouter  and  more  muscular 
than  the  dromedary.  The  South  American 
members  of  this  family  constitute  the  genus 
Auchenia  (which  see)  or  llamas;  they  have 
no  humps.  Camels  constitute  the  riches  of 
an  Arabian,  without  them  he  could  neither 
subsist,  carry  on  trade,  nor  travel  over  sandy 
deserts.  Their  milk  is  his  common  food. 
By  the  camel's  power  of  stistaining  abstin- 
ence from  drink  for  many  days,  and  of  sub- 
sisting on  a  few  coarse,  dry,  prickly  plants. 
It  is  peculiarly  fitted  for  the  parched  and 
barren  lands  of  Asia  and  Africa.  Camels 
carry  600  to  1000  Ibs.  burden,  and  are  rapid 
in  their  course.  The  hair  of  the  camel  is 
imported  into  this  country  chiefly  for  the 
purpose  of  being  manufactured  Into  flue 
pencils  for  drawing  and  painting.  In  the 
East,  however,  it  serves  for  the  fabrication 
of  tents,  carpets,  and  wearing  apparel.  The 


Camel  (Catntlits  bactriantts). 

most  esteemed  hair  comes  from  Persia. — 
2.  A  water-tight  structure  placed  beneath  a 
vessel  to  raise  it  in  the  water,  in  order  to 
assist  its  passage  over  a  shoal,  a  bar,  or  to 
enable  it  to  be  navigated  in  shoal  water.  It 
is  first  filled  with  water  and  sunk,  in  order 
to  be  fixed  on.  The  water  is  then  pumped 
out,  when  the  camel  gradually  rises,  lifting 
the  vessel  with  it.  and  the  process  is  con- 
tinued until  the  ship  is  enabled  to  pass  over 
the  shoal.  Camels  have  also  been  used  for 
raising  aunken  vessels. 

Camel-backed  (kara'el-bakt),  a.  Having  a 
back  like  a  camel ;  hump  -  backed.  '  Not 
that  he  was  crook -shouldered  or  camel- 
hacked. '  Fuller. 

Camel-bird  ( kam'el-berd ),  n.  A  name  ap- 
plied to  the  ostrich. 

Cameleon  ( ka-tne'le-on  ),  n.  Same  as  Cha- 
meleon. 

CameUdaB  (ka-mel'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
quadrupeds,  including  the  true  camels  of 
the  eastern  hemisphere,  and  the  llamas  of 
the  western.  They  are  the  only  ruminants 
with  canine  and  incisor  teeth  in  the  upper 
jaw. 

Camelina  (kam-e-li'na),  n.  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Cruciferaj.  C.  sativa 
(gold  of  pleasure)  has  obovoid  pods  and 
small  yellow  flowers.  It  is  found  in  Britain 
growing  in  cultivated  fields,  chiefly  among 
tiax. 

Cameline.t  n.  Camlet;  a  stuff  made  of 
camel's  hair.  Chaucer. 


Camel-Insect,  Camel-locust  (kam'el-in'- 
sekt,  kam'el-lo'kiist),  n.  Names  given  to 
orthopterous  insects  of  the  genus  Mantis, 
or  praying  insects,  from  the  long  thorax 
resembling  the  elongated  neck  of  the  quad- 
raped. 

Camellia  (ka-mel'i-a),  n.  [After  George 
Joseph  Kamcl,  a  Moravian  Jesuit.]  A  genus 
of  beautiful  trees  or  shrubs,  nat.  order 
Ternstroemiaceic,  with  showy  flowers  and 
elegant  dark -green,  shining,  laurel -like 
leaves,  nearly  allied  to  the  plants  which 


Camellia  (Camellia 


yield  tea.  C.  japonica  It  the  origin  of  the 
many  double  varieties  of  our  gardens.  C. 
Sasanqua  is  mixed  with  tea  in  China,  the 
leaves  being  said  to  give  fragrance  and  fla- 
vour to  other  teas.  All  the  species  are  na- 
tives of  Asia  and  the  Eastern  Archipelago. 

Camelopard  (  ka-mel'o-pard  or  kam'el-o- 
pard),  n.  [L.  camelus,  a  camel,  and  pardalis, 
a  leopard.  ]  Same  as  Giraffe. 

Camelopardalls  (  kam'el-o-par"da-lis  ),  n. 
1.  A  genus  of  ruminant  quadrupeds  of  which 
the  camelopard  (C.  Giraffa)  is  the  sole 
species.  The  genus  is  co-extensive  with  the 
family  Camelopardida;  (which  see).—  2.  A 
northern  constellation  formed  by  Hevelius, 
It  is  situated  between  Cepheus,  Perseus, 
Ursa  Major  and  Minor,  and  Draco,  and  con- 
tains thirty-two  stars. 

Camelopardel  (  ka-mel'o-par-del  ),  n.  An 
imaginary  beast  of  heraldic  creation,  formed 
by  the  addition  of  two  long  horns,  slightly 
curved  backward,  on  the  head  of  the  camel- 
opard. 

Camelopardidaa  (kam'el-o-pftr"di-de),  n.pl. 
A  family  of  the  Kuminantia,  comprising 
only  one  genus,  the  Camelopard.  See  GIR- 
AFFE. 

Camelornithes  (ka-mel'or-nr'thez),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  kamelots,  a  camel,  and  ornig,  ornithos,  a 
bird.]  A  name  occasionally  given  to  the  fa- 
mily of  birds  which  includes  the  ostrich, 
from  their  traversing  the  desert  like  camels. 

Camelot  t  (kam'e-lot),  n.    Camlet. 

Camelry  (kam'el-ri),  n.  A  place  where 
camels  are  brought  to  be  laden  or  unladen. 

Camel's-hair  (kam'elz-har).  n.  The  hair 
of  the  camel,  imported  into  this  country 
chiefly  for  the  manufacture  of  fine  pencils 
for  drawing  and  painting 

Camel's  Thorn  (kam'elz  thorn),  n.  A  spiny 
leguminous  plant,  Alhagi  Camelorum,  of 
which  the  camel  is  very  fond,  and  which 
yields  a  manna  -like  exudation  from  its 
leaves  and  branches. 

Camel-swallqwer  (kam"el-swol'ia-er),  n. 

1.  A  term  applied  to  a  weakly  credulous  per- 
son; one  who  swallows  incredible  stories.— 

2.  A  person  severely  punctilious  in  trifling 
matters,  but  loose  in  greater.     See  Mat 
xxiii.  24. 

Camelus  (ka-melus),  n.  The  generic  name 
of  the  camel,  including  two  species,  C.  bac- 
trianus  and  C.  dromedarius.  See  CAMF.L. 

Camenes  (ka-me'nez),  «.  In  loyic,  a 
mramonic  word  to  express  a  syllogism  in  the 
fourth  figure  having  one  universal  affirma- 
tive and  one  universal  negative  premiss  and 
a  universal  negative  conclusion. 

Cameo  (kam'e-6),  n.  [It.  cameo,  cammeo, 
from  L.L.  camnurus,  a  word  of  uncertain 
origin.]  A  general  name  for  all  stones  cut 
in  relief,  in  contradistinction  to  those  hol- 
lowed out,  or  intaglios.  More  particularly, 
a  cameo  is  a  stone  composed  of  several  dif- 
ferent coloured  layers  having  a  subject  in 
relief  cut  upon  one  or  more  of  the  upper 
layers,  an  under  layer  of  a  different  colour 
forming  the  ground.  For  this  purpose  the 
ancients  used  the  onyx,  sardonyx,  agate, 
amethyst.&c.  The  shells  of  various  molluscs 
the  inner  strata  of  whose  shells  are  some- 


times  differently  coloured  from  the  outer, 
are  now  much  used  for  making  camoos. 
Those  best  suited  for  the  jmrposti  are  the 
bull's  mouth,  the  shell  of  Catitis  rufa,  the 
warty  helmet-shell  of  Cassis  tuberom,  the 
horned  helmet-shell  of  Cassis  corimta,  and 
the  queen-conch  of  Strombus  yi-ja*.  For- 
merly written  Cfltnaieu. — Cameo  incrusta- 
tion, the  art  of  producing  bas-relief  casts 
within  a  coating  of  Hint-glass.  The  process 
consists  in  making  the  article  to  be  incrusted 
of  less  fusible  material  than  the  glass, 
which  is  welded  to  the  article  in  a  soft  con- 
dition. 

Cameotype  (kam'e-6-tip),  n.  In  photog.  a 
name  given  to  a  small  vignette  daguerreo- 
type for  mounting  in  a  jewelled  setting  like 
a  cameo. 

Camera  (kam'er-a),  ?i.  [L  ,  a  vault,  a  cham- 
ber, from  Gr.  kamara,  anything  arched.] 
1.  In  one.  arch,  an  arched  roof,  ceiling,  or 
covering;  a  vault—  2.  The  variety  of  camera 
obscura  used  by  photographers.  See  below. 
•—Camera  lucida  [L.,  lit.  clear  chamber],  an 
invention  of  \Vollaston  the  chemist,  for  the 
purpose  of  facilitating  the  delineation  of  dis- 
tantobjects,  byproducingareflected  picture 
of  them  upon  the  paper,  and  also  copying  or 
reducing  drawings.  It  consists  of  a  solid 
prismatic  piece  of  glass,  mounted  upon  a 
brass  frame.  The  prism  has  its  angles  so 
arranged  that  the  rays  from  the  object  are 
reflected  upon  the  paper,  and  is  covered  at 
top  by  a  metallic  eye-piece,  the  hole  in  which 
lies  half  over  the  edge  of  the  prism,  so  as  to 
afford  a  person  looking  through  a  view  of 
the  picture  reflected  through  the  glass,  and 
a  direct  view  of  his  pencil  or  tracing  point. 
In  the  figure  the  object  /  to  be  traced  is 
opposite  the  perpendicular  surface  of  the 
prism  dc,  and  the  rays  proceeding  from/ 
pass  through  this  surface  and  fall  on  the  in- 


of  135"  with  b  c,  and  are  again  reflected  to 
the  eye  at  e  above  the  horizontal  plane, 
which  makes  an  angle  of  67i*  with  the  last 
reflection.  The  rays  of  light  from  the  object, 
proceeding  upwards  from  A  towards  the  eye 
of  the  observer,  the  observer  would  be  led  to 


imagine  the  image  at  m,  and  by  placing  the 
paper  below  in  this  place,  the  image  may  be 
traced  with  a  pencil.  The  brass  frame  of 
the  prism  has  usually  two  lenses,  one  con- 
cave and  the  other  convex,  the  former  to 
be  used  In  front  between  /  and  dc,  for 
short-sighted  persons,  and  the  latter  at  e  for 
long  sights.  The  size  of  the  picture  may 
also  be  increased  or  diminished  by  length- 
ening or  shortening  brass  tulies  connected 
with  the  frame.  This  instrument  has  under- 
gone various  modifications.  It  is  extremely 
convenient  on  account  of  Its  portability.— 
Camera  obscura  [L.,  lit.  dark  chamber], 
an  apparatus  in  which  the  images  of  ex- 
ternal objects,  received  through  a  double 
convex  lens,  are  exhibited  distinctly,  and 
in  their  natural  colours,  on  a  white  sur- 
face placed  at  the  focus  of  the  lens.  The 
simplest  form  of  this  instrument  consists 
of  a  darkened  chamber,  into  which  no 
light  is  permitted  to  enter,  except  by  a 
small  hole  in  the  window  shutter.  A  pic- 
ture of  the  objects  opposite  the  hole  will 
then  be  seen  on  the  wall  or  a  white  screen 
placed  so  as  to  receive  the  light  coming 
from  the  opening.  A  convex  lens  may  be 
flxed  in  the  hole  of  the  shutter.  Portable 
camera;  obscure  are  constructed  of  various 
forms,  but  the  design  of  them  all  is  to 
throw  the  images  of  external  objects,  as 
persons,  houses,  trees,  landscapes,  &c.,  upon 
a  plane  or  curved  surface,  for  the  purpose 
of  drawing,  amusement,  or  getting  photo- 
graphic pictures.  The  surface  on  which 
the  image  is  seen  may  be  paper,  and  thus, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       li,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  ley. 


CAMERADE 


379 


CAMPANAL 


liy  introducing  the  hand,  the  figure  may  be 
traced  with  a  pencil;  but  the  picture  is 
most  distinctly  seen  when  the  image  is 
formed  on  the  back  of  a  silverized  mirror. 


Camera  Obscura, 

The  figure  represents  a  portable  camera 
obscura.  A,  rays  of  light  passing  through 
a  convex  lens  and  reflected  from  a  mirror 
M  placed  at  an  angle  of  45°  upon  a  horizon- 
tal plate  of  ground  glass  N,  where  they 
form  an  uninverted  image,  and  can  be  easily 
traced.  The  camera  obscura  employed  by 
photographers  is  a  box,  one  half  of  which 
slides  into  the  other,  with  a  tube  in  front 
containing  an  object-glass  at  its  extremity. 
The  object-glass  is  usually  compound,  which 
has  the  advantage  of  giving  the  same  effec- 
tive focal  length  as  a  single  length  of  smaller 
radius  of  curvature,  while  it  permits  the 
employment  of  a  larger  aperture,  and  con- 
sequently gives  more  light.  At  the  back  of 
the  box  is  a  slide  of  ground  glass,  on  which 
the  image  of  the  object  to  be  depicted  is 
thrown.  The  focussing  is  performed  in  the 
first  place  by  sliding  the  one  half  of  the  box 
into  the  other,  and  then  by  means  of  a 
pinion  attached  to  the  tube  in  front  which 
moves  the  lens.  When  the  image  has  thus 
been  rendered  as  sharp  as  possible,  the 
ground-glass  slide  is  removed  and  a  sensi- 
tized slide  substituted,  which  not  only  re- 
ceives but  retains  the  image. 
Cameradet  (kam'6r-ad),  n.  A  comrade 
(which  see).  Phillips. 

CameralistiC  (kam'er-a-list"ik),  a.  Per- 
taining to  finance  and  public  revenue. 
Smart.  [Rare.] 

•Cameralistlcs  (kam'er-a-list"iks),  n.  [G. 
cameralist,  a  financier,  from  It.  camerale, 
pertaining  to  a  camera,  or  treasury,  from 
L.  camera,  a  chamber ;  comp.  camerlingo.  ] 
The  science  of  state  finance.  Brande  -k  Cox. 
[Rare.] 

Cameraria  (kam-er-a'ri-a),  n.  [After  Cam- 
eraritts,  a  Nuremberg  botanist.]  A  genus 
of  handsome  flowering  plants,  nat.  order 
Apocynaceffi.  The  species  are  natives  of 
hot  climates,  and  are  cultivated  in  our  hot- 
houses. 

Camerate  (kam'er-at),  v.t  pret.  &  pp.  camer- 
ated;  ppr.  camerating.  [L.  camera,  camc- 
rare,  from  camera,  an  arched  roof.]  To 
build  in  the  form  of  an  arch  or  vault. 
[Rare.] 

Camerated  (kam'er-at-ed),  a.  l.  In  arch. 
arched;  vaulted;  as,  a  camerated  roof. 
Weale.—  2.  In  conch,  divided  by  partitions 
into  a  series  of  chambers;  chambered;  as,  a 
camerated  shell.  Owen. 
Cameration(kam-er-a'shon),  n.  An  arching 

or  vaulting.    Evelyn.     [Rare.  ] 
Cameritelous  (kam-er-it'e-lus),  a.    [L. 
camera,  a  chamber,  and  iela,  a  web.]  A  term 
applied  to  spiders  that  make  intricate  webs 
to  hide  themselves. 

Camerlingo  (ka-mer-len'go),  n.  [It. ,  a  cham- 
berlain, from  L.  camera,  a  chamber.  ]  The 
highest  officer  in  the  papal  household;  the 
chamberlain.  The  cardinale  camerlingo  was 
formerly  the  head  of  the  government,  having 
the  control  of  the  treasury,  administering 
justice,  and  exercising  almost  sovereign 
power  when  the  papal  chair  was  vacant. 
Cameronia.n  (kam-er-6'ni-an),  n.  1.  One  of 
the  followers  of  Richard  Cameron  in  Scot- 
land, who  refused  to  accept  the  indulgence 
granted  to  the  Presbyterian  clergy  in  the 
persecuting  times  of  Charles  II.,  lest  by 
so  doing  they  should  be  understood  to  recog- 
nize his  ecclesiastical  authority.  They  con- 
stituted the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church 


the  Cameronians  who  flocked  to  Edinburgh 
during  the  Revolution  "f  1(188. 

Camerostoma  (kam-er-os'to-ma),  n.  [Gr. 
kamai-a,  a  vault,  and  stoma,  a  mouth.]  The 
anterior  part  of  the  body  of  Araclmida,  foim- 
in'.r  a  vault  over  the  manducatory  organs. 

Camese  (ka-mez'),  n.  [See  CIIKMI-K  I  A 
kind  of  shirt.  '  With  his  snowy  camese  and 
his  shaggy  capote.'  Byron. 

Camion  (kft'mi-on),  n.  [Fr.]  A  truck  or 
wagon  used  for  transporting  cannon. 

Camis,  t  Camiset  (kam'is,  ka-mez'),n.  [See 
CHEMISE.]  A  light  loose  dress  or  robe  of 
silk  or  other  material.  '  All  in  a  cami's  light 
of  purple  silk.'  Spenser. 

Camisade,  Camisado  ( kam-i-sad',  kam-i- 
sa'do),  n.  [Fr.  camitadc,  Sp.  camisado,  O.Fr. 
camise,  a  shirt.  See  CHEMISE.]  1.  A  shirt 
worn  by  soldiers  over  their  armour  in  a  night 
attack  to  enable  them  to  recognize  each 
other.  'Two  thousand  of  our  best  men,  all 
in  camixadoes  with  scaling  ladders.'  Sir  Ji. 
Williams.  —2.  An  attack  by  surprise  at  night 
or  at  break  of  day,  when  the  enemy  is  sup- 
posed to  be  in  bed,  properly  by  soldiers 
wearing  the  camisado. 

They  had  appointed  the  same  night  to  have  given 
a  camisado  on  the  English.  Sir  y.  Hayit'ard. 

Camisard  (kam'i-ziird),  n     [From  O.Fr. 

camise,  a  shirt;  comp.  camisade.]    One  of 

the  French  Calvinists  of  the  Cevennes  in 

revolt  from  1688  till  1705. 
Camisatedt  (kam'i-sat-ed),  a.   [See  CAMIS, 

CAMESE.]    Dressed  with  a  shirt  above  the 

other  garments.    Johnson. 
Camisole  (kam'i-sol),  n.   [Fr.,  dim.  of  O.Fr. 

eamiie,  L.L.  camwa,  a  chemise.]    1.  A  short 

light  garment  worn  by  ladies  when  dressed 

in  negligee. 

Mrs.  O'Dowd,  the  good  housewife,  arrayed  in  curl- 
papers and  a  camisole,  felt  that  her  duty  was  to  act 
and  not  to  sleep.  Thackeray. 

2.  A  strait-jacket  put  upon  lunatics.— 3.  A 
sort  of  strait-jacket  of  stout  sackcloth,  very 
stiff  and  hard,  fastened  with  several  strong 
buckles,  and  with  the  sleeves  sewed  up  at 
the  ends  so  that  the  hands  cannot  get  out, 
put  upon  a  prisoner  in  France  after  condem- 
nation to  the  guillotine,   to  prevent  his 
injuring  himself  or  others. 
Camister  (kam'is-ter),  n.    [Lit.  one  wear- 
ing a  camis  or  camese.}    A  clergyman;  a 
minister.    [Vagabonds'  slang.] 
Camlet  (kam'let),  n.    [See  ANGORA  GOAT.] 
A  stuff  originally  made  of  camel's  hair,  now 
made  sometimes  of  wool,  sometimes  of  silk, 
sometimes  of  hair,  especially  that  of  goats, 
with  wool  or  silk.    The  pure  oriental  camlet 
is  made  solely  from  the  hair  of  the  Angora 
goat.    Sometimes  written  Camelot. 
Camleted  (kam'let-ed),  a.   Coloured,  veined, 
or  undulated  like  camlet.     [Rare.] 
Camletteen,  Camletto  (kam-let-ten',  kam- 
let'to),  «.    A  kind  of  fine  worsted  camlet. 
Cammas  (kam'mas),  n.     Quamash  (which 
see). 

Cammock  (kam'ok),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cammoc.] 
A  plant.  Same  as  Rest-harrow.  [Southern 
England.] 

Cammocky  (kam'ok-i),  a.  Having  a  disa- 
greeable goat-like  smell :  a  term  applied  to 
cheese  from  the  idea  that  this  smell  is  due 
to  the  cows  eating  cammock.  [Southern 
England.] 

Camomile  (kam'o-mil),  n.  See  CHAMOMII.E. 
Camorra  (ka-morta),  n.  A  secret  society 
in  Naples  and  other  large  Neapolitan  cities, 
whose  members,  styled  Camorristi,  exercised 
a  lawless  influence  over  the  lower  classes, 
appearing  openly,  and  claiming  the  right  of 
settling  disputes,  extorting  a  part  of  the 
money  due  for  purchases,  rents,  wages, 
gaming,  Ac.,  and  undertaking  for  money 
the  commission  of  serious  crimes. 
Camouflet  (ka-mo-fla),  n.  [Fr.  ]  Milit. 
a  mine  with  a  charge  so  small  as  not  to 
produce  any  crater.  Such  a  mine  is  often 
sunk  in  the  wall  of  earth  between  two 
parallel  galleries,  in  order,  by  blowing  the 
earth  into  one  of  them,  to  suffocate  or  cut 
off  the  retreat  of  the  miner  who  is  at  work 
in  it.  When  used  for  this  purpose  it  is 
also  called  a  Stiflcr. 

Camous,1  Camoused  t  (ka'mus,  ka  must),  a. 
[Fr  camus,  Pr.  camusat,  flat-nosed,  from 
Celt,  cam,  crooked,  bent.)  Depressed;  flat; 
crooked :  said  only  of  the  nose. 

And  though  my  nose  be  camous'd.  my  lips  thick, 
And  my  chin  bristled.  Pan,  great  Pan,  was  such. 


BUlTKea  me  Keiormea  rroaoyiwiiBu  ^iiuicu  -  -  "ot-i*-- 

of  Scotland,  which  in  1876  became  merged     Camously  t  (ka'mus.l,)  ad».  Awry.  Ski 


in  the  Free  Church.— 2.  pi.  The  name  given 
to  the  26th  Regiment  of  British  infantry, 
from  its  having  been  originally  raised  out  of 


Camoyst  (ka-moiz'),  a. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 
Camp(kamp),n.  [Fr.  camp,  a  camp: 


Same  as  Camous. 


also  a  Held.  a  parallel  f'-nn  "f ,-/,r, ;/;/.,  a  lie-Id, 
hothbein^f ruin  tin- 1.  r<r/,iji>/x,  a  plain  <'inn- 
paign,chnii'l>ii>n  an-  frnui  till—  "Uivi-  j  I  'I  he 

place  where  nn  army  or  other  body  (if  men  is 
or  has  been  encami»ed ;  the  collection  of  tcnU 
or  other  erections  for  the  ftooommodation  of 
a  number  of  men,  partieularly  troops  in  a 
temporary  stati'in;  an  encUnpIMnv;  as,  tu 
pitrh  a  i-n^ijr,  there  an-  many  Unman  .M-M/-X 
in  Hritain.  When  an  army  in  tin-  |li-ld  is  t» 
remain  for  stum-  time  at  a  partieular  spot,  it 
may  be  stationed  in  an  intx •"<•/«  'I  <-itini>. 
surrounded  by  earth-works,  redoubts,  A-e 
A  flying  camp  is  om-  nccupinl  fur  a  very 
brief  period.  The  camps  of  the  ancient  Ro- 
man soldiers,  even  though  for  only  a  night's 
stay,  were  of  the  intrenched  kind,  in  tilt- 
shape  of  a  square  surrounded  by  a  fosse 
(fossa),  with  a  stake-faced  embankment 
(vallum)  on  the  inside.  There  were  four 
gates,  one  at  either  side  and  one  at  either 
end,  and  the  interior  was  divided  into  streets, 
the  broadest  of  which,  100  feet  wide,  ran 
between  the  side  gates.  The  other  streets, 
60  feet  wide,  ran  at  right  angles  to  this  fn  nn 
end  to  end  of  the  camp.— Camp  of  instruc- 
tion, a  camp  formed  for  the  reception  of 
troops  who  are  sent  to  be  trained  in 
manoeuvring  in  large  bodies  and  in  cam- 
paigning duties  in  general.  There  is  a  per- 
manent camp  of  this  kind  at  Alderehot- 
2.  Body  of  troops  moving  and  encamping 
together ;  an  army. 

For  I  shall  sutler  be 

Unto  the  camp,  and  profits  will  accrue.      Shak. 
The  whole  had  the  appearance  of  a  splendid  court 
rather  than  of  a  military  armament ;  and  in  this  situa- 
tion, carrying  more  show  than  force  with  it,  the  camp 
arrived  at  Bernice.  ffntite. 

S.  In  agri.  a  heap  of  turnips,  potatoes,  or 
other  roots  laid  up  for  preserving  through 
the  winter.  In  some  places  called  a  Pie,  in 
others  a  Bury. 

Camp  (kamp),  D.f.  1.  To  put  into  or  lodge 
in  a  camp,  as  an  army ;  to  encamp.  [Rare. ) 

2.  To  afford  camping  ground  for ;  to  afford 
rest  or  lodging  to.    [Rare.  ] 

Had  our  great  palace  the  capacity 

To  camp  this  host,  we  would  all  sup  together.  Sliat. 

3.  To  bury  in  pits,  as  potatoes;   to  pit. 
Loudon.    [Local.  ] 

Camp  (kamp),  v.i.  To  live  in  a  camp,  as  an 
army;  to  encamp. — To  camp  out,  to  live  in 
a  camp:  especially  applied  to  volunteers 
from  their  usually  living  in  houses. 

Are  they  also  to  build  their  own  houses  or  to  camp 
out  in  tents?  Saturday  Rev. 

Camp  (kamp),  n.  [A.  Sax.  ramp,  Dan. 
kamp,  G.  kampf,  a  fight,  a  contest,  all, 
according  to  Skeat,  from  L.  campus,  a 
plain,  and  in  late  times  a  battle.  ]  An 
ancient  English  form  of  the  game  of  foot- 
ball. It  was  played  by  two  parties  of  twelve 
men,  ranged  in  two  lines  120  yards  apart. 
A  ball  was  laid  in  the  middle,  and,  on  a 
given  signal,  each  party  rushed  forward  to 
kick  or  throw  it  to  the  opposite  goal.  The 
contest  generally  involved  kicked  shins,  and 
sometimes  serious  injury. 
Camp  (kamp),  v.i.  To  play  at  the  game  of 
camp.  Tusser. 

Campagnol  (kam-pag'nol),  n.  [Fr.  name, 
from  campayne,  open  country.]  A  species 
of  field-rat  or  vole,  with  a  short  tail,  the 
Anicola  arcalis  or  aqrutit. 
Campaign  (kam-pan'),  n.  [Fr.  campagne, 
country,  open  country,  campaign,  from  L. 
Campania,  a  level  country,  campus,  a  plain. 
See  CAMP.)  1.  An  open  field ;  a  large  open 
plain  •  an  extensive  tract  of  ground  without 
considerable  hills.  Car(/i.-2.  The  time,  or 
the  operations  of  an  army  during  the  time  it 
keeps  the  field  in  one  season;  as,  the  cain- 
paian  lasted  six  months. 
Campaign  (kam-pan'),  v.i.  To  serve  in  a 
campaign.  'The  officers  who  campaigned 
in  the  late  rebellion.'  Sir  Jt.  Muegrace. 

Campaigner  (kam-pan'er),  n.  One  who  has 
served  in  an  army  several  campaigns ;  an  old 
soldier ;  a  veteran. 

Both  horse  and  rider  were  old  campaif  tiers,  and 
stood  without  moving  a  muscle. 

Campain  (kam-pan'),  «-     Same  as  Com- 

c'ampana  ( kam  -  pa '  na ),  n.  [  L.  L.  and  It. 
campana,  a  bell.]  1.  Eccles.  a  church  bell. 
2  A  bell-like  dish  or  cover  used  in  making 
sulphuric  acid. —3.  In  tot.  the  pasque- 
flower. 'Campana  here  he  crops.'  Draytim. 
4  In  arch,  one  of  the  drops  or  guttffi  of  the 
Doric  architrave.  Called  also  Campanula. 

Campanal  (kam-pa'nal),  a.  A  term  applied 
by  Lindley  to  one  of  the  largest  of  his  alli- 


ch,  cnain;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job; 


n.Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin,,;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  tdg;     wh, 


zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


CAMPANE 


380 


CAMPONG 


ances  of  plants,  of  which  the  bell-worts 
(Campanulacea>)  may  be  regarded  as  the 
type. 

C.impane  (kam-pan'),  n.  [It.  campana,  a 
bell]  In  her.  a  bell.  See  CAMPANED. 

Campaned(kain-pand'), pp.  Inker,  bearing 
oampanes  or  bells. 

Campanero  (k;un-pa-ne'ro),  n.  [Sp. ,  a  bell- 
man, from  L.  L.  campana,  a  bell.  ]  The  bell- 
bird  (Arapunya  alba)  of  South  America,  so 
called  from  the  bell-like  sound  of  its  voice. 
See  ARAPUNGA. 

Campauiat  (kam-pa'ni-a),  n.  [See  CAM- 
PAIGN.] A  large  open  plain  ;  a  champaign. 

In  vast  lampanuis  there  are  few  cities. 

Sir  It'.  Temple. 

Campaniform  (kam-pan'i-form),  a.  [L.L. 
campana,  a  bell,  and/orw)a,  form.]  In  the 
shape  of  a  bell :  applied  to  flowers. 

Campanile  (kam-pa-ne'la),  n.  pi.  Campa- 
nili(kam-pa-ne'le).  [It.  campanile,  from  It. 
and  L.L.  campana,  a  bell,  said  to  be  from 
Campania,  in  Italy,  where  bells  were  first 
used  in  divine  service.]  In  arch,  a  clock  or 
bell  tower :  a  term  applied  especially  to  de- 


Campanile,  Church  of  San  Andrea,  Mantua. 

tached  buildings  in  some  parts  of  Italy, 
erected  for  the  purpose  of  containing  bells ; 
also  to  such  structures  as  the  two  western 
towers  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  St.  Peter's  at 
Rome,  &c.  Many  of  the  campaniles  of  Italy 
are  lofty  and  magnificent  structures.  That 
at  Cremona  is  395  feet  high. 

Campanologlst(kam-pa-noro-jist),  n.  One 
skilled  in  the  art  of  bell-ringing  or  campa- 
nology. 

Campanology  (kam-pa-nol'o-jl),  n.  [L.L. 
campatia,  a  bell,  and  Gr.  logos,  discourse.] 
The  art  or  principles  of  bell-ringing ;  a  trea- 
tise on  the  art. 

Campanula  (kam-pan'u-la),  n.  [L.L.,  a 
dim  of  campana.  a  bell,  from  form  of  the 
corolla.]  1.  The  bell-Mowers,  a  large  genus 
of  plants  which  gives  its  name  to  the  nat. 
order  Campanulacerc.  The  species  are  her- 
baceous plants,  with  bell-shaped  flowers 
usually  of  a  blue  or  white  colour.  Nine 
species  are  indigenous  to  Britain,  of  which 
the  most  common  and  best  known  is  the 
C.  rotuiulifolia,  bluebell  of  Scotland  or  hare- 
bell. (See  HAREBELL)  Many  species  of 
Campanula  are  cultivated  on  account  of 
their  beautiful  flowers.  —  2.  In  arch,  see 
CAMPANA,  4. 

Campanulacese  (kam-pan'u-la"se-e),  n.  pi. 
The  bell-worts,  a  nat.  order  of  monopetal- 
ous  dicotyledonous  plants.  The  order  con- 
sists of  plants  usually  herbaceous,  with  an 
inferior  two  or  more  celled  fruit,  many 
minute  seeds,  regular  bell-shaped  showy 
blue  or  white  corolla,  and  milky  acrid  juice. 
They  are  natives  chiefly  of  northern  and 
temperate  regions. 

Campanularia  (kam-pan-u-la'ri-a),  n.  [See 
CAMPANULA.  ]  A  genus  of  zoophytes  in 
which  the  polype-cells  assume  a  bell-shape 

and  are  terminal  on  the  footstalk. 


Canipamilarida  (kam-pnn/u-la"ri-da),  n.  pi. 
An  order  of  hydroid  codenterates,  of  which 
Campanularia  is  the  type. 

Campanulate  (kam-pan'u-lat),  a  (L.  cam- 
panula, a  little  bell.)  In  the  form  of  n  bell: 
applied  to  many  parts  of  plants,  particularly 
to  the  corolla. 

Camp-bedstead  (kamp'bed-sted),  n.  A 
bedstead  made  to  fold  up  within  a  narrow 
space,  as  used  in  war;  a  tressel  bedstead. 

Camp-ceiling  (kamp'sel-ing),  n.  [From  the 
roof  approaching  the  shape  of  a  tent]  In 
arch,  a  ceiling  formed  by  an  inclination  of 
the  wall  on  each  side  toward  the  plane  sur- 
face in  the  middle,  so  as  to  form  something 
like  a  coved  ceiling.  It  is  most  frequently 
used  in  garrets. 

Campeachy-wood  (kam-pech-i-wud),  n. 
[From  the  Bay  of  Campeachy,  in  Mexico.] 
Logwood  (which  see). 

Camper  (kam'per),  n.  One  who  plays  at 
the  game  of  camp.  Tusser. 

Campestral,  Campestrian  ( kam-pes'tral, 
kam-pes'tri-an ),  a.  [  L.  campextris,  from 
campus,  a  field.]  Pertaining  to  an  open 
field;  growing  in  a  field  or  open  ground. 

The  campestral  or  wild  beech  is  blacker  and  more 
durable.  Mortimer. 

Camp -fight  (kamp'fit),  n.  [See  CAMP,  a 
game,  and  CHAMPION.]  In  law,  a  trial  by 
duel,  or  the  legal  combat  of  two  champions, 
for  the  decision  of  a  controversy. 

Camp-follower  ( kamp'fol-16-er ),  n.  One 
who  follows  or  attaches  himself  or  herself 
to  a  camp  or  army  without  serving,  such  as 
a  sutler. 

The  troops  were  attended  by  a  great  multitude  of 
(.amp.fnUemers.  Maeautety. 

Camphene  (kam'fen),  n.  [A  contr.  for  cam- 
phoyen.]  The  generic  name  for  the  volatile 
oils  or  hydrocarbons,  isomeric  or  polymeric 
with  oil  of  turpentine,  as  oil  of  bergamot, 
cloves,  copaiba,  hops,  juniper,  orange, 
pepper,  Ac.  Many  camphenes  exist  ready 
formed  in  plants.  They  are  liquid  at  ordi- 
nary temperatures,  are  distinguished  from 
each  other  by  their  odours,  and  have  an  op- 
tical rotatory  power.  They  absorb  oxygen, 
and  convert  it  into  ozone.  Also  used  as 
equivalent  to  Camphine. 
Camphlne  (kam'fen),  n.  The  commercial 
term  for  purified  oil  of  turpentine,  obtained 
by  distilling  the  oil  over  quicklime  to  free 
it  from  resin.  It  is  used  in  lamps,  and  gives 
a  very  brilliant  light;  but,  to  prevent  smok- 
ing, the  lamp  must  have  a  very  strong 
draught.  With  oxygen  it  forms  camphor. 
Also  written  Camphene. 
Camphlne -lamp  (kam'fen -lamp),  n.  A 
lamp,  with  a  very  strong  draught,  for  burn- 
ing camphine.  It  has  a  reservoir,  generally 
of  glass,  placed  between  the  supporting 
pillar  and  the  burner,  to  hold  the  spirit  into 
which  the  cotton  wick  dips. 
Camphlret  (kam'fir),  n.  and  r.  Same  as 
Camphor.  'Wood  of  aloes,  camphire  and 
many  other  things. '  HaMuyt. 
Camphlredt  (kam'fird),  a.  Impregnated 
with  camphor;  camphorated.  'Wash-balls 
perfumed,  camphired  and  plain.'  Toiler. 
Camphogen  ( kam'fo-jen ),  n.  [L.L.  cam- 
phora,  and  Gr.  ornrin,  to  produce.]  (C,0H14  ) 
A  colourless  liquid  produced  by  distilling 
camphor  with  phosphorous  pentoxide.  This 
hydrocarbon  is  better  known  under  the 
name  of  Cununt. 

Camphor  (kam'fer),  n  [L.L.  camphora;  Fr. 
camphre.  It.  canfora,  L.Or  kaphmira,  from 
Ar.  ki\fur,  camphor,  which  as  well  as  Skr. 
karpura,  camphor,  is  said  to  be  from  a 
Malay  word  signifying  literally  chalk.  ] 
(C10H18O.)  A  whitish  translucent  substance, 
of  a  granular  or  foliated  fracture,  and  some- 
what unctuous  to  the  touch.  It  has  a  bit- 
terish aromatic  taste  and  a  strong  charac- 
teristic smell.  In  chemical  character  it  be- 
longs to  the  vegetable  oils.  There  are  three 
varieties  of  this  body,  which  differ  from  one 
another  in  their  action  on  polarized  light. 
The  common  camphor  of  the  shops,  which 
turns  the  plane  of  polarization  to  the  right, 
is  obtained  from  Camphora  ojftcinarum, 
and  Is  chiefly  prepared  in  the  island  of  For- 
mosa. Borneo  camphor  is  the  product  of 
Dryobalanops  Camphora,  nat  order  Dipter- 
aceK,  a  tree  100  to  130  feet  high,  found  in 
Borneo  and  Sumatra.  The  common  cam- 
phor is  obtained  from  the  wood  by  distilla- 
tion and  sublimation,  and  is  a  kind  of 
stearoptene  left  after  the  elreoptene.or  ethe- 
real oil,  of  the  live  tree  is  evaporated. 
(See  CAMPHOR-TREE.)  Borneo  camphor,  on 
the  other  hand,  is  not  procured  by  distilla- 
tion, but  is  found  in  masses,  secreted  natur- 


ally in  cavities  in  the  trunk  and  greater 
branches.  Camphor  is  used  as  a  stimulant, 
antispasmodic,  ami  diaphoretic.  Besides 
these  there  is  a  third  kind  of  camphor, 
known  in  China  as  Xgai  camphor,  and 
standing  in  point  of  value  between  ordinary 
camphor  and  Borneo  camphor.  It  is  the 
produce  of  ISlumea  balsamifera,  a  tall  her- 
baceous plant  common  throughout  the  In- 
dian Archipelago,  and  distinguished  by  the 
powerful  smell  of  camphor  emitted  from  the 
leaves  when  bruised. 

Camphor  (kam'fi'-r),  v.t.    To  impregnate  or 
wash  with  camphor.    [Rare.] 
Camphoraceous  (kam-fer-a'shus),  a.  Of  the 
nature  of  camphor;  partaking  of  camphor 
Camphorate  ( kam'fer-at ),  v.  t.    To  impreg- 
nate with  camphor. 

Camphorate  (kam'fer-at),  n.  In  chem.  a 
compound  of  camphoric  acid  with  different 
bases. 

Camphorate  (kam'fer-at),  a.  Pertaining  to 
camphor,  or  impregnated  with  it.  'Cam- 
phoratt  liquors.'  Boyle. 
Camphorated  (kam'fer-at-ed),  a.  Impreg- 
nated with  camphor.  'A  camphorated 
draught.'  Dmiglwon. 

Camphoric  ( kam-fortk ),  a.  Pertaining  to 
camphor,  or  partaking  of  its  qualities.  — 
Camphoric  acid  (C10H,ep4),  an  acid  obtained 
by  distilling  nitric  acid  several  times  in 
succession  from  camphor.  There  are  three 
modifications  of  this  acid,  corresponding  to 
the  three  camphors. 

Camphor-oil  ( kam'fSr-oil ),  n.  A  fragrant, 
limpid,  colourless  oil  obtained  in  Borneo* 
and  Sumatra  from  the  Druobalanops  Cam- 
phora by  distilling  the  wood  with  water. 
Camphorosma  (kam-fer-oz'ma),  n.  [Cam- 
phor, and  Gr.  osmf,  smell.  ]  A  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Chenopodiacese.  They  are  small 
shrubs  and  herbs,  chiefly  natives  of  the 
saline  steppes  of  Central  Asia.  One  specie* 
is  known  by  the  name  of  stinking  ground- 
pine. 

Camphor-tree  (kam'fer-tre),  n.  Camphora 
vjflctnarum,  nat.  order  Lauraceie.  The  tree 
from  which  common  camphor  is  obtained. 
It  was  originally  considered  to  be  a  true 
laurel,  but  it  differs  from  the  genus  Lauras 
in  having  rihlied  leaves,  nine  stamens,  and 
four-celled  anthers.  The  wood  it  soft, 
easily  worked 
and  useful  for 
domestic  pur- 
poses. All  the 
parts  of  the 
tree  yield 
camphor,  but 
it  is  obtained 
chiefly  from 
the  wood.  To 
obtain  it  the 
tree  is  cut 
down  and  di- 
vided into 
pieces,  and 
the  camphor 
which  is  found 
in  small  whit- 
ish flakes,  sit- 
uated perpendicularly  in  irregular  veins  in 
and  near  the  centre  of  the  tree,  is  distilled 
from  the  wood  and  then  sublimed.  It  i» 
then  repeatedly  soaked  and  washed  in  soapy 
water,  to  purify  it  from  all  extraneous  mat- 
ter. It  is  finally  passed  through  three 
sieves  of  different  texture,  to  separate  it 
into  three  sorts— head,  belly,  and  foot  cam- 
phor. 

Campion  (  kam'pi-on  ),  n.  [Probably  L.L. 
campus,  a  field. ]  The  popular  name  of  cer- 
tain plants  belonging  to  the  genus  Lychnis 
and  Silene  (which  see).  Bladder-campion 
is  Silene  iitritita;  sea-campion,  S.  maritima; 
moss-campion,  S.  ncatiiu;  red  alpine-cam- 
pion. Lychnis  alpina ;  rose-campion,  L.  (or 
Affrostemma)  coronaria  and  L.  flos  Jovix; 
red  campion,  L.  diurna;  and  white  campion. 
/.  vespertina. 

Camp-kettle  (kampTset-1),  n.  An  iron  pot 
for  the  use  of  soldiers  and  others  when 
camping  out. 

Camp-meeting  (kamp'met-ing),  n.  A  reli- 
gious meeting  held  chiefly  among  the  Metho- 
dists in  the  open  air  in  America,  where 
those  who  frequent  the  meetings  encamp 
for  some  days  for  continuous  devotion. 
Campo  (kam'po).  n.  1.  The  Portuguese 
name  given  to  the  wide  grass  plains  of 
Brazil,  once  the  site  of  forests. — 2.  A  kind 
of  Bohea  or  black  tea. 

Campong  ( kam'pong ),  n.  A  native  village 
in  the  islands  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago. 


Camphor-tree  (Camfftara 
officinarttm). 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       ndte,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  try. 


CAMPSHED 

Campshed  (kamp'shed),  n.  Same  as  Camp- 
tlu-etiivj. 

Camp-sheeting,  Camp-sheathlng(kamp'- 
sliet-ing,  kamp'sheTH-ing),  •«.  [A.  Sax.  cauili, 
;i  ridge,  and  sheathing.]  A  piled  inclosure 
funned  of  a  guide  pile,  a  wale,  or  a  horizon- 
tal piece  of  timber,  and  a  series  of  planks 
driven  in,  usually  of  the  thickness  of  3 
inches,  erected  at  the  foot  of  an  embank- 
ment or  soft  cutting  to  resist  the  outward 
thrust  of  the  earthwork. 

Camp-stool  (kamp'stol),  n.  A  seat  or  stool 
with  cross  legs,  so  made  as  to  fold  up  when 
not  used. 

Camptotropal  ( kamp-tot'ro-pal ),  a.  [Gr. 
ka  influx,  curved,  and  trepo,  to  turn.]  Ill  hot. 
same  as  Campylotropal. 

Camp-vinegar  (kamp-vin'e-ger),  n.  A 
mixture  of  vinegar  with  -Cayenne  pepper, 
soy,  walnut-ketchup,  anchovies,  and  garlic. 

Campylite  ( kam'pi-lit),  n.  [Gr.  kampylos, 
crooKed.  ]  A  mineral,  a  variety  of  mimetite 
or  arsenate  of  lead  in  which  phosphoric 
largely  replaces  arsenic  acid.  It  is  found 
in  Cumberland.  The  crystals  are  curved ; 
hence  the  name. 

Campylospermous  ( kam'pi-lo-sper"mus ), 
a.  [Gr.  kampi/los,  curved,  and  sperma,  a 
seed.}  In  bot.  having  the  albumen  of  the 
seed  curved  at  the  margin  so  as  to  form  a 
longitudinal  furrow,  as  in  the  fruits  of  some 
umbelliferous  plants,  as  sweet  cicely. 

Campylotropal  (kam-pi-lot'ro-pal),  a.  [Gr. 
kampylos,  curved,  and  trepo,  to  turn.]  In 
bot.  a  term  applied  to  curved  ovules  in 
which  the  nucleus  is  folded  over  upon  itself 
in  the  form  of  the  letter  U. 

Campylotropous  (kam-pi-lot'ro-pus),  a. 
Same  as  Campijlotropal. 

Camsterie,  Camstairle  (kam-ste'ri,  kam- 
sta'ri),  a.  [Probably  from  A.  Sax.  camp,  a 
fight  or  contest,  and  styrian,  to  stir.  ]  For- 
ward; perverse;  unmanageable.  [Scotch.] 

Camus,  t  n.    Camis  (which  see). 

Camuse.t  Camusedt  (ka'mus,  ka'must),  a. 
Same  as  Camous,  Camoused. 

Cam-wheel  (kam'whel),  n.  A  wheel  formed 
so  as  to  move  eccentrically  and  produce  a 
reciprocating  rectilineal  and  interrupted 
motion  in  some  other  part  of  machinery 
connected  with  it.  See  CAM. 

Camwood  (kam'wud),  n.  [Probably  for 
Cainpaachy  wood,  from  a  notion  that  it 
came  from  Cainpeachy.]  A  red  dye-wood 
imported  from  Sierra  Leone,  the  produce  of 
Baphia,  nitida,  nat.  order  Leguminosie.  It 
is  used  with  alum  and  tartar  as  a  mordant, 
the  dark  red  commonly  seen  on  bandana 
handkerchiefs  being  generally  produced  by 
it.  It  is  used  also  by  turners  for  making 
knife-handles,  and  by  cabinet-makers  for 
ornamental  knobs  to  furniture.  Called  also 
Barwood. 

Can  (kan),  71.  [A.  Sax.  canne,  D.  kan,  Icel. 
kanna,  G.  kanne,  a  can.  ]  A  rather  indefinite 
term  applied  to  various  vessels  of  no  great 
size,  now  more  especially  to  vessels  made 
of  sheet  metal,  for  containing  liquids,  pre- 
serves, <fec.,  generally  cylindrical  in  form  (as 
drinking  cans),  but  in  some  cases  of  a  square 
or  of  a  conical  form,  and  provided  with  a 
handle  and  spout,  as  oil-cans  for  lubricat- 
ing purposes. 

Can  (kan),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  canned;  ppr. 
canning.  To  put  into  a  can;  as,  to  can 
preserved  meat,  fruit,  &c. 
Can  (kan),  v.i.  pret.  could.  [A.  Sax.  can, 
pres.  ind.  of  cunnan,  to  know,  to  know  how 
to  do,  to  be  able.  In  A.  Sax.  the  pres.  was 
can,  canst,  can,  pi.  cunnon,  in  all  persons ; 
the  pret.  was  cuthe,  for  cwnthe,  the  n  being 
omitted  and  the  vowel  lengthened,  as  in 
mouth,  tooth.  Comp.  Goth,  kann,  pret. 
kuntha,  and  the  other  Teutonic  forms;  D. 
kunnen,  to  be  able,  pret.  konde;  Sw. 
kunna,  Dan.  kunde,  to  know,  to  be  able, 
pret.  kunde;  Icel.  kunna,  to  know,  to  be 
able ;  G.  konnen,  to  be  able,  pret.  konnte. 
The  pp.  was  cuth,  now  only  used  in  un- 
couth. The  root  is  the  same  as  that  of  ken 
and  know.  See  KNOW.]  l.t  (As  an  inde- 
pendent verb.)  (a)  To  know ;  to  under- 
stand. 

I  can  but  small  grammexe.  Chaucer. 

And  can  you  these  tongues  perfectly?   Beau.  &•  Fl. 

(b)  To  know  how  to  do  anything ;  to  have 
ability ;  to  be  able. 

In  evil  the  best  condition  is  not  to  will,  the  second 
not  to  can.  Bacon. 

1  have  seen  myself,  and  served  against,  the  French, 
And  they  can  well  on  horseback.  Shak. 

2.  (As  an  auxiliary.)  To  be  able,  physi- 
cally, mentally,  morally,  legally,  or  the 
like ;  to  possess  the  qualities,  qualifications, 


381 

or  resources,  as  physical  strength,  size, 
physical  or  mental  capacity,  intellectual 
power,  knowledge,  experience,  skill,  dexte- 
rity, patience,  fortitude,  iiifliuutinii,  le^il, 
moral,  or  social  ri^ht,  wealth,  or  tin,-  like, 
necessary  for  the  attainment  of  any  end  or 
the  accomplishment  of  any  purpose,  the 
specific  end  or  purpose  being  indicated  by 
the  verb  with  which  can  is  joined. 

Can  the  fig-tree  bear  olive  berries?      J.im.  iii.  12. 
God  thundereth  marvellously  with  his  voice ;  great 
things  doeth  he  which  we  can  not  comprehend. 

Job  xxxvii.  5. 

It  is  a  contradiction  to  imagine  that  Omnipotence 
i. m  do  that,  which,  if  it  could  DC  done,  would  render 
all  power  insignificant.  Tillotson. 

Thou  canst  not  say  I  did  it ;  never  shake 
Thy  gory  locks  at  me.  ShaJt. 

[This  verb  is  now  used  only  in  the  indicative 
mood,  but  Chaucer  has  an  infinitive  form, 
conne  ('  I  shall  not  conne  answere,'  that  is, 
I  shall  not  be  able  to  answer),  and  the 
infinitive  is  still  so  used  in  Scotch  in  such 
expressions  as,  I'll  no  can  go,  for  I  shall  not 
be  able  to  go.]— Can  but,  Cannot  but.  Can 
but  indicates  restraint,  moral  or  physical, 
and  is  equivalent  to,  Can  do  no  more  than ; 
can  only. 

He  could  Aiet  write  in  proportion  as  he  read,  and 
empty  his  commonplace  as  fast  only  as  he  filled  it. 
Sir  It'.  Sect/. 

Cannot  but,  on  the  other  hand,  indicates 
necessity  or  constraint,  especially  moral, 
and  is  equivalent  to,  Cannot  help  doing  or 
being ;  cannot  refrain  from. 

I  cannot  but  remember  such  things  were 
That  were  most  precious  to  me.  Shak. 

Yet  he  could  not  put  acknowledge  to  himself  that 
there  was  something  calculated  to  impress  awe,  .  .  . 
in  the  sudden  appearances  and  vanibhings  ...  of 
the  masque.  De  Qiiincty. 

— Can  away  with,  in  negative  phrases,  to  be 
able  to  endure  or  put  up  with. 

He  can  away  -with  no  company  whose  discourse 
goes  beyond  what  claret  and  dissoluteness  inspire. 

Locke. 

Cant  (kan).  [A  form  of  gan  tar  began.]  An 
auxiliary  verb  of  the  past  tense  =  did,  com- 
mon to  Old  English  and  Scotch. 

With  gentle  words  he  can  her  fairly  greet.   Sftiistr. 
Allace,  Aurora  !  the  silly  lark  can  cry. 

Sir  D.  Lyndsay. 

Canaanite  (ka'nan-it),  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
the  land  of  Canaan ;  specifically,  one  of  the 
inhabitants  before  the  return  of  the  Israel- 
ites from  Egypt;  a  descendant  of  Canaan, 
the  son  of  Ham. 

Canaanitisli  (ka-nan-it'ish),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Canaan  or  the  Canaanites. 

Shattered  portions  of  the  Canaatiitish  nations 
escaped.  F.  If.  Gotcli. 

Canada  Balsam,  Canadian  Balsam  (kan'- 
a-da  bal'sam,  ka-na'di-an  bal'sam),  n.  A 
fluid  resin  mixed  with  a  volatile  oil  obtained 
from  blisters  in  the  bark  of  the  balsam  flr 
(Abies  balsa  in  if  era)  and  of  Fraser's  balsam 
flr  (A.  Fraseri).  It  is  extensively  used  by 
microscopists  as  the  medium  for  mounting 
and  preserving  dry  transparent  objects. 

Canada  Rice  (kati'a-da  ris),  n.  The  Zizania 
aquaticaor  IIydropynnneiiculentuin,np\iiiit, 
growing  in  deep  water  along  the  edges  of 
ponds  and  sluggish  streams  in  the  northern 
states  of  America  and  Canada.  It  is  very 
prolific  in  large,  bland,  farinaceous  seeds, 
constituting  a  kind  of  rice,  which  affords 
good  meal.  The  seeds  form  much  of  the 
food  of  the  American  Indians,  and  of  the 
great  flocks  of  water-fowl. 

Canadian  (ka-na'di-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Canada,  an  extensive  country  on  the  north 
of  the  United  States. 

Canadian  (ka-na'di-an),  «.  An  inhabitant 
or  native  of  Canada. 

Canagua  (ka-nag'u-a),  n.    See  KOTH. 

Canaille  (ka-nal'  or  ka-nii-ya).  «.  [Fr., 
from  It.  canaiflia,  a  pack  of  dogs,  from  L. 
canin,  a  dog.]  The  lowest  orders  of  the 
people ;  the  rabble ;  the  vulgar.  '  To  keep 
the  sovereign  canaille  from  intruding  on 
the  retirement  of  the  poor  king  of  the 
French.'  Burke. 

CanaMn  (kan'a-kin),  n.    A  little  can  or  cup. 

And  let  me  the  canakin  clink.  Sliak. 

Canal  (ka-nal'),  n.  [Fr.  canal,  from  L. 
catialit,  a  channel,  from  the  same  root  as 
Skr.  khan,  to  dig.]  1.  An  artificial  water-  , 
course,  particularly  one  constructed  for  j 
the  passage  of  boats  or  ships.— 2.  In  arch. 
a  channel;  a  groove  or  a  flute;  thus,  the 
canal  of  the  volute  is  the  channel  on  the 
face  of  the  circumvolutions  inclosed  by  a 
list  in  the  Ionic  capital.— S.  In  anat.  any 
cylindrical  or  tubular  cavity  in  the  body 
through  which  solids,  liquids,  or  certain  . 


CANARY-GRASS 

organs  pass;  a  duct;  a-,  tin-  ^pimil  or 
vertebral  canal  cuntainiiiK  the  spinal  curd  ; 
the  intestinal  or  alimentary  eaital  1  In 
zuul.  a  groove  observed  in  ditfereiit  pans 
of  certain  univalve  shells,  ami  adapted 
for  the  protrusion  of  the  long  rjlinurieal 
siphon  or  breathing  tube  possessed  by  thc;M- 
animals. 

Canal-boat  (ka-nal'bot),  ».  A  heat  used  mi 
canals  for  conveying  goods  or  p. 

Canal-coal  (kan'al-kril).    See  t  A.VNKI.  COAI,. 

Canaliculate,  Canallculated  (kau  a  lik'u- 
lat,  kan-a-lik'u-lat-ed), a.  [L.  caiiaticulatu*, 
from  canaliculus,  a  little  pipe,  from  ctitiult*. 
a  pipe.]  Channelled;  furrowed;  grooved; 
specifically,  in  bot.  having  a  deep  loiiyi 
tudinal  groove  alx»ve  and  eonvex  mi'ln 
neath  :  applied  to  the  stem,  leaf,  or  petiole 
of  plants. 

Canalization  ( ka  -  nal '  iz  •  a  "  slum ),  ».  The 
construction  of  a  canal  or  canals. 

Canal-lift  (ka-nal'lift).  n.  A  hydro-pneu- 
matic elevator  for  raising  boats  from  one 
level  of  a  canal  to  another. 

Canard  (ka-niir  or  ka-niird'),  n.  [Kr.,  a 
duck,  from  L.L.  canardus,  a  kind  of  boat, 
from  G.  kahn,  a  boat  or  skiff.]  1.  An  absurd 
story  which  one  attempts  to  impose  on  his 
hearers  or  readers ;  a  fabricated  story  to 
which  currency  is  given  by  some  news- 
papers. This  sense  comes,  according  to 
Littre,  from  an  old  French  phrase  signi- 
fying '  to  half-sell  a  duck,'  in  which  the 
words  meaning  '  half '  came  to  be  sup- 
pressed. It  is  clear  that  to  half-sell  a 
duck  is  not  to  sell  it  at  all ;  whence  the 
sense  of  cheating,  making  a  fool  of.  Cot- 
grave  gives  the  term  vendeur  de  canards  il 
moitii  (one  who  half-sells  ducks)  as  mean- 
ing a  cozener  or  liar.  -2.  A  broadside  cried 
in  the  streets,  from  the  generally  sensa- 
tional nature  of  its  contents. 

Canarium  (ka-na'ri-um),  n.  [From  canari, 
an  eastern  name.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Amyridacea:,  consisting  of  lofty  trees 
which  exude  resin  or  balsam.  The  exuda- 
tion of  one  species  resembles  in  its  quali- 
ties balsam  of  copaiba;  that  of  another 
is  so  like  copal  that  it  is  used  as  a  varnish 
in  place  of  it.  Dammar  or  damar  is  u 
brownish  resin  obtained  from  C.  etrictum. 
C.  commune  yields  a  fruit  much  prized  in 
Java,  from  which  an  oil  is  expressed  which 
is  used  at  table  and  for  lamps. 

Canary  (ka-na'ri),  n.  1.  Wine  made  in  the 
Canary  Islands.—  2.  An  old  dance  introduced 
into  Spain  from  the  Canary  Islands,  and 
thence  brought  to  England. 

I  have  seen  a  medicine 
That's  able  to  breathe  life  into  a  stone. 
Quicken  a  rock,  and  make  you  dance  canary. 

S&t. 

3.  A  canary-bird. — 4.  A  word  put  by  Shak- 
spere  in  its  singular  and  plural  forms  in  the 
mouth  of  Mrs.  Quickly  (Merry  Wives),  and 
which  commentators  differ  in  explaining. 
It  is  probably  a  blunder  for  quandary. 
Canary  t  (ka-na'ri),  v.i.  To  dance;  to  frolic; 
to  perform  the  old  dance  called  a  canary. 

Jig  off  a  tune  at  the  tongue's  end,  canary  to  it  with 
your  feet,  humour  it  with  turning  up  your  eyelids. 

Canary-bird  (ka-na'ri-berd),  n.  An  inses- 
sorial  singing  bird,  a  kind  of  finch,  from 
the  Canary  Islands,  the  Carduelis  canaria, 
or  Fringilla  carduelis,  family  Fringillidte. 
These  birds  are  now  bred  in  other  countries, 


Canary  (Carttuelts  canaria). 

and  are  dispersed  everywhere  as  chamber- 
birds.  They  were  introduced  into  Europe 
300  or  400  years  ago.  The  canary  produces 
mules  with  allied  species,  as  the  goldfinch, 
siskin,  linnet,  bull-finch. 

Canary-flnch  (ka-na'ri-fln»h),n.  The  canary- 
bird. 

Canary-grass  (ka-na'ri-gras),  n.  Phalarm 
canarienxis,  nat.  order  Graminece,  a  native 
of  the  Canary  Isles.  Its  seed  is  used  as 


ch,cftain;      6h,  So.  looA;      g,  go;      I,  job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sms;      IH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  icAig;      zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CANARY-SEED 


382 


CANDIDATE 


food  in  the  Canaries,  Barbary,  and  Italy, 
and  is  lavely  collected  for  canary-birds.  It 
is  cultivated  for  this  last  purpose  in  Kent 

Canary-seed  (ka-na'tf-sed),  n.    The  seed  of 
the  canary-grass,  used  for  feeding  birds. 
Canary-stone  (ka-na'ri-ston),  ?>.    A  very 
beautiful  and  somewhat  rare  variety  of  car- 
nelian,  so  named  from  its  yellow  colour. 
Canary-wood  (ka-na'ri-wiul),  «.    [t  rom  its 
colour  resembling  that  of  the  canary-bird.  ] 
A  wood  of  a  light  orange  colour,  straight 
and  close  in  the  grain,  adapted  for  the  pur- 
poses of  the  cabinet-maker  and  turner.     I 
is  imported  into  England  from  the  Brazils  I 
under  the  name  of  Madeira  mahogany.    It 
is  the  wood  of  Persea,  indica  and  1'.  cairn- 
Canaster  (ka-nas'ter),  n.    [Fr.  eanastre,  Sp. 
canastro,  a  basket.   Same  word  as  Canister.  ] 

1  The  rush  basket  in  whicli  tobacco  is  packed 
in  South  America.    Hence— 2.  A  kind  of  to- 
bacco for  smoking,  consisting  of  the  dried 
leaves  coarsely  broken. 

Can-buoy  (kan'boi  or  bwoi),  n.  A  large  cone- 
shaped,  floating  buoy,  generally  painted,  as 
a  mark  for  shoals,  &c.  See  BUOY. 

Cancan  (kan'kan),  n.  [L.  DHOMttam,  al- 
though. In  the  schools  of  the  middle  ages 
the  proper  pronunciation  of  this  word  was 
the  subject  of  fierce  contention,  one  party 
pronouncing  it  can-can,  and  the  other  quan- 
quam  •  hence  it  came  to  signify  tittle-tattle, 
gossip,  scandal,  undue  familiarity.]  A  kind 
of  French  dance  performed  by  men  and 
women,  who  indulge  in  extravagant  pos- 
tures and  lascivious  gestures. 

Cancel  (kan'sel),  ».«.  pret.  &  pp.  cancelled; 
ppr  cancelling.  [Fr.  canceller,  to  cancel; 
L.  cancellare,  to  furnish  with  lattice-work, 
to  cancel  by  drawing  lines  across  in  the 
form  of  lattice-work,  from  cancelli,  a  lat- 
tice whence  chancel,  chancellor,  Ac.  ]  l.tTo 
inclose  with  lattice-work  or  a  railing. 

A  little  obscure  place  cancelled  in  with  iron-work 
is  the  pillar  or  stump  at  which  ...  our  Saviour  was 
scourged.  kvelyn. 

2.  To  draw  lines  across  (something  written) 
so  as  to  deface ;  to  blot  out  or  obliterate ; 
as,  to  cancel  several  lines  in  a  manuscript.— 
8.  To  annul  or  destroy;  to  throw  aside ;  as, 
to  cancel  an  obligation  or  a  debt.  '  The  in- 
dentures were  cancelled.'  Thackeray. 

Know  then,  1  here  forget  all  former  griefs. 
Cancel  all  grudge.  SAal. 

4.  Specifically,  (a)  in  n«t(A.  to  strike  out  a 
common  factor,  as  from  the  numerator  and 
denominator  of  a  fraction;  as,  by  cancelling 

2  in  the  fraction  *  we  obtain  the  equivalent 
fraction  »     (b)  In  printing,  to  throw  aside 
any  portion  of  a  printed  work,  as  single 
leaves  or  whole  sheets,  Ac.,  and  print  it 
afresh.— SVN.  To  blot  out,  obliterate,  de- 
face, erase,  efface,  expunge,  annul,  abolish, 
revoke,  abrogate,  repeal,  destroy,  do  away, 
set  aside. 

Cancel  (kan'sel),  n.  [See  CANCEL,  CANCELLI.] 
1. 1  Lattice-work,  or  one  of  the  cross  bars  in 
lattice-work;  a  lattice-work  or  grated  in- 
closure;  hence  a  barrier;  a  limit. 

A  prison  is  hut  a  retirement,  and  opportunity  of 
serious  thoughts  to  a  person  whose  spirit  .  .  .  desires 
no  enlargement  beyond  the  cancels  of  the  body. 

yet-.  Taylor. 

2.  In  printing,  the  suppression  and  reprint- 
ing of  a  page  or  more  of  a  work ;  the  part 
thus  altered. 

Cancel  t  (kan'sel),  ».».  To  become  obliter- 
ated or  void.  '  A  rash  oath  that  cancell'd  in 
the  making.'  Cowlcy.  [Rare.] 

Canceleer  (kan-se-leY),  D.  t.  [Fr.  chanceler, 
to  be  unsteady,  to  waver,  lit.  to  go  in  zig- 
zags, from  L.  cancelli,  lattice-work.]  In 
falconry,  to  turn  two  or  three  times  on  the 
wing  before  seizing,  as  a  hawk  in  stooping, 
especially  when  it  misses. 

He  makes  his  stoop;  but,  wanting  breath,  is  forced 
To  canceleer.  Massinger. 

Canceleer  (kan-se-lerO,  n.  The  turn  of  a 
hawk  upon  the  wing  to  recover  itself,  after 
missing  in  the  first  stoop. 

The  fierce  and  eager  hawks,  down  thrilling  from  the 

Make  sundry  cattcelecrs  ere  they  the  fowl  can  reach. 
Drayton. 

Cancellarean  (kan-sel-la're-an),  a.    Same 

as  Caiicellarian.     [Rare.] 
Cancellareate  ( kan-sel-la're-at ),  a.    [See 

CHANCELLOR.  ]    Belonging  to  a  chancellor. 

[Rare.] 
Caiicellarian  (kan-sel-la'ri-an),  a.  Relating 

to  a  chancellor;  cancellareate.    [Rare.  ] 
Cancellate,  Cancellated  (kan'sel-at,  kan'- 

sel-at-ed),  a.    Separated  into  spaces  or  divi- 


sions, as  by  cancelli;  specifically,  (a)  marked 
with  lines  crossing  each  other;  marked  lat- 
tice-wise. 

The  tail  of  the  castor  is  almost  bald,  though  the 
beast  is  very  hairy;  and  cancellated  with  some  resem- 
blance to  the  scales  of  nslieb.  «•  ^rew. 
to)  In  anat.  containing  cancelli  having  a 
peculiar  kind  of  cellular  structure,  as  cer- 
tain portions  of  bones.  («)  In  but.  a  term 
applied  to  leaves  consisting  entirely  of  veins, 
without  connecting  parenchyma,  so  that 
the  whole  leaf  looks  like  a  sheet  of  open 
net-work.  Called  also  Cancellous. 
Cancellation  (kan-sel-la'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  cancelling. 

Cancelli  (kan-sel'li),  ».  pi.  [L. ,  a  lattice,  m- 
closure,  balustrade,  grating,  Ac.  ]  Lattice- 
work; specifically,  (a)  in  JS.  Cath.  churches, 
the  lattice-work  partition  between  the  choir 
and  the  body  of  the  church,  so  constructed 
as  not  to  intercept  the  view.  (i>)  In  cmnpar. 
anat  the  lattice-like  cellular  or  spongy  tex- 
ture of  bones,  especially  at  the  ends  of  long 
bones,  and  consisting  of  numerous  spaces 
communicating  with  each  other. 
Cancellous  (kan'sel-lus),  a.  Same  as  Can- 
cellate. 'The  cancelloui  texture  of  the 
bones.'  Owen. 

Cancer  (kan'ser),  n.  [L.]  1.  The  crab  genus, 
a  genus  of  ten-footed,  anomural  or  short- 
tailed  crustaceans,  now  used  to  include  only 
the  common  European  edible  crab  (C.  pagv- 
rus)  and  a  few  allied  species  in  North  and 
South  America  and  New  Zealand.  See  CRAB. 
2.  In  astrun.  one  of  the  twelve  signs  of  the 
zodiac,  represented  by  the  form  of  a  crab, 
and  limiting  the  sun's  course  northward  in 
summer ;  hence,  the  sign  of  the  summer  sol- 
stice.— Tropicof  Cancer.  See  TROPIC.— 3.  A 
morbid  growth  or  structure  which  can  ex- 
tend itself  and  form  again  after  removal,  aris- 
ing from  a  vitiated  constitution  and  ending  in 
ulceration  :  so  called  from  the  resemblance 
of  the  tumour,  traversed  by  red  markings, 
to  a  crab  with  extended  claws.  Cancer  is 
divided  into  ncirrhous,  encephaloid,  colloid, 
and  epithelial  cancer.  Scirrhous  cancer  is 
a  hard,  firm,  incompressible,  and  nodulated 
mass,  at  first  non-adherent  to  the  skin  and 
attended  with  little  or  no  pain.  On  section 
it  is  smooth  and  glistening,  and  exudes,  on 
pressure,  a  small  quantity  of  milky-looking 
juice.  Kncephaloid  cancer  is  a  soft  elastic 
tumour,  less  circumscribed  and  increasing 
more  rapidly  than  the  preceding.  It  ends 
in  a  fungous  vascular  ulcer,  to  which  the 
term  fungus  htematodes  has  been  given,  and 
which  has  a  great  tendency  to  bleed.  Col- 
loid cancer  occurs  most  frequently  in  the 
stomach  and  alimentary  canal,  and  consists 
of  fibres  arranged  so  as  to  form  loculi,  which 
contain  a  soft  viscous  matter  of  a  yellowish, 
grayish,  or  reddish  colour.  Epithelial  can- 
cer, occurring  on  the  skin  and  mucous  mem- 
branes, commences  as  a  hard  little  tubercle, 
often  resembling  a  wart,  and  like  the  other 
varieties  ends  in  an  ulcer  with  an  ichorous 
discharge.  —  Cancer  bandage,  a  bandage  re- 
sembling a  crab  in  the  number  of  its  legs, 
and  called  the  split-cloth  of  eight  tails. 
Cancerate  (kan'ser-at),  ».».  To  grow  into  a 
cancer;  to  become  cancerous. 
Canceration  (kan-ser-a'shon),  n.  A  growing 
cancerous,  or  into  a  cancer. 
Cancer-cell  (kan'ser-sel),  n.  In  pathol.  a 
cell  characterized  by  its  large  nucleus, 
bright  nucleolus.  and  tile  irregular  form  of 
the  cell  itself;  it  frequently  occurs  in  malig- 
nant tumours. 

Cancerin  (kan'ser-in),  71.  An  artificial  guano 
from  Newfoundland. 

Canceiite  (kan'ser-it),  n.  A  petrified  crab. 
Buchanan. 

Cancerous  (kan'ser-us),  a.  Like  a  cancer ; 
having  the  qualities  of  a  cancer;  virulent. 

There  is  icancerotts  malignity  in  it  which  must  be 
cut  forth.  Hallam. 

CaiKorously  (kan'ser-us-li),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  a  cancer. 

Cancerousness  (kan'ser-us-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  cancerous. 

Cancredt  (kangTierd),  a.  [See  CANKER.] 
Cross;  ill-natured.  'A  cancred  crabbed 
carle.'  Spenser. 

Cancriform  (kangTcri-form),  a.  [L.  cancer, 
a  crab,  and  forma,  form.]  1.  Cancerous. — 
2.  Having  the  form  of  a  cancer  or  crab. 

Cancrine  (kangTtrin),  a.  Having  the  quali- 
ties of  a  crab. 

Cancrinlte  (kangTtri-nit),  n.  [After  Ca?i- 
crin,  a  Russian  minister  of  finance.]  In 
mineral,  another  name  for  nepheline. 

Cancroid  (kanfrTcroid),  a.  [Cancer,  and  Gr. 
eidoi,  form.]  Like  cancer:  applied  to  mor- 


bid growths  somewhat  like  cancer,  but  not 
really  cancerous. 

Cancroid  (kang'kroid),  n.  A  skin  disease 
approaching  in  its  nature  to  cancer. 

Cancroma  (kaug-kro'ma),  n.  [L.  cancer, 
from  their  voracity.]  A  genus  of  birds  be- 
longing to  the  order  of  Gralla; ;  the  boat- 
bills.  See  BOAT-BILL. 

Cand  (kand),  n.  A  miner's  term  for  fluor- 
spar. 

Candareen  (kan-da-ren'),  71.  A  Chinese 
weight,  the  100th  part  of  a  tael,  and  equal 
to  10  cash.  It  may  be  estimated  at  about 
6  grains.  In  accounts,  its  money  value 
ranges  from  ten  to  fourteen  copper  cash. 

Candelabrum  (kan -de-la'brum),  n.  pi.  Can- 
delabra (kan-de-la'bra).  [L.]  L  Inanity. 
(a)  a  tall  candlestick,  often  highly  orna- 


T 


mented.  (i>)  A  stand  by  which  lamps  were 
supported,  either  standing  on  broad  discs 
or  pendent  from  branches. — 2.  A  branched 
highly  ornamental  candlestick;  a  chande- 
lier. 

Candent  (kan'dent),  a.  [L.  candeng,  from 
candeo,  to  be  white  or  hot]  Very  hot; 
heated  to  whiteness;  glowing  with  white 
heat.  'A  candent  vessel.'  Boyle. 

Canderos  (kan'de-rosX  ».  An  East  Indian 
gum,  of  the  appearance  of  amber,  but  white 
and  pellucid.  It  is  sometimes  turned  into 
toys  of  various  kinds,  which  are  very  light, 
and  of  a  good  polish. 

Candescence  (kan-des'ens),  n.  [L.  candesco, 
to  become  red  hot,  to  begin  to  glow,  incept. 
ofcoTideo.  See  CANDENT,  CANDID.)  Incan- 
descence. 

Candicantt  (kan'di-kaut),  o.  [L.  candico, 
to  be  whitish.]  Growing  white.  Bailey. 

Candid  (kan 'did),  o.  [L.  candidui,  from 
candeo,  to  be  white,  from  which  stem  also 
candle,  incense,  incendiary,  &c.]  l.t  White. 

The  box  receives  all  black,  but  poured  from  thence, 
The  stones  came  tfiMrfirf  forth,  the  hue  of  innocence. 
Dryden. 

2.  Honest  and  frank;  open  and  sincere; 
ingenuous ;  outspoken :  applied  to  persons; 
as,  to  be  candid  with  you  I  think  you  are 
wrong. 

Open,  candid,  and  generous,  his  heart  was  the 
constant  companion  of  his  hand,  and  his  tongue  the 
artless  index  of  his  mind.  Canning. 

3.  Free  from  undue  bias;  fair;  just;  impar- 
tial: applied  to  persons  or  things;  as,  a  con- 
olid  view  or  construction.   '  Candid  and  din- 
passionate  men.'    Irving. 

A  candid  judge  will  read  each  piece  of  wit 
With  the  same  spirit  that  its  author  writ.      Pope. 

— A  candid  friend,  a  phrase  applied  ironi- 
cally to  a  person  disposed  to  tell  unpleasant 
truths  or  to  say  ill-natured  things  under 
the  guise  of  candour. 

But  of  all  plagues,  good  Heaven,  thy  wrath  can  semi. 
Save,  save,  ohl  save  me  from  the  candid  friend. 
Caliniiif. 

SYN.  Fair,  open,  ingenuous,  impartial,  just, 
frank  artless,  unbiassed,  equitable. 

Candidacy  (kan'di-da-si),  n.    Candidature. 

Candidate  (kan'di-dat),  n.  [L.  candidatvi, 
from  Candidas,  white;  those  who  sought 
offices  in  Rome  wearing  a  white  robe  during 
their  candidature.  ]  A  person  who  aspires  or 
is  put  forward  by  others  as  an  aspirant  to  an 
office  or  honour;  one  who  offers  himself,  or 
is  proposed  for  preferment,  by  election  or 
appointment:  usually  followed  by  for;  as.  a 
candidate  for  the  office  of  sheriff.  '  A  can- 
didate for  praise.'  Pope.  '  A  candidate  of 
heaven.'  Dryden.  Often  used  of  things  in 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CANDIDATE 


383 


CANE 


the  sense  of  Mmutttna  that  enters  into 
competition  witli  something  else ;  as,  the 
different  forms  of  railway  brakes  that  are 
candidates  for  public  favour. 
Candidate t  (kan'di-dat),  v.t.  To  render 
qualified  as  a  candidate. 

Without  quarrelling  with  Rome,  we  can  allow  this 
purgatory,  to  purify  and  cleanse  us,  that  we  may  be 
the  better  coiidtdattd  for  the  court  of  heaven  and 
glory.  Felthaw. 

Candidateship  (kan'di-dat-ship),  n.  Can- 
didature. 

Candidature  (kan'di-da-tur),  n.  The  state 
of  being,  or  act  of  standing  as,  a  candidate; 
candidateship;  candidacy. 

The  candidature  couunoiily  lasted  two  years. 

Chambers'*  kticy. 

Candidly  (kan'did-li),  adv.  In  a  candid 
manner;  openly;  frankly;  without  trick  or 
disguise;  ingenuously.  'Not  so  fairly  and 
candidly  as  he  ought.'  Cauulen. 

Candidness  (kan'did-nes),  71.  The  quality 
of  being  candid;  openness  of  mind;  frank 
honesty  or  truthfulness;  fairness;  ingenu- 
ousness. '  The  candidness  of  an  upright 
judge.'  Feltham. 

Candied  (kan'did),  pp.  or  a.    [From  candy.] 

1.  Preserved  with  sugar,  or  incrusted  with 
it;  covered  with  crystals  of  sugar,  or  with 
matter  resembling  it;  as,  candied  raisins. — 

2.  Wholly  or  partially  converted  into  sugar; 
as,  candied  honey.— 3.  Fig.  honeyed;  flatter- 
ing; glozing. 

Should  the  poor  be  flatter'dT 
No,  let  the  candied  tongue  lick  absurd  pomp, 
And  crook  the  pregnant  hinges  of  the  knee. 
Where  thrift  may  follow  fawning.  Shak. 

Candify  (kan'di-fi),  v.t.  or  i.  pret.  &  pp. 
candififd;  ppr.  candifyiny.  To  make  or 
become  candied;  to  candy. 

Candipt  (kan'dl-ot),  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
Caudia. 

Candiot  (kan'di-ot),  a.  Belonging  to  Candia. 

Canditeer  (kan-di-teY),  «•  In  fort,  a  frame 
used  to  lay  brushwood  or  fagots  upon,  to 
protect  or  cover  a  working  party. 

Candle  (kan'dl),  n.  [L.  candela,  a  candle, 
from  eandere,  to  shine.  See  CANDID.]  1.  A 
taper;  a  cylindrical  body  of  tallow,  wax, 
spermaceti,  or  other  fatty  material,  formed 
on  a  wick  composed  of  linen  or  cotton 
threads,  woven  or  twisted  loosely,  used  for 
a  portable  light. 

Neither  do  men  light  a  candle  and  put  it  under  a 
bushel,  but  on  a  candlestick.  Mat.  v.  15. 

Bell,  book,  and  candle  shall  not  drive  me  back 
When  gold  and  silver  becks  me  to  come  on. 

Shak. 


Night's  candles  are  burnt  out,  and  jocund  day 
Stands  tiptoe  on  the  misty  mountain  tops.     Shak. 

2.  A  candle-power.  —  To  drinlc  of  candles' 
ends,  a  feat  at  one  time  practised  by  amor- 
ous gallants  to  afford  a  strong  testimony  of 
zeal  for  the  lady  whose  health  was  drunk, 
as  candles'  end  formed  a  very  formidable 
and  disagreeable  flap-dragon.  '  Carouse  her 
health  in  cans  and  candles'  ends.'  Beau.  & 
VI.  'Drinks  off  candles'  ends  for  flap- 
dragons.'  Shak. — Bell,  Book,  and  Candle. 
See  under  BELL. — Excommunication  by  inch 
of  candle,  a  form  of  excommunication  in 
which  the  offender  is  allowed  time  to  repent 
only  while  a  candle  burns  out— Sate  by  inch 
of  candle,  a  species  of  auction  at  which  bids 
could  only  be  made  during  the  burning  of 
an  inch  of  candle.  —  Medicated  candle,  in 
med.  a  bougie.  —  Rush  candle,  a  species  of 
candle  made  of  the  pith  of  certain  rushes, 
peeled  except  on  one  side,  and  dipped  in 
tallow. — Not  Jit  to  hold  the  candle  to  one,  is 
to  be  very  inferior.  The  allusion  is  to  link- 
boys  who  held  torches  or  candles  to  light 
passengers. 

Some  say,  compared  to  Buononcint 
That  Mynheer  Handel's  but  a  ninny ; 
Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 
Is  scarcely./?/  '"  hold  a  candle.          Eyrom. 

— The  game  is  not  worth  the  candle  (Le  jeu 
ne  vaut  pas  la  chandelle),  a  phrase  of  French 
origin,  indicating  that  an  object  is  not 
worth  the  pains  requisite  for  its  attainment. 

Candle-bark  (kau'dl-bark),  ».  A  candle- 
case.  (Provincial.] 

Candle -berry  (kan'dl-be-ri),  n.  The  fruit 
of  Aleuritea  triloba  (the  candle-berry  tree), 
so  named  because  the  kernels,  when  dried 
and  stuck  on  a  reed,  are  used  by  the  Poly- 
nesians as  candles.  Called  also  Candle-nut. 

Candle -berry  Tree  (kan'dl-be-ri  tre),  n. 
1.  The  Aleuntts  triloba.  See  ALEURITES.— 
2  The  Myrica  cer(fera,  or  wax  myrtle,  nat. 
order  Jlyricacese;  a  shrub  common  in  North 
America,  4  to  18  feet  high,  the  drupes  or 
berries  of  which  are  of  the  size  of  pepper- 


corns, and  covered  with  a  greenish-white 
wax  (popularly  called  bayberry  tallow),  of 
which  candles  are  made.  The  wax  is  col- 


Candle-berry  or  Wax-myrtle  (Myrica  cerffera). 

lected  by  boiling  the  drupes  in  water  and 
skimming  off  the  surface.  It  is  afterwards 
melted  and  refined,  a  bushel  of  berries 
yielding  from  4  to  5  Ibs.  of  wax. 

Candle-bomb  (kan'dl-bom),  n.  A  small 
glass  bubble,  filled  with  water,  placed  in 
the  wick  of  a  candle,  where  it  explodes  from 
the  force  of  the  steam  which  is  generated. 

Candle-case  (kan'dl-kas)ji.  A  cylindrical 
box  used  for  holding  candles. 

Petruchio  is  coming  in  a  new  hat  and  an  old  jerkin; 
a  pair  of  old  breeches,  thrice  turned;  a  pair  of  boots 
that  have  been  candle-cases,  one  buckled,  another 
laced.  Shak. 

Candle-coal  (kan'dl-kol),  n.  See  CANNEL- 
COAL. 

Candle-ends  (kan'dl-endz),  n.  pi.  1.  Petty 
savings;  scraps;  fragments;  worthless  trifles. 

Faith !  'tis  true.  Sir, 
We  are  but  spans  and  candle-ends.     Beau.  &•  Fl. 

—  To  drink  off  candle-ends.  See  under 
CANDLE. 

Candle-fish  (kan'dl-flsh),  n.  A  sea-fish  of 
the  salmon  family,  the  Thaleichthys  Paci- 
ficus,  frequenting  the  north-western  shores 
of  America,  of  about  the  size  of  the  smelt. 
It  is  used  by  the  Indians,  not  only  for  food, 
but  for  making  oil,  and  as  a  natural  candle, 
whence  its  name.  It  is  converted  into  a 
candle  simply  by  passing  the  pith  of  a  rush 
or  a  strip  of  the  bark  of  the  cypress-tree 
through  it  as  a  wick,  when  its  extreme  oili- 
ness  keeps  the  wick  blazing.  The  caudle- 
fish  appears  in  immense  shoals  off  the  coast 
in  summer. 

Candle-holder  (kan'dl-h61d-er),n.  A  person 
that  holds  a  candle;  hence,  one  that  re- 
motely assists,  but  is  otherwise  not  a  sharer 
in  the  pursuits  of  others;  an  inferior. 

I'll  be  a  candle-holder  and  look  on.         Shak. 

Candle-light  (kan'dl-lit),  n.  1.  The  light  of 
a  candle;  illumination  by  candles. 

In  darkness  candle-light  may  guide  men's  steps, 
which  to  use  in  daylight  were  madness.  Hooker. 

2.  The  time  during  which  candles  are  re- 
quired; the  dark  hours.  '  Between  daylight 
and  candle-liffht.'  Swift. 

Candlemas  (kan'dl-mas),  n.  [Candle  and 
mass.]  An  ecclesiastical  festival  held  on 
the  second  day  of  February  in  honour  of  the 
purification  of  the  Virgin  Mary.  This  feast 
in  the  mediaeval  church  was  remarkable  for 
the  number  of  lighted  candles  borne  about 
in  processions  and  placed  in  churches.  On 
this  day  the  Catholics  consecrate  all  the 
candles  and  tapers  which  are  to  be  used  in 
their  churches  during  the  whole  year.  In 
Scotland,  Candlemas  is  one  of  the  four  terms 
for  paying  and  receiving  rents  and  interest; 
and  it  gives  name  to  a  law  term,  beginning 
January  15  and  ending  February  3. 

Candle-mine  (kan'dl-min),  71.  A  mine  of 
grease  or  tallow:  a  term  which  Shakspere 
makes  Prince  Henry  apply  to  Falstaff  on 
account  of  his  fatness. 

Candle-nut  (kau'dl-nut),  ».  See  CANDLE- 
BERRY. 

Candle-power  (kan'dl-pou-er),  n.  The  illu- 
minating power  of  a  candle;  specifically,  the 
illuminating  power  of  a  candle  of  deter- 
minate composition  and  rate  of  burning 
taken  as  a  unit  in  estimating  the  luminosity 
of  any  illuminating  agent;  as,  gas  of  25  can- 
dle-power. The  standard  usually  employed 
for  this  purpose  is  a  spermaceti  candle 
burning  at  the  rate  of  120  grains  of  sperra 
per  hour. 


Candle-rush  (kun Mi-rush),  71.  A  popular 
name  fur  Jiiiicim  :futus,  from  its  pith  lii-iim 
tisfd  fur  rush-lights. 

Candlestick  (kan'dl-stik),  n.  An  Initm- 
nifiit  or  utensil  to  hold  a  candle,  mini'  m 
different  forms  and  of  dillcmit  luaU'iial  . 
originally  a  stick  or  pin •,-  ,.f  \\,,od. 

Candle-tree  Oil  (kan'dl-try  oil),  n.  A  solid 
oil  obtained  from  the  berries  of  the  candle- 
berry  tree  (which  see). 

Candle-waster  (kan'dl-wast-er),  n.  1.  One 
who  wastes  or  consumes  candies,  whether 
for  study  or  dissipation :  always  used  in 
contempt  or  reproach.  'A  \vhon -son  book- 
worm, a  candle-waster.'  B.  Joiuun. 

Patch  grief  with  proverbs;  make  misfortune  drunk 
With  candle-lvasters.  SkaA. 

2.  A  small  bit  of  burning  wick  falling  upon 
the  substance  of  the  candle  and  melting  it. 
[Old  English  and  Scotch.  ] 
CandOCk  (kan'dok),  n.  [Can,  a  vessel,  ami 
dock;  comp.  the  G.  name  kannenkrant— 
can-wort.]  A  local  name  for  one  or  more 
species  of  Equisetum,  or  horse-tails,  given 
because  some  of  the  kinds  are  employed  in 
polishing  tin  cans  and  other  vessels. 

Let  the  pond  lie  dry  six  or  twelve  months,  both  to 
kill  the  water  weeds,  as  water  lilies,  candocks,  reate, 
and  bulrushes.  /*.  Walton. 

Candour,  Candor  (kan'der),  n.  [L.  candor, 
whiteness,  candour,  from  candeo,  to  be 
white.]  1. 1  Whiteness;  clearness;  brilliancy. 
Sir  T.  Browne. —2.  Openness  of  heart;  frank- 
ness; ingenuousness  of  mind;  a  disposition 
to  treatsubjects  with  fairness;  freedom  from 
tricks  or  disguise;  sincerity. 

1  know  not  which  th'  hast  most,  candour  or  wit. 
B.  Jonson. 

Unto  the  end  shall  charity  endure. 
And  candour  hide  those  faults  it  cannot  cure. 
Churchill. 

SYN.  Fairness,  ingenuousness,  frankness, 
openness,  sincerity,  impartiality. 

Candrqy  (kan'droi)  n.  A  machine  used  in 
preparing  cotton  cloths  for  printing. 

Candy  (kau'di),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  candied;  ppr. 
candying.  [From  Fr.  candir,  to  candy,  from 
It.  candire,  to  candy,  candi,  candy.  See  the 
noun.]  1.  To  conserve  with  sugar  so  as  to 
form  a  thick  mass;  to  boil  in  sugar.— 2.  To 
form  into  congelations  or  crystals;  as,  to 
camty  sugar.  —  3.  To  cover  or  incrust  with 
congelations  or  crystals,  as  of  ice.  'The 
cold  brook,  candied  with  ice.'  Shak. 


Now  no  more 
The  frost  candies  the  grass. 


Carew. 


Candy  (kan'di),  ».t.  1.  To  take  on  the  form 
of,  or  become  incrusted  by,  candied  sugar; 
as,  preserves  candy  with  long  keeping.— 

2.  To  become  crystallized  or  congealed. 
Candy  (kan'di),  n.    [It.  candi,  candy,  from 

Ar.  qandi,  made  of  sugar,  from  qand,  sugar.  ] 
A  solid  preparation  of  sugar  or  molasses, 
either  alone  or  in  combination  with  other 
substances,  to  flavour,  colour,  or  give  it  the 
desired  consistency. 

Candy  (kan'di),  n.  1.  An  eastern  measure 
of  weight,  equal  to  600  Ibs.  in  some  places, 
but  varying,  in  different  towns,  up  to  821J 
Ibs.— 2.  In  Malabar,  a  measure  of  length 
equivalent  to  28J  English  inches. 

Candy-sugar  (kan'di-shu-ger),  n.  Crystal- 
lized sugar  formed  upon  strings  by  repeated 
boiling  and  clarifying,  and  suffered  to  crys- 
tallize slowly;  it  is  sold  white,  brown,  or 
pink.  Simmonds. 

Candytuft  (kan'di-tuft).  n.  [From  Candia, 
the  ancient  Crete.]  The  popular  name  of 
plants  of  the  genus  Iberis,  especially  Jberii 
umbellata,  a  tufted  flower  brought  from 
the  island  of  Candia.  See  IBERIS. 

Cane(kan),  n.  [Old  spelling  ateoeanne,  from 
L.  canna,  Gr.  kanna,  a  reed.]  1.  A  term  ap- 
plied popularly  and  commercially  to  the 
stems  of  some  palms,  grasses,  and  other 
plants,  such  as  the  bamboo,  rattan,  and 
sugar-cane.— 2.  A  cane  used  as  a  walking- 
stick;  hence,  any  straight  smooth  walking- 
stick  resembling  a  cane. 

Sir  Plume,  of  amber  snuff-box  justly  vain, 
And  the  nice  conduct  of  a  clouded  cane.     Pope. 

3.  A  lance  or  dart  made  of  cane.    'The  flying 
skirmish  of  the  darted  cane.'  Dryden.  [Rare.] 

4.  A  long  measure  in  several  countries  of 
Europe;   at  Naples  the   length  is  7  feet 
3J  inches;  in  Toulouse,  in  France,  5  feet 
8i  inches;  in  Provence,  &c.,  6  feet  5i  inches. 

Cane  (kan),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  caned;  ppr.  can- 
ing. 1.  To  beat  with  a  cane  or  walking- 
stick.  'Was  caned  by  a  brutal  tutor.' 
Macaulay.—2,  To  furnish  or  complete  with 
cane;  as,  to  cane  chairs. 

Cane.    See  KAIN. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;     j.job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  siTifl;      IB,  «Aen;  th,  «Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CANE-BRAKE 


381 


CANNA 


brake  ( 


1.  A  thicket  of  |    and  acanju,  h«id,  tlic  large  concretionary 


the  genus  Arundiuaria.     London. 
Cane-chair  (kan'char),  n.    A  chair  with  a 

platted  cane  seat  or  bottom,  or  one  framed 

with  bamboo  or  other  cane. 
Cane-coloured  (kau'kul-erd),  a.     Of  the 

colour  of  cane;  straw-coloured.    See  CAIN- 

Caned^klml),  a.  Filled  with  white  matter; 
made  white;  mothery :  said  of  vinegar. 
llalliwcll. 

Cane-gun  (kiln'gun), «.  A  weapon  compris- 
in"  a  Sin-barrel  with  its  discharging  de- 
vices, arranged  within  a  hollow  caue  so  as 
to  present  the  appearance  uf  an  ordinary 
walking-stick. 

Cane-hole  (kanliol),  n.  A  hole  or  trench 
for  planting  the  cuttings  of  cane  on  sugar 
plantations. 

CaneL,t  n.    [Fr.  canafo.]    Channel    CAoit- 

Canella  (ka-nel'la),  11.  [Dim.  of  L.  canna,  a 
reed  from  the  cylindrical  form  the  inner 
bark  assumes  when  peeled  off.)  A  genus  o: 
plants,  nat.  order  Canellacese.  The  princi- 
pal species  is  Canella  alba,  a  tree  of  the 
West  Indies,  10  to  50  feet  high,  which  pro- 
duces the  bark  called  white  cinnamon  or 
false  winter's  bark.  It  is  the  inner  bark  of 
the  branches,  and  is  brought  to  this  coun- 
try in  casks  as  an  aromatic. 

Canellacesa  (kan-el-la'se-e),  n.  pi.  A  small 
natural  order  of  thalalnifloral  plants,  con- 
sisting of  tropical  American  trees  belonging 
to  two  genera,  Canella  and  Cinnamodeu- 
dron,  and  comprising  altogether  only  four 
known  species. 

Cane-mill  (kan'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  grinding 
sugar-canes  for  the  manufacture  of  sugar. 
See  SUGAR-MILL. 

Canephorus  (ka-nef'o-rus),  n.  [Gr.  kane- 
phoros,  a  basket -bearer.)  1.  One  of  the 
bearers  of  the  baskets  containing  the  imple- 
ments of  sacrifice,  in  the  processions  of  the 


Canephorus,  from  terra  cotta  in  British  Museum. 


Dionysia,  Panathenea,  and  other  ancient 
Grecian  festivals,  an  office  of  honour  much 
coveted  by  the  virgins  of  antiquity.—  2.  In 
arch,  a  term  applied  to  figures  bearing  bas- 
kets on  their  heads:  sometimes  improperly 
confounded  with  Caryatides. 

Canescent  (ka-nes'ent),  a.  [L.  canescens, 
canescentii,  ppr.  of  canesco,  to  grow  white, 
from  caneo,  to  be  white.]  Growing  white 
or  hoary;  tending  or  approaching  to  white; 
whitish:  applied  generally  to  hair  or  hair- 
like  processes  of  plants.  London. 

Cane-sugar  (kan'shu-ger),  n.  Sugar  ob- 
tained from  the  sugar-cane,  as  distinguished 
from  beet-root  sugar,  grape-sugar,  maple- 
sugar,  Ac.  See  SUGAR. 

Canes  Venatlci  (ka'nez  ve-nat'i-si),  n.  pi. 
The  Hounds  or  Greyhounds,  a  constellation 
in  the  northern  hemisphere  which  contains 
twenty-flve  stars. 

Cane-trash  (kan'trash),  n.  Refuse  of  canes 
or  macerated  rinds  of  cane,  reserved  for 
fuel  to  boil  the  cane-  juice. 

Canevas.t  n.    Canvas.     Chaucer. 

Can-frame  (kan'  train),  n.  A  cotton-rov- 
ing machine,  in  which  the  roving  is  received 
into  cans. 

Canga(kang'ga).  n.  The  auriferous  iron-con- 
glomerate of  Brazil,  probably  of  glacial 
origin.  This  word  is  said  to  be  a  contrac- 
tion of  two  Tupi  words,  tapanhuna,  negro, 


uauKaji,  JMUISO.UV-.— /gan).  "-  A  kl'".'  "f 
coarse  cotton  cloth,  manufactured  in  China, 
in  pieces  19  inches  broad  and  6  yards  long, 
which  has  a  fixed  value  in  currency. 

Cangany  (kan'ga-ni),  ?i.  A  class  of  persons  , 
employed  by  the  Ceylonese  planters  to  hire  , 
Coolie  labour  from  the  Indian  continent. 

Cangeantt  (kan'jant),  a.    Changing. 

Rich  gold  tissue,  on  a  ground  of  e'een 
Where  th'  artfull  shuttle  rarely  did  encheck 
The  cangeant  colour  of  a  ruallard  s  \\cc\.. 

Canglca-WOOd  (kan'ji-ka-wud),' ».  A  wood 
of  the  rosewood  character,  imported  from 
the  Brazils.  It  is  lighter  and  of  a  yellower 
brown  than  rosewood.  It  is  imported  in 
trimmed  logs  from  6  to  10  inches  diameter 
for  the  use  of  the  cabinet-maker  and  turner. 

Can-hook  (kan'hbk),  n.  A  contrivance  to 
sling  a  cask  by  the  ends  of  its  staves,  formed 
by  reeving  a  piece  of  rope  through  two  flat 
hooks  and  splicing  its  ends  together. 

Canicula,  Canicule  (ka-nik'u-la,  kan'i-kul), 
n  [L.  canicula,  a  little  dog,  from  canis, 
a  dog  1  A  star  in  the  constellation  of  Canis 
Major  called  also  the  Dog-star  or  Sirius,  a 
star  of  the  first  magnitude,  and  the  largest 
and  brightest  of  all  the  fixed  stars. 

Canicular  (ka-nik'u-ler), o.  [L.  caniculans.} 
Pertaining  to  the  star  Canicula  or  the  Dog- 
star  — Canicular  dayt  or  dog-days,  a  certain 
number  of  days  before  and  after  the  heliacal 
rising  of  Canicula.  See  DOG-DAY. 

Unto  some  (such  as  are  south  of  the  equinox)  the 
canicular  days  are  in  winter.  Sir  f.  Browne. 

—Canicular  year,  the  Egyptian  natural  year, 

which  was  computed  from  one  heliacal  ris- 
ing of  Canicula  to  the  next. 

Canldte  Canlna  (kan'i-de,  ka-ni'iia),  n.  pi. 
The  dog  tribe,  a  family  of  digitigrade  car- 
nivorous mammalia.  It  includes  the  dog, 
fox,  wolf,  and  jackal. 

Canlnalt  (ka-ni'nal),  o.  Canine.  '  Camnal 
anger,  vented  by  snapping  and  snarling 
spirits  on  both  sides.'  Fuller. 

Canine  (ka-nin'),  a.  [L.  caninui,  from  cam*, 
a  dog.]  Pertaining  to  dogs;  having  the 
properties  or  qualities  of  a  dog;  as,  canine 
madnessor  hydrophobia.— Canine  teeth, two 
sharp-pointed  teeth  in  each  jaw  of  an  ani- 
mal one  on  each  side,  between  the  in- 
cisors and  grinders:  so  named  from  their 
resemblance  to  a  dog's  teeth.  —Canine 
muscle,  in  anal,  the  levator  anguli  oris,  so 
called  because  it  is  the  muscle  which  ele- 
vates the  angle  of  a  dog's  mouth  in  snar- 
ling.—Conine  laugh,  risus  sardonicus  or  sar- 
donic laugh,  a  particular  facial  expression 
produced  by  spasm  of  the  canine  muscle.— 
Canine  appetite, inordinate  appetite;  bulimy 
(which  see).— Conine  letter,  the  letter  R. 

R  is  the  dog's  letter  and  hurreth  in  the  sound. 
R.  Jonson. 

Canlplet  (kau'i-pl),  n.    A  small  knife  or 

Canls  (ka'nis),  n.  [L  ]  A  genus  of  digiti- 
grade carnivorous  mammalia,  family  Can- 
ute, restricted  by  Cuvier  and  modern  zool- 
ogists to  the  species  of  dog,  wolf,  fox,  and 
jackal;  but  by  Linnaeus  used  in  a  wider 
sense  to  include  the  hyena.  Of  the  domes- 
tic dog  (Canis  familiaris)  there  are  many 
varieties.  See  DOG. 

Canls  Major  (ka'nis  ma'jor),  n.  The  Great 
Dog,  a  constellation  of  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere, below  Orion's  feet;  it  contains  thirty- 
one  stars,  among  which  is  Sirius  («  Canis 
Majoris),  the  brightest  star  in  the  heavens. 

Canis  Minor  (ka'nis  mi'nor),  n.  The  Little 
Dog,  a  constellation  of  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, containing  fourteen  stars,  among 
which  is  a  bright  star  called  Procyon. 

Canister  (kan'is-ter),  n.  [L.  canMrum,  Or. 
kanastran,  from  kanna,  a  reed.)  1.  Properly 
a  small  basket  made  of  reeds,  twigs,  or  the 
like.  'White  lilies  in  full  canitters  they 
bring.'  Dryden.—2.  A  small  box  or  case  for 
tea,  coffee,  &C.-3.  In  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  the 
metal  vessel  used  to  contain  the  altar  breads, 
or  wafers  before  consecration.  —  Canister 
shot,  same  as  Case-shot  (which  see). 

Canker  (kang'ker),?!.  [Formerly  written  also 
Cancre,  from  L.  cancer  (properly  pronounced 
can*er),  a  crab,  a  cancer.  ]  1.  A  kind  of  can- 
cerous, gangrenous,  or  ulcerous  sore  or 
disease  whether  in  animals  or  plants ;  an 
eating,  corroding,  or  other  noxious  agency 
producing  ulceration,  gangrene,  rot,  decay, 
and  the  like. 

And  their  word  will  eat  as  doth  a  canker. 

3  Tim.  ii.  17. 

Specifically,  (a)  in  med,  a  collection  of  small 
sloughing  ulcers,  generally  covered  with  a 


whitish  slough,  in  the  mouth,  especially  i.f 
children,  called  also  canker  of  the  uunitli,  or 
water  canker  (cancrtnit  orix).  ((/)  A  kind  nf 
gangrenous  disease  to  which  fruit-tree* 
especially  are  liable,  beginning  generally  in 
the  younger  shoots  and  branches,  and  gra- 
dually proceeding  towards  the  trunk  so  as  to 
kill  the  tree  in  the  course  of  a  few  years, 
(c)  In  farriery,  a  disease  in  horses'  feet,  caus- 
ing a  discharge  of  fetid  matter  from  the 
cleft  in  the  middle  of  the  frog,  generally 
originating  in  a  diseased  thrush.— 2.  A  can- 
ker-worm or  insect  larva  that  feeds  mi 
plants.  'To  kill  cankers  in  the  rnusk-rose 
buds.'  Shak.  —  3.  Fig.  anything  that  cor- 
rupts, corrodes,  destroys,  or  irritates;  irrita- 
tion; pain;  grief;  care.  'Banish  the  oanfcer 
of  ambitious  thoughts.'  Shak.  'Andhtal 
the  canker  of  one  wound  by  making  many.' 
Shak.  'Grief  that's  beauty'sconi-er.'  Shak. 

The  canker  and  the  care  are  mine  alone.     Byrrti. 

4.  A  kind  of  wild,  worthless  rose ;  the  dog- 
rose. 

To  put  down  Richard,  that  sweet  lovely  rose, 
And  plant  this  thorn,  this  canker,  BoliiiKt)roke- 
Skctk. 

Canker  (kang'ker),  v.t.  To  infect  with  can- 
ker either  literally  or  figuratively ;  to  eat 
into,  corrode,  or  corrupt;  to  infect  as  « itli 
a  poisonous  influence;  to  render  ill-condi- 
tioned or  venomous;  to  render  sour  and  ill- 
natured. 

A  tithe  purloined  cankers  a  whole  estate. 

C.  Herbert. 
May  this  angel 
New  mould  his  cankered  heart.  Coleridge. 

Canker  (kang'ker).  r.i.  1.  To  grow  corrupt; 
to  be  infected  with  some  poisonous  or  per- 
nicious influence;  to  be  or  become  ill-con- 
ditioned or  malignant. 

And  as  with  age  his  body  uglier  grows. 

So  his  mind  cankers.  Stiak. 

1.  \  To  decay  or  waste  away  by  means  of  any 
noxious  cause;  to  grow  rusty  or  discoloured 
by  oxidation,  as  a  metal. 

Silvering  will  sully  and  canker  more  than  i 


Canker-bit  (kangTter-bit),  o.  Bitten  with  a 
cankered  or  envenomed  tooth.  Shak. 

Canker-bloom.  Canker-blossom  (kang'- 
ker-blom,  kang'ker-blos-som),  n.  1.  A  bloom, 
blossom,  or  flower  eaten  by  canker— 2.  A 
bloom  or  flower  of  the  dog-rose. 

The  canker-blooms  have  full  as  deep  a  dye 
As  the  perfumed  tincture  of  the  roses.       Shak. 

3.  What  causes  canker  in  a  blossom.  '0 
me !  you  juggler,  you  canker-blossom,  you 
thief  of  love.'  Shak. 

Cankered  (kang'kcrd),  p.  and  o.  1.  Affected 
with  canker;  as,  a  cantered  tree. —  2.  Ill- 
natured;  cross;  crabbed;  venomous;  malig- 
nant; wicked.  '  A  cankered  grandam's  will.' 

Cankeredly  (kang-kerd-H),  adv  In  a  can- 
kered manner;  crossly;  adversely.  Mir.  for 

Canker-fly  (kangTier-fli),  n.  A  fly  that  preys 
on  fruit. 

Cankerfret  (kangTter.fret),  v.t.  To  eat  into 
like  a  canker.  'If  God  break  off  the  soul 
betimes  from  this  sin,  ere  it  have  cotiArer- 
fretted  the  soul.'  Daniel  Rogers. 

Cankerous  (kangTter-us),  a.  Corroding  like 
a  canker;  cancerous. 

Tyrannic  rule 

Unknown  before,  whose  cankerous  shackles  sen  d 
The  envenom 'd  soul.  Thomson. 

Canker-rash  (kanirTter-rash),  n.  In  med 
a  variety  of  scarlet  fever  complicated  with 
cynanche,  ulcerations  appearing  in  the 
throat 

Cankert(kangTcert),o.  Cankered;  venomous; 
ill-natured  ;  crabbed  ;  vexing.  '  Cankert 
care.'  Burnt.  [Scotch.] 

Canker- worm  (kang'ker-  werm),  n.  A  worm 
or  larva  destructive  to  trees  or  plants;  spe- 
cifically in  America  the  larva  of  the  Geo- 
metro,  brumata  or  the  winter  moth,  which 
in  some  years  destroys  the  leaves  and  fruit 
of  apple-trees. 

That  which  the  locust  hath  left  hath  the  canker- 
worm  eaten. 

Cankery  (kang'ker-i),  a.    1.  Cankered ;  c<  >r- 

roded;   rusty. -2.  Ill-natured;   crabbed; 

venomous;  vexing.  'Oconiriecare.    Burnt. 

Canna  (kan'na),  n.    [L.,  a  cane.]   1.  A  genus 

of  plants,  nat.  order  Marantacere,  of  whu 

,  there  are  several  species  known  by  the  name 
of  Indian  shot,  from  their  round,  shining, 
hard,  heavy  seeds,  resembling  shot. 

!  indico,  C.  patens,  and  C.  coccinea  are  com- 
mon plants  within  the  tropics  on  all  the 

[    continents.  Some  species  have  large  yellow. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CANNA 

red,  or  orange  flowers,  which  with  their 
tine  foliage  make  them  to  be  prized  in  cul- 
tivation. Their  leaves  are  large  and  tough, 
and  are  employed  for  forming  envelopes  for 


Canna  (Canna  indicct). 

articles  of  commerce.  Nearly  all  the  species 
contain  an  abundance  of  starch  in  the  root- 
stock,  which  renders  them  fit  to  be  useil  as 
food  after  being  cooked.  The  starchy  mat- 
ter of  C.  edulix,  C.  coccinea  and  other  species 
is  made  into  a  kind  of  arrow-root  known  by 
the  name  of  tons  leg  mois. —  2.  An  Italian 
measure  of  length  equal  to  6  or  7  feet. 

Canna  (kan'na),  n.  [Gael,  canaclt.']  Cotton 
grass.  'Still  as  the  canna' s  hoary  beard.' 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

Canna  (kan'na).    Cannot.    [Scotch.] 

Cannabinaceae,  Cannabineae  (kan'na-bi- 
na"se-e,  kan-na-bin'e-e),  n.pl.  [L.  cannabis, 
hemp.  ]  The  hemp  tribe,  a  natural  order  of 
apetalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  by  some 
botanists  regarded  as  a  sub-order  of  the 
Urticacese  or  nettle  family,  but  differing 
from  them  in  having  curved  embryos  with- 
out albumen  and  in  other  less  important 
characters.  It  contains  two  genera,  amongst 
whose  species  are  the  well-known  and  valu- 
able plants  the  hemp  and  hop. 

Cannabine  (kan'na-bin),  a.  [L.  cannabinus, 
from  oarmabia,  hemp.]  Pertaining  to  hemp; 
hempen.  [Rare.  ] 

Cannabis  ( kan'ua-bis ),  n.  Hemp  (which 
see). 

Canniceae  (ka-na'se-e),  n.pl.    See  MARAN- 

TACK.E. 

Canned  (kaml),  p.  or  a.  Put  into  a  can  or 
cans,  specifically  preserved  in  cans  or  tins; 
as,  canned  meat  or  fruits. 

Cannery  (kan'er-i),  n.  An  establishment  for 
canning  or  preserving  meat,  fish,  or  fruit  in 
tins  hermetically  sealed. 

Cannel-coal,  Candle-coal  (kan'nel-kol, 
kan'dl-kpl),  n.  A  coal  so  called  because  it 
burns  with  a  bright  flame  like  a  candle.  It 
is  bituminous,  hard,  opaque,  very  compact, 
glistening,  grayish-black,  brittle,  does  not 
soil  the  fingers,  and  breaks  into  irregular, 
cubical  fragments  with  a  conchoidal  frac- 
ture. It  is  chiefly  used  in  making  gas.  It 
crackles  with  a  chattering  noise  when  first 
thrown  into  the  fire;  hence  its  synonym 
Parrot-coal. 

Cannelure  (kan'ne-lur),  n.  [Fr.,  lit.  chan- 
nelling, fluting.  See  CHANNEL.]  A  groove 
or  channel  on  the  surface  of  anything,  as 
the  fluting  on  Doric  columns. 

Cannequin  (kan'ne-kwin), ».  [Fr.]  White 
cotton  cloth  from  the  East  Indies,  suitable 
for  the  Guinea  trade. 

Cannibal  ( kau'ni-bal ),  n.  [Sp.  canibal,  a 
cannibal,  a  corruption  of  Caribal,  a  Carib 
or  Caribbean,  a  word  used  by  Columbus,  and 
meaning  valiant  man  in  the  language  of  the 
C'aribs  themselves.  From  the  Caribs  being 
said  to  eat  human  llesh  the  word  came  to  have 
the  sense  of  man-eater,  the  spelling  with  n 
forrbeing  probably  introduced  through  the 
influence  of  the  L.  canis,  a  dog,  so  that  the 
word  would  have  a  more  intelligible  appear- 
ance and  express  their  canine  voracity.  ] 

1.  A  human  being  that  eats  human  flesh;  a 
man-eater  or  anthropophagite. 

That  face  of  his 

The  hungry  cannibais  would  not  have  touched. 
Shak. 

2.  [A  corruption  of  cannot  pull,\int  influenced 
of  course  by  the  other  word  cannibal.']    A 
learner   of   the    art   of   rowing.     Brewer. 
[Slang.] 

Cannibal  ( kan'ni-bal ).  a.    Relating  to  can- 
nibalism.    'Cannibal ferocity.'    Macaulay. 
Cannibalism  ( kan'ni-bal-izm ),  n.    1.  The 


385 

act  or  practice  of  eating  human  flesh  by 
mankind.  •>.  M  urdenuia  cruelty;  barbarity 
Cannibally  ( kan '  ni  -  bal  -  li),  nrfc  In  the 
manner  of  a  cannibal.  '  Cannibally  given' 
(addicted  to  cannibalism).  Shak. 

Cannilie,  Cannily  (kiin'ni-li),  adv.  [See 
CANNY.]  Skilfully;  cautiously;  slily;  gently; 
softly.  [Scotch.] 

Cannipers  (kan'ni-perz),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Callipert.  See  CALLIPERS,  CALIBER. 

Cannon  (kan'nun),  n.  pi.  Cannons  or  same 
as  sing. :  Shakspere  uses  both  forms  with 
apparent  indifference,  so  also  Tennyson. 
[  Fr.  canon,  a  tube,  a  barrel,  a  cannon,  from 
L.  canna,  a  cane  or  reed.]  1.  A  large  military 
engine  for  throwing  balls  and  other  missiles 
by  the  force  of  gunpowder;  a  big  gun  or  piece 
of  ordnance.  Guns  of  this  kind  are  made  of 
iron,  brass,  bronze,  or  steel,  and  of  different 
sizes,  carrying  balls  from  3  or  4  Ibs.  weight 
up  to  2000  Ibs.  Formerly  the  calibre  or  power 
of  cannon  was  usually  expressed  by  the 
weight  of  shot  they  fired,  now  their  relative 
powers  are  usually  gauged  by  the  weight  of 
the  piece.  Thus,  prior  to  the  introduction 
of  armour-plated  ships,  the  naval  guns  in 
use  in  line-of-battle  ships  and  frigates  were 
68-pounders  (95  cwts.),  8-inch  shell-guns  (65 
cwts. ),  and  32-pounders (42  to  58  cwts.).  Now 
we  speak  of  ships  armed  with  6J,  12, 18, 25, 38, 
Ac. ,  ton  guns,  the  18-ton  gun  throwing  400-lb. 
projectiles,  and  the  25-ton  gun  600-lb.,  and 
so  on,  the  weight  of  the  ball  rising  with  the 
weight  of  the  piece.  Guns  are  now  con- 
structed weighing  as  much  as  100  tons. 
The  100-ton  gun  is  charged  with  340  Ibs. 
of  powder,  and  discharges  a  bolt  of  steel 
or  chilled  iron  of  the  weight  of  2000  Ibs. 
The  smaller  guns  of  this  kind  are  called 
field-pieces.  The  principal  parts  of  a  can- 
non are  —1st,  the  breech,  which  is  more  or 
less  solid;  2d,  the  trunnions,  which  project 
on  each  side,  and  serve  to  support  the 
cannon;  3d,  the  bore  or  calibre,  the  interior 
of  the  cylinder,  wherein  the  powder  and 
shot  are  lodged.  The  bore  may  be  smooth 
or  rilled,  but  rifled  cannons  are  superseding 
the  smooth-bores.  Breech-loading  cannons 
are  now  also  largely  adopted.  Cannons  are 
classified  as  guns,  howitzers,  carronades, 
and  mortars;  also  as  field,  mountain,  coast, 
sea,  and  siege  guns.  See  ARMSTRONO-OUN, 
LANCASTER-GUN,  WHITWORTH-OUN.  —  2.  In 
mach.  a  hollow  cylindrical  piece  through 
which  a  revolving  shaft  passes,  and  on  which 
it  is  carried,  and  may  revolve  independently, 
and  with  a  greater  or  less  speed  than  that 
of  the  shaft.  Ex- 
ample—the pro- 
longation of  the 
eye  of  a  wheel, 
when  bored  to  C 
fit  a  spindle  or 
shaft,  on  which 
it  is  intended  to 
work  loose,  is 

termed  a  cannon,  as  the  part  a  of  the 
wheel  A,  loose  on  the  shaft  b. — 3.  In  bil- 
liards, the  act  of  hitting  your  adversary's 
ball  with  your  own,  so  that  your  ball  Hies 
off  and  strikes  the  red,  or  vice  versa;  a  car- 
ambole. 

Cannon  (kan'uun),  v.i.  In  billiards,  to  make 
a  cannon. 

Cannonade  (kan-nun-ad'),  n.  The  act  of 
discharging  cannon  and  throwing  balls,  for 
the  purpose  of  destroying  an  army  or  batter- 
ing a  town,  ship,  or  fort.  The  term  usually 
implies  an  attack  of  some  continuance. 

Cannonade  (kan-nun-ad'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
cannonaded;  ppr.  cannonading.  To  attack 
with  ordnance  or  artillery ;  to  batter  with 
cannon. 

Cannonade  (kan-nun-ad'),  v.i.  To  discharge 
cannon;  to  fire  off  large  guns.  'Both  armies 
cannonaded  all  the  ensuing  day.'  Taller. 

Cannon-ball  (kan'nun-bal),  n.  A  ball,  ori- 
ginally of  stone,  but  now  usually  made  of 
cast-iron  or  steel,  to  be  thrown  from  cannon. 
Round  projectiles  are  now  to  a  great  extent 
superseded  by  elongated  ones,  so  that  the 
term  ball  as  applied  to  them  is  no  longer 
strictly  correct. — Cannon-ball  tree,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  Lecythis  (Couron- 
pita)  Ollaria,  on  account  of  its  cannon-ball- 
like  fruit.  See  LF.CYTHIS. 

Cannon-bone  (kan'nun-bon),  n.  See  Canon- 
bone. 

Cannon-bullet  (kan'nun-bnl-let),  n.  A  can- 
non-ball. 

Cannoneer,  Cannonier  (kan-mm-er'),  n.  A 
man  who  manages  cannon ;  an  engineer. 

Let  the  kettle  to  the  trumpets  speak, 

The  trumpets  to  the  cannoneer  without.    Shak. 


CANOE 


Cannoneering,  Cannoniering  (kan-nun- 
armun.  The  act  ur  art  nf  nsnii;  cannons 
practice  with  cannons.  'Uuimery,  nnuu.n 
i'1-fuiij,  bombarding,  mining.'  /;»/*,-. 

Cannoning!  (kaii'nmi-inur),  /<  A  loud  noise, 
as  of  a  cannon.  Ant.  lirewer. 

Cannon-lock  (kan'mm-lok).  71.  A  contriv- 
ance placed  over  the  touch-hole  of  a  cannon 
to  explode  the  charge. 

Cannon-metal  (.kan'min-met-al),  n.  Same 
as  Gun-in'  t<il. 

Cannon-pinion  (kan'mm-pin-yon),  n.  In 
watchmaking,  a  squari-d  tubular  jii.-. . 
placed  on  the  arbor  of  the  centn -win  1 1,  i., 
hold  the  minute-hand  and  enable  it  to  U 
turned  by  means  of  the  watch-key  E  II 
Knitjht. 

Cannon-proof  (kan 'nun -prof),  a.  Proof 
against  cannon-shut. 

Cannon-royal  (kan'mm-roi-al),  n.  Tin- 
name  given  to  an  old  (W-pounder  cannon  8i 
inches  bore.  i1.  II.  Kni<il,t. 

Cannon-shot  (kan'nun-shot).  n.  1.  A  ball 
for  cannon.  — -  2.  The  range  or  distance  a 
cannon  will  throw  a  ball. 

Cannon-Stove  (kan'nun-stov),  n.  A  kind  of 
stove  somewhat  resemblinga  cannon  erected 
on  its  breech.  K.  11.  Knight. 

Cannot  (kan'not).  Ca;i  and  not.  These 
words  are  usually  united,  but  without  any 
very  good  reason. 

Caunula,  Canula  (kan'u-la),  n.  [L. ,  dim.  of 
canna,  a  reed.]  A  small  tube  used  by  sur- 
geons for  various  purposes,  as  for  a  sheath 
to  a  stylet  or  other  sharp  instrument,  along 
with  which  it  is  thrust  into  a  cavity  or 
tumour  containing  a  fluid;  the  perforation 
being  made,  the  sharp  instrument  is  with- 
drawn and  the  tube  left,  in  order  that  the 
fluid  may  pass  through  it. 

Cannular(kan'u-ler),  a.  [See  CANNULA.] 
Tubular;  having  the  form  of  a  tube. 

Canny,  Cannie  (kan'ni),  a.  [Perhaps  directly 
from  the  Sc.  noun  can,  knowledge,  ability; 
at  any  rate  from  the  same  root.  See  CAN.  ] 
A  Scotch  and  Northern  English  word  whose 
meanings  are  exceedingly  various,  being 
used  in  different  localities  in  different 
senses.  —  1.  Cautious ;  prudent ;  knowing ; 
wary;  watchful. 

I  trust  in  God  to  use  the  world  as  a  fanny  and 
cunning  master  doth  a  knave  servant.     Rutherford. 
Whate'er  he  wins  I'll  guide  with  canny  care. 

Jtawsay. 

2.  Skilled;  expert. 

His  wife  was  a  cannie  body,  and  could  dress  things 
very  well  for  ane  in  her  line  o'  business. 

Sir  ttf.  Scott. 

3.  Moderate,  as  in  charges,  exactions,  treat- 
ment, and  the  like;  not  extortionate  or  se- 
vere.— 4.  Gentle;  quiet  in  disposition;  trac- 
table.—  5.  Easy;  comfortable.     'Edge  me 
into  some  canny  post.'    Jtanmay. —  0.  Pos- 
sessed of  supernatural  power ;  skilled  in 
magic.     'Canny  Elshie,  or  the  wise  wight 
o'  Mucklestane  moor. '  Sir  W.  Scott.  Hence, 
no  canny,  as  applied  to  persons,  is  one  dan- 
gerous, generally  through  having  superna- 
tural power ;  an  act  said  to  be  no  canny  is 
often   an  act  which  entails  supeniatural 
dangers. 

Canny,  Cannie  (kan'ni),  adv.  In  a  canny 
manner;  cannily;  cautiously;  gently:  slowly. 
'Speak  her  fair  and  canny.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 
— Ca'  cannie  (lit.  drive  gently),  proceed  with 
caution;  don't  act  rashly. 

Canoat  (ka-no'a),  n.  [Sp.]  A  canoe.  Jta- 
leigh. 

Canoe  (ka-no'),  n.  [Sp.  canoa,  from  the  na- 
tive West  Indian  name.  ]  A  light  boat,  nar- 
row in  the  beam,  ami  adapted  to  be  pro- 
pelled by  paddles.  The  mime  was  originally 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locft; 
VOL.  I. 


8,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Mn; 


Canoe  of  Carib  Indians. 

given  to  boats  used  by  rnde  nations,  espe- 
cially to  such  boats  as  are  formed  of  the  body 
or  trunk  of  a  tree,  excavated  by  cutting  or 
burning  Into  a  suitable  shape ;  but  canoes 
are  also  constructed  of  bark  (as  among  the 

w,  tcig;    wh,  wftig;    zh,  azure.— See  KBT. 
26 


CANOE-BIRCH 


386 


CANOROUS 


North  American  Indians)  and  similar  boats 
are  now  used  by  civilized  men  for  fishing 
and  other  purposes,  and  have  been  con- 
structed of  galvanized  iron,  caoutchouc,  and 

c'anoe-blrch  (ka-nb-berch),  n.  A  tree,  Be- 
tula  pap</mcea,  or  paper-birch  tree  the 
tough  durable  bark  of  which  is  used  for 
making  canoes  in  North  America  by  the  In- 
dians and  others.  The  canoes  are  light  ai 
can  be  carried  on  the  shoulders,  one  hold- 
ing four  persons  weighing  no  more  than  40 
or  50  Ibs.  The  bark  of  the  young  trees  is 
chalky-white. 

Canoe-club  (ka-nc/klub),  n.  An  associa- 
tion of  persons  who  practise  the  paddling 

Canonfkan'on),  n.    [A.  Sax.  canon,  from  L. 
Snort  Or.  kanun,  a  straight  rod,  a  ruler, 
also  a  rule  or  standard— from  kane,  a  rarer 
form  of  kanna,  kanne,  a  reed,  a  cane,  whence 
also  cannon.}    1.  A  law  or  rule  in  general 
•Contrary  to  thy  established  proclaimed 
edict  and I  .  .  .  canon.'    SAofc-2.  Ecdei  a 
law  or  rule  of  doctrine  or  discipline,  enacted 
by  a  council  and  confirmed  by  the  sove- 
reign •  a  decision  of  matters  in  religion,  or 
a  regulation  of  policy  or  discipline  by  a 
general  or  provincial  council.      'Various 
atnma  which  were  made  in  councils  held 
in  the  second  century.'  Hook.  -3.  The  books 
of  the  Holy  Scriptures  universally  received 
as  genuine  by  Christian  churches.— 4.  The 
rules  of  a  religions  order,  or  of  persons  de- 
voted to  a  strictly  religious  life,  as  monks 
and  nuns;  also,  the  book  in  which  such 
rules  are  written. —5.  The  catalogue  of  mem- 
bers of  the  chapter  of  a  cathedral  or  collegi- 
ate church.— 6.  A  dignitary  who  possesses  a 
prebend  or  revenue  allotted  for  the  per- 
formance  of   divine  service  in    a   cathe- 
dral or  collegiate  church.    In  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  in  England  and  elsewhere 
canons  were  formerly  divided   into  three 
classes  —  regular,  secular,   and   honorary. 
The  regular  canons  lived  in  monasteries, 
and  added  the  profession  of  vows  to  their 
other  duties.   Secular  or  lay  canons  did  not 
live  in  monasteries,  but  they  kept  the  canon- 
ical hours.    (See  under  CANONICAL.)    Hon- 
orary canons  were  not  obliged  to  keep  the 
hours.    The  name  of  foreign  canons  was 
given  to  such  as  did  not  officiate  in  their 
canonries :  opposed  to  mawionary  or  resi- 
dentiary canons.     Canons  of  the  English 
cathedrals  must  be  in  residence  for  three 
monthseach  year.  Collectively.with  the  dean 
at  their  head,  they  form  the  chapter.  There 
are  also  canons  of  a  lower  grade, called  in  inor 
canons,  who  assist  in  performing  the  daily 
choral  service  in  the  cathedral.    Honorary 
canons  may  also  be  appointed,  but  receive 
no  emolument.  —  7.  A  catalogue  of  saints 
acknowledged  and  canonized  in  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  —  8.  The  secret  words  of 
the  mass  from  the  preface  to  the  pater,  in 
the  middle  of  which  the  priest  consecrates 
the  host.    The  people  are  to  rehearse  this 
part  of  the  service  on  their  knees,  and  in  a 
voice  lower  than  can  be  heard  —9.  In  music, 
a  kind  of  perpetual  fugue,  in  which  the 
different  parts,  beginning  one  after  another, 
repeat  incessantly  the  same  air. —10.  In 
geoin  and  alg.  a  general  rule  for  the  solu- 
tion of  cases  of  a  like  nature.— 11.  In  phar. 
a  rule  for  compounding  medicines.  -12.  In 
mrg.   an    instrument  used    in  sewing  up 
wounds  —13.  In  printing,  one  of  the  largest 
kinds  of  type  or  letter  used  in  a  printing 
office:  supposed  to  be  so  named  because 
it  was  used  in  the  printing  of  canons.  — 
14  Same  as  Canon-bit.  —  Apostolic  canons. 
See  under  APOSTOLIC.  —  Canons  of  inherit- 
ance, in  law,  rules  directing  the  descent  of 
real  property  throughout  the  lineal  and 
collateral  consanguinity  of  the  ancestor,  or, 
as  he  is  technically  called,  the  purchaser.— 
Caflon  of  the  mass.    See  above,  8. 
Canon,  Canyon  (ka-nyon',  kan'yun),  n.  [Sp. 
canon,  a  cannon,  a  tube,  a  funnel,  a  canyon; 
L.  canna,  a  reed.]    A  term  applied  origin- 
ally by  the  Spanish  Americans  to  long  and 
narrow  mountain  gorges  or  deep  ravines 
with  precipitous  and  almost  perpendicular 
sides  occurring  frequently  in   the  Rocky 
Mountains,  the    Sierra   Nevada,   and    the 
great  western  plateaus  of  North  America. 
Some  of  them  have  a  depth  of  5000  feet  be- 
low the  general  level  of  the  country.    See 
extract. 


The  most  distinctive  features  of  the  great  basin 
are  the  cations,  those  narrow,  deep,  abrupt,  and 
continuous  chasms,  at  the  bottom  of  many  of  which 
run  rapid  rivers  unapproachable  by  man  or  animal. 
They  are  due  to  the  action  of  water,  being  formed 


hv  the  oassaee  through  a  dry  region  of  never-failing 
and I  rapid Yearns.  Stntag  from  distant  sources  ex. 
terior  to  the  dry  country. 

Canon-bit  (kan'on-bit),  n  That  part  of  a 
bit  let  into  a  horse's  mouth. 

Canon-bone  (kan'on-bon),  n.  The  single 
metacarpal  or  metatarsal  bone  of  certain 
animals,  as  the  horse  and  all  ruminants. 

Canonesa  (kan'on-es),  n.  A  woman  who 
enjoys  a  prebend,  affixed,  by  the  foundation, 
to  maids,  without  obliging  them  to  make 
any  vows  or  renounce  the  world. 

There  are  in  popish  countries  women  they  call 
HOdSatwrnnw!  living  after  the  example  of  secu- 
lar canons. 

Canonic  (ka-non'ik),  a.  Same  as  Canonical, 
but  less  common. 

Canonical  (ka-non'ik-al),  a.  [t.  eanmuxa. 
See  CANON.]  Pertaining  to  a  canon;  accord- 
ing to  the  canon  or  rule.-Canontcai  tool*, 
or  ca?ionicaf  Scriptures,  those  books  of  the 
Scriptures  which  are  admitted  by  the  can- 
ons of  the  church  to  be  of  divine  origin. 
The  Roman  Catholic  Church  admits  the 
apocryphal  books  to  be  canonical ;  the  Pro- 
testaiito  reject  them.  —  Canonical  epistles, 
an  appellation  given  to  those  epistles  of  the 
New  Testament  which  are  called  general  or 
catholic  —  Canonical  hours,  certain  stated 
times  of  the  day,  fixed  by  the  ecclesiastical 
laws  and  appropriated  to  the  offices  of  prayer 
and  devotion.  In  the  K.  Cath.  CA.  the  canon- 
ical hours  are  the  seven  periods  of  daily 
prayer  viz.  matins  with  lauds,  prime,  tierce, 
sext,  nones,  evensong  or  vespers,  and  com- 
pline In  England  the  same  name  is  also 
sometimes  given  to  the  hours  from  eight 
o'clock  to  twelve  in  the  forenoon,  before 
and  after  which  marriage  cannot  be  legally 
performed  in  a  parish  church.  —  Canon- 
icai  letters,  letters  which  passed  between 
the  orthodox  clergy,  as  testimonials  of  their 
faith  to  keep  up  the  Catholic  communion, 
and  to  distinguish  them  from  heretics.— 
Canonical  life,  the  method  or  rule  of  living 
prescribed  by  the  ancient  clergy  who  lived 
in  community;  a  course  of  living  prescribed 
for  clerks,  less  rigid  than  the  monastic 
and  stricter  than  the  secular.— Canonical 
obedience,  submission  to  the  canons  of  a 
church,  especially  the  submission  of  the 
inferior  clergy  to  their  bishops,  and  other 
religious  orders  to  their  superiors.—  Canon- 
ical punishments,  such  as  the  church  may 
inflict  as  excommunication,  degradation, 
penance,  &c.— Canonical  situ,  in  the  ancient 
church  those  sins  for  which  capital  punish- 
ment was  inflicted,  as  idolatry,  murder, 
adultery,  heresy,  &c. 

Canonlcally  (ka-non'ik-al-li),  adv.    In  a 
manner  agreeable  to  the  canon.—'  Canonic-  , 
ally  admitted  bishops.'    Bale. 
Caiionlcalness  (ka-non'ik  al-nes),  n.    The 
quality  of  being  canonical.     '  The  cnnonir- 
alitess  of  the  apostolical  constitutions.'  Bp. 
Burnet. 

Canonicals  (ka-non'ik-alz),  n.  pi.  The  dress 
or  habit  prescribed  by  canon  to  be  worn  by 
the  clergy  when  they  officiate.    The  follow-  | 
ing  have  also  been  enumerated  as  canon-  J 
icals-— The  pouch  on  the  gown  of  an  M.D.; 
the  coif  of  a  serjeant-at-law;  the  lamb-skin 
on  a  B.A.  hood;  the  strings  of  an  Oxford 
undergraduate  ;  the  tippet  on  a  barrister's 
gown ;  proctors'  and  sub-proctors'  tippets ; 
&c.     'An  ecclesiastic  in  full  amomeau.    j 
Macanlaii. 

Canonlcate  (ka-non'ik-at),  n.  The  office  of 
a  canon;  a  canonry. 

Canonlclty  (kan-on-is'i-ti),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  canonical ;  the  state  of  belonging 
to  the  canon  or  genuine  books  of  Scripture. 
'  The  canonicit!/.  that  is,  the  divine  author- 
ity, of  the  books  of  the  New  Testament.' 
J.  H.  Newman 

Canonist  (kan'on-ist),  n.  A  professor  of 
canon  law;  one  skilled  in  the  study  and 
practice  of  ecclesiastical  law.  Donne;  South. 

Th'is  far  we  have  seen  with  what  deliberation  Pius 
the  Ninth  called  to  his  council  the  cardinals,  theo- 
logians and  canonists  of  the  Church  of  Rome. 

Cardinal  Manning. 

Canonlstic  (kan-on-ist'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  canonists. 

They  became  the  apt  scholars  of  this  canonistif 
exposition.  muftrf, 

Canonization  (kan'on-iz-a"shon),  n.  The  act 
of  canonizing  a  person ;  the  act  of  ranking  a 
deceased  person  in  the  catalogue  of  saints, 
called  a  canon.  This  act  is  preceded  by  beati- 
fication, and  by  an  examination  into  the  life 
and  miracles  of  the  person,  after  which  the 
pope  decrees  the  canonization.— Canoniza- 
tion, Beatification.  Canonization  is  distin-  ' 
guished  by  Ferrara  from  beatification  by  this, 


that  while  beatification  is  simply  a  grant  by 
the  pope  to  a  particular  kingdom,  province, 
religious  body,  or  place,  to  venerate  ami  in- 
voke in  the  mass,  and  by  exposition  of  relics, 
<fcc. ,  some  particular  person  deceased ;  can- 
onization  is  a  public  and  express  definition 
of  the  apostolic  see  respecting  the  sanctity 
and  glory  of  one,  who  is  thereupon  solemnly 
added  to  the  roll  of  the  saints,  all  the  hon- 
ours due  to  a  saint  being  decreed  to  him. 
Canonize  (kan'on-Iz),  v.t.  pret.  *  pp.  eannn- 
ized;  ppr.  canonizing.  [From  canon.  ]  1.  To 
declare  a  man  a  saint,  and  rank  him  in  the 
catalogue  called  a  canon. 

The  king,  desirous  to  bring  into  the  house  of  I.an- 
caster  celestial  honour,  became  suitor  to  Pope  Julius, 
to  canonize  King  Henry  VI.  for  a  saint.  Bacon. 

2  To  admit  into  the  canon,  as  of  Scripture. 
[Rare.] 

Bathsheba  was  so  wise  a  woman  that  some  of  her 
counsels  are  canonized  for  divine.  Rf.  Hall. 

Canonlzer  (kan'on-!z-er),  n.  One  who  can- 
onizes. 

Canon-law  (kan'on-la),  n.  A  collection  of 
ecclesiastical  constitutions  for  the  regula- 
tion of  the  Church  of  Rome,  consisting  tor 
the  most  part  of  ordinances  of  general  and 
provincial  councils,  decrees  promulgated  by 
the  popes,  with  the  sanction  of  the  cardi- 
nals, and  decretal  epistles  and  bulls  of  the 
popes.  There  is  also  a  canon-law  for  the 
regulation  of  the  Church  of  England,  which, 
under  certain  restrictions,  is  used  in  ecclesi- 
astical courts  and  in  the  courts  of  the  two 
universities. 

Canon-lawyer  (kan'on-la'yer),n.  One  versed 
in  the  canon-law. 

Canonry    Canonshlp   (kan'on-ri,  kan'on- 
ship),  n.    The  benefice  filled  by  a  canon. 
Canon-wise  t  (kan'on-wiz),  a.  Versed  in  the 
canon-law.     'Canon-wise  prelate.'    Milton. 
CanoplC  (ka-nop'ik),  a.     Of  or  pertaining 
to  Canoptw,  in  Egypt— Co  nopic  vanes  were 
vases  used  by  Egyptian  priests  to  hold  the 
entrails  of  embalmed  bodies,  four  being  pro- 
vided for  each  body.    They  were  first  used 
at  Canopus,  whence  their  name. 
Canopied  (kan'6-pid),p.  and  a.  Covered  with 
a  canopy,  or  as  with  a  canopy.     '  Canopied 
with  golden  clouds.'    Chapman.     'A  bank 
with  ivy  canopied.'    Hilton. 
Canopus  (ka-no'pn»),  n.    1.  A  star  of  the 
first  magnitude  in  the  rudder  of  the  con- 
stellation Argo.— 2.  An  Egyptian  jar,  with 
a  cover  or  top  representing  a  human  head 
—    that    of    some 


Niche  with  Canopy,  Nor- 
wich Cathedral. 


animal,  generally 
made  of  baked 
earth,  and  used  for 
keeping  watercool. 
Canopy  (kan-6-pi). 
n.  [Fr.  canapf, 
O.  Fr.  conopt,  L. 
conopeuin,Gr,kono- 
peion,  a  pavilion, 
or  net  spread  over 
a  bed  to  keep  off 
gnats,  from  konfip*, 
a  gnat]  1.  A  cover- 
ing over  a  throne 
or  over  a  bed ;  in  a 
more  general  sense, 
a  covering  over  the 
head.  'Golden  can- 
opies and  beds  of 
state. '  Dryden.  — 
2.  In  arch,  a  decora- 
tion serving  as  a 
hood  or  cover  sus- 
pended over  an  al- 
tar, throne,  chair 
of  state,  pulpit,and 
the  like ;  also  the 
ornamented  pro- 
jecting head  of  a 
niche  or  taber- 
nacle. The  label 
moulding  or  drip- 
stone which  sur- 
rounds the  head  of 


a  door  or  window,  11  ornamented,  is  also 
called  a  canopy. 

Canopy  (kan'6-pi),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  canopied; 
ppr  canopying.  To  cover  with  a  canopy,  or 
as  with  a  canopy.  '  Trees  .  .  .  Which  erst 
from  heat  did  canopy  the  herd.'  SAfl*. 
•Beneath  thy  pinions  canopy  my  head 

Canorous  (ka-no'rus).  a.    [L.  canorus,  from 
ca  no,  to  sing.)    Musical;  tuneful.    'Along, 
loud,  and  canorous  peal  of  laughter. 
Quincey. 

Birds  that  are  most  canorous  ...  are  of  little 
throats  and  short.  Sir  T.  Brimtu. 


Fate,  far,  f»t,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tabe,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      1,  Sc.  fey. 


CANOROUSNESS 


387 


CANTHOOK 


Cauorousness  (ka-no'rus-nes),  n.  Musical- 
ness. 

Cant  (kant),  v.i  [From  L.  canto,  freq.  of 
cano,  to  sin),'.]  1.  To  speak  with  a  whining 
voice  or  in  an  affected  or  assumed  tone;  to 
assume  a  particular  tone  and  manner  of 
speaking  t<  >r  the  purpose  of  begging  or  excit- 
ing compassion;  hence,  to  beg. — 2.  To  make 
whining  pretensions  to  goodness;  to  affect 
piety  without  sincerity;  to  sham  holiness.-- 
3.  To  talk  in  a  certain  special  jargon;  to  use 
the  words  and  phraseology  peculiar  to  a 
particular  sect,  party,  profession,  and  the 
like. 

The  Doctor  here, 
When  he  discourseth  of  dissection, 
Of  vena  cava  and  of  vena  porta, 
Of  miserajum  and  the  mesentericum. 
What  does  he  else  but  cant  I       B.  yonson. 

Cant  (kant),  n.  1.  A  whining  or  singing 
manner  of  speech;  specifically,  the  whining 
speech  of  beggars,  as  in  asking  alms  and 
making  complaints  of  their  distresses.  - 

2.  The  language  or  jargon  spoken  by  gipsies, 
thieves,  professional  beggars,  and  the  like, 
and  containing  many  words  different  from 
ordinary  Knglish ;  a  kind  of  slang  or  argot. 

3.  The  words  and  phrases  peculiar  to  or 
characteristic  of  a  sect,  party,  or  profession; 
the  dialect  of  a  sect  or  set  of  people. 

Of  all  the  cants  which  are  canted  in  this  canting 
world,  though  the  cant  of  hypocrisy  may  be  the 
worst,  the  cant  of  criticism  is  the  most  tormenting. 
Sterne. 

4  A  pretentious  assumption  of  a  religious 
character  without  sincerity ;  a  hypocritical 
addiction  to  the  use  of  religious  phrases,&c. ; 
religious  phrases  hypocritically  used. 

That  he  (Richard  Cromwell)  was  a  good  man,  he 
evinced  by  proofs  more  satisfactory  than  deep  groans 
or  long  sermons,  by  humility  and  suavity  when  he 
was  at  the  height  of  human  greatness,  by  cheerful 
resignation  under  cruel  wrongs  and  misfortunes;  but 
the  cant  then  common  in  every  guard -room  gave 
him  a  disgust  which  he  had  not  always  the  prudence 
to  conceal.  Macanlay. 

Cant  (kant),  a.  Of  the  nature  of  cant  or 
slang;  as,  a  cant  word  or  phrase. 

The  affectation  of  some  late  authors  to  introduce 
and  multiply  cant  words  is  the  most  ruinous  corrup- 
tion in  any  language.  Swift. 

Cant  (kant),  n.  Something  given  in  charity. 
[Vagabonds'  slang.] 

Cant  (kant),  n.  [Fr.  encan,  O.Fr.  encant, 
iiicant,  a  call  for  bids  at  auction— en,  in,  to, 
and  O.Fr.  cant,  for  L  quantum,  how  much; 
lit.  to  how  much  (will  you  bid)?]  A  call  for 
bidders  at  an  auction;  the  act  of  crying  out 
things  for  sale  by  auction. 

Numbers  of  these  tenants  are  now  offering  to  sell 
their  leases  by  cant.  S7uift. 

Cant  (kant),  v.t.  [See  the  noun.  ]  1.  To  offer 
for  sale  by  auction;  to  sell  by  auction. 

Is  it  not  the  general  method  of  landlords  to  cant 
their  land  to  the  highest  bidder?  Swift. 

2.  To  determine  by  bidding  at  an  auction. 

When  two  monks  were  outvying  each  other  in 
canting  the  price  of  an  abbey,  he  (William  Rufus) 
observed  a  third  at  some  distance,  who  said  never  a 
word:  the  king  demanded  why  he  would  not  offer; 
the  monk  said  he  was  poor,  and  besides  would  give 
nothing,  if  he  were  ever  so  rich ;  the  king  replied, 
then  you  are  the  fittest  person  to  have  it,  and  imme- 
diately gave  it  him.  Swift. 

Cant  (kant),  n.  [Same  word  as  Dan.  Sw.  and 
D.  kant,  edge,  border,  margin,  &c. ;  G.  kante, 
a  side,  a  border  or  brim;  O.Fr.  cant,  corner, 
angle  (from  this  meaning  1  may  be  bor- 
rowed); also  It.  Sp.  Pg.  canto,  side,  edge, 
•fee.  The  origin  of  the  word  is  obscure.] 
1. 1  A  corner  or  retired  place;  an  angle;  a 
niche. 

The  principal  person  in  the  temple  was  Irene  or 
Peace;  she  was  placed  aloft  in  a  cant.  S.  Jonson. 

2.  An  external  or  salient  angle.    A  bolt  with 
a  head  having  six  angles  is  said  to  be  six- 
canted.— 3.  One  of  the  segments  forming  a 
side-piece  in  the  head  of  a  cask.— 4.  A  seg- 
ment of  the  rim  of  a  wooden  cog-wheel.  — 
5.  An  inclination  from  a  horizontal  line;  as, 
to  be  on  the  cant.  —  6.  A  toss,  thrust,  or 
push  with  a  sudden  jerk;  as,  to  give  a  ball 
a  cant. 

Cant  (kant),  v.  t.  1.  To  turn  about  or  over 
by  a  sudden  push  or  thrust;  as,  to  cant  over 
a  pail  or  cask. — 2.  To  toss;  as,  to  cant  a  ball. 

3.  To  cut  off  an  angle,  as  of  a  square  piece 
of  timber.— 4.  Naut.  to  turn  (anything)  so 
as  to  be  no  longer  fair  or  square  ;  to  give  a 
ship  an  inclination  to  one  side  so  as  to  pre- 
pare her  for  being  careened. 

Can't  (kant).  A  colloquial  contraction  of 
can  not. 

Cantab  (kan-tabO,  n.  and  a.  An  abbrevia- 
tion of  Cantabrigian.  'The  rattle-pated 
trick  of  a  young  Cantab.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 


Cantabile(kan-ta'be-la),a</u.  [It]  III»IH»I'C, 
a  term  applied  to  movements  intended  to  be 
performed  in  a  graceful,  elegant,  and  sing- 
ing style. 

Cantabrian  ( kan-talm-an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  Ciintabria,  on  the  Bay  of  Biscay,  in  Spain. 

Cantabrigian  (kiin-ta-brij'i-an),  a.  [L.L. 
Cantabriyieimix,  pertaining  to  Cambridge.] 
Kelating  to  Cambridge  or  its  university. 

Cantabrigian  (kan-ta-brij'i-an),  n.  1.  An 
inhabitant  or  native  of  Cambridge.  —  2.  A 
student  or  graduate  of  Cambridge  Univer- 
sity. Commonly  abbreviated  into  Cantab. 

Cantaliver,  Cantiliver  (kan'ta-liv-er,  kan'- 
ti-liv-er),  n.  [Probably  from  O.Fr.  cant,  an 
angle  and  lever,  to  raise;  comp.  E.  cant,  a 
corner  or  angle,  and  Prov.  E.  lever,  a  sup- 
port of  the  roof  of  a  house.]  A  wooden  or 


Cantaliver. 


iron  block  framed  into  the  wall  of  a  house, 
and  projecting  from  it  to  carry  mouldings, 
eaves,  balconies,  die.  Cantalivers  serve  the 
same  end  as  modillions,  brackets,  &c.,  but 
are  not  so  regularly  applied. 

Cantaloupe,  Cantaleup  (kan'ta-lop,  kan'- 
ta-lup),  n.  [From  the  castle  of  Cantalupe, 
in  Italy,  where  they  were  first  grown  in 
Europe.]  A  small  round  variety  of  musk- 
melon,  globular,  ribbed,  of  pale-green  or 
yellow  colour,  and  of  a  very  delicate  fla- 
vour. 

Cantankerous  (kan-tangTter-us),  a.  [O.E. 
cantankerous— prefix  con,  and  O.Fr.  tamer, 
tancer  (Fr  tancer),  to  chide  or  reprimand.] 
Ill-natured;  ill-conditioned;  cross;  waspish; 
contentious;  disputatious.  'A  cantanker- 
ous humour.'  Thackeray.  [Colloq.] 

Cantankerously  ( kan-tang'ker-us-li ),  adv. 
In  a  cantankerous  manner;  ill-naturedly: 
waspishly;  crossly.  [Colloq.] 

Cautankerousnesa  ( kan-tang'ker-us-nes), 
n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  cantanker- 
ous ;  crossness ;  waspishness  ;  fretf ulness ; 
ill-temper.  [Colloq.  ] 

By  all  means  tell  the  truth,  we  reply,  but  we  refuse 
to  believe  that  the  truth  is  to  be  found  in  cantanker- 
oiisncss.  Times  t^uspaper. 

Cantara,  Cantaro  (kan-ta'ra,  kan-ta'ro),  n. 
[Sp.  and  It.]  A  measure  of  weight  and 
capacity  used  in  many  countries,  and  vary- 
in"  greatly  in  extent.  Thus  the  weight  in 
Turkey  is  about  125  Ins. ;  in  Egypt,  98  Ibs  ;  in 
Malta,  175  Ibs.,  &c.  The  Spanish  wine  mea- 
sure cantara  is  equal  to  about  3^  gallons. 

Cantata  (kan-ta'ta),  n.  [It,  from  contort, 
L.  cantare,  freq.  of  cano,  to  sing.]  In  music, 
originally  a  composition  intermixed  with 
recitatives  and  airs,  intended  for  a  single 
voice;  now  a  short  composition  in  the  form 
of  an  oratorio,  but  without  dramatis  per- 
sonce. 

Cantationt  (kan-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  contain), 
from  cantare.  See  CANTATA.]  A  singing. 
Cockeram. 

Cantatory(kan'ta-to-ri),  a.  Containing  cant 
or  affectation ;  whining ;  canting.  Dr.  S. 
Miller.  [Rare.] 

Cantatrice  (kan-ta-tre'cha,  kah-ta-tres,  the 
former  the  Italian,  the  latter  the  French 
pronunciation),  n.  [It.  and  Fr.]  A  female 
singer. 

Canted  (kant'ed),  a.  Having  cants  or  angles; 
inarch,  applied  to  pillars,  turrets,  or  towers 
whose  plan  is  a  polygon. 

Canteen  (kan-ten'),  n.  [Fr.  cantine,  from  It. 
cantina  a  wine-cellar,  a  vault,  from  canto, 
an  angle,  a  corner.  See  CANT,  a  corner.] 
1.  A  sort  of  sutler's  shop  in  barracks,  camps, 
garrisons,  Ac.,  where  provisions,  liquors, 
&c. ,  are  sold  to  non-commissioned  officers 
and  privates. 

The  king  of  France  established  a  sufficient  num- 
ber of  canteens  for  furnishing  his  troops  with  tc*^co- 

2  A  vessel  used  by  soldiers  for  carrying 
liquor  for  drink.  In  the  British  army  the 
canteen  is  a  small  wooden  vessel  capable  of 
containing  3  pints  of  liquor,  which  is  car- 
ried by  each  soldier  on  the  march,  on  foreign 
service,  or  in  the  field.  — 3.  A  square  box, 
fitted  up  with  compartments,  in  which  offi- 
cers on  foreign  service  pack  a  variety  of 


articles,  as  spirit-bottles,  tea  and  sugar, 
plates,  knives,  forks,  «Vc. 

Cantel  (kan'tel),  n.  Same  as  Cantle  (which 
see). 

Canteleup,  Canteloup  (kan'te-lup,  kan'te- 
lop),  n.  Same  as  Cantaloupe. 

Canter  (kan'ter),  v.i.  [An  abbrev.  of  Can- 
terbury Gallop.  See  CANTERBURY-GALLOP.  J 

To  move  in  a  moderate  gallop,  raising  tin- 

two  fore-feet  nearly  at  the  same  time,  with 

a  leap  or  spring:  said  of  horses. 
Canter  (kan'ter),  v.t.    To  cause  to  canter. 
Canter  (kan'ter),  n.    1.  A  moderate  gallop; 

a  Canterbury-gallop. 

The  canter  is  to  the  gallop  very  much  what  the 
walk  is  to  the  trot,  though  probably  a  more  artiln  i  il 
pace.  t'ouart. 

2.  A  rapid  passing  over.  '  A  rapid  cantfr  in 
the  Times  over  all  the  topics  of  the  day. ' 
Sir  J.  Stephen. —  To  win  in  a  canter,  in 
horse-racing,  to  distance  all  the  other  horses 
so  much  that  galloping  towards  the  end  of 
the  race  is  unnecessary.  Hence—  fig.  to 
overcome  an  opponent  without  great  exer- 
tion. '  Wins  the  game  in  a  canter.'  Lord 
Lytton. 

Canter  (kant'er),7i.  One  who  cants  or  whines; 
a  professional  beggar  or  vagrant.  '  Spiritual 
canters.'  Bp.  Gauden.  '  Jugglers  and  gip- 
sies, all  the  sorts  of  canters,  and  colonies  of 
beggars.'  B.  Jonson. 

Canterbury  (kan'ter-be-ri),  n.  A  receptacle 
for  music,  portfolios,  loose  papers,  Ac.,  be- 
ing a  stand  with  divisions. 
Canterbury-bell  (kan'ter-be-ri-bel),  n.  The 
popular  name  of  Campanula^  Trachelium, 
given  to  it  by  Gerard  because  it  is  abundant 
around  Canterbury.  Also  applied  to  the 
exotic  C.  Medium,  a  beautiful  border  an- 
nual which  has  been  so  long  cultivated  as 
to  be  as  familiar  as  the  most  common  field- 
flower. 

Canterbury-gallop  (kan'tcr-be-ri-gal-lup), 
n.  The  moderate  gallop  of  a  horse,  com- 
monly abbreviated  into  canter:  said  to  be 
derived  from  the  pilgrims  riding  to  Canter- 
bury at  this  pace. 

Cantnarellus  (kan-tha-rellus),  n.  A  genus 
of  fungi  nearly  allied  to  Agaricus,  but  hav- 
ing veins  instead  of  gills.  C.  cibarius  is  one 
of  the  best  of  our  eatable  mushrooms.  It 
is  of  a  rich  yellow  colour  and  has  a  fruity 
smell.  The  French  name  chantarelle  is 
generally  given  to  it. 

Cantharidae  (kan-thart-de),  n.  pi.  A  family 
of  coleopterous  insects  the  type  of  which  is 
the  genus  Cantharis;  other  genera  are  ileloe 
and  Mylabris.  See  CANTHARIS. 
Cantharidin,  Cantharidine  (kan-thar'i- 
din,  kan-thar'i-din),  n.  (C5H,202)  That 
peculiar  substance  which  causes  yesication 
existing  in  the  Cantharis  veaica  toria  or  Span- 
ish fly.  It  is  a  volatile  crystalline  body,  very 
soluble  in  ether,  alcohol,  and  essential  oils. 
Cantharidin  is  even  better  prepared  from 
Mylabris  cichorii  than  from  the  Spanish  fly, 
as  the  former  insect  contains  less  fat.  It  is 
only  when  in  solution  that  this  body  pos- 
sesses vesicating  powers. 
Cantharis  (kan'tha-ris),  n.  pi.  Cartharides 
(kan-thar'i-dez).  [Or.  kantharin,  a  blistering 
fly.]  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects  Raving 
the  head  separated  from  the  thorax  by  a 
neck;  the  type  of  the 
family  Cantharida?. 
The  best-known  spe- 
cies is  that  which  is 
sold  in  our  labora- 
tories under  the 
name  of  the  Spanish 
or  blistering  fly  (C. 
vexicatoria).  This  in- 
sect is  9  or  10  lines 


in  length, of  a  shining 
green  colour  mixed 


Cantharts-ny 

titaris  msiattaria). 


with  azure.    It  has  a 

nauseous  smell,  and 

Is,  when  bruised,  ex- 
tensively used  as  the 
active  element  in  vesicatory  or  blistering 
plasters.  It  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of  trees 
and  shrubs,  preferring  the  ash.  The  largest 
come  from  Italy,  but  the  best  from  Spain. 
Called  also  Lytta. 

Cantharus  (kan'tha-rus),  n.  A  genus  of 
acanthopterygious  fishes,  family  Sparoidei. 
inhabiting  chiefly  the  Mediterranean  and 
Atlantic.  C.  arisen*  (Cuv.)  is  the  black 
:  bream  of  Montagu,  found  on  the  southern 
shores  of  England. 

CanthOOk  (knnt'hok),  n.    A  wooden  lever 
with  an  iron  hook  at  the  end  for  canting  or 
j    turning  over  heavy  logs.   Bartlett.    [Amen- 
i    can.] 


ch,cAain;     6h.Sc.locA;     g,  go;     j.job;     ft,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sina;     IH,  «Aen;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CANTHUS 


388 


CAOUTCHOUC 


Canthus  (kan'thus),  n.  [Gr.  kanthos,  a  cor- 
ner.] An  angle  of  the  eye;  a  cavity  at  the 
extremities  of  the  eyelids:  the  greater  is 
next  to  the  nose,  the  lesser  near  the  temple. 
Wiseman. 

Canticle  (kan'ti-kl),  n.  [L.  canticulum,  a 
little  song,  from  canticwn,  a  song,  from 
canto,  to  sing.  See  CANT.]  l.t  A  song,  espe- 
cially a  little  song.  '  Moses  in  his  canticles. ' 
Bacon.  Specifically— 2.  pi.  The  Song  of  Songs 
or  Song  of  Solomon,  one  of  the  books  of  the 
Old  Testament.— 3.  An  uumetrical  hymn  of 
a  poetical  character  taken  from  Scripture, 
arranged  for  chanting,  and  so  used  in  church 
service. — 4.t  A  canto ;  a  division  of  a  song. 
Spenser. 

Cantilet(kan'til),o.«.  [See  CANTLE.]  Tocut 
to  pieces. 

Cantilever  ( kan '  ti-lev-er ),  n.    See  CANTA- 

LIVKIl. 

Cantillate  (kan'til-lat),  v.t.  [L.  eantUlo, 
cantillatutn,  dim.  of  canto,  freq.  of  cano,  to 
sing.]  To  chant;  to  recite  with  musical 
tones.  Mos.  Stuart.  [Rare.] 

Cantillation  (kan-til-la'shonj,  ».  A  chant- 
ing; recitation  with  musical  modulations. 
[Bare.] 

Cantine  (kan-tenO,  n.    Same  as  Canteen. 

Canting  (kant'ing),  a.  Affectedly  pious; 
whining;  as,  a  canting  hypocrite;  a  canting 
tone  of  voice.  '  Canting  rascals.'  Dryden. 
— Canting  arms,  in  her.  arms  containing 
charges  which  allude  to  the  name  of  the 
bearer ;  thus  one  of  the  branches  of  the 
family  of  Aruudel  bears  six  swallows  (Fr. 
hirondeltes),  while  the  arms  of  the  Kingdom 
of  Castile  and  Leon  are  a  castle  and  a  lion. 
Called  also  Allusive  or  Punning  Army. 

Cantingly  (kant'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  canting 
manner;  whiningly. 

Cantingness  (kant'ing-nes),  n.  Quality  of 
employing  cant.  Sheridan. 

Can  tiniere  (kan-ten-yar),  n.  [Fr. )  A  female 
sutler  to  a  regiment;  a  vivandiere. 

Caution  I  (kan'shon),  n.  A  song  or  verses. 
'  Singing  a  cantion  of  Colin's  making.' 
Spenser. 

Cantle  (kan'tl),  n.  [O.Fr.  cantel,  corner- 
piece,  dim.  of  cant.  See  CANT,  a  corner.] 

1.  A  corner;  a  fragment;  a  piece;  a  portion. 
'  A  huge  half-moon,  a  monstrous  cantle. ' 
Shafc. — 2.  The  protuberant  part  of  a  saddle 
behind;  the  hind-bow. 

Gantlet  (kan'tl),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cantled; 
ppr.  cantling.  To  cut  into  pieces ;  to  cut 
a  piece  out  of.  Dryden. 

Cantlet  (kantlet),  n.  [Dim.  of  cantle.]  A 
corner ;  a  piece ;  a  fragment.  '  Huge  cant- 
lets  of  his  buckler.'  Dryden. 

Cant-moulding(kant'm6'ld-ing),)i.  Amould- 
ing  with  a  bevelled  face. 

Canto  (kau'to),  n.  pi.  Cantos  (kan'toz).  [It. 
canto,  a  song;  L.  cantus.  See  CHANT.  ]  1.  A 
part  or  division  of  a  poem  of  some  length. 

2.  In  music,  the  highest  voice  part  in  con- 
certed music;  soprano. 

Canto-fermo  (kan'to-fer-nio),  n.  [It.,  firm 
song.]  In  music— 1.  Plain  song  or  choral 
.«ong  in  unison  or  octave,  and  the  notes  all 
of  one  length ;  a  sort  of  grave  measured 
chant  in  use  in  the  early  Christian  church. 

2.  Any  simple  theme  or  subject  chosen  for 
contrapunctal  treatment,  usually  a  short 
diatonic  passage  written  in  semibreves  or 
other  long  notes. 

Cantont  (kan'ton),  n.  A  canto.  'Write 
loyal  cantons  of  contemned  love.'  Shak. 

Canton  (kan'ton),  n.  [Fr.  canton;  It.  can- 
tone,  aug.  of  canto,  a  corner.  See  CANT, 
CANTLE.]  1.  A  small  portion  of  land  or 
division  of  territory;  originally,  a  portion  of 
territory  on  a  border.  — 2.  The  inhabitants 
of  such  a  division;  a  small  tribe  or  clan. — 

3.  A    small    portion  or 
district  of  territory  con- 
stituting a  distinct  state 
or   government,    as    in 
Switzerland.— 4.  In  her. 
a  portion  of  the  shield 
comprising  a  third  part 
•of  the  chief,  and  occupy- 
ing always    the  dexter 

chief  of  the  escutcheon,  Canton, 

unless     otherwise     ex- 
pressed.— 5.  A  distinct  part  or  division;  as, 
the  cantons  of  a  painting  or  other  represen- 
tation, or  of  a  flag. 

Canton  (kan'ton),  v.  t.  [Fr.1  cantomier.  See 
above.]  1.  To  divide  into  cantons  or  dis- 
tricts, as  territory ;  to  divide  into  distinct 
portions;  to  separate  off. 

They  canton  out  to  themselves  a  little  Goshen  in 
the  intellectual  world.  Locke. 

2.  To  allot  separate  quarters  to  each  regi- 


ment of;  as,  to  canton  an  army  or  a  detach- 
ment: in  this  sense  pronounced  kan-ton'. 

Cantonal  (kan'ton-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
canton  or  cantons. 

Cantoned  (kan'tond),  a.  1.  In  her.  a  term 
used  of  charges  borne  with  a  cross.— 2.  Fur- 
nished at  the  angles  or  sides  with  some 
projecting  part:  in  arch,  applied  to  a  build- 
ing when  its  corners  are  decorated  with  pro- 
jecting pilasters  or  quoins.  The  expression 
is  more  particularly  employed  in  describing 
the  pillars  of  the  Roman  churches  which 
have  a  projecting  shaft  on  each  of  their 
faces  or  on  each  of  their  angles. 

Cantonize  (kan'ton-iz),  v.  (.  pret.  &  pp.  can- 
tonized;  ppr.  cantonizing.  To  canton  or 
divide  into  small  districts. 

Thus  was  all  Ireland  caHiartiaed' amoneten  persons 
of  the  English  nation.  Sir  J.  Da-vies. 

Cantonment  (kan-ton'ment),  n.  A  part  or 
division  of  a  town  or  village  assigned  to  a 
particular  regiment  of  troops;  the  dwelling- 
places  occupied  by  an  army  during  any 
suspension  of  active  operations  in  the  Held; 
the  temporary  shelter  which  an  army  may 
occasionally  take,  as  when,  during  a  season 
of  excessive  heat,  the  troops  are  distributed 
in  villages,  houses,  cfcc. ,  but  so  as  not  to  be 
widely  scattered;  quarters.  The  term  is 
also  frequently  used  to  designate  the  winter 
quarters  of  an  army. 

Cantoon  (kan-ton'),  n.  A  kind  of  fustian 
with  a  fine  cord  visible  on  one  side. 

Cantor  (kan'tor),  n.  [L,  a  singer,  from  cano, 
cantum,  to  sing.]  Eccles.  an  officer  whose 
duty  is  to  lead  the  singing  in  a  cathedral, 
collegiate,  or  parish  church;  a  precentor. 

Cantred,  Cantref  (kau'tred,  kau'trefX  n. 
Same  as  Kantrif. 

Cantrip,  Cantraip  (kan'trip,  kan'trap),  n. 
[Derivation  doubtful.  Perhaps  from  cant, 
in  sense  of  charm  or  incantation,  and  raip, 
a  rope  or  cord,  and  originally  meaning  magic 
cord.  Cords  knotted  in  various  ways  used 
to  figure  frequently  in  old  spells  or  charms.  ] 
[Scotch.]  1.  A  charm;  a  spell;  an  incanta- 
tion. Ramsay. — 2.  A  piece  of  mischief  art- 
fully or  adroitly  performed;  a  trick. 

As  Waverley  passed  him    .  approaching  his 

stirrup.hebade'Tak'heedtheauldwhig  playedhim 
nae  cantrip:  i'lr  W,  Scott. 

Cant-spar  (kant'spar),  n.  Naut  a  hand-mast 
pole,  tit  for  making  small  masts  or  yards, 
booms,  Ac. 

Cant-timber  (kant'tim-ber),  n.  In  ship- 
building, one  of  the  timbers  at  the  end  of  a 
ship,  which  are  canted,  that  is,  rise  obliquely 
from  the  keel.  The  pair  (called  knight- 
heads)  at  the  stem  form  a  bed  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  bowsprit.and  incline  forward, 
while  the  pair  at  the  stern  incline  aft. 

Canty  (kan'ti),  a.  [Comp.  Ir.  cainteach, 
talkative.]  [Northern  English  and  Scotch.  ] 
Lively;  sprightly;  cheerful:  applied  to  per- 
sons and  things.  'Contented  with  little  and 
canty  wi'  mair.1  jKtmw.  '  The  canty  dame. ' 
Wordsworth. 

There  were  the  bailie's  wife,  and  the  bailie's  three 
daughters,  and  the  bailie's  grown-up  son,  and  three 
or  four  stout,  bushy  eye-browed,  canty  old  Scotch 
fellows.  Dickens. 

Canula.    See  CANNULA. 

Canvas  (kan'vas),  n.  [Kr.  canevas,  Pr.  cana- 
bas,  It.  canavaccio,  L.  L.  canabaciux,  from 
cannabis,  hemp.]  1.  A  coarse  cloth  made 
of  hemp  or  flax,  used  for  tents,  sails  of  ships, 
painting  on,  and  other  purposes ;  hence  a 
large  cannot  often  means  a  large  picture. 
'  And  on  the  flore  yeast  a  canevas. '  Chaucer. 
'  Bid  silent  poetry  the  canvas  warm. '  Mason. 
'Touched  the  glowing  canvas  into  life.' 
Addison.  —  2.  A  clear  unbleached  cloth, 
woven  regularly  in  little  squares,  used  for 
working  tapestry  with  the  needle.— 3.  Naut. 
cloth  in  sails,  or  sails  in  general ;  as,  to 
spread  as  much  canvas  as  the  ship  will  bear. 
'  lu  the  north  her  canvas  flowing.'  Tenny- 
son.— 4.  t  Disappointment;  dismissal.  Bur- 
ton.— To  receive  the  canvas  had  anciently, 
says  Nares,  the  same  meaning  as  to  get  we 
bag,  because  tradesmen's  tool -bags  were 
often  made  of  canvas. 

Canvas  (kan'vas),  a.    Made  of  canvas. 

Where-e'er  thy  navy  spreads  her  canvas  wings 
Homage  to  thec,  and  peace  to  all  she  brines. 

trailer. 

Canvas  (kan'yas),  v.  (.  pret.  A  pp.  canvassed; 
ppr.  canvassing.  To  provide  or  cover  with 
canvas. 

The  door  had  been  nailed  up  and  canvassed  over. 
Dickens. 

Canvas-back  (kan'vas-bak).  n.  A  species 
of  marine  duck  belonging  to  North  America, 
the  Fuligula  valisneria,  highly  esteemed 


for  the  delicacy  of  its  flesh.  It  is  found  in 
the  rivers  of  Chesapeake  Bay  and  adjoining 
waters.  It  derives  its  name  from  the  colour 
of  the  plumage  of  its  back. 

Canvas-climber  (kan'vas-klhn-or),  n.  A 
sailor  that  goes  aloft  to  handle  sails.  '  From 
tiie  ladder -tackle  washes  off  a  cancan- 
climber.'  Shafc. 

Canvass  (kan'vas), o.«.  [PromcanixM.canvas, 
and  formerly  also  a  sieve,  a  strainer,  because 
sieves  were  made  of  canvas;  like  O.Fr.  can- 
abasser,  to  examine,  search,  sift.  ]  ] .  To  exa- 
mine; to  scrutinize.— 2.  To  sift  or  exaniiii.- 
by  way  of  discussion;  to  discuss;  to  debate. 
•  An  opinion  that  we  are  likely  soon  to  cnn- 
v atss. '  Sir  W.  Hamilton.  '  He  canvassed  hu- 
man mysteries.'  Tennyson. 

To  canvass  with  official  breath 

The  future  and  its  viewless  things.    Matt.  Arnold. 

3.  To  go  through  soliciting  votes  or  support 
for  a  candidate  for  an  office  or  appointment ; 
as,  to  canvass  a  city,  district,  or  county  for 
votes.— 4.  To  apply  to  for  support  to  a  can- 
didate ;  to  solicit  a  vote  from ;  as,  he  can- 
vassed me  for  my  vote.— 5.  t  To  toss,  as  iu 
canvas.  Shak. 

Canvass  (kan'vas),  v.  i.  To  seek  or  go  about 
to  solicit  votes  or  interest,  or  to  obtain 
mercantile  orders ;  as,  to  canvass  for  an 
office  or  preferment ;  to  canvass  for  a 
friend ;  to  canvass  for  such  and  such  a  firm. 

Canvass  (kan'vas),  n.  1.  Examination;  close 
inspection ;  scrutiny ;  as,  a  canvass  of  votes. 
2.  Discussion;  debate.  'Worthy  the  canvass 
and  discussion  of  sober  and  considerate  men.' 
Dr.  U.  More.— 3.  A  seeking;  solicitation. 

No  previous  canvass  was  made  for  me.      Burke. 

Canvasser  (kan'vas-er),  ?i.  i.  One  who 
solicits  votes,  mercantile  orders,  &c. 

As  a  canvasser  he  (Wharton)  was  irresistible. 
Macattlay. 

2.  One  who  examines  the  returns  of  votes 
for  a  public  officer. 

Cany  (ka'ni),  a.  I.  Consisting  or  made  of 
cane.  '  Their  cany  waggons  light. '  Milton. 
2.  Abounding  with  canes ;  as,  cany  brakes. 

Canyon.    See  CANON. 

Canzone  (kan-ts6'na),  n.  (It,  from  L. 
cantia,  cantionis,  a  singing,  from  cano,  to 
sing.)  In  music,  (a)  a  song  or  air  in  two 
or  three  parts,  with  passages  of  fugue  and 
imitation.  (ft)  An  instrumental  composi- 
tion similar  to  the  earlier  forms  of  the 
sonata. 

Canzonet  (kan-zo-nef),  n.  [It.  canzonetta. 
See  CANZONE.)  In  tnutic,  (a)  a  little  or 
short  song,  shorter  and  less  elaborate  than 
the  arie  of  oratorio  or  opera,  (6)  t  A  short 
concerted  air ;  a  madrigal.  '  The  canzonet 
and  roundelay.'  Rogers. 

Caoutchine,  Caoutcnoucine  (ko'chin,  ko'- 
chb-sin),  n.  An  inflammable  volatile  oil 
produced  by  distillation  of  caoutchouc  at  a 
high  temperature. 

Caoutchouc  (ko'chok),  n.  [A  South  Ame- 
rican word.  ]  An  elastic  gummy  substance, 


Caoutchouc  (Siphonia  elastic*). 

which  is  the  inspissated  juice  of  several 
tropical  plants;  india-rubber;  gum -elastic. 
Our  chief  supplies  are  from  the  South  Ame- 
rican Siphonia  elastica  (Hevea  caoutchouc), 
a  euphorbiaceous  plant,  and  the  East  Indian 
Ficus  elastica,  nat.  order  Moracese.  But  it 
is  found  in  considerable  quantity  in  several 
apocynaceous  plants,  as  the  Urceola  elastica 
of  Sumatra,  and  alao  In  Castilloa  elastica, 
and  various  other  artocarpads,  &c.  It  is 
only,  however,  in  the  juice  of  tropical  or 
sub-tropical  plants  that  it  exists  in  such 
proportion  as  to  be  of  economical  import- 
ance. The  elasticity  of  this  substance  is 
very  great.  Cold  renders  it  stiff  and  rigid, 
but  heat  soon  restores  its  original  elasticity. 
When  exposed  to  the  fire  it  softens,  swells 
up,  fuses,  and  burns  with  a  bright  flame. 
Caoutchouc  has  become  an  article  of  great 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


CAP 


CAPE 


importance  in  commerce  anil  the  arts.  It 
is  impervious  to  water,  and  is  soluble  in 
ether,  naphtha,  benzol,  the  essential  oil  of 
turpentine,  Arc.  Thin  coatings  of  it  spread 
over  cloth  or  any  other  substance  render 
the  material  impervious  alike  to  air  and 
water.  Air  cushions  and  pillows  are  manu- 
factured in  this  way,  as  are  water-proof 
cloaks,  hats,  boots,  shoes,  <fec.  It  is  also 
extensively  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
lirares,  belts,  saddle-girths,  flexible  gas- 
tubi-s,  and  other  articles.  Caoutchouc  is 
composed  of  87'5  per  cent,  of  carbon  and 
12-5  per  cent,  of  hydrogen.  By  distillation 
it  yields  a  number  of  hydrocarbons.—  Vul- 
canized caoutchouc  or  india-rubber.  See 
VULCANIZATION. 

Cap  (kap),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cceppe,  a  cap,  cope, 
rape,  hood,  from  L.L.  capa,  cappa,  a  cape 
or  hooded  cloak,  whence  also  Sp.  capa, 
It.  cappa,  FT.  chape,  a  cloak,  cape,  cover. 
Muhn  thinks  the  L.L.  cappa  may  be  of 
Iberian  origin.  Cape  and  cope  (in  some  of 
its  meanings)  are  forms  of  the  same  word.] 
1.  A  part  of  dress  made  to  cover  the  head, 
a  term  very  widely  applied,  but  generally 
to  head-coverings  of  softer  material  and  less 
definite  form  than  a  hat,  and  without  a 
brim.— 2.  The  badge  or  ensign  of  some  dig- 
nity ;  specifically,  of  a  cardinalate. 

He'll  make  his  cap  coequal  with  the  crown.    Shak. 

3.  The  top  or  chief;  the  acme. 

Tliou  art  the  cap  of  all  the  fools  alive.        Shak. 

4.  An  act  of  respect  made  by  uncovering 
the  head. 

Give  a  cap  and  make  a  leg  in  thanks.       Fuller. 

5.  A  certain  size  of  paper.     Full  cap  Is 
14x17  inches;  double  cap,  17x28.    See  also 
FOOLSCAP.— 6.  Anything  resembling  a  cap 
in  appearance,  position,  or  use.    In  this 
sense   the   word  has  a  great   number  of 
specific  uses,  of  which  the  following  are 
among   the   principal:  — (a)  In   arch,    the 
congeries  of   mouldings  which  form   the 
head  of  a  pier  or  pilaster.    (&)  In  bot.  the 
pileus  of  an  agaric.    See  PILEUS.    (c)  In 
carp,  the  uppermost  of  any  assemblage  of 
parts,    (rf)  In  her.  the  figure  of  a  cap  used 
iu  charges,  and  as  part  of  a  crest  or  an 
accessory  in  a  coat  of  arms,  sometimes  of 
very  conventional  shape,     (e)  The  inner 
case  which  covers  the  movement  of  some 
kinds  of  watches,  &c.    (/)  A  percussion-cap 
(which  see).  (g)Naut.  (l)athick  strong  block 
of  wood  used  to  confine  two  masts  together 
when  one  is  erected  at  the  head  of  another. 
(2)  A  term  applied  to  square  blocks  of  wood 
laid  upon  others,  on  which  rests  the  keel  of 
the  vessel  in  the  process  of  building.    (3)  A 
covering  of  tarred  canvas  for  the  end  of  a 
rope,    (h)  A  small  paper  bag  for  holding 
groceries,  &c.,  made  by  twisting  up  a  sheet 
of  paper  in  the  form  of  a  cone  and  twisting 
or  folding  the  end  to  keep  it  firm.— Cap 
of  a  cannon,  a  piece  of  lead  laid  over  the 
vent  to  keep  the  priming  dry.    Called  also 
an  Apron.— Cap  of  dignity  or  maintenance, 
a  head  tire  formerly  worn  by  dukes  and 
commanders  in  token  of  excellency,  now 
an  ornament  of  state  carried  before  the 
sovereigns  of  England  at  their  coronation, 
and  also  before  the  mayors  of  some  cities. 
It  is  of  scarlet  velvet  turned  up  with  ermine. 
In  her.  the  figure  of  such  a  cap  is  often  used 
to  place  crests  upon  instead  of  a  wreath, 
and  it  also  occurs  as  a  charge.    Also  called 
Chapeau.    See  under  MAINTENANCE.— To 
get  one's  cap  at,  to  use  measures  to  gain  the 
affections  of  a  man  with  a  view  to  matri- 
mony. 

Cap  (kap),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  capped;  ppr. 
capping,  1.  To  put  a  cap  on ;  to  cover  with 
a  cap  or  as  with  a  cap ;  to  cover  the  top  or 
end  of ;  as,  to  cap  a  dunce  at  school ;  to  cap 
a  gun  (that  is,  put  a  percussion  cap  on  it); 
bones  'capped  by  a  layer  of  hard  cement.' 
Oicen.  'The  cloud-capped  towers.'  Shak. 
'  Mountains  almost  perpetually  capped  with 
snow.'  Boyle.—  2.  To  complete ;  to  consum- 
mate ;  to  crown ;  to  follow  up  with  some- 
thing more  remarkable  than  what  has  pre- 
viously been  done ;  as,  he  capped  this  exploit 
by  another  still  more  audacious. — 3.  t  To  de- 
prive of  the  cap.  '  As  boys  sometimes  use  to 
cap  one  another.'  Spenser. — To  cap  a  rope 
(naut.),  to  cover  the  end  of  it  with  tarred 
canvas. — To  cap  texts  or  proverbs,  to  quote 
texts  or  proverbs  alternately  in  emulation 
or  contest. 

Henderson  and  th'  other  masses, 

Were  sent  to  cap  texts  and  put  cases.    Hudibras. 

\  will  cap  that  proverb  with  '  There  is  flattery  in 
friendship.'  Shak. 


— To  cap  verges,  to  quote  alternately  verses 
begin n ing  with  a  particular  letter  or  having 
a  Domtpooding  rhyme. 
Capt  (kap),  v.i.     To  uncover  the  head  in 
reverence  or  civility. 

Still  capping,   cringing,  applauding: — waiting  at 
im:ii\  doors  with  all  affability.  Burton. 

Cap,  Caup  (kap,  kap),  n.   [A  parallel  form  of 

cup.]  A  wiMidi'ii  bowl  fnr  containing  food, 
whether  solid  or  fluid.  [Scotch.] 
Capability  (ka-pa-bil'i-ti).n.  1.  The  quality 
of  being  capable;  capacity;  capablenesa. 
Specifically— 2.  Mental  power;  intellectual 
ability. 

Sure,  he  that  made  us  with  such  large  discourse, 

Looking'  before  and  after,  gave  us  not 

That  capability  and  godlike  reason 

To  fust  in  us  unused.  Shak. 

Capable  (ka'pa-bl),  a.  [Fr.  capable,  cap- 
able, able,  sufficient,  L.L.  capabtlia,  from  L. 
capio,  to  take,  whence  also  a  great  num- 
ber of  English  words,  as  captiotts,  captive, 
accept,  except,  conception,  deception,  recep- 
tacle, susceptible,  recipient,  occupy,  &c.  The 
last  two  meanings,  however,  come  rather 
from  the  L.  capax.  SeeCAPACious.j  1.  Able 
to  receive;  open  to  influences;  impressible; 
receptive ;  susceptible ;  admitting :  usually 
followed  by  of;  as,  capable  o/pain  and  grief; 
capable  of  long  duration ;  capable  of  being 
coloured  or  altered.  ' Capable  of  fears.' 
Shak.  'Capable  of  things  serious.'  Shak. 
Sometimes  used  absolutely,  as  in  the  next 
quotation. 

His  form  and  cause  conjoin'd,  preaching  to  stones. 
Would  make  them  capable.  Shak. 

2.t  Fitted  or  deserving  to  receive.  '  Cap- 
able of  mercy. '  Ld.  Herbert.  —  3.  Endued 
with  power ;  sufficient  (to  do  anything) : 
usually  followed  by  of  or  the  infinitive; 
as,  a  man  is  capable  of  judging  or  capable 
to  perform  the  duties  of  a  post—  4.  Hav- 
ing legal  power  or  capacity ;  as,  a  bastard 
is  not  capable  of  inheriting  an  estate.  — 
.">.  t  Qualified  to  have  or  possess. 

Of  my  land. 

Loyal  and  natural  boy,  I'll  work  the  means 
To  make  thee  capable.  Shak. 

6.  Possessing  mental  powers;  intelligent; 
able  to  understand  or  receive  into  the 
mind ;  able ;  competent ;  as,  a  capable 
judge;  a  capable  instructor.  — 7. t  Able  to 
be  received.  [Rare.] 

Lean  but  upon  a  rush 
The  cicatrice  and  capable  impressure 
Thy  palm  some  moment  keeps.  Sltafc. 

8.  t  Able  to  hold  or  contain ;  able  to  receive ; 
sufficiently  capacious :  followed  by  of. 

The    place    chosen    was    the    cathedral    church, 
capable  of  about  400  persons.  Ld.  Herbert. 

9.t  Fig.  capacious;  extensive;  comprehen- 
sive. '  A  capable  and  wide  revenge.'  Shak. 
SYN.  Able,  competent,  qualified,  fitted,  effi- 
cient, effective,  skilful. 

Capableness  (ka'pa-bl-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  capable;  capability; 
capacity ;  power  of  understanding ;  know- 
ledge. 

Capacify  t  (ka-pas'i-fi),  v.t.  [L.  capax,  cap- 
able, capacious,  and  facto,  to  make.]  To 
qualify. 

Wisdom   capacifies    us   to   enjoy    pleasantly   and 
innocently  all  good  things.  Barrou-. 

Capacious  (ka- pa 'alms),  a.  [L.  capax, 
capads,  able  to  take  in  or  contain,  spacious, 
capable,  from  capio,  to  take  or  hold.] 

1.  Wide;  large;  capable  of  holding  much; 
roomy ;    spacious ;    extensive ;    as,  a  capa- 
cious vessel ;  a  capacious  bay  or  harbour. — 

2.  Able  to  embrace  much  knowledge  or  to 
take  comprehensive  views.     '  A  capacious 
mind.'     Watt*. 

Capaciously  (ka-pa'shus-li),  adv.  In  a  capa- 
cious manner  or  degree. 

Capaciousness  (ka-pa'shus-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  capacious:  (a) 
wideness;  largeness;  extensiveness.  (b)  Com- 
prehensiveness; power  of  taking  a  wide  sur- 
vey: applied  to  the  mind. 

Capacitate  (ka-pas'i-tat),  v.t.  pret.  <fe  pp. 
capacitated;  ppr.  capacitating  [See  CAPA- 
CITY.] 1.  To  make  capable;  to  enable;  as, 
to  capacitate  one  for  understanding  a  the- 
orem. 

By  this  instruction  we  may  be  capacitated  to  ob- 
serve these  errors.  Dryden. 

Specifically— 2.  To  furnish  with  legal  powers; 

to  qualify;  as,  to  capacitate  one   for  an 

office. 
Capacitatlon  (ka-pas'i-ta"shon),  n.    The 

act  of  making  capable.    [Rare.] 
Capacity  (ka-pas'i-ti),  n.  [L.  capocito*.  from 

capax,  capacious.    See  CAPACIOUS.]    1.  The 

power  of  receiving  or  containing ;  specifi- 


cally, the  power  of  containing  a  certain 
quantity  exactly;  cubic  content* 

Had  our  great  palace  the  capacity 
To  camp  this  host,  we  all  would  iup  together, 
Sha*. 

2.  The  extent  or  comprehensiveness  of  the 
mind;  the  power  of  receiving  id*  'tis  or  know- 
ledge; pUHhre   mental   capability;  Mi.    rt 
cepttve  faculty;  as,  instruction  should  tw 
adapted  to  the  capacity  of  the  pupil. 

Capacity  is  now  properly  limited  to  these  {Ihe 
merely  passive  operations  <,f  the  mind);  its  primary 
signification,  which  is  literally  room  for,  as  well  as 
its  employment,  favours  this,  although  it  cannot  be 
denied  there  are  examples  of  its  use  in  an  active 
sense.  sir  If.  Hamilton. 

3.  Active  power;  ability:  applied  to  men  or 
things. 

Hate,  and  fear,  and  remorse,  and  crime  have  in 
them  the  capacity  of  stirring  in  us  a  horror  of  mor.il 
repugnance  such  as  pagan  art  had  no  m 
awakening.  Dr.  Cairo1. 

4.  Ability  in  a  moral  or  legal  sense;  legal 
qualification;   legal  power  or  right;  as,  a 
man  or  a  corporation  may  have  a  capacity 
to  give  or  receive  and  hold  estate;  a  man  is 
present  at  a  meeting  in  his  capacity  of  elec- 
tor, that  is,  in  virtue  of  his  legal  qualifica- 
tion as  an  elector. 

He  had  been  restored  to  his  capacity  of  governing 
by  renouncing  the  errors  of  Popery.  Brougham. 

Hence — 5.  Character;  profession;  occupa- 
tion. 

You  desire  my  thoughts  as  a  friend,  and  not  as  a 
member  of  parliament ;  they  are  the  same  in  both 
capacities.  S-wi/t. 

— Capacity  for  heat,  the  power  of  absorbing 
heat.  Experiment  shows  that  different 
quantities  of  heat  are  required  to  raise  dif- 
ferent bodies  to  the  same  temperature,  and 
those  substances  which  require  the  largest 
quantity  of  heat  to  raise  them  to  a  given 
temperature  are  said  to  have  the  greatest 
capacity  for  heat.—  Ability,  Capacity.  See 
under  ABILITY. 

Cap-a-pie  (kap-a-peO-  [O.Fr.,  lit.  head  to 
foot.  In  Mod.  Fr.  this  is  now  expressed  by 
de  pied  en  cap,  from  foot  to  head.]  From 
head  to  foot;  all  over. 

He  was  armed  cap-a-pie,  and  wore  a  suit  of  bur- 
nished steel.  Prescott. 

Also  written  cap-a-pe.  'Armed  at  point 
exactly,  cap-a-pe.'  Shak. 
Caparison  (ka-par'i-son),  n.  [Fr.  caparacon, 
O.Fr.  caparasson,  from  Sp.  caparazon,  a 
cover  put  over  the  saddle  of  a  horse,  a  cover 
for  a  coach,  aug.  of  capa,  a  cover.  See  CAP, 
CAPE.]  1.  A  cloth  or  covering,  more  or  less 
ornamented,  laid  over  the  saddle  orf  urniture 
of  a  horse,  especially  a  sumpter  horse,  or 
horse  of  state.  '  Rich  caparisons  or  trap- 
ping gay.'  Shak.  Hence— 2.  Clothing,  espe- 
cially gay  clothing. 

My  heart  groans  beneath  the  gay  caparison. 

Smollett. 

Caparison  (ka-par'i-son),  v.t.  1.  To  cover 
with  a  caparison,  as  a  horse.— 2.  To  dress 
pompously;  to  adorn  with  rich  dress. 

Caparisoned  (ka-par/i-sond),  p.  and  a.  Cov- 


War -horse  caparisoned,  from  seal  of  Philip 
of  Burgundy. 

ered  with  a  caparison  or  decorated  cloth,  as 
ahorse;  adorned. 

The  steeds,  caparison'd  with  purple,  stand 

With  golden  trappings,  glorious  to  behold.  Dryden. 

Capcaset  (kap'kas),  n.  A  small  travelling 
case  'A  capcase  for  your  linen.'  Beau. 
<fc  Fl. 

Cape  (kap),  n.  [Fr.  cap,  It.  capo,' a  cape 
from  L.  caput,  the  head.  ]  1.  A  piece  of  land 
jutting  into  the  sea  or  a  lake  beyond  the 
rest  of  the  coast-line ;  a  headland ;  a  pro- 


ch,  cAaiii;      Oh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  po;      J,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  8in0;      TH,  tfien;  th,  tfiu;      w,  trig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CAPE 


390 


CAPITAL 


montory.—  2.  A  kind  of  wine  from  the  Cape 
of  Good  Hope.  Simmondt. 

Cape  (kap),  ».  [O.Kr.  cape,  L.L.  capa,  a 
kiinl  of  covering  for  the  shoulders.  See 
CAP  ]  1.  The  part  of  a  garment  hanging 
from  the  neck  behind  and  over  the  shoulders. 
2.  A  loose  garment,  hung  from  the  shoulders, 
and  worn  as  a  protection  against  rain,  cold 
weather,  &c. 

Cape  (ka'pe),  n.  [L.  cape,  imper.  of  capw, 
to  take.]  A  judicial  writ,  now  abolished, 
relative  to  a  plea  of  lands  or  tenements,  di- 
vided into  cape  magnum,  or  the  grand  cape, 
and  cape  parwtm,  or  petit  cape,  so  named 
from  the  word  with  which  it  began. 

Cape  (kap),  u.t.  pret.  &  pp.  caped;  ppr.  cap- 
iny.  Xaut.  to  keep  a  course;  to  head  or 
point;  as,  how  does  she  cape) 

Cartel  Caple  (ka'pl),  n.  A  compound  stone, 
consisting  of  quartz,  schorl,  and  hornblende, 


conss        o  ,  ,  , 

generally  occurring  on  both  walls  of  a  tin 
lode,  and  sometimes  with  copper  lodes. 
Capel,t  Caple,t  n.    (L.  cabaUus.  a  horse 


,  ,       .        .  . 

whence  also  Icel.  kapall,  Gael,  capull.]  A 
horse.  '  And  gave  him  caples  te  his  carte. 
Piers  Plowman. 

Capelau,  Capelln  (kap'e-lan,  kap'e-lin),  n. 
See  CAPLIN. 

Capella  (ka-pella),  ».  [Dim.  of  L.  capra,  a 
she-goat.]  A  bright  fixed  star  ill  the  left 
shoulder  of  the  constellation  Auriga. 

Capellanet  (kap'el-lan),?i.  [Fr.  capelan.  See 
CHAPLAIN.]  A  chaplain;  a  curate  of  a 
chapel.  Fuller. 

Capellet  (kap'el-let),  n.  [Fr.  capelet.]  A 
kind  of  swelling  like  a  wen,  growing  on  the 
heel  of  the  hock  of  a  horse,  and  on  the  point 
of  the  elbow. 

Capellmelster  (ka-pel'mis-ter),  n.  [G.  ca- 
pellmeMer—capelle,  a  chapel,  and  ineister,  a 
master.)  1.  The  musical  director  of  a  church 
or  chapel  in  Germany;  a  choir-master;  a 
precentor.—  2.  The  conductor  of  a  band  or 
an  opera. 

Cape-pigeon  (kap'pij-on),  n.  A  species  of 
petrel  common  about  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  (Procellaria  Capensis). 

Caper  (ka'p6r),  n.  [Fr.  cabriole,  It.  capriola, 
a  caper,  from  L.  caper,  capra,  a  goat.]  A 
leap;  a  skip;  a  spring,  as  in  dancing  or 
mirth,  or  in  the  frolic  of  a  goat  or  lamb  ;  a 
sportive  or  capricious  action;  a  prank. 

We  that  are  true  lovers,  run  into  strange  capers. 
Shak. 

—To  cut  capers,  to  leap  or  dance  in  a  frolic- 
some manner  ;  to  act  sportively  or  caprici- 
ously. 


My  bosom  underwent  a  glorious  glow 
And  my  internal  spirit  cut  a  caper. 


Byrt 


Caper  (ka'per),  v.i.     To  leap;  to  skip  or 
jump;  to  prance;  to  spring.      'Making  a 
roan  horse  caper.'    Tennyson. 
He  capers,  he  dances,  he  has  eyes  of  youth.     Shak. 

Caper  (ka'p&r),  n.  [Fr.  cdpre,  O.  Fr.  cappre, 
L.  capparis.  Or.  fcapparis,  from  Pers.  Irabar, 
the  caper.]  The  bud  of  Capparis  spinoaa, 
or  caper-bush,  which  is  much  used  as  a 


Capercailzie,  Capercailyie  (ka-per -kal  zi, 
ka- per -kill 'ye),  n.  [Gael,  capull-choile  — 
capull,  a  horse,  and  coille,  a  wood— so  named 
from  its  pre-eminence  in  size.]  The  Scotch 
name  for  the  wood-grouse  (Tetrao  uro- 
qallui),  the  largest  of  the  gallinaceous  birds 
of  Europe.  It  is  most  frequently  found  in 


Capercailzie  (Tetrao 


Caper  (Capparis  spinosa). 

condiment;  the  plant  itself.  The  buds  are 
collected  before  the  flowers  expand,  and  pre- 
served in  vinegar.  The  bush  is  a  low  shrub, 
growing  on  old  walls,  from  fissures  in  rocks 
or  amongst  rubbish,  in  the  countries  border- 
ing the  Mediterranean. 
Caper  (ka'per),  n.  [D.  kaper,  a  privateer, 
from  kapen,  to  make  prizes  at  sea,  to  pilfer ; 
Dan.  kaper,  G.  caper,  a  privateer.]  Xaut.  a 
light  armed  vessel  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, used  by  the  Dutch  for  privateering. 

The  trade  into  the  Straight  can  neither  be  secured 
hy  our  own  convoys,  nor  by  the  French  fleets  in  the 
Mediterranean,  from  the  Dutch  capers. 

Sir  If.  Temple. 

Caper-bush  (ka'per-bush).    See  CAPER. 


the  northern  parts  of  the  Continent,  Nor- 
way and  Sweden  being  favourite  homes.  For 
some  time  it  was  almost  or  wholly  eitinct  in 
Great  Britain;  but  it  now  again  holds  a 
place  in  the  British  fauna,  and  constitutes 
one  of  its  greatest  ornaments,  having  been 
reintroduced  into  Scotland.  The  male  is 
commonly  called  the  mountain  cock  or  cock 
of  the  woods.  Boece  calls  it  'the  caper- 
cailye or  wilde  horse.' 

Caperclaw.t  Capperclawt  (ka'per-kla, 
kap'er-kla),  v.  t.  [Perhaps  a  mere  mis-spell- 
ing of  clapperclaw.]  To  tear  with  the  nails; 
to  clapperclaw;  to  abuse. 

He  eaperclawetH  Beza  very  sore.  Birch. 

Caper-cutting  (ka'per-kut'ing),  a.  Danc- 
ing in  a  frolicsome  manner;  flighty.  Beau. 
£  Fl. 

Caperdewsiet  (kap'er-du-si),  n.  The  stocks. 
Ualliwell. 

I  here  engage  myself  to  loose  ye. 
And  free  your  heels  from  capcrdCTvsie. 

Hudibras. 

Caperer  (ka'p6r-er),  n.  One  who  capers, 
leaps,  and  skips  about  or  dances.  '  The 
nimble  caperer  on  the  cord.'  Dryden. 

Capering  (ka'per-ing),  p.  and  a.  After  the 
manner  of  a  caperer;  (lancing.  '  Nor  caper- 
ing monsieur  from  active  France. '  Rowe. 

Caper-sauce  (ka'per-sas),N.  A  kind  of  sauce 
seasoned  with  capers. 

Caper-tea  (ka'per-te),  n.  A  peculiar  kind 
of  black  tea,  with  a  knotty  curled  leaf,  so 
named  from  its  fancied  resemblance  to  the 
caper. 

Caper-tree  (ka'pcr-tre),  n.  The  caper  or 
caper-bush. 

Capetian  ( ka-pe'ti-an  or  ka-pe'shi-an ),  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  third  Frankish  dynasty, 
founded  about  the  close  of  the  tenth  cen- 
tury, when  Hugo  Capet  ascended  the  French 
throne.  Capet  was  considered  the  family 
name  of  the  kings  of  France ;  hence  Louis 
XVI.  was  arraigned  before  the  National 
Convention  under  the  name  of  Louis  Capet. 

Capful  (kap'ful),  ».  As  much  as  nils  a  cap; 
a  small  quantity. 

There  came  a  cafftil  of  grape  right  in  our  faces. 
V.  H.  Kussell. 

Specifically  in  nautical  language  applied  to 
a  light  flaw  of  wind  which  suddenly  careens 
a  vessel  and  passes  off. 

I  warrant  you  you  were  frightened,  wa'nt  you,  last 
night,  when  it  blew  but  a  cap/tit  of  wind.       Defoe. 

Capias  (ka'pi-as),  n.  [L. ,  you  may  take.  ]  In 
(010,  a  writ  of  two  sorts;  one  before  judg- 
ment, called  a  capias  ad  respondendttm, 
wtiere  an  original  is  issued,  to  take  the 
defendant  and  make  him  answer  to  the 
plaintiff;  the  other,  which  issues  after  judg- 
ment, of  divers  kinds;  as,  a  capias  ad  satis- 
fa.Mndum,  or  writ  of  execution. 

Capibara  (ka-pi-ba'ra),  n.    See  CAPYBARA. 

Capillaceous(kap-il-la'shus),  a.  [L.  capilla- 
ceus,  hairy.  ]  Resembling  a  hair  or  the  hair 
of  the  head.  See  CAPILLARY. 

Capillaire  (ka-pil-lar'),  n.  [Fr.  capillaire, 
the  maiden-hair  fern,  and  a  syrup  from  it, 
from  L.  capillaris,  capillary.]  Originally  a 
kind  of  syrup  prepared  with  maiden-hair 
fern,  but  now  applied  to  any  simple  syrup, 
as  of  sugar  or  honey,  flavoured  with  orange 
flowers,  or  orange-flower  water. 

Capillament  (ka-pil'la-ment),  n.  [L.  capilla- 
mentum,  anything  like  hair.]  A  filament 
or  fine  fibre;  specifically,  in  hot.  the  fila- 
ment, the  stalk  of  the  stamen,  a  small  fine 
thread  like  a  hair.  'The  solid  capUlamente 
of  the  nerves. '  Bp.  Berkeley. 


Capillariness  (kap'il-la-ri-nes  or  ka-pil'la- 
ri-nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  capillary  ; 
capillarity.  [Rare.] 

Capillarity  (kap-il-lar'i-ti),  n.  The  state  .  ,r 
condition  of  being  capillary. 

Capillary  (kap'il-la-ri  or  ka-pil'la-ri),  a.  [L. 
capillary,  from  capillus,  hair,  from  root 
of  caput,  the  head.]  1.  Resembling  a  hair, 
fine,  minute,  small  in  diameter  though  long; 
filiform;  as,  a  capillary  tube  or  pipe;  a  cap- 
illary vessel  in  animal  bodies,  such  as  the 
ramifications  of  the  blood-vessels. — 2.  t  Spe- 
cifically, in  but.  resembling  hair  in  the  man- 
ner of  growth:  applied  in  this  sense  by  Ray, 
Boerhaave,  and  others  to  ferns. 

Capillary  or  capillaceous  plants  are  such  as  have 
no  main  stalk  or  stem,  but  grow  to  the  ground,  as 
hairs  on  the  head;  and  which  Dear  their  seeds  in  little 
tufts  or  protuberances  on  the  backside  of  their 
leaves.  Quinty. 

3.  Pertaining  to  capillary  tubes,  or  to  the 
capillary  vessels  or  capillaries  in  organic 
structures;  as,  capillary  action. —Capillanj 
tubes  are  tubes  with  very  small  bores,  of 
which  the  diameter  is  only  a  half,  a  third, 
a  fourth,  &c.,  of  a  line.  If  a  tube  of  this 
sort,  open  at  both  ends,  he  taken  and  one 
of  its  ends  immersed  in  water,  the  water 
will  rise  within  the  tube  to  a  sensible  height 
above  the  surface  of  the  water  in  the  vessel, 
the  height  being  inversely  as  the  diameter 
of  the  bore,  or  the  smaller  the  bore  the 
greater  the  height.  Different  liquids  rise 
in  capillary  tubes  to  different  heights.  The 
rise  is  owing  to  the  attraction  (called  capil- 
lary attraction)  which  subsists  between  the 
fluid  and  the  matter  of  the  tube;  conse- 
quently those  liquids  which  do  not  adhere 
to  or  wet  glass  do  not  rise  in  capillary  tubes 
of  that  material,  but  on  the  contrary  stand 
lower  within  than  without;  thus,  water, 
alcohol,  ether,  oils,  Ac. ,  rise  in  narrow  tubes 
of  glass,  metal,  &c. ,  having  the  surface 
clean,  but  if  the  surface  is  greased  depres- 
sion takes  place  instead  of  elevation.  Mer- 
cury, on  the  other  hand,  is  depressed  in  a 
glass  tube,  but  rises  in  one  of  tin,  to  which 
it  can  adhere.  Capillary  attraction  is  ex- 
hibited in  numberless  instances  in  nature, 
as  in  the  rising  of  the  sap  in  vegetables  and 
in  the  circulation  of  fluids  in  the  porous 
tissues  of  animal  bodies.  The  oil  or  grease 
rises  in  the  wick  of  a  lamp  or  caudle  by  this 
principle. — Capillary  repulsion,  the  repul- 
sion which  is  exhibited  when  a  capillary 
tube  is  dipped  into  mercury,  so  that  the 
fluid  stands  lower  within  the  tube  than 
without.  —  Capillary  vessels,  in  anat  the 
minute  ramifications  of  the  arteries  and 
other  vessels.  They  are  also  termed  Capil- 
laries. 
Capillary  (kap'il-la-ri  or  ka-pil'la-ri),  n. 

1.  A  tube  with  a  small  bore ;  specifically,  a 
minute  blood-vessel  constituting  the  termi- 
nation of  an  artery  or  vein ;  one  of  the 
minute  vessels  which  intervene    between 
the  terminal  arteries  and  veins.    The  dia- 
meter of  the  human  capillaries  in  muscular 
tissue  averages  0-003  of  a  line.— 2.  t  In  bat.  a 
fern;   especially  applied  to  such  ferns  as 
grow  like  tufts  of  hair  on  walls.     See  the 
adjective.     Sir  T.  Browne. 

Capillation  t  ( kap-il-la'shon ),  n.  A  blood- 
vessel like  a  hair;  a  capillary.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Capillature  (ka-pil'la-tur),  n.  A  bush  of 
hair;  frizzling  of  the  hair.  [Rare.] 

Capilliform  (ka-pil'li-form),  o.  [L.  capillus, 
a  nair,  and  forma,  form.  ]  In  the  shape  or 
form  of  a  hair  or  of  hairs;  as,  a  capiUiJorm 
fibre. 

Capillitlum  (kap-il-li'shi-um),  n.  [L.  capil- 
lus, a  hair.]  In  but.  a  kind  of  purse  or  net  to 
which  the  sporules  of  some  fungi  are  re- 
tained. 

CapillOBe  (kap'il-los),  a.  [See  CAPILLARY.) 
Hairy;  abounding  with  hair. 

Capistrum  (ka-pis'trum),  n.  [L.  capistnim, 
a  halter,  muzzle.  ]  In  surg.  a  name  given  to 
several  kinds  of  bandages  for  the  head. 

Capital  (  kap'i-tal ),  «.  I  L.  capitalut,  capi- 
tal, deadly,  also  pre-eminent,  from  caput, 
the  head.]  l.t  Relating  to  the  head;  on  the 
head. 

Needs  must  the  serpent  now  his  capital  bruise 
Hxpect  with  mortal  pain.  Milton. 

2.  First  in  importance;  chief;   principal; 
notable;  metropolitan;  as,  a  capital  city  or 
town.  'A  capital  article  in  religion.'  Alter- 
bury.     'Whatever  is  capital  and  essential 
in  Christianity.'    It.  Taylor. 

This  had  been 

Perhaps  the  capital  seat,  from  whence  had  spread 
All  generations.  Milton. 

3.  Affecting  the  head  or  life ;  incurring  the 
forfeiture  of  life;  punishable  with  death;  as, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abuue;       y,  Sc.  ley. 


CAPITAL 

treason  and  murder  are  capital  offences  or 
crime* 

Several  cnses  deserve  greater  punishment  tun 
many  crimes  that  are  capital  among  us.  Swijt. 
—Capital  felonies  lire  those  crimes  upon 
conviction  of  which  the  offender  is  con- 
demned to  death.  In  England  these  crimes 
are  now  restricted  to  treason  and  murder. 
In  Scotland,  while  several  charges,  such  as 
the  four  pleas  of  the  crown— murder,  roll, 
bery,  rape,  and  fire-raising,  are  still  capital, 
the  practice  is  virtually  the  same  as  in 
England,  capital  conviction  never  being 
prewed  for  except  in  the  case  of  murder.— 

4.  Very  good ;  excellent ;  first-class ;   as,  a 
capital  singer  or  player;  a  capital  dinner;  a 
capital  fellow.    [Mainly  a  collocj.  usage.] 

\\']Krn    the    reading    was 
over,  nobody  said  capital,  or 
even  good,  or  even  tolerable. 
T.  Hook. 

5.  In  writing  and  print- 
ing the  term  applied  to 
letters  of    a  particular 
form  and  of  a  larger  size 
than  the  other  letters  in 
the  same  piece  of  writ- 
ing or  the  same  fount 
in     printing.  —  Capital 
Croat;,  in  her.  a  cross  cor- 


Capital  Cross. 


nicetl  at  each  end.— -Capital  stock,  the  sum 
of  money  which  a  merchant,  banker,  or 
manufacturer  embarks  in  any  undertaking, 
or  which  he  contributes  to  the  common 
stock  of  a  partnership;  his  capital  invested. 
SYN.  Chief,  principal,  leading,  prominent, 
notable,  essential,  important,  excellent, 
first-class,  splendid. 

Capital  (kap'i-tal),  n.  [Partly  from  L.L. 
capitellitin,  the  capital  of  a  pillar,  capitu- 
1 1< in.  the  same, 
also  a  chapter  in 
a  book;  partly 
from  the  adjec- 
tive capital,  L. 
capitals,  chief, 
capital;  all  from 
capu  t,  the  head.  ] 


1.  The  head  or 

uppermost 
member  of  any 
part  of  a  build- 
ing; but  gener- 
ally applied  in  a 
restricted  sense 
to    the    upper- 
most  part  of   a  Egyptian  Capital 
column,    pillar, 

or  pilaster,  serving  as  the  head  or  crowning, 
and  placed  immediately  over  the  shaft,  and 
under  the  entablature.  In  claan.arch.  the  dif- 


Moorish  Capital,  Al- 
hambra. 


Gothic  Capital,  Salis- 
bury Cathedral. 


ferent  orders  have  their  respective  appropri- 
ate capitals,  but  in  Egyptian,  Indian,  Moor- 
ish, Norman,  and  Gothic  architecture  they 
are  endlessly  diversified. — 2.1n/or£.the  line 
which  bisects  the  salient  angle  of  a  ravelin. 
3.t  A  chapter  or  section  of  a  book.— 4.  By 
the  customary  omission  of  the  noun,  to 
which  the  adjective  capital  refers,  it  stands 
for  (a)  the  chief  city  or  town  in  a  kingdom 
or  state;  a  metropolis.  (6)  A  type  or  letter 
of  a  certain  form,  and  of  a  larger  size  than 
that  commonly  used  in  the  body  of  a  piece 
of  writing  or  printing ;  a  capital  letter, 
(c)  Money  or  wealth  in  some  shape  employed 
in  trade,  in  manufactures,  or  in  any  business; 
stock  in  trade :  in  pol.  econ.  it  is  defined  as 
the  produce  of  industry  which  remains  either 
in  the  shape  of  national  or  of  individual 
wealth,  after  a  portion  of  what  is  produced 
is  consumed,  and  which  is  still  available  for 
further  production.  Capital  may  be  applied 
either  directly  in  the  payment  of  labourers, 
or  in  providing  tools  and  other  auxiliary 
machinery , to  assist  their  labour  and  increase 
its  productiveness.  The  former  is  usually 
termed  circulating  capital  and  the  latter 
Jixed  capital.  Both,  however,  are  indispens- 


able to  the  progress  of  the  arts  ami  niitiunal 
wealth,  and  are  used  in  combination. 

Capital,  by  persons  wholly  unused  to  reflect  on 
the  subject,  is  supposed  to  be  synonymous  with 
money.  .Mill. 

((/)  t'uj.  stock  of  any  kind,  whether  physical 
or  moral;  means  of  intlucnce  or  of  increas- 
ing one's  power. 

The  Lords  have  no  constituents  to  talk  to,  and  no 
speeches  to  make  merely  as  political  capital. 

Quart.  Rfj. 

Capitalist  (  kap'i-tal-ist ),  n.  A  man  who 
has  a  capital  or  stock  in  trade,  usually 
denoting  a  man  of  large  property,  which  is 
or  may  be  employed  in  business. 

I  take  the  expenditure  of  the  capitalist,  not  the 
value  of  the  capital,  as  my  standard.  Burke. 

Capitalization  (kap'i-tal-iz-a"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  capitalizing:  (a)  the  act  of  applying 
as  capital  to  the  purposes  of  trade,  (b)  The 
act  of  computing  or  realizing  the  present 
value  of  a  periodical  payment,  (c)  The  act 
of  writing  or  printing  in  capitals. 

Capitalize  (kap'i-tal-iz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  capi- 
talized; ppr.  capitalizing.  1.  To  convert 
into  capital:  (a)  to  apply  as  capital  to  the 
purposes  of  trade.  (b)  To  compute  or 
realize  the  present  value  of  a  periodical 
payment  for  a  definite  or  indefinite  length 
of  time;  as,  to  capitalize  a  pension;  to  capi- 
talize rents. 

As  to  the  project  of  capitalizing  incomes,  that  is 
another  affair.  Times  tttwspaper. 

2.  To  form  or  print  in  capital  letters.  [Rare.] 

Capitally  (kap'i-tal-li),  adv.  In  a  capital 
manner :  (a)  so  as  to  involve  life.  'He  was 
punished  capitally.'  Up.  Patrick.  (6)  In  a 
pre-eminent  degree;  excellently;  finely;  as, 
she  sang  capitally.  [Colloq.] 

Capitalness  (kap'i-tal-nes),  n.  State  or 
quality  of  being  capital;  pre-eminence. 
[Rare.  ] 

Capitan-pacha,  Captain-pasha  (kap-i- 
tan'pa-sha',  kap'tan  or  kap  tin  pa-sha'),  n. 
The  chief  admiral  of  the  Turkish  fleet. 

Capitate  (kap'i-tat),  a.  [L.  capitatus,  from 
caput,  a  head.  ]  In  bot.  growing  in  a  head ; 
having  a  rounded  head;  pin-like:  applied  to 
a  flower  or  stigma. 

Capitation  (kap-i-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  capitatio, 
from  caput,  the  head.]  1.  Numeration  by 
the  head;  a  numbering  of  persons. — 2.  A 
tax  or  imposition  upon  each  head  or  person; 
a  poll-tax.  Sir  T.  Browne.  Sometimes 
written  Capitation-tax. — Capitation  grant, 
a  grant  of  so  much  per  head ;  specifically 
applied  to  grants  from  government  to 
schools,  on  account  of  such  scholars  as  pass 
a  certain  test  examination,  and  to  volunteer 
companies  on  account  of  such  members  as 
reach  the  stage  of  'efficients.' 

Capite  (kap'i-te).  Ablative  of  L.  caput,  the 
head,  used  in  such  legal  phrases  as  tenant 
or  tenure  in  capite.  A  tenant  in  capite, 
or  in  chief,  was  anciently  a  tenant  who  held 
lands  immediately  of  the  king  (the  caput, 
head,  or  lord  paramount  of  all  lands  in  the 
kingdom),  by  knight's  service  or  by  socage, 
this  tenure  being  called  tenure  in  capite. 
It  was  abolished  in  England  by  12  Charles 
II.  xxiv. 

Capitellate  (ka-pit'el-lat),  a.  [L.  capitellum, 
dim.  of  caput,  a  head.]  In  bot.  growing  in 
small  heads;  capitular. 

Capitol  (kap'i-tol),  n.  [L.  capitolium,  from 
caput,  the  head.]  1.  In  ancient  Home,  the 
name  of  a  hill  crowned  by  a  temple  dedi- 
cated to  Jupiter  and  by  a  citadel,  and  also 
of  the  temple  itself,  in  which  the  senate 
assembled.  The  same  name  was  given  to 
the  principal  temples  of  the  Romans  in 
their  colonies.— 2.  In  the  United  States,  the 
edifice  occupied  by  the  Congress  in  their 
deliberations  at  Washington;  also,  in  some 
states  the  state-house  or  house  in  which  the 
legislature  holds  its  sessions;  a  government 
house. 

Capitolian  (kap-i-toli-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Capitol  in  Rome. 

Capitoline  ( kap '  i  -  tol  -  in ),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  Capitol  in  Rome,  or  to  Jupiter,  in 
whose  honour  the  temple  called  the  Capitol 
was  erected.  — Capitoline  games,  in  ancient 
Rome,  annual  games  originally  instituted 
by  Camillus  in  honour  of  Jupiter  Capito- 
linus,  and  in  commemoration  of  the  preser- 
vation of  the  Capitol  from  the  Gauls,  and 
reinstituted,  after  having  fallen  into  disuse, 
by  Domitian,  after  which  they  were  cele- 
brated every  fifth  year. 

Capitonldaa  (kap-i-ton'i-de),  n.  pi.  [L. 
capita,  large  -  headed.  ]  The  name  some- 
times given  to  a  family  of  scansorial  birds, 
the  barbets,  nearly  allied  to  the  toucans. 


CAPLIN 

Capitular,  Capitulary  ( ka -  m't'u-ler,  ka- 
]nl'u-la-ri),  n.  [L.L.  capitulare,  from  L.  ca- 
pituluui.u  chapter,  a  capital.  See  CAPITA  I., 
n.  ]  1.  An  act  passed  in  a  chapter,  as  of 
knights  or  canons.— 2.  The  body  of  laws 
or  statutes  of  a  chapter  or  of  an  ecclesias- 
tical council  This  name  is  also  given  to 
the  laws,  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  made  by 
Charlemagne  and  other  princes  in  general 
i  mindls  ami  assemblies  of  the  people.  They 
are  so  called  because  they  are  divided  into 
chapters  or  section.-..  Lxhl  nn-mlu-i-  "f  a 
chapter.  'Statutes  which  shall  bind  the 
chapter  itself,  and  all  its  members,  or 
capitulart.'  Aylilfc. 

Capitular  (ka-pit'u-ler),  a.  1.  r.elonglng  to 
a  chapter;  capitulary.  2.  In  bot.  growing 
in  a  capitnlum  or  head,  as  the  dandelion, 
and  plants  of  the  order  Composito:. 

Capitularly  (ka-pit'u-ler-li),  ode.  In  the 
form  of  an  ecclesiastical  chapter. 

The  keeper.  Sir  Simon  Harcourt.  alleged  you  could 
do  nothing  but  when  all  three  were  capitularly  met. 

Sitiifl. 

Capitulary  (ka-pit'u-la-ri),  a.  Relating  to 
the  chapter  of  a  cathedraL  '  The  capitulary 
acts  of  York  Cathedral.'  T.  Warton. 

Capitulate  (ka-pit'u-lat),  v.i.  pret.  A  pp. 
capitulated;  ppr.  capitulating.  [1..  L.  ca- 
pitulo,  capitulatum,  to  arrange  in  heads  or 
chapters,  from  L.  capitulum,  a  chapter,  dim. 
of  caput,  the  head.]  l.t  To  draw  up  a 
writing  in  chapters,  heads,  or  articles : 
hence,  to  draw  np  articles  of  agreement; 
to  arrange  terms  of  agreement;  to  treat; 
also,  to  enter  into  an  agreement;  to  con- 
federate. '  Capitulate  again  with  Rome's 
mechanics.'  Shale. 

Percy.  Northumberland, 

The  archbishop's  grace  of  Yotk,  Douglas,  and  Mor- 
timer, 
Capitulate  against  us.  Sfiak. 

The  king  took  it  for  a  great  indignity  that  thieves 
should  offer  to  aipitulate  with  him  as  enemies. 

Sir  y.  Hayward. 

2.  To  surrender  to  an  enemy  on  certain 
stipulated  conditions:  used  especially  re- 
garding an  army  or  garrison,  when  the  terms 
of  surrender  are  specified  and  agreed  to  by 
the  parties. 

Cromwell  advanced  to  Edinburgh,  where  he  was 
received  without  any  opposition ;  and  the  castle  that 
made  long  resistance  did  capitulate.  Bp.  Burtut. 

Capitulation  (ka-pit'u-la"shonV  n.  1.  The 
act  of  capitulating  or  surrendering  to  an 
enemy  upon  stipulated  terms  or  conditions. 
2.  The  treaty  or  instrument  containing  the 
conditions  of  surrender. — 3.  An  article  of 
agreement ;  formal  agreement.  'With  spe- 
cial capitulation  that  neither  the  Scots  nor 
the  French  shall  refortify.'  Bp.  Burnet. 
[Rare.]  Specifically— 4.  (a)  In  old  German, 
polity,  a  contract  which  the  emperor  made 
with  the  electors,  in  the  names  of  the 
princes  and  states  of  the  empire,  before 
he  was  raised  to  the  imperial  dignity. 
(b)  See  extract. 

Capitulations  is  the  name  given  to  the  immunities 
and  privileges  granted  three  centuries  ago  to  France 
by  the  Ottoman  Porte  as  an  act  of  temporary  and 
voluntary  generosity,  but  which  have  been  since  con- 
verted by  decrees  into  a  series  of  one-sided  engage- 
ments which  now  absolutely  bind  the  Porte  towards  all 
the  Powers.  The  same  appellation  was  also  bestowed 
on  the  conventions  with  the  Swiss  cantons,  by  which 
Holland,  Spain,  the  Popes,  the  kings  of  Naples,  and 
all  the  king^  of  France,  from  Louis  XI.  to  Charles  X., 
have  taken  Swiss  regiments  into  their  service. 

Blacffwooifs  Afag. 

Capitulator  (ka-pit'u-la-ter),  n.  One  who 
capitulates. 

Capitulum  (ka-pit'u-lum),  71.  [L.,  a  small 
head  or  knob.  See  CAPITULATE.]  1.  In 
anat.  the  head  of  a  bone.— 2.  In  bot.  a  close 
head  of  sessile  flowers  (as  in  the  Compositse) ; 
also,  a  term  vaguely  applied  among  fungals 
to  the  receptacle,  pileus,  or  peridium.  Treai. 
Bot. 

Capivard  (kap-i-viird'),  n.  The  Brazilian 
water-hog  or  capybara  (which  see). 

Capivi  (ka-pe'vi),  ».  A  balsam  of  the  Spanish 
West  Indies.  See  COPAIBA. 

Caple,  ».    See  CAPEL. 

Caplin,  Capling  (kap'lin,  kap'ling),  n.  [Dim. 
of  cap,  or  a  corruption  of  coupling.]  The 
cap  or  band  of  leather  on  a  flail  through 
which  the  thongs  pass  that  connect  the 
swingel  to  the  staff.  [Local.  ] 

Caplin  (kap'lin),  «.  [Fr.  caplan,  capelan. 
Etym.  unknown.  ]  A  fish,  the  Salmo  arcticun 
orMallotusvillotus,  family Salmonidse.  Itis 
about  6  or  7  inches  long,  and  resembles  a 
smelt  in  form  and  colour,  but  has  very  small 
scales.  It  is  delicate  eating,  but  its  chief 
value  is  as  bait  for  cod.  This  flsh  frequents 
the  shores  of  Greenland,  Iceland,  Newfound- 


ch,  cAaiu;     ch,  Sc.  locA;     g,  go;     J,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;     ng, 


<FH,  then;  th,  (Ain;    w,  wig;    wh,  whiS;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


CAP-MONEY 


392 


CAPRIMTILGUS 


land,  and  Labrador  in  immense  shoals,  some- 
times more  than  50  miles  in  length  and 
several  miles  broad. 


Caplin  (Salmo  arcticus). 

Cap-money  (kap'mun-i),  n.  A  fox-hunting 
term  for  the  money  collected  for  the  hunts- 
man on  the  death  of  the  fox.  The  custom 
is  now  obsolete. 

Capnomancy  (kap'no-man-si),  n.  [Gr. 
kapnos,  smoke,  and  manteia,  divination.] 
Divination  by  the  ascent  or  motion  of 
smoke. 

Capnomor  (kap'no-mer),  n.  [Gr.  icapnos, 
smoke,  and  inoira,  a  part.]  (C^H^O^.)  A 
transparent  colourless  oil-like  fluid  obtained 
from  the  smoke  of  organic  bodies  or  from 
the  tar  of  wood. 

Capoc  (kap'ok),  n.  A  fine  short  cotton  of  the 
Kast  Indies,  used  chiefly  to  stuff  cushions, 
line  palanquins,  &c. 

Capocchiat  (ka-poch'i-a),  n.  [It.]  The 
feminine  form  of  capocchio,  a  fool:  used 
coaxingly  by  Pandarus  to  Cressida.  '  Alas, 
poor  wretch!  a  poor  capocchia.'  Shafc. 

Capoch,  11.  and  v.t.    See  CAPOUCH. 

Capon  (ka'pon),  ».  [A.  Sax.  capun,  hor- 
rowed  from  L.  capo,  Gr.  kapon— a  capon, 
from  a  root  seen  in  Gr.  kopto,  to  cut.] 
1.  A  castrated  cock;  a  cock-chicken  cas- 
trated for  the  purpose  of  improving  the 
flesh  for  table. —2.  Rarely  used  for  a  letter. 
It  is  said  to  have  got  this  application  from 
letters  being  often  conveyed  inside  fowls. 
So  poulet  in  French  meant  a  fowl  and  a 
letter. 

O,  thy  letter,  thy  letter;  he's  a  good  friend  of  mine; 
Stand  aside,  pood  bearer.     Boyet,  you  can  carve ; 
Break  up  this  capon.  Shak. 

Capon  (ka'pon),  v.t.    To  make  a  capon  of. 

Caponet  t  (ka'pon-et),  n.    A  young  capon. 

Caponiere,  Caponnlere  (kap-o-neY,  kap- 
on-nerO,  n.  [Fr.  caponniere,  Sp.  caponera, 
It.  capponiera.  Origin  doubtful.]  In  fort. 

(a)  a  covered  lodgment  sunk  4  or  5  feet 
into  a  ditch  for  its  defence,  encompassed 
with  a  parapet  about  2  feet  high,  serving 
to  support  several  planks  laden  with  earth. 

(b)  A  passage  from  one  part  of  a  work  to 
the  other,  protected  on  the  right  and  left 
by  a  wall  or  parapet,  and  sometimes  covered 
overhead.    When  there  is  a  parapet  on  one 
side  only  it  is  called  a  demi  caponiere. 

Caponlze  (ka'pon-iz),  t>.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  capon- 
ized;  ppr.  caponizing.  To  make  a  capon  of. 

Capot  (ka-pof),  n.  [Fr.  capot,  a  term  at 
piquet,  derived  by  Littre"  from  cape,  a  hood 
or  cape,  a  person  that  is  capotted  having,  as 
it  were,  a  hood  thrown  over  his  head.]  See 
CAPOTE.  ]  A  winning  of  all  the  tricks  of  cards 
at  the  game  of  piquet. 

Capot  (ka-pof),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  capotted; 
ppr.  capotting.  To  win  all  the  tricks  from 
at  piquet. 

That  last  game  I  had  with  my  sweet  cousin  I 
capotted  her.  Lamb. 

Capote  (ka-pof),  71.  [Fr.  capote,  from  cape, 
a  nood  or  cape,  L.L  capa.  See  CAP.]  A 
kind  of  long  cloak.  Byron, 

Capouch,  t  Capoch  t  (ka-pbchO,  n.  [Fr.  cap- 
uche,  capuce,  from  It.  capuccio,  an  aug.  of 
L.L.  capa,  cappa,  a  hood,  a  cape.  ]  A  monk's 
cowl  or  hood ;  also,  the  hood  of  a  cloak. 

Capouch,  t  Capoch t  (ka-pochO,  t>.  t.  To  cover 
with  or  as  with  a  hood ;  hence,  to  blind  or 
hoodwink. 


the  differences  are  very  many,  for  first,  they  are  di 
ently  cucullated  or  capoucneti  upon  the  head  and 


Between  the  cicada  and  that  we  call  a  grasshopper 
'      "~  '     '    '  "-  dirter- 

ntly 
back.  Sir  T.  Bi 


Cappadine  (kap'pa-din),  n.  A  sort  of  silk 
HOCK  taken  from  the  upper  part  of  the  silk- 
worm's cocoon  after  the  true  silk  has  been 
wound  off,  used  for  shag  in  making  rugs. 

Cappagh  Brown  (kap'pa6h  brounX  n. 
Manganese  -  brown  ;  a  bituminous  earth, 
coloured  by  oxide  of  manganese  and  iron, 
which  yields  pigments  of  various  rich  brown 
colours,  two  of  which  are  distinguished  as 
light  and  dark  Cappagh  browns.  Cappagh 
brown  derives  its  name  from  Cappagh,  near 
Cork,  in  Ireland. 

Cap-paper  (kap'pa-per),  n.  1.  A  coarse 
paper,  so  called  from  being  used  to  make 
caps  to  hold  commodities. —2.  A  kind  of 
writing  paper  in  large  sheets,  usually  called 
foolscap. 

Capparidaceae  ( kap'pa-ri-da"se-e ),  ».  pi. 


[L.  capparis,  the  caper.]  A  nat.  order  of 
dicotyledonous  polypetalous  herbaceous 
plants,  shrubs,  and  trees,  having  four  petals 
and  sepals,  a  great  number  of  stamens,  and 
an  ovary  elevated  upon  a  long  stalk.  All 
of  them  appear  to  be  more  or  less  acrid. 
Some  of  the  American  species  are  very 
poisonous;  others  act  as  vesicatories,  and 
a  few  are  merely  stimulant,  as  the  Cap- 
paris  spinosa,  or  caper-bush,  the  flower- 
buds  of  which  constitute  the  capers  of 
the  shops.  One,  the  C.  Sodada,  or  siwak, 
forms  one  of  the  most  characteristic  fea- 
tures in  African  vegetation  from  the  Great 
Desert  to  the  Niger.  It  is  a  bush  or  small 
tree  yielding  berries  with  a  taste  like  pepper; 
which  when  dried  constitute  an  important 
element  in  the  food  of  the  natives.  Its 
burnt  root  yields  no  small  quantity  of  salt. 

Capparidaceous  (kap'pa-ri-da'shus),a.  Per- 
taining to  the  Capparidacese. 

Capparis  (kap'pa-ris),  n.  A  genus  of  plants, 
including  the  C.  spinosa,  or  caper-bush;  C. 
Sodada,  or  siwak,  &c.  See  CAPER,  CAPPA- 
RIDACEa:. 

Cap-peak  (kap'pek),  n.  A  stiff  piece  in  front 
of  some  kinds  of  caps. 

Capped  Quartz  (kapf  kwarts),  n.  A  variety 
of  crystallized  quartz, occurring  in  Cornwall, 
imbedded  in  compact  quartz.  On  breaking 
the  matrix  the  crystals  are  revealed,  and  a 
cast  of  their  pyramidal  terminations  in  in- 
taglio is  obtained. 

Cappeline  (kap'pel-in),  ».  [L.L.  capeUina, 
cappellina,  dim.  of  capa,  a  cape  or  cap.]  A 
small  skull-cap  of  iron  worn  by  archers  in 
the  middle  ages. 

Capper  (kap'er),  n.  One  whose  business  is 
to  make  or  sell  caps. 

Cappernoity,  Cappernoited  Ckap'per-noi- 
ti,  kap'per-uoi-ted),  o.  [Icel.  kapp,  strife, 
and  nf/ta,  to  use.]  Crabbed;  peevish. 
[Scotch.] 

Capping-plane  (kap'ing-plan),  n.  In 
joinery,  a  plane  used  for  working  the  upper 
surface  of  staircase-rails. 

Cap-pudding  (kap'p\id-ing),  n.  A  pudding 
rounded  at  the  top,  which  top  consists  of 
currants,  raisins,  or  the  like,  and  resembles 
a  cap. 

Capra  (ka'pra),  n.  [L  ,  a  she-goat.]  The 
goat;  a  genus  of  ruminant  mammals.  See 
GOAT. 

Caprate  (kap'rat).  n.    A  salt  of  capric  acid. 

Caprella  (ka-prel'la),  n.  [Dim.  formed  from 
L.  cnpra,  a  she-goat.)  See  MANTIS-SHRIMP. 

Capreolate  (kap're-o-liit),  a.  (From  L.  cap- 
reoluy,  a  wild  goat,  a  tendril  of  a  vine,  dim. 
from  caper,  a  goat.  ]  In  bot.  having  tendrils, 
or  filiform  spiral  claspers,  by  which  plants 
fasten  themselves  to  other  bodies,  as  in 
vines,  peas,  &c. 

CapreolUBt  (ka-pre'o-lus),n.  [L.  See  above.] 
The  tendril  of  a  plant. 

Capric  (kap'rik),  a.  [L.  caper,  &  goat.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  a  goat  —  Capric  acid 
(CioIIooOa),  a  peculiar  acid  first  discovered 
by  Chevreul  in  the  butter  of  cow's  milk, 
in  which  it  exists  along  with  butyric  and 
caproic  acids,  as  well  as  in  the  milk  of 
the  goat.  It  occurs  also  in  cocoa-nut  oil 
and  in  several  kinds  of  fusel-oils.  Called 
also  Rutic  Acid. 

Capricclq  (ka-pre'cho),  n.  [It.,  a  caprice.] 
1.  A  caprice;  a  whim.  Shak. — 2.  A  loose  ir- 
regular kind  of  music,  in  which  the  com- 
poser is  more  guided  by  fancy  than  rule,  al- 
lowing full  scope  to  his  imagination. 

Capriccioso  (ka-pre'che-6"z6),  o.  [It.]  In 
music,  a  term  denoting  a  free,  fantastic 
style. 

Caprice  (ka-presO,n.  [Fr.  caprice,  It.  capric- 
cio,  whim,  freak,  fancy,  from  L.  caper,  capra, 
a  goat,  originally  a  fantastical  goat-leap ; 
comp.  caper,  capriole.]  1.  A  sudden  start 
of  the  mind ;  a  sudden  change  of  opinion 
or  humour;  a  whim,  freak,  or  particular 
fancy.  '  The  caprice  or  whim  of  the  bishop. ' 
Swtft. — 2.  Capriciousness. 

Everywhere  I  observe  in  the  feminine  mind  some- 
thing of  beautiful  caprice,  a  floral  exuberance  of  that 
charming  wilfulness  which  characterizes  our  dear 
human  sisters,  I  fear  through  all  worlds.  De  Quincty. 

SYN.  Freak,  whim,  fancy,  vagary,  humour, 
whimsy,  fickleness. 

Caprichio  t  (ka-prich'i-o),  n.  [It  capriccio. 
See  CAPRICE.]  Caprice;  freak;  fancy.  [In 
Butler's  Hudibras  we  find  a  plural  capriches 
rhyming  with  witches.  ] 

Capricious  (ka-pri'shus),  a.  Character- 
ized by  caprice ;  apt  to  change  opinions 
suddenly,  or  to  start  from  one's  purpose; 
unsteady ;  changeable ;  fickle ;  subject  to 
change  or  irregularity;  as,  a  man  of  a  capri- 


cious temper.  (An  interval  of  such  wr.n- 
ders,  such  strange  ami  capriciouu  revolu- 
tions.' Baker.  '  Capricious^  humour.'  llt't/ti 
Mill'-)'.  —  SYN.  Freakish, whimsical, unsteady, 
changeable,  fickle,  fanciful. 

Capriciously  (ka-pri'shus-li),  adv.  In  a 
capricious  manner;  whimsically. 

Capriciousness  (ka-pri'shus-nes),  >i.  1.  The 
quality  of  being  capricious;  whimsicalness; 
unsteadiness  of  purpose  or  opinion.  '  Great 
Capriciousness  of  taste.'  Pennant.  'Theca- 
priciousness  of  a  sickly  heart. '  1  rving.  — 2.  Un- 
steadiness; liableness  to  sudden  changes; 
as,  the  Capriciousness  of  fortune. 

Capricorn  (kap'ri-korn),  n.  [L.  capricornus 
— caper,  a  goat,  and  cornu,  a  horn.  ]  One  of 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac,  the  winter 
solstice;  represented  on  ancient  monuments 
by  the  figure  of  a  goat,  or  a  figure  having 
the  fore  part  like  a  goat  and  the  hind  p;irt 
like  a  fish.  Its  symbol  is  Vj".— Tropic  of 
Capricorn.  See  TROPIC.— Capricorn  Beetle, 
a  name  given  to  beetles  of  the  genus  Cer- 
ambyx. 

Caprid  (kap'rid),  a.  [L.  caper,  a  goat.  ]  Re- 
lating to  that  tribe  of  ruminant  mammals 
of  which  the  genus  Capra  is  the  type. 

Capridse  (kap'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [L.  caper,  a  goat. ) 
The  goat  tribe,  a  family  of  ruminating  ani- 
mals, in  which  the  horns  are  directed  up 
wards  and  backwards,  and  have  a  bony  core. 
This  group  forms  a  subdivision  of  the  family 
Cavicornia,  in  which  the  sheep,  antelopes, 
and  oxen  are  also  included. 

Capriflcate  (kap'ri-fl-kat),  v.t.  pret.  *  pp. 
caprijicated;  ppr.  caprijicating.  To  perform 
the  operation  of  capriftcation  on. 

Capriflcation  (kap'ri-fl-ka"shon),  n.  [L. 
caprijicatio,  from  caprijicus,  the  wild  fig- 
tree — caper,  a  goat,  and  Jicus,  a  fig,  from 
goats  feeding  on  it]  1.  A  process  intended 
to  accelerate  the  ripening  of  the  fig,  and  to* 
improve  the  fruit.  It  consists  in  suspend- 
ing above  the  cultivated  figs  branches  of  the 
wild  fig  covered  with  a  species  of  cynips,  a 
kind  of  small  insects,  which  spread  them- 
selves over  the  whole  tree,  and  were  sup- 
posed to  produce  the  beneficial  effects  men- 
tioned, either  by  distributing  the  pollen  of 
the  male  flowers,  or  by  puncturing  the 
fruit.  The  practice,  although  of  great  an- 
tiquity, and  very  wide  spread,  Is  said  to  be 
quite  useless  and  even  injurious. — 2.  The 
fecundation  of  the  female  date-palms  by 
shedding  over  them  the  pollen  from  the 
male  plant. 

Capriflcus  (kap-ri-fi'kus),  «.  The  wild  fig- 
tree. 

Caprifole  (kap'ri-fol),  n.  [See  next  art.) 
woodbin*;  honeysuckle.  'Eglantine  and 
caprifole  emong.'  Spenser. 

Caprifoliacese  (kap'ri-fo-li-a"se-e),  n.  pi. 
I  Kniin  caprifolium,  a  name  of  the  honey- 
suckle and  its  genus,  from  L.  caper,  a  goat, 
and  folium,  a  leaf.]  A  nat.  order  of  mono- 
petalous  dicotyledons,  allied  to  the  Rubi- 
acea;.  It  includes  a  number  of  erect  or 
twining  shrubs  and  herbaceous  plants,  com- 
prising the  honeysuckle,  elder,  viburnum, 
and  snowberry.  The  characteristics  of  the 
order  are  opposite  leaves  without  stipules, 
free  anthers,  epipetalous  stamens,  and  fruit 
not  splitting  open  when  ripe. 

Caprifoliaceous  (kap-ri-fo-li-a"shus),  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  Caprifoliaceoe. 

Caprifolium  (kap-ri-fo'li-um),  n.  [L.  capri- 
foliuni- -caper,  a  goat,  and  folium,  a  leaf.) 
The  name  sometimes  used  for  the  genus  of 
beautiful,  fragrant,  mostly  twining  shrubs, 
including  the  woodbine  or  honeysuckle  ; 
hence,  the  honeysuckle  or  woodbine. 

Capriform  (kap'ri-form),  a.  [L.  caper,  a 
goat,  and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  goat,  or  of  something  belonging  to  a 
goat;  as,  capriform  horns. 

Caprigenous  (kap-rij'en-us),  a.  [L.  capri- 
genus.]  Produced  by  a  goat;  belonging  to- 
the  goat  kind. 

Caprimulgidse  (kap-ri-mul'ji-de),  n.  pi.  The 
goat-suckers,  a  family  of  insessorial,  flssiros- 
tral  birds,  nearly  allied  to  the  Hirundinl- 
dre  or  swallow  tribe,  remarkable  for  their 
nocturnal  habits,  light  and  rapid  flight,  and 
great  activity.  There  is  only  one  European 
species,  the  common  goat-sucker  (Capri- 
tnulgui  europceus),  a  summer  visitant  in 
Britain.  Several  are  found  in  America,  one 
of  which  is  known  as  the  whip-poor-will ,  and 
another  as  the  night-hawk.  See  GOAT- 
SUCKER. 

Caprimulginse  ( kap-ri-mul-ji'ne ),  n.  pi.  A 
sub-family  of  the  Caprimulgidse. 

CaprimulguB  (kap'ri-mul'gus),n.  [L.  capra, 
a  she-goat,  and  mulyeo,  to  milk.]  The  typi- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull:       oil.  pound;       u,  Sc.  abuue;      >',  Sc.  ley. 


CAPRIN 


393 


CAPTION 


cal  genus  of  the  (,'aprimulgida;  or  goat- 
suckers. See  CAPRIMBLaiDjB. 

Caprin,  Caprine  (kap'rin),  n.  A  substance 
found  in  butter,  which,  with  butyrine  and 
eaprone,  gives  the  butter  its  peculiar  agree- 
able taste  and  odour.  It  is  a  compound  of 
capric  acid  and  glycerine,  or  a  caprate  of 
glycerine. 

Caprine  (kap'rin),  a.  [L.  caprinm,  from 
caper,  capm,  a  goat.]  Like  a  goat;  pertain- 
ing to  a  goat.  'Their  physiognomy  is  ca- 
nine vulpine,  caprine.'  Hp.  (rauden. 

Capriole  (kap'ri-ol),  <i.  [O.l'r.  capriule,  now 
taMatt,  lit.  a  goat-leap,  from  L.  capriulus, 
a  wild  goat,  from  caper,  a  goat.)  1.  A  caper 
or  leap,  as  in  dancing ;  an  active  bound  ;  a 
spring.  'With  lofty  turns  and  atpriaUi.' 
Sir  J.  Dacfes.  —2.  In  the  manege,  a  leap  that 
a  horse  makes  in  the  same  place  without  ad- 
vancing, in  such  a  manner  that  when  he  is 
at  the  height  of  the  leap  he  jerks  out  with 
his  hind-legs.  — 3.  A  kind  of  head-dress  worn 
by  ladies. 

Capriole  (kap'ri-61),  v.i.  To  execute  a  cap- 
riole. 

Far  over  the  billowy  se.i  of  heads  may  be  seen 
K. ideality  tiiprioliitg  on  horses  from  the  royal  stud. 

Capriped  (kap'ri-ped),  a.  [L.  caper,  a  goat, 
and  pea,  foot.]  Having  feet  like  those  of  a 
goat. 

Caplizant  (kap'ri-zant),  a.  [L.  caper,  capri, 
a  lie-goat.)  A  term  used  in  regard  to  the 
pulse  when  it  seems  to  leap,  one  imperfect 
dilatation  of  the  artery  being  succeeded  by 
a  fuller  one. 

Caproate  (kap'ro-at),  n.  A  salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  caproic  acid  with  a  base. 

Caproic  (ka-pro'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
a  goat;  derived  from  a  goat.— Caproic  acid 
(tVIIpOj),  the  sixth  in  the  series  of  fatty 
acids."  a  clear  mobile  oil  which  may  be  pro- 
duced from  butter,  from  cocoa-nut  oil,  and 
from  various  other  sources ;  its  salts  are 
termed  caproates.  It  is  extremely  fluid, 
colourless,  Inflammable,  and  has  a  very 
acid  and  penetrating  taste. 

Capromys  (kap'ro-mis),  n.  [Or.  kaproa,  a 
wild  boar,  and  »»;/«,  a  mouse.]  The  hog-rat, 
a  genus  of  rodent  animals,  family  Muridaj, 
different  species  of  which,  including  the 
musk-cavy,  are  found  in  the  West  Indies. 

Caprone  (kap'ron),  n.  A  clear  colourless 
oil  obtained  from  butter,  to  which  it  assists 
in  giving  its  peculiar  flavour. 

Caprovls  (ka-pro'vis),  n.  [L.  caper,  a  goat, 
and  opi«,  a  sheep.]  A  genus  of  the  sheep 
family,  comprehending  the  moufflon  or  wild 
sheep  of  Sardinia  and  Corsica,  and  the  ar- 
gali  or  wild  sheep  of  India  and  Siberia. 

Caproyl  (kap'roil),  n.  (djHuO.)  The  radi- 
cal of  caproic  acid  and  its  derivatives. 

Capryl,  Caprylamine,  Caprylene  (kap'- 
ril,  kap-ril'a-min,  kap'ri-len),  n.  SeeOcTYL, 
Ac. 

Capsella  (kap-sel'la),  n.  [t.,  a  dim.  from 
capsa,  a  repositary.]  Shepherd's  purse,  a 
small  genus  of  cruciferous  plants.  See 

SlIKI'HEKB'S  PURSE. 

Cap-sheaf  (kap'shef),  ».  The  top  sheaf  of 
a  stack  of  grain;  the  crowner. 

Capsiclne  (kap'si-sin),  n.  An  alkaloid,  the 
active  principle  of  the  capsules  of  Capsicum 
annuutn,  or  Cayenne  pepper.  It  has  a  resin- 
ous aspect  and  a  burning  taste.  It  is  sol- 
uble in  alcohol,  and  forms  crystallizable 
salts  with  acetic,  nitric,  and  sulphuric  acids. 

Capsicum  (kap'si-kum),n.  [New  L. ,  from  L. 
cttpxa,  a  box,  from  the  shape  of  the  fruit.  ]  A 
genus  of  South  Ame- 
rican and  Asiatic  an- 
nual sub -shrubby 
plants,  nat.  order 
Solanacete,  with  a 
wheel  -  shaped  co- 
rolla, projecting  and 
converging  sta- 
mens, and  a  many- 
seeded  berry.  Many 


of  the  species  are 
cultivated  for  their 
fruit,  which  in  some 
reaches  the  size  of 
an  orange,  is  fleshy 
and  variously  col- 
oured, and  contains 
a  pungent  principle 
(capsicine),  which  is 
present  also,  and  Capsicum  annuum. 
more  largely,  in  the 

seed.  The  fruit  or  pod  is  used  for  pickles, 
sauces,  Ac.,  and  also  in  medicine,  both  ex- 
ternally and  internally.  Cayenne  pepper 
consists  of  the  ground  pods  of  C.  /mtescens 


and  C.  UH/iiiiiin.  The  latter  species,  called 
Guinea  pepper,  produces  the  fruit  known  as 
chillies.  C.  Immitniii  is  tbu  hurry-bearing 
capsicum  or  bird-pepper,  and  ('.  jriitn'nHinn 
is  the  goat-pepper,  which  is  much  hotter 
than  the  otbur  species.  C.  grosmni,  or  bell- 
pepper,  is  an  Kast  Indian  species  with  large 
capsules. 

Cap-Bill  (kap'sil),  n.  The  upper  horizontal 
beam  in  the  timhur-framlng  of  bridges,  via- 
ducts, Ac. 

Capsize  (kap-siz'),  v.  t.  pret.  A  pp.  capsized; 
ppr.  capsizing.  [Origin  doubtful:  probably 
the  first  syllable  means  head  or  top,  and  is 
ultimately  from  L.  caput.  Skeat  suggests 
that  the  Sp.  cabecear,  to  nod  the  head  in 
sleep,  and  in  nautical  language  to  pitch  (f  roi  n 
cabeza,  head),  may  be  the  origin.  ]  To  upset  | 
or  overturn.  '  What  if  carrying  sail  capsize 
the  boat?'  Byron. 

Capsize  (kap-siz"),  v.i.    To  be  upset  or  over-  , 
turned ;  as,  take  care  the  boat  does  uot 
capsize. 

Capsize  (kap-siz'),  n.  An  upset;  an  overtum. 

Cap-square  (kap'skwar),  n.  In  gun.  one  of 
the  strong  plates  of  iron  which  come  over 
the  trunnions  of  a  guu  and  keep  it  in  the 
carriage. 

Capstan  (kap'stan),  n.  [Fr.  cabestan,  from 
Sp.  cabestante,  full  form  cabrestante,  also 
cabestrante,  a  capstan,  from  cabestrar,  to 
halter,  L.  capistrare,  from  capixtrum,  a  hal- 
ter or  muzzle,  from  capio,  to  take.]  An 
apparatus  working  on  the  principle  of  the 
wheel  and  axle,  and  consisting  of  a  cylinder 


Capstan. 

or  barrel  adjusted  on  an  upright  axis,  the 
barrel  being  made  to  tum  round  by  means 
of  horizontal  bars  or  levers,  the  ends  of 
which  are  inserted  in  holes  near  the  top  of 
the  barrel,  so  that  a  rope  is  thus  wound 
round  it  and  a  weight  raised  or  moved, 
as  stones  from  quarries,  or  the  like.  In 
large  ships  it  is  chiefly  used  for  weighing 
anchor,  hoisting  sails,  Ac.  A  capstan  is 
distinguished  from  a  windlass  by  the  axis 
and,  consequently,  the  barrel  being  ver- 
tical. When  it  is  employed  to  draw  coal 
from  pits,  it  is  usually  called  a  gin,  and 
when  worked  by  horses  it  is  called  a  whim- 
gin.— To  man  the  capstan,  to  place  the 
sailors  at  it  in  readiness  to  heave.— To  surge 
the  capstan,  to  slacken  the  rope  wound 
round  upon  it. — To  heave  in  at  the  capstan, 
to  go  round  with  it  by  pushing  with  the 
breast  against  the  bars.  — To  come  up  with 
the  capstan,  to  turn  it  the  contrary  way.— 
To  pawl  the  capstan,  to  fix  the  pawls  to 
prevent  it  from  recoiling. — To  rig  the  cap- 
stan, to  prepare  the  capstan  for  heaving 
by  fixing  the  bars  in  the  holes  or  otherwise. 
Sometimes  written  also  Capstern. 

Capstone  (kap'ston),  n.  A  name  given  to 
a  fossil  echinite  (sea-urchin)  of  the  genus 
Couulus,  from  its  resemblance  to  a  cap. 

Capsula  (kap'su-la),  »     Same  as  Capsule. 

Capsular,  Capsulary  (kap'su-ler,  kap'su- 
la-ri),  a.  Hollow  like  a  chest  or  capsule; 
pertaining  to  a  capsule.  —  Capsular  liga- 
ment, in  anat.  the  ligament  which  sur- 
rounds every  movable  articulation,  and  con- 
tains the  synovia  like  a  bag.  It  is  well  seen 
in  the  hip-joint. 

Capsulate,  Capsulated  (kap'su-lat,  kap'- 
su-lat-ed),  a.  Inclosed  in  a  capsule,  or  as 
in  a  chest  or  box.  Derham. 

Capsule  (kap'sul),  n.     [L.  cap- 
sula,  a  little  chest.dim.of  capita, 
a  chest,  from  capio,  to  take.] 
1.  In  bot.  a  dry  fruit, either  mem- 
branous or  woody,  which  de- 
hisces by  regular  valves  corre- 
sponding in  number  to  the  car- 
pels, or  twice  as  many.— 2.  In      capsule 
chem.  (a)  a  small  saucer  made    of  Poppy, 
of   clay  for   roasting  samples 
of  ores,  or  for  melting  them,    (b)  A  small 
shallow  vessel  made  of  Berlin  ware,  platin- 
um, Ac.,  for  evaporations,  solutions,  and  the 


like.  :i  In  (tiitit  a  membranous  pinilnetioii 
inclosilli;  a  part  like  a  l>;m;  as,  Hi 

the  crystalline   Ici^       I    A    small  gummy 
en\ -elope  fur  nauseous  mcdicim  -,       ..    I  li< 
metallic  seal  or  con-i  1m  cloning  a  bottle. 
Captain  (kap'taii  or  kap  lim,  ,i.     [Kr.  capi- 
'-"«•  .  ii  I  i    '-,.,, ,/(,,„.  from  I,  I., 
from  I..  «ijiuf,tht  -hcad.|    1  I  Hie  «ho  isat  the 

lii-ad  oforiutaatborlt]  "i.  i  other,;  a-'hicf. 

;i  lea«ler;  a  comniamlei-. especially  in  military 
attairs.  In  the  Ililile  tin-  term  is  applied  In 
a  king  or  prince,  to  n  -.-i  in  nil  OTI  <uiiiiiandi:r 
of  an  army,  to  the  governor  of  a  province, 
Ac  'Captain  of  the  host  of  the  I.onl  '  Jos 
v.  14,  15.  'Anoint  him  captain  ovt-r  my 
penplc.'  1  Sam.  ix.  10.  'Captain*  over  thoii- 
sands.'  1  Sam.  viii.  12.  'Great  liars,  the 
captain  of  us  all.'  Shale  'The  forem,.,t 
captain  of  his  time.'  Tennyson.  'Melting 
the  mighty  hearts  of  MUtoiiutBd  of  kings.' 
Tennyson.  More  specifically— 2.  The  mili- 
tary officer  who  commands  a  company 
whether  of  infantry,  cavalry,  or  artillery. 
3.  An  officer  in  the  navy  commanding  a  ship 
of  war.  Tin-  captain  is  next  in  rank  above  the 
commander,  and  ranks  with  a  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  army,  but  after  three  years 
from  the  date  of  his  commission  he  ranks 
with  a  full  colonel.  Captains  of  ships  were 
formerly  designated  post -captains.  The 
heads  of  small  parties  or  gangs  of  men  in  a 
ship  of  war  are  also  called  captains,  as  of 
the  forecastle,  maintop,  foretop,  &c.— Cap- 
tain of  the  fleet,  a  flag-officer  temporarily 
appointed  by  the  admiralty,  who  acts  as 
adjutant-general  of  the  force,  sees  to  the 
carrying  out  of  the  orders  of  the  commander- 
in-i  iiief,  and  to  proper  discipline  being 
maintained  in  the  fleet.  He  wears  the  uni- 
form of  a  rear-admiral. — 4.  The  commander 
or  master  of  a  merchant  vessel. —5.  In  some 
of  the  public  schools  of  England  a  title 
given  to  the  senior  scholar. — 6.  In  the  game 
of  cricket,  the  head  of  an  eleven,  or  of  the 
body  of  players  on  one  side.— 7.  In  some 
occupations,  the  title  given  to  an  overseer; 
as,  the  captain  of  a  mine. 
Captain  (kap'tan  or  kap'tin),  a.  1.  Of  prin- 
cipal excellence  or  value;  chief.  [Rare.] 

Like  stones  of  worth  they  thinly  placed  are, 
Or  captain  jewels  in  the  carcanet.  Shalt. 

2.  Valiant.  ' The  ass  more  captain  than  the 
lion.'    Shak.    [Rare.] 

Captaincy  (kap'tin-si),  n.  The  rank,  post, 
or  commission  of  a  captain. 

Captaincy-general,  Captaln-generalcy 
(kap'tin-si-jeu'er-al,  kap'tan  or  kap'tin  Jen - 
er-al-si),  n.  The  office  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
captain-general. 

Captalness  (kap'tin-es),  n.  A  female  com- 
mander. Sir  /'.  Sidney. 

Captain-general  (kap'tan  or  kap'tin  jen'er- 
al),  -n.  The  commander-in-chief  of  an 
army  or  of  the  militia.  'The  magnanimous 
and  most  illustrious  .  .  .  captain-tjfnerai 
of  the  Grecian  army,  Agamemnon.'  Shak. 

Cap  tain -lieu  tenant  (kap'tan  or  kap'tin 
let-ten 'ant),  n.  An  officer  who,  with  the 
rank  of  a  captain  and  pay  of  lieutenant, 
commands  a  company  or  troop.  Since  the 
colonel  of  a  regiment  is  the  captain  of  the 
first  company,  that  company  is  commanded 
by  a  captain-lieutenant. 

Captain-pasha,  »     See  CAPITAN-PACHA. 

Captainryt  (kap'tin-ri),  n.  The  power  or 
command  over  a  certain  district;  chieftain- 
ship. Speȣer. 

Captainship  (kap'tin-ship),  n.  1  The  con- 
dition or  post  of  a  captain  or  chief  com- 
mander. '  Therefore  so  please  thee  ...  of 
our  Athens  to  take  the  captainship.'  Shak. 
2.t  The  command  of  a  clan  or  government 
of  a  certain  district ;  chieftainship. 

To  diminish  the  Irish  lords  he  did  abolish  their 
usurped  captainships.  Sir  y.  Da-vies. 

3.  Skill  in  military  affairs;  as,  he  displayed 
good  captainship. 

Captation  t  ( kap-ta'shon ),  n.  [L.  captatio, 
from  capto,  to  catch.)  The  act  or  practice 
of  catching  favour  or  applause  by  flattery 
or  address.  Eikan  Batilike. 

Caption  (kap'shon),  n.  [L.  capKo,  a  taking, 
fraud,  deceit,  from  capio,  to  seize.)  1. 1  The 
act  of  taking  any  one  unawares  by  some 
trick  or  specious  pretext;  imposition. 

I  beseech  you,  sir,  to  consider  with  what  stranfjc 
captions  you  have  gone  about  to  delude  your  king 
am?  country.  ChOlinrwertli. 

2.  t  The  act  of  urging  captious  objections; 
cavilling;  cavil 

It  is  manifest  that  the  use  of  this  doctrine  Is  for 
caption  and  contradiction.  Bacon. 

3.  The  act  of  taking  or  apprehending  by  a 
judicial  process.    [Rare.]— 4.  In  law,  a  cer- 


ch,  r/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locft;      g,  go;     J,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      IB,  tAen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  icig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KKV. 


CAPTIOUS 


394 


CARACAL 


tiflcate  stating  the  time  and  place  of  exe- 
cutins  a  commission  in  chancery,  or  of 
taking  a  deposition,  or  of  the  finding  of  an 
indictment,  and  the  court  or  authority  be- 
fore which  such  act  was  performed,  and  such 
other  particulars  as  are  necessary  to  render 
it  le"al  and  valid.  A  caption  may  be  placed 
at  the  head  or  foot  of  a  certificate,  or  on  the 
back  of  an  indictment.  -5.  The  heading  of 
a  chapter,  section,  or  page.  [United  States.] 
<i.  In  Scots  lam,  a  writ  issued  at  the  instance 
of  a  creditor,  commanding  an  officer  to  take 
and  imprison  a  debtor  or  obligant  till  he 
nays  the  debt  or  performs  the  obligation 


are  seized,  or  who  is  held  by  strong  ties  of 
love. 

Yet  hath  he  (Mars)  been  my  (Venus')  captive  and  my 
And'begg'd  for  that  which  thou  unask'd  shaU  have. 

Captive  (kap'tiv),  a.  1.  Made  prisoner  in 
war;  kept  in  bondage  or  confinement  Cop- 
tive  Grecians.'  Shak.— 2.  Bound  by  the  ties 
of  love  or  admiration;  captivated. 

My  woman's  heart 
Grossly  grew  captive  to  his  honey  words.    Shall. 

3  Holdin"  in  confinement;  as,  captive 
chains  —Captive  balloon.  See  BALLOON. 

•    1.  To  take  prisoner; 


that  the  belly  nearly  touches  the  ground, 
is  covered  with  coarse  brown  hair,  anil  it 
has  short  legs  and  long  feet,  which,  instead 


The"  writ  thus  issued  is  cM^d  Letters  of    V*?*?*  g£f2£&Sto  "'Fly  or  be  cap- 
Captinn     See  HoRNiNO.-Process  caption, 
in  Scots  late,  a  summary  warrant  of  >"K^~ 


ived. '   Spenser.  -2.  To  captivate     •  Beauty 
fhich  captives  all  things.'    Dryden. 


as     ee 

tained  by  the  party  whose  receipt  stands 
for  it  in  the  court  books. 
Captious  (kap'shus),  o.    [L.  captwsus,  from 
captio,  a  taking.    See  CAPTION.]    1.  Apt  to 
catch  at  faults;  disposed  to  find  fault  or  raise 


. 

op(«>«s,and  je. 

field  —  2  Proceeding  from  a  captious  or 
cavilling  disposition;  fitted  to  insnare, 
harass,  or  perplex;  insidious;  as,  a  captious 


Yet,  in  this  captious  and  intenible  sieve, 

I  still  pour  in  the  waters  of  my  love.        i/fa*. 

—Captious,  Cavilling,  Petulant.  Captious, 
fault-finding,  apt  to  catch  at  small  faults 
—rather  implying  some  peculiarity  of  man- 
ner or  habit  than  any  infirmity  of  temper; 
cavilling,  fault  -  finding  —  implying  a  ten- 
dency to  find  fault  on  frivolous  and  irrele- 
vant grounds,and  to  magnify  the  importance 
of  that  which  is  objected  to;  petulant, 
peevish,  hard  to  please  -implying  infirmity 
of  temper.—  SYN.  Cavilling,  carping,  fault- 
finding, censorious,  critical,  peevish,  insidi- 
ous, insnaring. 

Captiously  (kap'shus-li),  adc.  In  a  cap- 
tious manner;  with  an  inclination  or  inten- 
tion to  object  or  censure.  Warner. 

CaptiOUSness  (kap'shus-nes).  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  captious;  disposition  to  find 
fault;  inclination  to  object;  peevishness. 

Captioitsncss  is  a  fault  opposite  to  civility.    Locke. 

Captlvance.t  Captivauncet  (kap'ti-vans), 
n.  Captivity.  Spenser. 

Captivate  (kap'ti-vat),  v.t.  pret.  *  pp.  cap- 
tioated;  ppr.  captivating.  [L  captito,  cap- 
tioatum,  from  captious,  a  prisoner,  from 
capio,  to  take.  ]  1.  1  To  seize  by  force,  as  an 
enemy  in  war,  or  anything  belonging  to  an 
enemy;  to  capture;  to  make  prisoner.  '  The 
French  king  captivated  to  The  English  mon- 
arcke.'  Warner.  'Captivating  them  and 
carrying  them  into  slavery.'  Ainer.  Declar. 
of  Independence.  —  2.t  To  bring  into  bon- 
dage; to  subdue;  to  place  in  subjection. 

He  deserves  to  be  a  slave  that  is  content  t 
the  liberty  of  his  will  so  captivated.         Bp.  G 

Let  us  Christian  men  grant  nothing  contrary  to  the 
Scripture,  but  ever  captivate  our  reason  unto  that. 


hav 
nden 


Fryth. 

3.  To  overpower  and  gain  with  excellence 
or  beauty;  to  charm ;  to  engage  the  affec- 
tions of;  to  fascinate.  'To  captivate  the 
eye. '  Shak. 

Wisdom  so  captivates  him  with  her  appearance 
that  he  gives  himself  up  to  her.  Addison. 

SYS.  To  enslave,  subdue,  overpower,  charm, 

enchant,  fascinate,  lead  captive. 
Captivate  t  (kap'ti-vat),  p.  and  a.    Taken 

captive.    Shak. 
Captivating  (kap'ti-vat-ing),  a.      Having 

power  to  engage  the  affections ;  winning. 

•  Its  moral  tone  is  very  captivating.'  Craik. 
Captivation  (kap-ti-va'shou),  )».  The  act 

of  captivating ;  the  act  of  gaining  over  or 

winning  one's  affections.     '  The  captivation 

of  our  understanding.'  Bp.  Hall. 
Captive  (kap'tiv),  n.    [From  L.  captious, 

from  capio,  captus,  to  seize.     Caitiff  is  the 

same  word  derived  through  the  French.] 

1.  One  who  is  taken  prisoner,  especially  a 
prisoner  taken  in  war  by  an  enemy;  one 
taken  and  kept  in  confinement.    '  Like  cap- 
tives bound  to  a  triumphant  car.'    Shak.— 

2.  Fig.  one  who  is  charmed  or  subdued  by 
beauty  or  excellence;  one  whose  affections 


.  '      •-        : 


control;  bondage;  servitude.  '  Bringing  into 
captivity  every  thought  to  the  obedience  of 
Christ.'  2  Cor.  x.  5.— To  lead  captivity  cap- 
tive in  Scrip,  to  subdue  those  who  have  held 
others  in  slavery  or  captivity.  Ps.  Ixvul. 
18.— SYN.  Imprisonment,  confinement,  bon- 
dage subjection,  servitude,  slavery. 
Captor  (kap'ter),  n.  [L.  captor,  from  capto, 
to  take  ]  One  who  takes  by  force,  as  a  pri- 
soner or  a  prize;  specifically,  one  who  takes 

a  prize  at  sea. 

.  f .         ,.      ,„_,  _     [JL  eapturat  Fr.  cop- 

-     -    -   The  act  of 
is,  the 
if  booty, 

<tire"o'f'a  criminal ' or  debtor."— 2.  The  thing 
taken;  a  prize.— SYN.  Seizure,  arrest,  deten- 
tion. 

Capture  (kap'turt,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  captured; 
ppr.  capturing.  To  take  or  seize  by  force, 
surprise,  or  stratagem,  as  an  enemy  or  his 
property;  to  make  a  prize  or  prisoner  of; 
as,  to  capture  a  vessel  or  a  fortress;  to  cop- 
tnre  100  prisoners. 

Capuccio  (ka-pu'cho),  n.  [It.)  A  capuchin 
or  hood.  Spenser. 

Capuchedt  (ka-p8shf),  a.  Covered  with  a 
hood.  See  CAPOUCH. 

Capuchin  (kap-u-shen'),  n.  [Fr.  capuchon, 
capucine,  from  capuce,  a  hood  or  cowl.  See 
CAPOUCH.]  1.  A  monk  of  the  order  of  St. 
Francis,  so  called  from  the  capuchon  or 
capuce,  a  stuff  cap  or  cowl,  the  distinguish- 
ing badge  of  the  order.  The  Capuchins  are 
clothed  in  brown  or  gray,  go  barefooted, 
and  never  shave  their  beard.  •  A  barefooted 
and  long-bearded  Capuchin.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 
See  FRANCISCAN.— 2  A  garment  for  females, 
consisting  of  a  cloak  and  hood  made  in  imi- 
tation of  the  dress  of  Capuchin  monks. 
[Properly  the  name  applies  to  the  hood 
only,  but  it  came  to  be  extended  to  the 
whole  cloak.  ] 

My  aunt  pulled  off  my  uncle's  shoes,  and  carefully 
wrapped  his  poor  feet  in  her  capuchin.     Smollett. 

3.  A  kind  of  pigeon  with  a  range  of  inverted 
feathers  on  the  back  part  of  the  head,  which 
turns  towards  the  neck,  like  the  cap  or  cowl 
of  a  monk. 

Capucine  (kap'u-sin),  n.    [Fr. ,  a  hood  or 
cowl.]     A  name  sometimes  given  to  the 
hooded  ape  or  sapajou  (which  see). 
Capult  (kap'ul),  n.    [Gael.  cap»«,  ahorse.] 
Ahoree.    See  CAPEL. 

Capulet  (kap'u-let),  n.    Same  as  Capelltt. 
Capulin(kap'u-lin),ji   The  Mexican  cherry. 
Caput   (kap'ut),  ti.    [L.,  the  head.]     The 
governing  body  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge before  the  university  received  its 
present  constitution   by  the  act  of  1856. 
1  Your  caputs,  and  heads  of  colleges. '  Lamb. 
Caput  mortuum  (kap'ut  mor'tu-um),  n. 
[L.I  Lit.  a  dead  head;  a  fanciful  term  much 
used  by  the  old  chemists  to  denote  the  re- 
siduum of  chemicals,  when  all  their  volatile 
matters  had  escaped;  hence,  anything  from 
which  all  that  rendered  it  valuable  has  been 
taken  away. 

Capybara,  Capibara  (ka-pi -ba'ra),  n.  [The 
native  Brazilian  name.]  The  largest  known 
rodent  quadruped,  the  Hydrocharui  capy- 
bara,  family  Cavidse,  of  aquatic  habits.  It 
is  a  native  of  South  America,  abounding  in 
the  tropical  rivers,  and  is  especially  com- 
mon in  Brazil  and  the  islands  at  the  mouth 
of  the  La  Plata.  It  feeds  on  vegetables  and 
fish,  swimming  after  and  seizing  the  latter 
like  an  otter.  It  is  more  than  3  feet  in 
length,  tailless,  with  a  large  head,  thick 
divided  nose,  the  body,  which  is  so  thick 


Capybara  (Hydrafhcerits  capybara). 

of  being  cloven,  are  almost  webbed.  It  is 
easily  tamed,  and  its  flesh  is  esteemed. 
Called  also  Water-hog. 
Car  (kar),  n.  [From  O.Fr.  car,  char  (Mod. 
Fr.  cAar),  from  L.  car  rut,  a  kind  of  four- 
wheeled  vehicle,  itself  from  the  Celtic; 
Armor,  carr,  a  chariot,  W.  car,  Ir.  and  Gael. 
carr,  a  dray,  wagon,  &c. )  1.  A  small  vehicle 
of  burden  moved  on  wheels;  a  cart. — 2.  Any 
vehicle  of  dignity,  solemnity,  or  splendour; 
a  chariot  of  war,  triumph,  pomp,  and  the 
like.  [Poetical] 

Let  the  bell  be  toll'd : 

And  a  reverent  people  behold 

The  towering  car,  the  sable  steeds.     Tennysan. 

3.  A  carriage  for  running  on  rails,  but  in  this 
country  used  only  of  the  carriages  used  on 
street  tramways,  while  in  America  the  word 
is  used  both  of  these  and  of  railway  car- 
riages: whence  'to  take  the  cars'  is  to  go 
by  railway.  —  The  Irish  jaunting  car,  a 
vehicle  having  two  seats,  back  to  back,  over 
the  wheels,  and  a  seat  for  the  driver  in 
front.—  Phoebus'  car,  the  sun.  'Like  holy 
I'haibus'  car.'  Shak.— The  Northern  Car, 
the  constellation  also  called  Charles'  Wain 
or  the  Plough.  Dryden. 
Carabidae  (ka-rab'i-de).  n.  pi.  [After  the 
typical  genus  Caraoiw.  ]  A  family  of  beetles 
or  coleopterous  insects,  of  the  section  Pen- 
tamera  of  Latreille.  The  species  are  usually 
large,  adorned  with  brilliant  metallic  col- 
ours, and  are  either  wingless  or  have  win.- 
not  adapted  for  flying.  The  largest  Brit  Wt 
species  is  about  1  inch  long,  but  some  foreign 
ones  are  much  longer.  There  aie  more  than 
0000  known  species.  The  celebrated  bom- 
bardier beetle  (Brachinus  crepitans)  belongs 
to  this  family. 

Carabideous  (kar-a-bid'e-us),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Carabidae. 
Carabine,  Carbine  (kar'a-bin,  kar'bin),  n. 
[Vr. carabine,  acarabine;  O.Fr.  carabin,  ciiltt- 
brin,  a  light-cavalry  musqiieteer,  from  O.Fr. 
calabre,  an  engine  of  war  used  in  sieges, 
from  L.L.  chadabvla,  an  engine  for  throw- 
ing stones,  from  Or.  kataboli,  overthrow,  a 
throwing  down  —  kata,  down,  and  balls,  to 
throw.)  A  gnn  or  firearm,  shorter  in  the 
barrel  than  the  infantry  musket  or  rifle, 
first  introduced  into  England  from  Spain  in 
the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  The  best  cara- 
bines are  now  rifled  and  breech-loading; 
they  are  used  by  the  regular  cavalry  (except 
the  Lancers),  the  yeomanry  cavalry,  the 
Irish  constabulary,  and  other  corps. 
Carabineer,  Carbineer  (kar-a-bin-er",  kar- 
bin-erO,  n.  One  armed  with  a  carabine  or 
carbine.—  The SthDragoonGuards  are  called 
'The  Carabineers,'  though  the  distinction 
between  them  and  other  cavalry  is  little 
more  than  nominal. 

Caraboid  (kar'a-boid),  o.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  the  genus  Carabus. 
Carabus  (kar'a-bus),  n.  [Or.  karabos,  a 
beetle.)  A  genus  of  coleopterous  carnivor- 
ous insects  of  the  family  Carabidte.  Some 
of  the  species  are  among  the  most  common 
British  beetles.  The  elytra  are  united,  and 
their  wings  are  obsolete.  Of  the  genus  up- 
wards of  120  species  have  been  described. 
This  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  the  genus 
Carabus  of  Linnaeus,  which  was  much  more 
extensive,  numbering  800  known  species. 
Carac  (kar'ak).  Same  as  Carack. 
Caracal  (kar'a-kal),  n.  [From  a  Turkish 
word  signifying  black-eared.)  A  species  of 
lynx  (the  Felis  caracal,  Linn.),  a  native  ot 


Kate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CARACARA 


386 


CARBOLIC  ACID 


Northern  Africa  and  South-western  Asia. 
It  is  about  the  size  of  a  fox,  and  of  a  uni- 
form deep  brown  or  wine-red  colour  above, 
except  two  spots  under  either  eye,  and  tufts 
of  long  black  hair  which  terminate  the  ears 
-from  which  last  characteristic  it  has  its 
name.  It  possesses  great  strength  and  fierce- 
ness, and  is  sometimes  used  in  the  chase  of 
the  smaller  quadrupeds  and  of  the  larger 
kinds  of  birds. 

Caracara  (ka-ra-ka'ra),  n.  [From  its  hoarse 
cry  1  The  popular  name  for  the  birds  of 
the  sub-family  Polyborinie,  of  the  family 
Kalconidic.  They  are  of  considerable  size, 
natives  of  South  America,  and  are  charac- 
terized by  having  the  bill  hooked  at  the  tip 
only,  the  wings  long,  and  the  orbits,  cheeks, 
and  part  of  the  throat  more  or  less  denuded 
of  feathers. 

Carack  (kar'ak),  n.  [Fr.  carayie.  O.  Fr.  car- 
rniiue,  Sp.  and  Pg.  carraca.  It.  caracca,  a 
carack,  from  L  L.  carraca,  carried,  a  ship  of 
burden,  from  L.  carrm,  a  car.)  A  name  for- 
merly given  to  large  round-built  vessels  of 
•Teat  depth,  fitted  for  ftght  as  well  as  bur- 
den  such  as  were  used  by  the  Portuguese 
and  Spaniards  in  trading  with  America  and 
the  East  Indies. 

Caracol  (kar'a-kol),  n.    See  CARACOLE,  2. 
Caracol  (kar'a-kol),  n.    A  caracora  (which 
see) 

Caracole  (kar'a-kol),  n.  [Fr,  from  9p.  and 
Pg  caracul,  a  snail  with  a  spiral  shell,  a 
winding  staircase,  a  caracole.]  1.  In  the 
manege,  a  semi-round  or  half-turn  which  a 
horseman  makes,  either  to  the  right  or  left. 
2  In  arch,  a  spiral  staircase. 
Caracole  (kar'a-kol),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  cara- 
coled ;  ppr.  caracoling.  To  move  in  a  cara- 
cole; to  wheel. 

Prince  John  caranltd  within  the  lists  at  the  head 
of  his  jovial  party. 

Caracoly,  Caracoli  (kar'a-kol-i),  n.  An 
alloy  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper,  of  which 
an  inferior  kind  of  jewelry  is  made. 
Caracora  (kar-a-ko'ra),  n.  [Malay  word.] 
A  proa  of  Borneo,  Ternate,  and  other  East- 
ern islands.  Also  called  Caracol  by  early 
voyagers. 

Caradoc  Sandstone  (karVdok  sand  ston), 
11.  In  geol.  the  upper  division  of  the  lower 
Silurian  rocks,  consisting  of  red,  purple, 
green,  and  white  micaceous  and  sometimes 
quartzose  grits  and  limestones  containing 
corals,  mollusca,  and  trilobites.  The  Bala 
limestones  are  a  portion  of  this  group.  The 
division  is  named  after  the  hilly  range  of 
Caer-Caradoc  in  Shropshire. 
Carafe  (ka-raf),n.  [Fr.]  A  glass  water-bottle 
or  decanter. 

Carageen,  Caragheen  (kar'a-gen).  n.  [Ir.] 
A  marine  alga,  Chondrui  crispus.   See  CAR- 
RAGEEN. 
Caragenlne  (kar'a-gen -in),  n.    Same  as 

Carrayeenin. 

Caraite.  Same  as  Karaite. 
Carambola  (ka-ram'bo-la),  n.  The  native 
name  of  an  F.ast  Indian  fruit  of  the  size  and 
shape  of  a  duck's  egg,  of  an  agreeable  acidu- 
lous flavour,  used  in  making  sherbets,  tarts, 
and  preserves.  It  is  the  fruit  of  Averrhoa 
Carambola.  See  AVERRHOA. 
Carambole  (ka-ram-bol'),  n.  [Fr.]  In  bil- 
liards, (a)  the  red  ball  placed  on  the  mark. 
(6)  A  cannon  (which  see),  (c)  The  name 
of  the  game  in  which  the  third  or  red  ball 
is  used. 

Carambole  t  (fca-ram-bor),  v.i.    In  ftil- 
litiirds,  to  cannon. 

Caramel  (kar'a-mel),  n.  [Fr.  caramel, 
caramel ;  Sp.  caramelo,  a  lozenge — Ar. 
kora,  a  ball, and  mochalla,  a  sweetmeat] 
Anhydrous  or  burnt  sugar,  a  product  of 
the  action  of  heat  upon  sugar.  When 
cane-sugar  is  heated  in  an  oil  or  metal 
bath  to  between  210°  and  220°  C.  ,it  begins 
to  assume  a  brown  colour  of  continually 
increasing  depth,  and  when  the  tumefac- 
tion has  ceased  the  vessel  contains  a 
black  substance  to  which  the  name  of 
caramel  has  been  given.  It  has  a  high 
lustre,  like  anthracite,  and  dissolves 
readily  in  water,  giving  it  a  fine  sepia 
tint.  Its  composition  is  the  same  as  cane- 
sugar  in  its  compound  with  oxide  of  lead. 
It  is  used  for  giving  a  brown  colour  to  l| 
spirits.  Written  also,  but  less  frequent- 
ly Caromel. 

Caramote(kar'a-m6t),n.  [Fr.]    A  rather 
large  species  of  shrimp  (Penceut  caramote) 
common  in  the  Mediterranean,  where  it  is 
,  an-ht  in  great  numbers  and  salted  for  ex- 
portation. 
Carana,Caranna(ka-ran'aXii.  SeeCARAUNA. 


Caranx  (ka'rangks),  n.  A  genus  of  acanthop- 
tery^ian  tishes,  family  Scomberidie.  One 
species  (C.  Trachurux)  on  the  British  coast 
is  well  known  by  the  name  of  scad  or  horse- 
mackerel. 

Carapa  (kar'a-pa),  n.  [From  caraipe,  the  na- 
tive name  of  the  Guiana  species.  ]  A  genus 
of  tropical  plants,  nat.  order  Mcliaceee.  A 
South  American  species,  C.  guianeruis,  is  a 
tine  large  tree,  whose  bark  is  in  repute  as  a 
febrifuge.  Oil  made  from  its  seeds  (called 
carap-oil  or  crab-oil)  is  used  for  lamps,  and 
masts  of  ships  are  made  from  its  trunk. 
The  wood  is  called  crab -wood.  The  oil 
of  the  African  species,  C.  guineeiuis,  called 
Coondi,  Kundah,  or  Tallicoona  oil,  is  used 
by  the  negroes  for  making  soap  and  anoint- 
ing their  bodies,  its  taste  being  so  bitter 
that  it  serves  as  a  defence  against  bites  of 
reptiles.  The  oil  of  the  South  American 
carapa  is  used  for  the  same  purpose  also. 
Carapace  (kai'a-pas),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Catalan 
Sp.cara&owfo,  a  gourd.  See  CALABASH.]  The 
shell  which  protects  the  body  of  chelouian 
reptiles,  as  the  tortoise  or  turtle.  The  term 
is  also  applied  to  the  covering  of  the  anterior 
superior  surface  of  the  crustaceans. 
Carapax  (kar'a-paks),  n.  Same  as  Carapace. 
Carap-Oil  (kar'ap-oil),  n.  Oil  obtained  from 

Carapa  gittittiensis.  See  CARAPA. 
Carat  (kar'at),  ».  [Fr.  carat,  Ar.  qirrdt,  a 
shell  of  a  bean,  a  pea,  a  pod ;  also  a  weight 
of  4  grains,  a  carat,  borrowed  from  Gr.  Iter- 
ation, lit.  a  little  horn,  also  the  fruit  or 
seed  of  the  carob-tree,  used  for  a  weight,  a 
carat]  1.  The  weight  of  4  grains,  used  by 
goldsmiths  and  jewellers  in  weighing  pre- 
cious stones  and  pearls.— 2.  A  term  used  to 
express  the  proportionate  fineness  of  gold. 
The  whole  mass  of  gold  is  divided  into 
twenty-four  equal  parts,  and  it  is  called 
gold  of  so  many  carats  as  it  contains  twenty- 
fourth  parts  of  pure  metal.  Thus  if  a  mass 
contain  twenty-two  parts  of  pure  gold  out 
of  every  twenty-four  it  is  gold  of  twenty- 
two  carats. 

Carauna  (ka-ra'na),  n.  [Native  name.]  A 
resin  produced  by  the  tree  Burgera  acvmi- 
nata,  and  imported  from  tropical  America. 
It  is  brought  home  in  little  masses,  rolled 
up  in  leaves  of  flags.  It  has  an  agreeable 
aromatic  smell,  and  a  bitterish  slightly  pun- 
gent taste.  It  was  formerly  used  in  plasters. 
Called  also  Carana,  Caranna. 
Caravan  (kar'a-van),?i.  [From  Fr.  caravane, 
from  Sp.  caravana,  Ar.  qairawun,  Per.  kdr- 
wiln,  a  caravan.]  1.  A  company  of  travellers, 
pilgrims,  or  merchants,  who  associate  to- 
gether in  many  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa 
that  they  may  travel  with  greater  secu- 
rity, especially  through  deserts  or  regions 
infested  by  robbers.  'Men  who  pass  in 
troop  or  caravan.'  Hilton.— 2.  A  large  close 
carriage  on  springs  for  conveying  travelling 
exhibitions  from  place  to  place;  a  covered 
travelling  cart  without  springs. 

He  had  never  seen  such  a  fat  boy  in  or  out  of  a  tra- 
velling caravan.  Dickens. 

3.  t  A  number  of  vessels  or  barks  in  com- 
pany.—4.  t  An  expedition  with  such  vessels. 

Their  galleys  still  spread  over  the  Levant  and 
came  back  victorious  from  their  caravans,  as  their 
cruises  against  the  Moslems  were  called.  Prescott. 

Caravaneer  (kar'a-van-er"),  ".    The  person 
who  leads  the  camels,  Ac.,  of  a  caravan. 
Caravansary,  Caravansera  (kar-a-van'- 


vvitli  a  spacious  court  in  the  middle.  'I  hmi<Ji 
caravansaries  in  the  East  serve  in  II!N 
inns,  there  is  this  radical  difference  between 
them  that.  ;.'elierally  speaking, the  traveller 
Ilnda  nothing  in  a  caravansary  fur  tin-  use 
either  of  himself  or  hi-  cattle,  lit-  must  carry 
all  UimoTMonl  ami  m-rr—arii-s  alimu  with 
him.  Those  built  in  towns  serve  not  only 
as  inns,  but  contain  shops,  warehouses,  and 
even  exchange-. 

Caravel,  Carvel  flcar'a-vcl,  kar'vel),  n.  [Sp. 
and  It.  caravela,  acaravel.dim.  of  L.carabua, 
Gr.  karabos,  a  light  ship,  a  boat,  also  a 
crab.]  Kaut.  the  name  of  different  kinds 
of  vessels.  One  variety  used  in  Portugal 
is  a  vessel  of  100  to  1.50  tons  burden. 
another  is  a  fishing  vessel  of  10  to  15  tons, 
and  a  third  a  large  Turkish  ship  of  war. 


Interior  of  Caravansary  at  Aleppo. 

sa-ri,  kar-a-van'se-ra),  n.  [Per.  Mrwan,  a 
caravan,  and  sarui,  an  inn.]  In  the  East,  a 
place  appointed  for  receiving  and  lodging 
caravans;  a  kind  of  inn  where  the  caravans 
rest  at  night,  being  a  large  square  building, 


Caravel  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

The  name  was  also  given  to  a  small  ship 
used  by  the  Spaniards  and  Portuguese  in 
the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  for 
long  voyages.  It  was  narrow  at  the  poop, 
wide  at  the  bow,  and  carried  a  double 
tower  at  its  stern  and  a  single  one  at  its 
bows.  It  had  four  masts  and  a  bowsprit,  and 
the  principal  sails  were  lateen  sails.  It 
was  in  command  of  three  such  caravels  that 
Columbus  crossed  the  Atlantic  and  dis- 
covered America. 

Caraway  (karVwa),  n.  [Sp.  al-carahiteya , 
from  Ar.  karwiijd,  karatriytl,  caraway;  pro- 
bably from  Gr.  karon,  L.  careum,  caraway. 
See  CARVY.]  1.  Carton  Carui,  nat.  order 
Umbellilerse,  a  biennial  plant,  with  a  taper 
root  like  a  parsnip,  which,  when  young,  is 
used  like  carrots  or  parsnips,  but  it  has  a 
strong  flavour.  The  seeds,  which  are  pro- 
perly the  fruit,  have  an  aromatic  smell  and 
a  warm  pungent  taste.  They  are  used  to 
flavour  cakes,  also  in  comfits,  and  the  vola- 
tile oil  is  obtained  by  distilling  them  in 
spirits.— 2.  A  kind  of  sweetmeat  containing 
caraway  seeds.  Sliak.—3.  A  kind  of  apple. 
Mason. 

Caraway-comfit  (kar'a-wa-kum'flt),  n.    A 
sweetmeat  containing  caraway. 
Carbamide  (kar'ba-mid),  n.    [Carton  and 
amide.]    A  compound  having  the  formula 
CH4N9O.    It  is  obtained  by  the  action  of 
i    ammo'nia  on  oxychloride  of  carbon.     This 
.     substance  seems  to  IKS  identical  with  urea, 
l  Carbazotate(kar-baz'o-tat),n.  A  salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  carbazotic  acid  with  a 
base. 

Carbazotic  Acid  (kiir-ba-zot'ik  as'id),  n. 
(C6H3N,O;.)  [Carbon  and  azote.]  A  crys- 
tallizable  acid  and  bitter  substance,  ob- 
tained by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on 
indigo  and  some  other  animal  and  vege- 
table substances.  It  is  of  great  impor- 
tance in  dyeing.  When  silk,  which  has 
been  treated  with  a  mordant  of  alum  or 
cream  of  tartar,  is  immersed  in  a  solu- 
tion of  this  acid,  it  is  dyed  of  a  beauti- 
ful permanent  yellow  colour.  Often 
called  Picric  Acid. 

Carbide  (karOiid),  n.  A  compound  of  car- 
bon with  a  metal,  the  usual  effect  of 
which  is  to  render  it  hard  and  brittle. 
Formerly  called  Carburet. 
Carbine,  »     See  CARABINE. 
Carbineer  (kar-bin-er'),  n.     See  CARA- 
BINEER. 

Carbohydrate  (karOio-hl-drat),  n.    (Car- 
bon ana  hydrate.]  An  organic  compound 
containing   carlran    and    the  elements  of 
water,  such  as  starch  and  cellulose.     L're. 
Carbo-hydrogen  (kar'bo-ni-dro-jen),  n. 
Same  as  Hydro-carbon. 
Carbolic  Add  (kar-bol'ik  as'id),  n.  [Carton 


ch,  cAaiu;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;     j,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      IB,  tAen;  th,  (Am;      w,  wig;    wh,  toAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CARBON 


390 


CARCASS 


anil  oil.]  (CjHcO.)  An  acid  found  in  that  part 
of  the  oil  of  coal  which  boils  between  300*  and 
400°.  It  ia.when  pure,  a  colourless  crystalline 
substance,  but  it  is  usually  found  as  an  oily 
liquid,  colourless,  with  a  burning  taste  and 
the  odour  of  creosote.  Carbolic  acid  is  now 
much  employed  as  a  therapeutic  and  disin- 
fectant. It  may  be  taken  internally  in  cases 
in  which  creosote  is  indicated;  but  its  prin- 
cipal use  is  as  an  external  application  to 
unhealthy  sores,  compound  fractures,  and 
to  abscesses  after  they  have  been  opened, 
over  which  it  coagulates,  forming  a  crust 
impermeable  to  air  and  to  the  organic  germa 
floating  in  the  atmosphere,  which  produce 
decomposition  in  the  wound.  The  action 
of  the  acid  is  not  only  to  exclude  these  germs 
but  also  to  destroy  such  as  may  have  been 
admitted,  for  which  reason  it  is  introduced 
into  the  interior  of  the  wound.  Called  also 
I'henic  Acid. 

Carbon  (kar'bon),  n.  [L.  carbo,  a  coal] 
Sym.  C.  At.  wt.  12.  Pure  charcoal;  a  sim- 
ple body,  black,  brittle,  light, and  inodorous. 
It  is  usually  the  remains  of  some  vegetable 
body  from  which  all  the  volatile  matter 
has  been  expelled  by  heat;  but  it  maybe 
obtained  from  most  organic  matters,  animal 
as  well  as  vegetable,  by  ignition  in  close 
vessels.  When  crystallized  it  forms  the 
diamond.  Wood  carbon,  or  charcoal  well 
prepared,  is  of  a  deep  black  colour,  brittle 
and  porous,  tasteless  and  inodorous.  It  is 
infusible  in  any  heat  a  furnace  can  raise, 
but  by  the  action  of  a  powerful  galvanic 
apparatus  it  may  be  volatilized,  presenting 
a  surface  with  a  distinct  appearance  of  hav- 
ing undergone  fusion.  When  thoroughly 
burned  it  is  a  conductor  of  electricity,  but 
a  very  bad  conductor  of  heat.  It  has  the 
property  of  absorbing  different  gases,  and 
gives  them  out  again  when  heated.  It  haa 
a  powerful  affinity  for  oxygen,  and  decom- 
poses several  of  the  acids,  depriving  them 
of  their  oxygen.  It  is  used  sometimes  as 
fuel  on  account  of  its  giving  a  strong  and 
steady  heat  without  smoke.  It  is  employed 
to  convert  iron  into  steel  by  cementation. 
1  [  --liters  into  the  composition  of  gunpowder. 
It  forms  the  basis  of  black  paints,  Indian 
ink,  and  printers'  ink.  Carbon  is  one  of 
those  elements  which  exist  in  various  dis- 
tinct forms  called  allotropic  forms.  Itoccurs 
as  diamond, wood  charcoal,  animal  charcoal, 
graphite,  lamp-black,  anil  anthracite.  The 
compounds  of  this  element  are  more  nume- 
rous than  those  of  all  the  other  elements 
taken  together.  —Carton  points,  in  electric 
lighting,  two  pieces  of  very  hard,  compact 
carbon,  between  which  the  electric  circuit 
is  broken,  so  that  the  resistance  which  they 
offer  to  the  passage  of  the  current  produces 
a  light  of  extraordinary  brilliancy.  — Carbon 
printing,  in  photog.  a  process  by  which  per- 
manent pictures,  &c.,  are  printed  from  pho- 
tographic negatives.  The  surface  of  the 
paper  to  be  submitted  to  the  light  under  the 
negative  is  coated  with  gelatine,  starch,  or 
gum, combined  witli  carbon  or  any  other  pig- 
ment, and  exposed  to  the  varying  intensities 
of  light  passing  through  the  negative,  the 
result  being  that  the  gelatine  becomes  insol- 
uble to  proportional  depths.  The  soluble 
gelatine  is  then  washed  away  with  hot  water, 
when  a  permanent  positive  print  is  de- 
veloped. 

Carbonaceous  (kar-bo-na'shus),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  carbon  or  charcoal.  See  CARBONIC. 
— Carbonaceous  rocks  are  such  as  contain 
decomposed  animal  or  vegetable  matter, 
chiefly  the  latter,  in  such  quantity  as  to 
give  the  rock  a  dark  tint. 

Carbona.de,  t  Carbonado*  (kar'bo-nad, kar- 
bo-na'do), rt.  [From  'L.carbo,  a  coal. ]  In  cook- 
ery, a  piece  of  meat,  fowl,  or  game,  cut 
across,  seasoned,  and  broiled;  a  chop. 

If  I  come  in  his  (way)  willingly  let  him  make  a  car- 
bonado of  me.  Shak. 

Carbonade,*  Carbonado*  (kar'bo-nad, kar- 
bo-na'do),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  carbonaded;  ppr. 
carbunading.  1.  To  cut  or  hack  for  broiling 
or  frying  'A  hare  daintily  carbonadoed." 
Beau.  >t  Fl.  —2.  To  cut  or  hack,  as  in  fighting. 

Draw,  you  rogue,  or  I'll  so  carbonado  yoiir  shanks. 

S/tai. 

Carbonaro  (kar-bo-na'ro),  n.  pi.  Carbonari 
(kar-bo-na're).  [It.,  lit.  a  coal-man,  a  char- 
coal-burner.] A  name  given  to  the  mem- 
bers of  a  secret  political  society,  which 
appears  to  have  been  formed  by  the  Nea- 
politan republicans  during  Murat's  govern- 
ment, and  had  for  its  object  the  expulsion 
of  the  stranger  and  the  establishment  of  a 


democratic  government.  Towards  1818  the 
society  spread  into  France. 
Carbonate  (karton-at),  n.  In  chem.  a  com- 
pound formed  by  the  union  of  carbonic  acid 
with  a  base;  as,  carbonate  of  lime;  carbonate 
of  copper.  The  carbonates  are  an  important 
class  of  salts.many  of  them  being  extensively 
used  in  the  arts  and  in  medicine. 
Carbonated  (kar'bon-at-ed),  a.  Containing 
carbonic  acid. — Carbonated  springs,  springs 
of  water  impregnated  witli  carbonic  acid 
gas.  They  are  common  in  volcanic  countries. 
Carbonic  (kiir-bon'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
carbon, or  obtained  from  it. — Carbonic  acid 
(C02),  more  properly  called  Carbonic  Anhy- 
dride, or  Carbon  Dioxide,  a  gaseous  com- 
pound of  12  parts  by  weight  of  carbon  and 
32  of  oxygen,  colourless,  without  smell, 
twenty-two  times  aa  heavy  as  hydrogen, 
turning  blue  litmus  slightly  red,  and  existing 
in  the  atmosphere  to  the  extent  of  1  volume 
in  2500.  It  is  incapable  of  maintaining  flame 
or  animal  life,  acting  as  a  narcotic  poison 
when  present  in  the  air  to  the  extent  of 
only  4  or  5  per  cent.  It  is  disengaged  from 
fermenting  liquors  and  from  decomposing 
vegetable  and  animal  substances,  and  ia 
largely  evolved  from  fissures  in  the  earth, 
constituting  the  choke -damp  of  mines. 
From  its  weight  it  has  a  tendency  to  subside 
into  low  places,  vaults  and  wells,  rendering 
some  low-lying  places,  aa  the  upas  valley  of 
Java,  and  many  caves,  uninhabitable.  It 
has  a  pleasant,  acidulous,  pungent  taste, 
and  aerated  beverages  of  all  kinds— beer, 
champagne,  and  carbonated  mineral  water 
— owe  their  refreshing  qualities  to  its  pre- 
sence, for  though  poisonous  when  taken 
into  the  lungs,  it  is  agreeable  when  taken 
into  the  stomach.  Thia  acid  is  formed  and 
given  out  during  the  respiration  of  animals, 
and  in  all  ordinary  combustions,  from  the 
oxidation  of  carbon  in  the  fuel.  It  exists 
in  large  quantity  in  all  limestones  and  mar- 
bles. It  is  evolved  from  the  coloured  parts 
of  the  Mowers  of  plants  both  by  night  and 
day,  and  from  the  green  parts  of  planta 
during  the  night.  During  the  day  plants 
absorb  it  from  the  atmosphere  through  their 
leaves,  and  it  forms  an  important  part  of 
their  nourishment. —Carbonic  or  carbonous 
oxide  (CO),  a  substance  obtained  by  trans- 
mitting carbonic  acid  overred-hot  fragments 
of  charcoal,  contained  in  a  tube  of  iron  or 
porcelain,  and  also  by  several  other  pro- 
cesses. It  is  a  colourless,  inodoroua  gas, 
sp.  gr.  0  9727,  has  neither  acid  nor  alkaline 
properties,  ia  very  poisonous,  and  burns 
with  a  pale  lavender  flame.  This  substance 
is  produced  when  a  coal  fire  bums  with  a 
smokeless  flame.  The  pale  lavender  flame 
of  burning  carbonic  oxide  may  often  be  ob- 
served playing  over  the  surface  of  such  a 
fire. 

Carboniferous  (kar-bo-nif'er-us),  a.  [L. 
carbo,  carbonig,  a  coal,  and  fero,  to  bear.] 
Containing  or  yielding  carbon  or  coal.— 
I  Carboniferous  system,  in  gfol.  the  great 
I  group  of  strata  which  lie  between  the  old 
red  sandstone  below  and  the  Permian  or 
new  red  sandstone  above.  They  derive  their 
designation  from  the  amount  of  carbon  con- 
tained in  them.  They  include  the  coal- 
measures,  millstone  grit.andmountain  lime- 
stone. 

Carbonization  (kar/bon-iz-a"shon),  n.  The 
act  or  process  of  carbonizing. 

Carbonize  (kar'bon-iz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  car- 
bonized; ppr.  carbonizing.  To  convert  into 
carbon  by  combustion,  or  the  action  of  fire. 

Carbonohydrous  (kar"bon-o-hi'drus),  a. 
Composed  of  carbon  and  hydrogen. 

Carbonometer(kar-bo-nom'et-er),  n.  An 
instrument  to  detect  the  presence  of  an 
excess  of  carbonic  acid  by  its  action  on 
lime-water. 

Carbonous  (kar^on-us),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  containing  carbon.  —  Carbonous  oxide, 
same  aa  Carbonic  Oxide  (which  see  under 
CARBONIC). 

Carbon-point  (karTjon-point),  71.  See  under 
CARBON. 

Carbon -printing  (kar'bon-priut-ing),  n. 
See  under  CARBON. 

Carbon-spar  (kartion-spar),  n.  A  name 
given  to  several  mineral  carbonates,  as  car- 
bonate of  magnesium,  of  zinc.  &c. 

Carbo vinate  of  Potassium  (kar-bov'i-nat), 
n.  More  properly  Ethyl-carbonate  of  Potas- 
sium (CjHjK.CO.).  A  white  crystalline 
ether  obtained  by  tne  action  of  carbon  diox- 
ide upon  perfectly  dry  hydrate  of  potassium 
in  absolute  alcohol. 

Carboy  (kar'boi),  n.    [Per.  karabd,  large 


Carboy. 


vessels  for  containing  wine.]  A  large  globu- 
lar bottle  of  green  glass,  protected  by  an 
outside  covering,  and  used  chiefly  for  con- 
taining certain 
acids  (such  as 
vitriol  or  sul- 
phuric acid)  and 
other  highly 
corrosive  li- 
quids likely  to 
act  upon  stone- 
ware. 

Carbuncle(kar/- 
bung-kl),  n.  [L. 
carbunculun,  a 
little  coal,  from 
carbo,  a  coal.) 
1.  A  beautiful 

gem  of  a  deep  red  colour,  with  a  mixture 
of  scarlet,  called  by  the  Greeks  anthrax 
found  in  the  East  Indies.  It  is  found 
pure,  and  adhering  to  a  heavy  ferrugin- 
ous stone  of  the  emery  kind.  It  is  usually 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length,  and  two- 
thirds  of  that  in  diameter,  of  an  angular 
figure.  When  held  up  to  the  sun  it  loses 
its  deep  tinge,  and  becomes  exactly  of  the 
colour  of  a  burning  coal.  The  carbuncle  of 
the  ancients  is  supposed  to  have  been  a 
garnet.  —  2.  An  inflammatory  tumour,  or 
malignant  gangrenous  boil  or  ulcer,  differ- 
ing from  a  boil  in  having  no  central  core  ; 
an  anthrax. 

It  was  a  pestilent  fever,   but    there  followed   no 
cartanclt.  Satan. 

3.  In  her.  a  charge  or  bearing,  generally 
consisting  of  eight  radii,  four  of  which  make 
a  common  cross,  and  the  other  four  a  saltier; 
sometimes  the  number  of  rays  is  only  six, 
and  sometimes  as  many  aa  twelve.  Called 
also  Escarbuncle. 

Carbuncled  (karTmng-kld),  o.  1.  Set  with 
carbuncles.  'Armour  .  .  .  carbuncled  like 
holy  Phcebua'  car.'  Shale.—  2.  Afflicted  with 
the  malignant  boil  called  carbuncle  ;  pim- 
pled and  blotched.  'A  carbuncled  face.' 
Brome. 

Carbuncular  (kar-bungTiu-ler),  a.  Belong- 
ing to  a  carbuncle;  resembling  a  carbuncle; 
red;  inflamed. 

Carbunculate  (kar-bung'ku-lat),  a.  Same 
as  Carbuncular. 

Carbunculation  (kar-bung'ku-la"shon),  n. 
[L.  carbunculatio,  from  carbunculo,  to  burn 
to  a  coal,  to  blaat.  See  CARBUNCLE.)  The 
blasting  of  the  young  buds  of  trees  or  plants 
by  excessive  heat  or  cold. 

Carburet  (kar'bu-ret),  n.  The  old  name  for 
Carbide  (which  see). 

Carburetted  (kar'bu-ret-ed),  a.  Combined 
with  carbon  in  the  manner  of  a  carburet  ; 
as,  carburetted  hydrogen.  —  Light  carburet- 
ted  hydrogen,  a  compound  of  carbon  and 
hydrogen  (C  HA  which  occurs  in  coal-mines 
(fire-damp)  anu  about  the  neighbourhood  of 
stagnant  pools. 

Carcajou  (karTsa-jo),  n.  [Fr.  carcajou,  from 
native  name.  ]  A  species  of  badger  found  in 
Canada  and  other  parts  of  North  America, 
the  Meles  (Taxidea)  labradorica. 

Carcanet  (kar'ka-net),  71.  [Fr.  carcan,  for- 
merly also  carchant,  a  carcanet,  an  iron 
collar,  probably  from  Armor,  kerchen,  the 
neck  or  boaom.  Diez  derives  it  from  O.H.G. 
querca,  Icel.  faerie,  the  throat.]  1.  A  neck- 
lace or  collar  of  jewels.  'Jewels  in  the 
carcanet.'  Shale. 

About  thy  neck  a  carcanet  is  bound, 

Made  of  the  rubie,  pearl,  and  diamond,   fitrrici. 

2.t  A  cluster  of  jewels  or  pendent  orna- 
ments for  the  hair.  '  Curled  hairs  hung  full 
of  sparkling  carcanets.'  Mariton. 

Carcara  (kar-ka'raX  ".    Same  as  Caracara. 

Carcass,  Carcase  (karTtaa),  71.  [O.K.  car- 
cayx,  carkeys,  from  O.Fr.  carquaste,  Fr.  car- 
casse,  the  carcass,  a  framework,  a  kind  of 
bomb,  ultimately  the  same  word  as  carquois, 
a  quiver,  from  L.L.  tarcasius,  a  quiver,  and 
that  from  Ar.  and  Per.  tarkath,  terketh,  a 
quiver.  From  the  sense  of  case  for  arrows 
the  word  would  come  to  have  the  meaning 
of  case  or  shell  in  general,  hence  its  appli- 
cation to  the  body.]  1.  The  body,  uaually 
the  dead  body,  of  an  animal;  a  corpse.  It 
is  not  uaually  applied  to  the  living  body  of 
the  human  species,  except  in  low  or  ludi- 
crous language,  or  in  contempt.  'To  pamper 
his  own  carcais.'  South.—  2.  The  decaying 
remains  of  a  bulky  thing,  as  of  a  boat  or 
ship.  'The  carcasses  of  many  a  tall  ship.' 
Shak.  —  3.  The  frame  or  main  parta  of  a 
thing  unfinished,  or  without  ornament,  as 
the  timber  work  of  a  house  before  it  ia  lathed 
or  plastered  or  the  floors  laid,  or  the  keel, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CARCAVELHOS 


397 


CARDINAL-BIRD 


ribs,  <tc.,  of  a  ship.  —4.  An  iron  case,  shell, 
or  hollow  vessel,  filled  with  combustible  and 
other  substances,  as  gunpowder,  saltpetre, 
sulphur,  broken  glass,  turpentine,  &c., 
thrown  from  a  mortar  or 
howitzer,  and  intended  to  set 
fire  to  buildings,  ships,  and 
wooden  defences.  It  has  two 
or  three  apertures,  from 
which  the  fire  blazes,  and  the 
light  sometimes  serves  as  a 
direction  in  throwing  shells. 
It  is  sometimes  equipped  with  Carcass, 
pistol  barrels  loaded  with 
powder  to  the  muzzle,  which  explode  as  the 
composition  burns  down  to  than,— GBTUOM 
flooring,  in  arch,  the  grated  frame  of  timber- 
work  which  supports  the  boarding  or  floor- 
boards above  and  the  ceiling  below.—  Car- 
cass roofing,  the  grated  frame  of  timber- 
work  which  spans  the  building,  and  carries 
the  boarding  and  other  covering. 
Carcavelhos  (kar-ka-val'yos),  n.  A  sweet 
wine,  grown  in  the  district  of  this  name  in 
Portugal.  Commoner  forms  in  England  are 
Calcavetta  and  Calcavellos. 
Carcelaget  (kar'se-lajXn.  (L.L.  carcelagium, 
carcerayium,  from  L.  career,  a  prison.  ] 
Prison  fees. 

Carceralt  (kar'ser-al), a.  [L.  career,  a  prison.  ] 
Belonging  to  a  prison.  '  Carceral  endurance.' 
Foxe. 

Carcerule  (kar'ser-ul),  n.  [Dim.  from  L. 
career,  a  prison.]  In  hot.  (a)  same  as  Sarco- 
basis  (which  see),  (ii)  The  spore-case  of  a 
fungus. 

Carcharias  (kar-ka'ri-as),  n.  [Gr.  karchar- 
ias,  a  kind  of  shark  having  jagged  teeth, 
from  karcharos,  jagged.  ]  A  genus  of  elasmo- 
branchiate  fishes,  whose  teeth  exhibit  a 
reticulated  structure  of  medullary  tubes, 
comprising  some  of  the  most  voracious  of 
the  sharks;  for  example,  the  white  shark 
(C.  vvlgariz),  which  sometimes  attains  the 
length  of  25  to  30  feet,  its  mouth  being  suffi- 
ciently wide  to  enable  it  to  receive  the  thigh 
or  even  the  body  of  a  man. 
CarcharUUe  (kiir-kar'i-de),  n.  pi.  [See  CAR- 
CHARIAS. ]  A  name  given  by  some  zoologists 
to  the  Squalidic  or  shark  family. 
Carcharodon  (kiir'kar-o-don),  n.  [Gr.  kar- 
charos,  jagged,  and  odous,  odontic,  a  tooth.] 
A  genus  of  fossil  tertiary  sharks,  often  of 
great  size,  differing  from  the  species  of  the 
living  genus  Carcharias  chiefly  in  their  teeth 
being  solid  in  the  centre,  while  in  the  latter 
they  are  hollow. 

Carcinological  (kar'sin-6-loj"ik-al),  a.  Per- 
taining to  carcinology. 
Carcinology  (kar-sin-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  kar- 
kiiws,  a  crab,  and  (030.5,  discourse.  ]  That 
department  of  zoology  which  interests  itself 
with  crustaceans,  or  crabs,  shrimps,  &c. 
Called  also  Cruutaceoloyy  and  Stalacostra- 
cology. 

Carcinoma  (kar-si-no'ma),  n.  [Gr.  karki- 
noma,  from  karkinoo,  karkinos,  a  cancer.] 
A  cancer.  This  is  the  sense  in  which  the 
word  is  generally  used  by  medical  writers ; 
but  some  apply  it  to  an  indolent  tumour 
different  from  cancer,  while  others  confine 
it  to  an  incipient  cancer,  and  others  to  that 
kind  of  cancer  in  which  the  affected  struc- 
ture assumes  the  appearance  of  cerebral 
substance. 

CarctnomatOUS  (kiir-si-no'ma-tus),  a.  Per- 
taining to  carcinoma;  cancerous;  like  a  can- 
cer, or  tending  to  it. 

Carcinus  (kar'si-nus),  n.  [Gr.  karkinos, 
a  crab.]  A  genus  of  decapod  Crustacea, 
containing  the  most  common  crab  on  our 
coast,  the  green -crab  or  shore-crab  (C. 
mcenas). 

Card  (kard),  n.  [Corrupted  from  Fr.  carte, 
&  card,  from  L.  charta,  paper,  from  Gr. 
charte,  chartes,  a  separated  layer  of  the 
papyrus  bark.  ]  1.  A  piece  of  thick  paper  or 
pasteboard  prepared  for  various  purposes ; 
(rc)  a  piece  of  cardboard  on  which  are  painted 
figures  or  points;  a  playing  card  in  games. 
(6)  A  piece  of  cardboard  with  one's  name, 
Ac.,  written  or  printed  on  it,  used  in  visit- 
ing, and  generally  for  indicating  the  name  of 
the  person  presenting  it.  Called  also  Visit- 
ing Card.  (c)The  paper  on  which  the  points 
of  the  compass  are  marked.  'Reason  the 
card,  but  passion  is  the  gale.'  Pope,  (a)  A 
piece  of  pasteboard  on  which  is  written  or 
printed  an  invitation  to  a  public  or  pri- 
vate entertainment.  — 2.  Same  as  Business 
Card  (which  see  under  BUSINESS):  an  exten- 
sion of  the  sense  1  (&).— 3.  A  slang  term  ap- 
plied to  an  eccentric  person,  or  any  one 
•who  has  some  notable  peculiarity,  such  as 


one  who  is  very  fast;  a  character.  'Such  an 
old  card  as  this,  so  deep,  so  sly.'  Dickens. 

Cardt  (kard),  v.i.  To  play  at  cards.  John- 
son. 

Card  (kard),  n.  [Fr.  carde,  a  card  for  wool, 
from  L.L.  cardus,  L.  carduus,  a  thistle,  from 
carere,  to  card  —thistles  having  been  used 
as  cards.  ]  An  instrument  for  combing, 
opening,  and  breaking  wool  or  flax,  freeing 
it  from  the  coarser  parts  and  from  extrane- 
ous matter.  It  is  made  by  inserting  bent 
teeth  of  wire  in  a  thick  piece  of  leather, 
and  nailing  this  to  a  piece  of  oblong 
board  to  which  a  handle  is  attached.  But 
wool  and  cotton  are  now  generally  curded  in 
mills  by  teeth  fixed  on  a  wheel  moved  by 
machinery. 

Card  (kard),  v.  t.  or  i.  I.  To  comb  or  open  wool, 
flax,  hemp,  &c.,  with  a  card  for  the  purpose 
of  cleansing  it  of  extraneous  matter,  separ- 
ating the  coarser  parts,  and  making  it  fine 
and  soft  for  spinning. 

Go  card  and  spin. 
And  leave  the  business  of  the  war  to  men. 

Dryden. 

Fig. 

This  book  must  be  curded  and  purged.     Skeltoti. 

2.  t  To  mingle;  to  mix;  to  weaken  or  debase 
by  mixing. 

You  tardyour  beer,  if  you  see  your  guests  begin  to 
be  drunk,  half  small,  half  strong.  Greene. 

Cardamine(kar-dam'i-ne),  n.  [Gr.  karda- 
mine,  a  kind  of  cress.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Cruciferse.  The  species  are  numerous, 
and  are  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with 
usually  pinnate  leaves  and  racemes  of  white 
or  purple  flowers.  C.  pratensis  (cuckoo- 
flower or  ladies' -smock)  is  abundant  in 
Britain.  It  has.  a  bitter  taste,  and  at  one 
time  it  had  the  reputation  of  being  a  diu- 
retic and  antispasmodic.  It  is  known  to 
possess  antiscorbutic  properties.  It  is  gener- 
ally in  blossom  when  the  cuckoo  returns  to 
this  country,  hence  the  name  cuckoo-flower. 
Four  other  species  are  described  as  natives 
of  Britain,  viz.  C.  amara  (bitter-cress),  C. 
impatiens,  C.  hirsuta,  and  C.  sylvatica. 

Cardamom  (kar'da-mum),  n.  [L.  cardamo- 
mum,  Gr.  kardamvmon.  ]  The  aromatic 
capsule  of  different  species  of  Amomum  and 
Elettaria,  nat.  order  Zingiberacea:,  employed 
in  medicine  as  well  as  an  ingredient  in 
sauces  and  curries.  The  cardamoms  known 
in  the  shops  are  the  large,  supposed  to  be 
produced  by  A.  angusttfolium,  aMadagascar 
plant ;  the  middle-sized  and  the  small,  both 
supposed  to  be  the  produce  of  A.  Cardamo- 
mum,  a  native  of  Sumatra  and  other  eastern 
islands.  Those  recognized  in  the  British 
pharmacopoeia  called  true  or  ojficinal  car- 
damoms and  known  in  commerce  as  Mala- 
bar cardamoms,  are  the  produce  of  Elettaria 
(Alpinia)  Cardamomum,  a  native  of  the 
mountains  of  Malabar  and  Canara.  Ceylon 
cardamoms  are  the  fruit  of  A.  grana-para- 
disi. 

Card-basket  (kard'bas-ket),  n.  An  orna- 
mental basket  for  holding  visiting  cards. 

Cardboard  (kard'bord),  n.  A  stiff  kind  of 
paper  or  pasteboard  for  making  cards,  &c. ; 
pasteboard. 

Card-case  (kardTtas),  n.  A  small  pocket 
case,  generally  of  an  ornamental  kind,  for 
holding  visiting  cards. 

Cardecu  t(  kiirW-ku ),  n.  [  Corrupt  for  Fr. 
quart  d'em.]  The  fourth  part  of  a  crown. 

A  set  of  hilding  fellows,  ...  the  bunch  of  then; 
were  not  worth  a  cardeclt.  Sir  II7.  Scott. 

Carder  (kard'er),  ?i.  One  who  cards  wool ; 
the  machine  employed  in  carding  wooh 
'The  spinsters,  carders,  fullers,  weavers.' 
Shak. 

Carder  (kard'er),  n.  One  who  plays  at  cards; 
a  gamester.  'Coggers,  carders,  dicers.'  Bp. 
Woolton. 

Cardia  (kiir'di-a),  n.  [Gr.  kardia,  the  heart.] 
In  anal,  the  upper  orifice  of  the  stomach 
where  the  oesophagus  enters  it. 

Cardiac  (kar'di-ak),  a.  [L.  cardiacus,  Gr. 
;  kardiakos,  from  kardia,  the  heart.]  1.  Per- 
taining to  the  heart.— 2.  Exciting  action  in 
the  heart  through  the  medium  of  the 
stomach ;  having  the  quality  of  stimulating 
action  in  the  system,  invigorating  the  spirits, 
and  giving  strength  and  cheerfulness.— The 
cardiac  orifice  of  the  stomach,  the  cardia. — 
Cardiac  passion,  an  old  name  for  heart- 
burn.— Cardiac  arteries  and  veins,  the  coro- 
nary arteries  and  veins  of  the  heart. — Car- 
:  diac  wheel,  in  mech.  a  heart-wheel ;  a  cam- 
!  wheel  in  the  form  of  a  heart.  See  HEART- 

Cardiac  (kar'di-ak),  n.    A  medicine  which 


cxritcs  action  in  the  stomach  anil  animates 
tin-  !-]iirits;  a  rnnlial 

Cardiacal  (kar-di'ak-al),  a.  Same  as  Car- 
(/inc. 

Cardiace  t  (karMI-iis),  n.  [f;r.  kardia,  the 
heart.]  A  heart  -  shaped  precious  stone. 
Crabb. 

Cardiace8e(kar-di-iVse  e),  n .;;(.  SamensCai-- 
diadte. 

CardiadSB  (kar-di'a-de).  n.  pi.  [  From  Car- 
(Hum,  one  of  the  genera.  ]  A  family  of 
lamcllibranchiate  molluscs,  including  the 
cockles  and  their  allies.  They  have  cqui- 
valve  bivalve  convex  shells,  having  promi- 
nent umbones  or  beaks  curved  towards  the 
hinge,  which,  when  viewed  sideways,  ^i" 
them  the  appearance  of  a  heart.  The 
mantle  edges  are  united  so  as  to  form  two 
orifices  or  short  siphons,  through  which 
water  passes  out  and  in,  serving  for  respira- 
tion and  nutrition. 

Cardiagraphy  (kar-dl-ag'ra-fl),  n.  [Or. 
kardia,  the  heart,  and  graphd,  to  write,  to 
describe.]  An  anatomical  description  of  the 
heart.  Duiujlisoii.  Called  also  Cardiogra- 

Cardialgia,  Cardlalgy  (kiir-di-al'ji-a,  kar-- 
di-al-ji),  «.  [Gr.  kardia,  the  heart,  and 
alyos,  pain.  ]  In  med.  the  heart-burn,  n 
burning  sensation  in  the  upper  or  left  orifice 
of  the  stomach,  seemingly  at  the  heart,  but 
rising  into  the  oesophagus.  Called  also  the 
Cardiac  Position. 

Cardiidse  (kar-di'i-de),  n.pl.  Same  as  C«r- 
diadcK  (which  see). 

Cardinal  (kar'di-nal),  a.  [L.  cardinalis, 
from  cardo,  a  hinge.  ]  Chief,  principal,  pre- 
eminent, or  fundamental ;  as,  the  cardinal 
doctrine  in  one's  faith. 

Impudence  is  now  a  cardinal  virtue.  Drayton. 
His  cardinal  perfection  was  industry.  Clarendon. 
— Cardinal  numbers,  the  numbers  one,  two, 
three,  &c.,  in  distinction  from  first,  second, 
third,&c.  .which  are  called  ordinal  numbers. 
— Cardinal  points,  (a)  in  geog.  north  and 
south,  east  and  west,  or  the  four  intersec- 
tions of  the  horizon  with  the  meridian,  and 
the  prime  vertical  circle.  (6)  In  astrol.  the 
rising  and  setting  of  the  sun,  the  zenith  and 
nadir.  —  Cardinal  signs,  in  astron.  Aries, 
Libra,  Cancer,  and  Capricorn.  —  Cardituil 
virtues,  specifically,  an  antiquated  name  for 
justice,  prudence,  temperance,  and  forti- 
tude.—  Cardinal  winds,  those  which  blow 
from  the  cardinal  points. 
Cardinal  (kar'di-nal),  n.  [See  the  adjective.  ] 
1.  An  ecclesiastical  prince  in  the  Roman  Ca- 
tholic Church,  who  has  a  voice  in  the  con- 
clave at  the  election  of  a  pope,  who  is  taken 
from  the  cardinals.  The  cardinals  are  di- 
vided into  three  classesor  orders.comprising 
six  bishops,  fifty  priests,  and  fourteen  dea- 
cons, making  seventy.  These  constitute  the 
Sacred  College  and  compose  the  pope's 
council.  Originally  they  were  subordinate 
in  rank  to  bishops ;  but  they  now  have  the 
precedence.  The  dress  of  a  cardinal  is  a 
red  soutaine  or  cassock,  a  rochet,  a  short 
purple  mantle,  and  a  low-crowned,  broad- 
brimmed  red  hat,  with  two  cords  depending 


Cardinal's  Hat.— Handle's  Cyclop,  of  Costume. 

from  it,  one  from  either  side,  each  having 

fifteen  tassels  at  its  extremity.— 2.  A  cloak 

originally  of  scarlet  cloth  with  a  hood  to  it, 

much  worn  by  ladies  at  the  commencement 

of  the  eighteenth  century,  so  named  from 

its  similarity  in  shape  to  one  of  the  vest- 

i    ments  of  a  cardinal.    At  a  later  period  the 

I    material  as  well  as  the  colour  varied.    Mal- 

,    eolm,  writing  in  1807,  says  the  cardinal  was 

almost  always  of  black  silk  richly  laced. 

Cardinalat*  ( kaiAli-nal-at ),  n.    The  office, 

rank,  or  dignity  of  a  cardinal. 

An  old  friend  of  his  was  advanced  to  a  Cardinalate. 
Evelyn. 

Cardinal-bird  ( kar'di-nal-berd ),  n.  The 
Cardinalis  virginiamis,  family  Frlngillidsc, 
a  North  American  bird,  with  a  fine  red 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  fjo; 


jjob;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;     w,  icig;     wh,  toWg;      zh,  azure.—  See  KEY. 


CARDINAL-FLOWER 


398 


CARESS 


plumage,  and  a  crest  on  the  head.  Its  song 
resembles  that  of  the  nightingale,  hence 
one  of  its  common  names,  Virginian  Night- 
iivjale.  In  size  it  is  about  equal  to  the 
starling.  Called  also  Scarlet  Grosbeak  or 
Cardinal  Gi'osbeak  and  Red-bird. 

Cardinal-flower  (karMi-nal-flou-er),  n.  The 
name  commonly  given  to  Lobelia  cardinalit, 
because  of  its  large,  very  showy,  anil  in- 
tensely red  flowers;  it  is  a  native  of  North 
America,  but  is  much  cultivated  in  gardens 
in  this  country. 

Cardlnalitial  ( kiir'di-nal-ish"al ),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  cardinal ;  of  the  rank  of  a 
cardinal.  'Raised  him  to  the  cardinalitial 
dignity.'  Cardinal  Wiseman.  (Rare.] 

Cardinallze  ( kar'di-nal-iz),  v.t.  To  make  a 
cardinal.  Sheldon.  [Rare.  ] 

Cardinalship  (kar'di-nat-ship),  n.  Same  as 
Canlinalate.  Bp.  Hall. 

Carding-engine  (kard'ing-en-jin),  n.  Same 
as  Carding-mfichine. 

Carding-machine  (kard'ing-ma-shen),  n.  A 
machine  for  combing,  breaking,  and  cleans- 
ing wool  and  cotton.  It  consists  of  cylin- 
ders, thick  set  with  teeth,  and  moved  by 
the  force  of  water,  steam,  &c.  Called  also 
Carding-engine. 

Cardipgraphy  (kar-di-og"ra-fl),  n.  Same  as 
Cardiayraphy. 

Cardloid  (kar'di-oid),  n.  [Or.  kardia,  heart, 
and  cidos,  form.)  An  algebraic  curve,  so 
called  from  its  resemblance  to  a  heart. 

Cardiology  (kar-di-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  kardia, 
the  heart,  and  £01705,  discourse.  ]  A  discourse 
or  treatise  on  the  heart;  scientific  facts 
relating  to  the  heart. 

Cardiometry  (kar-di-om'e-tri),  n.  [Gr. 
kardia,  the  heart,  and  metron,  a  measure.  ] 
In  anat.  measurement  of  the  heart,  as  by 
percussion  or  auscultation.  Dunglison. 

Cardiospermum  (kar-di-o-sper'nium),  n. 
[Gr.  kardia,  heart,  and  spenna,  seed.]  A 
genus  of  climbing  shrubs  or  herbs  having 
tendrils  like  the  vine;  heart-seed  (which 

Carditis  (kar-di'tis),  n.  [Gr.  kardia,  the 
heart,  and  His,  term  signifying  inflamma- 
tion.] Inflammation  of  the  muscular  sub- 
stance of  the  heart. 

Cardium  (kar'di-um),  n.  [Gr.  kardia, 
the  heart.]  The  cockle,  a  genus  of  mol- 
lusca,  belonging  to  the  family  Cardiaceic. 
The  foot  is  largely  developed,  and  is  used 
by  most  of  these  animals,  not  merely  for 
progression ,  but  in  the  excavation  of  hollows 
in  the  sand  or  mud  of  the  shores  on  which 
they  dwell.  The  most  common  species  is 
the  C.  edule  or  edible  cockle. 

Card-match  (kard'mach),  n.  A  match  made 
by  dipping  pieces  of  caul  in  melted  sulphur. 
Addison. 

Cardol  (karMol),  n.    (Formed  of  the  middle 
part  of  Anacnrdium,   and  L.   oleum,  oil.]  j 
An  oily  liquid  contained  in  the  pericarp  of 
the  cashew-nut  (Anacardium  occidentale). 
It  is  a  powerful  blistering  agent. 

Cardoon  (kar-donO.  n.  (Sp.  canton,  a  thistle, 
fromL.  mrdmti.]  TheCynaraCardtinculiiis, 
a  perennial  plant  belonging  to  the  same  genus 
as  the  artichoke,  and  somewhat  resembling 
it.  It  is  a  native  of  the  countries  bordering 
the  Mediterranean.  The  thick  fleshy  stalks 
and  ribs  of  its  leaves  are  blanched  and  eaten 
in  Spain  and  France  as  an  esculent  vegetable. 
They  have  been  reckoned  to  possess  aphro- 
disiac properties. 

Card-party  (kard'par-ti),  «.  A  number  of 
persons  met  for  playing  cards. 

Card-player  (kard'pla-er),  n.  One  who  plays 
at  games  of  cards. 

Card-playing  (kard'pla-ing),  n.  Playing  at 
games  of  cards. 

Card-rack  (kard'rak),  n.  A  rack  or  frame  for 
holding  visiting,  business,  Ac.,  cards.  '  The 
empty  card -rack  over  the  mantelpiece.' 
Thackeray. 

Card-sharper  (kard'sharp-er),  n.  One  who 
cheats  in  playing  cards;  one  who  makes  it 
a  trade  to  fleece  the  unwary  in  games  of 
cards. 

Card-table  (kard'ta-bl),  n.  A  table  used  for 
playing  cards  on. 

Card-tray  (kard'tra),  n.  A  small  salver  for 
a  servant  to  deliver  cards  on. 

Carduelis  (kar-du-e'lis),  71.  [L.  cardims, 
a  thistle.  ]  A  genus  of  conirostral  perching 
birds  of  the  finch  tribe  (Fringillida:),  includ- 
ing the  goldfinch  and  siskin. 

Carduus  (kar'du-us),  n.  [L]  A  genus 
of  erect  herbs,  nat.  order  Compositse;  the 
thistles.  The  leaves  are  generally  spinous- 
toothed,  and  the  purple  or  sometimes  white 
flower-heads  are  surrounded  by  an  involucre 


I  composedofmanypricklybracts.  Theanther 
cells  have  a  small  linear  tail,  and  the  style 
consists  of  a  cylindrical  bifid  column.  The 
fruit  is  oblong  and  compressed.  There  are 
a  large  number  of  species,  chiefly  found  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  Twelve  are  found  in  Britain, 
all  troublesome  weeds  in  pastures  or  on  waste 
grounds.  See  THISTLE. 

Carduus  Benedictus  (kar'du-ns  ben-e-dik'- 
tus),  n.  Same  as  Blessed-thistle.  Khak. 

Care  (kar),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cam,  cearti.  care, 
sorrow;  cog.  O.Sax.  cara,  Icel.  kceri,  com- 

Elaint,  Goth,  kara,  sorrow,  O.H.G.  chara, 
imentation;  from  a  root  gar,  signifying  to 
cry,  seen  also  in  E.  call  and  crane,  and  in  Gr. 
gSryu,  to  cry,  gerys,  voice.)  1.  Some  degree 
of  pain  in  the  mind  from  apprehension  of 
evil;  mental  trouble;  concern;  anxiety;  soli- 
citude. 

Care  keeps  his  watch  in  every  old  man's  eye ; 
And  where  c,ire  lodges  sleep  will  never  lie.     Stta&. 

2.  Attention  or  heed,  with  a  view  to  safety 
orprotection;  alookingto;  caution;  regard; 
watchfulness,  as  in  the  phrase,  '  Take  care 
of  yourself. ' 

A  want  of  care  does  more  damage  than  a  want  of 
knowledge.  Franklin. 

3.  Charge  or  oversight,  implying  concern  for 
safety  and  prosperity ;  as,  he  was  under  the 
care  of  a  physician.     'That  which  cometh 
upon  me  daily,  the  care  of  all  the  churches.' 
2  Cor.  xi.  28.  —4.  The  object  of  care  or  watch- 
ful regard  and  attention.    '  Is  she  thy  care  ? ' 
Dryden. — Care,Solicitude, Concern,  Anxiety. 
Care,  mental  trouble  regarding  the  present, 
the  future,  or  even  the  past;  a  painful  weight 
of  thought;  solicitude,  concern,  both  denote 
affections  of  the  mind  of  an  intenser  kind 
than  core,  and  relate  to  the  present  and  the 
future,   concern  generally  affecting  more 
closely  the  benevolent  feelings  than  solici- 
tude;  anxiety,   stronger    than   solicitude, 
chiefly  regards  the  future,  and  implies  the 
expectation  of  some  evil  as  the  ground  of 
the  present  distress  of  mind. 

Care  (kar),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.   cared;   ppr. 
caring.    1.  To  be  anxious  or  solicitous ;  to 
be  concerned  or  interested- 
Master,  carfsf  thou  not  that  we  perish?  Mark  iv.  38. 

2.  To  be  inclined  or  disposed ;  to  like.  '  Jfot 
caring  to  observe  the  wind.'  Waller.  'An 
author,  who,  I  am  sure,  would  not  core  for 
being  praised  at  the  expense  of  another's 
reputation.'  Addition. 

Care-Cloth  t  (kar'kloth),  ti.  A  cloth  held 
by  four  men  over  the  head  of  a  bride  while 
being  married. 

Care-crazed  (karTtrazd),  a.  Crazy  or  mad 
with  care.  '  A  care-crazed  mother  of  many 
children.'  Shak. 

Carectet  (kar'ekt),  n.  An  inscribed  mark 
or  character ;  sometimes,  a  mark  intended 
as  a  charm.  Goieer;  Skelton. 

Careen  (ka-ren'),  r.t.  [Fr.  carftier,  from 
car'rnc,  the  side  and  keel  of  a  ship,  L. 
carina,  a  keel.]  Xaut.  to  heave  or  bring  a 
ship  to  lie  on  one  side  for  the  purpose  of 
caulking,  repairing,  cleansing,  paying  with 
pitch,  breaming  the  other  side,  or  the  like. 

Careen  (ka-ren'),  v.i.  To  incline  to  one  side, 
as  a  ship  under  a  press  of  sail. 

Careenage  (ka-ren'aj),  n.  1.  A  place  to 
careen  a  ship.  -2.  Expense  of  careening. 

Career  (ka-rer'),  71.  [Fr.  carriere,  O.Fr. 
cariere,  road,  race-course,  course,  career, 
from  L.  carrtw,  a  car,  vehicle.  See  CAR.] 

1.  The  ground  on  which  a  race  is  run;  a 
race-course. 

They  had  run  themselves  too  far  out  of  breath  to  go 
back  again  the  same  carter.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  A   race  or  running;   a  rapid  running; 
speed  in  motion.     'Full  merrily  hath  .  .  . 
this  career  been  run.'    Shak. 

Such  combat  should  be  made  on  horse. 

On  foaming  steed  in  full  career.       Sir  If.  Scott. 

3.  General  course  of  action  or  movement ; 
procedure ;  course  of  proceeding ;  a  specific 
course  of  action  or  occupation  forming  the 
object  of  one's  life.    '  Honour's  fair  career. ' 
Dryden. 

Brief,  brave,  and  glorious  was  his  young  career. 
Byron. 

4.  In  the  manege,  a  place  inclosed  with  a 
barrier,  in  which  they  run  the  ring.  — 5.  In 
falconry,  a  flight  or  tour  of  the  hawk,  about 
120  yards. 

Career  (ka-ref),  v.i.   To  move  or  run  rapidly. 

When  a  ship  is  decked  out  in  all!  icr  ca  nvas,  every  sail 
swelled,  and  careering  gaily  over  the  curling  waves, 
how  lofty,  how  gallant  she  appears!  Irving. 

Careering  (ka-reVing),  a.  In  her.  one  of  the 
terms  applicable  to  the  position  of  the  horse 
when  rather  bendwise  than  mounted  up- 


right ;  the  other  terms  are  statant,  passant, 
prancing,  rearing,  enraged,  and  mounted 
Careful  (kiir'ful),  a.    [A.  Sax.  cearful.    See 
CARE.]    1.  Full  of  care;  anxious;  solicitous. 

Martha,  thou  ait  careful  and  troubled  about  many 
"lings.  Luke  x.  41. 

2.  Attentive  to  support  and  protect;  prn- 
vident:  formerly  with /or,  now  generally 
with  of,  before  the  object. 

Thou  hast  been  careful/or  us  with  all  this  care. 

Are  God  and  Nature  then  at  strife. 
That  Nature  lends  such  evil  dreamsT 
So  careful  of  the  type  she  seems. 
So  careless  of  the  single  life.         Tennyson. 

3.  Giving  good  heed;  watchful;  cautious; 
as,  be  careful  to  maintain  good  works ;  be 
careful  of  your  conversation. 

A  carefnllcr  in  peri]  did  not  breathe.     Tennyson. 

4.  Showing  or  done  with  care  or  attention  ; 
as,  careful  consideration.— 5. t  Filling  with 
care  or  solicitude;   exposing  to  ccnn/ni. 
anxiety,  or  trouble;  care-causing;  painful 

•  This  careful  height. '    Shak. 

The  careful  cold  beginneth  for  to  creep.     SAaJt. 

—Cautious,  Prudent,  Careful,  Wary,  Cir- 
cumspect, Discreet.  See  under  CAUTIOUS  — 
SVN.  Anxious,  solicitous,  concerned,  dis- 
turbed, troubled,  provident,  thoughtful, 
cautious,  circumspect,  heedful,  watchful, 
vigilant. 

Carefully  (kar'ful-li),  adit.  In  a  careful 
manner:  (a)  with  care,  anxiety,  or  solici- 
tude. 

He  found  no  place  of  repentance,  though  he  sought 
it  carefully  with  tears.  Heb.  xii.  17. 

(6)  Heedfully;  watchfully;  attentively;  cau- 
tiously; providently.  'If  thou  carefully 
hearken  to  the  Lord.'  Dent.  xv.  5. 
Carefulness  (kartnl-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  careful:  (a)  anxiety;  solici- 
tude. 

Drink  thy  water  with  trembling  and  with  carefulness. 
Ezek.  xii.  18. 

(o)  needfulness;  caution;  vigilance  in  guard- 
ing against  evil  and  providing  for  safety. 

Care-killing  (kar'kil-ing),  a.  Killing  or 
putting  an  end  to  care ;  removing  anxiety 

Careless  (karles),  a.  [Care,  and  suffix  -/<-.» .- 
A.  Sax.  cearleas.}  1.  Free  from  care  or 
anxiety ;  whence,  undisturbed ;  cheerful. 

Thus  wisely  careless,  innocently  gay. 
Cheerful  he  played.  Pope. 

2.  Having  no  care;   heedless;  negligent; 
unthinking;    inattentive;    regardless;   un- 
mindful: used  absolutely  or  followed  by 
of  or  about  before  the  object     'Carelest 
of  mankind.'    Tennyson. 

A  woman:  the  more  curious  she  [s  about  her  face, 
is  commonly  the  more  careless  about  her  house. 

B.  Jonson. 
O  ye  gods  [ 

1  know  you  careless,  yet,  behold,  to  you 
From  childly  wont  and  ancient  use  1  call.  Tennyson. 

3.  Done  or  said  without  care;  unconsidered; 
as,  a  careless  throw;  a  careless  expression. 
•With  such  a  careless  force.'    Shak.     'He 
framed    the   careless   rhyme.'     Beattie.  — 
4. t  N'ot  receiving  care;  uncared  for.   'Their 
many  wounds  and  careless  harms.'  Spenser. 
[Rare.]— SYN.  Negligent,  heedless, thought- 
less,  unthinking,    inattentive,    incautious, 
remiss,  supine,  forgetful,  regardless,  incon- 
siderate, listless. 

Carelessly  (kartes-li),  adv.  In  a  careless 
manner  or  way;  negligently;  heedlessly;  in- 
attentively: without  care  or  concern. 

Carelessness  (kartes-nes),  71.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  careless;  heedlessness ;  in- 
attention; negligence. 

Care-lined  (kartind),  a.  Marked  by  care ; 
having  lines  deepened  by  care. 

That  swells  with  antic  and  uneasy  mirth 
The  hollow  care-lined  cheek.  J.  Bai/lie. 

Carency  t  (ka'ren-si),  n.  [L.  carens,  want- 
Ing,  from  careo,  to  want]  Want;  lack;  de- 
ficiency. /;//  Richardson. 

Carenet  (ka-ren'),  71.  [L.L.  carena.  See 
below.  ]  Eccles.  a  fast  of  forty  days  on  bread 
and  water;  Lent 

Carentane  (kar'en-tan),  71.  [Fr.  quaran- 
laine,  L.L.  qitarantena,  carentena,  from  L. 
fjuadraginta,  forty.]  A  papal  indulgence, 
multiplying  the  remission  of  penance  by 
forties. 

Caress  flea-res'),  n.  [Fr.  caresse,  from  It. 
carezza,  L.L.  caritia,  from  L.  carus,  dt-ar. 
Cog.  W.  caru,  to  love.)  An  act  of  endear- 
ment ;  any  act  or  expression  of  affection. 
'Conjugal  caresses.'  Milton. 

After  his  successor  had  publicly  owned  himself  a 
Roman  Catholic,  he  began  with  his  first  caresses  to 
the  church  party.  Swift. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abuue;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CARESS 


399 


CARLUDOVICA 


Caress  (ka-res'),  v.t.  [See  the  noun.]  To 
treat  with  fondness,  affection,  or  kindness; 
to  fondle;  to  embrace  witli  tender  affection, 
as  a  parent  does  a  child.  'Caressed  at  court 
and  at  both  the  universities.'  Baker.  '  Ca- 
msnl  and  chidden  by  the  dainty  hand.' 
Tennifmni. 

Caressing  (ka-res'ing),  p.  and  a.  Treating 
with  endearment  or  fondling;  fondling; 
affectionate;  fond;  as,  her  caressiny  man- 
ner. 

Caressingly  (ka-res'ing-li),  ado.  In  a  ca- 
ivssin^  manner. 

Caret  (ka'ret),  n.  [L.  caret,  there  is  want- 
ing, from  earea.  to  want]  In  writing,  a 
mark  made  thus,  A,  which  shows  that  some- 
thing, omitted  in  the  line,  is  interlined 
above  or  inserted  in  the  margin,  and  should 
be  read  in  that  place. 

Care-taker  (kartak-er),  n.  1.  One  who  takes 
care  of  anything ;  specifically,  (a)  one  who 
is  employed  at  a  wharf,  quay,  or  other  ex- 
posed place  to  look  after  goods  or  property 
of  any  kind,  (b)  A  person  put  upon  the 
premises  of  an  insolvent  to  take  care  that 
none  of  the  property  be  removed. 

Care-tuned  (kai'tund),  a.  Tuned  by  care ; 
mournful.  'My  care-tuned  tongue.'  Shak. 

Care-worn  f  karVorn),  n.  Worn,  oppressed, 
or  burdened  with  care ;  showing  marks  of 
care  or  anxiety;  as,  he  was  weary  and  care- 
worn; a  care-worn  countenance. 

And  Philip's  rosy  face  contracting  grew 
Careworn  and  wan.  Tennyson. 

Carex  (ka'reks),  n.  [L.,  a  sedge  or  rush.] 
A  large  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Cyper- 
acea;;  the  sedges.  The  plants  of  the  genus 
are  perennial  grass-like  herbs,  with  uni- 
sexual flowers,  aggregated  in  spikelets. 
There  are  more  than  a  thousand  species 
distributed  all  over  the  world,  though  they 
are  rare  in  tropical  regions.  About  sixty 
species  are  indigenous  to  Britain.  Carex 
amiaria  (the  sea-sedge)  is  used  as  a  substi- 
tute for  sarsaparilla. 

Careya  (ka'ri-a),  n.  [After  Dr.  W.  Carey,  a 
celebrated  Indian  missionary,  who  gave  his 
leisure  to  botany.  ]  A  genus  of  Indian  plants, 
nat.  order  Myrtaceic.  C.  herbacea  is  a  most 
splendid  herbaceous  stove-plant,  with  a 
spike  of  large  red  flowers,  followed  by  a 
yellowish-green  berry  about  the  size  and 
form  of  an  orange. 

Carf  t  pret.  of  kervc,  to  carve.     Chaucer. 

Carfuffle  (kar-fuf'fl),  n.  Same  as  Curfuffle. 
[Scotch.] 

Cargason.t  Cargazon  t  (kar'ga-zon),  n.  [Sp. 
cargazon.  ]  A  cargo  (which  see). 

The  ship  Swan  was  sailing  home  with  a  cargazon 
valued  at  £80,000.  Hewtll. 

Cargo  (kar'go),  n.  [Sp. ,  from  cargar,  to  load, 
L.L.  carricare,  to  load,  from  L  earnis,  a 
car.  See  CHARGE.)  The  lading  or  freight 
of  a  ship;  the  goods,  merchandise,  or  what- 
ever is  conveyed  in  a  ship  or  other  merchant 
vessel.  The  lading  within  the  hold  is  called 
the  inboard  car(fo,in  distinction  from  horses, 
cattle,  and  other  things  carried  on  deck. 

Cargoose  (kar'gos),  n.  [Perhaps  from  Gael. 
i-ir  (c.  =  k),  a  cock's  comb  or  crest,  and  goose.  ] 
A  local  name  of  the  bird  otherwise  known 
as  the  great  crested  grebe.  See  GREBE. 

Cariacou  (kar'i-a-ko).  n.  [Probably  an  In- 
dian name.]  The  Virginian  deer  (Cerytts 
virginianui),  found  in  all  parts  of  North 
America  up  to  43°  N .  lat.  It  is  smaller  than 
the  common  stag,  and  its  colour  varies  with 
the  season.  In  spring  it  is  reddish-brown, 
in  autumn  slaty-blue,  and  dull-brown  in 
winter.  Written  also  Carjacou. 

Cariama,  Ceriema  (sar-i-a'ma,  ser-i-a'ma). 
Same  as  Seriema. 

Cariatedt  (ka'ri-at-ed),  a.  Carious.  See 
CARIOUS. 

Cariatid  (kar-i-at'id).    See  CARYATID. 

Carlb  (kar'ib),  n.  One  of  a  native  race  in- 
habiting certain  portions  of  Central  America 
and  the  north  of  South  America,  and  for- 
merly also  the  Caribbean  Islands. 

Caribbean,  Carribbean  (kar-ib-be'an,  kar- 
rib-be'an),  a.  Pertaining  to  the  eastern  por- 
tion of  the  West  Indian  Islands,  or  to  the 
sea  between  them  and  the  mainland  of 
America. 

Caribbee  (kai-'ib-be),  n.    A  Carib. 

Cariboo,  Caribou  (kar'i-bo),  n.  [Fr.  Cana- 
dian, a  reindeer.  Probably  of  Indian  ori- 
gin ]  Tarandus  rangifer,  an  American 
variety  of  the  reindeer,  and  specifically 
identical  with  it.  It  has  never,  however, 
been  brought  under  the  sway  of  man,  but 
is  a  great  object  of  chase  for  the  sake  of  its 
flesh. 


Carica  (kar'i-ka),  n.     [Named  from  an  crro-  [ 
neons  idea  that  it  was  a  native  nf  Caria.]  A  ' 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Papayaeeaj,  con- 
sisting of  some  twenty  species,  which  are 
natives    of    tropical    America.      The    best 
known  is  C.  Papaya,  the  papaw-trce  (which 
see). 

Caricaturat  (kar-i-ka-tfTra),  n.  [It.]  Same 
as  Caricature. 

Let  not  this  strained  affectation  of  striving  to  be 
witty  upon  all  occasions  be  thought  exaggerated,  or 
a  cartcatura  of  Cowley.  j>.  ll'arton. 

Caricature  (kar'i-ka-tur"),  n.  [It.  carica- 
tura,  an  overloaded  representation,  from 
caricare,  to  load.  See  CHARGE.]  A  repre- 
sentation, pictorial  or  descriptive,  in  which  i 
beauties  are  concealed  and  peculiarities  or 
defects  exaggerated  so  as  to  make  the  per- 
son or  thing  ridiculous,  while  a  general  like- 
ness is  retained. 

The  war  between  wit  and  Puritanism  soon  became 
a  war  between  wit  and  morality.  The  hostility  ex- 
cited by  a  grotesque  caricature  of  virtue  dicf  not 
spare  virtue  Tierself  Macanlay. 

Caricature  (kar'i-ka-tur"),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
caricatured;  ppr.  caricaturing.  To  make 
or  draw  a  caricature  of ;  to  represent  in  a 
ridiculous  and  exaggerated  fashion;  to  bur- 
lesque. 

In  revenge  for  this  epistle  Hogarth  caricatured 
Churchill.  H.  U'alpole. 

Caricaturist  (kar/i-ka-tur"ist),  n.  One  who 
caricatures  others.  Malone. 

Caricous  (kar'i-kus),  a.  [L.  carica,  a  flg  ] 
Resembling  a  flg;  as,  a  caricous  tumour. 

Caries  (ka'ri-ez),  n.  [L.]  In med.  ulceration 
of  bony  substance ;  the  gangrenous  eating 
away  of  a  bone. 

Carillon  (kar'il-lon),  71.  [Fr. ,  from  L.  L.  qnad- 
rilio,  from  L.  quatuor,  four,  because  caril- 
lons were  played  formerly  on  four  bells.] 
1.  A  small  instrument  furnished  with  bells, 
properly  tuned,  and  furnished  with  finger- 
keys  like  those  of  the  pianoforte.  —  2.  A 
simple  air  adapted  to  be  performed  on  a 
set  of  small  bells. 

Carina  (ka-ri'na),  n.  [L.,  the  keel  of  a  boat.] 
In  bot.  same  as  Keel,  4.  See  CARINATE. 

Carinaiia  (kar-i-na'ri-a),  n.  [L.  carina,  a 
keel,  from  the  shape.]  A  genus  of  gastero- 
podous  molluscs,  of  the  order  called  Hetero- 
poda  or  Nucleobranchiata,  whose  shells  are 
known  to  collectors  under  the  name  of 
Venus'  slipper  and  glass  nautilus.  The  gills 
are  protected  by  a  small  and  very  delicate 
shell  of  glassy  translucence.  The  creature 
itself  is  about  2  inches  in  length,  and  is  of 
oceanic  habits.  It  is  so  transparent  that 
the  vital  functions  may  be  watched  by  the 
aid  of  a  microscope. 

Carinatae  (kar-i-na'te),  n.  pi.  [From  L.  ca- 
rina,  a  keel.  ]  Huxley's  second  order  of  the 
class  Aves,  the  other  two  being  Saururffi  and 
Ratitre.  The  Carinatre  include  all  the  living 
flying  birds,  that  is,  all  existing  birds  ex- 
cept the  Cursores,  and  are  characterized  by 
the  fact  that  the  sternum  is  furnished  with 
a  prominent  median  ridge  or  keel,  whence 
the  name. 

Carinate,  Carinated  (fcar'i-nat,  kar'i-nat- 
ed),  a.  [L.  carinatun,  from  carina,  a  keel.] 
Shaped  like  a  keel ;  keeled ;  specifically, 

(a)  in  bot.  having  a  longitudinal  ridge  like 
a  keel :  applied  to  a  calyx,  corolla,  or  leaf. 

(b)  In  zool.  applied  to  those  birds  whose 
sternum  is  keeled,  a  character  of  all  exist- 
ing birds  except  the  cursorial. 

Carintliine  (ka-rin'thin),  n.  A  sub-variety 
of  augite  from  Carinthia. 

Cariole  (kar'i-ol),  n.  (Fr.,  from  L.  earnis,  a 
car.]  1.  A  small  open  carriage;  a  kind  of 
calash. — 2.  A  covered  cart. 

Cariopsis  (kar-i-op'sis),  u.  Same  as  Cary- 
opsis  (which  see). 

Cariosity  (kar-i-os'i-ti),  n.  [See  CARIES.] 
Ulceration  of  a  bone. 

Carious  (ka'ri-us),  a.  Affected  with  caries; 
ulcerated :  said  of  a  bone. 

Cariacou  (kar'ja-ko),  n.    See  CARIACOU. 

Cark  (kark),  n.  [A.  Sax.  care,  cark,  becarcan, 
becearcifin,  to  cark,  perhaps  borrowed  from 
the  Welsh  care,  care,  anxiety,  whence  carc- 
v»,  solicitous;  Gael,  care,  care.]  Care; 
anxiety;  concern;  solicitude;  distress.  'The 
carke  that  nippes  our  harte. '  Drant.  '  De- 
voide  of  careful  carke.'  Spenser. 

And  at  night  the  swart  mechanic 
Comes  to  drown  his  cark  and  care. 

Quaffing  ale  from  pewter  tankards. 
In  the  master's  antique  chair.     Lonf^ftllffw. 

Cark  (kark),  v.i.  To  be  careful,  anxious, 
solicitous,  concerned.  '  Carking  and  caring 
all  that  ever  you  can  to  gather  goods.'  Hol- 
land. 

Hark,  my  husband,  he's  singing  and  honing.— and 
I'm  fain  to  cark  and  care.  Bean.  &  Ft. 


Cark  (kark).  v.t.  1.  To  oppress  with  grief, 
anxiety,  nr  caiv;  to  worry;  to  perplex;  to 
vex.  '  Thee  nor  carketh  care  nor  slander  ' 
'"m.  [Rare.]— 2.  To  bring  to  be  by 
care  or  anxiety:  to  make  by  < ;. iking.  'Care 
and  cark  himself  one  penny  richer.'  H(>«fl> 

Carking  (kiirk'mj:).  /'  and  a.  Distressing ; 
perplexing;  giving  anxiety:  now  used  almost 
solely  in  the  phrase  carkiiig  care  or  cares. 

Carl,  Carle  (karl),  11.  (A  Scandinavian  word 
=  Icel.  Dan.  Sw.  karl,  a  man;  A.  Sax.  earl, 
male,  as  in  carl-catt,  a  he-cat ;  ceorl,  a  free- 
man, a  churl;  o.II.f*.  karl,  a  man,  the  stem 
seen  in  proper  names,  Charles,  Carolus, 
Charlemagne.  Carlin  is  the  fern.  ]  1.  [Old 
English  and  Scotch.]  A  man;  a  man  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  boy;  a  robust,  strong,  or 
hardy  man ;  an  old  man.  '  A  stout  carl.' 
Chaucer. 

Why  sitfst  thou  by  that  ruined  hall. 

Thou  aged  carte  so  stern  and  grayT    Sir  II'.  Scftt. 

2.  A  man  of  rude  or  rustic  manners;  a  boor; 
a  clown ;  a  churl.  —  3.  Carle-hemp.  —  4.  A 
quantity  of  wool.  Simtnonds. 

Carl,*  Carle  t  (karl),  v.i.  To  act  like  a 
churl.  Burton. 

Carle-hemp  (karlliemp),  n.  Hale  hemp. 
In  the  following  passage  it  is  used  as  a  sym- 
bol of  robustness  of  character. 

Come,  firm  Resolve,  take  thou  the  van, 
Thou  stalk  o'  carl'-hemp  in  man.  Burns. 

Carle-Sunday,  Carling-Sunday  (karl'sun- 
da,  kar'ling-sun-da),  n.  [O.K.  and  8c.  carl- 
ing,  pease  roasted  or  fried.]  The  Sunday 
before  Palm-Sunday,  on  which  day  the  spe- 
cial food  was  pease  fried  with  butter.  The 
custom  is  a  continuation  of  the  Pagan  bean- 
feast. [Provincial.] 

Carlet  (karlet), »».  [Fr.  airrelet,  a  square 
file,  a  dim.  of  O.  Fr.  carrel,  Mod.  Fr.  carreau, 
from  L.  quadratus,  square.]  A  single-cut 
file  with  a  triangular  section  used  by  comb- 
makers. 

Carlick  (kar1ik),  n.  [A.  Sax.  eerlice.  See 
CHARLOCK.]  The  plant  Charlock.  [Local.] 
Carlin,  Carline  (kai'lin),  n.  [Fein,  of  carl, 
a  man;  Icel.  karlinna,  a  woman.  See  CARL.  ] 
An  old  woman ;  a  contemptuous  term  for 
any  woman.  [Scotch.  ] 
Caflina  (kar-li'na).»i.  See  CARLINE-THISTLE. 
Carline,  Caroline  (kartin,  kart-lin),  n. 
[Fr.  carlin.  It.  carlino,  from  Carlo,  orCharles 
I.  of  Anjou,  by  whom  they  were  coined  at 
Naples  towards  the  end  of  the  thirteenth 
century.]  The  name  given  to  coins  once 
current  in  some  parts  of  Italy. 
Carline,  Carting  (karlin,  kai-ling),  71.  [Fr. 
carlingue,  or  ettcarlingue.  Etymology  un- 
known.] A  piece  of  timber  in  a  ship,  ranging 
fore  and  aft,  from  one  deck-beam  to  an- 
other, forming  with  the  beams  a  framing 
for  the  deck-planks  to  rest  upon.  —Carline 
knees.  See  under  KNEE. 
Carline-thlstle  (kar'lin-tnis-l),  n.  [Fr.  car- 
line,  It.  Sp.  and  Pg.  carlina,  after  the  Em- 
peror Charlemagne,  whose  army  is  said  to 
have  been  saved  from  a  plague  by  the  use 
of  its  root.]  The  popular  name  of  Carlina 
mdgaris,  a  thistle  common  in  dry  fields  and 
pastures  throughout  Britain  and  the  Con- 
tinent. It  is  about  a  foot  in  height,  with 
prickly,  somewhat  hoary  leaves,  and  a  pur- 
ple head  of  flowers,  surrounded  by  a  hygro- 
metric  straw-coloured  involucre. 
Carlish(karlish),  a.  [See  CARL.]  Churlish. 
[Old  and  provincial.] 

Carlism  (kartizm),  71.  The  doctrine  of  any 
of  the  several  organizations  or  parties  called 
Carlists. 

Carlist  (kar'list),  n.  A  follower  of  Don 
Carlos  of  Spain,  or  of  Charles  X.  or  Henry  V. 
of  France,  or  one  who  adheres  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  their  followers  and  supporters;  a 
legitimist. 

Carlock  (karlok),  n.  [Rus.  karl ulr.]  A  sort 
of  isinglass  from  Russia,  made  of  the  stur- 
geon's bladder,  and  used  in  clarifying  wine. 
Carlott  (kar'lot),  n.  [A  dim.  of  carl.  See 
CARL.]  A  countryman.  'The  cottage  .  .  . 
that  the  old  carlot  once  was  master  of.' 
Shale. 

Carlovingian  (kar-16-vin'ji-an),  o.  [See 
CARL.]  Pertaining  to,  or  descended  from. 
Charlemagne;  as,  the  Carlovingian  race  of 
kings. 

Carlsbad  Twins  (karlzlmd  twinz).  71.  pi. 
Large  felspar  crystals  found  porphyritically 
imbedded  in  a  regularly  constituted  rock,  as 
in  the  granite  of  Carlsbad  in  Bohemia,  and 
the  granite  of  some  parts  of  Cornwall.  Ure . 
Carludoviea(kar'lu-d6-ve"ka),n.  [In  honour 
of  Charles  (Carlo)  IV.  of  Spam  and  his  con- 
sort Maria  Louisa  (Ludovica)  of  Parma.  ] 


ch.c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      i.job;      n,  Fr.  to7»;      ng,  sing;      TH,  tfien;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CARLYLESE 


400 


CARNIVAL 


1.  A  genus  of  palm-like  shrubs  belonging  to 
the  iiat.  order  Pandanacece.  They  are  na- 
tives of  South  America  and  the  West  Indies, 
and  the  species  C.  paltnata  yields  the  ma- 
terial of  which  the  well-known  Panama  hats 
are  made.  Hence— 2.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  a  Panama  hat. 

Carlylese  (kar/lil-ez),».  and  a.  Same  as  Car- 
lylian. 

Carlylian  (kar-lll'i-an),  n.  and  a.  A  term 
denoting  the  style  or  doctrines  of  Thomas 
Carlyle  and  his  imitators. 

Carlylism  (kar-Iil'izm),  n.  1.  A  feature  of 
the  style  of  Thomas  Carlyle.  —2.  The  lead- 
ing ideas  or  teaching  of  Thomas  Carlyle. 

Carmagnole  (k;ir-ma-»y61'),  n.  [From  Car- 
inatjnola,  in  Piedmont,  the  home  of  many 
Savoyards,  employed  in  street  music,  who 
brought  the  air  into  France.]  1.  A  republi- 
can song  and  dance  in  the  first  French  re- 
volution. Each  staiiza  of  the  song  ended 
with  the  refrain 
Dansons  la  Carmagnole — vive  le  son — du  canon! 

The  word  afterwards  became  a  sort  of  gen- 
eric term  for  revolutionary  songs,  and  was 
applied  to  the  Ca  ira,  the  Marseillaise,  the 
Chant  du  depart,  &c. — 2.  The  dress  worn 
by  the  Jacobins  during  the  revolution,  con- 
sisting of  a  blouse,  red  cap,  and  tricolouretl 
girdle.— 3.  The  wearer  of  such  a  dress;  any 
violent  revolutionist. —4.  A  bombastic  re- 
port of  the  successes  and  glories  of  the 
French  arms  during  the  revolutionary  wars. 

Carman  (kar'man),  n.  A  man  whose  em- 
ployment is  to  drive  a  car  or  cart,  or  to  con- 
vey goods  and  other  things  in  a  cart  or  car. 

Carmelite  (kar'mel-it),  n.  1.  A  mendicant 
friar  of  the  order  of  our  Lady  of  Mount  Car- 
tnel.  From  probably  the  fourth  century  holy 
men  took  up  their  abode  as  hermitson  Mount 
Carmel  in  Syria,  but  it  was  not  till  about  the 
year  1150  that  pilgrims  established  an  asso- 
ciation for  the  purpose  of  leading  a  secluded 
life  on  this  mountain,  and  so  laid  the  foun- 


Carmelite.— Pascal's  Collection  des  Costumes. 

dation  of  the  order.  Being  driven  by  the 
.Saracens  to  Europe  in  1247  they  adopted  all 
tlie  forms  of  monastic  life  anil  a  somewhat 
milder  rule.  In  time  they  became  divided 
into  several  brandies,  one  of  them  distin- 
guished by  walking  barefooted.  They  are 
still  to  be  seen  in  Roman  Catholic  coun- 
tries. The  habit  of  the  order  is  a  cas- 
sock, scapular,  and  hood  of  brown  colour, 
and  a  white  cloak,  the  hood  covering  the 
head  and  face  and  having  holes  for  the 
eyes.  —2.  A  sort  of  pear. 

Carmelite,  Carmelin  (kar'mel-it,  kartnel- 
in),  a.  Belonging  to  the  order  of  Carmel- 
ites. 

Carmlnated  (kar'nii-nat-ed),  n.  Mixed  with 
or  made  of  carmine;  as,  carminated  colour 

Carminative  (kar-min'a-tiv),  n.  [Mod.  L. 
(1B22)  carminativum,  a  carminative,  proba- 
bly from  L.  L.  carminare,  to  use  incanta- 
tions, to  charm,  from  L.  carmen,  a  poem, 
an  incantation  or  charm,  because  it  acts 
suddenly,  as  a  charm  is  supposed  to  do.]  A 
medicine  which  tends  to  expel  wind,  or  to 
remedy  colic  and  flatulencies.  Carmina- 
tives are  chiefly  obtained  from  the  vege- 
table kingdom,  the  principal  being  ginger, 
cardamom,  anise,  and  caraway  seeds.  Several 
of  the  essential  oils  are  also  used  as  carmin- 
atives, as  those  of  peppermint,  anise,  cara- 
way, juniper;  also  ardent  spirits,  especially 
in  the  form  of  aromatic  tinctures. 


Carminative  (kar-min'a-tiv),  a.  Expelling 
wind  from  the  body;  alitispasmodic. 

Carmine  (kiir'min),  n.  [Fr.  cartnin,  from 
Sp.  carmm,  carmine,  from  cannesino,  car- 
mine, crimson,  Sp.  Cannes,  kermes  (which 
see).  Crimson  has  the  same  origin.]  1.  The 
pure  colouring  matter  or  principle  of  cochi- 
neal ;  it  forms  a  purple  mass  soluble  in 
water.  The  formula  C^HjgO^  is  assigned 
to  this  substance.  —2.  A  pigment  made  from 
cochineal.  It  is  of  a  beautiful  red  or  crim- 
son colour,  bordering  on  purple,  and  is  used 
by  painters  in  miniature,  though  rarely,  on 
account  of  its  great  price. 

Cannot  (kar'mot),  it.  The  name  given  by 
the  alchemists  to  the  matter  of  which  they 
supposed  the  plu'losopher's  stone  was  con- 
stituted. 

Carn  (karn),  n.  A  rock,  or  heap  of  rocks. 
See  CAIRN.  [Provincial.] 

Carnage  (kiir'naj),  n.  [Fr.  carnage,  slaugh- 
ter, from  a  L.L.  carnaticuw,  from  L.  caro, 
carnis,  flesh.]  l.t  The  flesh  of  slain  ani- 
mals; heaps  of  flesh,  as  in  shambles.  '  His 
ample  maw  with  human  carnage  filled.' 
Pope.  —  2  Slaughter;  great  destruction  of 
men;  butchery;  massacre.  '  Made  great  car- 
nage  of  them.'  Holland.  "The  carnage  of 
Sedgemoor,  or  the  more  fearful  carnage  of 
the  Bloody  Circuit.'  Macaulay. 

Carnal  (kiir'nal),  a.  .[L.  carnalis,  carnal, 
from  caro,  carnis,  flesh.  ]  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
body,  its  passions  and  appetites ;  fleshly; 
sensual;  lustful;  gross;  impure.  'Our  car- 
nal stings,  our  unbitted  lusts.'  Shale.  'Not 
sunk  in  carnal  pleasure.'  Milton.  —  2.  Not 
spiritual;  merely  human;  not  partaking  of 
anything  divine  or  holy;  unregenerate;  un- 
sanctified.  '  Meats  and  drinks,  and  divers 
washings,  and  carnal  ordinances.'  Heb. 
ix.  10.  'All  appearances  of  mirth  anil  plea- 
santry which  were  looked  upon  as  marks  of  a 
carnal  mind.'  Addison. 

The  carnal  mind  is  enmity  against  God. 

Rom.  viti.  7. 

3.  t  Bloody ;  ravenous.  '  That  this  carnal 
cur  preys  on  the  issue  of  his  mother's  body.' 
Shak.  —  Carnal  knowledge,  sexual  inter- 
course. 

Carnalism  (kar'nal-izm),  n.  Carnality;  the 
indulgence  of  carnal  appetites. 

Carnalist  (kar'nal-ist), «.  One  given  to  the 
indulgence  of  sensual  appetites.  Burton. 

Carnalite  (kar'nal-it),  7i.  A  worldly-minded 
man.  Ant.  Anderson.  [Rare.] 

Carnality  (kar-nal'i-tl).  n.  The  state  of 
being  carnal ;  want  of  spirituality;  fleshli- 
ness;  fleshly  lusts  or  desires,  or  the  indul- 
gence of  those  lusts;  sensuality.  '  They  wal- 
low in  all  the  carnalities  of  the  world.' 
South.  'The  carnality  of  their  hearts.'  Tit- 
lotxon. 

Carnalize  (kar'nal-i/),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  car- 
nalized; ppr.  carnalizing.  To  make  carnal; 
to  debase  to  carnality.  '  A  sensual  and  car- 
nalized spirit.'  Dr.  J.  Scott.  [Rare.] 

Carnallite  (kar^na-lit),  n.  [L.  caro,  carnis, 
flesh,  and  Gr.  IWtos,  a  stone.]  A  pink-col- 
oured mineral  obtained  from  the  Stassfurth 
salt  mines.  It  consists  principally  of  mag- 
nesium, potassium,  chlorine,  and  water,  but 
contains  also  rubidium,  caisium,  and  bro- 
mine. 

Carnally  (kar'nal-li),  adv.  In  a  canial  man- 
ner; according  to  the  flesh;  not  spiritually. 
I,ev.  xviii.  20.  'That  the  apostle  dotli  very 
fitly  take  the  law  ...  either  spiritually 
or  carnally.'  Jt.  kelson. 

Carnal  -  minded  (kar'nal-mind'ed),  a. 
Having  a  carnal  or  fleshly  mind. 

Carnal-mindedness(kar'nal-miiHred-nes), 
«.  Carnality  of  mind.  '  Concupiscence  and 
carnal-mindedncmi.'  Jer.  Tat/lor. 

Carnardinet  (kar'ner-din),  «.  An  old  name 
fur  the  carnation.  '  The  rosy-coloured  car- 
nardine.'  Old  comedy. 

Carnaria  (kar-na'ri-a),  n.  [L.  caro,  carnis, 
Mesh.]  The  order  of  flesh-eating  animals; 
earnivora. 

Carnasslal  (kar-nas'si-al),  a.  [From  Fr.  car- 
nassier  (which  see).]  In  coinpar.  anat. 
adapted  for  dividing  and  eating  flesh.— 
Carnastial  teeth,  the  last  premolar  in  the 
upper  jaw  and  the  first  molar  in  the  lower. 

Carnassial  (kar-nas'si-al),  n.  In  coinpar. 
ana  t.  a  tooth  adapted  for  dividing  and  eating 
flesh.  Owen. 

Carnassler  (kar-nas-se-a),  n.  [Fr. ,  from  L.L. 
carnacerius,  an  executioner,  from  L.  caro, 
carnis,  flesh.]  A  carnivorous  animal. 

Carnation  (kar-na'shon),  n.  [Fr.  carnation, 
the  naked  part  of  a  picture,  flesh  colour;  from 
L.  caro,  car  nit,  flesh.]  1.  Flesh  colour;  the 
parts  of  a  picture  which  are  naked,  or  with- 


out drapery,  exhibiting  the  natural  colour 
of  the  flesh.  '  Her  complexion  of  the  most 
delicate  carnation.'  Lord  Lytton.  —  'L.  In 
painting,  the  representation  of  flesh.  —3.  The 
popular  name  of  Diantluis  Caryophyllti*,  a 


Two  varieties  of  Carnation. 


native  of  southern  Europe,  but  naturalized 
on  old  castle  walls  and  similar  places  in  the 
south  of  England.  It  is  a  perennial  glau- 
cous plant,  with  fragrant  rose-coloured 
flowers.  From  it  has  been  obtained  the 
many  varieties  of  the  carnations  of  the 
florists,  which  are  much  prized  for  the 
beautiful  colours  of  their  sweet-scented 
double  flowers.  They  are  arranged  into 
three  classes,  viz.,  bizarrcn,  Jlaket,  and  pi- 
cotees. 

Carnationed  (kar-na'shpnd),  a.  Having  a 
colour  like  carnation ;  pink.  Lovelace. 
Carnauba  (kar-na-o'ba),  n.  The  Brazilian 
name  of  the  Corypha  cerifera,  a  tall  palm 
which  grows  in  the  middle  and  northern 
provinces  of  Brazil,  and  which,  like  the 
Ceroxylon  andicola  or  wax-palm,  has  its 
leaves  coated  with  small  waxy  scales,  from 
which  a  straw-coloured  wax  is  obtained  by 
boiling.  The  fruit  and  pith  of  the  tree  are 
eaten,  and  the  wood,  which  is  very  durable, 
furnishes  an  important  building  material 
in  its  native  country. 

Carnel  (kar'nel),  a.  [Perhaps  from  W.  earn, 
a  cairn  or  heap  of  stones.]  Chaotic;  shape- 
less. Dryden. 

Carnellan  (kar-neli-an),  n.  [More  correctly 
cornelian,  from  Fr.  cornaline,  It.  cornalina, 
corniola,  a  carnelian,  from  L.  cornu,  a  horn, 
from  its  horny  appearance ;  comp.  onyx. 
which  literally  means  a  finger-nail  or  claw,  j 
A  siliceous  stone,  a  variety  of  chalcedony, 
of  a  deep  red,  flesh-red,  or  reddish-white 
colour.  It  is  tolerably  hard,  capable  of  a 
good  polish,  and  used  for  seals,  AT.  The 
finest  specimens  come  from  Cambay  and 
Surat.  in  India,  where  they  are  found  as 
nodules  of  a  blackish-olive  colour,  in  pecu- 
liar strata,  30  feet  below  the  surface.  The 
nodules,  after  two  years'  exposure  to  the 
sun,  are  boiled  for  two  days,  and  thereby 
acquire  the  lovely  colours  for  which  they 
are  prized. 

Carneous  (kar'ne-us),  a.  [L.  carnetts,  from 
caro,  carnis,  flesh.)  Fleshy;  having  the  qua- 
lities of  flesh.  '  Carneous  fibres. '  Hay. 

Carney  (kar'ni),  n.  [From  L.  caro,  carnis, 
flesh.]  A  disease  of  horses,  in  which  the 
mouth  is  so  furred  that  they  cannot  eat. 

Carney  (kar'ni),  n.  Soft,  hypocritical  talk; 
flattery.  [Slang.] 

Carney  (kar'ni),  t.t.  To  Insinuate  one's  self 
with;  to  flatter;  to  wheedle.  [Slang.] 

Carney  (kar'ni),  ».i.  To  interlard  one's 
discourse  with  hypocritical  terms  or  tones 
of  endearment.  [Slang.  ] 

Carnifex  (kar'ni-feks),  n.  [L.,  from  caro, 
carnu,  flesh,  especially  dead  flesh,  and  facia, 
to  make.  ]  A  public  executioner. 

Carniflcation  (kar'ni-n-ka"shou),  n.  [See 
CARNIFY.]  The  act  of  carnifying;  a  state  of 
certain  organs  in  which  the  tissue  becomes 
changed  so  as  to  resemble  that  of  fleshy 
parts.  In  the  hard  parts  it  is  equivalent  to 
ogteonarcoinar  in  the  lungs  to  hepatization. 

Carnify  (kar'ni-fi),  t.i.  pret  &  pp.  carnijied; 
ppr.  carnifi/ing.  [L.  caro,  carnis,  flesh,  and 

facto,  to  make.  ]  1.  To  form  flesh;  to  receive 
flesh  in  growth.  '  I  walk,  I  see,  I  hear,  I 
digest,  I  sanguify,  I  carnify.'  Sir  If.  Uale. 
[Rare.]  —  2.  To  lose  the  normal  structure 
and  become  fleshy.  See  CARNIFICATION. 

Carnival  (kar'ni-val),  n.  [Usually  ascribed 
to  L.  caro,  carnis,  flesh,  and  vale,  farewell, 
lit.  farewell  flesh !  but  really  from  Med.  L. 
carnelevamen,  for  carnis  lemmen,  solace  of 
the  body,  permitted  in  anticipation  of  any 
fast  —  L.  caro,  flesh,  and  levare,  to  solace. 


Kate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     u,  So.  abtine;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CAKNIVORA 


401 


CARPENTEK-BKE 


to  lighten,  through  Fr.  carnaeal.  It.  carno- 
rule,  canwvale.]  1.  The  feast  or  season  of 
rejoicing  before  Lent,  observed  in  Catholic 
countries  with  a  great  deal  of  merriment 
and  revelry,  feasts,  balls,  operas,  concerts, 
Av.  Hence — 2.  Feasting  or  revelry  in  gene- 
ral. 

Love  in  the  sacred  halls  held  carnival.    Tennyson. 

Carnivora  (kiir-niv'o-ra), ».  pi.  [L.]  A  term 
generally  applicable  to  any  creatures  that 
feed  on  flesh  or  animal  substances,  but  re- 
stricted to  an  order  of  nmmmiferous  quad- 
rupeds which  prey  upon  other  animals. 
They  are  divided  into  the  J'lantigmdes^om- 
prising  the  bears,  badgers, racoons,  gluttons, 
and  coatimondis;  the  Diyitiymdes,  compris- 
ing lions,  tigers,  cats,  dogs;  the  rriiuii»'ili«, 
or  Priinigrada,  or  Amphibious  Carnivora, 
comprising  the  seals  and  walruses,  but 
these  last  are  now  frequently  placed  in  a 
separate  order.  The  muscular  activity  of 
the  Caruivora  is  very  great,  their  respira- 
tion and  circulation  very  active,  and  their 
demand  for  food  is  consequently  constant. 

Carnivoracity  (kar-niv'6-ras"i-ti),  n.  [See 
CARNIVOROUS.  ]  Greediness  of  appetite  for 
Hesh.  rope.  [Rare.] 

Carnivore  ( kai'ni-vor),  n.  A  carnivorous 
animal;  one  of  the  Carnivora.  Owen. 

Carnivorous  (kar-niv'6-rus),  a.  [L.  can, 
curnis,  flesh,  and  voro,  to  devour.]  Eating 
or  feeding  on  flesh :  an  epithet  applied  to 
animals  which  naturally  seek  flesh  for  food, 
as  the  lion,  tiger,  dog,  wolf,  &c. ;  and  also 
to  plants  which  are  supposed  to  appropri- 
ate animal  food,  like  the  Drosera  or  sundew 
and  Pinguicula  among  British  plants,  and 
among  exotics  Dionsea  or  Venus's  fly-trap 
and  the  various  pitcher-bearing  plants. 

Carnose,  a.    See  CARNOUS. 

Carnosity  (kar-nos'i-ti),  n.  [Fr.  carnosiu, 
from  L.  caro,  carnis,  flesh.  ]  1.  Fleshiness. 

The  olives,  indeed,  be  very  small  there,  and  no 
bigger  than  capers;  yet  commended  they  are  for 
their  earnestly.  Holland. 

•2.  Fleshy  substance;  specifically,  a  little 
fleshy  excrescence  in  the  urethra,  the  neck 
of  the  bladder,  &c. 

Carnous,  Carnose  (kar'nus,  kar-nos'),  a. 
[L.  carnosus,  from  caro,  carnis,  flesh.]  1.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  flesh;  fleshy.  'Carnous 
matter.'  Holland.  ' Carnose  muscle. '  Kay. 
2.  In  bot.  of  a  fleshy  consistence:  said  of  suc- 
culent leaves,  steins,  Ac. 

Carny  (kiir'ni),  n.  and  t>.  See  CARNEY. 
[Slang.] 

Carob,  Carob-tree  (kar'ob,  kar'ob-tre),  n. 
[O.  Fr.  carobe,  Mod.  Fr.  caroube,  from  Ar. 
kharrub,  bean-pods.  ]  The  common  English 
name  of  Ceratonia  Siliqua.  See  CERATONIA. 

Caroche  (ka-rosh'),  n.  [O.  Fr.  carroche,  from 
It.  carroccio,  a  carriage,  from  carro,  a  car. 
See  CAR.)  A  kind  of  pleasure-carriage;  a 
coach.  JJ.  Jonson;  Beau,  ifc  Ft.  '  Coaches 
and  caroch.es.'  Burton. 

Careened  (ka-roshf),  a.  Placed  in  a  caroche. 

Beggary  rides  carocfittl.  Massinger. 

Carol  (kar'ol),  n.  [O.Fr.  carole,  a  kind  of 
dance  wherein  many  dance  together,  also  a 
Christmas  song  or  carol ;  from  the  Celtic : 
Armor,  koroll,  a  dance;  W.  carol,  a  carol,  a 
song.]  A  song,  especially  one  expressive  of 
joy :  Shakspere  also  applies  the  term  to  a 
devotional  song,  and  it  often  signifies,  spe- 
cifically, a  religious  song  or  ballad  in  cele- 
bration of  Christmas.  'Instruments,  carols, 
and  daunces.'  Chaucer.  'The  carol  of  a 
bird.'  Byron.  'Heard  a  carol,  mournful, 
holy.'  Tennyson. 

Even  in  the  Old  Testament,  if  you  listen  to  David's 
harp,  youshall  hear  as  many  hearse-like  ainaso>/v&. 

Carol  (kar'ol),  ».t.  pret.  &  pp.  carolled; 
ppr.  carolling.  [From  the  noun.  ]  To  sing ; 
to  warble ;  to  sing  in  joy  or  festivity. 

Hark  how  the  cheerful  birds  do  chant  their  lays, 
And  carol  of  love's  praise.  Spenser. 

Carol  (kar'ol),  v.t.  To  praise  or  celebrate  in 
song. 

The  shepherds  at  their  festivals 

Carol  her  goodness.  Milton. 

Carol,  Carrol  (kar'ol,  kar'rol),  n.  In  arch. 
a  small  closet  or  inclosure  to  sit  and  read 
in ;  also  applied  to  a  window,  doubtless  a 
bay-window:  a  word  found  in  old  docu- 
ments. Oxford  Glossary. 

Carolin  (kar'o-Iin),  n.  [Carolus,  Latin  form 
of  Charles. }  A  gold  coin  formerly  current 
in  some  parts  of  Germany,  worth  about  19s. 

Carolina  -  pink  (kar-6-li'na-pingk),  n.  A 
name  given  to  the  Spigelia  marylandica,  a 
North  American  plant  bearing  scarlet  flow- 
ers, and  having  a  root  used  as  a  vermifuge. 


Caroline,  ».     See  CARUNK.  a  coin. 

Caroling,  Carolling  (kar'oi-inu),  „.  The 
act  of  one  who  camls;  a  BOIIU  of  joy  praise 
or  devotion.  •  Ophelia's  wild  siiatchr,,  and 
the  sweet  carulings  of  'As  you  Like  it" 
CoUridft, 

Carolingian  (kar-6-lin'jl-an),  a.  Same  as 
Carlovinffitin. 

Carolinian  (kar-6-lin'i-an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  Carolina. 

Carolinian  (karo-lin'i-an),  n.    A  native  or 
inhabitant  of  Carolina. 
Carolitic,  Carolytio  (kar-6-lit'ik),  a.    In 
a/-cA.  decorated  with  branches  and  leaves 
as  a  column.     Gwilt. 

Carolus  (kai'6-lus),  «.     A  gold  coin  struck 
111  the  reign  of  Charles  I.  and  originally  -Jn.s 
in  value,  afterwards  23s.    The  name  was 
given  also  to  various  other  coins. 
Caromel  (karVmel),  ».    See  CARAMEL 
Caroome(ka-rom'),  n.  [From  car.)  A  license 
from  the  Lord-mayor  of  London  to  keep  a 
cart.     Wharton. 

Caroon  (ka-rou'),  n.    [Gael,  and  Ir.  caor, 
caorann,  a  mountain-berry,  the  rowan.]    A 
species  of  cherry.    Simtnoiuls. 
Carosse  (ka-ros'),  >».    A  garment  of  fur  worn 
by  the  natives  of  South  Africa. 
Carotel,  Caroteel  (kar-6-tel',  kar-o-telO,  «• 
An  oriental  weight  varying  from  5  to  9  Ibs. 
Carotic  (ka-rot'ik),  a.    [Gr.  karos,  torpor, 
i    stupor.  ]    1.  Relating  to  stupor  or  carus  — 
I    2.  Same  as  Carotid.    Dunylison 
Carotid  (ka-rot'id),  a.    [Gr.  pi.  karotides,  the 
carotids,   said    to  be  from  karos,  a  deep 
sleep,  because  the  ancients  believed  that 
sleep  was  caused  by  an  increased  flow  of 
blood  to  the  head  through  these  vessels.] 
Of  or  pertaining  to  the  two  great  arteries 
of  the  neck;  as,  the  carotid  nerve. — Carotid 
arteries,  the  two  great  arteries  which  con- 
vey the  blood  from  the  aorta  to  the  head 
and  brain.    The  common  carotids,  one  on 
either  side  of  the  neck,  divide  each  into  an 
external  and  an  internal  branch,  the  latter 
supplying  the  interior  of  the  skull. 
Carotid  (ka-rot'id),  n.    An  artery  of  the 
neck.    See  the  adjective. 
Carotidal  (ka-rot'id-al),  a.  Carotid    [Rare  ] 
Carotin,  Caroline  (kar'o-tin),  n.    The  col- 
ouring  matter  of  the  carrot. 
Carousal,*  Carouselt  (kar'o-zal,  kar'o-zel), 
71.     [Fr.  carrousel,  It.  carosello.]    A  tilting- 
match  or  similar  pageant;  military  exer- 
cises.    'Leaving  out  the  warlike  part  of 
the  carousels'    Dryden.     '  A  royal  caro  usal 
given  by  Charles  the  Fifth  of  France  to  the 
Emperor  Charles  the  Fourth.'    T.  Warton. 
Carousal  (ka-rou'zal),  n.  [See  CAROUSE.  ]   A 
feast  or  festival ;  a  noisy  drinking  bout  or 
revelling. 

The  swains  were  preparing  for  a  carousal.    Sterne. 

—Feast,   Banquet,   Carousal.     See    under 
FEAST. 

Carouse  (ka-rouz'),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  caroused; 
ppr.  carousing.  [O.Fr.  carousser,  to  quaff, 
to  carouse,  from  carous.s.  carouse,  a  bumper, 


,  ..  ,  per, 

from  G.  garaus!  quite  out!  that  is,  empty 
your  glasses!  an  old  German  drinking  ex- 
clamation. In  old  authors  the  spelling 
garouse  is  also  found.  ]  To  drink  freely  and 


with  jollity;  to  quaff;  to  revel;  also,  to  drink 
to  the  health  of  a  person.     '  Having  all  day 
caroused  and  banqueted.'    SAai.    'Carous- 
ing  to  his  mates. '    Shak. 
1  said,  O  soul,  make  merry  and  carouse.   Tennyson. 

Carouse  (ka-rouz'),  v.t.  To  drink  up;  to 
drink  to  the  bottom.  'Did  death's  cup 
carowse. '  Mir.  for  Mags.  '  Caroused  pota- 
tions pottle-deep.'  Shak. 

Carouse  (ka-rouz'),  n.  1.  A  hearty  drink  or 
full  draft  of  liquor.  Hence  the  old  phrase 
to  quaff  or  drink  carouse,  that  is,  to  drink 
deep.  'A  full  carouse  of  sack.'  Davies. — 
2.  A  drinking  match;  a  noisy  banquet.  'The 
early  feast  and  late  carouse.'  Pope. 

Carouser  (ka-rouz'er),  n.  One  who  carouses; 
a  drinker ;  a  toper ;  a  noisy  reveller  or  bac- 
chanalian. 

Carousingly  ( ka-rouz'ing-li ),  adv.  In  a 
carousing  manner. 

Carp  (karp).  v.i.  [Allied,  in  first  sense  at 
least,  to  Icel.  karpa,  to  boast;  Sw.  dial. 
karpa,  to  boast,  to  wrangle ;  the  second 
sense  is  due  to  the  L.  carpo,  to  seize,  catch, 
pick.]  l.t  To  speak;  to  tell;  to  recite.  'I 
will  now  carp  of  kings.'  Percy  MS. 

Now  we  leven  the  kyng  and  of  Joseph  carp. 
Joseph  of  Arimathie. 

2.  To  censure,  cavil,  or  find  fault,  particu- 
larly without  reason  or  petulantly:  used 
absolutely  or  followed  by  at. 

Other  of  your  insolent  retinue 

Do  hourly  carf  and  quarrel.  Shak. 


No  not  a  tooth  or  nail  to  scratch  • 

And  a/my  actions  carf  and  catch.     C.  Herbert. 

Carp  I  (karp).  v.t.     1.  To  utter;  to  speak. 

Then  our  king  full  of  courage  carped  these  • 

2.  To  blame;  to  flnd  fault  with;  tocStUt 

My  honest  homely  words  were  for/Wand  censured. 

Carp  (karp),  «.  [A  word  common"to'"th,. 
Teutonic  languages  (comp.  D.  karper,  Dan 
karpe,  Sw.  karp)  and  borrowed  by  thf 
Romance  tongues.]  A  teleostcan  fish  ..( 
the  family  Cyprinida;.  The  type  is  the  cum 
mon  carp  (Cyprinus  carpio),  said  to  have 
been  introduced  into  England  in  the  four- 


Carp  (Cyprinus 


teenth  century.  It  is  an  excellent  fish  for 
ponds,  as  it  breeds  rapidly  (as  many  as 
700,000  eggs  having  been  counted  in  the 
ovaries  of  a  single  carp),  grows  to  a  large 
size,  sometimes  attaining  the  length  of 
4  feet,  and  lives,  it  is  said,  for  150  or  200 
years.  In  old  age  its  scales  become  gray 
and  white.  The  golden  carp  .or  gold-flsfi 
is  C.  auratus;  and  the  crucian  or  German 
carp,  C.  carassius.  See  CRUCIAN. 
Carpal  (kar'pal),  a.  [L.  carpus,  the  wrist  ] 
Pertaining  to  the  wrist. 
Carpathian  (kar-pa'thi-an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  well-known  range  of  mountains  be- 
tween Poland,  Hungary,  and  Transylvania. 
—Carpathian  balsam,  a  resin  or  essential 
oil  distilled  from  the  fresh  cones  of  I'inus 
Cembra  in  Hungary,  Ac. 
Carp-bream  (karp'brem),  ».  Another  name 
for  the  common  bream  (Abramis  brama) 
Carpel  (kar'pel),  n.  [Mod.  L.  carpelhtm, 
dim.  from  Gr.  karpos,  fruit.)  In  bot.  a 
single  -celled  ovary  or  seed-vessel,  or  a 
single  cell  of  an  ovary  or  seed-vessel  to- 
gether with  what  belongs  to  that  cell,  as  in 
many  cases  a  separate  style  and  stigma  of 
the  pistil.  The  pistil  or  fruit  often  consists 
of  only  one  carpel,  in  which  case  it  is  called 
simple  ;  when  either  consists  of  more  than 
one  carpel  it  is  called  compound.  A  carpel 
is  regarded  as  a  modified  leaf.  Called  also 
Carpellum,  Carpidium. 
Carpellary  (kar>el-la-ri),  a.  Belonging  to 
a  carpel  or  carpels. 

Carpellum  (kar-pellum),  n.  A  carpel. 
Carpenter  (kar'pen-ter),  71.  [O.Fr.  carpentier 
(Mod.  Fr.  charpentier);  L.L.  carpentarius, 
a  carpenter,  from  carpentum,  a  chariot,  a 
word  of  Celtic  origin  ;  comp.  car.  ]  An  artificer 
who  works  in  timber;  a  framer  and  builder 
of  houses  and  of  ships.  Those  who  build 
houses  are  called  huuse-carpenter8,an<l  those 
who  build  ships  are  called  ship-carpenters. 
The  carpenter  of  a  ship  is  an  officer  ap- 
pointed to  examine  and  keep  in  order  the 
frame  of  the  ship  and  all  the  wooden  ma- 
chinery about  her.—  Carpenter's  crew,  a  set 
of  men  employed  under  the  carpenter  to 
make  what  repairs  are  necessary. 
Carpenter-bee  (kar'pen-ter-be),  n.  The 
common  name  of  the  different  species  of 


Carpenter-bee  (Xylocopa  violacea),  half  the  natural 
size. 

I,  A  piece  of  wood  bored  by  the  bee.  and  grubs  and 
food  deposited  in  the  cells.  2,  Two  of  the  cells 
drawn  larger  in  order  to  show  the  partitions. 

hyraenopterous  insects  of  the  genus  Xylo- 
copa.    One  species  (X.  molacea.)  inhabits  the 


ch,  c/tain:      ch,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL.  I. 


g, 


j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  <Ain; 


w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
26 


CARPENTERING 


402 


CARRIER 


south  of  Europe;  inAsia,Africa, and  America 
the  species  are  numerous.  They  are  gener- 
ally of  a  dark  violet  blue,  and  of  consider- 
able size.  They  usually  form  their  nests  in 
pieces  of  half- rotten  wood,  cutting  out  vari- 
ous apartments  for  depositing  their  eggs, 
having  sharp,  pointed,  triangular  mandi- 
bles, well  adapted  to  form  holes  in  wood. 

Carpentering  (kar'pen-ter-ing),  n.  The  em- 
ployment of  a  carpenter. 

Carpentry  (kar'pen-tri),  n.  1.  The  art  of 
cutting,  framing,  and  joining  timber  in  the 
construction  of  buildings.— 2.  Anassemblage 
of  pieces  of  timber  connected  by  framing  or 
letting  them  into  each  other,  as  are  the 
pieces  of  a  roof,  floor,  centre,  &c. 

Carper  (karp'er),  n.  One  who  carps;  a  ca- 
viller. Shak. 

Carpet  (kar'pet),  n.  [O.Fr.  carpite,  a  carpet, 
a  kind  of  woollen  cloth,  from  It.  and  L.  L. 
carpita,  a  woolly  cloth,  from  carpere,  to  tease 
wool,  L.  carpo,  to  pluck,  to  pull  in  pieces, 
<fec.  ]  1.  A  thick  fabric  used  for  covering 
floors,  stairs,  &c.,  usually  woven  of  wool, 
sometimes  of  other  materials,  aud  in  some 
cases  wrought  with  a  needle.  —  2.  A  soft, 
smooth  covering,  as  of  turf,  moss,  &c.,  sug- 
gestive of  a  carpet.  '  The  grassy  carpet  of 
this  plain.'  Shak.  — To  be  on  the  carpet,  is 
to  be  under  consideration;  to  he  the  sub- 
ject of  deliberation.  It  may  be  borrowed 
from  the  French  etre  sur  le  tapis,  which  is 
used  in  the  like  sense.  —  Carpet  knight,  a 
person  knighted  on  some  other  ground  than 
that  of  military  service  or  distinction ;  a 
knight  who  has  not  known  the  hardships 
of  the  field.  So  Shakspere  speaks  of  'a 
knight  dubbed  with  unhacked  rapier  and  on 
carpet  consideration.' 

Not  yet  prepared? — By  heaven  I  change 

My  thought,  and  hold  thy  valour  light 

As  that  of  some  vain  carpet  knight.    Sir  If.  Scott. 

Carpet  (kar'pet).  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  carpeted, 
ppr.  carpeting.  To  cover  with  or  as  with  a 
carpet ;  to  spread  with  carpets ;  as,  to  car- 
vet  a  room. 

Carpet-bag  (kar'pet-bag),  n.  A  travelling 
bag  made  of  the  same  material  as  carpets. 

Carpet-bag  (kar'pet-bag),  v.i.  To  stump 
the  country  in  the  manner  of  a  carpet- 
bagger. [United  States.] 

Carpet-bagger  (kar'pet-bag'er),n.  [Because 
regarded  as  having  no  more  property  than 
might  fill  a  carpet-bag.  ]  A  needy  political 
adventurer  who  goes  about  the  country  pan- 
dering to  the  prejudices  of  the  ignorant 
with  the  view  of  getting  into  place  or  power. 
Originally  applied  to  needy  adventurers  of 
the  Northern  States  of  America,  who  tried 
in  this  way  to  gain  the  votes  of  the  negroes 
of  the  Southern  States. 

Carpet-bedding  (kur'pet-oed-ing),  n.  In 
hort.  a  system  of  bedding  in  which  neat 
and  dwarf-growing  foliage  plants  alone  are 
used  in  the  form  of  mosaic,  geometrical,  or 
other  designs.  Called  in  America  Mosaicul- 
ture. 

Carpet-broom,  Carpet-brush  (knr'pet- 
brom,  kar'pet-brush),  ».  A  brush  or  broom 
for  cleaning  carpets. 

Carpet-dance  (kar'pet-dans),  7i.  A  dance 
or  a  dancing  party  of  an  easy  and  uncere- 
monious character,  the  carpet  not  being 
lifted  for  the  occasion  as  for  a  ball.  Dickens. 

Carpeting  (kiir'pet-ing),  n.  Cloth  for  car- 
pets; carpets  in  general. 

Carpet-knight  (kar'pet-nit),  n.  See  under 
CARPET. 

Carpet-monger  (kar'pet-mung-ger),».  1.  A 
dealer  in  carpets.—  2.  One  most  at  home  on 
a  carpet;  a  lover  of  ease  and  pleasure.  '  A 
whole  bookful  of  these  quondam  carpet- 
mangers  whose  names  yet  run  smoothly  in 
the  even  road  of  a  blank  verse.'  Shak. 

Carpet-rod  (kar'pet-rod),  n.  One  of  the 
rods  used  to  keep  a  stair  carpet  in  its  place 

Carpet-strainer  (kar'pet-stran-er),  n.  A 
contrivance  for  catching  and  stretching  out 
carpets  tight  on  the  floor  when  laying  them 
down. 

Carpet -stretcher  ( kar'pet  -strech-er),  n. 
Same  as  Carpet-strainer. 

Carpet-strip  (kar'pet-strip),  n.  The  piece 
under  a  door  to  raise  it  above  the  carpet 

Carpet-walkt  (kar'pet-wak),  n.  A  walk  on 
smooth  turf.  Evelyn. 

Carpet-wayt  (kiir-pet-wa),  n.  A  green  way; 
a  strip  or  border  of  green  sward  left  round 
the  margin  of  a  ploughed  field.  Ray. 

Carpet-weed  (kar'pet-wed),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Mollugo,  incon- 
spicuous annuals,  somewhat  resembling 

Galium  in  their  habit;  found  in  the  warmer 
regions  of  both  hemispheres. 


Carpholite  (kar'fo-llt),  n.  Same  as  Kar- 
phvlife. 

Carphologia,  Carphology  (kar-fo-16'ji-a. 
kar-fol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  karphos,  the  imp  of 
clothes,  and  lego,  to  pluck.]  In  med.  a  pick- 
ing of  the  bed-clothes;  ftoccillation. 
Carpidium  (kar-pid'i-um),  n.  Same  as 
Carpel. 

Carpincho-skin  (kar-pin'cho-skin),  n.  The 
skin  of  the  eapybara  or  water-hog,carpineho 
being  the  name  of  that  animal  in  Paraguay. 
See  CAPYBARA. 

Carping  (karp'ing),  a.  Cavilling;  captious; 
censorious.  'Carping  critic.'  Granrille. 
•  Carping  spirit.'  Watts. 

Carping  (karp'ing),  n.  The  act  of  cavilling; 
a  cavil ;  unreasonable  censure.  '  Those  carp- 
ingg  made  as  to  the  passage  through  the 
Red  Sea.'  Leslie. 

Carpingly  ( karp'ing-li),  ado.    In  a  carping 
|    manner;  captiously. 

Carpinus  (kar-pi'nus),  n.  [The  Latin  name 
'  of  the  hornbeam.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Cupulifene.  The  species  are  trees  or 
tall  shrubs  with  deciduous  leaves  like  those 
of  the  beech,  and  are  natives  of  Europe,  the 
Levant,  and  North  America.  The  hornbeam 
(C.  Betulus)  is  an  indigenous  tree  often  used 
in  hedges,  as  it  stands  cutting.  Its  wood  is 
tough  and  difficult  to  work;  it  is  used  for 
cogs,  handles  of  tools,  and  on  the  Continent 
for  fuel. 

Carpmeals  (karr/melz),  n.  pi.  A  kind  of 
coarse  cloth  formerly  made  in  the  north  of 
England. 

Carpocapsa  (kar-po-kap'sa),  n.  [Gr.  karpos. 
fruit,  and  kapsis,  the  act  of  devouring.]  A 
genus  of  lepidopterous  insects  whose  larva) 
are  most  destructive  to  fruit.  C.  Pomona, 
infests  all  Europe  where  apples  and  pears 
are  cultivated,  depositing  its  eggs  in  the 
fruit  as  soon  as  it  is  set.  Its  larvte  come  to 
their  full  size  in  July,  when  the  fruit  ii 
about  two-thirds  of  its  size,  and  then  escape 
by  boring  their  way  to  the  outside. 

Carpocratian  (kar-po-kra'shi-an),  n.  A 
member  of  a  sect  of  Gnostics  of  the  second 
century,  so  called  from  Carpocrates,  a  pro- 
minent teacher  of  gnosticism.  They  main- 
tained that  only  the  noul  of  Christ  went  to 
heaven,  that  his  body  would  have  no  resur- 
rection, and  that  the  world  was  made  by 
angels. 

Carpolite  (kar-po-lit),  71.  [Or.  karpos,  fruit, 
and  Itthot,  stone.  ]  A  fossil  fruit. 

Carpological  (kar-po-loj'i-kal),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  carpology.  Balfolir. 

Carpologist  (kar-pol'o-jist),  n.  [Gr.  karpos, 
fruit,  and  lego,  to  speak.]  One  who  studies 
or  treats  of  carpology. 

Carpology  (kar-pol'o-Ji).K.  [See  above  ]  The 
division  of  botany  relating  to  the  structure 
of  seeds  and  seed-vessels. 

Carpophaga  (kar-pof'a-ga),  a.  [Gr.  karpos, 
fruit,  and  phago,  to  eat. )  A  section  of  the 
Marsupialia  (which  see). 

Carpophagous  (kar-pof'a-gus),  a.  Relating 
to  the  Carpophaga. 

Carpophore  (kar'po-for),  n.  [L.  carpopho- 
rum,  from  Gr.  karpos,  fruit,  and  pherd,  to 
bear.  ]  In  hot.  the  prolongation  of  the  floral 
axis  which  bears  the  pistil  beyond  the  sta- 
mens, as  in  the  fruits  of  the  Capparideaj  and 
I'mbelliferae. 

Carpus  (kiir'pus),  n.  [L,  the  wrist]  In 
anal,  that  part  of  the  skeleton  between  the 
forearm  and  hand,  composed  in  the  higher 
vertebrates  of  eight  small  bones  in  two 
rows.  It  is  the  wrist  in  man,  the  knee  in 
the  horse. 

Carquaise  (kar-kazO,  71.  [Fr.  carquaise,  car- 
caife;  probably  same  word  as  carcass.  ]  The 
annealing  arch  or  oven  used  in  the  manu- 
facture of  plate-glass. 

Carrack  (kar'rak),  n.    See  CARACK. 

Carrageen,  Carragheen  (kar'ra-gen),  n. 
[From  Carragaheen,  near  Waterford,  Ire- 
land, where  it  abounds.  ]  Chondrus  crigpvs, 
a  sea -weed  very  common  on  rocks  and 
stones  on  every  part  of  the  coast  of  Britain 
It  is  a  very  variable  weed,  with  a  flat  dicho- 
tomously  branching  frond  of  a  deep  purple- 
brown  colour,  and  of  a  cartilaginous  tex- 
ture. When  dried  it  becomes  whitish,  and 
in  this  condition  is  known  as  Irish  moss, 
and  is  used  for  making  soups,  jellies,  size, 
&c. 

Carrageenin  (kar-ra-ge'nin),  n.    The  muci- 
laginous constituent  of  carrageen,  repre- 
sented by  some  chemists  under  the  formula 
C12Hi0p10,  and  so,  like  starch,  sugar,  &c 
appearing  to  be  a  hydrate  of  carbon. 

Carraine.t  n.    Carrion.    Chaucer. 

Carrall  (kar'al),  n.    Same  as  Carol,  in  arch 


Carrara  Marble  (kar-ra'ra  mar'bl),  n. 
[From  Carrara,  in  Italy.)  A  species  of 
white  marble,  sometimes  containing  blue 
veins,  much  used  by  sculptors. 

Carrat  (kar'rat),  n.    A  carat. 

Carraway  (kart-a-wa),  n.  Same  as  Caraway. 

Carrawitchet  (kai'ra-wich-et),  n.  Same  as 
Carriwitchet,  Canvhichet. 

Sir  John  had  always  his  budget  fuU  of  punns,  con- 
undrums, and  carrmuilcktts.  Arbitthnot. 

Carrel,  Carrell  (kartl),  n.  Same  as  Carol, 
in  arch. 

Carrel  (kar'rel),  n.  The  arrow  used  in  cross- 
bows; a  quarrel  (which  see). 

Carriable  (kar'ri-a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
carried.  Sherwood. 

Carriage  ( kar'rij ),  n.  [From  Carry  (which 
see).  ]  1.  The  act  of  carrying,  bearing,  trans- 
porting, or  conveying.  'The  carriage  of 
sounds. '  Bacon.  Specifically— 2.  The  busi- 
ness of  carrying  merchandise. 

I  then  affirm  that,  if  in  time  of  war  our  business 
had  the  good  fortune  to  increase,  and  at  the  same 
time  a  large,  nay  the  largest  proportion  of  carriage 
had  been  engrossed  by  neutral  nations,  it  ought  not 
in  itself  to  have  been  considered  as  a  circumstance 
of  distress.  Hicrjrg. 

3.  The  price  or  expense  of  carrying;  as,  how 
much  does  the  carnage  amount  to  ?— 4.  t  The 
act  of  carrying  or  taking  from  an  enemy; 
conquest;  acquisition. 

Solyman  resolved  to  besiege  Vienna,  in  good  hope 
that  by  the  camafe  of  that  the  other  cities  would 
be  yielded.  KnaUcs. 

6.  The  manner  of  carrying  one's  self;  behav- 
iour; conduct;  deportment;  personal  man- 
ners. 'A reverend  carriage.'  Shale.— 6.tThe 
act  or  manner  of  carrying  out  business ; 
management. 

The  violent  carriage  of  it  will  clear  or  end  the 
business.  Ska*. 

7.t  Bearing;  import;  tenor;  meaning.  'The 
Hebrew  text  hath  no  other  carriage.'  Time's 
Storehouse. 

As  by  the  same  covenant 
And  carriage  of  the  article  design'd. 
His  (moiety)  fell  to  Hamlet.  Shalk. 

8.  That  which  carries:  (a)a  wheeled  vehicle: 
(1)  a  vehicle  for  persons ;  especially,  a  low 
set  four-wheeled  vehicle  belonging  to  a  pri- 
vate person  or  a  public  body,  but  not  in- 
tended for  hire.  (2)  In  composition,  it 
wheeled  stand  orsupport;as,agun-oirrui(7«; 
a  Mock-carriage  for  mortars,  Ac.  (6)  In 
carp,  the  timber-frame  which  supports  the 
steps  of  a  wooden  stair,  (c)  The  part  of  a 
printing-press  on  which  the  types  are  placed 
to  be  printed,  which  is  run  in  till  they  are 
immediately  under  the  platen,  and  when 
the  impression  is  taken,  run  out  in  order  t» 
change  the  sheet  of  paper  and  to  ink  the 
types  again.— 8. t  That  which  is  carried; 
burden,  as  baggage,  vessels,  furniture,  &c. 

Spartacus  .  .  .  overthrew  them,  and  took  all  their 
carriage.  North. 

10.  In  Scots  law,  horse-and-cart  sen-ice. 
Carriageable  (kai'rij-a-bl),  o.    1.  Capable 

of  being  conveyed  in  carriages. —2.  Passable 

by  carriages. 
Carriage-bridge  (kar'rij-brij),  n.   A  bridge 

made  to  run  on  wheels  and  intended  to  be 

used  in  attacking  fortifications. 
Carriage-free   (kar'rij-frf),  a.     Free  of 

charge  for  carriage. 
Carriage-guard  (kar'rij-gard),  n.    A  plate 

on  the  bed  of  acarriage  where  the  fore-wheel 

rubs  in  turning  sharp  round. 
Carriage-lock  (kar'rij-lok),  n.    A  name 

sometimes  given  to  a  brake.    E.  B.  Knight. 
Carriage-piece  (kar'rij-pes),  n.     In  carp. 

one  of  the  slanting  pieces  on  which  the  steps 

of  a  wooden  staircase  are  laid. 
Carriage -spring  (kar'rij-spring),  n.     An 

elastic  contrivance  adapted  to  carriages  to 

lessen  the  shocks  caused  by  the  inequalities 

of  the  road  in  driving. 
Carriage-way  (kar'rij-wa),  n.    A  collective 

name  for  the  parts  of  streets  in  a  town  in- 
tended to  be  used  by  wheeled  vehicles. 

In  1845  the  area  of  the  carriage-way  of  the  city  was 
estimated  at  418.000  square  yards.  Mayhew. 

Caniboo  (kar'ri-bo),  n.    See  CARIBOO. 

Carrick-bend  (kar'rik-bend),  n.  A  particu- 
lar kind  of  knot  for  joining  two  ropes. 

Carrick-bitt  (kartik-bit),  n.  Kaut.  one  of 
the  bitts  which  support  the  windlass. 

Carrier  (kar'ri-er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  carries  or  conveys ;  a  messenger. 
'  The  air  is  a  carrier  of  sounds. '  Bacon.  More 
specifically— 2.  One  who  for  hire  undertakes 
the  conveyance  of  goods  or  persons  for  any 
one  who  employs  him :  often  called  a  common 
carrier.  In  a  legal  sense,  the  term  extends 
not  only  to  those  who  convey  goods  by  land 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  h6r;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  m6ve;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y.  So.  tey. 


CARRIER-PIGEON 


403 


CART-AVER 


but  also  to  the  owners  nml  nmsturs  of  sliips, 
iiiiiil-coiitrautors,  an<l  even  to  whai-li liters 
who  undertake  to  convey  (OOdl  for  hire 
from  their  wharfs  to  tlie  vessel  in  their  own 
lighters, tint  not  to  mere  hackney-coachmen. 
<  larrlers  are  responsible  for  the  safety  and 
preservation  of  the  goods  committed  to 
them  -3.  A  pigeon  that  conveys  letters 
from  place  to  place,  the  letters  being  tied 
to  the  neck.  — 4.  The  name  of  a  particular 
part  in  various  machines. 
Carrier-pigeon  (kar'ri-ur.pij'on),  n.  See 
CAKKIER,  3. 

Prayer  is  Innocence's  friend  ;  and  willingly  flieth  in- 

•Twixt  tiie  earth  and  tlie  iky,  the  carrion-pizcon  of 
heaven.  Loiis/tllm: 

Carrier -shell  ( kar'rl-er-shel ).  ».  A  shell 
of  the  genus  Phorus :  so  called  from  the 
whorls  of  the  shell  usually  having  stones 
or  smaller  shells  attached  to  them. 

Carrike.t  ».   A  carrack  or  carack.  Chaucer. 

Carrilon  (kart-lon),  «.    See  CARILLON. 

Carrion  (kar'ri-on),  n.  [It.  earogna;  Fr. 
charoane;  L.  L.  caronia,  aug.  from  can,  car- 
nis,  flesh.  ]  1.  The  dead  and  putrefying 
liody  or  flesh  of  animals;  flesh  so  corrupted 
as  to  be  unfit  for  food. 

Britain's  raven ! 

Blacken  round  the  Roman  carrion,  make  the  carcass 
a  skeleton.  Tennyson. 

(In  this  sense  without  a  plural.  ]  — 2.  t  A 
single  carcass :  in  this  use  with  a  plural. 
•  Ravens  are  seen  where  a  carrion  lies.'  Sir 
W.  Temple. 

They  did  eat  the  dead  carrions  and  one  another 
soon  after.  Spenstr. 

3  t  A  worthless  woman:  a  term  of  reproach. 
'This  foolish  carrion,  Mrs.  Quickly.'  Slialr. 

Carrion  (kar'ri-on),  a.  l.t  Converted  into 
carrion;  consisting  of  a  carcass  or  carcasses. 
'Carrion  men  groaning  for  burial.'  Shak. 
2.  Pertaining  to  carrion;  feeding  on  carrion; 
as,  a  carrion  bird ;  carrion  flowers  ( see 
STAPKLIA).  'Apreyforoirrioiikites.'  Shak. 

Carrion-crow  (kar'ri-on-kro),  n.  The  com- 
mon crow(Corim«coro»ie):  so  called  because 
it  sometimes  feeds  on  carrion. 

Carritch,  Carritches  (kart-ich,  kar'rich-ez), 
».  Catechism.  [Scotch.  ] 

Carriwitchet  (kar'i-wich-et),  n.  Some  piece 
of  jocularity  or  facetiousness  ;  a  pun  or  the 
like.  '  Fun,  pun,  conundrum,  earriuritohet.' 
Gat-rick.  According  to  Fitzedward  Hall, 
'this  term,  for  'absurd  question,'  is  still 
heard  now  and  then.' 

Carrol,  ».    See  CAROL,  in  arch. 

Carrole  (kart-61),  n.     A  preparation  of  rice. 

Carrolllte  (kart-ol-lit),  n.  A  sulphide  of  cop- 
per and  cobalt  obtained  from  Carroll  county, 
Maryland,  U.S. 

Carrom  (kar'rom),  n.  [Fr.  mrambolagc,  a 
cannon.]  In  billiards,  an  old  name  for  a 
cannon. 

Carronade  ( kar-ron-iiiV),  n.  [From  Can-oil 
in  Scotland,  where  it  was  first  made.  ]  A 


CarrotlneS8(kar'rot-i-nes),  71.  The  condi- 
tion of  being  of  a  carroty  or  reddish-yellow 
colour:  specially  applied  to  the  hair. 

Carroty  (kar'rot-i),  a.  Like  a  carrot  in 
colour:  an  epithet  given  to  red  hair. 

Carrousel  (kai'o-zel),  n.  [Fr.]  A  carousal 
or  tilting-match. 

Carrpw(kar'ro),  n.    [Ir.  and  Gael,  carach, 
cunning,  deceitful.  ]    In  Ireland,  a  person  . 
wandering  about  and  getting  his  living  by  • 
cards  anil  dice;  a  strolling  gamester.  ,s>c;i- 
>er. 

Carrucage  (kai'ru-kaj),  n.    See  CARUCAGE. 

Carry  (kar'ri),  v.t.  pret.  *  pp.  carried;  ppr. 
carrying.  [O.E.  carie,  from  O.  Kr.  carter,  to 
convey  in  a  car,  from  O.Fr.  car,  a  cart  or 
car.  See  CAK.]  1.  To  bear,  convey,  or  trans- 
port by  sustaining  and  moving  with  the 
tiling  carried.  In  general  it  implies  a  mov- 
ing/rom  the  speaker  or  some  place,  and  so 
is  opposed  to  bring  and  fetch,  and  it  is  often 
followed  by  from,  away,  off,  out,  Ac. 


Carronade. 

short  piece  of  ordnance  having  a  large 
calibre  and  a  chamber  for  the  powder,  like 
a  mortar. 

Carron-oil  (kar'ron-oil),  n.  A  term  for  a 
liniment  composed  of  linseed-oil  and  lime- 
water:  so  called  from  being  much  used,  in 
the  case  of  burns,  at  the  Carron  Ironworks. 

Carroon  (kar-rbn'),  ».    Same  as  Caroon. 

Carrot (kar'rot).  71.  [Fr.  carotte;  L.L.  car- 
ota.]  1.  The  English  name  for  plants  of  the 
genus  Daucus,  of  which  there  are  about 
thirty  species  natives  of  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere. The  best  known  is  the  D.  Carota, 
the  cultivated  forms  of  which  produce  the 
well-known  large  esculent  tap-root. — 2.  The 
tap-root  of  D.  Carota,  cultivated  for  the 
table  and  for  cattle.  Those  with  a  long 
tapering  root  are  called  long  carrots,  those 
having  a  root  nearly  cylindrical  and  termi- 
nating abruptly  horn  carrots. — 3.  pi.  Red 
hair  on  a  human  being.  [Slang.]—  OH  of 
carrot,  a  volatile  oil,  whose  composition  is 
not  known  with  certainty,  obtained  in  small 
quantity  by  distilling  the  roots  of  carrots 
with  water. 


Fig. 


When  he  dielh  he  shall  carry  nothing  away. 


xlix.  17. 


1  have  listened  with  my  utmost  attention  for  half 
.in  hour  to  an  orator,  without  being  able  to  carry 
away  one  single  sentence  out  of  a.  whole  sermon. 

Svt/t. 

2.  To  cause  to  pass ;  to  transmit ;  as,  sound 
is  carried  in  the  air.— 3.  To  transfer;  as,  to 
carry  9  from  one  column  to  another  in  addi- 
tion; to  carry  an  account  to  the  ledger. 

War  was  to  be  diverted  from  Greece  by  being  car- 
ried into  Asia.  Mitford. 

4.t  To  conduct;  to  take  with  one. 

He  would  needs  carry  Will  Wimble  and  myself 
with  him  to  the  county  assizes.  Addison. 

5.  To  take  away  by  force;  to  drive,  drag,  or 
fetch  away. 

And  the  king  of  Assyria  did  carry  away  Israel 
unto  Assyria.  2  Ki  xviii.  n. 

And  he  carried  away  all  his  cattle.     Gen.  xxxi.  18. 

6.  To  urge,  impel,  lead,  or  draw,  in  a  moral 
sense ;  as,  to  be  carried  away  by  one's  feel- 
ings. 

Ill-nature,  passion,  and  revenge  will  carry  them 
too  far  in  punishing  others.  Locke. 

7.  To  effect ;  to  accomplish ;  to  achieve ;  to 
bring  to  a  successful  issue;  as,  to  carry  a 
point,  measure,  or  resolution :  often  with  an 
indefinite  it. 

But  that's  no  matter,  the  greater  part  carries  it. 
Shak. 

Hence,  to  carry  a  candidate  for  an  office  or 
dignity,  to  secure  his  election  or  nomina- 
tion.—8.  To  gain;  as,  to  carry  a  prize;  hence, 
in  milit.  Ian.  to  gain  possession  of  by 
force;  to  capture;  as,  he  will  carry  the 
island.  — 9.  To  extend  or  continue  in  any 
direction,  in  time,  in  space,  or  in  a  figura- 
tive sense :  most  commonly  with  an  adverb 
or  preposition,  such  as  «p,  back,  forward, 
<fec. ;  as,  he  carried  his  history  back  to  the 
origin  of  the  empire. 

Mis  chimney  is  carried  up  through  the  whole  rock, 
so  that  you  see  the  sky  through  it.  Addison. 

Nothing  short  of  a  miracle  could  carry  far  the  im- 

Erovements  which  have  been  attempted  and  in  part 
egun.  Brougham. 

10.  To  refer  to  a  distant  point  in  time:  with 
up,  down,, forward,  &c. 

Nfanethes,  that  wrote  of  the  Egyptians,  hath  car- 
ried tip  their  government  to  an  Incredible  distance. 

11.  To  support  or  sustain:  without  the  idea 
of  motion. 

Carry  camomile  .  .  •  upon  sticks.        Bacon. 

Hence,  to  bear,  as  trees  do.     [Rare.] 

Set  them  a  reasonable  depth,  and  they  will  carry 
more  shoots  upon  the  stem.  Bacon. 

12.  To  bear;  to  have  in  or  on ;  to  show  or 
exhibit;  to  import  or  have  a  certain  tenor; 
to  contain  or  comprise. 

In  some  vegetables  we  see  something  that  carries 
a  kind  of  analogy  to  sense.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

The  aspect  of  every  one  in  the  family  carries  .  .  . 
satisfaction,  Adiiison. 

It  carries  too  great  an  imputation  of  ignorance, 
lightness,  or  folly  for  men  to  quit  or  renounce  their 
former  tenets,  presently  upon  the  offer  of  an  argu- 
ment which  they  cannot  immediately  answer. 

Locke. 

13  To  manage ;  to  conduct ;  as,  to  carry 
matters  with  a  high  hand.  With  the  reflexive 
pronoun,  to  behave. 

He  carried  himself  so  insolently  in  the  house,  and 
out  of  the  house,  to  all  persons,  thai  he  became 
odious.  Clarendon. 

[Formerly  common  but  now  little  used,  bear 
one's  self  being  now  more  common.]— To 
carry  coals,!  to  bear  Injuries;  to  put  up 
with  an  affront. 

Gregory,  on  my  word,  we'll  not  carry  coals.    Shak. 


— To  carry  coalu  tv  Xetccatttle,  to  take  things 
to  a  place  where  they  already  abound;  to 
lose  one's  labour.  —  To  carry  it  off,  to  bear 
out;  to  face  through;  to  brazen  a  tiling  out. 

If  a  man  car  rift  it  off,  there  is  so  much  money  saved. 
A"ir  A'.  L'l- 'strange. 

—To  carry  off,  (a)  to  remove  to  a  distaii" 
(fc)  To  kill ;  as,  to  be  carried  off  by  sickness 
—To  carry  on,  (a)  to  manage  or  prosecute  ; 
as,  to  carry  on  husbandry,     (b)  To  continue- 
to  pursue;  as,  to  carry  on  an  old  business.  - 
To  carry  one's  bat,  in  cricket,  not  to  be  put 
out;  said  of  the  one  of  the  two  last  batsman 
on  one  side,  who,  though  not  put  out,  bus 
to  cease  playing  when  his  partner  is  put 
out—To  carry  out,  (a)  to  bear  from  within 

When  I  have  said  good  night  for  evermore. 

And  you  see  me  carried  out  front  the  threshold  of 
the  door.  Tennyson. 

(6)  To  sustain  to  the  end;  to  continue  to  the 
end ;  to  accomplish  ;  to  finish ;  to  execute ; 
aa,  he  carried  out  his  purpose.— To  carry/ 
the  wind,  in  the  manege,  to  toss  the  nose  ax 
high  as  the  ears:  said  of  a  horse.— To  carry 
the  world  before  one,  to  meet  with  uninter- 
rupted success;  to  be  very  successful.— To  ^ 
carry  through,  to  support  to  the  end;  to 
sustain  or  keep  from  falling  or  being  sub- 
dued. 

Grace  will  carry  a  man  through  all  difficulties. 
Hammond. 

Carry  (kar'ri),  v.i.  1.  To  act  as  a  bearer;  as, 
the  horse  was  carrying  double,  that  is,  had 
two  persons  mounted  on  it— 2.  In  hunting, 
to  run  on  ground,  or  hoar-frost,  which  sticks 
to  the  feet,  as  a  hare.  —3.  To  bear  the  head  in 
a  particular  manner,  as  a  horse.  When  a 
horse  holds  his  head  high,  with  an  arching 
neck,  he  is  said  to  carry  well.  When  he 
lowers  his  head  too  much,  he  is  said  to  carry 
low.— 4.  To  convey ;  to  propel ;  as,  a  gun  or 
mortar  carries  well.  —  To  carry  on,  to  con- 
duct one's  self  in  a  wild,  reckless  manner;  to 
riot ;  to  frolic ;  as,  he  carries  on  at  a  great 
rate.  [Colloq.j 

Carry  (kar'ri).  n.  [Scotch.]  1.  The  motion 
of  the  clouds  as  they  are  carried  by  the  wind; 
the  clouds  themselves  thus  carried ;  cloud- 
drift. 

The  carry  is  now  brisk  from  the  west. 

Caledonian  Mercury. 

Hence— 2.  The  firmament  or  sky. 

Mirk  and  rainy  is  the  night. 
No  a  starn  in  a'  the  carry.        Tannahill. 

Carry-all  (kar'ri-al),  n.  [Corrupted  from 
carvde.}  A  light  vehicle  for  one  horse, 
having  usually  four  wheels.  [American.] 

Carrying  (kar'ri-ing),  n.  A  bearing,  convey- 
ing, removing,  transporting.  —  Carrying 
trade  or  traffic,  the  trade  which  consists  in 
the  transportation  of  goods,  especially  by 
water,  &c.,  from  country  to  country,  or 
place  to  place. 

Carrylng-on(kar'ri-ing-on),  n.  l.  Riotous 
frolicsome  behaviour.  Ilttdibras. — 2.  Navt. 
the  act  of  spreading  all  sail,  so  as  to  go  as 
quickly  as  possible. 

Carrying -trade  ( kar'ri-ing- trad ),  n.  See 
CARRYING. 

Carry-tale  (kar'ri-tal),  n.     A  tale-bearer. 

Some  carry  tale,  some  please-man  .  .  .  that  .  .  . 
knows  the  trick  to  make  my  lady  lautfh  .  .  .  told  our 
intent.  ShaM. 

Carse  (kars),  «.  [O.Sc.  kertt,  kerss,  probably 
a  plural  form  from  Sw.  kanr,  Icel.  kiurr 
(Huldorsen),  a  marsh  or  marshy  place;  Dan. 
k&r,  a  pool;  comp.  Prov.  E.  car,  a  wood  or 
grove  on  a  moist  soil,  generally  of  alders.] 
In  Scotland,  a  stretch  of  fertile,  alluvial 
land  along  the  side  of  a  stream;  the  low- 
lying  part  of  a  valley  that  is  watered  by  a 
river,  as  distinguished  from  the  higher 
grounds;  as,  for  instance,  the  carve  of  UOW- 
rie;  the  carse  of  Stirling. 

Cart  (kart),  n.  [From  W.  cart,  a  cart  or 
wagon  Ir.  cairt.  See  CAR.]  A  carriage 
usually  without  springs  for  the  conveyance 
of  heavy  goods.  'Packing  all  his  goods  in 
one  poor  car*.'  Dryden. 

Cart  (kart),  v.t.  1.  To  carry  or  convey  on 
a  cart;  as,  to  cart  hay.— 2.  To  expose  in  a 
cart,  by  way  of  punishment. 

She  chuckled  when  a  bawd  was  carted.      Poft. 

Cart  (kart),  v.  i.  To  employ  carts  for  carriage. 

Oxen  are  not  so  good  for  draught  where  you  have 
occasion  to  cart  much,  but  for  winter  ploughing. 

Cartage  (kart'aj),  n.  The  act  of  carrying  in 
a  cart,  or  the  price  paid  for  carting. 

Cartaret  (kar'taret),  n.  A  sleeping-cot. 
Goodrich. 

Cart-aver  ( kart'a-ver ),  n.  A  cart-horse. 
[Scotch.] 


ch.  chain;      ch,  Sc.   oefc;      g, 


J,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin*;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  vAig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


CAET-BODY 


404 


CARUM 


Cart-body  (kart'bo-di),  ».  That  portion  of 
a  cart  which  rests  on  the  wheels,  and  con- 
tains or  supports  the  burden. 

Cart-bote  (kiirt'liot),  n.  In  English  law, 
wood  to  which  a  tenant  is  entitled  for  mak- 
ing and  repairing  carts  and  other  instru- 
ments of  husbandry. 

Carte  (kiirt),  n.  [Fr.,  a  card.]  Lit.  a  card  ; 
but  speciftcally-1.  A  bill  of  fare  at  a  tavern. 
2.  An  abbreviation  for  carte-de-msite  (which 

c'arte  (kiirt),  n.  [Fr.  quarts,  from  L.  quartm, 
fourth  ]  A  movement  in  fencing  consisting 
in  throwing  the  hand  as  far  as  possible  on 
the  inside,  with  the  point  of  your  sword 
towards  your  adversary's  hreast.  ine 
mystery  of  carte  and  tierce.'  Byron.  Writ- 
ten also  Quarte. 

Carte-blanche  (kart-blansh),  n.  [Fr.,  white 
paper.]  A  blank  paper;  a  paperduly  authen- 
ticated with  signature,  &c.,  and  intrusted 
to  a  person  to  be  filled  up,  as  he  pleases; 
hence,  unconditional  terms;  unlimited 
power  to  decide. 

Lord  Grey  was  armed  with  a  car  If  blanche  lo  create 
any  number  of  peers  necessary  to  insure  us  success. 

Carte-de-visite  (kart'de-vi-zet"),  n.  [Fr-1 
Lit.  a  visiting  card.  A  term  generally  ap- 
plied to  a  photographic  likeness  on  a  small 

Cartel  (kartel),  n.  [Fr.  Sp.  and  Pg.  cartel, 
from  L.  chartula,  dim.  of  charta,  paper,  a 
paper  ]  1.  A  writing  or  agreement  between 
states  at  war,  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners, 
or  for  some  mutual  advantage. 

A  cartel  for  the  exchange  of  prisoners  had  been  a 
subject  of  negotiation. 

2.t  A  letter  of  defiance  or  challenge;  a  chal- 
lenge to  single  combat. 

He  is  cowed  at  the  very  idea  of  a  cartel, though  it 
come  from  a  fool  and  a  swine-herd.  Sir  IV.  Scott. 
—Cartel  or  cartel-ship,  a  ship  employed  in 
the  exchange  of  prisoners,  or  in  carrying 
propositions  to  an  enemy.  Formerly  written 
Chartel. 

Cartelt  (kai-'tel),  v.t.  To  defy;  to  challenge 
to  a  duel. 

Come  hither,  you  shall  cartel  him;  you  shall  kill 
him  at  pleasure. 

Carter  (kart'er),  n.  1.  A  man  who  drives  a 
cart,  or  one  whose  occupation  is  to  drive  a 
cart.— 2.  A  flat-fish  found  on  our  coasts,  the 
Pleuronectes  megastoma.  Called  most  com- 
monly Whiff. 

Carterly  (kart'er-li),  a.  Rude,  like  a  carter, 
or  what  is  done  by  a  carter.  '  A  carterly  or 
churlish  trick.'  Cotgraee. 
Cartesian  (kar-te'zi-an  or  kar-te'zhi-an).  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  philosopher  Rene'  Des- 
cartes, or  to  his  philosophy.  'The  Carte- 
sian argument  for  the  reality  of  matter.' 
Sir  W.  Hamilton. —Cartesian  devil.  Car- 
tesian diver.  A  philosophical  toy,  consist- 
ing of  a  small  hollow  figure  with  a  hole  at 
some  distance  from  the  top.  The  figure 
is  partly  filled  with  air  and  partly  with 
water,  and  floats  in  a  tall  glass  vessel  nearly 
full  of  water,  and  covered  air-tight  with 
india-rubber  or  a  piece  of  bladder.  When 
this  is  pressed  down,  the  air  underneath  is 
compressed,  and  water  enters  the  figure  by 
the  hole  so  as  to  bring  the  air  within  the 
figure  to  an  equal  degree  of  compression. 
The  figure  consequently  sinks,  and  only 
rises  again  when  the  pressure  is  relieved. 
Cartesian  (kar-te'zi-an  or  kar-te'zhi-an),  n. 
One  who  adopts  the  philosophy  of  Des 
cartes. 

Cartesianism  (kar-te'zi-an-izm  or  kar-te' 
zhi-an-izm),  ».  The  philosophy  of  Des- 
cartes. 

Cartful  (kart'ful),  n.  As  much  as  a  cart 
will  hold;  a  cart-load. 

Carthaginian  (kar-tha-jin'i-an),  a.  Per- 
taining to  ancient  Carthage,  a  celebrated 
city  on  the  northern  coast  of  Africa,  about 
12  miles  from  the  modern  Tunis. 
Carthaginian  (kar-tha-jin'i-au),  n.  An  in- 
habitant or  native  of  Carthage. 
Carthamin,  Carthamine  (kar'tha-min),  n. 
[See  below.  ]  An  astringent  bitter  principle 
obtained  from  the  flowers  of  the  Carthamut 
tinctorius,  or  safflower.  It  is  a  beautiful  red 
pigment,  and  is  used  in  silk-dyeing.  It  is 
also  called  Carthamic  Add. 
Carthamus  (kar'tha-mus),  n.  [Ar.  quartom, 
from  quartam,  to  paint,  as  the  flowers  yield 
a  fine  colour.]  A  small  genus  of  annual 
plants,  nat.  order  Compositse.  The  best 
known  species  is  C.  tinctorius  (safflower  or 
hastard  saffron),  extensively  cultivated  for 
its  yellow  flowers,  which  are  employed  in 
dyeing  silk.  See  SAFFLOWER. 


Cart-horse  (kiirfhors),  n.  A  horse  that 
draws  a  cart,  or  is  intended  for  such  work. 

Carthusian  (kar-thu'zi-an  or  kar-thu'zlu- 
an)  »  One  of  an  order  of  monks,  founded  in 


Carthusian.— From  a  print  by  Hollar. 

1086,  under  Benedictine  rule,  by  St.  Bruno, 
so  called  from  Chartreuse,  in  the  diocese  of 
Grenoble  in  France,  the  place  of  their  insti- 
tution. They  are  remarkable  for  their  aus- 
terity. They  cannot  go  out  of  their  cells, 
except  to  church,  nor  speak  to  any  person 
without  leave.  Their  habit  is  a  haircloth 
shirt,  a  white  tunic,  a  black  cloak,  and  a 
cowl  out  of  doors.  The  Carthusians  were 
introduced  into  England  about  1180,  and 
built  the  Charter-house  (corruption  of  Char- 
treuse) in  1371.  The  Carthusian  nuns  ori- 
ginated at  Salette  on  the  Rhone  about  1230. 
With  some  modifications  they  followed  the 
rules  of  the  Carthusian  monks. 
Carthusian  (kar-thu'zi-an  or  kar-thu'zhi- 
au),  a.  Pertaining  to  the  order  of  monks 
above  named. 

Cartilage  (karai-laj),  n.  [Fr.  cartilage,  L. 
cartilago.]  An  elastic  tissue  occurring  in 
vertebrate  animals,  and  forming  the  tissue 
from  which  bone  is  formed  by  a  process  of 
calcification.  In  some  parts  of  the  system 
it  remains  permanent.  Cartilage  contains 
no  blood-vessels;  and  two  varieties  are  dis- 
tinguished—true cartilage  or  hyaline,  con- 
sisting of  a  clear  matrix  with  nucleated 
cells,  and  articular  cartilage,  which  coats 
the  ends  of  bones,  and  in  which  the  cells 
near  the  surface  lie  parallel,  whilst  the  deep 
cells  lie  vertically  to  the  surface.  Yellow 
or  reticular  cartilage  is  found  in  the  epi- 
glottis and  in  other  situations. 
Cartilaginei  (kar'ti-la-jin"e-i),  n.  pi  The 

...    i;tl,.._-        <....    r'uriviMjnuTirHV- 


cartilaginous  fishes. 
on. 


See 


deciding  ties  and  at  pool.  (6)  A  shot  strik- 
ing the  carton;  as,  to  make  two  bull's-eyes 
and  a  carton. 

Cartoon  (kar-tbn'),  n.  [Fr.  carton,  paste- 
board, a  cartoon,  from  It.  cartons  (same 
sense),  aug.  of  carta,  L.  charta,  paper.  ]  1.  In 
painting,  a  design  drawn  on  strong  paper, 
as  a  study  for  a  picture  intended  to  be  painted 
of  same  size,  and  more  especially  for  a  picture 
to  be  painted  in  fresco.  From  the  cartoon 
the  design  is  traced  through  upon  the  fresh 
plaster  of  the  wall  or  other  surface  on  which 
the  picture  is  to  be  painted.  Cartoons  exe- 
cuted in  colours,  like  paintings,  are  used 
for  designs  in  tapestries,  mosaics,  &a. ;  the 
seven,  by  Raffaelle,  purchased  by  Charles 
I.,  being  well  known  examples. — 2.  Any  pic- 
torial sketch,  especially  such  as  relates  to 
any  prevalent  topic  or  event  in  which  not- 
able characters  are  prominently  represented; 
as,  an  election  cartoon;  the  cartoons  of 
Punch. 

Cartouch,  Cartouche  (kar-tbsh),  n.  [Fr. 
cartouche,  0.  Fr.  cartoclie,  from  It.  cartoccio, 
a  cartridge,  a  roll  of  paper,  from  carta, 
paper ;  L.  eharta,  paper;  Or.  chartes,  a  leaf 
of  paper.  Cartridge  is  a  corrupted  form  <••{ 
this.  ]  1.  A  case  of  wood  filled  with  shot  to 
be  fired  from  a  cannon;  a  roll  of  paper  con- 
taining a  charge;  a  cartridge. —2.  A  portable 
box  lor  charges  lor  firearms.  See  CAR- 
TRIDGE-BOX.—3.  A  case  lor  holding  cannon- 
balls.— 4.  A  military  pass  given  to  a  soldier 
going  on  furlough.— 5.  The  name  given  by 
Champollion  to  the  ovals  on  ancient  Egyp- 
tian monuments,  and  in  papyri,  containing 
groups  of  characters,  expressing  the  names 
or  titles  of  kings.  'Two  names  in  an  ob- 


Cartilagineoust  (kar/ti-la-jin"e-us),a.  Same 
as  Cartilaginous. 

Cartilaginification  ( kar '  ti  -  la  -  j  in'i-fl-ka"- 
shon),  n.  The  act  or  process  of  converting 
into  cartilage.  Wright. 

Cartilaginous  (kar-ti-laj'i-nus),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  resembling  a  cartilage ;  gristly; 
consisting  ol  cartilage;  as,  cartilaginous 
fishes. 

Cartist  (kart'ist),  n.  A  Spanish  or  Portu- 
guese supporter  of  the  constitutional  char- 
ter. 

Cart-jade  (kart'jad),  n.  A  sorry  horse;  a 
horse  used  in  drawing,  or  fit  only  lor  the 
cart.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Cart-load  (kart'lod),  n.  A  load  borne  on  a 
cart;  as  much  as  is  usually  carried  at  once 
on  a  cart,  or  as  is  sufficient  to  load  it. 

Cartographer  (kar-tog'ra-ler),  n.  A  maker 
of  maps;  a  chartographer. 

I  write  this  letter  to  explain  the  problem  of  the 
Tanganika.  which  has  puzzled  Livingstone  and  so 
manv  explorers,  and  indeed  so  many  able  carto- 
graphers. Henry  M.  Stanley. 

Cartographic,  Cartographical  (kar-to- 

gral'ik,  kar-to-graf'ik-al),  a.    Same  as  Char- 

tographic. 
Cartographically  (kar-t6-graf'ik-al-li),ad!>. 

Same  as  Ckartographically. 
Cartography  (kar-tog'ra-fl),  n.     Same  as 

Chartography. 
Carton  (kar'ton),  n.    [Fr.    See  CARTOON.] 

1.  A  thin  kind  of  pasteboard.    Spectator.— 

2.  A  box  made  from  it.  — 3.  A  cartoon.— 4.  In 
rijle  practice,  (a)  a  white  disc  fixed  on  the 
bull's  eye  of  a  target.   It  is  of  mnch  smaller 
size  than  the  bull's-eye,  and  is  chiefly  used  in 


Cartouch  of  Ptolemy. 

long    inclosure   called    a    cartouche.'     S. 
Sharpe.—6.  In  arch,  (a)  a  sculptured  orna- 
ment in  the  form  of  a  scroll  unrolled,  often 
appearing  on  the  cornices  of  columns,  used 
as  a  field  for  inscriptions,  &c.    (6)  A  kind  ol 
block  or  modillion  used  in  internal  cornices, 
as  in  the  cornices  ol  wainscotted  apart- 
ments. —  7.  In  her.  the  oval  escutcheon  ol 
the  pope  or  ol  a  churchman. 
Cartridge  (kartrij),  n.    [Formerly  also  car- 
trage,  a  corruption  ol  cartouch.]    A  case  ol 
pasteboard,  parchment,  copper,  tin,  serge, 
Ac.,  holding  the  exact  charge,  including 
both  powder  and  bullet,  or  shot  for  sporting 
purposes,  ol  any  firearm.— Blank  cartridge, 
a  cartridge  without  ball  or  shot. 
Cartridge-bag  (kar'trij-bag),  n.    In  gun. 
a  bag  made  of  serge,  or  some  similar  mate- 
rial, in  which  the  charge  of  cannon  is  con- 
Cartridge-belt  (kiii-'trij-belt),  n    A  belt  lor 
the  waist  or  to  go  over  the  shoulder,  having 
pockets  tor  cartridges. 
Cartridge-box  (kar'trij-boks),  n.    A  port- 
able case  or  box  lor  carrying  cartridges. 
Cartridge-case  (kar'trij-kas),  n.    1.  A  car- 
tridge-box.—2.  The  paper  in  which  the  pow- 
der ol  a  cartridge  is  contained. 
Cartridge-paper  (kar'trij-pa-per),  n.    A 
thick  sort  of  paper  originally  manufactured 
lor  soldiers'  cartridges,  but  extensively  used 
in  the  arts— its  rough  surface  giving  it  an 
advantage  for  drawing  upon— and  for  other 
purposes. 

Cartulary  (kar'tu-la-ri),  n.  Same  as  Char- 
tulary. 

Cart-way  (kart'wa),  «.  A  way  through 
which  carts  or  other  wheel  carriages  may 
conveniently  travel. 

Where  your  woods  are  large,  it  is  best  to  have  a 
cart'-way  along  the  middle  of  them.        Mortimer. 

Cartwright  (kart'rit),  n.  An  artificer  who 
makes  carts. 

Carucage  t  (kar'u-kaj),  n.  [See  CARCCATE.  ] 
1.  Act  of  ploughing.  — 2.  A  duty  or  tax  on 
the  plough.  Also  written  Carrucage. 

Carucate  (kar'u-kat),  n.  [L.  carruca,  a 
four-wheeled  carriage,  L.L.  a  plough,  from 
carrus,  a  car.]  Formerly  as  much  land  as 
one  team  could  plough  in  the  year.  The 
size  varied  according  to  the  nature  ol  th< 
soil  and  practice  of  husbandry  in  different 
districts. 

Carum  (ka'rum),  n.  [From  Caria,  in  Asu 
Minor,  where  it  was  first  discovered.]  A 
considerable  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Urn 


Fate,  far,  lat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CARUNCLE 


405 


CASCARILLA 


belliferre.  The  species  HIV  glabrous  herbs 
witli  perennial  fusiform  e<liljle  routs,  pin- 
nate or  more  divided  leaves,  and  white  or 
yellow  flowers.  C.  Cami  is  tlie  caraway 
plant,  the  fruit  of  which  is  caraway  seeds. 
(Srr  (.'AKAWAY.)  C.  vcrticillatwn  is  a  na-  , 
live  of  Britain  and  the  western  parts  of 
Europe. 

Caruncle,  Caruncula  (kar'ung-kl,  kt-rang/- 
kfi-ia),  n.     [L.  cnninctda,  dim.  from  caro, 
llcsh.  ]    1.  A  small  fleshy  excrescence,  either 
natural  or  morbid ;    specifically,  a    ileshy  : 
cx.-ri-scence  on  the  head  of  a  fowl,  as  the  | 

, hot  acock,  the  wattles  of  a  turkey.—  j 

2.  In  bot.  a  protuberance  surrounding  the  1 
liiliim  of  a  seed. 

Caruncular  (ka-rungTai-ler),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  in  the  form  of  a  canmcle. 

Carunculate,  Carunculated  (ka -runx'kii- 
lat,  ka-rung'ku-lat-ed),  o.  Having  a  ileshy 
excrescence  or  soft  fleshy  protuberance; 
caruucular. 

Caruiiculous  (ka-rung'ku-lus),  a.  Caruneu- 
liir;  carunculated.  Dunglison. 

Carus  (kfi'rus),  n.  [Gr.  karos,  heavy  sleep, 
tnrpor.]  In  med.  complete  insensibility, 
which  no  stimulus  can  remove;  the  last  de- 
mve  of  coma.  Dunglison. 

CarutO  (ka-ro'to),  n.  [South  American  name 
of  the  plant.]  A  beautiful  dye  of  a  bluish- 
black  colour,  obtained  from  the  fruit  of 
tjfnipa  anicricana,  of  the  nat.  order  Cin- 
chonaceaj. 

Carve  (karv),  c.(.  pret.  *  pp.  caned;  old 
and  poetical  pp.  careen;  ppr.  carving. 
[A.  Sax.  ceurfan,  to  carve,  cut,  engrave;  cog. 
D.  kerven,  Icel.  kyrfa,  to  carve;  Dan.  kane, 
G.  keruen,  to  notch  or  indent;  same  root  as 
grave.]  1.  To  cut  (some  solid  material)  in 
order  to  produce  the  representation  of  an 
object  or  some  decorative  design;  as,  to 
carve  a  piece  of  box-wood.  '  Had  Democritus 
really  carved  Mount  Athos  into  a  statue  of 
Alexander  the  Great.'  Dentletj. 

Carved  with  figures  strange  and  sweet. 

All  made  out  of  the  carver's  brain.    Coleridge. 

2.  To  make  or  shape  by  cutting;  to  form  by 
cutting  or  hewing;  to  engrave;  to  sculpture; 
as,  to  carve  an  image ;  to  carve  a  design  in 
box-wood. 

We  carved  not  a  line,  and  we  raised  not  a  stone, 
But  we  left  him  alone  with  his  glory.  //W/t. 

3.  To  cut;  to  hew;  to  mark,  as  with  carving. 

My  good  blade  carves  the  casques  of  men. 

Tennyson. 
A  million  wrinkles  carve  his  skin.        Tennyson. 

—  To  carve  out,  (a)  to  make  by  carving. 
•With  his  brandished  sword  caned  out  his 
passage.'  Sliak.  (b)  Fig.  to  achieve  by 
one's  own  exertions ;  as,  to  carve  out  a 
career  for  one's  self.— 4.  To  cut  into  small 
pieces  or  slices,  as  meat  at  table;  to  divide; 
to  distribute;  to  apportion. 

He  had  been  a  keeper  of  his  flocks,  both  from  the 
violence  of  robbers  and  his  own  soldiers ;  who  could 
.  .i^ilv  have  carved  themselves  their  own  food. 

South. 

Carve  (karv),  e.t.  1.  To  exercise  the  trade 
of  a  carver;  to  engrave  or  cut  figures.— 
2.  To  cut  up  meat :  followed  sometimes  by 
for;  as,  to  carve  for  all  the  guests. 

Carvel  (karVel),  n.  1.  See  CARAVEL.— 2.  t  An 
old  name  for  a  jelly-fish. 

The  can'el  is  a  sea-fome,  floating  upon  the  sur- 
face of  the  ocean,  of  a  globous  form. 

Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Carvel-built  (karVel-bilt),  a.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  a  ship  or  boat  the  planks  of  which 
an'  all  flush  and  not  overlapping,  as  in 
clincher-built  boats. 

Carven  (karv'en).  An  old  and  poetic  past 
participle  of  carve,  nearly  approaching  an 
adjective  in  some  of  its  uses.  'The  careen 
cedarn  doors.'  Tennyson. 

Carven  t  (karv'en),  v.t.  To  cut;  to  carve. 
Spenser. 

Carver  (karv'er),  n.  1.  One  who  carves,  as 
(a)  one  who  cuts  ivory,  wood,  or  the  like  in 
A  decorative  way;  a  sculptor. 

The  master  painters  and  the  carvers  came. 
Dryden. 

<d)  Fig.  one  who  makes,  shapes,  or  moulds 
in  a  general  sense. 

Be  his  own  carver  and  cut  out  his  way. 
To  find  out  right  with  wrong.  Shalt. 

(c)  One  who  cuts  meat  for  use  at  table.— 
2.  A  large  table-knife  for  carving. 
Carving  (karv'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  or  art  of 
rarving.  Specifically— 2.  A  branch  of  sculp- 
ture usually  limited  to  works  in  wood,  ivory, 
<fec.,  sculpture,  properly  so  called,  being  ap- 
plied to  carving  in  stone,  while  chasing  is 
the  term  for  carving  in  metal. — 3.  The  de- 


d; as,  atombornamriitr.l 


vice  or  figure  en 
with  cai-rui'i*. 

The  lids  arc  ivy.  grapes  in  clusters  lurk 
Hcneath  the  cini'iHg  of  the  t.tiri<ms  wf.rk. 

Carvlst  (kiii'vist),  n.  [A  corruption  of  "«<«•;/- 

fist.}  In  falconry,  a  hawk  which  is  of  pro- 
per age  and  training  to  be  carried  on  the 
hand. 

Carvy  (kar'vi),  u.  [Fr.  It.  and  Sp.  card.  See 
CARAWAY.]  Caraway.  [Scotch.] 

Car-wheel  (karVhel),  n.  The  wheel  of  a 
car;  in  America  of  a  railway-carriage. 

Carwhlchet,  t  Carawltchett  (kar-w hidi'et, 
kar-a-wich'et).  n.  A  pun;  aconundrum.  See 
CARRIWITCHET. 

He  has  all  sorts  of  echoes,  rebuses,  chronograms, 
&c.,  besides  caruhichets,  clenches,  and  quibbles. 
Rnller. 

Carya  (ka'ri-a),  n.  [Gr.  karya,  a  walnut, 
after  Carya,  daughter  of  Dion,  king  of  I. a 
conia,  said  to  have  been  changed  into  a 
walnut-tree.)  A  genus  of  North  American 
trees,  nat.  order  Jug- 
landaceffi,  which  com- 
prehends the  various 
kinds  of  hickory. 

Caryatic  (kar-i-at'ik), 
a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Caryans  or  to  carya- 
tids. '  Persian  and 
Caryatic  figures.'  R. 
Stuart.  —  Caryatic  or- 
der, in  arch,  an  order 
in  which  the  entabla- 
ture is  supported  by 
female  figures  instead 
of  columns. 

Caryatid  (kar-i-af- 
id),  n.  pi.  Caryatids, 
Caryatides(kar-i-at'- 
idz,  kar-i-at'i-dez). 
[Perhaps  from  Caryce, 
a  city  in  the  Pelopon- 
nesus.] In  arch,  a  fig- 
ure ofawomandressed 
in  long  robes,  serving 
to  support  entabla- 
tures. Vitruvius  re- 
lates that  the  city  Car- 
yse  sided  with  the  Per- 
sians after  the  battle 
of  Thermopylae  and 
that  it  was  on  that  ac- 
count sacked  by  the  other  Greeks,  who  took 
their  wives  captive,  and  to  perpetuate  this 
event  erected  trophies  in  which  figures  of 
women  dressed  in  the  Caryatic  manner  were 
used  to  support  entablatures.  This  story  is, 
however,  believed  to  be  unworthy  of  credit, 
although  it  seems  to  be  not  improbable  that 
the  idea  and  name  of  the  Caryatids  were 
derived  from  this  city. 

Caryocar  (kai'i-6-kar),  n.  [Gr.  karyon,  a 
nut.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Rhizo- 
bolaceffi,  consisting  of  ten  species  of  lofty 
trees,  natives  of  tropical  America.  They 
produce  good  timber,  and  their  fruits  con- 
tain three  or  four  large  kidney-shaped  seeds 
inclosed  in  an  extremely  hard  woody  shell, 
reddish-brown  in  colour  and  covered  with 
roundish  protuberances.  They  are  called 
souari  or  butter-nuts,  have  a  pleasant  nutty 
flavour,  and  yield  a  bland  oil.  The  C.  nuci- 
ferum  is  the  chief  source  of  these  nuts,  a 
tree  frequently  reaching  the  height  of  100 
feet,  and  common  in  the  forests  of  British 
Guiana,  where  it  grows  particularly  on  the 
banks  of  the  rivers  Essequibo  and  Berbice. 
Its  flowers  are  large  and  of  a  deep  purplish- 
red  colour. 

Caryocatactes  (katJi-6-ka-tak"tez).  n.  (Gr. 
karyon,  a  nut,  and  katakteino,  to  kill.]  The 
name  given  by  Cuvier  to  the  genus  now  usu- 
ally called  Nuctfraga,  comprising  the  nut- 
crackers. 

Caryophyllaceae  (kar/i-o-fll-la"se-e),  n.  pi. 
[From  Caryophyllum,  the  latinized  form  of 
the  Greek  name  of  an  Indian  tree,  probably 
the  clove-tree,  but  given  by  Endlicher  to 
the  genus  Dianthus  of  Llnnmu,  the  typical 
genus  of  this  order.  See  CARYOPHYLLVJS.] 
The  pink  tribe,  a  nat.  order  of  plants,  con- 
sisting of  more  than  a  thousand  species  of 
bland  herbs,  with  stems  generally  swollen 
at  the  nodes,  and  opposite  leaves,  the  bases 
of  which  are  f requently  united.  The  flowers 
are  regular,  and  the  numerous  seeds  are 
attached  to  a  central  placenta.  The  great 
proportion  of  the  species  are  inconspicuous 
weeds  like  chick-weed,  spurrey,  sandwort, 
&c  ,  but  many  are  found  as  favourite  plants 
in  our  gardens,  as  the  pink,  carnation,  sweet- 
william,  &c. 
Caryophyllaceous  (kar/i-6-fll-la"shus),  a. 


Caryatid,  from  British 

Museum. 


•:iiini,'  to  the  Caryophyllaccre :  esjie- 
dally  applied  to  flowers  having  five  pctal» 
with  long  claws  in  a  tubular  calyx. 

Caryophylllne  (kur-l-ofll-lin  or  kar-i  6-fll'- 
lin).  n.  (SeuCAKYufiiYLLUS.  ]  A  crystalline 
substance  obtained  from  cloves  by  treating 
tbi-lii  with  al.-c,h..l. 

Caryophyllous,  CaryophylleouB  (kar-i-a- 
fil'tia.  kar-i-6-hTc-us),  (i.  .-amc  ai  Caryo- 
phytlaetetu. 

Caryophyllus  (kar-i  of'il-his  or  kar-i-o-fll'- 
lus),  n.  [Or.  tanmpyOm,  the  clove-tree— 
kanjon,  a  nut,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.  ]  A  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Myrtaceie,  by  tome 
authors  inriiMr-l  in  Eugenia.  It  is  the 
genus  to  which  the  clove-tree  belongs.  See 
CLOVE. 

Caryopsls  (kar-i-op'sis),  n.  [Gr.  karym,  a 
nut,  and  apsis,  an  appearance.]  In  bot.  a 
small,  one-seeded,  dry,  indehlscent  fruit,  in 
which  the  seed  adheres  to  the  thin  pericarp 
throughout,  so  that  the  fruit  and  seed  are 
incorporated  into  one  body,  as  in  wheat  and 
other  kinds  of  grain. 

Caryota  (kar-i-6'ta),  n.  [Gr.  karydtoi,  nut- 
like,  from  karyon,  a  nut.  ]  A  genus  of  palms, 
with  doubly  pinnate  leaves  and  wedge- 
shaped  leaflets,  strongly  toothed  at  the  ex- 
tremity. The  best  known  species  (C.  «ren#) 
is  a  native  of  niost  of  tropical  Asia ;  it  sup- 
plies an  inferior  kind  of  sago,  and  from  its 
juice  is  made  toddy  or  palm-wine.  The  out- 
side of  the  stem  supplies  a  hard  and  durable 
wood. 

Cas,ti».  [Fr.,fromL.ca«tu>,chance.l  Chance; 
hap;  fortune;  case;  misfortune.  Chaucer; 
Piers  Plowman. 

Ca.  Sa.  (ka  sa).  In  law,  the  usual  abbrevia- 
tion of  capiay  ad  yatixj'acicitduin.  See 
CAPIAS. 

Casal  (ka'sal),  a.  In  grain,  of  or  belonging 
to  case. 

The  casal  termination  of  the  Saxon  possessive  is 
es  or  is.  as  appears  in  such  phrases  as  'Godrr  sight,' 
•  kingis  crown.'  ?.  AC.  HTCulleck. 

Casava,  Casave(ka-sa'va,  ka-sa've),  n.  Same 
as  Cassava. 

Cascabel  (kas'ka-bel),  n.  [Sp.  cascabel,  a 
little  bell,  a  button  or  knob  at  the  end  of  a 
cannon,  from  L.  gcabellum,  a  sort  of  casta- 
net.]  The  rear  part  of  a  cannon;  the  part 
which  is  behind  the  base  ring,  and  includes 
the  base  and  knob. 

Cascade  (kas-kadO,  n.  [Fr.  cascade,  It.  cat- 
cata,  from  cascare,  to  fall,  from  L.  cado, 
casum,  to  fall.]  A  steep  fall  or  flowing  of 
water  over  a  precipice  in  a  river  or  other 
stream;  a  waterfall,  whether  natural  orarti- 
flcial. 

The  river  Teverone  throws  itself  down  a  precipice, 
and  falls  by  several  cascades  from  one  rock  to  an- 
other. AdJisim. 

Cascade  (kas-kW),  ».i.  To  vomit  [Pro- 
vincial and  colloq.] 

Cascalho  (kas-kal'yo),  n.  The  name  given 
in  Brazil  to  the  auriferous  or  gold-bearing 
alluvial  deposit  of  the  country.  It  is  also 
the  principal  repository  of  the  diamond. 

The  common  Cascalho  is  an  indurated  soil,  in  which 
gold  is  contained,  and  seems  to  consist  of  the  frag- 
ments of  veins  which  have  by  some  means  been 
broken  up,  rolled  about  by  the  action  of  water,  and 
buried  by  it  among  the  clays  which  have  composed 
it,  Anstcd. 

Cascarilla  (kas-ka-riHa),  n.  [Sp.  dim.  of 
canon ra,  peel,  bark.]  The  aromatic  bitter 
bark  of  Croton  Eleutheria.BL  small  tree  of  the 
nat.  order  Cinchonacea:,  and  closely  allied 


Cascarilla  Flam  (Croton  Elculteria). 

to  Cinchona,  cultivated  chiefly  In  Eleuthera, 
one  of  the  Bahamas.  This  bark  is  imported 
in  small  thin  fragments  and  brittle  rolls  like 
quills,  and  is  sometimes  employed  as  a  sub- 
stitute for  cinchona,  but  is  inferior  in  tonic 
and  febrifuge  qualities. 


ch,  cAaiu;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  iing; 


TH,  (Aen;  th,  fAin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CASCO 


406 


Casco  (kaslvo),  n.  A  boat  of  the  Philippines, 
used  chiefly  on  the  river  at  Manilla.  It  is 
almost  of  rectangular  form,  very  flat,  and 


very  durable,  and  is  much  used  at  Manilla 
for  conveying  cargo  to  and  from  ships. 
Case  (kas),  '*-  [O.Fr.  casse  (now  cause),  from 
L.  capsa,  a  repository,  chest,  box,  from 
capio,  to  take,  receive,  contain.  Cash  is 
really  the  same  word.]  1.  A  covering,  box, 
or  sheath ;  that  which  incloses  or  contains ; 
as,  a  cane  for  knives ;  a  cage  for  books ;  a 
watch  case;  a  pillow  case.  —  2.t  the  skin  of 
an  animal. 

Generally,  as  with  rich-furred  conies,  their  cases 
are  far  better  than  their  bodies.  Burton. 

3.  The  exterior  portion  of  a  building;  an 
outer  coating  for  walls. 

The  case  of  the  holy  house  is  nobly  designed  and 
executed  by  great  masters.  Addison, 

4.  A  box  and  its  contents ;  hence,  a  quantity, 
either  (a)  an  indefinite  quantity,  in  which 
sense  Shakspere  speaks  of  a  cane  of  lives 
( '  The  knocks  are  too  hot ;  and  for  mine 
own  part,  I  have  not  a  cane  of  lives');  or 
sometimes  (&)  a  definite  quantity,  as,  among 
glaziers,  225  square  feet  of  crown  glass ;  also, 
125  feet  of  Newcastle  or  Normandy  glass.  - 

5.  In  printing,  the  receptacle  for  the  types, 
from  which  the  compositor  gathers  them 
separately  and  arranges  them  in  lines  and 
pages  to  print  from.     There  are  two  cases, 
an  upper  and  a  lower,  which  are  divided 
into  a  number  of  compartments  or  boxes 
for  holding  a  supply  of  the  different  letters. 
The  upper  case  contains  the  capitals  and 
accented   and   dotted    letters ;    the   lower 
contains  the  small  letters,  spaces,  <fcc.  — 

0.  Mttit.  same  as  Case-shot.  — 7.  In  mining, 
a  small  fissure  which  lets  water  into  the 
workings. — Case  of  a  door,  the  wooden  frame 
in  which  a  door  is  hung.—  Case  of  a  stair, 
the  wall  surrounding  a  staircase. 

Case  (kas),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cased ;  ppr.  casing. 

1.  To  cover  with  a  case;  to  surround  with 
any  material  that  shall  inclose  or  defend. 
'Case  ye;   on  with  your  vizards.'     Shak. 
Specifically,  (a)  in  arch,  to  face  or  coyer 
(the  outside  wall  of  a  building)  with  material 
of  abetter  quality  than  that  of  the  wall  itself. 
(&)  In  plastering,  to  plaster  (as  a  house)  with 
mortar  on  the  outside,  and  strike  a  ruler 
laid  on  it  while  moist  with  the  edge  of  a 
trowel,  so  as  to  mark  it  with  lines  resem- 
bling the  joints  of  freestone. --2.  To  put  in  a 
caae  or  box.— 3.  t  To  remove  the  case  or  skin 
of;  to  uncase;  to  skin. 

We'll  make  you  some  sport  with  the  fox  ere  we 
case  him.  Shak. 

See  phrase,   'First  catch  your  hare,'  &c., 
under  CATCH. 

Case  (kas),  n.  [L.  cams,  a  falling,  from 
cado,  casum,  to  fall.]  1.  Lit.  that  which 
falls,  comes,  or  happens ;  an  event ;  hence, 
the  particular  state,  condition,  or  circum- 
stances that  befall  a  person,  or  in  which  he 
is  placed ;  as,  make  the  case  your  own  ;  in 
good  case.  'Pity  my  case.'  Shftk. 

I  am  in  case  to  justlc  a  constable.  S/tai. 

2  An  individual  occurrence  or  specific  in- 
stance, as  of  disease  ;  as,  a  case  of  fever. — 

3.  A  question ;  a  state  of  facts  involving  a 
question  for  discussion  or  decision ;  as,  the 
lawyer  stated  the  case.     'The  plainest  case 
in  many  words  entangling.'    J.  Baillie.— 

4.  A  cause  or  suit  in  court ;  as,  the  case  was 
tried  at  the  last  term.    [In  this  sense  cane 
is  nearly  synonymous  with  cause,  which 
is  the  more  technical  term.] —5.  One  of  the 


forms  in  the  declension  of  a  noun,  pro- 
noun, or  adjective  ;  as,  the  genitive  case. 
The  cases,  except  the  nominative,  are  called 
oblique  cases.—  In  case,  in  the  event  or  con- 
tingency ;  if  it  should  so  fall  out  or  happen  ; 
supposing. 

A  sure  retreat  to  his  forces,  in  case  they  should 
have  an  ill  day  or  unlucky  chance  in  the  field. 

Bacon. 

—  Put  the  cane,  suppose  the  event  or  a  cer- 
tain state  of  things.—  Action  on  the  cane,  in 
law,  a  general  action  for  redress  of  wrongs 
and  injuries  done  without  force,  and  not 
particularly  provided  against  by  law,  in 
order  to  have  satisfaction  for  damage. 
This  action  is  in  practice  the  most  uni- 
versal of  any,  and  is  equally  applicable  to 
consequential  injury  to  the  real  or  personal 
property  and  to  the  personal  character  of 
the  party  by  whom  it  is  brought—  SYN. 
Situation,  condition,  state,  circumstances, 
plight,  predicament. 
Case  t  (kas),  v.i.  To  put  cases. 

They  fell  presently  to  reasoning  and  fusing-  upon 
tlw  matter  with  him,  and  laying  distinctions  before 
him.  IIP  R-  L'Estranse. 

Caset  (kas).  v.i.  To  happen.  'If  en*e  a 
beggar  be  old,  weak,  or  ill.'  John  Taylor. 

Caseate(ka'se-at),n.  Inchem.  asaltresulting 
from  the  union  of  caseic  acid  with  a  base. 

Case-bag  (kas'bag),  n.  In  arch,  one  of  the 
joists  framed  between  a  pair  of  girders  in 
naked  flooring. 

Case-bottle  (kasT>ot-l),  n.  A  bottle  made 
so  as  to  fit  into  a  case  with  others,  often 
square.  Defoe. 

Case-char  (kas'char),  n.  A  flsh  of  the 
family  Salmonidie,  found  in  the  lakes  of 
Northern  Europe.  By  some  writers  it  is 
looked  upon  as  a  distinct  species  (Salmo 
uuibla),  by  others  merely  as  a  variety. 

Cased  (kast),  p.  and  a.  1.  Covered  with 
n  case.—  2.  t  Deprived  of  its  case  or  skin; 
as,  a  cased  hare.—  Caned  sash-frame*,  sash- 
frames  which  have  their  interior  vertical 
sides  hollow  to  admit  the  weights  which 
balance  the  sashes,  and  at  the  same  time 
conceal  them. 

Case-harden  (kas'hard-n),  v.t.  To  harden 
the  outer  part  or  surface  of,  as  of  iron,  by 
converting  it  into  steel. 

Case-hardened  (  kas'  hard  -nd),  p.  and  a. 
Having  the  outside  hardened,  as  iron  tools, 
&c.  Fig.  having  no  sense  of  shame  or 
honour;  brazen-faced. 

Case  -hardening  (kas'lmrd-n-ing),  n.  The 
process  by  which  the  surface  of  iron  is 
converted  into  steel,  while  the  interior  re- 
tains the  softness  and  toughness  of  malle- 
able iron.  This  may  be  done  by  putting  the 
iron  into  an  iron  box  with  vegetable  or  ani- 
mal charcoal  in  powder,  and  cementing  it 
by  exposing  it  for  some  hours  to  a  red  heat. 
The  steely  covering  enables  the  articles  to 
wear  better,  and  allows  of  their  taking  on  a 
finer  polish. 

Caseic  (ku'se-ik),  «.  [L.  caseiw,  cheese.]  Of 
or  pertaining  to  cheese.  —  Caseic  acid,  an 
acid  obtained  from  cheese. 

Casein,  Caseine  (kii'se-in),  n.  [L.  cagey*, 
cheese.]  That  ingredient  in  milk  which 
is  neither  coagulated  spontaneously,  like 
fibrin,  nor  by  heat,  like  albumen,  but  by 
the  action  of  acids  alone,  and  constituting 
the  chief  part  of  the  nitrogenlzed  matter 
contained  in  it.  Cheese  made  from  skimmed 
milk  and  well  pressed  is  nearly  pure  casein. 
It  is  identical  with  legumin,  and  occurs  in 
many  vegetables.  Casein  is  one  of  the  most 
important  elements  of  animal  nutrition  as 
found  in  milk  and  leguminous  plants.  It 
consists  of  carbon  537  per  cent.,  hydrogen 
715,  nitrogen  15*65,  oxygen  22-G5,  and  sul- 
phur 0-85. 

Case-knife  (kas'nif),  n.  1.  A  knife  carried 
in  a  case  or  sheath. 

The  poet,  being  resolved  to  save  his  heroine's 
honour,  has  so  ordered  it  that  the  kinff  always  acts 
vvith  a  great  case-knife  stuck  in  his  girdle,  which  the 
lady  snatches  from  him  in  the  struggle,  and  so  de- 
fends herself.  Addison. 

2.  A  large  table-knife. 

Case-man  (kas'man),  n.  In  printing,  one 
who  works  at  the  case  or  sets  types  ;  a  com- 
positor. 

Casemate  (kas  'mat),  n.  [Fr.  casemate. 
from  It.  casainatta,  a  casemate,  from  casa, 
a  house,  and  inatto,  foolish,  dull,  dim, 
dark=G.  matt,  feeble,  and  E.  mate  in  check- 
mate. ]  I.  In  fort,  (a)  a  vault  of  stone  or 
brickwork,  usually  built  in  the  thickness 
of  the  rampart  of  a  fortress,  and  pierced  in 
front  with  embrasures,  through  which  artil- 
lery may  be  fired,  (b)  A  shell-proof  vault  of 
stone  or  brick  to  protect  the  troops,  ammu- 


CASHEW 

nition,  &c.  (c)t  An  embrasure.—  2.  In  arch. 
a  hollow  moulding,  chiefly  used  in  cornices; 
a  cavetto. 

Casemated  (kas'mat-ed),  a.  Furnished  with 
a  casemate. 

Casement  (kaz'ment),  n.  [From  case,  in  the- 
sense  of  a  frame,  as  of  a  door,  &c.]  In 
arch,  (a)  a  glass  frame  or  sash  forming  a 
window  or  part  of  a  window,  and  made  to 
open  by  turning  on  hinges  affixed  to  the 
vertical  sides  of  the  frame  into  which  it  is 
fitted. 

I  released 

The  castmftit  and  the  light  increased 
With  freshness  in  the  dawning  east.         Tennyson. 

(b)  A  compartment  between  the  mullions  of 
a  window,  (c)  An  old  English  name  for  a 
deep  hollow  moulding  similar  to  the  scotia- 
of  classical  or  cavetto  of  Italian  architecture. 
Oxfurtl  Gloxxary, 

Casemented  (kaz'ment-ed),  a.  Having  case- 
ments. 

Caseous  (kii'se-UB),  a.  [L.  caxew,  cheese.] 
Like  cheese  ;  having  the  qualities  of  cheese. 

Case-rack  (kas'rak),  n.  A  frame  of  wood  to 
receive  printers'  cases  when  not  in  use.  It 
sometimes  forms  the  stand  or  support  for  the 
case  itself. 

Casern  (ka'zern),n.  [Fr.  caserne,  Sp.  catterna. 
from  casa,  a  shed  or  house.]  A  lodging  for 
soldiers  in  garrison  towns,  usually  near  the 
rampart;  barracks. 

Case-shot  (kas'shot),  n.  1.  A  collection 
of  small  projectiles,  such  as  musket  balls, 
grape-shot,  Ac.,  put  in  cases,  to  be  dis- 
charged from  cannon;  canister-shot.  'A 
continual  storm,  not  of  single  bullets,  but 
of  chain-  shot  and  case-shot.'  Camden.— 
2.  In  a  more  modern  sense,  a  shrapnel-shell, 
that  is  a  spherical  iron  case  inclosing  a 
number  of  bullets  and  exploded  by  a  fuse. 

Caseum  (ka'se-um),  n.  [L.  caucus,  cheese.) 
Same  as  Casein. 

Case-worm  (  kas'werm  ),  n.  A  worm  that 
makes  itself  a  case.  See  CAPDICE-FLY. 

Cash  (kash),  n.  [Q.Fr.casse  (Mod.Fr.  came), 
Sp.  and  Pg.  caxa,  It.  cassa,  a  chest,  box, 
coffer,  from  L.  capsa  ,  a  box  or  case.  See  CASE.  J 
1.  1  A  receptacle  for  money  ;  a  money-box. 
'So  as  this  bank  is  properly  a  general  cash 
where  every  one  lodges  his  money.'  Sir  W. 
Temple. 

Twenty  thousand  pounds  are  known  to  be  in  her 
' 


sh. 


Sir  R.  H'inttiooii. 


2.  Money;  primarily,  ready  money;  money 
in  chest  or  on  hand,  inbank  oral  command. 

3.  A  thin  coin  of  a  very  base  alloy  of  copper. 
perforated  and  strung  on  a  thread,  used  by 
the  Chinese  as  small  change.    Twenty-two 
such  pieces  are  equal  to  one  penny  sterling 

Cash  (kash),  v.t.  1.  To  turn  into  money,  or 
to  exchange  for  money;  as,  to  cash  a  note 
or  an  order.  —  2.  To  pay  money  for;  as,  the 
clerks  of  a  bank  ca*li  notes  when  presented. 

Cash  t  (kash),  v.t.  [Formerly  also  written 
caw,  from  O.Fr.  causer,  to  break,  to  quash, 
to  discharge,  from  L.  cassare,  to  bring  t-> 
nothing,  to  annul,  from  catstnis,  empty,  void; 
or  rather  perhaps  iTomL.quasttare,  to  break; 
comp.  E.  break  in  sense  of  cashier.  See 
CASHIKR,  v.t.]  To  cashier;  to  discard. 

Cashing  the  greatest  part  of  his  land  army,  he  only 
retained  1000  of  the  best  soldiers.     Sir  A.  Gorges. 

Cash-account  (kash'ak-kount),  n.  1.  An 
account  of  money  received,  paid,  or  on 
hand.  —  2.  In  banking,  a  credit  given  by  a 
bank  to  an  amount  agreed  upon  to  any  in- 
dividual or  house  of  business  that  can  pro- 
cure two  or  more  persons  of  undoubted 
credit  or  property  to  become  surety  for  the 
repayment,  on  demand,  of  the  sum  credited, 
with  interest.  Persons  having  such  ac- 
counts draw  upon  them  for  whatever  sums 
within  their  amount  they  have  occasion  for, 
repaying  these  advances  as  they  find  oppor- 
tunity, but  generally  within  short  periods. 
Interest  is  charged  only  on  the  average 
balance  which  may  be  due  to  the  bank. 
Called  also  Bank-credit,  cash-account  being 
more  especially  a  Scotch  name.  The  system 
of  granting  such  credits  seems  to  have  been 
initiated  by  the  Scotch  banks. 

Cash-bOOk  (kashT>uk),  n.  A  book  in  which 
is  kept  a  register  or  account  of  money  re- 
ceived and  paid. 

Cash-credit  (kash'kred-it),  n  A  cash- 
account,  or  a  credit  granted  on  it  by  a  bank. 

Cash-day  (kash'da),  n.  A  day  on  which 
cash  is  regularly  paid;  a  pay-day. 

Cashew  (ka-sho'),  n.  [From  cauu,  cajn, 
or  acaju,  native  names  for  the  edible  stalk 
or  receptacle  of  the  cashew-nut.]  1.  The 
popular  name  for  Anacardium  occidentalf 
(the  cashew  -tree).  See  ANACARDIUM.— 
2.  Same  as  Cachou. 


Fate,  far,  fat.  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  m6ve;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CASHEW-BIRD 


407 


CASSIA-PULP 


Anacardium  occidentale. 
ill,  Cashew-nuts. 


Cashew-bird  ( ka-shb'berd  ),  71.     The  name 
given  in  Jamaica  to  one  of  the  tanagera 
(Tanagra  zeiut),nn 
insessorial  bird  of 
the      dentirostral 
group.    It  feeds  on 
the  berries  of  the 
bully-tree. 

Cashew-nut  (ka- 
sho'nut),  71.  The 
fruit  of  the  ca- 
shew-tree (Ana- 
cardium occiden- 
tale). The  ash- 
coloured  fruit  is 

kidney -shaped, 
and  consists  of  a 
kernel  inclosed  in 
a  very  hard  shell. 
The  shell  ia  com- 
poaed     of     three 
layers,   the   outer 
and  inner  of  which 
are     hard,     while 
the   intermediate   contains  a  quantity  of 
black,  acrid,  caustic  oil  which  excoriates  the 
lips  and  tongue  of  any  who  try  to  crack  the 
nut  with  their  teeth.    It  is  rendered  harm- 
leas  by  roasting,  and  the  fumes  given  off  in 
the  roasting  are  so  acrid  as  to  produce  inflam- 
mation.   The  kernel  abounds  with  a  sweet, 
milky  juice,  and  forms  an  ingredient  in  I 
puddings,  &c.     It  is  put  into  Madeira  wine  ! 
to  give  it  a  flavour,  and  with  this  view  is  • 
sometimes  imported  into  Britain.   The  atalk 
or  receptacle  of  the  fruit  ia  very  large  and 
fleshy,  has  an  agreeable  acid  flavour,  and 
is  slightly  astringent. 

Cashew-tree  (kn-sho'tre),  n.  The  tree  that 
produces  the  cashew-nut.  See  above,  and 

ANACARDIUM. 

Cashiclaws  (kash'i-klaz),  n.  An  old  Scotch 
instrument  of  torture,  consisting  of  an  iron 
case  for  the  leg,  to  which  fire  was  applied. 

Cashier  (kash-erO.  71.  [From  cash;  comp. 
Fr.  caissier,  a  cashier.]  One  who  has  charge 
of  cash  or  money;  one  who  keeps  an  account 
of  the  monetary  transactions  of  a  bank  or 
other  commercial  concern;  a  cash-keeper. 

Cashier  (kash-er'),  v.t.  [O.E.  casseere,  to 
cashier,  from  O.Fr.  casser,  to  break,  to 
caahier,  through  the  G.  cassiren.  See  CASH, 
to  cashier.  ]  1.  To  dismiss  from  an  office  or 
place  of  trust  by  annulling  the  commission. 

He  had  the  insolence  to  cashier  the  captain  of  the 
lord-lieutenant's  own  body-guard.  Afacantay. 

2.  To  dismiss  or  discard  from  service  or  from 
society. 

They  have  already  cashiered  several  of  their  fol- 
lowers Addiion. 

3.  To  reject;  to  put  out  of  account;  to  dis- 
regard.   [Rare.] 

Some  cashier,  or  at  least  endeavour  to  invalidate, 
all  other  arguments.  Locke. 

Cashierer  (kash-er'er),  n.  One  who  cashiers, 
rejects,  or  discards.  '  A  cashierer  of  mon- 
archa.'  Burke. 

Cash-keeper(ki\sh'kep-er),ii.  One  intrusted 
witli  the  keeping  of  money  and  money  ac- 
counts; a  cashier. 

Cashmere  (kash'mer),  n.  A  shawl,  so  called 
from  the  country  where  first  made.  Cash- 
mere shawls  or  fabrics  are  formed  of  the 
fine  downy  wool  found  about  the  roots  of 
the  hair  of  the  Cashmere  goat  and  the  wild 
goat  of  Thibet,  the  finer  ones  only  from  the 
winter  down  which  clothes  the  wild  goat 
and  other  wild  animals  of  the  Himalayas. 
They  are  now  aucceasfully  imitated  in 
France  and  Britain. 

Cashmere  (kash'mer),  a.  Relating  to  the 
shawl-fabric  so  called. 

Cashmerette  (kash-me-ret'),  n.  [Dim.  of 
cashmere.  ]  A  kind  of  fabric  for  ladies' 
dresses  made  with  a  soft  and  glossy  sur- 
face in  imitation  of  cashmere. 
Cash-note  (kash'not),  n.  A  note  for  the 
payment  of  money. 

Cashoo  (ka-shoO,  n.    [Fr.  cachmi,  catechu.) 
The  juice  or  gum  of  certain  trees  in  the 
East  Indies,  the  Acacia,  Areca,  or  Mimosa 
Catechu.    See  CATECHU. 
Casia  (ka«h'i-a),  n.    Same  as  Cassia. 
Casimire  (kas'i-mir),  n.  Same  as  Cassiinere. 
Buran. 

Casing  ( kas'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  or  process 
expressed  by  the  verb  to  case.— 2.  A  case;  a 
covering;  as,  (a)  a  covering  on  the  outside  of 
the  walls  of  a  house  different  from  the  back- 
inq;  (b)  a  wooden  tunnel  for  powder-hose  in 
blasting;  (c)  a  covering  round  a  steamboat- 
funnel  to  protect  the  deck  from  the  heat.  — 
S.t  The  depriving  an  animal  of  ita  skin. 


Casings  (k&t'lngl),  n.  pi.  A  north  of  Knglaml 
word  for  dried  cows'  dung,  used  for  fuel. 

Casino  (ka-se'no),  n.  pi.  Casinos  (ka-se'-  , 
noz).    [It. ,  a  small  house.]   1.  A  small  coun- 
try house;  a  lodge;  formerly  sometimes  spe- 
cifically a  house  capable  of  affording  defence 
on  a  small  scale  against  an  attacking  force. 

2.  A  club-house  or  public  room  used  for 
social  meetings,  gaming,  dancing,  music, 
&c. ;  a  public  dancing  saloon. 

The  times  are  such  that  one  scarcely  dares  allude 
to  that  kind  of  company  which  thousands  of  our 
young  men  of  Vanity  rair  are  frequenting  every  day. 
which  nightly  fills  casinos  and  dancing  rooms. 

Thackeray. 

3.  A  game  at  cards;  in  this  use  written  also 
T'/x-sf/io  (which  see). 

Cask  (kask),  ?i.  [From  Sp.  casco,  skull,  hel- 
met, wooden  wine-cask,  wine-vat,  probably 
from  cascare,  to  break  or  burst,  from  a  L.  L. 
qiiassicare,  a  lengthened  form  of  L.  quas- 
sare,  to  break,  whence  Fr.  casser,  to  break, 
and  E.  quash.]  1.  A  helmet.  [In  this  use 
written  more  commonly  Casque.  ] 

Why  does  he  crush  beneath  a  fast 
His  wrinkled  brows!  Addisott. 

2.  A  close  vessel  for  containing  liquors, 
formed  by  staves,  heading,  anil  hoopa.  This 
ia  a  general  term  comprehending  the  pipe, 
hogshead,  butt,  barrel,  &c. 

Casktkask),  v.t.    To  put  into  a  caak. 

Cask  t  (kask),  n.  [Shortened  form  of  casket.  ] 
A  casket.  'A  jewel,  locked  into  the  woe- 
fullest  cas*.'  Shak. 

Casket  (kas'ket),  71.  [In  form  a  dim.  of  cask, 
but  in  meaning  from  Fr.  cassette,  a  cofferer 
casket,  dim.  of  casse,  a  box.  See  CASH,  n.] 

1.  A  small  chest  or  box  for  jewels  or  other 
small  articles.     '  Caskets  full  of  pardons. ' 
Strype. 

Here  catch  this  casket;  it  is  worth  the  pains.    Shak. 

2.  A  name  sometimes  applied  to  a  book 
consisting  of  a  number  of  selected  literary 
or  musical  pieces ;  as,  a  casket  of  literary 
gems.    Written  also  Casmiet. 

Casket  (kas'ket),  v.t.  To  put  in  a  little 
chest.  'The  jewel  safely  casketed.'  Keats. 

I  have  writ  my  letters,  casketed  my  treasure.    Shak. 

Casket  (kas'ket),  n.     Naut.  same  as  Gasket. 

Casknet  (kask 'net),  n.  A  small  casket. 
Howell. 

Casque  (kask),  n.  [Fr.,  from  Sp.  casco. 
See  CASK.]  A  term  applied,  especially  by 
the  poets,  in  a  somewhat  loose  way,  to  hel- 
mets of  every  description  from  classical 
times  to  the  preaent. 

My  good  blade  carves  the  casques  of  men. 
My  tough  lance  thrusteth  sure.        Tennyson. 

But,  in  a  more  prcciae  use,  the  term  desig- 
nates a  head-piece  worn  apparently  more 
for  parade  than  serious  warfare,  wanting  a 
vizor,  but  furnished  with  cheek-pieces  and 
oreillets,  and  frequently  elaborately  orna- 
mented and  embossed.  The  casque  first 
appeai-s  in  English  armour  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII.  Written  also  Cask. 

Casquet  (kas'ket),  n.    See  CASKET. 

Casquetel  (kaa'ket-el),  ».  [From  casque.] 
A  small  steel  cap  or  open  helmet,  without 


Casquetel  (temp.  Edward  IV.),  side  and  back  view. 

beaver  or  vizor,  but  having  a  projecting 
umbril  and  overlapping  plates  behind  for 
ease  in  throwing  the  head  back. 
Cass,t  Casse  t  (kas),  v.t.     [Fr.  caster,  to 
break,  to  cashier.     See  CASH,  to  cashier.] 

1.  To  quash;  to  defeat ;  to  annul.     '  To  cuss 
all  old  and  unfaithful  bands.'    Raleigh.— 

2.  To  dismiss;  to  cashier. 

Cassada,  Cassado  (kas-sa'da,  kas-sa  do),  n. 
Same  as  Cassava. 

Cassareep,  Casslreepe  (kas'sa-rep,  kas  si- 
rep),  7i.  [Cassaripe, South  American  name.) 
The  concentrated  juice  of  the  roots  of  the 
bitter  casaava  (Manihot  utilissima),  fla- 
voured by  aromatics  and  deprived  of  ita 
poiaonous  propertiea  by  boiling.  It  is  used 
to  give  a  relish  to  soups  and  other  dishes, 
and  forms  the  basis  of  the  West  Indian 
•pepper-pot.'  Written  also  Cassaripe. 

Cassatet  (kas'sat),  v.t.  [L.  cassus,  vain, 
empty.  See  CASHIER.)  To  vacate,  annul, 
or  make  void. 

This  opinion  supersedes  and  cassates  the    be! 
medium  we  have. 


Cassation  (kus-iuVah<iii).  it.  The  act  of  annul 
ling  or  of  revtTMir_'  ;i  jut|i<'utl  M  iit'-nrc.  In 
France  there  is  a  court  of  cassation.  It  is  the 
highest  court 
of  the  country, 
and  receives 
appeals  from  all 
other  courts. 

Cassava  (ka»- 
sa'va  or  kas-sa' 
va), ».  [Pg.  ca* 
save,  Sp.  casabe. 
cazabc,  from 
llaytian  name 
Lasabi.]  1.  A 
species  of  mani- 
hot  (.If.  utilusi- 
tna),  nat.  order 
Euphorblacen. 
See  MANIOC.  - 

2.      ThO      nutri- 

tioua  starch  ob- 
tained from  the 

white  aoft  root  of  the  plant.  It  i»  prepared 
in  the  West  Indies,  tropical  America,  and 
on  the  African  coast  in  the  following  man- 
ner:—The  roots  are  washed,  stripped  of  their 
rind,  and  grated  down  to  a  pulp,  which  is 
put  into  coarse,  strong  canvas  bags,  and 
submitted  to  powerful  pressure  to  express 
the  highly  poisonous  juice.  The  flour  that 
remains  after  pressing  is  formed  into  thin 
round  cakes,  and  baked  on  a  hot  iron  plate. 
They  are  then  allowed  to  cool,  and  after- 
wards broken  into  pieces  and  laid  out  in 
the  sun  to  dry.  In  this  state  it  forms  a 
valuable  article  of  food,  upon  which  many 
of  the  inhabitants  of  southern  America  live 
almost  entirely.  From  casaava  cakes  the 
tapioca  of  commerce  ia  prepared.  See  TA- 
PIOCA. 

Casse, t  v.t.    SeeCASS. 
Casse-paper  (kas'se-pa-per),  n.    The  name 
given  to  the  paper  constituting  the  two  out- 
side quires  of  a  ream;  broken  paper. 
Casserian  (kas-se'ri-an),  n.    [From  Julius 
Casseri-us  of  Padua.]    In  anat.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  large  semilunar  ganglion,  formed 
by  the  fifth  nerve,  and  immediately  dividing 
into  the  ophthalmic,  auperior,  and  inferior 
maxillary  nerves. 

Casserole  (kas-rol),  n.  [Fr.,  a  stew-pan.] 
In  cookery,  an  edging,  border,  wall,  or  en- 
casement of  rice,  paste,  or  mashed  potatoes, 
in  which  meata  are  served  at  table.  Such 
meats  are  said  to  be  served  'en  casserole.' 
Cassetur  breve  (kas-se'ter  bre've).  [L., 
lit.  let  the  brief  be  annulled.]  In  law,  an 
entry  made  by  a  plaintiff,  who  finds  a  plea 
in  abatement  is  well  founded,  whereby  an  end 
is  put  to  the  action,  and  he  can  begin  anew. 
Cassia  (kash'i-a),  it.  [L.  casia.  Or.  kasia 
(rarely  with  double  s),  from  the  Hebrew  or 
Phoenician  name.]  1.  A  large  genus  of  legu- 
minous planta,  inhabiting  the  tropical  parts 
of  the  world.  The  species  consist  of  trees, 
shrubs,  or  herbs;  the  leaves  are  abruptly 
pinnated,  and  usually  bear  glands  on  their 
stalks.  The  leaflets  of  several  species  con- 
stitute the  well-known  drug  called  senna 
That  imported  from  Alexandria  is  obtained 
from  C.  amtifolia  and  C  obovata.  East 
Indian  aenna  consists  of  the  lance-shaped 
leaflets  of  C.  elongate;  and  other  species 
supply  smaller  quantities  in  commerce. 
C  Fistula  is  found  wild  in  India,  and  has 
been  introduced  into  other  tropical  coun- 
tries. Its  legumes  contain  a  quantity  of 
thick  pulp,  which  is  a  mild  laxative,  and 
enters  into  the  composition  of  the  confec- 
tion of  cassia  and  the  confection  of  senna. 
The  leaves  and  flowers  are  also  purgative.— 
2.  Same  as  Cassia-lignea. 
Cassia -bark  (kash'i-a-bark),  n.  Same  as 
Cassia-lianea. 

Cassia-bud  (kash'i-a-bud),  n.  The  flower- 
bud  of  Cinnamomiim  Cassia  and  other  spe- 
cies of  the  same  genus,  used  in  cooking,  Ac. 
Cassia-llgnea  (kash'i-a-lig-ne-a),  n.  (Lit. 
ligneous  or  woody  cassia.)  The  bark  of  the 
same  trees  that  yield  cassia -buds.  It  is 
much  prized  by  the  Chinese  and  largely  im- 
ported into  Europe.  Its  flavour  somewhat 
resembles  that  of  cinnamon ;  and  as  it  con- 
tains a  greater  portion  of  essential  oil,  and 
is  much  cheaper,  it  is  now  more  extensively 
uaed. 

Cassia-Oil  (kash'i-a-oil),  n.  The  common 
oil  of  cinnamon,  procured  from  cassia-bark 
and  cassia-buds. 

Cassia-pulp  (kash'i-a-pulp),  n.  The  sweet 
pulp  which  exists  in  the  pods  of  Cassia  Fis- 
tula. It  is  used  in  medicine  as  a  mild  pur- 
gative. See  CASSIA. 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g.  go;      j,job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng, 


TH,  then;  th.  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    ih,  azure. -See  KKY. 


CASSICAN 


408 


CAST 


Cassican  (kas'si-kan),  n.  1.  An  insessorial 
bird  of  the  genus  Cassicus  (which  see)  — 
•2.  Sometimes  improperly  applied  to  the 
liarita,  an  Australasian  bird. 
CassiCUS  (kaa'si-kus),  n.  [Probably  from  L. 
casnei,  a  net,  a  spider's  web,  from  their 
woven  nests.]  An  American  genus  of  in- 
sessorial birds,  family  Icteridic,  allied  to 
the  starlings,  remarkable  for  the  ingenuity 
with  which  they  weave  their  nests.  The 
C.  cristatui,  sometimes  called  the  crested 
oriole,  is  about  20  inches  long,  and  con- 
structs a  pouch-shaped  nest  of  the  length 
of  30  inches,  of  thin  shreds  of  bark,  which, 
with  the  view  of  ensuring  its  safety  from 
monkeys  and  serpents,  it  suspends  at  the 
extremity  of  the  branch  of  some  smooth- 
barked  tree. 

Cassideous  (kas-sid'e-us),  a.  [L.  cassis,  a 
helmet.]  In  hot.  helmet- shaped,  like  the 
upper  sepal  of  the  flower  in  the  genus  Aco- 
nitum. 

Cassidony  (kas'si-don-i),  n.  1.  [A  corrup- 
tion of  L.  Staechas  sidonia,  the  stmchas  of 
Sidon,  where  the  plant  is  indigenous.  ]  The 
popular  name  of  Lavandula  Sttechas,  or 
French  lavender,  and  also  of  a  species  of 
Gnaphalium  or  cudweed.  —  2.  [A  corruption 
of  chalcedony.  ]  A  mineral  of  which  vases 
are  often  made. 

Cassimere  (kas'si-mer),  n.  [Fr.  cassimir, 
same  word  as  cashmere.]  A  kind  of  thin 
twilled  woollen  cloth  woven  in  imitation  of 
Cashmere  shawls.  Called  also  Kerseymere. 
Cassine  (kas-si'ne),n.  [The  name  given  to  an 
allied  plant  by  the  Indians  of  Florida.]  An 
ornamental  genus  of  evergreen  shrubs  bear- 
ing white  flowers,  nat.  order  Aquifoliaceae, 
mostly  natives  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 
One  species,  C.  excelsa,  a  native  of  Nepaul, 
grows  to  the  height  of  18  feet. 
Cassiuette  (kas-si-nef),  n.  [Sp.  casinete, 
G.  cassiiiet,  a  sort  of  dim.  of  cassiniere.  ]  A 
cloth  made  of  a  cotton  warp  and  the  woof 
of  very  fine  wool,  or  wool  and  silk,  used  for 
waistcoats.  Called  also  Kerseynette. 
Cassino  (kas-se'no),  n.  [It.  casino,  a  small 
house,  a  gaming-house;  L.  caxa,  a  cottage.] 
A  game  at  cards  somewhat  resembling 
whist,  in  which  eleven  points  constitute  the 
game.  — Great  casnino,  the  ten  of  diamonds, 
which  counts  two. — Little  casnino,  the  two 
of  spades,  which  counts  one.  Written  also 
Can/to. 

Casslo-berry(kas'si-6-bc-ri),»i.  The  popular 
name  of  the  fruit  of  Viburnum  keviyatum. 
Cassiopeia,  Cassiopea  ( kas'si-6-pe"a ),  n. 
[In  class,  myth,  the  wife  of  Cepheus,  king 
of  Ethiopia,  and  mother  of  Andromeda.  She 
was  afterwards  placed  among  the  stars.] 
A  constellation  in  the  northern  hemisphere, 
situated  near  to  Cepheus.  It  contains  fifty- 
five  stars. 

Cassis  (kas'sis),  «.  [L.,  a  helmet]  A  genus 
of  gasteropodous  molluscs,  including  the 
species  known  by  the  name  of  helmet-shells. 
They  belong  to  the  family  Buccinidae. 
Casslterla  (kas-si-te'ri-a),  n.  [Or.  kassiteros, 
tin.]  A  kind  of  crystals  which  appear  to 
have  an  admixture  of  tin.  The  colour  is 
brown  or  whitish. 

Cassiterite  (kas'si-ter-it),  n.  [Or.  Irassiterns, 
tin.]  (Sn02.)  The  most  common  ore  of  tin, 
occurring  in  Cornwall,  Sweden,  Greenland, 
France,  Spain,  Germany,  North  and  South 
America,  Australia,  and  the  Island  of  Banca 
near  Sumatra,  generally  in  large  irregular 
masses  disseminated  in  granite,  gneiss,  clay- 
slate,  mica-slate,  and  porplr  ry,  but  also 
fibrous,  crystallized  in  prisms,  in  rolled 
pieces,  in  grains  as  sand,  in  which  last  con- 
dition it  is  known  as  stream-tin.  It  is  a 
peroxide,  consisting  of  tin  79,  and  oxygen  21. 
See  TIN. 

Cassius  (kas'si-us),  n.  [Named  from  its  dis- 
coverer, a  German  physician.]  A  purple 
pigment,  used  in  porcelain  and  glass  paint- 
ing, prepared  from  the  muriate  of  gold  by 
adding  to  it  a  mixture  of  the  protochloride 
and  perchloride  of  tin.  More  usually  called 
Purple  of  Cassius.  Ure. 
Cassock  (kas'sok),  n.  [Fr.  casame,  from 
It.  cattacca,  from  casa,  a  house,  L.  caw,  a 
cottage.  ]  1.  Any  loose  robe  or  outer  coat, 
but  particularly  a  military  one. 

The  muster  file,  rotten  and  sound,  upon  my  life 
amounts  not  to  fifteen  thousand  poll,  half  of  the  winch 
d.ire  not  shake  the  snow  from  off  their  cassocks  lest 
they  shake  themselves  to  pieces.  SAai. 

2.  A  tight-fitting  garment  worn  under  the 
gown  by  clergymen.  In  the  Church  of  Home 
it  varies  in  colour  with  the  dignity  of  the 
wearer.  Priests  wear  black;  bishops.purple; 
cardinals,  scarlet;  the  pope,  white. 


Cassocked  (kas'sokt),  a.  Clothed  with  a  cas- 
sock. 'The  cassock'd  huntsman.'  Cowper. 

Cassolette  (kas'so-let),)i.  [Fr.]  A  gold,  sil- 
ver, or  ivory  box  for  containing  perfumery, 
having  its  lid  pierced  with  holes  for  the 
escape  of  the  odour ;  the  part  of  a  censer 
perforated  for  the  emission  of  the  perfumes. 

Cassonade  (kas-son-ad'),  n.  [Fr.]  Eaw 
sugar;  sugar  not  refined. 

Cassoon  (kas'son),  n.  [It.  mssmie,  a  large 
chest  ]  A  deep  panel  or  coffer  in  a  ceiling 
or  soffit. 

Cassowary  (kas'so-wa-ri),  n.  [Malay  cam- 
war  is.  ]  A  large  cursorial  bird  of  the  genus 
Casuarius  (C.  galcatus),  family  Struthionidce, 
inhabiting  the  islands  in  the  Indian  Archi- 
pelago, much  resembling,  and  nearly  as 
large  as,  the  ostrich,  but  with  legs  thicker 
and  stronger  in  proportion,  and  three  toes 
on  the  foot.  The  wings  are  of  rudimentary 


Crested  Cassowary  (Ca suarins g altatus). 

nature,  being  hid  under  the  feathers,  and 
are  armed  with  strong  spines  for  combat  or 
defence.  The  head  is  surmounted  with  a 
helmet-like  Iwny  protuberance.covered  with 
horn,  consisting  of  plates  one  over  another. 
It  runs  with  great  rapidity,  outstripping 
the  swiftest  horse.  The  cassowary  lays  a 
few  eggs,  which  it  leaves  to  be  hatched  by 
the  heat  of  the  sun. 

Cassumunar  (kas-su-mu'nar),  n.  [Hind.] 
An  aromatic  root  used  as  a  tonic  and  stimu- 
lant, obtained  from  Zitiyiber  Cassumunar. 

Cass-weed  (kaa'wed),  n.     [O.K.  cass,  cash, 
a  money-box.]    A  weed  (Capnelta  JBurrn-  I 
pastorix)  called  Shepherd' s-pouch  or  Shep-  \ 
herd's-purse.    See  SHEI-HERD'S-PURSE. 

Cast  (kast),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cant;  ppr.  casting. 
[Dan.  kaste,  Sw.  and  Icel.  kasta,  to  throw: 
a  Scandinavian  word.]  1.  To  throw,  fling, 
or  send;  to  drive  off  by  force;  to  hurl;  to 
impel. 

And  the  Lord  turned  a  mighty  strong  west  wind, 
which  took  away  the  lucu^ts,  and  cast  them  into  the 
Red  Sea.  Exod.  X.  19. 

Vzziah  prepared  for  them  .  .  .  slinks  to  cast  stones. 
3  Ch.  xxvi.  14. 

So  is  the  kingdom  of  God,  as  if  a  man  should  fust 
seed  into  the  ground.  Mark  iv.  36. 

2.  To  shed;  to  impart;  to  communicate;  as, 
to  cant  light  on  a  subject;  to  cant  a  lustre 
on  posterity. 

And  storied  windows  richly  dight, 
Casting -A  dim  religious  light.          Milton. 

3.  To  bestow;  to  confer  or  transfer. 

The  government  I  cast  upon  my  brother.     SJiaJk. 

4.  To  turn ;  U»  direct ;  as,  to  cast  a  look  or 
glance  of  the  eye.     '  Cant  her  fair  eyes  to 
heaven.'    Shak.— Si.  To  discard;  to  dismiss; 
to  reject. 

The  state  cannot  with  safety  fast  him.     SJtat. 

6.  To  shed  or  throw  off ;  as,  trees  cant  their 
fruit;  a  serpent  cants  his  skin.  'To  out  the 
rags  of  sin.'  Dryden. 

Your  colt's  tooth  is  not  fast  yet.  SAat. 

[Shakspere  has  the  pp.  casted  in  this  sense: 
'  Canted  slough. ']— 7.  t  To  emit  or  give  out. 

This  casts  a  sulphureous  smell.        Woodward. 

8.t  To  throw  out  or  up;  to  eject;  to  vomit. 

We  all  were  sea-swallowed  though  some  cast  again. 

His  filth  within  being  cast  he  would  appear 

A  pond  as  deep  as  hell.  Shak. 

9.  To  form  by  throwing  up  earth;  to  raise. 

Thy  enemies  shall  fust  a  trench  about  thee. 

Luke  xix.  43. 
The  blind  mole  casts 
Copped  hills  toward  heaven.  ShaJt. 

10.  To  throw  on  the  ground,  as  in  wrestling.  : 
'  I  made  a  shift  tocattt  him.'    Shak.— 11.  To  ; 
decide  against  in  a  lawsuit;  to  condemn,  as  , 
a  criminal. 

Were  the  case  referred  to  any  competent  judge 
they  would  inevitably  be  east.  Dr.  H.  Afore. 


Both  were  cast, 
And  this  irrevocable  sentence  past.       Dryden. 

—To  be  cant  in  £30,  to  be  condemned  to  pay 
£30.  Cornhill  Mag.— 12.  To  thrust;  as,  to  ca#t 
into  prison ;  to  put  or  set  in  a  particular 
state.  'Clarence  whom  I  have  cast  in  dark- 
ness.' Shak. 

Both  the  chariot  and  horse  are  cast  into  a  dead 
sleep.  IS.  lxx\i.  c. 

13.  To  bring  forth  abortively. 

Thy  ewes  and  thy  she  goats  have  not  cast  their 
young.  Gen.  xxxi.  38. 

14.  To  find  or  ascertain  by  computation ;  to 
compute;  to  reckon;  to  calculate;  as,  to 
cast  accounts;  to  cast  a  nativity. 

You  cast  the  event  of  war,  my  noble  lord. 
And  summed  the  account  of  chance.      Shak. 

15.  To  contrive;  to  plan. 

Cast  it  also  that  you  may  have  rooms  both  for 
summer  and.  winter.  Bacon. 

The  cloister  .  .  .  would  have  been  proper  for  an 
orange-house;  and  had,  I  doubt  not,  been  cast  for 
that  purpose.  Sir  It'.  Tern  fit. 

16.  To  fix  or  distribute  (the  parts  of  a  play) 
among  the  actors;  as,  to  cast  the  '  Merchant 
of  Venice.'  Addison;  also,  to  assign  a  cer- 
tain part  or  role  to ;  aa,  to  cast  an  actress 
for  the  part  of  Portia. — 17.  To  found;  to  form 
into  a  particular  shape  by  pouring  liquid 
metal  into  a  mould;    to  run;  as,  to  cant 
cannon. 

Thou  slialt  cast  four  rings  of  gold  for  it.    Ex  xxv  12 

Fig. 

Some  have  been  tempted  to  cast  all  their  learning 
into  this  method.  //  'atts. 

la  In  printing,  to  throw  off,  as  a  proof  or 
revise. — To  cant  anchor,  to  moor  a  vessel  by 
letting  the  anchor  or  anchors  drop.— To  cast 
aside,  to  dismiss  or  reject  as  useless  or  in- 
convenient. —  To  cast  away,  (a)  to  reject. 
Lev.  xxvi.  44.  (&)  To  throw  away;  to  lavish 
or  waste  by  profusion ;  to  turn  to  no  use ; 
as,  to  cast  away  life ;  to  cast  away  &  golden 
opportunity.  (c)To  wreck;  as,  the  ship  was 
cast  away  on  the  coast  of  Africa.  "Cant 
atray  and  sunk  on  Goodwin  Sands.'  Shak, 
— To  cast  the  balance,  to  turn  the  scale  ;  to 
cause  one  scale  to  preponderate:  often  used 
figuratively.  South;  Dry  den. —To  cast  by, 
to  reject;  to  fling  or  throw  by.  Shak.; 
Locke.— To  cast  down,  to  throw  down;  Jig. 
to  deject  or  depress  the  mind. 

Why  art  thou  cast  down,  O  my  soul?  Ps.  xlii.  5. 
—  To  cast  the  draperies,  in  the  fine  arts,  to 
dispose  the  folds  of  the  garments  with  which 
the  figures  iu  the  pictures  are  clothed ;  to 
dispose  the  main  lines  of  a  picture  gener- 
ally.—To  cast  forth,  to  throw  out  or  reject, 
as  from  an  inclosed  place ;  to  emit  or  send 
out. 

lie  shall  grow  as  the  lily,  and  cast  forth  his  roots 
as  Lebanon.  Hos.  xiv.  5. 

— To  cast  in,  to  throw  into  the  bargain.   ' 

Such  an  omniscient  church  we  wish  indeed; 

'I  were  worth  both  Testaments,  cast  in  the  creed. 

Dry&n, 

—Tocastof,  (a)  to  discard  or  reject;  todiive 
away. 

The  prince  will  in  the  perfectness  of  time 
Cast  <>^his  followers.  Shak. 

(b)  \'int  to  loosen  from  or  let  go ;  as,  to 
cast  of  a  vessel  in  tow.  (c)  In  hunting,  to 
leave  behind,  as  dogs ;  to  set  loose  or  free. 
'  Away  he  scours,  casts  off  the  dogs,  and 
gains  a  wood.'  Sir  K  L' Estrange. —To  cat* 
the  lead,  to  heave  the  lead.  See  LEAD,  2.  — 
To  cast  lots.  See  under  LOT.— To  cast  out, 

(a)  to  reject  or  turn  out. 

The  brat  hath  been  cast  out  ...  no  father  own- 
ing it.  ShaJk. 

(b)  To  speak  or  give  vent  to.     Addison. — 
To  cast  up,  (a)  to  compute;  to  reckon;  to 
calculate;  as,  to  cast  up  accounts.    '  Casting 
up  the  cost  beforehand.'    Dryden,    (&)  To 
eject;  to  vomit. 

Their  villany  goes  against  my  weak  stomach,  and 
therefore  1  must  cast  it  ttf.  Shak. 

Cast  up  the  poison  that  infects  thy  mind.      Dryden. 

(c)  To  twit  or  upbraid  with;   to  recall  to 
one's  notice  for  the  purpose  of  annoying. 

Lady  W.'s  maid  is  always  casting  up  to  me  how 
happy  her  lord  and  ladyship  is.  Ln-er. 

(d)  To  raise ;  to  throw  up.     'Throws  down 
one  mountain  to  cast  up  a  higher.'    Shak. — 
To  cast  on,  to  refer  or  resign  to.   South.  — To 
cast  one's  self  on  or  upon,  to  resign  or  yield 
one's  self  to  the  disposal  of,  without  reserve; 
as,  to  cast  one's  self  upon  a  person's  mercy.— 
To  cast  in  one's  lot  with,  to  share  the  fate  or 
fortune  of.— Tocast  in  the  teeth,  to  upbraid; 
to  charge ;  to  twit— To  cast  upon,  to  refer 
to.     '  If  things  were  cast  upon  this  issue, 
that  God  should  never  prevent  sin  till  man 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;        ii,  Sc.  abtme;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CAST 


40!) 


CASTIOATOR 


deserved  it.'  South.-  T"  cant  »/  copii,  in 
printing,  to  ascertain  accurately  how  many 
pages  in  print  a  given  quantity  of  manu- 
script copy  will  make;  or  how  many  pages 
a  given  quantity  of  printed  copy  will  make 
when  the  size  of  the  book  and  type  are 
changed;  also  when  a  given  quantity  of 
manuscript  copy  is  delivered,  with  direc- 
tions that  it  is  to  make  a  certain  number 
of  pages  in  print,  to  determine  the  size  of 
the  page  and  the  size  of  the  type.— To  cast 
a  shoe,  to  lose  a  shoe:  said  of  a  horse.— 
To  cast  a  person's  water, t  to  examine  his 
urine  in  diagnosing  a  disease. 

If  thou  couldst.  doctor,  cast 
The  -rater  of  the  land,  find  her  disease.      Shak, 

Cast  (kast),  p.  and  a.  1.  Condemned.  'A 
cast  criminal.'  South.  Hence,  condemned 
by  the  public ;  unsuccessful.  '  So  may  cast 
poets  write.'  South.— 2.  Made  by  founding 
or  casting;  as,  cast  iron;  cast  steel. 

Cast  (kast),  v.i.  1.  To  throw  or  fling;  speci- 
fically, \aanffUng.  to  throw  the  line;  to  swing 
the  rod  so  as  to  throw  the  line  on  the  water. 

2.  To  work  arithmetical  calculations ;  to 
sum  accounts. 

Oh  1  who  would  cast  and  balance  at  a  desk  ? 

Tennyson. 

3.  To  turn  or  revolve  in  the  mind ;  to  cal- 
culate ;  to  consider. 

The  best  way  to  represent  to  life  the  manifold  use 
of  friendship  is  to  cast  and  see  how  many  things 
there  are  which  a  man  cannot  do  himself.    Bacon. 
This  way  and  that  I  cast  to  save  my  friends.      Pope. 

4.  To  receive  form  or  shape.     '  A  mass  that 
is  immediately  malleable,  and  will  not  run 
thin,  so  as  to  cast  and  mould.'     Woodward. 

5.  To  warp ;  to  twist  from  regular  shape. 

Stuff  is  said  to  cast  or  warp  when  it  alters  its  flat- 
ness or  straightness.  Moxon. 

6.t  To  vomit.  ' These  verses  too  .  .  .  make 
me  ready  to  cast.'  B.  Jonsoti. — 7.  Saut.  to 
fall  off  or  incline,  so  as  to  bring  the  side  of 
a  ship  to  the  wind :  applied  particularly  to 
a  ship  riding  with  her  head  to  the  wind 
when  her  anchor  is  first  loosened. — To  cast 
about,  (a)  in  hunting,  to  go  about  in  dif- 
ferent directions  in  order  to  discover  a  lost 
scent. 

But  not  a  sign  of  them  (the  hares  in  the  game  of 
hare-and-hound)  appears,  so  now  .  .  .  there  is  noth- 
ing for  it  but  to  cast  about  for  the  scent.  T.  Hughes. 

(b)  To  consider ;  to  search  in  the  mind  for 
some  contrivance  by  which  to  accomplish 
one's  end;  to  scheme.  '  To  cast  about  how  to 
perform  or  obtain.'  Bacon.  '  Contrive  and 
cast  about  how  to  bring  such  events  to  pass.' 
Dentley.—To  cast  back,  to  throw  the  memory 
back ;  'to  refer  to  something  past. 

You  cast  back  for  hundreds  of  years,  and  rake  up 
every  bit  of  pleasure  I  ever  had  in  my  life. 

Mrs.  Riddell. 

•Cast  (kast),  n.  1.  The  act  of  casting;  a  throw; 
specifically,  in  angling,  the  act  of  throwing 
the  line  on  the  water.  —  2.  The  distance 
passed  by  a  thing  thrown,  or  the  space 
through  which  a  thing  thrown  may  ordi- 
narily pass ;  as,  about  a  stone's  cast.  '  The 
rest  are  measuring  casts.'  Waller.  —  3. t  A 
stroke;  a  touch;  a  trick. 

Another  cast  of  their  politicks,  was  that  of  endea- 
vouring to  impeach  an  innocent  lady.  Swift. 

4.  Motion  or  turn  of  the  eye;  direction,  look, 
or  glance. 

They  let  you  see  by  one  cast  of  the  eye.      Addison. 

5.  A  throw  of  dice;  hence,  a  state  of  chance 
or  hazard. 

I  have  set  my  life  upon  a  cast, 
And  1  will  stand  the  hazard  of  the  die.       Shak. 
It  is  an  even  cast  whether  the  army  should  march 
this  way  or  that  way.  South. 

6.  The  form  or  shape  into  which  anything 
is  cast  or  moulded ;  anything  formed  in  a 
mould;  an  impression  in  bronze,  plaster, 
<fr«. ;  Jig.  shape ;  mould ;  impression  gener- 
ally.    'Cunning  costs  in  clay.'    Tennyson. 

Weepest  thou  to  take  the  cast 
Of  those  dead  lineaments  that  near  thee  lie. 
S/tai. 

7.  A  tube  of  wax  used  by  founders,  which 
is  fitted    into  a  mould  to  give  shape  to 
metal.  Also,  a  cylindrical  piece  of  brass  or 
copper,  slit  in  two  lengthwise,  to  form  a 
canal  or  conduit  in  a  mould  for  conveying 
metal.  —8.  Among  plumbers,  a  little  brazen 
funnel  at  one  end  of  a  mould  for  casting 
pipes  without  soldering,  by  means  of  which 
the  melted  metal  is  poured  into  the  mould. 
9.  Feathers,  fur,  or  other  indigestible  mat- 
ters ejected  from  the  stomach  by  a  hawk  or 
other  bird  of  prey. 

And  where  the  two  contrived  their  daughter's  good 
Lies  the  hawk's  cast,  the  mole  has  made  his  run. 
Tennyson. 


10.  Atinge;  a  slight  colouring  or  slight  degree 
of  a  colour;  as,  a  cant  of  green. 

The  native  hue  of  resolution 
Is  sicklied  o'er  witli  the  pale  cast  of  thought. 

Slut. 

11.  Manner;  outward  appearance;  air;  mien; 
style.    '  New  names,  new  dressings,  and  the 
modern  cast, '  Sir  J.  Venham.    'Something 
of  a  neat  cast  of  verse.'  Pope.— 12.  A  couple: 
now  used  in  this  sense  only  in  the  language 
of  hawking;  as,  a  cast  of  hawks. — 13.  An 
assignment  of  the  parts  of  a  play  to  the 
several  actors ;  the  company  of  actors  to 
whom  the  parts  of  a  play  are  assigned ;  as, 
the  play  was  produced  with  a  very  strong 
cast. — 14.  One  of  the  worm-like  coils  of  sand 
produced  by  the  lugworm. — 15.  Help  lent; 
a  helping  hand ;  especially,  the  act  of  help- 
ing a  pedestrian  on  his  way  by  giving  him 
a  place  in  a  vehicle  ;  a  lift.    [Scotch.] 

We  bargained  with  the  driver  to  give  us  a  cast  to 
the  next  stage.  Smollett. 

16.  t  Occasion;  opportunity. 

The  end  whereof  I'll  keep  until  another  cast. 

Spenser. 

—  The  last  cast,  (a)  the  last  throw  of  the 
dice ;  the  last  stake ;  the  venturing  of  all 
that  remains  to  one  on  one  throw  or  one 
effort;  the  last  chance. 

Will  you  turn  recreant  at  the  last  cast  t      Dryden. 

(b)  The  last  gasp. 

Sir  Thomas  liodley  is  even  now  at  the  last  cast, 
and  hath  lain  speechless  and  without  knowledgesince 
yesterday  at  noon.  Letter  o!ateai6i2. 

Spenser  uses  utmost  cast  in  the  same  sense. 

Whereas  he  last 
Had  left  that  couple  near  their  utmost  cast. 

Cast,!  n.    See  CASTE. 

Castalia,  Castaly  (kas-ta'li-a,  kas'ta-li),  n. 
The  mythical  fountain  of  inspiration  on 
Mount  Parnassus,  sacred  to  the  Muses, 
whose  waters  had  the  power  of  inspiring 
those  who  drank  them.  Also  written  Cas- 
tatie. 

Castalian  (kas-ta'li-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Castalia. 

Castanea  (kas-ta'ne-a),  n.  [L.  ]  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Cupulifera,  consisting  of 
trees  or  shrubs,  with  strongly  straight- 
veined  leaves  and  naked  unisexual  flowers, 
the  males  in  catkins  and  the  females  soli- 
tary. Two  or  three  nuts  are  contained  in 
each  prickly  four-valved  fruit.  The  most 
familiar  example  is  the  Spanish  or  common 
chestnut-tree  (C.  resea),  which  has  long  been 
introduced  into  and 
thrives  well  in  this 
country.  See  CHEST- 
NUT-TREE. 

Castanet(kas'ta-net), 
n.  [  Sp.  castafleta, 
from  L.  castanea,  a 
chestnut,  from  re- 
sembling that  fruit.] 
An  instrument  com- 
posed of  small  con- 
cave shells  of  ivory 
or  hard  wood,  shaped 
like  spoons,  placed 
together,  fastened  to 
the  thumb,  and  beat 
with  the  nu'ddle  fin- 
ger. This  instrument  Castanets, 
is  used  by  the  Span- 
iards and  Moors  as  an  accompaniment  to 
their  dances  and  guitars.  The  crotalum  of 
the  ancients  was  similar  to  the  Castanet. 
Castanospermurn(kas'ta-n6-sper"mum),  n. 
[Gr.  kastanon,  a  chestnut,  and  sperina,  a 
seed.]  A  genus  of  leguminous  plants,  con- 
taining a  single  species  (C.  australe),  a  na- 
tive of  sub-tropical  Australia.  The  trees 
are  from  40  to  50  feet  high.  The  pea-like 
flowers  are  of  a  bright  yellow  colour,  and 
are  succeeded  by  a  tapering  cylindrical  pod 
containing  three  or  four  seeds  about  the 
size  and  aspect  of  chestnuts.  They  are 
eaten  by  the  natives,  but  are  not  very  palat- 
able. 

Castaway  (fcasfa-wa),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  is  cast  away;  one  who  is  shipwrecked; 
one  who  is  ruined  in  fortune  or  character. 
'She  there  remains  a  hopeless  castaway. 
Shak.  1  Cor.  ix.  27. 

Castaway  ( kast'a-wa ),  a.  Thrown  away; 
rejected;  useless;  of  no  value. 

We  only  remember,  at  our  casta-way  leisure,  the 
imprisoned  immortal  soul.  Raleigh. 

Caste  (kast),  n.  [Fr.  caste,  from  Pg.  casta, 
breed,  race,  caste:  said  to  have  been  first 
applied  to  the  classes  of  the  Hindus  by  the 
Portuguese,  who  were  the  earliest  colonists 
of  India.  It  is  comparatively  of  late  that 


the  word  li;is  come  to  be  spelled  catte,  being 
by  old  authors  written  cant.]  1.  One  of  the 
trilti'Sor  classes  into  which  tin-  Hindus  are 
divided  according  to  the  religious  law  of 
Hrahmanism.  These  r:istrs  Tin-  fuurhi  num- 
IHT:  1st,  the  llraltiitnun,  or  the  sacerdotal 
caste;  2d,  the  Kshatriyas,  or  military  caste; 
3d,  the  Vaityas,  or  husbandmen  and  mer- 
chants ;  4th,  the  Sudras,  or  labourers  and 
mechanics.  Men  of  no  caste  are  called 
1'arialia  and  regarded  as  outcasts.  In  San- 
skrit castes  are  called  Varnas,  colours, 
colour  being,  no  doubt,  the  chic  f  dihtinc 
tion  at  first.  Besides  the  original  castes  nu- 
merous mixed  classes  or  castes  have  sprung 
up  in  the  progress  of  time,  and  are  depend- 
ent upon  a  man's  trade,  occupation,  or  pro- 
fession. The  same  term  is  also  used  of 
somewhat  similar  classes  in  other  coun- 
tries.—2.  A  rank  or  grade  of  society:  espe- 
cially used  of  the  upper  grades. 

Her  manner  had  not  that  repose 
Which  stamps  the  caste  of  Vere  de  Verc. 

Tennyson. 

He  had  returned  to  his  own  home  when  the  ascen- 
dency of  his  own  caste  had  been  re-established ;  and 
he  had  been  chosen  to  represent  the  University  of 
Dublin  in  the  House  of  Commons.  Macavlay. 

—  To  lose  caste,  to  get  degraded  from  one 
caste  to  an  inferior  one;  to  lose  social  posi- 
tion. 

Castellan  (kas'tel-lan),  n.  [L.L.  MuM&MUf, 
from  castellwn,  a  castle.  See  CASTLE.]  A 
governor  or  constable  of  a  castle. 

Castellany  (kas'tel-lan-i),  n.  The  jurisdic- 
tion of  a  castellan ;  the  lordship  belonging 
to  a  castle,  or  the  extent  of  its  land  and 
jurisdiction. 

Earl  Allan  has  within  his  castellany,  or  the  juris- 
diction  of  his  castle,  200  manors,  all  but  one. 

Castellated  (kas'tel-lat-ed),  a.  1.  Fu'rnfahed 
with  turrets  and  battlements  like  a  castle; 
built  in  the  style  of  a  castle ;  as,  a  castel- 
lated mansion.— 2.  Inclosed  in  a  building, 
as  a  fountain  or  cistern.  Johnson. 

Castellatipn  ( kas-tel-la'shon ),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  fortifying  a  house  and  rendering  it  a 
castle.— 2.  The  act  of  providing  a  building 
with  battlements. 

Castellet  ( kas'tel-let ),  n.  A  small  castle. 
[Rare.] 

Caster  (kiis'ter),  n.  [From  cast.  As  regards 
meaning  2  the  term  was  no  doubt  originally 
applied  to  a  pepper-caster,  with  which  pep- 
per is  cast  or  sprinkled.  ]  1.  One  who  casts; 
as  (a)  one  who  computes ;  a  calculator. 
(6)  One  who  makes  castings;  a  founder. 
(c)  One  who  assigns  the  parts  of  a  play  to 
the  actors. —2.  A  phial,  cruet,  or  other  small 
vessel,  used  to  contain  condiments  for  the 
table;  as,  a  set  of  casters;  also,  a  stand  con- 
taining a  set  of  casters.— 3.  A  small  wheel 
on  a  swivel,  attached  to  the  leg  of  a  piece 
of  furniture,  in  order  to  facilitate  its  being 
moved  about  without  lifting.  The  word 
in  this  use  is  frequently  written  Castor. 
Caster,  Chester  (kas'ter,  ches'ter ).  [A.  Sax. 
ceaster,  from  L.  castnnn,  a  fort.  ]  A  common 
suffix  in  place-names;  as,  Lancaster,  the 
fort  on  the  Don ;  Colchester,  the  fort  on  the 
Colne;  Exeter  (Exe«*«er),  the  fort  on  the 
Exe ;  Cirencc*fer,  the  fort  of  Ciren  (Corinevm). 
In  Chester,  the  town,  it  appears  as  an  inde- 
pendent word.  [This  is  one  of  the  six  words 
recognized  as  directly  inherited  from  the 
Roman  invaders.  For  others  see  STREET.  ] 
Castlflcatlon  t  ( kas-ti-ft-ka'shon),  n.  The 
making  chaste ;  purification  in  a  moral 
sense;  chastity;  purity. 

I  et  no  impure  spirit  defile  the  virgin  purities  and 
CastiflcatieitscjlOlttoul.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Castigate  (kas'ti-gat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  casti- 
gated; ppr.  castigating.  [L.  castigo,  casti- 
yatiim,  from  cactus,  pure.  ]  1.  To  chastise;  to 
punish  by  stripes;  to  correct  or  punish  in 
general.  'If  thou  didst  put  this  sour-cold 
habit  on  to  castigate  thy  pride.'  Shak.— 
2  To  subject  to  a  severe  and  critical  scru- 
tiny; to  criticise  for  the  purpose  of  correct- 
ing; to  emend  ;  as,  to  castigate  the  text  of 
an  author.  'Had  adjusted  and  castigated 
the  then  Latin  Vulgate.'  Bentley. 

Castigation  (kas-ti-ga'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
castigating:  (a)  punishment  by  whipping; 
correction ;  chastisement;  discipline.  'The 
keenest  castigatior.  of  her  slanderers.'  Ir- 
ving. 

Violent  events  do  not  always  argue  the  anger  of 
God ;  even  death  itself  is,  to  his  servants,  a  fatherly 
aitlifatim.  Sf  Hall. 

(b)  Critical  scrutiny  and  emendation ;  cor- 
rection of  textual  errors. 
Castigator  (kas'ti-ga-ter),  w.    One  who  cas- 
tigates or  corrects. 


ch,  chain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J.job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      5FH,  «Aen;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


CASTIGATORY 


410 


CASTRATE 


Castigatory  (kas'ti-ga-to-ri),  a.  Serving  to 
castigate;  tending  to  correction:  corrective; 
punitive.  '  Punishments,  either  probatory, 
caxtiyatori/,  or  exemplary.'  lip.  Bramhall. 

Castigatory  (kas'ti-ga-to-ri),  n.  Something 
that  serves  to  castigate  ;  specifically  an  ap- 
paratus formerly  used  to  punish  and  correct 
arrant  scolds,  called  also  a  ducking-stool  or 
trebucket. 

Castile-soap  (kas-tel'sop),  n.  A  kind  of 
tine  hard,  white  or  mottled  soap,  made  with 
olive-oil  and  a  solution  of  caustic  soda. 
Called  also  Spanixh-soap. 

Castilian  ( kas-til'i-an ),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Castile  in  Spain. 

Castilian  (kas-til'i-an),  n.  An  inhabitant  or 
native  of  Castile  in  Spain. 

Casting  (kast'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  throw- 
ing; the  act  of  casting  or  founding.  —2.  That 
which  is  cast  in  a  mould ;  anything  formed 
by  casting  melted  metal  into  a  mould  or  in 
sand. —3.  t  Contrivance;  distribution;  ar- 
rangement. 

Distributio  is  that  useful  casting  of  all  rooms  for 
office,  entertainment,  or  pleasure.  Wotton. 

4.t  Vomit.  'The  hound  turnyde  agen  to  his 
castyng. '  Wickli/e. 

Casting-net  (kast'ing-net),  n.  A  net  which 
is  cast  and  drawn,  in  distinction  from  a  net 
that  is  set  and  left. 

Casting-vote,  Casting-voice  (kast'ing- vot, 
kast'ing-vois),  n.  The  vote  of  a  presiding 
officer  in  an  assembly  or  council  which 
decides  a  question  when  the  votes  of  the 
assembly  or  house  are  equally  divided  be- 
tween the  affirmative  and  negative. 

Casting-Weight  (kast'ing-wat),  n.  A  weight 
that  turns  the  scale  of  a  balance  or  makes 
it  preponderate. 

Cast-iron  (kastl-ern),  n.  Iron  melted  and 
run  into  moulds.  See  IRON. 

Cast-knee  (kast'ne),  n.  A  hanging  knee 
used  in  a  ship  of  war  for  arching  over  the 
corner  of  a  gun-port,  &c. 

Cast-knitting  (kast'nit-ing),  n.  That  kind 
of  knitting  in  which  the  needle  is  passed 
through  the  mesh  from  the  inside  of  the 
piece  of  hosiery  which  is  being  knitted,  and 
the  yarn  with  which  the  new  mesh  is  made 
is  held  on  the  outside. 

Castle  (kas'l),  n.  [L.  auttUum,  dim.  of  cas- 
trum,  a  fort.]  1.  A  building,  or  series  of 


Chateau  de  Coucy.— From  Viollet-le-Duc. 

connected  buildings,  fortified  for  defence 
against  an  enemy ;  a  fortified  residence ;  a 
fortress.  Castles,  in  the  sense  of  fortified 
residences,  were  an  outgrowth  or  institution 
of  feudalism,  and  were  first  brought  to  a 
high  pitch  of  strength  and  completeness  by 
the  Normans.  In  England  there  were  few 
or  no  castles,  properly  speaking,  till  the 
time  of  William  the  Conqueror,  after  which  a 
great  many  were  constructed  on  the  Norman 
model.  At  first  the  donjon  or  keep  was  the 
only  part  of  the  castle  of  great  strength,  and 
the  other  buildings  in  connection  with  it 
were  more  or  less  of  a  temporary  nature. 
In  the  thirteenth  century,  however,  the  de- 
sign of  the  castle  became  more  fully  devel- 
oped, and  the  keep  formed  only  the  central 
part  of  a  group  of  buildings,  all  supporting 
each  other,  and  mutually  contributing  to 


the  strength  and  commodiousness  of  the 
whole.  The  cut  shows  the  castle  of  the 
Sires  de  Coucy,  France,  built  in  the  thir- 
teenth century.  In  the  foreground  is  the 
outer  bailey  or  esplanade,  fortified,  and  con- 
taining a  chapel,  stables,  and  other  build- 
ings. The  outer  entrance  to  this  was  formed 
by  the  barbican,  a  is  the  fosse,  20  yards 
broad ;  6,  the  gateway,  approached  by  two 
swing  bridges.defended  by  two  guard-rooms, 
and  having  a  double  portcullis  within,  giv- 
ing entrance  to  vaulted  guard-rooms  with 
sleeping  apartments,  &c.,  above,  c;  d,  inner 
bailey  or  courtyard ;  e,  covered  buildings 
for  the  men  defending  the  walls  or  curtains; 
/,  apartments  for  the  family,  entered  by  the 
grand  staircase,  17;  A,  great  hall,  with  store- 
rooms and  vaults  below;  i,  donjon  or  keep 
(the  chapel  is  seen  behind  it),  the  strongest 
part  of  the  castle,  with  walls  of  immense 
thickness,  suited  to  form  the  last  retreat  of 
the  garrison.  At  k  was  a  postern  leading 
from  the  donjon  and  communicating  with 
an  outer  postern,  drawbridge,  &c. ;  I,  in,  n,  o, 
towers  or  bastions  flanking  the  walls. 

Our  castle's  strength  will  laugh  a  siege  to  scorn. 

A  man's  house  is  his  castle.  Sir  E.  Cote. 

The  house  of  every  one  is  to  him  as  his  castle  and 
fortress,  as  well  for  defence  against  injury  and  vio- 
lence as  for  his  repose.  Sir  E.  Cote. 

2  The  house  or  mansion  of  a  person  of  rank 
or  wealth:  somewhat  vaguely  applied,  but 
usually  to  a  large  and  more  or  less  impos- 
ing building.— 3.  A'«w«.  a  part  at  either  end 
of  a  vessel.  See  FORECASTLE,  AFTCASTLE. 
4.  A  piece  made  in  the  form  of  a  castle,  used 
in  the  game  of  chess;  the  rook.— Cattle  in 
the  air,  a  visionary  project;  a  scheme  that 
has  no  solid  foundation.  'When  I  build 
castles  in  the  aire.'  Burton.  Soalsorxwtfe 
in  the  sky. 
I  build  great  castles  in  the  skies, 

.  .  rear'd  and  raz'd  yet  without  hands. 

K.  o/ Slirliitf. 

— Castle  influence,  a  term  used  in  Ireland  to 
denote  the  political  influence  of  the  court, 
Dublin  castle  being  the  official  residence  of 
the  lord-lieutenant. 

Castle  (kas'l),  t'.i.  In  chesi,  to  move  the 
king  two  squares  to  the  right  or  left  and 
bring  up  the  rook  or  castle  to  the  square 
the  king  has  passed  over. 

Castle-builder  (kas'1-bild-er),  n.  One  who 
builds  castles ;  one  who  forms  visionary 
schemes  (castles  in  the  air). 

I  am  one  of  that  species  of  men  who  are  properly 
denominated  castlc-biiil'ters,  who  scorn  to  be  be- 
holden to  the  earth  for  a  foundation.  Strele. 

Castle-building  (kas'1-bild-ing),  n.  The  act 
of  building  castles  in  the  air.  Steele. 

Castle -crested  ( kas'1-krest-ed ),  a.  Sur- 
mounted by  a  castle  or  castles. 

The  sun  sinks  behind  the  great  castle-crested 
mountains.  Thackeray. 

Castled  (kas'ld),  n.  Furnished  with  a  castle 
or  castles. 

The  castled  crag  of  Drachenfels 

Frowns  o'er  the  wide  and  winding  Rhine.  Syntn. 

Castle-guard  (kas'l-Biird),  n.  1.  The  guard 
which  defends  a  castle.-  2.  A  feudal  tenure, 
or  knight  service,  which  obliged  the  tenant 
to  perform  service  within  the  realm,  with- 
out limitation  of  time.  —3.  A  tax  laid  upon 
those  living  within  a  certain  distance  of  a 
castle,  and  getting  lessor  more  of  protection 
from  it,  in  aid  of  the  maintenance  of  those 
whoguard  it. — 4.  The  circuit  round  a  castle 
subject  to  be  taxed  for  its  maintenance.  [In 
1  the  two  last  senses  called  also  Castle-ward.  ] 

Castlery  (kas'l-ri),  n.  The  government  of  a 
castle.  'The  caMei-y  of  Baynard's  castle.' 
Blonnt. 

Castlet  (kaslet),  n.   A  small  castle.    I.eland. 

Castle-ward  (kas'1-ward),  n.  See  CASTLE- 
I  GUARD,  3,  4. 

Castling  t  (kastling),  n.  [Cast,  v.  and  dim. 
suffix  -ling.]  An  abortion. 

We  should  rather  rely  on  the  urine  of  a  castling'* 
bladder.  Sir  T  Brmvne. 

CastlingKkast1ing),fl.  Abortive.  Hudibras. 

Castock  (kas'tok),  n.    See  CUSTOCK. 

Cast-off  (kast'of),  a.  Laid  aside;  rejected; 
as,  cast-oft  livery. 

Castor  (kas'ter),  «.  [L.  castor;  Gr.  kaiKr, 
a  beaver.)  1.  A  reddish-brown  substance, 
of  a  strong  penetrating  smell,  secreted  by 
two  glandular  sacs,  closely  connected  with, 
but  quite  distinct  from,  the  organs  of  repro- 
duction of  the  beaver,  at  one  time  of  high 
repute,  and  still  largely  used  in  some  parts 
of  the  world,  in  medicine,  though  in  this 
country  it  is  now  used  chiefly  by  perfumers. 
Called  also  Castoreum.  — 2.  A  genus  of  rodent 


mammals  of  which  the  beaver  is  the  type. 
See  BEAVER.— 3.  A  beaver  hat. 

I  have  always  been  known  for  the  jaunty  manner 
in  which  I  wear  my  castor.  Sir  II'.  Scott. 

4.  A  heavy  quality  of  broad-cloth  used  for 
over-coats. 

Castor  ( kas '  ter),  n.  See  CASTER,  3. 
Castor  (kjis'tor),  n.  A  mineral  found  in  the 
island  of  Elba  associated  with  another  called 
Pollux.  It  is  a  silicate  of  aluminium  and 
lithium,  and  probably  a  variety  of  petalite. 
It  is  colourless  and  transparent  with  a 
glistening  lustre. 

Castor  and  Pollux  (kas 'tor,  pol'luks),  71, 
1.  In  astron.  the  constellation  Gemini  or 
the  Twins,  into  which  the  sun  enters  annu- 
ally about  the  21st  May.  Cantor,  or  «  Gemin- 
orum,  is  also  the  name  of  one  of  the  bright 
stars  in  the  head  of  the  Twins,  being  the 
nearer  of  the  two  to  the  pole.  It  is  a 
double  star,  or  consists  of  two  stars  so  close 
together  as  to  be  indistinguishable  by  tin- 
naked  eye. — 2.  In  meteor,  a  fiery  meteor, 
which  at  sea  appears  during  a  storm,  some- 
times adhering  to  a  part  of  a  ship,  in  the 
form  of  one,  two,  and  even  three  or  four 
balls.  When  one  is  seen  alone  it  is  called 
Helena;  two  appearing  at  once  are  deno- 
minated Castor  and  Pollux,  or  Tyndaridce. 
3.  The  name  given  to  two  minerals  found 
together  in  granite  in  the  island  of  Elba. 
See  the  separate  articles. 
Castorate  (kas'ter-at),  n.  In  chem.  a  salt 
produced  from  the  combination  of  castoric 
acid  with  a  salifiable  base. 
Castor-bean  (kas'tcr-ben),  n.  The  seed  of 
the  castor-oil  plant  (Ricinus  coinnmnis). 
Castoreum  (kas-to're-um),  n.  Same  as 
Castor,  1. 

Castoric  (kas-torMk),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  t*> 
or  derived  from  castor ;  as,  castoric  acid. 
Castorin,  Castorine  (kas'to-rin),  n.  An 
animal  principle  discovered  in  castor,  and 
prepared  by  boiling  castor  in  six  times  its 
weight  of  alcohol,  and  filtering  the  liquor. 
From  this  is  deposited  the  castorin. 
Castorlna,  Castoridse  (kas-to-ri'na,  kas- 
tort-de),  11.  pi.  The  beaver  tribe;  a  family  of 
rodent  animals,  comprising  the  beaver,  Ac. 
See  BEAVER. 

Castor-oil  (kas'ter-oil),  ».    (Probably  from 
some  resemblance  to  the  substance  castor.  ] 
The  oil  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  Ricimu 
communis,  a  native  of  India,  but  now  dis- 
tributed over  all   the  wanner  regions  of 
the  globe.    The  oil  is  obtained  from  the 
seeds  by  bruising  them  between  rollers  and 
then  pressing  them  in  hempen  bags  in  a 
strong  press.  The  oil  that  first 
comes    away,    called    cold- 
drawn  castor-oil,  is  reckoned 
the  best ;  an  inferior  quality 
being  obtained  by  heating  or 
steaming  the  pressed  seeds, 
and  again  subjecting  them  to 
pressure.     The  oil   is  after- 
wards heated  to  the  boiling 
point,  which  coagulates  and 
separates   the   albumen  and 
Nut  of  Castor-    impurities.   Castor-oil  is  used 
oil  Plant.       medicinally  as  a  mild  but  effi- 
cient purgative     It  is  chiefly 
imported  from  India.    The  plant  is  culti- 
vated   in  this  country  as  an  ornamental 
plant  under  the  name  of  I'alma  Chrwti. 
It  does  not  attain  a  greater  height  than  4  or 
5  feet. 

Castoryt  (kas'to-ri),  n.  Apparently  a  sub- 
stance drawn  from  castoreum,  used  in  the 
preparation  of  colours ;  hence  used  by 
Spenser  as  the  name  of  a  colour.  'With 
fair  vermilion  or  pure  caetory.' 
Castrametation  (kas'tra-me-ta"shon),  n. 
[L.  castrametor,  to  encamp—  castra,  camp, 
and  metior,  to  measure  or  survey.]  The  art 
or  act  of  encamping;  the  marking  or  laying 
out  of  a  camp. 

Castrate  (kas'trat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ca»- 
trated;  ppr.  castrating.  [L.  castro,  castra- 
tmn,  to  castrate.]  1.  To  geld;  to  deprive 
of  the  testicles:  to  emasculate.  [Darwin 
applies  the  word  to  an  analogous  operation 
performed  on  flowers.  ]— 2.  To  remove  some- 
thing objectionable  from,  as  obscene  parts 
from  a  writing ;  to  expurgate.  '  The  follow- 
ing letter,  which  I  have  castrated  in  some 
places.'  Addison.— 3.  To  take  out  a  leaf  or 
sheet  from,  and  render  imperfect ;  to  muti- 
late. 'A  castrated  set  of  Holinshed's  chro- 
nicles.' Todd.— 4.  Fig.  to  take  the  vigour 
or  spirit  from ;  to  mortify. 

Ye  castrate  the  desires  of  the  flesh  and  shall  ob- 
tain a  more  ample  reward  of  grace  in  heaven. 

Dr.  Martin. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc,  almne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CASTRATION 


411 


CATACOMB 


Castration  ( kas-trii'slwn ).  ».    The  act  of 

castrating  in  any  of  its  senses. 
Castrato  (kas-trii'to),  n.  [It.  See  CASTRATE.] 

A  male  person  emasculated  for  the  purpose  t 

of  improving  his  voice  as  a  singer;  an  arti- 

tiri:d  or  male  soprano. 
Castrelt    (kas'trel),   n.     Same  as  Kestrel. 

/;<;ui    ,fc  /•'(. 

Castrensial  (kas-tren'shal),  n.  [L.  castren- 
gis,  from  eautra,  a  camp.  I  Belonging  to  a 
camp.  Sir  T.  Browne.  [Hare.  1 

Castrensian  (kas-tren1  shan),  a.  Same  as 
Ciistmmial.  llailey.  [Rare.] 

Cast-shadow  (kast'shad-6),  n.  In  printing, 
a  shadow  cast  by  an  ohject  within  the  pic- 
ture, and  serving  to  bring  it  out  against  the 
objects  behind  it. 

Cast-steel  ( kast'stel ),  n.  Steel  made  by 
fusil)!;  the  materials  and  running  the  pro- 
duct into  moulds.  See  STKKL. 

Casual  (kazh'u-al),  n.  [L.  casualis,  from 
crtMis.achanceor  accident,  tromcado.casum, 
to  fall;  whence  case,  chance,  accident,  &c.] 

1.  Happening  or  coming  to  pass,  without 
design  in  the  person  or  persons  affected,  and 
without  being  foreseen  or  expected;  acci- 
dental; fortuitous;  coming  by  chance;  as, 
the  parties  had  a  carnal  rencounter. 

That  which  seeineth  most  casual  and  subject  to 
fortune  is  yet  disposed  by  the  ordinance  of  God. 
Raieifh. 

2.  Occasional;  coming  at  certain  times,  with- 
out regularity,  in  distinction  from  stated  or 
regular ;  incidental ;  as,  casual  expenses. 
'The  revenue  of  Ireland  certain  and  casual.' 
SirJ.  Dams.—  3.  Taking  place  or  beginning 
to  exist   without   an    efficient   intelligent 
cause,  and  without  design. 

Atheists  assert  that  the  existence  of  things  is  casual. 
Dwishl. 

—Casual  ejector,  in  law,  the  name  given  to 
the  defendant  in  the  fictitious  action  of 
ejectment  formerly  allowed  by  the  law  of 
England,  where  the  real  object  of  the  action 
was  to  determine  a  title  to  land.  To  form 
the  ground  of  such  an  action  the  person 
laying  claim  to  the  land  granted  a  lease  of 
it  to  a  fictitious  person,  usually  designated 
John  Doe,  and  an  action  was  then  raised  in 
the  name  of  John  Doe  against  another  fic- 
titious person,  usually  designated  Richard 
Roe  (the  casual  ejector),  who  was  stated  to 
nave  illegally  ejected  him  from  the  land 
which  he  held  on  lease.  As  the  prosecution 
of  this  action  involved  the  proving  of  the 
lessor's  right  to  grant  a  lease,  the  real  ob- 
ject of  the  action  thus  came  to  be  incident- 
ally determined.  This  action  was  abolished 
hy  the  Common  Law  Procedure  Act,  15  and 
16  Viet.  Ixxvi.—  Accidental,  Casual,  Fortuit- 
ous, Contingent,  Incidental.  See  ACCI- 
DENTAL. 

Casual  (kazh'u-al),  n.  1.  A  person  who  re- 
ceives relief  and  shelter  for  one  night  at  the 
most  in  the  workhouse  of  a  parish  or  union 
to  which  he  does  not  belong.— Casual  ward, 
the  ward  in  a  workhouse  where  casuals  are 
received.— 2.  A  labourer  or  artisan  employed 
only  irregularly.  Matthew. 
Casually  (kazh'u-al-li),  adv.  In  a  casual 
manner;  accidentally;  fortuitously;  without 
design ;  by  chance ;  as,  to  meet  a  person 
casually;  to  remark  casually.  'That  it 
might  eatuaOy  have  been  formed  so. '  Bent- 
ley. 

Casualness  (kazh'u-al-nes),  n.  The  fact  of 
being  casual. 

Casualty  (kazh'u-al-ti),  n.  1.  Chance,  or 
what  happens  by  chance;  accident;  contin- 
gency. 'Losses  that  befall  them  by  mere 
casualty.'  Raleigh. —2.  An  unfortunate 
chance  or  accident,  especially  one  resulting 
in  death  or  bodily  injury ;  loss  suffered  by 
a  body  of  men  from  death,  wounds,  <fcc. ;  as, 
the  casualties  were  very  numerous. — 3.  In 
Scots  law,  an  emolument  due  from  a  vassal 
to  his  superior,  beyond  the  stated  yearly 
duties,  upon  certain  casual  events. — Casu- 
alty of  wards,  the  mails  and  duties  due  to 
the  superiors  in  ward  holdings.— 4.  Same  as 
Casual,  Ac.  Mayhew. — Casualty  ^oard,  the 
ward  in  an  hospital  in  which  the  casualties 
or  accidents  are  treated. 
Casuarinacese  (kas'u-ar-i-na"se-e),  n.  pi. 
[From  the  resemblance  of  the  branches  to 
the  feathers  of  the  cassowary  (which  see).] 
A  nat.  order  of  incomplete  amentiferous 
exogens,  consisting  of  a  single  genus,  Cas- 
uarina  (Botany-bay  oak),  with  about  twenty 
species,  natives  of  Australia  and  northwards 
to  the  Indian  Archipelago.  They  are  jointed 
lealless  trees  or  shrubs,  very  much  like  gi- 
gantic horse-tails  or  Equiseta;  but  they  are 
nearly  related  to  the  birches,  having  their 


mule  flowers  in  whorled  catkins  ami  their  ' 
fruits  in  indurated  cones.    Hee  lii<:KF-\v<  >.,[,. 
Casuarius  (kas-u-;Vri-us),  n.    See  C'Ahsu- 

WAKY. 

Casuist  (kaz'u-iat  or  kazh'u-ist),  n.     [Fr. 
caxuittte,   It.  Sp.   and    !'<;.  rntuiixta,  from   L. 
t'dxitfi,  a  case,  j    One  versed  in  or  using  easu-  j 
istry;  one  who  studies  and  resolves  cases  of  , 
conscience,  or  nice  points  regarding  con- 
duct. 

The  judgment  of  any  casuist  or  learned  divine  con- 
cerning tlie  state  of  a  inaii'b  soul  is  not  sufficient  to 


give  linn  confidence. 
Who  shall  decide,  when  doctors  disagree. 
And  soundest  casuists  doubt,  like  you  and  me? 
P°f. 

Casuist  (kaz'u-ist  or  kazh'u-ist),  ».i.  To  play 
the  part  of  a  casuist.  Milton. 

Casuistic,  Casuistical  (kaz-u-ist'ik  or  kazh- 
u-ist'ik,  kaz-u-ist'ik-al  or  kazh-u-ist'ik-al),  n. 
Pertaining  to  casuists  or  casuistry;  relating 
to  cases  of  conscience,  or  to  cases  of  doubt- 
ful propriety. 

Casuistically  (kaz-u-ist'ik-al-li  or  kazh-u- 
ist'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  a  casuistic  manner. 

Casuistry  (kaz'u-ist-ri  or  kazh'u-ist-ri),  •«. 
The  science,  doctrine,  or  department  of 
ethics  dealing  with  cases  of  conscience;  the 
science  which  decides  as  to  right  and  wrong 
in  conduct,  determining  the  lawfulness  or 
unlawfulness  of  what  a  man  may  do  by  rules 
and  principles  drawn  from  the  Scriptures, 
from  the  laws  of  society,  or  from  equity  and 
natural  reason. 

All  that  philosophy  of  right  and  wrong  which  has 
become  famous  or  infamous  under  the  name  of 
casuistry  had  its  origin  in  the  distinction  between 
mortal  and  venial  sin.  Cambridge  Assays,  1856. 

Cat  (kat),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cat,  call,  a  widely 
spread  word :  D.  ami  Dan.  kat,  Sw.  katt, 
Icel.  kottr,  G.  katze,  kater,  O.Fr.  cat.  Mod. 
Fr.  chat,  It.  gatto,  L.L.  catus,  Ir.  cat,  W. 
cath,  Rus.  and  Pol.  kot,  Tur.  ke.di,  Ar.  gitt 
—a  cat.  What  is  the  origin  and  how  far 
borrowing  has  taken  place  between  the  dif- 
ferent languages  is  not  known.]  1.  A  name 
applied  to  certain  species  of  carnivorous 
quadrupeds,  of  the  genus  Felis.  The  domes- 
tic cat  If.  domestica)  is  too  well  known  to 
require  description.  It  is  uncertain  whether 
any  animal  now  existing  in  a  wild  state  is 
the  prototype  of  the  domestic  cat;  probably 
it  is  descended  from  a  cat  originally  domes- 
ticated in  Egypt,  though  some  regard  the 
wild  cat  of  Europe  (/•'.  catus)  as  the  same 
species.  The  wild  cat  is  much  larger  than 
the  domestic  cat.  It  is  a  strong  ferocious 
animal,  living  in  the  forest,  and  very  de- 
structive to  poultry  and  lambs.  —  2.  A  ship 
formed  on  the  Norwegian  model,  having  a 
narrow  stern,  projecting  quarters,  and  a 
deep  waist.— 3.  A  strong  tackle  or  combina- 
tion of  pulleys,  to  hook  and  draw  an  anchor 
perpendicularly  up  to  the  cat-head  of  a  ship. 
4.  A  double  tripod  having  six  feet:  so  called 
because  it  always  lands  on  its  feet  as  a  cat 
is  proverbially  said  to  do.— 5.  A  game.  See 
TIP-CAT. — 6.  An  abbreviation  of  cat-o'-nine- 
tails (which  see).—  A  cat  in  the  pan,  a  false- 
hood given  out  as  coming  from  one  who  did 
not  originate  it.  — To  turn  a  cat-in-pan,  to 
make  a  sudden  change  of  party  in  politics 
or  religion  from  interested  motives.  '  The 
phrase  seems  to  be  the  French  tourner  cote 
en  peine  (to  turn  sides  in  trouble).'  Brewer. 

When  George  in  pudding-time  came  o'er, 
And  moderate  men  looked  big.  sir. 

I  titrntd  a  cat  ill-fan  once  more. 
And  so  became  a  Whig.  sir.          near  oj  Bray. 

—To  let  the  cat  out  of  the  bag,  to  disclose  a 
trick;  to  let  out  a  secret;  said  to  have  had 
its  origin  in  a  trick  practised  by  country 
people  of  substituting  a  cat  for  a  young  pig 
and  bringing  it  to  market  in  a  bag.  The 
purchaser  sometimes  thought,  however,  of 
opening  the  bag  before  the  bargain  was  con- 
cluded; and  thus  let  out  the  cat  and  dis- 
closed the  trick.— Cat-and-doy,  as  an  adjec- 
tive, like  a  cat  and  dog;  quarrelsome;  dis- 
posed to  flight ;  inharmonious ;  as,  to  lead  a 
eat-and-dog  lite.—Cat-and-dog,  as  a  noun. 
Same  as  Tip-cat  (which  see).— To  rain  oaf* 
and  dogs,  to  pour  down  violently  and  inces- 
santly. 

Cat  (kat),  !>.(.  To  draw  (an  anchor)  up  to 
the  cat  head. 

Cata-  (kat'a).  [Gr.  kata.}  A  prefix  in  words 
of  Greek  origin,  signifying  against;  opposed 
or  contrary  to ;  under,  down,  or  downward; 
part  by  part ;  and  sometimes,  thoroughly, 
completely. 

Catabaptist  (kat-a-bap'tist),  n.  [Gr.  kata, 
against,  and  baptizo,  to  baptize.]  One  who 
opposes  baptism.  [Rare.  ] 


Catabasion  (kat-i-ba'ii-onX  ».    (Or. 

Imxuin,  a  \v;iy  lr;tiiin^  il<»wM\v;u>ts  katit. 
dnvvn,  anil  h'finn.  to  |^<  ]  A  rli:milicr  <>l 

vault  under  the  altar  of  a  Greek  ihurch. 
where  relics  are  kept. 

Catabrosa(kat  a-hro'na). )i.  [Gr.  Imlnbrfnit. 
a  gnawing,  from  the  fact  that  the  glumes  are 
truncated,  appearing  as  if  gnawed  away  lit 
the  top.]  A  small  genus  of  grasses,  with 
some  half  a-dozcn  species,  tuiiivejs  ->f  cnM 
and  temperate  regions.  One  species  (C. 
a<iii(tti<-a] i  occurs  in  watery  places  through- 
out Itritain.  It  is  a  soft  bright-irrcell  flaccid 
grass,  much  sought  after  hy  aquatic  birds. 

Catacaustic  (kat-a-kas'tik),  o.  [Gr.  kata- 
kanxix,  a  Miming.]  Ill  <ir>nii.  a  term  denot 
ing  a  species  of  caustic  curves  formed  l>\ 
retlection. 

Catacaustics  (kat-a-kas'tiks), «.  In  optic*. 
the  caustic  curves  formed  by  the  reflection 
of  the  rays  of  light,  and  so  called  to  dis- 
tinguish them  from  the  il'tmn/tlii-,  which 
are  formed  by  refracted  rays.  See  CAUSTIC. 

Catachresis  (kat-a-kre'sis),  »,  [Gr.  Imla- 
chresis,  abuse  —  kata,  against,  and  chrao- 
mai,  to  use.]  1.  An  abuse  of  a  trope  or 
of  words;  a  figure  in  rhetoric,  when  one 
word  is  wrongly  put  for  another,  or  when 
a  word  is  too  far  wrested  from  its  true  sig 
nification;  as,  to  speak  of  tones  being  made 
metre  palatable  for  'agreeable  to  the  ear.'  So 
in  Scripture  we  read  of  the  blood  of  the 
grape.  Deut.  xxxii.  14.  —  2.  In  pltilol.  Un- 
employment of  a  word  under  a  false  form 
through  misapprehension  in  regard  to  its 
origin;  thus  causeway,  and  crayfitfh  or  craw- 
fish, have  their  forms  by  catacnresig. 

Catachrestic,  Catachrestical  (kat-a-kres'- 
tik.  kat-a-kres'tik-al),  a.  In  rhet.  and  gram. 
belonging  to  a  catachresis ;  forced ;  Jar- 
fetched  ;  wrested  from  its  natural  sense, 
use,  or  form. 

Catachrestically  (kat-a-kres'tik-al-li),  adv. 
In  a  catachrestical  manner. 

Cataclysm  (kat'a-klizm),  n.  [Gr.  katakliis- 
inos,  a  deluge,  from  kataklijzo,  to  inundate 
— kata,  against,  down,  and  klyzo,  to  wash.  ] 
1.  A  deluge  or  overflowing  of  water;  a  flood; 
specifically,  the  flood  in  Noah's days.-  2.  In 
geol.  a  term  sometimes  applied  to  denote 
various  inundations  or  deluges,  or  physical 
catastrophes  of  great  extent,  supposed  to 
have  occurred  at  different  periods,  and  to 
have  been  the  efficient  cause  of  various  phe- 
nomena, as  the  deposition  of  different  for- 
mations of  diluvium  or  drift,  rather  than 
the  gradual  action  of  moderate  currents,  or 
that  of  ice. 

Cataclysmal,  Cataclysmic  (kat-a-kliz'- 
mal,  kat-a-kliz'mik),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to 
a  cataclysm. 

Catacomb  (kat'a-kom),  n.  [It.  catacomlia, 
L.L.  catacumba.  from  Gr.  kata,  down,  and 
kumbe,  knmbos,  a  hollow  or  recess.)  A 


Catacomb  of  St.  Agnes,  Rome. 


cave  or  subterraneous  place  for  the  burial 
of  the  dead,  the  bodies  being  deposited  in 
graves  or  recesses  called  locvli,  hollowed 
out  of  the  sides  of  the  cave.  The  term  is 
said  to  have  been  originally  applied  to  the 
chapel  of  St.  Sebastian  in  Rome,  where  the 
ancient  Roman  calendars  say  the  body  of 
St.  Feter  was  deposited.  It  is  now  applied 
to  a  vast  number  of  subterraneous  sepul- 
chres, about  3  miles  from  Rome,  on  the  Ap- 
pian  Way ;  supposed  to  be  the  cells  and 
caves  in  which  the  primitive  Christians  con- 
cealed themselves,  and  in  which  were  de- 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      e,  go;      ],  job; 


n  FT.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  <Mn;      w,  trig;    wh,  itAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY 


CATACOUSTICS 


412 


CATAPULT 


posited  the  bodies  of  the  primitive  martyrs. 
These  are  visited  by  devout  people,  and 
relics  are  taken  from  them,  blessed  by  the 
pope,  and  dispersed  through  Catholic  conn- 
tries.  Each  catacomb  ia  3  feet  broad  and 
8  or  10  high.  The  sepulchral  niches  (loculi) 
along  the  side  walls  are  closed  with  thick 
tiles  or  pieces  of  marble.  Catacombs  are 
found  also  at  Naples,  Cairo,  Paris,  &c. 
Those  in  Paris  are  in  abandoned  stone  quar- 
ries, and  extend  under  a  large  portion  of  the 
city. 

Catacoustlcs(kat-a-kous'tiks),n.  [Gr.  kata- 
kouot  to  hear. )  That  part  of  acoustics,  or 
the  doctrine  of  sounds,  which  treats  of  re- 
flected sounds,  or  of  the  propertiesof  echoes; 
cataphonics. 

Catadioptric,  Catadioptrical  (kat'a-dl- 
op"trik,  kat'a-dl-op"trik-al),  a.  [Gr.  kata, 
and  dioptomai,  to  see  through.]  Pertaining 
to  or  involving  both  the  refraction  and  re- 
flection of  light. — Catadioptric  telescope, 
the  same  as  reflecting  telescope. 

Catadrome  (kat'a-drdm),  n.  [Gr.  kata- 
dromos,  a  race-course — kata,  down,  and 
dromos,  a  race,  a  course.]  1.  A  race-course. 
2.  A  machine  used  in  building  for  raising 
and  lowering  heavy  weights. 

Catadupe  t  (kat'a-dup),  n.  [Fr.  catadttpe, 
catadvupe,  from  Gr.  katadoupoi,  the  cata- 
racts of  the  Nile,  from  kata,  down,  and 
ttoupeo,  to  sound,  from  doupos,  a  dull  sound 
as  of  a  falling  body.]  A  cataract  or  water- 
fall. 'The Egyptian cataditpes.'  Ant.Brewer. 

Catafalque,  Catafalco  (kat'a-falk,  kat-a- 
fiil'ko),  n.  [Fr.  catafalque,  from  It.  cata- 
J'alco,  a  catafalque,  from  falco  for  O.H.G. 
palcho  (G.  balke),  a  beam,  with  cata  (the 
verbal  stem  seen  in  Sp.  catar,  to  view)  pre- 
fixed. Scaffold  is  really  the  same  woYd  with 
French  prefix  es.}  A  temporary  structure 
of  carpentry,  decorated  with  painting  and 
sculpture,  representing  a  tomb  or  cenotaph, 
placed  over  the  coffin  of  a  distinguished 
person  at  the  altar  in  churches,  as  also  some- 
times over  his  grave,  where  it  usually  re- 
mains for  some  months  after  the  interment 

CatagmatlC(kat-ag-niat'ik),  a.  [Gr.  katag- 
ina,  a  fragment.  ]  In  med.  having  the  pro- 
perty of  consolidating  broken  parts ;  pro- 
moting the  union  of  fractured  bones. 

Catagmatic  (kat-ag-mat'ik),  n.  In  med.  a 
remedy  believed  to  promote  the  union  of 
fractured  parts.  Dunglison. 

Catagrapht  (kat'a-graf),  n.  [Gr.  kata,  down, 
and  grapho,  to  write.]  The  first  draft  of  a 
picture;  also  a  profile. 

Catalan  (ka-ta'an),  n.  A  native  of  Cathay 
or  China;  a  foreigner  generally;  and  hence, 
in  old  writers,  an  indiscriminate  term  of 
reproach. 

I  will  not  believe  such  a  Catalan,  though  the  priest 
of  the  town  commended  him  for  a  true  man.  £fet£, 

Catalan  (kat'a-lan),  a.  Pertaining  to  Cata- 
lonia, a  province  of  Spain,  or  to  its  inhabi- 
tants or  language. 

Catalan  (kat'a-lan),  n.  1.  A  native  of  Cata- 
lonia.—2.  The  language  of  Catalonia,  a  lan- 
guage which  holds  a  position  similar  to  the 
Provencal,  having  been  early  cultivated  and 
boasting  a  considerable  literature. 

Catalectic  (kat-a-lek'tik),a.  [L.  catalecticun; 
Ur.  katalektikos,  from  katalego,  to  leave  off, 
to  stop.]  In  pro*,  having  the  measure  in- 
complete. A  catalectic  verse  is  one  which 
wants  a  syllable  of  its  proper  length,  or 
which  terminates  in  an  imperfect  foot. 

Catalectic  (kat-a-lek'tik),  n.  In  pros,  a 
catalectic  verse. 

Catalepsy,  Catalepsis  (kat'a-lep-si,  kat-a- 
lep'sis),  n.  [Gr.  katalepsis,  a  seizing,  from 
katalainbano,  to  take,  seize,  or  invade.]  A 
rare  affection,  generally  connected  with 
hysteria,  in  which  there  is  a  sudden  suspen- 
sion of  the  senses  and  volition,  with  statue- 
like  fixedness  of  the  body  and  limbs  in  the 
attitude  immediately  preceding  the  attack, 
while  the  action  of  the  heart  and  lungs 
continues. 

Note  the  fetichism  wrapped  up  in  the  etymologies 
of  these  Greek  words.  Catalepsy,  a  seizing  of  the 
body  by  some  spirit  or  demon,  who  holds  it  rigid. 
hcstacy,  a  displacement  or  removal  of  the  soul  from 
the  body,  into  which  the  demon  enters  and  causes 
strange  laughing,  crying,  or  contortions.  It  is  not 
metaphor,  but  the  literal  belief  in  a  ghost-world, 
which  has  given  rise  to  such  words  as  these,  and  to 
such  expressions  as  'a  man  beside  himself  or  trans- 
ported/ yolin  putt. 

Cataleptic  (kat-a-lep'tik),  a.    Pertaining  to 

catalepsy. 

Silas's  cataleptic  fit  occurred  during  the  prayer- 
meeting.  George  Eliot. 

Catallactlcally  (kat-al-lak'tik-al-li),  adv. 
[See  below.]  In  exchange;  in  return. 


You  may  grow  for  your  neighbour,  at  your  likiny, 
grapes  or  grapeshot;  he  will  also  Catallactically 
grow  grapes  or  grapeshot  for  you,  and  you  will  each 
reap  what  you  have  sown.  Rusfcin, 

Catallactics  (kat-al-hik'tiks),  n.  pi  [Gr. 
k(ttalltti<it'~>t  to  exchange  money— kata,  quite, 
and  allasso,  to  exchange.]  The  science  of 
exchange,  a  branch  of  political  economy. 

The  science  of  exchange,  or,  as  I  hear  it  has  been 
proposed  to  call  it,  of  catallactics,  considered  as  one 
of  gain  is,  therefore,  simply  nugatory.  Rnskin. 

Catalogize  (kat'a-lo-giz),  v.t.  To  insert  in 
|  a  catalogue. 

Catalogue  (kat'a-log),  n.  [  Fr.  aotefepu*, 
from  Gr.  kataloyox,  a  counting  up  —  kata, 
down,  and  logos,  a  reckoning.]  A  list  or 
enumeration  of  the  names  of  men  or  things 
disposed  in  a  certain  order,  often  in  alpha- 
betical order;  as,  a  catalogue  of  the  stu- 
dents of  a  college,  or  of  books,  or  of  the 
stars. — List,  Catalogue.  Li«t  means  a  mere 
enumeration  of  individual  persons  or  ar- 
ticles, while  catalogue  properly  supposes 
some  description,  with  the  names  in  a  certain 
order.  Thus  we  speak  of  a  subscription  list, 
but  the  catalogue  of  a  museum  or  library. — 
Catalogue  raisonne,  a  catalogue  of  books, 
paintings,  <fcc.,  classed  according  to  their 
subjects. 

Catalogue  (kat'a-log),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cata- 
logued; ppr.  cataloguing.  To  make  a  cata- 
logue of. 

It  (Scripture)  cannot,  as  it  were,  he  mapped  or  its 
contents  catatogited.  J.  H.  Newman, 

Catalpa  (ka-tal'pa),  n.  [The  Indian  name 
in  Carolina  for  the  first  species  mentioned 
below.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Big- 
noniacere.  The  species  are  trees  with  sim- 
ple leaves  and  terminal  panicled  trumpet- 
shaped  flowers,  which  from  their  great 
beauty,  large  size,  gay  colours,  and  great 
abundance,  are  often  among  the  most  strik- 
ing objects  of  a  tropical  forest.  C.  syringce- 
folia,  a  North  American  species,  is  well 
adapted  for  large  shrubberies;  its  branches 
are  used  for  dyeing  wool  of  a  cinnamon 
colour.  C.  longisxiina  contains  much  tan- 
nin in  its  bark,  and  is  known  in  the  West 
Indies  by  the  name  of  French  oak. 

Catalysis  (ka-tal'i-sis),  n.  [Gr.  katalytis, 
from  kata,  down,  and  lyd,  to  loose.]  1.  Dis- 
solution; destruction;  degeneration;  decay. 
'Sad  catalysis  and  declension  of  piety.' 
Evelyn. 

The  sad  catalysis  did  come,  and  swept  away  eleven 
hundred  thousand  of  the  nation.  jcr.  Taylor. 

2.  A  decomposition  and  new  combination, 
supposed  by  Berzelius  and  other  chemists 
to  l>e  produced  among  the  proximate  and 
elementary  principles  of  one  or  more  com- 
pounds, by  virtue  of  the  mere  presence  of  a 
substance  or  substances  which  do  not  of 
themselves  enter  into  combination.  Lieblg 
questions  this  theory,  and  refers  the  effects 
to  other  causes. 

Catalytic  (kat-a-lit'ik),  a.  Relating  to  cata- 
lysis.— Catalytic  force,  that  modification  of 
the  force  of  chemical  affinity  in  certain 
bodies  by  which  they  resolve  others  into 
new  compounds  merely  by  contact  with 
them,  or  by  an  action  of  presence,  as  it  has 
been  termed.  —  Catalytic  agent,  (a)  a  body 
which  produceschemical  changes  inanother 
merely  by  contact;  thus  yeast  resolves  sugar, 
by  contact,  into  carbonic  acid  and  alcohol. 
(b)  In  med.  a  medicine  which  is  presumed 
to  act  by  the  destruction  or  counteraction 
of  morbid  agencies  in  the  blood. 

Catamaran  (kat'a-ma-ran"),  n.  [Said  to  be 
from  a  Tamil  word  signifying  'tied  logs.'] 
1.  A  kind  of  float  or  raft  used  by  some  foreign 


Catamaran. 

peoples.  It  consists  usually  of  three  pieces 
of  wood  lashed  together,  the  middle  piece 
being  longer  than  the  others,  and  having 
one  end  turned  up  in  the  form  of  a  bow.  It 
is  used  on  the  coasts  of  Coromandel,  and 
particularly  at  Madras,  for  conveying  let- 
ters, messages,  &c.,  through  the  surf  to 
the  shipping  in  the  roads.  Catamarans  are 


used  also  in  short  navigations  along  the 
sea-shore  in  the  West  Indies,  and  on  the 
coast  of  South  America  catamarans  of  a 
very  large  size  are  employed.  This  name 
was  also  applied  to  the  Hat-bottomed  boats 
constructed  by  Bonaparte  for  the  invasion 
of  England. —2.  A  quarrelsome  woman;  a 
vixen;  a  scold:  most  probably  employed  in 
this  sense  because  supposed  to  be  some  sort 
of  cat,  or  in  some  way  connected  with  cat, 
as  catamount  is.  'At  his  expense,  you  cata- 
maran!' Dickens. 

She  was  suuh  an  obstinate  old  catamaran. 

HacmMaii's  Mag. 

Catamenla  (kat-a-me'ni-a),  n.  [Gr.  kata- 
inenias  —  kata,  down,  and  men,  a  month.] 
The  monthly  tiowings  of  females;  menstrual 
discharge. 

Catamenial  (kat-a-me'ni-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  catamenia  or  menstrual  discharges. 

Catamite  (kat'a-mit),  n.  [L.  catamitus.] 
A  boy  kept  for  unnatural  purposes. 

Catamount,  Catamountain  (kat'a-mount, 
kat-a-mount'an  or  kat-a-mount'in),«.  1.  The 
cat  of  the  mountain ;  the  wild  cat.  '  The 
glaring  catammmtain  and  the  quill-darting 
porcupine.'  ilartimis  Scriblcms.  —  2.  In 
her.  a  charge  always  borne  guardant— 3.  In 
America,  the  North  American  tiger,  the 
puma,  cougar,  or  '  painter'  (Petit  or  I'uiiia 
concolor). 

Cat-a-mountain  (kat-a-mount'an  or  kat-a- 
mpunt'in),  a.  Like  a  wild  cat;  ferocious; 
wildly  savage.  '  Cat-a-mountain  looks.' 
Shak. 

Catanadromous,  Catandromous  (kat-a- 
nad'ro-mus,  ka-tan'dro-mus),  a.  [Or.  kata, 
down,  ana,  up,  and  dromon,  a  course  or 
race.  ]  Passing  once  a  year  from  salt  water 
into  fresh  and  returning :  applied  to  such 
fish  as  the  salmon. 

Catapasm(kat'a-pazm),  n.  [Or.katapasma.] 
A  dry  powder  employed  by  the  ancients  to 
sprinkle  on  ulcers,  absorb  perspiration,  Ac. 

CatapeltiC  t  (kat-a-pel'tik),  n.    A  catapult. 

Catapeltict  (kat-a-pel'tik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  catapult. 

Catapetalous  (kat-a-pet'al-us),o.  [Gr.  kata, 
against,  and  petalon,  a  petal.  ]  In  '"•'.  hav- 
ing the  petals  held  together  by  stamens 
which  grow  to  their  bases,  as  in  the  mallow. 

Cataphonlc  (kat-a-fon'ik),  a.  fielating  (o 
cataphonics. 

Cataphonics  (kat-a-fon'iks),  n.  [Gr.  kata, 
against,  and  phone,  sound.]  The  doctrine 
of  reflected  sounds,  a  branch  of  acoustics ; 
catacoustics. 

Cataphora  (ka-taf'o-ra),  n.  [Gr.  kataphora, 
from  kata,  down,  and  phero,  to  bear.]  A 
variety  of  lethargy  or  somnolency  attended 
with  short  remissions  or  intervals  of  imper- 
fect waking,  sensation,  and  speech. 

Cataphract  (kat'a-frakt),  n.  [L.  cataphrac- 
tett,  Gr.  kataphraktes,  from  kataphrawd,  to 
cover.  1  1.  Milit.  a  piece  of  heavy  defensive 
armour  formed  of  cloth  or  leather  strength- 
ened with  scales  or  links,  used  to  defend 
the  breast  or  whole  body,  or  even  the  horse 
as  well  as  the  rider.  '  Archers  and  slingers, 
cataphracts and  spears.'  Milton. — 2.  In  zool. 
the  armour  of  plates  or  strong  scales  pro- 
tecting some  animals. 

Cataphracted  ( kat'a-frakt-ed ),  a.  In  zool. 
covered  with  horny  or  bony  plates  or  scales 
closely  joined  together,  or  with  a  thick 
hardened  skin. 

Cataphractl  (kat-a-frak'ti),  n.  pi.  [See 
CATAPHRACT.]  A  group  of  acanthopterygi- 
ous  fishes,  provided  with  strong  face  plates 
and  spines,  of  which  the  gurnard  is  a  well- 
known  example.  See  SCLEROOKNIDA. 

CataphractlC(kat-a-frak'tik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  cataphract;  resembling  a  cataphract. 

Cataphryglan  (kat-a-frij'i-an),  n.  One  of  a 
sect  of  Christian  heretics  of  the  second  cen- 
tury who  followed  the  errors  of  Montanus : 
so  named  because  they  first  came  out  of 
Phrygia.  See  MONTANIST. 

Cataplasm  (kat'a-plazm),  n.  [Gr.  kata- 
plasina,  from  kataplaimo,  to  anoint  or  to 
spread  as  a  plaster.]  In  med.  a  soft  and 
moist  substance  to  be  applied  to  some  part 
of  the  body;  a  poultice. 

Catapucet  (kat'a-pus),  «.  [Fr.  catapvce,  Sp. 
and  Pg.  catapucia.  ]  The  herb  spurge. 
Chaucer. 

Catapult  (kat'o-pult),  n.  [  L.  catapiilta, 
from  Gr.  katapeltes  —  kata,  against,  and 
palld,  to  brandish,  swing,  hurl  ]  1.  One  of 
the  great  military  engines  used  by  ancient 
nations  for  discharging  missiles  against  a 
besieged  place:  originally  distinguished 
from  the  baUuita  as  being  intended  for  dis- 
charging heavy  darts  or  lances,  while  the 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CATAPULTIC 


413 


CATCH 


latter  was  used  for  throwing  heavy  stones 
and  cither  bulky  missiles,  but  afterwards 
confounded  with  tin:  ballista.  In  principle 
the  catapult  proper,  as  distinguished  from 
the  liallista,  resembled  the  medircval  ar- 
balist,  being  a  powerful  kind  of  bow, 


hut  it  was  much  stronger  than  the  latter 
weapon,  and  was  worked  by  machinery. 
In  the  annexed  cut,  which  represents  a 
catapult  of  the  later  period  when  no  dis- 
tinction was  made  between  it  and  the  bal- 
lista, F  represents  the  end  of  a  strong  lever, 
which  revolves  on  an  axis  and  is  held  down 
by  a  windlass  A.  At  the  extremity  is  a  fork 
B  E,  with  the  prongs  curving  slightly  upward 
so  as  to  altord  a  bed  for  a  barrel  of  combus- 
tible matter  or  iron  confined  by  a  rope  with 
a  loop  at  the  end,  the  loop  being  passed 
through  a  hook  D.  When  the  lever  is  relieved 
it  bounds  suddenly  upwards,  the  centrifugal 
force  causing  the  loop  c  to  slip  off  the  hook, 
whereupon  the  barrel  held  on  the  fork  is 
liberated  and  projected  towards  its  object. 
B  shows  rings  of  iron,  stone,  or  lead,  in- 
creasing the  rebound. —  2.  A  small  forked 
stick,  to  each  prong  of  which  is  attached  an 
elastic  band,  generally  provided  with  a  piece 
of  leather  in  the  middle,  used  by  boys  for 
throwing  small  missiles,  such  as  stones, 
peas  paper  pellets,  and  the  like. 
Catapultlc  (kat-a-pul'tik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  catapult. 

Cataract  (kat'a-rakt), ».  [L.  cataracta,  Gr. 
katarraktis,  from  kata.  down,  and  rhegni/mi, 
to  break.]  1.  A  great  fall  of  water  over  a 
precipice,  as  that  of  Niagara,  of  the  Rhine, 
Danube,  &c. ;  a  water-fall.  'Cataracts  and 
hurricanoes. '  Shak.  'The  tremendous  cata- 
racts of  America  thundering  in  their  soli- 
tudes.' Irving.—  2.  More  generally,  any  furi- 
ous rush  or  downpour  of  water.  '  The  hollow 
ocean-ridges  roaring  into  cataracts. '  Tenny- 
son.—3.  A  disease  of  the  eye  consisting  in  an 
opacity  of  the  crystalline  lens  or  its  capsule, 
by  which  the  pupil  seems  closed  by  an 
opaque  body, usually  whitish,  but  sometimes 
blue,  gray,  brown,  &c. ,  vision  being  thus 
impaired  or  destroyed.  —  4.  In  fort.  See 
HERSE,  1  (a).— 5.  A  form  of  water-governor 
for  regulating  the  stroke  of  single-acting 
steam-engines. 

Cataractous  (kat-a-rak'tus),  a.  Partaking 
of  the  nature  of  a  cataract  in  the  eye. 
Catarrh  (ka-tar'),  n.  [L.  catarrlms,  Gr. 
katnrrhoos,  from  katurrheo,  to  flow  down.] 
A  discharge  of  fluid  from  a  mucous  mem- 
brane, especially  a  discharge  or  increased 
secretion  of  mucus  from  the  membranes  of 
the  nose,  fauces,  and  bronchia,  with  fever, 
sneezing,  cough,  thirst,  lassitude,  and  loss 
of  appetite,  and  sometimes  an  entire  loss  of 
taste;  the  ailment  of  which  this  discharge  is 
an  accompaniment,  commonly  called  a  cold. 
'Convulsions,  epilepsies,  fierce  oatarrht.' 
Milton. 

Catarrhal,  Catarrhous  (ka-tftr'ral,  ka-tar'- 
ru«),  a.  Pertaining  to  catarrh,  produced 
by  it,  or  attending  it;  as,  a  catarrhal  fever. 
Catarrhina,  Catarhina  (kat-a-ri'na),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  kata,  down,  and  rhix,  rhinos,  the 
nose.]  A  section  of  quadrumanous  animals, 
including  those  monkeys  which  have  the 
nostrils  approximated,  the  aperture  point- 
ing downwards,  and  the  intervening  septum 
narrow,  as  in  the  apes  of  the  Old  World. 
The  Barbary  ape,  gorilla,  chimpanzee,  orang, 
Ac.,  are  included  in  this  section. 
Catarrhine,  Catarhine  (kat'a-rin),  n.  A 
monkey  of  the  section  Catarrhina. 
Catarrhine,  Catarhine  (kat'a-rin),  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  section  of  monkeys 
Catarrhina. 

The  catarhine  monkeys  are  restricted  entirely  to 
the  Old  World.  H-  A-  Nicholson. 


CatastaltiC(kat-a-stal'tik),  n.  [(ir.  kata- 
Ktaltikua,  from  katastello-  kata,  tJown,  and 
stetlf'i,  to  send.]  A  term  applied  tomedii  iin-s 
which  repress  evacuations,  as  UtrillgeDtl 
and  styptics. 

Catastasis  (ka-tas'ta- sis),  n.  [Gr.  kattt- 
,s*(/MX  from  kathtHtriiii,  to  constitute.] 

1.  In  rliet.  the  nan'ation  or  the  narrative 
part  of  the  orator's  speech,  in  which  he 
unfolds  the   matter  in  question,   and 
which  generally  forms  the  exordium.  — 

2.  In  vied,  the  constitution,  state,  or 
condition  of  anything. 

Catasterism  (ka-tas'ter-izm),  n.  [Gr. 
katanterismos,  from  katasterizo,  to  dis- 
tinguish with  stars  or  to  place  among 
the  stars  -kata,  down,  and  aster,  a  star.] 
A  placing  among  the  stars ;  a  catalogu- 
\  A  ing  of  the  stars. 

JESTl  His  catalogue  contains  no  bright  star  which  is 
^S»  not  found  ill  the  'catastcrisms'  of  Eratosthenes. 
a  ll'hewell. 

Catastomus  (ka-tas'to-mus),  n.  [Gr. 
kata,  down,  and  stoma,  a  mouth.]  A 
genus  of  teleostean  fishes,  allied  to  the 
carps,  belonging  to  the  Abdominal  Ma- 
lacopterygii,  and  family  Cyprinida!.  The 

fishes  of  this  genus  are  peculiar  to  the  rivers 

of  North  America. 


of  North  America. 

Catastrophe  (ka-tas'tro-fe),  n.  [Gr.  kata- 
strophe,  an  overthrowing,  a  sudden  turn, 
from  katastrepho,  to  subvert— kata,  down, 
and  strepho,  to  turn.]  1.  The  arrangement 
of  actions  or  interconnection  of  causes  which 
leads  up  to  the  final  event  of  a  dramatic 
piece ;  the  unfolding  and  winding  up  of  the 
plot,  clearing  up  difficulties,  and  closing  the 
play;  the  denouement.  The  ancients  divided 
a  play  into  the  protasis,  epitasis,  catastasis, 
and  catastrophe,  the  introduction,  continu- 
ance, heightening,  and  development  or  con- 
clusion. 

Pat  he  comes,  like  the  catastrophe  of  the  old  comedy. 

Shak. 

2.  A  notable  event  terminating  a  series ;  a 
finishing  stroke  or  wind-up;  an  unfortunate 
conclusion;  a  calamity,  or  disaster. 

Here  was  a  mighty  revolution,  the  most  horrible 
and  portentous  catastrophe  that  nature  ever  yet  saw 
Woodward. 

3.  In  geol.  a  supposed  change  in  the  globe  from 
sudden  physical  violence,  causing  elevation 
or  subsidence  of  the  solid  parts;  a  cataclysm. 

Great  changes,  of  a  kindand  intensity  quitedifferent 
from  the  common  course  of  events,  and  which  may 
therefore  properly  be  called  catastrophes ,  have  taken 
place  upon  the  earth's  surface.  lYhcwell. 

Catastrophic,  Catastrophist  (ka-tas-trof- 
ik,  ka-taslro-flst),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a  catas- 
trophe or  catastrophes.  — 2.  In  geol.  pertain- 
ing to  the  theory  of  great  changes  on  the 
globe  being  due  to  violent  and  sudden  phy- 
sical action ;  as,  catastrophic  opinions. 

There  is  an  opposite  tendency  in  the  mode  of  main* 
taining  the  Catastrophist  and  uniformitarian  opinions. 
If  hcwett. 

The  hypothesis  of  uniformity  cannot  possess  any 
essential  simplicity  which,  previous  to  inquiry,  gives  it 
a  claim  upon  our  assent  superior  to  that  of  the  opposite 
catastrophic  hypothesis.  H'hcu-ell, 

Catastrophist  (ka-tas'tro-flst),  n.  In  geol. 
one  who  believes  that  geological  changes  are 
due  to  catastrophes  or  sudden  violent  phy- 
sical causes:  opposed  to  uniforniitarian 
(which  see). 

The  Catastrophist  is  affirmative,  the  uniformitarian 
is  negative  in  his  assertions.  U  'hewett. 

Catastrophyt  (ka-tas'tro-fl),  ».  Same 
as  Catastrophe. 

Catawba  (ka-ta^a),  n.  1.  A  variety  of  grape 
much  cultivated  in  Ohio,  United  States,  and 
first  discovered  on  the  Catamba  river,  Caro- 
lina. It  is  of  a  rich  claret  colour  when  ripe. 
2  The  wine  made  from  the  grape.  It  is  a  light 
sparkling  wine,  of  rich  Muscadine  flavour, 
much  used  in  the  United  States. 

Very  good  in  its  way 

Is  the  Verzenay, 
Or  the  Sillery  soft  and  creamy ; 

But  Catanba  wine 

Has  a  taste  more  divine. 
More  dulcet,  delicious,  and  dreamy.   LjmfJtlU*. 

Cat-beam  (kafbem),  n.  Navt.  the  longest 
and  one  of  the  principal  beams  of  a  ship. 

Cat-bird  (kat'berd),  n.  The  Turdus  lii-idus 
of  Wilson  (Turdus  feKvox  and  ilimus  ca.ro- 
line-nxis  of  others),  a  well-known  species 
of  American  thrush,  found  abundantly 
throughout  the  middle  and  New  England 
states,  frequenting  thickets  or  the  shrub- 
beries of  gardens.  Its  note  resembles  the 
plaint  of  a  kitten  in  distress,  hence  its  name. 
Its  plumage  is  lead-coloured  ;  it  is  about  9 
inches  in  length,  and  very  lively  in  its  move- 
ments. 


Cat-block* kat'blok),  ii.  Xunt.  atwoorllm  . 
fold  Mock  with  an  iron  strap  and  lam<- 
hook  used  to  draw  up  an  anchor  to  tin' 
cat-head. 

Catcall  (kat'kal).  11.     ( Cat  and  call  ]     A 
•quaking  iiistruiuuiit.  used  iii  play-li«-' 
to  ill-note  disapprobation  or  weariness  of  the 
performance,  or  a  sound  made  in  imitation 
of  the  tone  of  this  instrument. 

He  (play-writer)  sees  his  branded  name,  with  v.il-1 

affright. 
And  hears  again  the  cattails  of  the  night.    Crabbe. 

Catcall  (kat'kal).  r.t.  To  use  a  catcall,  or  to 
make  sounds  like  those  of  a  catcall  against. 

She  had  too  much  sense  not  to  know  that  it  w.i<- 
better  to  be  hissed  and  catcalled  by  her  daddy  th.ui 
by  a  whole  sea  of  heads  in  the  pit  of  I  miry  Lane 
theatre.  Macanlay. 

Catch  (kach),  v.t.  pret.  «fc  pp.  caught  (cat>-/>  i 
is  obsolete  or  vulgar);  ppr.  catching.  [O.K. 
cacche,  cache,  O.Fr.  cachier,  cacher,  Ac.,  to 
hunt  — Mod.  Fr.  chasser,  It.  cacciare,  from 
a  L.L.  captiare,  from  L.  capture,  an  aug.  or 
freq.  from  capere,  to  take.  Chase  ia  the 
same  word  under  a  different  form.  ]  1.  To 
lay  sudden  hold  on;  to  seize,  especially  with 
the  hand ;  to  grasp.  '  Ready  to  catch  each 
other  by  the  throat.'  Shak.  'Caught  the 
white  goose  by  the  leg. '  Tennyson.  Speci- 
fically—2.  To  seize  with  the  hand  or  hands 
something  passing  through  the  air,  and 
keep  hold  of  it  without  allowing  it  to  drop ; 
as,  to  catch  a  ball.— To  catch  out,  at  cricket, 
to  put  the  batsman  out  of  play  by  catching 
the  ball  before  it  has  touched  the  ground 
after  leaving  the  batsman's  bat.  —3.  To  seize, 
as  in  a  snare  or  trap;  to  ensnare;  to  entangle; 
as,  to  ditch  rats  or  birds :  often  used  figura- 
tively in  this  sense. 

They  sent  certain  of  the  Pharisees  and  of  the 
Hcrodians  to  catch  him  in  his  words.  Mark  xii.  13. 

4.  To  get  entangled  with,  or  to  come  into 
contact  or  collision  with ;  as,  the  nave  of 
the  wheel  cauifht  the  open  door  of  a  passing 
carriage.— 5.  To  seize  in  pursuit;  to  appre- 
hend ;  to  arrest. 

The  mild  hind  makes  speed  to  catch  the  tiger.  SAaA. 

6.  To  attain;  to  get  possession  of.  'Tor- 
ment myself  to  catch  the  English  crown.' 
SAo*.  —7.  To  get ;  to  receive. 

Fight  closer,  or,  good  faith,  you'll  catch  a  blow.  5Aa*. 
The  Church  of  Carnac,  by  the  strand 
Catches  the  westering  sun's  last  fires.  Matt.  Arnold. 

8.  Especially,  to  take  or  receive  by  sympathy, 
imitation,  contagion,  or  infection;  as,  to 
catch  the  spirit  of  an  occasion ;  to  catch 
a  melody ;  to  catch  cold  or  measles. 

A  man  takes  mercury,  goes  out  of  doors  and  fatc'ifs 
cold.  7-  -S.  Hi" 

9.  To  take  hold  of ;  to  communicate  to ;  to 
fasten  on ;  as,  the  fire  caught  the  adjoining 
building.  —10.  To  seize  the  affections  of; 
to  engage  and  attach ;  to  charm  ;  to  capti- 
vate.    'The  soothing  arts  that  catch  the 
fair.'    Dryden.— 11.  To  come  on  suddenly, 
unexpectedly,  or  accidentally. 

We  shall  catch  them  at  their  sport ; 

And  our  sudden  coming  there 

Will  double  all  their  mirth  and  chcre.       tlillm. 

12.  To  seize  or  apprehend  by  the  senses  or 
the  intellect.  'I  caught  a  glimpse  of  Ins 
face.'  Teunyton. 

Cleopatra,  catching  but  the  least  noise  of  this,  dies 
instantly. 

Fiery  thoughts 

Do  shape  themselves  within  me,  more  and  more. 

Whereof  1  catcji  the  issue. 

—Catch  me  !  or  in  full.  Catch  me  if  you  can. 
an  emphatic  phrase  intended  to  intimate 
that  a  person  will  not  do  a  thing:  as, 
Are  you  going  to  play?  Catch  me  !  [Collpq.] 
— To  catch  it,  to  get  a  scolding,  a  heatnw, 
or  other  unpleasant  treatment.— To  catch 
oneablow  to  inflict  a  blow  on  mm  [tolloq.  ] 
— To  catch  one  on  the  hip,  to  get  the  advan- 
tage of  one ;  to  get  one  under  one's  power. 
See  under  HIR— To  catch  hold  of,  to  take 
or  lay  hold  of.— To  catch  up,  to  snatch;  to 
take  up  suddenly.— To  catch  a  Tartar.  See 
under  TARTAR.  —  Pint  catch  your  hare,  a 
direction  occurring  in  later  editions  of  the 
well-known  cookery-book  attributed  to  Mrs. 
Glasse,  and  used  as  an  aphorism  to  the  effect 
that  before  disposing  of  athing,  yououghtto 
make  sure  of  the  possession  of  it.  In  reality 
the  saying  arose  from  a  misprint,  catch  being 
an  error  for  case,  in  the  sense  of  to  skin. 
Properly  therefore  the  direction  is,  '  Flint 
case  (skin)  your  hare,'  &c.  See  CASK,  v.  t. 
Catch  (kach),  v.i.  1.  To  acquire  possession. 
•  Have  is  have,  however  men  do  catch. 
Shak  —2.  To  be  entangled  or  impeded ;  to 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  smg; 


TH,  then;  th,  lAiu;      w,  icig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KKY. 


CATCH 


414 


CATEGOREMATICALLY 


remain  fast;  to  hitch;  as,  my  clothes  caught 
in  the  briers;  the  lock  catchen. 

Don't  open  your  month  as  wide  as  that,  young 
man,  or  it  11  catch  so  and  not  shut  again  some  day. 
Dickens. 

3.  To  take  proper  hold  so  as  to  act ;  as,  the 
bolt  does  not  catch. — 4.  To  communicate  ; 
to  spread  by  or  as  by  infection. 

Does  the  sedition  catch  from  man  to  man, 
And  run  among  the  ranks!  Addison. 

5.  To  endeavour  to  lay  hold  of;  to  be  eager 
to  get,  use,  or  adopt :  with  at. 

Saucy  lictors 

Will  catch  at  us  like  strumpets.  Shak. 

If  you  resolve  on  publishing  Philips  will  catch  at  it. 

Catch  (kach),  n.  1.  The  act  of  seizing;  seizure. 

She.  would  fain  the  catch  of  Strephon  fly. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  Anything  that  seizes  or  takes  hold,  that 
checks  motion  or  the  like,  as  a  hook,  a  rat- 
chet, a  pawl,  a  spring  bolt  for  a  door  or  lid, 
and  various  contrivances  employed  in  ma- 
chinery for  the  purpose  of  stopping  or  check- 
ing certain  movements.  —  3.  A  choking  or 
stoppage  of  the  breath.  '  Heard  the  deep 
catches  of  his  labouring  breath. '  MacmUlan's 
Mag. — 4.  The  posture  of  seizing;  a  state  of 
preparation  to  catch  or  of  watching  an  op- 
portunity to  seize. 

Both  of  them  lay  upon  the  catch  for  a  great  action. 
Addison. 

5.  Something  valuable  or  desirable  obtained 
or  to  be  obtained;  a  gain  or  ad  vantage;  often, 
colloquially,  one  desirable  from  wealth  as 
a  husband  or  wife. 

Hector  shall  have  a  great  catch  if  he  knock  out 
either  of  your  brains.  Shak. 

She  entered  freely  into  the  state  of  her  affairs, 
asked  his  ailvice  upon  money  matters,  and  fully 
proved  to  his  satisfaction  that,  independent  of  her 
beauty,  she  would  be  a  much  greater  catch  than 
Frau  Vandersloosh.  Marryatt. 

6.  A  snatch ;  a  short  interval  of  action. 

It  has  been  writ  by  catches.  Locke. 

7.  A  slight  hold  on  the  memory;  a  slight 
remembrance. 

We  retain  a  catch  of  those  pretty  stories,  and  our 
awakened  imagination  smiles  in  the  recollection. 
Gian-ville. 

8.  A  hold  or  advantage  over  a  person.— 9.  In 
music,  a  kind  of  canon  or  round  for  three 
or  four  voices,  the  words  written  to  which 
are  so  contrived  that  by  the  union  of  the 
voices  a  different  meaning  is  given  by  the 
singers  catching  at  each  other's  words. 

Shall  we  rouse  the  night-owl  in  a  catch  that  will 
draw  three  souls  out  of  one  weaver?  Shak. 

10.  In  cricket,  (a)  a  ball  struck  by  the  bats- 
man in  such  a  manner  as  to  be  caught,  or 
to  be  in  danger  of  being  caught,  by  one  of 
the  fielders  before  it  touches  the  ground. 
(6)  The  act  of  catching  a  ball ;  as,  a  good 
catch. 

Catchable  (kach'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
caught. 

The  eagerness  of  a  knave  makes  him  often  as 
catchable  as  the  ignorance  of  a  fool.  Ld.  Halifax. 

Catch-Club  (kach'klub),  n.  A  club  or  society 
formed  for  singing  catches,  Ac. 

Catch-drain  (kach'dran),  n.  l.A  drain  along 
the  side  of  a  canal  or  other  conduit  to  catcfi 
the  surplus  water.  —2.  A  drain  running  along 
sloping  ground  to  catch  and  convey  the  water 
flowing  over  the  surface.  When  a  meadow 
is  pretty  long,  and  has  a  quick  descent,  the 
water  is  often  stopped  at  different  distances 
by  catch-drains  so  as  to  spread  it  over  the 
adjoining  surface. 

Catcher  (kach'er),  71.  One  who  catches; 
that  which  catches,  or  in  which  anything  is 
caught.  '  That  great  catcher  and  devourer 
of  souls.'  South. 

Catch-fly  (kach'fli)  n.  The  popular  name 
of  the  species  of  plants  belonging  to  the 
genus  Silene  and  of  Lychnis  Vitcaria  be- 
cause of  their  glutinous  stems,  which  some- 
times retain  small  insects. 

Catching  (kach'ing),  a.  1.  Communicating, 
or  liable  to  be  communicated,  by  contagion; 
infectious;  as,  a  disease  is  catching. 

Tis  time  to  give  them  physic,  their  diseases 
Are  grown  so  catching.  Shak. 

2.  Captivating;  charming;  attracting;  as,  a 
catching  melody;  a  catching  manner 

Catching-bargain  (kach'irig-bar-gin),  n.  In 
law,  a  bargain  made  with  the  heir-apparent 
or  expectant  of  a  succession, for  the  purchase 
of  his  expectancy  at  an  inadequate  price 

Catch-land  (kach'land),  n.  Land  of  which 
it  was  uot  known  to  what  parish  it  belonged 
and  the  tithe  of  which  fell  to  the  minister 
that  could  first  catch  it. 

Catch-match  (kach'mach),  n.    An  agree- 


ment  concluded  hastily  so  that  one  party  is 
taken  advantage  of. 

Catch-meadow  (kach'me-do),  n.  A  meadow 
which  is  irrigated  by  water  from  a  spring 
or  rivulet  on  the  declivity  of  a  hill. 

Catchment  (kach'ment),  n.  A  surface  of 
ground,  of  which  the  drainage  is  capable  of 
being  directed  into  a  common  reservoir ;  a 
natural  basin  of  greater  or  less  area,  of 
which  the  water  is  collected  for  economical 
purposes.  A  water  company  is,  accordingly, 
said  to  have  so  many  square  miles  of  catch- 
ment, or  of  catchment  ground,  when  the 
supply  depends  on  the  area  of  surface-drain- 
age. 

Catch-penny  ( kach'pen-ni ),  n.  Something 
of  little  value  got  up  to  hit  the  popular 
taste,  and  thereby  catch  the  popular  penny; 
anything  seemriig  attractive  got  up  merely 
to  sell. 

Catch-penny  (kach'pen-ni),  a.  Made  or  got 
up  to  gain  money ;  got  up  merely  to  sell ; 
as,  a  catch-pennii  pamphlet. 

Catch-poll  (kach'pol),  n.  [Catch,  anil  poll, 
the  head.]  A  sheriff's  officer,  bailiff,  con- 
stable, or  other  person  whose  duty  is  to 
arrest  persons :  a  term  in  use  as  early  at 
least  as  the  time  of  Chaucer. 

Catchup,  Catsup  (kach'up,  kat'sup).  n. 
[Said  to  be  from  kitjap,  an  East  Indian  name 
for  a  kind  of  pickles.  ]  A  liquor  extracted 
from  mushrooms,  walnuts,  die.,  used  as  a 
sauce.  Written  more  commonly  Ketchup 
(which  see). 

Catch- weed  (kach'wed),  n.  A  weed  which 
readily  catches  hold  on  what  comes  in  con- 
tact with  it;  clivers. 

Catchweight  (kach'wat),  ode.  In  hnrte- 
racing,  without  any  additional  weight;  with- 
out being  handicapped ;  as,  to  ride  catch- 
weight. 

Come.  I'll  make  this  a  match,  if  you  like:  you  shall 
ride  catchweight,  which  will  be  about  n  St.  7  lb.,  and 
I'll  ride  the  Axeine  at  14  St.  7  lb.  Lawrence. 

Catch-word  (kach'werd),  n.  1.  In  printing, 
the  word  formerly  often,  now  rarely  placed 
at  the  bottom  of  each  page,  under  the  right 
hand  corner  of  the  last  line,  and  forming  the 
first  word  on  the  following  page.  —  2.  In 
the  drama,  the  last  word  of  the  preceding 
speaker,  which  reminds  one  that  he  is  to 
speak  next ;  cue.  —3.  A  word  caught  up  and 
repeated  for  effect ;  as,  the  catch-word  of  a 
political  party. 

Liberty,  fraternity,  equality,  are  as  much  as  ever 
the  party  catch-wards.  Quart.  Rev. 

Catch-work  ( kach'wcrk ).  n.  An  artificial 
water-course  or  series  of  water-courses  for 
throwing  water  on  such  lands  as  lie  on  the 
declivity  of  hills;  a  catch-drain. 

Cate  (kat),  n.  [O.E.  acates,  provisions  pur- 
chased, from  O.  FT.  acal,  buying.  See  CATER.] 
Food;  viands;  provisions,  more  particularly 
rich,  luxuriant,  or  dainty  food  ;  a  delicacy ; 
a  dainty.  'Christmas  pye,  which  is  a  kind 
of  consecrated  cate.'  Tatter.  The  word  is 
commonly  used  in  the  plural 

I  had  rather  live 

With  cheese  and  garlic  in  a  windmill,  far, 
Than  feed  on  cafes  and  have  him  talk  to  me. 


Catechetic,  Catechetical  (kat-e-ket'ik, 
kat-e-ket'ik-al),  a.  [  See  CATECHISE.  ]  Re- 
lating to  or  consisting  in  asking  questions 
and  receiving  answers,  according  to  the 
ancient  manner  of  teaching  pupils. 

Socrates  introduced  a  catechetical  method  of  argu- 
'"K-  Addison. 

Catechetically  (kat-e-ket'ik-al-li),  adv.  In 
a  catechetical  manner;  by  question  and  an- 
swer. 

Catechetics  (kat-e-ket'iks),  n.  The  art  or 
practice  of  teaching  by  question  and  answer 

Catechin,  Catechlne (kat'e-shin),  n.  (From 
catechu.]  A  peculiar  principle,  composed  of 
carbon,  hydrogen,  and  oxygen,  contained  in 
that  portion  of  catechu  which  is  insoluble  in 
cold  water.  It  forms  a  fine  white  powder 
composed  of  silky  nodules.  It  exists  not 
merely  in  catechu,  strictly  so  called,  but  also 
in  gambier  and  some  kinds  of  cinchona- 
bark. 

Catechisation,  Catechizatiou  (kat'e-kiz- 
a"shon),  71.  The  act  of  catechising. 

Catechise,  Catechize  (kat'e-kiz),  v.t.  pret. 
&  pp.  catechised,  catechized;  ppr.  catechis- 
ing, catechizing.  (Gr.  katechizo,  to  catechize; 
a  form  derived  from  katecheo,  to  sound,  to 
utter  sound,  to  teach  by  the  voice— kata, 
down,  and  echeo,  to  sound,  whence  echo  ] 
1.  To  instruct  by  asking  questions,  receiving 
answers,  and  offering  explanations  and  cor- 
rections; specifically,  so  to  instruct  on  points 
of  Christian  doctrine.  'Catechize  gross  ignor- 


ance.' Burton.—  2.  To  question;  to  interro- 
gate; to  examine  or  try  by  questions,  and 
sometimes  with  a  view  to  reproof,  by  elicit- 
ing answers  from  a  person  which  condemn 
his  own  conduct. 

I'm  stopp'd  by  all  the  fools  I  meet 

And  intcchizcd  in  every  street.          Su'i/l. 

Catechiser,  Catechizer  (kat'e-kiz-er),  n. 
One  who  catechises;  one  who  instructs  by 
question  and  answer,  and  particularly  in 
the  rudiments  of  the  Christian  religion. 

Catechism  (kat'e-kizm),  n.  |Gr.  kateM*,,,,.* 
instruction.  See  CATECHISE.)  1.  A  form  of 
instruction  by  means  of  questions  and 
answers,  particularly  in  the  principles  of 
religion.— 2.  An  elementary  book  containing 
a  summary  of  principles  in  any  sciencr  or 
art,  but  appropriately  in  religion,  reduced 
to  the  form  of  questions  and  answers,  and 
sometimes  with  notes,  explanations  and 
references  to  authorities.  The  catechism  of 
the  Church  of  England  in  the  first  book  of 
Edward  VI.,  7th  March,  1549,  contained 
merely  the  baptismal  vow,  the  creed,  the 
ten  commandments,  and  the  fiord's  prayer 
with  explanations;  the  part  relative  to  the 
sacraments  being  subjoined  at  the  revision 
of  the  liturgy  during  the  reign  of  James  I 
The  catechism  of  the  Church  of  Scotland  is 
that  agreed  upon  by  the  Assembly  of  Divines 
at  Westminster,  with  the  assistance  of  com- 
missioners from  the  Church  of  Scotland, 
and  approved  of  by  the  General  Assembly 
in  1648.  Luther's  German  catechisms  ap- 
peared in  1529. 

Catechismal  (kat'e-kiz-mal),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  after  the  manner  of  a  catechism;  cate- 
chetical. 

Catechist  ( kat'e-kist),  n.  [Gr.  kaUchisttg. } 
One  who  instructs  viva  voce,  or  by  question 
and  answer;  acatechiser;  specifically,  one 
appointed  by  the  Church  to  instruct  in  the 
principles  of  religion. 

Catechistic,  Catechlstical  (kat-e-kist'ik. 
kat-e-kist'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  a  catechist 
or  catechism.  'Some  of  them  are  in  the 
catechMical  method.'  Burke. 

CatechisticaUy  (kat-e-kist'ik-al-li),  adv.  In 
a  catechistical  manner. 

Catechu  (kat'e-shu),n.  [From Tamil (J)*arti, 
tree,  and  »A«,  juice,  Malay  kaghu.  ]  A  name 
common  to  several  astringent  extracts  pre- 
pared from  the  wood,  bark,  and  fruits  of 
various  plants,  especially  by  decoction  and 
evaporation  from  the  wood  of  Acacia  Cate- 
chu, as  well  as  from  the  seeds  of  the  palm 
Areca  Catechu,  and  from  the  Uncaria  Gam- 
bier.  Catechu  is  one  of  the  best  astringents 
to  be  found  in  the  materia  medica,  and 
likewise  one  of  the  most  common  in  use.  It 
consists  chiefly  of  tannin,  and  is  used  in 
tanning,  in  calico-printing,  die.  Called  also 
dutch. 

Catechuic  (kat-e-shu'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  catechu.— Catechuic  acid.  Same  as  Cate- 
chin. 

Catechumen  (kat-e-ku'men),  n.  [Gr.  kate- 
choumenot,  instructed.  See  CATECHISE.  ] 

1.  One  who  is  under  instruction  in  the  first 
rudiments  of  Christianity;  a  neophyte.    In 
the  primitive  church  catechumens  were  the 
children  of  believing  parents  or  pagans  not 
fully  initiated  in  the  principles  of  the  Chris- 
tian religion.    They  were  admitted  to  this 
state  by  the  imposition  of  hands  and  the 
sign  of  the  cross. 

The  prayers  of  the  church  did  not  begin,  in  St, 
Austin's  time,  till  the  catechumens  were  dismissed. 
Stillingfleet. 

2.  Generally,  one  who  is  beginning  to  acquire 
any  kind  of  doctrines  or  principles. 

The  same  language  is  still  held  to  the  catechumens 
in  Jacobitism.  Bolingtreke. 

Catechtunenate  (kat-e-ku'men-at),  n.  The 
state  or  condition  of  a  catechumen. 

Catechumenical  (kat'e-ku-meu"ik-al),  o. 
Belonging  to  catechumens. 

Catechumenist  t  (kat-e-ku'men-ist),  n.  A 
catechumen.  Bp.  Morton. 

Categorematic(kat'e-gor'e-mat"ik),  a.  [Gr. 
kategorfina,  a  predicate.  See  CATEGORY.) 
Conveying  a  whole  term,  i.e.  either  the  sub- 
ject or  predicate  of  a  proposition,  hi  a  single 
word. 

It  is  not  every  word  that  is  categorematic,  that  is, 
capable  of  being  employed  by  itself  as  a  term. 

Whately. 

Categorematic  (kat'e-gor'e-mat"ik),  n.  In 
logic,  a  term  employed  to  signify  a  word 
which  is  capable  of  being  employed  by  itself 
as  a  term. 

CategorematicaUy  (kat'e-gor'e-mat"ik-al- 
li),  adv.  In  a  categorematic  manner. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ti,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  ley. 


CATEGORICAL 


415 


OATHART1NE 


Categorical  (kat-e-gor'ik-al),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  a  category  or  the  categories.  —  2.  Ab- 
solute ;  positive ;  express ;  not  relative  or 
hypothetical ;  as,  a  categorical  proposition, 
syllogism,  or  answer. 

A  categorical  proposition  is  one  whicli  affirms  «r 
denies  ;t  predicate  of  a  subject,  absolutely  and  with- 
out any  hypothesis.  ini.ttf/y. 

A  catfgoricitt  answer  is  an  express  and  pertinent 
reply  to  a  question  proposed.  Ftrtttin£. 

Categorical  (kat-e-gor'ik-al),  n.  In  logic,  a 
proposition  affirming  a  thing  absolutely  and 
without  any  hypothesis.  Categoricals  are 
subdivided  "into  pure  and  modal.  A  pure 
'•nt'''!orical  asserts  unconditionally  and  un- 
reservedly; as,  I  live;  man  is  mortal.  A 
modal  categorical  asserts  with  a  qualifica- 
tion ;  as,  the  wisest  man  may  poxsilily  he 
mistaken  ;  a  prejudiced  historian  will  pro- 
liably  misrepresent  the  matter. 

Citegorically  (kat-e-gor'ik-al-li),  ado.  In  a 
categorical  manner ;  absolutely ;  directly ; 
expressly;  positively;  as,  to  aitirm  categori- 
nilly. 

Categoricalness(kat-e-gor'ik-al-nes),n.  The 
quality  of  being  categorical,  positive,  or  ab- 
solute. 

Categorize  (kat'e-gor-iz),  ti.t.  To  place  in  a 
category  or  list;  to  class.  [Hare.] 

Category  ( kat'e-gor-i ),  n.  [  Gr.  katfgoria, 
an  accusation,  also  a  class  or  category,  from 
kategvreo,  to  accuse,  show,  demonstrate  — 
kata,  down,  &c.,  and  agoreo,  to  speak  in  an 
assembly,  to  harangue  or  denounce,  from 
ojiora.aforum,  judicial  tribunal,  or  market.] 

1.  In  logicund  philon.  one  of  the  highest  classes 
to  which  objects  of  thought  can  be  referred; 
one  of  the  universal  forms  of  existence; 
predicament.  Aristotle  made  ten  categories, 
viz.  substance,  quantity,  quality,  relation, 
action,  passion,  time,  place,  situation,  and 
possession.     In  the  philosophy  of  Kant  the 
term  categories  is  applied  to  the  primitive 
conceptions  originating  in  the  understand- 
ing independently  of  all  experience  (hence 
called  pure  conceptions)  though  incapable 
of  being  realized  in  thought  except  in  their 
application  to  experience.  These  he  divides 
into  four  classes,  quantity,  quality,  relation, 
and  modality,  placing  under  the  first  class 
the  conceptions  of    unity,  plurality,  and 
totality;  under  the  second,  reality,  negation, 
and  limitation;  under  the  third,  inherence 
and  subsistence,  causality  and  dependence, 
and  community  (mutual  action);  and  under 
the  fourth,  possibility  and  impossibility, 
existence  and  non-existence,  necessity  and 
contingency.    J.  S.  Mill  applies  the  term 
categories  to  the  most  general  heads  under 
whicli  everything  that  may  be  asserted  of 
any  subject  may  be  arranged.    Of  these  he 
makes  flve,  existence, co-existence,  sequence, 
causation,  and  resemblance,  or  considering 
causation  as  a  peculiar  case  of  sequence, 
four. 

The  categories  or  predicaments  .  .  .  were  intended 
by  Aristotle  and  his  followers  as  an  enumeration  of  all 
tilings  capable  of  being  named ;  an  enumeration  by 
the  summa  genera,  i.e.  the  most  extensive  classes 
into  which  things  could  be  distributed.  J  S.  Milt. 

2.  In  a  popular  sense,  class;  order. 

Infinitude  .  .  .  quite  changes  the  nature  of  beings 
and  exalts  them  into  a  different  category.  Cheyne. 

Catel,tn.  [See CATTLE, CHATTEL.]  Property 
of  all  kinds;  chattels;  goods;  valuables. 

His  tithe  paled  he  ful  fayre  and  wel 
Both  of  his  propre  swinke,  and  his  catel. 

Chaucer. 

Catelectrode  (kat-e-lek'trod),  ».  [Gr.  kata, 
down,  and  E.  electrode.  ]  The  name  given  by 
Faraday  to  the  negative  electrode  or  pole 
of  a  voltaic  battery;  the  positive  electrode 
or  pole  being  termed  the  aiielectrode.  See 
ELECTRODE. 

Catena  (ka-te'na),  n.  [L.]  A  chain;  a  series 
of  tilings  connected  with  each  other ;  any 
band  or  tie ;  a  bond  of  union. — Catena  pat- 
rum  (ecclee.),  (a)  a  string  or  series  of  pas- 
sages from  the  writings  of  various  fathers, 
arranged  for  the  elucidation  of  some  por- 
tions of  Scripture,  as  the  psalms  or  gospels. 
The  most  celebrated  is  the  catena  aurea,  a 
commentary  on  the  gospels  extracted  by 
Thomas  Aquinas  from  the  writings  of  the 
fathers.  ( & )  A  continuous  chronological 
series  of  extracts  from  the  writings  of  the 
fathers  to  prove  the  existence  of  a  uniform 
tradition  about  faith  or  morals. 

Catenary,  Catenarian  (kat'e-nar-i,  kat-e- 
na'ri-an),  a.  [  L.  catenarius,  from  catena,  a 
chain.]  Relating  to  a  chain;  like  a  chain.— 
Catenaryor  catenarian  curve, in 0eont.acurve 
formed  by  a  rope  or  chain,  of  uniform  den- 
sity and  thickness,  when  suspended  or  al- 
lowed to  hang  freely  from  two  fixed  points. 


It  is  interesting  on  account  of  the  light  it  ' 
throws  on  the  theory  of  arches,  and  also  by 
reason  of  its  application  to  the  construction  I 
of  suspension  bridges. 

Catenary  (kat'e-nar-i),  a.  A  catenary  curve. 
See  the  adjective. 

Catenate*  (kat'e-nat),  v.t.    [L.  eatr.no,  cat-  I 
enatum,  from  catena,  a  chain.  ]    To  chain  or 
to  connect  in  a  series  of  links  or  ties ;  to 
concatenate.     Bailey, 

Catenatlont  (kat-e-na'shon),  n.  [See  CATK- 
NATE.  ]  Connection  of  links;  union  of  parts, 
as  in  a  chain  ;  regular  connection;  concate- 
nation. 'This  catenation  or  conserving 
union.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Catenipora  (kat-e-nip'6-ra),  n.  [L.  catena, 
a  chain,  and  pora,  a  pore.  ]  Chain-pore  coral, 
a  variety  occurring  fossil  in  palreozoic  strata 
(in  Britain  only  in  the  Silurian),  so  called 
from  the  chain-like  arrangement  of  its  pores 
or  cells  in  polished  specimens.  Called  also 
llalygiteg. 

Catenulate  (ka-ten'u-lat),  a.  [L.  catenula, 
dim.  of  catena,  a  chain.  ]  1.  Consisting  of 
little  links  or  chains. — 2.  In  nat.  hint,  pre- 
senting on  the  surface  a  series  of  oblong 
tubercles  resembling  a  chain. 

Catert  (ka'ter),  n.  [ Abbrev.  from  the  fuller 
form  acater,  acatour,  a  caterer  or  purchaser 
of  provisions,  from  O.Fr.  acateur,  acator,  a 
purchaser,  from  acater,  acapter,  to  buy 
(Mod.  Fr.  acheter),  from  L.  L.  accaptare,  to 
buy  — L.  ad,  to,  and  captare,  intens.  of 
capere,  to  take.]  A  caterer;  a  purveyor. 
'1  am  cook  myself  and  mine  own  cater.' 
Beau.  <t  Fl. 

Cater  (ka'ter),  v.i.  [From  the  obsolete  noun 
cater  (which  see).]  To  buy  or  provide  for 
use,  enjoyment,  or  entertainment ;  to  pur- 
vey, as  food,  provisions,  amusement,  <fcc. : 
followed  by /or. 

And  he  that  doth  the  ravens  feed, 
Yea,  providently  caters  for  the  sparrow. 
Be  comfort  to  my  age.  5A<?<c. 

Cater  (ka'ter),  n.  [Fr.  guatre,  four.]  The 
four  of  cards  or  dice. 

Cater  (ka'ter),  v.t.  To  cut  diagonally.  Ilalli- 
well.  [Provincial  English.] 

Cateran  (kat'er-an),  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  ceath- 
aniach,  a  soldier.]  1.  A  kern;  a  Highland 
or  Irish  irregular  soldier. — 2.  A  Highland 
freebooter  or  riever.  [Scotch.] 

Cater-cornered  (ka'ter-kor'nerd),  a.  [Fr. 
iiuatre,  four.]  Diagonal.  [Provincial  Eng- 
lish and  United  States.) 

Cater-COUSint  (ka'ter-kuz-n),  n.  A  quatre- 
cousin;  a  remote  relation.  Shak. 

Caterer(ka'ter-er),  n.  [Lengthened  form 
of  obs.  cater,  a  purchaser  or  caterer.  See 
CATER,  n.  ]  A  provider  or  purveyor  of  pro- 
visions; one  who  provides  for  any  want  or 
desire. 

Let  the  caterer  mind  the  taste  of  each  guest. 

Cateress  (ka'ter-es),  n.  A  woman  who 
caters;  a  female  provider. 

She,  good  Cateress, 
Means  her  provision  only  to  the  good.        Milton. 

Caterpillar  (kat'er-pil-ler),  n.    [O.K.  catyr- 
i    pel,  a  word  of  doubtful  etymology.    By  some 
it   is  derived    from  O.Fr.   chatepeleuse,   a 
caterpillar,  a  weevil,  lit.  hairy  she-cat,  but 
this  seems  questionable.     The  first  part  of 
I    the  word  doubtless  means  cat  (comp.  cater- 
waul}; perhaps  the  second  part  is  to  be  re- 
ferred to  W.  pilai,  a  moth  or  butterfly.  ] 

1.  Properly,  the  larva  of  the  lepidopterous 
insects;  but  also  applied  to  the  larvie  of 
other  insects,  such  as  the  Tenthredo  or  saw- 
fly.    Caterpillars  are  produced  immediately 
from  the  egg;  they  are  furnished  with  three 
pairs  of  true  feet,  and  a  number  of  fleshy 
abdominal  legs  named  pro-legs,  and  have  the 
shape  and  appearance  of  a  worm.  They  con- 
tain the  embryo  of  the  perfect  insect  inclosed 
within  a  muscularenvelope,  which  is  thrown 
off  when  the  insect  enters  the  nymph  or 
chrysalis  state,  in  which  it  remains  for  some 
time  as  if  inanimate.    It  then  throws  off  its 
last  envelope  and  emerges  an  imago  or  per- 
fect insect.    Caterpillars  generally  feed  on 
leaves    or   succulent  vegetables,  and    are 
sometimes  very  destructive.    See  LARVA.— 

2.  The  popular  name  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Scorpiurus. 

Caterpillar -eater  (kat"er-pil-ler-et'er),  n. 
1.  A  name  given  to  the  larva;  of  certain  ich- 
neumon flies,  from  their  being  bred  in  the 
body  of  caterpillars,  eating  their  way  out.  — 
2  A  bird  of  the  shrike  family  which  lives 
on  caterpillars.  Called  also  Caterpillar- 
catcher. 

Caterwaul  (kat'er-wal),  D.I.  (From  eat,  and 
I  waul,  in  imitation  of  the  sound  made  by  a  cat; 


i '  i:  nttcrmawt.]  To  cry  a»  cats  under  the 
influence  of  the  seximl  instinct:  tn  make  a 

disM-.T' -culilr  li.ivvlin-  ,,r  M-mvlimu 

The  very  cats  c,,tei-tL>.iitle,i  more  hornt.ly  and  per- 
y  tlicrc  ili.ni  1  ever  heard  cUt" 

-   Kfi'f. 

[Satiupnt  DM  tin-  verbal  mum  Caterwaul- 
iwj.} 

Catery  t  ( ka '  t«-r  i ),  n.  [See  CATE,  CATER  l 
The  place  where  provisions  are  deposited. 

Cat-eyed  (kat'id),a.  Having  eyes  like  a 
cat;  hence,  seeing  well  in  the  dark. 

Cat-fall  (kal'fal),  n.  Haul,  the  rope  that 
forms  the  tackle  for  heaving  up  the  anchor 
from  the  water's  edge  to  the  how 

Cat-fish  (kat'tish),  n.  1.  A  remarkably 
voracious  teleostean  fish,  the  AHarrltirhut 
lupus,  belonging  to  the  family  of  Gobies, 
known  also  as  the  Wolf -fish  (which  see).— 
2.  The  name  common  to  several  Xorth  Ame- 
rican fish  of  the  genus  1'imelodiis.  /'.  cu- 
tns  (the  common  cat-fish)  is  known  also  as 
the  Horned  1'out  and  Hull-head. 

Cat-footed  (kat'fut-ed),  a.  Noiseless;  quiet, 
stealthy. 

I  stole  from  court 

With  Cyril  and  with  Florian,  unpcrceived. 
Cat-footed  thro'  the  town.  Tennyson. 

Cat-gold  (kat'g61d),  n.  A  variety  of  mica  of 
a  yellowish  colour ;  sometimes  applied  to 
iron  pyrites. 

Catgut  (kat'gut),  n.  [This  name  is  an  entire 
misnomer,  as  catgut  does  not  seem  to  have 
ever  been  prepared  from  cats'  intestines) 
1.  The  intestines  of  sheep  (sometimes  of  the 
horse,  the  ass. or  the  mule), dried  and  twisted, 
used  for  strings  of  musical  instruments,  and 
for  other  purposes. — 2.  A  sort  of  linen  or 
canvas  with  wide  interstices. 

Catgut-scraper  (kat'gut-8'..rap-er),  n.  A 
derisive  name  for  a  violinist;  a  fiddler. 

Catha(kath'a),7i.  [Ar.  kat.lthat.]  Agennsof 
plants  belonging  to  the  nat.  order  Celas- 
tracea:,  mostly  natives  of  Africa.  The  most 
interesting  species  of  the  genus  is  C.  editlin, 
cultivated  by  the  Arabs,  and  known  as  khat 
or  cafta.  It  is  a  shrub  without  spines,  grow- 
ing about  10  feet  in  height,  with  smooth 
leaves  of  an  elliptical  form  about  2  inches 
in  length  by  1  inch  in  width.  The  leaves 
and  twigs  are  used  in  the  preparation  of  a 
beverage  possessing  properties  analogous  to 
those  of  tea  and  coffee.  The  use  of  khat  is 
of  great  antiquity,  having  preceded  that  of 
coffee,  and  it  forms  a  considerable  article  of 
commerce  amongst  the  Arabs. 

Cathari  (kath'a-ri),  71.  pi.  [L.,  from  Or. 
*-a<A<iros,pure.]  Catharists.  SeeCATHARiST. 

Catharist  (kath'a-rist),  n.  [Gr.  katharos. 
pure.)  One  who  pretends  to  more  purity 
than  others  possess;  a  puritan.  This  term 
was  specifically  applied  to,  or  used  by, 
several  bodies  of  sectaries  at  various  periods; 
such  as  the  Paulicians  in  the  seventh  cen- 
tury; the  Anti-Catholic  sects  in  the  south 
of  France  and  Piedmont  of  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury; the  Montanists,  the  Novatians,  Ac. 

Catharma  (ka-thar'ma),  n.  [L.;  Gr.  ka- 
tharma.  ]  In  wed.  an  excrement;  anything 
purged  from  the  body  naturally  or  by  art. 

Cat-harpin,  Cat-harping  (kat'harp-in. 

kat' harp -ing),  n.  One  of  the  ropes  (now 
iron  cramps)  serving  to  brace  in  the  shrouds 
of  the  lower  masts  behind  their  respective 
yards,  to  tighten  the  shrouds  and  give  more 
room  to  draw  in  the  yards  when  the  ship  is 
close-hauled. 

Catharsls(ka-thar'sis),>».  [Gr.  SeeCATHAR- 
TIC.)  In  inert,  a  natural  or  artificial  purga- 
tion of  any  passage;  evacuation. 

Cathartes  (ka-thiir'tez),  n.  [Gr.  katJiartfs, 
a  cleanser  or  scavenger.  ]  A  genus  of  the 
vulture  family,  containing  the  turkey-buz- 
zard and  other  species  of  American  vultures. 
Owing  to  their  great  use  from  their  living 
on  carrion,  the  species  are  often  protected 
as  public  scavengers. 

Cathartic,  Cathartical  (ka-thai-'tik,  ka- 
thar'tik-al),  a.  [Gr.  Itathartilaa,  from  ka- 
thairo,  to  purge,  fcatharox,  clean— kata,  and 
airo,  to  remove.)  Purgative;  cleansing  the 
bowels.  'Cathartic  substances.'  Pereira. 

Cathartic  (ka-thar'tik),  n.  A  medicine  that 
promotes  alvine  discharges  and  thuscleanses 
the  stomach  and  bowels;  a  purge;  a  purga- 
tive. 

Cathartically  ( ka-thaYtlk-al-11 ),  adv.  In 
the  manner  of  a  cathartic. 

Catharticalness  (ka-tlmrtik-al-nes),!!.  The 
quality  of  promoting  discharges  from  the 
bowels. 

Cathartine  (ka-thar'tin),  n.  [See  CATHAR- 
TIC, n. )  A  chemical  substance  obtained 
from  the  leaves  of  Caxsia  Senna  and  C. 
lanceulata.  It  is  the  purgative  principle  of 


ch,  cAain;     ch,  Sc.  locA;     g,  go;     i.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  *ing;     TH,  iAen;  th,  rtin;     w,  trig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KKT. 


CAT-HEAD 


416 


CATKIN 


senna,  ami  has  u  bitter,  nauseous  taste.  It 
is  a  brownish  yellow,  uncrystallizable,  dia- 
phanous mass.  Also  called  Cathartina. 

Cat-head  (kat'hed),  n.  1.  A  strung  beam 
projecting  horizontally  over  a  ship's  bows, 
carrying  two  or  three  sheaves,  about  which 
a  rope  called  the  cat-fall  communicating 
with  the  cat-block  passes. —  2.  A  kind  of 
nodule  containing  a  fossil.  'The  nodules 
with  leaves  in  them  called  cat-heads.'  Wood- 
ward.— 3.  In  mining,  a  small  capstan. 

Cat-head  Stopper,  Cat-stopper  (kat'hed 
stop-er,  kat'stop-er),  n.  A'aitt.  a  piece  of 
rope  or  chain  rove  through  the  ring  of  an 
anchor,  for  hanging  it  to  the  cat-head  by, 
previously  to  casting  anchor. 

Cathedra  (ka-thed'ra),».  [See CATHEDRAL.] 
1.  The  throne  or  seat  of  a  bishop  in  the  ca- 
thedral or  episcopal  church  of  his  diocese. 


Cathedra  at  Torcello. 

The  bishop's  throne  or  cathedra  was  for- 
merly generally  situated  at  the  east  end  of 
the  apse,  anil  was  often  approached  by  a 
flight  of  steps,  but  it  is  now  placed  on  one 
side  of  the  choir,  usually  the  south  side. 
That  of  St.  Peter's  at  Rome  is  especially 
honoured  as  having  been  the  chair  of  St. 
Peter.  It  is  now  inclosed  in  a  bronze  cover- 
ing.— 2.  The  professional  chair  of  any  one 
entitled  to  teach  with  authority,  as  a  pro- 
fessor's chair.  Hence  the  phrase  ex  cathe- 
dra; as,  speaking  ex  cathedra,  speaking  with 
authority. 

Cathedral  (ka-the'dral),  n.  [L.  cathedra, 
(ir.  kathedra,  a  chair  or  seat  —  kata,  down, 
and  hedra,  a  seat.  ]  The  principal  church  in  a 
diocese,  that  which  is  specially  the  church 
of  the  bishop:  so  called  from  possessing  the 
episcopal  chair  called  cathedra.  The  cathe- 
dral establishments  in  England  regularly 


Plan  of  Wells  Cathedral. 

A,  Apse  or  apsis.  B,  Altar,  altar-platform,  and  altar- 
steps.  D  E,  Eastern  or  lesser  transept.  F  G,  West- 
ern or  greater  transept.  H,  Central  tower.  I  J, 
Western  towers.  K,  North  porch.  L,  Library  or 
register.  M,  Principal  or  western  doorway.  N  N', 
Western  side-doors.  O,  Cloister -yard  or  earth 
PQ.  North  and  south  aisles  of  choir.  R  S,  East 
and  west  aisles  of  transept.  T  U.  North  and  south 
aisles  of  nave.  R  R,  Chapels.  V,  Rood-screen  or 
organ-loft,  w,  Altar  of  Lady  Chapel. 

consist  of  a  dean  and  chapter,  presided  over 
by  the  bishop,  and  forming  the  governing 
body,  the  chapter  being  composed  of  a  cer- 


tain  number  of  canons.  The  dean  and  chap- 
ter meet  in  the  chapter-house  of  the  cathe- 
dral; in  them  the  property  of  the  cathedral 
is  vested,  and  they  nominally  elect  the 
bishop  on  a  conge  d'elire  from  the  crown. 
Many  cathedrals  furnish  the  most  magnifi- 
cent examples  of  the  architecture  of  the 
middle  ages.  Those  in  England  are  almost 
all  in  the  Gothic  style,  cruciform  in  arrange- 
ment, and  having  connected  with  them  a 
chapter-house,  side-chapels,  cloisters,  crypt, 
te.  The  adjoining  cut  shows  the  arrange- 
ment of  these  parts  in  Wells  Cathedral,  one 
of  the  most  beautiful,  though  not  one  of  the 
largest,  of  the  English  cathedrals. 
Cathedral  (ka-the'dral),  «  1  Pertaining  to 
the  church  which  is  the  bishop's  seat,  or  head 
church  of  a  diocese;  as,  a  cathedral |  church; 
cathedral  service. —Cathedral  music,  music 
which  has  been  composed  to  suit  the  form 
of  service  used  in  cathedrals.  — 2.  Resem- 
bling a  cathedral,  or  what  belongs  to  a  ca- 
thedral; as,  cathedral  walks.  'HugecoMe- 
dral  fronts. '  Tennyson. —3.  Emanating  from, 
or  relating  to,  a  chair  of  oince;  hence,  hav- 
ing or  displaying  authority;  authoritative. 

Their  personal  errours  are  drowned  in  their  cathe- 
dral abilities,  which  can  neither  do,  nor  ought  to 
receive  wrong.  Waterhouse. 

Hood  an  ass  in  rev'rend  purple, 
So  you  can  hide  his  two  ambitious  ears, 
And  he  shall  pass  for  a  cathedral  doctor. 

K.  ymtm. 

Cathedratedt  (kath'e-drat-ed),  a.  Relating 
to  the  authority  or  the  chair  or  office  of  a 
teacher.  'With  the  cathedrated  authority 
of  a  pnelectoror  publick  reader.'  Whitlock. 

Cathedratlo  (kath-e-drat'ik),  a.  Issued  ex 
cathedra,  or  as  if  with  high  authority. 
[Rare.] 

There  is  the  prestige  of  antiquity  which  adds  the 
authority  of  venerabiuty  to  cathedratic  precepts. 
Frastr  s  Afctf. 

Catheretlc  (kath-e-ret'ik),  a.  [Gr.  kathair- 
etikog,  tit  for  putting  down  —  kata,  down, 
and  haireo,  to  seize,  to  take.)  In  med.  a 
mild  caustic  substance  used  to  eat  down 
warts,  exuberant  granulation,  &c.  Diuigli- 
son. 

Catherine-pear(kath'er-in-par),n.  A  small 
sort  of  pear. 

Catherine-wheel  (kath'er-in-whel),  n.  1.  A 
sort  of  firework  constructed  in  the  form  of 
a  wheel,  which  rotates  as  the  fire  issues  from 
the  aperture. —  2.  In  arch,  a  window,  or 
compartment  of  a  window,  of  a  circular 
form,  with  radiating  divisions  or  spokes. 
See  ROSE- WINDOW. 

Catheter  (kath'e-ter),  ».  [Gr.  katheter,  from 
kathiemi,  to  thrust  in  —  kata,  down,  and 
hiemi,  to  send.  ]  In  sitrg.  a  tubular  instru- 
ment, usually  made  of  silver,  to  lie  intro- 
duced through  the  urethra  into  the  bladder 
to  draw  off  the  urine  when  the  natural  dis- 
charge is  arrested;  also,  a  sound  to  search 
for  stone  in  the  bladder,  or  a  bougie  made  of 
silver  or  india-rubber.  —Xasal  catlieter,  an 
instrument  for  catheterizing  the  lachrymal 
canal  through  the  nose.  DungUtm. 

Catheterlsm  (kath'e-ter-izm),  n.  In  merf. 
(a)  the  act  of  operating  ou  with  a  catheter, 
(ft)  The  act  of  probing  a  wound,  ulcer,  and 
the  like. 

Catheterize  (kath'e-ter-iz),  v.t.  To  operate 
on  with  a  catheter. 

Cathetometer  (kath-e-tom'et-er),  ».  [Gr. 
kathetvn,  a  perpendicular  line,  and  metron, 
measure.]  An  instrument  for  measuring 
small  differences  of  level  between  two 
points.  It  consists,  in  its  simplest  form, 
of  a  vertical  graduated  rod,  upon  which 
slides  a  horizontal  telescope.  With  the 
telescope  the  observer  sights  the  two  objects 
under  examination,  and  the  distance  on  the 
graduated  rod  moved  over  by  the  telescope 
is  the  measure  of  the  distance  of  height 
between  the  two  objects. 

Cathetus  (kath'e-tus),  n.  [Gr.  kathetos, 
a  perpendicular  line.]  l.t  In  ijeom.  a  line 
falling  perpendicularly  on  another  line  or 
a  surface,  as  the  two  sides  of  a  right-angled 
triangle.  —  2.  In  arch,  (o)  a  perpendicular 
line  supposed  to  pass  through  the  middle 
of  a  cylindrical  body.  (6)  The  axis  or 
middle  line  of  the  Ionic  volute 

Cathode  (kath'od),  n.  [Gr.  kata,  down,  and 
hiKlus.H  way.  ]  The  negative  pole  of  an  electric 
current,  or  that  by  which  the  current  leaves: 
opposed  to  anode,  the  way  by  which  elec- 
tricity enters  substances  through  which  it 
passes. 

Cat-hole  (kafhol),  n.  Navt.  one  of  two  small 
holes  astern  above  the  gun-room  ports 

Catholic  (kath'o-lik),  a.  [Gr.  katholikos- 
iota.down,  throughout,and/io(o»,  thewhole; 


L.  catholicus,  Fr.  eaOuliqtu.  ]  1.  Universal  or 
general;  embracing  all;  wide-extending;  as, 
the  catholic  church;  the  catholic  faith. 
'Matter,  moved  either  uncertainly,  or  ac- 
cording to  some  catholic  laws.'  Kay.— 

2.  Not  narrow-minded,  partial,  or  bigoted- 
free  from  prejudice;  liberal;  as,  a  catholic 
man;  catholic  principles;  catholic  tastes. 

With  these  exceptions  I  can  read  almost  any- 
thing. I  bless  my  stars  for  a  taste  so  catholic,  so 
unexcludlng.  Lamb. 

3.  Pertaining  to  or  affecting  the  Roman 
Catholics ;    as,    Catholic    emancipation.  — 
Catholic  church,  (a)  the  universal  Christian 
church,   the  representative  of  the  church 
founded  by  Christ  and  his  apostles;   the 
whole  body  of  true    believers   in  Christ, 
(ft)  The  designation  which  Roman  Catho- 
lics claim  for  the  Church  of  Rome.  —  Ca- 
tholic  epistles,  the  epistles  of  the  apostles 
which  are  addressed  to  all  the  faithful,  and 
not  to  a  particular  church  ;   the  epistles 
general.  —  Catholic  creditor,  in  Scott  law,  a 
creditor  whose  debt  is  secured  over  several 
subjects,  or  over  the  whole  subjects  belong- 
ing to  his  debtor. 

Catholic  (kath'o-lik),  n.  1.  A  member  of  the 
universal  Christian  church.  — 2.  A  member 
of  the  Church  of  Rome ;  a  Roman  Catholic. 

Catholicalt  (ka-thol'ik-al),  a.  Universal ; 
general ;  catholic. 

Catholicism  (ka-thol'i.sizm),)!.  1.  The  state 
of  being  catholic  or  universal;  specifically, 
the  state  of  belonging  to  the-  catholic  or 
universal  church.  'Not  an  infallible  testi- 
mony of  the  Catholicism  of  the  doctrine.' 
Jer.  Taylor.  —  2.  Catholicity  or  liberality  of 
sentiments.  [Catholicity  is  now  generally 
or  always  used  for  this  word  in  the  above 
two  senses.]— 3.  Adherence  to  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church;  the  Roman  Catholic  faith; 
as,  a  convert  to  Catholicism. 

Catholicity  (kath-o-lis'i-ti),«.  l.Thestateor 
quality  of  being  catholic  or  universal;  cath- 
olic character  or  position;  universality;  as, 
the  catholicity  of  a  doctrine  of  the  Chris- 
tian church.  'An  appeal  to  the  catholicity 
of  the  church  in  proof  that  its  doctrines  are 
true.'  J.  U.  Newman. 


The  wide  range  of  support  given  to  the  institution 
'  only  corre: . 

tttivsfaftr. 


(Edinburgh  infirmary) 

licity  of  tne  charity  it  dispenses 


esponds  to  the  catlio- 


2.  The  quality  of  being  catholic  or  liberal- 
minded;  the  quality  of  being  free  from  pre- 
judice or  narrow-mindedness;  as,  the  catho- 
licity of  one's  tastes  for  literature. 

Catholicize  (ka-thol'i-siz),  v.i.  To  become 
a  Catholic.  [Rare.] 

Cathollcly  (kath'o-lik-li),  adv.  In  a  catho- 
lic manner ;  universally ;  generally.  [Rare  ] 

That  marriage  is  indissoluble  U  not  catlwlicly  true. 
Milton. 

Cathollcness  (kath'o-lik-nes),  ».  Universa- 
lity; catholicity. 

Cathpllcont  (ka-thol'i-kon),  n.  [Gr.  katholi- 
kon  i'ai«a,  universal  remedy.]  A  remedy  for 
all  diseases;  a  universal  remedy;  a  panacea; 
a  kind  of  soft  purgative  electuary  so  called. 
'This  is  indeed  a  catholicon  against  all.' 
Dr.  U.  More. 

Catholicos  (ka-thol'i-kos),  n.    The  spiritual 
head  of  the  Armenian  Church,  who  ordains 
bishops,  and  consecrates  the  sacred  oil  used 
in  religious  ceremonies. 
Cat-hook  (kafhok),  n.   Xaut.  a  strong  hook 
fitted  to  the  cat-block. 
Catillnarian  (kat'i-li-na"ri-an),  a.    Pertain- 
ing to  Catiline  the  Roman,  who  conspired 
against  his  country. 

Catillnarian  (kat'i-li-na"ri-an), «.  One  who 
resembles  Catiline. 

Catilinism  (kat'i-lin-izm),  ».  The  practices 
or  principles  of  Catiline  the  Roman  con- 
spirator; conspiracy. 

Cation  (kat'i-on),  71.  [Gr.  kata,  down,  and 
ion,  going.  ]  The  term  applied  by  Faraday 
to  the  element  or  elements  of  an  electrolyte 
which  in  electro- che- 
mical decompositions 
appear  at  the  negative 
pole  or  cathode.  See 
ION. 

Catkin  (kafkin),  n.  [A 
dim.  of  cat,  from  its 
resemblance  to  a  cat's 
tail.]  In  bat.  a  scaly 
spike,  the  flowers  of 
which  are  incomplete, 
and  the  inflorescence 
falling  off  in  a  single  piece  after  flowering 
or  ripening,  as  in  the  flowers  of  the  willow 
and  birch;  an  amentum.  See  INFLORES- 
CENCE. 


Hazel  Catkin. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ti,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CATLIKE 


417 


CAUFLE 


Catlike  (kat'lik).  a.  Like  a  cat;  vigilant; 
watchful  ;  stealthy. 

A  licnioss,  with  millers  all  ilr.uvn  dry, 
l^ay  couching,  head  on  ground,  with  catlike  watch. 

Slink. 

Catling  (kat'ling),  n.  1.  A  little  cat;  a 
kitten.  '  For  never  cat  nor  catling  1  shall 
Hud.'  Uriiniiiiimit.—Z.  Catgut;  the  string 
of  a  lute,  violin,  ifcc. 

What  music  there  will  be  in  him  when  Hector  h.is 
knocked  out  his  brains  !  know  not;  but  I  am  MIK- 
nolle,  unless  the  fiddler  A]K>l!o  get  his  sinews  to  make 
cittliiips  on.  Shak. 

:{.  The  down  or  moss  growing  about  certain 
liven  resembling  the  hair  of  a  cat.  llarru. 
4  A  dismembering  knife  used  by  surgeons. 


. 

Catllnlte  (kat'li-nit),  n.  [After  George 
Catlin,  an  American  traveller.]  A  red  clay- 
stone  which  the  American  Indians  value 
highly  fur  making  pipes.  It  is  allied  to 
agalmatolite. 

Catmint  (kat'mlnt),  ».  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Nepeta,  the  A'.  Cataria.  It  resembles  mint. 
has  a  strong  taste,  and  is  occasionally  used 
as  a  condiment  :  so  called  because  cats  are 
said  to  lie  fond  of  it. 

Catnip  (kat'nip).  n.    Same  as  Catmint. 

Catoblepas  (ka-tob'le-pas).  n.  [Gr.  kat<~>, 
downwards,  and  blcpa,  to  look.)  A  genus 
of  ruminating  quadrupeds,  with  a  large 
soft  muzzle,  and  horns  bent  down  and 
aiiiin  turned  up.  It  belongs  to  the  ante- 
lope family,  and  contains  the  gnu  of  South 
Africa.  See  Gxu. 

Catocathartic  (kat'6-ka-thar"tik),  n.  [Gr. 
tcato,  downwards,  and  Icatliartikos,  purging.] 
A  medicine  that  purges  dowuwards,  or  that 
produces  alvine  discharges. 

Catodon  (kat'6-don),  n.  [Gr.  kata,  below, 
and  odtius,  odontos,  a  tooth.]  A  genus  of 
whales,  including  the  sperm-whale  (C.  or 
Physeter  macrocephalus),  and  type  of  the 
family  Catodontidre.  It  has  this  name  from 
the  fact  of  its  having  teeth  in  the  lower 
jaw.  See  CACHALOT. 

Catqdontidae  (  kat  -  6  -  don  '  ti  -  de  ),  n.  pi.  A 
family  of  whales,  the  typical  genus  of  which 
is  Catodon,  distinguished  from  the  Balien- 
idsc  by  having  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw.  The 
most  remarkable  member  is  the  sperm-  whale 
or  cachalot. 

Catonlan  (ka-to'ni-an),  a.  Pertaining 
to  or  resembling  either  of  the  Romans, 
Cato  the  censor  or  Cato  Uticensis,  both  re- 
markable for  severity  of  manners  ;  grave  ; 
severe  ;  inflexible. 

Cat-o'-nlue-talls  (kat-o-nin'talz),  n.  An 
instrument  of  punishment,  generally  con- 
sisting of  nine  pieces  of  knotted  line  or  cord 
fastened  to  a  handle,  used  to  flog  offenders 
on  the  bare  back. 

Catopsis  (ka-top'sis),  «.  [Gr.  kata,  down  : 
used  intensively;  and  opsis,  the  sight.]  A 
morbid  quickness  of  vision. 

Catopter,  Catoptron  (ka-top'ter,  ka-top'- 
tron),  ».  [Gr.  katoptron.  See  CATOPTRICS.] 
A  reflecting  optical  glass  or  instrument  ;  a 
mirror. 

Catoptric  (ka-top'trik),  a.  [See  CATOPTRICS.  ] 
Relating  to  that  branch  of  optics  called 
catoptrics  ;  pertaining  to  incident  and  re- 
flected light.  —  Catoptric  dial,  a  kind  of  dial 
that  shows  the  hours  by  means  of  a  piece  of 
mirror  plate  adjusted  to  reflect  the  solar  rays 
upwards  to  the  ceiling  of  a  room  on  which 
the  hour  lines  are  delineated.  —  Catoptric 
telescope,  a  telescope  that  exhibits  objects 
by  reflection  :  more  commonly  called  a  Re- 
flecting Telescope. 

Catoptrical  (ka-top'trik-al),  a.  Same  as 
Catoptric. 

Catoptrics  (ka-  top'  triks),  n.  [Gr.  katop- 
trikos,  from  katoptron,  a  mirror  —  kata, 
against,  and  optomai,  to  see.]  That  branch 
of  the  science  of  optics  which  explains  the 
properties  of  Incident  and  reflected  light, 
and  particularly  that  which  is  reflected  from 
mirrors  or  polished  bodies.  The  whole  doc- 
trine of  catoptrics  is  founded  on  this  simple 
principle  that  the  angle  of  incidence  is  equal 
to  the  angle  of  reflection. 

Catoptromancy  (ka-top'tro-man-si),  n.  [Gr. 
imtoptromanteia  -katoptron,  a  mirror,  and 
nianteia,  divination.]  A  species  of  divina- 
tion among  the  ancients,  which  was  per- 
formed by  letting  down  a  mirror  into  water 
for  a  sick  pel-son  to  look  at  his  face  in  it. 
if  his  countenance  appeared  distorted  and 
uhastly  it  was  an  ill  omen;  if  fresh  and 
healthy  it  was  favourable. 

Cat-pipe  (kat'pip),  it.     Same  as  Catcall. 

Cat-rope  (katrop),  it.  Naut.  a  rope  that 
hauls  up  the  anchor  of  a  ship  from  the 
water's  edge  to  the  cat-head. 


Cat-salt  (kat'salt).  n.  A  sort  of  salt  beauti- 
fully granulated,  formed  out  of  the  bittern 
or  luach-brine,  used  for  making  hard  soap. 

Cat's-cradle  (kats'kra-dl),  n.  (Corruption 
for  cratch-cradle,  in  which  the  infant  Saviour 
waa  laid.  See  CKATCH.)  A  child's  gamr.  in 
which  one  player  stretches  a  looped  cord 
between  the  lingers  of  both  hands  in  a  sym- 
metrical figure,  and  the  other  player  has  to 
put  in  his  fingers  and  remove  it  in  such  a 
way  as  to  produce  a  different  figure. 

Cat's-ear  (kats'er),  ».  A  plant  of  the  genus 
Hypochceris. 

Cat's-eye  (kats'i),  n.  A  variety  of  quartz, 
very  hard  and  semitransparent,  and  from 
certain  points  exhibiting  a  yellowish  opal- 
escent radiation  or  chatoyant  appearance 
somewhat  resembling  a  cat's  eye.  Called 
also  Snnstone. 

Cat's-foot  (kats'fut),  »t.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  ground-ivy  or  gill 

Cat's-head  (kats'hed),  n.  A  large  kind  of 
apple. 

Cat- silver  (kat'sil-ver),  «.  A  mineral,  a 
species  of  mica.  See  MICA. 

Cat's-milk  (kats'milk),  n.  A  plant,  the 
Euphorbia,  helioscopia.  Called  also  Sun- 
spurge  and  Wartwort. 

Catsb  t  (kat'so),  n.  [An  English  spelling 
of  It.  cazzo.  ]  A  rogue ;  a  cheat ;  a  base 
fellow.  B.  Jonson. 

Cat'S-paw  (kats'pa),  n.  1.  A'o«(.  (a)  a  light 
air  perceived  in  a  calm  by  a  rippling  of  the 
surface  of  the  water,  (d)  A  particular  turn  in 
the  bight  of  a  rope  made  to  hook  a  tackle  on. 
2.  Adupe;  the  instrument  which  anotheruses 
to  accomplish  his  designs ;  a  dupe  used  by 
another  to  serve  his  own  purposes  and  to 
screen  himself.  This  application  of  the  term 
is  derived  from  the  story  of  the  monkey 
which,  to  save  its  own  paw,  used  the  paw 
of  the  cat  to  draw  the  roasting  chestnuts 
out  of  the  fire. 

They  took  the  enterprise  upon  themselves,  and 
made  themselves  the  people's  cat's-faiu.  But  now  the 
chestnut  is  taken  from  the  embers,  and  the  monkey 
is  coming  for  the  benefit  of  the  cat's  subserviency. 
Times  nnvsfaper. 

Cat's-purr  (kats'pur),  n.  In  med.  a  charac- 
teristic sound  in  the  chest  as  heard  by  the 
stethoscope. 

Cat-squirrel  (kat'skwir-rel),  n.  A  kind  of 
gray  American  squirrel  (Sciurns  cinereue). 

Cat's-tail  (kats'tal),  n.    See  CAT-TAIL. 

Cat'S-tail  Grass  (kats'tal  gras),  n.  The 
common  name  of  the  grasses  belonging  to  the 
genus  Phleum  because  of  their  dense  spikes 
of  flowers.  See  PHLEUM. 

Cat-stane  (kat'stan),  ?t.  [W.  cad,  Gael,  cath, 
a  battle,  and  Sc.  tttane,  a  stone.]  A  conical 
cairn  or  monolith  found  in  various  parts  of 
Scotland,  and  supposed  to  mark  the  locality 
of  a  battle. 

Cat-stick  (kat'stik),  n.  A  stick  or  bat  em- 
ployed in  playing  tip-cat.  Taller. 

Cat-stopper,  n.    See  CATHEAD-STOPPER. 

Catsup,  n.    See  CATCHUP,  KETCHUP. 

Cat-tail  (kat'tal),  n.  1.  A  name  given  to  the 
two  British  species  of  the  genus  Typha,  T. 
latifolitt  and  T.  angustifvlia,  tall  reed-like 
aquatic  plants,  often  popularly  called  Bul- 
rush and  also  Reed-mace.— 2.  Same  as  CaCs- 
tail  Grass.— 3.  A  catkin.  See  CATKIN. 

Cattish  (kat'ish),  a.  Relating  or  pertaining 
to  a  cat;  resembling  a  cat;  feline.  'The 
cattish  race.'  Drummond. 

Cattle  (kat'l),  7t.  pi.  [In  O.E.  catel  means 
goods  as  well  as  cattle,  the  0.  Fr.  catel,  chatel 
meaning  property  in  general,  from  L.  L.  capi- 
tale,  captale,  property,  goods,  capital,  from 
L.  capitalis,  relating  to  the  head,  chief,  from 
caput,  the  head,  cattle,  in  ancient  times 
constituting  the  chief  part  of  a  man's  pro- 
perty. See  CHATTEL,  CAPITAL.)  1.  A  term 
applied  collectively  to  the  larger  domestic 
quadrupeds,  or  such  as  serve  for  tillage  or 
other  labour,  and  for  food  to  man.  It  may 
include  camels,  horses,  asses,  all  the  varie- 
ties of  domesticated  horned  beasts  or  the 
bovine  genus,  sheep  of  all  kinds,  goats,  and 
perhaps  swine.  In  this  general  sense  it  is 
used  in  the  Scriptures.  In  common  usage, 
however,  the  word  is  restricted  to  domestic 
beasts  of  the  cow  kind.  In  the  language  of 
the  stable  it  means  horses.— 2.  In  contempt 
or  ridicule,  human  beings  are  called  cattle. 

Boys  and  women  are  for  the  most  part  cattle  of  this 
colour.  Shak. 

Cattle- guard  (kat'1-gard),  n.  A  ditch 
alongside  a  public  road,  and  crossingbeneath 
a  railway,  to  prevent  the  straying  of  cattle 
on  to  the  line.  E.  H  Knight. 

Cattle-pen  (kat'1-pen),  71.    A  pen  for  cattle. 

Among  so  many  hundreds  whom  the  launched 
arrest  hits,  who  are  rolled  off  to  Town-hall  or  Sec- 


tion-hall, to  preliminary  houses  of  Detention,  and 

hurled  in  thither  as  \nlttfaHU-fens,  w 

one  other:  Baron  de  Beaiimarch.iis,  author  of/  . 

Carfyle. 

Cattle-plague  (kat'l  I.IM^).  •«.  A  vhniently 
i -nntai: mil*  ihsras,-  all r<  ting  cattle;  rinder- 
pest (which  see). 

Cattle-range  (kat'1-ranj),  71.  An  open  space 
throng!)  which  cattle  may  range,  llartlctt 
[United  state-  ] 

Cattle -run  (kat'l-nm),  n.  An  American 
ami  colonial  name  for  a  wide  extent  of 
gra/ing  ground. 

Cattle-Show  (kat'1-sho),  n.  An  exhibition 
of  domestic  animals  for  prizes  with  a  view 
to  the  encouragement  of  agriculture. 

Catty  (kat'i),  n.     A  Chinese  weight  of  1J  H). 

Caucasian  (ka-ka'/i-an  or  ka  ka'/bi-an),  a. 
Pertaining  to  .Mount  Caucasus  in  Asia ; 
specifically,  a  term  appellative  of  one  of  the 
races  into  which  Blumenbach  divided  the 
human  family.  See  the  noun. 

Caucasian  (ka-ka'zi-an  or  ka-ka'zhi-an),  n. 
In  Bluinenbach's  ethnological  system  the 
highest  type  of  the  human  family,  including 
nearly  all  Europeans,  the  Circassians,  Arme- 
nians, Persians,  Indians,  Jews,  Ac.  He  gave 
this  name  to  the  race  because  he  regarded 
a  skull  he  had  got  from  Caucasus  aa  the 
standard  of  the  human  type. 

Caucus  (ka'kns),  71.  [American.]  A  private 
meeting  of  citizens  to  agree  upon  candidates 
to  be  proposed  for  election  to  offices,  or  to 
concert  measures  for  supporting  a  party. 
According  to  one  account  the  name  caucus 
originated  in  a  dispute  which  occurred  at 
Boston,  in  New  England,  a  short  time  pre- 
vious to  the  revolution,  between  a  party  of 
English  soldiers  and  the  caulkers  of  the 
town,  in  consequence  of  which  some  of  the 
citizens  were  killed  by  the  soldiers.  This 
led  to  meetings  on  the  part  of  tin-  inhabit  ant  s 
to  concert  measures  for  obtaining  redress, 
and  these  meetings  were  by  the  soldiers 
called  caulkers'  meetings,  which  expression 
was  soon  corrupted  into  caucus  meetings. 
Another  and  perhaps  more  plausible  deriva- 
tion, however,  is  from  an  Algonkin  root 
meaning  to  speak,  encourage,  instigate, 
whence  kaw-kaw-wut,  a  councillor,  a  '  cau- 
cusser. ' 

Caudal  (ka'dal),  a.  [L.  cauda,  a  tail.]  Per- 
taining to  a  tail ;  of  the  nature  of  a  tail ; 
having  the  appearance  of  a  tail.  'A  small 
caudal  fin.'  j'ennant. 

Caudate,  Caudated  (ka'dat,  ka'dat-ed),  a. 
[L.  cauda,  a  tail.]  Having  a  tail;  a  term 
applied  in  bat.  to  seeds  which  have  a  tail- 
like  appendage. 

Caudex  (ka'deks),  n.  L.  pi.  Caudlces  (ka'- 
di-sez),  E.  pi.  Caudexes  (ka'deks-ez).  [L.] 
In  hut.  the  stem  of  a  tree;  specially  the 
scaly  trunk  of  palms  and  tree-ferns.  The 
caudex  either  rises  conspicuously  into  the 
air,  as  in  the  case  of  palms  and  tree-ferns, 
with  their  elegant  foliage,  or  it  appears  as 
a  rhizome  running  along  the  surface  of  the 
earth  or  underground,  as  in  the  ferns  of 
Britain. 

Caudicle,  Caudicula  (ka'di-kl,  ka-dik'u-la), 
7t.  [L.  caudicula,  dim.  of  cauda,  a  tail,  an 
appendage.]  In  hot.  the  process  supporting 
the  pollen  masses  of  orchideous  plants. 

Caudle  (ka'dl),  n.  [O  Fr.  caudel,  chaudel,  a 
dim.  form  from  L.L.  calidum,  caWuiH,  a 
kind  of  hot  drink,  from  L.  calidus,  warm.  ] 
A  kind  of  warm  drink  made  of  wine  or  ale, 
mixed  with  bread,  sugar,  and  spices,  given 
to  sick  pel-sons,  to  a  woman  in  childbed, 
or  to  her  visitors. 

He  had  good  broths,  candle,  and  such  like.  Wiseman. 

Caudle  (ka'dl).  v.t.  1.  To  make  into 
caudle. — 2.  To  serve  as  a  caudle  for;  to 
refresh  or  make  warm,  as  with  caudle. 

Will  the  cold  brook 

Candied  with  ice,  candle  thy  morning  taste 
To  cure  thy  o'ernight's  surfeit?  Ska*. 

Caudle-cup  (ka'dl-kup),  n.  A  vessel  or 
cup  for  holding  caudle.  A  caudle-cup  and 
apostles'  spoons  formerly  constituted  the 
sponsor's  gift  to  the  child  at  a  christening. 

Still  in  Llewellyn  Hall  the  jests  resound. 

For  now  the  catidle-cnp  is  circling  there; 

Now.  glad  at  heart,  the  gossips  breathe  their  prayer. 

And,  crowding,  stop  the  cradle  to  admire.     Rogers. 

Cauf  (kflO  »  [Probably  from  the  root  of 
coffer;  comp.  also  W.  co/,  a  hollow,  a  cave.) 

1.  A  cheat  with  holes  for  keeping  fish  alive 
in  water. — 2.  In  mining,  a  vessel  of  sheet- 
iron  employed  to  raise  coal  from  the  bottom 
of  the  shaft ;  a  corb  or  corf. 

Cauff(kaf),Ji.    [Scotch.]    1.  Chaff.    Hence— 

2.  Fig.  light  matter;  folly. 

Caufle  (kaf'l),  n.  [Ar.  kafala,  a  caravan.]  A 
band  or  drove  of  captured  negroes ;  a  coffle. 


ch,  c*ain;      eh,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL,  I. 


g.  go;      i.job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng.si.to;      TH,  then;  th,  tfiin: 


vr,  wig;     wh,  whig;      zh,  azure.— See  KEV. 
27 


CAI7F-WARD 


418 


CAUSEWAY 


Cauf-ward  ftafwgrdi  ».    See  CALF-WARD. 

Caught  (kat),  pret.  <fe  pp.  of  catch. 

Cauk,  Cawk  (kak),  n.  1.  Chalk ;  limestone. 
[Provincial  English  and  Scotch.]— 2.  A  name 
given  by  miners  to  certain  specimens  of  the 
compact  sulphate  of  baryta.  These  are  of 
a  white,  gray,  or  fawn  colour,  often  irregular 
in  figure,  but  sometimes  resembling  a  num- 
ber of  small  convex  lenses  set  in  a  ground. 
The  name  is  also  locally  applied  to  siliceous 
nodular  concretions  of  ironstone. 

Cauk  (kak),  ».    Chalk.    [Scotch.] 

Canker  (kak'er),  n.  [Probably  from  Icel. 
kalkr,  kalekr,  Dan.  and  Sw.  kalk,  a  cup,  a 
chalice,  from  L.  calix.  See  CHALICE.]  A 
;jlass  of  whisky  or  other  spirits.  [Scotch.  ] 

Cauker  (kak'er),  n.  A  calker  or  projecting 
piece  of  iron  on  a  horse's  shoe. 

Cauky  (kak'i),  a.  Pertaining  to  cauk;  like 
cauk. 

Caul  (kal),  n.  [Formerly  written  calle,  kalle, 
from  O.  Fr.  cale,  a  kind  of  little  cap,  whence 
Fr.  calotte,  a  skull-cap.  From  the  Celtic ; 
comp.  Ir.  calla,  Gael,  call,  a  veil,  a  hood. 
Kell  is  another  form  of  this  word.]  1.  A 
kind  of  head-covering  worn  by  females ;  a 
net  inclosing  the  hair ;  the  hinder  part  of 
a  cap. 

And  in  a  golden  caul  the  curls  are  bound.    Dryden. 

2.  Any  kind  of  small  net.  '  An  Indian 
mantle  of  feathers,  and  the  feathers  wrought 
into  a  caul  of  packthread.'  Grew.  —3.  A 
popular  name  for  a  membrane  investing  the 
viscera,  such  as  the  peritoneum  or  part  of 
it,  or  the  pericardium.  '  The  caul  that  is 
above  the  liver.'  Ex.  xxix.  13.  '  The  caul 
of  their  heart.'  Hos.  xiii.  8.  'The  reins 
and  the  caul. '  Ray.  —  4.  A  portion  of  the 
amnion  or  membrane  enveloping  the  fetus, 
sometimes  encompassing  the  head  of  a  child 
when  born.  This  caul  was  supposed  to  pre- 
dict great  prosperity  to  the  person  born  with 
it,  and  to  be  an  infallible  preservative 
against  drowning,  as  well  as  to  convey  the 
gift  of  eloquence.  During  the  last  century 
seamen  often  gave  from  £10  to  £30  for  a 
caul,  and  one  was  advertised  in  the  Times 
for  sale  at  £6  so  late  as  1848. 

I  was  born  with  a  caul,  which  was  advertised  for 
sale  in  the  newspapers  at  the  low  price  of  fifteen 
guineas.  Dickens. 

Caul(kal), n.  [Fr. cale, awedge, Ac.)  Apiece 
of  wood  employed  to  save  work  which  is 
being  glued  together  from  being  injured  by 
the  screws  used  to  press  the  parts  into  close 
contact  until  the  glue  has  dried. 

Cauld  (kald),  n.  or  a.    Cold.    [Scotch.  ] 

Cauld  (kaW),  n.  A  dam  in  a  river  or  other 
stream;  a  weir.  [Scotch.] 

Cauldrife  (kald'rif),  a.  [Cauld,  cold,  and 
rife;  comp.  loaukrtfe,  wakeful.)  Chilly; 
cold ;  unanimated ;  susceptible  to  cold ;  as, 
a  cauldrife  sermon.  [Scotch.  ] 

Caulescent  ( ka-les'ent ),  a.  [L.  caulis,  a 
stalk.  See  COLE.]  In  but.  having  an  ob- 
vious stem  rising  above  the  ground. 

Caulet  (ka'let),  n.    Colewort. 

Caulicle  (ka'li-kl),  n.  [L.  cauliculiis,  a  little 
stalk,  from  caulis,  a  stalk.]  In  but.  a  little 
stem  or  rudimentary  stem :  applied  by  some 
botanists  to  the  neck  of  the  embryo  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  the  cotyledons.  The  term 
is  also  applied  to  those  small  stems  which 
proceed  from  buds  formed  at  the  neck  of  a 
plant  without  the  previous  production  of  a 
leaf. 

Caulicule,  Cauliculus  (kali-kill,  ka-lik'u- 
lus),  n.  [L.  cauliculus,  colieulux,  dim.  of 
caulis,  a  stalk.  ]  1.  In  arch,  the  name  given 
to  the  little  twists  or  volutes  under  the 
flower  on  the  abacus  in  the  Corinthian  ca- 
pital, representing  the  twisted  tops  of  the 
acanthus  stalks.  Also  written  Caulicolc.— 
2.  In  bot.  same  as  Caulicle. 

Cauliferous  (ka-lif'er-us),  a.  [L.  caulis,  a 
stem,  and  fero,  to  bear,]  In  bot.  same  as 
Caulescent. 

Cauliflower  (kali-flou-er),  n.  [Lit.  cabbage- 
flower,  from  its  appearance,  from  L.  caulis, 
colewort,  cabbage,  also  a  stalk,  and  E. 
flower;  comp.  Fr.  choufleur  (chou,  cabbage, 
flcur,  flower),  Sp.  coliflor,  cauliflower.]  A 
garden  variety  of  Brassica  oleracea,  or  cab- 
bage, the  inflorescence  of  which  is  con- 
densed while  young  into  a  depressed  fleshy 
head,  which  is  highly  esteemed  as  a  table 
vegetable. 

Cauliform  (kali-form),  a.  [L.  caulis,  a  stem, 
and  forma.,  form.  ]  In  bot.  having  the  form 
of  a  caulis. 

Cauline  (ka'lin),  a.  [L.  caulis,  a  stalk.]  In 
bot.  of  or  belonging  to  a  stem;  as,  cauline 
leaves. 


Caulis  (ka'lis),  n.  [L.  caulix,  a  stem,  a  cab- 
bage, whence  caulicle,  cauliflower,  colewort, 
<fec.]  In  bot.  the  stem  of  a  plant  rising  above 
the  ground. 

Caulk  (kak),  v.t.  [O.K.  cauke,  O.Fr.  cauqutr. 
to  tread,  from  L.  calcare,  to  tread,  to  tread 
on,  from  calx,  calcis,  a  heel.]  To  drive 
oakum  into,  the  seams  (of  a  ship  or  other 
vessel),  to  prevent  leaking ;  as,  to  caulk  a 
ship.  After  the  seams  are  filled  they  are 
covered  with  hot  melted  pitch  or  resin,  to 
keep  the  oakum  from  rotting.  Spelled  also 
Calk. 

Caulker  (kak'er),  n.    One  who  caulks. 

Caulking  (kak'ing),  n.  In  carp,  a  dovetail 
tenon  and  mortise  joint  by  which  cross- 
timbers  are  secured  together,  much  used  for 
fixing  the  tie-beams  of  a  roof,  or  the  binding 
joists  of  a  floor,  down  to  the  wall-plates. 
Also  called  Cocking  and  Cogging. 

Caulking-iron  (kak'ing-i-ern),  n.  A  chisel 
used  for  caulking  or  driving  oakum  into 
the  seams  of  ships  or  other  vessels. 

Caulking-mallet  (kak'ing-mal-let),  n.  A 
mallet  or  beetle  for  driving  caulking-irons. 

Caulocarpous  (ka-16-kar'pus),  o.  [Gr. 
kaulos,  a  stem,  and  karpos,  fruit.]  In  bot.  a 
term  applied  to  such  plants  as  produce 
flowers  and  fruit  on  their  branches  annu- 
ally without  perishing,  as  trees  or  shrubs. 

Caulopteris  (ka-lop'ter-is),  n.  [Gr.  kaulos, 
a  stem,  and  pteris,  a  fern.]  A  genus  of  fossil 
tree-ferns,  found  in  the  coal-measures. 

Cauma  (ka'ma),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  Icauma, 
heat]  In  med.  burning  heat;  febrile  heat; 
a  simple  inflammatory  fever. 

Cauma  tic  (ka-mat'ik),  a.  In  med.  of  the 
nature  of  cauma. 

Caunter-lode  (kan'ter-lod),  n.  In  mining, 
a  lode  which  inclines  at  a  considerable  angle 
to  the  veins  contiguous  to  it. 

Caup  (kap),  n.  A  cap  or  wooden  bowl. 
[Scotch.] 

Cauponatel  (ka'po-nat).  r.t.  [L.  caujmior, 
from  caupo,  a  huckster,  an  innkeeper.  ]  To 
keep  a  victualling  house. 

Cauponationt  (ka-po-na'shon),  n.  Low 
trafficking;  huckstering. 

I  shall  now  trace  and  expose  their  corruptions  and 
Cauponationt  of  the  gospel.  BenUey. 

Cauponlse.t  Cauponlzet  (ka'poniz),  ».i. 
[See  CAUTONATE.)  To  sell  wine  or  victuals. 
'The  rich  rogues  who  caupoiiized  to  the 
armies  in  Germany.'  Warburton. 

Caurus,  Corns  (ka'rus,  ko'rus),  n.  [L.]  The 
classical  name  for  the  north-west  wind, 
which  in  Italy  was  a  stormy  one.  'The 
ground  by  piercing  Caurus  seared.'  Thom- 
son. 

Causable  (kaz'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
caused,  produced,  or  effected. 

For  that  may  be  miraculously  effected  in  one  which 
is  naturally  cansable  in  another.  Sir  T.  Bran-He. 

Causal (kaz'al),  a.  (L.  causalis.  See  CAUSE.) 
Relating  to  a  cause  or  causes;  implying  or 
containing  a  cause  or  causes;  expressing  a 
cause. 

Causal  propositions  are  where  two  propositions 
are  joined  by  causal  words,  as  that  or  because. 

11'atts. 

Causal  (kaz'al),  n.  In  gram,  a  word  that 
expresses  a  cause,  or  introduces  the  reason. 

Causality  (ka-zaH-ti).  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  causal;  the  fact  of  acting  as  a  cause; 
the  action  or  power  of  a  cause,  in  producing 
its  effect.  'The  causality  of  the  Divine 
mind.'  Whewell. 

If  one  sin  would  naturallyand  by  physical  causality 
destroy  original  righteousness,  then  every  one  sin 
in  the  regenerate  can  as  well  destroy  habitual  right- 
eousness.  Jer.  Taylor. 

The  belief  that  every  exchange  implies  a  cause,  or 
that  every  change  is  produced  by  the  operation  of 
some  power  .  .  .  has  been  denominated  by  the 
phrase  the  principle  of  causality.  Fleming. 

2.  In  phren.  the  faculty  to  which  is  attri- 
buted the  tracing  of  effects  to  their  causes 

Causally  (kaz/al-li),  adv.  In  a  causal  man- 
ner; by  tracing  effects  to  causes.  Sir  T. 
Brounie. 

Causally  (kaz'al-ti),  n.  In  mining,  the 
lighter,  earthy  parts  of  ore,  carried  off  by 
washing. 

Causation  (ka-za'shon),  n.  The  act  of  caus- 
ing or  producing ;  the  doctrine  as  to  the 
connection  of  causes  and  effects. — Law  of 
universal  causation,  the  law  or  doctrine 
that  every  event  or  phenomenon  is  the  re- 
sult or  sequel  of  some  previous  event  or 
phenomenon,  without  which  it  could  not 
have  taken  place,  and  which  being  present 
it  is  sure  to  take  place. 

Causationist  (ka-za'shon-ist),  n.  A  believer 
in  the  doctrine  of  causation. 


Causative  (kaz'a-tiv),  a.  1.  Effective  as  a 
cause  or  agent. 

The  notion  of  a  deity  doth  expressly  signify  a  being 
'.  .  .  potential  or  causative  m  all  beings  beside  it- 
self. Up.  Pearson. 

2.  Iii  gram,  expressing  a  cause  or  reason; 
as,  the  causative  case. 

Causative  (kay/a-tiv),  n.  A  name  given  by 
some  grammarians  to  the  case  which  ex- 
presses a  cause,  as  the  Latin  ablative. 

Causatively  (kaz'a-tiv-li),  adv.  In  a  causa 
ti\v  manner. 

Causativity  (kaz-a-tiv'i-ti),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  causative. 

Causator  t  (ka/'a-ter),  n.  One  who  causes 
or  produces  an  effect.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Cause  (kaz),  n.  [Fr.  cause,  L.  cauxa,  a 
cause.]  1.  That  which  produces  an  effect; 
that  which  brings  about  a  change;  that  by 
virtue  of  which  anything  is  done;  that  from 
which  anything  proceeds,  and  without 
which  it  would  not  exist.  In  the  system  of 
Aristotle  the  word  rendered  by  cause  and 
its  equivalents  in  modern  language  has 
a  more  extensive  signification.  He  divides 
causes  into  four  kinds:  efficient,  formal, 
material,  and  final.  The  efficient  or  first 
cause  is  the  force  or  agency  by  which  a  re- 
sult is  produced;  the  formal,  the  means  or 
instrument  by  which  it  is  produced ;  the 
material,  the  substance  from  which  it  is 
produced;  the  final,  the  purpose  or  end  for 
which  it  is  produced. — 2.  The  reason  or  mo- 
tive that  urges,  moves,  or  impels  the  mind 
to  act  or  decide. 

For  this  cause  have  I  raised  thee  up,  for  to  shew  in 
thee  my  power.  Ex.  ix.  16. 

3.  A  suit  or  action  in  court;  any  legal  pro- 
cess which  a  party  institutes  to  obtain  his 
demand,  or  by  which  he  seeks  his  right  or 
his  supposed  right;  subject  of  litigation. 

The  cause  of  both  parties  shall  come  before  the 
judges.  Ex.  xxii.  9. 

4.  In  a  general  sense,  any  subject  of  question 
or  debate;  case;  interest. 

What  counsel  give  you  in  this  weighty  cause  t  Shak. 
I  think  of  her  whose  gentle  tongue 
All  plaint  in  her  own  cause  controll'd.  Matt.  Arnold. 
I  did  it  not  for  his  cause  who  had  done  the  wrong. 
3  Cor.  vii.  12. 

5.  In  a  still  more  general  sense,  matter; 
affair.    'The  cause  craves  haste.'    SAafr.— 
0.  That  side  of  a  question  which  an  indi- 
vidual or  party  takes  up;  that  object  to 
which  the  efforts  of  a  person  or  party  are 
directed. 

They  never  fail  who  die 
In  a  great  cause.  Byron. 

7.  t  One  of  the  degrees  of  quarrelling  among 
duellists. 

How  did  you  find  the  quarrel  on  the  seventh  cause* 
Shat. 

Cause  (kaz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  caused;  ppr. 
causing.  To  effect  by  agency;  to  bring 
about;  to  be  the  occasion  of;  to  produce. 

You  cannot  guess  who  caitsed  your  father's  death. 

Sflai. 

I  will  cause  him  to  fall  by  the  sword.      2  Ki.  xix.  7. 
They  caused  great  joy  unto  all  the  brethren. 

Acts  xv.  3. 

Cause,!  Causent  (kaz.  kaz'n),  v.i.  [Fr. 
causer,  to  talk.]  To  talk  idly;  to  prattle; 
to  chat. 

But  he,  to  shift  their  curious  request, 
'Can  causen  why  she  could  not  come  in  place. 
Spenser. 

Causefult  (kaz'ful),a.  Having  a  real  or  sultl- 
cient  cause.  Spenser;  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Causeless  (ka/li'M.H  1.  Having  no  cause  or 
producing  agent;  self-originated;  uncreated. 

Reach  the  Almighty's  sacred  throne, 
And  make  his  causeless  power  the  cause  of  all 
things  known.  Sir  X.  Slackntore. 

2.  Without  just  ground,  reason,  or  motive; 
as,  causeless  hatred;  causeless  fear. 

Causelessly  (kaz'les-li),  adv.  In  a  causeless 
manner ;  without  cause  or  reason.  '  Care- 
lessly and  causelessly  neglect  it.'  Jer.  Tay- 
lor. 

Causelessness  (kazles-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  causeless. 

Causer  (kaz'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
causes;  the  agent  by  which  an  effect  is  pro- 
duced. Shak. 

Causeway,  Causey  (kaz'wa,  ka'zi),  n.  [The 
older  ana  more  correct  spelling  is  causey, 
the  word  being  from  O.Fr.  cattcie  (Mod  Kr. 
chausste).  Norm,  calsay,  from  L.L.  calciata 
(via,  understood),  a  road  in  constructing 
which  lime  or  mortar  is  used,  from  L.  calx, 
calcis,  lime.  The  spelling  causeway  arose 
from  an  erroneous  notion  that  the  word 
was  a  compound  with  waif  (road,  path)  as 
the  second  portion  of  it.)  i.  A  road  or  path 
raised  above  the  natural  level  of  the  ground 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  try. 


CAUSEWAY 


419 


CAVALIEP.ISM 


by  stones,  earth,  timber,  fascines,  Ac.,  serv- 
ing as  a  dry  passage  over  wet  or  marshy 
ground,  or  as  a  mole  to  confine  water  to  a 
pond  or  restrain  it  from  overflowing  lower 
ground;  a  side- walk  or  path  at  the  side  of  a 
street  or  road  raised  above  the  carriage- 
way. [Though  causey  is  the  more  correct 
form,  causeway  seems  firmly  established.] 

The  other  way  Satan  went  down 

The  causey  to  hell-gate.  Milton. 

2.  [Scotch.]  (a)  A  road  or  street  paved  with 
blocks  of  stone,  ((>)  The  paving  used  for 
the  purpose;  as,  to  lay  causey.  [The  Scotch 
form  is  always  causey.] 

Causeway,  Causey  (ka/.'wfi,  ka'/i),  v.t.  To 
provide  with  a  causeway;  to  pave,  as  a  road 
or  street,  with  blocks  of  stone. 

Causidical  (ka-zid'ik-al),  a.  [L.  causidi- 
calis,  pertaining  to  an  advocate  or  pleader, 
causidicus,  a  pleader— causa,  a  cause,  and 
dim,  to  say.]  Pertaining  to  an  advocate  or 
to  the  maintenance  and  defence  of  suits. 

Causson  (kas'son),  n.  A  kind  of  nose-band 
for  breaking:  in  horses.  See  CAYEZON. 

Caustic  (kas'tik),  a.  [Or.  kaustikos,  from 
teiii,  kauso,  to  burn.]  1.  Capable  of  burn- 
ing, corroding,  or  destroying  the  texture 
of  animal  substances.  See  CAUSTICITY.— 

2.  Fig.  severe ;   cutting ;  as,  a  caustic  re- 
mark.  '  Let  their  humour  be  never  so  caus- 
tic.'   Smollett. — Caustic  curve,  in  math,  see 
CAUSTIC,  re.  3.— SYN.  Stinging,  cutting,  pun- 
gent, searching. 

Caustic  (kas'tik),  n.  1.  In  med.  any  sub- 
stance which  burns,  corrodes,  or  disinte- 
grates the  textures  of  animal  structures;  an 
escharotic.  '  Your  hottest  causticks.'  B. 
J onion.  See  CAUSTICITY.  —Lunar  caustic, 
a  name  given  to  nitrate  of  silver  when  cast 
into  sticks  for  the  use  of  surgeons,  &c.  — 2.  In 
math,  the  name  given  to  the  curve  to  which 
the  rays  of  light,  reflected  or  refracted  by 
another  curve,  are  tangents.  Caustics  arc 
consequently  of  two  kinds,  catacausties  and 
diacaustics,  the  former  being  caustics  by 
reflection  and  the  latter  caustics  by  refrac- 
tion. 

Causticalt  (kas'ti-kal),  a.  Caustic.  Wine- 
man. 

Caustically  (kas'ti-kal-li),  ado.  In  a  caustic 
or  severe  manner;  as,  to  say  something 
caustically  to  a  person. 

Causticity  (kas-tis'i-ti),  n.  1.  The  quality 
of  being  caustic,  that  is  of  corroding  or  dis- 
integrating animal  matter,  or  the  quality  of 
combining  with  the  principles  of  organized 
substances  and  destroying  their  texture; 
corrosiveness.  This  quality  belongs  to  con- 
centrated acids,  pure  alkalies,  and  some  me- 
tallic salts.  — 2.  Fig.  severity  of  language; 
pungency;  sarcasm. 

Causticness  t  (kas'tik-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  caustic;  causticity. 

Causus  (ka'sus),  ?i.  [L.,  from  Gr.  kausos,  a 
burning  heat.]  In  med.  a  burning  fever. 
Dunglison. 

Cautelt  (ka'tel),  n.  [L.  cautela,  from  caveo, 
to  take  care.)  1.  Caution;  wariness;  pru- 
dence.— 2.  Subtlety;  craftiness;  cunning. 

No  soil  nor  cautel  doth  besmirch 
The  virtue  of  his  will.  Sliak. 

3.  Eccles.  a  traditionary  caution  or  written 
direction  regarding  the  due  and  proper  man- 
ner of  administering  the  sacraments. 

Cauteloust  (ka'tel-us),  a.  [Fr.  cauteleux, 
from  L.  cautela.  See  CAUTEL.]  1.  Cautious; 
wary;  provident.  '  Cautelotis  though  young.' 
Drayton.  —  2.  Cunning ;  treacherous ;  wily. 
'For  the  most  part,  they  are  so  cautelous 
and  wily-headed.'  Spenser.  'Cowards  and 
men  cautflous.'  Shak. 

Cautelouslyt  (ka'tel-us-li),  ode.  1.  Cau- 
tiously; warily.— 2.  Cunningly;  slily; craftily. 

Cautelousnesst  (ka'tel-us-nes), «.  Cau- 
tiousness. '  These  two  great  Christian  vir- 
tues, cautelousness,  repentance. '  Hales. 

Cauter  (ka'ter),  n.  [Gr.  kauter,  from  kaio, 
to  burn.  ]  A  searing  iron.  Minshew. 

Cauterant  (ka'ter-ant),  n.  A  cauterizing 
substance. 

Cauterism  (ka'ter-izm),  n.  The  application 
of  a  cautery. 

Cauterization  (ka'ter-iz-a"shon),  n.  1.  In 
sunj.  the  act  of  cauterizing  or  searing  some 
morbid  part  by  the  application  of  a  hot  iron, 
or  of  caustics,  &c.— 2.  The  effect  of  the  ap- 
plication of  a  cautery  or  caustic. 

Cauterize  (ka'ter-iz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cau- 
terized; ppr.  cauterizing.  [L.L.  cauterizo, 
from  Gr.  kauteriazo,  from  kauterion,  kau- 
(ir,  a  burning  or  branding  iron,  from  kaio, 
to  burn.]  1.  To  burn  or  sear  with  fire  or  a 
hot  iron  or  with  caustics,  as  morbid  flesh.— 
2.  To  sear,  in  a  figurative  sense.  .'The  more 


cauterized  our  conscience  is,  the  less  is  the 
fear  of  hell.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Cautery  ( ka'  ter-  i ),  n.  [  Gr.  kauterion;  L. 
cauteriuin.  SeeCAUTERI/.E.]  1.  A  burning 
or  searing,  as  of  morbid  flesh,  by  a  hot  iron 
or  by  caustic  substances  that  burn,  corrode, 
or  destroy  any  solid  part  of  an  animal  body. 
The  burning  by  a  hot  iron  is  termed  actual 
cautery;  that  by  caustic  medicines,  potential 
cautery.  —  2.  The  instrument  or  drug  em- 
ployed in  cauterizing. 

Cauth  (kath),  n.  A  name  in  some  parts  of 
the  Madras  1'residency  for  catechu. 

Caution  (ka'shon),  n.  [L.  cautio,  from  caveo, 
caututn,  to  be  on  one's  guard,  beware.  ] 
1.  Provident  care ;  prudence  in  regard  to 
danger ;  wariness,  consisting  in  a  careful 
attention  to  the  probable  effects  of  a  mea- 
sure, and  a  judicious  course  of  conduct  to 
avoid  failure  or  disaster. — 2.  Security;  guar- 
antee; bail.  [Now  conflned  to  Scotch  law.] 

The  parliament  would  yet  (jive  his  majesty  suffi- 
cient caution  that  the  war  should  be  prosecuted. 
Clarendon. 

3.  [Scotch.]  A  person  who  gives  security;  a 
surety. —  4.  t  Provision  or  security  against 
something;  a  measure  taken  for  security. 

In  despite  of  all  the  rules  and  cautions  of  govern- 
ment, the  most  dangerous  and  mortal  of  vices  will 
come  off.  Sir  R.  L'Estrati£e. 

5.  Anything  serving  or  intended  to  induce 
caution;  a  warning  given  either  by  word  of 
mouth  or  in  any  other  way.  'In  way  of 
caution  I  must  tell  you.'  Shak.— 6.  [Slang  ] 
Something  to  excite  alarm  or  astonishment; 
something  extraordinary. 

Moses  wound  up  his  description  of  the  piano,  by 
saying  that  the  way  the  dear  creeturs  could  pull 
music  out  of  it  was  a  caution  to  hoarse  owls, 

T.  B.  Thorpt. 

SYN.  Care,  forethought,  forecast,  heed,  pru- 
dence, vigilance,  watchfulness,  circumspec- 
tion, warning,  admonition. 
Caution  (ka'shon),  v.t.    To  give  notice  of 
danger  to;  to  warn;  to  exhort  to  take  heed. 

You  cautioned  me  against  their  charms.        Swift. 

Cautionary  (ka'shon-ar-i),  a.  1.  Containing 
caution,  or  warning  to  avoid  danger;  as, 
cautionary  advice.— 2.  Given  as  a  pledge  or 
in  security. 

Has  the  enemy  no  ca utionary  towns  and  seaports, 
to  give  us  for  securing  trade!  Swi/t. 

Cautionary  (ka'shon-ar-i),  n.  Same  as 
Cautionry. 

Cautioner  (ka'shon-er),  n.  1.  One  who  cau- 
tions or  advises.— 2.  In  Scots  laic,  the  person 
who  is  bound  for  another  to  the  perfor- 
mance of  an  obligation. 

Cautionizet  (ka'shon-Iz),  v.t.  To  promote 
caution  in  anything ;  to  make  prudent ;  to 
warn. 

The  captaine  of  the  Janissaries  rose  and  slew  the 
Hull.ir,  and  gave  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  one 
Asian  Begh  .  .  .  of  a  bordering  province,  to  caution- 
ize  that  part.  Knollts. 

Caution-money  (ka'shpn-mun-i),  n.  Money 
lodged  by  way  of  security  or  guarantee. 

Cautionry  (ka'shon-ri),  n.  In  Scots  law,  the 
act  of  giving  security  for  another ;  the  pro- 
mise or  contract  ol  one,  not  for  himself,  but 
for  another. 

Cautious  (ka'shus),  a.  1.  Possessing  or  ex- 
hibiting caution;  attentive  to  examine  pro- 
bable effects  and  consequences  of  actions 
with  a  view  to  avoid  danger  or  misfortune  ; 
prudent;  circumspect;  wary;  watchful;  as, 
a  cautious  general;  a  cautious  advance  into 
an  enemy's  country.  '  These  same  cautious 
and  quick-sighted  gentlemen. '  Bentley. 
'Cautious  and  instructed  skill.'  Milton. 

Like  most  men  of  cautions  tempers  and  prosperous 
fortunes  he  had  a  strong  disposition  to  support  what- 
ever  existed.  Macaulay. 

With  of  before  a  noun  expressing  the  object 
of  caution. 

By  night  he  fled,  and  at  midnight  returned 
From  compassing  the  earth,  cautious  <yday. 

Milton. 

2.  t  Over-prudent ;  timorous ;  timid. 

You  shall  be  received  at  a  postern-door,  if  you  be 
not  cautious,  by  one  whose  touch  would  make  old 
Nestor  young.  Massinger. 

—Cautious,  Prudent,  Careful,  Wary,  Cir- 
cumspect, Discreet.  Cautious  applies  chiefly 
to  the  personal  character  and  expresses  a 
disposition  habitually  to  avoid  unnecessary 
danger;  prudent,  also  applies  to  the  charac- 
ter, but  expresses  more  than  cautious,  in- 
timating that  a  person  tries  to  foresee  and 
provide  what  may  be  wanted  as  well  as  to 
keep  out  of  possible  dangers;  careful  is 
used  of  one  who  shows  care  in  any  way, 
whether  in  avoiding  danger,  or  in  other 
ways,  as  in  preserving  what  belongs  or  is 
intrusted  to  one,  in  keeping  free  of  errors. 


in  attending  to  others,  d-c.  ;  irary  and  cir- 
cumspect rather  refer  to  HIU-'S  omdoet  in 
particular  eiromnstancestlum  toons'!  gene- 
ral disposition;  and  uliitc  the  fornn-i  im- 
presses chiefly  vigilance  in  guarding  against 
surprise  or  against  material  dangers,  the 
latter  may  express  acarcful  ivnaid  to  higher 
considerations;  discreet,  judicious,  wise  in 
the  selection  of  im-an.^  to  n-ach  a  desirnl 
end  without  giving  offence  or  incurring 
atafa  of  any  kind,  is  distingnislird  from 
]irn,l,'i,t  by  referring  rather  to  present  diffi- 
culties than  to  future  contingencies.  (',/» 
twu*  and  wary  may  be  usi-d  of  inferior 
animals;  careful,  circumspect, discreet,  pru- 
dent, of  rational  beings  only.— SYN.  Wary, 
watchful,  vigilant,  prudent,  circumspect, 
discreet,  heedful,  thoughtful,  scrupulons, 
anxious,  careful. 

Cautiously  (ka'shus-li),  adv.  In  a  cautious 
manner;  with  caution;  warily. 

Then  know  how  fickle  common  lovers  are: 
Their  oaths  and  vows  are  cautiously  believed : 
For  few  there  are  but  have  been  once  deceived. 
Drytten. 

Cautiousness  (ka'shus-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  cautious;  watchfulness;  provident 
care;  circumspection;  prudence  with  regard 
to  danger.  Hammond;  Fuller;  Addison. 

Cauzi  (ka'ze),  n.  [  Ar.  and  Hind,  kazi, 
judge.]  An  Indian  Mohammedan  judge  or 
justice,  who  also  officiates  as  a  public  no- 
tary, equal  to  the  cadi  of  Turkey. 

Cavalcade  (kav'al-kad),  n.  [Fr.  cavalcade; 
It.  cavalcata,  from  L.  caballus,  a  horse. 
See  CAVALRY.]  A  procession  of  persons  on 
horseback;  a  formal  march  of  horsemen  and 
equipage,  by  way  of  parade  or  to  grace  a 
triumph,  the  public  entry  of  a  person  of  dis- 
tinction, &c.  'A  numerous  cavalcade  of  his 
own  raising.'  Addison.  'Ills  war-worn 
cavalcade.'  Prescott. 

Your  cavalcade  the  fair  spectators  view.     Dryttett. 

Cavalcade*  (kav-al-kad1),  r.i.  To  skirmish 
on  horseback  in  earnest  or  for  diversion. 
Crabb. 

Cavalero.t  Cavallerot  (kav-a-le'ro),  n.  [Sp. 
caballero,  from  L.  caballus,  a  horse.  ]  A 
cavalier;  a  gay  military  man;  a  gallant. 

I'll  drink  to  master  Bardolph  and  to  all  the  cava- 
lieros  about  London.  Shak. 

Cavalier  (kav-a-lerO.  n.  [Fr.  cavalier,  L.L. 
aiballarius,  from  L.  caballus,  ahorse,  whence 
also  cavalry,  chivalry,  cavalcade,  &c.  Che- 
valier is  a  parallel  form.]  1.  A  horseman, 
especially  an  armed  horseman ;  a  knight. 
'Nineteen  French  marquesses  and  a  hun- 
dred Spanish  cavaliers.'  Taller.— 2.  A  gay, 
sprightly,  military  man. 

Who  is  he  ...  that  will  not  follow  these  culled 
and  choice-drawn  cavaliers  to  France?  ShaJf. 

3.  The  appellation  given  to  the  partisans  of 
Charles  I.,  as  opposed  to  a  Roundhead,  an 
adherent  to  the  Parliament. 

During  some  years  they  were  designated  as  CVwvt- 
Hers  and  Roundheads.  They  were  subsequently- 
called  mift  and  Tories.  Macau/ay. 

4.  A  gentleman  attending  on  or  escorting 
a  lady ;  a  beau ;  the  gentleman  acting  as 
partner  to  a  lady  in  dancing. 

I'll  take  a  dance,  said  I ;  so  stay  you  here.  A  sun- 
burnt daughter  of  Labour  rose  up  from  the  group  to 
meet  me  as  I  advanced  towards  them  ...  we  want 
a  cavalier,  said  she,  holding  out  both  her  hands,  as 
if  to  offer  them. — And  a  cavalier  ye  shall  have,  said 

1.  taking  hold  of  both  of  them.  Steme. 

5.  In/or*,  a  work  commonly  situated  within 
the  bastion,  but  sometimes  placed  in  the 
gorges,  or  on  the  middle  of  the  curtain.     It 
is  10  or  12  feet  higher  than  the  rest  of  the 
works,  and  is  used  to  command  all  the  ad- 
jacent works  and  the  surrounding  country. 

6.  In    the  manege,  one  who  understands 
horsemanship;  one  skilled  in  the  art  of 
riding. 

Cavalier  (kav-a-ler1),  a.   l.t  Brave;  warlike. 

2.  Gay;  sprightly;  easy;  ofT-hand;  frank; 
careless. 

The  plodding,  persevering,  scrupulous  accuracy  of 
the  one.  and  the  easy,  c<iv<itier,  verbal  fluency  of  the 
other,  form  a  complete  contrast.  Hastitt. 

3.  Haughty;  disdainful;  supercilious;  as,  a 
rude  and  cavalier  answer.  —  4.  Belonging  or 
relating  to  the  party  of  Charles  I.     "Tis  an 
old  Cavalier  family.'    Disraeli. 

Cavalier  (kav-a-leV),  v.i.  To  act  as  a  cava- 
lier;  to  ape  the  manners  of  a  cavalier ;  to 
carry  one's  self  in  a  disdainful  or  high- 
handed fashion.  'An  old  drunken,  cavalier- 
ing  butler.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Cavalierisu  t  (kav-a-lerlsh),  o.  Of  or  be- 
longing to  a  cavalier,  or  to  the  parly  of 
Charles  I.  "The  Cavalieriih  party.'  Ludlmc. 

Cavalierism  (kav-a-leYizm),  n.  The  prac- 
tice or  principles  of  cavaliers.  Sir  W.  Scott. 


ch.c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      J.job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj>;      1H,  (Aen;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;     Wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEI. 


CAVALIERLY 


420 


CAVILLER 


Cavalierly  (knv-a-ler'li),  adr.  In  a  cavalier 
niiinner;  haughtily:  arrogantly;  disdainfully. 

He  has  treated  our  opinion  a  little  too  ca-'filierly. 

Cavalierness  (kav-a-leYnes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  cavalier;  haughtiness;  a  disdainful 
manner. 

Cavallard  (kav-al-lardO,  »•  ISP-  caballardo, 
a  drove  of  horses.)  The  name  in  some  parts 
df  \merica  for  a  drove  of  horses  or  mules. 
Cavalry  (kav'al-ri),  n.  [Fr.  cavalerie,  O.Fr. 
ctt  valterie,  from  It.  cavalleria,  from  cavallo, 
a  horse,  L.  caballus;  comp  Or.  kaballes,  a 
pack-horse ;  Ir.  and  Gael,  capntt,  a  horse,  a 
mare  Chivalry  is  a  parallel  form.]  A  body 
of  troops  or  soldiers,  that  serve  on  horse- 
back. In  the  British  army,  the  cavalry 
consists  of  two  regiments  of  life-guards,  one 
of  horse-guards,  seven  of  dragoon-guards, 
and  twenty-one  other  regiments,  of  which 
three  are  dragoons,  thirteen  hussars,  and 
five  lancers.  These  are  classified  also  into 
light  and  heavy  cavalry,  with  reference  to 
the  character  of  their  armament  and  the 
size  of  the  men  and  horses.  A  complete 
regiment  of  cavalry  is  divided  into  four 
squadrons,  and  each  of  these  into  two  troops, 
a  troop  consisting  of  sixty-eight  men ;  and 
to  each  troop  is  assigned  a  captain,  a  lieu- 
tenant, and  a  second  lieutenant. 
Cavass,  Cawass  (ka-vas',  ka-waa'),  ».  A 
Turkish  police  officer.  See  KAVASS. 
Cavate  (ka'vat),  v.t.  [L.  cavo,  to  make  hol- 
low.) To  make  hollow ;  to  dig  out ;  to  ex- 
cavate. 

Cavatina  (kav-a-te'na),  n.  [It.]  In  music, 
a  melody  of  simpler  character  than  the  aria, 
and  without  a  second  part  and  a  da  capo  or 
return  part.  The  term  is  occasionally  ap- 
plied, however,  to  short  simple  airs  of  any 
kind. 

Cavation  ( ka-va'shon ),  n.  [See  CAVATE  ] 
The  act  of  hollowing  or  excavating;  specifi- 
cally in  arch,  same  as  Cavazion. 
Cavazion  (ka-va'zhon),  n.  [It.  cavazione, 
excavation,  from  L.  cavo,  to  hollow.]  In 
arch,  the  digging  or  excavating  of  the  earth 
for  the  foundation  of  a  building;  the  trench 
or  excavation  so  dug. 

Cave  (kav),  n.  [Fr.  cave,  from  L.  cams,  hol- 
low, whence  &lao  cavity,  cavern,  and  cage.] 
1.  A  hollow  place  in  the  earth;  a  subter- 
ranean cavern;  a  den.  'A  cave  of  Btoon 
(stone).'  Chaucer.  '  A  hollow  cave  or  lurk- 
ing-place.' Shak.  'Umbrageous  grots  and 
caves  of  cool  recess.'  Hilton. 

And  Lot  went  up  out  of  Zoar  .  .  .  and  he  dwelt 
in  a  cave,  he  and  his  two  daughters.  Gen.  xix.  30. 

And  after  this  Abrahiun  buried  Sarah  his  wife  in 
the  cave  of  the  field  of  Machpelah.  Gen.  xxiii.  19. 

Caves  are  principally  met  with  in  limestone 
rocks,  in  gypsum,  sometimes  in  sandstone, 
and  in  volcanic  rocks.  Some  of  them  have 
a  very  grand  and  picturesque  appearance, 
such  as  Fingal's  Cave  in  Staffa,  the  entrance 
to  which  is  formed  by  columnar  ranges  of 
basalt  supporting  a  lofty  arch  60  feet  high 
and  33  feet  wide.  Others,  such  as  the  M :u u- 
moth  Cave  of  Kentucky,  which  incloses  an 
extent  of  about  40  miles  of  subterraneous 
windings,  are  celebrated  for  their  great  ex- 
tent and  subterranean  waters ;  others  for 
their  gorgeous  stalactites  and  stalagmites; 
others  are  of  interest  to  the  geologist  and 
archaeologist  from  the  occurrence  in  them 
of  osseous  remains  of  animals  of  the  pleis- 
tocene period,  or  for  the  evidence  their 
clay  floors  and  rudely  sculptured  walls,  and 
the  prehistoric  implements  found  in  them, 
offer  of  the  presence  of  early  man. — 2.  t  Any 
cavity.  '  The  cam  of  the  ear. '  Bacon.  —3.  A 
name  give  to  a  party  in  the  British  Parlia- 
ment who  seceded  from  the  Liberals  on  the 
reform  bill  introduced  by  them  in  1866.  See 
ADULLAMITES.— 4.  The  ashpit  of  a  glass-fur- 
nace. 

Cave  (kav),  v.i.  To  dwell  in  a  cave.  Shak. 
[Rare.  ]— To  cave  in,  (a)  to  fall  in  and  leave 
a  hollow,  as  earth  on  the  side  of  a  well  or 
pit.  (6)  Fiy.  to  break  down  ;  to  yield ;  to 
submit;  to  knock  under.  [Slang.] 

Cave  (kav),  v.t.  To  make  hollow.  'The 
mouldered  earth  had  caved  the  bank.' 
Spenser. 

Cavea  (ka've-a),  n.  [L.]  Among  the  ancient 
Romans,  a  den  or  subterranean  cell  in  an 
amphitheatre,  wherein  the  wild  beasts  were 
confined  in  readiness  for  the  fights  of  the 
arena;  by  synecdoche,  the  amphitheatre 
itself. 

Caveach(ka-vech'),?i.  [Sp.escabeche,  pickles, 
pickled  fish.]  Pickled  mackerel:  a  West 
Indian  name. 


Caveach  (ka-veclO,  r 1.  To  pickle  mackerel 
according  to  a  West  Indian  method. 

Cavear,  Caveer  (ka-verO,  n.    1.  A  money  of 
account  at  Mocha,  worth  about  a  halfpenny.  ] 
2.  A  nominal  division  of  the  Spanish  dollar,  ' 
forty  cavears  makina  one  dollar. 

Caveat  (ka've-at),  n.  [L.  caveat,  let  him 
beware,  from  caveo.]  1.  In  law,  a  process  in 
a  court  to  stop  proceedings,  as  to  prevent 
the  enrolment  of  a  decree  in  chancery  in 
order  to  gain  time  to  present  a  petition  of 
appeal  to  the  lord-chancellor,  when  the 
entering  of  a  caveat  with  his  lordship's  sec- 
retary prevents  the  enrolment  for  twenty- 
eight  days.  A  caveat  may  be  also  entered 
to  stop  the  probate  of  a  will,  letters  of  ad- 
ministration, a  license  of  marriage,  or  the  ' 
institution  of  a  clerk  to  a  benefice ;  and,  in 
some  cases,  to  prevent  the  issuing  of  a 
lunacy  commission.  In  Scotland  it  signifies 
an  intimation  made  to  the  proper  officer 
to  prevent  the  taking  of  any  step  without 
intimation  to  the  party  interested,  so  as  to 
enable  him  to  appear  and  object  to  it  — 
2.  [United  States  J  An  instrument  lodged  in 
the  patent  office  by  an  inventor,  containing 
a  description  of  what  he  claims  as  his,  duly 
sworn  to  and  attested,  and  operating  as  a 
bar  to  applications  regarding  the  same  in- 
vention, till  he  has  had  time  to  perfect  it 
and  take  out  letters-patent.— 3.  Intimation 
of  caution;  hint;  warning;  admonition. 
Lord  Jeffrey. 

Caveat  (ka've-at),  v.i.  1  To  enter  a  caveat. 
2.  In  fencing,  to  shift  the  sword  from  one 
side  of  that  of  your  adversary  to  the  other. 

Caveator  (ka've-at-er), »».  One  who  enters 
a  caveat. 

Cave -dweller,  Cave-man  (kav'dwel-6r, 
kav'man),  n.  1.  One  who  dwells  in  caves,  a 
name  given  to  such  of  the  earliest  races 
of  prehistoric  man  as  dwelt  in  natural 
caves,  subsisting  on  shell-fish  and  wild  ani- 
mals. Many  of  the  caves  which  they  in- 
habited bear  rude  sculptured  delineations, 
chiefly  of  animals,  as  deer.  —2.  A  name  given 
to  a  religious  sect,  known  as  the  Bohemian 
Brethren,  formed  at  Prague  in  the  fifteenth 
century  out  of  the  remnants  of  the  Huss- 
ites. They  got  this  name  because  they  hid 
in  caves  to  escape  persecution. 

Cave-keeper  (kav'kep-er).  n.  One  who  lives 
in  a  cave.  '  For  so  1  thought  1  was  a  cave- 
keeper.'  Shak. 

Cave -keeping  (kavTiep-ing),  a.  Dwelling 
in  a  cave;  hidden. 

In  men.  as  in  a  rough-grown  prove,  remain 
Cavc-teefinf  evils  that  obscurely  sleep.     Shak. 

Cavell  (ka-veV),  n.  [Sc.  kevel,  a  lot;  Icel. 
kajli,  a  piece  cut  off,  a  bit,  a  portion ;  G. 
kabel,  kavcl,  a  lot,  a  portion.)  1.  A  part  or 
share  —2.  A  parcel  or  allotment  of  land. 
[An  obsolete  or  provincial  word.) 

Cavendish  (kav'en-dish),  n.  Tobacco  which 
has  been  softened  and  pressed  into  quad- 
rangular cakes.  — Cut  cavendish,  cavendish 
tobacco  cut  into  small  shreds  —Cavendish 
experiment,  an  important  mechanical  ex- 
periment, first  actually  made  by  the  cele- 
brated Henry  Cavendish,  for  the  purpose  of 
ascertaining  the  mean  density  of  the  earth 
by  means  of  the  torsion  balance. 

Caver  (kav'er),  n.  1.  An  offender  in  relation 
to  the  mines  in  Derbyshire,  punishable  in 
the  bergmote  or  miner's  court.  —  2.  An 
officer  belonging  to  the  Derbyshire  mines. 

Cavem  (kav'ern),  n.  [L.  cawma.from  camm, 
hollow.]  A  deep  hollow  place  in  the  earth; 
a  cave. 

Where  wilt  thou  find  a  cavern  dark  enough 
To  mask  thy  monstrous  visage?  Shak. 

Cavernal t  (ka-ver'nal),  a.  Cavernous. 
r'aber. 

Caverned  (kav'ernd),  a.  1.  Full  of  caverns 
or  deep  chasms ;  having  caverns.  '  The 
eavern'd  ground.'  Philips.—  2.  Inhabiting  a 
cavern.  'Governed  hermit.'  Pope. 

Cavernous  (kav'era-us),  a.    [L.  cavernosus.  ] 

1.  Hollow,  or  containing  a  cavern  or  ca- 
verns; as,  a  cavernous  rock.     Woodward. — 

2.  Filled  with  small  cavities.  —  Cavernous 
texture,  in  geol.  a  term  applied  to  that  tex- 
ture of  aggregated  compound  rocks  which 
is  characterized  by  the  presence  of  numer- 
ous small  cavities,  as  in  lava. 

CaveraulOUS  (ka-ver'nu-lus),  a.  [L.  caver- 
nula,  dim.  of  caverna,  a  cavern.]  Full  of 
little  cavities;  as,  eavernulous  metal. 

Cavesson.     Same  as  Cavezon. 

Cave-swallow  (kav'swol-16),  n.  A  species 
of  swallow  indigenous  to  the  West  Indies, 
which  suspends  its  mud-formed  nest  to  the 
roofs  of  caves  on  the  sea-shore.  It  is  the 
Hirundo  pocciloma  of  naturalists. 


CavettO  (ka-vet'to),  n,  [It,  from  earn,  hoi 
low,  L.  cavus.  ]  In  arch,  a  hollow  member, 
or  round  concave  moulding,  containing  the 
quadrant  of  a  circle,  used  as  an  ornament 
in  cornices.  The  hollow  moulding  used  in 
the  bases  between  the  tori,  <fcc.,  is  al^o 
called  cavetto. 

Cavey,  Cavie  (kii'vi),  n.  [D.  kevie,  G.  M(ff, 
k<ijiy,  a  cage,  from  L.  cavea,  a  cage.  ]  A  hen- 
coop. 'The  chicken  carie.'  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Cavezon,  Cavesson  (kav'ez-on,  kav'es-on), 
n.  (Fr.  cavecon;  It.  cavezzone,  aug.  of  cav- 
ezza,  a  halter,  from  L.  caput,  the  head.]  A 
sort  of  nose-band  of  iron,  leather,  or  \voi><l, 
sometimes  flat  and  sometimes  hollow  or 
twisted,  which  is  put  on  the  nose  of  a  horsi- 
to  wring  it,  and  thus  to  facilitate  the  break- 
ing of  him  in.  Called  also  Causnon. 

Cavia  (ka'vi-a),  n.  [Native  Indian  name.] 
A  genus  of  rodent  animals,  regarded  as  the 
type  of  the  family  Cavidse  or  cavies,  and 
characterized  by  molars  without  roots,  f>nv 
feet  with  five  toes,  hinder  with  three,  and 
the  absence  of  a  tail  and  clavicles.  They 
are  natives  of  tropical  America,  the  most 
familiar  example  of  this  genus  being  the 
well-known  guinea-pig. 

Caviar,  Caviare  (kav-i-ar'  or  kav-e-ar/),  ». 
[Fr.  caviar,  Turk,  havidr.  The  Rus.  name 
is  ilcrd.]  The  roes  of  certain  large  fish.pre 
pared  and  salted.  The  best  is  made  from 
the  roes  of  the  sterlet,  sturgeon,  sevruga, 
and  beluga,  caught  in  the  lakes  or  rivers  of 
Russia.  From  caviare  having  been  regarded 
as  a  delicacy  too  refined  to  be  appreciated  by 
the  vulgar  taste,  we  have  Shakspere's  appli- 
cation of  it  to  a  play  which  the  vulgar  could 
not  relish— 

'Twas  caviare  to  the  general.  Hamlet. 

Cavicorn  (kav'i-kom),  a.  Having  the  cha- 
racters of  the  Cavicornia;  belonging  to  or 
resembling  the  Cavicornia. 

Cavicornia,  Cavicorns  (kav-i-kortii-a.kav'- 
i-kornz),  n.  pi.  [L.  cavus,  hollow,  and  comu, 
a  horn.)  A  family  of  ruminants,  charac- 
terized by  persistent  horns  (thus  differing 
from  the  deer)  consisting  of  a  bony  core 
and  a  horny  sheath  or  case  covering  the 
bone,  in  both  sexes  or  in  males  only.  In 
various  species  of  the  antelope  the  bony 
nucleus  has  no  internal  cavity;  in  others, 
as  the  ox  and  goat,  it  is  hollow.  The  first 
horny  case  sheds  off  in  the  second  year, 
after  which  the  horns  become  smoother. 
All  the  animals  of  this  family  form,  as  ap- 
pears from  their  teeth  and  whole  structure,  • 
a  single  natural  group,  including  the  ante- 
lopea,  goats,  and  oxen.  The  prong-horn 
antelope,  which  renews  the  homy  sheath 
periodically,  is  the  only  exceptional  meni- 
l»er  of  the  group. 

Cavidte(kav'i-de),n.  pi.  The  guinea-pig  trite, 
a  family  of  rodents  inhabiting  tropical 
America,  where  they  replace  the  hares  and 
rabbits  of  cold  climates.  The  typical  genus 
is  Cavia  (which  see). 

Cavil  (kav'il),  r.i  [O.Fr  caviller,  from  L 
caviller,  to  cavil,  cavilla,  a  quibble,  trick, 
shuffle.]  To  raise  captious  and  frivolous 
objections ;  to  find  fault  without  good  rea- 
son: frequently  followed  by  at. 

But  in  the  way  of  bargain,  mark  ye  me 
I'll  cavil  on  the  ninth  part  of  a  hair.        Skak. 
Except  by  cirvillinf  at  two  or  three  words,  it 
seemed  impossible  for  the  Roman  Catholics  to  de- 
cline so  reasonable  a  test  of  loyalty.  Hallam. 

Cavil  t  (kav'il),  t>.  (.  To  receive  or  treat  with 
objections;  to  find  fault  with. 

Wilt  thou  enjoy  the  good. 
Then  cavil  the  conditions?  Milton. 

Cavil  (kav'il),  n.  A  captious  or  frivolous  ob- 
jection; an  exception  taken  for  the  sake  of 
argument ;  captions  or  specious  argument 
•The  cavils  of  prejudice  and  unbelief.' 
South. 

Thai's  but  a  cavil;  he  is  old,  I  young.        SAai. 
We  are  to  take  no  counsel  with  flesh  and  blood ; 
give  ear  to  no  vain  cavils,  vain  sorrows  and  wishes. 
Carlvle. 

Cavil  (kav'il),  n.  1.  Naut.  a  kevel  (Which 
see).  — 2.  A  stone-mason's  axe,  with  a  flat 
face  for  knocking  off  projecting  angular 
points,  and  a  pointed  peen  for  reducing  a 
surface  to  the  desired  form;  a  jedding-axe. 

Cavillationi  (kav-il-la'shon),  «.  [L.  carilla- 
tio.]  The  act  or  practice  of  cavilling  or 
raising  frivolous  objections. 

I  am  resolved,  when  I  come  to  my  answer,  not  to 
ttick  my  innocency  (as  I  writ  to  the  lords)  by  cavillti- 
turns  or  voidances.  Bacon. 

Caviller  (kav'il-er),  n.  One  who  cavils;  one 
who  is  apt  to  raise  captious  objections ;  a 
captious  disputant. 

Socrates  held  all  philosophers,  cavillers  and  mad- 
men.  Bitrlett. 


ate,  far,  fat,  full;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       ti,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CAVILLING 


421 


CEDAR 


Cavilling  (kav'il-ing),  ;'•  and  «•  Raising 
frivolous  objection*;  unit-finding. —CSop- 

tiiiii*,  CaeUliiuj,  J'etulaiit.  See  under  CAP- 
TIOUS. 

Cavilling  (kav'il-ing),  ».    The  act  of  raising  , 
captious  anil  frivolous  objections;  an  objec- 
tion  of  a  captious  nature.     '  Cucillinys  and 
menacing!).'    Jer.  Taylor. 

Cavillingly  (kav'il-ing-li),  ado.  In  a  cavil-  J 
liiiL,'  manner. 

Cavillous  (kav'il-us),  a.  Captious;  apt  to 
object  without  good  reason;  quibbling. 
At/life.  [Rare  mill  obsolete.] 

Cavillously  (kav'il-ns-li),  adv.  In  a  cavil- 
lous manner; captiously.  'CavUlously urged.' 
Miltaii.  [Rare  and  obsolete.] 

Cavillousness  (kav'il-us-nes),  n.  Captious- 
ness  ;  disposition  or  aptitude  to  raise  frivo- 
lous objections.  [Rare  and  obsolete.] 

Cavin  (kav'in),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  cavun,  hol- 
low.) Milit.  a  hollow  way  or  natural  hol- 
low, adapted  to  cover  troops  and  facilitate 
their  approach  to  a  place. 

Cavitaryt  (kav'i-ta-ri),  n.  [L.  cavitas,  a  hol- 
low.] An  intestinal  worm  or  entozoon, 
having  an  intestinal  canal  in  a  distinct  ab- 
dominal cavity. 

Cavitary  t  (kav'i-ta-ri).  a.  In  zool.  contain- 
ing a  cavity :  specifically  applied  to  a  class 
of  entozoie  worms;  as,  the  cavitary  or  ne- 
matoid  worms.  See  the  noun. 

Cavilled  (kav'i-tid),  a.  Having  cavities. 
Prof.  Owen. 

Cavity  (kav'i-ti),  n.  [Fr.  cavM,  L.  cavitas, 
from  L.  cams,  hollow.]  1.  A  hollow  place; 
a  hollow;  a  void  or  empty  space  in  a  body; 
an  opening:  a  term  applied  frequently  to 
the  hollow  parts  of  the  body;  as,  the  abdo- 
minal cavity;  the  thoracic  cavity.— 2.  t  State 
of  being  hollow ;  hollowness.  '  The  cavity 
or  hollowness  of  the  place.'  Goodwin. 

Cavolinite  (kav'6-li-mt).  n.  [From  Cavolini, 
a  Neapolitan  naturalist.]  Same  as  Ne- 
phelin. 

Cavy  (ka'vi),  n.  An  animal  of  the  genus 
Cavia.  See  C\vi\.—Patayonian  cany.  See 
MARA. 

Caw  (ka),  c.i.  [Imitative  of  the  sound;  comp. 
Sc.  kae,  D.  kaauw,  Dan.  kaa,  a  jackdaw.] 
To  cry  like  a  crow,  rook,  or  raven. 

The  building  rook  'ill  raw  from  the  windy  tall  elm-tree. 
And  the  tutted  plover  pipe  along  the  fallow  lea. 

Tennyson. 

Caw  (ka),  n.    The  cry  of  the  rook  or  crow. 

Cawf  (kaf),  ».    Same  as  Cauf  (which  see). 

Cawlc  (k'ak),  n.    See  CAUK. 

Cawky  (kak'i).  a.    See  CAUKY. 

Cawquaw  (ka'kwa),  n.  The  arson,  or  Cana- 
dian porcupine  (Erethizon  dursatuin),  whose 
spines  are  often  used  as  ornaments  by  the 
Indians.  Its  chief  food  consists  of  living 
bark,  which  it  strips  from  the  branches  as 
cleanly  as  if  it  had  been  effected  by  a  sharp 
knife.  It  commences  with  the  highest 
branches  and  eats  its  way  regularly  down. 
One  cawquaw  will  destroy  a  hundred  trees 
in  a  single  winter. 

Caxon  (kak'son),  n.  An  old  cant  term  for  a 
wig. 

He  had  two  wigs,  both  pedantic,  but  of  different 
omen.  The  one  serene,  smiling,  fresh  powdered, 
betokening  a  mild  day.  The  other,  an  old,  discol- 
oured, unkempt,  angry  caxon,  denoting  frequent  and 
bloody  execution.  Lamb. 

Caxton  (kaks'ton),  n.  The  name  applied  to 
any  book  printed  by  Caxton,  who  introduced 
the  art  of  printing  into  England.  He  died 
1492.  The  Caxtons  are  all  in  black-letter. 
The  Recuyell  of  the  IIMoryes  of  Troye, 
translated  from  the  French  of  Raoul  le 
Feure,  and  printed  by  Caxton  at  Cologne  in 
1471,  is  considered  as  the  earliest  specimen 
of  typography  in  the  English  language. 
The  Game  and  Playe  of  the  Chesse,  printed 
by  him  at  Westminster  in  1474,  is  gener- 
ally regarded  as  the  first  work  printed  in 
England. 

Cay,  Kay  (ka),  n.  [Sp.  cayo,  a  rock,  a  shoal, 
an  islet.]  An  islet;  a  range  or  reef  of  rocks 
lying  near  the  surface  of  the  water;  a  sand- 
bank or  shoal  barely  appearing  above  water: 
often  improperly  termed  a  Key. 

Cayenne  Pepper  (ki-en'  or  ka-en'  pep'er), 
n.  [From  Cayenne  in  South  America.] 
The  name  given  to  the  powder  formed 
of  the  dried  and  ground  fruits,  and  more 
especially  the  seeds,  of  various  species  of 
Capsicum,  and  especially  of  C.  frutescens. 
It  is  employed  as  a  condiment  to  improve 
the  flavour  of  food,  aid  digestion,  and  pre- 
vent flatulence.  In  medicine  it  is  used  as  a 
stimulant,  and  is  a  valuable  gargle  for  a  re- 
laxed throat. 

Cayman,  Caiman  (ka'man),  n.  [Native 
Guiana  name.]  A  name  applied  popularly 


to  the  alligator  of  the  West  Indies  and  South 
America,  but  properly  only  to  CVi/iW/d/*  or 
Caimanpalpttrorui*;BAC.trig<matui(Cnv.).  ' 
See  ALLIGATOR. 

Caytivet  (kii'tiv),  a.    See  CAITIFF. 

Caytive  (ka'tiv),  n.    See  CAITIVK. 

Cazi,  Cazio  (ka'ze,  ka'ze-o),  n.    See  CAV/I. 

Cazique  (ka-zck'),  n.  [Native  Indian  title.) 
The  name  of  native  princes  or  head  chiefs 
of  Hayti,  Cuba,  Peru,  Mexico,  and  other 
regionsof  America,  who  werefound  reigning 
there  when  these  countries  were  discovered 
by  the  Spaniards.  Also  applied  to  the 
chiefs  of  independent  tribes  of  Indians  in 
modern  times.  Written  also  Cacit/ue,  Cazic.  ; 

Cazzon  (kaz'zon),  n.    See  CASINOS. 

Cean  (se'an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
island  of  Cevs;  specilically  applied  to  the 
poet  Simonides.  '  The  Cean  and  the  Teiau 
muse.'  Byron. 

Ceanothus  (se-a-no'thus),  n.  [From  kean- 
othos,  a  name  applied  by  Theophrastus  to  a 
kind  of  thistle  J  A  genus  of  prickly  shrubs 
anil  trees,  nat.  order  Rhamnacese.  They  are 
natives  of  North  America.  Their  flowers  are 
in  dense  masses  at  the  summit  of  naked 
flower  branches,  and  the  calyx  and  pedicels 
are  coloured  like  the  petals.  The  leaves  of 
C.  ame'ricanus,  called  New  Jersey  tea,  are 
sometimes  used  for  tea. 

Cease  (ses),  v.i.  pret.  tt  pp.  ceased;  ppr. 
ceasing.  [Fr.  cesser,  L.  cesxo,  cc&sare,  to 
cease,  a  freq.  from  cedere,  to  yield,  to  cede. 
See  CEDE.)  1.  To  stop  moving,  acting,  or 
speaking;  to  leave  off;  to  give  over;  to  desist: 
followed  by  from  before  a  noun;  as,  cease 
from  anger,  labour,  strife,  and  the  like. 

The  lives  of  all  who  cease  from  combat,  spare. 
Dry  den. 

2.  To  come  to  an  end;  to  terminate;  to  be- 
come extinct;  to  pass  away;  as,  the  wonder 
ceases;  the  storm  has  ceased. 

I  would  make  the  remembrance  of  them  to  cease 
from  among  men.  Deut.  xxxii.  26. 

The  poor  shall  never  cease  out  of  the  land. 

Deut.  xv.  n. 

Cease  (ses),  v.t.  To  put  a  stop  to;  to  put  an 
end  to. 

But  he,  her  fears  to  cense, 
Sent  down  the  meek-eyed  Peace.      Milton. 
You  may  sooner,  by  imagination,  quicken  or  slack 
a  motion,  than  raise  or  cease  it.  Bacon. 

Ceaset  (ses),  n.     Extinction. 

The  cease  of  majesty  dies  not  alone.        Slta&. 

Ceaseless  (ses'les),  a.  1.  Without  a  stop  or 
pause;  incessant;  continual;  without  inter- 
mission. 

All  these  with  ceaseless  praise  his  works  behold. 
Milton. 

•2.  Endless:  enduring  forever;  as,  the  cease- 
less joys  of  heaven.  '  Thon,  ceaseless  lackey 
to  eternity.'  Shak.  (said  of  time). 

Ceaselessly  (ses'les-li),  adv.  Incessantly; 
perpetually.  '  Flowers  still  blooming  cease- 
lessly. '  Dniinmond. 

Ceaselessness(ses'les-nes),».  1.  The  state  or 
condition  of  being  ceaseless,  or  without  ces- 
sation or  intermission;  incessancy. — 2.  The 
state  or  condition  of  enduring  for  ever;  end- 
lessness. 

Cebadilla  (seb-a-dil'la),  n.  Same  as  Ceca- 
dilla. 

Cebellt  (se-bel'),  n.  A  kind  of  old  English 
air  for  the  violin,  in  common  time,  usually 
in  strains  of  four  bars  each,  with  alternate 
notes  of  gravity  and  acuteness. 

Cebidse  (se'bi-de),  n.  pi.  [From  Cebus,  one 
of  the  typical  genera.)  A  family  of  platy- 
rhine  monkeys,  distinguished  by  their  denti- 
tion from  the  other  family,  the  Hapalidre, 
having  one  molar  more  on  each  side  of  each 
jaw  than  the  members  of  the  latter  family. 
The  family  includes  the  spider -monkeys 
and  sapajous  (Cebus.  Ateles),  the  squirrel- 
monkey  (Callithrix,  Ac.).  They  are  confined 
to  the  warmer  parts  of  South  America. 

Cebipara  (ae-bip'a-ra),  n.  Same  as  Ce- 
byura. 

Cebus  (seTjus),  n.  [Gr.  kilos,  an  ape,  a  mon- 
key.] A  genus  of  platyrhine  monkeys  with 
a  wide  space  between  the  nostrils,  includ- 
ing the  sapajous.  See  SAPAJOU. 

Cebyura  (seb-i-u'ra),  n.  The  name  of  a  large 
Brazilian  tree,  the  bark  of  which  is  used  in 
decoctions  for  baths  and  fomentations  in 
rheumatism  of  the  limbs  and  cutaneous 
diseases.  Called  also  Cebipara. 
Cecchin  (sek-ken'),  n.  A  coin  of  Italy  and 
Barbary.  See  ZKCHIN. 
Cecidomyia  (se'si-do-mi"ya),  n.  [Or.  kekis, 
Ittkidox,  a  gall-nut,  and  myia.n  fly.  ]  A  genus 
of  two-winged  flies,  of  the  family  Tipulidic, 
sub-family  Cecidomyidre.  The  species  are 
of  very  small  size.  Their  larvic  often  occa- 
sion great  mischief  to  the  corn  crops,  from  | 


their  ravages  on  the  growing  p hints.  The 
far-famed  Hessian-lty  (C.  di-sti  uclur)  is  one 
of  tln-ni. 

Cecidomyidae  (sc'si-cio  mi"i-de),  n.  pi.  [See 
above.)  A  sub-family  c,f  dipterous  insects, 
family  Tipululic,  rc^idinx,  in  their  prepara- 
tory states,  in  gall-like  excrescences,  which 
the  females  produce  by  piercing  yoiin^' 
sprigs,  leaves,  A.  .,  with  their  dwp-palntaa 
ovipositor,  and  depositing  their  eggs  i"  ""' 
puncture.  The  genus  G'ecidomjia  is  the  tjpc. 
See  CECIDOMVIA. 

Cecilian  (se-sil'i-an),  ».  [L.  comis,  blind, 
from  the  supposed  blindness  of  the  >JM  ,  ii  -  ] 
One  of  a  genus  of  snake-like  vertebrates, 
formerly  ranked  witli  serpents.  See  i  i. 
CILIA. 

Cecils  (se'silz),  n.  pi.  In  cookery,  minced 
meat,  crumbs  of  bread,  onions,  chopped 
parsley,  Ac.,  with  seasoning,  made  up  into 
balls  and  fried. 

Cecityt  (se'si-ti),  n.  [L.  ccecitas,  from  ctxcu*, 
blind  ]  Blindness. 

There  is  in  them  (moles)  no  cecity,  yet  more  than  a 
cecutiency.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Cecropia  (se-kro'pi-a),  n.  [After  Cecrops, 
the  founder  and  first  king  of  Athens.]  A 
genus  of  beautiful  South  American  milky 
trees,  nat.  order  Artocarpacew.  C.peltatu, 
or  trumpet-wood,  is  remarkable  for  its  hol- 
low stem  and  branches,  the  former  being 
made,  by  the  Indians,  into  a  kind  of  drum, 
and  the  latter  into  wind-instruments.  The 
light  porous  wood  is  used  by  the  Indians 
for  procuring  fire  by  friction.  The  inner 
bark  is  fibrous  and  strong,  and  used  for 
cordage.  This  species  yields  caoutchouc. 

Cecrops  (se'krops),  n.  [After  Cecrops,  said 
to  have  been  the  first  king  of  Athens] 
A  genus  of  parasitic  entomostracous  crus- 
taceans, family  Caligidre,  found  on  the 
gills  of  the  tunny  and  turbot,  and  called 
by  fishermen  fish -lice,  characterized  by 
having  a  head  like  a  small  buckler,  with 
frontal  plates,  and  by  only  one  plate-like 
appendage  on  the  thorax.  They  attach 
themselves  to  the  fishes  they  infest  by  a  set 
of  sharp-pointed,  hooked  claws,  called  foot- 
jaws,  and  the  mouth  is  provided  with  an 
apparatus  by  which  they  puncture  the  skin 
and  suck  the  juices. 

Cecum  (se'kum),  n.    See  CAECUM. 

Cecutiency  t  (se-ku'shi-en-si),  n.  [L.  ccecit- 
tire,  to  be  blind,  fromcrt'CHa,  blind.)  Cloudi- 
ness of  sight;  partial  blindness  or  tendency 
to  blindness.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Cedar  (se'der),  n.  [L.  cednis,  Gr.  kedrux. ] 
A  tree  which  forms  fine  woods  on  all  the 
mountains  of  Syria  and  Asia  Minor,  the 
Pinug  Cedmtt  of  Linnteus,  the  Cedrus  Ll- 
baniof  some  other  botanists,  while  by  others 
it  is  referred  to  the  genus  Larix.  and  liy 
others  again  along  with  the  larch  to  the 
genus  Abies.  It  is  an  evergreen,  grows  to 


Cedar  at  Sion  House,  near  London. 

a  great  size,  and  is  remarkable  for  its  dura- 
bility. Of  the  famous  cedars  of  Lebanon 
comparatively  few  now  remain.  The  most 
celebrated  group  is  situated  not  far  from  the 
village  of  Tripoli,  at  an  elevation  of  about 
6000  feet  above  the  sea,  the  circumference  of 
the  twelve  largest  trees  of  which  varies  from 
about  18  to  47  feet.  Its  timber  was  formerly 
much  prized,  but  in  modern  times  is  not 
regarded  as  of  much  value,  perhaps  from 
the  trees  not  being  of  sufficient  age.  Some 
fine  cedars  are  met  with  in  England.  The 
name  is  given  also  to  the  deodar,  which  is 
indeed  regarded  by  many  botanists  as  a  mere 
variety  of  the  cedar  of  Lebanon,  and  which 
produces  excellent  timber.  It  is  also  applied 
to  many  trees  which  have  no  relation  to  the 
true  cedar,  as  the  Bermuda  cedar  (Muni- 


h, c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locft;      g,  go;      i,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sting;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CEDAE 


422 


CELESTIAL 


perns  bermudiana),  used  for  making  pen- 
cils, the  red  cedar  (J.  virginiana),  the  Hon- 
duras, or  bastard  Barbadoes  cedar  (Cedrela 
odorata),  and  the  red  cedar  of  Australia  (C. 
australls).  See  CEDRUS. 

Cedar  (se'der),  a.  Made  of  cedar;  belonging 
to  cedar;  as,  a  cedar  cabinet. 

Cedar-bird  (se'der-berd),  n.  The  American 
waxwing  (Ampelis  ainericanus  or  Boinby- 
cilla  carolinensis)  is  so  called  in  the  United 
States  from  the  trees  which  it  chiefly  fre- 
quents. See  WAXWING. 

Cedared  (se'derd),  a.  Covered  or  furnished 
with  cedars;  as,  a  cedared  mountain-slope. 

Cedar-like  (se'der-lik),  a.  Resembling  a 
cedar. 

Cedarn  (se'dern),a.  Pertaining  to  the  cedar; 
made  of  cedar.  '  The  carven  ceda,rn  door. ' 
Tennyson. 

Cedar-wood  (se'der-wud),  n.  A  wood  of 
cedar  trees,  or  wood  from  cedar  trees. 

Thou  wert  born,  on  a  summer  morn. 

A  mile  beneath  the  cedar-wood.       TcnnysoH. 

Cede  (sed),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ceded;  ppr.  ced- 
ing. [L.  cedo,  cessuin,  to  retire,  to  yield,  to 
grant,  to  give  up.  '  A  modern  word;  not  in 
Pope's  poems.  It  occurs  in  Drummond's 
Travels  (1754).'  Skeat.  This  word  enters 
as  an  element  into  a  great  many  English 
words,  such  as  accede,  concede,  exceed,  pre- 
cede, recede,  decease,  abscess,  antecedent, 
ancestor,  predecessor.}  To  yield;  to  surren- 
der; to  give  up;  to  resign;  to  relinquish;  as, 
to  cede  a  fortress,  a  province,  or  country  by 
treaty ;  to  cede  all  claims  to  a  disputed  right 
or  territory. 

The  people  must  cede  to  the  government  some  of 
their  natural  rights.  jfay. 

SYN.  To  surrender,  give  up,  resign,  transfer, 
deliver. 

Cede  (sed),  v.i.  1.  To  yield1;  to  submit.— 
2.  To  pass;  to  be  transferred;  to  fall  to;  to 
lapse. 

This  fertile  globe,  this  fair  domain. 
Had  well-nigh  ceded  to  the  slothful  hands 
Of  monks  libidinous.  Shetistone. 

Cedent  ( sed'ent ),  a.  Yielding;  giving  way. 
[Kare.J 

Cedilla  (se-diHa),  n.  [Fr.  cedilla,  It.  zedi- 
glia,  a  dim.  of  zeta,  the  name  of  z  in  Greek; 
because  formerly,  in  order  to  give  c  the 
sound  of  8,  it  was  customary  to  write  cz; 
thus,  leczon,  for  modern  Ufon.]  A  mark 
placed  under  the  letter  c,  especially  in 
French  (thus  f),  to  show  that  it  is  to  be 
sounded  like  «. 

Cedrate,  Cedrat  (se'drat,  se'drat),  n.  [Fr. 
cidrat.]  1.  A  variety  of  the  citron-tree.— 
2.  The  fruit  of  the  tree.  The  peel  is  very 
thick,  and  covered  with  an  epidermis  which 
incloses  a  very  fragrant  essential  oil  much 
prized  in  perfumery. 

Cedrela  (se-drela),  n.  [From  Or.  kedrelatr. 
a  cedar  flr-tree—  kedros,  cedar,  elate,  flr  or 
pine.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Cedre- 
lacece,  consisting  of  large  trees  natives  of 
the  tropics  of  both  hemispheres.  The  bark 
is  fragrant  and  resinous;  that  of  C.  Toona, 
an  East  Indian  species,  is  a  powerful 
astringent,  and  is  accounted  febrifugal. 
The  bark  of  C.  febrtfuga,  a  native  of  Java, 
is  said  to  have  a  better  effect  on  some  of 
the  fevers  of  India  than  cinchona.  All  the 
species  yield  good  timber,  which  is  some- 
times called  cedar-wood.  C.  odorata  pro- 
duces the  cedar  of  Honduras  and  the  West 
Indies  (bastard  cedar).  C.  australis  supplies 
a  wood  much  valued  in  Australia. 

Cedrelacese,  Cedreleae  (se-dre-la'se-e,  se- 
dre'le-e),  n.  pi.  [From  Cedrela,  one  of  the 
genera.  ]  The  mahogany  family,  a  nat.  order 
of  dicotyledonous  plants,  nearly  allied  to, 
if  really  separate  from,  the  Meliacere.  They 
are  trees  with  alternate  pinnate  leaves,  and 
a  woody  capsular  fruit,  opening  from  the 
apex  into  three  valves,  and  having  a  solid 
woody  axis.  They  are  generally  fragrant, 
aromatic,  and  tonic.  Good  and  durable 
timber  is  supplied  by  many  of  the  species, 
as  mahogany  from  Surietenia  Mahagoni, 
Indian  satin-wood  from  Chloroxylon  Swie- 
tenia, yellow  wood  of  Australia  from  Oxleya 
xanthoxyla,  and  bastard  cedar  from  Cedrela 
odorata. 

Ceclrelaceous  (se-dre-la'shus),  a.  In  lot. 
pertaining  to  the  nat.  order  Cedrelacese. 

Cedrin  (se'drin),  n.  A  neutral  crystallizable 
fat  yielded  to  alcohol  by  the  fruit  of  the 
cedron,  after  it  has  been  exhausted  by  ether. 
The  crystals  resemble  silky  needles.  It  is 
intensely  and  persistently  bitter,  and  Lewy 
regards  it  as  the  active  principle  of  the 
fruit. 


[  Cedrlne  (se'drm),  o.    Belonging  to  cedar. 
I     Johnson. 

Cedron  (se'dron),  n.  A  tree  (Simaba  Cedron), 
nat.  order  Simarubacere,  growing  in  >*ew 
Granada,  the  seeds  of  which  resemble  a 
large  bean,  and  are  inclosed  in  a  matty, 
thick,  ovoid  drupe  of  the  size  of  a  lemon. 
They  are  employed  as  a  remedy  in  that 
country  for  serpent-bites,  hydrophobia,  and 
intermittent  fever.  Their  qualities  are  sup- 
posed to  depend  on  the  presence  of  cedrin 
(which  see). 

Cedrus  (se'drus),  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  kedros.]  A 
genus  of  trees  closely  allied  to  the  genus 
Larix,  which  it  resembles  in  having  the 
leaves  growing  in  tufts  or  bunches,  but  from 
which  it  is  distinguished  by  being  evergreen 
(the  leaves  not  falling  in  autumn),  and  by 
the  form  of  the  cones.  It  includes  only 
three  species  or  varieties,  the  C.  Libani,  or 
cc-dar  of  Lebanon ;  C.  Deodara,  or  deodar; 
and  C.  atlantica,  or  Mount  Atlas  cedar.  See 
CEDAR. 

Cedryt  (se'dri),  a.  Resembling  cedar;  ce- 
drine.  '  Cedry  colour.'  Evelyn, 

Cedulet(sed'ul),?».  [O.Vi.cedule.]  A  schedule 
(which  see).  Cotgrave. 

Ceduoust  (sed'u-us),  a.  [L.  cteduus,  from 
ccedo,  to  cut  down.)  Fit  to  be  felled. 
Evelyn. 

Cell  (sel).  v.t.  [O.E.  seilf,  syle,  from  syle, 
seele,  cyll,  a  canopy,  from  Fr.  del,  It.  cielo,  a 
canopy,  heaven,  from  L.  ccelum,  heaven, 
same  root  as  Gr.  koilos,  hollow,  and  E.  /"•/ 
low.]  To  overlay  or  cover  the  inner  roof  of 
a  room  or  building;  to  provide  with  a  ceiling. 

And  the  greater  house  he  ceiled  with  fir-tree. 

3  Chron.  iii.  5. 

Celling  (sel'ing),  n.  1.  The  inside  lining 
or  surface  of  an  apartment  above;  the 
upper  horizontal  or  curved  surface  of  an 
apartment  opposite  the  floor,  usually  fin- 
ished with  plastered  work.— Ceiling  floor, 
the  joisting  and  flooring  supported  by  the 
beams  of  the  roof.  —  Ceiling  joists,  small 
beams  to  which  the  ceiling  of  a  room  is 
attached.  They  are  mortised  into  the  sides 
of  the  binding  joists,  nailed  to  the  under 
side  of  these  joists  or  suspended  from  them 
with  straps. —2.  The  lining  or  planks  on  the 
inside  of  a  ship's  frame. 

Ceilinged  (sel'ingd),  a.  Furnished  with  a 
ceiling. 

Celnture.t  Celnt.t  n.  A  cincture;  a  girdle. 

Celandine  (sel'an-din),  n.  [Older  forms  cela- 
dine,  celidoine,  from  O.  Fr.  celidoine,  Fr. 
chelidoine,  from  L.  chelidonium,  Gr.  chelido- 
nion,  swallow-wort,  from  chelidon,  a  swal- 
low.] 1.  A  name  given  to  two  native  plants, 
the  greater  celandine  and  the  lesser  celan- 
dine; the  swallow-worts:  so  called  because 
the  plants  were  believed  to  flower  when  the 
swallow  arrived,  and  to  die  when  it  departed. 
The  former  is  Chelidoniitm  majus,  and  the 
latter  Ficaria  ranuncitloides,  or  pile-wort. 
The  species  of  Bocconia  from  the  West 
Indies  are  called  tree-celandines.  —  2.  In 
chem.  a  poisonous  principle  extracted  from 
the  swallow-wort  (Clielidonium  majus). 

Celarent  (se-la'rent),  n.  In  logic,  a  syllogism 
in  the  first  figure,  comprising  a  universal 
negative  major  premiss,  a  universal  affirm- 
ative minor  premiss,  and  a  universal  nega- 
tive conclusion:  a  mnemonic  word. 

Celastraceae,  Celastrlnea  (se-las-tra'se-e, 
se-las-tri'ne-e),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  kelastros,  privet  or 
holly.]  A  nat.  order  of  polypetalous  exo- 
gens,  consisting  of  shrubs  or  trees,  some- 
times spinous  or  climbing,  with  a  beautiful 
scarlet  aril  to  the  seeds,  principally  found 
in  warm  latitudes.  Among  the  members  of 
this  order  is  the  Euonymus  or  spindle-tree, 
but  the  majority  are  not  of  much  economi- 
cal importance.  They  have  purgative  and 
emetic  properties.  The  order  has  been 
divided  into  two  tribes,  Euonymeaj,  with 
capsular  fruit,  and  Elteodeudrie,  with  dru- 
paceous fruit. 

Celature  t  (se'la-tur),  n.  [L  ccelatnra,  from 
ccelo,  to  engrave  or  emboss.]  1.  The  act  or 
art  of  engraving,  chasing,  or  embossing 
metals.  —2.  That  which  is  engraved,  &c. 

Celebrablet  (sel'e-bra-bl),  a.  Celebrated. 
Chaucer. 

Celebrant  ( sel'e-brant ),  n.  One  who  cele- 
brates; one  who  performs  a  public  religious 
rite:  in  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  the  priest  who 
celebrates  mass. 

Celebrate  (sel'e-brat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cele- 
brated; ppr.  celebrating.  [L.  celebro,  cele- 
bratum,  to  celebrate,  from  celeber,  famous, 
frequented,  populous,  which  is  another  form 
of  creber,  crowded.  ]  1.  To  make  known  or 
mention  often,  especially  with  honour  or 


praise ;  to  extol ;  to  commend ;  as,  to  cele- 
brate the  name  of  the  Most  High. 

For  the  grave  cannot  praise  thee ;  death  cannot 
celebrate  thce.  Is.  xxxviii.  18. 

The   Songs  of  Sion  were  psalms  and  pieces  of 
poetry  that  celebrated  the  Supreme  Being.  Addison. 
To  celebrate  the  golden  prime 
Of  good  Haroun  Alraschid.        Tennyson. 

2.  To  distinguish  by  any  kind  of  observance, 
as  by  solemn  rites  or  by  cei  emonies  of  joy 
and  respect;  as,  to  celebrate  a  birth-day. 

From  even  unto  even  shall  ye  celebrate  your  Sabbath. 

Celebrated  (sel'e-brat-ed),  a.  Having'ceJeb- 
rity;  distinguished;  well  known;  famous.— 
SVN.  Famous,  renowned,  illustrious,  distin- 
guished. 

Celebratedness  (sere-brat-cd-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  celebrated.  Sir 
H".  Scott.  [Rare.] 

Celebrater  (sel'e-bra-ter),  n.  One  who 
celebrates.  'A  celebrater  of  your  beauty.' 
Pope. 

Celebration  (sel-e-bra'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
celebrating:  (o)  the  act  of  praising  or  extol- 
ling ;  renown ;  honour  or  distinction  be- 
stowed, whether  by  songs,  eulogies,  or  rites 
and  ceremonies.  '  His  memory  deserving  a 
particular  celebration.'  Lord  Clarendon. 
(6)  The  act  of  performing  or  observing  with 
appropriate  rites  or  ceremonies;  as,  the 
celebration  of  a  marriage  or  of  a  religious 
festival;  the  celebration  of  a  birth-day  or 
other  anniversary. 

Celebrioust  (se-le'bri-us),  a.  Famous;  re- 
nowned. Strype. 

Celebriously  t  (se-le'bri-us-li),  adv.  With 
praise  or  renown. 

Celebriousnesst  (se-le'bri-us-nes),n.  1'ame; 
renown. 

Celebrity  (se-leb'ri-ti),  n.     (L  celebritae. ) 

1.  The  condition  of  being  celebrated;  fame: 
renown ;  as,  the  celebrity  of  the  Duke  of 
Wellington ;  the  celebrity  of  Homer  or  of 
the  Iliad.     'An  event   of  great  celebrity 
in  the  history  of  astronomy.'    Whewell.— 

2.  A  person  of  distinction;  as,  a  celebrity  at 
the  bar,  or  in  the  church,  &c.  —  3  t  Cele- 
bration. 

The  celebrity  of  the  marriage  was  performed  with 
great  magnificence.  Bacon. 

Celerer  t  (sel'er-er),  n.    A  cellarer. 

Celeres  (sel'er-ez),  n.  pi.  [L,  pi.  of  celer, 
swift.]  In  Rom.  antiq.  a  body  of  300  horse- 
men, formed  by  Romulus  from  the  wealthier 
citizens.  Their  number  was  afterwards 
augmented,  and  they  are  thought  to  have 
been  the  origin  of  the  egmtet  (which  see). 

Celerlac  (se-lert-ak),  n.  A  variety  of  celery. 
Called  also  the  Turnip-rooted  Celery.  See 
CELERY. 

Celerity  (se-ler'i-ti),  n.  [L.  celeritas,  from 
celer,  swift.]  Rapidity  of  motion;  swiftness: 
quickness ;  speed :  as  distinguished  from 
velocity,  celerity  is  now  generally  applied 
to  the  motions  or  actions  of  living  beings, 
velocity  to  inanimate  objects;  thus  we  speak 
of  a  person  or  animal  moving  with  celerity, 
but  we  say  the  velocity  of  sound  or  light,  or 
of  a  planet  in  its  orbit  '  No  less  celerity 
than  that  of  thought.'  Shak.  'Such  a 
celerity  in  dying.'  Shak.  "The  celerity  of 
the  springy  corpuscles  of  the  air.'  Boyle. 

Time,  with  all  its  «/«•«>.  moves  slowly  to  him  whose 
sole  employment  is  to  watch  its  flight.  Johnson. 

SYN.  Quickness,  rapidity,  speed,  speediuess, 
swiftness,  fleetness,  velocity. 

Celery  (sel'e-ri),  n.  [Fr.  celeri,  It.  seleri,  from 
L.  selitum,  Gr.  selinon,  parsley.]  A  plant 
(Apiumgraveolens)  indigenous  to  the  ditches 
and  marshy  places  near  the  sea-coast  in 
England  and  Ireland,  and  long  cultivated 
in  gardens  as  a  salad  and  culinary  vegetable. 
There  are  two  varieties  in  cultivation,  viz. 
red  and  white  stalked,  and  of  these  many 
sub-varieties,  as  new  striped,  giant  upright, 
new  silver,  &c. 

Celestial  (se-les'ti-al),  a.  [O.Fr.  celestial, 
celestiel,  L.  ccelestis,  from  ccelinn,  heaven.) 

1.  Heavenly:  belonging  orrelating  to  heaven; 
dwelling  in  heaven;  as,  celestial  spirits;  celes- 
tial joys.  Hence  the  word  often  conveys  the 
idea  of  superior  excellence,  delight,  purity, 
<&c. 

That's  a  brave  god,  and  bears  celestial  liquor.  Shak. 

2.  Belonging  to  the  upper  regions  or  visible 
heaven;  as,  celestial  signs;  thecefcsttalglobe. 
'  The  twelve  eelettial  signs. '  Shak. —Celestial 
Empire,  China,  so  called  because  the  first 
emperors  are  fabled  to  have  been  deities. 

Celestial  (se-les'ti-al),  n.  1.  An  inhabitant 
of  heaven.  '  The  unknown  celestial.  •  Pope. 
2.  A  native  of  China,  the  so-called  Celestial 
Empire.  See  under  CELESTIAL,  a. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CELESTIALIZE 


423 


CELT 


Celestialize  (se-les'ti-nl-iz),  v.t.  prct.  A  pp. 
ci'lextializeil ;  ppr.  cclestializimj.  To  make 
i-i-U-stial.  yuart.  lire.  [Kare.J 

Celestially  (sO-les'ti-al-li),  adv.  In  a  celes- 
tial or  heavenly  manner. 

Celestialness  (se-les'ti-iil-nes),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  celestial. 

Celestify  t  (se-les'ti-fl),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
cclestijied;  ppr.  certifying.  To  communi- 
cate something  of  a  heavenly  nature  to;  to 
make  heavenly.  [Hare.  ] 

Heaven  hut  earth  celesti/ied,  and  earth  but  heaven 
terrestrified.  Sir  T.  Brcrwnc. 

Celestln,  Celestine  (scl'es -tin),  n.  In 
•mineral,  native  sulphate  of  strontian,  a 
mineral  so  named  from  its  occasional  deli- 
cate blue  colour. 

Celestine  (seres-tin),  n.  1.  An  adherent  of 
Pelagianism,  so  called  from  CosleMus,  one 
of  the  early  supporters  of  Pelagius. — 2.  One 
of  a  religious  order,  now  nearly  defunct,  so 
named  from  Pope  Celestine,  founder  of  the 
order.  The  brethren  rise  two  hours  after 
midnight  to  say  matins,  eat  no  flesh,  fast 
often,  and  wear  a  white  gown,  a  capuche, 
and  a  black  scapulary.— 3.  A  member  of  an 
order  of  Franciscan  hermits  now  extinct 

Celiac,  a.    See  CoaiAC. 

Celibacy  ( sel'i-ba-si ),  n.  [L.  cailibatus,  a 
single  life,  celibacy,  from  ccelebs,  unmar- 
ried.] The  state  of  being  celibate  or  un- 
married; a  single  life.  It  is  most  frequently 
if  not  always  used  of  males  or  of  a  volun- 
tary single  life.  '  The  celibacy  of  the  clergy.' 
Ilallam. 

No  part  of  the  old  system  had  been  more  detested 
by  the  Reformers  than  the  honours  paid  to  celibacy. 
MacaHlay. 

Celibatarian!  (sel'i-ba-ta"ri-an),  ?i.  Same 
as  Celibate. 

Celibate  (sel'i-bat),  n.  [L  cailibatus.  See 
CELIBACY.]  1. 1  A  single  life;  celibacy.  'The 
forced  celibate  of  the  English  clergy.'  Bp. 
Hall.  —  2.  One  who  adheres  to  or  practises 
celibacy;  a  bachelor,  especially  a  confirmed 
bachelor. 

Celibate  (sel'i-bat),  a.  Unmarried ;  single ; 
as,  a  celibate  state. 

Celibate  (sel'i-bat),  v.i.  To  lead  a  single  life. 
Fortniyhtly  llev. 

Celibatist  (se-lib'a-tist),  ».  One  who  lives 
unmarried.  [Rare.] 

Celibite  (sel'i-bit),  n.  A  monk  living  under  a 
common  and  regular  discipline.  Gibbon. 

Celidography  (sel-i-dog'ra-fl),  n.  [Gr.  kelis, 
kelidus,  a  spot,  and  graphs,  to  write.]  A 
description  of  the  spots  on  the  disc  of  the 
sun  or  on  planets. 

Celine  (se'lin),  a.  [Gr.  koiiia,  the  belly.] 
Relating  to  the  belly.  [Rare.] 

Cell  (sel),  n.    [L.  cella,  a  cell,  a  small  room, 
a  hut,  from  same  root  as  celare,  and  Gr.  ] 
kaluptein,  to  conceal.    Hole  and  hollow  are  I 
from  the  same  root.]    1.  A  small  or  close 
apartment,  as  in  a  convent  or  a  prison. — 

2.  A  small  or  mean  place  of  residence,  such 
as  a  cave  or  hermitage. 

In  cottages  and  lowly  cells 

True  piety  neglected  dwells.       Sonierville. 

3.  Eccles.  a  lesser  religious  house,  especially 
one  subordinate  to  a  greater.  — 4.  In  arch, 
(a)  the  part  of  the  interior  of  a  temple  where 
the  image  of  a  god  stood :  originally  applied 
in  this  sense  to  portions  of  the  temples  of 
the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans,  but  now 
applied  to  the  corresponding  part  of  Hindu 
and  other  temples,      (b)  A  hollow  space 
between  the  ribs  of  a  vaulted  roof.  —  5.  A 
small  cavity   or  hollow  place :    variously 


A,  A  few  cells  from  the  chorda  dorsalis  of  the  lamprey. 
a.  Cell-wall;  «.  cell-contents:  c,  nucleus;  d,  nucle- 
olus.  B.Multipolarnerve-cell  (with  many  processes), 
from  human  spinal  cord ;  c,  nucleus  and  nucleolus. 
C,  An  oval  nerve-cell.  D.  Cartilage-cell.  E,  Hepatic 
orlivercells.  (Allmagnified.)  F,  Pigment  or  colour 
cell,  from  bkin  of  frog. 

applied;  as,  the  cells  of  the  brain;  the 
cells  of  a  honey -comb;  the  cells  of  an 
anther  or  a  capsule. —6.  In  biol.  (a)  most 


commonly  a  membranous  bng  with  more  or 
less  tluid  contents,  and  almost  always  a 
nucleus ;  as,  epithelial  and  fat  cells,  (b)  A 
small  soft  semi-solid  mass  of  matter  with 
no  definite  boundary-wall,  but  most  fre- 
quently appearing  to  have  a  small  granular 
substance  in  the  centre,  supposed  by  some 
to  be  a  nucleus,  but  now  more  generally 
believed  to  be  merely  an  appearance  due 
to  imperfection  in  the  glass  of  the  micro- 
scope through  which  it  is  viewed.  Lymph 
and  chyle  corpuscles  are  examples  of  this 
second  kind.  In  these  the  substance  com- 
posing the  enveloping  membrane  and  its 
contents  is  homogeneous,  being  a  compound 
of  carbon,  hydrogen,  oxygen,  and  nitrogen, 
the  covering  being  at  first  simply  an  infin- 
itely fine  indurated  outer  layer,  but  thicken- 
ing as  the  cell  becomes  older  at  the  expense 
of  the  interior  or  growing  part.  To  this  sub- 
stance the  name  of  protoplasm  lias  been 
given,  and  it  is  now  believed  to  be  the 
starting-point  of  all  animal  anil  vegetable 
organisms.  See  PROTOPLASM.—  7.  In  elect. 
a  single  jar,  bath,  or  division  of  a  com- 
pound vessel,  containing  a  couple  of  plates, 
generally  copper  and  zinc,  united  to  their 
opposites  or  to  each  other,  usually  by  a  wire. 
See  Galvanic  battery  under  GALVANIC. 
Cell  (sel),  v.  t.  To  shut  up  in  a  cell ;  to  place 
in  a  cell.  [Rare.] 

Myself  a  recluse  from  the  world 

And  felled  underground.  Ifarntr. 

Cella  (sel'la),  n.    In  arch,  same  as  Cell,  4  (a). 

Cellar  (sel'ler),  n.  [L.  cellarium.  See  CELL.] 
A  room  in  a  house  or  other  building,  either 
wholly  or  partly  under  ground,  not  adapted 
for  habitation  but  for  lumber,  storage  pur- 
poses, coals,  wine,  and  such  like,  and  having 
openings  into  the  outer  air  for  ventilation 
only.  In  some  of  the  overcrowded  parts  of 
our  large  towns,  however,  cellars  are  con- 
verted into  habitations  for  people  of  the 
lowest  classes. 

Cellar  (sel'lar),  o.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  cell ; 
as,  cellar  walls. 

Cellarage  (sel'ler-aj),  n.  1.  The  space  occu- 
pied by  cellars ;  a  cellar  or  cellars  collec- 
tively. 

Come  on — you  near  this  fellow  in  the  cellarage — 
Consent  to  swear.  Shall. 

2.  Charge  for  storage  in  a  cellar. 
Cellar-book  (seller-bilk),  n.  A  book  con- 
taining details  regarding  the  wines  or  other 
liquors  received  into  and  given  out  from  a 
cellar ;  a  book  kept  by  a  butler  showing  the 
state  of  the  wine-cellar  generally. 

Here  he  checked  the  housekeeper's  account,  and 
overhauled  the  butler's  cellar-book.  Thackeray. 

Cellarer  (sel'ler -er),  n.  1.  An  officer  in  a 
monastery  who  has  the  care  of  the  cellar, 
or  the  charge  of  procuring  and  keeping  the 
provisions ;  also,  an  officer  in  chapters,  who 
has  the  care  of  the  temporals,  and  particu- 
larly of  distributing  bread,  wine,  and  money 
to  canons  on  account  of  their  attendance  in 
the  choir.— 2.  Same  as  Cellarman.— 3.  One 
who  keeps  wine  or  spirit  cellars ;  a  spirit- 
dealer. 

Cellaret  (sel-lcr-ef),  n.  [Mm.  of  cellar.'}  A 
case  of  cabinet  work  for  holding  bottles  of 
liquors.  Thackeray. 

Cellar-flap  (sel'ler-flap),  n.  The  wooden 
lifting  door  which  covers  the  descent  to  a 
cellar. 

Cellaring  (sel'ler-ing),  n.  1.  A  range  or 
systemof  cellars ;  cellarage. 

Ah  1  how  blessed  should  I  be  to  live  with  you  in  a 
retired  and  peaceful  cottage,  situated  in  a  delightful 
sporting  country,  with  attached  and  detached  offices, 
roomy  cellaring,  and  commodious  attics.  Morton. 

2.  The  act  or  practice  of  storing  goods  in 
cellars. 

Cellarino  (chel-la-re'no),  71.  [It.]  Inarch. 
the  part  of  a  capital  below  the  annulets. 

Cellarist  (sel'ler-ist),  n.    Same  as  Cellarer. 

Cellarman  (sel'ler-man),  n.  A  person  who 
is  employed  in  a  wine-cellar ;  a  cellarer ;  a 
butler. 

Cellarous  (sel'ler -us),  a.  Belonging  to 
or  connected  with  a  cellar;  subterra- 
nean; excavated.  '  Certain  cellarous  steps.' 
Dickens.  [Rare.] 

Celled  (seld),  a.  Furnished  with  a  cell  or 
cells :  commonly  used  as  the  terminal  ele- 
ment of  a  compound  adjective ;  as,  single- 
celled. 

Cellepora,  Cellipora  (sel-lep'o-ra,  sel-lip'- 
o-ra).  11.  [L.  cella,  a  cell,  and  poms,  Gr. 
poros,  a  passage.]  A  genus  of  corals  belong- 
ing to  the  class  Polyzoa,  composed  of  minute 
distinct  cells  arranged  like  fringes  in  longi- 
tudinal rows. 


Plants. 


Cellerer  t  (sel'lor-er),  n.     A  ci-ll:ir<-r. 
Celliferous  (sul-lifVr-us),  «.     [I.    cella,  a 
<rll,  and  ,/>ro,  to  bear.]     Bearing  or  pi" 
ducing  cells. 

Cellular  (sel'lu-li-r),  a.  (L.  cellula.  a  little 
cell.]  1.  Consisting  of  cells,  or  n.ntainini; 
cells. — Cellular  membrane,  or  tissue,  in 
animal  bodies,  is  composed  of  an  infinite 
number  of  minute  cells  communicating 
with  each  other.  It  invests  every  lil.iv. 
and  seems  to  he  the  medium 
of  connection  between  all 
parts  of  the  body.— Cellu- 
lar tissue,  in  bot.  The  tis- 
sues composing  a  plant  are 
all  modified  cells,  but  this 
term  is  confined  to  that 
composed  of  elementary 
vesicles  or  cells  without 
woody  or  vascular  tissues. 
See  CELL  and  TISSUE.— 
2.  Pertaining  to  or  resem- 
bling cells;  as.  a  cellular  &p- 
pearance. — Cellular  theory, 
Cellular  Tissue  in  the  physiological  theory 
that  derives  all  vegetable 
and  animal  tissues  from 
the  union  and  metamorphosis  of  primitive 
cells. 

Cellular  (scllu-ler),  n.  In  bot.  a  plant  having 
no  spiral  vessels.  Lindley. 
Cellulares  (sel-lu-la'rez),n.  pi.  A  name  given 
to  one  of  the  grand  divisions  of  the  vege- 
table kingdom,  consisting  of  plants  the 
tissues  of  which  are  cellular.  They  form 
the  greater  though  humbler  portion  of  the 
acotyledonous  or  cryptogamic  plants.  See 
VASCU  LARES. 

Cellulated  (sellu-lat-ed),  a.    Having  a  cel- 
lular structure. 

Cellule  (sel'lul),  n.    A  little  cell. 
CellulicolSB  (sel-lu-lik'6-le),-n.  pi.  [L.  cellula, 
a  little  cell,  and  colo,  to  inhabit.]    A  family 
of  spiders,  order  Pulmonaria,  which  form 
their  nests  in  slits  beneath  the  bark  of  trees, 
in  the  cavities  of  stones  and  rocks,  or  in 
burrows  in  the  ground. 
Celluliferous  (sel-lu-lif'6r-us),a.  [L.  cellula, 
a  little  cell,  and  fero,  to  bear.]    Bearing  or 
producing  little  cells. 

Celluline  (sel'lu-lin),  n.  and  a.    Same  as  Cel- 
lulose, n.  and  a. 

Cellulose  (sel'lu-los),  o.  [From  L.  cellula,  a 
little  cell.)  Containing  cells. 
Cellulose  (sel'lu-los),  n.  In  bot.  the  sub- 
stance of  which  the  permanent  cell-mem- 
branes of  plants  are  always  composed.  Its 
composition  is  CgHjoOs.  It  is  in  many 
respects  allied  to  starch,  and  is  changed 
into  starch  by  heat,  sulphuric  acid,  or 
caustic  potash:  when  iodine  is  applied  to  it 
it  becomes  yellow,  unless  sulphuric  acid  be 
added,  when,  by  its  conversion  into  starch, 
a  blue  colour  is  produced.  Cellulose  has 
been  also  detected  in  the  tunics  of  ascidia 
and  other  invertebrate  animals. 
Cellulosic  (sel-lu-16'sik),  a.  Of  or  relating 
to  cellulose;  produced  by  or  made  of  cellu- 
lose. 'Cellulosic  fermentation.'  Nineteenth 
Century. 

CelOSia  (se-16'zi-a),n.  [Gr.  kilos,  dry,  burned, 
from  the  burned -like  appearance  of  the 
flowers  of  some  species.]  A  genus  of,  for 
the  most  part,  tropical  plants,  nat.  order 
Amaranthacea!.  The  cockscomb  so  com- 
mon in  cultivation  is  C.  cristata,  but  the 
cultivated  form  of  this  plant,  with  a  broad 
flattened  stem  and  a  terminal  crest,  is  very 
unlike  the  plant  in  its  natural  form,  being  a 
monstrosity  formed  by  the  union  or  fascia- 
tion  of  the  stems  or  branches. 
Celostomy  (se-los'to-mi),  n.  [Gr.  koilos, 
hollow,  and  stoma,  the  mouth.]  The  act  of 
speaking  with  a  hollow  voice. 
Celotomy  (se-lot'o-mi),  n.  [Gr.  kele,  a 
tumour,  and  tome,  a  cutting.]  In  svrg.  a 
term  for  the  operation  of  removing  the 
stricture  in  strangulated  hernia  by  cutting. 
Celsia  (sel'si-a),  n.  [From  Celsius,  a  pro- 
fessor at  L'psala  and  friend  of  I.innteus.  ] 
A  genus  of  ornamental  plants,  nat.  order 
Scrophulariaceaj.  Several  species  are  culti- 
vated in  this  country  as  greenhouse  plants. 
Celsitudet  (sel'si-tud),  ».  [L.  celsitudo.] 
Height;  elevation.  Chaucer. 
Celt  (selt),  n.  [L.  Celta,  Gr.  Keltoi,  Seltai, 
later  Galati,  Galli,  said  to  be  from  W.  cel- 
tiad,  one  who  lives  in  a  covert,  an  inhabi- 
tant of  the  wood  or  forest,  celt,  a  covert  or 
shade,  from  celu  (L.  celo),  to  conceal ;  Gael. 
ceiltach,  an  inhabitant  of  the  forest.)  One 
of  the  earliest  Aryan  inhabitants  of  the 
south  and  west  of  Europe.  Of  the  Celts 
there  are  two  great  branches,  viz.  the  Gad- 


a,  cAain;      ch,  Sc  locA;      g,  go; 


j,  ;ob;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sing;     IH,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  irig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CELT 


424 


CENSORSHIP 


helie,  comprising  tin'  Highlander!  of  Scot- 
land, the  Irish,  and  Manx;  and  the  Cymric, 
comprising  the  Welsh  and  Bretons.  The  in- 
habitants of  Cornwall,  parts  of  Cumber- 
land, and  Galloway  are  of  Celtic  origin, 
though  no  longer  using  a  Celtic  language. 
[The  word  with  its  derivatives  is  frequently 
written  with  an  initial  K  —  Kelt,  Keltic, 
&c.) 

Celt  (selt),  n.  [L.L.  celtis,  a  chisel,  a  celt.] 
In  archoKol.  an  imple- 
ment, sometimes  made  of 
stone  and  sometimes  of 
metal,  found  in  ancient 
tumuli  and  barrows  of 
the  Celtic  period  in  Great 
Britain,  Ireland,  and  on 
the  continent  of  Europe. 
Some  have  supposed  the 
celt  to  be  a  weapon  of 
offence,  while  others  have 
contended  that  it  is  a 
tool  which  served  the 
united  purpose  of  an  axe 
and  a  chisel. — Socket  or 
pot  celt,  a  celt  with  a  hole  at  one  end  into 
which  the  shaft  was  fitted. 

Celtlberian  (selt-i-be'ri-an),  a.  [L  Celti- 
beri,  compounded  of  Celtce,  Celts,  and  Iberi, 
Iberians,  the  supposed  original  inhabitants 
of  Spain.)  Pertaining  to  Celtiberia  and  its 
inhabitants,  the  Celtiberi,  an  ancient  people 
of  Spain. 

Celtiberian  (selt-i-be'ri-an),  n.  An  inhabi- 
tant of  Celtiberia  (the  name  given  in  an- 
cient times  to  Central  Spain). 

Celtic  (selt'ik),  a.  [See  CELT.]  Pertaining 
to  the  Celts,  or  to  their  language;  as,  Celtic 
tribes;  Celtic  tongues;  Celtic  customs;  Cel- 
tic origin. 

Celtic  (selt'ik),  n.  The  language  or  group 
of  dialects  spoken  by  the  Celts,  including 
Welsh,  Armoric  or  Breton,  Irish,  Gaelic, 
and  Manx. 

Celticism  (selt'i-sizm),  n.  1.  The  manners 
and  customs  of  the  Celts.— 2.  A  Celtic  ex- 
pression or  mode  of  expression. 

Celtis  (selt'is),  n.  [L. ,  an  African  species  of 
lotus.]  A  genus  of  trees  of  several  species, 
uat  order  Ulmaceffi,  with  simple  and  gen- 
erally serrated  leaves  like  those  of  the  com- 
mon nettle,  but  not  stinging;  the  nettle- 
trees.  C.  augtralis,  a  native  of  the  north  of 
Africa  and  south  of  Europe,  is  a  handsome 
tree,  growing  to  the  height  of  30  or  40  feet, 
with  hard,  durable  wood,  capable  of  a  flue 
polish  and  much  used  to  ornament  high- 
roads in  Italy  and  south  of  France.  C.  oc- 
cidentalis,  a  North  American  tree,  grows  to 
the  height  of  60  to  80  feet.  C.  orientalis 
and  C.  aculeata  are  low  spreading  trees  of 
inferior  interest. 

Celtish  (selfish),  a.    Celtic;  Keltic.  [Rare.] 

Celtiam  (selt'izm),  ».    See  CELTICISM. 

Celto-Roman  (self  6-ro-man),  a.  Relating 
to  the  mixed  population  of  Celts  and  Ro- 
mans in  South  and  West  Europe. 

Celured,t  p.  and  a.  [Norm,  celure,  a  cover- 
let ;  same  origin  as  ceiling.  ]  Ceiled ;  cano- 
pied. 

Cement  (se-menf),  n.  [O.  Fr.  cement,  Fr.  ei- 
ment;  L.  caementum,  signifying  primarily  a 
rough  stone  as  it  comes  from  the  quarry, 
then  the  chips  that  fly  off  from  it  in  hewing, 
which,  in  the  case  of  marble,  were  made  into 
cement ;  con  tr.  from  ctzdimentuin,  from  ccedo, 
to  cut.)  1  Any  glutinous  or  other  substance 
capable  of  uniting  bodies  in  close  cohesion, 
as  mortar,  glue,  Ac. ;  specifically,  in  building, 
a  stronger  kind  of  mortar  than  that  which  is 
ordinarily  used, consisting  of  those  hydraulic 
limes  which  contain  silica  and  therefore  set 
quickly.  Cements  are  variously  composed, 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  surfaces  to 
which  they  are  applied  and  their  exposure 
to  heat  or  moisture.  Hydraulic  or  water 
cements  harden  under  water  and  consoli- 
date almost  immediately  on  being  mixed. 
Of  this  kind  are  the  Roman  and  Portland 
cements.  —2.  Fig.  bond  of  union;  that  which 
unites  persons  firmly  together. 

Friendship!  mysterious  cement  at  the  soul! 
Sweet'ner  oflife  !  and  solder  of  society.       Blair. 

3.  In  anat.  the  tissue  formina  the  outer 
crust  of  the  fangs  or  root  of  the  teeth; 
crusta  petrosa.  See  CRUSTA. 
Cement  (se-menf),  v.t.  1.  To  unite  by  ce- 
ment or  the  application  of  glutinous  sub- 
stances, by  mortar  which  hardens,  or  other 
matter  that  produces  cohesion  of  bodies. — 
2.  Fig.  to  unite  firmly  or  closely;  as,  to  ce- 
ment all  parts  of  the  community;  to  cement 
friendship. 

The  fear  of  us  may  cement  their  divisions.    Shot. 


Cement  (se-menf).  v.i.  To  unite  or  become 
solid;  to  unite  and  cohere. 

Cemental  (se-menf  al).  a.  Of  or  belonging 
to  cement,  as  of  a  tooth;  as,  cemental  tubes. 
Owen. 

Cementation  (se-men-ta'shon),  n.  1.  Ihe 
act  of  cementing ;  the  act  of  uniting  by  a 
suitable  substance.— 2.  Inchem.  the  process 
by  which  a  solid  substance  is  caused  to 
enter  into  or  combine  with  another  at  a 
high  temperature  without  fusion  of  either; 
specifically,  the  conversion  of  iron  into  steel 
by  heating  the  iron  in  a  mass  of  ground 
charcoal,  and  thus  causing  it  to  absorb  a 
certain  quantity  of  the  charcoal. 

Cementatory  (se-menfa-to-ri),  a.  Cement- 
ing; having  the  quality  of  uniting  firmly. 

Cementer  (se-menfer),  n.  The  person  or 
thing  that  cements.  '  Language  the  great 
instrument  and  cementcrot  society.'  Locke. 

Cementitious  (se-men-ti'shus),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  cement;  having  the  quality  of  cement- 
ing; of  the  nature  of  cement. 

Cement-stone  (se-ment'ston),  n.  A  cal- 
careous mineral,  a  species  of  septaria,  which 
by  being  calcined  is  converted  into  a  ce- 
ment. It  occurs  at  Harwich,  Sheppey,  &c. 

Cemeterial  (sem-e-te'ri-al),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  a  cemetery.  '  Cemeterial  cells. ' 
Sir  T.  Browne.  [Rare.  ] 

Cemetery  (sem'e-te-ri),  n.  [L.  txeineterium, 
a  burying-place,  from  Or.  koimiterion,  a 
sleeping-place,  afterwards  a  burying-place, 
from  koimao,  to  sleep.  ]  A  place  set  apart 
for  interment;  a  graveyard;  a  necropolis. 

Cenatical  (se-nat'ik-al),  a.  [See  CENATORY.) 
Relating  to  dinner  or  supper.  [Rare.  ] 

Ceuation,  Csenation  (se-na'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  dining  or  supping.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Cenatory  (se'na-to-ri),  a.  [L.  coenatoriux, 
from  camo,  comatum,  to  sup,  caena,  supper.) 
Pertaining  to  dinner  or  supper. 

The  Romans  washed,  were  anointed,  and  wore  a 
fenatory  garment.  a  Sir  T.  Brtnvtie. 

Cenegild  (se'ne-glld).  n.  [A.  Sax.  cyn,  cinne, 
kindred,  and  gild,  payment]  In  old  law, 
an  expiatory  mulct  paid  by  one  who  killed 
another  to  the  kindred  of  the  deceased. 

Cenobite  (sen'o-bit),  n.  [L.  coenobita,  from 
Gr.  koinobios,  living  in  common,  from  koinos, 
common,  and  bios,  life.  ]  One  of  a  religious 
order  living  in  a  convent  or  in  community; 
in  opposition  to  an  anchoret  or  hermit,  who 
lives  in  solitude.  Gibbon. 

Cenpbitic,  Cenpbitlcal  (sen-o-bifik,  sen-6- 
bit'ik-al),  a.  Living  in  community,  as  men 
belonging  to  a  convent.  '  Religious  orders, 
black  ami  gray,  eremitical  and  cenobitical.' 
StUlingfleet. 

CenobitiBm  (sen'6-bit-izm),  n.  The  state  of 
being  a  cenobite;  the  principles  or  practice 
of  a  cenobite.  Milman. 

Cenobyt  (sen'6-bi),n.  A  place  where  persons 
live  in  community.  Sir  G.  Buck. 

Cenotaph  (seu'o-taf),  n.  [Gr.  kenotaphion— 
kenos,  empty,  and  taphos,  a  tomb.)  An 


Cenotaph  of  Burns,  Banks  of  Doon. 

empty  tomb  erected  in  honour  of  some 
deceased  person ;  a  sepulchral  monument 
erected  to  one  who  is  buried  elsewhere.  '  A 
cenotaph  in  Westminster  abbey.'  ilacaulay. 

A  cenotaph  his  name  and  title  kept.        Drydett. 
I  silently  laugh  at  my  own  cenotaph.       Shelley. 

Cenotaphy  (sen'o-taf-i),  n.  Same  as  Ceno- 
taph. 

Cense  t  (sens),  n.  [L.  census,  a  valuation, 
registering,  tax,  from  censere.lo  value,  count, 


enrol,  tax;    whence  also  censor,   censure.] 

1.  A  public  rate  or  tax. 

The  cense  or  rates  of  Christendom  are  raised  since 
ten  times,  yea,  twenty  times  told.  Bacon. 

2.  Census. 

The  number  of  grafts  which  sprung  at  one  time  in 
and  ;il  tout  her  walls,  in  a  famous  cttue  that  was  made, 
amoumcd  to  above  three  millions.  llmt'cll. 

3.  Condition;  rank.     'A  man  whose  siatr 
and  ce/we  you  are  familiar  with.'    11.  Jon- 
son. 

Cense  (sens),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cemed;  ppr. 
ct'nxing.  [Fr.  encetwer.  See  INCENSE.]  To 
perfume  with  odours  from  burning  gums 
and  spices.  [Rare.  ] 

The  Salii  sing,  and  cense  his  altars  round.     Drydett. 

Cense  (sens),  u.t.  To  scatter  incense.  'Cent- 
ing  about  the  altar. '  II.  Jonson.  [Rare.] 

Censer  (sen'ser),  ".  [A  shortened  form  for 
incenjier;  Fr.  encenxoir.  See  INCENSE.]  A 
vase  or  pan  in  which  incense  is  burned ; 
a  vessel  for  burning  and  wafting  incense. 
Among  the  Jews  the  censer  was  a  kind 
of  chafing-dish,  covered  by  a  dome  and 
suspended  by  a  chain,  used  to  offer  per- 
fumes in  sacrifices.  Censers,  called  also 
thuribles,  are  still  used  in  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church  at  mass,  vespers,  and  other  offices. 
as  well  as  in  some  Anglican  and  other 
churches.  They  are  of  various  forms.  (See 
THURIBLE.)  In  Shakspere's  time  the  term 
was  applied  to  a  bottle  perforated  and  or- 
namented at  the  top,  used  for  sprinkling 
perfume,  or  to  a  pan  for  burning  any  odori- 
ferous substance. 

Here's  snip  and  nip  and  cut  and  slish  and  slash, 
Like  to  a  censer  in  a  barber's  shop.  Shut. 

Censiont  (sen'shon),  n.  [L.  cemio.  See 
CENSE,  n.]  A  rate,  tax.  or  assessment.  Bp. 
Hall. 

Censor  (sen'ser),n.  [L.  censor.  See  CENSE,  «.] 

1.  An  officer  in  ancient  Rome  whose  busi- 
ness was  to  draw  up  a  register  of  the  citi- 
zens and  the  amount  of  their  property,  for 
the  purposes  of  taxation ;  to  keep  watch 
over  the  morals  of  the  citizens,  for  which 
purpose  they  had  power  to  censure  vice  and 
immorality  by  inflicting  a  public  mark  of 
ignominy  on  the  offender;  and  to  superin- 
tend the   finance  administration  and  the 
keeping  up  of  public  buildings. — 2.  One  who 
is  empowered  to  examine  all  manuscripts 
and  be »>ks  before  they  are  published,  and  to 
see  that  they  contain  nothing  heretical  or 
immoral.    See  under  CENSORSHIP.— 3.  One 
who  censures,  blames,  or  reproves;  one  who 
is  given  to  censure ;  one  who  is  addicted  to 
perpetual  fault-finding.     '  Ill-natured  cen- 
tor»  of  the  present  age.'  Roscmnnum. 

Let  me  tell  my  youthful  ce nsor  that  the  necessities 
of  that  time  required  something  very  different  from 
what  others  then  suggested.  Itiirke. 

4.  In  schools,  a  pupil  appointed  to  keep  the 
register  of  all  who  attend,  to  mark  those 
who  are  absent  each  day  on  meeting,  to 
report  faults,  &c. 

Censorial  (sen-so'ri-al),  a.  1.  Belonging  to 
a  censor  or  to  the  correction  of  public 
morals;  as,  the  cemorial  office  in  ancient 
Rome.  —  2.  Full  of  censure ;  censorious ; 
severe.  'Cemorial  declamation.'  Warton. 
'  A  censorial  verity. '  Lainb. 

Censorian  (sen-so'ri-an),  a.  Same  as  Ceii- 
sorial.  'The  censorian  power.'  Bacon. 

Censorious  (sen-so'ri-us),  a.  1.  Addicted  to 
censure ;  apt  to  blame  or  condemn ;  severe 
in  making  remarks  on  others  or  on  their 
writings  or  manners;  as,  a  censorious  critic. 

A  dogmatical  spirit  inclines  a  man  to  be  censorious 
of  his  neighbours.  n'atts. 

2.  Implying  or  expressing  censure ;  as,  cen- 
sorious remarks. 

Censoriously  (sen-so'ri-us-li),  ado.    In  a 

censorious  manner. 
Censoriousness  (sen-so'ri-us-nes),  n.    The 

quality  of  being  censorious ;  disposition  to 

blame  and  condemn;  the  habit  of  censuring 

or  reproaching. 

Ctitsoriottsnrss  and  sinister  interpretation  of  things, 
all  cross  and  distasteful  humours  render  the  conver- 
sation of  men  grievous  and  uneasy.  Tillctson. 

Censorship  (sen'ser-ship),  n.  The  office  or 
dignity  of  a  censor;  the  time  during  which 
a  censor  holds  his  office.—  Censorship  of  the 
press,  a  regulation  which  formerly  prevailed 
in  most  countries  of  Europe,  and  is  still  in 
force  in  many,  according  to  which  printed 
books,  manuscripts,  pamphlets,  and  news- 
papers are  examined  by  persons  appointed 
for  the  purpose,  who  are  empowered  to  pre- 
vent publication  if  they  see  sufficient  rea- 
son ;  that  is,  if  they  find  anything  in  such 
books  or  writings  obnoxious  to  the  prevail- 
ing political  or  religious  systems. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u.  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CENSUAL 


425 


CENTETES 


Censual  (sen'sho-al),  a.  [L.  MMuattt.]  Re- 
lating to  or  containing  a  census.  '  A  MfWtKtl 
roll  or  book.'  Sir  W.  Teni/tlc. 

Censurable  (sen'shor-a-bl},  a.  Worthy  of 
censure;  blamable;  culpable;  reprehensible; 
as,  a  cemurablc  person;  censurable  conduct 
or  writings. 

Censurableness  (sen'shor-a-bl-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quulity  of  being  censurable  or 
blamable;  fitness  to  be  censured. 

This,  and  divers  others,  are  alike  in  their  crnsur- 
Ableness  by  the  unskilful,  be  it  divinity,  physic, 
poetry.  ll'Hitlock. 

Censurably  (sen'shbr-a-bli),  adv.  In  a  cen- 
surable manner;  in  a  manner  worthy  of 
blame. 

Censure  (sen'slior),  n.  [L.  cennttra,  an 
opinion  or  judgment;  Kr.  censure;  from  L. 
cenneo,  to  value,  to  estimate.  See  CENSE, 
n.]  1. 1  Judgment;  opinion;  criticism. 

Take  each  man's  censure  but  reserve  thy  judgment. 

Sta*. 

2.  Judicial  sentence;  a  condemnatory  judg- 
ment. 

To  you,  lord  governor. 

Remains  the  censure  of  this  hcllUh  villain  ; 
The  time,  the  place,  the  torture.  Shafc. 

An  ecclesiantical  censure  is  a  sentence  of 
condemnation  or  penalty  inflicted  on  a  mem- 
ber of  a  church  for  misconduct,  by  which 
he  is  deprived  of  the  communion  of  the 
church  or  prohibited  from  executing  the 
sacerdotal  office.  — 3.  The  act  of  blaming  or 
finding  fault  and  condemning  as  wrong; 
expression  of  blame  or  disapprobation ; 
fault-finding ;  condemnation ;  animadver- 
sion. 

In  minds  unstrengthened  by  right  culture  there  is 
a  perverse  belief  that  they  can  only  raise  themselves 
by  lowering  whatever  stands  beside  them.  There- 
fore, when  all  the  world  turned  critical  before  the 
schoolmaster  was  well  abroad,  censure,  that  simply 
meant  expression  of  opinion,  with  a  sense  even  of 
some  admitted  value  to  be  ascertained,  came  to 
mean  chiefly  or  only  condemnation.  Prof.  Morley. 

SYN.  Blame,  reproof,  condemnation,  repro- 
bation, disapproval,  disapprobation,  repre- 
hension, animadversion,  reprimand,  reflec- 
tion, dispraise,  abuse. 

Censure  (sen'shbr),w.(.  pret.  &  pp.  censured; 
ppr.  censuring,  l.t  To  estimate;  to  reckon; 
to  regard  as;  to  judge. 

Should  I  say  more,  you  well  might  censure  me 
(What  yet  I  never  was)  a  flatterer.      Beau.  &  Fl. 

2.  To  condemn  by  a  judicial  sentence,  as  in 
ecclesiastical  affairs.  —3.  To  find  fault  with 
and  condemn  as  wrong;  to  blame;  to  ex- 
press disapprobation  of;  as,  to  censure  a 
man,  or  his  manners,  or  his  writings. 

We  laugh  at  vanity  oftener  than  we  censure  pride. 

Ruckminsler. 

To  reprove,  to  rebuke,  to  reprimand,  to  censure, 
to  remonstrate,  to  expostulate,  to  reproach.  To  re- 
prove is  to  admonish  with  disapprobation.  To  re- 
buke is  now  used  in  nearly  the  same  sense,  but  is  a 
stronger  term.  To  reprimand  is  to  reprove  officially 
and  by  one  in  authority.  To  censure  is  to  express  an 
unfavourable  opinion.  It  implies  equality  between 
the  parties,  and  is  less  personal  than  the  previous 
terms.  To  remonstrate  and  to  expostulate  are  acts 
more  argumentative  and  imply  more  of  advice  than 
either  reprove  or  censure.  They  also  apply  only  to 
acts  now  taking  place  or  about  to  take  pl.-'ce,  while 
censure  applies  only  to  what  is  past.  Men  may  re- 
monstrate with  a  superior;  they  generally  expostu- 
late with  equals  or  inferiors.  To  reproach  is  to  give 
vent  to  our  feelings:  it  is  applicable  to  all  grades, 
and  it  often  applies  when  we  attribute  to  another 
faults  he  docs  not  admit.  Angus. 

Censuret  (sen'shor),  v.i.  To  pass  an  opinion, 
especially  a  severe  opinion;  to  judge. 

'Tis  a  passing  shame, 
That  I,  unworthy  body  as  I  am, 
Should  censure  thus  on  lovely  gentlemen.     Shak. 

Censurer  (seu'shor-er),  n.  One  who  cen- 
sures. 

A  statesman,  who  is  possessed  of  real  merit,  should 
look  upon  his  political  censurers  with  the  same  ne- 
glect that  a  good  writer  regards  his  critics. 

Addison. 

Census  (sen'sus),  n.  [L.,  from  censeo.  See 
CENSE,  ».]  1.  In  Jiom.  antiq.  a  registered 
statement  of  the  particulars  of  a  person's 
property  for  taxation  purposes;  an  enumer- 
ation and  register  of  the  Roman  citizens 
and  their  property ;  the  drawing  up  of 
such  a  register. —2.  In  modern  times,  an 
enumeration  of  the  inhabitants  of  a  state 
or  part  of  it,  taken  by  order  of  its  legis- 
lature. The  first  actual  enumeration  of  the 
people  of  England  and  Scotland  was  made 
in  1801.  Subsequently  a  census  has  been 
taken  every  ten  years.  In  Ireland  the  ear- 
liest census  was  taken  in  1813,  since  which 
time  a  census  has  been  taken  concurrently 
with  that  of  Great  Britain. 

Census-paper  (sen'sus-pa-per),  n.  A  sche- 
dule or  form  left  with  the  head  of  each 
house  on  each  occasion  of  taking  the  census, 


to  be  tilled  up  with  the  names,  ages,  occu- 
pations, A  i-,,  of  all  the  inmates,  and  given 
up  to  the  enumerators  un  their  culling  for 
it  on  the  statutory  day. 

Cent  (sent),  n.     [Contr.  of  L.  centum,  a  hun- 
dred, which  is  of  cognate  origin  with  E. 
hundred  (which  see).]    1.  A  hundred,  com- 
monly used  with  per;  as,  ten  per  cent,  that 
is,  in  the  proportion  of  ten  to  the  hundred. 
For  lucky  rhymes  to  him  were  scrip  and  share, 
And  mellow  metres  more  than  cent  per  cent. 

Tennyson. 

2.  In  various  countries  a  coin  equal  to  the 
hundredth  part  of  that  which  forms  the 
monetary  unit.  In  the  United  States  of 
America,  a  copper  coin  whose  value  is  the 
hundredth  part  of  a  dollar,  or  about  the 
same  as  a  halfpenny  of  our  money.— 3.  An 
old  game  ut  cards,  so  called  because  100  was 
the  game.  Kares. 

Centage  (sen'taj),  n.  Rate  by  the  cent  or 
hundred;  percentage.  [Rare.] 

Cental  (sen'tal),  n.  A  weight  of  100  Ibs. 
proposed  to  be  generally  adopted  in  the 
trade  and  commerce  of  this  country,  and 
legalized  by  an  act  of  1878. 

Centaur  (sen'tar),  n.  [L.  centaurus;  Gr. 
kentauros,  lit.  bull-killer;  the  Centaurs  were 


Centaur.— Antique  statue  in  Vatican  Museum. 

probably  a  race  that  hunted  wild  cattle  and 
lived  almost  constantly  on  horseback.]  l.In 
Greek  myth,  a  fabulous  being  supposed  to 
be  half  man  and  half  horse.  The  earliest 
notices  of  them  in  Greek  litera- 
ture, however,  merely  represent 
them  as  a  race  of  wild  and  savage 
men  inhabiting  the  mountains  and 
forests  of  Thessaly,  and  it  is  not 
till  later  times  that  they  appear 
as  in  the  cut.  The  Centaur  Cheiron 
was  distinguished  for  his  know- 
ledge of  medicine. —2.  Part  of  a 
southern  constellation,  in  form  of 
a  centaur,  usually  joined  with  the 
Wolf,  containing  thirty-five  stars; 
the  Archer. 
Centaurea  (sen-ta're-a),  n.  [L.cen- 
taurea,  Gr.  kentaurie,  kentauris, 
kentaurion,  after  the  Centaur  Cheiron,  be- 
cause it  is  said  to  have  cured  a  wound  in  his 
foot.  ]  A  very  extensive  genus  of  herbaceous 
plants,  nat.  order  Composite.  The  species 
are  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alter- 
nate leaves  and  single  heads,  all  the  florets 
of  which  are  tubular.  They  are  found  in 
Europe,  Western  Asia,  and  North  Africa. 
The  annuals,  C.  cyamts  (corn  blue-bottle), 
C.  moschata  (purple  or  white  sultan),  and 
C.  suaveolenx  (yellow  sultan),  are  sometimes 
cultivated  in  gardens,  but  the  species  in 
general  are  of  very  little  importance,  and 
many  are  mere  weeds,  such  aa  C.  nigra  and 
C.  Scabiosa,  the  knapweed  of  our  meadows 
and  pastures. 

Centauree,  t  "•-  A  herb,  the  centaury.  Chau- 
cer. 

Centaurize  (sen'tar-Iz),  v.i.  To  perform  the 
acts  of,  or  to  be  like  a  centaur;  to  be  a  man, 
yet  act  like  a  brute.  Young.  [Rare.] 
Centaury  (sen'ta-ri),  n.  [See  CENTAUREA.] 
The  popular  name  of  various  plants.  The 
lesser  centaury  is  a  species  of  Erythnea 
(which  see). 

Centenaar  (sen'te-nar),  n.   The  Amsterdam 
hundredweight  or  quintal,  equal  to  nearly 
109  Ibs.    See  CENTNER. 
Centenarian  (sen-te-na'ri-an),  n.    A  person 
a  hundred  years  old. 


Centenarian  (aen-tc-niYri-.-no.  n.  of  or  per- 
taining t<>  a  i-i-iitrii;H'S  or  <Tulf!iaii:m. 

Centenarious  (st-n-tr  na'ri-us),  a.  ik-imu- 
iiiu'  to  a  hundred  years.  1 1: 

Centenary  (sc-ii'tf-na-ri),  n.  [L.  centenariu*. 
from  crtititm,  a  hundred ;  but  from  tlit- 
meanings  it  would  appear  that  thu  wi.rd 
was  often  regarded  iia  from  centum,  and 
anntttt,  a  year.J  1.  What  consists  of  or  com- 
prehends a  hundred;  the  space  of  a  hun- 
dred years.  'One  inch  of  decrease  in  the 
growth  of  men  for  rvn>  a  n&  miry.'  lltike- 
will.  —2.  The  commemoration  of  any  event, 
as  the  birth  of  a  great  man,  which  occurred 
a  hundred  years  before;  as,  tin:  <>•„/,  na/nt 
of  .Burns;  the  centenary  of  sir  Waller  Scott. 
[This  is  now  the  usual  mcaiiin.i;.  j 

Centenary  (svn'te-na-ri),  a.  Relating  to  or 
consisting  of  a  hundred ;  relating  to  a  hun- 
dred years;  as,  a  centenary  festival  or  cele- 
bration. l  Centenary  solemnities  which  oc- 
curred but  once  in  a  hundred  years. '  l<'nllcr, 

Centenier  t  (sen-te-ner'),  n.  One  of  a  divi- 
sion containing  a  hundred. 

They  are  an  hundred  chosen  out  of  every  town  and 
village,  and  tliereon  were  termed  cententers  or  cen- 
turions. Time's  Storehouse. 

Centennial  (sen-ten'ni-al),  a.  [L.  centum,  a 
hundred,  and  annuii,  a  year.]    1.  Consisting 
of  or  lasting  a  hundred  years ;  as,  a  centen- 
nial epoch.— 2.  Aged  a  hundred  years. 
That  opened  through  long  lines 
Of  sacred  ilex  and  centennial  pines.     Longfell&tv. 

3.  Happening  every  hundred  years;  as,  a 
centennial  celebration. 

Centennial  (sen-ten'ni-al),  n.  The  com- 
memoration or  celebration  of  any  event 
which  occurred  a  hundred  years  before;  as, 
the  centennial  of  American  independence. 

Centennially  (sen-ten'ni-al-li),  ado.  Onre 
in  every  hundred  years ;  as,  to  celebrate  an 
event  centennially. 

Center  (sen'ter).    See  CENTRE. 

Centering  (sen'ter-ing),  n.  The  framing  of 
timber  by  which  the  arch  of  a  bridge  or 
other  structure  is  supported  during  its  erec- 
tion. The  same  name  is  given  to  the  wood- 
work or  framing  on  which  any  vaulted  work 
is  constructed.  It  is  sometimes  termed 
Centre.  The  centering  of  a  bridge  has  to 
keep  the  stones  or  vouxsoirx  in  position  till- 
they  are  keyed  in,  that  is,  fixed  by  the  in- 
sertion of  the  requisite  number  of  stones  in 
the  centre,  and  its  construction  is  a  matter 
demanding  the  utmost  care  of  the  architect 
or  builder.  The  removal  of  the  wooden 
framework  is  called  striking  the  centering, 
and  on  this  being  done  what  is  called  the 
settlement  of  the  arch  takes  place,  the  cen- 


Centcring,  Waterloo  Bridge,  London. 

tral  voussoirs  moving  a  little  and  those  in 
the  flanks  rising. 

Centesimal  (sen-tes'i-mal),  a.  [L.  centeni- 
IMLS,  from  centum,  a  hundred.]  1.  Hun- 
dredth; as,  a  centesimal  part. —2.  By  the 
hundred.  'Centesimal  increase.'  Sir  T. 
Browne. 

Centesimal  (sen-tes'i-mal),  n.  In  ttrUk, 
hundredth  part;  the  next  step  of  progres- 
sion after  decimal. 

The  neglect  of  a  few  centesimal*  in  the  side  of  the 
cube  would  bring  it  to  an  equality  with  the  cube  of  a 
foot.  Arbltthttot, 

Centesimation  (sen-tes'i-imV'shon),  n.  [See 
CENTESIMAL,  a.]  A  military  punishment 
for  desertion,  mutiny,  or  the  like,  where 
one  pel-son  in  a  hundred  is  selected  for  exe- 
cution ;  similar  to  decimation,  or  the  punish- 
ment of  one  in  ten.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Centesimo(sen-tez/e-m6;  It.  pron.  chen-tez'- 
e-mo),  n.  1.  In  the  money  system  of  Italy, 
the  hundredth  part  of  a  lira,  which  is  equal 
to  the  French  franc  in  value.— 2.  An  Argen- 
tine money  of  account.  It  is  the  hundredth 
part  of  a  dollar,  that  is  of  4#. 

Centesmt  (sent'ezm),  n.  [L.  centefrimus.  ] 
The  hundredth  part  of  a  thing,  as  of  an  in- 
teger. Bailey. 

Centetes  (  aen-te'tez ),  n.  A  genus  of  mam- 
mals of  the  family  Talpidse,  very  nearly 


ch,  cAain;      eh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  yo;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      ?H,  *Aen;  th,  t/tiii;      w,  wig;    wh,  u>Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KKl*. 


CEXTIAKK 


426 


CENTRE-BIT 


allied  to  the  hedgehogs ;  the  tenracs.    Kee 
TENRAC. 

Centiare  (sen'ti-iir;  Fr.  pron.  sah-tyar),  n. 
A  square  metre  ;  the  hundredth  part  of  the 
French  are,  ami  equal  to  119  square  yards. 
CenticipitOUB  (sen-ti-sip'i-tus),  a.  [L.  centi- 
ceps,  centicipitis;  from  centum,  a  hundred, 
and  caput,  the  head.  ]  Having  a  hundred 
heads.  [Rare.] 

CantifldOUS  (sen-tif'i-dus),  a.  [L.  centum,  a 
hundred,  and  Jindo,  to  cleave  or  split.] 
Divided  into  a  hundred  parts.  [Rare.] 
Centifolious  ( seii-ti-fo'li-us),  a.  [  L.  centi- 
j'olinx,  from  centum,  a  hundred,  and  folium, 
a  leaf.]  Having  a  hundred  leaves.  Johnson. 
Centigrade  (sen'ti-grad),  a.  [L  centum,  a 
hundred,  and  gradus,  a  degree.  ]  1.  Consist- 
ing of  a  hundred  degrees ;  graduated  into 
a  hundred  divisions  or  equal  parts, — Centi- 
grade thermometer,  a  thermometer  intro- 
duced by  Celsius,  which  divides  the  interval 
between  the  freezing  and  boiling  points  of 
water  into  100  degrees,  while  in  Fahren- 
heit's thermometer  the  same  interval  is 
divided  into  180  degrees;  hence  1  centi- 
grade degree  is  equivalent  to  1J  degrees  of 
Fahrenheit.  The  zero  of  the  centigrade 
thermometer  also  is  placed  at  the  freezing- 
point,  while  in  Fahrenheit's  it  is  32  degrees 
below  it. — 2.  Pertaining  to  the  scale  which 
is  divided  into  a  hundred  degrees;  as,  a  cen- 
tigrade degree. 

Centigramme  (sen'ti-gram  or  san-te-gram), 
n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  centum,  a  hundred,  and 
gramme.]  A  French  measure  of  weight, 
the  hundredth  part  of  a  gramme.  See 
GRAMME. 

Centilitre  (sen-ti-li'tr  or  sah-te-le-tr),  n.  [Fr., 
from  L.  centum,  and  Fr.  litre.]  In  French 
liquid  measure,  the  hundredth  part  of  a 
litre,  a  little  more  than  £ths  of  a  cubic  inch. 
Centlloquyt  (sen-til'6-kwi),  n.  [L.  centum, 
a  hundred,  and  lognor,  to  speak.]  A  hun- 
dred sayings ;  as,  the  Centiloquy  of  Ptole- 
nia'us,  a  work  containing  a  hundred  aphor- 
isms Burton. 

Centime  (sen-tern' or  Riin-tem),  »i.  [Fr.]  The 
hundredth  part  of  a  franc. 
Centimetre  (sen-ti-me'tr  or  sah-te-ma-tr),  n. 
[Fr.  centimetre,  from  L.  centum,  a  hundred, 
•  and  Gr.  metron,  measure.]  A  French  mea- 
sure of  length,  the  hundredth  part  of  a 
metre,  rather  more  than  -ffatta  of  an  inch, 
English  measure. 

Centinelt  (sen'ti-nel),  71.  A  sentinel. 
Centlnodyt  (sen-tin'6-di),  n.  [O.Fr.  centi- 
nodie,  from  L.  centum,  a  hundred,  and 
noditx,  a  knot.]  Knotgrass. 
Centlped,Centipede(sen'ti-ped,  sen'ti-ped). 
n.  [L.  centipeda—  centum,  a  hundred,  and 
peg,  pedis,  a  foot.]  A  term  applied  to  vari- 
ous insects  having  many  feet,  all  belonging 
to  the  order  Cheilopoda  of  the  class  Myria- 
poda.  The  most  common  British  centipede, 
Lithobius  forficatus,  is  quite  harmless,  but 
those  of  tropical  countries  belonging  to  the 
genus  Scolopendra  inflict  severe  and  often 
dangerous  bites.  They  sometimes  grow  to 
a  foot  in  length. 

Centipedal  ( sen'ti-pe-dal ),  a.  Pertaining 
or  belonging  to  the  centipedes. 
Centlstere  (sen'ti-ster  or  sah-te-star),  71. 
[Fr.  centistfre.]  The  hundredth  part  of  the 
French  stere,  equal  to  '353  cubic  foot. 
Centner  (sent'ner),  n.  [G.,  from  L  centen- 
arius,  from  centum,  a  hundred.  ]  1.  In  metal. 
and  assaying,  a  weight  divisible  first  into  a 
hundred  parts  and  then  into  smaller  parts. 
The  metallurgists  use  a  weight  divided  into 
a  hundred  equal  parts,  each  one  pound;  the 
whole  they  call  a  centner;  the  pound  is 
divided  into  thirty-two  parts  or  half -ounces, 
the  half-ounce  into  two  quarters,  and  each 
of  these  into  two  drams.  But  the  assayers 
use  different  weights.  With  them  a  centner 
is  one  dram,  to  which  the  other  parts  are 
proportioned. — 2.  A  common  name  on  the 
Continent  for  a  hundredweight.  In  Swit- 
zerland it  is  equal  to  110  Ibs. ;  in  Austria, 
110J;  in  Sweden,  112  06;  in  Germany,  110  25. 
Cento  (sen'to),  n.  pi.  Centos  (sen'toz).  [L. 
cento,  primarily  cloth  made  up  of  patches, 
patch-work,  and  then  a  poem  made  up  of 
selections  from  different  poems.]  In  music 
and  literature,  a  composition  made  up  of 
selections  from  the  works  of  various  authors 
or  composers;  a  pasticcio. 

It  is  quilted,  as  it  were,  out  of  shreds  of  divers 
poets,  such  as  scholars  call  a  ctnto.  Camden. 

CentOCUlated  (sen-tok'u-lat-ed),  a.  [L.  cen- 
tum, a  hundred,  and  oculus,  an  eye.]  Hav- 
ing a  hundred  eyes. 

Centolst  (sen'to-ist),  n.  One  who  compiles 
centos;  a  compiler.  Edin.  Rev.  [Rare.] 


Centone  (chen-to'na),  ».  [It.]  A  musical 
cento. 

Centonlsm  ( sen'to-nizm ),  7».  The  act  of 
cons  tructlng  centos,  or  making  compilations 
from  various  authors.  llallam.  [Rare.] 

Centonizlug  (sen'to-niz-ing),  n.  The  act  of 
compiling;  specifically,  in  music,  the  act  of 
patching  up  or  adapting  songs  to  music 
already  known.  [Rare.] 

Central  (sen'tral),  a.  [L.  centralist.  ]  Relat- 
ing or  pertaining  to  the  centre;  placed  in  the 
centre  or  middle;  constituting  or  containing 
the  centre;  originating  or  proceeding  from 
the  centre. 

The  ducal  palace  of  Venice  contains  the  three  ele- 
ments in  exactly  equal  proportions  —  the  Roman, 
Lombard,  and  Arab.  It  is  the  central  building  of 
the  world.  Kuitia, 

—Central  eclipse,  an  annular  eclipse  (which 
see).  It  is  so  named  because  the  centres  of 
the  sun  and  moon  appear  to  coincide.  — 
Central  forces,  in  mech.  the  powers  which 
cause  a  moving  body  to  tend  toward  or 
recede  from  the  centre  of  motion.  That 
which  causes  the  revolving  body  to  tend 
towards  the  centre  of  motion  is  called  the 
centripetal  force,  and  that  which  causes  it 
to  recede  from  the  centre  is  called  the  cen- 
trifugal force. 

Centralisation  (seu'tral-iz-a"shon),  n.  Same 
as  Centralization. 

Centralise  (sen'tral-iz),  v.t.  Same  as  Cen- 
tralize. 

Centralism  (sen'tral-izm),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  central;  the  combination  of  several 
parts  into  one  whole;  centralization. 

Centralist  (sen'tral-ist),  n.  One  who  pro- 
motes centralization,  or  bringing  all  the 
departments  of  state  to  one  centre. 

Centrallty  (sen-tral'i-ti),  n.  The  state  of 
being  central 

Centralization  (sen'tral-iz-a"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  centralizing  or  bringing  to  one  centre; 
as,  the  centralization  of  power  in  theliands 
of  a  ministry;  the  centralization  of  com- 
merce in  a  city. 

Centralize  (sen'tral-iz),  v.t.  pret.  <fepp.  cen- 
tralized; ppr.  centralizing.  To  draw  to  a 
central  point;  to  bring  to  a  centre;  to  render 
central;  to  concentrate  in  some  particular 
part  as  an  actual  or  conventional  centre: 
generally  applied  to  the  process  of  transfer- 
ring local  administration  to  the  court  or 
capital. 

Centrally  (sen'tral-li),  ode.  In  a  central 
manner  or  position;  with  regard  to  the 
centre;  as,  to  be  centrally  situated 

Centralness  (sen'tral-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  central;  centrality. 

Centranthus  (scn-tran'thus),  n.  [Gr.  ken- 
iron,  a  spur,  and  anthon,  a  flower.}  A  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Valerianace<o.  distin- 
guished from  the  true  valerian  by  having  a 
spur  to  the  corolla  and  a  single  stamen.  The 
species  are  perennial  smooth  herbs,  with 
white  or  red  flowers.  C.  ruber  (spur- valerian) 
is  a  sweet-scented  plant  naturalized  in  the 
south  of  England  and  Ireland  in  chalk-pits 
and  on  old  walls.  Some  of  the  species  are 
grown  in  gardens,  and  are  elegant  border- 
flowers. 

Centratlont  (sen-tra'shon),  71.  Tendency  to 
the  centre.  Dr.  11.  More. 

Centre  (sen'ter),  n.  [Fr. ,  from  L.  centrum, 
Gr.  kentron,  a  goad,  spur,  or  point,  from 
kenteo,  to  prick,  because  in  describing  a 
circle  with  a  pair  of  compasses  the  fixed  leg 
makes  a  mark  or  hole  in  the  centre.  ]  1.  A 
point  equally  distant  from  the  extremities 
of  a  line,  figure,  or  body;  the  middle  point 
or  place  —2.  The  middle  or  central  object. 
In  an  army,  the  body  of  troops  occupying 
the  place  in  the  line  between  the  wings 
In  a  fleet,  the  division  between  the  van  and 
rear  of  the  line  of  battle,  and  between  the 
weather  division  and  lee  in  the  order  of 
sailing.— 3.  A  point  of  concentration;  the 
nucleus  around  which  or  into  which  things 
are  collected ;  as,  a  centre  of  attraction;  a 
centre  of  power.  '  The  centre  of  a  world's 
desire.'  Tennyson. 

These  institutions  collected  all  authority  into  one 
centre.  Icings,  nobles,  and  people.  J.  Adams. 

It  is  to  expect  that  we  may  then  descend  again 
into  the  moral  and  spiritual  world,  because  its  source 
and  centre  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  material 
creation.  U'newell. 

4.  In  arch,  see  CENTERING.  —&.  In  ball-prac- 
tice, (a)  the  part  of  a  target  next  the  bull's- 
eye,  (b)  A  shot  striking  the  target  within 
the  circle  or  square  next  the  bull's-eye. — 
6  One  of  the  points  of  the  lathe-spindles  on 
which  the  object  to  be  turned  is  placed ;  or 
one  of  two  similar  points  for  holding  an 


object  to  be  operated  on  by  some  other 
machine,  as  aplaning-machine,  and  enabling 
the  object  to  be  turned  round  on  its  axis.— 
7.  Among  the  Fenians,  the  title  given  to  the 
leaders  of  the  organization.  The  head 
centre  is  at  the  head  of  the  whole,  and  he 
has  under  him  various  subordinates  named 
district,  <Src.,  centres.— 8.  In  the  French  an. I 
some  other  legislative  assemblies  the  tit],- 
is  given  to  the  moderate  friends  of  order, 
|  intermediate  between  the  right  and  left- 
Centre  of  attraction  of  a  body,  is  that  point 
into  which,  if  all  its  matter  were  collected, 
its  action  upon  any  remote  particle  would 
be  the  same  as  before;  or  the  point  to  which 
bodies  tend  in  consequence  of  the  action  of 
gravity.— Centre  of  a  bastion,  a  point  in  the 
middle  of  the  gorge  of  a  bastion,  whence  the 
capital  line  commences,  and  is  generally  at 
the  angle  of  the  inner  polygon. —Centre  of  a 
conic  section,  that  point  which  bisects  any 
diameter,  or  that  point  in  which  all  the 
diameters  intersect  each  other.— Centre  of 
conversion,  a  point  in  a  body  about  which  it 
turns,  or  tends  to  turn,  when  a  force  is  ap- 

S lied  to  any  part  of  it,  as  when  a  bar  of  iron 
es  horizontally,  and  is  struck  at  one  end 
perpendicularly  to  its  length,  one  point  in 
the  rod  remains  at  rest,  as  a  centre  about 
which  all  the  other  points  tend  to  revolve. 
—Centre  of  a  curve  of  the  higher  kind,  the 
point  where  two  diameters  concur.— Centre 
of  displacement,  the  mean  centre  of  that 
part  of  a  ship  which  is  immersed  in  the 
water.  It  is  also  called  the  Centre  of  Cav- 
ity, and  sometimes  the  Centre  of  Immersion, 
or  Centre  of  Buoyancy.— Centres  of  a  door. 
the  two  pivots  on  which  the  door  turns.— 
Centre  of  equilibrium,  is  the  same  in  respect 
to  bodies  immersed  in  a  fluid,  as  the  centre 
of  gravity  to  bodies  in  free  space.  See 
EQUILIBRIUM.  —  Centre  of  equilibrium  of  a 
system  of  bodies,  a  point  such  that  if  the 
system  were  suspended  from  it,  the  whole 
would  remain  in  equilibrium.  —  Centre  of 
friction,  that  point  on  which  anything  turns 
when  put  in  rapid  and  independent  motion: 
thus  the  extremity  of  the  peg  round  which 
a  top  spins  is  the  centre  of  friction.  —  Centre 
of  gravity,  in  mech.  the  point  about  which 
all  the  parts  of  a  body  exactly  balance  each 
other,  and  which  being  supported  the  whole 
body  will  remain  at  rest  though  acted  on  by 
gravity;  or  that  point  in  the  interior  of  a 
body  so  situated  that  any  plane  whatever 
that  passes  through  it  divides  the  body  into 
two  parts,  of  which  the  weights  are  exactly 
equal.  Also  called  Centre  of  Mass.  See 
GRAVITY.— Centre  of  gyration,  the  point  at 
which,  if  the  whole  mass  of  a  revolving 
body  were  collected,  the  rotatory  effect 
would  remain  unaltered.— Centre  of  inertia, 
that  point  in  a  body  which  is  so  situated, 
that  the  force  requisite  for  producing  mo- 
tion in  the  body,  or  bringing  it  to  rest,  is 
equivalent  to  a  single  force  applied  at  this 
point.  It  is  the  same  with  the  centre  of 
gravity. —Centre  of  magnitude,  that  point 
in  a  body  which  is  equally  distant  from  all 
the  similar  external  parts  of  it.  In  the 
regular  solids  this  point  coincides  with  the 
centre  of  gravity.  —  Centre  of  motion,  the 
point  which  remains  at  rest  while  all  the 
other  parts  of  a  body  move  round  it. — Centre 
of  oscillation,  the  point  of  a  body  suspended 
by  an  axis,  at  which,  if  all  the  matter  were 
concentrated,  the  oscillations  would  be  per- 
formed in  the  same  time. — Centre  of  percus- 
sion, the  point  at  which,  if  a  moving  body 
encountered  an  immovable  obstacle,  the 
motion  would  be  arrested  without  producing 
any  strain  on  the  axis.  It  coincides  with 
the  centre  of  oscillation  when  the  percutient 
body  moves  about  a  fixed  point;  and  with 
the  centre  of  gravity  when  the  body  moves 
in  a  straight  line. — Centre  of  pressure.  See 
under  PRESSURE. 

Centre  (sen'ter),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  centred; 
ppr.  centring.  1.  To  place  on  a  centre ;  to 
fix  on  a  central  point— 2.  To  collect  to  a 
point. 

Thy  joys  are  centred  all  in  me  alone.        Prior. 

Centre  (sen'ter),  r.i.  1.  To  be  placed  In  a 
centre  or  in  the  middle. 

As  God  in  heaven 

Is  centre,  yet  extends  to  all ;  so  thoti  (earth), 
Centring,  receives!  from  all  those  orbs.    .  Milton. 

2.  To  be  collected  to  one  point;  to  be  con- 
centrated or  united  in  one.  'Our  hopes 
must  centre  on  ourselves  alone. '  Oryden. 

Life's  choicest  blessings  centre  all  in  home,  dru-per. 

Centre-bit  (sen'ter-bit),  n.  A  carpenter's 
tool  for  bin-ing  large  circular  holes,  which 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc.  ley. 


CENTRE-CHUCK 


CEPHALASPIS 


turns  on  an  axis  or  central  point  when  in 
operation.  See  BIT  and  STOCK. 
Centre-chuck  ( «ent*r-ohnk ).  n.  A  chuck 
which  can  be  screwed  on  the  mandril  of  a 
lathe  nnil  has  a  hardened  steel  cone  or 
centre  flxeil  in  it;  also,  a  projecting  arm  ur 

Centre-drill  (scn'ter-dril),  n.  A  small  drill 
used  for  making  a  short  hole  in  the  ends  of 
a  shaft  about  to  be  turned,  for  the  entrance 
of  the  lathe  centres. 

Centreityt  (sen-tre'i-ti),  n.  Power  of  at- 
traction towards  a  centre. 

In  everything  compost, 
Fach  p.irt  of  the  essence  its  centreity 
Keeps  to  itself;  it  shrinks  not  to  a  nullity. 

Dr.  H.  More. 

Centre-piece  (sen'ter-pes),  n.  An  ornament 
intended  to  be  placed  ill  the  middle  or  cen- 
tre of  something,  as  of  a  table  or  mantel- 
shelf, or  between  other  ornaments. 

He  might  have  missed  a  centre-piece  or  a  choice 
wine-cooler.  Dickens. 

Centre-pin  (sen'ter-pin),  n.  The  pivot  on 
which  the  compass  needle  oscillates. 

Centre-punch  (sen'ter-punsh),  n.  A  tool 
consisting  of  a  small  piece  of  steel  with  a 
hardened  point  at  one  end. 

Centre-rail  (sen'ter-ral),  n.  In  nuwayinaa 
traiHiouiix,  a  rail  placed  between  the  ordi- 
nary rails  in  a  track. 

Centre-second  (sen'ter-sek-und),  a.  A  term 
applied  to  a  watch,  clock,  or  other  time- 
piece in  which  the  seconds-hand  is  mounted 
on  the  central  arbor,  and  completes  its 
revolutions  in  one  minute. 

Centric  (sen'trik),».  In  anc.  astron.  a  circle 
the  centre  of  which  was  the  same  as  that  of 
the  earth.  'The  sphere  with  centric  and 
eccentric  scribbled  o'er.'  Milton. 

Centric,  Centrical  (sen'trik,  sen'trik-al),  a. 
Placed  in  the  centre  or  middle;  central. 

Centrically  (sen'trik-al-li),  adv.  In  a  cen- 
tral position;  centrally. 

Centrlcalness(sen'trik-al-nes),  n.  Situation 
in  the  centre. 

Centricity  (sen-tris'i-ti),  n.  The  state  of 
being  centric. 

Centrifugal  (sen-trif'u-gal),  a.  [L  centrum, 
a  centre.  and/i«;io,  to  flee.]  1.  Tending  to 
recede  from  the  centre.  The  centrifugal 
force  of  a  body  is  that  force  by  which  all 
bodies  moving  round  another  body  in  a 
curve,  tend  to  fly  off  from  the  axis  of  their 
motion  in  a  tangent  to  the  periphery  of  the 
curve ;  thus  the  moon  in  revolving  round 
the  earth  has  a  tendency,  in  every  point  of 
her  orbit,  to  fly  off  in  the  direction  of  a 
tangent  to  that  point,  and  the  same  is  true 
of  all  the  planets. 

Centrifugal  force  is  not  a  distinct  force  in  a  strict 
sense,  but  only  a  certain  result  of  the  first  law  of 
motion  measured  by  the  portion  of  centripetal  force 
which  counteracts  it.  «r*fW»«. 

2.  Acting  by  or  depending  on  centrifugal 
force  or  action;  as,  a  centrifugal  pump;  a 
centrifugal  machine,  a  name  given  to  many 
machines  for  raising  water,  ventilating 
mines,  drying  yarn,  clothes,  sugar,  <fec.  In 
these  drying  machines  the  material  is  placed 
in  a  hollow  cylinder  with  a  reticulated  peri- 
phery of  wire-gauze,  and  being  rotated  very 
rapidly  the  water  (or  in  the  case  of  sugar 
the  molasses)  Hies  off  by  centrifugal  action. 
Hence  centrifugal  sugar,  a  trade  term  for 
sugar  thus  prepared.— 3.  In  bot.  expanding 
nrst  at  the  summit  and  later  at  the  base,  as 
a  flower.— Centrifugal  inflorescence  is  that 
kind  of  inflorescence  in  which  the  terminal 
or  central  flower  is  the  first  to  expand, 
as  in  a  true  cyme.  The  elder  and  valerian 
furnish  examples.  It  is  also  called  Definite 
Inflorescence. 

Centring  (sen'tr-ing),  n.    See  CENTERING. 

Centripetal  (sen-trip'e-tal),  a.  [L.  centrum, 
a.  centre,  and  peto,  to  move  toward.]  1. Tend- 
ing toward  the  centre.—  Centripetal  force  is 
that  force  which  draws  a  body  towards  a 
centre,  and  thereby  acts  as  a  counterpoise 
to  the  centrifugal  force  in  circular  motion. 
Gravity  is  a  centripetal  force  preventing  the 
planets  from  flying  off  In  a  tangent,  as  the 
stone  does  from  the  sling.— 2.  Progressing 
by  changes  from  the  exterior  of  an  object 
to  its  centre ;  as,  the  centripetal  calcifica- 
tion of  a  bone.  Owen.  Specifically,  in 
bot.  expanding  first  at  the  base  of  the  in- 
florescence, and  later  at  the  summit,  as  a 
flower.  —  Centripetal  inflorescence  is  that 
kind  of  inflorescence  in  which  the  lower  or 
outer  flower  is  the  first  to  expand,  as  in 
spikes,  racemes,  umbels,  corymbs, and  heads 
The  laburnum,  hemlock,  onion,  and  daisy 
are  examples.  It  is  also  called  Indefinite 
Inflorescence. 


Centripetency  (sen-trip'e-ten-si),  «.  Ten- 
dency to  the  centre.  [Rare.] 

Ceutriscidse  (sen-tris'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  name 
given  by  some  zoologists  to  the  Kistularidie, 
a  family  of  flshcs,  from  Centriscus,  its  typi- 
cal genus. 

CentriSCUS  (sen-tris'kus),  n.  [Gr.  Jfentriskop, 
dim.  of  kentron,  a  goad  or  point.]  A  genus 
of  teleostean  flshes,  of  the  section  Acanthop- 
terygii  and  family  Fistularida;.  To  this 
genus  belongs  the  bellows-fish,  trumpet-fish, 
or  sea-snipe  of  our  own  coast. 

Centrobaric  ( sen-tro-bar'ik ),  a.  [Or.  ken- 
tron,  the  centre,  and  baros,  weight.  ]  Relat- 
ing to  the  centre  of  gravity  or  method  of 
finding  it. — Centrobaric  method,  a  method 
of  measuring  the  extent  of  a  surface  or 
contents  of  a  solid  by  means  of  certain  re- 
lations subsisting  between  the  centre  of 
inertia  (or  gravity)  of  a  line  and  surfaces 
generated  by  it,  and  between  the  centre  of 
inertia  of  a  plane  surface  and  solids  gener- 
ated by  it. 

Ceutrolinead,  Centrolineal  (sen-tro-lin'- 
e-ad,  sen-tro-fin'e-al),  n.  [L.  centrum,  a 
centre,  and  linea,  a  line.]  An  instrument 
for  drawing  lines  converging  towards  a 
point,  though  the  point  be  inaccessible. 

Ceiitrolineal  (sen-tro-lin'e-al),  a.  A  term 
applied  to  lines  converging  to  a  centre. 

Centroliueal,  n.    See  CENTROLJNEAP. 

Centropus  (sen'tro-pus),  n.  [Gr.  kentron,  a 
spur,  and  pous,  a  foot.]  A  genus  of  scan- 
sorial  birds,  natives  of  New  South  Wales, 
belonging  to  the  cuckoo  family,  so  called 
from  the  long  spur-like  claw  of  the  inner  toe; 
the  pheasant  cuckoo.  They  bring  up  their 
own  young. 

Centrum  (sen'trum),  n.  [L.  ]  A  centre.  In 
zool.  the  body  of  a  vertebra;  the  solid  piece 
to  which  the  arches  and  processes  are  at- 
tached. 

Centry  t  (sen'tri),  n.  A  sentry  or  sentinel. 
'  The  centry's  box. '  Gay. 

Centumvlr  (sen-tum'vir),  n.  pi.  Centum- 
viri  (seu-tum'vi-ri).  [L.  centum,  a  hundred, 
and  vir.  a  man.  ]  One  of  a  hundred  and  five 
judges  in  ancient  Rome  appointed  to  decide 
common  causes  among  the  people. 

Centumviral  (sen-tum'vi-ral),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  the  centumvirs. 

Centumvirate  (sen-tum'vi-rat),  n.  The 
office  or  dignity  of  the  centumviri. 

Centunculus  (sen-tung'ku-lus),  n.  [L. ,  dim. 
of  cento,  patch-work ;  also,  the  name  of  a 
small  plant  growing  on  cultivated  ground.  ] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Priraulacere, 
containing  a  few  species  of  very  small  an- 
nual herbs.  The  many-seeded  capsule  bursts 
transversely,  as  in  the  allied  pimpernel. 
C.  minimus  (bastard-pimpernel,  chaff-weed) 
is  a  native  of  Britain.  It  is  a  very  minute  j 
plant,  with  a  branched  stem,  and  flowers  of 
a  pale  rose  or  white  colour.  It  grows  in 
damp  sandy  and  gravelly  places. 
Centuple  (sen'tu-pl),  a.  (Fr.  centuple,  from 
L.  centuplus— centum,  a  hundred,  and  root 
of  plica,  a  fold.  ]  A  hundred-fold. 

I  wish  his  strength  were  centuple.     Massingcr. 

Centuple  (sen'tu-pl),  ii.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cen- 
tupled; ppr.  centupling.  To  multiply  a  hun- 
dred-fold. 

Though  my  wants 

Were  centupled  upon  myself,  I  could  be  patient. 
Beau.  &•  /Y. 

Centuplicate  (sen-tu'pli-kat),  v.t.  pret.  & 
pp.  centuplicated;  ppr.  centuplicating.  [L. 
centum,  a  hundred,  and  plicatus,  folded.] 
To  make  a  hundred-fold ;  to  repeat  a  hun- 
dred times. 

I  performed  the  civilities  you  enjoined  me  to  your 
friends,  who  return  you  the  like  centuplicated. 

llviyell. 

Centurial  (sen-tu'ri-al),  a.  [L  centurialis.t 
Relating  to.  or  occurring  once  in,  a  century 
or  a  hundred  years ;  centennial ;  as,  a  cen- 
turial  sermon.  [Rare.] 

Centuriate  t  (sen-tu'ri-at),  0.  r.  [L.  centurio, 
to  divide  into  hundreds  or  companies.]  To 
divide  into  hundreds. 

Centuriator,  Centurist  (sen-tu'ri-a-ter, 
sen'tu-rist),  ».  [Fr.  centuriateur,  from  L. 
centuria,  a  century,  or  from  centurio,  to 
divide  into  hundreds.]  An  historian  or 
chronologist  who  distinguishes  time  into 
centuries,  as  in  the  Universal  Church  lli«- 
toni  of  Magdeburg.  [Rare.] 

The  centuriators  of  Magdeburg  were  the  first  that 
discovered  this  grand  imposture. 

Centurion  (sen-tu'ri-on),  n.  [L.  centurio, 
from  centum,  a  hundred.  ]  In  Rom.  antiq. 
a  military  officer  who  commanded  a  century 
or  company  of  infantry  consisting  of  a  hun- 
dred men.  The  centurion  answered  to  the 
captain  in  modern  armies. 


Centurist,  »     Sn-  I'KNTI T.IATHK. 

Century  (M.-n'tu  n),  «.  [L.  centuria,  from 
•  ••  ntuu:  a  hnihiii  .1.  j  1.  In  a  general  seimt. 
a  hundred;  anything  consisting  of  a  hun- 
dred in  nuinluT 

With  wild  wood-leaves  and  weeds  1  ha*  strewM  hii 

grave. 
Ana  on  it  said  a  century  of  pray'rs.  Shak. 

2.  In  Rom.  antftj.  a  division  of  the  people 
for  the  purpose  of  electin-;  iiiitu'iMratrs  and 
enacting  laws,  the  people  voting  by  centu- 
ries; also,  a  company  consisting  of  a  bun- 
un-'l  men.  :;.  A  period  of  a  hundred  years. 
This  is  the  most  common  signification  of  the 
word ;  and  as  we  begin  our  modern  conipu- 
tatiou  of  time  from  the  incarnation  of  Christ 
the  word  is  generally  applii-d  to  some  term 
of  a  hundred  years  subsequent  to  that  event; 
as,  the  first  or  second  century,  or  the  1>-,,lli 
century.  If  we  intend  to  apply  the  word 
to  a  different  era  we  use  an  explanatory 
adjunct;  as,  the  third  century  before  the 
Christian  era,  or  after  the  deluge.  —  Cen- 
turies of  Magdeburg,  a  title  given  to  an 
ecclesiastical  history,  arranged  in  thirteen 
centuries,  compiled  by  a  number  of  Protest- 
ants at  Magdeburg.— Century  plant,  a  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  American  aloe, 
which  was  formerly  supposed  to  flower  only 
once  in  a  century. 

Ceort,*  n.  [A.  Sax.  See  CHURL.)  A  free- 
man of  the  lower  rank  among  the  Anglo- 
Saxons. 

Cepa  (se'pa),  n.  [L  ,  an  onion.]  The  com- 
mon onion,  the  Allium  Cepa  of  botanists. 

Cepevorous  (se-pev'6-rus),  o.  [L.  cepa,  an 
onion,  and  two,  to  devour.]  Feeding  on 
onions.  [Rare.  ] 

Cephae'liB  (se-fa'el-is),  n.  [Or.  Itephali,  the 
head,  and  eilo,  to  compress.  ]  An  extensive 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Rubiacere,  con- 
sisting of  shrubs  or  perennial  herbs,  natives 
of  tropical  regions,  chiefly  in  America.  Their 
flowers  grow  in  close  heads,  surrounded  by 
involucrating  bracts,  which  are  sometimes 
richly  coloured.  The  most  interesting  spe- 
cies is  Cephaelis  Ipecacuanha,  which  yields 
the  ipecacuanha  root  of  the  druggists.  It 
is  found  in  shady  woods  in  Brazil.  The  root 
is  the  part  employed  in  medicine,  and  has 
a  characteristic  ringed  structure.  It  is  used 
as  an  emetic,  its  efficacy  depending  on  a 
white  alkaline  principle  contained  in  it 
called  einetin. 

Cephalalgic  (scf-a-lal'jik),  a.  Relating  to 
cephalalgy  or  headache. 

Cephalalgic  (sef-a-lal'jik),  n.  A  medicine 
for  the  headache. 

Cephalalgy  (sef'al-al-ji),  n.    [Gr.  ktphalal- 

Sa^-kephale,  the  head,  and  algos,  pain.] 
eadache. 

Cephalanthera  (sef'al-an-the"ra),  n.  [Gr. 
kephale,  a  head,  and  anlhera,  anther,  from 
the  position  of  the  anthers.]  A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Orchidacere.  The  plants 
have  tough  fibrous  roots  and  broad  ribbed 
leaves.  The  genus  is  closely  allied  to  Epi- 
cactis,  from  which,  however,  it  differs  in 
the  anthers  being  terminal  and  the  ovary 
twisted.  There  are  three  British  species 
known  by  the  common  name  of  hellebor- 
ine. 

Cephalanthium  (sef-a-lan'thi-um),  n.  [See 
G'Ki'HALANTHUS.]  In  bot.  the  head  or  capi- 
tate inflorescence  of  a  composite  plant. 

Cephalanthus  (sef-a-lan'thus),  n.  [Gr.  ke- 
phale,  a  head,  and  anthos,  a  flower,  flowers 
disposed  in  heads  being  a  characteristic  of 
this  order.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Rubiacea;.  The  species  are  shrubs,  with 
small  white  flowers  densely  aggregated  in 
spherical  peduncled  heads.  The  best  known 
species  is  C.  occidentalis  (the  button-bush 
of  North  America). 

Cephalaspis  (sef-a-las'pis),  n.  [Gr.  kephale, 
the  head,  and  aspis,  a  shield.)  A  genus  of 
fossil  ganoid  flshes,  occurring  in  the  old  red 


Cephalaspis  Lyeuii. 

sandstone.  The  head  is  very  large,  bears  a 
close  resemblance  to  the  shape  of  a  saddler  s 
knife,  and  is  protected  by  a  large  buckler- 
shaped  plate,  which  is  prolonged  into  a 
point  on  either  side. 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin.?; 


TH,  then;  th,  «Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CEPHALATA 


428 


CERASTIUM 


Cephalata  (scf-a-la'ta),  «.  pi.  [Gr.  kephalf, 
the  head.  ]  A  division  of  molluscs  which 
have  a  distinct  head,  with  eyes,  as  the  gas- 
teropoda, pturopods,  cuttle-fishes; otherwise 
called  Ct'phalophora. 

Cephalate  (sef'al-at),  ».  A  mollusc  of  the 
division  Cuphalata. 

Cephalic  (se-fal'ik),  a.  [Cr.  ttphaUtot,  from 
kepliat*',  the  heiul.]  Pertaining  to  the  head; 
as,  cephalic  medicines,  remedies  for  disor- 
ders in  the  head.  —  Cephalic  vein,  the  vein 
which  runs  along  the  arm,  so  named  because 
the  ancients  used  to  open  it  for  disorders  of 
the  head. 

Cephalic  (se-fal'ik),  n.  A  medicine  for  head- 
ache or  other  disorder  in  the  head. 

Cephallsatlon,  Cephalizatlon  (sef'al-i- 
za"shon),  n.  In  Mai  a  term  proposed  by 
Professor  Dana,  of  America,  to  denote  a  ten- 
dency in  the  development  of  animals  to- 
wards a  localization  of  important  parts  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  head;  as,  by  the  trans- 
fer of  locomotive  members  or  limbs  to  the 
head  (in  the  Cephalopoda,  for  example). 

Cephallstlc  (sef-a-list'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  head.  [Rare.] 

There  is  a  cranium,  the  ctpHalislic  head-quarters 
of  sensation.  /*•  Taylor. 

Cephalitis  (sef-a-H'tis),  n.  [Gr.  kephale,  the 
head,  and  term,  -id's,  signifying  inflamma- 
tion.) Inflammation  of  the  brain. 

Cephalizatlon,  n.    See  CEPHALISATION. 

Cephalo-branchiate  (sefa-lo-brang"ki-at), 
a.  [Gr.  kephale,  the  head,  and  branchia, 
gills  ]  In  zool.  a  term  applied  to  a  section 
of  the  Annelida  which  have  tufts  of  exter- 
nal gills  placed  on  the  head. 

Cephalo-extractor(sef'a-lo-eks-trakt"er), 
n.  An  instrument  to  extract  a  foetus  by 
clasping  the  head. 

Cephalography  (sef-a-log'ra-ft),  n.  [Gr. 
kephale,  the  head,  and  'jraphe,  description.) 
A  description  of  the  head.  Dungliion. 

Cephalold  (sef  a-loid),  a.  [Gr.  kephalr.  head, 
eidus,  form.)  Shaped  like  the  head;  spheri- 
cal. 

Cephalology  (sef-a-lol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  kephale, 
the  head,  and  logos,  a  discourse.  ]  A  treatise 
on  the  head. 

Cephalolophus  (sef-a-lol'6-fus),  n.  See 
CEPHALOPUS. 

Ceplialometer  (sef-a-lom'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  ke- 
phale, the  head,  and  inetron,  a  measure. )  An 
instrument  for  measuring  the  foetal  head 
during  parturition.  E.  II.  Kniyht. 

Cephalophora  (sef-a-lof'6-ra),  n.  pi.  See 
CEPHALATA. 

Cephalophus  (se-fal'6-fus),  n.  [Gr.  kephale, 
the  headi  and  lophos,  a  crest— from  tuft  of 
hair  on  the  head.)  Au  African  genus  of 
antelopes  with  short  conical  horns,  set  far 
back,  large  muffle,  and  a  crested  crown,  in- 
cluding the  duyker-bok  or  impoon  (C.  mer- 
gem),  much  hunted  in  South  Africa.  Ita 
flesh  makes  capital  soup,  and  the  skin  is 
cut  into  thongs  for  the  long  wagon-whips. 
Its  height  at  the  shoulder  is  about  21  inches. 
The  rhoode-bok,  red-buck,  or  Vital  bush- 
buck  (C.  nataleiiyix),  and  the  blue-buck  (C. 
pygmced)  —  the  former  about  2  feet  high, 
and  the  latter  scarcely  more  than  1  foot— 
both  South  African,  are  members  of  this 
genus.  Written  also  Cephalolophitu,  and 
erroneously  Cephalopus. 

Cephalopod  (sef'a-lo-pod  or  se-fal'6-pod),  a. 
Belonging  or  pertaining  to  the  Cephalopoda. 

Cephalopod,  Cephalopoda  (sef'a-16-pod, 
sef'a-16-pod,  or  j-e-fal'6-pod,  se-fal'o-pod),  n. 
A  member  of  the  class  Cephalopoda  (which 
see).  Written  also  Ccphalopodan. 

Cephalopoda  (sef-a-lop'o-da),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
kephale,  a  head,  and  point,  podog,  a  foot]  A 
class  of  the  mollusca,  the  highest  in  organiza- 
tion in  that  division  of  the  animal  kingdom, 
characterized  by  having  the  organs  of  pre- 
hension and  locomotion,  called  tentacles  or 
arms,  attached  to  the  head.  They  are 
divided  into  two  sections,  Tetrabranchiata 
and  Dibranchiata.  The  nautilus,  and  the 
fossil  genera  Orthoceras,  Ammonites,  Gonia- 
tites,  Ac.,  belong  to  the  Tetrabranchiata,  in 
which  the  animal  has  an  external  shell.  The 
dibranchiate  group  includes  the  argonaut, 
the  octopus  or  eight-armed  cuttle-fishes,  and 
the  ten-armed  forms,  as  the  calamaries,  the 
fossil  belemnites,  &c.  The  shell  is  in  all 
these  internal,  in  some  rudimentary.  The 
fossil  Cephalopoda  are  multitudinous. 

Ceplialopodaii  (sef-a-lop'o-dan),  n.  A  mol- 
lusc of  the  class  Cephalopoda;  a  Cephalopod. 

Cephalopodic,  Cephalopodous  (sef'al  6- 
pod"ik,  sef-a-lop'o-uus),  a.  Relating  to  the 
cephalopoda. 

Cephaloptera  (sef-a-lop'ter-a),  n.    A  genus 


of  cartilaginous  flshes,  the  type  of  the  sub- 
family Cephalopteridio  (which  see). 

Cephalopteridae  (sef'a-lop-ter"i-de),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  kephale,  the  head,  pteron,  a  feather,  a  i 
wing,  and  eidos,  likeness.]  A  sub-family  of 
cartilaginous  fishes  of  the  ray  family,  of 
which  the  genus  Cephaloptera  is  the  type,  | 
distinguished  from  all  other  rays  by  a  pair 
of  little  llns  which  stand  out  from  the  head 
like  horns;  fin-headed  rays  or  horned  rays. 
Only  one  species  (C.  (Jiorna)  has  been  found 
near  the  British  coasts.  Some  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  family  attain  an  almost  incred- 
ible size,  one  having  been  takeu  at  ilcssina 
weighing  upwards  of  half  a  ton. 

Cephalote,  Cephalot  (sef'a-lot,  sef'a-lot),  n. 
[Gr.  kephale,  the  head.  ]  A  name  given  to  a 
yellow  elastic  fatty  substance,  insoluble  in 
alcohol,  but  soluble  in  ether,  which  is  ob- 
tained from  the  brain.  According  to  some 
authorities  it  is  a  mixture  of  the  cerebrates 
of  potassium  and  sodium,  with  traces  of 
olcin  and  oleo-phosphoric  acid.  Called  also 
Cerebral. 

Cephalo-thorax  (sef'a-lo-tho"raks),  n.  [Gr. 
kephale,  the  head,  and  thiirax,  the  thorax.  ] 
The  anterior  division  of  the  body  in  crus- 
taceans, spiders,  scorpions,  &c.,  which  con- 
sists of  the  head  and  thorax  blended  to- 
gether. 

Cephalotome  (sef'a-16-tom),  n.  [Or.  kephale, 
the  head,  and  toman,  cutting.)  An  instru- 
ment for  cutting  into  the  foetal  head  to 
assist  its  forcible  contraction  and  facilitate 
delivery. 

Cephalotomy  (sef-a-lot'o-mi),  n.  1.  In  anat. 
the  dissection  or  opening  of  the  head.— 2.  In 
iurg.  the  act  or  practice  of  operating  with 
the  cephalotome. 

Cephalotribe  (sef'a-16-trib),  n.  [Gr.  kephale, 
the  head,  and  tribo,  to  bruise.)  An  obstetri- 
cal instrument  for  crushing  the  head  of  the 
infant  in  the  womb  in  cases  of  difficult 
delivery.  It  consists  of  a  strong  forceps, 
with  a  powerful  screw,  by  which  the  blades 
are  forcibly  pressed  together  so  as  to  crush 
anything  that  is  between  them. 

Cephalotus  (sef-a-16'tus),  n.  [Gr.  kephalotes, 
headed.  ]  A  genus  of  plants  of  a  somewhat 
anomalous  structure,  included  in  the  nat. 
order  Saxif  rageee.  Only  one  species  is  known, 
C.follieulariji(the  Australian  pitcher-plant), 
a  curious  herb  with  radical  leaves,  some  of 
which  are  elliptic  and  entire,  but  others 
are  altered  into  pitchers  with  a  thickened 
notched  rim,  closed  with  lids  like  the  true 
pitcher-plants  (Nepenthes).  The  small  white 
flowers  are  borne  on  a  long  spike.  The 
generic  name  is  due  to  the  presence  of 
headed  hairs  in  the  interior  of  the  calyx. 

Cephalous  (sef'a-lus),  a.  Having  a  head; 
specifically,  a  term  applied  to  the  Cepha- 
lata, a  division  of  molluscs  including  the 
univalves. 

Cepheus  (se'fe-us),  n.  [In  class,  myth,  the 
name  of  a  king  of  Ethiopia,  and  husband  of 
Cassiopeia,  placed  among  the  stars  after  his 
death.]  1.  In  atttron.  a  constellation  in  the 
northern  hemisphere,  surrounded  by  Cassi- 
opeia, L'rsa  Major,  Draco,  and  Cygnus.  It 
contains  thirty-five  stars. — 2.  One  of  the 
moss  mites,  family  Oribatidee. 

Cepola  (sep'6-la),  n.  [L.L.,  dim.  from  cepa, 
an  onion,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  leaves 
of  the  plant.  ]  A  genus  of  fishes  of  the  section 
Acanthopterygii.  A  species  of  this  genus 
found  on  the  British  coast  is  known  in  Eng- 
land by  the  names  of  the  red  band-fish  and 
red  snake-fish. 

Cepolidae  (se-pol'i-de),  n.  pi.  [See  CEPOLA.) 
Ribbon -  fishes ;  band  -  flshes.  A  family  of 
acanthopterygian  flshes,  characterized  by 
an  elongated  and  much  compressed  body, 
a  very  long  dorsal  fin  often  running  the 
whole  length  of  the  back,  the  caudal  fln 
when  present  being,  however,  always  dis- 
tinct from  it.  and  by  small  cycloid  scales. 
They  are  found,  though  not  abundantly, 
in  most  seas,  and  some  attain  a  large  size, 
the  Gymnetna  Banksii,  a  British  species, 
being  sometimes  12  feet  long.  Also  called 
Tcenioidece. 

Cepphic  (sef'ik),  a.  [Gr.  kepphos,  a  light 
sea-bird ;  metaphorically,  a  feather-brained 
simpleton,  a  booby.)  Very  light;  trifling. 
[Rare.) 

Ceraceous  (se-ra'shus),  a.  [L.  ceraceus, 
waxy.)  In  dot.  waxy;  a  term  applied  to 
bodies  which  have  the  texture  and  colour 
of  new  wax,  as  the  pollen  masses  of  parti- 
cular kinds  of  orchis. 

Cerago  (se-ra'go).  >i.  [L.  cera,  wax.)  Bee- 
breau ;  a  substance  consisting  chiefly  of  the 
pollen  of  flowers,  used  by  bees  for  aliment. 


Ceraln (se'ra-in),  ».  [L.  ecru,  wax.)  A  name 
given  to  that  portion  of  bees'-wax  which  is 
sparingly  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  is  not 
saponified  by  potash. 

Cerambycldsa  (se-ram-bis'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  kerambi/z,  a  horned  beetle.)  A  family 
of  coleopterous  insects  of  the  section  Lam- 
conies.  They  are  common  in  all  parts  of  tin: 
globe,  but  especially  in  hot  climates.  The 
musk-beetle  (Arotnia  raoteAota) belongi  to 
this  family. 

Cerambyx  (se-ram'biks),  n.  A  Linmc.in 
genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  including 
the  musk-beetle,  now  subdivided  into  othur 
genera.  See  CERAMBYCID.*:. 

Ceraralaceaa  (se-ra'mi-a"se-e),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  keramlon,  a  jar  or  pitcher,  from  shape 
of  the  capsules.  ]  The  rose  -  tangles,  a 
natural  order  of  cellular  sea-weeds  (Algsc), 
consisting  of  thread-like  jointed  plants  of  a 
red  or  brown-red  hue.  The  spores  are  in 
masses  in  transparent  membranous  sacs, 
and  the  tetraspores  are  exttTuiil. 

Ceramic  (se-ram'ik),  a.  [Gr.  kerarnikon, 
from  keramos,  potter's-clay,  a  piece  of  pot- 
tery.) Of  or  belonging  to  the  fictile  arts  or 
pottery ;  pertaining  to  the  manufacture  of 
porcelain  and  earthenware;  as,  the  ceramic 
art. 

Ceramldlum  (ser-a-mid'i-um),  n.  [Gr. 
keramion,  a  pitcher.]  One  of  the  conical 
or  ovate  capsules  of  the  Ceramiacese  or 
rose-spored  alg&c.  They  generally  open  by  a 
terminal  pore  for  the  escape  of  the  spores. 

Ceraphron  (ser'a-fron),  n.  [Gr.  keras, 
a  horn.  ]  A  genus  of  minute  parasitic 
insects,  family  Proctotrupida;,  some  of 
which  prey  on  insects  destructive  to  plants. 
C.  destructor  lays  its  eggs  in  the  pupa;  of 
the  Hessian-fly,  which  it  destroys.  It  is 
calculated  that  not  more  than  one  in  ten 
escapes  the  vigilance  of  these  little  enemies. 
C.  Carpenteri  deposits  its  eggs  in  the  female 
plant-lice. 

Cerapus  (ser'a-pus),  n.  [L.  cera,  wax, 
and  Gr.  potts,  a  foot.)  The  caddis-shrimp, 
a  genus  of  amphipodous  crustaceans,  which 
live  in  a  tube,  somewhat  as  the  caddis-worm 
among  insects. 

Cerasln,  Ceraslne  (scr'a-sin),  n.  [L. 
cerams,  a  cherry-tree.)  A  kind  of  gum 
which  exudes  from  the  cherry  and  plum 
tree.  It  is  distinguished  from  gum-arabic 
by  being  insoluble  in  cold  water. 

Cerasinous  (se-ras'i-nus),  o.  1.  Pertaining 
to  or  containing  cerasm.  —  2.  Cherry-col- 
oured; deep  red.  [Rare.) 

Cerasite  (serVsit),  n.  [L.  cerasvs,  a  cherry.  ] 
1.  A  cherry-like  petrifaction. — 2.  The  native 
muriate  of  lead.  Datia. 

Cerastes  (se-ras'tez),  n.    [Gr.  kerastes,  the 


Cerastes  horridus. 

homed  viper,  from  kerat,  a  horn.  ]  A  genus 
of  African  vipers,  remarkable  for  their  fatal 
venom,  and  for  two  little  horns  formed  by 
the  scales  above  the  eyes.  Hence  they  have 
received  the  name  of  horned  vipers.  The 
tail  is  very  distinct  from  the  body.  C.  md- 
gari»  is  the  horned  viper  of  Northern  Africa, 
a  species 
known  to 
the  ancients. 
There  are 
several  other 
species. 
Cerastium 
(  se  -  ras  '  ti  - 
um),n.  [From 
Gr.  keras,  a 
horn,  from 
the  horn- 
shaped  cap- 
sulesofmany 
of  the  spe- 
cies. ]  Mouse- 
ear  chick  - 
weed,  a  ge- 
nusof  plants, 
nat.  order 
Caryophyllaceae,  consisting  of  many  put"  ;-- 
cent  herbs  with  small  leaves  and  white 
flowers,  forming  common  weeds  in  all  tem- 


Cerastium  aquaticum 
(Water  Mouse-ear  Chickweed). 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CERASTJ3 


42!) 


CEREBRIC 


tites  podosus. 


perate  and  cold  regions.  Nine  species  are 
found  in  Britain. 

Cerasus  (ser'n-stis),  n.  [L.,  a  cherry-tree.] 
The  cherry  genus,  a  genus  of  hardy  trees, 
nat.  order  Kosacere,  or  rather  a  section  of 
the  genus  Primus,  from  which  it  is  distin- 
guished only  by  its  leaves  when  young  being 
folded  instead  of  being  rolled  up.  See 
CHERRY. 

Cerate  (se'riit),  n.  [L.  ceratum,  from  cera, 
wax.)  A  thick  kind  of  ointment  composed 
of  wax,  lard,  or  oil,  with  other  ingredients, 
applied  externally  in  various  diseases. 

Cerated(se'rat-ed),  a.  [L.  ceratus.]  Covered 
witli  wax. 

Ceratlne  (ser'a-tin),  n.  [Gr.  keratiiifi,  the 
name  of  a  sophistical  dilemma  celebrated 
among  ancient  logicians,  from  kerax,  keratos, 
a  horn.]  Sophistical;  fallaciously  subtle. 
[Rare.] 

Ceratite  (ser'a-Ht), 
».  A  member  of  the 
genus  Ceratites. 

Ceratites  (ser-a-ti'- 
tez),  71.  [Or.  keras, 
a  horn.  ]  A  genus  of 
fossil  Ammonitidpe. 
allied  to  the  am- 
monites, ill  which 
the  descending  lobes 
terminate  in  a  few  small  denticulations 
pointing  upwards,  the  septa  being  plain. 
They  are  characteristic  of  the  trias. 

Ceratium  (se-ra'shi-um),  n.  [Gr.  Iteration, 
dim.  of  keras,  a  horn.  ]  In  bot.  a  one-celled, 
many-seeded,  superior  linear  fruit,  differing 
from  the  siliqtia  or  silique  in  the  lobes  of  the 
stigma  being  alternate  with  the  placenta, 
not  opposite. 

Ceratobranchial  (ser'a-to-brang"ki-al),  a. 
[Gr.  keras,  keratos,  a  horn,  and  branchia, 
the  gills.  ]  A  term  applied  to  the  lower  of 
the  two  bony  pieces  which  form  the  bran- 
chial arches  in  fishes. 

Ceratooele  (ser'a-to-sel),  n.  [Gr.  Teems, 
keratos,  a  horn,  and  klle,  a  tumour.]  A 
term  for  a  hernia  of  the  cornea  of  the  eye, 
consisting  in  a  protrusion  of  the  transparent 
cornea,  or  rather  of  the  membrane  of  the 
aqueous  humour,  through  an  opening  in 
the  cornea. 

Ceratodus  (se-rat'6-dus),  n.  [Gr.  keras, 
keratos,  a  horn,  and  odous,  tooth.  ]  A  nsh  in 
the  Queensland  rivers,  allied  to  the  lepido- 
siren.  It  is  from  3  to  6  feet  long,  and  the 
body  is  covered  with  large  cycloid  scales. 
The  Ceratodus  is  the  native  'salmon'  or 
Barramunda  of  Australian  rivers. 

Cerato-glossus  (ser'a-to-glos'sus),  n. 
[Gr.  keras,  keratos,  a  horn,  and  glossa,  the 
tongue.]  In  anat.  a  muscle  running  from 
one  of  the  cornua  of  the  os-hyoi'des  to  the 
tongue. 

CeratO-hyal  (ser'a-to-lu"al),  a.  [Gr.  keras, 
keratos,  a  horn,  and  hyoides,  the  hyoid 
bone.]  In  anat.  pertaining  to  the  lower 
and  larger  of  the  two  principal  parts  of  the 
cornua  of  the  hyoid  bone. 

Ceratonla  (ser-a-to'ni-a),  n.  [L.L.  cera- 
fum'tuf,  horned,  from  Gr.  keras,  keratos, 
a  horn,  from  the  horn-shaped  pods.]  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Leguminosoo, 
remarkable  from  the  flowers  wanting  the 
corolla.  The  only  species  is  C.  Siliqua 
(St.  John's-bread  or  carob-tree),  a  native  of 
the  countries  skirting  the  Mediterranean. 
The  pods,  often  called  locust-beans,  are 
supposed  by  some  to  have  been  the  food  of 
St.  John  in  the  wilderness.  They  contain 
a  sweet  nutritious  pulp,  and  are  extensively 
used  for  feeding  animals,  and  are  sometimes 
seen  in  fruiterers'  shops. 
Caratopliyllaceae  (s6r'a-t6-fll-la"se-e),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  keras,  keratos,  a  horn,  and  phi/lion,  a 
leaf.  ]  A  natural  order  of  plants,  containing 
a  single  genus  with  only  one  species,  Cerato- 
"phyllumdemersum  (horn  wort).  It  is  a  slender 
aquatic  herb,  with  whorled,  finely  dissected 
rigid  leaves,  and  small  solitary  monoecious 
flowers,  without  calyx  or  corolla.  It  is  com- 
mon in  pools  or  slow  streams  over  a  great 
part  of  the  world. 

Ceratospongise  (ser'a-to-spon"ji-e),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  keras,  keratos,  a  horn,  and  sponggos,  a 
sponge.)  An  order  of  sponges,  distinguished 
by  their  soft  flexible  skeleton  of  horn,  of 
which  the  bath  sponge  is  the  type. 
Ceratostoma (ser-a-tos't6-ma),n.  [Or. keras, 
teratot,  a  horn,  and  stoma,  a  mouth.]  In 
but.  a  term  applied  to  a  perithecium,  or 
case  containing  the  reproductive  organs 
of  certain  fungi  when  its  neck  is  elon- 
gated. 
Ceraunics  (se-ra'niks),  n.  [Gr.  keraunos, 


Cerberus — antique  bronze. 


thunder.]  That  branch  of  natural  philoso- 
phy which  investigates  the  laws  and  de- 
scribes the  phenomena  of  heat  and  electri- 
city. [Rare.] 

Ceraunlte  (se-ra'nit).  n.  [Gr.  kerannos, 
thunder.]  A  thunder-stone;  a  belemnite. 

Ceraunosoope  (se-ra'no-skop),  n.  [Gr.  ker- 
aunoK,  thunder,  anil  ftkopeo,to  behold.)  An 
apparatus  or  instrument  used  in  the  mys- 
teries of  the  ancients  to  imitate  thunder  and 
lightning. 

Cerbera  (ser'ber-a),  n.  [After  the  fabled 
dog  Cerberus,  from  their  poisonous  quali- 
ties.] A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Apo- 
cynacere,  natives  of  the  East  Indies,  South 
America,  Ac.  They  are  possessed  of  poison- 
ous properties.  A  Brazilian  species  is  called 
Ahouai  (which  see). 

Cerberean,  Cerberian  (ser-be're-an,  ser- 
be'ri-an),  «.  Relating  to  Cerberus.  'Wide 
Cerberian  mouths.'  Milton. 

Cerberus  (ser'ber-us),  n.  [L.]  1.  In  class, 
myth,  the  watch-dog  of  the  infernal  regions, 
the  offspring  of  the  giant  Typhaon  and  the 
serpent -woman 
Echidna.  He 
is  usually  re- 
presented with 
three  heads, 
with  the  tail  of 
a  serpent,  and 
with  serpents 
round  his  neck. 
2  A  sub-genusof 
serpents  (ophi- 
dians), which 
have  nearly  the 
whole  of  the 
head  covered 
with  small 
scales.  The 
length  is  about 
3J  feet. 

Ce'rca  (sertca),?i. 
pi.  Cercse  (ser1- 
se).  [Or.  kerkos, 
a  tail.  ]  In 
entotn.  one  of 
the  feelers  pro- 
jecting from  the  hind  parts  of  the  bodies  of 
some  insects. 

Cercaria  (ser-ka'ri-a),  n,  [Gr.  kerkos,  a  tail.) 
In  zoot.  the  second  larval  stage  of  a  trema- 
tode  worm  or  fluke.  It  is  a  tadpole-like  body, 
which  becomes  encysted,  and  gives  rise  to 
the  sexual  forms.  The  cycle  is  — 1,  Dis- 
tomum,  parent  form;  2,  Redia;  3,  Cercaria; 
4,  Encysted  Cercaria;  5,  Distomum.  The 
larvre  are  chiefly  found  in  the  bodies  of 
molluscs,  the  adults  in  vertebrated  animals, 
as  birds. 

Cercartan  (ser-ka'ri-an),  n.  A  worm  or 
fluke  in  its  second  larval  stage.  See  CEK- 

CARIA. 

Cercarian  (ser-ka'ri-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  cercarians. 

Cercariiform  (scr-ka'ri-i-form),  a.  Having 
the  form  of  or  resembling  a  cercaria. 

Cercis  (ser'sis),  n.  [Gr.  kerkis,  a  shuttle- 
cock, the  name  given  to  the  plant  by  Theo- 
phrastus.  ]  A  small  genus  of  trees  or  shrubs, 
nat.  order  Leguminosax  They  have  simple, 
broad,  generally  two-lobed  leaves,  and  rose- 
coloured  flowers.  The  best  known  species 
is  C.  Siliquastrum,  the  Judas-tree,  so  called 
from  the  tradition  that  it  was  upon  a  plant 
of  it,  near  Jerusalem,  that  Judas  Iscariot 
hanged  himself.  It  is  common  on  the  shores 
of  Asia  Minor  and  in  all  the  East. 

Cercle.t  «.     A  circle.     Chaucer. 

Cercle.t  v.t.  To  encircle;  to  surround. 
Chaucer. 

CercocebUS  (ser-ko-se'bus),  n.  [Gr.  kerkos, 
a  tail,  and  kebos,  an  ape.]  A  genus  of  Asiatic 
and  African  monkeys,  with  large  cheek- 
pouches,  large  callosities,  and  long  tails, 
included  by  some  zoologists  in  the  genus 
Cercopithecus.  It  includes  the  malbrouk, 
or  dog-tailed  monkey,  the  mangabys,  and 
the  green  monkeys.  They  are  frequent  in- 
mates of  our  menageries,  and  are  remark- 
able for  their  wonderful  suppleness  and 
agility,  and  their  power  of  twisting  them- 
selves into  strange  contortions. 

Cereolabes  (ser-kol'a-bez),  n.  [Gr.  kerkos, 
the  tail,  and  lambano,  to  seize.]  A  genus 
of  Brazilian  porcupines,  remarkable  for 
their  long  prehensile  tails.  The  C.  prehen- 
silis  is  known  as  the  coendoo. 

Cercoleptldse  (ser-ko-lep'ti-de),  n.  pi.  [Or. 
kerkos.  a  tail,  and  leptos,  delicate.]  The 
kinkajous,  a  small  tropical  American  group 
of  mammals,  allied  to  the  Ursidee.  See 
KINKAJOU. 


CercopldSB'«'T-kop'i-di"X  ii.pl.  [Gr.  krrk"i>*. 
one  of  a  fahled  r;trr  of  ini-n  n-seiiililiii^ 
monkeys,  and  ei<i<>K,  r»-si-lnhlancL-. )  A  nub- 
family  of  homopteroui  insects,  family  Cn  a 
drllina,  ivmitrkablr  fur  their  ^rotesque 
forms.  Jt  includes  the  cuckoo-spit*  ami 
frog-hoppers.  The  exotic  species  are  very 
numerous,  and  often  very  showv 

Cercopithecus  (siVko  pt.tbnr.iu),  n.  [Gr. 
kerkos,  a  tail,  and  pithekot,  an  ape.]  A 
genus  of  long- tailed  monkeys  found  in 
Africa,  with  large  thumbs,  callosities,  and 
cheek-pouches.  They  are  very  active,  and 
are  often  prettily  variegated.  Among  them 
is  the  Mona  monkey. 

Cerdocyon  (ser-dos'i-on),  n.  [Gr.  kerdo», 
gain,  in  the  pi.  wiles,  and  kyun,  a  don 
cunning  dog.]  A  South  American  genus  of 
the  dog  tribe,  intermediate  between  the 
true  dogs  and  the  foxes.  Some  have  a 
singular  propensity  to  steal  and  secrete 
brilliant  objects.  The  natives  of  the  colder 
parts  of  South  America  have  a  rich  fur. — 
Also  called  Urocyon. 

Cere  (ser),  n.  [L  cera,  wax:  from  its  ap- 
pearance. Compare  the G.  name  wachsba »t, 
lit.  wax-skin.  ]  In  omith.  the  term  applied  t»> 
the  space  destitute  of  feathers  generally 
observed  at  the  base  of  the  bill  in  birds, 
and  which  is  supposed  to  exercise  a  tactile 
sense. 

The  hen.bird  had  a  black  rtn.        GMtrt  Wkilt. 

Cere  (ser),  ».  (.  pret.  &  pp.  cered;  ppr.  cering. 
[L.  cera,  wax.]  To  wax,  or  cover  with  wax, 
or  with  a  cerecloth. 

Then  was  the  bodye  bowelled  (i.e.  disembowelled), 
embawined  and  certd.  Hall. 

Cereal  (se're-al),  a.  [From  Ceres,  the  god- 
dess of  corn.  ]  Pertaining  to  edible  grain,  as 
wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  maize,  rice,  millet 
—  Cereal  grasses,  grasses  which  produce 
corn. 

Cereal  (se're-al),  n.  A  general  term  for 
a  grain  plant,  such  as  wheat,  oats,  barley, 
and  other  grasses,  cultivated  by  agricultur- 
ist -;  for  the  sake  of  their  seed  as  food. 

Cerealia  (se-re-a'li-a),  n.  pi.  1.  The  system- 
atic name  for  that  group  of  the  Graminere 
or  grasses  which  comprises  the  edible  grains. 
2.  In  Rom.  antiq.  festivals  in  honour  of 
Ceres,  the  goddess  of  corn. 

Cerealloust  (se-re-a'li-us),  a.  Cereal.  'Any 
eduliousorcerenfwmg  grains.'  SirT. Browne. 

Cerebelt  (ser'e-bel),  n.  The  cerebellum. 
Derham. 

Cerebellar,  Cerebellous  (ser.  e-bel'ler,  ser- 
e-bel'lus),  a.  Relating  to  the  cerebellum. 
Dunglison. 

Cerebellum  (ser-e-bellum),  n.  [L. ,  dim.  of 
cerebrum,  the  brain.]  The  lobe  of  the  brain 
which  is  the  posterior  of  the  medullary 
masses  comprising  the  brain  in  vertebrata 
and  underlying  the  great  cerebral  mass; 
the  little  brain.  See  BRAIN. 

Cerebral,  Cerebrlne  (ser'e-bral,  ser'e-brin), 
a.  [From  L.  cerebrum,  the  brain.  ]  Pertain- 
ing to  the  cerebrum  or  brain.  —Cerebral 
letters,  in  philol.  a  term  often  applied  to 
certain  consonants  which  occur  especially 
in  the  Sanskrit  alphabet,  and  are  formed  by 
bringing  the  tip  of  the  tongue  backward 
and  bringing  its  under  surface  against  the 
roof  of  the  mouth:  an  improper  translation 
of  the  Indian  term  'head  letters.'  Max 
JI tiller  calls  them  'lingual  or  cacuminal 
letters.' 

Cerebral  (scrt-bral),  n.  A  cerebral  letter. 
See  under  the  adjective. 

Cerebrate  (ser'e-brat),  y.i.  To  have  the 
brain  in  action;  to  exhibit  brain  action. 

The  mind  is  never  wholly  idle  and  never  fully 
under  control ;  in  response  to  external  or  internal 
suircestion  we  are  always  ctrt6raN*r. 

North  Amer.  Rev. 

Cerebration  (ser-e-bra'shon),  n.  Exertion 
or  action  of  the  brain,  conscious  or  uncon- 
scious. 

This  principle  of  action  was  expounded  by  Dr. 
Carpenter  under  the  desk-nation  of  'unconscious 
cerebration '  in  the  fourth  edition  of  his  Human  Phy- 
sioljpy  published  early  in  1853— some  months  before 
any  of  the  phenomena  developed  themselves  to  the 
explanation  of  which  we  now  deem  it  applicable,  and. 
it  has  of  late  been  frequently  referred  to  under  that 
name.  The  lectures  of  Sir  W.  Hamilton  not  having 
then  been  published,  none  but  his  own  pupils  were 
aware  that  the  doctrine  of  '  unconscious  certoration 
is  really  the  same  as  that  which  had  long  previously- 
been  expounded  by  him  as  •  latent  thought.' 

Quart.  Kft'. 

Cerebrlc  (se-re'brik),  a.  Of  or  relating  to 
the  brain. — Cerebric  acid,  an  acid  extracted 
by  ether  from  the  brain,  after  it  has  been 
exposed  to  the  action  of  boiling  alcohol 
When  pure  it  is  white,  crystalline,  and  pul- 
verizable. 


ch,  cAain;      ch.  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing; 


Til,  then;  th,  «Ain;     w,  wig;    vrh,  irAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KKV. 


CKREBRIFORM 


430 


CEROGRAPHIC 


Cerebriform  (se-re'bri-form),  a.  Brain- 
shaped. 

Cerebrin,  Cerebrlne  (ser'e-brin),  n.  A 
name  given  to  several  substances  obtained 
chemically  from  the  brain. 

Cerebroleine  (ser-e-bro'le-in),  rt.  A  neutral 
oil  obtained  from  oleo-phosphoric  acid. 

Cerebropathy  (ser-e-brop'a-thi),  n  [L.  cere- 
bnim,  tbe  brain,  and  Gr.  pathos,  suffering.] 
A  hypochondriacal  condition  approaching 
to  insanity  which  sometimes  supervenes  in 
persons  whose  brains  have  been  overtaxed. 
Dunylixon. 

Cerebrose,  Cerebrous  (ser-e-bros',  ser'e- 
brus),  a.  [L.  cerebrosw,  from  cerebrum,  the 
brain]  Brain-sick;  mad;  wilful;  passion- 
ate. [Bare.] 

Cerebro-spinal  (se-re'br6-spi"nal),  a.  In 
anat.  pertaining  to  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord  together  ;  consisting  in  the  brain  and 
spinal  cord  ;  as,  the  cerebro-spinal  axis  or 
system.  —  Cerebro-spinal  fluid,  a  fluid  be- 
tween the  arachnoid  ana  the  pia  mater, 
membranes  investing  the  brain  and  spinal 
cord. 

Cerebrot  (sei'e-brot),  n.    See  CEPHALOTE. 

Cerebrum  (ser'e-brum),  n.  [L]  The  supe- 
rior and  chief  portion  of  the  brain,  occupy- 
ing the  whole  upper  cavity  of  the  skull. 
See  BRAIN. 

Cerecloth  (serTdoth),  n.  [Cere,  from  L.  cera, 
wax,  and  cloth.]  A  cloth  smeared  with 
melted  wax  or  with  some  gummy  or  glutin- 
ous matter;  a  cerement. 

It  (lead)  were  too  gross 
To  rib  her  arerlotli  in  the  obscure  grave.     Shak. 

Cerement  (ser'ment),  n.  [L.  cera,  wax.] 
1.  Cloth  dipped  in  melted  wax,  with  which 
dead  bodies  are  enfolded  when  embalmed. 


ge 
.  B. 


. 
cerement  from  the  grave.  '    E.  B.  Browning. 

Let  me  not  burst  in  ignorance,  but  tell 
Why  thy  canonized  bones,  hearsed  in  eartli. 
Have  burst  their  cerements.  Slia&. 

3.  The  under-cover  of  an  altar-slab. 
Ceremonial  (ser-e-mo'ni-al),  a.  [L.  care- 
monialis.  See  CEREMONY.)  1.  Relating  to 
ceremonies  or  external  forms  or  rites;  ritual; 
pertaining  to  or  consisting  in  the  observance 
of  set  forms  or  formalities;  specifically,  per- 
taining to  the  forms  and  rites  of  the  Jewish 
religion;  as,  the  ceremonial  law,  or  worship, 
as  distinguished  from  the  moral  law.  '  The 
ceremonial  rites  of  marriage.'  Shak. 

There  is  no  elaborate  imitation  of  classical  anti- 
quity, no  scrupulous  purity,  none  of  the  ceremonial 
cleanness  which  characterizes  the  diction  of  our  aca- 
demical Pharisees.  Macaulay, 

2.t  Observant  of  forms;  precise  in  manners; 
formal  :  in  this  sense  ceremonious  is  now 
used.  'Very  magnificat  and  ceremonial  in 
his  outward  comportment.'  Sir  E.  Sandys. 
Ceremonial  (ser-e-mo'ni-al),  n.  1.  A  system 
of  rites  or  ceremonies  enjoined  by  law  or 
established  by  custom,  whether  in  religious 
worship,  in  social  intercourse,  or  in  the 
courts  of  princes;  rites  or  formalities  to  be 
observed  on  any  occasion. 

The  next  year  saw  me  advanced  to  the  trust  and 
power  of  adjusting  the  ceremonial  of  an  assembly. 
Johnson. 

Specifically  —  2.  The  order  for  rites  and 
forms  in  the  Romish  Church,  or  the  book 
containing  the  rules  prescribed  to  be  ob- 
served on  solemn  occasions. 

Ceremonialism  (ser-e-mo'iii-al-izm),  n.  Ad- 
herence to  or  fondness  for  ceremony  ;  ritu- 
alism. 

Ceremonlality  (ser-e-m6'ni-al"i-ti),  n.  Cere- 
monial character.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Ceremonially  (ser-e-mo'ni-al-li),  adv.  In 
a  ceremonial  manner;  according  to  rites 
and  ceremonies  ;  as,  a  person  ceremonially 
unclean;  an  act  ceremonially  unlawful. 

Ceremonialness(s6r-e-ni6'ni-al-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  ceremonial. 

Ceremonious  (ser-e-mo'nl-us),  a.  l.t  Con- 
sisting of  outward  forms  and  rites;  as,  the 
ceremonious  part  of  worship:  in  this  sense 
ceremonial  is  now  used.  '  God  was  tender 
of  the  shell  and  ceremonious  part  of  his 
worship.'  South.  —  2.  Full  of  ceremony  or 
solemn  forms;  accompanied  with  rites. 

The  sacrifice, 

How  ceremonious,  solemn,  and  unearthly 
It  was  i'  the  offering.  Shak, 

3.  According  to  prescribed  or  customary  for- 
malities or  punctilios;  formally  respectful 
or  polite;  formal  ;  as,  ceremonious  phrases. 
'Then  let  us  take  a  ceremonious  leave.' 
Shale.  —  4.  Observant  of  conventional  forms: 
fond  of  using  ceremony. 

You  are  too  senseless  obstinate,  my  lord; 
Too  ceremonious  and  traditional.  Shak. 


Ceremoniously  (ser-e-mo'ni-us-li),  adv.  In 
a  ceremonious  manner;  formally;  with  due 
forms  ;  as,  to  treat  a  person  ceremoniously. 
'After  this  great  work  of  reconciling  the 
kingdom  was  done  most  ceremoniously  in 
the  parliament.'  Strype. 

Ceremoniousness  (ser-e-mo'ni-us-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  ceremonious  ;  the  prac- 
tice  of  much  ceremony;  formality;  as,  cere- 
ui'uiittusness  of  manners. 

Ceremony  (ser'e-mo-ni),  n.  [Fr.  ceremonie, 
from  L.  ccerimonia,  a  rite  or  ceremony, 
veneration,  sanctity.  The  root  is  probably 
the  same  as  in  Skr.  tri,  kar,  to  do.]  1.  A 
religious  or  other  rite  or  observance  ;  a  sol- 
emn or  formal  display  or  performance  ;  a 
solemnity  ;  as,  the  ceremony  of  crowning  a 
king;  the  ceremony  of  laying  a  foundation- 
stone. 

Bring  her  up  to  the  high  altar,  that  she  may 
The  sacred  ceremonies  there  partake. 

Sfenser. 
There  I  heard  them  in  the  darkness,  at  the  mystical 


, 

Loosely  robed  in  flying  r 
prophetess. 


ment,  sang  the  terrible 
Tennyson 


2.  A  usage  of  politeness,  or  such  usages  col- 
lectively; formality;  a  punctilious  adherence 
to  conventional  forms  of  politeness  ;  punc- 
tilio; punctiliousness. 

All  ceremonies  are  in  themselves  very  silly  things; 
but  yet  a  man  of  the  world  should  know  them. 

Lit.  Chesterfield. 

When  love  begins  to  sicken  and  decay 
It  useth  an  enforced  ceremony. 
There  are  no  tricks  in  plain  and  simple  faith. 

Shak. 

His  dress  a  suit  of  fray'd  magnificence, 
Once  fit  for  feasts  of  ceremony.  Tennyson. 

3.  1  In  a  concrete  sense,  a  ceremonial  symbol 
or  decoration. 

No  ceremony  that  to  great  ones  'longs, 
Not  the  king's  crown,  nor  the  deputed  sword, 
The  marshal's  truncheon,  nor  the  judge's  robe, 
Become  them  with  one  half  so  good  a  grace 
As  mercy  does.  Shak. 

Disrobe  the  images 
If  you  do  find  them  decked  with  ceremonies. 

Shak. 

—  Matter  of  txremoniei,  an  officer  who  super- 
intends the  reception  of  ambassadors;  a 
person  who  regulates  the  forms  to  be  ob- 
served by  the  company  or  attendants  on  a 
public  occasion. 

Cereopsls  (se-re-op'sisV  n.  [L.  cera,  wax, 
whence  the  cere  of  a  bird,  and  Gr.  optis, 
appearance:  so  named  from  the  remarkable 
size  of  their  cere.  ]  A  genus  of  birds,  family 
Anatidre.  There  is  only  one  species,  a  native 
of  Australia,  and  therefore  known  as  the 
Australian  or  New  Holland  goose,  about  the 
size  of  a  common  goose. 

Cereous  (se're-us),  a.  (L  cereus,  from  cera, 
wax.)  Waxen;  like  wax.  '  What  is  worth 
his  observation  goes  iuto  his  cereous  tables.' 
Gayton.  [Rare.] 

Ceres  (se'rez),  n.  1.  In  class,  myth,  a  Roman 
goddess/corresponding  to  the  Gr.  Demeter; 
she  was  the  daughter  of  Kronos  and  Rhea, 


Ceres — antique  statue  in  the  Louvre. 

and  the  mother  of  Proserpine  and  Bacchus. 
She  was  the  goddess  of  the  earth  in  its  capa- 
city of  bringingforth  fruits,  especially  watch- 
ing over  the  growth  of  grain  and  other 
plants.  The  Romans  celebrated  in  her 
honour  the  festival  of  the  Cerealia.  Ceres 
was  always  represented  in  full  attire,  her 


attributes  being  ears  of  corn  and  poppies, 
while  on  her  head  site  wore  a  corn-measure, 
and  her  sacrifices  consisted  of  pigs  and  cows.' 
•2.  Tbe  name  of  a  planet  discovered  by  M 
Piazzi  at  Palermo,  in  Sicily,  in  1801.  It  is 
the  flrs.t  discovered  of  the  telescopic  planets 
or  asteroids  which  revolve  between  the 
orbits  of  Mars  and  Jupiter.  Its  size  is  less 
than  that  of  the  moon,  and  it  presents  the 
appearance  of  a  star  between  the  seventh 
and  eighth  magnitudes. 
Cereus  (se're-us),  n.  [L.  cereus,  waxy,  from 
cera,  wax.  because  some  of  tbe  spines  nre 
pliant  as  soft  wax.)  A  large  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Cactacese.  They  are  all  native* 
of  tropical  America.  They  vary  very  much 
in  form,  some  having  short  and  others  lim^ 
stems,  erect  or  creeping,  fluted  or  angled, 
sometimes  jointed.  The  flowers  are  large, 
funnel-shaped,  and  with  numerous  stamens! 
Many  of  them  are  night-flowering  plants. 
like  the  C.  grandiflora,  a  native  of  the  West 
Indies,  but  well  known  in  cultivation 
CeriaM  »•  [L  cerrus,  a  kind  of  oak.]  Be- 
longing to  the  bitter  oak  (Quercus  r 
'  A  coroune  of  a  grene  oke  cerial.'  Chaucer 
Ceriama  (se-ri-a'ma),  ?i.  See  SERIEMA. 
Ceric  (se'rik),  a.  [L.  cera,  wax.)  A  term 
applied  to  an  acid  produced  by  the  action 
of  the  fixed  alkalies  on  wax. 
Cerin,  Cerine(se'rin),  n.  [L.  cera,  wax.]  1.  A 
waxy  substance  which  precipitates,  on  eva- 
poration, from  alcohol  which  has  been  di- 
gested on  grated  cork.— 2.  The  name  given 
to  that  portion  of  bees'-wax,  amounting  tu 
70  to  80  per  cent  of  the  whole,  which  is  sol- 
uble in  alcohol.  According  to  Brodie  this 
is  merely  impure  cerotic  acid. — 3.  An  ore  of 
cerium,  a  variety  of  the  mineral  allanite. 
Cerinthlan  (se-rin'thi-an),  n.  One  of  a  sect 
of  early  heretics,  so  called  from  Cerinthiu, 
one  of  the  first  heresiarchs  in  the  church. 
The  Gospel  of  John  was  supposed  to  have 
been  written  against  his  system,  which  was 
a  mixture  of  Judaism  and  Gnosticism. 
Ceriph  (ser'if),  n.  In  type-founding,  one  of 
the  fine  lines  of  a  letter,  especially  one  of 
the  fine  cross  lines  at  the  top  or  bottom,  as 
of  I. 

Cerise  (se-rezO,  n.  [Fr. ;  L.  cerasus,  a  cherry.  ] 
Cherry-colour. 

Cerise  (se-rez'),  a.    Of  the  colour  of  cerise ;  • 
cherry-coloured. 

Cerlte  (se'rit),  n.  A  rare  mineral,  a  hydrated 
silicate  of  cerium,  of  a  pale  rose-red  colnur. 
with  a  tinge  of  yellow ;  very  hard,  and  of  a 
dull  resinous  lustre,  occurring  only  in  an 
abandoned  copper-mine  at  Riddarhytta,  in 
Sweden.  It  is  the  chief  source  of  cerium, 
and  is  the  mineral  from  which  that  metal 
was  flrst  obtained.  It  contains  also  lantha- 
nlum  and  didymium. 

Cerlthiidas  (scr-i-thi'i-de),  n.  pi.  Club- 
shells,  a  family  of  plant-eating  gasteropod- 
ous  molluscs  containing  numerous  species, 
both  marine  and  fresh-water,  as  well  aa 
many  inhabiting  brackish  water.  The  shells 
are  spiral,  elongated,  and  often  whorled 
and  varicose.  About  100  recent  species  are 
known,  and  460  fossil,  which  range  from  the 
trias  upwards,  some  species  being  especially 
characteristic  of  tertiary  strata.  The  typi- 
cal genus  is  Cerithium.  Also  written  Cert- 

Cerithium  ( ser-ith'i-um ),  n.  [Gr.  keras,  a 
horn,  from  their  shape.]  A  genus  of  mol- 
lusca,  the  type  of  the  family  Cerithiido; 
(which  see). 

Cerium  (se'ri-um),  a.  [From  the  planet 
Ceres.  ]  Sym.  Ce.  At.  wt.  92 ;  sp.  gr.  6'6. 
A  metal  discovered  in  1803  by  Klaproth, 
Hisinger,  and  Berzelius  independently.  It 
is  a  powder  of  lamellar  texture,  malleable, 
of  a  colour  between  that  of  iron  and  that  of 
lead,  and  acquires  the  metallic  lustre  by 
pressure,  which  becomes  bright  by  polish- 
ing, but  soon  tarnishes  in  the  air.  It  exists 
in  the  mineral  cerite.  in  which  it  was  first 
found,  as  also  in  allanite,  gadolinite,  and 
some  others. 

'Cernt  (sern).  Contracted  for  concern.  'What 
'eeriu  it  you.'  Shak. 

Cernuous(ser'nu-us),a.  [L.emmws.]  Droop- 
ing ;  pendulous :  applied  by  botanists  to 
flowers  which  are  placed  on  curved  pedun- 
cles, and  so  have  the  top  curved  down- 
ward. Erroneously  written  also  Cernous. 

Cerograph  (se'ro-graf),  n.  [L.  cera,  wax, 
and  Gr.  grapho,  to  write.  ]  A  writing  or  en- 
graving on  wax ;  a  painting  in  wax-colours; 
an  encaustic  painting. 

Cerographic,  Cerographical  (se-ro-grafili, 
se-ro-graf'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  cero- 
graphy. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ti,  Sc.  abtine;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CEROGRAPHIST 


431 


CERUI.E 


phist  (se-rog'raf-ist),  n.     One  who 
is  versed  in  or  who  practises  cerography. 

Cerography  (se-rog'ra-ft),  n.  [L.  ccra,  wax. 
and  Gr.  ffrapM,  to  write.  ]  1.  The  act  of 
writing  or  engraving  on  wax.~2.  The  art  of 
painting  in  wax-colours;  encaustic  paint- 
ing. 

Cerorna  (se-ro'ma),  n.  {L.,  from  Gr.  keroina, 
from  Arms,  wax.]  In  class,  antdj.  that  part 
of  the  gymnasia  and  baths  in  which  bathers 
and  wrestlers  used  to  anoint  themselves 
with  a  composition  of  oil  and  wax. 

Ceroraancy  ( se'ro-tnan-si ),  n.  [Or.  kerox, 
wax,  and  nianteM,  divination.]  Divination 
by  dropping  melted  wax  in  water. 

Ceroon  (se-rou'),  «-  t-Sp.  seron,  aug.  of  sera, 
a  large  pannier  or  basket.  ]  A  bale  or  pack- 
age made  of  skins;  a  seroon. 

Ceropheraryt  (se-rof'er-ar-i),  n.  [Gr.  keros, 
wax  or  a  candle,  and  phern,  to  carry.  ] 
1.  Kccles.  an  acolyte;  one  who  carries  candles 
in  religious  processions.  Fuller.  —  2.  A 
stand  to  hold  candles. 

Ceroplastic  (se-ro-plas'tik),  a.  [Gr.  Jceros, 
wax,  and  plastike  (tecfine),  the  art  of  the 
modeller  or  carver.]  Pertaining  to  the  art 
of  modelling  in  wax;  modelled  in  wax. 

Ceroplastic  (se-ro-plas'tik),  71.  The  art  of 
modelling  or  of  forming  models  in  wax.  It 
is  an  art  of  very  high  antiquity. 

Cerosin,  Cerosine  (se'ro-sin),  n,  [Gr.  Jceros, 
wax.]  (C^H^O.)  nearly.)  A  wax-like  sub- 
stance yielded  by  some  species  of  sugar- 
cane; on  the  surface  it  forms  fine  light 
pearly  scales. 

Cerostoma  (se-ros'to-ma),  n.  [Gr.  Jceros, 
wax,  and  stoma,  the  mouth.]  A  genus  of 
moths  the  caterpillars  of  one  species  of 
which  ( C,  xylostella,  or  turnip  diamond- 
back  moth)  are  very  destructive  to  the  tur- 
nip crops  by  eating  the  leaves.  These  are 
about  i  inch  long,  green,  tapering  to  both 
ends. 

Cerotet  (se'rot),  n.  Same  as  Cerate  (which 
see). 

Cerotlc  (se-rot'ik),  a.  Term  applied  to  an 
acid  existing  in  bees'-wax.  Cerotic  acid  has 
as  a  formula  C^H^O.  See  CERIN,  2. 

Ceroxylon  (se-rok'si-lon),  n.  [Gr.  keros,  wax, 
and  xi/lon,  a  tree.]  A  genus  of  tree-palms, 
natives  of  South  America.  They  have  pin- 
nate leaves  and  small  berries  with  one  hard 
seed.  The  wax-palm  of  South  America  (C. 
andicola)  is  a  tall  handsome  tree,  growing 
often  on  the  mountains  at  the  limit  of  per- 
petual snow.  A  secretion  consisting  of  two 
parts  resin  and  one  part  wax  is  produced 
in  great  abundance  on  the  stem,  and  is  also 
exuded  from  the  leaves,  each  tree  yielding 
on  an  average  25  Ibs. 

Cerrial  (ser'ri-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
cerris  or  bitter-oak.  '  Chaplets  green  of 
cerrial  oak.'  Dryden. 

Cerrls  (ser'risX  n.  The  bitter-oak  (Quercns 
Cerris).  This  is  the  usual  form  among 
botanists,  but  Cerrus  is  the  correct  Latin 
form. 

Certain  (ser'tan  or  ser'tin),  a.  [Fr.  certain, 
O.Fr.  certain,  ccrtein,  certan,  as  if  from  a 
L.  adjective  certanits,  formed  from  certus, 
certain,  by  adding  suffix  -anus.  Cerium  is 
closely  connected  with  cerno,  cretum,  to 
separate,  distinguish,  perceive,  and  Gr. 
hrinein,  to  separate,  distinguish,  judge.] 
1.  Sure,  (a)  Undoubtedly  true;  established 
as  a  fact:  said  of  an  assertion. 

'Tis  most  certain  your  husband's  coming.     Sha&. 
Rich  she  shall  be,  that's  certain.  ShaA. 

(b)  Undoubtedly  existing  or  impending. 

Death  is  certain  to  all.  SAaJk. 

Virtue  that  directs  our  ways 
Through  certain  dangers  to  uncertain  praise. 

Dryden. 

(c)  Capable  of  being  counted  or  depended 
on;  unfailing;  infallible;  as,  certain  signs; 
a  certain  remedy  for  a  disease.     '  Nothing 
so  certain  as  your  anchors.'  Shak.    (rf)  With 
the  infinitive  or  of:  capable  of  being  counted 
on  as  being  or  about  to  be  or  do,  or  able  to 
count  on;  as,  he  is  certain  to  be  in  the  gar- 
den; you  are  certain  to  find  him  there,  ore/ 
finding  him  there;  if  you  write  you  are  at 
least  certain  o/an  answer,  or  to  receive  an 
answer.  —  2.  Assured  in  mind ;   free  from 
doubt,    (a)  Free  from  doubt  regarding  the 
truth  of  anything  asserted :  often  with  of. 
'A  prophet  certain  of  my  prophecy.'  Tenny- 
son.    Formerly  sometimes  with  on.     '  I  am 
certain  on't.'    Shak.    (6)  Having  no  doubt 
or  suspicion  regarding:  often  with  of. 

And.  brethren,  I  myself  am  certain  of  you,  that 
also  ye  ben  full  of  love.  Ivickliffe, 

Be  certain  what  you  do,  sir,  lest  your  justice 
Prove  violence.  Shah. 


[This  sense  comes  very  near  that  of  l  (<I\ 
If  a  person  says,  1  am  certain  o/ the  support 
of  some  political  party,  it  is  not  clear  whe- 
ther he  means  to  give  an  assurance  of  his 
own  feeling  of  confidence  that  that  party 
will  support  him,  or  to  announce  that  any 
one  may  count  on  his  having  that  support; 
but  when  the  statement  is,  Though  lie  lias 
doubts  himself,  I  believe  he  ia  certain  of 
the  support  of  that  party,  it  is  clear  that 
the  speaker  only  intimates  that  such  sup- 
port can  be  relied  on.  The  form  of  the  ex- 
pression is  probably  derived  from  the  sense 
2  (b),  and  its  meaning  has  become  modified 
by  circumstances.]  (c)t  Having  no  doubt 
or  hesitation  regarding  a  course  of  conduct; 
resolved;  determined:  with  an  infinitive. 

However  I  with  thee  have  fixed  my  lot, 
Certain  to  undergo  like  doom  of  death. 
Consort  with  thee.*  Milton. 

3.  Stated;  fixed;  determinate;  definite. 

The  people  shall  go  out  and  gather  a  certain  rate 
every  day.  Ex.  xvi.  4. 

In  France  a  person  is  compelled  to  make  a  certain 
distribution  of  his  property  among  his  children. 

4.  Not  specifically  named ;  indeterminate ; 
indefinite;  one  or  some. 

Then  came  a  certain  poor  widow.      Mat.  xii,  42. 
About  everything  he  wrote  there  was  a  certain 
natural  grace  and  decorum.  Macauiay. 

[In  the  last  sense  used  independently  as  a 
noun,  and  meaning  certain  persons. 

Certain  also  of  your  own  poets  have  said. 

Acts  xvii.  28.] 

Formerly  some  was  occasionally  used  before 
certain  in  this  sense  with  a  plural  noun. 
'To  reform  some  certain  edicts.'  Shak.— 
For  certain,  certainly. 

For  certain, 
This  is  of  purpose  laid  by  some  that  hate  me.  Shak, 

SYN.  Sure,  true,  undeniable, unquestionable, 
undoubted,  indubitable,  indisputable,  in- 
controvertible, inevitable,  unfailing,  infalli- 
ble, unhesitating,  undoubting,  fixed,  stated, 
determinate. 

Certain  t  (ser'tan  or  ser'tin),  adv.  Certainly; 
assuredly. 

'Tis  certain  so :  the  Prince  wooes  for  himself. 

Sfiak. 

Certain,  t  Certalne.t  n.  l.  A  certain  quan- 
tity. '  Of  unces  a  certain' —  a  certain  num- 
ber of  ounces.  Chaucer.  —  2.  Certainty. 
'Whereof  the  certaine  no  man  knoweth.' 
Goiver.  Written  also  Certyn,  Certeyne. 

Certaine,t  Certeyne,t«i/i>.  Certainly;  cer- 
tes.  Chaucer. 

Certainly  (ser'tan-li  or  ser'tin-li),  adv. 
Without  doubt  or  question;  in  truth  and 
fact;  without  fail;  assuredly;  undoubtedly; 
unquestionably;  of  a  certainty. 

Certainly  this  was  a  righteous  man.     Luke  xxiii.  47. 
He  said,  I  will  certainly  return  to  thee. 

Gen.  xviii.  ro. 

Certainness  (ser'tan-nes  or  sei-'tiu-nes),  n. 
Certainty  (which  see). 

Certainty  (ser'tan-ti  or  ser'tin-ti),  n.  1.  The 
fact  of  being  certain;  exemption  from  fail- 
ure; as,  the  certainty  of  an  event  or  of  the 
success  of  a  medicine. 

The  certainty  of  punishment  is  the  truest  security 
against  crimes".  .-lines. 

2.  A  fact  or  truth  certainly  established;  that 
which  cannot  be  questioned.    '  I  speak  from 
certainties.'    Shak.     'Certainties  are  unin- 
teresting and  sating.'    Landor. 

Know  for  a  certainty,  that  the  T-ord  your  God  will 
no  more  drive  out  any  of  these  nations. 

Josh,  xxiii.  13. 

3.  Full  assurance  of  mind;  exemption  from 
doubt. 

Such  sober  certainly  of  waking  bliss, 

I  never  heard  till  now.  Milton. 

Certest  (ser'tez),  adv.  [Fr.]  Certainly;  in 
truth;  verily.  '  Certes,  our  authors  are  to 
blame.'  Iludibras.  [Now  only  poetical  or 
humorous.  ] 

Certhla  (ser'thi-a),  n.  A  genus  of  birds,  the 
type  of  the  following  family,  containing  the 
C.  farniliaris  or  common  creeper. 

Certhiadse(s6rtli'i-a-de),n.^.  The  creepers, 
a  family  of  tenuirostral  perching  birds, 
consisting  of  the  tree-creepers  (Certhia), 
nut -hatches,  &c.,  with  long  sharp  claws 
and  an  elongated  hind-claw,  so  that  they 
can  lay  hold  on  the  bark  of  a  tree,  and 
even  pass  around  a  horizontal  branch,  cling- 
ing to  its  under  surface  with  their  back  to 
the  ground.  See  CREEPER,  6. 

Certhinae  (s6r-thi'ne),  71.  pi.     A  sub-family 
of  the  Certhiadee,  including  the  genns  Cer-  I 
Una  and  several  others.    See  CRREPKR. 

Gertie,  Certy  (ser'ti),  n.  A  word  used  only 
in  the  phrases  by  mycertie,mycertit,  a  kind 


of  oath,  equivalent  to,  by  my  faith;  i 

tn.th.     [Scotch.] 

My  certiel  few  ever  wrought  for  skcan  a  d.ty \ 
*•'•:'••  .Wr  II'.  \cott. 

Certificate  (str-tif'i-kiit),  n.  [Fr.  certificat, 
fn>m  L.I,,  re  rti  fit-are,  to  certify.  Sue  "i  i  r 
TIKY.J  1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  written  t. - 
timony  to  the  truth  of  a  certain  fact  or  fact*. 

I  can  bring  certificates  that  1  behave  myself  soberly 
before  company.  .Iddisen. 

2.  In  a  more  particular  sense,  a  legally  au- 
thenticated voucher  or  testimony  of  certain 
facts;  sometimes  a  kind  of  license;  a 
attorney's  annual  certificate,  a  stamped  p.-i 
mission  to  practise  for  the  current  year ;  n 
certificate  of  appointment  of  the  creditor*' 
assignees  to  a  bankrupt's  estate;  an  atimiiil 
certificate  taken  out  by  persons  killing  m- 
taking  game;  the  certificate  of  the  tir-t 
officer  of  a  merchant  vessel  attesting  his 
competency,  and  obtained  from  the  Hoard 
of  Trade;  a  certificate  of  registry  of  a  ship, 
which  is  a  copy  of  the  entry  in  the  books 
of  the  custom-house;  a  certificate  of  origin, 
a  custom-house  document,  testifying  to  par- 
ticular articles  being  the  growth  of  a  Brit- 
ish colony;  a  certificate  from  a  court  of  law, 
that  is,  a  writing  made  in  the  court,  to  give 
notice  to  another  court  of  anything  done 
therein. 

Certificate  (ser-tif'i-kat),  v.t.  1.  To  give  a 
certificate  to,  as  to  one  who  has  passed  an 
examination;  to  furnish  with  a  certificate; 
as,  a  certificated  teacher;  to  certificate  the 
captain  of  a  vessel.  [In  this  sense  used 
chiefly  in  the  past  participle.] 

By  the  izth  of  Queen  Anne,  it  was  further  enacted, 
that  neither  the  servants  nor  apprentices  of  such 
certificated  man  should  gain  any  settlement  in  the 
parish  where  he  resided  under  such  certificate. 

Adam  Smith. 

2.  To  attest  or  certify  by  certificate ;  as,  to 
certificate  a  fact. 

Certificated  (ser-tif'i-kiit-ed),  p.  and  a.  Fur- 
nished  with  a  certificate  as  a  proof  of  quali- 
fication foran office;  &s,n certificated  teacher. 
See  the  verb. 

Certificatipn  (ser/ti-n-ka"shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  certifying. —2.  In  law,  a  notice  to  a 
party  in  a  suit  that  if  he  fail  to  do  something 
certain  consequences  will  follow. 

He  was  served  with  a  new  order  to  appear,  .  . 
with  this  certification,  that  if  he  appeared  not  they 
would  proceed.  Rj>.  Unmet. 

Certlfier  (ser'ti-fi-er),  n.  One  who  certifies 
or  assures. 

Certify  (ser[ti-fi),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  certified; 
ppr.  certifying.  [Fr.  certifier,  from  L.L.  cer- 
tifico,  to  certify  — L.  certus,  certain,  and 

facio,  to  make.]  1.  To  assure  or  make  cer- 
tain; to  give  certain  information  to:  applied 
to  persons.  It  is  followed  by  of  after  the 
person  and  before  the  thing  told;  as.  I  cer- 
tified you  of  the  fact. 

We  have  sent  and  certified  the  king.     Ezra  iv.  14. 
I  go  to  certify  her,  Talbot's  here.  Shak. 

2.  To  give  certain  information  of;  to  make 
clear,  definite,  or  certain:  applied  to  things. 

This  is  designed  to  certify  those  things  that  are 
confirmed  of  God's  favour.  Hammond. 

3.  To  testify  to  in  writing ;  to  make  a  dt  - 
claration  in  writing  under  hand  or  hand 
and  seal ;  to  make  known  or  establish  as  a 
fact. 

The  judges  shall  certify  their  opinion  to  the  chan- 
cellor, and  upon  such  certificate  the  decree  is  usually 
founded.  Blackstone. 

Certiorarl  (ser/shi-6-ra"rI),  n.  [Lit.  to  be 
informed  of,  L.L.  certioro,  to  inform,  from 
L.  certus,  certain.]  In  law,  a  writ  issuing 
out  of  a  superior  court,  to  call  up  the  records 
of  an  inferior  court  or  remove  a  cause  there 
depending,  that  it  may  be  tried  in  the 
superior  court.  This  writ  is  obtained  upon 
complaint  of  a  party  that  he  has  not  re- 
ceived justice  or  that  he  cannot  have  an 
impartial  trial  in  the  inferior  court. 

Certitude  (ser'ti-tud),  n.  [L.L.  certitudo, 
from  L.  certus,  certain.]  Certainty;  assnr 
ance;  freedom  from  doubt 

The  world  .  .  . 

Hath  really  neither  joy,  nor  light,  nor  love, 
Nor  certitude,  nor  peace,  nor  help  for  pain. 

Matt,  si  mold. 

Cert  Money  (sert  mun'i),  n.  [Certain 
money.]  In  law,  head-money,  paid  yearly 
by  the  residents  of  several  manors  to  the 
lords  thereof,  for  the  certain  keeping  of  the 
leet,  and  sometimes  to  the  hundred. 

Cerulet  (se'rul),  a.    Cerulean. 

The  bark. 

That  silently  adown  the  certtle  stream 
Glides  with  swift  sails.  John  Dyer. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go\     j,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  singr;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CERULEAN 


432 


CESTUS 


Cerulean  (se-ru'le-an),  a.  [L.  creruleus, 
azure,  probably  tar  cceluleux,  sky-coloured, 
from  ciehtin,  the  sky.  r  and  (  being  easily 
interchangeable.]  Sky -coloured;  azure; 
blue. 

It  stands  like  the  cerulean  arch  we  see 
Majestic  in  its  own  simplicity.  Ccrwper. 

Ceruleated(se-ru'le-at-ed),  a.  Painted  blue. 

Ceruieoust(<e-ru'le-us),a.  Cerulean.  'This 
Cfntleous  or  blue-coloured  sea  that  over- 
spreads the  diaphanous  firmament.'  Dr.  II. 
ten. 

Ceruleum  (se-ru'le-um),  n.  A  blue  pigment, 
consisting  of  stannate  of  protoxide  of  cobalt, 
mixed  with  stannic  acid  and  sulphate  of 
lime.  Ui'e. 

Cerullflc  (ser-n-Iif'ik),  a.  Producing  a  blue 
or  sky  colour.  Grew.  [Rare.] 

Cerumen  (se-ru'men),  n.  [L.  cam,  wax.] 
The  wax  or  yellow  matter  secreted  by  cer- 
tain glands  'lying  in  the  external  canal  of 
the  ear.  Its  principal  use  seems  to  be  to 
lubricate  the  passage,  und  also,  according  to 
some  physiologists,  to  entangle  particles  of 
foreign  matterand  prevent  them  from  reach- 
ing the  membrana  tympani. 

Ceruminous  (se-ru'mi-nus),  a.  Relating 
to  or  containing  cerumen.  —  Ceruminous 
glundt,  the  glands  which  secrete  the  wax  of 
the  ear. 

Cerura  (se-rii'ra),  n.  [Gr.  keras,  a  horn,  and 
oura,  the  tail.]  A  genus  of  moths  belong- 
ing to  the  family  Bombycidre,  of  which  the 
best  known  is  the  C.  viimla,  or  puss-moth, 
which  feeds  on  the  willow,  poplar,  &c.  The 
caterpillars  have  a  curious  anal  appendage, 
which  is  extensile:  hence  the  name. 

Ceruse  (se'rus),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  cerussa, 
white-lead,  from  cera,  wax  ]  White-lead,  a 
mixture  or  compound  of  hydrate  and  car- 
bonate of  lead,  produced  by  exposing  the 
metal  in  thin  plates  to  the  vapour  of  vine- 
gar. It  is  much  used  in  painting,  and  a 
cosmetic  is  prepared  from  it.  Lead  is  some- 
times found  native  in  the  form  of  ceruse, 
but  in  this  case  it  is  an  anhydrous  metacar- 
bonate  (PbjCO2).—  Ceruse  of  antimony  is  a 
white  oxide  of  antimony,  which  separates 
from  the  water  in  which  diaphoretic  anti- 
mony has  been  washed. 

Ceruse  (se'rus),  v.t.  To  wash  with  ceruse; 
to  apply  ceruse  to  as  a  cosmetic. 

Here's  a  colour,  what  lady's  cheek 

Though  cents' d  over  comes  near  it  ?    Bean.  &•  Ft. 

Cerusite,  Cerusslte  (se'ru-sit.  se-rus'it),  n. 
A  native  carbonate  of  lead  (PbCO.,).  a  com- 
mon lead-ore,  found  in  Cumberland,  Corn- 
wall, Leadhills,  Siberia,  Harz,  &c.,  often  in 
conjunction  with  galena  or  sulphide  of 
lead.  It  occurs  crystallized,  fine,  granular, 
or  earthy.  It  is  supposed  to  be  derived  from 
the  decomposition  of  galena. 

Carvelat  (ser've-lat),  n.  [From  L.  cermu, 
a  stag,  from  resembling  a  horn.  ]  An  ancient 
musical  wind-instrument,  of  a  small  size, 
producing,  by  means  of  a  reed,  tones  resem- 
bling a  bassoon.  Also  written  Cervalet. 

Cervical  (ser-vi'kal  or  ser'vi-kal),  a.  [L.  cer- 
vix, cervicis,  the  neck.]  Belonging  to  the 
neck;  as,  the  cervical  nerves;  cervical  vessels. 

Cervlcide  (serVi-sid),  n.  [L.  ct. nus,  a  stag, 
and  ccedo,  to  kill.  ]  The  act  of  killing  deer. 
'  A  wanton  cervicide.'  Bayard  Taylor. 
[Rare.] 

Cervidse,  Cervinse  (serVi-de,  ser-vi'ne).n.pl. 
[L.  census,  a  stag.]  The  deer  tribe,  n  family 
of  ruminant  mammals,  characterized  by 
bony,  deciduous,  solid,  branched  horns,  co- 
vered with  a  soft  skin  or  velvet,  and  termed 
antlers,  which,  excepting  in  the  reindeer, 
are  wanting  in  the  females.  The  principal 
genera  are  represented  by  the  stag  or  red- 
deer,  wapiti,  roebuck,  &c.,  the  elk  or  moose- 
deer,  the  reindeer  or  cariboo,  the  fallow- 
deer,  and  the  muntjac.  The  Cervidie  are 
first  found  fossil  in  miocene  strata. 

Cervlnse,  »     See  CERVID^E. 

Cervine  (scr'vin),  a.  [L.  cervinus,  from  cer- 
vus,  a  deer.]  Pertaining  to  the  deer  or  ani- 
mals of  the  family  Cervidie. 

Cervix  (ser'viks).  n.  [L.  ]  In  anat.  the  neck, 
especially  the  hinder-part  of  the  neck,  the 
fore-part  beingtermed  collum.  Also  applied 
to  the  neck  of  the  bladder  and  of  the 
uterus. 

Cervus  (ser'vus),  n.  [L]  A  genus  of  rumi- 
nants including  the  stag  or  red-deer  and 
others  of  the  family  Cervida?. 

Ceryle  (ser'i-le),  n.  [Gr.  ken/lot,  the  hal- 
cyon. ]  A  genus  of  insessorial  birds  belong- 
ing to  the  kingfisher  family.  See  KING- 
FISHER. 


Cesare  (se'za-re).  n.  In  logic,  a  syllogism  in 
the  second  figure,  having  a  universal  nega- 
tive major  premiss,  a  universal  affirmative 
minor,  and  a  universal  negative  conclusion: 
n  mnemonic  word. 

Cesarean,  Cesarian  (se-zii're-an,  se-zan- 
un),  n  See  CESAREAN. 

Cesarewltch  ( se-zar'e-vich ),  n.  Same  as 
Czaroicitz. 

Cesed.t  Ceased,*  pp.  Seised;  possessed. 
•Till  that  he  be  cesed  therwith  =tlll  he  be 
possessed  thereof.  Chaucer. 

Cesious  (se'si-us),  n.  [L.  nan*.]  Of  a 
bluish-gray  colour. 

Cespititlous  (ses-pi-ti'shus),  a.  [L.  coupes, 
cespitis,  turf.  ]  Pertaining  to  turf ;  made  of 
turf.  '  Cespititious  ram  parts. '  Gough.  [Rare.] 

Cespltose  (ses'pi-tos),  a.  [L.  ccespes,  turf.] 
In&ot  growing  in  tufts;  cespitous. 

CespltOUS  (ses'pi-tus),  a.  Pertaining  to 
turf;  turfy. 

A  cesfitoits  or  turfy  plant  has  many  stems  from  the 
same  root,  usually  fbradag  a  close  thick  carpet  or 
matting.  Marty*. 

Cess  (ses),  v.t.  [Shortened  and  corrupted 
from  assess.]  1.  To  impose  a  tax;  to  assess. 

The  English  garrisons  cessed  and  pillaged  the  far- 
mers of  Meath  and  Dublin.  Fronde. 

2.  In  Scotland,  to  fix  the  amount  of  the  land- 
tax. 

Cess  (ses),  n.  [From  the  verb.]  1.  A  rate 
or  tax.  [Colloquial  and  Scotch.] 

The  like  cess  is  charged  upon  the  country  some- 
times for  victualling  the  soldiers.  Sftnser. 

2.  In  Scotland,  the  land-tax,  a  permanent 
tax  fixed  at  £47 ,954  per  annum,  to  be  levied 
out  of  the  land  rent  of  Scotland  for  ever, 
subject,  however,  to  a  power  of  redemption. 
:;  t  Bound;  measure;  estimation. 

The  poor  jade  is  wrung  in  the  withers  out  of  all  cfst. 

Cess.t  Cesset  (ses),  v  i.  [L.  cesso,  to  cease.] 
1.  To  cease.  '  O  nature,  cesse.'  Skak.  —2.  To 
neglect  a  legal  duty.  Cowell, 

Cessant  (ses'sant),  a.  Inactive ;  dormant. 
W.  Montayue. 

Cessation  (ses-sa'shon),  n.  [L.  ecstatic,  from 
cesso,  to  cease.  ]  1.  A  ceasing;  a  stop;  a  rest; 
the  act  of  discontinuing  motion  or  action  of 
any  kind,  whether  temporary  or  final 

The  rising  of  a  parliament  is  a  kind  of  cf station 
from  politicks.  Addison. 

2.t  An  armistice.  —  SYN  Stop,  rest,  stay, 
pause,  discontinuance,  intermission,  Inter- 
val, respite,  interruption,  recess,  remission. 

Cessavit  (ses-sa'vit),  n.  [L.  cesso,  to  cease, 
cetsatit,  he  has  ceased.]  In  law,  a  writ 
given  by  statute  to  recover  lands  when  the 
tenant  or  occupier  had  ceased  for  two  years 
to  perform  the  service  which  constituted 
the  condition  of  his  tenure,  and  had  not 
sufficient  goods  or  chattels  to  be  distrained, 
or  the  tenant  had  so  inclosed  the  land  that 
the  lord  could  not  come  upon  it  to  distrain. 
This  writ  was  abolished  by  3  and  4  Win.  IV. 
xxvii. 

Cesser  (ses'ser),  n.  [See  CESS,  t!.i]  In  law, 
a  ceasing ;  a  neglect  to  perform  services  or 
payment  for  two  years.  See  CESSAVIT. 

Cesslbilityt  (ses-si-bil'i-ti),  n.  [See  CEDE 
and  CESSION.  ]  The  act  of  giving  way  or  re- 
ceding. Sir  K.  Digby. 

Cessiblet  (ses'si-bl),  n.  [See  CEDE]  Giving 
way;  liable  to  give  way:  yielding.  'If  the 
parts  of  a  stricken  body  l>e  so  easily  cessille.' 
Sir  K.  Digby. 

Cessio  bonorum (sesh'i-6  l>6-n6'rum),n.  [L.] 
In  Scots  law,  a  yielding  or  surrender  of  pro- 
perty or  goods,  a  legal  proceeding  by  which 
a  debtor  is  entitled  to  be  free  from  imprison- 
ment, if  innocent  of  fraud,  on  surrendering 
his  whole  means  and  estate  to  his  creditors. 

Cession  (se'shon),  n.  [L.  cessio,  from  1. 
cedo,  cessum.  See  CEDE.]  l.t  The  act  of 
giving  way;  a  concession. 

For  excusations,  cessions,  modesty  itself,  well 
governed,  are  but  arts  of  ostentation.  Bacon. 

2.t  A  yielding  to  physical  force  or  impulse. 

If  there  be  a  mere  yielding  or  cession  (in  a  body 
struck)  it  produceth  no  sound.  Bacon. 

3.  The  act  of  ceding,  yielding,  or  surrender- 
ing, as  of  territory,  property,  or  rights;  a 
giving  up,  resignation,  or  surrender. 

The  cession  of  her  claims  on  the  earldom  or  Angus 
by  Lady  Margaret  had  won  to  Darnley's  side  the 
powerful  and  dangerous  H.irl  of  Morton,  and  had 
alienated  from  Murray  the  kindred  houses  of  Ruth- 
ven  and  Lindsay.  Fronde. 

4.  In  civil  law,  a  voluntary  surrender  of  a 
person's  effects  to  his  creditors  to  avoid  im- 
prisonment.—6.  Eccles.  the  leaving  of  one 
benefice  in  consequence  of  accepting  an- 


other and  not  having  a  dispensation  en- 
titling the  incumbent  to  hold  both. 

Cessionary  (  se'shon-a-ri ).  rt.  [Kr.  ccssion- 
aire,  L.L.  cexxionarius.  See  CESSION. ]  Giv- 
ing up;  yielding.  —  Cessionary  bankrupt,  one 
who  has  yielded  up  his  estate  to  be  divided 
among  his  creditors. 

Cessmentt  (ses'ment),  n.  An  assessment 
or  tax.  Johnson. 

Cessor  (ses'ser),  n.  [L.  cexxo,  to  cease  ]  In 
law,  he  that  neglected  for  two  years  to  per- 
form the  service  by  which  he  held  lands,  so 
that  he  incurred  the  danger  of  the  writ  of 
cessavit.  See  CESSAVIT. 

Cessor  t  (ses'ser),  n.    An  assessor  or  taxer. 

Cess-pipe  (ses'pip),  n.  A  pipe  for  carrying 
off  waste-water,  &c.,  from  cess-pools,  sinks, 
or  drains. 

Cess-pool  (ses'pol),  n.  [The  better  spelling 
seems  to  be  sess-pool,  the  word  being  from 
A.  Sax.  sessian,  to  settle;  or  prov.  soss,  mts. 
a  mess,  filth ;  Gael.  sos.  ]  A  cavity  or  well 
in  a  drain  or  privy  to  receive  the  sediment 
or  filth :  used  figuratively  in  the  following 
extract. 

Thccets  -fool  of  agio,  now  in  a  time  of  paper-money, 
wotks  with  a  vivacity  unexampled,  unimagined. 

Carlyle. 

Also  written  Sets-pool. 

Cest  (sest),  n.  [O.Fr.  ceste,  L.  cegtns,  a  girdle.) 
A  lady's  girdle.  Collins.  [Rare  and  poeti- 
cal.] 

Cestoid  ( ses'toid ),  a.  [L.  cestus,  a  girdle, 
from  their  shape.  See  CESTOIDEA.  ]  A  term 
in  zoology  used  to  characterize  certain  in- 
testinal worms,  such  as  tape-worms. 

Cestoid,  Cestoidean  (ses'toid,  ses-toi'de- 
an),  n.  One  of  the  Cestoidea. 

Cestoidea  (ses-toi'de-a),  n.  pi.  [L.  cestwi, 
Gr.  kestos,  a  girdle,  and  eidos,  form.]  An 
order  of  intestinal  worms  of  the  class  Scole- 
cida;  tape-worms. 

Cestraclon  (ses-tra'si-on),  71.  [Gr.  kestra,  a 
kind  of  fish.)  A  genus  of  cartilaginous  fishes, 
belonging  to  the  shark  group,  of  which  only 
one  species,  the  Port  Jackson  shark  (Cestra- 
cion  i'hilippi),  found  on  the  coast  of  Aus- 
tralia, now  exists.  The  posterior  teeth  con- 
sist of  flat  grinders;  the  front  teeth  are 
pointed. 

Cestraciontidse  (ses-tra'si-on"ti-de),  n.  pi. 
A  family  of  cartilaginous  fishes,  closely 
allied  to  the  true  sharks,  consisting  only  of 
a  single  living  genus  and  species,  the  Ces- 
tracion  (which  see),  although  the  extinct 
forms  are  very  abundant  in  some  formations. 

Cestrura  (ses'trum), ».  [Gr.  kettron,  betony. ) 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Solanacete. 
They  have  funnel-shaped,  yellow,  fragrant 
flowers,  and  are  common  in  cultivation. 
They  are  known  as  the  bastard  jasmines  of 
the  West  India  Islands. 

Cestui,  Cestuy  (ses'twl),  n.  [Law  Fr.]  A 
person:  used  in  law  expressions  such  as  the 
following:— Cestui  que  trust,  the  person  who 
is  entitled  to  the  benefit  of  a  trust ;  eatui 
rrue  use,  the  person  who  is  entitled  to  a  use. 
See  USE.  —  Ceitui  que  vie,  the  person  for 
whose  life  any  lands,  tenements,  or  heredita- 
ments may  be  held. 

Cestum  (ses'tum),  n.  [From  L.  cestM,  a 
girdle.]  A  genus  of  Ctenophora  or  higher 
Actinozoa,  represented  by  the  Venus's  gir- 
dle (Cestum  Veneris),  which  exists  as  an 
elongated  band-like  marine  organism,  often 
attaining  a  length  of  3  or  4  feet,  and  exhi- 
biting phosphorescence  at  night. 
Cestus  (ses'tus),  n.  [L,  from  Gr.  keitot, 
a  girdle,  lit.  stitched,  embroidered,  from 
kenteo,  to  prick.]  In  Rom.  antiq.  (a)  the- 
girdle  of  Venus  on  which  was  represented 
everything  that  could  awaken  love.  (6)  A 
marriage-girdle  given  by  a  newly  married 
wife  to  her  husband. 
Cestus  (ses'tus),  n.  [L.  cestus,  ceestus,  from 


Various  forms  of  Cestus. 

credo,  i-in.ii in,  to  strike.]  Among  the  Greek* 
and  Romans,  a  kind  of  boxing-glove  or 


Fate,  far.  fat.  fall;       me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CESTVAEN 


433 


CHAFE-WAX 


•rauntlet,  consisting  of  a  strong  leathern 
glove  loaded  with  lend  or  iron,  which  boxers 
fastened  on  their  hands  and  arms  by  means 
of  leather  thongs.  At  first  it  was  short, 
reaching  no  higher  than  the  wrists,  but  it 
was  afterwards  enlarged  up  to  the  elbows. 

Cestvaen  (kest'va-en  or  kest'van),  n.  See 
CISTVAKN. 

Cesura,  Cesure  (se-zu'ra,  se'zur),  n.  See 
C.KSURA. 

Cesural  (se-zfi'ral),  a.    See  C.ESURAL. 

Cetacea  (sL'-trVsiit'--a), ». pi.  [L.  cctus, Gr.ketos, 
any  large  sea-monster,  a  whale.]  An  order 
of  marine  mnmtniferous  animals,  surpassing 
in  size  all  others  in  existence.  They  suckle 
their  young,  have  warm  blood,  and  respire 
by  means  of  lungs,  for  which  purpose  they  , 
must  frequently  come  to  the  surface  of  the  | 
water  to  take  iu  fresh  supplies  of  air.  Their 
tail  is  not  vertical,  as  in  fishes,  but  hori-  I 
'  zontal.  The  Cetaeea  are  commonly  divided 
into  five  families:  (a)  the  Balcenidce,  or 
whalebone  whales ;  (b)  the  Physeteridce,  or 
sperm  whales ;  (c)  the  Delphinidce,  or  dol- 
phins; (d)  the  lihynchoceti,  or  'beaked' 
whales;  and  (e)  the  Zeuglodontidce,  all  of 
which  are  fossil.  The  Sirenia  are  now  made 
to  form  a  distinct  order  of  mammals. 

Cetacean  (se-ta'shan),  n.  An  animal  of  the 
order  Cetacea. 

Cetacean  (se-ta'shan),  a.  Same  as  Cetaceous. 

Cetaceous  (se-ta'shus),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
whale;  belonging  to  the  Cetacea  or  whale 
kind. 

Cetate  (se'tiit),  n.    A  salt  of  cetic  acid. 

Cetene  (se'ten),  ».  (C^Hsj.)  A  colourless, 
oily,  liquid  hydrocarbon  obtained  from  ce- 
tylic  alcohol. 

Ceteosaurus,  n.    See  CETIOSAURUS. 

Ceterach  (set'er-ak),  n.  [Fr.  ccterac,  It.  cel- 
racca,  of  Arabic  or  Persian  origin.  ]  A  genus 
of  ferns,  sub-order  Polypodiaceeo.  The  chief 
characters  by  which  the  genus  is  known 
are  the  reticulated  veins,  the  simple  sori, 
with  scarcely  any  indusium,  and  the  abun- 
dance of  chaffy  scales  which  clothe  the 
under  surface  of  the  leaf.  One  species,  C. 
oj/lcinarum  (the  scale-fern  or  miltwaste),  is 
indigenous  to  Britain,  and  not  uncommon 
on  rocks  and  walls. 

Cetic  (se'tik),  a.  [L.  cetus.  a.  whale.]  Per- 
taining to  the  whale.— Cetic  acid,  an  acid 
produced,  according  to  Heintz,  in  very  small 
quantity  in  the  saponiflcation  of  spermaceti. 
It  crystallizes  in  nacreous  scales,  grouped 
in  stars,  melting  at  53'5"  C. 

Cetln,  Cetlne  (se'tin),  n.  [L.  cetus,  a  whale.  ] 
(C-saH«Oj.)  The  name  proposed  by  Chev- 
reul  for  the  crystallizable  matter  which 
forms  the  greater  part  of  the  substance 
called  spermaceti. 

Cetiosaurus,  Ceteosaurus  (se'ti-6-sa"rus, 
se'te-6-sa"rus),  n.  [Gr.  keteias,  of  or  belong- 
ing to  a  whale,  and  tatirot,  a  lizard.]  A 
genus  of  fossil  saurians,  the  most  gigantic 
of  the  order  Deinosauria,  whose  vertebra; 
exhibit  a  slightly  hollowed  cup  behind,  the 
fore-part  being  flattened  in  the  dorsal,  but 
produced  into  a  convex  surface  in  the  cervi- 
cal part  of  the  body.  The  articulations  of 
the  bones  of  the  limbs,  the  possession  of  long 
claws,  and  the  hollowness  of  the  bones  indi- 
cate that  it  was  a  terrestrial  animal,  pro- 
bably an  inhabitant  of  marshes  or  river- 
sides. Their  remains  are  found  in  the  oolite 
and  wealden  formations. 

Cetologlcal  (se-to-loj'i-kal),  a.  Pertaining 
to  cetology, 

Cetologlst  (se-tol'o-jist),  n.  One  who  is 
versed  in  cetology  or  the  natural  history  of 
the  whale  and  its  kindred  animals. 

Cetology  (se-tol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  ketos,  a  whale, 
and  (OTOS,  discourse.]  The  description  or 
natural  history  of  cetaceous  animals. 

Cetonia  (se-to'ni-a),  n.  [Gr.  ketonia.  ]  A 
genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  the  type  of 
the  family  Cetoniadee.  C.  aurata  is  the  rose- 
chafer  or  rose-beetle. 

Cetoniadse  (se-to-ni'a-de).  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
coleopterous  insects,  forming  one  of  the 
most  extensive  groups  of  the  beetle  tribe. 
Nothing  can  exceed  the  brilliant  colours 
with  which  many  of  them  are  adorned.  The 
type  genus  is  Cetonia. 

Cetosaurian  (se-to-sa'ri-an),  n.  A  member 
of  the  genus  Cetiosaurus  (which  see). 
Cetotollte  (se-tot'6-lit),  n.  [Gr.  ketos,  a 
whale,  ous,  otos,  an  ear,  and  lithos,  a  stone.] 
A  name  provisionally  given  to  certain  fossil 
cetaceous  teeth,  and  especially  ear-bones, 
occurring  in  such  profusion  in  the  xipper 
tertiary  formation,  as  the  red  crag  of  Suffolk, 
that  superphosphate  of  potash  is  prepared 
from  them  to  the  value  of  many  thousand 


pounds  annually  and  used  as  manure  for 
land. 

Cetraria  (Be-tra'ri-a),  n.  [From  L.  cetra, 
little  leather  shield,  targe,  from  the  shape 
of  the  apothecia.]  A  genus  of  lichens  re- 
lated to  Lecidea.  They  have  a  rigid,  erect, 
and  branching  brown  thallus,  with  lateral 
apothecia.  Three  species  are  found  in  Bri- 
tain. The  best  known  is  C.  islandica,  or 
Iceland-moss.  See  ICELAND-MUSS 

Cetrarin,  Cetrarine  (se'tra-rin),  n.  (C18 
H16O8.)  A  vegetable  principle  extracted  by 
alcohol  from  several  lichens,  as  Cetraria 
islandica  (Iceland-moss)  and  Sficfa  pul- 
inonacea.  It  forms  a  fine  white  powder  very 
bitter  to  the  taste. 

Cetus  (se'tus),  ?».  [L.]  In  attron.  the  Whale, 
a  large  constellation  of  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere containing  ninety-seven  stars. 

Cetyl  (sc'til),  n.  [Gr.  ketos,  a  whale,  and 
hyle,  matter.]  (CjgHja.)  An  alcoholic  radi- 
cal supposed  to  exist  in  a  series  of  com- 
pounds obtained  from  spermaceti. 

Cetylic  (se-til'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  cetyl;  as, 
cett/lic  alcohol. 

Ceutorhynchus  (su-to-ring'kus),  ».  [Gr. 
keutho,  to  hide,  to  bury,  and  rhynchos,  the 
snout.]  A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects, 
family  Curculionidse,  including  several  spe- 
cies, whose  larvae  are  very  destructive  to 
the  turnip:  C.  assimilis  is  the  turnip-seed 
weevil;  C.  contractus,  the  charlock  weevil; 
and  C.  pleurostigma,  the  turnip-gall  weevil. 

Cevadilla,  Cebadilla  (sev-a-dil'la,  seb-a- 
dil'la),  n.  The  Spanish  Mexican  name  for 
Asagrcea  officinalis.  See  ASAOR^EA. 

Ceylanite  (se'lan-lt),  n.  [From  Ceylon.}  A 
ferruginous  varietyof  spinel (AlaMg02) from 
Ceylon. 

Ceylonese  (se-lon-ez'),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Ceylon;  Cingalese;  Singhalese. 

Ceylonese  (se-lon-ez'),  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A 
native  or  natives,  an  inhabitant  or  inhabi- 
tants of  Ceylon;  Cingalese  or  Singhalese. 

Ceylon-moss  (se-lon'mos),  n.  The  common 
name  for  Plocaria  Candida,  an  alga  found 
in  Ceylon  and  on  the  east  coast  of  Bengal. 
It  has  been  lately  introduced  as  a  substitute 
for  farinaceous  foods,  having  the  same  pro- 
perties as  carrageen  or  Irish-moss. 

Cha(cha),  n.  [Hind.]  A  kind  of  tea,  rolled 
up  like  tobacco,  which  goes  to  the  interior 
of  Asia. 

Chabasie,  Chabasite  (kab'a-se,  kab'a-sit), 
n.  [Gr.  chabazios,  one  of  twenty  species  of 
stones  mentioned  in  the  poem  Peri  Lithon 
ascribed  to  Orpheus.]  A  varietyof  zeolite 
which  occurs  in  crystals  whose  primitive 
form  is  nearly  a  cube.  Chabasite  is  a  trans- 
parent mineral  which  may  generally  be  re- 
presented by  the  formula  CaO.Al2O3.2S:02. 

Chablis  (shab-le),  n.  A  celebrated  white 
French  wine,  having  good  body  and  an  ex- 
quisite perfume,  so  called  from  a  town  of 
that  name  near  which  it  is  produced. 

Chabouk,  Chabuk  (cha-buk'),  n.  [Hind. 
chabuk,  a  horse-whip.]  A  long  whip;  speci- 
fically, the  whip  used  in  the  East  for  inflict- 
ing corporal  punishment. 

Drajf  forward  that  Fakir,  and  cut  his  robe  into 
tatters  on  his  back  with  your  chabonk. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

Chace  (chas),  n.  and  v.    See  CHASE. 

Chack  (chak),  n.  A  snack;  a  luncheon. 
'  A  chach  of  dinner. '  Gait.  [Scotch.] 

Chack  (chak),  n. f..  In  the  manege,  to  jerk 
or  toss  the  head,  as  a  horse,  so  as  to  try  the 
hand  of  the  person  managing  it. 

Cliacma  (chak'ma),  n.  A  baboon  found  in 
South  Africa  (Cynocephalns  porcarius). 

Chaco  (cha'ko).  n.  The  native  name  for  an 
unctuous  earth  found  at  La  Paz,  South 
America,  which  is  made  into  pats  and  eaten 
with  chocolate. 

Chaconne  (sha-kon),  n.  [Fr.]  A  slow  dance 
tune  in  J  time,  frequently  constructed  on  a 
ground  bass,  and  sometimes  introduced  into 
earlier  forms  of  the  sonata. 

Chad  (shad),  n.  A  kind  of  fish,  the  shad 
(which  see). 

Chadam  (chad'am),  n.  A  money  of  account 
in  some  parts  of  Asia,  equal  to  one  paysa, 
of  the  value  of  25  cowries  or  a  half  farthing. 

Chad-pennies  (chad'pen-nlz),n.  pi.  Pennies 
paid  at  Whitsunday  to  aid  in  repairing 
Lichfleld  Cathedral,  which  is  dedicated  to 
St.  Chad. 

Chserophyllum  (ke-ro-fll'lum),  n.  [Gr. 
chairephyllon,  chervil.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Umbellifera),  consisting  of  about 
thirty  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere: popularly  called  chervil  (which  see). 

Chaetodon  (ke'to-don),  n.  [Gr.  chaite,  a 
mane,  and  odous,  odo-ntos,  a  tooth.]  A  Lin- 


mean  genus  of  teleostean  fishes,  nearly  cor- 
responding to  the  modern  fumil  v  ( 'liu'tud.,ii- 
tidre  or  Squamipennes  (which  we). 

ChaetodontldSB  (ke-to-don'ti-de),?i.  pi.  Same 
:is  flbuamtajHMML 

Chsetognatha  (ke-tog'na-tha),  n.  pi.  [(Jr. 
(•/miff,  hair,  and  gnatliot,  jaw.)  A  class  of 
Annelida  or  worms,  including  the  single 
•_'cims  Sagitta  (which  see). 

Chaetonotus  (ke-to-no'tus).  n.  [Gr.  chaiu, 
hair,  and  niitia,  the  back.  ]  A  remarkable 
genus  of  rotifers  or  wheel  animalcules,  pos- 
sessing no  rotary  or '  wheel-organs,'  but  pro- 
vided with  cilia  scattered  generally  over  the 
body. 

Chsetophoracese  (ke'to-f6-ra"se-e),  n.  pi. 
[Or.  chaite,  a  mane,  and  phero,  to  carry.  ]  A 
family  of  confervoid  algee,  growing  in  sea  or 
fresh  water,  and  invested  with  a  gelatinous 
matter;  either  filiform  or  expanded  into 
branched,  definitely  -  formed,  or  shapeless 
fronds  or  masses.  The  filaments  are  jointed 
and  furnished  with  bristle-like  processes. 
The  fresh-water  species  form  little  protuber- 
ances on  stones,  sticks,  Ac.,  usually  of  a 
bright  green  colour.  The  fructification  con- 
sists of  spores  and  four  ciliated  zoospores. 
There  are  six  British  genera. 

Chaetopod  (ke'to-pod),  n.  An  annelid  or 
worm  of  the  order  Chtetopoda. 

Chaetopoda  (ke-top'o-da),  n.  pi.  [Or.  chaiu, 
hair,  and  pmis,  podot,  a  foot.)  An  order  of 
free  Annelida.  Called  also  Errantes,  Er- 
rantia.  See  ERRANTES. 

Chafant  (cha'fant),  a.  In  /•••/•.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  a  boar  when  represented  as  enraged 
or  furious. 

Chafe  (chaf),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  chafed;  ppr. 
chafing.  [O.E.  chaufe,  Fr  chauffer,  O.Fr. 
chaufer,  to  warm,  from  L.  calefacere,  to 
warm,  from  stem  of  caleo,  to  grow  warm, 
and  facere,  to  make.)  1.  To  excite  heat  in 
by  friction;  to  stimulate  to  warmth;  as,  to 
chafe  the  limbs.  '  To  rub  her  temples  and 
to  chafe  her  skin.'  Spenser.  'TCocha/chia 
paly  lips.'  Shak. 

But  she  .  .  .  laid  his  head  upon  her  lap. 
And  loosed  the  shatter'd  casque,  and  chafed  his 
hands.  Tennyson. 

2.  To  excite  heat  in  the  mind  of ;  to  excite 
the  passions  of ;  to  inflame ;  to  anger ;  to 
fret;  to  provoke  or  incense.  *  Her  interces- 
sion chafed  him  so.'  Shak.  'Chafed  wild 
boars  or  ruffled  porcupines.'  Milton. — 3.  To 
excite  violent  action  in;  to  cause  to  rage; 
as,  the  wind  chafes  the  ocean. — 4.  To  stimu- 
late, as  by  pungent  odours;  to  perfume. 
'Lilies  .  .  .  whose  scent  so  chafed  the  neigh- 
bouring air.'  Suckling.  [Rare.]  — 6.  To  fret 
and  wear  by  rubbing;  as,  the  rope  was  chafed 
by  the  friction. 

Two  slips  of  parchment .  ,  .  she  sewed  round  it  to 
prevent  its  being  chajed.  Sir  ff.  Scott. 

STN.  To  rub,  wear,  abrade,  fret,  gall,  vex, 
provoke,  warm,  irritate,  heat,  incense,  in- 
flame. 

Chafe  (chaf),  v.i.  1.  To  be  excited  or  heated; 
to  rage;  to  fret.  'To  chafe  as  at  a  personal 
wrong.'  Tennyson. 

And  take  no  care 

Who  chafes,  who  frets,  or  where  conspirers  are. 
SAa*. 

2.  To  be  in  violent  agitation;  to  dash,  as  in 
anger;  to  rage  or  boil ;  to  fret.  '  The  troubled 
Tiber  chafing  with  his  shores.'   Shak. 

I  would  you  did  but  see  how  it  (the  sea)  chafts.  how 
it  rages.  Shak. 

3.  To  be  fretted  and  worn  by  rubbing;  as,  a 
cable  chafes. 

Chafe  (chaf),  n.  1.  Heat  excited  by  friction. 
[Rare.]— 2.  Violent  agitation  of  the  mind  or 
passions;  heat;  fret;  passion.  'In  a  sultry 
chafe.'  Milton. 

At  this  the  knight  grew  high  in  chafe.     Hudibrai. 

Chafer  (chafer), ?».  l.One  who  or  that  which 
chafes.— 2.t  A  vessel  for  heating  water;  a 
chaffern.  Hence— 3.t  Any  dish  or  pan.  'A 
chafer  of  water  to  cool  the  ends  of  the 
irons.'  Baker.  [Rare.] 

Chafer  (chafer),  n.  [A.  Sax.  ceafor,  a  chafer; 
D.  kever,  G.  ktifer,  an  insect  of  the  beetle 
tribe.  ]  A  beetle:  especially  applied  to  such 
as  either  in  their  perfect  state  or  as  larvie 
are  destructive  to  plants,  and  generally 
used  with  some  prefix;  as,  cock-chafer,  rose- 
chafer,  bark-cAn/er,  &c. 

Chafery  (chaf'er-i),  n.  [From  chafe.}  A 
forge  in  an  iron-mill,  at  which  the  iron  is 
wrought  into  bars;  also,  a  kind  of  black- 
smith's forge. 

Chafe-wax  (chaf'waks),  n.  In  England,  an 
officer  formerly  under  the  lord-chancellor, 
who  fitted  the  wax  for  the  sealing  of  writs. 


eh.  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locft; 
VOL.  I. 


JJob;      h,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  iina;      IB,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  tcftig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KSY. 


CHAFE-WEED 


434 


CHAIN-RTJLE 


Chafe-weed  (chaf  wed),  n.  A  local  name 
forGnaphalium  gertnanicum  (the  cudweed), 
because,  according  to  Hooker,  it  is  used  in 
Northumberland  to  prevent  heavy  loads 
from  galling  the  backs  of  beasts  of  burden. 

Chaff  (chaf),  ».  [A.  Sax.  ceaf  =  D.  kaf,  O. 
leaf,  chaff.  ]  1.  The  glumes  or  husks  of  corn 
and  grasses.  The  term  is  commonly  applied 
to  the  husks  when  separated  from  the  corn 
by  thrashing,  riddling,  or  winnowing.  It  is 
sometimes  used  improperly  to  denote  straw 
cut  small  for  the  food  of  cattle.— 2.  Fig.  re- 
fuse; worthless  matter,  especially  that  which 
is  light  and  apt  to  be  driven  by  the  wind. 
'  Not  meddling  with  the  dirt  and  chaf  of 
nature.'  Beau.  <fc  fl.—  3.  In  bot.  the  bracts 
or  scales  on  the  receptacle  which  subtends 
each  flower  in  the  heads  of  many  Compo- 
sitee,  as  the  sun-flower. 

Chaff  (chaf),  v.t  [A  corruption  of  chafe,  to 
irritate  or  annoy.  ]  To  assail  with  sarcastic 
banter  or  raillery;  to  banter;  to  make  game 
of;  to  ridicule;  to  tease;  to  worry.  [Colloq.] 

Morgan  saw  that  his  master  was  chaffing  him. 
Thackeray. 

Chaff  (chaf),  ".i.  To  use  idle  or  Ironical  lan- 
guage by  way  of  fun  or  ridicule.  [Colloq.] 

Chaff  (chaf),  n.  Banter,  especially  slangy 
banter ;  sarcastic  raillery.  '  That  kind  of 
conversation  which  borders  as  nearly  upon 
what  men  call  chaff,  as  a  well-bred  girl  can 
venture  on.'  Macmillan's  Afag.  [Colloq.] 

Chaffare, t  ».  [See  CHAFFER.]  Merchan- 
dise; goods  for  sale.  Chaucer. 

Chaffare,  Chaffar.t  v.i.  To  chaffer.  Chau- 
cer; Spenser. 

Chaff-cutter,  Chaff-engine  (chaf'kut-er, 
chaf'en-jin),  n.  An  agricultural  machine 
for  cutting  up  hay,  straw,  &c.,  as  food  for 
cattle.  See  CHAFF. 

Chaffer  (chafer),  v.i.  [From  the  O.E.  noun 
chapfare,  chaffare,  bargaining,  merchandise, 
from  chap,  A.  Sax  cedp,  a  bargain,  and 

fare,  procedure,  journey,  A.  Sax.  faru,  a 
Journey.  Akin  cheap,  cheapen,  and  chap  in 
chapman.  See  CHEAP.  ]  1.  To  treat  about  a 
purchase ;  to  bargain ;  to  haggle ;  to  nego- 
tiate ;  as,  to  chaffer  with  a  flshwoman  or  a 
cabman.  '  To  chafer  for  preferments  with 
his  gold.'  Dry  den. 

The  wives  and  daughters  of  the  Kentish  farmers 
came  from  the  neighbouring  villages  with  cream, 
cherries,  wheatears,  and  quails.  To  chajfcr  with 
them,  to  flirt  with  them,  to  praise  their  straw  hats 
and  tight  heels,  was  a  refreshing  pastime  to  voluptu- 
aries sick  of  the  airs  of  actresses  and  maids  of  hon- 
our. Macautay. 

2.  To  talk  much  and  idly.  Trench.  [Trench 
(Select  Glossary)  seems  to  consider  this  the 
only  meaning  which  the  word  now  has;  but 
such  is  certainly  not  the  case.  ] 

Chaffer!  (chafer),  ».«.  1.  To  buy  or  sell. 
Spenser.  —  2.  To  exchange.  '  To  chafer 
words.'  Spenser. 

Chaffert  (chafer),  n.  Merchandise;  bar- 
gaining. 'Small  chafer  doth  ease.'  Skelton. 

Chaffer  (chafer),  n.  One  who  employs  chaff 
or  slangy  banter.  [Colloq.] 

She  was  considered  the  best  chaffer  on  the  road, 

not  one  of  them  could  stand  against  her  tongue. 

Chafferer  (chaf  er-6r),n.  One  who  chaffers; 
a  bargainer;  a  buyer. 

Chaffern  t  (chaf  er-n),  n.  A  vessel  for  heat- 
ing water. 

Chaffery  t  (chaf  er-i),  n,  [0.  E.  chaffare.  See 
CHAFFER,  v.i]  Traffic;  buying  and  selling. 
'  Merchandise  and  chaf  ery.'  Spenser. 

Chaffinch  (chafflnsh),  n.  [Said  to  be  so 
called  from  delighting  in  chaff,  though  it  is 
rather  the  grain  in  which  it  delights.  Per- 
haps named  from  its  cry;  comp.  chiff-chaff, 
the  name  given  to  one  of  the  British  war- 
blers from  its  cry.]  A  common  British  bird 
of  the  genus  Fringilla,  the  F.  coelebs,  whose 
pleasant  short  and  oft-repeated  song  is 
heard  from  early  spring  to  the  middle  of 
summer.  The  plumage  of  the  male  is  very 
pretty.  Chaffinches  are  useful  in  destroy- 
ing aphides  and  caterpillars,  though  they 
injure  various  kinds  of  garden  plants.  In 
winter  they  feed  mostly  on  seeds. 

Chaffless  (chaf  les),  a.  Without  chaff  from 
worthless  matter,  rubbish,  or  refuse. 

The  gods  have  made  you. 
Unlike  all  others,  chadless.  Shak. 

Chaffron  (shaf  fron),  n.    See  CHAMFRON. 

Chaff-wax  (chaf'waks).  Same  as  Chafe- 
wax. 

Chaff-weed  (chaf  wed),  n.  A  popular  name 
of  Centuncuhts  minimus,  because  of  its 
small  chaffy  leaves.  See  CENTUNCULUS. 

Chaffy  (chaf  i),  a.  1.  Like  chaff;  full  of  chaff. 
•Chaffy  grain  beneath  the  thresher's  flail.' 
Coleridge. — 2.  In  bot.  an  epithet  sometimes 


applied  to  the  receptacle  in  compound 
flowers ;  paleaceous.  —  3.  Fig.  light ;  frivo- 
lous: said  of  persons  and  things.  '  A  chaffy 
lord  not  worth  the  name  of  villain.'  Beau 
&  Fl.  'Slight  and  chaffy  opinion.'  (ilan- 
ville, 

Chafing-board  (chaf  ing-bord),  n.  Naut.  a 
batten  fastened  upon  the  rigging  of  a  ship 
to  prevent  chafing. 

Chafing-dish  (chafing-dish),  n.  A  dish  or 
vessel  to  hold  coals  for  heating  anything  set 
on  it;  a  portable  grate  for  coals. 

Chaflng-gear  (chaf  ing-ger),  n.  Naut.  mats 
or  other  soft  substances  placed  on  the  rig- 
ging, spars,  <tc.,  to  prevent  chafing. 

Chaft  (chaft),  n.  [Dan.  kueft,  Icel.  kjaftr,  a 
jaw.  See  CHAP.]  One  of  the  jaws.  [Scotch.] 

Chagreen  (sha-gren'),  n.    See  SHAGREEN. 

Chagrin  (sha-gren'),  n.  [Fr,  said  to 
be  another  form  of  shagreen,  which,  from 
being  used  to  polish  wood,  has  come  to  be 
employed  as  a  type  of  grinding  or  gnawing 
care.  See  SHAGREEN.]  Ill  humour;  vexa- 
tion; peevishness;  mortification;  fretfulness; 
disquiet 

Hear  me,  and  touch  Belinda  with  chagrin.    Pope. 

Chagrin  (sha-gren'),  v.t.  [Fr.  chagriner. 
See  above.  ]  To  excite  ill  humour  in ;  to 
vex;  to  mortify. 

O I  trifling  head  and  fickle  heart. 

Chagrined  at  whatsoe'er  thou  art.      T.  Wartott. 

CliaUletlaceSB  (shal-let'i-a"86-e),  n.  pi. 
[After  M.  Chaalet,  a  Swiss  botanist.]  A 
small  order  of  tropical  American,  African, 
and  Indian  trees  and  shrubs,  consisting  of 
three  genera,  in  one  of  which  the  flowers 
are  polypetalous,  while  in  the  other  two 
they  are  gamopetalous.  The  petals  are 
small  scale-like  bodies,  at  the  orifice  of 
a  tubular  calyx  Chailletia  toxicaria  is 
known  in  Sierra  Leone  as  rats'-bane,  and 
is  reputed  very  poisonous. 

Chain  (chan),  n.  [Fr.  chalne,  O.Fr.  chaene, 
cadene,  Pr.  cadena,  from  L.  catena,  a  chain.  ] 

1.  A  series  of  links  or  rings  connected  or 
fitted  into  one  another,  generally  of  some 
kind  of  metal,  and  used  for  various  purposes, 
as  a  support,  a  fetter,  a  means  of  connec- 
tion, or  of  the  transmission  of  mechanical 
power,    ornament,    measurement,    <frc.  — 

2.  Fig.  that  which  binds,  restrains,  confines, 
or  fetters;  a  bond;  a  fetter;  bondage;  slav- 
ery: in  this  sense  often  in  the  plural;  as,  to 
be  bound  by  the  chains  of  evil  habit 

The  melting  voice  through  mazes  running. 

Untwisting  all  the  chains  that  tie 

The  hidden  soul  of  harmony.  Milton. 

3.  In  weaving,  the  warp  threads  of  a  web,  «o 
called  because  they  form  a  long  series  of 
links  or  loops. —  i   A  series  of  things  linked 
together;  a  series,  line,  or  range  of  things 
connected  or  following  in  succession  ;  as,  a 
chain  of  causes,  of  ideas,  or  events;  a  chain 
of  being;  acAawof  mountains. —5.  pi.  Naut. 
strong  links  or  plates  of  iron  bolted  at  the 
lower  end  to  the  ship's  side,  used  to  contain 
the  blocks  called  dead-eyes,  by  which  the 
shrouds  of  the  mast  are  extended. —  6.  In 
&ury.   a  measuring   instrument,   generally 
consisting  of  100  links,  each  7  92  inches  in 
length,  and  consequently  having  a  total 
length  of  66  feet,  or  4  poles. 

Chain  (chan),  v.t.  1.  To  fasten,  bind,  re- 
strain, or  fetter  with  a  chain  or  chains ;  as, 
to  chain  floating  logs  together ;  to  chain  a 
dog;  to  chain  prisoners. — 2.  /•'/;/  (a)  to  en- 
slave; to  keep  in  slavery. 

And  which  more  blest  ?  Who  rAam'rfhis  country,  say, 
Or  he  whose  virtue  sigh'd  to  lose  a  dayT  reft. 

(b)  To  restrain;  to  hold  in  control;  to  check. 


He  would  stay  swift  diseases  in  old  days, 
of  his  lyre. 
Atmtt.  Arnold. 


Chain  madmen  by  the  music  of  hi 

(c)  To  unite  firmly ;  to  link. 

In  this  vow  (I)  do  chain  my  toul  to  thine.      Shalt. 

S.  To  block  up  or  obstruct  with  a  chain,  as 
a  harbour  or  passage. 

Chain-belt  (chanT>elt),  n.  A  chain  forming 
a  band  or  belt  for  conveying  or  transmitting 
power.  It  is  sometimes  covered  with  piping 
or  overlaid  with  strips  of  various  materials 
to  form  a  round  belt. 

Chain-boat  (chanTiot),  n.  Naut.  a  large 
boat  furnished  with  a  davit  and  windlasses, 
used  for  getting  up  chains,  anchors,  <fec. 

Chain-bolt  (chanlaolt),  n.  Naut.  one  of  the 
large  bolts  by  which  the  chain-plates  are 
fastened  to  the  vessel's  sides. 

Chain-bond  (chan'bond),  n.  In  arch. 
a  name  sometimes  given  to  bond -timber 
(which  see).  Called  also  Chain-timber. 


Chain -bridge  ( chan '  brij ).  See  under 
BRIDGE  and  SUSPENSION. 

Chain-cable  (cban'ka-bl),  n.  A  cable  com- 
posed of  iron  links.  See  under  CABLE. 

Chain- coupling  (chan'kup-ling),  n.  In 
rail,  a  supplementary  coupling  between 
carriages,  etc.,  as  a  safety  device  in  case 
the  prime  coupling  should  accidentally 
become  uncoupled.  E.  II.  Knight. 

Chain-gang  (chin'gmng),  n.  A  gang  or 
number  of  convicts  chained  together. 

I'd  take  my  place  with  a  chain-gang,  and  eat 
Norfolk  Island  biscuit.  Lever. 

Chain-guard  (chan'gard),  n.  In  watch- 
waking,  a  mechanism  in  watches,  provided 
with  a  fusee,  to  prevent  the  watch  being 
over-wound.  E.  H.  Knight. 

Chain-hook  (chan'hok),  n.  Naul.  an  iron 
rod  with  a  handling-eye  at  one  end  and  a 
hook  at  the  other  for  hauling  the  chain- 
cables  about. 

Chainless  (chanles),  a.  Having  no  chains; 
incapable  of  being  chained.  '  The  chainlenn 
mind.'  Byron. 

Chainlet  (chanaet),  n.  [Dim.  of  chain.}  A 
little  chain. 

The  spurs  and  ringing  chainlets  sound.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Chain-locker,  Chain-well  (chan'lok-er. 
chan'wel),  n.  Naut.  the  receptacle  for  the 
chain-cable  below  deck.  The  deck-pipe, 
through  which  it  passes,  is  made  of  iron. 
Steam  vessels  have  frequently  a  movable 
box  on  deck  for  this  purpose. 

Chain-mail  (chan'mal),  n.    See  MAIL. 

Chain-moulding  (chan'mold-ing),  n.  In 
arch,  a  species  of  moulding  cut  in  imitation 
of  a  chain.  It  is  used  in  the  Norman  style. 

Chain-pier  (chan'per),  n.  A  pier  running 
into  the  sea,  supported  by  chains  like  a 
suspension-bridge. 

Chain -plate  (chan 'plat),  n.  Naut.  one 
of  the  iron  plates  used  for  securing  the 
shrouds  of  the  lower  rigging  to  the  vessel's 
sides.  Called  also  Channel-plate. 

Chain-pore  Coral  (chan'por  ko'ral),  n. 
Same  as  Catenipora. 

Chain-pulley  (chan'pul-i),  n.  A  pulley 
having  depressions  in  its  periphery,  in 
which  lie  the  links  or  alternate  links  of 
a  chain  which  passes  over  it  and  gives 
motion  thereto,  or  conversely.  B.  U. 
Knight. 

Chain-pump  (chan'pump),  n.  A  pump 
consisting,  in  one  of  its  simplest  and  com- 
monest forms,  of  an  endless  chain  equipped 


Chain-pump. 

with  a  sufficient  number  of  valves  or 
buckets  a  a  a,  moving  on  two  wheels  b  b, 
one  above,  the  other  below,  passing  down- 
ward through  a  wooden  tube  and  returning 
upwards  through  another  c.  The  discs  or 
valves  on  the  chain  fit  as  nearly  as  may  be 
in  the  tube  c,  and  by  the  continuous  rota- 
tion of  a  crank  a  steady  flow  of  water  is 
kept  up. 

Chain-rule  (chan'rol),  n.  A  rule  of  arith- 
metic, by  which,  when  a  succession  or 
chain  of  equivalents  is  given,  the  last  of 
each  being  of  the  same  kind  as  the  first 
of  the  next,  a  relation  of  equivalence  is 
established  between  numbers  of  the  first 
and  last  kind  mentioned.  Thus,  if  112  Ibs. 
avoirdupois  make  104  Ibs.  of  Holland,  and 
100  Ibs.  of  Holland  make  89  of  Geneva,  and 
110  of  Geneva  make  117  of  Seville,  how 
many  Ibs.  of  Seville  will  make  100  Ibs. 
avoirdupois? 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n5te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  ley. 


CHAIN-SHOT 


435 


CHALK 


Chain-shot. 


Chain-shot  (chan'shot),  n.    Two  balls  or 
half-bulls  connected  by  a  chain,  and  serving 
when  fired  from 
ordnance  to  cut 
down  masts  or 
spars,    or    cut 
away     shrouds 
and  rigging. 

Chain  -  stitch 

(chan'stich),  n.  In  sewing,  (a)  work  con- 
sisting of  threads  or  cords  linked  together 
in  the  form  of  a  chain,  as  lineal  chaining 
or  tambour  work,  reticulation  or  net-work, 
&e.  (b)  A  kind  of  machine-sewing,  which 
consists  in  looping  the  upper  thread  into 
itself  on  the  under  side  of  the  fabric,  or 
in  using  a  second  thread  to  engage  the 
loop  of  the  upper  thread :  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  lock-stitch. 

Chain-timber  (chan'tim-bcr),  n.  In  arch, 
(a)  u  large  timber  placed  in  the  middle  of 
the  height  of  a  story  for  imparting  strength. 
(6)  Same  as  Bond-timber. 

Chain-wale  (chan'wil),  n.  Naut.  channel 
(which  see). 

Chain-well    See  CHATN-LOCKER. 

Chain-wheel  (chan'whel),  n.  An  inversion 
of  the  chain-pump,  by  which  it  is  converted 
into  a  recipient  of  water-power.  It  consists 
of  a  bucket-chain,  which  passes  over  a  pulley 
and  through  a  pipe  of  such  a  size  that  the 
buckets  very  nearly  fill  its  section.  The 
water  flows  into  the  pipe  at  the  upper  end, 
and  descending,  carries  the  buckets  with 
it,  thus  setting  the  whole  chain  and  there- 
fore the  pulley  in  motion.  This  wheel  is 
also  known  as  Lamoliere's  piston  -  wheel, 
the  application  having  been  first  made  by 
Lamoliere. 

Chain -work  (chau'werk),  n.  Same  as 
Chain-stitch. 

Chair  (char),  n.  [O.E.  chaire,  chaiere,  &c., 
from  Kr.  chaire,  O.Fr.  chayere,  L.  cathedra, 
Gr.  kathedra,  a  seat— kata,  down,  and  hezo- 
mai,  tosit.  Cha  ise  is  a  corruption  of  chaire.] 
1.  A  movable  seat,  with  a  back,  for  one 
person.— 2.  A  seat  of  office  or  authority ;  as, 
the  chair  of  a  judge,  a  professor,  the  person 
who  presides  over  a  meeting  or  assembly, 
&c.  Hence,  the  office  itself,  especially  the 
office  of  a  professor;  as,  to  hold  the  chair 
of  logic  or  divinity ;  to  found  a  chair  in  a 
university ;  &c.  Formerly  used  for  a  throne 
and  a  pulpit,  and  in  senses  derived  by  meto- 
nymy from  these. 

He  makes  for  England,  here  to  claim  the  crown.— 
Is  the  chair  empty?  ShaA. 

His  eloquence  is  masculine  and  exact,  and  has  all 
the  majesty  of  the  chair  in  it.  Bp.  Btirnet. 

In  certain  phrases  the  word  is  used  for  the 
chairman  of  a  meeting  or  assembly ;  as,  to 
address  or  support  the  chair;  but  we  do 
not  use  such  phrases  as  the  chair  spoke. 
Chair !  chair !  is  a  frequent  cry  at  public 
meetings  when  the  authority  of  the  chair- 
man is  not  duly  regarded. —3.  A  sedan-chair. 

Think  what  an  equipage  thou  hast  in  air, 

And  view  with  scorn  two  pages  and  a  chair.    Popt. 

4t  A  two-wheeled  carriage,  drawn  by  one 
horse ;  a  chaise  or  gig. 

E'en  kings  might  quit  their  state  to  share 
Contentment  and  a  one-horse  chair.      T.  ll'arton. 

5.  One  of  the  iron  blocks  which  support 
and  secure  the  rails  in  a  railway.  A  joint 
chair  is  one  that  secures  the  connection  of 
two  rails  at  their  ends. —Chair  of  state,  some- 
times equivalent  to  a  throne.  —  Groaning 
chair,  the  chair  in  which  a  woman  sits 
when  being  confined,  or  after  her  confine- 
ment, to  receive  congratulations. 

For  the  nurse,  the  child  to  dandle. 
Sugar,  soap,  spiced  pots,  and  candle, 
A  groaning  chair,  and  eke  a  cradle. 

Poor  Robin's  Almanack. 

Chair  (char),  v.t.  To  place  or  carry  in 
a  chair;  to  carry  publicly  in  a  chair  in 
triumph. 

The  day  the  member  was  chaired  several  men  in 
Coningsby's  rooms  were  talking  over  their  triumph. 
Disraeli. 

Chair-bed  (charted),  n.    See  BED-CHAIR. 
Chair-days  (char'daz),  n.  pi.    The  evening 
of  life ;  the  time  of  repose  for  old  age. 

In  thy  reverence  and  thy  chair-days,  thus 
To  die  in  ruffian  battle.  Shat. 

Chairman  (chartnan),  n.  1.  The  presiding 
officer  of  an  assembly,  association,  or  com- 
pany, committee,  or  public  meeting. — 2.  One 
whose  business  is  to  carry  a  sedan-chair. 
Prior. 

Chairmanship  (char 'man -ship),  n.  The 
office  of  a  chairman  or  presiding  officer  of 
a  meeting. 


Chair-organ  (char'or-gan),  n.  A  name- 
given  to  the  prestant  or  choir-organ  from  a 
notion  that  it  formed  the  seat  of  the  per- 
former when  placed  behind  him. 
Chaise  (shaz),  n.  [A  French  corruption  of 
chaire.  In  the  sixteenth  century  the  Par- 
isians in  many  words  substituted  the  sound 
of  z  for  that  of  r,  and  in  this  case,  as  a  dis- 
tinct meaning  was  attached  to  each  form, 
the  modification  was  adopted  as  a  new 
word.  ]  A  two-wheeled  carriage  drawn  by 
one  or  more  horses,  and  generally  furnished 
with  a  hood  or  top  that  may  be  let  down. 
Chaise  (shaz),  n.  A  gold  coin  current  in 
France  from  1346  to  1430,  varying  in  value 
at  different  periods.  It  was  named  from 
the  chair  [Fr.  chaise]  in  which  the  figure 
was  represented  as  sitting.  Chaises  were 
also  coined  in  England  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  III. 

Chaise-lounge  (shazlounj),  n.  [Fr.  chaise, 
a  chair,  and  E.  lounge.  ]  A  sort  of  sofa, 
open  at  one  end ;  a  couch. 
Chaltya  (chat'ya),  n.  See  Buddhist  archi- 
tecture under  BUDDHIST. 
Chalaza  (ka-la'za),  «.  [Gr.  chalaza,  hail, 
a  hailstone,  a  pimple.]  1.  In  hot.  that 
part  of  the  ovule  or  seed  where  the  integu- 
ments cohere  with  each  other  and  with 
the  nucleus. —  2.  In  zoo!,  one  of  the  two 
membranous  twisted  cords  which  bind 
the  yolk-bag  of  au  egg  to  the  lining  mem- 
brane at  the  two  ends  of  the  shell  and 
keep  it  near  the  middle  as  it  floats  in  the 
albumen,  so  that  the  cicatricula  or  germin- 
ating point  is  always  uppermost,  and  conse- 
quently nearest  the  source  of  heat  during 
the  process  of  incubation. 
Chalazal  (ka-la'zal),  a.  Of  or  relating  to  a 
chalaza ;  as,  the  chalazal  end  of  an  ovule. 
Chalaze  ( ka  -  laz ' ),  n.  A  rarer  form  of 
Chalaza  (which  see). 

Chalcedonlo  (kal-se-don'ik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  chalcedony. 

Chalcedony  (kal-sed'6-ni),  n.  [From  Chal- 
cedon,  an  ancient  Greek  town  in  Asia  Minor, 
opposite  to  Byzantium  or  Constantinople.] 
A  sub-species  of  quartz,  a  mineral  called  also 
white  agate,  resembling  milk  diluted  with 
water,  and  more  or  less  clouded  or  opaque, 
with  veins,  circles,  and  spots.  It  is  used 
in  jewelry.  There  are  several  varieties,  as 
common  chalcedony,  chrysoprase,  sard,  and 
sardonyx. 

Chalcedonyx  (kal-sed'6-niks),  n.  [From 
chalcedony  and  onyx.]  A  variety  of  agate, 
in  which  white  and  gray  layers  alternate. 
Buchanan. 

Chalcographer,  Chalcographlst  (kal- 
kog'raf-er,  kal-kog'raf-ist),  n.  [See  CHAL- 
COGRAPHY. ]  An  engraver  on  brass  or 
copper. 

Chalcographtc,  Chalcographical  (kal-ko- 
graf'ik,  kal-ko-graf'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
chalcography. 

We  shall  now  give  the  names  of  chalcographic 
artists  according  to  the  date  of  their  proficiency. 
Ency.  Brit. 

Chalcography  (kal-kog'ra-fl),  n.  [Gr. 
chalkos,  copper,  brass,  and  graphs,  to  en- 
grave. ]  The  art  of  engraving  on  copper  or 
brass. 

ChaldalC  (kal-da'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Chaldea  or  Chaldica,  anciently  a  country 
on  the  Euphrates  in  Asia.  Of  this  Babylon 
was  the  principal  city. 

Chaldaic,  Chaldee  (kal-da'ik,  kal'de),  n. 
The  language  or  dialect  of  the  Chaldeans. 
Called  also  Aramaic  (which  see). 

Chaldaism  (kal-da'izm),  »i.  An  idiom  or 
peculiarity  of  the  Chaldee  dialect. 

Chaldean  (kal-de'an),  a.  Eclating  to 
Chaldea;  Aramaic  (which  see). 

Chaldean  (kal-de'an),  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
Chaldea. 

Chaldee  (kal'de),  a.  Pertaining  to  Chal- 
dea.— Chaldee  Paraphrases,  commentaries, 
called  by  the  Jews  Targums,  made  for  those 
who  did  not  understand  Hebrew. 

Chaldee,  n.    See  CHALDAIC. 

Chalder  (chal'der),  n.  1.  Same  as  Chaldron. 
2  A  dry  measure  for  grain  consisting  of 
16  bolls.  [Scotch.] 

Chalder  (chal'der),  n.  Naut.  a  rudder-band 
or  gudgeon. 

Chaldeset  (kal-dez'),  v.t.  To  trick;  to 
injure  by  trickery.  See  CALDESE. 

Chaldron  (chal'dron),  n.  [Fr.  chaudron, 
a  kettle.  The  same  word  as  caldron.]  A 
measure  of  coals  consisting  of  36  bushels, 
or  25}  cwt. ;  the  Newcastle  chaldron  is 
52}  or  53  cwt.  In  American  ports  the 
weight  is  very  various,  but  the  ordinary 
weight  in  the  United  States  is  2CJ  cwt. 


Chalice,  from  Treasury  in 
Mayence  Cathedral. 


Chalet  (shii-lii),  n.  |r'r. ;  properly  a  Swiss 
word.)  One  of  the  huts  or  cabins  in  which 
cattle  and  herdsmen  are  housed  for  tin-  niflit 
on  the  Swiss  mountains,  and  where  the 
cheese  is  manufactured.  Tim  name  is  some- 
times extended  to  any  dwelling-house  of 
tliu  Swiss  peasantry  having  local  charac- 
teristics in  its  style  of  building. 

Chalets  are  summer  huts  for  the  Swiss  herdsmen. 

It  <:,tl\ivorth. 

Chalice  (chal'is),  n.  [Fr  calice,  a  cup,  a 
chalice,  from  L.  calix,  calicis,  a  cup  or  gob- 
let.] l.t  A  drinking  cup  or  bowl. 

This  even-handed  justice 

Commends  the  ingredients  of  our  poison'd  chalicr 
To  our  own  lips.  Shak. 

2.  A  communion  cup  used  to  administer  the 
wine  in  the  cele- 
bration of  the 
biily  eucharist. 
Chalices  are  gen- 
erally made  of 
silver,  but  many 
are  of  gold  or 
giltand  jewelled, 
and  of  beautiful 
artistic  design 
and  elaborate 
workmanship. 

Chalicedt(chal'- 
ist),  a.  Having  a 
cup,  as  a  flower. 
'Chaliced  flowers.' 
Shak. 

Challcptherlum 
(kal'i-k6-the"ri-«m),  n.  [Gr.  chalix,  gravel, 
rubble,  and  therion,  a  wild  beast]  A  genus 
of  fossil  pachydermatous  animals,  allied  to 
the  tapirs,  comprising  two  species.  They 
are  found  in  strata  of  the  miocene. 
Chalk  (chak),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cealc,  from  L. 
calx,  lime,  limestone;  whence  also  D.  Dan. 
Sw.  and  G.  kalk,  Fr.  chaux.  ]  A  well-knowu 
earthy  limestone,  of  an  opaque  white  colour, 
soft,  and  admitting  no  polish.  It  is  an  im- 
pure carbonate  of  lime,  and  is  used  as  an 
absorbent  and  antacid.  —  Black  chalk  is  a 
species  of  earth  used  by  painters  for  draw- 
ing on  coloured  paper.  —  Brown  chalk,  a 
familiar  name  for  umber.  —  Red  chalk,  a 
natural  clay  containing  from  15  to  20  per 
cent,  of  the  protoxide  and  carbonate  of 
iron. — French  chalk,  steatite  or  soap-stone, 
a  soft  magnesian  mineral.— Drawing  chalks 
were  originally  restricted  in  colours  to  white, 
black,  and  red,  but  now  chalks  of  every 
colour  are  used,  and  are  known  by  the  name 
of  crayons. — In  geol.  chalk  is  the  rock  which 
forms  the  higher  part  of  a  series  or  group 
of  strata,  comprising  rocks  of  different 
kinds,  termed  the  cretaceous  system,  con- 
stituting the  upper  strata  of  the  secondary 
age,  immediately  preceding  the  tertiary. 
The  chalk  formation  extends  over  the  south- 
eastern and  eastern  counties  of  England, 
north  of  France,  Germany,  and  north  of 
Europe.  It  is  stratified,  and  varies  from  a 
thousand  to  a  few  feet  in  depth.  It  is  char- 
acterized by  peculiar  fossils,  the  most  dis- 
tinctive being  gigantic  lizards,  as  the  igua- 
nodon,  megalosaurus,  plesiosaurus,  ptero- 
dactyl, &c.,  and  by  containing  numerous 
nodules  of  flint.  True  or  white  chalk  is  a 
rock  formed  of  the  shells  and  debris  of  the 
shells  of  foraminiferous  animalcules,  and 
hence  is  a  rock  of  organic  origin.  —  Chalk 
style,  in  engr.  See  STIPPLING.— Chalk  for 
cheese,  an  inferior  article  for  a  good  one ; 
one  thing  for  another. 

Lo!  how  they  fcignen  chalkt  for  cheest.     Ctnvfr. 

—  A  long  chalk,  a  long  way ;  thus,  to  beat 
one  by  a  long  chalk  or  long  chalks  is  to  beat 
him  by  a  long  way,  or  to  excel  him  in  a 
high  degree :  in  allusion  to  the  ancient  cns- 
tom  of  making  the  merit  marks  with  chalk, 
before  lead  pencils  were  so  common.  Brewer. 

Chalk  (cliak),  v.t.  1.  To  rub  with  chalk ;  to 
mark  with  chalk.— 2.  To  manure  with  chalk, 
as  land.  — 3.  To  make  white,  as  with  chalk ; 
to  bleach;  to  make  pale. 

Fear 

Stared  in  her  eyes,  and  chalk 'd  her  face  and  wing'd 
Her  transit  to  the  throne.  Ttnnyson. 

4.  To  mark;  to  trace  out;  to  describe ;  from 
the  use  of  chalk  in  marking  lines. 

It  Is  you  that  have  chalk'd  forth  the  way 
Which  brought  us  hither.  Shak. 

I  shall  pursue  the  plan  I  have  chalked  out.    Burke. 

—To  chalk  up,  to  charge;  to  put  down  to 
one's  account:  in  allusion  to  the  old  custom, 
prevalent  especially  among  publicans  and 
milk-sellers,  of  keeping  a  tally  on  which 


ch,  rfiain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     J,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  iing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  Ma;     w,  icig;    wh,  toAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CHALK-CXITTER 


436 


CHAMBER-FELLOW 


what  was  not  paid  was  chalked  down.— To 
chalk  out,  in  Scotland,  an  old  mode  of  warn- 
ing burgh  tenants  to  quit,  by  marking  doors 
with  chalk,  which  is  still  competent. 

Chalk-cutter  (chak'kut-er),  n.  A  man 
that  (lifts  chalk. 

Chalk-drawing  (chak'dra-lng),  ».  A  draw- 
ing sketched  and  tilled  in  with  black  or 
coloured  chalks. 

Chalk-hill  (chjvk'hil),  ».  A  hill  of  chalk. 
Tennyson. 

Chalkiness  (chalk'i-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  chalky. 

Chalk-mark  (chak'mark),  n.  A  mark  made 
by  chalk.  '  No  chalk-mark  now  visible.' 
Carlyle. 

Chalk -pit  (chak'pit),  n.  A  pit  in  which 
chalk  is  dug. 

Chalk-quarry  (chakTtwo-n),  n.  A  quarry 
from  which  chalk  is  got.  Tennyson. 

Chalk-stone  (chak'stou),  n.  1.  In  med.  a 
calcareous  concretion  in  the  hands  and  feet 
of  persons  violently  affected  by  the  gout.— 
2.  A  small  lump  of  chalk.  Is.  xxvii.  9. 

Chalky  (chak'i),  a.  1.  Resembling  chalk; 
as,  a  chalky  taste.— 2.  Consisting  of  or  con- 
taining chalk.  'ThycAaiii/clitfs.'  Shak. 

Challenge  (chal'lenj),  n.  [O.E.  chalenge, 
calenge,  &«.,  from  O.Fr.  chalenge,  calenge, 
calonge,  &<:.,  claim,  accusation,  dispute, 
from  L.  calumnia,  a  false  accusation,  a  cal- 
umny, in  L.L.  an  action  at  law  in  which  a 
person  attempts  to  establish  his  claim  to 
anything.  Calumny  is  thus  the  same  word 
in  a  less  modified  form.  ]  1.  An  invitation  to 
a  contest  or  trial  of  any  kind;  as,  a  challenge 
to  a  rubber  at  whist;  a  challenge  to  a  public 
debate.  '  A  challenge  to  controversy.'  Gold- 
smith. Specifically— 2.  A  calling  upon  one 
to  flght  in  a  single  combat;  an  invitation  or 
summons,  verbal  or  written,  to  decide  a  con- 
troversy by  a  duel.  Hence— 3.  The  lettef  or 
message  containing  the  summons  to  a  con- 
test.—4.  t  A  claim  or  demand  made  of  a  right 
or  supposed  right. 

Either  accept  the  title  thou  usurp'st. 
Of  benefit  proceeding  from  our  king 
And  not  of  any  challenge  of  desert.  Shak. 

5.  Milit.  the  act  of  a  sentry  in  demanding 
the  countarsign  from  any  one  who  appears 
at  or  near  his  post. — 6.  In  hunting,  the  open- 
ing and  crying  of  hounds  at  first  finding  the 
scent  of  their  game.  —7.  A  calling  in  ques- 
tion ;  an  exception  taken,  as  to  a  person's 
right  to  do  something ;  specifically,  in  law, 
an  exception  to  jurors;  the  claim  of  a  party 
that  certain  jurors  shall  not  sit  in  trial  upon 
him  or  his  cause.  The  right  of  challenge  is 
given  both  in  civil  and  criminal  trials,  for 
certain  causes  which  are  supposed  to  dis- 
qualify a  juror  to  be  an  impartial  judge. 
The  right  of  challenge  extends  either  to  the 
whole  panel  or  array,  called  a  challenge  to 
the  array,  or  only  to  particular  jurors,  called 
a  challenge  to  the  polls.  Both  of  these  chal- 
lenges are  subdivided  into  principal  chal- 
lenges and  challenges  to  the  favour.  A  prin- 
cipal challenge  is  when  an  objection  of  ob- 
vious weight  is  alleged,  as  that  one  or  more 
of  the  jury  are  returned  at  the  nomination 
of  the  plaintiff  or  defendant.  A  challenge 
to  the  favour  is  when  the  party  alleges  a 
cause  that  might  probably  bias  the  sheriff,  or 
other  returning  officer,  as  that  the  defendant 
is  tenant  to  the  sheriff.  In  criminal  cases  chal- 
lenges may  be  made  either  on  the  part  of  the 
crown  or  on  that  of  the  prisoner,  and  either 
to  the  whole  array  or  to  the  separate  polls.  In 
capital  cases  the  prisoner  is  allowed  an  ar- 
bitrary species  of  challenge,  known  as  a 
peremptory  challenge,  without  showing  any 
cause  at  all,  limited  in  cases  of  treason  to 
thirty-five  jurors,  and  in  felonies  to  twenty. 
Challenge  (chal'lenj),  v.t.  pret.  and  pp.  chal- 
lenged; ppr.  challenging.  1.  To  call  to  a 
contest;  to  invite  to  a  trial;  to  defy;  as,  to 
challenge  a  man  to  prove  what  he  asserts, 
implying  defiance. 

Thus  formed  for  speed,  he  challenges  the  wind, 
And  leaves  the  Scythian  arrow  far  Dehind.    Dryden. 

2.  To  call,  invite,  or  summon  to  answer  for 
an  offence  by  single  combat  or  duel. 

By  this  I  challenge  him  to  single  fight.       Shot;. 

3.  t  To  accuse ;  to  call  to  answer ;  to  cen- 
sure.   'Dishonoured  thus  and  challenged  of 
wrongs.'    Shak. 

Who  may  I  rather  challenge  for  unldndness. 
Than  pity  for  mischance.  Shak. 

4.  To  claim  as  due;  to  demand  as  a  right;  as, 
the  Supreme  Being  challenges  our  reverence 
and    homage.     'Challenge   better   terms.' 
Addison. — 5.  In  law,  to  demand  the  re- 
moval of  from  among  the  jurymen.  See  the 


noun,  7.  —0.  In  general,  to  object  to  (a  per- 
son or  thing);  to  take  exception  to;  to  call 
in  question;  as,  to  challenge  the  accuracy  of 
a  quotation. 

Challenge  (chal'lenj),  v.i.  In  hunting,  to 
make  a  whimper  or  whine  when  the  scent 
of  game  is  first  discovered;  said  of  a  hound. 

Challengeable  (chal'lenj-a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  challenged;  capable  of  being  called 
to  an  account.  '  How  lords  are  challenge- 
able  by  their  vassals.'  J.Sadler. 

Challenger  (chal'lenj-er),  ».  One  who  chal- 
lenges ;  as,  (a)  one  who  defies  another  to  a 
contest  of  any  kind.  (&)  An  objector ;  one 
who  calls  in  question. 

His  hour  is  come. 
The  impious  challenger  of  pow'r  divine.    Conifer. 

Challls  (shal'li),  n.  An  elegant  silk  and 
woollen  fabric,  very  pliable,  and  without 
gloss,  frequently  finished  with  printed  or 
woven  designs  and  figures,  and  used  for 
ladies'  dresses. 

Chalon,  Chaloun,*  n.  [O.Fr.]  A  coverlet; 
a  blanket.  Chaucer. 

Chalybean  (ka-lib'e-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Chalybes,  an  ancient  people  of  Asia 
famed  as  workers  in  iron  and  steel ;  hence, 
as  applied  to  steel,  well-tempered.  'CAa- 
lybean  tempered  steel.'  Milton. 

Chalybeate  (ka-lib'e-at),  a.  [Or  chalypi, 
chalyboi,  steel.)  Inipregnated  with  iron: 
applied  to  a  medicine  containing  iron,  and 
especially  to  springs  and  waters  impreg- 
nated with  iron,  or  holding  iron  in  solution, 
such  as  the  water  of  Tunbridge,  Spa,  Chel- 
tenham, Scarborough,  Bridge  of  Allan,  and 
many  others.  The  iron  generally  exists  as 
carbonate,  and  is  held  in  solution  by  the 
carbonic  acid  contained  in  the  water:  on  ex- 
posure to  the  air  the  carbonic  acid  escapes 
and  the  iron  is  partly  precipitated. 

Chalybeate  (ka-lib'e-at),  «.  Any  water  or 
other  liquid  into  which  iron  enters. 

Chalybite  (kal'i-bit), n.  [See  CHALYBEATE.] 
A  native  anhydrous  metacarbonate  of  iron 
(Fe  Coexisting  abundantly  under  the  name 
of  Spathic  or  Sparry  Ore,  or  Siderite,  in 
gneiss,  mica-slate,  clay-slate,  in  connection 
with  the  carboniferous  system,  and  occa- 
sionally in  trap  rocks.  It  is  often  met  with 
in  conjunction  with  other  metals.  It  occurs 
in  rhomboidal  crystals,  also  in  botryoidal 
and  globular  forms,  and  occasionally  in 
silky  fibrous  masses.  Sp.  gr.  37  to  3*  A 
siliceous  or  argillaceous  variety  called  clay 
ironstone,  occurring  in  the  coal-measures, 
is  one  of  the  most  abundant  and  valuable 
ores  of  iron.  Combined  with  carbonaceous 
matter  it  forms  the  blackband  ironstone. 
Very  large  quantities  of  both  ores  are 
found  and  worked  in  South  Staffordshire, 
at  Merthyr  Tydvil  In  South  Wales,  and  near 
Glasgow. 

Chamt(cham),r).<.  [SeeCHAMP.]  Tochamp; 
to  chew.  Sir  T.  More. 

Cham  (kam),  n.  The  sovereign  prince  of 
Tartary.  Now  usually  written  Khan.  'Fetch 
you  a  hair  off  the  great  chain's  beard. '  Shak. 

Chama  (ka'ma),  »i.  [Or.  chad,  to  gape.]  The 
gaping  cockle,  a  genus  of  large  marine  bi- 
valve shells,  belonging  to  the  family  Cha- 
maceic.  The  valves  of  the  shell  are  unequal, 
elate,  and  convex,  with  subspiral  beaks.  C. 
gigas,  or  giant  chama,  is  the  largest  and 
heaviest  shell  yet  discovered,  some  speci- 
mens measuring  3  or  4  feet  across.  It  is 
found  in  the  Indian  Ocean. 
Chamade  (sha-mad'  or  sha-mad'),  n.  [Fr, 
from  It.  chiamata,  a  calling,  chiamare,  to 
call,  from  L.  clamare,  to  call=E.  claim.} 
ililit.  the  beat  of  a  drum  or  sound  of  a  trum- 
pet inviting  an  enemy  to  a  parley,  as  for 
making  a  proposition  for  a  truce  or  for  a 
capitulation. 

They  beat  the  chamade  and  sent  us  carte  blanche. 
Addison. 

Chamseleo  (ka-me'le-o),  n.  A  genus  of 
saurian  reptiles,  containing  the  chameleons, 
co-extensive  with  the  family  Chamceleon- 
tidee.  See  CHAMELEON. 

Chamaerops  (kam-e'rops),  n.  [Gr.  chamai, 
on  the  ground,  and  rhups,  a  twig  ]  A  genus 
of  palms  consisting  of  dwarf  trees  with  fan- 
shaped  leaves  borne  on  prickly  petioles,  and 
a  small  berry-like  fruit  with  one  seed.  They 
are  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
C.  humilit  is  the  only  native  European 
palm.  It  does  not  extend  further  north 
than  Nice.  The  leaves  are  employed  in 
making  hats,  baskets,  &c.  A  Chinese  spe- 
cies, C.  Fortunei,  is  quite  hardy  in  the  south 
of  England. 

Chamsesaura  (kam-e-sa'ra),  n.  [Gr.  cha- 
mai, on  the  ground,  and  nan  rut,  a  lizard.] 


A  genus  of  South  African  snake-like  lizards, 
consisting  only  of  one  species,  the  Chamce- 
saura  anguina,  or  snake-lizard.  In  general 
appearance  it  is  scarcely  to  be  distinguished 
from  a  snake,  its  four  limbs  being  rudimen- 
tary, and  the  separation  between  the  tail 
and  body  so  slightly  defined  as  to  be  almost 
invisible. 

Chamayle,t  n.    A  camel.   Chaucer. 

Chamber  (cham'ber),  n.  [Fr.  chambre,  L. 
camera,  Gr.  kamara,  a  vault  or  arched  roof, 
from  same  root  as  in  Celt,  cam,  crooked.] 

1.  A  room  of  a  dwelling-house;  an  apart- 
ment: in  this  sense  now  generally  used  only 
in  the  more  elevated  style. 

The  chamber  where  the  good  man  meets  his  fate 

Is  privileged  beyond  the  common  walk 

Of  virtuous  life,  quite  in  the  verge  of  heaven. 

2.  pi.  (a)  A  room  or  rooms  where  profes- 
sional men,  as  lawyers,  conduct  their  busi- 
ness; especially,  the  room  in  which  judges 
of  the  supreme  court  sit  for  the  disposing 
of  points  of  practice  and  other  matters  not 
sufficiently  important  to  be  heard  and  ar- 
gued in  court;  judges'  chambers,    (b)  Fur- 
nished rooms  hired  for  residence  in  the 
house  of  another ;  lodgings.     '  A  bachelor 
life  in  chambers.'    Thackeray.— 3.  A  place 
where  an  assembly  meets;  as,  thestar-c/mi/i- 
ber;  ecclesiastical  chamber;  privy  chamber, 
&C.—4.  By  iiffi'iiimtif,  the  assembly  itself; 
as,  a  vote  of  the  imperial  chamber;  the 
chamber  of  commerce.— 5.  A  compartment 
or  inclosed  space;  a  hollow  or  cavity;  as, 
the  chamber  of  the  eye;  the  chamber  of  a 
furnace,  <tc. 

And  all  the  secret  of  the  Spring 

Moved  in  the  chambers  of  the  blood.     Tennyson. 

Specifically,  (a)  in  hydraulic  engineering, 
(1)  the  space  between  the  gates  of  a  canal- 
lock.  (2)  The  part  of  a  pump  in  which  the 
bucket  or  plunger  works,  (b)  Mil  it.  <1)  that 
part  of  the  chase  of  a  firearm  where  the 
powder  lies.  (2)  An  underground  cavity  for 
holding  powder  and  bombs,  where  they 
may  be  safe  and  secured  from  rain.  Called 
also  Powder-chamber,  Bomb-chamber.  (3) 
A  cavity  in  a  mine,  generally  of  a  cubical 
form,  where  the  powder  is  confined.  — 6.  t  A 
short  piece  of  ordnance  without  a  carriage 
but  standing  on  its  breach:  formerly  used 
chiefly  for  rejoicings  and  theatrical  pur- 
poses. 

A  gallant  peal  of  chambers  gave  a  period  to  the 
entertainment.  Howell. 

—Chamber  of  agriculture,  an  association  of 
agriculturists  for  the  purpose  of  promoting 
and  protecting  the  interests  of  agriculture. 
—  Chamber  of  commerce,  a  board  to  protect 
the  interests  of  commerce,  chosen  from 
among  the  merchants  and  traders  of  a  city. 
— Chambers  of  the  eye,  the  space  between 
the  cornea  and  anterior  surface  of  the  iris, 
called  the  anterior  chamber,  and  the  space 
between  the  posterior  surface  of  the  iris  and 
the  crystalline  lens,  called  the  posterior 
chamber;  both  spaces  being  filled  with  the 
aqueous  humour. — Judges  chambers.  See 
above  2(a).— To  sit  at  chambers,  to  despatch 
summary  business  in  chambers :  said  of  a 
judge. 

Chamber  (cham'ber),  v.i.  1.  To  reside  in  or 
occupy  as  a  chamber.—  2.  To  be  wanton;  to 
indulge  in  le wdness  or  licentiousness. 

Let  us  walk  honestly,  .  .  .  not  in  rioting  and  drunk- 
enness, not  in  chambering  and  wantonness. 

Rom.  xiii.  17. 

Chamber  (cham'ber),  v.t.  To  shut  up  In, 
or  aa  in,  a  chamber.  '  The  best  blood  chain- 
bered  in  his  bosom. '  Shak. 

Chamber-council  (cham'ber-koun-sil),  n. 
Private  or  secret  council.  Shak. 

Chamber-counsel,  Chamber-counsellor 
(cham'ber-koun-sel,  cham'her-koun-sel-er), 
n.  A  counsel  or  person  learned  in  the  law 
who  gives  his  opinion  in  private,  but  does 
not  advocate  causes  in  court. 

Chambered  (cham'berd),  p.  and  a.  Divided 
into  compartments  by  walls  or  partitions; 
as,  a  chambered  shell. 

Chamberer  (cham'ber-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
intrigues  or  indulges  in  wantonness;  a  gal- 
lant 

Haply  for  I  am  black, 

And  have  not  those  soft  parts  of  conversation 
That  chambcrers  have.  Shak. 

2  t  One  who  attends  in  a  chamber;  a  groom 
of  a  chamber;  a  chamberlain.— 3.  t  A  cham- 
ber-maid. 

I  ne  held  me  never  digne  in  no  mane-re 

To  be  your  wif,  ne  yet  your  chamberere.    Chaucer, 

Chamber-fellow  (cham'ber-fel-16),  n.  One 
who  sleeps  in  the  same  apartment. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CHAMBER-HANGING 


437 


CHAMPAGNE 


Chamber-hanging  (cham'ber-hang-ing),  n. 
Tapestry  or  hangings  fc"'  a  chamber. 

Chamberlain  (cham'ber-lan  or  cham'ber- 
lin),  n.  [O.  Fr.  chamberlain,  chambrelain, 
ehambrelene  ( It.  camarlinpo,  Sp.  camar- 
fcrt^ro),  fromO.H.G.  chamarhng,  chamarlinc, 
Mod.  G.  kiunmerling — kammer,  chamar, 
chamber  (see  CHAMBER),  and  suffix  -ling.] 
1.  A  person  charged  with  the  direction  and 
management  of  a  chamber  or  chambers. 
Specittcally— («)t  An  attendant,  sometimes 
a  male,  sometimes  a  female,  at  an  inn,  equi- 
valent to  a  present  head  waiter  or  upper 
chamber-maid,  or  who  discharged  duties 
analogous  to  those  of  both. 

I  had  as  lieve  l\ic  (hamberttiiiie  of  the  White  Horse 
had  called  me  up  to  bed.  Peele. 

(b)  An  officer  charged  with  the  direction 
and  management  of  the  private  apartments 
of  a  monarch  or  nobleman.  The  lord  cham- 
berlain of  Great  Britain  is  the  sixth  officer 
of  the  crown.  His  functions,  always  im- 
portant, have  varied  in  different  reigns.  The 
duties  which  now  devolve  upon  him  are  the 
dressing  and  attending  on  the  king  at  his 
coronation;  the  care  of  the  ancient  palace 
of  Westminster;  the  provision  of  furniture 
for  the  Houses  of  Parliament  and  for  West- 
minster Hall  when  used  on  great  occasions; 
and  attending  upon  peers  at  their  creation, 
and  upon  bishops  when  they  perform  their 
homage.  The  office  is  now  jointly  held  by 
the  families  of  Cholmondeley  and  Wil- 
loughby  de  Eresby,  and  the  honours  are  en- 
joyed in  each  alternate  reign  by  each  family 
successively.  The  office  of  lord-chamber- 
lain of  the  household  is  quite  distinct  from 
that  of  the  great-chamberlain,  and  is  changed 
with  the  administration.  This  officer  has 
the  control  of  all  parts  of  the  household 
(except  the  ladies  of  the  queen's  bed-cham- 
ber) which  are  not  under  the  direction  of 
the  lord-steward,  the  groom  of  the  stole,  or 
the  master  of  the  horse.  The  king's  (queen's) 
chaplains,  physicians,  surgeons,  &c.,  as  well 
as  the  royal  tradesmen,  are  by  his  appoint- 
ment; the  companies  of  actors  at  the  royal 
theatres  are  under  his  regulation;  and  he  is 
also  the  licenser  of  plays.  He  has  under 
him  a  vice-chamberlain.— 2.  A  receiver  of 
rents  and  revenues;  as,  the  chamberlain  of 
&  corporation. 

Erastus  the  chamberlain  of  the  city  saluteth  thee. 
Rom.  xvi.  23. 

Chamberlalnship  (cham'  her  -Ian  -ship  or 
chani'ber-lin-ship),  n.  The  office  of  a  cham- 
berlain. 

Chamber-lie,  n.    See  CHAMBER-LYE. 

Chamberlint  (cham'ber-lln),  n.  A  chamber 
attendant.  See  CHAMBERLAIN,  1. 

In  the  kind  office  of  a  chamberlin, 

Showed  him  his  room  where  he  must  lodge  that 

night. 
Pull'd  off  his  boots,  and  took  away  the  light. 

Milton. 

Chamber-lye,  t  Chamber-liet  (cham'ber- 
li),n.  [See  LYE.]  Urine  collected  in  a  cham- 
ber utensil;  stale  urine.  Shak. 

Chamber-maid  (cham'ber-mad),  n.  A  wo- 
man who  has  the  care  of  chambers,  making 
the  beds  and  cleaning  the  rooms,  or  who 
dresses  a  lady  and  waits  upon  her  in  her 
apartment. 

Chamber -master  (cham'ber-mas-Wr),  n. 
A  shoemaker  who  makes  up  his  own  mate- 
rial at  home,  and  disposes  of  it  to  the  shops. 
Uayhew. 

Chamber-music  (cham'ber-mu-zik),  n. 
Vocal  or  instrumental  compositions  suit- 
able for  performance  in  a  chamber,  as  op- 
posed to  a  concert-hall. 

Chamber-organ  (cham'ber-or-gan),  ».  A 
small  organ  suitable  for  a  private  room  or 
chamber,  in  contradistinction  to  the  larger 
organs  used  in  churches,  concert-rooms,  &c. 

Chamber-pot  (cham'ber-pot),  n.  A  vessel 
for  containing  slops,  used  in  bed-rooms. 

Chamber-practice  (cham'ber-prak-tis),  n. 
The  practice  of  a  chamber -counsel,  who 
gives  his  opinions  in  private  or  at  his  cham- 
bers, but  who  does  not  advocate  cases  in 
court. 

Chamber-story  (cham'ber-sta-ri),  n.  That 
story  of  a  house  which  is  appropriated  for 
bed-rooms.  Gwilt. 

Chambertln  (shoh-ber-tan),  n.  A  superior 
sort  of  red  Burgundy  wine,  named  after  the 
place  where  the  grapes  from  which  it  is 
made  grow.  '  The  chambertin  with  yellow 
seal.'  Thackeray. 

We  will  try  a  bottle  of  the  chambertin  to-day.  Vin- 
cent. Lord  LyttoH. 

Chamblet,t  «•    Camlet.    Beau.  <t  Fl. 


Chamblet,t  o.t.    To  streak, 
variegate. 


i  marble ;  to 


Some  have  their  veins  more  varied  and  ehamkleted 
as  oak,  whereof  wainscot  is  made.  Bacon. 

Chambranle  (sham-branl'),  n.  [Fr.J  In 
arch,  an  ornament  of  stone  or  wood  border- 
ing the  three  sides  of  doors,  windows  and 
chimneys.  The  top  part  is  called  the  tra- 
verse, and  the  two  sides  the  ascendant* 
Chambray  (sham'bra),  n.  [From  a  place  of 
the  same  name  in  France.]  A  kind  of  ging- 
ham or  plain-coloured  dress-stuff,  with  linen 
finish. 

Chambrel  (kam'brel),  71.  [A  form  of  yam- 
brel.]  The  joint  or  bending  of  the  upper 
part  of  a  horse's  hind-leg. 
Chameck  (sha-mek1),  n.  A  Brazilian  mon- 
key, genus  Ateles,  and  family  Celiidm  The 
head  is  round  and  small,  limbs  long  and 
slender,  the  thumb  of  the  fore-hands  want- 
ing. It  is  a  very  gentle  creature,  and  sus- 
ceptible of  a  high  degree  of  training.  The 
length  of  the  body  is  20  inches,  its  tail  is 
over  2  feet. 

Chameleon  (ka-me'le-on),  n.  [Or.  chamai- 
leun—chamai,  on  the  ground,  and  lean,  lion; 
lit.  ground-lion.]  1.  A  lizard  of  the  genus 
Chamrcleo,  havinganaked  body,  a  prehensile 
tail,  four  feet  suited  for  grasping  branches, 
and  the  eye  covered  by  a  single  circular  eye- 
lid with  an  aperture  in  the  centre.  There 
are  several  species,  of  which  the  best  known 
is  C.  a/ricanus  or  C.  vulgaris,  a  native  of 
Africa,  Asia,  and  the  south  of  Europe.  Its 
body  is  6  or  7  inches  long,  and  the  tail  6 
inches;  with  this  it  clings  to  the  branches  of 
trees.  The  skin  is  cold  to  the  touch,  and 
contains  small  grains  or  eminences  of  a 
bluish-gray  colour  in  the  shade,  but  in  the 
light  of  the  sun  all  parts  of  the  body  become 
of  a  grayish-brown  or  tawny  colour.  The 
extraordinary  faculty  which  the  chameleon 
possesses  of  changing  its  colour,  either  in 
accordance  with  that  of  the  objects  by 
which  it  is  surrounded  or  with  its  temper 
when  disturbed,  is  due  to  the  presence  of 
clear  or  pigment-bearing  contractile  cells 
placed  at  various  depths  in  the  skin,  their 
contractions  and  dilatations  beingunder  the 
influence  of  the  nervous  system.  Their 
power  of  fasting  and  habit  of  inflating  them- 
selves gave  rise  to  the  fable  that  these  ani- 
mals lived  on  air.  They  are  in  reality  in- 
sectivorous, their  tongue,  which  is  long  and 


Chameleon  (Chamaleo  cifricanns). 

covered  with  a  viscid  saliva,  being  darted 
at  their  prey  and  thus  securing  it  when 
touched. 

The  thin  chameleon,  fed  with  air.  receives 
The  colour  of  the  thing  to  which  he  cleaves. 

Dryden. 

2.  The  name  given  by  Bayer  to  a  constella- 
tion near  the  south  pole,  invisible  in  our 
latitudes.  There  are  ten  stars  marked  in  it. 
—  Chameleon  mineral,  a  name  formerly 
given  to  a  mass  produced  by  fusing  oxide  of 
magnesia  with  nitre  or  potash.  When  dis- 
solved in  water  it  assumes  a  variety  of  col- 
ours, passing  rapidly  from  green  to  blue, 
purple,  and  red. 

Chameleonize  (ka-me'le-on-Iz),  v.t.  To 
change  into  various  colours.  DaUey.  [Rare.] 

Chamelott  (kam'e-lot),  n.  Camlet.  Spenser, 

Chamfer,  Chamfret  (cham'fer,  cham'fret), 
n.  [  Fr.  chanfrein,  a  chamfer.  ]  I.  In  carp. 
a  small  gutter  or  furrow  cut  in  wood  or 
other  hard  material. — 2.  A  bevel  or  slope; 
the  corner  of  anything  originally  right- 
angled  cut  aslope  equally  on  the  two  sides 
which  form  it. 

Chamfer  (cham'fer),  v.t.  1.  In  carp,  to  cut 
a  furrow  in;  to  flute;  to  channel. — 2.  To  cut 
or  grind  in  a  sloping  manner,  as  the  edge 
of  anything  square,  so  as  to  form  a  bevel. 

Chamfret.    See  CHAMFER,  n. 

Chamfron(cham'fron),  n.  [O.Fr.  chamfrein, 
Mod.  Fr.  chenfrein,  probably  f  or  champ/rein, 
from  champ,  field,  battle-field,  and  frein, 
L.frenum,  a  bridle.)  The  defensive  armour 
for  the  fore-part  of  the  head  of  a  war-horse. 


Chamlet,  n.  Same  as  Camlet. 
Chamois  (sharn'wa  or  sha-moi'),  n.  [Fr 
chamaui  (a  Swiss  word),  from  O.G  gamz 
Mod.  G.  gemse,  the  chamois.)  1.  A  xj, 
of  goat-like  or  capriform  antelope  (A  ni:/..,,, 
rtipicapra  or  Jtiipicapra  Inujtm),  inhabiting 
high  inaccessible  mountains  in  Europe  and 
West  of  Asia.  Its  size  is  about  that  of  .-i 
well-grown  goat,  and  it  is  so  agile  that  it 
can  clear  at  a  bound  crevices  nf  10  or  18  feet 
wide.  The  chamois  is  one  of  the  most  wary 
of  antelopes,  and  possesses  the  power  of 
scenting  man  at  an  almost  incredible  dis- 
tance, so  that  the  hunting  of  it  is  an  occu- 
pation of  extreme  difficulty  and  much  dan- 
ger. Its  skin  is  made  into  a  soft  leather 
called  chamois  or  shammy.  — 2.  A  kind  of 
soft  leather  made  from  various  skins  dressed 
with  fish-oil :  so  called  because  first  pre- 
pared from  the  skin  of  the  chamois.  Some- 
times used  adjectively  in  conjunction  with 
leather;  as,  cAamo/g-leather. 
Chamois-leather  (sham'wa  or  sha-moi' 
leTH-er),  n.  See  CHAMOIS,  2. 
Chamomlle  (kam'6-mil),  n.  [L  L.  camomil- 
la,  L.  chamaemelon,  Or.  chamaimelon—cha- 


Chamomile  (Anthtmis  nobilis). 

mai,  on  the  ground,  and  melon,  an  apple, 
from  the  apple-like  smell  of  its  flower.] 
Anthemis  nobilii,  a  bitter  plant  much  used 
in  medicine,  especially  the  flowers.  It  was 
formerly  imagined  that  the  chamomile  grew 
the  more  luxuriantly  the  more  frequently 
trodden  on ;  and  this  was  a  favourite  sub- 
ject of  allusion  in  ancient  writers. 

For  though  the  cftamamile  the  more  it  is  trodden 
on,  the  faster  it  grows ;  yet  youth,  the  more  it  is 
wasted,  Uie  sooner  it  wears.  Shak. 

—  Wild  chamomile  is  the  British  plant  Hat- 

ricaria  Chamomilla. 
Champ,  Champe  (champ),  n.    [Fr.  champ, 

a  field,  from  L.  campus,  a  field.]    In  arch. 

the  field  or  ground  on  which  carving  is 

raised.    Oxford  Glossary. 
Champ  (champ),  v.t.    [Perhaps  from  O.Fr. 

ckampayer,  to  graze,  from  champ,  L.  campus. 

a  field,  but  more  probably  a  modification  of 

obsolete  cham,  to  chew,  and  connected  with 

Sw.  dial,  kdmsa,  to  chew.)    1.  To  bite  witli 

repeated  action  of  the  teeth;  as,  a  horse 

champs  the  bit. 

But,  like  a  proud  steed  reined,  went  haughty  on, 
Champing  his  iron  curb.  Milton. 

2.  To  bite  into  small  pieces ;  to  chew ;  to 
munch;  to  craunch:  sometimes  followed  by 
up. 

I  chamfed  nf  the  remaining  part  of  the  pipe. 

Sttile. 

And  champing  golden  grain,  the  horses  stood 
Hard  by  their  chariots.  Tennyson. 

3.  [Scotch.  ]    To  pound;  to  crush;  to  mash; 
as,  to  champ  potatoes. 

Champ  (champ),  v.i.  To  chew ;  to  perform 
the  action  of  biting  by  repeated  motion 
of  the  teeth;  as,  to  champ  upon  the  bit. 

Champ  (champ),  n.  The  name  given  to  a 
valuable  kind  of  timber  produced  in  the 
East  Indies  by  Magnolia  excelna. 

Champac,  Champak  ( cham'pak ),  n.  [Skr. 
and  Beng.  chaittpatea.]  A  beautiful  Indian 
tree  (Mwhelia  Champaca,  nat.  order  Mag- 
noliacefle),  held  in  high  esteem  byBrahman- 
ists  and  Buddhists.  Images  of  Buddha  are 
made  of  its  wood,  which  is  also  used  in  con- 
struction, for  furniture,  Ac.  Its  flowers  are 
worn  in  the  hair  by  Eastern  ladies,  being  of 
a  beautiful  golden  colour  and  very  fragrant. 
This  perfume  is  much  celebrated  in  Hindu 
poetry. 

The  wandering  airs  they  faint. 

On  the  dark,  tin:  silent  stream — 

The  cftamfafc  odours  fail, 

Like  sweet  thoughts  in  a  dream.       Shelley. 

Champagne  ( sham-pan' ),  n.  A  kind  of 
wine  made  chiefly  in  the  department  of 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  iing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;     w,  icig;     «h,  icAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CHAMPAIGN 


438 


CHANCERY 


Marne,  in  the  former  provinc 


nee  of  Cham-  \  Championess  (cham'pi-on-es),  n.    A  female 

im'oi-ou-ship),  n.    State 


former  being  for  the  most  part  white,  the 
latter  red.  The  still  or  the  creaming  or 
slightly  sparkling  wines  are  more  highly 
valued  by  connoisseurs  than  the  full-frotn- 
in"  wines,  in  which  the  small  portion  pi 
alcohol  they  contain  escapes  from  the  froth 
as  it  rises  to  the  surface,  carrying  with  it 
the  aroma,  and  leaving  the  liquor  that  re- 
mains in  the  glass  nearly  vapid. 

Champaign,  Champain  (sham -pan  ),  n. 
m  Kr  champniiine,  from  champ,  L.  campus, 
afield  See  CAMPAIGN.)  A  flat  open  coun- 
trv  'Their  fellow-huntsman  o'er  the  wide 
champaign.'  Keats.  'Many  a  vale  and 
river- sundered  champaign  clothed  with 
corn.'  Tennyson. 

Champaign  (sham -pan'),  o  Level;  open 
•A  wide,  champaign  country  filled  with 
herds  and  flocks.'  Addiion. 

Chairman  (ihun'pan),  n.    see  SAMPAN. 

mparty  (cham'per-ti), ».  1.  Champerty. 
2  t  A  share  of  land;  a  partnership  in  power. 

Champer  (champ'er),  n.  One  that  champs 
Champertt  (cham'pert),  n.  Same  as  Cham- 

Champertor  (cham'per-ter),  n.  In  law  one 
who  is  guilty  of  champerty  (which  see). 

Champerty  (cham'per-ti),  n.  [Fr.  champ, 
a  nel.l  ami  parti,  divided,  from  L.  campus, 
a  field,  and  pars,  partis,  a  part.  ]  In  tew,  II 
species  of  maintenance,  being  a  bargain 
which  a  party  not  otherwise  interested 
makes  with  a  plaintiff  or  defendant  to  re- 
ceive a  share  of  the  land  or  other  matter  in 
suit  if  the  person  with  whom  the  bargain  is 
made  is  successful,  the  champertor  carry- 
ins  on  or  assisting  to  carry  on  the  party  s 
suit  at  his  own  expense ;  the  purchase  of 
a  suit  or  of  the  right  of  suing.  Champerty 
is  a  punishable  offence  both  by  common  law 
and  statute.  Written  also  Champarty. 

Champignon  (sham-pin'yon;  Fr.  pron.shon- 
pen-yoh),  n.  [From  L.L.  compimo  what  , 
grows  in  fields,  from  L.  camput,  a  field  ] 
The  French  name  for  mushrooms  in  general, 
but  applied  in  this  country  only  to  the  two 
edible  species  Aijaricus  campestris,  the  com- 
mon mushroom,  and  A.  oreades,  a  species 
growing  in  fairy  rings. 

He  viler  friends  with  doubtful  mushrooms  treats. 
Secure  for  you.  himself  champignons  eats. 

Dryaen. 

Champion  (cham'pi-on),  n.  [Fr.  champion, 
Pr.  campion,  It.  campione,  L.L.  campio, 
campionis,  a  champion,  from  L.  campus,  a 
field,  in  the  later  sense  of  combat,  duel. 
The  A.  Sax.  r.amp,  a  fight;  cempa,  a  warrior; 
Sc  kemp,  to  strive;  D.  kamp,  Dan.  kamp, 
G  kampf,  a  fight ;  Icel.  kapp,  Dan.  kap,  a 
contest, appear  also  to  come  from  L.  ca  mpus.  ] 
1  One  who  conies  forward  in  defence  of  any 
cause;  especially  one  who  engages  in  single 
combat  in  the  cause  of  another.  'Zealous 
champions  for  truth.'  Locke. 

Demand  of  yonder  champion 
The  cause  of  his  arrival  here  in  arms.        Shak. 
In  our  common  law.  champion  is  taken  no  less  for 
him  that  trieth  the  combat  in  his  own  case,  than  for 
him  that  nghteth  in  the  case  of  another. 

CoTvell. 

2.  More  generally,  a  hero ;  a  brave  warrior. 
•Renowned  for  hardy  and  undoubted  cham- 
pions. '  Shak.  —  3.  One  who  has  acknow- 
ledged superiority  in  certain  matters  decided 
by  public  contest  or  competition,  as  prize- 
fighting, pedestrianism,  rowing,  ploughing, 
&c. ;  one  open  to  contend  with  all  comers, 
or  otherwise  requiring  to  resign  the  title.  — 
Champion  of  the  king,  a  person  whose  office 
it  was  at  the  coronation  of  our  kings  to  nde 
armed  into  Westminster  Hall  while  the  king 
was  at  dinner  there,  and  by  the  proclama- 
tion of  a  herald  to  make  challenge  to  this 
effect,  'that  if  any  man  should  deny  the 
king's  title  to  the  crown  he  was  ready  to 
defend  it  in  single  combat. '  This,  ceremony 
is  now  discontinued. 

Champion  (cham'pi-on),  a.  An  epithet 
applied  to  a  person  who  has  defeated  all 
rivalsat  open  competitions;  as,  the  champion 
sculler  of  England ;  the  champion  plough- 
man of  Scotland. 

Champion  (cham'pi-on),  v.t.  l.t  To  chal- 
lenge to  a  combat. 

Come  fate  into  the  list, 
And  champion  me  to  the  utterance.         Shak. 

2.  To  maintain  or  support  a  cause  or  an  in- 
dividual; to  act  as  champion  for. 

Championed  or  unchampioncd,  thou  diest  by -the 
stake  or  faggot.  Sir  If.  Scott. 


chaance,  cheance,  Mod.Fr.  chance,  chance 
hazard,  risk,  luck,  from  L.  L.  cadentia,  a  fall- 
in"  (E  cadence),  from  L.  cadere,  to  fall;  in 
allusion  to  the  falling  of  the  dice.  ]  1. 1  Cast 
throw,  or  number  turned  up  in  playing  at 
dice. 

Seven  is  my  chauace,  and  thyn  is  cmk  a(™J£<Tf . 

2  A  casual  or  fortuitous  event;  an  accident. 

The  race  is  not  to  the  swift,  nor  the  battle  to  the 
strong;  .  .  .  but  time  and  chance  happeneth  to  aem 

What  chance  is  this?  how  is  it  I  see  you  ner<jj^( 

3  [No  pi.]  That  which  is  regarded  as  deter- 
mining the  course  of  events  in  the  absence 
of  law,  ordinary  causation,  or  providence; 
absence  of  assignable  cause;  accident;  as, 
to  meet  a  person  by  chance. 

And  by  chance  there  came  down  a  certain  priest 
that  way  Luke  x.  31. 

Against  the  threats 

Of  malice,  or  of  sorcery,  or  that  power 
Which  erring  men  call  chance,  this  I  hold  firm- 
Virtue  may  be  assail'd.  but  never  hurt.        Milton. 

4  What  fortune  may  bring;  success  or  mis- 
fortune; fortune.     'If  it  be  thy  chance  to 
kill  me.'    Shak. 

How  will  the  country  for  these  woful  chances 
Misthink  the  king.  ***** 

Many  a  chance  the  years  beget.       Tennyson. 

5.  Possibility  of  an  occurrence;  opportunity. 

I  would  set  my  life  on  any  chance 
To  mend  it  or  be  rid  on  t. 

Your  ladyship  may  have  a  chance  to  escape  this 
address.  Smfl- 

—Theory  or  doctrine  of  chancel.  See  under 
PROBABILITY. 

Chance  (chans),  r.i.  To  happen;  to  fall  out; 
to  come  or  arrive  without  design  or  expec- 

Ah.  Casca.  tell  us  what  hath  chanced  to-day.  Ska*. 

To  be  wroth  with  one  we  love. 
Doth  work  like  madness  on  the  brain. 
And  thus  it  chanced,  as  I  divine, 
With  Roland  and  Sir  Leoline.          Colertafe. 

This  verb  is  sometimes  used  impersonally, 
as  in  the  expression,  'how  chances  it. 
Sometimes  the  'if  is  omitted. 

How  chances  it  they  travel!  Shak. 

How  chance  the  king  comes  with  so  small  a  train? 

Shak. 

Chance  (chans),  v.t.  To  put  under  the  in- 
fluence of  chance;  to  risk;  to  hazard;  as, 
the  thing  may  be  dangerous,  but  I  will 
chance  it. 

Chance  (chans),  a.  Happening  by  chance; 
casual. 

They  met  like  chance  companions  on  the  wny. 
Dryden. 

Chance  (chans), a du.  By  chance;  perchance. 

If  chance  by  lowly  contemplation  led, 

Some  kindred  spirit  shall  enquire  thy  fate.   Gray. 

Chanceablet  (chans'a-bl),  a.  Accidental; 
casual;  fortuitous.  Latimer;  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Chanceablyt  (chans'a-bli),  adv.  Casually; 
by  chance.  Sir  /'.  Sidney. 

Chance-comer  (chansTium-er),  n.  One  who 
comes  by  chance ;  an  accidental  or  unex- 
pected comer  or  visitor.  Dryden;  Tenny- 
son. 

Chanceful  (chans'f  ul),  a.  Full  of  chances  or 
accidents;  hazardous.  [Rare  and  poetical.) 

All  are  not  lost  who  join  in  chanceful  war. 

T.  Baillie. 

Chancel  (chan'sel),  n.  [So  named  from  being 
railed  off  from  the  rest  of  the  church  by 
lattice-work  -  L.  cancelli.  See  CANCEL.) 
1.  That  part  of  the  choir  of  a  church  between 
the  altar  or  communion  table  and  the  balus- 
trade or  railing  that  incloses  it.  or  that 
part  where  the  altar  is  placed;  formerly  in- 
closed with  lattices  or  cross-bars,  as  now 
with  rails.  —2.  An  inclosed  space  railed  off 
in  courts  of  judicature. 

Chancellary  (chan'sel-la-ri),  n.  Same  as 
Chancery,  2. 

Chancellor  (chan'sel-er),  n.  [L.L.  caneel- 
larius,  from  L.  cancelli,  lattice-work,  a  lat- 
tice-work railing,  the  name  being  given  on 
account  of  the  chancellor  formerly  stand- 
ing ad  cancellos  (at  the  latticed  railing), 
to  receive  petitions  of  suitors,  and  acting 
as  intermediaries  between  them  and  the 
judge.)  Originally,  a  chief  notary  or  scribe 
underthe  Roman  emperors;  but  in  England, 
in  later  times,  an  officer  invested  with  judi- 
cial powers,  and  particularly  with  the  super- 
intendence of  all  charters,  letters,  and  other 
official  writings  of  the  crown  that  require 
to  be  solemnly  authenticated.  Hence  this 


officer  became  the  keeper  of  the  great  seal. 
From  the  Roman  Empire  this  office  passed 
to  the  Church,  and  hence  every  bishop  has 
his  chancellor.      In  France,   a   secretary, 
particularly  of  an  embassy,  is,  in  some  cases, 
called  a  chancellor.     In  the  new  German 
Empire  the  chancellor  (Reichskanzler)  is  the 
president  of  the  Federal  Council,  and  has 
the  general  conduct  of  the  imperial  admin- 
istration. In  the  Vnited  States,  a  chancellor 
is  the  judge  of  a  court  of  chancery  or  equity, 
established  by  statute.    In  Scrip,  a  master 
of  the  decrees,  or  president  of  the  council. 
Ezra  iv.    8.  —  The  lord  hirjh  chancellor  of 
Great  Britain,  or  keeper  of  the  great  seal,  is 
the  highest  officer  of  the  crown,  and  after 
the  princes  of  the  blood  royal  the  first  lay 
subject.   He  is  a  cabinet  minister  and  privy 
councillor  by  his  office,  and  prolocutor  of 
the  House  of  Lords  by  prescription.  To  him 
belongs  the  appointment  of  all  justices  of 
the  peace ;  he  is  keeper  of  the  sovereign's 
conscience,  visitor  of  all  hospitals  and  col- 
leges founded  by  the  king,  guardian  of  all 
charitable  uses,  and  judge  of  the  High  Court 
of  Chancery.  —Chancellor  of  a  bishop  or  of  a 
diocese,  the  vicar-general  to  the  bishop,  who 
holds  his  courts  and  directs  and  assists  him 
in  matters  of  ecclesiastical  law.— Chancellor 
of  a  cathedral  is  an  officer  who  arranges 
the  celebration  of  religious  services,  hears 
lessons  and  lectures  in  the  church,  by  him- 
self or  his  vicar,  applies  the  seal,  writes 
letters  of  the  chapter,  keeps  the  books,  &c. 
—Chancellor  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  an 
officer  who  presides  either  in  person  or  by 
deputy  in  the  court  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancas- 
ter concerning  all  matters  of  equity,  relating 
to  lands  holden  of  the  king  (queen)  in  right 
of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster— Chancellor  of 
the  exchequer,  the  highest  finance  minister 
of  the  British  government.    This  office  is, 
from  its  nature,  intrusted  to  a  commoner. 
It  is  sometimes  held  along  with  that  of  first 
lord  of  the  treasury,  the  latter  title  always 
being  that  of  the  premier.    The  chancellor 
of  the  exchequer  was  formerly  a  judge  ex 
offlcio  in  the  equity  department  of  the  Court 
of  Exchequer,  taking  precedence  of  all  the 
barons,  but  when  the  equitable  jurisdiction 
of  this  court  was  transferred  by  5  Viet.  v. 
to  the  Court  of  Chancery,  his  judicial  func- 
tions  became  obsolete.  —  Chancellor  of  a 
jury,  in  Scotland,  is  the  preses  or  foreman 
of  the  jury,  who  announces  the  verdict, 
when  it  is  a  verbal  one,  and  who  delivers  it 
in  and  along  with  the  clerk  subscribes  it  in 
the  name  of  the  jury,  when  it  is  in  writing. 
—Chancellor  of  the  order  of  the  Garter,  and 
other  military  orders,  is  an  officer  who  seals 
the  commissions  and  mandates  of  the  chap- 
ter and  assembly  of  the  knights,  keeps  the 
register  of  their  proceedings,  and  delivers 
their  acts  under  the  seal  of  their  order.— 
Chancellor  of  a  university,  the  highest  hon- 
orary official  in  the  university,  from  whom 
the  degrees  are  regarded  as  proceeding. 
The  post  in  this  country  is  usually  occupied 
by  a  nobleman  or  other  person  of  rank. 
Chancellorship  (chan'sel-er-ship),  n.    The 
office  of  a  chancellor;  the  time  during  which 
one  is  chancellor. 

Chancel-screen  (chan'sel-skren),  n.  The 
screen  orrailing  separating  the  chancel  from 
the  body  of  the  church.  It  is  often  richly 
carved  and  adorned. 

Chancel-table  (chan'sel-ta-bl),  n.  An  altar 
or  communion  table. 

Chance-medley  ( chans'med-li ),  n.  [From 
chance,  and  medley;  O.Fr.  metlee,  a  fray,  a 
melee  or  mellay:  not  the  same  nschaud-med- 
ley.\  1.  In  law,  originally  a  term  signifying 
a  casual  affray  or  riot,  accompanied  with 
violence,  and  without  deliberate  or  pre- 
conceived malice,  but  applied  at  present  to 
a  particular  kind  of  homicide,  viz.,  the  kill- 
ing of  another  in  self-defence,  upon  a  sudden 
and  unpremeditated  encounter.  —  2.  Hap- 
hazard mixture.  Milton. 
Chancery  ( chan'se-ri ),  n.  [Modified  from 
older  chancelry,  from  Fr.  chancelleru,  L.L 
cancellaria.tromcancelli,  lattice-work.  See 
CHANCELLOR.]  1.  In  England,  formerly  the 
highest  court  of  justice  next  to  parti 
ment,  but  since  1873  a  division  of  the  High 
Court  of  Justice,  which  is  itself  one  of  the 
two  departments  of  the  Supreme  Court  o 
Judicature.  It  formerly  consisted  of  two 
distinct  tribunals:  one  ordinary,  being  a 
court  of  common  law;  the  other  extra- 
ordinary, being  a  court  of  equity.  Ihe 
ordinary  legal  jurisdiction  of  chancery  em- 
braced the  issuing  of  writs  for  a  new  par- 
liament ;  of  pleas  of  scire  facias  to  repeal 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  ab«ne;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


CHANCRE 


439 


CHANNEL 


letters-patent,  and  of  all  original  writs.  It 
issued  writs  of  habeas  corpus,  and  inquired 
into  charitable  uses,  while  the  lord-chan- 
cellor (the  president  of  the  court),  together 
with  the  lords-justices  of  appeal,  had  exclu- 
sive authority  over  the  property  and  pei'smis 
of  idiots  and  lunatics.  Appeals  in  bank- 
ruptcy were  heard  by  the  court  of  appeal  in 
chancery.  The  extraordinary  court,  or  court 
of  equity,  proceeded  upon  rules  of  equity 
and  conscience,  moderated  the  rigour  of  the 
common  law,  giving  relief  in  cases  where 
there  was  no  remedy  in  the  common-law 
courts.  The  court  of  appeal  in  chancery  no 
longer  exists,  its  functions  being  transferred 
to  the  court  of  appeal;  and  the  jurisdiction 
in  respect  of  lunatics  is  vested  in  such 
judges  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice  or  the 
court  of  appeal  as  the  crown  may  appoint. 
2  In  Scotland,  an. office  in  the  general  re- 
gister-house of  Edinburgh,  managed  by  the 
director  of  chancery  and  his  deputies.  In 
it  are  recorded  charters,  patentsof  dignities, 
gifts  of  office,  remissions,  legitimations,  and 
all  other  writs  appointed  to  pass  the  great 
or  the  quarter  seal.  All  writs  passing 
through  chancery  are  recorded  before  they 
are  given  out  to  be  sealed.  Called  also 
Chancellan/.  —  3.  In  the  United  States,  a 
court  of  equity.  —Inns  of  chancery.  See 

Chancre  (shang'ker),  n.  [Fr.  See  CANKER.] 
A  sore  or  ulcer  which  arises  from  the  direct 
application  of  the  venereal  virus.  Duiyjlison. 

Chancrous  (shangk'rus),  a.  Having  the 
qualities  of  a  chancre;  ulcerous. 

Ctiancy  (chans'i),  a.    Lucky.    [Scotch.] 

Chandelier  (shan-de-ler^n.  [Fr.  chandelier, 
a  chandelier,  and  also  a  chandler,  or  dealer 
in  candles,  from  L.  candflct,  a  candle.  See 
CANDLE.]  1.  A  stand  with  branches  to  hold 
a  number  of  candles,  to  light  up  a  room. — 
2.  In  fort,  a  movable  parapet,  serving  to 
support  fascines  to  cover  pioneers. 

Chandler  (chandler),  ».  [Really  the  same 
word  as  chandelier  (which  see),  but  with  a 
slightly  different  form.  The  term  tallow- 
chandler  would  originally  signify  a  person 
who  sold  candles  made  of  tallow,  as  opposed 
to  those  made  of  wax,  but  the  real  meaning 
of  chandler  being  lost  it  was  supposed  to 
mean  dealer.]  1.  One  who  makes  or  sells 
candles. 

The  chandler's  basket,  on  his  shoulder  borne, 
With  tallow  spots  thy  coat.  Guy. 

2.  A  dealer  in  general;  the  particular  mean- 
ing of  the  term  being  determined  by  a  pre- 
fix; as,  tallow-chandler;  ship-chandler,  <&c. 

Chandlerly  (chand'ler-li),  a.  Like  a  chand- 
ler. Milton. 

Chandlery  (chand'ler-i),  n.  1.  The  commo- 
dities sold  by  a  chandler.— 2.  A  chandler's 
warehouse;  a  store-room  for  candles. 

The  Serjeant  of  the  chandlery  was  ready  at  the 
same  chamber  door  to  deliver  the  tapers.  Stryfe. 

ChandOO  (chan-do'),  n.  An  extract  of  opium, 
obtained  by  dissolving  it  in  water  and  eva- 
porating, used  by  the  Chinese  for  smoking. 

Chandry  (chand'ri),  n.  The  place  where 
candles  are  kept.  '  Torches  from  the  chan- 
dry.'  B.  Jonson. 

Chanfrln  (shan'frin),  n.    [See  CHAMFRON.] 

1.  The  fore-part  of  a  horse's  head.— 2.  Same 
as  Chamfron. 

Chang  (chang),  n.  A  Chinese  long  measure, 
equal  to  11}  feet. 

Change  (cbanj),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  changed; 
ppr.  changing.  [  Fr.  changer,  to  change, 
from  L.L.  canibiare,  from  L.  cambire,  to 
change,  to  barter.]  1.  To  cause  to  turn  or 
pass  from  one  state  to  another ;  to  alter  or 
make  different ;  to  vary  in  external  form  or 
in  essence ;  as,  to  change  the  colour  or  shape 
of  a  thing ;  to  change  the  countenance. 

Can  the  Ethiopian  change  his  skin,  or  the  leopard 
his  spots?  Jer.  xiii.  23. 

2.  To  substitute  another  thing  cr  things  for; 
to  shift;  as,  to  change  the  clothes,  or  one  suit 
of  clothes  for  another;  to  change  one's  posi- 
tion.    'To  change  one  religion  for  another.' 
South. 

Be  clean  and  change  your  garments.    Gen.  xxxv.  2. 

Specifically— 3.  To  give  or  procure  another 
kind  of  money  for;  to  give  away  for  a  money 
equivalent  of  a  different  kind;  as,  to  change 
a  sovereign,  that  is,  to  give  or  take  it  in  ex- 
change for  silver  coin;  to  change  bank-notes 
for  gold,  or  shillings  for  (or  into)  pounds. 

He  called  me  aside,  and  requested  I  would  change 
him  a  twenty  pound  bill.  Goldsmith. 

4.  To  give  and  take  reciprocally ;  to  barter ; 
to  exchange 

Those  thousands  with  whom  thou  would'st  not 
change  thy  fortune  and  condition.  Jer.  Taylor. 


6.  To  render  acid  or  tainted ;  to  turn  from  a 
natural  state  of  sweetness  and  purity ;  as, 
tile  wine  is  changed;  thunder  and  lightning 
are  said  to  change  milk.— To  change  a  hone 
or  to  change  hand,  in  the  manege,  is  to  turn  [ 
or  bear  the  horse's  head  from  one  hand  to 
the  other,  from  the  left  to  the  right  or  from 
the  right  to  the  left.—  Alter,  Change.  See 
ALTKR.— SYN.  To  alter,  vary,  innovate,  di- 
versify, shift,  veer,  turn. 
Change  (chanj),  v.i.  1.  To  be  altered;  to 
undergo  variation ;  to  be  partially  or  wholly 
transformed  ;  as,  men  sometimes  change  for 
the  better,  often  for  the  worse. 

I  am  Jehovah,  I  change  not.  Mai.  iii.  6. 

2.  To  begin  a  new  revolution,  or  to  pass 
from  one  phase  to  another,  as  the  moon ; 
as,  the  moon  will  change  on  Friday.  —3.  To 
become  acid  or  tainted ;  as,  this  milk  has 
changed. 

Change  (chanj),  n.  1.  Any  variation  or 
alteration  in  form,  state,  quality,  or  essence; 
or  a  passing  from  one  state  or  form  to 
another ;  as,  a  change  of  countenance ;  a 
change  of  habits  or  principles. 

The  sky  is  changed  I    And  such  a  change  I  O  night. 
And  storm,  and  darkness!  ye  are  wondrous  strong. 
Byron. 

2.  Sometimes,  in  a  special  sense,  the  passing 
from  life  to  death ;  death. 

All  the  days  of  my  appointed  time  will  I  wait,  till 
my  change  come.  Job  xiv.  14. 

3.  A  succession  of  one  thing  in  the  place  of 
another ;  as,  a  change  of  seasons ;  a  change 
of  objects  on  a  journey ;  a  change  of  scene. 

Our  fathers  did,  for  change,  to  France  repair 

Dryden. 

4.  The  beginning  of  a  new  monthly  revolu- 
tion ;  the  passing  from  one  phase  to  another ; 
as,  a  change  of  the  moon.— B.  Alteration  in 
the  order  of  a  series ;  permutation. 

Four  bells  admit  twenty-four  changes  in  ringing. 
Holder. 

6.  That  which  makes  a  variety  or  may  be 
substituted  for  another.  '  Thirty  changes  of 
raiment.'  Judg.  xiv.  12.— 7.  Small  money, 
which  may  be  given  for  larger  pieces. 

Wood  buys  up  our  old  halfpence,  and  from  thence 
the  present  want  of  change  arises.  Swift. 

8.  The  balance  of  money  paid  beyond  the 
price  of  goods  purchased;  as,  I  gave  the 
draper  a  bank-note  for  his  cloth,  and  he 
gave  me  the  change.  —  9.  A  place  where 
merchants  and  others  meet  to  transact 
business;  a  building  appropriated  for  mer- 
cantile transactions :  in  this  sense  an  abbre- 
viation for  Exchange,  and  often  written 
'Change. 

The  bar,  the  bench, the  'change,  the  schools,  and  the 
pulpit,  are  full  of  quacks,  jugglers,  and  plagiaries. 
Sir  R.  L  Estrange. 

10.  t  Exchange.  'Maintained  the  change  of 
words.'    Shale. 

Give  us  a  prince  of  the  blood  in  change  ot  him.  Shak. 

11.  A    public  -  house  ;     a    change  -  house. 
[Scotch.] 

They  call  an  ale-house  a  change,  and  think  a  man 
of  good  family  suffers  no  diminution  of  his  gentility 
to  keep  it.  *•"' 

12.  t  A  round  in  dancing. 

In  our  measure  do  but  vouchsafe  one  change.  Shai: 

SYN.  Variety,  variation,  alteration,  modifica- 
tion, deviation,  transformation,  mutation, 
transition,  vicissitude,  innovation,  novelty, 
transmutation,  revolution,  reverse. 

Changeability  (chanj-a-bil'i-ti),  n.  Change- 
ableness.  Addison. 

Changeable  ( ch&nj'a-bl ).  a.  1.  Liable  to 
change;  subject  to  alteration;  fickle;  incon- 
stant ;  mutable ;  variable ;  as,  a  person  ol 
a  changeable  mind.  '  A  changeable  and 
temporal  effect.'  Raleigh. 

As  I  am  a  man,  I  must  be  changeable.     Dryden. 

2.  Having  the  quality  of  suffering  alteration 
of  external  appearance ;  as,  changeable  silk. 

Now  the  tailor  make  thy  doublet  of  changeable 
taffeta. 

Chaugeableness  (chanj'a-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  changeable;  fickleness 
inconstancy ;  instability ;  mutability.  'The 
changeableness  or  immutability  of  them. 
Hooker. 

ChangeaWy(chanj'a-bli),ad».  In  a  change 
able  manner ;  inconstantly. 

Changeful  (chanj'ful),  a.     Full  of  change 
inconstant;    mutable;   fickle;    uncertain 
subject  to  alteration.     'As  changefull  as 
themoone."   Spenser.    '  Fickle  as  a  change- 
ful dream.'    Sir  W.  Scott. 

His  course  had  been  changeful.  Motley. 

Changeflilly  ( chanj  'ful-li),  «<*»•  In  a 
changeful  manner. 


Changefulness  (clmnj'ful-nes),  n.  Quality 
of  being  changeful. 

Change-house  (diiinj'hous),  n.  An  ale- 
house ;  a  public-house,  [Scotch.  ] 

Changeless  (chAnjIet),  a.  Constant;  not 
admitting  alteration. 

That  chill,  changeless  brow,    .    .    . 
Where  cold  Obstruction's  apathy 
Appals  the  gazing  mourner  s  heart.         Byron. 

Changeling  ( chanj  'ling ),  n.  [  Change  and 
dim.  aftix  -ling.]  1.  A  child  left  or  taken  in 
the  place  of  another.  [  The  extract  alludes 

to  the  supcrstitiollHopinion  that  fairicsKtrnl 
children  and  put  others  that  are  ugly  and 
stupid  in  their  places.] 

Her  base  elfin  breed  there  for  thee  left : 
Such    men    do   changelings  call,   so  changed  by 
fairies'  theft.  Sfenser. 

2.  An  idiot;  a  fool.  'Changelings  and  fools 
of  heav'n.'  l)r>tdrn.—3.  One  apt  to  change; 
a  waverer.  '  Fickle  changeling*  and  poor 
discontents.'  Shah.—  4.  Anything  changed 
and  put  in  the  place  of  another. 

[I]  folded  up  the  writ  in  form  of  the  other. 
Subscribed  it.  gave't  the  impression,  placed  it  safety. 
The  changeling  never  known.  Shak. 

Changeling  (chanjling),  a.  1.  Exchanged ; 
specifically  applied  to  a  child  fancied  to 
have  been  left  in  place  of  one  taken  away 
by  the  fairies. 

I  do  but  beg  a  little  changeling  boy.         Shak. 

2.t  Given  to  change;    inconstant;   fickle. 
'Studiously  changeling.'    Boyle. 
Changer  (chanj'er),  n.    1.  One  who  changes 
or  alters  the  form  of  anything. 

Changer  of  all  things,  yet  immutable. 

Before  and  after  all,  the  first  p. id  last.    G.  Fletcher. 

2.  One  that  is  employed  in  changing  and 
discounting  money ;  a  money-changer.  Jn. 
xi.  13,  14.  —  3.  One  given  to  change ;  one 
who  is  inconstant  or  fickle. 

Change-wheel  (chanj'whel),  n.  One  of  a 
set  of  cog-wheels  having  varying  numbers 
of  teeth  of  the  same  pitch,  used  to  vary  the 
angular  velocity  of  the  axis  or  arbor  of  a 
machine  in  any  required  degree.  Every 
lathe  for  cutting  screws,  Ac.,  is  provided 
with  such  a  set  of  wheels,  by  means  of 
which  screws  of  different  pitch  can  be  cut. 

Changing  (chanj 'ing),  o.  Variable;  un- 
settled ;  inconstant. 

One  Julia,  that  his  changing  thoughts  forget. 
Would  better  suit  his  character.  Shai. 

Chank,  Chank-shell  (changk.changk'shel), 
n.  [Skr.  cankha.  See  CONCH.]  The  com- 


chanks  have  also  been  found.  These  shells 
are  of  a  spiral  form,  and  are  sewed  into 
narrow  rings  or  bracelets  called  bangles,  and 
worn  as  ornaments  by  the  Hindu  women. 
When  the  spires  or  whorls  (volutes)  turn  to 
the  right  the  shell  is  held  in  peculiar  esti- 
mation, and  fetches  a  very  high  price. 
Channel  (chan'nel),  n.  [From  O.Fr.  chanel, 
canel,  L.  canalis,  a  water-pipe ;  whence  also 
canal  and  kennel,  a  gutter. )  1.  The  bed  of 
a  stream  of  water ;  the  hollow  or  course  in 
which  a  stream  flows.— 2.  The  deeper  part  of 
an  estuary,  bay,  &c. ,  where  the  current  flows, 
or  which  is  most  convenient  for  the  track  of 
a  ship.— 2.  A  strait  or  narrow  sea  between 
two  continents  or  between  a  continent  and 
an  island;  as,  the  Britisher  Irish  channel.— 
4  That  by  which  something  passes  or  is 
transmitted ;  means  of  passing,  conveying, 
or  transmitting;  as,  the  news  was  conveyed 
to  us  by  different  channels.— 5.  A  furrow  or 
groove;  as,  the  channels  of  a  fluted  column. 
6  t  A  gutter ;  a  kennel.  'As  if  a  channel 
should  be  called  the  sea.'  Shak.-T.  Gravel. 
[Scotch.]— Channel  of  a  horse,  the  hollow 
between  the  two  nether  jaw-bones  where 
the  tongue  is  lodged.— Channel  or  canal  of 
the  larmier  and  nf  a  volute.  See  under 
CASAL.— Channel  stone,  (a)  a  stone  used  for 
forming  gutters  in  paving.  (6)  [Scotch.] 
The  stone  used  in  the  game  of  curling ;  a 
curling-stone. 

Channel  (chan'nel),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  chan- 
nelled ;  ppr.  channelling.  To  form  a  chan- 
nel ;  to  cut  channels  in ;  to  groove ;  as,  to 
channel  a  field  or  a  column. 

No  more  shall  trenching  war  channel  her  fields.  Shai. 

Channel  (  chan '  nel ),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
chain-wale.  See  CHAIN,  WALE.]  A'ntit. 
one  of  the  pieces  of  plank  of  considerable 
thickness  projecting  horizontally  from  the 
vessel's  sides,  nearly  abreast  of  the  masts, 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  i 


IH,  tten;  th,  ttin;     w,  tng;    wh,  whig;    *h,  azure—See  KEY. 


CHANNEL-BOARD 


440 


CHAPEL-MASTER 


and  hence  named  respectively  the  main, 
fore,  and  mizzen  channels.  The  chain- 
plates  are  carried  through  notches  on  their 
outer  edge  in  order  to  extend  the  shrouds 


Shrouds  extended  on  the  Channels. 

of  the  lower  rigging  and  keep  them  clear 

of   the   gunwale.      They   are   also   called 

Chain-wales  or  Channel-boards. 
Channel-board  (chan'nel-bord),  n.    Same 

as  Channel,  naut. 
Channel  -  leaved  ( chan '  nel  -  levd ),  a.    In 

bot.  having  leaves  folded  together  so  as  to 

resemble  a  channel.     Loudon. 
Channelled  (chan'neld),  p.  and  o.    Having 

channels;  grooved  longitudinally;  fluted:  in 

bot.  applied  to  the  stem,  leaf,  and  petioles. 
Channel-plate  (chan'nel-plat),  n.    Same  as 

Chain-plate. 
Chanson  (shan'son ;  Fr.  pron.  shon-soh),  n. 

[Fr]    A  song. 

These  [Christmas  carols]  were  festal  chansons  for 
enlivening  the  merriments  of  the  Christmas  celebrity. 
T.  lYarttn. 

Chansonnette  (shan-son-net';  Fr.  pron. 

shon-son-net),  n.    [Fr.  ]    A  little  song. 
Chant  (chant),  v.t.    [Fr.  chanter,  from  L. 

cantare,  aug.   of  cano,  cantum,  to  sing.] 

1.  To  utter  with  a  melodious  voice;  to 
warhle;  to  sing. 

The  cheerful  birds  of  sundry  kinds  do  chant  sweet 
music.  Spenser. 

2.  To  celebrate  in  song;  as,  to  chant  the 
praises  of  Jehovah. 

One  would  chant  the  history 
Of  that  great  race  which  is  to  be.        Tennyson. 

3.  To  sing,  as  in  church-service ;  to  repeat 
words  in  a  kind  of  intoning  voice  or  in  a 
style  between  air  and  recitative. — To  chant 
a  horse  is  to  advertise  it  by  qualities  which 
on  trial  are  found  wanting. 

Chant  (chant),  v.i.  1.  lo  sing;  to  make 
melody  with  the  voice.  '  That  chant  to  the 
sound  of  the  viol.'  Amos  vi.  5.— 2.  To  re- 
peat the  church-service  portions  of  Scrip- 
ture and  the  like,  after  the  manner  of  a 
chant. 

Chant  (chant),  n.  1.  A  song  or  singing; 
melody.  'Chant  of  tuneful  birds."  Milton. 
2.  A  short  musical  composition  consisting 

generally  of  a  long  reciting  note,  on  which  an 
^definite  number  of  words  may  be  intoned, 
and  a  melodic  phrase  or  cadence.  A  single 
chant  consists  of  two  strains,  the  first  of 
three  and  the  second  of  four  bars  in  length. 
A  double  chant  has  the  length  of  two  single 
ones. 

Chantant  (shoh-toh),  o.  [Ppr.  of  Fr.  verb 
chanter,  to  sing.  ]  Singing.  —Cafe  chantant. 
See  under  CAFE. 

Chantant  (chant 'ant),  n.  Instrumental 
music  of  an  easy,  smooth,  and  singing  style. 
Moore. 

Chantepleure.t  n.  [Fr.  chanter,  to  sing, 
and  pleurer,  to  weep.]  An  old  proverbial 
expression  for  singing  and  weeping  succes- 
sively. Chaucer. 

Chanter  (chant'er),  n.  1.  One  who  chants; 
a  singer  or  songster.— 2.  The  chief  singer  or 
priest  of  a  chantry. —3.  In  bagpipes,  the 
tube  with  finger-holes  for  playing  the  mel- 
ody.— 4.  The  hedge-sparrow. 

Chanterelle  (shoh-trel  or  shan-ter-el'),  n. 
[Fr. ,  perhaps  from  0.  Fr.  chanterelle,  a  small 
bell,  from  its  shape,  from  chanter,  to  sing.  ] 
The  Cantharellus  cibarius,  one  of  our  best 
edible  mushrooms.  It  is  of  a  bright  orange 
colour,  has  a  fragrant  fruity  smell,  and  is 
found  frequently  in  woods  under  trees.  It 
is  acrid  when  raw,  but  is  excellent  when 
properly  cooked. 

Chanterle.t  n.    A  chantry.    Chaucer. 

Chanticleer  (chan'ti-kler),  n.  [O.E.  chaun- 
tecleer,  from  chant  and  clear.]  A  cock,  so 


called  from  the  clearness  or  loudness  of  his 
voice  in  crowing. 

The  feathered  songster,  chanticleer, 

Hath  wound  his  buk'le-horn; 
And  tells  the  early  villager 

The  coming  of  the  morn.          Chatterton. 

Chantlate  (chant'lat),  n.     [Fr.  chanlatte, 
chantlatte,  from  O.  Fr.  cant,   a  corner  or 
angle,  and  latte,  a  lath.  See  CANT,  a  corner.  ] 
In  arch.  &  piece  of  wood  fastened  near  the  ! 
end  of  the  rafters  and  projecting  beyond  the  \ 
wall  to  support  two  or  three  rows  of  tiles,  I 
so  placed  as  to  prevent  the  rain  water  from  ' 
trickling  down  the  sides  of  the  walls. 

Chantor  (chant'er),  n.    See  CHANTER. 

Chantress  (chaut'res),  n.     A  female  singer. 

Thee,  chantress.  oft  the  woods  among 
I  woo  to  hear  thy  even-song.  Milton. 

Chantry  (chant'ri),  n.  [O.Fr.  chanterie, 
chatitrerie,  from  chant.  ]  A  church  or  chapel 
endowed  with  lands  or  other  revenue,  for 
the  maintenance  of  one  or  more  priests 
daily  to  sing  or  say  mass  for  the  souls  of 
the  donors  or  such  as  they  appoint. 

There  was  a  sort  of  endowed  colleges  or  fraterni- 
ties, called  chantries,  consisting  of  secular  priests, 
whose  duty  was  to  say  daily  masses  for  the  founders. 
Haltam. 

Chaomancy  (ka'6-man-si),  n.  [Gr.  chaos, 
the  name  given  by  Paracelsus  to  the  atmo- 
sphere, and  manteia,  soothsaying.]  Divina- 
tion formerly  practised  by  means  of  obser- 
vations in  the  air. 

Chaos  (ka'os),  n,  [Gr.  chaos,  from  a  root  cha, 
to  gape,  to  yawn,  whence  alsocAa#m.]  l.t  A 
vacant  space  or  chasm ;  empty,  immeasur- 
able space. 

Between  us  and  you  there  is  fixed  a  great  chaos. 
Luke  xvi.  26,  Rhemish  Trans. 

2.  That  confusion  or  confused  mass  in  which 
matter  is  supposed  to  have  existed  before  it 
was  separated  into  its  different  kinds  and 
reduced  to  order  by  the  creating  power  of 
God. 

Where  eldest  night 
And  chaos,  ancestors  of  nature,  hold 
Eternal  anarchy.  Milton. 

3.  A  confused  mixture  of  parts  or  elements; 
confusion;  disorder. 

There  seems  to  be  in  all  men,  in  proportion  to  the 
strength  of  their  understanding,  a  conviction  that 
there  is  in  all  human  beings  a  real  order  and  purpose, 
notwithstanding  the  chaos  in  which  at  times  they 
seem  to  be  involved.  Froude. 

Chaotic  (ka-ot'ik),  a.  Resembling  chaos; 
confused ;  as,  the  earth  was  originally  in  a 
chaotic  state.  'The  chaotic  tumult  of  his 
mind.'  Disraeli. 

Chaotically  (ka-ot'ik-al-li),adf.  In  a  chaotic 
state:  in  a  state  of  utter  confusion. 

Chap  (chap  or  chop),  v.  t.  pret.  it  pp.  chapped; 
ppr.  chapping.     [Same  word  aa  chop,  to  cut, 
with  a  somewhat  different  form  and  mean-  , 
ing.]    1.  To  cause  to  cleave,  split,  crack,  or  | 
open  longitudinally,  as  the  surface  of  the 
rart  h  or  the  skin  and  flesh  of  the  hand. 

Neither  summer's  blaze  can  scorch,  nor  winter's 
blast  chap  her  fair  face.  Lyly. 

2.  To  strike,  especially  with  a  hammer  or  , 
the  like;  to  beat.    [Scotch.] 

Chap  (chap  or  chop),  v.i.  1.  To  crack;  to 
open  in  long  slits ;  as,  the  earth  chaps;  the 
hands  chap.— 2.  To  strike;  to  knock,  as  at  a 
door;  to  strike,  as  a  clock,  [Scotch.] 

Chap  (chap  or  chop),  n.     1.  A  longitudinal 
cleft,  crack,  or  chink,  as  in  the  surface  of  the 
earth  or  in  the  hands  or  feet:  used  figura- 
tively in  following  extract. 
There  were  many  clefts  and  chafs  in  our  counsel. 

Fuller.       , 

2.  A  stroke  of  any  kind:  a  blow.     [Scotch.) 
Chap,  Chop  (chop),  n.    [A  form  standing  for  ! 
chaf  or  chof,  and  equivalent  to  Sc.  chaft, 
Icel.   kjaptr,  Dan.  kjceft,  Sw    kiift,  a  jaw,  i 
without  the  (,  and  to  A.  Sax.  ceo/2,  a  beak  or 
chap,  without  the  I  (which  is  probably  a 
dim.)]    1.  The  upper  or  lower  part  of  the 
mouth;  the  jaw. 

His  chafs  were  all  besmeared  with  crimson  blood. 
Cffwley. 

2.  Either  of  the  two  planes  or  flat  parts  of  a 
vice  or  pair  of  tonga  or  pliers,  for  holding 
anything  fast;  a  jaw  or  cheek. 
Chap  (chap),  n.  [An  abbrev.  of  chapman. 
As  regards  its  use  in  second  sense  compare 
the  former  use  of  merchant  similarly,  also 
customer,  in  senses  of  regular  purchaser  and 
fellow  or  chap.]  l.t  A  buyer;  a  chapman. 

If  you  want  to  sell,  here  is  your  chap.        Steele. 

2.  A  man  or  a  boy;  a  youth:  used  familiarly 
and  laxly,  much  as  the  word  fellow  is.  '  Poor 
old  chap,  .  .  .  poor  Joey,  he  was  a  first- 
rater.'  0.  A.  Sala, 

Chapt  (chap),  u.t.  [A.  Sax.  cedpian.]  To 
buy;  to  bargain. 


Chaparral  (chaii-ar-ral'),  n.  [Sp. ,  from  chap- 
arra,  an  evergreen  oak,  a  word  of  Basque 
orinin. )  1.  A  grove  of  low  evergreen  oaks. 
2.  A  clump  or  thicket  formed  by  thorny 
shrubs  mingled  with  brambles.  [A  woril 
belonging  more  particularly  to  such  por- 
tions of  North  America  as  are  or  have  been 
Spanish.) 

Chap-book  (chap'lmk),  n  [A  book  sold  by 
chapmen.  See  CHAPMAN  and  CHEAP.)  A 
name  given  to  one  of  a  class  of  tracts  of  a 
homely  and  miscellaneous  kind,  which  at 
one  time  formed  the  only  popular  litera- 
ture. They  consisted  of  lives  of  heroes, 
martyrs,  and  wonderful  personages,  stories 
of  roguery  and  broad  humour,  of  giants, 
ghosts,  and  witches,  histories  in  verse,  songs 
and  ballads,  and  theological  tracts,  <vc. 
They  emanated  principally  from  the  provin- 
cial press,  and  were  hawked  about  the  coun- 
try by  chapmen  or  pedlars. 

Chape  (chap),  n.  [Fr.  chape,  a  catch,  hook, 
chape,  also  a  cope;  same  origin  as  cape, 
cap.]  1.  The  part  by  which  an  object  is 
attached,  as  the  sliding-loop  on  a  belt  to 
which  a  bayonet-scabbard  is  attached,  or 
the  back-piece  by  which  a  buckle  is  fixed 
on  the  article  or  garment.  —  2.  The  trans- 
verse guard  of  a  sword  for  a  protection  tn 
the  hand.  Fairholt.  —  3.  A  metal  tip  or 
case  that  strengthens  the  end  of  a  scabbard, 
or  the  termination  of  a  belt  or  girdle. 

Chapeau  (sha-po),  n.  pi.  Chapeaux  (sha- 
poz).  [Fr. ,  a  hat.)  1.  A  hat  — 2.  Same  as 
Cap  of  Dignity  or  Maintenance.  See  under 
CAP. 

Chapeau  Bras  (sha  po  bra),  n.  [Fr.  chapeau, 
a  hat,  and  brag,  arm.]  A  small  three-cor- 
nered flat  silk  hat,  carried  under  the  arm 
by  gentlemen  at  court,  or  in  full  dress,  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
Planchi. 

Chapel  (chap'el).  n.  [O.Fr.  chapele,  capcle 
(Mod.  Fr.  chapeUe),  from  L.  L.  capella,  dim. 
of  capa,  a  cape,  hood,  the  word  being  ap- 
plied to  the  canopy  or  covering  of  the  altar 
when  mass  was  said,  hence  gradually  to  the 
whole  recess  constituting  the  capella  or 
chapel  attached  to  the  altar.  ]  1.  A  subor- 
dinate place  of  worship  usually  attached  to 
a  large  church  or  cathedral,  separately  de- 
dicated, and  devoted  to  special  services. — 
2.  A  building  subsidiary  to  a  parish  church; 
as,  a  parochial  chapel;  a  free  chapel;  a 
chapel  of  ease,  that  is,  one  for  the  ease  of 
the  parishioners  that  dwell  too  far  from  the 
church.  — 3.  A  place  of  worship  connected 
with  a  royal  palace,  a  private  establishment, 
or  a  corporation.  —  4.  A  place  of  worship 
used  by  dissenters  from  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land ;  a  meeting-house  [This  use  is  con- 
fined to  England.] — 5.t  A  name  given  to 
a  printer's  work-house,  said  to  be  so  desig- 
nated because  printing  was  first  carried  on 
by  Caxton  in  a  chapel  attached  to  Westmin- 
ster Abbey.  Hence  — 6.  A  union  of  the 
workmen  in  a  printing-office  for  the  purpose 
of  promoting  and  enforcing  order  among 
themselves,  the  preservation  of  materials, 
the  arrangement  of  any  question  regarding 
work,  &c.  —  7.  A  choir  of  singers  or  an  or- 
chestra attached  to  a  nobleman's  establish- 
ment or  a  prince's  court. 

Chapel  (chap'el),  v.t.  1.  To  deposit  in  a 
chapel  [Rare.] 

Give  us  the  bones 
Of  our  dead  kings,  that  we  may  chapel  them. 

2.  Naut.  to  turn  a  ship  round  in  a  light 
breeze  of  wind,  when  close-hauled,  so  that 
she  will  lie  the  same  way  as  before. 

Chapel-cart  (chap'el-kart).  n.  A  contrac- 
tion of  Whitechapel-cart  (which  see). 

Chapeless  (chap'les),  a.  Without  a  chape. 
•An  old  rusty  sword,  with  a  broken  hilt, 
and  chapeless.'  Shale. 

Chapelet  (chap'el-et),  n,  [Fr.  chapelet,  a 
chaplet,  beads,  a  stirrup-leather.  See  CHAP- 
LET.)  1.  A  pair  of  stirrup-leathers,  with 
stirrups,  joined  at  the  top  in  a  sort  of 
leather  buckle,  by  which  they  are  made  fast 
to  the  pommel  of  the  saddle.— 2.1n hydraulic 
engin.  a  dredging  or  water-raising  machine, 
consisting  of  a  chain  provided  with  buckets 
or  with  pallets  traversing  in  a  trough. 
[Written  also  Chaplet] 

Chapellany  (chap'el-lan-i),  n.  [Fr.  chapel- 
lenie,  a  chaplaincy,  from  L.L.  capellania. 
See  CHAPLAIN.)  A  chapel  or  small  building 
connected  with  a  large  church;  an  ecclesiai.- 
tical  foundation  subordinate  to  some  other. 

Chapellet  (chaplet),  n.    See  CHAPELET. 

Chapel -master  (chap'el-mas-ter),  n.  See 
i  CAPKLLMEISTER. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CHAPEL-ROYAL 


441 


CHARACTER 


Chapel-royal  (chap-cl-rni'iil),  n.    A  chapel  , 
attached  to  a  royal  palace. 

Chapelry  (chap'el-ri),  n.  The  nominal  or 
legal  territorial  district  assigned  to  a  chapel 
dependent  on  a  mother  church. 

Chaperon  (shap'er-6n  or  snap-rod),  n.  [Fr.  j 
chaperon,  from  chape  (which  see).]  1. A  hood 
orcap  anciently  worn  liy  men, women, nohles, 
and  populace;  afterward  appropriated  to 
doctors  and  licentiates  in  colleges. —  2.  A  I 
hood  or  cap  worn  by  the  Knights  of  the  Gar- 
ter when  in  full  dress.  Camden.  '  His  head 
and  face  covered  with  a  chaperon,  out  of 
which  there  were  but  two  holes  to  look 
through.'  Unwell.-?,.  A  small  shield  con- 
taining crests,  initials,  &c.,  placed  on  the 
foreheads  of  horses  which  drew  the  hearse 
in  pompous  funerals.— 4.  One  who  attends 
a  lady  to  public  places  as  a  guide  or  protec- 
tor; now  more  especially  a  married  woman 
who  for  the  sake  of  propriety  accompanies 
a  young  unmarried  lady  to  public  places.  It 
has  this  sense  because  chaperons  or  hoods 
were  worn  chiefly  by  elderly  women. 

The  sum  was  soon  collected  and  inserted  in  the 
pocket  of  our  chaperon.  Lord  Lytton. 

Chaperon  (shap'cr-6n),  v.  t.  To  attend  on  a 
lady  in  a  public  assembly. 

Fortunately  I-ady  Bell  FinUy.whom  I  had  promised 
to  chaperon,  sent  to  excuse  herself.  Mrs.  H.  More. 

Chaperonage  (shap'er-6n-aj),  n.  The  pro- 
tection or  countenance  of  a  chaperon. 

Under  the  unrivalled  chaptrona.ee of  the  Countess, 
they  had  played  their  popular  parts  without  a  single 
blunder.  Disraeli. 

Chaperonne  (shap'er-on),  n.  In  her.  a  de- 
vice placed  on  the  heads  of  horses  at  fun- 
erals. See  CHAPERON,  3. 

Chapfallen  (chop'faln),  a.  Having  the  lower 
chap  or  jaw  depressed;  hence,  dejected; 
dispirited;  silenced.  Now  generally  written 
Chopfallen,  at  least  in  the  figurative  sense. 
•Quite  chapfallen.'  Shak.  'Till  they  be 
chapfallen  and  their  tongues  at  peace. 
Beau.  <t  Fl.  '  The  chapfallen  circle'  (skele- 
tons). Tennyson. 

Chapin  (chap'in),  n.    See  CHOPINE. 

Chapins,  or  high  patins  richly  silver'd  or  gilt. 

Hffivell. 

Chapiter,  Chapitre  (ehap'i-ter),  n.  [From 
O.Fr.  chapitel,  Fr.  chapiteau,  from  L.L. 
capitellwn,  L.  capitulum,  dim.  of  caput,  a 
head;  chapter  has  the  same  origin.  ]  1. 1  The 
upper  part  or  capital  of  a  column  or  pillar. 
See  CAPITAL. 

He  overlaid  their  chapiters  and  their  fillets  with 
gold.  Ex.  xxxvi.  38. 

2.  In  law,  (a)  a  summary  of  such  matters  as 
are  to  be  inquired  of,  or  presented  before, 
justices  in  eyre,  justices  of  assize,  or  jus- 
tices of  the  peace,  in  their  sessions,  (b)  Ar- 
ticles delivered  either  orally  or  in  writing 
by  the  justice  to  the  inquest.  Wharton. 

Chaplain  (chaplan  or  chap'lin),  n.  [Fr. 
chapelain;  L  L.  capellanus,  from  capella,  a 
chapel.  See  CHAPEL.  ]  1.  An  ecclesiastic 
who  performs  divine  service  in  a  chapel. 
Rev.  F.  G.  Lee.— 2.  An  ecclesiastic  who 
officiates  at  court,  in  the  household  of  a  no- 
bleman, or  in  an  army,  garrison,  ship,  insti- 
tution, &c.  Forty-eight  clergymen  of  the 
Church  of  England  hold  office  as  chaplains 
of  the  sovereign  in  England,  and  six  clergy- 
men of  the  Church  of  Scotland  have  a  simi- 
lar title  in  Scotland.  —Chaplains  of  the  pope, 
auditors  or  judges  of  causes  in  the  sacred 
palace. 

Chaplaincy  (chaplan-si  or  chap'lin-si),  n. 
The  office,  post,  or  station  of  a  chaplain. 

The  chaplaincy  was  refused  to  me  and  given  to 
Dr.  Lambert.  "  S-wifl. 

Chaplainry  (chap'lan-ri  or  chap'lin-ri),  ». 
Same  as  Chaplaincy . 

Chaplainship  (chap 'Ian-ship  or  chap'lin- 
ship),  n.  1.  The  office  or  post  of  a  chaplain. 
'  The  Bethesda  of  some  knight's  chaplain- 
ship:  Milton.— 2.  The  possession  or  revenue 
of  a  chapel. 

Chapless  (chop'les),  a.  Without  the  lower 
jaw.  '  Yellow chapless skulls.'  Shak.  [Rare.] 

Chaplet  (chap'let),  n.  [  Fr.  chapelet,  a  dim. 
of  O.Fr.  chapel.  Mod.  Fr.  chapeau,  a  hat, 
from  chape,  L.  cappa,  a  hood,  a  cape.]  1.  A 
garland  or  wreath  to  be  worn  on  the  head; 
a  circlet.  '  With  chaplets  green  upon  their 
foreheads  placed.'  Dryden. — Specifically, 
in  her.  a  garland  of  leaves  with  four  flowers 
amongst  them,  at  equal  distances.  —  2.  A 
string  of  beads  used  by  Roman  Catho- 
lics, by  which  they  count  their  prayers;  a 
rosary,  but  strictly  it  has  only  a  third  of  the 
beads  of  a  rosary.  '  Her  chaplet  of  beads  and 
her  missal.'  Longfellow.— 3.  In  arch,  a  small 


round  moulding,  carved  into  beads,  pearls, 
olives,  or  the  like. —4.  A  chapelet  (which  see). 
5.  A  tuft  of  feathers  on  a  peacock's  head. 
Chaplet  t  (chap'let).  n.    [Dim.  of  chapel.] 
A  small  chapel  or  shrine. 

That  is  the  fltaf>let  where  that  image  of  your  f.iKe 
gnd  was  enshrined  or  dwelt.  Hammond. 

Chapman  (chap'man),  n.    pi.  chapmen 

(chap'men).  [A.  Sax.  ceapman,  a  buyer  or 
seller,  a  merchant,  from  cedp,  a  bargain, 
trade,  and  maim,  a  man  =  D.  koopman,  G. 
kaufinann.  See  CHEAP.]  l.t  A  buyer  or 
seller;  a  merchant;  a  trader;  a  purchaser; 
one  that  offers  as  a  purchaser.  '  A  companye 
of  chapmen  riche.'  Chaucer.  '  Put  off  others  | 
cunningly  that  would  be  better  chapmen.' 
Bacon.  '  Those  chapmen  who  are  unwilling 
to  buy.'  Hooker. 

Fair  Diomede,  you  do  as  chapmen  do. 
Dispraise  the  thing  that  you  intend  to  buy. 

Shak. 

2.  In  modern  times  more  specifically  a 
hawker  or  one  who  travels  to  sell  things ;  a 
pedlar;  one  who  keeps  a  stall  or  booth. 

Chapmanliede.t   n.     The   condition  of  a 
chapman  or  tradesman.    Chaucer;  Gower. 
Written  also  Chapman- 
hode, 

Chap  -  money  ( chap'- 
muu-i),  n.  A  sum  abated 
or  given  back  by  a  seller 
on  receiving  money. 
[Provincial  English.] 

Chapournet  (sha-por'- 
net),  n.  [Fr.  chaperon- 
net.]  In  her.  a  chief  di- 
vided by  a  curved  line. 

Chapped,  Chapt  (chopt  Chapournet. 

or  chapt),  p.  and  a. 
Having  chaps  or  cracks,  especially  cracks  in 
the  skin  with  swelling  and  soreness;  as, 
chapped  hands  or  lips.  '  Like  a  table  .  .  . 
not  rough,  wrinkled,  gaping  or  chapt:  B. 
Jonson. 

Chappy  (chop'pi  or  chap'pi),  a.  Full  of 
chaps;  cleft. 

Chapt.    See  CHAPPED. 

Chapter  (chap'ter),  n.  [O.E.  chapiter,  chapi- 
tre,  Fr.  chapitre,  formerly  chapitle,  capitel, 
from  L.  capitulum,  dim.  of  caput,  the  head, 
whence  also  capital,  cattle,  Ac.]  1.  A  divi- 
sion of  a  book  or  treatise;  as,  Genesis 
contains  fifty  chapters.  Hence  the  phrase, 
To  the  end  of  the  chapter,  that  is,  through- 
out; to  the  end.— 2.  The  council  of  a  bishop, 
consisting  of  the  canons  or  prebends,  and 
other  clergymen  attached  to  a  collegiate 
or  cathedral  church,  and  presided  over  by  a 
dean.— 3  The  place  in  which  the  business 
of  the  chapter  is  conducted ;  a  chapter- 
house.—4.  The  meeting  of  certain  organized 
orders  and  societies ;  as,  to  hold  a  chapter 
of  the  Garter,  or  of  the  College  of  Arms.— 
5.  A  branch  of  some  society  or  brotherhood; 
as,  '  the  grand  chapter  of  the  royal  order  of 
Kilwinning.'— 0.  A  decretal  epistle.  Ayli/e. 
7.  A  place  where  delinquents  receive  disci- 
pline and  correction.  Aylife.— Chapter  of 
accidents,  chance. 

Let  us  trust  to  time  and  the  chapter  of  accidents. 
Smollett. 

Chapter*  (chap'ter),  v.t.  To  bring  to  book; 
to  tax;  to  correct;  to  censure.  'Chapters 
even  his  own  Aratus  on  the  same  head.' 
Dryden. 

Chaptera!  (chap'ter-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
chapter. 

Chapter-house  (chap'ter-hous),  n.  The 
building  attached  to  a  cathedral  or  religi- 
ous house  in  which  the  chapter  meets  for 
the  transaction  of  business.  Chapter-houses 
are  of  different  forms,  some  being  parallelo- 
grams, some  octagonal,  and  others  deca- 
gonal. Many  had  a  vestibule,  and  crypts 
frequently  occur  under 
them,  chapter  -  houses 
being  not  unfrequently 
the  burial  places  of  cleri- 
cal dignitaries. 

Chapter -lands  (chap'- 
ter-landz),  n.  pi.  Lands 
belonging  to  the  chapter 
of  a  cathedral,  <tc. 

Chaptrel  (chap'trel),  n. 
[A  Jim.  from  chapiter.] 
The  capital  of  a  pillar  or 
a  pilaster,  which  sup- 
ports arches:  also  called 
an  Impost  (which  see). 

Chap  woman  (chap'wu- 
man),  n.    A  woman  who  buys  and  sells. 
Massinger.     [Rare.] 

Char  (char),  ?i.  [Ir.  and  Gael,  cear,  red:  from 
its  having  a  red  belly.]  A  name  given  to  at 


a,  Chaptrel. 


least  two  specie*  of  the  u'enusSalnm. namely, 
X  tiinblii,  ur  common  <  liar,  ami  .s'  \\'it/'ini/l, 
bit,  or  \\'indermere  char,  inhabiting  lakes 
of  pure  clear  water,  anil  found  in  many 
parts  of  the  north  of  Europe.  The  Imdy 
somewhat  resembles  that  of  the  trout,  but 
is  longer  and  more  slender,  char  is  alum 
dant  in  the  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland 
lakes,  and  is  at  once  the  most  delirious  and 
most  beautiful  of  the  Salmonidic.  It  is  not 
quite  certain  whether  the  toivorh  or  ml 
belly  of  Wales  (Sa(m<>  Nn/r, -/,„««)  is  a  dis- 
tinct species  or  merely  a  variety.  Written 
also  Charr. 

Char,  Chare  (char),  n.  [O.K.  char,  cher. 
cherr,  Ac.,  from  A.  Sax.  cerr,  cierr,  cyrr,  a 
turn,  time,  occasion,  from  cyrran,  to  turn ; 
cog.  with  D.  keeren,  G.  kehren,  to  turn 
or  move  about.  A  char-viom&n  is  one  en- 
gaged for  a  turn  of  work;  charcoal  is  also 
from  this.]  A  single,  separate  act;  a  HUM 
now  usually  a  single  job  or  piece  of  work : 
work  done  by  the  day.  '  The  maid  that 
milks  and  does  the  meanest  chares.'  Shnk. 

Char,*  Chare  t  (char),  v.t.  To  perform  a 
business;  to  execute;  to  do. 

All's  chard  when  he  is  gone.          Beau.  &•  Fl. 

Char,  Chare  (char),  v.i.  To  work  at  others' 
houses  by  the  day,  without  being  a  hired 
servant;  to  do  small  jobs. 

Char  (char),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  charred;  ppr 
charnng.  [From  char,  the  first  part  of  char- 
cooI=O.E.  char,  to  turn.  See  CHARCOAL.  | 

1.  To  burn  or  reduce  to  charcoal ;  in  the 
case  of  wood  this  is  done  by  burning  it 
slowly  under  a  covering  of  turf  and  earth. 
'  A  way  of  charring  sea-coal  wherein  it  is  in 
about  three  hours  or  less  .  .  .   brought  to 
charcoal.'     Boyle.  — 2.  To  bum  slightly  or 
partially;  as,  the  beam  was  merely  charred. 

Char  (char),  v.t.    In  building,  to  hew;  to 
work,  as  stone.    Oxford  Glossary. 
Char,*  n.     An  abbreviation  for  Chariot. 

About  his  char  ther  wenten  white  alauns.  Chaucer. 

Chara  (ka'ra),  n.  [Popularname  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Lyons.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Characeeo.  The  species  are  jointed 
plants,  with  verticillate  branches.  The  stem 
is  coated  with  smaller  tubes,  and  gener- 
ally incrusted  with  a  considerable  amount 
of  calcareous  matter.  They  inhabit  pools 
and  slow  streams,  rooting  in  the  ground  and 
growing  erect.  When  taken  out  of  the 
water  they  emit  a  very  disagreeable  odour, 
like  that  of  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  They 
occur  all  over  the  world,  but  chiefly  in  tem- 
perate countries.  Six  species  are  found  in 
Britain. 

Char-a-bancs  (shar-a-bon),  n.  [Fr.  char-a- 
bancs— char,  a  car,  <l,  with,  and  tana, 
benches.]  A  sort  of  long  and  light  vehicle 
fumished  with  benches,  and  generally  open- 
ing at  the  sides  or  inclosed  with  curtains. 
Sometimes  improperly  written  in  English 
Charabanc. 

Characeae  (ka-ra'se-e),  n.  pi.  [From  the  typi- 
cal genus  Chara.]  A  group  of  submerged 
aquatic  plants,  nearly  related  to  the  algre. 
They  are  jointed  plants,  with  verticillate 
branches,  composed  either  of  one  or  of 
several  tubes.  The  fruits  are  of  two  kinds, 
and  are  borne  either  on  the  same  or  on 
separate  plants.  The  male  organs  are  sphe- 
rical bodies  called  globules,  consisting  of 
eight  shields,  inclosing  a  great  number  of 
filaments  in  the  joints  of  which  are  pro- 
duced the  antherozoids.  The  female  organ 
consists  of  a  spheroidal  body  surrounded  by 
fine  tubes  which  are  coiled  round  it  spirally. 
The  species  have  teen  arranged  into  two  or 
three  genera.  The  circulation  in  the  cells 
of  the  Characeffi  is  easily  observed. 

Charactt  (kar'akt),  n.  [A  shortened  form 
of  character.]  A  distinctive  mark. 

Even  so  may  Angelo, 
In  all  his  dressings,  cltaracts,  titles,  forms, 
Be  an  arch-villain.  S/iat. 

Character  (kar'ak-ter),  n.  [L.  character, 
an  engraved  mark,  from  Gr.  charakter,  a 
mark  cut  or  engraved,  from  the  verb  char- 
assu  or  charattd,  charaxo,  to  scrape,  cut,  en- 
grave.] 1.  A  distinctive  mark  made  by  cut- 
ting, stamping,  or  engraving,  as  on  stone, 
metal,  or  other  hard  material ;  hence,  a 
mark  or  figure,  written  or  printed,  and  used 
to  form  words  and  communicate  ideas ;  a 
letter,  figure,  or  sign.  —  Musical  characters, 
the  conventional  forms  or  marks  used  for 
signs  of  clefs,  notes,  rests,  &c. 

He  (Dante)  is  the  very  man  who  has  read  the  dusky 
characters  on  the  portal  within  which  there  is  no 
hope.  Macattlay. 

2.  The  peculiar  form  of  letters,  written  or 


ch,  chain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sins;   "IH,  tAen;  th,  «Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;      zh,  azure.-See  KKV. 


CHARACTER 


442 


CHARGE 


printed,  used  by  a  particular  person  or 
people;  as,  the  Greek  character;  the  Runic 
character. 

Alas,  Malvolio,  this  is  not  my  writing. 
Though,  1  confess,  nmdi  like  tlie  cttaracter. 

Shat. 

3.  The  peculiarqualities  impressed  by  nature 
or  habit  on  a  person,  which  distinguish  him 
from  others. 

Actions,  looks,  words,  steps,  form  the  alphabet  by 
which  you  may  spell  characters.        Dr.  H.  Hunter. 

4.  A  distinctive  quality  assigned  to  a  person 
by  repute;  reputation;  as,  his  character  for 
veracity  is  unquestionable.— 5.  The  qualities 
that,  in  public  estimation,  belong  to  a  per- 
son in  a  particular  station,  as  when  we  ask 
how  a  magistrate  or  commander  supports 
his  character.  —  6.  Good  qualities ;  good  re- 
putation; as,  a  man  of  worth  and  character. 
7.  Strongly  marked  distinctive  qualities  of 
any  kind ;  as,  a  man  is  said  to  have  a  great 
deal  of  character.  —  8.  An  account  or  state- 
ment of  qualities  or  peculiarities. 

The  subterraneous  passage  is  much  mended  since 
Seneca  gave  so  bad  a  character  of  it.        Addison. 

Specifically,  an  oral  or  written  account  of 
a  servant's  or  employee's  character  or  qua- 
lifications; as,  she  came  to  me  for  her  char- 
acter.— 9.  A  person;  a  personage:  especially 
applied  to  (a)  individuals  represented  in 
fiction  or  history. 

In  a  tragedy,  or  epick  poem,  the  hero  .  .  .  must 
outshine  the  rest  of  all  tile  characters.        Dryden. 

(b)  Persons  of  eminence :  usually  with  an 
adjective;  as,  the  noble  characters  who 
adorned  Athens  in  the  time  of  Pericles. 
'The  friendship  of  distinguished  characters.' 
Jioscoe.  (c)  Persons  marked  by  some  promi- 
nent trait;  as,  a  low,  queer,  stingy  charac- 
ter. [  Colloq.  and  somewhat  slangy.  ]  — 
10.  In  nat.  hist,  the  peculiar  discriminating 
qualities  or  properties  of  animals,  plants, 
and  minerals,  forming  the  features  by  which 
they  are  classified;  as,  generic  characters. 
Character  (kar'ak-ter;  formerly  ka-rak'ter), 
v.t.  1.  To  engrave ;  to  inscribe ;  to  write. 
'Laws  of  marriage  charactered  in  gold.' 
Tennysoji. 

Show  me  one  scar  character'^  on  thy  skin.       ShaA. 

2.t  To  characterize;  to  ascribe  a  certain 
character  to;  to  describe.  'Thuanus  thus 
charactercth  the  Con-Waldenses.'  Fuller. 
3.  To  give  expression  to,  as  mental  qualities 
to  the  countenance.  [Rare.] 

Such  mingled  passions  character'^  his  face 

Of  fierce  and  terrible  benevolence 

That  I  did  tremble  as  I  looked  on  him.     Sonthey. 

Charactered  (kar'ak  terd),  p.  and  a.  Hav- 
ing a  character.  Tennyson. 

Characterismt  (kar'ak-ter-lzm),  n.  A  dis- 
tinction of  character;  distinctive  character; 
characteristic.  'The  characterism  of  an 
honest  man.'  Up.  Hall.  'Described  by  in- 
fallible characterixms.'  Jer.  Taylor 

Characteristic,  Characteristlcal  (kar'ak- 
ter-ist"ik,  kar/ak-ter-ist"ik-al),  a.  [Gr.  cha- 
rakteristikos,  from  character.  See  CHAR- 
ACTER. ]  Pertaining  to  or  serving  to  consti- 
tute the  character;  exhibiting  the  peculiar 
qualities  of  a  pel-son  or  thing;  peculiar; 
distinctive ;  as,  with  characteristic  generos- 
ity he  emptied  his  purse. 

Whatever  characteristics! virtuehis  poet  gives  him. 
raises  our  admiration.  Dryden. 

Of  art  in  general  it  may  be  said  that  it  stands  to 
the  actual  world  in  somewhat  the  same  relation  as 
a  characteristic  portrait  of  a  great  man  does  to  the 
actual  fleshly  form  and  features  of  his  person. 

Dr.  Caird. 

— The  characteristic  angle  of  a  curse,  in 
geom.  a  rectilinear  right-angled  triangle, 
whose  hypotenuse  makes  a  part  of  the 
curve,  not  sensibly  different  from  a  right 
line. 

Characteristlc(kar'ak-Mr-lst"ik),  n.  1.  That 
which  serves  to  constitute  a  character  • 
that  which  characterizes;  that  which  dis- 
tinguishes a  per-on  or  thing  from  another. 
'The  characteristics  of  a  true  critic.'  John- 
son.' 

This  vast  invention  exerts  itself  in  Homer  it 

is  the  great  and  peculiar  characteristic/I  which  dis- 
tinguishes him  from  all  others.  Pope. 

2.  In  math,  the  characteristic  of  a  logarithm 
is  its  index  or  exponent.— Characteristic  of 
a  cubic,  in  geom. ,  the  invariable  anharmonic 
ratio  of  the  four  tangents  which  can  be 
drawn  to  a  plane  cubic  from  any  one  of  its 
own  points. 

Characterlstlcalt  (kar'ak- ter-ist"ik-al) 
Same  as  Characteristic,  n 

Characteristically  (kar'ak-ter-ist"ik-al-li), 


adv.   In  a  characteristic  manner;  in  a  man- 
ner that  distinguishes  character. 

Henry's   hypocrisy   is  not  characteristically   nor 
consistently  maintained.  T.  Warton. 

Characteristicalness  (kar'ak-ter-ist"ik-al- 
nes),  n.  The  state  or  qualities  of  being 
characteristic. 

Chai  acterization  (kar'ak-ter-iz-a"shon),  n. 
Act  of  characterizing. 

Characterize  (kar'ak-ter-iz),!).  (.  [Gr.  charak- 
te.fizo.  ]  1.  To  give  a  special  stamp  or  charac- 
ter to;  to  constitute  a  peculiar  characteristic 
or  the  peculiar  characteristics  of;  to  stamp 
or  distinguish;  as,  humility  characterizes  the 
true  Christian;  the  hero  is  characterized  by 
bravery  and  magnanimity.  'Characterized 
by  certain  mental  peculiarities.'  Buckle. — 
2.  To  give  a  character  or  an  account  of  the 
personal  qualities  of  a  man ;  to  describe  by 
peculiar  qualities.  'One  of  that  species  of 
women  whom  you  have  characterized  under 
the  name  of  jilts.'  Spectator. 

Under  the  name  of  Tamerlane  he  intended  to 
characterise  King  William.  Johnson. 

3.t  To  engrave,  stamp,  or  imprint.  'Senti- 
ments characterized  and  engraven  in  the 
soul.'  Sir  M.  Hale.  [Rare.]— SYN.  To  de- 
scribe, distinguish,  mark,  designate,  stamp. 
Characterless  (kar'ak-ter-les;  formerly 
ka-rak'ter-les),  a.  1.  Destitute  of  any  pecu- 
liar character.  Coleridge.— 2.  Unrecorded. 

Mighty  states  characterless  are  grated 
To  dusty  nothing.  Sha/t. 

Character-monger  (kar'ak-tcr-mung-ger), 
n.  One  given  to  criticise  the  actions  and 
characters  of  other  people;  a  dealer  in  char- 
acters. 

She  (Miss  Burney — Madame  D'Arblay)  was  his  pet, 
his  dear  love,  his  little  character-monger. 

Charactery  (kar'ak-ter-l;  formerly  ka-rak'- 
ter-i),  n.  1.  Mark;  distinction  indicating 
qualities. 

Here  is  a  shell :  'tis  pearly  blank  to  me, 

Nor  marked  with  any  sign  or  charactery.    Keats. 

2.  Act  or  art  of  characterizing;  character- 
ization ;  expression  by  means  of  words  or 

symbols. 

Faeries  use  flowers  for  their  charactery.       ShaJt. 

Charade  (sha-riid'  or  sha-radO,  n.  [Fr.  Ety- 
mology unknown.]  An  enigma  the  solution 
of  which  is  a  word  of  two  or  more  syllables 
each  of  which  is  separately  significant  either 
in  sound  or  spelling,  and  the  meaning  of 
which,  as  well  as  that  of  the  whole  word,  is 
intended  to  be  discovered  from  description 
or  representation.  When  dramatic  repre- 
sentation is  used  to  indicate  the  meaning 
of  the  syllables  and  the  whole  word  it  is 
called  an  acting  charade.  '  Charades  and 
riddles  as  at  Christmas.'  Tennyson. 

Charadriadas,  Charadriidas  (kar-a-dri'a- 
de,  kar-a-dri'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of  gral- 
latorial,  pressirostral  birds,  to  which  the 
genus  Charadrius  has  given  name,  but  in- 
cluding also  the  lapwings,  pratincoles, 
oyster-catchers,  tumstones,  sanderlings.  Ac. 
They  all  run  with  great  swiftness,  and  are 
generally  gregarious.  Many  are  nocturnal, 
and  many  migratory. 

Charadrinae  ( kar-a-dri'ne ),  n.  pi.  A  sub- 
family of  the  Charadriadte,  including  the 
true  plovers.  See  CHARAURIAD.S,  CHARA- 
DRIUS, PLOVER. 

Charadrius  (cha-ra'dri-us),  n.  [Gr.  charad- 
ritis,  the  name  of  a  bird  supposed  to  be  the 
plover  or  lapwing,  from  charadra,  a  ravine.] 
A  genus  of  birds  belonging  to  the  order  Gral- 
latores,  the  characters  of  which  are,  three 
toes  on  each  foot,  the  point  of  the  bill  cylin- 
drical and  obtuse,  and  the  nostrils  linear. 
The  genus  Include)  the  golden  plover  (C 
pluvialis),  the  dotterel  (C.  morinellus),  and 
the  Kentish  plover  (C.  eanfiantw} 

Charag  (ka'rag),  n.  A  tribute  exacted  in 
Turkey  from  Jews  and  Christians 

Charbon  (sharOion),  n.  [Fr.]  A  little  black 
spot  or  mark  remaining  after  the  large  spot 
in  the  cavity  of  the  corner-tooth  of  a  horse 
is  gone. 

Charboncle.t  n.    A  carbuncle.    Chaucer 

Charcoal  (charltol),  n.  [Lit.  'turn-coal,' 
from  O.E.  char,  to  turn,  char,  a  chare  or 
turn  of  work,  charcoal  being  wood  or  other 
substance  turned  into  coal  by  fire-  comp 
Chapman's  'Then  Nestor  broil'd  them  on 
the  cole-turn'd  wood.']  Coal  made  by  char- 
ring wood;  or,  more  generally,  the  carbona- 
ceous residue  of  vegetable,  animal,  or  com- 
bustible mineral  substances,  when  they 
undergo  smothered  combustion.  Woodchar- 
coal  is  used  as  fuel  and  in  the  manufacture 
of  gunpowder,  &c.  Animal  charcoal  de- 
rived from  oils,  fats,  and  bones  possesses,  in 


a  much  higher  degree  than  vegetable  char- 
coal, the  power  of  destroying  vegetable 
colours.  Coke  or  mineral  charcoal  is  de- 
rived from  ordinary  pit-coal.  See  CARBON 

Charcoal-black  (charTrtl-blak),  n.  One  of 
a  series  of  black  pigments,  consisting  of 
burnt  ivory,  bones,  vine-twigs,  peach-stones, 
nut  and  almond  shells,  the  condensed  smoke 
of  resin,  <tc. 

Chard  (chard),  n.  [Fr  charde;  L.  cardmis, 
a  thistle  or  artichoke.]  The  leaves  of  arti- 
choke, covered  with  straw  in  order  to  blanch 
them,  and  make  them  less  bitter.  —  Beet 
chants,  the  leaf-stalks  and  midribs  of  a 
variety  of  white  beet  in  which  these  ].;irt, 
are  greatly  developed,  dressed  for  the  table 

Chardoon  (char'don),  n.    See  CARDOON. 

Chare  (char),  n.  A  narrow  lane  or  passage 
between  houses  in  a  town.  [North  of  En-- 
land.] 

Chare  (char),  n.    Work.    See  CHAR. 

Chare  (char),  v.t.  and  ».    See  CHAR. 

Charewoman  (char'wu-man),  n.  See  CHAR- 
WOMAN. 

Charfron  (shar'iron),  n.  Same  as  Chamfron 

Charge  (charj),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  charged'  ppr 
charging.  [Fr.  charger,  Pr.  cargar,  It.  cari- 
care,  all  from  L.  L.  carricare,  from  carrus,  a 
wagon,  a  car,  whence  also  cargo,  caricature  ] 

1.  To  lay  a  load  or  burden  on  ;  to  load ;  to 
burden;  as,  to  charge  land  with  a  quit-rent; 
in  a  more  general  sense,  to  fill;  to  cover;  to 
occupy. 

What  a  sigh  is  there !  the  heart  is  sorely  charged. 

Shat. 

He  never  seemed  to  charge  his  memory  with  .1 
sense  of  any  of  the  services  that  had  been  done. 

It  Is  pity  the  obelisks  in  Rome  had  not  been 
charged  with  several  parts  of  the  Egyptian  histories, 
instead  of  hieroglyphics.  Addison. 

2.  t  To  put  to  charge  or  expense. 

Good  Master  Brook,  I  desire  more  acquaintance 
of  you.— Good  Sir  John.  I  sue  for  yours:  not  to  charge 
you  ;  for  I  must  let  you  understand  1  think  myself  in 
belter  plight  for  a  lender  than  you  are.  Shat. 

3.  To  impute  or  register  as  a  debt ;  to  place 
on  the  debit  side  of  an  account ;  (a)  with  a 
personal  object,  to  hold  liable  for  the  pay- 
ment of  a  thing :  with  for  before  the  thing : 
as,  am  I    to  charge  you   fur   this  wine? 
(ft)  Witha  thing  for  the  object,  to  or  aiju,n.,t 
being  used  before  the  person;  as,  am  I  to 
charge  this  wine  to  or  against  you?   (c)  With 
a  thing  for  the  object,  to  fix  the  price  of: 
with  at  before  the  price  or  rate ;  as    to 
charge  coal  at  Sd.  a  cwt  —  4.  To  accuse ;  to 
impeach:  followed  by  with  before  the  thing 
of  which  one  is  accused;   as,  to  chain,   a 
man  with  theft. 

In  all  this  Job  sinned  not  nor  charged  God  fool- 
ishly. Job  i.  -a. 

If  he  did  that  wrong  you  charge  him  Tvilh, 
His  angel  broke  his  heart.  Tennyson. 

6.  To  lay  to  one's  charge ;  to  impute ;  ti> 
ascribe  the  responsibility  of :  with  a  thing  for 
the  object,  and  on,  upon,  or  against  before 
the  person  or  thing  to  which  anything  is. 
imputed;  as,  I  charge  the  guilt  of  this  071 
you ;  the  accident  must  be  charged  against 
his  own  carelessness. 

Perverse  mankind !  whose  wills,  created  free, 
Charge  all  their  woes  on  absolute  decree.      Pope. 

6.  To  intrust;  to  commission:  with  with. 

And  the  captain  of  the  guard  chargtd  Joseph  TciWr 
them,  and  he  served  them.  Gen  xl.  4. 

7.  To  command ;  to  enjoin ;  to  instruct ;  to 
urge  earnestly;  to  exhort;  to  adjure:  with 
a  person  or  thing  for  the  object. 

The  king  hath  strictly  charged  the  contrary. 

ShaJt. 

And  he  straitly  charged  them  that  they  should  not 
make  him  known.  Mark  iii.  12. 

Avoid!  I  charge  thee.  tempt  me  not.          sli.it. 

8.  To  give  directions  to;  to  instruct  authori- 
tatively; as,  to  charge  a  jury.— 9.  To  call  to 
account;  to  challenge. 

Charge  us  there  upon  interrogatories. 
And  we  will  answer  all  things  faithfully.    Shak. 

10.  To  fill  any  receiver  with  what  it  is  in- 
tended to  contain ;  as,  to  charge  a  gun ; 
to  charge  a  glass  with  wine;  to  charge  a 
Leyden-jar.  '  Their  battering  cannon  charged 
to  the  mouths.'  Ma*.— 11.  To  bear  down 
upon;  to  make  an  onset  on;  to  fall  on;  to 
rush  or  dash  upon;  to  attack  by  rushing 
against  violently.  •  Charged  our  nmii>- 
battle's  front.'  Shak.—  Accuse,  Charge,  In- 
dict, Arraign,  Impeach.  See  ACCUSE. 
Charge  (charj),  v.i.  1.  To  make  an  onset; 
to  rush  to  an  attack. 

Charge,  Chester,  charge!    On,  Stanley,  on! 
Were  the  last  words  of  Manuion.      Sir  If.  Scott. 
I  have  been  at  his  right  hand  many  a  day  when  he 
Dictens. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       toe,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull; 


s  charging  upon  ruin  full  gallop. 


oil,  pound;      u,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  foy. 


CHARGE 


443 


CHARITY 


2.  To  place  the  price  of  a  thing  to  one's 
debit ;  as,  I  will  not  charge  for  this. 
Charge  (charj),  »i.     1.  That  which  is  laid  on 
nr  in;    in  a  general  sense,   any  load  or 
burden. 

'Tis  a  great  charge  to  come  under  one  body's  hand. 

2.  The  quantity  of  anything  which  an  appa- 
ratus, as  u  gun,  an  electric  battery,  &c.,  is 
intended  to  receive  and  fitted  to  hold,  or 
what  is  actually  in  as  a  load. —3.  An 
attack;  onset;  rush.  'O  the  wild  charge  ( 
they  made  ! '  Tmnuton,  —  4.  An  order  or  , 
signal  of  attack.  'Gives  the  hot  charge 
and  bids  them  do  their  liking.'  Shak.— 
5  t  The  posture  of  a  weapon  fitted  for  an 
attack  or  combat.  '  Their  armed  staves  in 
charge.'  Shak. —6.  An  order;  injunction; 
mandate;  command. 

Set  him  (Joshua)  before  Eleazar  the  priest,  and 
before  all  the  congregation ;  and  give  him  a  charge 
in  their  sight.  Num.  xxvn.  19. 

Hence— 7.  A  duty  enjoined  on  or  intrusted 
to  one ;  care ;  custody ;  oversight. 

I  nave  my  brother  Hanani  .  .  .  charge  over  Jeru- 
salem. Neh.  vii.  2. 

Oh  ye !  whose  charge 
It  is  to  hover  round  our  pleasing  hills.       Keats. 

It  is  followed  by  of  or  over ;  more  generally 
by  of,  and  preceded  by  in,  signifying  under 
the  care  of  any  one. 

He  inquired  many  things,  as  well  concerning  the 
princes  which  had  the  charge  a/  the  city,  whether 
they  were  in  hope  to  defend  the  same.       A  Holies. 
A  hard  division,  when  the  harmless  sheep 
Must  leave  their  lambs  to  hungry  wolves  in  charge. 
Fairfax. 

8.  The  person  or  thing  committed  to  another's 
custody,  care,  or  management ;  a  trust;  thus 
the  people  of  a  parish  are  called  the  mini- 
ster's charge. 

The  starry  guardian  drove  his  charge  away 
To  some  fresh  pasture.  Dryden. 

9  Instructions  given  by  a  judge  to  a  jury, 
or  an  exhortation  given  by  a  bishop  to  his 

The  bishop  has  recommended  this  author  in  his 
charge  to  the  clergy.  Drydcn. 

10.  In  Scots  law,  (a)  the  command  of  the 
sovereign's  letters  to  perform  some  act,  as 
to  enter  an  heir,  (b)  The  messenger's  copy 
of  service  requiring  the  person  to  obey  the 
order  of  the  letters,  or  generally  to  imple- 
ment the  decree  of  a  court ;  as,  a  charge  on 
letters  of  horning,  or  a  chanje  against  a 
superior.— 11.  What  is  alleged  or  brought 
forward  by  way  of  accusation;  imputation; 
accusation.  'The  charge  of  confounding  to- 
gether very  different  classes  of  phenomena.' 
Whewell. 

We  need  not  lay  new  matter  to  his  charge.    Shat. 

12.  That  which  constitutes  debt  in  commer- 
cial transactions;  the  sum  payable  as  the 
price  of  anything  bought;  an  entry  of 
money  or  the  price  of  goods  on  the  debit 
side  of  an  account. —13.  Cost;  expense^ 
'This  army  of  such  mass  and  charge.' 
Shak.  —  U.  Imposition  on  land  or  estate; 
rent,  tax,  or  whatever  constitutes  a  burden 
orduty.— 15.  In/nmery.apreparation  of  the 
consistence  of  a  thick  decoction,  or  between 
an  ointment  and  a  plaster,  used  as  a  remedy 
for  sprains  and  inflammations.— 10.  In  her. 
a  bearing,  or  any  figure  borne  or  represented 
on  an  escutcheon  whether  on  the  field  or 
on  an  ordinary.  — 17.  A  quantity  of  lead  ol 
somewhat  uncertain  amount,  but  supposed 
to  be  36  pigs,  each  pig  containing  6  stones 
of  12  Ibs.  each.  Called  also  Charre.— SYN. 
Care,  custody,  trust,  management,  cost, 
price,  expense,  assault,  attack,  onset,  in 
junction,  command,  order,  mandate. 
Chargeability  ( charj  -  a  -  oil '  i  -  ti ),  n.  The 
quality  or  condition  of  being  chargeabl 
chargeabUmess. 

Chargeable  (charj'a-bl),  a.  1.  Capable  o 
being  charged :  as,  (a)  capable  of  being  01 
falling  to  be  set,  laid,  or  imposed;  as,  a 
duty  chargeable  on  wine.  (6)  Subject  to  a 
charge  or  tax ;  as,  wine  chargeable  with  a 
duty,  (c)  Capable  of  being  laid  to  one' 
charge ;  capable  of  being  imputed  to  one 
•Some  fault  chargeable  upon  him.'  South 
(d)  Subject  to  accusation ;  liable  to  be  ac 
cused. 

Your  papers  would  be  chargeable  with  somethi 
worse  than  indelicacy ;  they  would  be  immoral. 

Spectator. 

2.  t  Expensive;  costly;  causing  expense,  am 
hence  burdensome.     'That  we  may  not  b 
chargeable  to  any  of  you.'    2  Thes.  ii.  8.     ' 
bloody  and  chargeable  civil  war.'    Burke. 

Considering  the  chargeable  methods  of  their  edu 
cation,  and  their  small  income,  it  is  next  to  a  miracl 
that  no  more  of  their  children  should  want. 

Atterbury. 


S.t  Weighty ;  involving  care  and  trouble. 

Charles  was  at  that  time  letted  with  chargeable 
business.  Fabyan. 

Chargeableness  (charj'a-lil-nes).  n.  The 
quality  of  being  chargeable;  (a)  Capability 
of  being  charged;  chargeability.  (b)i  Expcii- 
siveness;  cost;  costliness.  Whitlock;  Boyle. 

Chargeablyt  (charj'a-bli),  adv.  Expen- 
sively ;  at  great  cost.  Ascham. 

Chargeant,  t  o.  Burdensome.  '  A  gret 
multitude  of  peple,  ful  chargeant,  and  ful 
anoyous.'  Chaucer. 

Charged  (charjd).  p.  and  o.  1.  In  her. 
carrying  a  certain  charge,  bearing,  or  device, 
or  serving  as  a  charge. — 2.  In  painting,  gen- 
erally used  in  the  sense  of  overcharged  or 
exaggerated ;  but  '  painted  with  a  charged 
Drush '  means  painted  in  a  full,  bold  style. 
harg6  d'Affalres  (shar-zha  daf-far),  n. 
'Yt.,  lit.  charged  with  affairs.  ]  One  who 
transacts  diplomatic  business  at  a  foreign 
court  during  the  absence  of  his  superior 
the  ambassador.  The  agents  that  bear  this 
name  also  form  a  separate  class,  being  the 
chosen  envoys  or  residents  at  the  states  to 
which  other  states  do  not  appoint  diploma- 
tists of  the  higher  grades.  They  constitute 
the  third  or  lowest  class  of  foreign  ministers, 
and  are  accredited,  not  to  the  sovereign, 
but  to  the  department  for  foreign  affairs. 

Chargefult  (charj 'ful),  a.  Expensive; 
costly.  'The  charqefvl  fashion.'  Shak. 

Charge-house  t  (enarjlious),  n.  A  school- 
house. 

Do  you  not  educate  youth  at  the  charge-house  t  Shak. 

/hargeless  ( charj 'les),  o.  1.  Free  from 
charge. — 2. t  Not  expensive;  free  from  ex- 
pense. 'A  place  both  more  publick,  roomy, 
and  chargeless.'  Bp.  Hall. 
Ihargeoust  (char'jus),  a.  Costly;  expen- 
sive; burdensome. 

And  when  I  was  among  you  and  had  need  I  was 
chargeotts  to  no  man.  Wicklijfe. 

Charger  (charj'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  charges. —2.  A  large  dish.  Slat, 
xiv.  8. —  3.  A  war-horse.  'Some  who  on 
battle  charger  prance.'  Byron. 
Charge- sheet  ( charj 'shet),  n.  A  paper 
kept  at  a  police-station  to  receive  each 
night  the  names  of  the  persons  brought 
and  given  into  custody,  with  the  nature  of 
the  accusation  and  the  name  of  the  accuser 
in  each  case. 

Chargeshlp  (shar'zha-ship),  n.  The  office 
of  a  charge^  d'affaires. 

Charily  (cha'ri-li),  adv.  In  a  chary  manner; 
carefully;  warily;  sparingly;  frugally. 

Chariness  (cha'ri-nes),  n.  1.  The  quality  of 
being  chary;  caution;  care;  frugality;  spar- 
ingness.— 2.t  Nicety;  scrupulousness. 

I  will  consent  to  act  any  villany  against  him  that 
may  not  sully  the  chariness  of  our  honesty.      Sk 

Chariot  (char'i-ot),  n.  [Fr.  chariot,  from 
char,  a  car.  See  CAR.]  1.  A  stately  four- 
wheeled  pleasure  or  state  carriage  having 
one  seat.— 2.  A  car  or  vehicle  formerly  used 


Grecian  Chariot.— Hope's  Costume  of  the  Ancients. 

in  war,  in  processions,  and  for  racing,  drawn 
by  two  or  more  horses.  Among  the  Greeks, 
especially,  these  chariots  were  commonly 
ornamented  with  highly  artistic  designs. 
Chariot  (char'i-ot),  v.t.  To  convey  in  a 
chariot.  [Rare.] 

An  angel    ...    all  in  flames  ascended.    .     .     . 
As  in  a  fiery  column  charioting 
His  godlike  presence. 

Chariotee  (chart-o-te"),  n.  A  small  light 
pleasure-chariot  with  two  seats  and  four 

Charloteer(char-i-o-terO,n.  Thepersonwho 
drives  or  conducts  a  chariot.  'Mounted 
combatants  and  charioteers.'  Cowper. 

Charioteering  ( char/i-o-ter"ing ),  n.  The 
act  or  art  of  driving  a  chariot. 

Good  charioteering  is  exhibited,  not  by  furious 


lashing  of  the  horses,  but  by  judicious  management 
of  the  reins.  Aird. 

Chariot-man  t  (char'i-ot -man),  n.  Th> 
driver  of  a  chariot.  2  Chr.  xviii.  33. 

Chariot-race  (char'i-ot-ras).  n.  A  race 
with  chariots;  a  sport  in  which  chariots 
were  driven  in  contest  for  a  jn  i/r. 

Charism  (kar'i/m).  «.  Id  <i<:n-;,,na,  a 
gift]  Ecclea.  a  miraculous  gift  or  power 
conferred  on  the  early  Christians,  as  of 
healing,  of  tongues,  dec. 

Charitable  (char'it-a-bl),  o.  [Fr.  charitable. 
charitable,  benevolent.  See  CHARITY.  ) 
Pertaining  to  or  characteri/ed  by  charity; 
as,  (rt)  full  of  good-will  or  tenderness;  bene- 
volent and  kind ;  as,  a  charitable  disposi- 
tion. 

Sche  was  so  charitable  and  so  pilous 
Sche  wolde  weepe  if  that  sche  sawe  a  mous 
Caught  in  a  trappe,  if  it  were  deede  or  btedde. 
Chaucer. 

(b)  Liberal  in  benefactions  to  the  poor  and 
in  relieving  them  in  distress,  (c)  Pertaining 
to  alms-giving  or  relief  to  the  poor;  sprini; 
ing  from  charity  or  intended  for  charity; 
as,  a  charitable  institution. 

How  shall  we  then  wish  ...  to  live  our  lives  over 
again  in  order  to  fill  every  moment  with  charitable 
offices !  Alterbury. 

(ft)  Lenient  in  judging  of  others;  not  harsh: 
favourable;  as,  a  charitable  judgment  of 
one's  conduct.  —  SYN.  Kind,  benevolent, 
liberal,  favourable,  indulgent. 
Charitableness  (char'it-a-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  charitable;  the  disposition 
to  be  charitable;  or  the  exercise  of  charity. 
'  A  less  mistaken  charitableness. '  Milton. 

He  seemed  to  me.  by  his  faith  and  by  his  charitable- 
ness, to  include  in  his  soul  some  grains  of  the  golden 
age.  Biylf. 

Charitably  (chartt-a-bli),  adv.  In  a  char- 
itable  manner;  kindly;  liberally;  benevo- 
lently; with  a  disposition  to  help  the  poor; 
favourably;  as,  to  be  charitably  disposed 
towards  all  men. 

'Tis  best  sometimes  your  censure  to  restrain. 
And  charitably  let  the  dull  be  vain.  Pope. 

Charitatlvei  (char'i-ta-tiv).n.  Arising  from 
or  influenced  by  charity;  charitable. 

Charitative  considerations,  a  respect  to  which  was 
strictly  had  in  all  the  doctor's  writings.  Kf.  Fell. 

CharitOUS.ta     Charitable.    Cower. 

Charity  (char'i-ti),  n.  [Fr.  charite,  O.Fr. 
charitet,  cariteit,  from  L.  caritas,  caritatis, 
from  earns,  dear,  whence  also  caress.]  1.  In 
a  general  sense,  all  the  good  affections  men 
ought  to  feel  towards  each  other;  one  or 
more  of  such  feelings.  In  a  theological 
sense  it  includes  love  to  God  and  universal 
good-will  to  men. 

Now  abideth  faith,  hope,  charity,  these  three;  but 
the  greatest  of  these  is  charity.  i  Cor.  xnl.  13. 

They,  at  least,  are  little  to  be  envied,  in  whose 
hearts  the  great  charities  ...  lie  dead.  Austin. 

2  Liberality  in  judging  of  men  and  their  ac- 
tions ;  a  disposition  which  inclines  men  to 
think  and  judge  favourably,  and  to  put  the 
best  construction  on  words  and  actions. 

The  highest  exercise  of  charity  is  charity  towards 
the  uncharitable.  Buctminilir. 

3.  Liberality  to  the  poor,  or  to  benevolent 
institutions. 

Heaven  be  their  resource  who  have  no  other  but 
the  charity  of  the  world,  the  stock  of  which,  I  fear, 
is  no  way  sufficient  for  the  many  great  claims  which 
are  hourly  made  on  it. 

4.  Alms;  whatever  is  bestowed  gratuitously 
on  the  poor  for  their  relief. 

It  was  not  in  dress,  nor  feasting,  nor  promiscuous 
charities  that  his  chief  expenses  l..y.  Macaulay. 

5  Any  act  of  kindness  or  benevolence;  as, 
it  would  be  a  chariti/  to  refrain  from  criti- 
cism" him  —8  A  charitable  institution;  a 
foundation  for  the  relief  of  certain  persons 
by  alms  education,  or  otherwise ;  an  hos- 
pital •  a  mortification.  'A  patron  of  some 
thirty  charities.'  Tennyson.-!.  In  Kmjluh 
law  a  term  used  to  signify  such  charitable 
bequests  as  are  within  the  letter  and  the 
spirit  of  the  statute  of  Elizalwth,  called  the 
statute  of  charitable  uses,  as  gifts,  devises, 
Ac  for  the  relief  of  aged,  impotent,  and 
poor  people,  for  schools  of  learning,  free- 
schools  and  scholars  of  universities,  for  re- 
pairs of  bridges,  ports,  highways,  churches, 
for  education  and  preferment  of  orphans. 
&c  By  the  statute  above-mentioned  all 
devises  for  superstitious  uses  are  prohibited. 
—Charity  Brothers  of.  See  IGNORANTIX.  — 
Charity,  Sisters  of,  nuns  who  minister  to 
the  poor  and  nurse  the  sick ;  specifically  a 
congregation  with  annual  vows  founded  by 
Vincent  de  Paul  in  France. —SYN.  Love, 


ch,  chain;      ch,  Sc.  locft;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton; 


ng,  sin?;     IH.  Oien;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;    wh,  toAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KIT. 


CHARITY-BOY 


444 


CHART 


benevolence,  good -will,  affection,  tender- 
ness liberality,  candour,  indulgence,  alms- 
giving. 

Charity-boy  (chai-'i-ti-boi),»i.  A  boy  brought 
up  at  a  charity-school  or  on  a  charitable 
foundation. 

Charity-children  (char'i-t!-chil-dren),>i.  pi. 
Children  brought  up  in  a  charity-school  or 
on  a  charitable  foundation. 

Charity-girl  (char'i-ti-gerl),  n.  A  girl 
brought  up  at  a  charity-school  or  on  a  char- 
itable foundation. 

Charity-school  (char'i-ti-skbl),  n.  A  school 
maintained  by  voluntary  contributions  or 
bequests,  for  educating,  and  in  many  cases 
for  lodging,  feeding,  and  clothing  poor  chil- 
dren. 

Charivari  (sha-re-va-re),n.  [Fr.]  1.  A  mock 
serenade  of  discordant  music,  kettles,  tin- 
horns, &c.,  which  used  to  be  performed  in 
France  before  the  houses  of  old  people  who 
re-married,  and  is  still  practised  in  the 
United  States  as  a  means  of  nocturnal  an- 
noyance. Hence  — 2.  From  its  suggesting 
derision,  ridicule,  satire,  it  has  come  to  be 
employed  as  the  name  of  several  satirical 
journals;  as,  Punch,  or  the  London  Chari- 
vari. 

Charkt  (chiirk),?t.  [First  syllable  of  charcoal 
regarded  as  equivalent  to  chare-coal.]  Char- 
coal. 

I  contrived  to  burn  some  wood  here,  as  I  had  seen 
done  in  England,  under  turf,  till  it  became  chark  or 
dry  coal.  Defoe. 

Chark  t  (chark),  v.t.  [See  above.]  To  burn 
to  a  coal ;  to  char.  '  If  it  flames  not  out, 
charks  him  to  a  coal.'  JV.  Grew.  '  Like 
wood  charked  for  the  smith.'  Johnson. 

Charlatan  (shiir'la-tan),  n.  [Fr,  from  It. 
ciarlatano,  a  quack,  from  ciarlare,  to  prate, 
to  chatter  like  birds.]  One  who  prates 
much  in  his  own  favour  and  makes  unwar- 
rantable pretensions  to  skill;  a  quack;  an 
empiric;  a  mountebank.  '  Quacks  and  char- 
latans.' Taller. 

Charlatanic  (shar-la-tan'ik),o.  Resembling 
or  pertaining  to  a  charlatan;  as,  charlatanic 
tricks. 

Charlatanical  (shar-la-tan'ik-al).o.  Quack- 
ish;  making  undue  pretensions  to  skill. 

A  cowardly  soldier,  and  a  charlatanical  doctor, 
are  the  principal  subjects  of  comedy.  Con-ley. 

Charlatanlcally  (shar-la-tan'ik-al-li),  adv. 
In  a  charlatanic  manner;  like  a  charlatan. 

Charlatanism  (sharta-tan-izm),  n.  Quack- 
ery; charlatanry. 

Charlatanry,  Charlatanery  (shar'la-tan- 
ri,  shar-la-tan'i-ri),  n.  Undue  pretensions 
to  skill;  quackery;  wheedling;  deception  by 
fair  words. 

Harley  was  a  charlatan  and  a  knave;  but  in  all  his 
Charlatanery,  and  all  his  knavery,  he  indulged  the 
reveries  of  genius.  /.  D' Israeli. 

Charles's  Wain  (charlz'iz  wan  V*.  [Usually 
considered  to  be  a  corruption  of  churl's  (that 
is  farmer's  or  peasant's)  wain,  but  some 
think  that  'Charles'  may  refer  to  the  great 
Emperor  Charles,  Charlemagne.  ]  In  astron. 
the  seven  brightest  stars  in  the  constel- 
lation called  Ursa  Major  or  the  Great  Bear. 
Known  also  as  the  Plough,  and  sometimes 
as  the  Butcher's  Cleaver.  Two  of  the  stars 
are  known  as  the  pointers,  because  being 
nearly  in  a  right  line  with  the  pole-star, 
they  direct  an  observer  to  it. 
Charlock  (char'lok),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cerlic;  in 
later  times  carlock;  the  term,  is  the  same  as 
in  garlic,  hemlock,  and  meant  properly  leek, 
though  it  seems  also  to  have  been  used  in  the 
wider  sense  of  plant  or  root]  The  English 
name  of  Sinapin  arvcnsis,  a  common  yellow 
weed  in  cornfields.  Jointed  or  white  char- 
lock is  Jlaphanus  RaphanMrum.  It  also  is 
a  common  cornfield  weed,  but  having  white 
or  straw-coloured  flowers  and  jointed  pods 
Cliarlotte-russe  (shartot-rbs),  n.  [Fr.  char- 
lotte, a  marmalade  of  apples  covered  with 
pieces  of  toasted  bread,  and  Russe, Russian.] 
A  dish  made  of  a  kind  of  syllabub,  or  whip- 
ped-cream  cheese,  covered  with  a  sort  of 
sponge-cake. 

Charly  (char'li),  n.  A  slang  name  for  a 
member  of  the  London  night-watch  before 
the  police  force  was  organized  in  1829:  so 
called  from  Charles  I.,  in  whose  reign  the 
system  was  reorganized.  Collectively  the 
force  was  called  the  Charlies. 
Charm  (charm),  n.  [Fr.  charme,  a  charm, 
an  enchantment,  from  L.  carmen,  a  song,  a 
verse,  a  charm.]  l.tA  melody;  a  song.  'With 
charm  of  earliest  birds.'  Milton. 

Favourable  times  did  us  afford 
Free  libertic  to  chaunt  our  charms  at  will. 

Sfenser. 


2.  Anything  believed  to  possess  some  occult 
or  supernatural  power,  such  as  an  amulet 
or  spell  or  some  mystic  observance.    '  This 
charm  of  woven  paces  and  of  waving  hands. ' 
Tennyson. 

She  works  by  charms,  by  spells,  by  the  figure. 

Shak. 

Hast  thou  a  charm  to  stay  the  morning-star 
In  his  steep  course!  Coleridge. 

3.  Something  which  exerts  an  irresistible 
power  to  please  and  attract;  fascination; 
allurement;  attraction.    '  All  the  charms  of 
love. '    Shak.     '  The  smiles  of  nature  and 
the  charms  of  art.'    Addison. — 4.  A  trinket, 
such  as  a  locket,  seal,  &c.,  worn  on  a  watch- 
guard. 

Charm  (charm),  v.  t.  1.  To  subdue  or 
control  by  incantation  or  magical 
or   supernatural    influence.      'No 
witchcraft  charm  thee.'    Shak. 
I'll  charm  his  eyes  against  she  do  appear. 

2.  To  fortify  or  make  Invulnerable 
with  charms. 

I  bear  a  charmed  life,  which  must  not  yield 
To  one  of  woman  bom.  Shak. 

3.  To  subdue  or  soothe  as  if  by  magic; 
to  allay  or  appease  by  what  gives 
delight. 

Music  the  fiercest  grief  can  charm.  Pope. 

4.  To  give  exquisite  pleasure  to ;  to 
fascinate;  to  enchant 

They,  on  their  mirth  and  dance  intent. 

With  jocund  music  charm  his  ear.  Milton. 

5.t  To  play,  as  on  an  instrument;  to  pro- 
duce musical  sounds  from.  '  Charming  his 
oaten  pipe  unto  his  peres. '  Spenser. — 
Sytt.  To  fascinate,  enchant,  enrapture,  cap- 
tivate. 

Charm  (charm),  r.t.  1  To  work  with  magic 
power;  to  act  as  a  charm  or  spell;  to  pro- 
duce the  effect  of  a  charm. 

No  fairy  takes,  nor  witch  hath  power  to  charm. 
Shak. 

2.  To  please  in  a  high  degree;  as,  a  melody 
that  could  charm  more  than  any  other. — 

3.  t  To  give  forth  musical  sounds. 

And  all  the  while  harmonious  airs  were  heard. 
Of  chiming  strings  or  charming  pipes.       Mtlton. 

Charmer  (charm'er),  n.  One  that  charms, 
or  has  power  to  charm,  (a)  One  that  uses 
or  has  the  power  of  enchantment,  or  some 
similar  power.  Deut.  xviii.  11. 

They  are  like  the  deaf  adder  that  stoppeth  her 
ear ;  which  will  not  listen  to  the  voice  of  charmers, 
charming  never  so  wisely.  Ps.  Iviii.  4,  5. 

(&)  One  who  delights  and  attracts  the  affec- 
tions. 

How  happy  could  1  be  with  either. 

Were  t'other  dear  charmer  away.  Gay. 

Charmeress  (charm'er-es),  n  An  enchant- 
ress. 'CharmereKsin,  and  old  witches. '  Chau- 
cer. [Rare.] 

Charmful  (charm'ful),  a.  Abounding  with 
charms  or  melodies;  charming;  melodious. 
'And  with  him  bid  his  charwful  lyre  to 
bring.'  Comity.  [Rare.] 

Charming  (charming),  a.  Pleasing  in  the 
highest  degree;  delighting;  fascinating. 

He  saw  her  charming,  but  he  saw  not  half 
The  charms  her  downcast  modesty  coticeal'd. 
Thomson. 

SYN.  Enchanting,  bewitching,  captivating, 
enrapturing,  alluring,  fascinating,  delight- 
ful, graceful,  lovely,  amiable 
Charmingly  (charm'ing-li),adt>.  In  a  charm- 
ing manner;  delightfully. 

She  smiled  very  charmingly,  and  discovered  as 
fine  a  set  of  teeth  as  ever  eye  beheld.  Addison. 

3harmingnes8  ( charm' ing -nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  charming ;  the 
power  to  please. 

Charmless  (charm'les),  a.  Destitute  of 
charms.  [Rare.  ] 

Saw  my  mistress,  .  .  .  who  is  grown  a  little  charm- 
'"••  £«•</>• 

Charneco.t  Charnicot  (char'ne-ko,  char'ni 
ko),  n.  [Probably  from  Charneco,  a  village 
near  Lisbon.]  A  kind  of  sweet  wine,  pro- 
bably Portuguese. 

Here's  a  cup  of  Charneco.          Shak. 
Where  no  old  Charnico  is,  nor  no  anchoves 

Beau.  &•  Ft. 

Charnel  (chartiel),  a.  [Fr.  chantel,  O  Fr. 
carnel,  carnal,  from  L.  camala.  and  that 
from  can,  carnis,  flesh.]  Containing  flesh 
or  carcasses.  [Rare.] 

Those  thick  and  gloomy  shadows  damp 
Oft  seen  in  charnel  vaults  and  sepulchres. 

Milton. 
All  stood  together  on  the  deck. 

For  a  charnel  dungeon  fitter.     Coleridge. 


Charnel  (char'nel),  n.  A  repository  for  the 
bones  of  the  dead;  a  charnel-house.  'C/tar- 
nels  and  the  house  of  woe.'  T.  Warton. 

Better  be- 
Where  the  extinguish'*!  Spartans  still  are  free 
In  their  proud  charnel  of  Thermopylae.      Byron. 

Charnel-house  (char'nel-hous),  n.  A  place 
under  or  near  churches  where  the  bones  of 
the  dead  are  deposited;  anciently,  a  kind  of 
portico  or  gallery,  in  or  near  a  church-yard 
over  which  the  bones  of  the  dead  were  laid 
after  the  flesh  was  consumed. 

Charon  (ka'ron),  n.  In  class,  myth  the  son 
of  Erebos,  whose  office  was  to  ferry  the  souls 
of  the  deceased  over  the  Styx,  a  river  of  the 


Charon  and  two  Spirits  of  deceased  Persons.— I'anofka, 


infernal  regions,  for  a  piece  of  money,  which 
was  placed  in  the  mouth  of  the  corpse  pre- 
vious to  burial. 

Charple  (shar-pe),  n.  [Fr.,  pp.  of  an  old 
verb  charpir,  to  tease  out.  from  L.  carpo,  to 
pluck,  to  pull.  ]  Lint  for  dressing  a  wound 
Charpoy  (char'poi),  n.  In  the  East  Indies, 
a  small  portable  stretcher  bed,  consisting  nf 
a  wooden  frame  resting  on  four  legs,  with 
tape  across  to  support  the  bedding.  IF.  H . 
Russell. 

Charqui  (char'ke),  n.  [The  Chilian  name, 
of  which  the  English  term  jerked  beef  is  a 
corruption.]  Jerked  beef;  beef  cut  into 
strips  of  about  an  inch  thick  and  dried  by 
exposure  to  the  sun.  If  cut  from  the  animal 
in  good  condition,  and  well  dried,  it  will 
keep  for  any  length  of  time. 
Charr,  n.  A  kind  of  fish.  See  CHAR. 
Charre  (char),  n.  Same  as  Charge,  17. 
Charry  (char'ri),  a.  Pertaining  to  charcoal; 
like  charcoal  or  partaking  of  its  qualities. 
Chart  (chart),  n.  [L.  charta,  paper,  a  leaf 
of  paper.  In  meaning  3  from  O.Fr.  charte, 
a  charter.  Card  is  the  same  word  under 
a  different  form.]  1.  A  sheet  of  any  kind 
on  which  information  is  exhibited  in  a 
methodical  or  tabulated  form ;  as,  an  his- 
torical chart;  a  genealogical  chart;  a  chart 
of  the  kings  of  England.— 2.  A  hydrographi- 
cal  or  marine  map;  a  draught  or  projection 
on  paper  of  some  part  of  the  earth's  sur- 
face, with  the  coasts,  islands,  rocks,  banks, 
channels,  or  entrances  into  harbours,  rivers, 
and  bays,  the  points  of  compass,  soundings 
or  depth  of  water,  Ac.,  to  regulate  the 
courses  of  ships  in  their  voyages.  The  term 
chart  is  applied  to  a  marine  map;  map  Is 
applied  to  a  draught  of  some  portion  of 
land.  —  Globular  chart  is  a  meridional  pro- 
jection in  which  the  distance  of  the  eye  from 
the  plane  of  the  meridian  on  which  the  pro- 
jection is  made  is  supposed  to  be  equal  to 
the  sine  of  the  angle  of  forty-five  degrees. — 
Mrrcalor's  chart  is  one  on  which  the  merid- 
ians are  straight  lines,  parallel  and  equidis- 
tant ;  the  parallels  of  latitude  are  straight 
lines,  the  distance  between  which  increases 
from  the  equator  toward  either  pole,  in  the. 
ratio  of  the  secant  of  the  latitude  to  the 
radius.  —  Plane  chart  is  a  representation  of 
some  part  of  the  surface  of  the  globe  in 
which  the  meridians  are  supposed  parallel 
to  each  other,  the  parallels  of  latitude  at 
equal  distances,  and  of  course  the  degrees 
of  latitude  and  longitude  everywhere  equal 
to  each  other.  —  Selenographic  charts  re- 
present the  spots  and  appearances  of  the 
moon. — Topoyraphic  charts  are  draughts  of 
particular  places  or  small  parts  of  the  earth. 
3.  A  written  deed  or  charter. 

In  old  charts  we  find  the  words  Angli  and  Anfrliti 
contradistinguished  to  Franci.  Uraay. 

Chart  (chart),  r.t  To  lay  down  on  a  chart; 
to  delineate  on  a  map ;  to  map  out ;  to  de- 
lineate, as  on  a  chart;  as,  to  chart  a  coast 

What  ails  us,  who  are  sound, 
That  we  should  mimic  this  raw  fool  the  world. 
Which  charts  us  all  in  its  coarse  blacks  and  whites. 
Tennyson. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CHARTA 


445 


CHASER 


Charta  (kiirta),  n.  [L.]  Lit.  a  paper  or 
parchment;  a  charter.  See  CHART. 

Chartaceous  (kar-ta'shus),a.  Inbot.  papery; 
resembling  paper:  applied  to  the  paper-like 
texture  of  leaves,  bark,  Ac. 

Charte  (shiirt),  n.  [Fr.  See  CHART.]  The 
constitution  or  fundamental  law  of  the 
French  monarchy  as  drawn  up  on  the  re- 
storation of  Louis  XVIII. 

Chartel  t  (kiirtel),  n.    Same  as  Cartel. 

Charter  (charter),  n.  [O.Fr.  chartre,  cartre, 
from  L.  cliartarius.  pertaining  to  paper,  from 
c/iarta,  paper.  See  CARD.]  1.  A  written  in- 
strument, executed  with  usual  forms,  given 
as  evidence  of  a  grant,  contract,  or  whatever 
is  done  between  man  and  man;  any  instru- 
ment executed  with  form  and  solemnity  be- 
stowin','  rights  and  privileges.  As  between 
private  pel-sons  the  term  is  more  especially 
applied  to  deeds  and  instruments  under  seal 
for  the  conveyance  of  lands;  title-deeds. 
Royal  charters  are  such  as  are  granted  by 
sovereigns,  and  convey  certain  rights  and 
privileges  to  their  subjects,  such  as  the 
Great  Charter,  granted  by  King  John  (See 
MAONA  CHARTA),  and  charters  granted  by 
various  sovereigns  to  boroughs  and  muni- 
cipal bodies,  to  universities  and  colleges, 
or  to  colonies  and  foreign  possessions; 
somewhat  similar  to  which  are  charters 
granted  by  the  state  or  legislature  to  banks 
and  other  companies  or  associations,  &c. 
In  Scot*  law,  a  charter  is  the  evidence  of  a 
grant  of  heritable  property  made  under  the 
feudal  condition  that  the  grantee  shall  an- 
nually pay  a  sum  of  money  or  perform  cer- 
tain services  to  the  granter,  and  it  must  be 
in  the  form  of  a  written  deed.  The  most 
common  kind  of  charters  are  feu  charters. 
See  FEU. 

Borough  after  borough  was  compelled  to  surrender 
its  privileges ;  and  new  charters  were  granted  which 
pave  the  ascendency  everywhere  to  the  Tories. 

Macaulay. 

2.  Privilege;  immunity;  exemption.  [Rare.] 

My  mother. 

Who  has  a  charter  to  extol  her  blood. 
When  she  does  praise  me,  grieves  me.     Shafc. 

S.  In  com.  (a)  the  letting  or  hiring  a  ship  by 
special  contract;  as,  a  ship  is  offered  for  sale 
or  charter.  (6)  The  limits  or  terms  of  such 
a  contract,  (c)  The  written  instrument  em- 
bodying the  terms  of  the  contract.— 4.  In 
politics,  a  sort  of  claim  of  rights,  or  docu- 
ment embodying  the  demands  or  principles 
of  the  Chartists.  See  CHARTIST. 
Charter  (charter),  v.t.  1.  To  hire  or  let  a 
ship  by  charter.  See  CHARTER-PARTY.— 
2.  To  establish  by  charter ;  as,  to  charter  a 

Charterable  (charter-a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being,  or  in  a  condition  to  be,  chartered  or 
hired,  as  a  ship. 

Charter-boy  (charter-boi),  n.  A  boy  on 
the  Charter-house  foundation.  See  CHAR- 
TER-HOUSE. 

Charter -brother  (char'ter-bruTH-er),  n. 
One  of  the  inmates  and  pensioners  of  the 
Charter-house. 

Chartered  (char'terd),  p.  and  a.  1.  Hired 
or  let  by  charter-party,  as  a  ship.  — 2.  In- 
vested with  privileges  by  charter;  privi- 
leged. 

When  he  speaks, 
The  air,  a  chartered  libertine,  is  still.     Shak. 

8.  Granted  by  charter ;  as,  chartered  privi- 
leges; chartered  power. 

Speculations  regarding  the  sufficiency  of  chartered 
rights.  Palfrey. 

Charterer  (charter-er),  n.  I.  One  who  char- 
ters—2.  [Provincial.]  A  Cheshire  freeholder. 

Charter-house  (charter-hous),  n.  [Corrup- 
tion of  Fr.  Chartreuse,  a  Carthusian  monas- 
tery; formed  from  the  name  of  the  village 
Chartrmisse  in  Dauphiny,  near  which  the 
first  monastery  of  the  Carthusians  was 
founded  ]  A  charitable  institution  or  hos- 
pital founded  in  London  in  1611  by  Sir 
Thomas  Sutton.  It  maintains  eighty  poor 
brothers  (chietiy  decayed  soldiers  and  mer- 
chants), each  having  a  separate  apartment, 
an  ample  diet,  attendance,  and  £28  a  year 
for  clothing,  Ac.;  and  forty -four  scholars, 
'  the  sons  of  poor  gentlemen  to  whom  the 
charge  of  education  is  too  onerous.'  The 
reputation  of  its  educational  department 
(now  at  Godalming,  Surrey)  attracts  a  large 
number  of  external  pupils,  who  board  with 
the  masters  or  merely  attend  school.  The 
house  was  originally  a  Carthusian  monas- 
tery, founded  in  1371. 

Charterist  (charter-ist),  n.  Same  as  Chart- 
ist. Gent.  Mag. 

Charter-land  (charter-land),  n.  Land  held 
by  charter  or  in  socage;  bookland. 


Charter-master  (chart6r-nias-tcr),  n.  In 
the  midland  districts  of  England,  a  con- 
tractor who  undertakes  to  raise  coals  from 
the  mines  at  a  stated  price.  He  generally 
opens  a  provision  shop  near  the  works, 
where  the  men  are  compelled  to  make  their 
weekly  or  other  purchases  at  prices  very 
advantageous  to  the  master. 
Charter-party  ( charter- piir-ti),  n.  [Fr. 
charte-partie,  a  divided  charter,  from  the 
practice  of  cutting  the  instrument  in  two, 
and  giving  one  part  to  each  of  the  con- 
tractors. ]  In  com.  an  agreement  respecting 
the  hire  of  a  vessel  and  the  freight.  This  is 
to  be  signed  by  the  proprietor  or  master  of 
the  ship,  and  by  the  merchant  who  hires  or 
freights  it.  It  must  contain  the  name  and 
burden  of  the  vessel,  the  names  of  the  mas- 
ter and  freighter,  the  price  or  rate  of  the 
freight,  the  time  of  loading  and  unloading, 
and  other  stipulated  conditions. 
Chartism  (chart'izm),  n.  The  political  prin- 
ciples and  opinions  of  the  Chartists. 
Chartist  (chart'ist),  n.  (From  charter.]  One 
of  a  body  of  political  reformers  (chiefly 
composed  of  working-men)  that  sprung  up 
about  the  year  1838.  The  Chartists  advo- 
cated as  their  leading  principles  universal 
suffrage,  no  property  qualification  for  a  seat 
in  parliament,  annual  parliaments,  equal 
representation,  payment  of  members,  and 
vote  by  ballot,  all  which  privileges  they 
demanded  as  constituting  the  people's  char- 
ter. The  extreme  section  of  the  party,  who 
favoured  an  appeal  to  arms  or  popular 
risings  if  the  charter  could  not  be  obtained 
by  legitimate  means,  were  called  physical 
force  men.  Owing  to  the  many  popular 
concessions  since  made  by  the  government 
the  party  has  now  lost  its  political  influence 
and  importance. 

Chartless  (chart/les),  a.    Without  a  chart ; 
of  which  no  chart  has  been  made. 
Chartographer   (kar-tog'raf-er),   n.     One 
who  prepares  or  publishes  maps  or  charts ; 
a  maker  of  maps  or  charts. 
Chartographic  (kar-to-graf Ik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  chartography. 

Chartographically  (kar  -  to  -  graf  ik  -  al  -  li), 
ado.  In  a  chartographic  manner;  by  char- 
tography 

Chartography  (kar-tog'ra-fl),  n.  [E.  chart, 
L.  charta,  paper,  and  Gr.  graphe,  writing, 
description.]  The  art  or  practice  of  draw- 
ing up  maps  or  charts  of  a  district  or 
country. 

Chartometer  (kar-tom'et-er),  n.  [L.  charta, 
and  Gr.  metron,  measure.  ]  An  instrument 
for  measuring  maps  and  charts. 
Chartreuse  (shar-troz),  n.  [See  CHARTER- 
HOUSE.] 1.  A  celebrated  monastery  of  Car- 
thusians in  the  department  of  Isere,  France, 
noted  for  the  severity  of  its  regulations. 
The  monks  had  at  one  time  considerable 
property,  but  they  were  despoiled  at  the 
revolution  of  1789. —2.  A  highly  esteemed 
tonic  liqueur  obtained  by  distilling  aroma- 
tic plants  growing  on  the  Alps,  and  which 
derives  its  name  from  the  above  monastery, 
where  it  is  made  in  large  quantities. 
Chartreux  (shar-trb),  n.  A  Carthusian 
monk  or  friar. 

Chartulary  (kartu-la-ri),  n.  [Fr.  cattulaire, 
L.L.  cartularins,  cartularium,  charlula- 
rium,  from  chartula,  dim.  of  L.  charta, 
paper.]  1.  An  officer  in  the  ancient  Latin 
Church,  who  had  the  care  of  charters  and 
other  papers  of  a  public  nature.  —2.  A  record 
or  register,  as  of  a  monastery.  '  The  char- 
tulary  or  leger-book  of  some  adjacent  mon- 
astery.' Blackstone. 

Char-woman  (charVu-mani,  n.    A  woman 
hired  for  odd  work  or  for  single  days. 
Char-work  (charVerk),  n.    Work  done  by 
a  char-woman. 

She,  harvest  done,  to  char-tvork  did  aspire : 
Meat  drink,  and  twopence  were  her  daily  hire. 
Dryden. 

Chary  (cha'ri),  a.  [A.  Sax.  ceariy,  full  of 
care  sad,  from  cearu,  cam,  care.  Chary 
is  thus  an  adjective  corresponding  to  the 
noun  core.  See  CARE.]  1.  Careful;  disposed 
to  cherish  with  care;  cautious:  often  with  of. 

His  rising  reputation  made  him  Diore  chary  of  his 
fame. 

2  Especially,  frugal ;  sparing:  in  this  sense 
also  frequently  followed  by  of;  as,  chary  of 
compliments:  opposite  to  lavish  or  prodigal. 

The  chariest  maid  is  prodigal  enough. 
If  she  unmask  her  beauty  to  the  moon.    Shan. 
Prodigal  of  all  brain-labour  he. 
Charier  of  sleep  and  wine  and  exercise. 

jenxyson. 

Charybdis  (ka-rib'dis),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr 
Charybdis.]  A  whirlpool  on  the  coast  of 


Sicily,  over  against  a  rock,  Scylla,  on  tin' 
Italian  coast.  The  assumed  danger  and 
difficulty  of  steering  between  these  two 
dangers,  and  especially  the  dangrmf  falling 
upon  the  one  in  desiring  to  avoid  the  other, 
is  frequently  alluded  to  by  classical  authors 
and  lias  passed  into  a  proverb,  expressing 
the  danger  of  fallini;  into  one  evil  in  seek- 
ing to  evade  its  opposite. 

Thus  when  I  shun  Scylla  your  father  I  fall  into 
Charytidis  your  mother.  Shall. 

Chasable  (chas'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
chased;  fit  for  the  chase.  '  Beasts  which  ben 
ckanable.'  Qower. 

Chase  (chas),  t).  (.  pret.  &  pp.  chased ;  ppr. 
chasing.  [Also  written  chace,  from  O.Fr. 
chacicr,  cacier.  Mod.  Fr.  chaster,  to  chase,  a 
parallel  form  with  catch,  being  like  it  from 
L.L.  captiare,  from  L.  captare,  to  catch,  aug. 
of  capio,  captuin,  to  take.]  1.  To  pursue  for 
the  purpose  of  taking,  as  game;  to  hunt. 
'  Rose  to  chase  the  deer  at  five.'  Tennyson. 
2.  To  pursue  for  any  purpose;  to  follow  with 
hostility;  to  drive  off;  as,  to  chase  an  enemy. 
'  Chased  by  their  brother's  endless  malice 
from  prince  to  prince,  and  from  place  to 
place.  Knolles.  'To  chase  injustice  with 
revengeful  arms.'  Shak. 

The  following  morn  had  chased  away 
The  flying  stars,  and  light  restored  the  day. 

Dryden. 

\jo,  warrior  1  now  the  Cross  of  Red 
Points  to  the  grave  of  the  mighty  dead ; 
Within  it  burns  a  wondrous  fight. 
To  chase  the  spirits  that  love  the  night. 

Sir  fr.  Scat. 

[The  spelling  chace  is  now  seldom  or  never 
used.] 

Chase  (chas),  n.  1.  Vehement  pursuit  for 
the  purpose  of  capturing  or  obtaining;  spe- 
cifically, hunting;  as,  he  is  fond  of  the 
chase;  beasts  of  the  chase. 

The  chase  1  sing ;  hounds  and  their  various  breeds. 
Soinerville. 

Often  used  figuratively ;   as,  the  chase  of 

Eleasure,  profit,  fame,  &c.     '  Mad  chase  of 
ime.'    Dryden.— 2.  That  which  is  pursued 
or  hunted;  specifically,  a  vessel  pursued  by 
another. 

Nay,  Warwick !  single  out  some  other  chase, 
For  I  myself  will  hunt  this  deer  to  death.      Shall. 

S.  An  open  piece  of  ground  or  place  well 
stored  with  wild  beasts  or  game,  and  belong- 
ing to  a  private  proprietor:  said  properly 
to  differ  from  a  forest,  which  is  not  private 
property,  and  is  invested  with  privileges; 
and  from  a  park,  which  is  inclosed.  [In 
this  sense  often  written  r/m<v  | 

A  forest  hath  laws  of  her  own,  to  take  cognizance 
of  all  trespasses;  she  hath  also  her  peculiar  officers, 
as  foresters,  verderers.  agisters.  &c.  ;  whereas  a 
chase  or  park  hath  only  keepers  or  woodwards. 

HOTVCII. 

4.  A  term  in  the  game  of  tennis;  the  spot 
where  a  ball  falls,  beyond  which  an  oppo- 
nent must  strike  his  ball  in  order  to  gain  a 
point—  To  give  chase  to,  to  pursue.— Beasts 
of  the  chase,  in  law,  properly,  the  buck,  doe, 
fox,  marten,  and  roe;  but  in  a  common  and 
legal  sense  the  term  extends  to  all  wild 
beasts  of  venery  and  hunting. 
Chase  (chas),  71.  [Fr.  chdsse,  from  L.  capsa. 
box,  case.  Case,  for  holding  things,  is  a 
form  of  the  same  word.)  l.  In  printing,  an 
iron  frame  used  by  printers  to  confine  types 
when  set  in  columns  or  pages.— 2.  The  part 
of  a  gun  between  the  trunnions  and  the 
swell  of  the  muzzle,  or  in  modern  guns  in 
which  the  muzzle  has  no  swell,  the  whole 
of  that  part  of  a  gun  which  is  in  front  of 
the  trunnions.— 3.  A  wide  groove;  specifi- 
cally, in  ship-building,  a  long  sloping  mor- 
tise See  CHASE-MORTISE. —4.  In  ship- 
building, that  kind  of  joint  by  which  the 
overlapping  joint  of  clinker-built  boats  is 
gradually  converted  at  the  stem  and  stern 
into  a  flush-joint,  as  in  carvel-built  boats. 
Chase  (chas),  v.t.  [Shortened  from  enchase.) 
1.  To  enchase  (which  see). -2.  To  cut,  so  as 
to  make  a  screw;  to  cut  the  thread  of  a 
screw. 

Chase-gun  (chas'gun),  n.  In  war-ships,  a 
gun  used  in  chasing  an  enemy,  or  in  defend- 
ing a  ship  when  chased;  a  chaser. 
Chase-mortise  (chas'mor-tis),  n.  A  man- 
ner of  mortising  transverse  pieces  into  par- 
allel timbers  already  fixed.  One  end  of  the 
transverse  piece  is  mortised  into  one  of  the 
parallel  pieces,  and  a  long  mortise  being 
cut  in  the  other  parallel  piece,  the  other 
end  of  the  transverse  piece  is  let  into  it  by 
making  it  radiate  on  its  already  mortised 
end.  In  this  way  ceiling  joists  are  fixed  to 
the  bridging  joists. 

Chaser  (chas'er),  n.    1.  One  who  chases;  a 
pursuer;  a  driver;  a  hunter.— 2.  A'otit.  (a)  a 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin?; 


TH,  tAen;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CHASER 


446 


CHAT-POTATOES 


vessel  which  pursues  another.  (6)  A  chase- 
gun;  a  gun  in  a  vessel  for  tiring  when  in 
chase  or  being  chased  ;  called  a  bow-chaser 
when  pointed  from  the  bow,  and  a  stern- 
chaser  when  from  the  stern. 

Chaser  (chas'er),  n.  1.  One  who  chases  or 
enchases ;  an  enchaser. — 2.  A  hand  tool  ol 
steel  used  for  cutting  or  finishing  the  threads 
of  screws;  the  tool  used  as  the  cutting  instru- 
ment in  a  chasing-lathe. 

ChasiWe  (chas'i-bl),  n.    See  CHASUBLE. 

Chasidean,  n.    See  ASSIIIEAN. 

Chasing-lathe  (chas'ing-laiH),  n.  A  lathe 
adapted  to  screw  cutting. 

Chasm  (kazm),  n.  [Gr.  chasma,  L.  chasma, 
from  Gr.  root  cka,  as  in  chasko,  chaino,  to 
open.]  An  opening  made  by  disruption,  as 
a  breach  in  the  earth  or  a  rock  ;  a  cleft ;  a 
fissure;  a  gap;  especially,  a  wide  and  deep 
cleft.  That  deep  romantic  chasm  which 
slanted  down  the  green  hill.'  Coleridge. 
•The  little  elves  of  chasm,  and  cleft.'  Ten- 
nyson. Fig. 

Between  the  two  propositions,  that  the  gospel  is 
true  and  that  it  is  false,  what  a  fearful  chasm. 

Rttcbminstcr. 

Chasma  t  (kaz'ma),  n.     A  chasm.    Dr.  //. 

Mure. 
Cliasmed  (kazmd),  a.    Having  gaps  or  a 

chasm. 
Chasmy   (kaz'mi),    a.     Abounding   with 

chasms.      '  The  chasmy  torrent's  foam-lit 

bed.'     Wordsworth. 
Chasselas  (shas'se-las),  n.    [From  a  village 

of  that  name  near  Macon,  France,  where  a 

fine  variety  is  grown.]    A  sort  of  grape, 

highly  esteemed  for  the  table. 
Chasse-mare'e  (shas-ma-ra),  n.   [Fr.  chasse, 

chase,  and  maree,  tide.  ]    A  French  shallop 

or  coasting  vessel,  generally  lugger-rigged 

and  with  two  or  three  masts.    They  seldom 

venture  off  shore. 
Chassepot  (shas-po),  n.    [After  Chassepot, 

the  inventor.]  The  breech-loading  rifle  used 

in  the  French  army.    See  RIFLE. 
Chasseur  (shas-ser),  n.    [Fr.,  a  huntsman.] 

1.  Milit.  one  of  a  body  of  soldiers,  light  and 
active,  both  mounted  and  on  foot,  trained 
for  rapid  movements.— 2.  A  person  dressed 
in  a  sort  of  military  style  in  attendance 
upon  persons  of  rank.    '  The  great  chasseur 
who  had  announced  her  arrival.'    Irving. 

Chassis  (shas-se),  n.  [Fr.  chassis,  a  frame 
or  framework.]  A  kind  of  traversing  frame 
or  movable  railway,  on  which  the  carriages 
of  guns  move  backward  and  forward  in 
action. 

Chaste  (chast),  a.  [Fr.  chaste,  O.Fr.  caste, 
chaste,  pure,  from  L.  castus,  chaste,  from 
same  root  as  Gr.  katharos,  pure,  Skr.  fudh, 
to  be  purified.]  1.  Pure  from  all  unlawful 
sexual  commerce;  possessing  chastity  or 
sexual  purity;  continent;  virtuous. 

That  they  may  teach  the  young  women  ...  to  be 

discreet,  chaste,  keepers  at  home.          Tit.  ii.  4,  5. 

Early,  bright,  transient,  chaste  as  morning  dew 

She  sparkled,  was  exhaled,  and  went  to  heaven. 

Yaunf. 

2.  Free   from  obscenity   or   impurity,  in 
thought  and  language.    '  While  they  behold 
your  chaste  conversation  coupled  with  fear. ' 
1  Pet.  iii.  2.— 3.  In  a  figurative  sense,  (a)  as 
applied  to  language  and  literary  style,  free 
from  barbarous  words  and  phrases,  and 
from  quaint,  affected,  extravagant  expres- 
sions; not  affected  or  grandiloquent.   '  That 
great  model  of  chaste,  lofty,  and  pathetic 
eloquence  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer.' 
Macaulati.  (b)  In  are,  free  from  meretricious 
ornament  or  affectation;  not  gaudy. 

Chaste-eyed  (chast'id),  a.  Having  chaste 
or  modest  eyes.  '  The  oak-crown'd  sisters, 
and  their  chaste-eyed  queen.'  Collins 

Chastelaine.t  n.  [The  old  form  of  Chate- 
laine.] A  female  castellan;  a  chatelaine. 

Chastely  (chast'li),  adv.  In  a  chaste  man- 
ner :  (a)  without  unlawful  commerce  of 
sexes;  without  obscenity.  (6)  Without  bar- 
barisms or  unnatural  phrases;  as,  a  composi- 
tion chastely  written,  (c)  Without  meretri- 
cious ornament;  unmeretriciously;  notgaud- 
ily;  as.  a  picture  chastely  designed. 

Chasten  (chas'n),  v.t.  [O.Fr.  chastier  (Fr. 
chMier),  from  L.  castigare,  to  castigate  or 
chastise,  from  castus,  pure,  whence  chaste; 
comp.  chastise.]  1.  To  inflict  pain,  trouble, 
or  affliction  on  for  the  purpose  of  reclaim- 
ing from  evil ;  to  correct ;  to  chastise ;  to 
punish:  formerly  it  might  be  used  of  cor- 
poral punishment,  but  it  is  seldom  or  never 
so  used  now. 

If  he  commit  iniquity,  I  will  chasten  him  with  the 
rod  of  men.  2  Sam.  vii.  14. 

As  many  as  I  love,  I  rebuke  and  chasten. 

Rev.  jii.  19. 


And  fear  not,  Enid,  I  should  fall  upon  him. 
Who  love  you.  Prince,  with  something  of  the  love 
Wherewith  we  love  the  Heaven  that  chastens  us. 
Tennyson. 

2.  To  purify,  as  the  taste;  to  refine. 

They  (classics)  chasten  and  enlarge  the  mind  and 
excite  to  noble  actions.  Layard. 

Chastener  (chas'n-Sr),  n.  One  who  chastens. 

Chasteness  (chast'nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  chaste:  (a)  chastity;  sexual 
purity.  (&)  Freedom  from  meretricious  or- 
nament, gaudiness,  or  affectation;  purity: 
said  of  mode  of  expression  in  literature  and 
of  conception  in  works  of  art;  as,  chasteness 
of  style;  chasteness  of  design. 

Chastening  (chiis'n-ing),  a.  Corrective  by 
way  of  punishment.  '  The  father's  chasten 
infj  hand.'  Rowe. 

Chaste -tree  ( chast 'tre),  n.  The  Vitex 
Aijnus  Cast-us.  See  AGNUS  CASTUS. 

Chastie.t  v.t.    To  chastise.    Chaucer. 

Chastisable  (chas-tiz'a-bl),  a.  Deserving  of 
chastisement.  Sherwood.  [Rare.] 

Chastise  (chas-tiz'),tj.(.  pret.  &  pp.  chastised; 
ppr.  chastising.  [Same  word  as  chasten,  but 
with  a  different  verbal  termination ;  0.  E. 
chastie,  chasty.  See  CHASTEN.)  1.  To  inflict 
pain  on  by  stripes  or  in  any  other  manner, 
for  the  purpose  of  punishing  and  recalling 
to  duty;  to  punish  with  view  of  amendment; 
to  correct  by  punishment. 

How  fine  my  master  is!    I  am  afraid 

He  will  chastise  me.  SAa&. 

Only  pity  fitly  can  chastise: 
Hate  but  avenges.  E .  B.  Brtnvning. 

2.  To  reduce  to  order  or  obedience;  to  re- 
strain ;  to  free  from  faults  or  excesses.  '  The 
gay  social  sense,  by  decency  chastised.' 
Thomson. 

Chastisement  (chas'tiz-mcnt),  n.  [From 
chastise^Fr.  chatitnent.  ]  Correction;  pun- 
ishment; pain  inflicted  for  punishment  and 
correction,  either  by  stripes  or  otherwise. 

Shall  I  so  much  dishonour  my  fair  stars. 
On  equal  terms  to  give  him  chastisement  I  Shalt. 
I  have  borne  chastisement,  I  will  not  offend  any 
more.  Job  xxxiv.  31. 

Chastlser  (chas-tiz'er),  n.  One  who  chas- 
tises; a  punisher;  a  corrector.  '  A  chastiser 
of  too  big  a  confidence.'  Jer.  Taylor, 

Chastity  (chas'ti-ti),  n.  [Fr.  chasteU,  L. 
castitas.  See  CHASTE.  ]  1.  The  state  or  pro- 
perty of  being  chaste;  freedom  from  unlaw- 
ful sexual  commerce;  continence;  sexual 
purity. 

Chastity  is  either  abstinence  or  continence:  abstin- 
ence is  that  of  virgins  or  widows;  continence  of  mar- 
ried persons.  yer.  Taylor. 

2.  Freedom  from  obscenity,  corruption,  or 
impurity,  as  in  thought,  language,  or  con- 
versation. '  That  chastity  of  honour  which 
felt  a  stain  like  a  wound.  Burke.—  8.  Free- 
dom from  meretricious  ornament;  purity  in 
words  and  phrases  or  in  conception.  [In  this 
sense  chasteness  is  more  commonly  used.  ] 

Chastye.t  v.t.    To  chastise. 

Chasuble  (chas'u-bl),  n.  [Fr.  chasuble,  from 


A,  Ancient  form  of  Chasuble:  I,  Apparel  of  the  neck 
a  2  a  3,  Chasuble.    3  3.  Orphreys  of  the  chasuble. 
A.  The  stole.    5  5,  The  alb.    6,  Apparel  of  the  alb. 
7,  The  maniple. 

B,  Modern  form  of  Chasuble. 

Med.  L.  casubula,  a  dim.  of  L.  casula,  a 
little  cottage,  and  used  by  Isidore  of  Seville 
in  sense  of  a  priest's  hooded  garment,  which 
covers  him  like  a  little  house  — a  dim.  of 
casa,  a  cottage.)  In  its  first  use  and  under 


its  Latin  name  of  camla,  the  chasuble  was 
a  circular  garment  of  one  piece,  without 
sleeves  or  opening  in  front,  with  a  hole  in 
the  centre  for  the  head  to  pass  through,  of 
various  materials,  frequently  of  wool,  worn 
by  the  common  people,  monks,  Ac.,  as  a 
covering  for  the  whole  person,  being,  when 
furnished  with  a  hood,  at  once  hat  and 
mantle.  From  its  being  retained  by  the 
clergy  after  other  people  had  discarded  it, 
it  came  to  be  regarded  as  a  characteristic 
of  a  cleric,  and  in  the  ninth  century  it  was 
the  term  applied  to  the  outer  vestment  worn 
in  the  holy  offices,  and  it  is  now  regarded  as 
the  principal  vestment  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic priest,  being  put  on  by  him  over  the  alb 
and  stole  before  celebrating  mass.  Although 
the  vestment  was  originally  circular,  it  has 
been  gradually  retrenched  during  the  last 
two  centuries  till  it  has  become  oblong, 
hanging  down  before  and  behind,  but  leaving 
the  arms  free.  The  chasuble  is  now  made 
of  rich  materials,  as  silk,  velvet,  cloth  of 
gold,  and  has  a  cross  embroidered  on  the 
back.  The  Greeks  still  retain  the  circular 
form  of  the  chasuble.  Called  also  ChasOile 
and  Chtsible. 

Chat  (chat),  «.i.  pret.  &  pp  chatted;  ppr. 
chatting,  [An  abbreviated  form  of  chatter 
(which  see).]  To  talk  idly  or  in  a  familiar 
manner;  to  talk  without  form  or  ceremony. 
'TocAatawhileon  their  adventures  passed.' 
Dry  den. 

But  what  a  fool  am  I  to  chat  with  you 

When  1  should  bid  good-morrow  to  my  bride. 

Chatt  (chat),  v.t.    To  talk  of. 

Your  prattling  nurse 
Into  a  rapture  lets  her  baby  cry 
While  she  chats  him.  Shat. 

Chat  (chat),  ?i.  Free,  familiar  talk;  idle  talk- 
prate.  'This  bald  unjointed  chat  of  his.' 
Shak. 

Chat  (chat),  11.  [From  the  chattering  sound 
of  its  voice.)  The  popular  name  of  birds  of 
the  genus  Saxicola,  family  Sylviada;  or  war- 
blers. They  are  small,  lively  birds,  moving 
incessantly  and  rapidly  about  in  pursuit  of 
the  insects  on  which  they  chiefly  live.  There 
are  three  species  found  in  Britain,  the 
stone-chat,  whin-chat,  and  wheatear.  The 
yellow-breasted  chat  of  the  United  States  is 
a  larger  bird  belonging  to  the  genus  Icteria 
(I.  polyglotta),  family  Turdidw  or  thrushes. 
Chat  (chat),  n.  A  twig  or  little  stick.  See 
CHIT. 

Chateau  (sha-to),  n.  pi.  Chateaux  (sha- 
Mz).  [Fr.  chateau,  O.Fr.  chastel,  a  castle, 
from  L.  castellum.  See  CASTLE.)  A  castle; 
a  residence  in  the  country;  a  country-seat.— 
Chateau  en  Espagne,  lit.  a  castle  in  Spain ; 
a  castle  in  the  air.  The  origin  of  this  phrase 
is  doubtful;  some  say  that  it  arose  from  the 
fact  that  the  Spaniards  would  not  permit 
the  erection  of  castles  or  forts  in  the  coun- 
try; and  others  that  it  originated  in  the 
bragging  of  Spanish  adventurers  in  France 
of  their  lordly  residences,  which  existed 
only  in  their  imaginations. 
Chatelaine  (shat'e-lan),  n.  [Fr.  chatelaine, 
lit.  a  female  castellan  or  castle-keeper.  ]  1.  A 
female  castellan.— 2.  An  appendage  worn  by 
ladies.  It  consists  of  a  bunch  of  chains  de- 
pending from  the  waist,  from  each  of  which 
is  suspended  some  article  of  household  use, 
as  a  key,  a  pin-cushion,  a  thimble-case,  a 
pen-knife,  a  cork-screw,  <fec.  Ac. 
Chatelet  (shat-la),  n.  [Fr.  chatelet,  dim.  of 
chateau,  O.Fr.  chastel.]  A  little  castle. 
Chatellany  ( sha'tel-la-ni ),  n.  [Fr.  chdtel- 
lanie.]  The  lordship  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
castellan  or  governor  of  a  castle.  Swift. 
Chati  (sha-te),  n.  [Fr.  chati,  from  chat,  a 
cat.)  A  species  of  small  leopard  found  in 
tropical  America,  very  destructive  to  small 
quadrupeds  and  birds,  and  especially  to 
poultry-yards,  but  so  gentle,  when  domesti- 
cated, as  to  have  gained  for  itself  the  name 
of  Leopardus  mills,  or  gentle  leopard. 
Chatoyant  (sha-toi'ant,  Fr.  pron.  sha-twa- 
yan),  a.  [Fr.,  pp.  of  chatoyer,  to  change 
lustre  like  the  eye  of  a  cat,  from  chat,  a  cat] 
Having  a  changeable,  undulating  lustre  or 
colour,  like  that  of  a  cat's  eye  in  the  dark. 
Chatoyant  (sha-toi'ant,  Fr.  pron.  sha-twa- 
yah),  n.  A  kind  of  hard  stone  or  gem  hav- 
ing when  cut  and  polished  a  chatoyant 
lustre;  cat's-eye. 

Chatoyment  (sha-toi'ment,  Fr.  pron.  sha- 
twa-mah),  n.  Changeable  colours,  or  change- 
ableness  of  colour,  in  a  mineral;  play  of 
colours. 

Chat-potatoes  (chafpo-ta'toz),  n.  pi. 
[Comp.  chat,  a  small  piece  of  stick,  also 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull ;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abtme;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


CHATS 

chit.]  Small  potatoes  such  as  are  given  to 
pigs,  &c. 

Chats  (chats),  ».  pi.  In  mineral,  (a)  small 
heaps  of  ore.  (b)  The  second  stratum  or 
centre  portion  of  a  mass  of  ore  in  the  pro- 
cess of  washing. 

Chattah  (rhat'ta),  n.  In  India,  an  umbrella. 

Chattel  (chat'tel),  n.  [O.E.  chatel,  also 
catel,  really  the  same  word  as  cattle  (which 
see).]  In  law,  an  item  or  article  of  goods, 
movable  or  immovable,  except  such  as 
have  the  nature  of  freehold,  often  spoken 
of  tautologically  as  goods  and  chattel*. 
Chattels  are  real  or  personal.  Chattels  real 
are  such  as  concern  or  savour  of  the  reality, 
as  a  term  for  years  of  land,  the  next  pre- 
sentation to  a  church,  estates  by  statute 
merchant,  elegit,  and  the  like.  Chattels  per- 
sonal are  things  movable,  as  animals,  furni- 
ture of  a  house,  jewels,  corn,  <v.c. 

Chattelism  (chat'tel-izm),  n.  The  condition 
of  holding  chattels. 

Chatter  (chatter),  v.i  [O.E.  chateren,  cheat- 
erai,  probably  an  imitative  word,  allied  to 
chitter,  and  to  D.  kwetteren,  Dan.  kviddre, 
Sw.  kvittra,  to  chirp,  to  chatter.]  1.  To 
utter  sounds  rapidly  and  indistinctly,  as  a 
magpie  or  a  monkey.  '  Apes  that  mow  and 
chatter  at  me.'  Shak.  —2.  To  make  a  noise 
by  repeated  rapid  collisions  of  the  teeth. 
'  When  the  wind  came  to  make  me  chatter.' 
Shak. 

His  teeth  they  chatter,  chatter  still.      Wordsiaorth. 

3.  To  talk  idly,  carelessly,  or  rapidly;  to 
jabber. 

Chatter  (chat'ter),  v.  t.  To  utter  as  one  who 
chatters;  as,  to  chatter  nonsense. 

Your  birds  of  knowledge  that,  in  dusky  air, 

Chatter  futurity.  Dryden. 

They  chattered  trifles  at  the  door.       Tennyson. 

Chatter  (chat'ter),  n.  Sounds  like  those  of 
a  pie  or  monkey ;  idle  talk. 

The  mimic  ape  began  his  chatter.        Swift. 

Chatteration  ( chat-ter-a'shon ),  n.  Act  of 
chattering ;  disposition  or  habit  of  talking 
much.  Johnson.  [An  obsolete  colloquial 
word.  ] 

Chatter-box  (chat'ter-boks),  n.  One  that 
talks  incessantly:  applied  chiefly  to  child- 
ren. [Colloq.] 

Chatterer  (chat'ter-er),  n.  1.  One  who  chat- 
ters; a  prater;  an  idle  talker.— 2.  The  popu- 
lar name  of  birds  of  the  family  Ampelidffi, 
and  especially  of  the  Bohemian  chatterer 
(Ampelis  garrula)  unA  the  chatterer  of  Caro- 
lina (A.  cedrorum).  See  AMPELIDJ). 

Chatty  (chat'ti),  a.  Given  to  free  conversa- 
tion; talkative.  '  As  chatty  as  your  parrot.' 
Lady  M.  W.  Montagu.. 

Chat- wood  (chat'wnd),  n.  Little  sticks; 
fuel. 

Chaud-medley(shod'med-li),n.  [Fr. chaud, 
hot  (L.  calidus),  and  melee,  O.Fr.  mesUe,  E. 
medley,  mellay.  ]  In  (aw,  the  killing  of  a  man 
in  an  affray  in  the  heat  of  blood  or  passion; 
a  word  often  erroneously  used  as  synony- 
mous with  chance-medley,  itozley  and 
Whitely. 

Chaudron  t  (cha'dron),  n.  'Add  thereto  a 
tiger's  chaudron.'  Shak.  See  CHAWDRON. 

Chauffer,  Chaufer  (shaf'er),  n.  [Fr.  chauf- 
fer, to  heat.]  In  chem.  a  small  furnace;  a 
cylindrical  box  of  sheet-iron,  open  at  the 
top,  with  a  grating  near  the  bottom. 

Chaul£-daw  (chak'dft),  n.  (Chauk  =  chough , 
and  daw.]  A  local  name  for  the  red-legged 
crow  or  chough  (Freqilus  graculus). 

Chauldront  (chal'dron  or  cha'dron),  n. 
Same  as  Chawdron. 

Chaulmugra  (chal-mug'ra),  n.  [Indian 
name.  ]  Anandsome  East  Indian  tree(Gfyno- 
cardia  odorata),  the  seeds  of  which  yield  an 
oil  that  has  been  long  known,  and  highly 
valued,  in  India  and  China,  as  a  remedy  for 
such  diseases  as  arise  from  blood  impuri- 
ties. It  has  been  introduced  into  this  coun- 
try, and  is  used  with  gratifying  results  in 
the  treatment  of  diseases  of  the  skin  and 
chest. 

Chaumontelle(sho-mon-tel),  n.  [Fr.]  A 
delicious  dessert  pear  which  is  much  grown 
and  attains  a  large  size  in  Jersey  and  Guern- 
sey, and  in  the  southern  parts  of  England. 

Chaunt  (chan),  n.  A  gap.  See  YAWN. 
Cotgrave. 

Chaunt  (chan),  v.i.  To  open;  to  yawn. 
Sherwood. 

Chaunt  (chant).    See  CHANT. 
Chaunter  (chant'Sr),  n.  1.  One  who  chaunts 
or  sounds  the  praise  of  anything,  especially 
by  over-puffing  it,  with  the  design  to  de- 
ceive ;  as,  a  horse-cAaunter,  a  dealer  who 


447 

takes  worthless  horses  to  country  fairs,  and 
disposes  of  them  by  artifice. 

'Oh,  him  I1  replied  Neddy:  ' he's  nothing  exactly. 
He  was  a  horse-chttiinter;  he's  a  leg  now.'    Dickens. 

2.  A  street  vendor  of  ballads  or  other  broad- 
sheets, who  sings  or  bawls  the  contents  of 
his  papers.  [Slang.] 

Chaup  (chap),  ».  A  stroke  or  blow.  See 
CHAP.  [Scotch.] 

Cliiius  (ka'us),  ».  A  genns  of  Asiatic  and 
African  lynxes,  including  the  Chaus  Libyceus, 
or  Libyan  chaus,  and  the  Chaus  Ca/er,  or 
Cadre-cat.  They  live  on  birds  or  small 
quadrupeds,  on  which  they  spring  like  the 
domestic  cat,  than  which  they  are  somewhat 
larger.  They  have  the  peculiarity  of  being 
fond  of  the  water  and  ex- 
cellent swimmers. 

Chaus  (chous),  n.  [Turk. 
See  CHOUSE.]  A  Turkish 
messenger,  interpreter, 
or  attendant  on  a  great 
man.  '  Accompanied  with 
a  chans  of  the  court.' 
Hackluyt. 

ChaUSs6(sho.sa),pp.[Fr.]    A  Wreath  the  Da! 

A  heraldic  term,  which,  in  Chausse. 

the  common  acceptation, 
signifies  shod,  and  in  blazon  denotes  a  sec- 
tion In  base. 

Chausses  (shos).  n.  pi.  [Fr. ,  breeches,  hose, 
stockings,  from  I .  calceus,  a  shoe.  ]  The  tight 
covering  for  the  legs  and  body,  reaching  to 
the  waist,  formerly  worn  by  men  of  nearly  all 
classes  throughout  Europe.  They  resembled 
tight  pantaloons  with  feet  to  them.  They 
seem  to  have  been  of  oriental  origin,  as  the 
Phrygians  are  represented  wearing  them. 

Chaiissure  (sho-siir),  n.  Shoes;  boots; 
stockings :  a  French  word. 

Chauvin  (sho-vah),  n.  [After  a  very  brave 
soldier  named  Nicholas  Chauvin,  so  enthu- 
siastically devoted  to  Napoleon  I.,  and  so 
demonstrative  in  his  manifestations  of  his 
adoration  of  him,  that  his  comrades  turned 
him  into  ridicule.  ]  One  of  those  veterans 
of  the  first  French  Empire,  who  professed, 
after  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  a  sort  of  adora- 
tion for  his  person  and  his  acts ;  hence,  a 
name  given  to  any  one  possessed  by  an 
absurdly  exaggerated  patriotism  or  military 
enthusiasm,  or  by  devotion  to  any  cause 
more  passionate  than  reasonable. 

Chauvinisnie  (sho'vin-izm),  n.  [See  CHAU- 
VIN.] The  sentiments  ot  a  chauvin;  enthu- 
siastic, unreflecting  devotion  to  any  cause; 
especially  absurdly  exaggerated  patriotism 
or  military  enthusiasm. 

Chayender  (chav'en-der),  n.  [O.Fr.  che- 
viniau,  chevesne,  a  chub.]  The  fish  other- 
wise called  the  Chub  or  Cheven. 

These  are  a  choice  bait  for  the  chub  or  chaitender 
1*.  Walton. 

Chavlca  (chav'i-ka),  n.  [The  name  of  the 
plants  in  the  South  Sea  Islands.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Piperacere,  including 
the  common  long  pepper,  Java  long  pepper, 
and  betel-pepper.  The  species  have  small 
unisexual  flowers  in  dense  spikes  springing 
from  the  stem  opposite  to  a  leaf. 

Chaw(cha),  v.t.  [A  form  of  chew,  A.  Sax.  ceo- 
wan.  See  CHEW.]  1.  To  grind  with  the  teeth; 
to  masticate,  as  food  in  eating;  to  ruminate 
or  to  chew,  as  the  cud. 

He  swallows  us,  and  never  chaws, 

He  is  the  tyrant  pike,  and  we  the  fry.      Dontte. 

[Now  only  a  vulgar  or  colloquial  form.] — 
2.  t  To  ruminate  in  thought;  to  revolve  and 
consider.  'Chawing  vengeance  all  the_way 

d-_- 

Chawt  (cha),  n"  [An  old  spelling  of  jaw.  lit. 
that  which  chaws  or  chews.  See  CHAW,  v.t] 
The  jaw.  'The  chaws  and  the  nape  of  the 
neck.'  Holland.  [This  form  occurred  twice 
in  the  original  edition  of  the  authorized  ver- 
sion of  the  Scriptures,  but  in  modern  edi- 
tions has  been  changed.] 

Chaw  (cha),  n.  As  much  as  is  put  in  the 
mouth  at  once;  a  chew;  a  quid.  [Vulgar.] 

Chaw-bacon  (cha'ba-kn),  n.  A  country 
lout;  a  bumpkin.  [Ootloq.] 

Chawcerst  (cha'sers),?i.  pi.  [From  Fr.  chaui- 
sure.]  Shoes. 

Chawdron  (cha'dron),  n.  [Perhaps  from 
G.  kaldaunen,  entrails,  bowels.)  Entrails. 
Written  also  Chaudron,  Chauldron. 

Cha wme  t  (cham),  n.  [Form  of  chasm.]  A 
gap;  a  chasm.  'Those  chawmes  and  gap- 
ing gulfes.'  Holland. 

Cliay  (sha),  n.    A  chaise. 

Chay,  Chaya-root(cha,  cha'a-rot),  n.  Same 
as  Shaya-root  (which  see). 


consider.  '  Chawing  vengeance  all  the  way 
I  went. '  Spenser. — Chawed  up,  demolished; 
discomfited.  [United  States  slang.] 


CHEAT 

Chayer.t  ».  A  chair;  a  professor's  chair. 
Chaucer. 

Cheap (chSp),a.  [Strictlyanoun.belngA 
cedp,  O.E.  chepr,  chep,  &c.,  prii-i',  IHUIMIII; 
from  the  use  of  the  phrase  gaud  cheap,  aa  to 
buy  a  thing  good  cheap,  that  is  a  good  bar- 
gain, the  noun  came  to  Iw  used  as  an  aclji-i-- 
tive.  (See  CHEAP,  it.)  The  wurd  is  i •unmiiui 
to  the  Teutonic  languages.  Comp  s,  r, ,..,., 
to  bargain;  1).  kwip,  a  purrh:iii>,  *-<»//„  n.  tn 
buy;  Icel  kaup,  a  bargain;  kavpa,  to  buy; 
Sw.  Icopa,  Dan.  kiabe,  G.  kaufcn,  to  buy; 
Goth,  kaufon,  to  traffic.  Cheapen,  chop, 
chafer,  chapman,  are  from  this  sU-in  ] 

1.  Bearing  a  low  price  in  market ;  capable 
of  being  purchased  at  a  low  price,  cither  as 
compared  with  the  usual  price  of  the  ri.ni- 
niodity,  or  with  the  real  value,  or  more 
vaguely  with  the  price  of  other  commodi- 
ties; thus,  it  may  be  said  that  eggs  are 
cheap  when  their  price  is  lower  than  at 
other  times,  or  when  they  are  to  be  had  In 
particular  circumstances  at  a  lower  rate 
than  the  regular  market  price,  or  aa  being 
lower  in  price  than  other  articles  of  diet. 

It  is  cheaper  to  hire  the  labour  of  freemen  than  to 
compel  the  labour  of  slaves.  Bacon. 

The  cheap  defence  of  nations  (chivalry),  the  nurse 
of  manly  sentiment  and  heroic  enterprise  is  gone. 
Burke. 

2.  In  a  disparaging  sense,  being  of  small 
value;  common;  not  respected;  as,  to  make 
one's  self  cheap. 

May  your  sick  fame  still  languish  till  it  die, 

And  you  grow  cheap  in  every  subject's  eye.  Drydett. 

— Cheap  o't,  well  deserving  of  it;  deserving 
worse.  [Scotch.] 

If  he  loses  by  us  a'lhegUher,  he  is  e'en  cheap  o't.  he 
can  spare  it  brawly.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Cheapt  (chepX  n.  Bargain;  purchase;  as  in 
the  phrases  good  cheap,  better  cheap,  the 
original  phrases  from  which  we  have  the 
adjective  cheap.  Though  obsolete  as  a 
noun,  cheap  is  still  preserved  as  a  place- 
name;  as,  K&stcheap,  East  Market. 

Victuals  shall  be  so  good  cheap  upon  earth,  that 
they  shall  think  themselves  to  be  in  good  case. 

2  Esdras  xvi.  31. 

Cheap  (chep),  adv.  Cheaply;  at  a  low  price 
or  value;  as,  I  hold  you  cheap;  I  bought  it 
cheap. 

Cheapen  (chep'n),  v.t.  [From  cheap,  A.  Sax. 
cedp,  bargain,  price;  ceapian.  to  buy,  sell, 
negotiate.  See  CHEAP,  a.)  1.  To  ask  the 
price  of ;  to  chaffer  or  bargian  for.  [Obso- 
lete or  obsolescent.] 

To  shops  in  crowds  the  daggled  females  fly, 
Pretend  to  cheapen  goods,  but  nothing  buy.      Stvt/t. 

2.  To  beat  down  the  price  of;  to  lessen  the 
value  of;  to  depreciate. 

Cheapener  (chep'n-er),n.  One  who  cheapens 
or  bargains. 

Cheap-Jack,  Cheap-John  (chcp'jak,  chep'- 
jon),  n.  A  travelling  hawker;  a  seller  of 
refuse  or  cheap  articles ;  a  chapman ;  one 
who  sells  by  Dutch  auction. 

Cheaply  (chep'lij.odo.  At  a  small  price;  at 
a  low  rate.  'Cheaply  bought.'  Shak. 

Cheapness  (chep'nes),  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  cheap;  lowness  in  price. 

Cheart  (cher),  n.  and  v.    Same  as  Cheer. 

Chearent  (cheVen),  v.i.  To  grow  cheerful. 
Spenser. 

Cheat  (chet),  v.t.  [Abbrev.  of  escheat,  to 
seize  a  thing  as  escheated,  to  act  like  an 
escheater,  an  officer  appointed  to  look  after 
lands  or  tenements  falling  to  the  crown, 
which  gave  great  opportunities  of  fraud. 
(See  ESCHEAT.)  An  example  of  the  noun 
cheat  as  equivalent  to  escheat  is  given  be- 
low, under  the  noun.]  1.  To  deceive  and 
defraud;  to  impose  upon;  to  trick:  followed 
by  o/or  out  of  before  the  thing  of  which  one 
is  defrauded.  '  A  sorcerer  that  by  his  cun- 
ning hath  cheated  me  of  the  island.'  Shak. 

Another  is  cheating  the  sick  of  a  few  last  gasps,  as 

he  sits 
To  pestle   a  poison'd  poison  behind  his    crimson 

lights.  Tennyson. 

2.  To  illude;  to  mislead.  '  Pow'r  to  cheat 
the  eye  with  blear  illusion. '  Hilton.  —3. 1  To 
acquire  by  cheating;  as,  to  cheat  an  estate 
from  one.  Cowley.—To  cheat  the  gallows,  to 
be  guilty  of  a  capital  crime,  and  escape  the 
due  punishment.  '  The  greatest  thief  that 
ever  cheated  the  gallows.'  Dickens.  —  SYN. 
To  trick,  cozen,  pill,  chouse,  fool,  outwit, 
circumvent,  beguile,  impose  on,  deceive. 

Cheat  (chet),  v.i.  To  act  dishonestly;  to 
practise  fraud  or  trickery;  as,  he  cheats  at 
cards. 

Cheat  (chet),  n.  [Abbrev.  of  escheat.  See 
the  verb.]  l.t  An  escheat;  an  unexpected 
acquisition;  a  windfall 

And  yet.  the  taking  off  these  vessels  was  not  the 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj;      TB,  (Aen;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;     wh,  irAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CHEAT 


448 


CHEEP 


best  and  goidliest  cheat  of  their  victory ;  but  this 
itassed  all.  that  with  one  litfht  skirmish  they  became 
lords  of  all  the  sea  aloi>£  those  coasts.  Holland. 

2.  A  fraud  committed  by  deception;  a  trick; 
imposition;  imposture. 

When  I  consider  life,  'tis  all  a  cheat.       Drytien. 

8.  A  person  who  cheats;  one  guilty  of  fraud 
by  deceitful  practices;  a  swindler.  'No 
man  will  trust  a  known  cheat.'  South. — 
4.  A  same  at  cards,  in  which  the  cards  are 
played  face  downwards,  the  player  stating 
the  value  of  the  card  he  plays  (which  must 
always  be  one  higher  than  that  played  by 
the  previous  player),  and  being  subjected 
to  a  penalty  if  he  is  discovered  stating  it 
wrong.— 5.  A  troublesome  weed  of  the  grass 
order;  so  called  from  its  stimulating  wheat. 
Called  also  Chess  (which  see).— SYN.  Decep- 
tion, imposture,  fraud,  delusion,  artifice, 
trick,  deceit,  imposition,  guile,  finesse, 
stratagem. 

Cheatt(chet),n.  Same  as  Cheat-bread  (which 
see). 

Cheatable  (chet'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
cheated;  easily  cheated. 

Cheatableness  (chet'a-bl-nes),  n.  Liability 
to  be  cheated.  'Not  faith,  but  folly,  an 
easy  cheatableness  of  the  heart/  Hammond. 

Cheat -bread!  (chet'bred),  n.  [Probably 
from  Fr.  achete,  purchased.)  Bread  pur- 
chased, or  not  made  in  the  family.  '  Without 
French  wines,  cheat-bread,  or  quails.'  /.'-'.-' 
ward  Hoe!  (1605). 

Cheater  (chet'er),  n.  [An  abbrev.  of  «»- 
cheater,  at  least  in  second  sense ;  in  first 
may  be  direct  from  verb.  See  CHEAT,  v.t.] 
1.  One  who  cheats.— 2. t  An  escheater.  'As 
a  cheater  may  pick  the  purses  of  innocent 
people,  by  showing  them  something  like  the 
king's  broad  seal,  which  was  indeed  his  own 

forgery.'    Gurnall. 

I  will  be  cheater  to  them  both,  and  they  shall  be 
exchequers  to  me.  Shak. 

Cheatery  (chet'er-i),  n.  Fraud;  imposition; 
deception.  [Vulgar] 

Cheating  (chet'inir).  a.  1.  Given  to  cheat  or 
associated  with  cheating;  fradulent;  decep- 
tive. 'To  haggle  like  a  cheating  house- 
wife.' Froude.—2.  False;  made  or  fitted  to 
defraud:  applied  to  things.  '  His  cheating 
yardwand.  Tennyson. 

Cheatlngly  (chet'ing-li),  ado.  In  a  cheating 
manner. 

Chebec,  Chebacco-boat  (che-bek,  che-bak'- 
ko-bot),  n.  A  kind  of  fishing  vessel  or  large 
boat  employed  in  the  Newfoundland  fish- 
eries, so  called  from  the  Indian  name  of  the 
place  where  they  are  made,  now  called 
Kssex,  in  Massachusetts. 

Check  (chek),  n.  [Fr.  tehee,  O.Fr.  eschec,  a 
check  at  chess,  hence  a  check  in  general 
failure  (the  pi.  echecs  is  the  name  of  the 
game,  E.  chess),  from  Per.  shdh,  king,  the 
chief  piece  at  chess,  whence  checkmate.  Per 
shah  mat,  lit.  the  king  is  dead.  (See  CHECK- 
MATE.) The  primary  meaning  of  the  word  as 
a  noun  is  thus  simply  'king.'and,  from  this 
being  called  when  the  king  was  in  danger,  it 
came  to  have  the  meaning  of  a  stoppage  or 
obstruction.  In  some  of  the  meanings  below 
it  may  be  an  abbrev.  of  checker,  exchequer 
(which  ultimately  have  the  same  origin), 
but  it  is  not  easy  to  distinguish  them  ] 

1.  The  act  or  means  of  checking  or  restrain- 
ing; a  stop;  hinderance;  restraint;  obstruc- 
tion. 

They  who  come  to  maintain  their  own  breach  of 
faith,  the  check  of  their  consciences  much  hre.iketh 
their  spirit.  Sir  y.  Haynard. 

He  was  unhappily  used  too  much  as  a  check  upon 
Lord  Coventry.  Clarendon. 

To  behold  her  is  an  immediate  check  to  loose  be- 
haviour ;  to  love  her  was  a  liberal  education.  Steele. 

2.  A  term  or  word  of  warning  in  chess  when 
one  party  obliges  the  other  either  to  move 
or  guard  his  king.— 3.  A  reprimand;  rebuke; 
censure;  slight. 

So  we  are  sensible  of  a  check 
But  in  a  brow,  that  saucily  controls 
Our  actions.  Beau.  4V  Ft. 

— To  takecheck,\  to  take  offence.    [Rare.] 

Say  I  should  wed  her.  would  not  my  wise  subjects 

Take  check,  and  think  it  strange  T  perhaps  revolt. 

Dryden 

4.  In  falconry,  the  act  of  a  hawk  when  she 
forsakes  her  proper  game  to  follow  rooks, 
magpies,  or  other  birds  that  cross  her  in  her 
(light ;  as,  a  hawk  makes  a  check,  or  flies  at 
or  on  check.  Hence— 5.  Base  game,  such  as 
rooks,  small  birds,  Ac.  —  6.  A  species  of 
chequered  cloth,  in  which  coloured  lines  or 
stripes  cross  each  other  rectangularly,  mak- 
ing a  pattern  resembling  the  squares  of  a 
chess-board;  the  pattern  of  such  cloth;  as,  a 


large  check,  that  is,  one  having  the  squares 
large. — 7.  A  mark  put  against  names  or  items 
on  going  over  a  list,  in  order  to  verify,  com- 
pare, or  otherwise  examine  it.  —  8.  Any 
counter-register  used  as  a  security,  as  the 
correspondent  cipher  of  a  bank-note,  a  cor- 
responding indenture,  &c. ;  a  counterfoil. — 
9.  A  token  given  for  identification,  as  to 
railway  passengers,  in  order  to  identify 
them  when  they  claim  their  luggage,  or 
to  persons  who  leave  a  theatre,  and  the 
like,  expecting  to  return.  — 10.  An  order 
for  money  drawn  on  a  banker;  a  cheque 
(which  see).— 11.  A  roll  or  book  containing 
the  names  of  persons  who  are  attendants 
and  in  the  pay  of  a  king  or  great  personage, 
as  domestic  servants.  Called  also  Check- 
roll,  Checker-roll.— Clerk  of  the  check,  (a)  in 
the  household  of  the  British  sovereign,  an 
officer  who  has  the  control  of  the  yeomen 
of  the  guard  and  all  the  ushers  belonging 
to  the  royal  family,  the  care  of  the  watch, 
&c.  (6)  In  the  British  royal  dockyards,  an 
officer  who  keeps  a  register  of  all  the  men 
employed  on  board  her  majesty's  ships  and 
vessels,  and  of  all  the  arti  fleers  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  navy,  at  the  port  where  he  is 
settled. 


Check  (chek),  v.t,    1.  To  stop  or  moderate 
the  motio: 
curb. 


on  of;  to  restrain;  to  hinder;  to 


The  good  nuns  would  check  her  gadding  tongue. 
Tennyson. 

2.  To  rebuke;  to  chide  or  reprove.  'Check'd 
and  rated  by  Northumberland.'     Shak.— 

3.  In  chess,  to  make  a  move  which  puts 
the  adversary's  king  in  check.— 4.  To  com- 
pare with  a  counterfoil  or  something  simi- 
lar, with  a  view  to  ascertain  authenticity  or 
accuracy ;  to  control  by  a  counter-register; 
to  test  the  accuracy  of  by  comparison  with 
vouchers  or  a  duplicate ;  as,  to  check  an  ac- 
count. —  5.  To  note  with  a  mark  as  having 
been  examined,  or  for  some  other  purpose ; 
as,  to  check  the  items  of  a  bill.— 6.  Ifaut.  (a) 
to  ease  off  a  little  of  a  rope  which  Is  too 
stiffly  extended.    (6)  To  stopper  the  cable. 

Check  (chek),  v.t.  1.  To  make  a  stop;  to  stop; 
to  pause :  with  at.  More  especially  a  term 
of  falconry. 

Like  the  haggard,  check  at  every  feather 
That  comes  before  the  eye.  Shak. 

2.  t  To  clash  or  interfere. 

They  do  best,  who  if  they  cannot  but  admit  love, 
yet  ...  sever  it  wholly  from  their  serious  affairs  and 
actions  of  life:  for  if  it  check  once  with  business,  it 
troubleth  men's  fortunes.  JJacon. 

3.  t  To  exercise  a  check 

I'll  avoid  his  presence. 
It  checks  too  strong  upon  me.  Dryden. 

Check  (chek),  a.  Made  of  check;  chequered; 
as,  a  check  shirt. 

Check-book  (chekT>uk),  n.  Same  as  Cheque- 
book. 

Check-clerk  (chekltlark),  ».  A  clerk  whose 
business  it  is  to  check  the  accounts  of  others 
or  time  of  attendance  at  work,  and  the  like. 

Checked,  pp.  or  a.  Chequered  or  varie- 
gated. Spenser. 

Checker,  v.t.    See  CHEQUER. 

Checker  (chek'er),  n.  1  A  draught  or  chess 
board,  Ac.  —  2.  A  piece  in  the  game  of 
draughts.  —  3.  pi  The  game  of  draughts. 
See  CHEQUER.  [American  usages.] 

Checker  (chek'er),  n.  One  who  checks  or 
restrains;  a  rebuker. 

Checker-board  (chek'er-bdrd),  n.  A  board 
for  playing  checkers  or  draughts. 

Checkered,  p.  and  a.    See  CHEQUERED. 

Checker-roll  (chek'er-rol),  n.  See  CHECK 
n.  11. 

Checker-work,  n.    See  CHEQUER-WORK. 

Checklaton.t  Chekelatoun,*  n.  A  kind 
of  rich  stuff  brought  from  the  East.  Spen- 
ser. Also  written  Ciclatoun,  Siclatotin,  Ac. 

Checklesa  (chekles),  a.  Incapable  of  being 
checked  or  restrained. 

The  hollow  murmur  of  the  cheekiest  winds 
Shall  groan  again.  Mania,,. 

Checkmate  (chek'mat),  n.  [From  Per.  shdh 
milt,  the  king  is  dead  (shdh,  the  king,  mat, 
he  is  dead),  whence  also  Fr.  echec  et  mat- 
G.  tchach-matt;  E.  check,  and  chess.}  1.  In 
chess,  the  position  of  a  king  when  he  is  in 
check,  and  cannot  release  himself.  As  it  is 
a  principle  that  the  king  cannot  be  cap- 
tured, this  brings  the  game  to  a  close. — 
2.  Fig.  defeat;  overthrow. 

Love  they  him  called,  that  gave  me  checkmate. 

Checkmate  (chek'mat),  v.t.  pret*&"pp. 
checkmated;  ppr.  checkmating.  1.  In  chess, 
to  put  in  check,  as  an  opponent's  king,  so 
that  he  cannot  be  released.  See  the  noun.— 
2.  Fig.  to  defeat;  to  thwart;  to  frustrate. 


4  To  checkmate  and   control  my  just  de- 
mands.'   Ford. 

Check-rail  (chek'ral),  n.  In  rail,  at  the 
crossing  from  one  line  of  rails  to  another, 
or  at  a  siding-place,  one  of  the  contrivances 
for  allowing  the  trains  to  run  on  or  to  move 
into  the  other  line  or  siding,  as  it  may  be 
adjusted. 

Check-roll  (ehek'rol), «.  Same  as  Check  n 
Check-string  (chek'string),  n.  A  string  in 
a  coach  by  pulling  which  the  occupant  may 
call  the  attention  of  the  coachman 
Check-taker  (chek'tak-er),  ».  An  official 
at  a  theatre,  concert-hall,  cfec.,  who  receives 
the  checks  or  tickets 
given  by  the  money- 
taker. 

Cheeky,  Chequy  (chek'- 
i),  a.    In  her.  divided  by 
transverse  lines  perpen- 
dicularly and    horizon- 
I     I        tally  into  equal  parts  or 

v  ^-^        squares,    alternately  of 

different  tinctures,  like 
a  chess-board.     On  or- 
dinaries   cheeky    must 
.are 


Cheeky. 

dinarics    cheeky    mm 
consist  of  at  least  three  ranges  of  squat 


pieces. 

Cheddar  (ched'der),  o.  and  n.  A  term  de- 
noting a  rich  fine-flavoured  cheese  made  at 
Cheddar  in  Somersetshire. 
Cheddar-pink  (ched'der-pingk),  n.  The 
English  name  of  Dianthus  ccesius,  because 
it  is  found  on  the  limestone  rocks  of  Ched- 
dar in  Somersetshire. 

Cheek  (chek),  n.  [A.  Sax.  eeace,  cheek.  Cog 
D.  kaak,  8w.  kek,  the  jaw,  kiik,  the  cheek; 
probably  same  root  as  chaw,  jaw,  chaps.] 
1.  The  side  of  the  face  below  the  eyes  on 
each  side. —2.  Something  regarded  as  re- 
sembling the  human  cheek  in  position  or 
otherwise;  one  of  two  pieces,  as  of  an  in- 
strument, apparatus,  framework,  Ac. ,  which 
form  corresponding  sides  or  which  are 
double  and  alike ;  as.  the  cheeks  of  a  print- 
ing-press; the  cheeks  of  a  turner's  lathe; 
the  cheeks  of  a  vice ;  the  cheeks  of  a  mor- 
tar and  of  a  gun-carriage;  the  ,•/,.,/...,•  of 
a  mast,  which  serve  to  sustain  the  trestle- 
trees  ;  the  cheeks  of  a  door;  the  cheeks  of  a 
window-frame;  the  cheeks  of  an  embrasure; 
the  cheeks  of  a  pillow-block ;  in  founding, 
one  of  the  side  parts  of  a  flask  consisting  of 
more  than  two  parts.— 3.  Cool  confidence; 
brazen-faced  impudence ;  impudent  or  in- 
sulting talk;  as,  he  has  plenty  of  cheek;  he 
gave  me  a  lot  of  ch eek.  [Colloq.  or  vulgar.]— 
4.  Share ;  portion  ;  allowance.  [Colloq.  or 
vulgar.] 

I  remember  the  time  when  Ihavedrunktomy  own 
cheek  above  two  quarts  between  dinner  and  break- 
fast. Trollofe. 

Cheek  (chekX  r  t.  1.  To  assail  with  impu- 
dent or  insulting  language;  also,  to  face;  to 
confront  in  a  bold  or  impudent  manner 
[Slang.] 

What  does  he  come  here  cheeking  us  for?    Dickens. 

Sometimes  with  an  indefinite  it  for  the 
object. 

They  .  .  .  persuaded  me  to  go  and  beg  with  them 
but  I  couldn't  cheek  it.  Mayhem. 

2.t  To  bring  up  to  the  cheek. 

His  pike  chfet .{,  to  guard  the  tun 
He  must  not  taste.  Cotton. 

Cheek-band  (chek'band),  n.  A  strap  of  t 
head-stall;  a  throat-band. 

Cheek-bone  (chek'bon),  n.  The  bone  of  the 
cheek. 

Cheek-piece  (chek'pes),  ».  A  piece  form- 
ing a  cheek,  or  on  a  cheek,  as  in  a  casque. 

Cheek-pouch  (chek'pouch),  n.  A  bag  situ- 
ated in  the  cheek  of  a  monkey,  by  means  of 
which  it  is  enabled  to  stow  away  and  carry 
off  food  for  future  consumption. 

Cheek-strap  (chek'strap),  n.  In  saddlery, 
a  strap  of  a  bridle  or  head -stall  passing 
down  the  side  of  the  horse's  head. 

Cheek-tooth  (chek'toth),  n.    A  molar  tooth 

or  grinder. 

He  hath  the  cheek-teeth  of  a  great  lion.    Joel  L  6. 

Cheeky  (chek'i),  a.  Impudent;  brazen-faced: 
presumptuous ;  as,  he  is  a  cheeky  little  fel- 
low. [Slang.] 

Cheep  (chep),  v.i.  [Imitative.]  To  pule  or 
peep,  as  a  chicken;  to  chirp;  to  squeak. 

The  maxim  of  the  Douglases,  that  it  was  '  better  to 
hear  the  lark  sing  than  the  mouse  cheep '  was  adopted 
by  every  border  chief.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Cheep  (ch«p),  v.  t.  To  utter  in  a  chirping  or 
puling  tone;  to  pipe. 

O  Swallow.  Swallow,  if  I  could  follow  and  light 
Upon  her  lattice,  I  would  pipe  and  trill 
And  chctp  and  twitter  twenty  million  loves. 

Tennyson. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;    .  tube,  tub,  bull;     oil,  pound;      u,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  ley. 


CHEEP 


449 


CHEILOPODA 


Cheep  (chep),  71.  A  squeak,  as  of  a  mouse; 
a  chirp;  a  creak. 

Come,  screw  the  pegs  in  titnefu'  cheep.    Burns. 

Cheer  (cher),  n.  [O.K.  cliere,  faee,  look, 
mien,  from  O.  Fr.  chafe,  chiere,  faee,  coun- 
tenance, from  L.L.  cant,  the  faee,  from  Or. 
kara,  the  head.  ]  1.  Expression  of  counten- 
ance, as  noting  a  greater  or  less  degree  of 
cheerfulness.  '  All  fancy-sick  she  is  and 
pale  of  cheer.'  Shak, 

A  moment  changed  that  ladye's  cheer, 

Gush'd  to  her  eye  tlie  unbidden  tear.      5;V  It'.  Scott. 

2.  State  or  temper  of  the  mind ;  state  of 
feeling  or  spirits. 

Son,  be  of  good  clteer:  thy  sins  be  forgiven  thee. 
Mat.  Ix.  a. 

He  ended  ;  and  his  words  their  drooping  cheer 

Enlightened,  -ind  their  languish' d  hope  reviv'd. 

Milton. 

3.  A  state  of  gladness  or  joy;  gaiety;  ani- 
mation.    'Not  that  alacrity  of  spirit  nor 
th'-f.r  of  mind.'    Shale.     ' So  sick  of  late,  so 
far  from  cheer. '    Shah. 

Naked  I  go  and  void  of  rheer.  Tennyson. 

4.  That  which  makes  cheerful  or  promotes 
good  spirits;  provisions  for  a  feast;  viands; 
fare. 

The  table  was  loaded  with  good  cheer.    Irving. 

&.  A  shout  of  joy,  encouragement,  applause, 
or  acclamation. 

Welcome  her,  thundering  cheer  of  the  street. 

Tennyson. 

Cheer  (cher),  ".'.  1.  To  dispel  gloom,  sorrow, 
or  apathy  from;  to  cause  to  rejoice;  to  glad- 
den; to  make  cheerful :  often  with  My;  as, 
I  tried  to  cheer  him  up.  'To  cheer  the 
ploughman  with  inereaseful  crops.'  Shak. 
'  Cheered  with  wine  and  food.'  Chapman. 

Hark 1  a  glad  voice  the  lonely  desert  cheers; 
Prepare  the  way,  a  god,  a  god  appears.      Pope. 

2.  To  incite;  to  encourage.  '  The  heart  that 
cheers  these  hands  to  execute  the  like. '  Shak. 

He  cheer'd  the  dogs  to  follow  her  who  fled. 

Drydetl. 

3.  To  salute  with  shouts  of  joy  or  cheers;  to 
applaud ;  as,  to  cheer  a  public  speaker. — 
SYN.  To  gladden,  encourage,  inspirit,  com- 
fort, console,  enliven,  refresh,  exhilarate, 
animate. 

Cheer  (cher),  ».£.  1.  To  grow  cheerful;  to 
become  gladsome  or  joyous:  often  with  up. 

At  sight  of  thee  my  gloomy  soul  cheers  iff.    Philips. 
My  girl,  cheer  up,  be  comforted.      Tennyson. 

2.  t  To  be  in  any  state  or  temper  of  mind ;  to 
fare. 

How  cheer st  thou,  Jessica?  Shak. 

3.  To  utter  a  cheer  or  shout  of  acclamation 
or  joy. 

And  even  the  ranks  of  Tuscany 

Could  scarce  forbear  to  cheer.     Macaulay. 

Cheerer  (chertr),  n.  One  who  cheers;  he 
who  or  that  which  gladdens.  '  Thou  cheerer 
ofourdays.'  Wottou.  •  Prime  cAeerer  light.' 
Thomson. 

Cheerful  (cherTul),  a.  1.  Of  good  cheer; 
having  good  spirits;  gay;  moderately  joyful: 
said  of  persons. 

You  du  look,  my  son,  in  a  moved  sort, 
Asifyouwere  dismay'd ;  be  cheerful,  sir.     Shak. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  expressive  of  good 
spirits  or  joy;  associated  with  agreeable 
feelings;  lively;  animated.   '  A  cheerful  con- 
fidence in  the  mercy  of  God.'    Macaulay. 

A  merry  heart  maketh  a  cheerful  countenance. 
Prov.  xv.  13. 

A  man  he  seems  of  cheerful  yesterdays 
And  confident  to-morrows.  H'ordsTuorth. 

3.  Promoting  or  causing  cheerfulness;  glad- 
dening; animating;  genial;  as,  the  cheerful 
sun.     'May-time  and  the  cheerful  dawn.' 
W ordsworth.  —  SYN.  Lively,  animated,  gay, 
joyful,    lightsome,    gleeful,    blithe,    airy, 
sprightly,  jocund,  jolly. 

Cheerfully  (chertul-Ii),  adv.  In  a  cheerful 
manner;  with  alacrity  or  willingness;  read- 
ily; with  life,  animation,  or  good  spirits. 

Cheerfulness  (chertul-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  cheerful;  a  state  of 
moderate  joy  or  gaiety;  alacrity.  '  He  that 
showeth  mercy,  with  cheerfulness.'  Rom. 
xii.  8.  —  Mirth,  Cheerfulness.  See  under 
MIRTH. 

Cheerily  (cheVi-li),  adv.  In  a  cheery  man- 
ner; with  cheerfulness;  with  good  spirits; 
as,  to  set  to  work  cheerily. 

Cheerlness  (cher'i-nes).  n.  Quality  or  state 
of  being  cheery;  cheerfulness;  gaiety  and 
good-humour;  as,  his  cheeriness  was  con- 
stant. 

Cheering  (cher'ing),  p.  and  a.  Giving  joy 
or  gladness;  enlivening;  encouraging;  ani- 
mating. 

The  sacred  sun  .  .  . 

.  .  .  diffused  his  cheering  ray.  Pope. 


Cheeringly  (cher'ing-li),  adc.  In  a  cheering 
manner. 

Cheerishnesst  (cher'ish-ues),  n.  Cheerful- 
ness. 

There  is  no  Christian  duty  that  is  not  to  be  seasoned 
and  set  off  with  clteerisltness.  .Miltvn, 

Cheerless  (chevies),  a.  Without  joy,  ulad- 
uess,  or  comfort;  gloomy;  destitute  of  any- 
thing to  enliven  or  animate  the  spirits. 

All's  cheerless,  dark  and  deadly.          Shak. 

Cheerlessly  (cher'les-li),  ado.  In  a  cheer- 
less manner;  dolefully. 

Cheerlessness  (cher'les-nes),  n.  State  of 
being  destitute  of  cheerfulness  or  comfort. 

Cheerly  t  (cher'li),  it.  Gay;  cheerful :  not 
gloomy.  'Lusty,  joung  and  cheerly.'  Shak. 
'  Hurdles  to  weave,  and  cheerly  shelters 
raise.'  Dyer. 

Cheerly  (chcrli),  ado.  Cheerily;  cheerfully; 
heartily;  briskly.  Shak.  [Poetical.] 

Oft  listening  how  the  hounds  and  horn 
Cheerly  rouse  the  sliiinb'ring  moon.         Milton. 

Cheerup  (cher'up),  v.t.  [Two  words  under 
one  form,  the  one  a  compound  of  cheer  and 
up,  the  other  a  form  of  chirrup,  and  akin  to 
chirp.  [Colloq.J  1.  To  make  cheerful;  to 
enliven. — 2.  To  chirrup;  to  chirp. 

Cheeruplng  (cher'up-ing),  a.  Making  cheer- 
ful; enlivening.  'To  drink  a  clieempiny 
cup. '  Smollett. 

Cheery  (cher'i),  a.  1.  Showing  cheerful- 
ness or  good  spirits;  blithe;  hearty;  gay; 
sprightly;  as,  to  speak  with  a  cheery  tone  of 
voice;  always  cheery  and  in  good-humour. 
'Sad  or  cheery.'  Byron.  —  2.  Having  power 
to  make  gay;  promoting  cheerfulness. 

Come,  let  us  hie,  and  quaff  a  cheery  bowl.     Cay. 

Chees,  t  pret.  of  chese,  to  choose.  '  And  chees 
hire  of  his  owen  auctoritie.'  Chaucer. 

Cheese  (chez),  ».  [A.  Sax.  cese,  cyse,  cheese; 
derived  like  G.  kiise,  D.  kaas,  from  L.  caseus, 
cheese.]  1.  The  curd  or  caseine  of  milk, 
coagulated  by  rennet  or  some  acid,  sepa- 
rated from  the  serum  or  whey,  and  pressed 
in  a  vat,  hoop,  or  mould.  All  the  acids 
separate  the  cheese  from  the  whey;  neutral 
salts,  and  likewise  all  earthy  and  metallic 
salts,  produce  the  same  effect.  But  what 
answers  best  is  rennet,  which  is  made  by 
macerating  in  water  a  piece  of  the  last 
stomach  of  a  calf,  salted  and  dried  for  this 
purpose.  The  flowers  of  the  Galium  verum, 
or  yellow  lady's  bed-straw,  and  the  juice  of 
the  fig-tree  very  readily  coagulate  milk. 
There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  cheese, 
which  differ  from  one  another  according  to 
the  quality  of  the  milk  employed  and  the 
mode  of  preparation.  Soft  cheeses,  such  as 
cream-cheese,  Bath  and  Yorkshire  cheese, 
will  not  keep  long,  and  are  therefore  used 
as  soon  as  made.  Hard  cheeses,  as  Cheshire, 
Gloucester,  Cheddar,  Parmesan,  and  Dutch, 
are  capable  of  being  kept  a  long  time.  There 
is  also  an  intermediate  class,  as  Gruyere, 
Stilton,  &c.  Cheese  is  composed  of  from 
30  to  50  per  cent  of  water,  3  to  5  per  cent 
of  nitrogen,  18  to  30  per  cent  of  fat,  and 
4  to  6  per  cent  of  mineral  matter.  — 2.  A 
mass  of  pomace  or  ground  apples  pressed 
together  in  the  form  of  a  cheese.  —3.  [Slang.  ] 
Anything  good  or  first-rate  in  quality;  any- 
thing genuine,  advantageous,  or  pleasant. 
In  this  sense  probably  from  the  Gypsy  vo- 
cabulary, and  derived  from  Hindu  and  Per- 
sian chiz,  a  thing.  Leland,  however,  while 
acknowledging  it  to  be  a  true  Gypsy  word, 
refers  it  rather  to  French  chose,  a  thing, 
which  is  from  Latin  causa. 

Cheese-cake  (chez'kak),  n.  1.  A  cake  filled 
with  a  jelly  made  of  soft  curds,  sugar,  and 
butter.  — 2.  A  small  cake  made  in  various 
ways  and  with  a  variety  of  different  ingre- 
dients; as,  lemon  cheese-cake,  orange  cheese- 
cake, apple  cheese-cake, 
Ac. 

Cheese-fat  (chez'fat), 

n.      [  Corruption     for 

cheese  -vat.  ]      Cheese- 
mould.    Sir  W.  Scott. 
Cheese-fly  (ehez'fli),  n. 

A  small  black  dipterous 

insect  bred  in  cheese, 

the  Piftphila  casei,  of 

the    family   Muscidas, 

the  same  to  which  the 

house-fly  blow-fly,  &c.,  th(.ese.hoPper(/>.*w«). 

be  ong     It  has  a  very         M          cxtended. 
extensible    ovipositor,  ^  ;_  In  leaping  position, 
which  it  can  sink  to  a  a,  e.  Fly  (nat.  size), 
great    depth    in    the 
cracks  of  cheese,  and  lay  its  eggs  there.    The 
maggot,  well  known  as  the  cheese-hopper,  is 
furnished  with  two  horny  claw-shaped  mau- 


•  lil  ilcs.  which  it  uses  both  for  digging  into  the 
cheese  and  f.,r  moving  itself,  having  no  feet. 
It  has  two  pairs  of  *pira,'le*.  ,,i»-  ],;,ii  near 
tin:  head  and  another  near  the  tail,  so  Unit 
when  one  is  obstructed  the  other  can  lie 
Died.  Its  leaps  arc  performed  by  a  jerk 
first  Dlinglaa  itself  into  a  circular  attitude, 
when  it  ean  project  itself  twenty  to  thirty 
times  its  ouu  length. 
Cheese-hopper  (chczliop-er).  See  CIIKKSK- 

Cheese-lep  (rhe//lep).  n.  A  bag  in  which 
rennet  for  cheese  is  kept. 

Cheese-mite  (chez'mit),  /,.  A  miteoranuh- 
nldan  of  the  gi-nus  Acarus(.l.  damesticus), 
which  infests  cheese. 

Cheesemonger  (chez'mung-ger),  n.  One 
who  deals  in  or  sells  cheese. 

Cheese-mould  (chez'mold),  n.  A  mould  or 
form  in  which  cheese  is  pressed. 

Cheese-pale  (chez'pal),  n.  A  sharp  instru- 
ment of  a  semicircular  concave  form,  like 
a  small  scoop,  for  piercing  cheese,  so  as 
to  enable  it  to  be  tasted  without  cutting. 
Called  also  Cheese-scoop  and  Cheese-tatter 

Cheese-paring (chez'par-ing), n.  1.  Aparing 
of  the  rind  of  cheese.— 2  Parsimony. 

Cheese -paring  (chez'par-ing).  a.  Meanly 
economical;  parsimonious;  as,  cheese-pa >  in<i 
economy. 

Cheese -press  (chez'pres),  n.  A  press  or 
apparatus  for  pressing  curd  in  the  making 
of  cheese. 

Cheese-rennet  (chez'ren-net),  n.  A  name 
given  to  the  yellow  lady's  bed-straw  (Galium 
cerum),  used  for  coagulating  milk  See 
CHEESE. 

Cheese-room  (chez'rom),  n.  A  local  Eng- 
lish name  for  the  horse-mushroom  (Aaarims 
arveiuns),  extensively  used  as  an  article  of 
food. 

Cheese-scoop,  Cheese-taster  (chez'skup, 
chez'tast-er),  n.  Same  as  Cheese-pale. 

Cheese-vat  (chez'vat),  n.  The  vat  or  case 
in  which  curds  are  confined  for  pressing. 

Cheeslness  (chez'i-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  cheesy  or  resembling  cheese  in  con- 
sistency. 

Cheesy  (chez'i),  a.  Having  the  nature,  qua- 
lities, taste,  odour,  or  form  of  cheese ;  re- 
sembling cheese  in  any  respect;  caseous. 
'A  cheesy  substance.'  Arbuthnot. 

Cheet  (chet),  ni.  [Imitative.]  To  chatter 
or  chirrup. 

Cheetah,  Cheeta  (che'ta),  n.  Same  as 
Chetah. 

Chef(shef),  n.  [Fr.]  1.  Head  or  chief :  spe- 
cifically, the  head  cook  of  a  great  establish- 
ment, as  a  nobleman's  household,  a  club, 
Ac.  Thackeray.— 1.  In  her.  chef  or  chefe  is 
often  used  for  chief. 

Chef-d'O3uvre  (sha-do-vr),  n.  pi.  Chefs- 
d'oeuvre  (sha-do-vr).  [Fr.]  A  master-piece ; 
a  fine  work  in  art,  literature,  &c. 

Chegoe,  Chegre  (cheg'6,  cheg'er),  n.  Same 
as  Chitjue. 

Cheil-,  Chll-.  The  initial  part  of  sundry 
compound  words,  from  Gr.  cheilos,  a  lip.  In 
this,  and  in  other  components  aud  words 
derived  from  the  Greek,  as  in  cheir,  hand, 
dcinos,  terrible,  pleioti,  more,  meioii,  less, 
the  diphthong  ei  is  often  replaced  by  t,  as 
in  c/itioguatha,  c/j/roptera,  i/momis,  plio- 
cene, iniocene, tor  c/iei'/ognatha.cAeiroptera, 
rfemornis,  ^etocene,  7Ht't'ocene. 

Cheilanthes  (ki-lan'thez),  n.  [Gr.  cheilos.  a 
lip,  and  anthos,  a  flower,  in  allusion  to  the 
form  of  the  indusium.]  A  genus  of  poly- 
podiaceous  ferns,  some  species  of  which  are 
much  cultivated  because  the  under  surface 
of  the  fronds  is  covered  with  a  silver  or 
gold  powder.  The  genus  is  distinguished 
by  the  small  sori  at  the  ends  of  the  free 
veins,  and  covered  by  the  bent-over  margin 
of  the  frontl. 

Chellognatha  (kl-log'na-tha),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
cheilos.&lip, and  gnathus, a  jaw.]  An  order 
of  myriapods,  represented  by  the  hairy 
worms  or  millipeds,  in  which  the  two  man- 
dibles and  the  tongue  are  united  to  form  a 
large  lower  lip. 

Cheiloplasty  (ki'I6-plas-ti),  n.  [Gr.  cheUo*. 
the  Up,  and  plasso,  to  form,  to  mould.]  In 
surg.  the  term  for  the  operation  of  supply- 
ing deficiencies  of  the  lip,  by  appropriating 
a  sufficient  quantity  of  the  healthy  sur- 
rounding surface. 

Cheilopod  (kilo-pod),  n.  An  insect  of  the 
order  Cheilopoda. 

Chellopoda  (ki-lop'o-da),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  cheilos, 
a  lip,  and  poits,  podos,  a  foot.]  One  of  the 
two  orders  of  Myriapoda,  represented  by 
the  centipeds,  in  which  a  pair  of  mandibles, 
or  large  jaws  with  small  palpi,  two  pairs  of 


ch,  chain;      6h,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL.  I. 


S,go',     J.job;      t,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  theu;  th,  tAio;      w,  wig; 


wh,  KiMg;    zh,  azure. — See  KEY. 
29 


CHEILOSTOMATA 


450 


CHEMICAL 


maxillipeds  or  foot-jaws,  and  a  lower  lip, 
are  developed. 

Cheilostomata  (ki-16-stom'a-ta).  n.  pi.  [Or. 
cheilog,  a  lip,  and  stoma,  mouth.]  A  sub- 
order of  funnel-shaped  (infundibulate)  ma- 
rine Polyzoa,  characterized  by  having  the 
orifice  of  the  cell  filled  with  a  thin  mem- 
branous or  calcareous  plate,  and  a  curved 
mouth  furnished  with  a  movable  lip. 
Cheilostomatous  (ki-16-stom'a-tus),  a.  Of 
or  pertaining  to  the  sub-order  Cheilosto- 
mata, having  the  mouth  furnished  with  a 
movable  lip. 

Cheir-,  Chir-.  See  CHEIL-,  CHIL-. 
Cheiracanthus  ( ki-ra-kan'thus ),  n.  [Or. 
cheir,  the  hand,  and  akantha,  a  thorn.  ]  1.  A 
fossil  ganoid  fish  of  the  Devonian  or  old  red 
system,  covered  with  small  brightly  ena- 
melled scales,  and  having  all  its  fins  armed 
with  defensive  spines.  It  abounds  at  Gam- 
rie,  Banffshire.— 2.  See  GNATHOSTOMA. 
Cheiranthus  (ki-ran'thus),  n.  [Gr.  ckeir, 
the  hand,  and  anthog,  a  flower.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Crucifenc,  consisting  of 
pubescent  herbs  or  small  shrubs  with  large 
yellow  or  purple  sweet-scented  flowers.  The 
wall -flower  (C.  Cheiri)  is  the  best  known 
species. 
Chelrognomy  (ki-rog'no-mi),  n.  Same  as 

Chirogiiomy. 

Cheirblepis  (ki-rol'e-pis), n.  [Gr.  cheir,  the 
hand,  and  lepis,  a  scale.  ]  A  genus  of  fossil 
ganoid  flshes  found  in  the  old  red  sandstone 
of  Orkney  and  Morayshire.  with  very  minute 
scales,  belonging  to  the  family  Acanthodes, 
or  spine-flnned  fishes,  and  characterized  by 
the  great  development  of  the  pectoral  and 
ventral  fins. 

Chelrology  (kl-rol'o-jl),  n.  Same  as  Chiro- 
logy. 

Cheiromys  (ki'ro-mls),  n.  [Gr.  cheir,  the 
hand,  and  i/i.v-s  a  mouse.  ]  A  genus  of  lemu- 
rine  quadrupeds,  consisting  of  the  single 
species  C.  jnadagagcarientris  (the  aye-aye). 
Cheironectes  (ki-ro-nek'tez),  n.  [Or.  cheir, 
the  hand,  and  necho,  to  swim.  ]  1.  A  genus  of 
acanthopterygious  Ashes,  having  the  pec- 
toral fins  supported,  like  short  feet,  upon 
peduncles,  by  means  of  which  they  are 
enabled  to  creep  over  mud  and  sand  when 
left  dry  by  the  receding  tide,  and  also  to  take 
short  leaps  like  a  frog,  whence  it  is  called 
frog-nsh,  as  well  as  hand -fish.  They  are 
found  in  the  estuaries  of  the  north-east  of 
Australia.  From  the  structure  of  their  gills 
they  can  live  out  of  the  water  for  two  or 
three  days.  — 2.  The  name  given  by  Illiger 
to  a  Brazilian  genus  of  opossums,  in  which 
the  hinder-hands  are  webbed.  Only  one 
species  is  known,  namely,  C  variegatus,  or 
C.  Yapock  (sometimes  called  the  Yapock 
opossum,  from  the  river  of  that  name),  a 
spotted  marsupial  quadruped,  found  in 
some  parts  of  South  America. 
Cheiropodist  (ki-rop'od-ist),  n.  Same  as 
Chiropodist. 

Cheiropter  (ki.rop'ter),  „.  A  mammal  of 
the  order  Cheiroptera. 

Cheiroptera  (ki-rop'ter-a),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  cheir, 
the  hand,  and  pteron,  wing.]  An  order  of 
mammals— the  bats  —  nearly  equivalent  to 
the  Linnscan  genus  Vespertilio.  They  are 
characterized  by  the  elongation  of  all  the 
fingers,  save  the  thumb,  for  the  support  of 
a  membrane  which  stretches  along  the 
sides  of  the  body,  and  is  attached  to  the 
posterior  limbs,  in  the  majority  passing 
across  between  the  hind  limbs  and  tail. 
They  have  thus  the  power  of  sustained 
flight.  See  BAT. 

Cheiropterous  (k(-rop'ter-us).  a.  Belonging 
to  the  Cheiroptera  or  bat  tribe ;  furnished 
with  elongated  fingers  or  toes,  for  the  ex- 
pansion of  membranes  which  serve  as  wings. 
Chelrostemon  (ki-ro-ste'mon),  n.  [Gr.  cheir, 
the  hand,  and  stemon,  a  stamen.]  A  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Malvaceae  or  Sterculi- 
acero.  It  contains  a  single  species,  C.  pla- 
tanoides  (the  hand-flower  tree  of  Mexico). 
It  is  a  tall  tree  with  large  lobed  leaves  and 
remarkable  flowers,  about  2  inches  across, 
without  a  corolla,  but  with  a  coloured  calyx, 
and  the  bright  red  stamens  divided  for 
about  one-third  of  their  length  into  five 
linear  curved  lobes,  having  some  resem- 
blance to  the  human  hand. 
Chelrotes  (ki-ro'tez),  n.  [Gr.  cheirotis,  pro- 
vided with  hands,  from  cheir,  a  hand.]  A 
genus  of  lizards  forming  the  family  Cheiro- 
tidse,  and  containing  but  one  species,  C.  can- 
alicu2atu»,an  animal,  so  far  as  known,  of  sub- 
terranean habits  like  the  amphisbaena.  It, 
however,  differs  from  the  other  members  of 
the  order  Amphisbamia  in  having  external 


limbs. which consistof  twosmall  and  slightly 
developed  fore-legs,  just  behind  the  head, 
nearly  in  the  place  where  the  ears  might  be 
expected.  It  is  about  the  thickness  of  a 
human  little  finger,  and  from  8  to  10  inches 
long. 

Cheirotherium  (kl-ro-the'ri-um),  n.  [Gr. 
cheir.  the  hand,  and  therion,  a  wild  beast.] 
Lit.  hand-beast ;  in  geol.  a  name  given  to 
the  great  unknown  animal  that  formed  the 
larger  footsteps  upon  the  slabs  of  the  trias, 
or  upper  new  red  sandstone,  and  which 
bear  a  resemblance  to  the  human  hand.  It 
is  supposed  to  be  identical  with  the  newt- 
'  like  lativrinthodon. 

Chekelatoun,  t  n.  A  kind  of  rich  cloth. 
See  CHECKLATON. 

Cli eke-mute. -  Same  as  Check-mate.  Chau- 
cer. 

Chekere.t    Same  as  Checker.    Chaucer. 
Chekmak  (chek'mak),  n.     A  Turkish  fabric 
of   mixed    silk  and    cotton,    with   golden 
threads  interwoven. 

Chekoa  (che'ko-a),  n.  Chinese  porcelain 
day 

Chela  (kela),  n.  pi.  Chela  (ke-le).  [Gr. 
chili,  a  claw.  ]  One  of  the  prehensile  claws 
with  which  some  of  the  limbs  are  termin- 
ated in  certain  Crustacea,  such  as  the  crab, 
lobster,  &c. 

Chelate  (ke'Iat),  a.    Same  as  Cheliferous. 
Chelaundre, t  n.    [Fr.  calandre.  It.  calan- 
dra,]    A  kind  of  lark;  the  calandra.     /;.;- 
ntaunt  of  the  Rose. 

Chele.  n.  Chill;  cold,  'In  many  a  cltele 
and  heat.'  (rower. 
Chele  (ke'le).  n.  Same  aa  Chela. 
Chellcera  (ke-lis'er-a),  n.  pi.  Cheliceras 
(ke-lis'er-e).  [Gr.  chile,  a  claw,  and  fora*, 
a  horn.]  A  name  given  to  the  prehensile 
claws  of  the  scorpion  and  spider,  which  are 
the  homologues  of  antennrc. 
Chelididae,  Chelydldaj  (ke-lid'i-de),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  chelys,  a  tortoise,  and  eidog,  resem- 
blance. ]  A  family  of  tortoises  (sometimes 
called  frog-tortoises),  agreeing  generally  In 
their  form  and  the  structure  of  their  feet 
with  the  marsh-tortoises,  except  that  the 
carapace  is  imperfectly  ossified,  and  the 
head  and  limbs  are  notcompletelyretractile. 
The  mouth  is  surrounded  by  soft  lips,  and 
the  nose  usually  elongated  into  a  proboscis. 
Chelidonium  ( kel  -  i  -  da'  ni  -  urn ),  n.  [  Gr. 
chetidnnion,  from  fhelidon,  a  swallow.  ] 
Celandine,  a  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Papaveraceaj.  One  of  the  two  known 
species  is  a  native  of  waste  grounds  in 
the  south  of  England  (C.  majug).  It  is  a 
glaucous  annual,  with  lobed  leaves,  small 
yellow  flowers,  and  a  long  pod.  It  abounds 
in  an  acrid  yellow  juice,  sometimes  used  as 
a  caustic  to  destroy  warts. 
Chellfer  (kel'i-fer),  n.  [Gr.  chili.,  a  claw, 
and  L.  fen,  to  carry.)  A  genus  of  Arach- 
nidre.  remarkable  for  the  resemblance  which 
the  species  bear  to  scorpions.  See  BOOK- 
SCORPION. 

Chellferous  (ke-llf'er-us).  o.  [Gr.  chile, 
a  claw,  and  U  /pro,  to  bear.]  Furnished 
with  chela;,  as  a  lobster,  a  crab,  <ftc. 
Chellform  (  kel '  i  -  form ),  o.  [L.  chela,  a 
claw,  and  forma,  form.]  Having  the  form 
of  a  chela  or  prehensile  Haw,  like  those  of 
the  lobster,  crab.  Ac. 

Chellngue  (she-lingO,  n.  A  clumsy  kind  of 
boat  used  on  the  coast  of  Coromandel. 
Called  also  Masoola-boat  (which  see). 
Chelodlne  ( kel' 6 -din),  n.  [Gr.  chelyt, 
a  tortoise.]  An  Australian  river  tortoise, 
having  a  long,  flexible  neck,  and  a  flat, 
narrow,  and  pointed  head.  It  is  a  very 
active  animal,  traversing  with  consider- 
able speed  the  pools  and  rivers  in  which  it 
finds  its  fishy  prey. 

Chelold  (kel'oid),  n.  [Gr.  ehelyt,  a  tor- 
toise, and  eidoi,  appearance.  ]  Same  as 
Cancroid.  Dunglixon. 

Chelone  (ke-lo'ne),  n.  [Gr.  chelone,  a 
tortoise.  ]  1.  In  bot.  a  beautiful  genus  of 
herbaceous  plants,  nat.  order  Scrophulari- 
aceoc.  The  broad  keeled  upper  lip  and 
nearly  shut  mouth  of  the  corolla  suggested 
the  name.  The  species  are  perennials,  with 
large  white  or  purple  flowers.  They  are 
natives  of  America,  but  are  frequent  in  our 
gardens.  They  are  popularly  called  tor- 
toise-flower, shell-flower,  and  snake-head. 
2.  In  zool.  a  genus  of  turtles,  family  Chelon- 
idas,  represented  by  the  green  turtle  (Che- 
lone  miidas  or  viridis). 
Chelonia  (ke-16'ni-a),  n.  pi.  [Or.  cheldnl, 
a  tortoise.]  An  order  of  reptiles,  distin- 
guished by  the  body  being  inclosed  in  a 
double  shell,  out  of  which  the  head,  tail. 


and  four  extremities  protrude,   including 
the  various  species  of  tortoise  and  turtle. 
The  order  is  divided  into  five  families— the 
Chelldidn,  or  frog  tortoises;  Tustudinidrc, 
or  land  tortoises ;  Eniyde,  the  terrapins  or 
fresh -water    tortoises;    Trlonyehida,    the 
mud  turtles  or  soft  tortoises;  Chelonida:, 
or  sea  turtles.    See  TORTOISE,  TURTLE. 
Chelonian  (ke-16'ni-an),  a.    [Gr.  eheUinf 
\    a  tortoise.]     Pertaining  to  or  designating 
animals  of  the  tortoise  kind. 
Chelonian  (ke-16'ni-an),  n.     A  member  of 
the  order  Chelonia. 

Chelonldae,  Cheloniidae  (ke-lon'i-de.  ke- 
16-ni'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  chelone,  a  tortoise, 
and  eidog,  resemblance.  ]  A  family  of  che- 
lonian  reptiles,  distinguished  by  the  peculiar 
modification  of  the  feet  for  swimming ;  the 
turtles.  See  TURTLE. 

Cheluridaa  (ke-lu'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  chili, 
a  claw,  oura,  a  tail,  and  eidos,  resemblance.) 
The  wood-boring  shrimps,  a  family  of  marine 
shrimps  nearly  as  destructive  to  timber  as 
theship-wonn  itself  by  boring  tunnels  under 
the  surface. 

Chelydida.    See  CIIKI.IDIII.K. 
Chelys  (ke'lis),  n.    [Or.,  a  tortoise.]   A  genus 
of  turtles,  type  of  the  family  Chelidida:.    See 
MATAMATA. 

Chemic  (kem'ik),  n.  it  A  chemist  or 
alchemist.  —2.  In  bleaching,  a  dilute  solution 
of  chloride  of  lime. 

Chemic  (kem'ik),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  chemicked; 
ppr.  chemicking.  In  bleaching,  to  steep,  as 
cotton  goods,  in  a  dilute  solution  of  chloride 
of  limein  stone  vats,  the  liquor  being  pumped 
up  and  strained  through  the  goods  until  the 
action  is  complete. 

Chemic  (kem'ik),  a.  Same  as  Chemical,  hut 
used  chiefly  in  poetry. 

Chemical  (kem'ik-al),  o.    [See  CHEMISTRY.  1 
1.  Pertaining  to  chemistry ;  as,  a  chemical 
experiment. —2.  Pertaining  to  the  pheno- 
mena with  which  chemistry  deals  and  to 
the  laws  by  which  they  are  regulated;  as, 
chemical  affinity ;  chemical  combinations ; 
chemical  changes.  —  Chemical  affinity,  che- 
mical attraction,   and  elective  attraction, 
are  different  names  for  that  action  by  which 
the  particles  of  one  class  of  bodies,  when 
presented  to  those  of  certain  other  classes, 
conjoin  to  form  new  compounds,  making 
apparently  a  choice  or  election  of  those 
with  which  they  unite.     Chemical  attrac- 
tion, like  cohesion,  acts  only  at  insensible 
distances,  and  thus  differs  entirely  from  the 
attraction  of  gravitation.   It  is  distinguished 
from  cohesion  by  being  exerted  between 
dissimilar  particles  only,   while  cohesion 
unites  similar  particles   only.      Chemical 
combination  always  takes  place  in  definite 
proportions,    that    is,    each    element   has 
a  certain  definite  combining  proportion,, 
whereas   mere   mixture  or   solution   may 
occur  with  very  varying  amounts  of  the 
same   substances;    the   properties  of   the- 
product  or  products  of  chemical  action  are 
not  the  mean  of  the  properties  of  the  sub- 
stances acted  upon,  as  is  the  case  with  mere 
mechanical  actions ;  and,  further,  chemical 
action  is  always  attended  with  an  alteration 
in  the  temperature  of  the  substances  acted 
on,  generally  with  an  evolution  of  heat. 
Chemical  action  may  take  place  between, 
two  elements  whereby  a  new  compound  is 
produced,  or  it  may  cause  the  decomposi- 
tion of  a  compound  into  two  or  more  ele- 
mentary bodies;  or  again,  two  compounds 
may  react  on  one  another,  and  by  an  inter- 
change of  elements  produce  a  series  of  new 
compounds.    The  power  of  chemical  force- 
is  very  great,  and  it  varies  under  different 
circumstances ;  thus,  the  force  with  which 
two  bodies,  say  A  and  B,  unite,  is  much 
greater  than  that  with  which  A  unites  with 
a  third  bodyc  under  the  same  circumstances, 
but  the  circumstances  under  which  combina- 
tion takes  place  often  alters  entirely  the 
relative  magnitude  or  strength  of  the  che- 
mical action.  —  Chemical  analygig,  a  term 
applied    to    the   resolution  of   compound 
bodies  into  their  elements.     It  is  either 
qualitative   or   quantitative.      Qualitative 
analysis  consists  in  the  determination  of 
the  component  parts  merely  as  respects 
their  nature,  and  without  regard  to  their 
relative  proportions.    Quantitative  analysis 
consists  in  tne  determination  not  merely  of 
the  components  of  a  compound,  but  their 
relative  proportions. — Chemical  combina- 
tion, that  intimate  union  of  two  substam •<  t, 
whether  fluid  or  solid,  which  forms  a  com- 
pound differing  in  one  or  more  of  its  essen- 
tial qualities  from  either  of  the  constituent 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  fey. 


CHEMICAL 


451 


CHKKIMOYER 


bodies. — Chemical  decomposition,  the  separ- 
ation of  the  component  parts  of  bodies  from 
eacb  other,  or  the  resolution  of  compounds 
into  their  elements.  See  DECOMPOSITION.— 
Chemical  equivalents.  See  EQUIVALENT.— 
Chemical  formulae,  symbolic  expressions 
employed  to  denote  the  composition  of 
bodies.  In  the  formula;  now  generally 
adopted  by  chemists  the  names  of  elemen- 
tary substances  are  indicated  by  the  first 
letter  or  letters  of  their  names,  and  to 
express  the  compounds  of  these  the  letters 
are  arranged  together,  and  small  numbers 
are  placed  at  each  letter  to  indicate  how 
many  atoms  or  smaller  combining  parts  of 
this  element  exist  in  the  compound.  Thus,  , 
H  means  1  atom  of  hydrogen,  H2O  means  2 
atoms  of  hydrogen  united  with  1  of  oxygen, 
forming  the  compound  water;  K  HO  means 
1  atom  of  potassium  (kalium),  1  of  hydrogen,  | 
and  1  of  oxygen,  forming  the  compound 
caustic  potash  ;  and  so  on.  If  a  number  is 
placed  at  the  beginning  of  the  formula  it 
multiplies  the  entire  formula  ;  thus,  2  H  5  O 
means  2  parts  or  2  molecules  of  water.  See 
ATOM  and  MOI.KCULK.—  Mechanical,  Chemi- 
cal. See  under  MECHANICAL. 
Chemical  (kem'ik-al),  ».  A  substance  used 
to  produce  chemical  effects ;  a  chemical 
agent;  as,  the  manufacture  of  chemicals. 
Chemically  (kem'ik-al-li),  ado.  In  a  che- 
mical manner  ;  according  to  chemical  prin- 
ciples; by  chemical  process  or  operation. 
Chemlglyphic  ( kern  -  i  -  glif '  ik ),  a.  [  Gr. 
chemi-  in  cAemistry,  and  ijlyphein,  to  en- 
grave.] A  term  applied  to  anything  en- 
graved by  the  agency  of  the  galvanic  bat- 
tery. 

Chemise  (she-mez'),  n.  [Fr.  chemise,  L.L. 
cainisia,  a  shirt,  from  Ar.  gamis,  a  shirt, 
an  under-garment  of  linen.]  1.  A  shift  or 
under -garment  worn  by  females. —  2.  A 
wall  that  lines  the  face  of  an  earthwork; 
a  breast-wall. 

Chemisette  (shem-i-zef),  n.  tFr-]  A 
short  under-garment  worn  on  the  breast 
over  the  chemise. 

Chermsm  (kem'izm),  n.  Chemical  power, 
influence,  or  effects.  [Rare.] 

How  far  their  ready  ignition  on  amorphous  phos- 
phorus is  clue  to  cJtetnisift  or  to  electricity  remains 
to  be  proved.  Preece. 

Chemist  (kem'ist),  n,  [Shortened  from  al- 
chemist. SeeC;iEMISTRY.]  l.t  An  alchemist. 

2.  Aperson  ^er^ed  inchemistry;  astudentof 
chemistry;  one  whose  business  is  to  make 
chemical  examinations  or  investigations.— 

3.  One  who  deals  in  drugs  and  medicines. — 
Chemist  and  druggist,  one  who  is  registered 
as  such  under  the  act  of  July  31,186S.relating 
to  the  sale  of  poisons.  Chemists  and  druggists 
are  eligible  as  members  of  the  Pharmaceu- 
tical Society,  but  are  not  entitled  to  a  place 
on  the  register  as  pharmaceutical  chemists. 
—Pharmaceutical  chemist,  a  person  who, 
after  passing  a  certain  examination,  is  regis- 
tered as  such  by  the  Pharmaceutical  So- 
ciety of  Great  Britain.    Applicants  for  the 
title  are  tested  by  competent  examiners  of 
the  society  in  Latin,  botany,  materiamedica, 
and  pharmaceutical  and  general  chemistry, 
with  other  cognate  subjects,  but  not  includ- 
ing medicine,  surgery,  or  midwifery. 

Chemisticalt  (kem-ist'ik-al),  a.  Eelating  to 
chemistry.  Burton. 

Chemistry  (kem'ist-ri),  ».  [From  chemist, 
a  shortened  form  of  alchemist,  from  alchemy, 
<lfcAi/mt/,O.Fr.  alchemie,trom  Ar.  al,  the,  and 
qimta.chemistry.froniL.  Gr.  cA«meui,  chem- 
istry, from  Gr.  cheu,  to  pour,  to  drop.  ]  The 
science  which  investigates  matter  in  so  far  as 
it  is  acted  upon  by  the  force  called  chemical, 
the  distinguishing  feature  of  chemical  action 
being  the  production  of  a  substance  or  sub- 
stances of  quite  different  properties  from 
the  bodies  from  which  they  are  produced. 
In  thus  studying  the  changes  which  matter 
undergoes  the  chemist  arrives  at  a  classifi- 
cation of  all  matter  into  elements,  that  is, 
substances  which  he  is  unable  to  decom- 
pose, and  compounds,  or  substances  which 
can  be  broken  up  into  simpler  bodies.  It 
becomes  necessary,  therefore,  for  the  chem- 
ist to  study  the  properties,  modes  of  pre- 
paration, and  mutual  actions  of  both  ele- 
ments and  compounds ;  and  he  must  not 
overlook  the  relations  of  these  bodies  to 
physical  forces  other  than  chemical,  such 
as  heat,  light,  &c.  A  consideration  of  the 
laws  which  govern  chemical  actions,  and 
of  the  bearing  of  these  upon  the  general 
theories  of  matter  constitutes  theoretical 
(or  pure)  chemistry,  while  practical  (or  ap- 
plied) chemistry  is  more  concerned  with  the 


modes  of  preparing  chemical  substances,  of 
analyzing  these,  or  of  finding  useful  appli- 
cations for  such  substances  in  the  arts  and 
manufactures.  Chemistry  also  is  often 
divided  into  such  branches  as  organic  chelu-  ' 
istry,  which  has  to  do  witli  organized  bodies 
(animals  and  plants),  inorganic  chemistry, 
with  inorganic  bodies,  agricultural  chemis- 
try, medical  chemistry,  &c.  Chemistry  is 
subservient  to  the  various  arts  of  life,  and 
the  several  branches  of  manufacture  which 
are  carried  on  in  every  civilized  state.  Dye- 
ing, bleaching,  tanning,  glass-making,  the 
working  and  composition  of  metals,  &c. ,  are 
all  chemical  processes,  and,  as  a  science, 
chemistry  is  connected  with  a  vast  number  I 
of  the  phenomena  of  nature.  It  has  been  [ 
called  in  to  the  aid  of  the  culinary  arts;  and 
its  high  importance  iu  medicine  has  been 
long  and  universally  acknowledged.  For- 
merly and  still  sometimes  written  Chymis- 
try.  The  same  is  the  case  also  with  Chemist, 
Chemical. 

Chemitype,  Chemltypy  (kem'i-tip,  kem'i- 
ti-pi),  n.  [Chemi-  in  chemistry  and  type.] 
A  process  for  obtaining  casts  in  relief  from 
engravings.  A  polished  zinc  plate  is  cov- 
ered with  an  etching  ground,  on  which 
the  design  is  etched  with  a  point  and  bitten 
in  with  dilute  aqua  fortis.  The  etching 
ground  is  removed,  and  every  particle  of 
the  acid  well  cleaned  off.  The  plate,  covered 
by  the  filings  of  a  fusible  metal,  is  heated 
until  the  metal  has  melted  and  filled  the 
engraving.  When  cold  it  is  scraped  away 
to  the  level  of  the  zinc  plate  in  such  a  man- 
ner that  none  of  it  remains  except  what  has 
entered  the  engraved  lines.  The  plate  is 
next  submitted  to  the  action  of  a  weak  solu- 
tion of  muriatic  acid;  and,  as  the  one  of 
these  metals  is  negative  and  the  other  posi- 
tive, the  zinc  alone  is  eaten  away  by  the 
acid,  so  that  the  fusible  metal  which  has 
entered  into  the  hollows  of  the  engraving  is 
left  in  relief,  and  may  be  printed  from  by 
means  of  the  typographic  press.  Chemitype 
is  particularly  adapted  for  producing  maps. 
Chemosis  (ke-mo'sis),  n.  [Gr.  chime,  an 
aperture,  from  the  appearance  produced  in 
the  eye  by  this  affection.  ]  An 
affection  of  the  eye  in  which 
the  conjunctiva  is  elevated 
above  the  transparent  cornea. 
Chemy  (kem'iX  «.  Chemistry. 
Dr.  G.  Cheyne.  [Rare.] 
Cheng  (cheug),  n.  A  Chinese 
musical  instrument,  consist- 
ing of  a  series 
of  tubes  having 
free  reeds.  It  is 
held  in  the  hand 
and  blown  into  by 
the  mouth.  The 
tubes  serve  only 
to  strengthen  the 
sound,  and  could 
be  dispensed  with, 
the  pitch  of  the 
sounds  being  de- 
termined by  the 
length  and  thick- 
ness of  the  reeds. 
The  introduction 
of  this  instrument 

Cheng.-Carl  Engel's  Musical  into     Europe    led 

Instruments.  to  the  invention 

of  the  accordion, 

harmonium,  and  other  free -reed  instru- 
ments. 

Chenille  (she-neT),  n.  [Fr.,  a  caterpillar  ] 
A  tufted  cord  of  silk  or  worsted,  somewhat 
resembling  a  caterpillar,  used  for  making 
hair  nets,  &c. 

Chenopodlacese  (ke-no-pod'i-a"se-e),  n.  pi 
[After  the  typical  genus  Chenopodium.]  A 
nat.  order  of  apetalous  exogens,  consisting 
of  more  or  less  succulent  herbs  or  shrubs, 
belonging  to  about  eighty  genera  and  600 
species.  They  are  mostly  innocent  weeds, 
but  several  are  employed  as  pot-herbs,  such 
as  spinach  and  beet,  and  others  for  the 
manufacture  of  soda. 

Chenopodium  (ke-no-pod'i-um),  n.  [Gr. 
chen.  chinos,  a  goose,  andpou*,  podos,  foot] 
A  genus  of  variable  herbs,  nat.  order  Che- 
nopodiacea:.  They  are  weedy  plants,  com- 
mon in  waste  places,  and  known  by  the 
names  of  goosefoot,  fat-hen,  good  King 
Henry,  &c.  Nine  species  are  found  in 
Britain. 

Chepet  (chep),  n.  1.  A  market.— 2.  Cheap- 
ness. See  CHEAP,  n. 

Chepet  (chep),  u.t.  To  cheapen;  to  buy. 
Chaucer. 


Chepynge!  (chf-p'inu),  n.  A  market  I*iei» 
1'lowman;  Wickliffe. 

Cheque  (click),  n.  [From  chequer  or  ex- 
chequer, m  old  sense  of  banker's  or  IIK-II.  v 
changer's  office  or  counter.  See  ExcHKyUKK, 
CHECK.]  An  order  for  money  drawn  on  a 
hanker  or  on  the  cashier  of  a  bank,  payable 
to  tile  bearer. 

Cheque-book  (chek'huk).  n.  A  book  fon- 
tiiinmg  blank  bank-cheques. 

Chequer,  Checker  (chek'er),  n.  (From 
O.  Kr.  eschei/uier,  Mod.  Fr.  echiauier,  a  chess- 
board, an  exchequer,  from  O.  Fr.  tuchecs, 
chess.  See  CHECK,  CHESS.]  l.t  A  chess  or 
draught  board. —  2  One  of  the  squares  of 
a  chequered  pattern;  the  pattern  itselt.— 
3.  Chequer- work  (which  see).  —  4.t  An  ex- 
chequer or  treasury.  '  Tribute  that  the  ttwnln 
Hoods  render  into  her  chei/uer.'  W.  Lruwne. 
5.  pi.  In  arch,  stones  in  the  facings  of  wall* 
which  have  all  their  thin  joints  continued 
in  straight  lines  without  interruption  or 
breaking  joints,  thus  presenting  the  appear- 
ance of  chequer-work. — 6.  pi.  The  game  of 
draughts.  (In  this  sense,  which  is  far  more 
common  in  America  than  England,  more 
commonly  written  Checkers.)—!.  A  piece  in 
this  game.  [A  merican.  ]— 8.  A  common  name 
(now  used  in  the  plural  and  rather  as  a 
proper  name)  for  such  inns  as  had  their 
sign-board  marked  with  chequers,  probably 
to  announce  that  draughts  and  backgam- 
mon were  played  within.  It  is  a  curious  fact 
that  several  houses  marked  with  signs  of 
this  kind  have  been  exhumed  in  Pompeii. 

Story !  Cod  bless  you,  I  have  none  to  tell,  sir, 
Only  last  night  a-drinking  at  the  Chequers, 
This  poor  old  hat  and  breeches,  as  you  see,  were 
Torn  in  a  scuffle.  Cannitif. 

Chequer,  Checker  (chek'er),  v.t.  l.  To 
mark  with  little  squares,  like  achess-board, 
by  lines  or  stripes  of  different  colours ;  to 
mark  with  different  colours. 

The  gray-ey'd  morn  smiles  on  the  frowning  night, 
Checkering  the  eastern  clouds  with  streaks  Of  light. 
Skal. 

2.  Fiij.  to  variegate  with  different  qualities, 
scenes,  or  events;  to  diversify;  to  impart 
variety  to. 

Our  minds  are,  as  it  were,  clitqttertd  with  truth  and 
falsehood.  Addison. 

We  cannot  but  reverence  the  romantic  piety  which 
chequers  the  story  of  the  violence  and  avarice  of  tlie 
conquistadors.  Is.  Taylor. 

Chequer-berry  (chek'er -be-ri).  n.  1.  A  hand- 
some little  creeping  plant,  the  Mitchella 
repens,  growing  in  North  America.  — 2.  The 
American  wintergreen  (Gaultheriaprocum- 
bens). 

Chequer-board  (chek'er-bord),  n.  A  board 
on  which  chequers  or  draughts  are  played. 

Chequer-chamber  t  (chek'er-cham-ber),  n. 
Abbreviation  of  Exchequer-chamber. 

Chequered,  Checkered(chek'erd), p.and  a. 
1.  Marked  with  squares  or  chequers  like  a 
chess-board;  exhibiting  squares  of  different 
colours;  varied  with  a  play  of  different  col- 
ours. 'The  snake  with  shining  checker'd 
slough.'  SAo*.  ' Dancing  in  the  cheqner'd 
shade.'  Stilton.—  2.  Fig.  variegated  with  dif- 
ferent qualities,  scenes,  or  events;  crossed 
with  good  and  bad  fortune.  '  His  chequered 
life.'  Macatday. 

Yet  unless  I  greatly  deceive  myself,  the  general 
effects  of  this  clifquered  narrative  will  be  to  excite 
thankfulness  in  all  religious  minds  and  hope  in  the 
breasts  of  all  parties.  Maciiulay. 

Chequer-roll  (chek'er-rdl),n.  See  CHECK, 11. 

Chequer-work,  Checker-work  (chek'er- 
werk),  n.  Chequered  work ;  work  exhibit- 
ing chequers  or  squares  of  varied  colour  or 
materials;  work  consisting  of  cross  lines; 
Jig.  an  aggregate  of  vicissitudes.  'A  che- 
quer-work of  beam  and  shade.'  Tennyson. 

Nets  of  checker-work  and  wreaths  of  chain-work 
for  the  chapiters  which  were  upon  the  top  of  the  pil- 
lars. '  Kl-  »"-  '?• 

How  strange  a  cheqHir-iaorl!  of  Providence  is  the 
life  of  man!  D'S<*- 

Cheojuln,t  n.    Same  as  Zequin  or  Sequin. 

Chequy,  Chequey  (chek'i),  a.  In  her. 
cheeky  (which  see). 

Cherch.t  n.    A  church.    Chaucer. 

Cheret  (cher),  n.  The  face;  visage;  counte, 
nance;  appearance;  entertainment;  good 
cheer.  See  CHEER. 

Cherice.t  v.t.    To  cherish. 

Cherlf,  n.    Same  as  Shereef. 

Cheiimoyer  (cher-l-moi'er),  n.  [Fr.  chen- 
molier,  a  corruption  of  Cherimolet,  the  name 
of  the  fruit  in  Peru.]  The  fruit  of  ^710110 
Cherimolia,  a  native  of  Peru.  It  is  a  heart- 
shaped  fruit  with  a  scaly  exterior  and  nu- 
merous seeds,  buried  in  a  delicious  pulp. 
It  is  as  much  esteemed  in  the  western  pai  ts 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g.  go:     J.  »ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin0; 


TH,  tAen;  th,  tAin;     w.  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  «ure.— See  Ksv. 


CHERISAUNCE 


452 


CHESSNER 


of  South  America  as  the  custard-apple,  to 
which  it  bears  a  great  resemblance,  is  in 
the  West  Indies.  Also  written  Chirimoya. 

Chei'isauuce,  n.  [Fr.]  Comfort.  Romaunt 
uf  the  AW. 

Cherish  (cher'ish),  v. t.  [O.Fr.  cherir,  cheris- 
ttant  (Fr.  cherir,  cMrisxaiit),  to  hold  dear, 
from  cher,  L.  cams,  dear.  ]  1.  To  treat  with 
tenderness  and  affection ;  to  take  care  of ; 
to  foster ;  to  nurture ;  to  support  and  en- 
courage; to  comfort. 

We  were  gentle  among  you,  even  as  a  nurse  cher- 
ishelh  her  children.  i  Thes.  ii.  7. 

You  that  do  abet  him  in  this  kind 
Cherish  rebellion  and  are  rebels  all.         Shak. 
For  what  doth  cherish  weeds  but  gentle  air?  Shak. 

2.  To  hold  as  dear ;  to  indulge  and  encour-  I 
age  in  the  mind ;  to  harbour ;  to  cling  to ; 
as,  to  cherish  the  principles  of  virtue;  to 
cherish  an  evil  passion.    '  Which  bounteous 
gift  thou  should'st  in  bounty  cherish.'  Shak.  [ 
'How  to  cherish  such  high  deeds.'    Shak. 
'To  cherish  virtue  and  humanity.'    Burke. 

To  foster,  to  cherish,  to  harbour,  to  indulge.  To 
foster  is  to  sustain  and  nourish  with  care  ana  effort. 
To  cherish  is  to  hold  and  treat  as  dear.  To  harbour 
is  to  provide  with  shelter  and  protection,  so  as  to 
give  opportunity  for  working  to  something  that  might 
be  and  often  ought  to  be  excluded.  To  indulge  is 
to  treat  with  sweetness.  Ajifus. 

Cherisher  (chertsh-er),  n.     One  who  cher- 
ishes; an  encourager;  a  supporter.     'The 
cherisher  of  my  flesh  and  blood.'    Shak. 
Cherishingly  (chertsh-ing-li),  ado.    In  an 
affectionate  or  cherishing  manner. 
Cherishmentt  (chertsh-ment),  n.    Encour- 
agement; comfort.    Spenser. 
Cheri,  1 71.    A  churl.     Chaucer. 
Cherlish.t  a.    Churlish.    Chaucer. 
Chermany  (cher'ma-ni),  n.  In  the  Southern 
States  of  America,  the  equivalent  of  base- 
ball.    Scribner's  Monthly. 
Chermes  (ker'mez),  71.    Same  as  Kerines. 
Cheroot  (she -rot'),  n.    A  kind  of  cigar  of 
a  cylindrical  or  often  somewhat  tapering 
shape,  with  both  ends  cut  square  off,  in  this 
respect  differing  from  a  cigar,  which  has 
one  end  pointed.  Either  end  may  be  lighted. 
Written  also  Sheroot. 

Cherry  (che'ri),  n.  [O.E.  cheri,  chiri,  from 
Fr.  cerise,  L.  cerasns,  a  cherry,  from  Gr. 
kerasos,  a  cherry.  '  Cheri  or  chiri  was  a  cor- 
ruption of  cheris  or  chiris,  the  final  8  being 
mistaken  for  the  plural  inflection;  the  same 
mistake  occurs  in  several  other  words,  not- 
ably in  pea  as  shortened  from  pease  ( L. 
pisum).'  Skeat.  That  the  tree  received  its 
name  from  the  town  of  Cerasus  in  Pontus 
is  very  doubtful;  possibly  the  derivation  was 
the  other  way.]  1.  The  fruit  of  species  of 
Cerasus,  which  is  commonly  regarded  as 
a  sub-genus  of  Primus;  a  tree  producing 
this  fruit.  The  cultivated  varieties  prob- 
ably belong  to  two  species,  C.  avium  and 
C.  vulgaris.  They  are  numerous,  as  the 
red  or  garden  cherry,  the  red  heart,  the 
white  heart,  the  black  cherry,  the  black 
heart,  and  several  others.  The  fruit  is  a 
pulpy  drupe  inclosing  a  one-seeded  smooth 
stone.  It  is  related  that  this  fruit  or  a  cul- 
tivated variety  of  it  was  brought  from  Cera- 
sus in  Pontus  to  Italy  after  the  defeat  of 
Mithridates  by  Lucullus,  about  B.C.  70,  and 
introduced  into  England  by  the  Romans 
about  120  years  afterward,  A.D.  b5.—Barba- 
does  cherry  is  the  fruit  of  Malpighia  urens. 
The  berries  are  red,  cherry-shaped,  acid,  and 
eatable. — Bird  cherry  is  Prunus  Padus. — 
Cornelian  cherry  is  the  fruit  of  Cornus  mas- 
cula  (cornel-tree  or  dog-wood).  It  is  a  small, 
acid,  cherry-like  eatable  berry.  —  Dwarf 
cherry  is  the  fruit  of  a  Lonicera  or  honey- 
suckle. —Hottentot  cherry  is  the  fruit  of 
Cassine  Maurocenia.  The  fruit  is  a  trisper- 
mous  berry  of  a  dark  purple  colour. — Ma- 
haleb cherry,  the  fruit  of  Cerasus  Mahaleb, 
of  the  south  of  Europe.  —  Marasca  chem/. 
See  MARASCA.  —  Winter  cherry  is  the  fruit 
of  Jihysalis  Alkekengi.  It  is  a  berry  of  the 
size  of  a  small  cherry,  inclosed  in  an  inflated 
bladder-like  calyx.  This  name  is  also  given 
to  a  species  of  Solanum.— 2.  A  cordial  com- 
posed of  cherry  juice  and  spirit,  sweetened 
and  diluted.  The  wild  cherry  is  most  gene- 
rally used  for  this  purpose,  being  steeped 
for  some  days  in  spirit,  which  extracts  the 
juice  of  the  fruit;  the  tincture  is  then  sweet- 
ened and  diluted  to  the  taste.  This  cordial 
is  moderately  bitter  and  astringent.  It  is 
sometimes  made  of  the  mazard. 
Cherry  (che'ri),  a.  Like  a  red  cherry  in 
colour;  red;  ruddy;  blooming;  as,  a  cherry 
lip ;  cherry  cheeks. 

Shore's  wife  hath  a  pretty  foot, 
A  cherry  lip,  a  bonny  eye,  a  passing  pleasing 
tongue.  "    Shut 


Cherry  t  (che'ri),  v.t.    To  cherish.    Spenser. 

Cherry-bay  (che'ri-ba),  n.    The  laurel. 

Cherry-bounce  t  (che'ri-bouns),  n.  An  old 
popular  drink,  consisting  of  burned  brandy 
in  which  cherries  had  been  steeped,  and 
sugar;  or  perhaps  what  is  now  termed 
Cherrtf-bra  ndy. 

Cherry-brandy  (chf'ri-bran-di),  n.  Brandy 
in  which  cherries  have  been  steeped. 

Cherry-cheeked  (che'ri-chekt),  a.  Having 
ruddy  cheeks.  '  Cherry  -  cheeked  country 
itirls.1  Ciimjreve. 

Cherry-coal  (che'ri-kol),  n.  A  soft  coal, 
abounding  in  Staffordshire,  Derbyshire, 
Nottinghamshire,  nearGlasgow,  &e.  Though 
resembling  caking  coal  it  does  not  cake  in 
burning ;  but  gives  out  a  cheerful  bright 
flame  and  needs  no  stirring. 

Cherry-coloured  (che'ri-kul-erd),  a.  Col- 
oured like  a  cherry;  cerise. 

She  wore  one  of  her  own  round-ear'd  caps,  and 
over  it  a  little  straw-hat,  lined  with  ckerry-coloitr'd 
silk,  and  tied  with  a  cherry-coloiir'd  ribbon. 

Fielding. 

Cherry-gum  (che'ri-gum),  n.    Cerasin. 

Cherry-laurel  (che'ri-la-rel),  n.  The  Eng- 
lish name  of  Cerasus  Lauro-cerasus,  nat. 
order  Kosacvic.  a  native  of  Asia  Minor.  It 
is  commonly  called  laurel,  but  must  not  be 
confounded  with  the  sweet  bay  or  other 
true  species  of  Laums.  The  leaves  yield  by 
distillation  a  hydrocyanated  oil,  nearly  iden- 
tical with  that  got  from  bitter  almonds. 
The  distilled  water  from  the  leaves  is  used 
in  medicine  in  the  same  way  as  diluted 
hydrocyanic  or  prussic  acid.  It  is  poisonous 
in  large  doses. 

Cherry-pepper  (che'ri-pep-er),  n.  A  spe- 
cies of  capsicum  ( C.  cerasiforme ),  whose 
fruit  is  small  and  cherry-shaped. 

Cherry-pit  (che'ri-pit),  n.  A  child's  play, 
in  which  cherry-stones  are  thrown  into  a 
hole. 

'Tis  not  for  gravity  to  play  at  cherry-pit  trAh  Satan. 

Skat. 

Cherry-rum  (che'ri-rum),  n.  Rum  in  which 
cherries  have  been  steeped. 

Cherry-stick  ( che'ri-stik ),  n.  A  tobacco- 
pipe  tube  made  of  the  young  stems  of  the 
Mahaleb  cherry,  bored  and  the  reddish- 
brown  bark  retained.  Sometimes  these 
stems  are  five  feet  long,  and  as  straight  and 
smooth  as  if  turned. 

Cherry-stone  (che'ri-ston),  n.  The  seed 
of  the  cherry. 

Cherry-stoner  (che'ri-ston-er),  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  removes  the  stones  from 
cherries;  specifically,  a  domestic  imple- 
ment which  works  by  introducing  a  forked 
prong  into  the  fruit,  driving  the  stone  out 
of  the  pulp. 

Cherry-tree  (che'ri-tre),  n.  A  tree  pro- 
ducing cherries.  The  name  is  mostly  given 
to  the  common  cultivated  trees  and  to  that 
which  produces  the  black  wild  cherry.  The 
wood  of  the  latter  is  valued  for  cabinet- 
work. See  CHERRY. 

Cherry-wine  ( che'ri- win ),  n.  Wine  made 
from  cherries. 

Chersonese  (ker'sS -nez),  n.  [Or.  chersonesos 
—  chersos,  land,  or  uncultivated  land,  and 
nisus,  an  isle.  ]  A  peninsula;  a  tract  of  land 
of  any  indefinite  extent  which  is  nearly  sur- 
rounded by  water,  but  united  to  a  larger 
tract  by  a  neck  of  land  or  isthmus ;  as,  the 
Cimbric  Chersonese  or  Jutland  ;  the  Tauric 
Chersonese  or  Crimea;  the  Thracian  Cher- 
sonese, the  peninsula  on  the  western  side  of 
the  Hellespont.  Formerly  written  also  Cher- 
tonets. 

The  sea  so  circles  there  that  it  becomes  a  cherso- 
"'"•  Sir  T  Herbert. 

Chert  (chert),  n.  [  Probably  Celtic ;  comp. 
Ir.  ceart,  a  pebble.]  A  variety  of  quartz, 
called  also  Hornstone,  PetrosiUx,  or  Rock 
Jlint.  It  is  less  hard  than  common  quartz  ; 
its  fracture  usually  conchoidal  and  dull 
sometimes  splintery.  It  is  more  or  less 
translucent.  Its  colours  are  numerous  and 
usually  dull.  It  is  usually  amorphous, 
sometimes  globular  or  in  nodules.  It  occurs 
often  in  veins,  especially  metallic,  In  primi- 
tive mountains.  The  name  is  also  applied 
to  other  minerals  besides  hornstone.  Thus 
those  siliceous  concretions  which  occur  as 
nodules  and  layers  in  limestone  rocks,  like 
flints  in  chalk,  are  called  chert.  The  Derby- 
shire miners  apply  the  term  black  chert  to 
a  fusible  mineral,  whereas  the  hornstone 
above  described  is  infusible. 

Cherty  (chert'i),  a.  Like  chert;  full  of  chert- 
flinty. 

Cherub  (cher'ub),  7i.  pi.  Cherubs  ( cher"- 
ubz).  The  Hebrew  plural  Cherubim  is  also 
used,  and  sometimes  the  plural  is  written 


with  an  n.  Cherubims  and  Cl"'fil>in.<  ;is 
plurals  are  improper.  [Heb.  Icerub.  ]  1.  One 
of  an  order  of  angels  variously  represented 
at  different  times,  but  generally  as  winged 
spirits  with  a  human  countenance,  and  dis- 
tinguished by  their  knowledge  from  thr 
seraphs,  whose  distinctive  quality  is  lovi- 
The  first  mention  of  cherubs  is  in  Gen.  iii. 
24,  where  the  figure  is  not  described,  but 
their  office  was,  with  a  flaming  sword,  t) 
keep  or  guard  the  way  of  the  tree  of  life. 
The  cherubs,  in  Ezekiel's  vision,  had  each 
four  heads  or  faces,  the  hands  of  a  man,  and 
wings.  The  four  faces  were  the  face  of  a 
bull,  that  of  a  man,  that  of  a  lion,  and  that 
of  an  eagle.  They  had  the  bodily  form  of 
a  man.  Kzek.  iv.  and  x.  In  the  celesthil 
hierarchy  cherubs  are  represented  as  spirits 
next  in  order  to  seraphs.  The  hierogl.vphi. 
cal  and  emblematical  figures  embroidered 
on  the  veils  of  the  tabernacle  are  called 
cherubs  of  curious  or  skilful  work.  1\\ 
xxvi.  —  2.  A  beautiful  child:  so  called  be- 
cause artists  have  generally  represented 
cherubs  as  beautiful  winged  children.  [In 
this  sense  the  plural  is  always  chentbe.] 

Cherubic  (che-ruh'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  cherubs;  angelic.  '  The  eliernlur 
host '  Mdton. 

Cherubical  (che-rub'ik-al),  a.  Same  as 
Cherubic.  '  The  clierubical  angel.'  Slie!<l*,i, 

Cherubim  (cher'u-bim),  n.  The  Hebrew 
plural  of  cherub, 

Cherubimic  (cher-u-lnm'ik),  a.  Of  or  be- 
longing to  cherubim. 

Cherubint  (cher'u-bin),  a.  Cherubic;  an- 
gelic. '  Her  chentbin  look.'  Shak 

Clierubin  t  (cher'u-bin).  71.    A  cherub. 

God  in  either  eye  has  placed  a  ctteruHn.     Drydett. 

This  form  has  been  used  as  an  equivalent 

of  the  Hebrew  plural  Cherubim. 
Cherup  (cher'np),  n.    [A  form  of  chirrnji. 

chirp.  ]    A  chirp  or  chirrup.    [Colloq.  ] 
Cherup  (cher'up),  ti.i.   To  chirp  or  chirrup. 

'Cheruppityj  birds.'    Drayton. 
Cherup  (cher'up),  v.  t.    To  excite  or  urge  on 

by  chirping.    [Rare.] 

He  cherups  brisk  his  ear-erecting  steed.       Cwfer. 

Chervil  (cher'vil),  n.  (A.  Sax.  cerflle,  a  con- 
traction of  L.chcerophyllum,  from  Gr.  <•//«.,, 
phyllati—chairo,  to  rejoice,  and  phylton, 
leaf,  from  the  agreeable  odour  of  their 
leaves.  ]  The  popular  name  of  plants  of  the 
genus  Chrcrophyllum,  but  especially  of  C. 
Uinulum.  This  is  the  only  British  species; 
it  is  a  hairy  herb  of  the  nat.  order  I'mbelli- 
ferae,  with  longish  grooved  fruits,  common 
in  fields  and  waste  places  throughout  Brit- 
ain. —  Garden  chervil  li  Anthrixmt  Cere- 
folium.— Sweet  chervil  is  Myrrhis  odorata, 
an  aromatic  and  stimulant  umbellifcr  for- 
merly used  as  a  pot-herb.—  Keedle  chereil  in 
Scandix  Pecten-l'enerii,  a  cornfield  weed 
like  chervil,  but  with  slender-beaked  fruit> 

Chese.tc.t     To  choose.     Chaucer. 

Cheslble  t  (ches'i-bl),  n.    A  chasuble. 

Cheslip  (ches'lip),  n.  A  wood-louse.  [Pro- 
vincial.] 

Chesnut.    See  CHESTNUT. 

Chess  (dies),  n.  [From  O.Fr.  eschew,  Fr. 
tehees,  chess,  really  a  plural,  meaning  lit. 
kings,  from  Per.  shah,  a  king,  the  principal 
figure  in  the  game,  whence  alsocAedt.  check- 
mate. It.  scacco,  D.  schaak,  Dan.  skak,  Ice] 
skak,  G.  ichach,  chess.]  An  ingenious  game 
played  by  two  persons  or  parties  with  dif- 
ferent pieces  on  a  checkered  board,  divided 
Into  sixty -four  squares.  Each  party  has 
eight  dignified  pieces:  a  king,  a  queen,  two 
bishops,  two  knights,  and  two  rooks  or 
castles ;  also  eight  pawns.  The  pieces  of 
the  parties  are  of  different  colours.  The 
object  of  the  game  is  to  checkmate  the 
enemy's  king.  See  CHECKMATE,  n. 

Chess  (dies),  n.  In  New  England,  the 
Bromus  secalinus,  a  grass  which  grows 
among  wheat,  bears  some  resemblance  to 
oata,  and  is  sometimes  ground  up  with 
wheat,  when  it  is  said  to  produce  narcotic 
effects  if  eaten.  Called  also  Cheat. 

Chess-apple  (ches'ap-1),  n.  A  species  of 
wild  service.  Cratagia  terminalijt. 

Chess-board  (ches'bord),  «.  The  board 
used  in  the  game  of  chess. 

Chessel  (ches'sel),  n.  [From  cheese.]  A 
mould  or  vat  in  which  cheese  is  formed 

Chessex  (ches'seks),  n.  The  boards  used  for 
the  flooring  of  a  temporary  military  bridge. 

Chess-man  (ches'man),  71.  A  piece  used  in 
playing  the  game  of  chess. 

Chessnert  (ches'ner),  71.    A  chess-player. 

Vender's  my  game,  which,  like  a  politic  chessner, 
I  must  not  seem  to  sec.  T.  Middlet™. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CHESSOM 


453 


CHEVIOT 


Chessom  (ches'sum).  n.  [Connected  with 
()  E  chcasil,  chesil,  A.  Sax.  ceotel,  gravel, 
pebbles,  sand.  ]  A  kind  of  sandy  and  clayey 
earth.  Ualliwell. 

The  tender  cheisom  and  mellow  earth  is  the  best, 

I  ..-ing  mere  mould.  Bacon. 

Chess-player  (chei'pUWrX  n.     One  who 

plays  chess;  one  skilled  in  the  game  of  chess. 

Chess-tree  (ches'tre),  n.  Naut.  a  piece  of 
wood  bolted  perpendicularly  on  the  side,  to 
confine  the  clews  of  the  main-sail. 

Chessylite  (ches'si-lit),  ».  [From  Chessy,  a 
town  near  Lyons,  in  France,  where  the 
mineral  occurs,  and  Ur.  lithos,  a  stone.] 
Same  as  Azurite,  1. 

Chest  (chest),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cyste,  North.  E. 
and  Sc.  kist,  from  L.  cista,  Gr.  kiste,  a  chest, 
a  box.]  1.  A  box  of  considerable  size,  made 
of  wood  or  other  material.  Specifically-  - 
2.  In  com,  a  case  in  which  certain  kinds  of 
goods,  as  tea,  indigo,  &c.,  are  packed  for 
transit ;  hence,  the  quantity  such  a  chest 
contains.— 3.  t  A  coffin. 

He  is  now  dead  and  nailed  in  his  chest.    Chaucer.   ' 

4.  The  trunk  of  the  hody  from  the  neck  to  t 
tlie  belly;  the  thorax.  —Chest  of  drawers.  See 
DRAWER. 

Chest  (chest),  v.t.  1.  To  deposit  in  a  chest; 
to  hoard.— 2.  To  place  in  a  coffin. 

We  chested  our  late  commander.        E.  Terry. 

Cheste.t  n.  [A.  Sax.  cedst,  strife.]  Dehate; 
([iiarrel;  strife;  enmity.  '  The  sinne  of  con- 
tumelie  or  strif  and  chests.'  Chaucer. 

Chested  (chest'ed),  a.  Having  a  chest  of 
this  or  that  kind :  used  chiefly  in  composi- 
tion; as,  broad-c/iesfed,  narrow-c/iesfed. 

Chesteine.t  Chesteyn,t  n.  [O.Fr.  chas- 
taigne,  L.  castanea.]  The  chestnut-tree  or 
its'fruit.  Chaucer. 

Chester  t  (dies' tt-r).    A  town.    See  CASTER. 

Chesterfield  (ches'ter-feld),  n.  A  kind  of 
top-coat,  named  after  the  polished  Earl  of 
Chesterfield, 

Chest-founder  (chest'found-6r),  n.  Chest- 
founderiug  (which  see). 

Chest-foundered  (chest'found-erd),  a.  Suf- 
fering under  chest -foundering:  said  of  a 
horse. 

Chest-foundering  (chest'found-er-ing),  n. 
A  disease  in  horses.  It  is  a  rheumatic 
affection  of  the  muscles  of  the  chest  and 
fore-legs,  impeding  both  respiration  and  the 
motion  of  the  limbs. 

Chest-measurer  (chest'mezh-ur-er),  n.  In 
med.  an  instrument  for  determining  the 
mobility  of  the  chest.  It  is  a  sort  of  spring, 
which,  when  applied  to  the  walls  of  the 
chest,  measures  the  mollifications  of  its  dia- 
meters, and  indicates,  by  the  motion  of  the 
index  hand  on  a  dial,  any  movement  of 
respiration  to  the  hundredth  of  an  inch. 

Chestnut  (clies'nut),  n.  [For  chesten-nut, 
from  O.K.  chesteine,  chesteyne,  &c.,  and  nut, 
from  O.Fr.  chastaigne  (Mod.Fr.  chAtaigne), 
from  L.  castanea,  the  chestnut-tree,  from 
Or.  kastanon,  a  chestnut  (the  fruit),  from 
Castana  in  Pontus,  where  this  tree  abound- 
ed.] 1.  The  seed  or  nut  of  the  chestnut- 
tree  (Castanea  vesca).  It  is  inclosed  in  a 
prickly  pericarp,  which  contains  two  or 
more  seeds.— 2.  The  tree  itself  or  its  timber. 
3.  The  colour  of  the  husk  of  a  chestnut;  a 
reddish-brown  colour. 

His  hair  is  of  a  good  colour.— An  excellent  colour; 
your  chestnut  was  ever  the  only  colour.          Sha*. 

Chestnut  (ches'nut),  <t.  Being  of  the  colour 
of  a  chestnut;  of  a  reddish-brown  colour. 

His  chestnut  curls  clustered  over  his  open  brow. 
Disraeli. 

Chestnut-tree  (ches'nut-tre),  ».     Castanea 


Chestnut  (Castanea  vesca). 

vesca,  a  tree,  nat.  order  Corylaceoc.  which 
produces  the  chestnut.    Probably  a  native 


of  Asia  Minor,  it  has  long  been  cultivated  in 
Europe,  and  was  introduced  into  England 
perhaps  by  the  Romans.  It  is  one  of  our 
most  ornamental  large  trees,  growing  freely 
in  Britain,  producing  its  flowers  in  July  and 
its  fruit  (which  is  fully  matured  in  Devon- 
shire and  even  farther  north)  in  the  autumn. 
The  chestnuts  of  commerce  are  imported 
from  Spain  and  Italy,  and  the  tree  is  often 
called  the  Spanish  chestnut.  The  timber  is 
not  so  highly  prized  as  that  of  the  oak,  and 
is  more  valuable  when  young  than  when  old. 
See  CASTANEA. 

Cheston  (ches'ton),  n.  [Perhaps  from  a  re- 
semblance to  the  chestnut.]  A  species  of 
plum. 

Chest-rope  (cliest'rop),  n.  A'auf.  a  long 
boat-rope  or  warp.  E.  U.  Knight. 

Chest-saw  (chest'sa),  n.  A  kind  of  hand- 
saw without  a  back.  E.  II.  Knight. 

Chetah  (che'ta),  n.  [Native  name,  meaning 
spotted.]  The  Felts  jubata,  or  hunting 
leopard  of  India.  Owing  to  the  greater 
length  of  its  limbs  it  exceeds  the  ordinary 
leopard  in  height.  It  has  its  specific  name 
(jubata,  crested  or  maned)  from  a  short 
mane-like  crest  of  hairs  passing  from  the 
back  of  the  head  to  the  shoulders.  When 
used  for  hunting  it  is  hooded  and  placed 
in  a  car.  When  a  herd  of  deer  is  seen,  its 
keeper  places  its  head  in  the  proper  direction 
and  removes  its  hood.  It  slips  from  the  car, 
and  approaching  its  prey  in  a  stealthy  man- 
ner, springs  on  it  at  one  bound.  A  variety 
is  found  in  Africa,  but  it  is  put  to  no  use. 

Chettlk  (chet'tik),  n.  [Native  name.  ]  1.  A 
tree  of  Java,  the  Strychnos  Tieute,  yielding 
a  very  virulent  poison.— 2.  The  poison  got 
from  this  tree,  and  known  by  the  name  of 
Upas  Tieute.  It  owes  its  properties  to  its 
strychnine.which  is  an  active  poison,  causing 
tetanic  spasms.  It  is  more  powerful  than 
the  poison  obtained  from  the  upas-tree,  with 
which  it  must  not  be  confounded. 

Chetvert  (chet'vert),  n.  [After  a  Russian 
general  of  that  name.)  A  Russian  grain 
measure,  equal  to  0-7218  of  an  imperial  quar- 
ter, or  577  bushels. 

Chevaehie.t  ».  [O.Fr.  chevanchie,  from 
cheval,  a  horse.]  An  expedition  with  cav- 
alry ;  in  a  wider  sense,  any  military  expe- 
dition. Chaucer. 

Chevaget  (che'vaj),  n.  A  sort  of  poll-tax; 
chiefage  (which  see). 

Cheval  (slie-val),  n.  pi.  Chevaux  (she-vo). 
[Kr.]  A  horse;  cavalry. — In  composition,  a 
support  or  frame ;  as,  a  cheval-glass  (which 
see).  —  A  cheval,  on  each  side  so  as  to  com- 
mand any  intermediate  space.  Troops  are 
arranged  il  cheml  when  they  command  t»o 
roads, as  the  British  army  at  Waterloo.which 
being  posted  at  the  apex  of  two  roads,  com- 
manded that  between  Charleroi  and  Brus- 
sels as  well  as  that  to  lions. 

The  Western  Powers  will  assuredly  never  permit 
Russia  to  place  herself  A  cheval  lietween  the  Ottoman 
Empire  and  Persia.  Times  newspaper. 

Cheval-de-frise  (she-val'de-frez).  1.  See 
CHEVACX-IIE-FKISE.—  2.  A  kind  of  trimming. 

Cheval-glass  (she-val'glas),  ».  A  swing 
looking-glass  mounted  on  a  frame,  and  large 
enough  to  reflect  the  whole  figure. 

Chevalier  (shev-a-lerO,  n.  [Kr.,from  cheval, 
ahorse.  See  CAVALRY,  CAVALIER.]  1.  A 
horseman;  a  knight;  a  cavalier. 

Mount,  chevaliers,  to  arms!  ShaA. 

2.  In  her.  a  horseman  armed  at  all  points.— 

3.  A  member  of  certain  orders  of  knighthood ; 
as,  theCAeuaKerdeSt.  George.— 4.  Inornith. 
the  Totanus  glottis  or  green-shank  (which 
see).—  Chevalier  a' Industrie,  one  who  gains 
a  living  by  dishonest  means ;  a  sharper ;  a 
swindler ;  a  thief. 

Chevaster  (she-vas'ter).    Same  as  Chevestre. 

Chevauchement  (she-vosh-moii),  n.  [Fr., 
from  cltemucher,  to  ride  on  horseback,  and 
this  from  cheval,  a  horse,  pi.  checavx.]  In 
mrg.  the  riding  of  one  bone  over  another 
after  fracture,  giving  rise  to  shortening  of 
the  limb. 

Chevaux-de-frise  ( she-vo'de-frez ),  n.  j>l. 
[Fr  cheval,  a  horse,  pi.  chevaux,  and  Frute, 
Friesland,  because  said  to  have  been  first 
employed  at  the  siege  of  Groningen,  in  that 
province,  against  the  enemy's  cavalry.  ] 
Pieces  of  timber  traversed  with  wooden 
spikes,  pointed  with  iron,  6  or  0  feet  long, 
or  the  whole  may  be  of  iron,  used  to  defend 
a  passage,  stop  a  breach,  form  an  obstacle 
to  the  advance  of  cavalry,  Ac.  In  the  fol- 
lowing extract  the  word  seems  to  be  rather 
loosely  applied  to  spikes  on  the  top  of  a  wall. 

These  staircases  received  light  from  sundry  win- 


dows placed  at  some  distance  above  the  flimi,  .<ml 
looking  into  a  gravelled  area  bounded  by  a  high 
brick  wall,  with  iron  chtvaux«te-/riie  at  the  top. 
Duttus. 


Chevaux-de-frise. 

Cheve,  t  oi.  [O.Fr.  chevir,  to  come  to  an 
end.  See  CHEVISANCK.]  To  come  to  an 
agreement  or  conclusion.  '  Yvel  mote  he 
cheve '  =  ill  may  he  end.  Chaucer. 

Cheven(ehev'en), ».  [  Fr.  cheve sne,  from  chef, 
head.  ]  A  river  fish,  the  chub.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Chever.t  v.t.    To  shiver.    Chaucer, 

Cheverilt  (shev'er-il),  n.  [O.Fr.  chemrel, 
chevral,  Fr.  chevreau,  a  kid,  dim.  of  chevre, 
a  goat,  from  L.  copra.)  A  soft  pliable 
leather  made  of  kid-skin  :  used  figuratively 
in  the  extract. 

Here's  a  wit  of  cheveril,  that  stretches  from  an  inch 
narrow  to  an  ell  broad.  Shak. 

Cheverilt  (shev'er-il),  a.  1.  Made  of  cheveril 
'  A  cheeerU  glove.'    Shak.—2.  Yield' 
able,  as  kid-leather.     'Your  soft 


Cheverilize  t  7sbev'er-il-Iz),  v.t.  To  make 
as  pliable  as  kid-leather. 

1  appeal  to  your  own,  though  never  so  much,  cher- 
erilizea  consciences,  my  good  calumniators. 

Mountain. 

Cheveron  (shev'er-on).    Some  as  Chevron. 

Cheveronny  (shev-er-on'ni),  a.  In  her.  a 
term  used  of  an  escutcheon  divided  into 
several  equal  parts,  by  lines  in  the  form  of 
the  chevron.  It  is  termed  cheveronny  of 
the  number  of  pieces. 

ChevesaUe.tn.  A  necklace  or  collar.  Chau- 

Chevestre,  Chevetre  (she-vestr,  she-vatr). 
n.  [Fr.  chevestrc,  chevttre,  from  L.  capu- 
trum,  a  kind  of  bridle,  from  caput,  the 
head.]  In  surg.  a  bandage  for  the  head, 
used  in  cases  of  fracture  or  luxation  of  the 
lower  jaw.  Written  also  Chevaster. 

Chevet  (she-va),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  caput,  the 
head,  so  named  from  its  situation  in  the 
church.]  In  arch,  a  variety  of  the  apse 


Chevet,  east  end  of  Westminster  Abbey. 

almost  exclusively  confined  to  French  Gothic 
churches.  The  chevet  is  always  inclosed  by 
an  open  screen  of  columns  on  the  ground 
floor,  and  opens  into  an  aisle,  which  again 
always  opens  into  three  or  more  apsidal 
chapels,  thus  affording  a  variety  of  perspec- 
tive and  a  play  of  light  and  shade  unrivalled 
by  any  other  arrangement. 

Chevetain,t  n.  A  chieftain:  occurring  also 
as  Chel-entain,  Chivetain. 

Cheville  (she-vel),  n.  [Fr.]  In  mtuic,  the 
peg  of  a  violin,  guitar,  or  other  stringed  in- 
strument. 

Cheviot  (che'vi-ot),  n.  A  variety  of  sheep, 
taking  their  name  from  the  well-known 


ch,  cAaiu;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng. 


IB,  (Aen;  th,  «Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    ah,  azure. -See  KKT. 


CHEVIOT 


454 


CHICK-PEA 


Border  mountain  range,  noted  for  their  large 
carcass  and  valuable  wool,  which  qualities, 
combined  with  a  hardiness  second  only  to 
that  of  the  black-faced  breed,  constitute 
them  the  most  valuable  race  of  mountain 
sheep  in  the  kingdom.  The  fleece  weighs 
from  3  to  4  Ihs.,  and  the  carcass  of  ewes 
varies  from  12  to  16  Ibs.  per  quarter,  that  of 
wethers  from  16  to  20  Ibs. 

Cheviot  (che'vi-ot),  a.  A  term  applied  to 
the  sheep  named  after  the  Cheviot  Hills;  as, 
a  cheviot  sheep.  See  the  noun. 

Chevisance  (shev'i-zans),  n.  [O.Fr.  chernr, 
to  come  to  the  end,  to  perform,  to  prevail, 
from  chef,  the  head,  whence  chief,  achieve.] 
l.t  Achievement;  deed;  performance;  en- 
terprise accomplished.  'Fortune  the  foe 
of  famous  chevisance. '  Spenser.  —2.  In  law, 
(a)  a  making  of  contracts;  a  bargain,  (b)  An 
unlawful  agreement  or  contract,  (c)  An 
agreement  or  composition,  as  an  end  or 
order  set  down  between  a  creditor  and  his 
debtor. 

Chevrette  (shev-ret),  n.    [Fr,  from  chevre, 
L.  copra,  a  goat]    A  machine  used  in  rais- 
ing guns  or  mortars  into 
their  carriages. 

Chevron,  Cheveron 
(shev'run),  n.     [Fr.,  a 
rafter,    from    More,    L. 
capra,  a  goat,  applied  to 
rafters  because  they  are 
reared  on  end  like  hut- 
ting  goats.      In  L.  cap- 
reoli  (from  caper,  a  he- 
goat)  are   props,   stays.] 
1.  In  her.  an  honourable 
ordinary,  representing  two  rafters  of  a  house 
meeting  at  the  top,  and  having  the  form 
shown  in  the  cut.     A  chevronel  is  half  its 
breadth ;  a  couple-close,  one-fourth.  —2.  In 

arch,  a  variety  

of  fret  orna- 
ment common 
in  Norman 
architecture. 
Called  also  the 
Zigzag  ami 
Dancette.  — 
3.  MUit  the 
distinguishing 


uon  Moulding. 


marks  on  the  sleeves  of  non-commissioned 
officers'  coats,  to  mark  the  rank  of  the  bearer. 
-  Chevron  bones,  in  anat.  the  V-shaped  sub- 
vertebral  arches  in  the  caudal  region  of 
reptiles. 

Chevroned  (shev'mnd),  a.  Bearing  a  chev- 
ron ;  resembling  a  chevron  in  form. '  Watchet 
cloth  of  silver  chevroned  all  over  with  lace. 
B.  Jonson. 

Chevronel  (shev'run-el),  n.  In  her.  an  ordi- 
nary half  the  breadth  of  a  chevron. 

Chevron-work  (shev'run-w6rk),  n.  In  arch. 
see  CHKVRON. 

Chevrotain  (shev'ro-tan),  n.  [Fr,  from 
checre,  A  goat.]  The  Tmgvha  pygmceus, 
family  TragulidtD,  a  species  of  musk-deer 
found  in  the  forests  of  South  India  and  the 
Asiatic  Islands.  It  is  small,  timid,  and  shy; 
and  mild  and  gentle  in  captivity. 

Chevy  (chev'i),  v.t.  To  knock  or  force  about; 
to  cliivey  (which  see). 

One  poor  fellow  was  chevied  about  among  the  casks 
in  the  storm  for  ten  minutes.       Times  newspaper. 

Chew  (chB),  v.t.  [Written  also  chaw,  a  form 
seldom  now  used ;  from  A.  Sax.  ceowan,  to 
chew ;  cog.  with  D.  kaauwen,  G.  kauen,  to 
chew  Jaw,  jowl,  chaps,  chops  are  from  the 
same  root]  1.  To  bite  and  grind  with  the 
teeth ;  to  masticate,  as  food,  to  prepare  it 
for  deglutition  and  digestion.— 2.  Fvj.  to 
ruminate  on  in  the  thoughts ;  to  meditate 


Some  books  are  to  be  tasted,  others  to  he  swal- 
lowed, and  some  few  to  be  cheated  and  digested. 
Bacon. 

—To  chew  the  cud,  to  ruminate,  and  fig.  to 
ruminate  or  meditate  on.  'Chew'd  the  thrice- 
turned  cud  of  wrath.'  Tennyson. 
Chew  (chb),  v.i.  1.  To  perform  the  act  of 
chewing;  to  champ.  — 2.  Fig.  to  meditate; 
to  ruminate. 

Old  politicians  thew  on  wisdom  past.        Pope. 

Chew  (cho),  n.  That  which  is  chewed;  that 
which  is  held  in  the  mouth  at  once ;  a  quid 
of  tobacco. 

Chewett  (chb'et),  n.  A  kind  of  pie  made  of 
chopped  substances. 

Chewet  t  (cho'et),  n.  [Fr.  chouette,  an  owl, 
a  daw,  a  jackdaw.  Cotgrave.]  An  imper- 
tinent chatterer.  'Peace,  chewet,  peace. 

Chewing-tall  (chb'ing-bal),  n.  A  medici- 
nal ball  for  a  horse,  composed  of  the  wood 


of  the  bay  and  juniper  trees,  asafetida,  liver 
of  antimony,  and  pellitory  of  Spain. 

Chewstick  (cho'stik),  n.  The  twigs  of  Gou- 
ania  dominyenxis,  used  in  the  West  Indies 
for  cleaning  the  teeth,  and  also  powdered 
as  a  dentifrice. 

Chlan  (ki'an),  a.   Pertaining  to  Chios,  an  isl 
in  the  Levant. 

That  blind  bard,  who  on  the  Chian  strand,  .  .  . 
Beheld  the  Iliad  and  the  O.lyssey 
Rise  to  the  swelling  of  the  voiceful  sea.      Catenae. 

—  Chian  earth,  a  dense  compact  kind  of 
earth  from  Chios,  used  anciently  in  medi- 
cine as  an  astringent  and  a  cosmetic.  — 
Chian  turpentine,  or  Cyprus  turpentine,  is 
procured  from  the  Piitacia  Terebmthus. 
It  is  of  the  consistence  of  honey,  clear,  and 
of  a  yellowish-white  colour. 
Chiaoust  (chous), ».  [See  CHOUSE.]  A  Turk; 

Chiaroscuro,  Chiaro-oscuro  (ki-a'ro-sko'- 
ro,  ki-a'r6-os-k6"r6),  n.  [It,  lit.  clear-ob- 
scure from  L.  clarus,  clear,  and  obsmnu, 
obscure;  Fr.  clair-obscur.]  In  thejin*  arts, 
that  department  of  painting  which  relates 
to  light  and  shade ;  the  art  of  judiciously 
distributing  the  lights  and  shadows  in  a 
picture. 

According  to  the  common  acceptation  of  the  term 
in  the  language  of  Art.  chiaro-oicure  means  not  only 
the  mutable  effects  produced  by  light  and  shade,  but 
also  the  permanent  differences  in  brightness  and 
darkness. 

Chiasm  (ki'azm),  n.  [Or.  chiasma,  from 
chiazo,  to  make  the  figure  of  the  Greek 
letter  *.]  I"  «""«<•  tne  central  body  of 
nervous  matter  formed  by  the  junction  and 
decussation  of  the  optic  nerves. 
Chiasma  (ki-az'ma).  n.  Same  as  Chitum. 
Chiastolite  (ki-as'to-lit),  n.  [Or.  chiastot. 
decussated  (see  CHI  ASM),  and  lithot,  a  stone.] 
A  mineral  of  the  cyanite  family,  generally 
regarded  as  a  variety  of  andalusite,  and  also 
called  Made,  whose  crystals  are  arranged  in 
a  peculiar  manner.  The  form  of  the  crys- 
tals is  a  four-sided  prism,  whose  bases  are 
rhombs,  differing  little  from  squares.  But 
each  crystal,  when  viewed  at  its  extremities 
or  on  a  transverse  section,  is  obviously  com- 
posed of  two  very  different  substances,  and 
its  general  aspect  is  that  of  a  black  prism, 
passing  longitudinally  through  the  axis  of 
another  prism  which  is  whitish.  The  term 
made  as  the  name  of  a  distinct  species, 
applies  to  the  whitish  prisms  only.  It  i«  a 
silicate  of  aluminium  (ALO3.  SiOs). 
Chiastre  (ki'as-tr),  n.  [Or.  chiazd,  to  form 
the  Greek  letter  %,  chi.  ]  In  mrg.  a  bandage 
for  stopping  hemorrhage  from  the  temporal 
artery,  shaped  like  a  cross  or  the  Greek 
letter  jr. 

Chibbalt(chib/bal),n.  [SeeCiuoL.]  A  small 
sort  of  onion;  cibol.  Beau.  <fc  Ft. 
Chibouxme,  Chibouk  (shi-buk),  n.  [Turk  ] 
A  Turkish  pipe,  sometimes  adorned  with 
precious  stones.  'The  long  chibouque' t 
dissolving  cloud.'  Byron. 
Chic  (shek),  n.  [Fr.,  from  G.  geschick,  skill ) 
1.  In  the  Jin*  arts,  the  faculty  of  producing 
effective  works  with  rapidity  and  ease;  great 
skill.— 2.  Easy  elegance;  grace. —3.  Adroit- 
ness; cunning;  knowingness. 
Chica,  Chicha  (cheT(a,clie'cha),n.  [Sp.]  l.A 
red  colour  made  use  of  in  tropical  South 
America  by  some  Indian  tribes  to  stain  their 
skins.  It  is  extracted  by  boiling  the  leaves 
of  Bignonia  Chica  in  water,  decanting  the 
decoction,  and  allowing  it  to  settle  and  cool, 
when  a  red  matter  falls  down  which  is 
formed  into  cakes  and  dried.  —  2  A  fer- 
mented liquor  or  beer  used  by  the  natives 
of  South  America,  derived  from  I  ndian  corn. 
Chica.  (che'ka),  n.  An  old  Spanish  dance,  of 
which  the  fandango  and  cachuca  may  be 
regarded  as  modern  modifications. 
Chicane  (shi-kan').  »  [Fr..  from  Per.  chau- 
gan,  the  game  of  golf  played  on  horseback; 


Give  me  but  virtuous  actions, 
and  chicane  about  the  matter. 


and  I  will  not  quibble 
Chesterfield. 


Chicaner  (shi-kan'er),  n.  [Fr.  chicaneur.] 
One  who  chicanes  or  uses  shifts,  turns, 
evasions,  or  undue  artifices,  in  litigation  or 
disputes;  a  caviller;  an  unfair  disputant. 

This  is  the  way  to  distinguish  a  logical  Chicaner 
from  a  man  of  reason.  Locke. 

Chicanery  (shi-kan'er-i),  n.  [Fr.  chicaneric.  ] 
Chicane;  mean  or  unfair  artifices  to  perplex 
a  cause  and  obscure  the  truth ;  trickery; 
sophistry.  '  Irritated  by  perpetual  chican- 
ery.' Hallam.  '  Manors  got  by  rapine  and 
chicanery.'  Lamb.—SVX.  Trickery,  sophis- 
try, quibbling,  stratagem,  tergiversation. 
ChiCCOry  (chik'o-ri),  ti.  Chicory  (which  see). 
Chich,t  Chiche,  t  a.  [Fr.  chiche,  poor,  nig- 
gardly, from  L.  ciccus,  a  trifle  or  thing  of  no 
value.]  Niggardly;  sparing.  Chaucer. 
Chich  (chich),  71.  [Fr.  chiche,  It.  cece,  L. 
cicer,  the  chick-pea.]  A  dwarf  pea.  Same 
as  Chick-pea  (which  see).  '  Chiches,  and  the 
other  pulses. '  B.  Googe. 
Chicha  (che'cha),  n.  [Sp.]  1.  Same  as  Chica. 
2.  The  seeds  of  StercuKa  Chicha,  a  South 
American  tree. 

Chichevache.1  n.  [Fr.,  lit.  a  lean  cow. ]  A 
starved  cow,  supposed  to  feed  on  patient 
wives.  '  Lest  chichevache  you  swalwe  in  hir 
entraille.'  Chaucer. 

Chichling,  Chichling-vetch  (chich' ling, 
chich' ling -vech),  n.  Same  as  Chickling, 
Chickling-vetch. 

Chick  (chikX  v.i.     [Perhaps  from  A.  Sax. 
cl th,  a  germ  or  sprout.  ]    To  sprout,  as  seed 
in  the  ground;  to  vegetate.    [Provincial.] 
Chick  (chik),  n.    [Shortened  from  chicken.] 
Same  as  Chicken. 

Chick-a-berry  (chik'a-be-ri),  n.  A  corrup- 
tion of  Chequer-berry,  the  fruit  of  the  Gaul- 
theria  procumbciis.  [American.] 
Chickabiddy  (chik'a-bid-di),  n.  A  young 
chicken:  also  used  as  a  pet  name.  [Provin- 
cial.] 

Chickadee  (chik'a-de),  n.  In  America,  a 
name  given  to  the  black-cap  titmonse(/>ar«« 
atricapillut)  and  to  other  allied  birds,  from 
their  peculiar  note. 

Chickaree  (chik'a-re),  n.  The  Sauna  hud- 
sonius,  or  American  red  squirrel,  10  called 
from  it*  cry. 

Chicken  (chik'en),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cicen,  cyeen, 
a  chicken;  cog.  L.G.  kilren,  kuken,  Prov.  G. 
kuchen.}  1.  A  young  fowl;  particularly  a 
young  domestic  fowl.  —2.  A  person  of  ten- 
der years:  generally  used  of  females  and  as 
in  the  following  quotation.  'Stella  is  no 
chicken.'  Su\ft.—$.  A  child:  used  as  a  term 
of  endearment.  —  Chicken  hazard,  a  game 
at  dice.  See  HAZARD. —  To  count  one's 
thickent  before  they  are  hatched,  a  prover- 
bial expression  meaning  to  anticipate  too 
confidently  the  obtaining  of  something  that 
one  may  never  receive. 
Chicken-breasted  (chik'en-brcst-ed),  a. 
Pigeon-breasted;  having  that  form  of  breast 
resulting  from  a  kind  of  malformation 
known  as  lordotit.  or  from  carious  disease 
or  spinal  weakness,  in  which  the  vertebral 
column  is  curved  forwards,  giving  rise  to 


or  heart-leaved  vine;  also  termed  Winter- 

Chicken- hearted  (  chik '  en- hart -ed).  a. 
Having  no  more  courage  than  a  chicken ; 
timid;  cowardly. 

Chicken-pox  (chik'en-pok»)t »  A  mild  con- 
tagious eruptive  disease,  generally  appear- 
ing in  children. 

Chicket  t  (chik'et),  n.    A  fastening. 

The  green  shutters  and  chickeis  are  offensive. 

Chickling  (chikling),  n.    [Dim.  of  chick.] 


polo.  In  the  middle  ages  the  game  became 
popular  in  Byzantium,  and  was  introduced 
thence  into  Languedoc  under  the  name  of 
chicane.  The  series  of  senses  are:  first  the 
game,  then  the  act  of  keeping  one's  own 
side;  lastly,  the  manoeuvres,  &c.)  The  art 
of  protracting  a  contest  or  discussion  by  the 
use  of  evasive  stratagems  or  mean  and  un- 
fair tricks  and  artifices;  trickery;  sophistry; 
chicanery. 

To  cut  short  this  chicane  I  propound  it  fairly  to 
your  own  conscience.  Berkeley. 

He  strove  to  lengthen  the  campaign. 
And  save  his  forces  by  chicane.  Frier. 

To 


[Fr.  chicaner.] 

use'chicane;  to  employ  shifts,  cavils,  or  ar- 


Chlcane  (shi-kan1),  v.i. 

;ane;  to 
tinces.    [Rare.] 


A  small  chick  or  chicken. 
Chickling,  Chickling  -  vetch  (chik 'ling, 
chik'ling-vech),  n.  [Dim.  of  chich,  the  chick- 
pea ]  A  vetch  or  pea  of  the  genus  Lathyrus 
(L.  sativus),  extensively  cultivated  in  the 
south  of  Europe  for  its  seed,  which  is  eaten 
in  the  same  way  as  the  chick-pea,  but  is  said 
to  be  of  superior  quality. 
Chick-pea  (chik'pe),  n.  [For  chich-pea. 
See  CHICH,  n.  ]  The  popular  name  of  Ctcer 
arietinum.  It  grows  wild  around  the  shores 
of  the  Mediterranean  and  in  many  parts  of 
the  East,  producing  a  short  puffy  pod  with 
one  or  generally  two  small  netted  seeds 
with  two  swellings  on  one  side.  It  is  much 
used  in  olios  in  Spain,  and  is  an  important 
article  in  French  cookery.  When  roasted 
it  is  the  common  parched  pulse  of  the  East 


Kite,  ttr,  fat.  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc. : 


CHICK-WEED 


4.r)r> 


CHIORK 


Chick-weed  (chik'wed),  n.  [Thnt  is,  chicken- 
irei-il;  in  Scotland  it  is  often  culled  chicken- 
wurt'or  clntckeii-uiort.]  The  popular  name 
of  Stellaria  media,  one  of  the  moat  common 
weeds  in  cultivated  and  waste  ground  every- 
where in  Britain,  flowering  throughout  the 
year.  It  has  a  procumbent  more  or  less 
hairy  stem  with  ovate  pointed  leaves,  and 
many  small  white  flowers.  It  is  much  used 
for  feeding  cage-birds,  which  are  very  fond 
lioth  of  its  leaves  and  seeds.—  Mouse-ear 
chickweed,  the  popular  name  of  various 
species  of  Cerastium.  —  Winter-green  chick- 
weed,  the  common  name  of  Trientalis  euro- 
fxea. 

Chicoracepus  (chik-o-ra'slms),  a.  Cichora- 
ceous  (which  see). 

Chicory  (chik'o-rl),  n.  [Fr.  chworee,  L. 
cichonitm,  from  Or.  kichorion,  chicory.]  The 
popular  name  of  Cishorium  Inti/lius,  a  com- 
posite plant  common  in  waste  places  in  Eng- 
land, and  extending  through  Europe  and 
Asia  as  far  as  India.  It  has  a  fleshy  taper- 
in"  root,  a  stem  from  1  to  3  feet  high,  with 


Chicory  (Cichoriiitn  lutybits). 

spreading  branches  and  lohed  and  coarsely 
toothed  leaves.  The  flowers  are  bright  blue. 
The  roots  have  been  extensively  employed 
as  a  substitute  for  coffee,  or  to  mix  with 
coffee,  being  roasted  and  ground  for  this 
purpose.  Chicory  is  also  cultivated  for  feed- 
ing cattle  with  its  leaves,  and  the  blanched 
leaves  are  sometimes  used  as  a  salad. 
Chide  (chid),  v.t.  pret.  chid  [cftorfct];  part. 
chid,  chidden.  [A.  Sax.  ctdan,  to  chide; 
connections  unknown.]  1.  To  scold;  to  re- 
prove; to  rebuke:  with  a  personal  subject 
and  object;  as,  to  chide  one  for  his  faults; 
to  chide  one  for  his  delay.  '  Almost  chide 
<Jod  for  making  you  that  countenance  you 
are.'  Shale.  'Last  chidden  for  being  too 
slow.'  Shak.  '  Chid  her  and  forbid  her  to 
speak.'  Tennyson. 

But  Kirk  was  only  chid  for  it ;  and  it  was  said  that 
lie  had  a  particular  order  for  some  military  execu- 
tions so  that  he  could  only  be  chid  for  the  manner 
,,fit.'  Bf.Burnet. 

•2.  To  find  fault  with;  to  take  exception  to: 
with  a  thing  as  object,  especially  when  re- 
garded as  an  agent  or  having  activity. 
'  Chid  his  truant  youth.'  Shak.  '  When  we 
have  chid  the  hasty-footed  time  for  parting 
us.'  Shak. 

Tis  not  because  the  ring  they  ride. 
And  Lindesay  at  tile  ring  rides  well. 

But  that  my  sire  the  wine  will  chide, 
If  'tis  not  fuTd  by  Rosabelle.  Sir  IY.  Scott. 

3  To  fret  or  murmur  against,  as  waves  do ; 
tochafe.  'The  sea  that  c/nctesthe  banks  of 
England.'  fShak.  [Rare.]  — 4.  To  drive  or 
impel  by  chiding. 

I  chid  Lucetta  hence.  Shak. 

Find  him,  my  lord  of  Warwick ;  chide  him  hither. 

5.  To  strike  by  way  of  punishment  or  ad- 
monition. '  Chidden  by  the  dainty  hand. 
Tennyson.— SYN.  To  blame,  rebuke.reprpve, 
scold,  censure,  reproach. 
Chide  (chid),  v.i.  To  scold;  to  clamour;  to 
find  fault;  to  contend  in  words  of  anger: 
sometimes  followed  by  with. 

And  Jacob  was  wroth  and  chodt  with  T.aban. 

Gen.  xxxni.  30. 

Wherefore  the  people  did  chide  milk  Moses,  and 

said,  Give  us  water  that  we  may  drink.       Ex.  xvn.  2. 

What  a  beast  was  I  to  chide  at  him.  Shak. 

Fig.  to  fret;   to  chafe.     'As  doth  a  rock 
:tgainst  the  chiding  flood.'    Shak. 
Chide  (chid),  n.     Murmur;   gentle  noise. 


'The  ch  Me  of  streams.'  Thomson.  [Rare 
and  poetical.] 

Chider  (chid'er),  n.  One  who  chides,  cla- 
mours, reproves,  or  rebukes. 

I  love  no  thiders,  sir.  Shak. 

Chideresst  (chid'6r-es),  n.  A  feuial.-  who 
chides. 

Chidester  t  (chid'ster),  n.  A  female  scold. 
Chaucer. 

Chiding  (chid'ing),  n.  1.  A  scolding;  a  re- 
buke; reproof.—  2.  Noise  or  fury  of  wind, 
waves,  streams,  &c.  '  The  churlish  chiding 
of  the  winter's  wind.'  Shak.  '  The  r  h  idings 
of  the  headlong  brook.'  Mallet.  [Rure  and 
poetical.]  —  3.  In  hunting,  the  sound  made 
by  hounds  in  full  cry. 

They  bay'd  the  bear 
With  hounds  of  Sparta  :  never  did  I  hear 
Such  gallant  chiding.  Shak. 

Chidingly  (chid'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  scolding 
or  reproving  manner. 

Chief  (chef),  a.  [O.Fr.  chef,  chief  (ft.  chef), 
the  head,  top,  chief;  from  L.  ot/mr,  the 
head.)  1.  Highest  in  office,  authority,  or 
rank;  principal;  as,  a  chief  priest;  the  chief 
butler.  Gen  xl.  9. 

Among  the  chief  rulers  many  believed  on  him. 
Jn.  xii.  42. 

2.  Principal  or  most  eminent,  in  any  quality 
or  action;  such  that  others  (things,  persons, 
particulars  of  any  kind)  are  inferior  or  sub- 
ordinate; most  important;  at  the  bead;  lead- 
ing ;  main  :  a  word  of  very  extensive  appli- 
cation. 

The  hand  of  the  princes  and  rulers  hath  licen  chief 
in  this  trespass.  Ezra  ix.  2. 

S.t  Intimate;  near;  close.  In  this  sense 
still  used  in  Scotland;  as,  they  are  very 
chief  wi'  ane  anither. 

A  whisperer  separateth  MiV/friends.    Prov.  xvi.  28. 

This  word,  though  in  its  own  meaning  a 
superlative,  was  formerly  sometimes  used 
in  the  superlative  degree. 

Our  chitfest  courtier,  cousin,  and  our  son.     Shak. 
Doetr.  an  Edomite,  the  chitfest  of  the  hcrdmen. 
I  Sam.  xxi.  7. 

—Chief-tenant,  a  tenant  ineapite,  or  tenant- 
in-chief;  one  who  holds  land  directly  from 
the  crown  by  honourable  personal  services. 
See  TENANT.  —SYN.  Principal,  leading,  main, 
first,  paramount,  supreme,  capital,  prime, 
vital,  especial,  essential,  great,  grand,  emi- 
nent. 

Chief  (chef),  n.  1.  The  person  highest  m 
authority,  the  head  or  head  man  ;  as,  the 
chief  of  the  foreign  office.  Specifically,  (a)  a 
military  commander;  the  person  who  heads 
an  army.  1  Chr.  xi.  6.  (b)  The  principal 
person  of  a  clan,  tribe,  family,  or  congrega- 
tion, &c.  Num.  iii.  24. 

Hail  to  the  chiffwho  in  triumph  a.^lv^nccs! 
" 


.  .  .. 

Used  collectively  for  more  than  one  person. 

I  took  the  chief  vi  your  tribes,  wise  men  and  known, 
and  made  them  heads  over  you.  Deut.  i.  15. 

2.  The  principal  part  or  portion  :  the  most 
or  largest  part  of  one  thing  or  of  many. 

The  people  took  of  the  spoil  sheep  and  oxen,  the 
chief  of  the  things  which  should  have  been  utterly 
destroyed.  I  Sam.  xv.  21. 

3.  In  her.  the  head  or  upper  part  of  the 
escutcheon,  from  side  to 

side,  cut  off  horizontally 
by  a  straight  line,  and 
containing  properly  a 
third  part  of  the  dimen- 
sions of  the  escutcheon. 
In  blazoning  anna,  the 
chief  is  generally  last 
mentioned  and  described. 
In  chief,  is  the  term  used 
when  something  borne 
is  in  this  part.—  To  hnld 
land  in  chief,  to  hold  land  directly  from  the 
sovereign  by  honourable  personal  services. 
—Chief,  Commander,  Leader,  Head.  Clay. 
lit  the  head,  applied  to  one  who  occupies 
the  highest  rank  in  military  or  civil  mat- 
ters as  an  Indian  chief,  a  military  chief,  the 
chief  of  a  department  in  the  civil  service  ; 
commander,  one  who  issues  commands  I 
or  has  power  over,  applied  to  the  head  at  an 
army  or  fleet,  as  commander  of  the  army  in 
the  East,  commander  of  the  Mediterranean 
fleet;  leader,  the  head  of  a  party  or  faction, 
or  one  who  conducts  some_special  under- 


Chief. 


plied  to  the  chief  of  a  tribe  or  family  or  pro- 
fession, as  the  head  of  the  House  of  Caven- 
dish, the  head  of  the  bar. 

Chief  (chef),  adv.  Chiefly.  Thomson.  [Kare.j 

Chiefage,t  Chevaget  (ch< 


[See  CHIEF.)  A  tribute  by  the  hi-.-ul;  a  poll- 
tax. 

Chief-baron  (chefbar-on),  n.  The  president 
of  the  court  of  exchequer. 

Chiefdom  (chef'dum),  n.  Sovereignty. 
fi/ffiuer.  (Rare.) 

Chlefesa  (chefi-s),  n.  A  female  chief.  Car- 
acr.  [Rare  ] 

Chief-Justice  (chef'jus-tis),  n.  The  presid- 
ing judge  of  a  court,  particularly  the  presid- 
ing judge  In  the  Queen's  Itench  arid  Coin 
mon  Pleas  divisions  of  the  High  Court  of 
Justice.  The  chief  of  the  former  court  is 
called  the  lord  chief-justice  of  Knylaml. 
while  the  chief  of  the  latter  is  merely  the 
lord  chief-justice  of  the  Common  Pleas. 

Chief-Justiceship  (chef'jus-tis -ship),  n. 
The  office  of  chief-justice. 

Chiefless  (chef'les),  a.  Without  a  chief  or 
leader.  'ChieJUss  armies.'  Pope 

Chiefly  (chef'li),  adv.  1.  Principally;  above 
all;  in  the  first  place. 

And  chiefly  thou,  O  Spirit,  that  dost  prefer 
Before  all  temples  th'  upright  heart  and  pure. 

IfiUfH. 

2.  For  the  most  part;  mostly;  as,  his  estates 
were  chiejly  situated  in  Scotland.  —  SVN. 
Principally,  mainly,  especially,  eminently. 

Chief -rent  (chef'rent),  n.  The  same  as  Quit- 
rent  (which  see). 

Chiefrle  t  (chef'ri),  n.  A  rent  or  duty  paid 
to  the  lord  paramount. 

Chieftain  ( chef  tan  or  chef  tin  ),  n.  [  O.  Fr. 
chevetaine,  chieftaine,  &c.,  from  L.L.  capi- 
taneus,  from  caput,  the  head  ;  so  that  it  is 
really  the  same  word  as  captain.}  A  cap- 
tain, leader,  or  commander ;  a  chief ;  the 
head  of  a  troop,  army,  or  clan.  When  used 
absolutely,  mostly  designating  the  chief  of 
a  Highland  clan. 

A  chieftain  to  the  Highlands  bound, 
Cries,  '  Boatman,  do  not  tarry.'     Campbell. 

Chieftaincy,  Chieftainship  (chef'tan-si  or 
chef  tin-si,  chef  tan-ship  or  chef  tin-ship),  n. 
The  rank,  dignity,  or  office  of  a  chieftain. 
Chieftainess  (chef tan-es  or  chef'tin-es),  n. 
A  female  chieftain.    Miss  Sedgwick. 
Chieftainryt  (chef'tan-ri  or  cheftiu-ri),  n. 
Chieftainship.    Johnson. 
Chieftyt  (chef'ti),  n.     Headship.    Up.  Hall. 
Chiel,  Chleld  (chel,  cheld),  n.   [A  corruption 
of  child,  which  formerly  was  often  addressed 
to  a  young  man.    See  CHII.DE  ]    A  young 
man;  a  fellow:  used  either  in  a  good  or  bad 
sense.     'Buirdly  chiels  an'  clever  hizzies.' 
Burns.    [Scotch.] 

Chlerete.t  Chlertee.t  n.    Charity;  tender- 
ness; affection.     Chaucer. 
Chievancet  (chev'ans),  n.    [O.Fr  chcvance, 
from  chevir,  to  accomplish.     See  CHEVIS- 
ANCE.  ]    An  unlawful    bargain ;   traffic    in 
which  money  is  extorted  as  discount.  Bacon. 
Chieve.t  Chivet  (chev),  v.i.    See  CHEVE. 
Chiff-chaff  (chif'chaf),  "•    The  white-throat 
(Sylvia  l{ufa),  one  of  our  song-birds,  so 
called  from  its  note. 

Chiffonnler  (shifo-ner),  ».  [Fr.,  a  chiffon- 
nier,  a  rag-picker,  from  chifon,  a  rag.]  1.  A 
kind  of  small  side-board;  a  kind  of  cabinet. 
2.  A  rag-picker :  in  this  sense  used  by  Eng- 
lish writers  merely  as  a  French  word ;  the 
fern,  is  chi/onnitre. 

Chiffre(shefr),  n.  [Fr.]  In  music,  figures 
to  denote  the  harmony,  as  in  figured  bass. 
Chignon  (she-nyon),  n.  [Fr.,  the  nape  of 
the  neck,  a  chignon.)  The  term  applied  to 
ladies' back  hair  when  raised  and  folded  up, 
usually  round  a  pad  of  more  or  less  size,  in 
a  sort  of  roll  on  the  back  part  of  the  head 
and  nape  of  the  neck. 

Chigoe  (ciilffo),  n.  [Of  West  Indian  or  South 
American  origin.]  A  very  curious  insect 
(1'ulex  or  Sarcopsylla  penetrann)  closely 
resembling  the  common  flea,  but  of  more 
minute  size,  found  in  the  West  Indies  and 
South  America.  It  burrows  beneath  the 
skin  of  the  foot,  and  soon  acquires  the  size 
of  a  pea,  its  abdomen  becoming  distended 
with  eggs.  If  these 
eggs  remain  to  lie 
hatched  beneath 
the  skin  great  irri- 
tation and  even 
troublesome  sores 
are  sure  to  result. 
The  insect  must  be 
extracted  entire, 
and  with  great 
care,  as  soon  as  its 
presence  is  indi- 
cated by  a  slight 
itching  or  tingling. 
Written  also  Chegoe,  Chigre,  Jigger,  Ac. 
Chigre,  Cnlggre  (chig'ger),  n.  See  CHIGOE. 


Chigoe  (Pulex  fentlraiii). 

i,  Male,  nat.  size.  2.  Male. 

magnified.     3.  Female,  full 


from  a  human  toe. 


ch.Main;      th,  So.  locA;      g.ffo;      j.job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ne.Any; 


th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  wfclg;     in,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CHIKARA 


456 


CHILLNESS 


Chikara  (chi-ka'ra).  n.  The  Hindu  name 
for  a  species  of  goat-like  antelope  found  in 
Bengal,  of  which  the  male  is  furnished  with 
four  horns,  the  anterior  very  short  and 
conical,  the  posterior  longer,  tapering  and 
erect.  It  is  the  Antilope  quadriwrnis  of 
Blainville,  and  the  Antilope  Chikara  of 
Hardwicke. 

Chlkary  (sliik'a-ri),  n.  In  the  East  Indies, 
a  huntsman;  a  shikaree  or  shekarry. 

Chike,t  n.    A  chick  or  chicken. 

Chil-  (kil).    See  CHEIL-. 

Chilblain  (chil'blan),  n.  [Chill,  cold,  and 
blain.]  A  blain  or  sore  produced  by  cold;  a 
tumour  affecting  the  hands  or  feet,  accom- 
panied with  inflammation,  pain,  and  some- 
times ulceration. 

Chilblain  (chil'blan),  v.t.  To  afflict  with 
chilblains;  to  produce  chilblains  in. 

Child  (  child  ),  n.  pi.  Children  ( chil'dren  ). 
[  A.  Sax.  did,  a  child,  pi.  cildru,  afterwards 
cildre,  childre,  to  which  n  or  en  another 
plural  termination  was  added  making  chil- 
dren a  kind  of  double  plural.  The  root  is 
the  same  as  that  of  kin,  kind,  &c.,  G.  kind, 
a  child.]  1.  A  son  or  a  daughter,  of  any 
age;  a  male  or  female  descendant  in  the 
first  degree ;  the  immediate  progeny  of  hu- 
man parents  (sometimes  of  animals  and 
plants). 

And  Jephthah  came  to  Mizpeh  unto  his  house, 
and  behold  his  daughter  came  out  to  meet  him  with 
timbrels  and  with  dances ;  and  she  was  his  only 
child.  Judg.  xi.  34. 

2.  A  very  young  person  of  either  sex :  said 
properly  of  one  somewhat  older  than  an  in- 
fant, yet  scarcely  old  enough  to  be  called  a 
boy  or  girl  or  a  youth.    See  CHILDHOOD. 

When  I  was  a  child,  I  spake  as  a  child,  I  under- 
stood as  a  child,  1  thought  as  a  child,  but  when  I 
became  a  man  I  put  away  childish  things. 

I  Cor.  xiii.  ii. 

3.  One  who  exhibits  the  character  of  a  very 
young  person ;  one  of  crude  or  immature 
knowledge,  experience,  judgment,  or  at- 
tainments; as,  he  is  a  mere  child  in  these 
matters. 

Be  no  more  children,  tossed  toand  fro,  and  carried 
about  with  every  wind  of  doctrine.  Eph.  iv.  14. 

4.  Fly.  one  whose  character  is  due  to  the 
influence  of  another,  or  that  which  is  the 
product  of  something  else ;  offspring ;  out- 
come.   'Thou  child  of  the  devil.     Acts  xiii. 
10.     'Be  &  child  o'  the  time.'    Shak. 

I  talk  of  dreams. 
Which  are  the  children  of  an  idle  brain.       Sh,tt. 

5.  pi.  The  descendants  of  a  man,  however 
remote;  as,  the  children  of  Israel ;  the  chil- 
dren of  Edom.— 6.  pi.  The  inhabitants  of  a 
country;  as.  the  children  of  Seir.    2  Chr. 
xxv.  11.— 7.  [Warwickshire  provincial  Eng- 
lish.]   A  girl. 

A  barne.  a  very  pretty  barne  I  A  boy  or  a  child, 
I  wonder!  Shak. 

at  See  CHILDE.  'Child  Rowland  to  the 
dark  tower  came.'  Shak.  —  Children  of 
Light,  a  name  assumed  by  the  early  Quakers. 
Rev.  Orby  Shipley. —  Child's  play,  a  trivial 
matter  of  any  kind;  anything  easily  accom- 
plished or  surmounted.  'No  child's  play 
was  it-nor  is  it ! '  Carlyle.  —  With  child, 
pregnant.  Gen.  xvi.  11;  xix.  36 .—To  get 
u>Uh  child,  to  render  pregnant.— To  go  with 
child,  to  l>e  pregnant. 

Child  t  ( child ),  v.  i.  To  produce  children  ; 
to  bring  forth  offspring. 

They  were  two  harlots  and  dwelled  together  in  one 
house,  and  it  chanced  within  two  daies  they  thildtd 
both.  Lalimer 

Childt  (child), ».  (.  To  bring  forth,  as  a  child. 

'A    little  mayde,   the  which  ye  childed.' 

Spenser. 
Childaget  (child'aj),  n.  Childhood;  infancy. 

For  in  your  very  chyldape  there  appeared  in  you  a 
certaine  strange  and  marvellous  towardness. 

Child-bearing  (child'bar-ing),  a.    Bearing 

or  producing  children. 
Child-bearing  (child'bar-ing),  n.    The  act 

of  producing  or  bringing  forth  children; 

parturition.  '  Past  child-bearing.'  Addison 
Child-bed  (chiWbed),  n.     The  state  of  a 

woman  bringing  forth  a  child  or  being  in 

labour;  parturition.    •  Women  in  child-bed.' 

A  rbuthnot. 
Child-birth  (child' berth X  ".    The  act  of 

bringing forthachild;  travail; labour. ' Pains 

of  child-birth.'    Jer.  Taylor. 
Child-crowing  (child'kro-ing),  n.  A  variety 

of  croup,  known  as  spasmodic  croup;  laryn- 

gismus  stridiilus. 
Childe  (child),  n.    A  noble  youth;  a  youth, 

especially  one  of  high  birth,  before  he  was 

advanced  to  the  honour  of  knighthood ;  a 


squire;  also  applied  to  a  knight:  comp.  some- 
what similar  use  of  infante  in  Spain  and 
Portugal. 

The  noble  childc,  preventing  his  desire, 
Under  his  club  with  wary  boldnesse  went. 

Chlldedt  (child'ed),  a.  Furnished  with  a 
child.  '  He  childed,  as  I  fathered.'  Shak. 

Childermas -day  (chil'der-mas-da),  n. 
[Childer,  pi.  of  child,  mass,  and  day.  ]  An 
anniversary  of  the  Church  of  England,  held 
on  the  28th  of  December,  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  children  of  Bethlehem  slain  by 
Herod.  Called  also  Innocents' -day. 

Child-great  t(child'grat),  a.  Pregnant.  Syl- 
vester. 

Childhood  (cbildlind),  n.  [Child,  and  suffix 
-hood.  ]  The  state  of  a  child,  or  the  time  in 
which  persons  are  children,  including  the 
time  from  birth  to  puberty ;  or,  in  a  more 
restricted  sense,  the  state  or  time  from  in- 
fancy to  near  puberty.  Thus  we  say  infancy, 
childhood,  boyhood,  youth,  and  manhood. 

The  childhood  shews  the  man, 
As  morning  shews  the  day.  Milton. 

Childlng  (child'ing),  p.  and  a.  1.  Bearing 
children. 

Many  a  childing  mother  then, 

And  new-born  baby  died.  Sotithey. 

2.  Fiff.  productive ;  fruitful.  '  The  childing 
autumn. '  Shak.  [Rare  in  both  uses.  ] 

Childish  (child'ish),  a.  1.  Of  or  belonging 
to  a  child  or  to  childhood.  'Sweet  childith 
days.'  Wordsworth. — 2.  Like  a  child,  or 
what  is  proper  to  childhood:  with  the  dis- 
paraging senses  of  trifling :  puerile ;  ignor- 
ant; silly;  weak;  as,  childish  fear.  'A  child- 
ish waste  of  philosophic  pains.'  Cowper. 

Childishly  (child'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  childish 
manner;  like  a  child;  in  a  trifling  way;  in 
a  weak  or  foolish  manner. 

Childish-minded  (child'ish-mind'ed),  o.  Of 
a  childlike  disposition;  artless;  undesigning; 
simple. 

Chlldlsh-mindedness  (child 'ish-mind'ed- 
nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  childish-minded; 
extreme  simplicity.  Bacon. 

Childishness  (child'ish-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  childish;  puerility;  sim- 
plicity; harmlessness;  weakness  of  intellect: 
generally  used  in  a  disparaging  sense. 

Speak  thou.  boy ; 

Perhaps  thy  childishness  will  move  him  more 
Than  can  our  reasons.  SHat. 

Child-Wiling  (chlld'kil-ing),n.   Infanticide. 

Child-learnt  (child'lernt).o.  Learned  when 
a  child.  '  By  silly  superstition's  child-learnt 
fears.'  J.  Baillie. 

Childless  (childles),  a.  Destitute  of  chil- 
dren or  offspring.  1  Sam.  xv.  33. 

Childlessness  (child'les-nes),  n.  State  of 
being  without  children. 

Childlike  (child'lik).a.  Resembling  a  child 
or  that  which  belongs  to  children;  becom- 
ing a  child;  meek;  submissive;  dutiful: 
never  used  in  a  disparaging  sense.  'Child- 
like obedience.'  Hooker. 

Childly  (child'li),  a.  Like  a  child;  acquired 
or  learned  when  a  child.  '  Childly  wont  and 
ancient  use.'  Tenntfson. 

Childness  t  (child'nes),  n.  Childish  humour 
or  playfulness ;  sportive  gaiety  of  a  child. 
Shak. 

Children  (chil'dren),  n.  pi.  of  chM  (which 
see).  —  Svx.  Offspring,  issue,  progeny. 

Childrenite  (chirdre-nit).  «.  A  mineral  snl>- 
stance  met  with  in  Cornwall  and  in  Devon- 
shire. It  is  a  phosphate  of  alumina  and 
iron. 

Chlldrenless  (chil'dren-les),  a.  Childless. 
Draat. 

Child-Wife  (child'wif),  n.  1.  A  wife  with 
childlike  manners  and  ideas;  an  over -young 
wife.  Dickens.— 2.t  A  woman  who  has'borne 
a  child. 

Childwitt  (child'wit),  n.  [Child,  and  wite,  a 
fine  or  penalty.]  A  fine  or  penalty  on  a  bond- 
woman unlawfully  with  child. 

Chili  (chil'i),  n.    See  CHILLI. 

Chiliad (kil'i-ad),n.  [Gr.  chilias,  tromchilioi, 
a  thousand.]  1.  A  thousand;  a  collection  or 
sum  containing  a  thousand  individuals  or 
particulars.  '  The  logarithms  of  BO  many 
chiliadi  of  absolute  numbers.'  Brande  it- 
Cot.— 2.  The  period  of  a  thousand  years. 

We  make  cycles  and  periods  of  years ;  as,  decads, 
centuries,  chiliads.  Holder. 

Chlllaedron,  Chiliahedron  (kil'i-a-e"dron, 
kil'i-a-he"dron),  71.  [Gr.  chilioi,  a  thousand, 
and  hedra,  a  seat,  a  side.  ]  In  geom.  a  figure 
of  a  thousand  sides.  [Rare.] 

If  a  man  speaks  of  a  chiliaedron,  or  a  body  of  a 
thousand  sides,  the  idea  of  the  figure  may  be  very 
confused,  though  that  of  the  number  be  very  distinct 

Lxte. 


Chiliagon  (kil'i-a-gon),ji.  [Or.  cliUia, a  thou- 
sand, andyo/iia,  a  corner.]  A  plane  figure 
of  a  thousand  angles  and  sides. 

Chiliahedron.    See  CHIUAKDKOX. 

Chiliarch  (kil'i-ark),  n.  [Gr.  thilM,  a  thou- 
sand, and  (trchtjs,  a  chief.]  The  military 
commander  or  chief  of  a  thousand  men. 

Chiliarchy  (kil'i-ar-ki),  n.  A  body  consist- 
ing of  a  thousand  men.  'The  chiliarchit-x 
or  regiments  of  the  Lamb.'  Dr.  If.  Afore. 

Chiliasm  (kil'i-azm),  n.  [Gr.  chili™,  a  thou- 
sand.] Same  as  Millennium. 

Chiliast  (kil'i-ast).  n.  [Gr.  chilioi,  a  thou- 
sand.] A  Millenarian. 

ChiliastiC  (kil-i-as'tik),  a.  Relating  to  the 
millennium;  millenarian. 

Chilifaotive  (kil-i-fak'tiv).  Sec  CHYLIFAC- 
TIVE. 

Chill  (chil),  7i.  [A.  Sax.  cele,  cyle,  cold,  chill. 
from  cflan,  to  cool,  from  cm,  cool;  cog  D 
kill,  chill,  killen,  to  chill;  Sw.  kyla,  to  chill; 
same  root  as  in  L.  gelidvs,  cold,  gelid.  See 
COOL.]  1.  A  shivering  with  cold;  a  cold  fit; 
sensation  of  cold  in  an  animal  body;  chilli- 
ness. '  A  sort  of  chill  about  his  priecordia 
and  head.'  Derham.—2.  That  condition  of 
the  atmosphere  or  other  object  which  pro- 
duces the  sensation  of  cold ;  coldness  such 
as  that  caused  by  the  approach  of  ice; 
chilliness;  as,  there  is  a  chill  in  the  air. — 

3.  Fig.  anything  that  damps  or  discourages; 
a  depressing  influence;  a  check  to  feelings 
of  joy;  as,  a  chill  came  over  the  assembly. 

The  early  chill  of  poverty  never  left  my  bones. 
Shell. 

4.  In  metal,  a  piece  of  iron  introduced  into 
a  mould  so  as  to  rapidly  cool  the  surface  of 
molten  iron  which  comes  in  contact  there- 
with. 

Chill  (chil),  o.  1.  Cold;  tending  to  cause 
shivering;  as,  the  chill  vapours  of  night. 
'  Noisome  winds  and  blasting  vapours  rA  >7/ ' 
Milton.— t  Experiencing  cold  ;  shivering 
with  cold.  '  The  many  will  be  too  chill  MM. I 
tender.'  .-'/,./< 

My  chill  veins  freeze  with  despair.         Roivr. 

3.  Fig.  (a)  depressing;  dispiriting ;  discour- 
aging. 

Chill  penury  repress' d  their  noble  rage. 

And  froze  the  genial  current  of  the  soul.    Gray. 

(6)  Distant;  formal;  not  warm,  animated, 
or  affectionate ;  as,  a  chill  reception,  (c)  In- 
sensible in  death. 

He  lsfAi//to  praise  or  blame.          Tennyson. 

ChtU  (chil),  v.t.  1.  To  affect  with  chill;  to 
make  chilly;  to  strike  or  blast  with  severe 
cold.  4  Chill'd  my  veins. '  Dryden.  '  When 
winter  chilled  the  day. '  Goldsmith.— 2.  Fig. 
to  check  in  enthusiasm  or  warmth  ;  to  dis- 
courage; to  dispirit;  to  depress.  'Chilling 
his  caresses  by  the  coldness  of  his  man- 
ners.' Tennyson.  —  3.  In  metal,  to  reduce 
suddenly  the  temperature  of  a  piece  of  cast- 
iron  so  as  to  cause  a  change  of  crystalliza- 
tion at  or  near  the  surface  with  the  view  of 
hardening  it. 

Chill  I  (chil),  r.i.    To  shiver. 

Chilled  (child),  p.  and  a.  1.  Cooled;  cold; 
shivering. 

Priam's  aged  joints  with  chilled  fear  did  shake. 

2.  Dejected;  discouraged.  — 3.  Hardened  by 
chilling;  as,  chilled  iron;  chilled  shot— 4.  In 
painting,  applied  to  the  varnish  of  a  pic- 
ture when  the  cloudiness  or  dimness  called 
blooming  appears  on  the  surface. 

Chiller  (chil'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
chills. 

Chill-hardening  (chil'hard-n-ing).  n.  A 
modeoftemperingsteel-cuttinginstruments 
by  exposing  the  red-hot  metal  to  a  blast  of 
cold  air.  K.  11,  Knight. 

Chilli,  Chilly  (chil'i),".  [Sp.  chile.]  The 
pod  or  fruit  of  the  Capsicum  annuum  or 
Guinea  pepper.  See  CAPSICUM. 

Chilliness  (chil'i-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  chilly:  (a)  sensation  of  shi- 
vering ;  painful  or  disagreeable  feeling  of 
coldness.  '  A  chilliness  or  shivering  affect.* 
the  body.'  Arbuthnot.  (6)  A  degree  of  cold 
that  causes  shivering;  chillness;  as,  the 
chilliness  of  the  wind. 

Chilling  (chil'ing),  p.  and  a.  1.  Cooling; 
causing  to  shiver;  cold;  as,  a  chilling  wind. 
2.  Fig.  tending  to  repress  enthusiasm  or 
warmth;  cold;  distant;  discouraging;  de- 
pressing; as,  a  chilling  manner. 

Chillingly  (chil'ing-li),  ado.  In  a  chilling 
manner:  coldly. 

Chillness  ( chil'nes),  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  chill :  (o)  the  feeling  of  coolness 
or  coldness;  a  shivering. 

If  you  come  out  of  the  sun  suddenly  into  the  «ln  -1e. 
there  followeth  a  chillness  or  shivering  in  all  the 
txjdy.  Bacon. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  atmne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CHILLY 


457 


CHIMNEY-TOP 


(6)  An  unpleasant  degree  of  coldness;  as,  the 
ohiUneei  of  the  air. 

Chilly  (chil'i),  (i.  [Chill,  and  term,  -y.]  1.  Ex- 
periencing the  sensation  of  chilliness ; 
chilled. 

I'm  as  chilly  as  a  bottle  of  port  in  a  hard  frost. 
Lolmnn  thf  younger. 

2.  Disagreeably  cold;  chilling;  cold,  so  as  to 
produce  the  sensation  of  shivering. 

A  chilly  sweat  bedews 
My  shuddering  limbs.  J.  Philips. 

Chilly  (chil'li),  ade.  [Chill,  and  term,  -ly.] 
In  a  chill  or  chilly  manner;  coldly;  with 
eoldness;  as,  to  receive  a  person  chilly. 

Chilly,  n.    See  CHILLI. 

Chilognath  (M'log-nath),  n.  A  member  of 
tin-  order  Chllognatha. 

Chilognatha  (ki-log'na-tha), n.  pi.  Same 
us  Chi'iloynatha. 

Chlloma  (ki-16'ma),  n.  [Or.  eheftema,  a  lip.] 
I  n  znol.  the  upper  lip  or  muzzle  of  a  quad- 
ruped, when  tumid  and  continued  uninter- 
ruptedly from  the  nostril,  as  in  the  camel. 

Chilopod  (ki'lo-pod),  n.   Same  as  Cheilopod. 

Chilopoda  (ki-lop'o-da),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
ChtUopoda. 

Chlltern  Hundreds  (chll'tern  hun'dredz), 
».  A  hilly  district  of  Buckinghamshire 
which  has  belonged  to  the  crown  from  time 
immemorial.  To  this  district  a  nominal 
ollice  is  attached,  anil  the  person  holding  it 
is  called  the  Steward  of  the  Chiltern  Hun- 
dreds. As  a  member  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons, not  in  any  respect  disqualified,  can- 
not resign  his  seat  directly,  any  member 
who  wishes  to  resign  may  accomplish  his 
object  by  accepting  the  stewardship  of  the 
Chiltern  Hundreds,  which,  being  held  to  be 
a  place  of  honour  and  profit  under  the 
crown,  vacates  the  seat.  This  nominal 
place  is  in  the  gift  of  the  chancellor  of  the 
exchequer,  and  the  recipients  usually  resign 
immediately  after  appointment. 

Chlmaera,  Chimera  (ki-me'ra),  n.  [L.  chi- 
mcera,  from  (jr.  chimaira, a  chimrera.]  1.  In 
class,  myth,  a  fire-breathing  monster,  the 


Chimera— Lycian  terra-cotta.  Brit.  Museum. 

fore  parts  of  whose  body  were  those  of  a 
lion,  the  middle  of  a  goat,  and  the  hinder 
of  a  dragon;  supposed  to  represent  a  vol- 
canic mountain  in  Lycia,  whose  top  was  the 
resort  of  lions,  the  middle  that  of  goats,  and 
the  foot  that  of  serpents.  'Gorgons,  and 
hydras.andcVu'meerasdire.'  Milton.  Hence— 
2.  In  ornamental  art,  a  fantastic  assemblage 
of  animal  forms  so  combined  as  to  produce 
one  complete  but  unnatural  design.  Such 
chimeras  are  frequently  seen  on  antique 
engraved  gems  and  bas-reliefs. — 3.  A  vain  or 
idle  fancy ;  a  creature  of  the  imagination, 
composed  of  contradictions  or  absurdities 
that  can  have  no  existence  except  in  thought. 
'  Chimeras,  crotchets,  Christmas  solecisms.' 
Tennyson.— 4.  In  ich.  a  genus  of  cartilagin- 
ous fishes.  The  only  known  species  is  the 
Chimcera  monstrosa,  which  inhabits  the 
northern  seas,  and  is  sometimes  called  king 


•a  monstrosa. 


of  the  herrings,  and,  from  its  two  pairs  of 
large  teeth,  rabbit-fish.  It  seldom  exceeds 
3  feet,  and  produces  eggs  inclosed  in  leathery 
cases. 

Chimaeridae,  Chlmeridae  (ki-mc'ri-de),n.pZ. 
A  family  of  cartilaginous  fishes,  distin- 
guished from  the  other  families  of  the  car- 
tilaginous order  by  possessing  a  single  gill- 
opening,  by  the  head  being  furnished  with 
appendages,  and  the  tail  terminating  in  a 
point.  It  contains  the  genera  Chimscra  and 
Callorhynchus. 

Chlmserpid  (ki-me'roid),  a.  Relating  to  or 
like  a  chimsera  or  the  Chimteridse. 


Chimb,  n.     See  CIIIMK,  a  brim. 

Chimbe,  t  v.i.     To  jingle;  to  clatter,  as  a 

The  sely  tonge  may  wel  ringe  and  chimbe.  Chaucer. 
Chime  (chim),  n.  [O.K.  chimlie.  chi/mlie,  a 
cymbal,  a  shortening  of  an  old  (ana  »•/'//'"- 
bale  tor  cymbal,  fromL.  ctfinbaltitii,  a  cymbal; 
whence  also  I>aii.  time,  Sw.  kimtia,  to  chime, 
to  toll.]  1.  The  harmonious  sound  of  bells 
or  musical  instruments.  Shakspere  uses  it 
of  sounds  produced  from  a  viol  (I'erielea, 

1.  1,  85).   'Instruments  that  made  melodious 
chime.'    Milton. 

We  have  heard  the  chimes  at  midnight.    Shalt. 

2.  A  set  of  bells  (properly  five  or  more)  tuned 
to  a  musical  scale,  and  struck  by  hammers, 
not  by  the  tongues.  Some  chimes  consist  of 
from  forty  to  fifty  bells,  the  smaller  bells 
rising  in  chromatic  succession,  while  the 
lower  are  generally  limited  to  such  funda- 
mental basses  as  the  tonic,  dominant,  and 
subdominant.  —  3.  Correspondence  of  sounds 
in  general,  sometimes  of  proportion  or  re- 
lation.   'Chimes  of  verses.'    Cowley.  —  4.  An 
arrangement  of  bells  and  strikers  in  an  organ 
or  musical  box,  &c.,  operated  in  harmony 
with  the  reeds,  pipes,  or  tongues.  —  Altar 
chime,  a  set  of  three  small  Iwlls  mounted  in 
a  stand,  and  used  for  ringing  by  hand  in 
the  Roman  Catholic  church  service. 

Chime  (chim),  v.i.  1.  To  sound  in  conson- 
ance, rhythm,  or  harmony;  to  give  out  har- 
monious sounds;  to  accord;  as,  to  hear  bells 
chime. 

The  song  of  those  who  chirnt  for  ever. 
After  ttie  chiming  of  the  eternal  spheres.    Keats. 

2.  To  agree ;  to  suit ;  to  harmonize :  often 
with  in  with.     'Set  her  sad  will  no  less  to 
chime  with  his.'    Tennyson. 

Everything  chimed  in  with  such  a  humour.  Irving. 

3.  To  express  agreement :  with  in  with. 

He  not  only  sat  quietly  andheard  his  father  railedat, 
but  often  chimed  in  with  the  discourse,  strbttthiiot. 

4.t  To  jingle  or  clatter.    See  CHIMBE. 
Chime  (chim),  v.t.     1.  To  cause  to  sound 
harmoniously,  as  a  set  of  bells;  to  strike 
with  or  move  to  measure. 

With  lifted  arms  they  order  every  blow. 

And  chime  their  sounding  hammers  in  a  row.  Dryrfen. 

2.  To  utter  harmoniously;  to  recite  with 
rhythmical  flow. 

Let  simple  Wordsworth  chime  his  childish  verse. 
Byron. 

Chime,  Chimb  (chim),  n.  [A.  Sax.  dm,  a 
base,  cimbituj,  a  joining;  but  the  meaning 
appears  better  in  D.  kim,  Sw.  Km,  kimb, 
the  edge  of  a  cask,  G.  kimme,  edge,  brim.  ] 
1.  The  edge  or  brim  of  a  cask  or  tub,  formed 
by  tile  ends  of  the  staves  projecting  beyond 
the  head.— 2.  In  ship-building,  that  part  of 
the  water-way  or  thick  plank  at  the  side 
left  above  the  deck  and  hollowed  out  to 
form  a  water-course.  Called  also  Chine. 

Chime,  Chimb  (chim),  v.t.  Naut  to  make  a 
chime  or  chimb  in. 

Chimer  (chim'er),  n.    One  who  chimes. 

Chimera.    See  CHIM.EUA. 

Chimere  (shi-mer1),  n.  [Fr.  simarre.  It. 
zimarra.]  The  upper  robe,  to  which  the 
lawn  sleeves  of  a  bishop  are  attached.  In 
the  English  Church  the  chimere  is  of  black 
satin.  English  prelates  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
olic Church  wear  one  of  purple  silk ;  car- 
dinals of  scarlet. 

ChimeriC  (ki-mer'ik),  a.  Same  as  Chimer- 
ical. 

Chimerical  (ki-merlk-al),  a.  Merely  ima- 
ginary; fanciful;  fantastic;  wildly  or  vainly 
conceived  ;  having  or  capable  of  having  no 
existence  except  in  thought;  as,  chimerical 
notions  or  projects.  '  Chimerical  fancies  fit 
for  a  shorn  head.'  Bp  Hall  —  SYN.  Imagi- 
nary, fanciful,  fantastic,  wild,  unfounded, 
vain,  deceitful,  delusive. 

Chimerically  (ki-mer'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  a 
chimerical  manner ;  wildly ;  vainly ;  fanci- 
fully ;  fantastically. 

Chimeridsa.    See  CHIKXRID.C. 

Chimerize  (kim'er-iz),  v.i.  To  entertain, 
raise,  or  create  chiman-as  or  wild  fancies. 
'Sophistical  dreams  and  chimerizing  ideas 
of  shallow  imaginative  scholars.'  Trans, 
of  Boccalini,  1626.  [Rare.] 

Chiminage  t  ( shim '  in  -  aj ),  n.    [  Fr.  chemin, 
a  way  or  road.  ]      In  old  law,  a  toll  for 
passage  through  a  forest. 
Chimistry  (kim'is-tri),  n.    An  old  form  of 
chemistry. 

Chimla,  Chimlie  (chimla,  chim'li),  n.  A 
chimney  ~Chimla-lug,chiinla-neuk,chimla- 
cheek,  chimney-side ;  the  hearth.  [Scotch.] 

While  frosty  winds  blaw  in  the  drift 
Ben  to  the  chim/a-Iuf.  Burns. 


Chimney  (cbim'ni),  n.     \  Kr.   /-v,, 

L.  L.  canriitata,  a  room  with  a  chiimi>  v.  a 
chimney,  from  L.  caminim.  a  fnrnare,  a  line, 
from  Cr.  kamiimx.  an  men, 
furnace,  perhaps  from  /.«•,,. 
kun,  to  burn,]  1.  An  cree- 
tion,  generally  nf  stone  or 
lu'ii'k,  containing  a  pas- 
sage by  which  the  smoke  of 
:i  lire  or  furnace  escapes  to 
the  open  air;  a  chimney- 
stalk;  a  flue;  also  the  funnel 
of  a  steam-engine.  When 
several  built  chimneys  are 
carried  up  together  the 
mass  is  called  a  nt<tt-k  of 
chimneys.  The  part  of  the 
chimney  carried  above  the 
roof  for  discharg- 
ing thesmoke  islhe 
t-ti  i  in  nry-Nhdft,  and 
the  upper  part  of 
the  shaft  is  the 
chimney  top  or 
head.  The  manner 
in  which  a  chimney 
and  fireplace  are 
often  connected  to- 
gether, and  the 
names  of  the  dif- 
ferent parts,  are 
shown  in  the  cut 
under  FIREPLACE. 
2.t  A  fireplace  or 

hearth.  Elizabethan  Chiumtr; . 

The  fire  which  the       Easl  Barsnam,  Norfolk. 
Chaldeans  worshipped 
for  a  god  is  crept  into  every  man's  chimney.  f?ateij.'ft. 

3.t  A  furnace.  'And  his  feet  like  to  latoun 
as  in  a  brenning  chymrney.'  Rev.  i.  15, 
Wickli/e's  Trans.  —4.  A  tail  glass  to  sur- 
round the  flame  of  a  lamp  to  protect  it  and 
promote  combustion. 

Chimney-board  (chim'ni-b6rd),  n.  A  flre- 
board  (which  see). 

Chimney-can,  Chimney-pot  (chim'ni-kan. 
chim'ni-pot),  n.  A  cylindrical  pipe  of 
earthenware,  brick,  or  sheet-metal  placed 
on  the  top  of  chimneys  to  prevent  smoking. 

Chimney-cap  (chim'ni-kap),  n.  1.  An 
abacus  or  cornice  forming  a  crowning  ter- 
mination for  a  chimney. —2.  A  device  for 
rendering  more  certain  the  expulsion  of 
smoke  from  a  chimney  by  presenting  the 
exit  aperture  always  to  leeward  by  a  rotatory 
device ;  a  cowl. 

Chimney-corner  (chim'ni-kor-ncr),  n.  The 
corner  of  a  fireplace,  or  the  space  between 
the  fire  and  the  sides  of  the  fireplace;  hence, 
the  fireside,  or  a  place  near  the  fire. 

Chimneyed  (chim'nid),  a.  Having  a  chim- 
ney or  chimneys;  furnished  with  chimneys. 

Where  chimney d  roofs  the  steep  ridge  cope. 
There  smoked  an  ancient  town.         jf.  Bailiie. 
Chimney-flue  (chim'ni-flu),  n.     The  aper- 
ture or  passage  in  the  wall  of  a  building 
leading  from  the  fireplace  to  the  top  of  the 
chimney,  for  conveying  away  the  smoke. 
Chimney-head  (chim'ni-hed),  n.    That  por- 
tion of  the  flue  raised  above  the  roof. 

I  o1  as  threat  Sol  scatters  his  first  fire-handful,  tip- 
pirar  the  lulls  and  chimney-heads  with  gold  Herai.lt 
is  at  great  Nature's  feet.  (.arlyle. 

Chimney-hook  (chim'ni-hok).  n.  A  hook 
for  holding  pots  and  kettles  over  a  fire. 

Chimney -jamb  (chim'ni-jam),  n.  One  of 
the  two  vertical  sides  of  a  fireplace  opening. 

Chimney  -  money  (chim'ni-mun-i),  ». 
Hearth-money,  a  crown  duty  formerly  paid 
for  each  chimney  in  a  house. 

Chimney-piece  (chim'ni-pes),  n.  The  as- 
semblage of  architectural  dressings  around 
the  open  recess  constituting  the  fireplace  in 
a  room.  Gtcilt. 

Chimney-pot.    Sec  CHIMNEY-CAN. 

Chimney-shaft  (chim'ni-shaft),  n.  See  un- 
der CHIMNEY,  1. 

Chimney-stack  (chim'ni-stak),  ».  A  group 
of  chimneys  carried  up  together. 

Chimney-stalk  (chim'ni-stak),  n.  A  long 
chimney, such  as  that  connected  with  manu- 
factories, for  the  purpose  of  producing  a 
stronger  draught  and  carrying  off  the  smoke 
from  the  surrounding  buildings,  &c. 

Chimney -swallow  (chim'ni-swol-16),  n. 
The  Hintndo  ntstica,  one  of  our  most  com- 
mon species  of  swallows. 

Chimney  -  sweep,  Chimney  -  sweeper 
(chim'n'-swep,  chim'ni-swep-er).  n.  One 
whose  occupation  is  to  sweep  chimneys, 
that  is,  to  clean  them  of  the  soot  that  ad- 
heres to  their  sides. 

Chimney-top  (chim'ni-top),  n.  The  top  or 
a  chimney;  a  chimney-head. 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go; 


1,,'ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;     w,  u>ig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CHIMONANTHUS 


458 


CHINTZ 


Chimonanthus  (ki-mo-nan'thus),  n.  [Or. 
cheimaii  winter,  and  onntM.  a  flower,  in 
allusion  to  the  time  of  their  flowering.]  A 
genus  of  branching  shrubs,  nat.  order  Caly- 
cWhaoew,  consisting  of  a  single  species, 
C  fragrans,  a  native  of  Japan,  ana  popu- 
larly called  Japan  all-spice.  It  was  intro- 
duced into  our  gardens  in  1766,  and  is  a 
great  favourite  because  of  its  early  sweet- 
scented  flowers.  It  is  generally  trained 
against  walls. 

Chimpanzee,  Chimpansee  (chim-pan  ze  or 
fhinvpan-ze)  «.  [The  native  Guinea  name.] 
A  large  West  African  ape  (Troglodytes  niqer) 
belonging  to  the  anthropoid  or  man-like 
monkeys,  with  dark-brown  hair  approaching 
black,  arms  reaching  only  to  the  knee,  very 
large  ears,  and,  like,  the  orang,  having  the 
hair  on  its  forearm  turned  backwards,  but 
differing  from  it  in  having  an  additional 
dorsal  vertebra  and  a  thirteenth  pair  of  ribs. 
In  its  organization  and  form  it  presents  a 
considerable  resemblance  to  man.  The  struc- 
ture of  its  lower  extremities  enables  it  to 
walk  erect  better  than  most  of  the  apes, 
although  its  habits  are  in  reality  arboreal. 
It  feeds  on  fruits  and  nuts,  lives  in  small 
societies,  and  constructs  a  sort  of  nest 
amongst  the  branches.  The  height  of  a  fill 
grown  chimpanzee  is  about  4  feet.  This 


Now  they  are  all  away,  let  us  frisk  at  our  ease,  and 
have  at  everything  like  the  bull  111  the  clnna-shop. 
Thackeray. 

See  CHINA. 
.measChinka- 


Chlnaware  (clii'na-war),  n.     S 
Chincapin(chingk'a-pin),n.  Sa: 

Chinch  (chinch),  n.  [Sp.  chinche,  a  bug,  from 
L  cimtx  ]  1.  The  common  bed-bug  (Cimex 
lectnlarius).  —  1.  The  popular  name  of  cer- 
tain fetid  American  insects  resembling  the 
bed-bug  very  destructive  to  wheat,  maize, 
Ac  ,  In  the  southern  and  western  states. 
Called  also  Chinch-bug,  Chink-bug.  Chintz. 

Chinch,  t  a.  [A  nasalized  form  of  chiche.~j 
N'ig"ard  Itomaunt  of  the  Rose. 

Chmcherie.t  ».     Niggardliness.     Chaucer. 

Chinchilla  (chin-chil'la).n.  [Spanish  name.) 


-v- 

Chimpanzee  {Troglodytes  niffer). 

animal  is  most  nearly  related  to  the  gor- 
illa. 

Chin  (chin),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cin,  the  chin—a 
widely-spread  word:  D.  kin,  G.  kinn,  the 
chin;  Icel.  Him,  Dan.  kind,  Goth.  Jrinnii*. 
the  cheek.  Cog.  Armor,  gen,  the  cheek;  W. 
gen,  the  chin;  L.  gena,  the  cheek;  Gr.  genus, 
the  jaw,  the  chin ;  Skr.  haim,  the  jaw.]  The 
lower  extremity  of  the  face  below  the 
mouth;  the  point  of  the  under  jaw  in  man 
or  a  corresponding  part  in  other  animals. 

China  (chi'na),  n.  A  species  of  earthenware 
made  ju  China,  or  in  imitation  of  that  made 
there,  and  so  called  from  the  country. 
Called  also  Chinaware  and  Porcelain.  See 
PORCELAIN. 

China -aster  (chi'na-as-ter),  n.  The  com- 
mon name  of  Callistephus  cnineiuu,  a  corn- 


Chinchilla  (Chinchilla  iMiiftra). 

1  A  genus  of  rodent  animals  peculiar  to  the 
South  American  continent.   The  species  are 
nearly  of  the  form  and  size  of  the  rabbit. 
C.  lanigera  produces  the  fine  pearly-gray 
fur  which  has  been  so  much  prized  in  Eu- 
rope for  many  years.   See  CHINCHILUD*.— 

2  The  fur  of  these  animals,  which  is  used 
for  tippets,  muffs,  linings  to  cloaks,  pelisses, 
.fee.— 3.  A  thick  heavy  cloth  for  women  s 
winter  cloaking,  with  a  long  napped  sur- 
face rolled  into  little  tufts,  in  imitation  of 
chinchilla  fur. 

ChlnchilHdae(chin-chil'li-de),n.  pi.  A  small 
natural  family  of  rodent  animals,  which 
inhabit  the  southern  parts  chiefly  of  South 
America.  They  are  gregarious  and  subter- 
ranean in  their  habits,  and  mild  in  disposi- 
tion. One  genus  is  the  Lagostomus  or  vis- 
cacha,  about  the  size  of  the  rabbit,  and 
much  resembling  it  in  form. 

Chlnchona  (chin-cho'na),  n.  Same  as  Cin- 
chona. 

As  an  instance  of  successful  acclimatization  the 
introduction  of  chinchona  cultivation  into  British 
India  is  most  remarkable.  Academy. 

Chin-cloth,  Chin-Clout  (chinTdoth,  chin'- 
klout),  n.  A  sort  of  muffler  worn  by  women 
in  the  time  of  Charles  I. 

Chin-cough  (chiu'kof).  n.  [For  chink-cough, 
chink  being  a  softened  form  of  kink,  a  fit 
of  coughing.  See  KINK  and  comp.  Sc.  kink- 
hoit  (host,  a  cough),  D.  kink-hoest.]  A  dis- 


1IKIII     llillllt;    111     ^(tnM»tc//l*M«    I*I«H1        (OKI,    W  win-  "      \ —  ~       <*.    '•  U'U  V,  V. 

posite  plant,  hardy  and  free-flowering  in       ease  often  epidemic  among  children;  hoop 
our  gardens.    Called  also  Heine  Marguerite.  \    ing-cough  (which  see). 


China-clay  (chi'na-klii),  n.  Kaolin  (which 
see). 

China-Ink  (chl'na-ingk),  n.  See  Indian  ink, 
under  INDIAN. 

Chlnaman's-hat  (chi'na-manz-hat),  n.  The 
name  given  by  collectors  to  a  shell  found 
on  our  coasts,  the  Calyptrcea  einensis. 

Chlnampa  (chi-nam'pa),  n.  The  native 
name  of  the  floating  gardens  once  common 
on  the  Mexican  lakes.  They  were  carefully 
constructed  rafts  ou  which  plants  were  cul- 
tivated. 

China-orange  (chi'na-or-anj),  n.  The  sweet 
orange,  said  to  have  been  originally  brought 
from  China. 

China -root  (chi'na- rot),  n.  The  root  or 
rhizome  of  the  Smilax  China,  a  climbing 
shrubby  plant,  closely  allied  to  sarsaparilla, 
and  formerly  much  esteemed  for  the  pur- 
poses for  which  the  latter  drug  is  now  used. 
It  is  still  occasionally  imported. 

China -rose  (chi'na-roz),  n.  1.  The  name 
given  to  a  number  of  varieties  of  garden 
rose  chiefly  derived  from  Rosa  indica  and 
R.  semperflorenx,  both  natives  of  China.— 
2.  A  name  sometimes  given  to  Hibiscus  rosa- 
sinenais,  one  of  the  mallow  tribe,  common 
in  China  and  the  East  Indies,  and  an  orna- 
ment in  our  hothouses. 
China- shop  (cln'na-shop),  n.  A  shop  in 
which  china,  crockery,  glassware,  &c.,are 
sold. 


It  shall  ne'er  be  said  in  our  country 
Thou  diedst  o'  th'  chin-cough.          Beau.  &•  H. 

Chine  (chin),  n.  [Fr.  (chine,  O.Fr.  etchme, 
Pr.  esquina,  the  spine  or  backbone,  from 
O.H.G.  skina,  a  needle,  a  prickle.  Comp. 
L.  tpina,  a  prickle,  also  the  spine  or  back- 
bone. ]  1.  The  backbone  or  spine  of  an  ani- 
mal. 'Chine  with  rising  bristles  roughly 
spread.'  Dryden.  —  2.  A  piece  of  the  back- 
bone of  an  animal,  with  the  adjoining  parts, 
cut  for  cooking.  '  Hams  and  eh  ines  uncut. ' 
George  Eliot-3.  [Origin  different.)  (a)  The 
edge  or  brim  of  a  cask.  (6)  A  part  of  a 
ship.  See  CHIME,  CHIMB. 

Chine  (chin),  v.t.  To  cut  through  the  back- 
bone, or  into  chine  pieces. 

Chine  (chin),  ti.  [A.  Sax.  clnu,  a  chink,  a 
crack.  See  CHINK.  ]  A  ravine  or  large  fis- 
sure in  a  cliff:  a  term  especially  common  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight  and  Hampshire;  as,  Black- 
gang  chine. 

Chined  (chind),  a.  Pertaining  to  the  back; 
backboned :  used  in  composition.  '  Steel- 
chined  rascals.'  Beau,  tt  Fl. 

Chinese  (chi-nez').  a.  Pertaining  to  China. 
— Chinese  crane,  or  Chinese  windlass.  See 
under  DIFFERENTIAL.  —  Chinese  fire,  a  com- 
position used  iii  fireworks.  —Chinese  glue, 
a  superior  glue  and  varnish  obtained  from 
a  species  of  algse  which  abounds  on  the 
shores  of  China.  When  once  dried  it  re- 
sists the  action  of  water,  and  is  employed 


by  the  Chinese  to  fill  up  the  lozenge-shaped 
interstices  in  the  net-work  of  bamboo,  of 
which  their  windows  are  frequently  con- 
structed, as  well  as  to  strengthen  and  varnisli 
the  paper  of  their  lanterns.—  Chinese  lan- 
tern. See  LANTERN.  —  Chinese  white,  the 
white  oxide  of  zinc,  a  valuable  pigment 
introduced  into  the  arts  as  a  substitute  for 
the  preparations  of  white-lead. 

Chinese  (chi-nez'),  n.  sing,  and  pi.  1.  A  na- 
tive or  natives  of  China.  The  plural  form 
Chineses  is  used  by  Shakspere, Milton, Locke, 
Tillotson,  Sir  W.  Temple,  &c.—  2.  The  lan- 
guage of  China,  a  monosyllabic  language. 

Chingle  (ching'gl),  n.  Gravel  free  from 
dirt;  shingle  (which  see).  [Provincial.] 

Chingly  (ching'gli),  a.  Gravelly;  abound- 
ing in  gravel.  Sir  W.  Scott.  [Provincial. ] 

Chink  (chingk).  n.  [Prov.  E.  chine,  a  ravine, 
O.K.  chine,  A.  Sax.  cinu,  a  chink,  a  flssure. 
from  clnan,  to  gape.  '  With  an  added  k 
expressive  of  diminution.'  Skeat.]  A  nar- 
row aperture ;  a  cleft,  rent,  or  fissure  of 
greater  length  than  breadth;  a  gap  or  crack; 
as,  the  chinks  of  a  wall. 

The  soul's  dark  cottage,  battered  and  decayed. 
Lets  in  new  light  tiuotMH&s  that  time  has  made. 
//  'aller. 

Chink  (chingk),  v.t.  1.  To  cause  open  or 
part  and  form  a  fissure ;  to  make  chinks  in. 

The  skin  of  that  great   body  is  chopped,  and 
chinked  with  drought.  Sp.  Hall. 

2.  To  fill  up  chinks  in;  as,  to  chink  a  wall. 
Chink  (chingk),  ti.i.    To  crack;  to  open. 
Chink (chiii|{k).n.  [Imitative.  See  the  verb.] 

1.  A  short,  sharp,  clear,  metallic  sound. 

Even  in  dreams  to  the  chink  of  the  pence 
This  huckster  puts  down  war.          Tennyson. 

2.  A  term  for  money,  so  called  from  its 
tinkling  sound.    [Vulgar  ]-3.  The  name  of 
a  bird,  the  reed-bunting  (Entberiza  schaeni- 
culut),  probably  derived  from  its  note. 

Chink  (chingk),  v.i.  [Imitative;  comp.  jingle, 
which  is  perhaps  for  chinkle..]  To  make  a 
small  sharp  sound,  as  by  the  collision  of 
little  pieces  of  money  or  other  sonorous 
bodies. 

Not  a  guinea  chink'd  on  Martin's  boards.    Sivift. 

Chink  (chingk),  v.t.  To  cause  to  sound  as 
by  shaking  coins  or  small  pieces  of  metal. 

He  chinks  his  purse  and  takes  his  seat  of  state. 
Pafc. 

Chink t  (chingk),  n.  [See  KINK,  a  lit.]  A 
fit,  as  of  coughing  or  laughing. 

Here  my  lord  and  lady  took  such  a  chink  of  laugh- 
ing that  it  was  some  time  before  they  could  recover. 
lienry  Brooke. 

Chinka  (chingk 'a),  n.  The  single  cable 
bridge  of  the  East  Indies,  upon  which  tra- 
verses a  seat  in  the  form  of  an  ox-yoke. 
E.  H.  Knight. 

Chinkapin  (chingk'a-pin),?i.  The  American 
name  for  the  dwarf  chestnut  (Castanea 
pumila),  a  tree  that  rises  6  to  20  feet  high, 
with  a  branching  shrubby  stem,  producing 
a  pointed  ovoid  nut,  scarcely  half  as  large 
as  a  common  walnut,  and  very  sweet. 
Chink-bug  (chingk'bug),  n.  A  kind  of  in- 
sect. See  CHINCH. 

Chinky  (chingk'i),  a.  Full  of  chinks  or  fis- 
sures; gaping;  opening  in  narrow  clefts. 
•Plaister  thou  the  chinley  hives  with  clay.' 
Dryden. 

Chinned  (chind),  a.  Having  a  chin  of  this 
or  that  kind;  as,  double-cAiimed.  'Like  a 
faire  yong  prince,  first  downe  chinned.' 
Chapman. 

Chinollne  (kin'6-lin),  n.  (C9H,N.)  An  oily 
liquid  so  named  by  Gerhardt.  It  is  obtained 
by  distilling  quinine  with  potash  and  a  little 
water  or  by  the  dry  distillation  of  coal, 
unites  with  acids,  forming  crystallizable 
salts. 

Chinquapin  (chinlswa-pin),  n.  Same  as 
Chiitxapin. 

Chin-scab  (chin'skab),  n.  A  disease  in  sheep, 
called  by  shepherds  Dartars. 
Chinse  (chins),  v.t.  Naut.  to  thrust  oakum 
into  the  seams  or  chinks  of  a  ship  with  a 
chisel  or  point  of  a  knife  as  a  temporary 
expedient  for  caulking. 
Chin-strap  (chin'strap),  n.  In  saddlery,  a 
strap  connecting  the  throat-strap  and  nose- 
band of  a  halter.  E.  H.  Kniyht. 
Chintz,  Chlnts  (chints),  n.  [Hind,  chint; 
Per  chinz,  spotted,  stained  ]  Cotton  cloth 
or  calico  printed  with  flowers  or  other  de- 
vices in  at  least  five  different  colours,  and 
now  generally  glazed.  It  was  formerly 
manufactured  in  the  East  Indies,  but  is  now 
largely  manufactured  in  Europe,  especially 
in  Great  Britain. 

Let  a  charming  chints  and  Brussels  lace 
Wrap  my  cold  limbs,  and  shade  my  lifeless  face. 
Pope. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  ley. 


CHINTZ 


459 


CHIKUROKKY 


Chintz  ((-hints),  »i.    An  insect    See  CHINCH. 

ChiOCOCCa(ki-o-kok'ka),  n.  [Gr.  chion,  snow, 
and  kokkox,  a  berry:  in  allusion  to  the  white 
I'nloiir  of  the  berries.]  A  genus  of  tropical 
plants,  nat.  order  Uubiaceic,  consisting  of 
small,  often  climbing,  shrubs,  with  funnel- 
shaped,  yellowish  flowers;  fruit  a  white 
berry  with  two  seeds.  The  bark  of  the  root 
of  C.  anyiufurja  is  a  violent  emetic  and 
purgative. 

Chionanthus  (ki-6-nan'thus),  »i.  [fir.  own, 
snow,  and  nnthot,  blossom:  from  the  snow- 
white  clusters  of  flowers.]  A  genus  of  North 
American  trees  or  shrubs,  nat.  order  Ole- 
area>  See  FRINGE-TUBE. 

Chtonidse,  Chlonididse(ki-oiri-de,  ki-o-nid'- 
i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of  birds  including  the 
uenus  Chionis. 

Chionls  (ki'o-nis),  n.   [Or.  chifin,  snow.]  See 

SIIK.VTHBILL. 

Chlopplnet  (chop-pen1),  n.  Same  as  Cliopiiie. 

Chip  (chip),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  chipped;  ppr. 
r/tii>jring.  [Closely  connected  with  chop  and 
chap;  comp.  O.D.  kippen,  to  strike,  to 
knock  to  pieces;  O.Sw.  hippa,  to  chop;  G. 
kippen,  to  clip  or  cut  money.]  To  cut  into 
small  pieces  or  chips;  to  diminish  by  cutting 
away  a  little  at  a  time  or  in  small  pieces;  to 
hew.  See  CHIPPING. 

Chip  (chip),  n.  [From  the  verb.]  1.  A  piece 
of  wood,  stone,  or  other  substance,  separ- 
ated from  a  body  by  a  blow  of  an  instru- 
ment, particularly  a  cutting  instrument,  as 
an  axe,  adze,  or  chisel. —2.  Wood  split  into 
thin  slips  for  the  manufacture  of  hats  and 
bonnets. 

The  ladies  wear  jackets  and  petticoats  of  brown 
linen,  and  chip  hats.  Smollett. 

3.  Anything  dried  up  and  deprived  of  strength 
and  character.    [Colloq.] 

He  was  .  .  .  a  chip,  weak  water-gruel,  a  tame  rabbit. 
Caiman  the  younger. 

4.  Ncmt.  the  quadrant-shaped  piece  of  wood 
attached  to  the  end  of  the  log-line ;  the  log 
(which  see).  —  A  chip  of  the  old  block,  a  fami- 
liar phrase  applied  to  a  child  or  individual 
who,  either  in  person  or  in  sentiments  and 
disposition,  resembles  his  father. 

Chip  (chip),  v.i.  To  break  or  fly  off  in  small 
pieces,  as  potter's  ware. 

Chip-axe  (chip'aks),  n.  An  axe  for  chip- 
ping. 

Chip-bonnet  (chip'bon-net),  n.  A  woman's 
bonnet  made  of  wood  split  into  small  slips. 

Chip-Chop  (chip'chop),  a.  Broken;  abrupt; 
gabbling.  '  The  sweet  Italian  and  the  chip- 
chop  Dutch.'  John  Taylor. 

Chip-hat  (chip'hat),  n.  A  hat  made  of  chips 
or  wood  cut  into  thin  filaments  and  plaited, 
so  as  to  resemble  a  straw-hat. 

Chipmunk,  Chipmuck  (ohlp'mungk,  chip'- 
miik),  n.  The  popular  name  of  the  squirrel- 
like  animals  of  the  genus  Tamias  (which 
see). 

Chipper  (chip'er),  a.  [Softened  form  of 
prov.  E.  kipper,  lively,  brisk;  comp.  D.  kip- 
peren,  to  smart  with  cold.]  Active;  cheer- 
ful; lively;  brisk;  comfortable.  [American, 
colloq.  ] 

Chipper  (chip'er),  v.i.  To  chirp;  to  chirrup 
[Provincial  English.] 

Chipping  (chip'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  cutting 
olf  in  small  pieces;  an  operation  frequently 
applied  to  cast-iron  when  it  is  taken  from 
the  mould,  in  order  to  cut  away  the  dark 
rind  or  outside  crust,  which  is  harder  than 
the  rest  and  which  would  destroy  the  file. 
The  operation  is  performed  by  the  chisel, 
and  is  very  expeditious  compared  with  the 
process  of  filing.  —2.  The  flying  or  breaking 
off  in  small  pieces  of  the  edges  of  potter's 
ware  and  porcelain.  — 3.  A  chip;  a  piece  cut 
off  or  separated  by  a  cutting  or  engraving 
instrument;  a  fragment. 
Chipping-blrd  (chip'ing-berd),  n.  A  kind 
of  sparrow  (Zenotrichia  mcialix),  very  com- 
mon in  the  United  States.  Called  also  Chip- 
ping-xparrow,  and  colloquially  Chippy. 
Chipping-chisel  (ehip'ing-chiz-el),  n.  The 
chisel  employed  in  the  operation  of  chipping. 
See  CHIPPINO,  1. 

Chipping-piece  (chip'ing-pes).n.  In/otmd- 
iiw,  (a)  an  elevated  cast  or  forged  surface, 
affording  surplus  metal  for  reduction  by  the 
tools,  (b)  The  projecting  piece  of  iron  cast 
on  the  face  of  a  piece  of  iron  framing,  when 
intended  to  be  rested  against  another  piece. 
Chippy  (chip'i),  a.  Abounding  in  chips; 
produced  by  chips. 

Here  my  chilled  veins  are  warmed  by  chippy  fires. 
Sawgti 

Chippy  (chip'i),  n.    See  CHIPPING-BIRD. 
Chique  (shek).  n.    [Fr]    The  chigoe. 
Chir-.    See  CHEIL-. 


Chiragra  (ki-rag'ra),  «.  [L.  chimera,  from 
Or.  cheirayra,  hand  k'oilt  <-Ar,V  the  hand, 
and  ftijra,  seizure.]  Guilt  in  the  hand. 

Chiragric,  Chiragrlcal  (ki-rag'rlk,  ki-rag'- 
rik-al),  a.  Having  the  gout  in  the  hand,  or 
subject  to  that  disease. 

Chirch.t  n.    A  church. 

Chirchhawe.t  n.  A  churchyard.  'Infeld, 
in  chirch,  or  in  chirchhawe.'  Chaucer. 

Chirchreve.t  n.  A  church-reeve  or  church- 
warden. Chaucer. 

Chiretta  (ki-ret'ta),  n.     [Hind.]    An  Indian  ' 
bitter  derived  from  the  dried  steins  of  Arja- 
thottx  Chirayta,  a  gentianaceous  plant  from 
the  north  of  India.    It  is  very  similar  in  it>  | 
properties  to  gentian,  and  is  used  medicin- 
ally for  similar  purposes. 

Chirk  (cherk),  a.  [Apparently  a  slightly 
modified  form  of  chirp;  comp.  Prov.  (!  zi'r- 
ken,  to  chirp.]  Lively;  cheerful;  in  good 
spirits;  in  a  comfortable  state.  [United 
States.] 

Chirk t  (cherk),  v.i.  To  chirp;  to  creak. 
Chaucer. 

Chirm!  (cherm),  ».i.  [A.  Sax.  cirm,  cyrm, 
a  noise,  cry,  cyrman,  to  make  a  noise;  from 
same  root  as  chirr,  chirk,  and  chirp.]  1.  To 
chirp  as  a  bird.  'The  bird  chirines  as  it  is 
whistled  to.'  Wodroephe.  —  2.  To  emit  a 
mournful  sound,  as  birds  collected  together 
before  a  storm. 

Chirm,*  Churmet  (cherm),  n.  [A.  Sax. 
cirm.  See  above.]  Clamour;  confused  noise; 
specifically,  the  mournful  sound  emitted 
before  a  storm  by  birds  collected  together. 
•The  churme  of  a  thousand  taunts  and  re- 
proaches.' Bacon. 

Chirognomy  (ki-rog'no-mi),  n.  [Gr.  cheir, 
cheirvs,  the  hand,  and  ynaine,  understand- 
ing, from  gignosko,  to  know.  ]  A  so-called 
art  or  science  which  professes  to  judge  of 
mental  character  from  the  form  and  appear- 
ance of  the  hand. 

Chirograph  (ki'ro-graf),  n.  [Gr.  cheir,  the 
hand,  and  grapho,  to  write.  ]  Anciently, 
a  deed,  which,  requiring  a  counterpart,  was 
engrossed  twice  on  the  same  piece  of  parch- 
ment with  a  space  between,  in  which  was 
written  a  word  or  words,  or  the  capital 
letters  of  the  alphabet,  through  which  the 
parchment  was  cut  and  one  part  given  to 
each  party,  so  that  the  correspondence  of 
the  two  might  be  easily  shown.  This  prac- 
tice, so  far  as  concerned  the  engrossing  of 
fines  of  land,  was  retained  in  the  chirogra- 
pher's  office  in  England  until  those  assur- 
ances were  abolished  in  1833. 
Chirographer  (ki-rog'raf-er),  n.  [See  CHI- 
ROGRAPH. ]  1.  One  who  exercises  or  professes 
the  art  or  business  of  writing.— Chirogra- 
pher of  fines,  in  old  law,  an  officer  in  the 
Common  Pleas  who  engrossed  fines  of  land. 
See  CHI  ROGRAPH.  —2.  One  who  tells  fortunes 
by  examining  the  hand. 
Chirographic,  Chirographical  (ki-ro- 
graf'ik,  ki-ro-graf'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
chirography. 

Chlrographist  (ki-rog'raf-ist),  n.  A  cniro- 
grapher. 

Let  the  chirorraphists  behold  his  palm. 

Arbnthitot. 

Chirography  (ki-rog'ra-fl),  n.  [See  CHIRO- 
GRAPH.) 1.  The  art  of  writing;  hand-writ- 
ing.—2.  The  art  of  telling  fortunes  by  ex- 
amining the  hand 

Chirogymnast  (ki'ro-jim-nast),  n.  [Or. 
cheir,  the  hand,  and  gymnattes,  a  trainer  of 
athletes,  a  gymnast.]  A  contrivance  for  ex- 
ercising and  strengthening  the  flngers  of  a 
pianist.  One  of  the  simplest  forms  consists 
of  a  cross-bar  from  which  are  suspended 
rings  attached  to  springs. 
Chirological  (ki-ro-loj'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  chirology. 

Chirologist  (ki-rol'o-jist).  n.  [Gr.  cheir,  the 
hand,  and  logos,  discourse.]  One  who  com- 
municates thoughts  by  signs  made  with  the 
hands  and  flngers. 

Chirology  ( ki-rol'o-ji ),  n.  [See  CHIROLO- 
GIST  ]  The  art  or  practice  of  using  the 
manual  alphabet,  that  is,  of  communicating 
thoughts  by  signs  made  by  the  hands  and 
fingers,  much  used  by  deaf-mutes.  See 
DEAFNESS. 

Chiromancer  (ki'ro-man-ser),  n.    [See  ci 
ROMANCY.]    One  who  attempts  to  foretell 
future  events,  or  to  tell  the  fortunes  and 
dispositions  of  persons  by  inspecting  the 
hands.     Dryden. 

Chiromancy  (ki'ro-man-si),  n.  [Gr.  cheir, 
the  hand,  and  manteia,  divination.)  Div- 
ination by  the  hand :  the  art  or  practice  of 
attempting  to  foretell  events,  or  to  discover 
the  dispositions  of  a  person  by  inspecting 


the  lines  and  lineament*  of  his  hand;  palm- 
istry. 
Chiromanist,  Chiromantist  (ki'ro-man- 

i*t,  krro-llian  list),  n.    Saliu-  ;i-  <'l  ' 

Chiromantic,  Chiromantlcal  (ki-ro man'- 
tik,  ki-ro-lnan'tik-al).  n.  IVrtaining  to  clllm- 
nmney  or  divination  by  the  hand. 
Chironia(ki-r<Viii-a),  >i.  [From  the  Centaur 
Cftir'nt,  who  cun-il  himself  by  it.]  A  genufl 
of  plants,  nat  c.nler  Centianaei  :e,  natives 
of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  They  are  herlw 
or  shrubs  -with  narrow  ribbed  leaves  and 
bell-shaped,  generally  pink,  Mowers.  Reveral 
are  in  cultivation.  The  name  was  formerly 
given  to  our  English  eentaury. 
Chironomert  (ki-ron'ci -mfr),  n.  A  teacher 
of  chironomy  or  gesticulation. 
Chironomlct  (ki -ro-nom'ik),  «  Relating  to 
chironomy  or  the  art  of  gesticulation 
Chironomus  (ki-ron'o-nm*),  n.  |<ir.  cheir, 
the  hand,  and  noitwg,  a  rule,  in  allusion  t<> 
the  symmetrical  manner  in  which  these  in- 
sects spread  out  their  feet  when  they  are  at 
rest]  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects  of  the 
family  Tipulidie.  There  are  upwards  of 
eighty  British  species,  all  of  small  size;  they 
frequent  marshy  situations  and  very  much 
resemble  gnats. 

Chironomyt  (ki-ron'o-mi),  n.  [Gr.  cheir,  the 
hand,  and  nornon,  a  rule.]  The  scien. . 
which  treats  of  the  rules  of  gesticulation, 
which  is  a  part  of  pantomime. 
Chiroplast  ( ki'ro-pla»t ),  n.  [Gr.  cheir,  the 
hand,  AiiAplaago,  to  form.)  An  instrument 
employed  by  some  teachers  to  form  the 
hand  for  playing  on  the  pianoforte.  Called 
also  Chiroplatc. 

Chiropod  (ki'ro-pod),  n.  [See  below.]  A 
member  of  the  Mammalia  having  hands,  or 
feet  resembling  hands. 
Chiropodist  (ki-rop'od-lst),  n.  [Gr.  cheir, 
the  hand,  and  puns,  pftdos,  the  foot]  One 
who  treats  diseases  of  the  hands  or  feet ;  a 
surgeon  for  the  feet ;  a  cutter  or  extractor 
of  corns. 

Chiroptera  (ki-rop'ter-a),  n.  pi.  See  CHEIR- 
OPTERA. 

Chirosophist  (ki-ros'o-flst),  n.  [Gr.  cheir, 
the  hand,  and  sophpi,  wise.  ]  A  fortune- 
teller. 

Chirotes  (ki-ro'tez),  n.  Same  as  Cheirotei. 
Chirp  (cherp),  v.i.  [A  parallel  and  equiva- 
lent form  to  chirk,  and  G.  zirpen,  ttchirpen, 
schirpen,  to  chirp,  chirrup  being  a  length- 
ened form,  and  the  same  root  being  seen  in 
chirm,  chirr,  D.  kirren,  to  coo,  and  in  L. 
garrio,  to  chatter,  the  root  being  ultimately 
the  same  as  that  of  call.  ]  To  make  a  short 
sharp  shrill  sound,  as  is  done  by  small  birds 
or  certain  insects;  as,  a  lark  or  cricket 
chirps.  '  The  yellow  broom  where  chirp  the 
linnets  gay.'  ilickle. 

The  cricket  chirps,  the  light  burns  low, 
•Tis  nearly  twelve  o'clock.  Tmnystn. 

Chirp  (chirp),  n.  A  short,  shrill  note,  as  of 
certain  birds  or  insects. 

I  hear  a  chirp  of  birds.  Tennyseu. 

Chirper  (cherp'er),  n.    One  that  chirps. 

The  chirper  .  .  .  begins  his  notes  in  the  middle  of 
March.  Gilbert  ll'hite. 

Chirping  (cherp'ing),  n.  The  sound  made 
by  onetliat  chirps.  '  A  kind  of  whistling 
or  chirping  with  the  lips.'  Holland. 

Chirping  (cherp'ing),  a.  Cheering;  enliven- 
ing- lit.  causing  to  chirp.  'The  chirjiiny 
and  moderate  bottle.'  B.  Jonson. 

He  takes  his  chirping  pint,  he  cracks  his  jokes. 

Chirplngly  (cherp'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  chirp- 
ing manner. 

Chirr,  Chlrre  (cher),  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  ceonan. 
to  murmur.  See  CHIRP.]  To  coo,  as  a 
pigeon  •  to  make  a  noise  of  which  the  word 
is  imitative.  'The  chirriny  grasshopper.' 

Chirrup  (chir'nip),  v.i.  [Probably  a  length- 
ened form  of  chirp  by  laying  stress  upon 
the  r.]  To  chirp. 

And  whit.  whit,  whit,  in  a  bush  beside  me  chirruped 
the  nightingale.  Tcnujsm. 

Chirrup  (chir'nip),  v.  t.  To  quicken,  enliven, 
i  or  animate,  as  by  chirping;  to  cherup;  as. 
1  to  chirrup  up  one's  horses. 

Chirrup  (chir'nip),  n.  A  chirp.  'The  spar- 
row's chirrup  on  the  roof.'  Tennyton. 

Chirurgeont  (ki-rer-jon),  n.  [Gr.cAeinmrrM.. 
one  who  operates  with  the  hand— cheir,  the 
hand,  and  ergon,  work;  L.  chirurguf,  Kr. 
chirurgien.}  A  surgeon. 

Chirufgeonlyt  (ki-rer>n-li),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  a  chirurgeon  or  surgeon.  Ana*. 

Chlrurgeryt  (ki-rer-jer-i),  n.  [Gr.  cheir- 
ottrgia.  See  CHIBURGEON.J  Surgery. 


ch,  eAain;      ch,  Sc.  locn;      g,  go;     j.job;      n,  Fr.  tow;      ng,  ting; 


TH,  <Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  icAlg;    ih,  azure.-8ee  KEY. 


CHIRTJKOIC 


460 


CHLORAL 


Chirurgic,*  Chlrurgicalt  (kl-rtr-jik,  kl- 
rer'jik-al),  a.  Surgical. 

Chisel  (chiz'el),  n.  [O.Fr.  cisel  (Fr.  ciseau), 
through  L.L.  cixellus,  a  dim.  from  L.  xicilis, 
a  cutting  instrument,  sickle,  from  seco,  to 
cut.  ]  An  instrument  of  iron  or  steel,  used 
in  carpentry,  joinery,  cabinet-work,  mason- 
ry, sculpture,  &c. ,  either  for  paring,  hewing, 
or  gouging.  Chisels  are  of  different  sizes 
anil  shapes,  fitted  for  particular  uses. 

Chisel  (chiz'el),  i\t.  pret.  &  pp.  chiselled; 
ppr.  chiselling.  1.  To  cut,  pare,  gouge,  or 
engrave  with  a  chisel:  as,  a  statue  chiseled 
out  of  marble.— 2.  Fig.  to  cut  close,  as  in  a 
bargain;  to  cheat.  [Slang.] 

Chiselled  (chiz'eld),  p.  and  a.  Worked  with 
a  chisel  or  as  with  a  chisel ;  clear-cut ;  sta- 
tuesque. '  The  delicate  and  chiselled  beauty 
of  the  student's  features.'  Lord  Lytton.— 
Chiselled  work,  the  condition  of  the  surface 
of  a  stone  produced  by  the  chisel. 

Chisel-tooth  (chiz'el-toth),  n.  A  tooth  like 
a  chisel,  a  name  given  to  the  incisor  teeth 
of  rodent  animals  from  their  form.  These 
teeth  exhibit  a  sharp  anterior  margin  formed 
by  the  denser  enamel,  with  the  softer  den- 
tine sloping  away  behind  it,  just  as  the  an- 
terior surface  of  a  chisel  slopes  from  the 
sharp  edge  formed  by  the  plate  of  hard  steel 
laid  on  the  back  of  that  tool. 

Chisleu  (kis'le-6),  n.  [Heb.  frufeu.]  The 
ninth  month  of  the  Jewish  year,  answering 
to  a  part  of  November  and  a  part  of  De- 
cember. 

Chisley  (chiz'li),  re.  [A.  Sax.  ceoscl,  ceosl, 
gravel,  sand  ;  coinp.  cheimm.  ]  Having  a 
sandy  and  clayey  character;  containing  a 
large  admixture  of  gravel  and  small  pebbles: 
said  of  soils. 

Chissels,  Chisels  (chis'elz),  n.  The  coarser 
part  of  bran  or  flour  after  the  finer  part  is 
separated. 

Chit  (chit),  ?i.  [A.  Sax.  ctt h,  a  shoot  or  twig.] 
1.  A  shoot  or  sprout:  the  first  shooting  or 
germination  of  a  seed  or  plant.  '  The  ch it 
or  sprit  at  the  root  end. '  Mortimer.  Hence 
—2.  A  child  or  babe.  'A  squealing  chit.' 
Taller.  [Colloq.]— 3.  t  A  pimple;  a  wart.— 
4.  An  instrument  for  cleaving  laths. 

Chit  t  (chit),  r.i.  To  sprout ;  to  shoot,  as  a 
seed  or  plant. 

I  have  known  barley  chit  in  seven  hours  after  being 
thrown  forth.  MfftfHW* 

Chit,  Chitty  (chit,  chit'ti).  n.  [A  corruption 
of  ihe  Hindu  term  chit  her,  a  letter.]  A 
note  or  letter ;  a  written  message.  Also 
called  Chittah. 

This  evening  comes  a  native  trooper  into  camp 
with  a  chitty  for  •  Russell  Sahib.'  II'.  H.  Ktiiscll. 

Chitt  (chit),  for  Chideth.    Chamer. 

Chit-chat  (chit'chat).  n.  (A  reduplication  of 
chat.  See  CHAT.]  Prattle;  familiar  or  trifl- 
ing talk. 

Nothing  can  be  more  unlike  than  the  inflated  fini- 
cal rhapsodies  of  Shaftesbury  and  the  plain,  natural 
chitchat  of  Temple.  Lamt. 

Chitin,  Chltlne  (ki'tin),  n.  [Fr.  chiton,  a 
tunic.]  The  name  given  by  Odier  to  the 
organic  substance  which  forms  the  elytra 
and  integuments  of  insects  and  the  carapaces 
of  Crustacea,  and  which  may  be  obtained 
by  exhausting  the  wing-cases  of  cockchafers 
with  water,  alcohol,  ether,  acetic  acid,  and 
boiling  alkalies.  The  residue  retains  the 
form  of  the  wing-cases.  It  is  solid,  trans- 
parent, and  of  horny  aspect.  Its  composi- 
tion is  regarded  as  being  C<>H15NOg. 

Chltinous  (ki'tin-us),  a.  Consisting  of,  or 
having  the  nature  of  chitin. 

Chiton  (ki'ton),  n.  [Gr.  chiton.}  A  tunic ; 
the  under  garment  worn  by  the  ancient 
Greeks.  The  Doric  chiton,  worn  by  men, 
was  short  and  of  wool ;  the  Ionic  was  of 
linen,  worn  long,  with  short,  wide  sleeves. 
Dr.  W.  Smith. 

Chiton  (ki'ton),  n.  [Or.  chiton,  a  tunic,  a 
cuirass,  a  coat  of  mail,  the  name  being 
given  from  the  shell.]  A  genus  of  molluscs 
forming  the  type  of  the  family  Chitonidse ; 
a  member  of  this  family. 

Chitpnldae  (ki-ton'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  natural 
family  of  gasteropods,  affording  the  only 
instance  known  of  a  molluscan  shell  formed 
of  many  successive  portions,  of  ten  in  contact 
and  overlapping  each  other,  but  never  truly 
articulated.  The  shell  in  the  typical  genus 
Chiton  is  composed  of  eight  pieces ;  the 
animal  adhering  to  rocks  or  stones  after  the 
fashion  of  the  limpet.  The  species  are 
numerous,  and  there  are  few  rocky  shores 
without  some  of  them.  Some  of  the  species 
are  fossil  in  carboniferous  rooks. 

Chittah  (chit'ta),  n.    See  CHIT,  CHITTY. 


Chltter  (chit'ter),  E.I.  [Closely  allied  to 
chatter;  comp.  G.  zitteren,  to  tremble.  ]  1.  To 
shiver;  to  shake,  as  with  cold.  [Obsolete 
and  provincial.]— 2. t  To  chirp. 

I  chitter,  chirp,  and  syng.  Kendall. 

Chltterlmg  (chit't6r-ling),  n.  (Perhaps 
allied  to  Sc.  kite,  Goth,  qvithus.  the  belly; 
or  cA  may  be  for  sh,  the  word  being  a  dim. 
derived  from  the  verb  that  means  to  evacu- 
ate the  bowels.]  1.  In  cookery,  part  of  the 
small  intestines,  as  of  swine,  fried  for  food: 
generally  used  in  the  plural.  '  Which  was 
but  souse  to  chitterlings.'  Hudibrat. —  j 
2.  t  The  frill  to  the  breast  of  a  shirt. 

Of  an  Italian  waist,  we  make  an  English  petycoate; 
of  a  French  ruffe,  an  English  c/iyOrrliitf. 

tjascoigne. 

Chitty  (chit'ti),  a.     [See  CHIT,  a  sprout.] 

1.  Full  of  chits  or  sprouts.— 2.  t  Childish;  like 
a  babe.— 3.  t  Afflicted  with  warts  or  pimples. 

Chltty-face,t  Chitty-faced t  (chit'ti-fas, 
chit'ti-fast),  a.  [From  chitty  (see  above), 
and  face.]  1.  Meagre -faced;  baby -faced. 
'The  peaking,  chitty-face  page.'  Massinger. 

2.  Pimply-faced. 

Chtvache,  Chivachie,  n.   See  CHEVACHIE. 

Chivalric  (shiv'al-rik),  a.  Partaking  of  the 
character  of  chivalry ;  chivalrous. 

Chivalrous (shiv'al-rus).a.  [See CHIVALRY.] 
Pertaining  to  chivalry  or  knight-errantry; 
warlike  ;  bold :  gallant.  '  Chivalrous  em- 
prise.' Spenser. 

A  fourth  (in  Milton's  catalogue  of  names)  brings 
before  us  the  splendid  phantoms  of  chivalrous  ro- 
mance, the  trophied  lists,  the  embroidered  housings, 
the  quaint  devices,  the  haunted  forests,  the  enchanted 
gardens,  the  achievements  of  enamoured  knights, 
and  the  smiles  of  rescued  princesses.  Macanlay. 

Chivalrously  (shiv'al-rus-li),  adv.  In  a 
chivalrous  manner  or  spirit. 

Chivalrousness  (shiv'al-rus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  chivalrous ;  gallantry;  no- 
bility of  spirit;  magnanimity;  gallant  self- 
sacrifice  on  behalf  of  the  weak. 

Chivalry  (shiv'al-ri), n.  [Tt.chevalerie,  from 
chevalier,  a  knight  or  horseman,  from  cheval, 
a  horse.  See  CAVALRY.]  1.  Knighthood; 
the  system  to  which  knighthood  with  all  its 
laws  and  usages  belonged.  'Degrees  and 
orders  of  chivalry.'  Bacon. — 2.  That  which 
pertains  to  knighthood ;  the  qualifications 
of  a  knight,  as  courtesy,  valour,  and  dexte- 
rity in  arms. 

The  glory  of  our  Troy  this  day  doth  lie 

On  his  fair  worth  and  single  chivalry.        Shak. 

3.  t  An  adventure  or  exploit,  as  of  a  knight. 
1  Acts  more  dangerous,  but  less  famous,  lie- 
cause  they  were  but  private  chivalries.'  Sir 
P.  Sidney. — 4.  A  body  or  order  of  knights; 
knights  or  warriors  collectively;  any  body 
of  illustrious  warriors,  especially  cavalry. 

The  Red  Sea  coast,  whose  waves  o'erthrow 
Busiris  and  his  Memphian  chivalry.        Milton, 
Wave,  Munich,  all  thy  banners  wave. 
And  charge  with  all  thy  chi^•alry.       Campbell. 

5.  In  English  law,  a  tenure  of  lands  by 
knight's  service;  that  is,  by  the  condition  of 
performing  service  on  horseback,  or  of  per- 
forming some  noble  or  military  service  to 
his  lord.  See  KNIGHT-SERVICE  and  TEN- 
URE .—Court  of  Chivalry,  a  court  established 
by  Edward  III.,  of  which  the  Lord  High 
Constable  and  the  Earl-marshal  of  England 
were  joint  judges.  When  both  judges  were 
present  it  took  cognizance  of  criminal 
cases,  generally  in  a  summary  manner; 
when  held  before  the  earl-marshal  alone  it 
was  merely  a  court  of  honour.  It  is  now  in 
abeyance,  except  as  represented  in  the  Her- 
alds' College  by  the  earl-marshal's  court. 

Chive  t  (chiv),  n.  [L.G.  ftchevf,  the  shives  or 
fragments  of  stalk,  as  of  hemp  or  flax,  that 
fall  off  in  dressing;  Icel.  tktfa,  to  cleave.] 
In  bot.  the  thread  or  filament  which  sup- 
ports the  anther  of  a  flower.  Ray. 

Chive  (chiv),  n.    See  GIVE. 

Chive-garlic  (chiv'gar-lik),?i.  Same  as  Cite, 

Chiver  (chiv'er),  ti.i.  To  shiver.  [Old  Eng- 
lish and  Scotch.] 

Chivey,  Chivvy  (chiv'i),  v.t.  [See  extract ] 
To  chase  round  or  hunt  about;  to  throw  or 
pitch  about.  [Slang.  ] 

Chivvy  is  a  common  English  word,  meaning  to 
goad,  drive,  vex,  hunt,  or  throw  as  it  were  here  and 
there.  It  is  purely  Gipsy.  Chiv  in  Rommanymeans 
anything  sharp-pointed,  as  a  dagger  or  goad,  or 
knife.  The  old  Gipsy  word  chiv,  among  its  numerous 
meanings,  has  exactly  that  of  casting,  throwing, 
pitching,  and  driving.  C.  G.  Lelantt. 

Chlvey  (chiv'i),  ».     A  halloo;  a  shout;  a 

cheer.    [Slang  ] 
Chlamydate  (klam'id-at),  a.    [Gr.  chlamys, 

chlainydos,  a  mantle.]    In  zool.  possessing  a 

mantle;  as,  chlamydate  Branchiogastero- 

poda. 


Chlamydeous  (kla-mid'S-nj),  a.  In  bot. 
pertaining  to  the  floral  envelope  of  a  plant. 

Chlamydosaurus  (klam''-<16-sa"rus),  n. 
[Gr.  chlainyR,  chlamydos,  a  cloak,  and 
sanron,  a  lizard.  ]  A  genus  of  Australian 
lizards.  The  C.  Kingii,  known  as  the 
frilled  lizard,  has  a  curious  crenated 
membrane  -  like  ruff  or  tippet  round  its 
neck,  covering  its  shoulders,  which  lies 
back  in  plaits  upon  the  body  when  the 
animal  is  tranquil,  but  which  elevates  itself 
when  it  is  irritated  or  frightened.  Its  head 
is  large  in  proportion  to  its  body.  A  full- 
grown  specimen  is  about  3  feet  in  length. 

Chlamyphore  (klam'i-for),  u.  See  CHLAMY- 
PHOKTJS. 

Chlamyphorus,  Chlamydophorus  (kla- 
mif'o-rus,  klam-i-dof 'o-rus),  n.  [Gr. 
ehlamys,  chlamydog,  a  cloak,  and  phero, 
to  bear.]  A  genus  of  quadrupeds  of  the 
order  Edentata.  The  C.  trimcatui,  or 
pichiciago,  resembles  the  mole  in  its  habits; 
it  is  about  5  inches  long,  and  its  back  is 
covered  over  with  a  coat  of  mail,  consisting 
of  twenty-four  rows  of  tough  leathery  plates. 
It  is  a  native  of  Chili,  and  nearly  allied  to 
the  armadillo. 

Chlamys  (klam'is),  n.  [I,,  and  Gr.]  1.  A 
light  and  freely-flowing  scarf  or  plaid  worn 
by  the  ancients  as  an  outer  garment.  It 
was  oblong  in  shape,  generally  about  twice 
as  long  as  it  was  broad.  A  common  mode 


Chlamys.— Hope's  Costumes  of  the  Ancients. 

of  wearing  it  was  to  pass  one  of  its  shorter 
sides  round  the  neck  and  fasten  it  by  means 
of  a  brooch,  letting  it  hang  down  over  the 
back  or  over  the  shoulder.  —  2.  A  purple 
cope;  one  of  the  pontifical  vestments.  —3.  In 
bot.  the  floral  envelope  of  a  plant. 

Chloasma  (klo-az'ma),  n.  [Gr.  chloazo, 
to  be  green.]  In  pathol.  lit.  greenness; 
a  name  for  a  cutaneous  affection  charac- 
terized by  patches  of  a  yellow  or  yellowish- 
brown  colour,  the  pityriasut  versicolor.  It 
is  removable  by  the  use  of  sulphur. 

Chloe  (klo'e),  n.  The  name  of  the  heroine 
of  Longus'  pastoral  romance  Daphnin  and 
Chloe,  and  of  a  shepherdess  in  Sydney's 
Arcadia;  hence  applied  in  literature  to  a 
female  lover. 

To  turn  their  attention  away  while  Strephon  and 
Chloe  were  billing  and  cooing.  Thackeray. 

Chlora  (klo'ra),  n.  [Gr.  chloros,  greenish- 
yellow.  ]  A  small  genus  of  gentianaceous- 
plants,  consisting  of  erect  glaucous  herbs. 
One  species  (C.  per/oliata)  is  found  in  the 
chalky  pastures  of  England.  Its  stem  is- 
from  6  to  18  inches  high,  and  terminates  in 
a  number  of  flower-stalks,  each  bearing  a 
single  largish  delicate  yellow  flower.  The 
whole  plant  is  very  bitter,  and  may  be 
employed  as  a  tonic;  it  is  used  also  as- 
a  yellow  dye.  Its  popular  name  is  yellow- 
wort  or  yellow  centaury. 

Chloracetate  (klor-as'e-tat),  n.  A  salt  of 
chloracetic  acid. 

ChloracetlC  Acid  (klor-a-set'ik  as'id),  n. 
(C2H,C1O2. )  An  acid  produced  by  the 
substitution  of  chlorine  for  part  of  the 
hydrogen  in  acetic  acid.  It  combines  with 
bases,  forming  chloracetates. 

Chloral  (klo'ral),  n.  [From  chlor,  the  first 
part  of  chlorine,  and  al,  the  first  syllable  of 
alcohol.  ]  (CjHCL.0. )  A  liquid  first  pre- 
pared by  Liebig  from  chlorine  and  alcohol, 
afterwards  by  Stadeler  by  the  action  of 
chlorine  on  starch.  The  hydratf  of  chloral, 
as  now  prepared  (C.2H  C13O.  H»0),  is  a 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub.  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


CHLORANIL 


CHLOROSPERMEA: 


white  crystalline  substance,  which,  ill  con- 
tact with  alkiilies.  separates  into  chloroform 
and  formic  acid.  Hence,  when  it  conies  into 
c. intact  with  living  blood,  the  alkaline  rcac- 
tion  of  that  Hunt  effects  its  decomposition, 
and  a  formation  of  chloroform  is  the  result. 
When  taken  into  the  month  or  injected 
into  the  blood  the  chloroform  set  free  is 
«ivcn  up  to  the  blood  little  by  little.  Hence 
the  action  of  chloral  differs  from  that  of 
pure  chloroform  in  being  slow,  gentle,  and 
prolonged.  Chloral  kills  by  paralyzing  the 
action  of  the  heart.  It  is  a  hypnotic  as  well 
as  an  amesthetic,  and  is  frequently  substi- 
tuted for  morphia.  Chloral  does  not  com- 
bine with  blood  out  of  the  body.  Some 
authorities  ascribe  its  effects  to  the  formic 
acid  developed  ill  its  transformation. 

ClUoranil,  Chloranile  (klor'a-nil),  n 
(  from  chlorine  and  aniline. }  (C6C14O2.  ) 
A  compound  produced  by  the  action  of 
chlorine  on  aniline,  phenol,  salicin,  and 
other  allied  bodies.  It  forms  pale  yellow 
pearly  scales.  By  dissolving  it  ill  caustic 
potash  chloranilate  of  potassium  is  formed. 

Chloranthaceae  (klo-ran-tha'se-e),  n.  pi. 
(Gr.  chloros,  greenish-yellow,  and  anthos,  a 
flower.  1  A  nat.  order  of  apetalous  exo- 
gens,  allied  to  the  peppers,  and,  like  them, 
having  an  aromatic  fragrant  odour;  they 
are  trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs  with  opposite 
leaves,  connected  by  sheathing  stipules. 
There  are  three  known  genera,  and  fifteen 
species,  all  natives  of  the  warm  regions  of 
India  and  America.  Chlorantlnm  ojlicinalii 
is  reckoned  a  stimulant  and  tonic  ol  the 
highest  order. 

Chloranthus  (klo-ran'thus),  n.  See  CHLOR- 

ANTHACE.E. 

Chlorate  (klo'rat),  n.  [See  CHLORINE.] 
A  salt  of  chloric  acid.  The  chlorates  are 
very  analogous  to  the  nitrates.  They  are 
decomposed  by  a  red  heat,  nearly  all  of 
them  being  converted  into  metallic  chlor- 
ides, with  evolution  of  pure  oxygen.  They 
deflagrate  with  inflammable  substances 
with  such  facility  that  an  explosion  is  pro- 
duced by  slight  causes.  The  chlorates  of 
sodium  and  potassium  are  used  in  medicine. 
Chloretic  (klo'ret-ik), »».  Same  as  Cldoritic. 
Chloric  (klo'rik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
taining chlorine ;  specifically,  containing 
chlorine  in  smaller  proportion  than  chlor- 
ous compounds. — Chloric  ttcid,  a  colourless 
syrupy  liquid  (H  Cl  O3),  having  a  very  acid  re- 
action, produced  by  decomposing  barium 
chlorate  by  means  of  sulphuric  acid.  —  Per- 
cldoric  acid,  an  extremely  explosive  acid 
(HC1O,),  containing  one  atom  of  oxygen  more 
than  chloric  acid.  It  is  produced  by  distil- 
ling perchlorate  of  potassium  with  sulphuric 
acid.  -Chloric  ether,  a  volatile  liquid  (CjII. 
Cl)  obtained  by  passing  hydrochloric  acid 
gas  into  alcohol  to  saturation  and  distilling 
the  product.  It  is  also  termed  Uydrochloric 
Ether. 

Chloridate,  Chlorldize  (klo'rid-at,  klo'rid- 

iz),  ».  (.     In  pholoy.  to  cover  a  plate  with  a 

chloride,  specifically,  with  chloride  of  silver, 

for  the  purpose  of  rendering  it  sensitive  to 

the  actinic  rays  of  the  sun. 

Chloride  (klo' rid ),  n.   [See  CHLORINE.]  A 

compound  of  chlorine  with  another  element. 

Chlorimeter,  Chlorimetry  (Mo-rim'et-er, 

klo-rim'e-tri),  n.     Same  as  Cldorometer, 

Chloroinetry. 

Chlorinated  (klo'rin-at-ed),  a.  In  chem. 
containing  one  or  more  equivalents  of  chlo- 
rine. 

Chlorination  ( klo  -  ri  -  na '  shon ),  n.  In 
mining,  a  process  for  the  extraction  of  gold 
by  exposure  of  the  auriferous  material  to 
chlorine  gas.  E.  II.  Knight. 
Chlorine  (klo' rin  or  klo'rin),  n.  [Or. 
chloros,  greenish-yellow,  from  its  colour.] 
Sym.  Cl.  At.  wt.  35  5.  The  name  given  to 
au  elementary  gaseous  substance  contained 
in  common  salt,  from  which  it  is  liberated 
by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  and  man- 
ganese dioxide.  Chlorine  has  a  greenish- 
yellow  colour,  a  peculiar  smell,  and  irritates 
the  nostrils  most  violently  when  inhaled, 
as  also  the  windpipe  and  lungs.  It  ex- 
ercises a  corrosive  action  upon  organic 
tissues.  It  is  not  combustible,  though  it 
supports  the  combustion  of  many  bodies, 
and,  indeed,  spontaneously  burns  several.  In 
combination  with  other  elements  it  forms 
chlorides,  which  act  most  important  parts 
in  many  manufacturing  processes.  This  gas 
may  be  liquefied  by  cold  and  pressure.  Chlo- 
rine is  one  of  the  most  powerful  bleaching 
agents,  this  property  belonging  to  it  through- 
its  strong  affinity  for  hydrogen.  Hence  in  the 


manufacture  of  blcaching-powder  (chloride 
of  lime)  it  is  used  in  immense  quantities 
When  applied  to  moistened  coloured  fabrics 
it  acts  by  decomposing  the  moisture  pn- 
sent,  the  oxygen  of  which  then  destroys  the 
colouring  matter  of  the  cloth,  <Sc.  It  is  a 
valuable  disinfectant,  where  it  can  be  con- 
veniently applied,  as  in  the  form  of  chloride 
of  lime. 

Chloriodic  (klo'ri-od-ik),  a.     Compounded 
of  chlorine  and  iodine. 
Chloriodine  (klo-ri'od-in),  n.    A  compound 
of  chlorine  and  iodine. 

Chlorite  (klo'rit),  n.  [Or.  chliina,  greenish- 
yellow.  ]  1.  A  mineral  of  a  grass-green 
colour,  opaque,  usually  friable  or  easily 
pulverized,  composed  of  little  spangles, 
scales,  prisms,  or  shining  small  grains,  and 
consisting  of  silica,  alumina,  magnesia, 
and  protoxide  of  iron.  It  is  closely  allied 
in  character  to  mica  and  talc.  There  are 
four  sub-species  —  chlorite  earth,  common 
chlorite,  chlorite  slate,  and  foliated  chlorite. 
2.  In  chem.  a  salt  of  chlorous  acid.  The 
chlorites  are  remarkable  for  their  strong 
bleaching  and  oxidizing  properties. 
Chloritlc  (klo-rit'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
containing  chlorite ;  as,  chloritic  sand. 
Chloro-  (klo'ro).  [Or.  chloros,  greenish- 
yellow.]  A  term  used  in  the  composition 
of  botanical  and  other  scientific  words 
formed  from  the  Greek,  to  indicate  a  clear 
lively  green  colour  without  any  mixture. 
Chlpro  -  carbonic,  Chloro  -  carbonous 
(kl6'ro-kar-bon"ik,  klo-ro-kar'bon-us),  a. 
Terms  applied  to  a  compound  of  chlorine 
andcarbonicoxide^OCI.,)  formed  by  expos- 
ing a  mixture  of  the  two  gases  to  the  direct 
solar  rays. 

Chlorocyanic  ( klo '  ro  -  si  -  an  "  ik ),  a.  [Gr. 
chloros,  greenish-yellow,  and  ki/aneon,  dark- 
blue.  ]  Consisting  of  chlorine  and  cyanogen 
combined;  as,  chlorocyanic  acid. 
Chlorodyne  (klo'ro-din  or  klo'ro-din),  n.  A 
popular  anodyne  remedy,  consisting  of  mor- 
phia, chloroform,  prussic  acid,  extract  of 
Indian  hemp,  and  flavoured  with  sugar  and 
peppermint. 

Chloroform  (klo'ro-forni),  n.  [Gr.  chloros, 
yellowish-green,  and  L.  formica,  an  ant.] 
(C2HClj.)  The  perchloride  of  formyle,  a 
volatile  colourless  liquid,  of  an  agreeable, 
fragrant,  sweetish  apple  taste  and  smell,  of 
the  specific  gravity  of  1-48,  and  discovered 
by  Soubeiran  and  Liebig  in  1832.  It  is  pre- 
pared by  cautiously  distilling  together  a  mix- 
ture of  alcohol,  water,and  chloride  of  lime  or 
bleaching-powder.  Its  use  as  an  anaesthetic 
was  introduced  in  1847  by  Prof,  (afterwards 
Sir  James  Y.)  Simpson  of  Edinburgh.  For 
this  purpose  its  vapour  is  inhaled.  The  in- 
halation of  chloroform  first  produces  slight 
intoxication;  then,  frequently,  slight  mus- 
cular contractions,  unruliness,  and  dream- 
ing; then  loss  of  voluntary  motion  and  con- 
sciousness, the  patient  appearing  as  if  sound 
asleep;  and  at  last,  if  too  much  be  given, 
death  by  coma  and  syncope.  When  skil- 
fully administered  in  proper  cases,  it  is 
considered  one  of  the  safest  of  anaesthe- 
tics ;  but  it  requires  to  be  used  under  cer- 
tain precautions,  as  its  application  has 
frequently  proved  fatal.  Chloroform  is  a 
powerful  solvent,  dissolving  resins,  wax, 
iodine,  &c.,  as  well  as  strychnine  and  other 
alkaloids.  It  is  a  felony  for  any  person  to 
administer  or  attempt  to  administer  chloro- 
form or  other  stupefying  drug  with  intent 
to  enable  himself  or  another  to  commit  or 
to  assist  another  in  the  commission  of  any 
indictable  offence,  24  and  25  Viet.  c. 
Chloroform  (klo'ro-form), c.  (.  To  put  under 
the  influence  of  chloroform;  to  render  un- 
conscious and  insensible  to  pain  by  the  ad- 
ministration of  chloroform ;  to  treat  with 
chloroform. 

Chloroformization(kl6'r6-form-iz-a"shon), 
n.  In  mirg.  the  aggregate  of  anaesthetic  phe- 
nomena resulting  from  the  inhalation  of 
chloroform. 

Chlorogenic  (klo-ro-gen'ik),  a.  [Gr.  chloros, 
yellowish-greeu,  and  gennao,  to  produce.] 
See  CAPFEIC. 

Chloroid  (klor'oid),  a.  [E.  chlorine,  andGr. 
eidoe,  resemblance.]  Resembling  chlorine; 
as,  the  chloroid  pole  of  a  galvanic  battery. 
See  Chlorous  Pole  under  CHLOROUS. 
Chlorometer  (klo-rom'et-er),  n.  [Gr. 
chloros  greenish-yellow,  and  metron,  a  mea- 
sure ]  An  instrument  for  testing  the  decol- 
ouring or  bleaching  powers  of  chloride  of 
lime.  It  is  also  used  for  testing  chloride  of 
potash  and  of  soda. 
Chlorometry  (klo-rom'e-tri),  ».  The  name 


yiven  to  the  prm-css  for  testing  the  decolnnr- 
insc  power  of  any  combination  »f  chlorine, 
but  especially  of  th<:  commercial  ;uii 
tbe  chlorides  "f  linn-,  p.it,i-h,  ami  :-<.<la 

Chloromys  (klo'ro-mli),  n.    (Cr  ridurai, 

'ish-yellow,   and   ni'jt,  a  mouse.]     Bet 
Ai:ol  Tl 

Chloropal  (klo-ro'pal),  n.  [Cr  rhttrot, 
''Mi-yellow,  and  K.  <>//«(,  Lit.  jirccn 
opal  1  A  mineral  of  two  varieties,  the  con 
choidii]  ami  the  earthy;  the  conchoidal  IB  of 
a  pistachio- green  colour,  the  other  has  an 
eaitliy  fracture;  ami  both  varieties  HI. 
sessed  of  magnetic  properties.  It  is  a  hjd- 
rated  silicate  of  iron. 

Chlorophaslte,  Chloropheite  (klo'ro  fe-it), 

71.  [Or.  dtUrot,  greenish-yellow,  and  /,/. 
blackish.]  A  rare  mineral  found  in  amygda- 
loidal  trap-rocks.  It  is  translucent  and  of 
a  green  colour  when  newly  broken,  but  soon 
becomes  black  and  opaque.  It  has  been  sup- 
posed to  be  decomposed  olfvine,  and  con- 
sists of  32-85  silica,  22  OS  iron  peroxide,  3  44 
magnesia,  and  41  •>:;  water. 

Chlorophane  (klo'ro  fan),  n.  [Or.  chloros. 
greenish -yellow,  and  phaino,  to  show.]  A 
variety  of  fluor  -  spar  which  exhibits  a 
bright-green  phosphorescent  light  when 
heated. 

Chlorophyll  (klo'ro-fll),  n.  [Gr.  chlorou, 
green,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.  ]  The  green  col- 
ouring matter  of  plants.  It  is  somewhat 
analogous  to  wax.  is  soluble  in  ether  anil 
alcohol,  but  insoluble  in  water,  and  floats 
in  the  fluid  of  the  cells  in  the  form  of  minute 
granules.  In  this  form  it  occurs  in  the 


Chlorophyll. 

a.  Spiral  bands  of  Chlorophyll  in  Spirogyra.  b.  Irre- 
gular ttiass  in  Zygnenia.  c.  Granules  in  cells  o( 
ihe  leaf. 

cells  of  flowering  plants  generally,  especi- 
ally in  the  leaves,  and  below  the  epidermis 
of  green  stems.  In  Vallisneria  and  some 
other  aquatic  plants  the  granules  are  large, 
and  imbedded  in  the  circulating  proto- 
plasm of  the  cells.  In  some  confervoid 
alga:  the  chlorophyll  is  arranged  in  plates 
or  bands,  while  in  others  it  forms  a  granu- 
lar stratum,  with  numerous  large  bright 
granules  scattered  through  it.  In  the  Pro- 
tococcaceae,  and  in  the  gonidia  of  lichens, 
the  chlorophyll  is  uniformly  distributed 
through  the  protoplasm  of  the  cell.  The 
chlorophyll  granule  consists  of  twose parable 
parts— the  green  colouring  matter,  which  is 
soluble  in  alcohol,  leaving  a  colourless  body 
the  size  and  form  of  the  granule.  Chloro- 
phyll plays  an  important  part  in  the  life  of 
the  plant,  as  it  breaks  up  the  carbonic  acid 
gas  taken  in  by  thestomataof  the  leaves  into 
its  two  elements,  carbon  and  oxygen,  return  • 
ing  the  oxygen  to  the  air,  and  converting 
the  carbon  with  the  water  obtained  from 
the  roots  faito  starch.  Light  is  indispens- 
able to  the  formation  of  chlorophyll,  and 
hence  arises  the  etiolation  or  blanching  of 
plants  by  privation  of  light,  cither  by  the 
art  of  the  gardener  or  from  accidental 

Cnlorophyllian  (klo-ro-fll'i-an),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  chlorophyll;  containing  chlorophyll. 
' Chlorophi/llian  cells.'  Oilman. 

Chlorops  (klo'rops),  n.  [Gr.  chloros,  green- 
ish-yellow, and  ops,  the  eye.)  A  genus  of 
insects.  See  CORN-FLY. 

Chlorosis  (klo  ro'sis),  n.  [Gr.  Moras,  green- 
ish-yellow. ]  1.  The  green-sickness,  a  pecu- 
liar form  of  anaemia  or  bloodlessness  which 
affects  young  females,  more  especially  those 
who  have  not  menstruated.  It  is  charac- 
terized by  a  pale  or  greenish  hue  of  the 
skin,  weakness,  palpitation,  dyspepsy,  &c. 
2.  In  bot.  same  as  Etiolation. 

Chlorospermeffl  (kl6-r6-sper'nie-e),n.  pi. 
[Gr.  chloros,  greenish-yellow,  and  •peniia,  a 
seed.]  A  name  given  to  that  division  of  the 
algse  which  have  grass-green  fronds,  very 
rarely  purple,  olive,  or  red.  They  grow 
either  in  the  sea,  in  fresh  water,  or  in  damp 


ch,  cftain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;     TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  BAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CHLOROTIC 


402 


CHOKING 


situations,  and  are  of  very  simple  organiza- 


choose;  from  the  German.  See  CHOOSE.) 
1  The  act  of  choosing;  the  voluntary  act 
of  selecting  or  separating  from  two  or  more  | 


taming  chlorine:    specifically,   containing 
chlorine  in  larger  proportion  than  chloric 
compounds;  as,  chlorous oxide,cAfor<msacld. 
-CA(or<m»n«d(HClO2),  an  acid  obtained  by 
mixing  oil  of  vitriol  very  gradually  and  cau- 
tiously with  chlorate  of  potassium,  and  con- 
densing the  gas  which  is  given  off  in  water. 
The  gas  which  is  thus  condensed  is  called 
chlorous  anhydride  (C1.,O3):  it  is  extremely 
explosive.— Chlorous  pole,  a  term  applied.ou 
theelectricalhypothesis.to  the  negative  pole 
of  a  galvanic  battery,  from  its  exhibiting  the 
attraction  which  is  characteristic  of  chlo- 
rine.   The  positive  pole,  according  to  the 
same  hypothesis,  is  termed  the  zincous  or 
zincoid  pole.     Called  also  Chloroid  Pole. 
Chloroxylon  (klo-rok'si-lon),  ».    [Gr  chU- 
ros   yellowish-green,  and  xylon,  wood.)    A 
genus  of  timber  trees,  nat.  order  Meliaceffi, 
containing  a  single  species,  C.Swietenm(ttu> 
satin-wood  tree  of  India).  See  SATIN-WOOD. 
Chloruret  (klo'ru-ret),  n.    A  compound  of 
chlorine:  a  name  formerly  given  to  what  is 
now  termed  Chloride. 
Choakt  (chok).     Same  as  Choke. 
Choanite  (ko'an-it),  ».    [Gr.  choane,  a  fun- 
nel. ]  A  genus  of  spongiform  fossil  zoophytes 
of  the  chalk,   familiarly  called  'petrified 
anemones,'  from  having  the  radiating  ap- 
pearance of  a  sea-anemone. 
Choar  (ohor),  n.     The  Hindu  name  for  a 
mountain  thief  or  robber.    Eclec.  Rev. 
Chock  (chok),  n.    [Perhaps  from  shock,  as  if 
shock-piece,  a  jolt  or  collision,  the  use  of 
chocks  being  often  to  prevent  jolting.  ]  Now. 
a  piece  of  wood  employed  in  filling  up  a  de- 
ficiency, as  a  wedge  or  block,  for  confining  a 
cask  or  other  body  to  prevent  it  from  moving. 
In  the  construction  of  framing,  a  chock  is 
an  angular,  commonly  a  triangular  shaped 
piece  made  to  fit  the  space  between  the  at- 
tenuated ends  at  the  joints,  to  which  it  is  fas- 
tened by  means  of  tree-nails.— Chocks  of  the 
rudder  are  pieces  of  timber  kept  in  readi- 
ness to  stop  the  motion  of  the  rudder  in 
case  of  an  accident,  &c.—  Anchor  chocks, 
pieces  indented  in  the  shank  of  a  wooden 
anchor-stock  when  it  is  defective.—  Boat's 
chocks,  clamps  on  which  a  boat  rests  when 
stowed  on  deck. 

Chock  (chok),  adv.    Haul.,  fully ;  close;  as 
far  as  possible;  as,  chock  aft,  chock  out,  &c. 
Chock  (chok),  v.t.    Kaut.  to  put  a  chock 
into  or  under;  as,  to  chock  the  timbers  of  a 
ship-  to  chock  a  cask.    See  the  noun. 
Chock  (chok),  i).  i.    To  fill  up  a  cavity  like 
a  chock.     '  The  wood-work  exactly  chocked 
into  the  joints.'    Fuller. 
Chock  t  (chok),  71.    [A  form  of  shock  (which 
see).]    An  encounter. 

One  of  the  kings  of  France  died  miserably  by  the 
chock  of  a  hog.  */   Patrick. 

Chockt  (chok),  v.t.  To  give  a  shock  to.  Tur- 
berville. 

ChOCk-a-blOCk  (chok'a-blok),o.  [See  CHOCK 
and  BLOCK.)  1.  A  term  used  to  designate 
the  position  of  tackling  when  the  blocks 
are  hauled  close  together. —  2.  Crowded; 
crammed;  as,  the  meeting-hall  was  chock-a- 
block.  [Colloq.) 

Chock-full  (chok'ful),  a.  Same  as  Choke-full. 

Chocolate  (chok'6-lat),  71.  [Sp.  chocolate; 
Mex.  chocolatl  —  choco,  cocoa,  and  tan, 
water. )  1.  A  paste  or  cake  composed  of  the 
kernels  of  the  Theobroma  Cacao  ground  and 
combined  with  sugar  and  vanilla,  cinnamon, 
cloves,  or  other  flavouring  substance.  Cacao, 
under  its  native  name  of  chocolatl,  had  been 
for  ages  used  as  a  beverage  by  the  Mexicans, 
before  their  country  was  conquered  by  the 
Spaniards.  It  is  less  used  in  Britain  than 
cocoa,  which  is  a  slightly  different  prepara- 
tion from  the  kernels  of  the  same  tree.— 
2.  The  beverage  made  by  dissolving  choco- 
late in  boiling  water  or  milk. 
Chocolate  (chok'6-lat),  a.  Having  the  col- 
our of  chocolate;  as,  chocolate  cloth. 
Chocolate -house  (chok'6-lat-hous),  n.  A 
house  of  entertainment  in  which  chocolate 
is  sold.  Tatter. 

Chocolate-nut  (chok'6-Iat-nut).  See  CACAO. 
Chocolate  -  root  (chok'6-lat-rot),  n.     See 
GEUM. 

Chode  (chod),  the  old  preterit  of  chide  (which 
see).    Gen.  xxxiii.  36. 

Choice  (chois),  n.    [O.  E.  choyse,  choise,  chois; 
from  O.  Fr.  chois,  a  choice,  from  choisir,  to 


2.  The  power  of  choosing;  option. 

Where  there  is  force  there  can  be  no  choice. 

N.  Grew. 

3  Care  in  selecting ;  judgment  or  skill  in 
distinguishing  what  is  to  be  preferred,  and 
in  giving  a  preference. 

lulius  Cajsar  did  write  a  collection  of  apophthegms ; 
it  is  a  pity  Ins  book  is  lost;  for  I  imagine  they  were 
collected  with  judgment  and  choice. 

4  The  thing  chosen;  that  which  is  approved 
and  selected  in  preference  to  others'  selec- 
tion. 

I  am  sorry      . 
Your  choice  is  not  so  rich  in  birth  as  beauty.    Skat. 


5.  The  best  part  of  anything;  a  select  assem- 
blage. 

A  braver  choice  of  dauntless  spirits 

Did  never  float  upon  the  swelling  tide.    Sltafc. 

6  A  collection  to  choose  from;  as.  you  have 
there  a  choice  of  six  different  colours.— To 
hold  in  most  rich  choice,  to  hold  in  very  high 
estimation.  Shak.  —  To  make  choice  of,  to 
choose ;  to  select ;  to  separate  and  take  in 
preference.  —  Of  choice,  of  worth  or  value  ; 
as,  men  of  choice. 

Choice  (chois),  a.  1.  Carefully  selected. 
'  Choice  word  and  measured  phrase,  above 
the  reach  of  ordinary  men.'  Wordsworth.— 
2  Worthy  of  being  preferred;  select;  pre- 
cious; very  valuable.  "The  choice  and  master 
spirits  of  this  age.'  Shak. 

Thus  in  a  sea  of  folly  toss'd, 

M  y  choicest  hours  of  life  are  lost.  Svi/l. 

8.  With  of:  preserving  or  using  with  care, 
as  valuable;  frugal;  .careful;  chary. 

He  that  is  choice  of  his  time  will  also  be  choice  of 
his  company,  and  choice  ^his  actions 

Jer.  Taylor. 

STN.    Select,   precious,    costly,   exquisite, 

uncommon,  rare,   sparing,    frugal,  chary, 

careful. 
Choice -drawn  (chois'dran),  a.     Selected 

with  particular  care.    Shak. 
Choicefult  (chois'ful),  a.     Making  many 

choices;  fitful;  fickle. 

His  choiceful  sense  with  every  change  doth  fit. 
Sfenser. 

Choiceless  (choisles).  o.  Not  having  the 
power  of  choosing.  Hammond.  (Rare.) 

Choicely  (chois'li),  adv.  1.  With  care  in 
choosing ;  with  nice  regard  to  preference ; 
with  exact  choice.  'Collected  choicely.'  Shak. 
2.  In  an  eminent  degree.  'It  is  choicely 
good.'  Iz.  Walton.  —  3.  With  great  care; 
carefully;  as,  a  thing  choicely  preserved. 
[In  all  its  uses  obsolete  or  obsolescent.) 

Choiceness  (chois'nes),  71.  The  quality  of 
being  choice;  as,  (a)  justness  of  discrimina- 
tion- nicety.  ' Choiceness  of  phrase.'  B. 
Jonson.  (i>)Valuableness;  particular  value 
or  worth ;  excellence ;  as,  the  choiceness  of 
wine.  '  Plants  .  for  their  choiceness  pre- 
served in  pots.'  Kvelyn. 

Choir  (kwir),  71.  [Written  also  quire,  from 
O.  Fr.  choeur,  L.  chorus,  Gr.  choros,  a  dance 
in  a  ring,  a  baud.)  1.  A  band  of  dancers. 
[Rare.] 

How  often  have  I  led  thy  sportive  choir, 
With  tuneless  pipe  beside  the  murmuring  Loire. 
Goldsmith. 

2.  A  collection  of  singers,  especially  in  divine 
service,  in  a  church.  —  3.  That  part  of  a 
church  appropriated  for  the  singers. — 4.  In 
cruciform  churches,  that  part  eastward  of 
the  nave,  and  separated  from  it  usually  by 
a  screen  of  open  work;  a  chancel. — 5.  In 
nunneries,  a  large  hall  adjoining  to  the  body 
of  the  church,  separated  by  a  grate,  where 
the  nuns  sing  the  office. 
Choir  (kwir),  v.t.  and  i.  To  sing  in  com- 
pany. 

On  either  side  (of  the  Virgin),  round  the  steps  of 
the  throne,  is  a  crowd  of  choiring  angels.     Farrar 

Choiristert  (kwirlst-er).  Same  as  Chorister. 
W.  Mason. 

Choir -organ  (kwlr'or-gan),  7>.  One  of  the 
aggregated  organs  which  are  combined  in 
an  organ  of  large  power. 

Choir -screen  ( kwir'skren ),  n.  An  orna- 
mental open  screen  of  wood  or  stone,  divid- 
ing the  choir  or  chancel  of  a  cathedral  or 
church  from  the  nave,  yet  so  as  not  to 
obstruct  sight  or  sound. 

Choir-service  (kwir'ser-vis),  n.  The  service 
of  singing  performed  by  a  choir. 

Choke  (chok),  v.t.  pret.  <Sr  pp.  choked;  ppr. 


choking.  [A.  Sax.  aceocian,  to  suffocate  r 
cog.  Icel.  koka,  to  gulp,  kyka,  to  swallow ; 
according  to  Skeat  from  a  root  kuk,  a 
stronger  form  of  kill,  of  which  kink  is  a 
nasalized  form.  (See CHIN-COUGH.)  Theroot 
may  be  imitative  of  the  convulsive  sound 
made  when  the  throat  is  impeded.)  1.  To 
deprive  of  the  power  of  breathing  by  stop- 
ping the  passage  of  the  breath  through  the 
windpipe:  it  is  thus  distinguished  from  suf- 
focate,  stifle,  and  smother,  which  signify  to 
deprive  of  the  power  of  breathing  by  closing 
the  avenues  to  the  windpipe  (the  mouth 
and  nostrils),  or  by  preventing  the  access  of 
wholesome  air;  while  strangle  designates  a 
particular  manner  of  choking,  namely,  by 
compressing  the  windpipe.  Formerly  the 
word  was  used  with  more  latitude.  'And 
were  choked  in  the  sea.'  Mark  v.  13.— 2.  To 
stop  by  filling;  to  obstruct;  to  block  up;  as, 
to  choke  the  entrance  of  a  harbour  or  any 
passage.  —  3.  To  hinder  by  obstruction  or 
impediments,  especially  by  a  heap  of  im- 
pediments crowded  together ;  to  hinder  or 
check  the  growth,  expansion,  or  progress  of. 
'  The  fire  which  choked  in  ashes  lay. '  Dnjden. 

And  some  fell  among  thorns;  and  the  thorns  sprung 
up  and  choked  them.  Mat.  xiii.  7. 

4.  Fig.  to  suppress  or  stifle. 

For  to  deny  each  article  with  oath. 

Cannot  remove  nor  choke  the  strong  conception 

That  I  do  groan  withal.  Shak. 

5.  To  offend  greatly;    to  revolt.     'I  was 
choked  at  this  word.'    Swift. 

Choke  (chok),  v.i.  1.  To  have  the  windpipe 
stopped,  as  cattle  are  apt  to  choke  when 
eating  potatoesorturnips.—  2.Tobechecked, 
as  if  by  choking;  to  stick.  '  The  words  choked 
in  his  throat.'  Sir  If.  Scott.— 3.  To  be  of- 
fended; to  take  exceptions. 
Choke  (ch6k),  n.  The  filamentous  or  capil- 
lary part  of  the  artichoke. 
3hdke  (chok),  71.  An  Indian  term  for  the 
principal  street  of  a  town  or  village.  »'.  //. 
Russell. 

Choke-cherry  (chok'che-ri),  n.  1.  The  popu- 
lar name  of  a  species  of  wild  cherry  (Prunus 
borealis),  remarkable  for  its  astringent  qua- 
lities.—2.  In  mining,  choke-damp;  after- 
damp. 

Choke-damp  (chok'damp),  n.  Same  as 
After-damp. 

Ctiokedar  (chok'e-dar),  n.  Same  as  Chok- 
hadar. 

Choke-full  (chok'ful),  n.  Full  as  possible ; 
quite  full.  Written  also  Chock-full,  Chuck- 
full,  and  formerly  also  Choak-full.  'We 
filled  the  skins  choak-full.'  Bruce. 
Chokelingt  (chokling),  p.  and  a.  Chuckling. 
Chaucer. 

Choke-pear  (chok'par),  n.  1.  A  kind  of 
pear  that  has  a  rough  astringent  taste,  and 
is  swallowed  with  difficulty,  or  which  con- 
tracts the  parts  of  the  mouth.  Hence  — 

2.  Anything  that  stops  the  mouth ;  an  un- 
answerable argument ;  an  aspersion  or  sar- 
casm by  which  a  person  is  put  to  silence. 

Pardon  me  for  going  so  low  as  to  talk  of  giving 
chote-fears.  Richar£on. 

Choke-plum  t  (chok'plum),  71.  A  plum  of  a 
similar  kind  to  the  Choke-pear.  Heywood. 

Choker  (chok'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  chokes ;  that  which  irritates  with  a 
sense  of  strangulation  ;  something  difficult 
to  swallow. 

He  had  left  a  glass  of  water  just  tasted.    I  finished 
it.     It  was  a  choker.  Thackeray. 

2  That  which  puts  another  to  silence ;  that 
which  cannot  be  answered  VoA7i«m.  [Colloq.  J 

3.  A  neckcloth.     •  A  white  choker.'    Thack- 
eray.   [Slang.] 

Chokes  (choks),  n.  pi.  [Sc.  chouka.  The  same 
word  as  chops,  by  change  of  p  into  *.]  The 
throat.  UaUiweU.  [Provincial.] 

Choke-strap  (chok'strap),  n.  In  saddlery, 
a  strap  passing  from  the  lower  portion  of 
the  collar  to  the  belly-band,  to  keep  the 
collar  in  place  when  descending  a  hill  or 
backing. 

Choke-weed  (chok'wed),  n.  A  name  given 
to  several  weeds  of  different  genera  — to 
some  because  they  choke  the  growth  of 
other  plants,  to  others  because  when  swal- 
lowed they  produce  a  choking  sensation  in 
the  throat. 

Chokewort  (chok'wert),  n.  Same  as  Choke- 
weed.  John  Taylor. 

Chokhadar  (chok'ha-diir),  n.  In  India, 
a  watchman  or  policeman.  Written  also 
Chokedar. 

Choking  (chok'ing),  p.  and  o.  1.  Causing 
suffocation;  tending  to  choke  or  suffocate. 

No  solicitations  could  induce  him.  on  a  hot  day 
and  in  a  high  wind,  to  move  out  of  the  choki 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc.  ley. 


CHOKY 


cloud  of  dust  which  overhung  the  line  of  march,  and 
which  severely  tried  lun^s  less  delicate  than  his. 

Mactmlay. 

2.  Obstructed  or  indistinct  in  utterance; 
gasping;  as,  to  speak  with  a  chokina  voice. 

Choky  (chok'i),  a.  Tending  to  choke  or 
suffocate ;  as,  the  air  of  the  room  was  quite 
choky. 

Cholagogue  (kol'a-gog),  n.  [Or.  cholegagos 
—chuff,  oile,  anil  a;tu<iox.  leading,  from  a<jo, 
to  lead.]  A  medicine  that  has  the  quality 
of  carrying  off  the  bile. 

Cholate  (ko'lat),  «.  A  salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  cholic  acid  with  a  base. 

Choleate  (ko'le-at),  n.  A  salt  formed  by 
tlic  union  of  choleic  acid  with  a  base. 

Choledography  (kol-e-dog'ra-fi),  n.  [Or. 
<  hnlf,  bile.andorapAy,  to  write, with  d  erron- 
eously inserted.]  An  account  of  what  per- 
tains to  the  bile.  Dunylison. 

Choledology  (kol-e-dol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  chole, 
bile,  and  logos,  a  discourse.]  Knowledge 
relating  to  the  bile.  Dunglison. 

Choleic  (ko-le'ik),  a.  [Or.  chole,  cholos,  bile.  ] 
Of  or  pertaining  to,  or  obtained  from,  bile; 
as.  choleic  acid.  —  Choleic  acid,  the  sulphu- 
retted acid  of  bile  (C.^H^NSO,). 

Choler  (kol'er),  n.  [O?Fr.  cholere  (Fr.  coli-re), 
choler,  anger,  L.  cholera,  a  bilious  ailment, 
from  Gr.  chotem,  from  chole,  bile,  anger.] 
l.t  The  bile.  Sir  T.  Browne.  By  the  super- 
abundance of  this  fluid  anger  was  formerly 
supposed  to  be  produced.  Hence— 2.  Anger; 
wrath;  irascibility.  'Had  his  choler  roused.' 
Burke.  'Old  but  full  of  force  and  choler.' 
Tennyson. 

Throw  cold  water  on  thy  choler.  Shak. 

Cholera  (kol'er-a),  n.  [L.,  bile,  a  bilious 
complaint.  See  CHOLER.  ]  The  name  applied 
to  two  diseases  utterly  dissimilar;  the  one 
known  more  fully  by  the  name  of  common  or 
Englishcholera,&n<l  the  other  by  that  of  chol- 
era morbtis  or  malignant  cholera.  Some 
puthologists  recognize  a  third  variety  under 
the  name  of  cholera  asphyxia.  The  common 
cholera  is  a  bilious  disease,  long  known  in 
this  and  most  other  countries,  and  consists 
in  copious  vomiting  and  purging  of  bilious 
matter,  with  violent  griping,  cramps  of  the 
muscles  of  the  abdomen  and  lower  extremi- 
ties, and  great  depression  of  strength.  It 
is  most  prevalent  at  the  end  of  summer  or 
the  beginning  of  autumn.  Cholera  morbus, 
by  far  the  more  terrible  of  the  two,  is  in 
many  respects  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
diseases  that  have  ever  afflicted  the  human 
race.  The  disease,  in  its  more  ordinary  form, 
commences  with  sickness,  vomiting,  or 
perhaps  two  or  three  loose  evacuations  of 
the  bowels ;  after  which  follow  a  sense  of 
burning  at  the  prrecordia,  an  increased 
purging  and  vomiting  of  a  white  or  colour- 
less fluid,  great  prostration  of  strength, 
spasms  at  the  extremities,  which  increase 
in  violence  with  the  vomiting  and  purging. 
Such  cases  last  from  twelve  to  thirty-six 
hours;  after  this  the  patient  generally  sinks 
into  a  state  of  extreme  collapse,  and  this 
stage  in  most  cases  passes  by  a  gradual 
transition  into  a  febrile  one,  which  in  a 
majority  of  instances  proves  fatal.  Cholera 
asphyxia,  a  disease  differing  from  ordinary 
cholera  morbus  in  a  more  rapid  progress,  in 
producing  more  violent  spasms,  in  asphyxia 
or  cessation  of  pulse,  and  speedy  death. 

Choleraic  (kol-er-a'ik),  a.  Relating  to  cho- 
lera; as,  choleraic  virus. 

Choleric  (kol'er-ik),  a.  1.  Abounding  with 
choler  or  bile.  Dryden.—Z.  Easily  irritated; 
irascible;  inclined  to  anger;  as,  a  choleric 
man.  'Somewhat  choleric  and  sudden.' 
Byron. 

Bull  was  an  honest,  plain-dealing  fellow,  choleric, 
bold,  and  of  a  very  inconstant  temper. 

Martians  Scriblerits. 

3.  Indicating  anger;  excited  by  anger;  angry; 
as,  a  choleric  speech. 

That  in  the  captain's  hut  a  choleric  word 
Which  in  the  soldier  is  flat  blasphemy.      Shak. 

Cholericly  (kol'er-ik-li),  adv.  In  a  choleric 
manner.  (Rare.] 

Ch.olericness(kol'er-ik-iies),  n.  Irascibility; 
anger;  peevishness.  'Contentiousness  and 
cholericness.'  Bp.  Gauden.  [Rare.] 

Cholerine  (kol'er-in),  n.  In  med.  the  first 
stage  of  epidemic  cholera ;  the  precursory 
symptoms  of  cholera.  Dunglison. 

Cholerold  (kol'er-oid),  a.  Resembling 
cholera. 

Cholesteric  (kol-es-ter'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
cholesterine.  or  obtaipeu  from  it— Choles- 
teric acid  (CsH,qO5),  an  acid  obtained  by 
boiling  cholesterine  with  nitric  acid.  It  is 
in  crystals  of  a  yellowish-white  colour. 


4G3 


CHOP 


Cholesterine,  Cholesterln  (ko-ics'tcr-in). 
n.  [  Or.  chole,  bile,  and  stereo*,  solid.  1 
(^H^O.)  A  peculiar  substance  best  pre- 
pared from  biliary  calculi,  but  also  occurrm;- 
in  nervous  tissue,  yolk  of  egg,  seminal  fluid, 
and  blood  corpuscles,  as  well  as  in  beans, 
peas,  wheat,  rye,  and  other  plants.  It  may 
be  obtained  as  a  white  crystalline  body. 

Choliaml),  Chollamblc  (ko'li-amb,  ko-li- 
am'bik), ».  [Or.  cliiilinmlMa,  that  is,  lame  or 
limiting  iambus-  chulov,  lame.)  A  verse  in 
poetry  having  an  iambic  foot  in  the  fifth 
place,  and  a  spondee  in  the  sixth  or  last. 

ChollC  (kol'ik),  a.  [Or.  chole,  bile.]  Of  or 
pertaining  to  bile.  —  Cholic  acid,  an  acid 
(QwHtoOe)  produced  by  the  action  of  alka- 
lies on  the  acids  of  bile,  as  in  choleic  acid. 
Cholic  acid  does  not  exist  ready  formed  in 
bile,  but  is  produced  from  its  nitrogenized 
acids  during  putrefaction  after  its  removal 
from  the  body. 

Cholochrome  (kolVkrom),  ».  [Gr.  chnlus, 
bile,  and  chroma,  colour]  The  colouring 
matter  of  bile.  See  BILIPHJEIN. 

Cholopliaein  ( kol-o-fe'in ),  n.  [Gr.  chains, 
bile,  and  phaios,  brown.]  Same  as  Bili- 
phtvin. 

Choltry  (chol'tri).    See  CHOULTRY. 

Chonier  (ko'mer),  n.  A  Hebrew  measure;  a 
homer  (which  see). 

Chomp  (chomp)  v.t.  To  chew  greedily;  to 
champ.  [  Provincial  English  and  colloq. 
t'nited  States.] 

Chondrincation(kon/dri-fl-ka"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  chondrifying  or  converting  into  car- 
tilage ;  state  of  being  chondrifled.  'The 
processes  of  chondrijication  and  ossification. ' 
//.  Spencer. 

Chondrify  (kon'dri-fi),  v.  t.  and  i.  [Gr.  chon- 
dros,  cartilage,  and  L.  facere,  to  make.]  To 
convert  or  be  converted  into  cartilage. 
Huxley. 

Chondrin,  Chondrine  (kon'drin),  n.  [Gr. 
chondros,  a  cartilage.]  (C^H^NjO,.)  The 
name  given  to  the  substance  which  is  pro- 
duced by  boiling  the  tissue  of  cartilage  as  it 
occurs  in  the  ribs,  trachea,  nose,  &e.,  and 
of  the  cornea  in  water.  It  is  slowly  dis- 
solved in  boiling  water,  and  when  dry  re- 
sembles glue. 

Chondrite  (kon'drit),  71.  [L.  chondnii,  a 
species  of  sea-weed.]  A  fossil  marine  plant 
of  the  chalk  and  other  formations:  so  called 
from  their  resemblance  to  the  existing 
Chondrus  crtepus,  or  Irish-moss.  Page. 

Chondritis(kon-dri'tis),  n.  [Gr.  chondros, 
cartilage,  and  itis,  a  term,  denoting  inflam- 
mation. ]  In  med .  inflammation  of  cartilage. 

Chondrodite(kon'dro-dit),  n.  [Gr.  chondros, 
grain.]  A  mineral,  occurring  in  grains  or 
imperfect  crystals,  or  in  four-sided  prisms 
with  rhombic  bases,  truncated  on  the  two 
acute  lateral  edges.  It  is  translucent,  and 
its  colour  varies  from  reddish  or  amber  yel- 
low to  grayish  brown.  Uutnite  is  a  variety. 

Chondroglossus  (kon-dro-glos'sus),  n.  [Gr. 
chondros,  a  cartilage,  and  glossa,  the  tongue.  ] 
In  anat.  a  muscle  running  from  the  cartila- 
ginous joining  of  the  body  and  horn  of  the 
hyoid  bone  to  the  tongue. 

Chondrography  (  kon-drog'ra-n  ).  n.  [  Gr. 
chondros,  cartilage,  and  graphs,  to  write.  ] 
A  description  of  cartilages. 

Chondrold  (kon'droid),  a.  [Gr.  chondros, 
cartilage,  and  eidos,  resemblance.  ]  Carti- 
lage-like; resembling  cartilage. 

Chondrology  (kon-drol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  chon- 
dros, a  cartilage,  and  logos,  a  discourse.  ] 
The  science  or  knowledge  of  cartilages. 

Chondrometer  ( kon-drom'et-er ),  n.  [Gr. 
chondros,  grain,  and  metron,  a  measure.  ]  An 
instrument  of  the  steelyard  kind,  for  weigh- 
ing corn. 

Chondropterygian,  Chondropteryglous 
kon'drop-te-rij'Ti-an,  kon'drop-te-rij'1-us),  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  chondropterygii ;  gristly- 
flnned;  having  a  cartilaginous  skeleton. 

Chondropteryglan  ( kon'drop-te-rij"i-an ), 
71.  One  of  the  Chondropterygii. 

Chondropterygii  (kon'drop-te-rij"i-I),  n.  pi. 
[Or.  chondros,  a  cartilage,  and  pteryx, 
pterygos,  a  wing  ]  One  of  the  two  great 
sections  into  which  Curier  divides  the  class 
Pisces.  The  principal  character  which  dis- 
tinguishes this  section  from  the  fishes  with 
true  bone,  is  the  cartilaginous  or  gristly 
substance  of  which  the  bones  are  composed. 
The  spines  also  which  support  the  fins  are 
all  of  a  gristly  nature,  the  cause  in  both 
cases  being  a  deficiency  of  calcareous  mat- 
ter. The  families  of  this  section  include 
the  sturgeon,  shark,  ray,  and  lamprey. 
Called  also  Cartilaginei. 

Chondrotome  ( kon'dro-tom ), ».    [See  next 


art.)    In  iury.  a  knife  specifically  adapt' d 

to  cutting  cartilages. 
Chondrotomy  (koo-drot'e-Bdl  a.    [Or. 

choiulna,  cartilage,  and  tuinf,  u  cutting  J  A 

dissection  of  cartilages. 
Chondrus  (kon'dnu).  n.     (Or.  chmtdrot,  a 

OjUtBlfK]    A  genus  of  sen-weeds,  iiiclii.lnn! 

the  Chvndnu  crUrpus  (Irish-moss  or  C;ui.i 
i    gcen),  which  furnishes  a  nutritious  gelatin 

ous  matter. 
Choose  (clioz),  D.f.  pret.  chose;  pp  clime  n 

(chute  now  obsolete  or  vulgar);  ppr.  cAoo«- 

"10.     [O.K.  chute,  cheie,  dame,  A   ta 

san;  cog.  D.  kiezen,  Icel.  kjosa,  Dan.  kaart. 

G.  kieten,  to  choose,  Goth.  Hunan,  to  choose. 

to  prove,  kausjan,  to  test;  from  a  root  seen 

also  in  L.  gtulare.  Or.  geuumai,  to  taste  ] 

1.  To  pick  out ;  to  select;  to  take  by  way  of 
preference  from  two  or  more  persons  or 
things  offend;  to  make  choice  of;  as,  refuse 
the  evil  and  choose  the  good. 

Choose  an  author  as  you  choose  a  friend. 

JEMMMMMH, 

To  prefer  is  an  act  of  the  judgment ;  and  to  eko.ii, 
is  an  act  of  the  will.  The  one  describes  intellectual, 
and  the  other  practical  decision.  //'.  Taylor. 

2.  To  wish ;  to  be  inclined  or  have  an  incli- 
nation for:  now  generally  with  infinitive; 
as,  Why  did  you  not  go?    Because  I  did  not 
choose  to  (go).    [Colloq.) 

The  landlady  now  returned  to  know  if  we  did  not 
MM0  a  more  genteel  apartment.  Goldsmith. 

SYN.  To  select,  prefer,  elect,  adopt,  follow. 
Choose  (choz),  r.i.  1.  To  select ;  to  make  a 
choice;  to  decide. 

They  had  only  to  choose  between  implicit  obedience 
and  open  rebellion.  Prescott. 

2.  t  To  do  as  one  pleases. 

If  you  will  not  have  me,  choose.  Shai. 

—Cannot  choose  but,  cannot  do  otherwise 
than. 

I  cannot  choose  but  pity  her.  Shak. 

Chooser  (choz'er),  n.  One  that  chooses;  one 
that  has  the  power  or  right  of  choosing.  'So 
far  forth  as  herself  might  be  her  chooser. ' 
Shak. 

Chooslngly  (choVing-li).  ado.   By  choosing. 

Chop  (chop),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  chopped;  ppr. 
chopping.  [  Same  word  as  chap,  to  split,  with 
a  slightly  different  form  and  meaning;  cog. 
O.  D.  koppen,  to  cut  off,  to  behead ;  1).  and 
O.  kappen,  to  chop,  to  mince,  to  cut ;  Dan. 
kappe,  to  cut,  to  lop.)  1.  To  cut  into  pieces; 
to  mince :  as,  to  chop  wood ;  to  chop  meat ; 
to  chop  straw.— 2.  To  sever  or  separate,  by 
striking  with  a  sharp  instrument :  usually 
with  off;  as,  to  chop  off  one's  head.  '  Chop 
the  breasts  from  off  the  mother. '  Tennyson. 
3.t  To  devour  eagerly;  to  gobble:  with  tip. 

You  are  for  making  a  hasty  meal  and  for  chopping 
up  your  entertainment  like  an  hungry  clown.' 

Dryden. 

4.  To  cause  to  cleave  or  open  in  long  chinks 
or  slits;  to  chap.— Tochop  a  fox,  mfox-himt- 
ing,  to  seize  a  fox  before  he  has  had  time  to 
escape  from  cover:  said  of  a  hound. 

Chop  ( chop ),  71.  1.  A  piece  chopped  off ;  a 
slice,  particularly  of  meat ;  as,  a  mutton 
chop.— Z.  A  crack  or  cleft. 

Chop  (chop),  v.i.  l.t  To  do  something  with 
sudden,  unexpected  motion,  like  that  of  a 
blow;  to  make  a  hasty  movement;  to  strike. 

He  chops  at  the  shadow  and  loses  the  substance. 
Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

2.  To  utter  words  suddenly;  to  interrupt  by 
remarking :  with  in  or  out.     See  phrases 
below.— 3.  To  crack;  to  open  longitudinally; 
to  chap. — To  chop  in  with,  to  cut  in  witll 
(some  remark);  to  interrupt  with.  Latimer. 
—To  chop  out  with,  to  give  vent  to.    Beau, 
d-  Fl. 

Chop  (chop),  rj.t.  [Same  origin  as  cheap, 
being  a  softened  form  of  O.K.  copen,  to  buy. 
See  CHEAP.  ]  1. 1  To  buy,  or  rather  to  barter, 
truck. — 2.  To  exchange;  to  put  one  thing  in 
the  place  of  another. 

We  go  on  chopping  and  changing  our  friends. 
Sir  R.  L'Kstrattfe. 

—To  chop  logic,  to  dispute  or  argue  in  a 
sophistical  manner  or  with  an  affectation  of 
logical  terms  or  methods. 

A  man  must  not  presume  to  use  his  reason,  unless 
he  has  studied  the  categories,  and  can  chop  tofic  by 
mode  and  figure.  Smollett. 

Chop  (chop),  v.  i.   [See  above. )  1.  To  bargain. 
•Chopping  for  rotten  raisins.'   Beau.  tk  Fl. 
2.t  To  bandy  words;  to  dispute. 
Let  not  the  council  at  the  bit  chop  with  the  )udge. 
Bacon. 

3.  To  tuni,  vary,  change,  or  shift  suddenly; 
as,  the  wind  chops,  or  chaps  about. 

Chop  ( chop ),  n  [  Same  origin  as  verbs 
above.)  A  turn  of  fortune;  change;  vicissi- 
tude: now  used  only  in  the  colloquial  phrase 


uh,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      e,  go;      j,.?ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  iing;      TU,  (Aeu;  th,  (Ain;     w,  i»ig;     wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CHOI' 


404 


CHOROGRAPHY 


chops  and  changes.signifying  ups  and  downs; 
vicissitudes. 

There  be  odd  chops  and  changes  in   this  here 
world,  for  sartin.  Marryat. 

Chop  (chop),  n.  [See  CHAP,  the  jaw.]  1.  The 
chap ;  the  jaw. — 2.  pi.  The  mouth  or  entrance 
to  a  channel ;  as,  the  chops  of  the  English 
Channel. 

Chop  (chop),  n.  [Hind,  clihap,  stamp,  print, 
copy,  impression.]  1.  An  official  mark  on 
weights  and  measures  to  show  their  accu- 
racy; an  eastern  custom-honse  stamp  or 
seal  on  goods  that  have  paid  duty;  a  permit 
or  clearance.  Hence  — 2.  A  word  used  iu 
China  to  signify  quality;  as,  silk  or  tea  of 
tile  first  chop.  Hence  the  colloquial  phrase 
Jinst  chop,  first  rate.— 3.  The  entire  bulk  of 
a  certain  kind  of  tea  brought  to  market,  or 
of  the  quantity  made. 

Chop-boat  (chop'bot),  n.  [See  preceding 
art.  ]  In  China,  a  boat  licensed  for  the  con- 
veyance of  goods. 

Chop-cherry  (chop'che-ri),  n.  A  game  in 
which  a  cherry  is  snatched  for.  Herrick. 

Chop-fallen  (chop'faln),  a.  Dejected; 
dispirited.  See  CHAP-FALLEN. 

Though  strong  persuasion  hung  upon  thy  lip. — 
Alas  how  chop-fattn  now  I  flair. 

Chop-house  (choplious),  n.  A  house  where 
provisions,  as  chops,  <fec. .  ready  dressed  are 
sold;  an  eating-house.  '  Head-waiter  of  the 
chop-house  here.'  Tennyson. 

I  lost  my  place  at  the  chop-house.        Spectator. 

Chop-house  (chop'hous),  n.  [See  CHOP,  a 
mark,  &c.  ]  In  China,  a  custom-house  for  the 
levying  and  collection  of  transit  dues. 
Chopin,  Choppln  (chop'ln),  n.  [Fr.  ehopine.  ] 
1.  An  old  liquid  measure  in  France,  varying 
in  different  localities,  in  Paris  equal  to 
rather  more  than  four-fifths  of  an  imperial 
pint.  — 2.  An  old  English  measure  equal  to 
half  a  pint.  —  3.  In  Scotland,  a  measure 
equal  to  half  a  Scotch  pint,  or  about  one 
quart  of  English  wine  measure. 
Chopine,  Chlopplne  ( chop-fin1),  n.  [O.E. 
also  chapin,  from  Sp.  chapin,  a  clog  or 
ehopine.]  A  sort  of  very  lofty  clog  or  pat- 
ten, in  some  cases  resembling  a  short  stilt, 
formerly  worn  by  ladies  under  their  shoes 
to  elevate  them  from  the  ground.  Evelyn 
calls  them  'wooden  scaffolds.'  Coryate 
(1611)  says  some  he 
had  seen  at  Venice 
were  half  a  yard 
high  (the  ladies 
graduating  their 
height  in  accord- 
ance with  their 
rank),  so  that 
when  using  them 
they  required  to 
l>e  supported  to 
prevent  them 
from  falling.  They 
were  first  im- 
ported from  Tur- 
key into  Venice,  and  thence  into  England, 
and  were  covered  with  leather  of  various 
colours,  some  being  curiously  painted,  and 
some  even  gilt.  The  name  came  to  be  applied 
to  the  shoe  or  slipper  and  clog  combined. 
Written  also  Chapin. 

Your  ladyship  is  nearer  to  heaven  than  when  I  saw 
youlastbythealtitudeofa  chopine.  shaK. 

Chop-logic  (choploj-ik).  ?i.  An  argumen- 
tative, disputatious  person. 

How  now.  how  now.  chop-logicl  what  is  this?  Shak. 

Chopness  (chop'nes),  n.  A  kind  of  shovel  or 

spade.    Sitninondg. 
Chopped  (chopt).  p.  and  a.    1.  Cut;  minced; 

as,  meat  chopped  small.— 2.  Chapped. 

I  remember  kissing  the  cow's  dugs  that  her  pretty 
chopped  hands  had  milked.  Ska*. 

Chopper  (chop'er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  chops;  a  butcher's  cleaver. 

Chopping  (chop'ing),  n.    Same  as  Chopint. 

Chopping (chop'iug), a.  [In  meaning  1,  from 
chop,  to  change.)  1.  Having  tumbling  waves 
which  dash  against  each  other  with  a  short 
quick  motion. 

And  let  no  man  lose  heart,  and  abandon  a  good 
scheme,  because  he  meets  chopping  seas  and  cross 
winds  at  the  outset.  Dr.  Gitthrie. 

2.t  Stout;  lusty;  plump.  "The  fair  and  chop. 

ping  child.'    Fenton. 
Chopping -block  (chop'ing-blok),  n.     A 

block  on  which  anything    is   laid   to    be 

chopped.     Mortimer. 
Chopplng-board(chop'ing-b6rd),»i.  A  board 

on  which  anything  is  placed  to  be  chopped. 

Dickens. 
Chopping-knife  (chop'ing-nif),  n.   A  knife 

for  mincing  meat. 


Chopines. 


Choppy  (chop'i),  a.  1.  Full  of  clefts  or 
cracks. — 2.  As  applied  to  the  sea,  same  as 
Chopping. 

Chppstick  (chop'stik),  n.  One  of  two  small 
sticKs  of  wood,  ivory,  itc.,  held  between  the 
thumbs  and  fingers,  and  used  by  the  Chinese 
and  Japanese  for  conveying  food  to  the 
mouth. 

ChoragiC  (ku-ra'jik),a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
nected with  a  choragus. —  Choragic  monu- 
ment, in  Greek  antiq.  a  monument  erected 
in  honour  of  the  choragus  who  gained  the 
prize  by  the  exhibition  of  the  best  musical 
or  theatrical  entertainment  at  the  festival 
of  Bacchus. 

Choragus  (ko-ra'gns),  n.  [Or.  choragos, 
choregos—choros,  a  chorus,  and  ago,  to  lead.] 
1.  In  Greek  antiq.  the  leader  or  superintend- 
ent of  a  chorus ;  the  superintendent  of  a 
theatrical  representation;  the  person  who 
had  to  provide  at  his  own  expense  the 
choruses  for  tragedies  and  comedies,  and  for 
the  various  religious  festivals. — 2.  Ecclett. 
an  officer  who  superintends  the  musical 
details  of  divine  service.  The  name  and 
office  are  still  retained  iu  the  University  of 
Oxford. 

Choral  (ko'ral),a.  [From  cAoru*.]  Belonging, 
relating,  or  pertaining  to,  a  choirf  concert, 
or  chorus;  as,  choral  symphonies. 

The  wild  and    barbaric  melody  which  gives  so 
striking  an  effect  to  the  choral  passages.  IHacattlay, 
A  star  that  with  the  choral  starry  dance 
Join'd  not.  Tennyson. 

Choral  (ko'ral),  n.  A  psalm  or  hymn  tune 
sometimes  sung  in  unison  by  the  congrega- 
tion, the  organ  supplying  the  harmony. 

Chorallst  (ko'ral-ist),  n.  A  member  of  a 
choir;  a  composer  of  chorals;  a  musician. 

Chorally  (ko'ral-li),  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
a  chorus;  so  as  to  suit  a  choir. 

Chord  (kord),  n.  [L.  chorda,  tromGr.chordt, 
an  intestine,  of  which  strings  were  made, 
hence  the  string  of  a  musical  instrument. 
When  it  signifies  a  string  or  small  rope,  iu 
general,  it  is  written  cord.  See  CORD.  ]  l.The 
string  of  a  musical  instrument. — 2.  In  mime, 
the  simultaneous  combination  of  different 
sounds,  consonant  or  dissonant.  The  com- 
mon chord  consists  of  a  fundamental  or  bass 
note  with  its  third  and  fifth.  When  the 
interval  between  the  bass  note  and  its  third 
is  two  full  tones,  the  combination  is  a  major 
chord;  when  the  interval  is  a  tone  and  a 
half  the  combination  is  termed  a  minor 
chord;  when  the  intervals  between  the  bass 
note  and  its  third  and  the  third  and  the 
fifth  are  each  a  tone  and  a  half,  the  chord  is 
called  diminished.  The  tonic  chord  is  made 
up  of  the  key-note  and  its  third  and  fifth; 
the  <l"iinnti/it  chord  consists  of  the  dominant 
or  fifth  of  the  scale  accompanied  by  its 
third  and  fifth;  the  sitbdominant  chord  has 
for  its  root  or  bass  the  suhdominant  or 
fourth  of  the  scale,  accompanied  with  its 
third  and  fifth.  Hence— 8.  Harmony,  as  of 
colour. 

The  sweet  and  solemn  harmony  of  purple  with 
various  green— the  same,  by  the  by.  to  which  the 
hills  of  Scotland  owe  their  best  loveliness— remained 
a  favourite  chord  of  colour  with  the  Venetians 

Raskin. 

4.  In  grom.  a  straight  line  drawn  or  sup- 
posed to  extend  from 
one  end  of  an  arc  of  a 
circle  to  the  other. 
Thus  A  c  and  A  n  are 
the  chords  of  the  arcs 
A  c  and  A  c  B. 

Chord  (kord),  c.t.  To 
furnish  with  chords  or 
musical  strings. 

Chorda  (kor'da).  n. 
pi.  Chordae  (kor'de). 
[See  CHOKD.  ]  1.  In 

anat.  a  tendon ;  a  filament  of  nerve,  &c.— 
Chorda  tympani,  a  branch  of  the  seventh 
pair  of  nerves.— Chorda  dortalit,  the  noto- 
chord  or  dorsal  chord,  a  term  applied  to  a 
gelatiniform,  transparent  chord  found  in 
the  embryonic  stage  of  all  vertebrate  ani- 
mals.— 2.  In  hot.  a  genus  of  algte.  One  spe- 
cies (C.  Filum)  is  known  by  the  name  of 
sea-lace. 

Chprded  (kord'ed),  p.  and  a.  Furnished 
with  chords  or  strings:  strung.  Dryden. 

Chordee  (kor'de),  „.  [See  CHORD.)  A  pain- 
ful erection  of  the  penis,  under  which  it 
is  considerably  curved.  It  attends  gonor- 
rhea, and  usually  occurs  at  night. 

Chpre  (chor),  n.  A  chare  or  small  Job; 
minor  work  of  a  domestic  kind:  generally 
used  in  the  plural.  [United  States.) 

Chore*  (kor),  n.  A  chorus;  a  choir.  B. 
Jonsoii. 


Chorea  (ko're-a  or  ko-re'a),  n.    [Gr.  choreia 
ailixnce.]    In  med.  St.  Vitus's  dance;  con- 
vulsive motions  of  the  limbs,  occasioning 
strange  and  involuntary  gesticulations. 
Choree  (ko-re'),  n.     Same  as  Choreus 
Choregraphlc,    Choregraphlcal  (ko-re- 
gnf'flc,   ko-re-graf'ik-al),  o.    Relating  to 
clioregraphy. 

Choregraphy  (ko-reg'ra-fl),  n.  [Or.  chimia. 
dancing,  ami  grapho,  to  describe.)  The  art 
of  representing  dancing  by  signs,  as  singini; 
is  represented  by  notes. 

Choregus  (ko-re'gus),  n.    See  CHORARTS. 

Chprepiscopal  (ko-re-pis'ko-pal),  n.  Per- 
taining to  the  power  of  a  chorepiscopus, 
that  is,  a  suffragan  or  local  bishop. 

Chorepiscopus  (ko-re-pis'ko-pus),  n.  pi 
Choreplscopl  (ko-re-pis'ko-pi).  [Gr.  c/io/a, 
place,  country,  and  epixcopnx,  bishop.]  A 
local  or  suffragan  bishop;  a  bishop  appointed 
by  the  ordinary  bishop  of  a  diocese  to  assist 
him  in  taking  charge  of  the  country  lying 
around  the  city  in  which  he  himself  lived 

Choreus  (ko-re' us),  n.  [Gr.  chureios.]  In 
pros,  (o)  a  foot  of  two  syllables,  the  first  long 
and  the  second  short;  a  trochee,  (b)  With 
later  prosodists,  a  tribrach;  a  foot  consist- 
ing of  three  short  syllables. 

Choriamb,  Choriambus  (ko'ri-amb,  ko-ri- 
am'bus),  n.  [Gr.  choreioe,  a  trochee,  and 
iambos,  iambus.)  In  pros,  a  foot  consisting 
of  four  syllables,  of  which  the  first  and  last 
are  long,  and  the  others  short;  that  is,  a 
choreus  or  trochee  and  an  iambus  united ; 
as,  ndbilttds,  anxlftus. 

Choriambic  (ko-ri-am'bik),  n.    A  choriamb. 

Choriambic  (ko-ri-am'bik),  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  choriamb. 

Choric  (ko'rik),  a.  Relating  to  a  chorus. 
'  CAoric  song. '  Tennyson. 

Chorion  (ko'rl-on),  n.  [Or.]    1.  In  anat.  the 
external  vascular  membrane  which  invests 
the  fetus  in  utero.— 2.  In  Dot.  the  external 
|    membrane  of  the  seeds  of  plants. 

Chorisis  (ko'ri-sis),  n.  [Gr.  cAorizo,  to  sepa- 
rate, to  sever. )  In  bot.  the  separation  of  a 
lamina  from  one  part  of  an  organ,  so  as  to 
form  a  scale,  or  a  doubling  of  the  organ;  it 
may  be  either  transverse  or  collateral.  Bal- 
fottr.  Called  also  Chorization. 

Chorist  (ko'rist),  n.  [Fr.  choriste.J  A  singer 
in  a  choir.  (Rare.) 

Chorister  (kor'ist-er),  n.  [From  chorut, 
choir.  ]  1.  One  of  a  choir ;  a  singer  in  a 
chorus. 

The  choristers  the  joyous  anthem  sing.    Spenser. 

2.  One  who  leads  a  church  choir.  [This  is 
the  sense  in  the  United  States.]-3.  A  singer 
iu  general;  as,  the  feathered  choristers. 

The  new-born  phoenix  takes  his  way ; 

Of  airy  choristers  a  numerous  train 

Attend  bis  progress.  Dryden. 

Choristic  (ko-rist'ik),  a.  Belonging  to  « 
choir;  choric;  choral.  [Rare.] 

Chorization  (ko-ri-za'shon),  ».  Same  as 
Chorwis. 

Chorl(chprl),  n.  The  projecting  angle  at 
the  junction  of  the  blade  of  a  penknife  with 
the  shank  which  forms  the  joint.  K.  U. 
Knight. 

Chorobates  (ko-rob'a-tez),  n.  [Gr.  choro- 
batri,  an  instrument  for  taking  levels.]  An 
instrument,  differing  little  from  an  ordin- 
ary carpenter's  level,  used  to  determine  the 
slope  of  an  aqueduct,  and  the  levels  of  the 
country  to  be  passed  through. 

Chorograph  (ko'ro-graf),  n.  An  instalment 
contrived  by  Prof.  Wallace  of  Edinburgh,  to 
construct,  by  mechanical  means,  two  simi- 
lar triangles  on  two  given  straight  lines, 
their  angles  being  given.  It  is  especially 
important  in  marine  surveying. 

Chorographer  (ko-rog'raf-er),  n.  One 
skilled  in  chorography ;  a  person  who  de- 
scribes or  makes  a  map  of  a  particular  re- 
gion or  country ;  one  who  investigates  the 
locality  of  places  mentioned  by  ancient 
writers  and  endeavours  to  identify  their 
true  situation.  '  Camden  and  other  cfiorog- 
raphers.'  Hilton. 

Chorographic,  Chorographical  (ko-ro- 
graf'ik,  ko-ro-graf'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
chorography;  descriptive  of  particular  re- 
gions or  countries:  laying  down  or  marking 
the  bounds  of  particular  countries. 

I  have  added  a  Chorographical  description  of  this 
terrestrial  paradise.  Raleigh. 

Chorographically  (ko-ro-graf'ik-al-li),  adv. 

In  a  cnorographical  manner;  in  a  manner 

descriptive  of  particular  regions. 
Chorography  (ko-rog'ra-fl),  n.    [Gr  chores, 

a  place  or  region,  and  grapho,  to  describe.  ] 

The  art  or  practice  of  making  maps  of  or 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  toy. 


CHOROID 


describing  particular  regions,  countries,  or 
districts. 

Choroid  (kor'oid),  a.  [Or.  chorion,  the 
chorion,  and  eidos,  shape,  resemblance.]  In 
anat.  a  term  applied  to  several  parts  which 
resemble  the  chorion  in  the  multitude  of 
their  vessels;  as  the  choroid  membrane,  one 
of  the  membranes  of  the  eye  of  a  very  dark 
colour  situated  between  the  sclerotic  and 
the  retina,  and  terminating  anteriorly  at  the 
great  circumference  of  the  iris;  the  choroid 
in  uscle,  the  ciliary  muscle  of  the  eye;  choroid 
plexus,  one  of  two  membranous  and  vascu- 
lar Juplicatures  of  the  pin  mater  or  inner 
membrane  investing  the  brain. 

Chorcld  (kor'oid),  •».  In  anat.  a  part  re- 
sembling the  chorion;  more  especially,  the 
choroid  membrane  of  the  eye.  See  the 
adjective. 

Chorology(ko-rol'o-ji),  n.  [Or.  choros,  a 
place,  land,  and  logos,  discourse.]  See  ex- 
tract. 

Lastly  he  (Haeckel)  takes  up  what  he  calls  chore, 
topy,  a  term  under  which  he  includes  everything  re- 
lating to  the  laws  of  the  distribution  of  plants  and 
animals.  Scotsman  newspaper. 

Chorometry  (ko-rom'et-ri),  n.  [Or.  choros 
a  district,  and  metron,  measure.]  The  art  of 
measuring  or  surveying  a  district;  a  survey 
Chorus  (ko'rns),  n.  [L.  chorus,  from  GT. 
choros,  a  dance  in  a  ring,  a  chorus  ]  1  In 
tlic  Greek  drama,  (a)  originally  n  company 
of  dancers  dancing  in  a  ring  accompanied 
by  their  own  singing  or  that  of  others  •  a 
band  of  singers  and  dancers. 

Grecian  tragedy  was  at  first  nothing  but  a  chants 
of  singers.  Dry  den. 

(li)  The  persons  who  were  supposed  to  behold 
what  passed  in  the  acts  of  a  tragedy,  and 
sing  their  sentiments  between  the  acts 
(c)  The  song  between  the  acts  of  a  tragedy 
2.  Verses  of  a  song  in  which  the  company 
join  the  singer:  or  the  union  of  a  company 
with  a  singer,  in  repeating  certain  couplets 
or  verses,  at  certain  periods  in  a  song. —3.  In 
ui  tttic,  (a)  a  composition,  sometimes  in  two 
or  three,  but  generally  in  four  parts,  sun" 
by  many  voices.  A  double  chorus  is  in  eight 


.  orus  s  n 

vocal  parts,  and  sung  by  two  choirs.  (6) 
The  whole  body  of  vocalists  other  than 
soloists  whether  in  an  oratoria,  opera  or 
concert.— 4.  Any  union  of  voices  or  sounds 
accompanying  or  introduced  at  repeated  in- 
tervals during  a  narrative,  theatrical  repre- 
sentation, or  the  like;  as,  the  listeners  kept 
up  a  continuous  chorus  at  laughter.  — 5.  An 
ancient  musical  instrument  of  the  bagpipe 


405 


republic  and  oarted  on  a  gMiflKrarhre 

of  great   bitterness.      They   were  not      . 

sST'  m\  TJ'  an<1  «'™yafter  that  occa: 
11  liff     i        ms"nwtk>n  occurred  down 

*?£&£?  Uley  WCre  flm"lyPut  d-™ 
Chough  (chuf),  n.  [A.  Sax.  ceo,  a  chough  or 
jackdaw;  D.  kaauw,  Dan.  kaa  'SomSwd 
from  cawmn-  Skeat.]  A  bird  belonging 
the  genus  Fregilus,  of  the  crow  family  but 
nearly  allied  to  the  starlings.  f.  graculiil- 

frequents,  in  this  country, chiefly  thecoartj 
of  Cornwall,  whence  it  is  often  called  the 
Cornish  chough.  Its  general  colour  is  black 
contrasting  well  with  the  vermilion-red  of 
the  beak,  legs,  and  toes.  There  are  other 
species,  natives  of  Australia,  Java,  &c  In 
wa's  at  on|ometimes  called  tl'«  Aylet,  and 

Choulet  (choul).'  Same  RS  Jowl 
Choultry  (chol'tri),  „.    [Hind.]  'in  the  East 
Indies,  a  place  of  rest  anil  shelter  for  tra- 
vellers or  merchants,  similar  to  the  cara- 
l\so'cLlh-y          °'  We8teru  Asia-     Spelled 
Chouse  (chous).  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ehouscd- 
ppr.  chousing.  [Formerlyspelled  alsocAioiw' 
cAianz,  chmom,  from  Turk,  chiaus,  ehaush 
a  messenger,  interpreter,  &c.     A  Turkish 
interpreter  in  London,  in  1609,  swindle 
some  of  the  merchants  trading  with  Turkey 
out  of  a  large  sum  of  money,  hence  from 
the  notoriety  of  the  circumstance  the  word 
came  to  mean  a  cheat,  and  so  gave  rise  to 
the  verb.     Compare  such  verbs  as  to  burke 
macadamize,   Ac.     The    following   extract 
from  Ben  Jonson  shows  the  word  in  the 
process  of  development  to  its  present  meau- 


CHRISTADELPHIAN 


wmh"'  ......    « 

what,  in  their  view,  constitutes  a  portion  ..f 
the  science,  namely,  that  win,  1,    ,  ,,, 

'.''''11'  a'Hl  '^"Uti""  3  SStt 


oacnr 
Chrestomathy  (kres-tom'a-thi),  n.    [Or 

fe'm,  I*  '  ?*      ''•  a"-a  """"*«"".  >'>atl,,.in.  in 

leain.J  A  name  given  to  books  of  extracts 
endVia,'°7ign  'a,"flaKe'  with  no'ea  i,.- 
guage  acquiring  the  Ian- 

Chrism  (krizm),  n.  [Or.  chrisma,  from  «•/,  rfl 
to  anoint.)  Eccles.  (a)  holy  oil  or  unguent 
eonseerated  by  a  bishop  and  used  in  the  ad 
ministration  of  baptism,  confirmation,  ordi- 
nation, and  extreme  unction.  In  the  Greek 
am  ACath.  Churches  it  is  prepared  on 
Holy  Ihursday  with  much  ceremony  and 
in  some  cases  mixed  with  balsam.  (6)  The 
baptismal  cloth  consecrated  by  the  holy  oil 
laid  upon  the  head  of  a  child  newly  baptize,  1 
chrism"'81  (C)  The  liaDt'8mal  v"ture  i  the 

"  •'""  his  white  —  • 


... 

(d) 


Chorus  (ninth  century). — Lacroix. 


type,  consisting  of  a  bag  formed  from  an 
animal  s  skin,  and  two  pipes.  This  name 
was  also  given  to  the  Welsh  crwth,  and  in 
Scotland  to  a  trumpet  of  loud  tone 
Chorus  (ko'rus),  v.t.  1.  To  sing  or  join  in 
the  chorus  of;  as,  to  chorus  a  song  —2  To 
exclaim  or  call  out  in  concert. 

Oh,  do  let  the  Swiper  go  in.  char,,,  the  boys. 

Chose  (shoz),  n.  [Fr.  chose,  from '  L. "causa, 
a  cause.]  In  law,  property ;  a  right  to  pos- 
session; or  that  which  may  be  demanded 
and  recovered  by  suit  or  action  at  law 
Inus,  money  due  on  a  bond  or  recompense 
or  damage  done  is  a  chose  in  action  •  the 
former  proceeding  from  an  express  the 
latter  from  an  implied  contract.  A  chose 
local  is  annexed  to  a  place,  as  a  mill  or  the 
like ;  a  chose  transitory  is  a  thing  which  is 
movable. 

Chose  (choz),  pret.  and  old  pp.  of  choose 
Uiosen  (choz'n).  pp.  of  choose.    As  an  adjec- 
tive, choice;  select.     •  Other  chosen  attrac- 
tions.'   Shak. 

His  chosen  captains  also  are  drowned  in  the  Red 
Ex.  xv.  4. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA- 
VOL.  I. 


^Vhati,,1!0  you  think  of  mc  "««  I  am  a 
•ace.    What  s  that?     Dapper.   The  Turk 
(who)  was  here ;  as  one  would  say,  do  you  think  I  am 
Alcnyrmst,  i.  i.] 

To  cheat,  trick,  defraud:  followed  byo/  or 

?w,°/;  ,f'  \"  ?h°"ise  one  out  °f  his  money. 
Who  think  to  chouse  me  of  my  dear  and 
pleasant  vice.'    Oldham. 

.)„.  owever  they  may  pretend  to  chouse  one  another, 
they  make  but  very  awkward  rogues.  Slccle. 

Chouse  (chous),  n.  i.f  A  Turkish  interpre- 
ter, messenger,  or  attendant.  See  CHAUS  — 
t  One  who  is  easily  cheated;  a  tool;  a 
simpleton.  'Sillier  than  a  sottish  chouse  ' 
IIudi.bras.-3.  A  trick;  sham;  imposition 
Johnson.  [Bare.] 

Chout  (chout),  n.     In  the  East  Indies    a 
lourth  part  of  the  clear  revenue 
Chow  (chou).  n.     The  jowl;  the  chowl:  used 
almost  only  in  the  phrase  'cheek  for  chow  ' 
that  is.  cheek  by  jowl.     [Scotch  ] 
Chow  (chou),  n.    In  China,  a  town  or  city 
of  the  second  class. 

Chow-chow  (chou'chou),  11.  A  Chinese  term 
for  any  mixture,  but  in  trade  circles  con- 
fined generally  to  mixed  pickles 
Chow-chow  (chou'chou),  a:  A  Chinese 
term  signifying  mixed;  as,  chow-chota  sweet- 
meats, preserved  fruits  of  various  kinds 
mingled  together.  —  Chow-chow  chop  the  last 
lighter,  containing  the  small  sundry  pack- 
ages sent  off  to  fill  a  ship. 
Chowder  (chou'der),  n.  [In  first  sense 
probably  from  Fr.  chaudiere,  a  cauldron  in 
second  doubtful.  In  the  fishing  villages  of 
Brittany  faire  la  chaudiere  is  to  provide  a 
cauldron  in  which  is  cooked  a  mess  of  fish 
and  biscuit  with  some  savoury  condiments 
—a  '  hodge-podge  '  contributed  by  the  flsher- 
,.,en  themselves,  who  each  in  return  receives 
his  share  of  the  prepared  dish.  The  French 
would  seem  to  have  carried  this  practice  to 
America.  Notes  and  Queries.  ]  1  A  dish 
of  fish  boiled  with  biscuit,  <tc.  It  is  the 
principal  food  of  the  fishermen  on  the  banks 
of  Newfoundland.  [American.]  — 2  A  flsh- 
seller.  Halliwell.  [Provincial  English  ] 
Chowder  (chou'der),  v.t.  To  make  a 
chowder  of;  as,  to  chowder  a  fish.  [Ame- 
rican. ] 

Chowder-beer  (chou'der-ber).  n.  A  bever- 
age made  in  the  west  of  England  by  boiling 
black  spruce  in  water  and  mixing  it  with 
molasses. 

Chowl  (choul),  n.  Jowl.  [Obsolete  and 
provincial.  ] 

Chowry  (chou'ri),  n.  [Hind.]  In  the  East 
Indies,  a  whisk  to  keep  off  flies.  It  is 


A  name  sometimes  given  to  conflrma- 
-  -  child.  Same  as  Ch  risom  Ch  ild. 

Ha\ing  thus  conjured  and  prayed    he  falls  utmi 
singing  the  praises  of  this  chrSmalM      £r,l,"K° 

Chrlsmal  (ki  iz'mal),  n.  Eccles.  (a)  the  vessel 
or  flask  m  which  the  consecrated  oil  or 
chrism  was  contained.  (6)  The  pyx.  (c)  A 
c  oth  used  to  cover  relics,  (d)  The  white 
cloth  laid  over  the  head  of  one  newly  bap- 
tized after  the  unction  with  chrism,  (i)  The 
cloth  used  for  wiping  the  parts  anointed  on 
a  baptized  child. 

Chrlsmatin.  Chrlsmatlne(kriz'ma-tin),  71 
Same  as  Ilatchetine,  i 
Chrismation  (kriz-ma'shon),  n.    The  act  of 
applying  the  chrism  or  consecrated  oil  in 
baptism  by  the  priest  or  in  confirmation  by 
the  bishop.     In  the  latter  ceremony  it  U 
usually  styled  Unction. 
Chrlsmatory  (kriz'ma-to-ri),   n.     [L.  I.. 
chrismaturinm.  ]     In   tin- 
Roman  Cath.   and  Greet 
Churches,  a  receptacle  for 
the  chrism  or  holy  oil  used 
in    the    services   of    the 
church.     In   the   Roman 
Catholic  Church  the  chris- 
matory  usually  comprises 
three   separate  vessels  - 
one,  containing  the  oil  for 
use  in  baptism  ;  a  second, 
the  oil  used  in  confirma- 
tion; and  a  third,  that  used 
in  anointing  the  sick. 

Chrisom,  Chrlsome  (kris'um),  n.  [See 
CHRISM.)  1.  (a)  A  baptismal  cloth  anointed 
with  chrism  laid  on  a  child's  face  at  bap- 
tism. (6)  The  white  consecrated  vesture  put 
about  a  child  when  christened  in  token  of 
innocence,  and  with  which  in  former  times 
it  was  shrouded  if  it  died  within  the  month 
Hence-2.  A  curium  child. -Chrisom  chil.l 
(a)  a  newly  baptized  infant.  (»)  A  child  that 
dies  within  a  month  after  christening. 

Every  morning  creeps  out  of  a  dark  cloud,  leaving 
behind  it  an  ignorance  and  silence  deep  as  midnight, 
and  undiscerned  as  are  the  phantasms  that  make  a 
chrtsonte  child  to  smile.  jer.  Taylor. 

Christ  (krist),  n.  [L.  Chrtstus,  Or  Christos, 
lit.  anointed,  from  chrio,  to  anoint.]  THK 
ANOINTED:  an  appellation  given  to  the 
Saviour  of  the  world,  and  synonymous  with 
the  Hebrew  MESSIAH.  It  was  a  custom  of 
antiquity  to  consecrate  persons  to  the  sai-er- 
dotal  and  regal  offices  by  anointing  them 
with  oil. 

Christadelphian,  Christodelphian  (kris- 
ta-del'fl-an,  kris-to-del'fl-an),  n.  [Or  Chrit- 
tos.  Christ,  and  adelphos,  a  brother.)  Lit.  a 
brother  of  Christ ;  one  of  a  sect  of  Christians 
Called  also  Thomasites.  See  THOXASITE 


g,  go;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Aiu;      w,  wig;    wh, 


zh,  azure.— See  KEV. 
30 


CHRIST-CROSS 


460 


CHROME-IRON 


Christ-cross, t  Crist-crosst  (kris'kros),  n. 

1.  Mark  of  the  cross  cut,  printed,  or  stamped 
on  any  object.    It  was  sometimes  placed  on 
a  dial  for  the  figure  XII.,  that  is,  as  the  sign 
of  12  o'clock. — 2.  The  beginning  and  end ; 
the  Alpha  and  Omega :  probably  from  the 
sign  of  the  cross  being  prefixed  and   ap- 
pended to   serious    literary  undertakings, 
inscriptions  on  sepulchral  monuments,  <fec. 

Christ's  cross  is  the  Crist-cross  of  all  our  happiness. 
Quarks. 

Chrtstcross-row  (krisTtros-ro),  n.  An  old 
term  for  the  alphabet,  probably  from  the 
cross  anciently  set  before  it,  or  from  a  super- 
stitious custom  of  writing  it  in  the  form  of 
a  cross  by  way  of  charm.  '  Truths  to  be 
learned  before  ever  a  letter  in  the  Christian's 
Christcross-row.'  Whitlock. 

Christen  (kris'n),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  cristnian, 
to  christen,  from  cristen,  a  Christian,  from 
crist,  Christ  See  CHRIST.]  1.  To  initiate 
into  the  visible  church  of  Christ  by  the 
application  of  water ;  to  name  and  baptize ; 
to  baptize :  applied  to  persons.  Hence  — 

2.  To  name ;   to  denominate :    applied  to 
things.      '  Christen   the    thing   what   you 
will'    Up.  Burnet.—S.)  To  christianize. 

lam  most  certain  this  is  the  first  example  in  England 
since  it  was  first  christened.  3**-  Taylor. 

ChriBten(kris'n),t>.  i.  l.To  perform  the  rite  of 
baptism ;  as,  he  christens  and  dispenses  the 
eucharist.  — 2.  To  get  the  sacrament  of  bap- 
tism performed  for  one's  children. 

As  the  parishioners  had  these  chapels  at  first  for 
their  own  ease,  so  they  may  resort  to  the  mother- 
church,  bury,  christen,  marry,  and  have  all  other 
services  aim  advantages  from  them.  Aylijfe. 

Christendom  (kris'n -dum),  n.  [A.  Sax. 
cristendotn— cristen,  Christian,  and  term. 
-dom.  ]  1. 1  The  profession  of  faith  in 
Christ  by  baptism ;  hence,  adoption  of  faith 
in  Christ ;  personal  Christianity. 

This  .  .  .  cannot  be  denied  ...  by  any  man  that 
would  not  have  his  Christendom  suspected. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  The  territories,  countries,  or  regions 
chiefly  inhabited  by  Christians  or  those 
who  profess  to  believe  in  the  Christian 
religion.  —3.  The  whole  body  of  Christians. 
4.  t  The  name  received  at  baptism ;  hence, 
any  name  or  epithet. 

With  a  world 
Of  pretty,  fond,  adoptions  Christendoms.     Shai. 

Christian  (kris'tyan),  n.  [L.  christianus, 
from  Christus,  Christ.  See  CHRIST.]  1.  One 
who  believes,  professes  to  believe,  or  who  is 
assumed  to  believe,  in  the  religion  of  Christ ; 
especially,  one  who  believes  in  the  truth  of 
the  Christian  religion  and  studies  to  follow 
the  example  and  obey  the  precepts  of  Christ ; 
a  believer  in  Christ  who  is  characterized  by 
real  piety.  —2.  In  the  most  general  sense,  one 
born  in  a  Christian  country  or  of  Christian 
parents. 

Christian  (kris'tyan),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Christ  or  to  Christianity.  See  the  noun. — 
Christian  name,  the  name  given  or  an- 
nounced at  baptism,  as  distinguished  from 
the  family  name. — Christian  era  or  period, 
the  period  from  the  birth  of  Christ  to  the 
present  time. 

Christian!  (kris'tyan),  v.t.  To  baptize. 
Fulke. 

Christian,  Christian  d'Or  (kris'tyan,  kris'- 
tyan dor),  n.  An  old  Danish  gold  coin  of 
the  value  of  from  18s.  to  16*.  4d.  sterling. 

Christiana  (kris-ti-a'na),  n.  An  old  Swedish 
silver  coin  worth  Id.  sterling. 

Christianism  t  ( kris '  tyan  -  izm ),  n.  [Gr. 
christianitnnos.  See  CHRIST.]  1.  The  Christian 
religion.  Milton.— 2.  The  nations  professing 
Christianity.  Johnson. 

Chrlstlanlte  ( kris '  tyan  -  it ),  n.  [After 
Prince  Christian  Frederick  of  Denmark.  ] 
A  mineral,  a  product  of  Mount  Vesuvius. 
Its  primitive  form  is  that  of  an  oblique 
rectangular  prism ;  its  colours  brown,  yel- 
low, or  reddish. 

Christianity  (kris-ti-an'i-ti),  n.  1.  The  reli- 
gion of  Christians,  or  .the  system  of  doc- 
trines and  precepts  taught  by  Christ  and 
recorded  by  the  evangelists  and  apostles.  — 
2.  Adherence  to  the  Christian  faith;  con- 
formity to  the  laws  arid  precepts  of  the 
Christian  religion. 

Christianity  does  not  so  much  give  us  new  affec- 
tions or  faculties  as  a  new  direction  to  those  we 
already  have.  Hannah  Afore. 

Christianization  (kris'tyan-iz-a"shon),  n. 
The  act  or  process  of  converting  to  Chris- 
tianity. 'The  christianization  ...  of 
the  clergy  and  people  of  Russia.'  Dean 
Stanley. 

Christianize  (kris'tyan-iz),  v.  t.  pret.  <fe  pp. 
christianized;  ppr.  christianizing.  1.  To 


make  Christian  ;  to  convert  to  Christianity  ; 

as,  to  christianize  pagans.  —  2.  To  imbue  with 

Christian  principles.     '  Christianized  philo- 

sophers.'   Is.  Taylor. 
Christianlike  (kris'tyan-lik),  a.    Becoming 

a  Christian.    Shak. 
Christianly  (kris'tyan-li),  adv.    In  a  Chris- 

tian manner  ;  in  a  manner  becoming  the  , 

principles  of  the  Christian  religion  or  the 

profession  of  that  religion.     '  Every  man 

christianly  instructed.  '    Milton. 
Christianly  (kris'tyan-li).  a.    Christianlike; 

becoming  a  Christian.    [Rare.  ] 

Father  he  hight  and  he  was  in  the  parish  ;  a  chris~ 

tianiy  plainness 
Clothed  from  his  head  to  his  feet  the  old  man  of 

seventy  winters.  L 


Christian  -name  (kris'tyan-nam),  v.t.  To 
address  by  the  Christian  name.  '  The  girls 
Christian-named  each  other.'  Thackeray. 

Christiannesst  (kris'tyan-nes),  n.  1.  Pro- 
fession of  Christianity.  —  2.  The  quality  of 
being  in  consonance  with  the  doctrines  of 
Christianity. 

It  is  very  unreasonable  to  judge  the  christiartness 
of  an  action  by  the  law  of  natural  reason. 

Chrtstianographyt  (kris-tyan-og'ra-n),  n. 

[Gr.  christianos,  a  Christian,  and  yraphe, 

description.]     A  description  of   Christian 

nations.    Eph.  Pagit. 
Christless  (krist'les),  a.    Having  no  interest 

in  Christ;  without  the  spirit  of  Christ.  Ten- 

nyson. 
Christmas  (kris'mas),  n.   [Christ,  and  mass, 

A.  Sax.  mcessa,  a  holy  day  or  feast.]    1.  The 

festival  of  the  Christian  church  observed 

annually  on  the  25th  day  of  December,  in 

memory  of  the  birth  of  Christ,  and  cele- 

brated by  a  particular  church  service.    The 

festival  includes  twelve  days.  —2.  Christmas- 

day. 
Christmas-box  (kris'mas-boks),  n.    A  box 

in  which  presents  are  deposited  at  Christ-  I 

mas;  hence,  a  Christmas  gift. 
Christmas  -carol  (kris'mas-kar'ol),  n.    A 

carol  suitable  for  Christmas  ;  song  or  hymn 

in  celebration  of  the  nativity  of  Christ. 
Christmas-day  (kris'mas-da),  n.    The  25th 

day  of  December,  when  Christmas  is  cele- 

brated. 
Christmas-eve  (kris'mas-ev),  n.    The  even- 

ing of  the  day  before  Christmas. 
Christmas  -  flower  (kris'  mas  -flou-er),  n. 

Same  as  Christmas-rose. 
Christmaslngt  (kris'mas-ing),  71.    The  act 

of  celebrating  Christmas. 
Christmas-log  (kris'mas-log),  n.     A  large 

log  of  wood,  which  in  old  times  formed  the 

basis  of  the  fire 

at  Christmas. 
Christmas  -  pie 

(  kris'mas-pi  ),  n. 

A    pie  made  at 

Christmas.  Spec- 

tator. 
Christmas  -rose 

(kris'mas-roz),  n. 

A    plant,    Helle- 

borus    niyer,    so 

called    from    its 

open     rose  -  like 
•  flower,        which 

blossoms  during 

the       winter 

months.  SeeHEL- 

LEBORUS. 

Christmas-tide, 
Christmas- 
time (kris'mas-tid,  kris'mas-tim),  n.    The 
season  of  Christmas. 

Christmas-tree  (kris'mas-tre),  n.  A  small 
evergreen  tree  or  large  branch  with  off- 
shoots set  up  in  a  family,  &c.  ,  at  Christmas, 
from  which  are  hung  presents,  generally 
with  the  names  of  the  recipients  inscribed 
on  them. 

Cbristodelphlan,   n.      See  CHRISTADEL- 

PHIAN. 

Chrtstology  (kris-tol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  Christos, 
Christ,  and  logos,  a  discourse.]  A  discourse 
or  treatise  concerning  Christ;  that  branch 
of  divinity  that  deals  directly  with  Christ 
'  That  part  of  divinity  which  I  make  bold 
to  call  Christology.'  Th.  Jackson. 

Christolyte  (kris'to-lit),  n.  [Or.  Christos 
Christ,  and  lyo,  to  loose.)  One  of  a  sect  of 
Christians  of  the  sixth  century  who  held 
that,  when  Christ  descended  into  hell,  he 
left  both  his  body  and  soul  there,  and  rose 
with  his  divine  nature  alone. 

Christ's-thorn  (krists'thorn),  n.  The  Pali- 
uru«  acidfatus,  a  deciduous  shrub,  a  native 
of  Palestine  and  the  south  of  Europe  :  so 


Christmas-rose  (Helle- 
oonts  nifer). 


named  from  a  belief  that  it  supplied  the 
crown  of  thorns  for  Christ.    See  PALII  i:ix. 

Christ-tidet  (kris'tid),  n.  [Christ,  and  tide, 
in  sense  of  season,  as  in  Whitsun  -  tide. } 
Christmas.  B.  Jonson. 

Chromascope  (kro'ina-sk6p),n.  [Or. cli r —  / . 
colour,  and  skupeo,  to  see,  to  look  at]  An 
instrument  for  showing  the  optical  etfects 
of  colour. 

Chromate  (kro'mat),  n.  [See  CHROMIUM.] 
A  salt  of  chromic  acid. — Chromate  of  iron, 
a  mineral  substance  which  affords  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  and  durable  pigments 
known. — The  chromate  and  bichromate  iif 
potassium  are  much  used  ill  calico-prinlii!^, 
and  the  chrumates  of  lead  are  employed  as 
yellow  and  red  dyes  and  paints. 

Chromatic  (kro-mat'ik),  a.  [Or.  chrfimali- 
kos,  from  chroma,  colour,  from  chrfizi,,  to 
colour.  The  term  is  applied  to  music  from 
the  fact  that  the  intermediate  tones  were 
formerly  written  in  different  colours.]  l.Re- 
lating  to  colour. — Chromatic  printing ,  print- 
ing from  types  or  blocks  covered  with  vari- 
ous colours  of  ink.— Chromatic  type,  type 
made  in  parts,  which  are  inked  of  various 
colours  and  separately  impressed,  so  as  to 
unite  into  a  variegated  whole.— 2.  In  im/x/.- 
including  notes  not  belonging  to  thediatnni. 
scale.— Chromatic  chord,  a  chord  which  con- 
tains a  note  or  notes  foreign  to  diatonic  pro- 
gression.—  Chromatic  harmony,  harmony 
consisting  of  chromatic  chords.— Chroma  li? 
scale,  a  scale  made  up  of  thirteen  successive 
semitones,  that  is,  the  eight  diatonic  tones 
and  the  five  intermediate  tones. 

Chromatic  (kro-mat'ik),  n.  [See  above.]  A 
kind  of  music  that  proceeds  by  several  con- 
secutive semitones  or  semitonic  intervals ; 
or  it  denotes  accidental  semitones. 

Chromaticalt  (kro-mat'ik-al),  a.  Same  as 
Chromatic. 

Among  sundry  kinds  of  music,  that  which  is  called 
chromatical  delyghteth,  enlargeth  and  joyeth  the 
heart.  Holland. 

Chromatically  (kro-mat'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  a 
chromatic  manner. 

Chromatics  (kro-mat'iks),  n.  The  science 
of  colours;  that  part  of  optics  which  treats 
of  the  properties  of  the  colours  of  light  and 
of  natural  bodies. 

Chromatography  (kro-ma-tog'ra-fl),  n.  [Gr. 
chroma,  cnromatos,  colour,  and  graphe,  de- 
scription. ]  A  treatise  on  colours. 

Chromatology  ( kro-ma-tol'o-ji ),  n.  [Gr. 
chroma,  chromatos,  colour,  and  logos,  dis- 
course.] The  doctrine  of  or  a  treatise  on 
colours. 

Chromatometer  (kro-ma-tom'et-erX  "•  [Gr. 
chroma,  chromatos,  colour,  and  metron.  a 
measure.]  A  scale  for  measuring  colours. 

And  thus  .  .  .  the  prismatic  spectrum  of  sun- 
light became,  for  certain  purposes,  an  exact  cltro- 
matomtttr.  Ifhfiuell. 

Chromatophore  (kro-mat'6-for),  n.  [Gr. 
chroma,  chromatos,  colour,  and  pherein,  to 
bear.  ]  One  of  the  pigment  cells  in  animals, 
well  seen  in  the  chameleons  and  cuttle- 
fishes. The  cells  being  mobile,  and  con- 
taining pigment-granules  of  different  col- 
ours, enable  the  animals  to  change  their 
colours  rapidly,  under  irritation'  or  excite- 
ment. //.  A.  Nicholson. 

Chromatrope,  Chromotrope  (kro'ma-trop. 
kro'mo-trop),  n.  [Gr.  chroma,  colour,  and 
trepo,  to  turn.]  An  arrangement  in  a  magic 
lantern  similar  in  its  effect  to  the  kaleido- 
scope. The  pictures  are  produced  by  bril- 
liant designs  being  painted  on  two  circular 
glasses  and  the  glasses  being  made  to  rotate 
in  opposite  directions.  E.  H.  Knight. 

Chromatype,  Chromotype  (kro'ma-tip, 
kro'mo-tip),  n.  [From  Gr.  chroma,  colour, 
and  E.  type.}  In  photog.  (a)  a  process  for 
obtaining  coloured  photographic  pictures 
by  the  employment  of  paper  sensitized  by 
some  of  the  salts  of  chromium.  (6)  A  pic- 
ture produced  by  this  process. 

Chrome  (krom),  n.    Same  as  Chromium. 

Chrome-alum  (krom'al-um),  n.  A  crystal- 
lizable  double  salt,  formed  of  the  sulphates 
of  chromium  and  potassium. 

Chrome-colour  (krom'kul-er),  n.  Properly, 
a  colour  prepared  from  some  of  the  salts  of 
chromium,  but  generally  applied  to  any 
colour  which,  when  dry,  is  of  a  soft  powdery 
consistence,  and  may  be  mixed  with  oil 
without  grinding. 

Chrome-green  (krom'gren),  n.  A  beautiful 
dark -green  pigment  prepared  from  the 
oxide  of  chromium. 

Chrome -Iron  (kroml-ern),  n.  Chromate 
of  iron.  See  under  CHROMATE. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CHROME-ORANGE 


4G7 


CHRYSALIS 


Chrome-orange  (krom'or-anj),  n.  A  bright 
yellow  pigment,  consisting  of  chromate  of 
lend 

Chrome-red  (krom'red),  n.  A  beautiful  ml 
pigment  prepared  from  red-lead.  It  is  a 
basiir  eliminate  of  lead. 
Chrome-yellow  (krom'yel-16),  n.  A  name 
given  to  ehromate  of  lead,  from  its  colour. 
It  is  a  brilliant  yellow  pigment  mueh  used 
in  the  arts. 

Chromic  (krom'ik),  n.  Pertaining  to  chroma 
or  chromium,  or  obtained  from  it;  as,  chro- 
mic ami.  This  acid  (Cr30j,  more  properly 
termed  chromic  oxide)  destroys  the  colour  of 
indigo  and  of  most  vegetable  and  animal 
colouring  matters,  a  property  advantage- 
ously employed  in  calico-printing.  It  forms 
coloured  salts  with  alkaline  bases,  the  most 
important  of  which  is  chromate  of  lead, 
which  is  of  a  rich  yellow  colour,  and  is 
largely  employed  in  the  arts  of  painting 
and  dyeing. 

Chromidae,  Chromides  (krom'i-de.  krom'i- 
dez),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  chraniis,  a  kind  of  sea-fish, 
and  euios,  resemblance.  ]  A  family  of  tele- 
osteau  fishes,  generally  inhabiting  the  fresh 
waters  of  hot  climates,  allied  to  the  Labrida; 
or  true  wrasses.  Some  are  good  eating,  and 
one  Nile  species,  with  cycloid  instead  of, 
as  in  the  others,  ctenoid  scales,  is  reckoned 
the  best  in  the  river. 

Chromion  (kro'mi-on),  n.  Same  as  Chro- 
mium. 

Chromism  (krom'izm),  ?i.  [Gr.  chroma, 
colour.)  In  bot.  an  unnatural  colouring  of 
plants  or  leaves. 

Chromite  (kromlt),  n.  A  mineral  contain- 
ing chromium. 

Chromium  (kro'mi-um),  n.  [Gr.  cliroma, 
colour.]  Sym.  Cr.  At.  wt.  52-4.  A  metal 
which  forms  very  hard  steel-gray  masses ; 
it  never  occurs  native,  but  may  be  obtained 
by  reducing  the  oxide.  In  its  highest  degree 
of  oxidation  it  forms  a  salt  of  a  ruby-red 
colour.  It  takes  its  name  from  the  various 
and  beautiful  colours  which  its  oxide  and 
acid  communicate  to  minerals  into  whose 
composition  they  enter.  Chromium  is  em- 
ployed to  give  a  fine  deep  green  to  the 
enamel  of  porcelain,  to  glass,  &c.  The  oxide 
of  chromium  is  of  a  bright  grass-green  or 
pale  yellow  colour.  Also  called  Chrome  and 
sometimes  Chromion. 
Chromo  (kro'mo),  n.  A  contraction  for 

Chrouw-lithof/raph. 

Chromochre,  Chrome-stone  (krom'6-ker, 
krom'ston),  n.  A  mineral  containing  the 
oxides  of  'chrome  and  of  iron,  silica,  and 
alumina.  It  occurs  in  loose  earthy  masses, 
of  a  fine  yellowish  green,  generally  so  mixed 
up  with  the  rock  in  which  it  occurs  as  to  be 
separable  only  by  chemical  means. 
Chromogen  (kro'mo-jen),  n.  [Gr.  chroma, 
colour,  and  gennao,  to  produce.]  Same  as 
Chromule. 

Chromogenic  (kro-mo-jen'ik),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  chromogen. 

Chromograph(kr6'ni6-graf),n.  [Gr. chroma, 
colour,  and  grapho,  to  write.]    A  coloured 
engraving. 
Chromolith  (kro'mo-lith),  n.     A  short  form 

of  Chromo-lithograph. 

Chromo-lithog'raph(kro-m6-lith'o-graf),?i. 
A  picture  obtained  by  means  of  chromo- 
lithography. 

Chromo  -  lithographer  (kro  -  mo  -  li  -  thog'- 
raf-er),  n.     Oue  who  practises  chromo-lith- 
ography. 
Chromo-llthographlc(kr6-mo-lith'o-graf"- 

ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  chromo-lithography. 
Chromo -lithography  (kro"mo-li-thog'ra- 
ft),  )i.  A  method  of  producing  a  coloured 
or  tinted  lithographic  picture,  by  using 
various  stones  having  different  portions  of 
the  picture  drawn  upon  them  with  inks  of 
various  colours  and  so  arranged  as  to  blend 
into  a  complete  picture.  Sometimes  so 
many  as  twenty  different  colours  are  em- 
ployed. In  printing  the  lighter  shades  are 
printed  off  first  and  the  darkest  last. 
•Chromosphere  (kro'mo-sfer),7i.  [Gr. chroma, 
colour,  and  irphaira,  a  sphere.]  The  name 
given  to  the  gaseous  envelope  supposed  to 
exist  round  the  body  of  the  sun,  through 
which  the  light  of  the  photosphere  passes. 
J.  N.  Lockyer.  —  Stellar  chromosphere,  the 
gaseous  envelope  supposed  to  exist  round 
the  body  of  a  star. 

Chromospheric  (kro-mo-sfer'ik),  a.     Per- 
taining or  relating  to  a  chromosphere ;  as, 
the  chrmuixpheric  spectrum. 
^hromotrope,  ».    See  CHROMATROPE. 
Chromotype,  n.    See  CHROMATYPE. 
•Chromule  (kro'mul),  n.  [Gr.chrdma,  colour.] 


The  colouring  matter  of  plants  other  than 
green.  Called  also  Chromogen. 

Chronic  ( kron'ik),  a.  [Gr.  chronOaa,  from 
chrunus,  time,  duration.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
time;  having  reference  to  time.  — 2.  Con- 
tinuing a  long  time,  as  a  disease.  Achronic 
disease  is  one  which  is  inveterate  or  of  long 
continuance,  in  distinction  from  an  acute 
disease,  which  speedily  terminates. 

Chronicalt  (kron'ik-al),<i.  SameasCAronic,!. 

Partly  on  a  chronical  and    partly  on  a  topical 
method.  J.  .1.  AltMmftr. 

Chronicle  (kron'i-kl),  n.  [Fr.  chronique. 
a  chronicle.  See  CHRONIC.].  1.  A  historical 
account  of  facts  or  events  disposed  in  the 
order  of  time;  a  history,  more  especially 
one  of  a  simple,  unpretentious  character. 
'Irish  chronicles  which  are  most  fabulous 
and  forged.'  Spenser.  —  2.  That  which  con- 
tains, conveys,  or  suggests  history. 

Europe  .  .  .  her  very  ruins  tell  the  history  of  times 
gone  by,  and  every  mouldering  stone  is  a  chronicle. 
Irving. 

3.  pi.  The  title  of  two  books  of  the  Old 
Testament,  consisting  mainly  of  the  annals 
of  the  kingdom  of  Judah.  The  authorship 
is  commonly  ascribed  to  Ezra.  —  History, 
Chronicle,  Annals.  See  under  HISTORY. 

Chronicle  (kron'i-kl),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  chron- 
icled; ppr.  chronicling.  To  record  in  his- 
tory or  chronicle ;  to  record ;  to  register. 
'To  suckle  fools  and  chfunicle  small  beer.' 
Shak. 

Chronicler  (kron'i-kler),  n.  A  writer  of  a 
chronicle;  a  recorder  of  events  in  the  order 
of  time. 

After  my  death  I  wish  no  other  herald,  .  .  . 

But  such  an  honest  chronicler  as  Griffith.     Shak. 

Chronlclist  (kron'i-klist),  n.  A  chronicler. 
Shtlton. 

Chronicon  (kron'i-kon),  n.  Same  as  Chron- 
icle. 

Chronique  t  (kron'ik),  n.  A  chronicle.  L. 
Addison. 

Chronogram  (kron'6-gram), «.  [Or.  chronos, 
time,  and  gramma,  a  letter  or  writing,  from 
grapho,  to  write.  ]  An  inscription  in  which 
a  certain  date  or  epoch  is  expressed  by 
numeral  letters,  as  in  the  motto  of  a  medal 
struck  by  Gustavus  Adolphus  in  1632. 

ChrlstVs  DVX ;  ergo  trIVMphVs. 

Chronqgrammatic,  Chronogrammatlcal 

( kron'6-gram-mat"ik,  kron'6-gram-mat"ik- 
al),  a.  Belonging  to  a  chronogram;  contain- 
ing a  chronogram.  '  A  chronogrammatical 
verse. '  Howell. 

Chronogrammatically(kron'6-gram-mat"- 
ik-al-li),  adv.  In  the  manner  of  a  chrono- 
gram. Wood. 

Chronogrammatist  (kron-6-gram'mat-ist), 
n.  A  writer  of  chronograms.  Addison. 

Chronograph  (kron'6-graf),  H.  1.  A  chrono- 
gram. —2.  The  name  given  to  various  devices 
for  measuring  and  registering  very  minute 
portions  of  time  with  extreme  precision. 
Benson's  chronograph  is,  in  principle,  a 
lever  watch  with  a  double  seconds  hand,  the 
one  superimposed  on  the  other.  The  outer 
end  of  the  lowermost  hand  has  a  small  cup 
filled  with  a  black  viscid  fluid,  with  a  minute 
hole  at  the  bottom,  while  the  correspond- 
ing end  of  the  uppermost  is  bent  down  so  as 
just  to  reach  the  hole.  At  the  starting  (say) 
of  a  horse-race,  the  observer  pulls  a  string, 
whereupon  the  bent  end  of  the  upper  hand 
passes  through  the  hole  and  makes  a  black 
mark  on  the  dial,  instantly  rebounding. 
Again,  as  each  horse  passes  the  winning 
post,  the  string  is  redrawn  and  a  dot  made, 
and  thus  the  time  occupied  by  each  horse 
is  noted.  This  chronograph  registers  to  one- 
tenth  of  a  second.  Strange's  chronograph 
is  connected  with  the  pendulum  of  an  astro- 
nomical clock,  which  makes  a  mark  on  a  sheet 
of  paper  at  the  beginning  and  end  of  each 
swing.  By  touching  a  spring  on  the  appear- 
ance (say)  of  a  particular  star  on  the  field  of 
a  telescope,  an  additional  dot  is  made  inter- 
mediate between  the  two  extreme  ones,  and 
by  measuring  the  distance  of  this  from 
either  of  these  extremes  the  exact  time  can 
be  ascertained  to  one-hundredth  of  a  second. 
Schultze's  chronograph,  in  which  electricity 
is  applied  is  yet  farmore  precise,  registering 
time  to  the  five-hundred-thousandth  part 
of  a  second.  By  it  the  initial  velocity  of  a 
cannon-bullet  may  be  ascertained.  This 
name  lias  also  been  given  to  the  class  of  in- 
struments described  under  Chronoscope. 

Chronographer  ( kro-nog'raf-er ),  n.  [Gr. 
chronos,  time,  and  grapho,  to  describe.  | 
One  who  writes  concerning  time  or  the 
events  of  time;  a  chronologer.  'Our  monk- 
ish and  succeeding  clirvnographers.  Selden. 


Chrpnography  (km  Moii'ra-fl),  n.  Th<-  de- 
scription or  investigation  of  ]>.^t  r\n,t-: 
chronology,  |i;,u,  | 

Chronologer  (kro-nol'o-jer),  H.  Same  as 
Chronoloyiit, 

Chronologic,  Chronological  (kr..n-o-loj'- 
ik.  kron-o-loj'ik-al),  a.  Relating  to  chrniio- 
lo'_-y;  I'ontuiningan  account  of  events  in  the 
order  of  time;  according  to  the  order  of 
time  ;  as,  a  chronologic  table  ;  a  ctironoloyi- 
fill  narrative. 

Chronologically  (kron -o -loj'ik-al-li),  ado. 
In  a  chronological  manner;  in  a  manner 
according  with  the  order  of  time,  the  series 
of  events,  or  rules  of  chronology. 

Chronologist  (kro-nol'o-jist),  n.  One 
versed  in  chronology;  a  person  who  Inves- 
tigates the  dates  of  past  events  and  trans- 
actions. 

Chronology  (kro-nol'o-ji),  n.  [Or.  chrono- 
logut  —  chronos,  time,  and  logon,  discourse 
or  doctrine.]  The  science  of  time:  (a)  the 
method  of  measuring  or  computing  time  by 
regular  divisions  or  periods,  according  to 
the  revolutions  of  the  sun  or  moon:  this  is 
what  is  termed  astronomical  or  mathe- 
matical chronology.  (6)  The  science  of  as- 
certaining the  true  periods  or  years  when 
past  events  or  transactions  took  place,  and 
arranging  them  in  their  proper  order  ac- 
cording to  their  dates:  this  is  what  is  called 
historical  chronology,  and  when  the  word 
chronology  is  used  without  a  qualifying 
term  it  has  this  signification. 

Chronometer  (kro-nom'et-er),  n.  [Gr. 
chronos,  time,  and  metron,  measure.  ]  1.  Any 
instrument  that  measures  time  or  that 
divides  time  into  equal  portions,  or  that  is 
used  lor  that  purpose,  as  a  clock,  watch,  or 
dial.  Specifically,  this  term  is  applied  to 
those  time-keepers  which  are  used  for  deter- 
mining the  longitude  at  sea,  or  for  any  other 
purpose  where  an  accurate  measure  of  time 
is  required,  with  great  portability  In  the 
instrument.  The  chronometer  differs  from 
the  ordinary  watch  in  the  principle  of  its 
escapement,  which  is  so  constructed  that 
the  balance  is  free  from  the  wheels  during 
the  greater  part  of  its  vibration,  and  also  in 
being  tilted  with  a  'compensation  adjust- 
ment,' calculated  to  prevent  the  expansion 
and  contraction  of  the  metal  by  the  action 
of  heat  and  cold  from  affecting  its  move- 
ments. Marine  chronometers  generally  beat 
half  seconds,  and  are  hung  in  gimbals  in 
boxes  6  or  8  inches  square.  The  pocket 
chronometer  does  not  differ  in  appearance 
from  a  watch  except  that  it  is  somewhat 
larger.  In  some  cases  these  beat  four-tenth 
seconds. — To  rate  a  chronometer  is  to  ascer- 
tain the  exact  rate  of  its  gain  or  loss  as 
compared  with  true  time,  for  the  purpose 
of  making  the  proper  allowance  in  compu- 
tations dependent  thereon. — 2.  In  music,  a 
name  sometimes  given  to  what  is  properly 
called  a  metronome  (which  see). 

Chronometric,  Chronometrical  (kron-o- 
met'rik,  kron-o-met'rik-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  chronometer;  measured  by  a  chrono- 
meter.—  Chronometrical  governor,  an  im- 
proved regulator  for  rendering  the  mean 
velocity  of  an  engine  uniform. 

Chronometry  (kro-nom'et-ri),  n.  The  art 
of  measuring  time ;  the  measuring  of  time 
by  periods  or  divisions. 

Chronoscope  (kron'o-skop),  n.  [Gr.  chronos, 
time,  and  skupeo,  to  observe.]  An  instru- 
ment for  measuring  the  duration  of  ex- 
tremely short-lived  phenomena;  more  espe- 
cially, the  name  given  to  instruments  of 
various  forms  for  measuring  the  velocity  of 
projectiles.  The  most  general  arrangement 
consists  of  a  series  of  screens  through  which 
a  bullet  is  made  to  pass ;  the  rupture  of 
each  screen  breaking  for  a  moment  the  con- 
tinuity of  an  electric  current,  setting  in 
action  an  electro-magnetic  machine,  and 
making  a  permanent  mark  or  record. 

Chrysalid  (kris'a-lid),  n.     A  chrysalis. 

Chrysalis  (kris'a-lis),  71.  The  pi.  is  properly 
Chrysalides  (kri-sal'i-dez).  [Gr.  chrysallis. 
a  grub,  from  chryxos,  gold,  from  its  golden 
colour.]  A  form  which  butterflies,  moths, 
and  most  other  insects  assume  when  they 
change  from  the  state  of  larva  or  caterpillar 
and  before  they  arrive  at  their  winged  or 
perfect  state.  In  the  chrysalis  form  the 
animal  is  in  a  state  of  rest  or  insensibility, 
and  exists  without  nutriment,  the  length  of 
time  varying  with  the  species  and  season. 
During  this  period  an  elaboration  is  going 
on  in  the  interior  of  the  chrysalis,  giving  to 
the  organs  of  the  future  animal  their  proper 
development  before  it  breaks  its  envelope. 


ch,  chain;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;     J.job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CHRYSANTHEMUM 


468 


CHUCKAB1DDY 


The  form  of  the  case  of  the  chrysalis  varies 
with  different  families  and  orders.  Those 
of  lepidopterous  Insects  are  generally  in- 
closed in  a  somewhat  horny  membranous 
case,  and  generally  of  a  more  or  less  angular 
form,  pointed  at  the  abdominal  end  and 


I  2,  Chrysalis  of  the  White  Butterfly-moth:  a.  Palpi 
or  feelers;  bb,  wing-cases:  c,  sucker;  ee,  eyes; 
xx,  antennae.  3,  Chrysalis  of  the  Oak  Egger- 
moth. 

sometimes  at  both  ends.  Before  the  cater- 
pillar undergoes  its  transformation  into  this 
state  it  often  spins  for  itself  a  silken  cocoon, 
within  which  the  chrysalis  is  concealed.  In 
most  of  the  Coleoptera  the  legs  of  the 
chrysalis  are  in  distinct  sheaths;  in  the  Lepi- 
doptera  they  are  not  distinct;  in  the  locust 
tribe,  and  many  other  insects,  the  chrysalis 
resembles  the  perfect  insect,  and  differs 
from  the  latter  principally  in  not  having  the 
wings  complete.  Called  also  Aurelia  and 
Pupa. 

Chrysanthemum  (kri-san'the-mum),  n. 
[(Jr.  chrysos,  gold,  and  anthemon,  a  flower] 
A  large  genus  of  composite  plants,  consist- 
ing of  herbs  or  shrubs  with  single  large- 
stalked  yellow  flowers  or  with  many  small 
flowers;  the  rays  are  sometimes  white.  Two 
species  are  common  weeds  in  Britain,  C. 
Leucanthemum  (the  ox-eye  daisy),  a  meadow 
plant  with  white  ray-flowers,  and  C.  seyetuin 
(the  corn-marigold),  a  cornfield  weed  with 
golden  yellow  ray-flowers.  The  chrysan- 
themum of  gardens  is  aChinese  half -shrubby 
plant(C.  sineme),  whose  numerous  varieties 
constitute  one  of  the  chief  ornaments  of 
gardens  in  the  months  of  October,  Novem- 
ber, nnd  December. 

Chryselephantine  (kris'el-e-fan"tin),  o. 
[Gr.  chrysos,  gold,  and  elephas,  elephant™. 
ivory.]  Composed  or  partly  composed  of 
Bold  and  ivory:  a  term  specially  applied  to 
statues  overlaid  with  gold  and  ivory.  The 
colossal  statue  of  Athene  by  the  ancient 
Greek  sculptor  Phidias  is  the  most  cele- 
brated statue  thus  treated. 

Chrysene  (kris'en),  n.  [Gr.  chrysos,  gold, 
from  its  colour. ]  (C18Hij.)  A  hydrocarbon 
which  occurs  in  the  least  volatile  portion 
of  crude  anthracene.  It  is  crystalline,  with- 
out taste  or  smell,  and  of  a  fine  yellow 
colour. 

Chrysididae  (kri-sid'i-de).ra.  pi.  [Gr.  chr>im». 
gold,  and  eidos,  resemblance.)  A  family  of 
hymenopterous  insects.  About  six  or  seven 
species  belong  to  this  country.  Some  of  the 
species  are  called  ruby-tailed  Hies  or  golden- 
wasps.  See  GOLDEN-WASP. 

Chrysobalanus  (kris-o-bal'a-nus),  n.  [Gr. 
chrygos,  gold,  and  balanos,  an  acorn  or  acorn- 
shaped  fruit.  ]  A  genus  of  trees  or  shrubs, 
natives  of  tropical  America  and  Africa,  nat. 
order  itosacerc.  They  are  simple-leaved 
plants,  with  small  white  flowers  and  fleshy 
fruits,  which,  in  one  species,  C.  /coco,  is 
edible.  It  is  called  the  cocoa-plum,  is  about 
the  size  of  a  plum,  with  a  sweet  pulp  and  a 
hard  six-grooved  kernel. 

Chrysoberyl  (kris'6-ber-il),  n.  [Gr.  chrysos, 
gold,  and  beryllion,  beryl.  ]  A  siliceous  gem, 
of  a  dilute  yellowish-green  colour,  usually 
found  in  round  pieces  about  the  size  of  a 
pea,  but  also  found  crystallized  in  eight- 
sided  prisms.  It  is  next  to  the  sapphire  in 
hardness,  and  employed  in  jewelry,  the  spe- 
cimens which  present  an  opalescent  play  of 
light  being  especially  admired.  It  is  an 
:.luminate  of  glucina,  composed  of  about  80 
per  cent  alumina  and  nearly  20  of  glucina, 
with  traces  of  silica,  iron,  <tc.  It  is  found 
in  Ceylon,  Peru,  Siberia,  Brazil,  and  Con- 
necticut. 

Chrysocnlore  (kris'6-klor),  n.  A  mole-like 
animal  of  the  genus  Chrysochloris. 

Chrysochloris  (kris'6-klo-ris),  n.  [Gr.  chry- 
fos,  gold,  and  chloros,  greenish-yellow.)  A 
genus  of  South  African  insectivorous  mam- 
mals allied  to  the  moles,  so  called  from  the 
brilliant  green  and  gold  metallic  hues  of 


their  fur.  C.  aureut,  the  Cape  chrysochlore 
or  changeable  mole,  is  the  best-known  spe- 
cies. 

Chrysocolla  (kris'6-kol-la),  >i.    [Gr.  chn/so- 
holla,  glue  of  gold— chrysos,  gold,  and  kolla, 
glue.]    A  silicate  of  the  protoxide  of  copper 
I    of  a  fine  emerald  green  colour,  apparently 
'    produced  from  the  decomposition  of  copper 
ores,  which  it  usually  accompanies.     It  de- 
rives its  name  from  its  weak  resinous  lustre 
and  the  peculiar  transparency  of  its  frac- 
tured edges.     1'age. 

Chrysography(kri-sog/ra-n),n.  [Gr.  chrygos, 
gold,  ami  yrapho,  to  write.)  1.  The  art  of 
writing  in  letters  of  gold.— 2.  The  writing 
itself  thus  executed. 

Chrysolite  (kris'6-lit),ji.  [Gr.  chrysos,  gold, 
and  lithoH,  stone.  ]  A  mineral  composed  of 
silica,  magnesium,  and  iron.  Its  prevailing 
colour  is  some  shade  of  green.  It  is  harder 
than  glass,  but  less  hard  than  quartz ;  often 
transparent,  sometimes  only  translucent. 
Very  fine  specimens  are  found  in  Egypt  and 
Brazil,  but  it  is  not  of  high  repute  as  a 
jeweller's  stone. 

Chrysology  ( kri-sol'o-ji ),  n.  [Gr.  chrysos, 
gold,  and  litgog,  discourse.  ]  That  branch  of 
political  economy  which  relates  to  the  pro- 
duction of  wealth. 

Chryso-magnet  (kris'o-mag-net),  it.  A 
loadstone.  Addison. 

ChrysomelldSB  (kris-o-mel'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
chrysos,  gold,  tnelas,  black.]  A  family  of 
coleopterous  insects,  of  the  section  Tetra- 
mera  of  Latreille,  so  named  from  their  bril- 
liant metallic  tints.  They  constitute  a 
numerous  and  beautiful  family  of  the  beetle 
tribe.  The  typical  genus  Chrysomela  con- 
tains the  Colorado  beetle  (C.  decetnliiitata). 
The  bloody-nose  beetle {Tiitiarcha  latviga  ta), 
the  largest  of  the  family,  is  a  well-known 
British  species. 

Chrysophanic  (kris-o-fan'ik),  a.  [Gr. 
chrysos,  gold,  and  phaino,  to  show,  to  ap- 
pear.) A  term  applied  to  a  volatile  and 
fusible  acid,  the  colouring  matter  of  rhu- 
barb. It  crystallizes  in  fine  yellow  tables, 
and  with  potash  gives  a  fine  purple  solution, 
and  thus  affords  a  delicate  test  for  the 
presence  of  alkalies.  Called  also  lihabar- 
oariii. 

Chrysophllite  (kri-sofil-lt),  n.  [Or.  chrysos, 
gold,  and  philos,  a  lover.)  A  lover  of  gold. 
iMinb.  [Rare.] 

Chry  sophyllum  ( kris  -  o  -  fll '  lum ),  n.  [Gr. 
chryms,  gold,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf,  so  called 
from  the  golden  colour  of  the  under  side 
of  their  leaves.]  A  genus  of  West  Indian 
trees,  with  milky  juice,  and  beautiful  leaves 
covered  below  with  golden  hairs.  Some  are 
cultivated  as  foliage  plants.  C.  Oainito 
produces  a  delicious  fruit  called  the  star- 
apple.  The  genus  belongs  to  the  nat.  order 
Sapotacete. 

Chrysoprase  (kris'6-praz),  n.  [Gr.  chryso- 
prams—chnjsos,  gold,  and  proton,  a  leek.  ]  A 
Kind  of  quartz,  being  merely  a  variety  of 
chalcedony.  Its  colour  is  commonly  apple- 
green,  and  often  extremely  beautiful,  so  that 
it  is  much  esteemed  in  jewelry.  It  is  trans- 
lucent, or  sometimes  semi-transparent,  and 
of  a  hardness  little  inferior  to  that  of  flint. 
It  is  found  in  Lower  Silesia  and  Vermont. 
Chry  soprasus  ( kri  -  sop '  raz  -  us ),  n.  Latin 
form  of  ChrifKopcane.  llev.  xxi.  20. 
Chrysops  (kris'ops),  «.  [Or.  chn/sos,  gold, 
and  ops,  eye  ]  A  genus  of  dipterous  insects 
of  the  family  Ta- 
banidae ;  the  clegs. 
Three  species  are 
found  in  this  coun- 
try, all  of  which 
are  great  blood- 
suckers, and 
troublesome  to 
cattle  in  summer 
and  even  to  man. 
Their  larvae  are 
useful  to  the  far- 
mer in  destroying 
aphides,  and  are  called  aphis-lions.  The 
name  of  the  genus  is  derived  from  the 
sparkling  gold-coloured  eyes  of  the  species 
when  alive. 

Chrysospermt  (kris 'o- sperm),  n.  [Or. 
chrysos,  gold,  and  sperma,  seed.]  A  means 
of  producing  gold.  B.  Janson.  [Rare.] 
Chrysotype  (kris '6 -Up),  n.  [Gr.  chrysos, 
gold,  and  typos,  impression.  ]  In  photon,  (a) 
the  name  given  to  a  photographic  process, 
from  its  being  chiefly  produced  by  a  solu- 
tion of  gold.  (ft)  A  photographic  agent  pre- 
pared by  impregnating  paper  with  a  neutral 
solution  of  chloride  of  gold.  It  produces 


Chrysops  cacutieHS,  Com- 
mon Cleg  ifemale). 


a  picture  with  a  splendid  purple  ground, 
(c)  A  picture  produced  by  this  process. 

Chuana  (chu'a-na),  a.     Same  as  Itantu. 

Chub  (chub),  ».  [So  called  probably  from  its 
chubbinetm  or  plumpness.)  A  river  fish,  of 
the  genus  Cyprinus  or  carps ;  or,  as  some 
regard  it,  of  the  sub-genus  Leuciscus.  The 


••- 

Chub  (Cyfriiius  (Lfitcucut)  cefhaltis). 

.  body  is  oblong,  nearly  round;  the  head  and 
I  back  green,  the  sides  silvery,  and  tin 
white.  It  frequents  deep  holes  in  rivers 
shaded  by  trees,  but  in  warm  weather  floats 
near  the  surface,  and  furnishes  sport  fur 
anglers.  It  is  indifferent  food,  and  nnvly 
attains  the  weight  of  5  Ibs.  Called  also 

f'hl'frlt. 

Chubbed  (chub'ed  or  chubd),  a.  Chubbv 
.  l,,h,i*,,n.  [Rare.] 

Chubbedness  (chub'ed-nes  or  chubd'ues).  // 
Chubbiness.  [Rare.] 

Chubblness  (chub'i-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  chubby;  as,  a  child  of  remarkable 
chubbiiiess. 

Chubb-key  (chub'ke),  n.  A  key  for  a  Chubb- 
lock. 

Chubb-lock  (chuhlok),  n.  [From  the  name 
of  its  inventor,  a  London  locksmith.]  A 
lock  having  more  tumblers  than  usual,  with 
the  addition  of  a  lever  called  the  detector, 
which  is  so  fixed  that  while  it  does  not  art 
under  the  ordinary  application  of  the  key. 
yet  cannot  fail  to  move  if  any  one  of  tlie 
tumblers  be  lifted  a  little  too  high,  as  must 
be  the  case  in  any  attempt  at  picking.  This 
movement  fixes  the  bolt  immovably,  ami 
renders  all  further  attempts  at  picking  use- 
less. 

Chubby  (chub'i),  o.  [Same  root  as  E.  chump, 
and  probably  chop;  Sw.  dial,  kubbuij,  fat. 
plump,  liiilA.  a  lump,  a  block;  comp.  also 
cAtyf;/,  fat.J  Round-faced;  plump.  'Bound 
chubby  faces  and  high  cheek-bones. '  Cook's 
Voyages. 

Then  came  a  chubby  child  and  sought  relief. 
Sobbing  in  all  the  impotence  of  grief.      Crabbe. 

Chub-cheeked(chub'chekt),a.   Having  full 

or  chubby  cheeks.    [Rare.] 
Chubdar  (chub'dar),  n.    (Hind,  chobdar.} 

In  India,  a  servant  whose  business  it  is  to 

announce  the  arrival  of  company,  a  man  - 

bearer. 
Chub-faced  (chub'fast),  a.  Having  a  plump 

round  face. 

I  never  saw  a  fool  lean :  the  chub-Jacrd  fop 
Shines  sleek.  Marstoti. 

Chuck  (i-hnk).  n.  [Probably  same  as  chirk.] 
In  turnery,  an  appendage  to  fix  any  mate- 
rial for  the  purpose  of  turning  it  into  any 
determinate  form.  The  term,  therefore,  in- 
cludes all  those  contrivances  which  serve 
to  connect  the  material  to  be  operated  upon 
to  the  mandril  of  the  lathe.  Simple  <•/("<•/.  * 
are  such  as  are  capable  only  of  communi- 
cating a  motion  round  a  determinate  axis, 
such  as  they  themselves  receive.  Coini>li- 
cated  chucks  are  those  by  means  of  which 
the  axis  of  the  work  can  be  changed  at  plra- 
sure,  such  as  eccentric  chucks,  oval  chucks, 
segment,  engine,  and  geometric  chuck*.  A  & 

Chuck  (chuk),  n.  [Imitative;  comp.  cluck.] 
The  voice  or  call  of  a  hen  and  some  other 
birds,  or  a  sound  resembling  that 

Chuck  (chuk),  iv i.  1.  To  make  the  noise 
which  a  hen  and  some  other  birds  make 
when  they  call  their  chickens.— 2.  t  To  jeer; 
to  laugh  mockingly;  to  chuckle.  Marstoii. 

Chuck  (chuk),  v.t.  To  call  upon,  as  a  hen 
her  chickens.  Dryden. 

Chuck  (chuk),  n.  Corrupted  from  chick. 
'  Pray,  chuck,  come  hither. '  Shaft. 

Chuck  (chuk),  v.t.  [A  modification  of  shock, 
chock,  and  formerly  written  chock.}  1.  To 
strike  or  give  a  gentle  blow. 

Come,  chuck  the  infant  under  the  chin.     Cotigrevt. 

2.  To  throw,  with  quick  motion,  a  short 

distance;  to  pitch ;  as,  chuck  the  beggar  a 

copper.    [Colloq.] 
Chuck  (chuk),  n.    1.  A  slight  blow  under 

the  chin.— 2.  A  toss,  as  with  the  fingers:  a 

short  throw. 
Chuckabiddy  (chuk'a-bid-di).     Same  as 

Chickabiddy. 


1'ate,  far.  fat.  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CHTTCK-A-BY 


469 


CHURCHMAN 


Chuck-a-by  (chuk'a-bi),  n.    A  term  of  en- 

dearment. 
Chuck-farthing  (chuk'far-THing),  n.    A 

play  in  which  turthlng  ispitched  or  chucked 

into  a  liole. 

He  lost  his  monuy  at  chuck-farthing,  shuffle-cap, 
and  all-fours.  Artutthnot. 

Chuck-full  (chuk'ful).  A  colloquial  form 
of  Chuck-full  or  Chuke-full. 

Chuck-hole  (clutk'hol),  ».  A  steep  hole  in 
a  wa'_ruu-rut. 

Chuckie  (chuk'i),  n.  [Scotch.]  1.  A  barn- 
door fowl :  used  also  as  a  term  of  endear- 
ment. —2.  A  chuckie-staue. 

Chuckie-stane  (chuk'i-stan),  «.  A  pebble, 
such  as  children  use  in  a  game,  in  which 
they  chuck  a  number  of  them  up,  catching 
them  on  the  back  of  their  hand  as  they  fall. 
Sir  W.  Scott.  [Scotch.] 

Chuckle  (chuk'l),  v.t.  prct.  &  pp.  chuckled; 
ppr.  clmcMing.  [A  freq.  and  dim.  from 
chuck,  to  cry  like  a  hen.]  1.  To  call,  as  a 
hen  her  chickens. 

If  these  birds  are  within  distance,  here's  that  will 
chuckle  'em  together.  Drydeti. 

•2.  To  fondle;  to  cocker. 

Your  confessor,  that  parcel  of  holy  guts  and  gar- 
bidge,  he  must  chuckle  you.  Dryden. 

Chuckle  (chuk'l),  ti.i.  1.  To  cackle,  as  a  hen 
or  other  fowl. 

It  cluttered  here,  it  chuckled  there ; 

It  stirred  the  old  wife's  mettle.      Tennyson. 

2.  [In  this  sense  perhaps  rather  connected 
with  choke  than  chuck.]  To  laugh  in  a  sup- 
pressed or  broken  manner ;  to  feel  inward 
triumph  or  exultation. 

The  fellow  rubbed  his  great  hands  and  chuckled. 
Lord  Lytton. 

Chuckle  (chuk'l),  n.  1.  The  call  of  a  hen  and 
some  other  birds  to  their  young.  — 2.  A  short 
suppressed  laugh,  expressive  of  satisfaction, 
exultation,  anil  the  like. 

The  Jew  rubbed  his  hands  with  a  chuckle.  Dickens. 

Chuckle-head  ( chuk '  1  -  hed ),  n.  A  person 
with  a  large  head;  a  dunce;  a  numskull. 

Chuckle-headed  (chuk'1-hed-ed),  a.  Having 
a  chuckle  -  head ;  large  or  thick  headed ; 
stupid. 

Chuckling  (chukling),  p.  and  a.  Laughing 
in  a  suppressed,  choking  manner;  uttered 
in  chuckles,  as  half-suppressed,  triumphant, 
or  derisive  laughter;  rejoicing  or  exulting 
without  much  demonstration. 

Chuck-Will's-widow  (chuk'wilz-wid'p),  n. 
In  America,  the  popular  name  of  a  bird  of 
the  family  Caprimulgidte  or  goat-suckers, 
the  Caprimulgus  carolinennis. 

Chudt  (chud),  v.t.  To  champ;  to  bite.  Staf- 
ford. 

Chudder  (chud'der),  n.  In  India,  a  wrapper 
made  of  silk  muslin  or  cambric,  used  to  en- 
velop the  upper  part  of  a  woman,  and  worn 
in  loose  folds. 

Chuett  (chu'et),  n.    See  CHEWET. 

Chuff t  (chuf),  n.  [Perhaps  from  W.  cuff,  a 
stock  or  stutnp.  ]  A  coarse,  heavy,  dull,  or 
surly  fellow;  a  niggard;  an  old  miser.  'Ye 
fat  chuffs,  I  would  your  store  were  here.' 
Shale. 

If  he  but  steal  a  sheep  from  out  the  fold 
The  chujfe  would  hang  him  for  it  if  he  could. 

yohn  Taylor. 

Chuff  (chuf),  o.  [See  CHUFFY.]  l.tChuffy; 
swoln.  Holland. —2.  Surly;  ill-tempered. 
[Provincial  English.] 

Chuffily  (chuf'ft-li),  ado.  In  n  chuffy  man- 
ner; surlily;  clownishly.  'John  answered 
chnfilit.'  Richardson. 

Chuffiness  (chuf'fi-nes),  n.  [SeeCHUFFY.] 
1.  Chubbiness. — 2.  Surliness. 

Chuffy  (chuffl),  a.  [In  first  sense  appar- 
ently a  form  of  chubby.  (See  CHUBBY.)  In 
meaning  2  from  dm/  (the  noun).]  1.  Fat 
or  swelled  out,  especially  in  the  cheeks ; 
chubby.—  2.  Blunt;  clownish;  surly;  angry. 

Chuffy-brlck  (chuf'fl-brik),  n.  A  brick  which 
is  puffed  out  by  the  escape  of  rarefied  air  or 
steam  in  the  process  of  burning. 

Chulan  (cho'lan),  n.  A  Chinese  plant,  the 
Cliloranthus  inconxpicuus,  nat.  order  Clilor- 
authaceie,  the  spikes  of  the  flowers  of  which 
are  used  to  scent  tea. 

Chum  (chum),  n.  [Abbrev.  of  ckainber-fellotv; 
Dr.  Johnson  calls  it  a  term  used  in  the  uni- 
versities. ]  One  who  lodges  or  resides  in  the 
same  room  or  rooms ;  hence,  a  close  com- 
panion ;  a  bosom-friend;  an  intimate. 

Chum  (chum),  v.i.  To  occupy  the  same 
room  or  rooms  with  another;  to  be  the 
chum  of  some  one.  'Wits  forced,  to  chum 
with  common  sense.'  Churchill. 

Chum  (chum),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  chummed; 


ppr.  chmnmiiuj.  To  put  into  the  same  looms 
with  another. 

You'll  be  chummed  on  somebody  to-morrow,  and 

then  you  11  be  all  snug  and  comfortable.        Dickens. 
Chumar(chu'niar),  «.     [Anglo-Indian.]    A 

worker  in  leather;  a  shoemaker;  a  cobbler 

W.  11.  Russell. 
Chummage  (chum'maj),n.  Actorcondition 

of  chumming.  In  extract  used  adjectivally. 

Your  M«w//«rtAv-ticket  will  be  on  twenty-seven,  in 
the  third.  Dickens. 

Chump  (chump),  n.  [According  to  Skeat, 
the  same  word  as  Icel.  kuiabr,  as  seen  in 
tre-kumbr,  a  tree-chump,  a  log,  from  kinulir. 
kubbr,  a  chopping,  kubba,  to  chop,  and 
therefore  allied  to  E.  chop,  chub.  Chunk 
appears  to  be  merely  a  modified  form  of 
this.  ]  A  short,  thick,  heavy  piece  of  wood. 

Chump-end  (chump'end),  n.  In  cW,-«/i/, 
the  thicker  end  of  a  loin  of  veal  or  mutton 
nearest  the  tail. 

Chumship  (chum'ship),  n.  The  state  of 
being  a  cnutn,  or  having  the  same  chambers 
with  another;  close  intimacy.  De  Quincey 
[Rare.] 

Chunam  (chu/nam),  n.  In  the  East  Indies, 
a  name  given  to  lime,  or  a  mixture  made  of 
lime  as  stucco.  The  Madras  chunam, made 
of  calcined  shells,  is  esteemed  the  best  in 
India. 

Chunk  (chungk),  n.  [See  CHUM  p.  ]  A  short 
thick  piece  of  wood  or  other  material.  [Pro- 
vincial English  and  American.] 

Chunky  (chungk'i).  a.  Short  and  thick;  as, 
a  chunky  boy.  [American.] 

Chupatty  (chu'pat-ti),  n.  [Anglo-Indian.] 
An  unleavened  cake  made  of  flour,  water, 
and  salt.  'Tea,  and  beer,  and  jam  for  break- 
fast, and  plenty  of  hot  chiipattiea.'  W.  If. 
Russell. 

Church  (cherch),  n.  [O.E.  chirche,  cherche, 
&c. ,  A.  Sax.  circe,  cirice,  cyrice  (of  course 
with  the  c's  all  hard),  from  Or.  kyriakon,  a 
church,  from  Kyrim,  the  Lord,  the  word 
therefore 


Islip  Church,  Nottinghamshire. 

I,  Eastern  end  and  great  east  window.  2  2.  Chancel  and  its 
windows.  3,  End  of  nave.  4444.  Clerestory  and  its  win- 
dows. 5,  South  aisle.  6,  South  porch.  7,  Tower.  88,  Belfry 
windows.  9,  Spire. 

BIRCH.]  1.  A  house  consecrated  to  the 
worship  of  God  among  Christians ;  the 
Lord's  house.  The  names  of  the  various 
parts  of  a  church  are  illustrated  in  the 


Plan  of  Islip  Church. 

A  A,  Chancel.  B,  Nave.  C.  North  aisle.  D,  South 
aisle.  E,  North  door.  F,  South  porch.  G,  Tower 
H,  West  door. 

annexed  figures.    See  also  CATHEDRAL.    In 
England,  the  term  church  is  generally  re- 


striated  to  places  of  public  worship  belong- 
ing to  the  Anglican  or  Established  Chun  b. 
the  terms  chapel   and  nirr(iii^-li,,u  . 
ing  used  for  those  belonging  to  dis>«  n 
bodi.-s.     :!.  Tin-mil,,  livr  l,,,,lj  of  drill 
or  of  those  who  profess  to  believe  in  Chri-t 
and  acknowledge  him  to  be  the  Saviour  ot 
mankind:  in  tbU  MOM  the  chnrcb  to  WIM 
times    called    the    Cathid,,     a 
Church.-3.  A  particular  body  of  Christians 
united    under  one   form  of    c 
government,  in  one  creed,  and  u»ing   tin; 
same  ritual  and  ceremonies;  as,  the  KiiL-linh 
Church;  the  Galilean  Church;  the  Presby- 
terian Church;   the  Romish  Church;   the 
Greek    Church.     'Pious  variers  from  the 
Church.'    Tennyson.     Hence,  ecclesiastical 
authority;  as,  the  same  criminal  may  he  ab- 
solved by  the  state,  yet  censured  by  the 
church.  —  4.  The  worshippers  of  Jehovah  or 
the  true  God  before  the  advent  of  Christ ; 
as,  the  Jewish  Church.  —  5.  A  temple;  a 
place  devoted  to  religious  ceremonies. 

Ye  have  brought  hither  these  men,  which  are 
neither  robbers  ot  churches,  nor  yet  blasphemers  of 
your  goddess.  Acte  xix.  37. 

Above  them  all  the  church  of  Juno  she  did  cense. 

— Church  militant,  that  portion  of  Chris- 
tians now  on  earth,  warring  against  the 
world,  the  flesh,  and  the  devil.  —  Church 
triuwphant,  the  collective  body  of  saints 
now  glorified  in  heaven. 
Church  (cherch),  v.t.  1.  To  perform  with  or 
for  any  one  the  office  of  returning  thanks 
in  the  church,  after  any  signal  deliverance, 
as  from  the  dangers  of  childbirth. 

It  was  the  ancient  usage  of  the  Church  of  England 
for  women  to  come  veiled  who  came  to  be  churched. 
H'healley. 

1.  In  Scotland,  to  accompany  In  attending 
church  on  some  special  occasion,  as  that  on 
which  a  bride  first  attends  church  after 
marriage;  as,  the  bride  was  churched  last 
Sunday;  to  church  a  newly-elected  town 
council. 

Church  (chtrch),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
church;  ecclesiastical;  as,  his  church  politics 
are  equivocal. 

Church-ale  (cherch'al),  n.  A  wake  or  feast 
commemoratory  of  the  dedication  of  the 
church. 

Church-bench  (cherchTjensh),  n.    The  seat 
in  the  porch  of  a  church. 
Church-bred  (cherch'bred),  o.  Educated  in, 
or  for  the  service  of,  the  church.    Cowper. 
Church-bug  (cherchTjug),  n.    [From  being 
often  found  in  churches.]     A  com- 
mon name  for  the  Oniscuis  asellus,  a 
—  ^         species  of  the  wood-lice   family, 
""  >       order  Isopoda,  class  Crustacea. 

Church-burial  (cherch'be-ri-al),  n. 
Burial  according  to  the  rites  of  the 
church.  At/liffe. 

Church-court  (chiirch'kort),  n.  A 
court  connected  with  a  church  for 
hearing  and  deciding  ecclesiastical 
causes. 

Churchdom  (cherch'dum),  n.  The 
government,  jurisdiction,  or  au- 
thority of  the  church.  Bp.  Pear- 
son. [Rare.  ] 

Churchesset  ( cherch  'es-set),  n. 
[A.  Sax.  cirice-sceat,  church  duty  or 
tax ;  church-scot.  ]  A  certain  mea- 
sure of  corn,  anciently  given  to  the 
church  by  every  man  on  St.  Martin's 
day.  Selden. 

Church-goer  (che rch'go-er),  n.  One 
who  habitually  attends  church. 
Church-going  (cherch'go-ing),  a. 
1.  Tsually  attending  church.— 2.  Summoning 
to  church.     'The  cliurch-goiiiy  belL*    Cow- 

Churchism  ( cherch'izm ),  n.  Bigoted  ad- 
herence to  the  forms  or  principles  of  some 
church,  especially  a  state  church. 

Church-Judicatory  (cherch-ju'dik-a-to-ri), 
n.  A  general  term  to  designate  an  ecclesi- 
astical court:  more  especially  applied  to  the 
various  ecclesiastical  courts  of  Presbyterian 
churches. 

Church-land  (cherchland),  n.  Land  be- 
longing to  a  church;  land  vested  in  an  ec- 
clesiastical body. 

Churchless  ( cherch 'les),  a.  Without  a 
church.  Fuller. 

Church-like  (chSrchlik),  a.  Becoming  or 
befitting  the  church  or  a  churchman. 
'Church-like  humours. '  Shak. 

Church-living  (cherchliv-ing),  n.  A  bene- 
fice in  an  established  church. 

Churchly  ( cherch  'H),  a.  Relating  to  the 
church;  ecclesiastical. 

Churchman  (cherch'man),  n.  1.  An  ecclesi- 


ch,  c/taiii;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  /ob;      fi,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  si«0;      TH,  tAen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  tcAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KKVt 


CHURCHMANLIKE 


470 


CICADA 


astic  or  clergyman ;  one  who  ministers  iu 
sacred  things. 

The  churchmen  fain  would  kill  the  church. 

Tennyson. 

2.  In  England,  a  member  of  the  Church  of 
England  as  distinguished  from  a  dissenter. 

Churchmanlike,  Churchmanly  (cherch'- 
man-lik,  cherch'man-li),  a.  Like  a  church- 
man ;  belonging  to  or  becoming  a  church- 
man. 'Churchmanlike  dignity.'  Milman. 

Churchmanship(ch6rch'man-ship),n.  State 
of  being  a  churchman,  or  of  belonging  to 
the  established  church. 

Church-member  ( chereh'mem-ber),  n.  A 
member  in  communion  with  a  church. 

Church-membership  ( cherch-mem'ber- 
ship),  n.  State  of  being  a  member  in  com- 
munion with  a  church.  '  One  necessary  con- 
dition of  church-membership.'  Waterland. 

Church-mode  (cherch'mod),  n.  In  mitsic, 
one  of  the  modes  or  scales  used  in  ancient 
church-music. 

Church-music  (chSrch'mu-zik),  n.  1.  The 
service  of  vocal  or  instrumental  music  in  a 
church.— 2.  Music  suited  to  church-service. 

Church-OUtedt  (cherch'out-ed),  o.  Excom- 
municated from  the  church.  Stilton. 

Church-owl  (cherch'oul),  n.  A  name  for  the 
barn-owl. 

Church-plurality  (cherch-plu  ral'i-ti),  n. 
The  possession  of  more  than  one  living  by 
a  clergyman.  Milton. 

Church-quack  (cherchTcwak),  n.  A  cleri- 
cal impostor.  Cowper. 

Church-rate  (cherch'rat),  n.  In  England, 
a  rate  raised  by  resolutions  of  a  majority  of 
the  parishioners  in  vestry  assembled,  from 
the  occupiers  of  land  and  houses  within  a 
parish,  for  the  purpose  of  maintaining  the 
church  and  its  services.  In  1808  an  act  was 
passed  abolishing  compulsory  church-rates, 
except  such  as,  under  the  name  of  church- 
rates,  were  applicable  to  secular  purposes. 

Church-scot  (cherch'skot),  n.  1.  Anciently, 
customary  obligations  paid  to  the  parish- 
priest,  from  which  duties  the  religious  some- 
times purchased  an  exemption  for  them- 
selves and  tenants.— 2.  A  service  due  to  the 
lord  of  the  manor  from  a  tenant  of  church 
lands.  Rev.  Orby  Shipley. 

Church-service  (cherch'ser-vis),  n.  1.  The 
religious  service  performed  in  a  church. — 
2.  The  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  with  the 
addition  of  the  Sunday  and  proper  lessons. 

Churchshlp  (cherch'ship),  n.  Institution 
•  if  the  church.  South. 

Church-Slavic  (cherch'sla-vik),  n.  The  old 
Bulgarian  dialect.  See  SLAVIC. 

Church-town  (cherch'toun),  n.  [Sc.  kirk- 
tnttn.  ]  A  town  or  village  near  a  church. 

Church-wake  (cherch'wak),  71.  The  anni- 
versary Jeast  of  the  dedication  of  a  church. 

Churchwarden  (cherch'war-den),  n.  A 
keeper  or  guardian  of  the  church,  and  a 
representative  of  the  parish.  Churchwar- 
dens are  appointed  by  the  minister,  or 
elected  by  the  parishioners,  to  superintend 
the  church,  its  property  and  concerns,  to 
enforce  proper  and  orderly  behaviour  during 
divine  service,  and  also  to  fix  the  church- 
rates.  For  these  and  many  other  purposes 
they  possess  corporate  powers.  There  are 
usually  two  churchwardens  to  each  parish, 
but  by  custom  there  may  be  only  one. 

Churchwardenship(cherch-war'den-8hip), 
n.  The  otftce  of  a  churchwarden. 

Church- way  (cherch'wa),  7i.  A  road  which 
leads  to  a  church ;  a  pathway  through  a 
churchyard.  Shak. 

Church-work  (cherch'werk),  n.  Work  on 
or  in  a  church;  work  in  behoof  of  a  church, 
or  of  the  church  generally. 

This  siege  was  church.-work ;  and  therefore  went 
on  slowly.  Fuller. 

Churchy  (cherch'i),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
church  or  to  ecclesiasticism;  given  to  make 
a  hobby  of  church- work  and  church  matters 
generally;  as,  very  churchy  in  tastes  or  lan- 
guage. [Colloq.  ] 

Churchyard  (cherch'yard),  n.  The  ground 
in  which  the  dead  are  buried,  adjoining  to 
a  church.  '  Like  graves  i'  the  holy  church- 
yard.' Shak. 

Churl,  Churle  (cherl),  n.  [A  Sax.  ccorl,  a 
countryman  of  the  lowest  rank;  Sc.  Icel. 
Dan.  Sw.  karl,  a  man,  a  male ;  D.  karel,  a 
clown,  a  rustic ;  G.  kerl,  a  fellow.]  1.  A 
rustic;  a  peasant;  a  countryman  or  labourer; 
specifically,  in  early  English  history,  one  of 
the  lowest  class  of  freemen ;  one  who  held 
land  from  or  worked  on  the  estate  of  his 
lord. 

It  was  not  framed  for  villaee  churls, 
But  for  high  dames  and  mighty  earls. 

Sir  H'.  Scott. 


2.  A  rude,  surly,  sullen,  selfish,  or  rough- 
tempered  man. 

The  chitrrs  courtesy  rarely  comes,  but  either  for 
(fain  or  falsehood.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

3.  A  miser;  a  niggard.     Is  xxxii.  5. 

Churl  t  (cherl),  a.    Churlish.     Ford. 

Churlish  (cher'lish).  a.  1.  Like  or  pertain- 
ing to  a  churl ;  as,  (a)  rude;  surly;  austere; 
sullen;  rough  in  temper;  unfeeling;  uncivil. 
'Ill  nurtured,  crooked,  churlish,  hard  in 
voice.'  Shak.  (b)  Selfish;  narrow-minded; 
avaricious. 

My  master  is  of  churlish  disposition. 
And  little  recks  to  find  the  way  to  heaven 
By  doing  deeds  of  hospitality. 

2.  t  Unpliant;  unyielding;  not  easily  wrought; 
as,  churlish  metal.  Boyle. 

Churlishly  (chertish-li),  adv.  In  a  churlish 
manner;  rudely;  roughly. 

Churlishness  (chSr'lish-nes),  n.  Ihe  qua- 
lity of  being  churlish;  rudeness  of  manners 
or  temper;  surliness;  indisposition  to  kind- 
ness or  courtesy;  niggardliness. 

Churly  (cherli),  a.  Churlish.  "The  chur- 
liestot  the  churls.'  LmvjfeUma.  [Rare.] 

Churme  t    Same  as  Chirm. 

Churn  (chern),  n.  [A.  Sax.  ctrrn,  Sc.  kirn, 
Icel.  Icirna,  Dan.  kierne,  a  churn.  See  the 
verb.]  A  vessel  in  which  cream  or  milk  is 
agitated  for  separating  the  oily  parts  from 
the  caseous  and  serous  parts,  to  make  but- 
ter. Churns  are  made  of  various  forms ;  in 
a  very  common  kind  a  perforated  circular 
board  is  made  to  move  up  and  down  in  a 
vessel  containing  the  cream,  and  having  the 
shape  of  the  frustum  of  a  cone,  by  means 
of  a  long  stalk  or  rod  fixed  to  it,  called  the 
churn-staff.  In  others  the  churning  is  per- 
formed by  a  circular  motion. 

Churn  (chern),  ».(.  [O.E.  cherne,  chime, 
A.  Sax.  cernan,  D.  kernen,  karnen,  L.G. 
kanien,  Dan.  kierne,  Sw.  ktirna,  to  churn ; 
probably  from  same  root  as  corn,  kernel,  the 
original  sense  being  to  extract  the  kernel  or 
best  portion.]  1.  To  stir  or  agitate  in  order 
to  make  into  butter;  as,  to  churn  cream:  or 
to  make  by  the  agitation  of  milk  or  cream; 
as,  to  churn  butter.  —2.  To  shake  or  agitate 
with  violence  or  continued  motion,  as  in 
the  operation  of  making  butter.  'The 
muddy  river,  chui-ned  into  yellowish  but- 
tery foam.'  W.  H.  llussell. 

Chnrn'ti  in  his  teeth  the  foamy  venom  rose. 
MMiton. 

Churn  (chern),  v.i.  To  perform  the  act  of 
churning;  to  turn  a  churn. 

Churning  (cheru'ing),  ».  1.  The  operation 
of  making  butter. —  2.  As  much  butter  as  is 
made  at  one  operation. 

Churn-OWl  (chern-oul).  n.  A  local  name 
for  the  night-jar  or  goat-sucker  (Caprimul- 
nus  europozus). 

Churn -staff  (chern'staf),  n.  The  staff  or 
instrument  used  in  churning. 

Churrus,  Charras  (chur'rus,  char'ras),  71. 
[Hind.]  The  Indian  name  of  a  peculiar 
resinous  extract  which  exudes  from  the  In- 
dian hemp,  or  Cannahis  satiua.  It  is  power- 
fully narcotic  and  highly  intoxicating. 

Churr-worm  (cherViSrrnXn.  [A.Sax.q/rran, 
cerran,  to  turn.  ]  A  local  name  for  the  fan- 
cricket  or  mole  -  cricket  (Gryllotalpa  vul- 
garii). 

Chuse  t  (cho/).    Same  as  Choose. 

Chute  (shot),  71.  (Kr ,  a  fall  ]  A  river-fall 
or  rapid  over  which  timber  is  floated ;  an 
opening  in  a  dam  through  which  to  float 
timber;  an  inclined  trough  or  tube  through 
which  articles  are  passed  from  a  higher  to 
a  lower  level.  [American.] 

Chutney,  Chutnee  (chut'ni,  chut'ne),  n.  In 
tlie  East  Indies,  a  condiment  compounded 
of  sweets  and  acids.  Ripe  fruit  (mangoes, 
raisins,  &c.),  spices,  sour  herbs,  cayenne, 
lemon-juice,  are  the  ordinary  ingredients. 
They  are  pounded  and  boiled  together,  and 
then  bottled  for  use. 

Ctylaceous  (kl-la'shus),  a.  Belonging  to 
chyle;  consisting  of  chyle. 

Chylaqueous  (ki-lak'we-us),  a  [E  chyle. 
and  L.  aqua,  water.  ]  Composed  of  chyle  and 
water.  —  Chylatjueons  fluid,  the  name  given 
to  a  certain  nutrient  liquid,  charged  more 
or  less  abundantly  with  organized  cor- 
puscles, existing  in  certain  of  the  inverte- 
brate animals  (e.g.  the  annelids  and  echin- 
odermata),  and  forming  the  equivalent  of 
the  blood  of  vertebrates. 

Chyle  (kil),  n.  [Or.  chylot,  juice,  humour, 
chyle,  from  ched,  to  flow, whence  also  chyme.  ] 
In  phygiol.  a  white  or  milky  fluid  separated 
from  aliments  by  means  of  digestion.  Chyle 
is  found  in  the  intestines  after  the  food  has 
been  mixed  with  the  bile  and  pancreatic 


juice.  It  is  absorbed  by  the  lacteal  vessels, 
terminating  in  the  inner  surface  of  the  small 
intestines,  chiefly  the  jejunum,  and  thence 
passes  by  numerous  ooDTergtng  streams  into 
the  main  trunk  of  the  absorbent  system, 
called  the  thoracic  duct,  through  which  it  is 
gradually  poured  into  the  blood  of  the  left 
siibclavian  vein  at  a  short  distance  before  it 
enters  the  right  side  of  the  heart.  The  che- 
mical constituents  of  chyle  are  nearly  the 
same  as  those  of  the  blood  itself. 

Chyle  -  corpuscle  (kil'kor-pus-1),  n.  In 
physiol.  one  of  a  system  of  nucleated  cells, 
often  with  tuberculated  surfaces,  of  a  gray- 
ish-white colour,  subspherical  in  form,  with 
a  diameter  of  about  ,Jsn  inch,  developed  in 
chyle.  Called,  when  found  in  the  blood, 
White  Corpuscle. 

Chylifaction  (kMi-fak'shon),  n.  [Chyle,  an, I 
L.  facio,  to  make.]  The  act  or  process  I.\ 
which  chyle  is  formed  from  food  in  animal 
bodies. 

Chylifactiye  (ki-li-fak'tiv),  a.  Forming  or 
changing  into  chyle;  having  the  power  to 
make  chyle;  chyliflcatory;  chyliftc. 

Chyliferous  (ki-lif'er-us),  a.    Chyle-bearing. 

Chyliflc  (ki-lif'ik),  a.    Chylifactive. 

Chyliflcation  (ki'li-n-ka"8hon),  n.  The  pro- 
cess by  which  the  chyle  is  separated  from 
the  chyme.  See  CHYLIFACTION. 

Chyliflcatory  (kl-lif'i-ka-to-ri),  o.  Making 
chyle;  chylifactive. 

Chylify  (ki'li-fi),  v.t.  and  i.  [Chyle,  and  I. 
/ado,  to  make.]  To  convert  or  be  converted 
into  chyle. 

Chylopoetlc  (ki'16-po-et"ik).  a.  [Gr.  chylos. 
chyle,  and  poied,  to  make.]  Pertaining  to 
or  concerned  in  the  formation  of  chyle ; 
chylifactive:  as,  the  chylopoetic  organs. 

ChylOUS  (ki'lus),  a.  Consisting  of,  pertain- 
ing to,  or  resembling  chyle. 

Chymi>e,t  71.  The  prominent  part  of  the 
staves  beyond  the  head  of  a  barrel ;  the 
chime  or  chimb. 

Chyme  (kirn),  n.  [Or.  chymos,  juice.  See 
CHYLE.  ]  Digested  food  before  the  chyle  is 
extracted.  In  the  stomach  it  forms  a  pulpy 
mass  which  passes  on  into  the  small  intes- 
tine, and  being  acted  on  by  the  bile,  pan- 
creatic fluid,  and  intestinal  juice,  is  cepa- 
rated  into  chyle  and  non-nutritious  matters, 
which  latter  are  carried  off  by  the  evacua- 
tions. 

Chymlc,  Chymical,  Chymist,  Chymlstry 
(kim'ik,  kim'ik-al,  kim'ist,  kim'ist-ri).  See 

CIIEMIC,  CHEMICAL,  &C. 

Chymlcst  (kim'iks),  71.    Chemistry. 

Chymlncatlon  ( kim'i-n-ka"shoii ),  n.  The 
process  of  becoming  or  of  forming  chyme. 

Chymify  (kini'i-fi), ».  (.  and  ».  To  form  or  be 
formed  into  chyme. 

ChymisticaLt  Chymisticall  t  (kim-ist'ik 
al),  a.  Chemical.  Burton. 

Chymous  (kim'us),  o.   Pertaining  to  chyme. 

Chynche.t  a.    Same  as  Chich. 

Clbarlous  (si-ba'ri-us),  a.  [L.  cibariug,  from 
cibus,  food.)  Pertaining  to  food;  useful  for 
food;  edible. 

Cibatlon  (si-ba'shon),  n.  [L.  cibui,  food.] 
In  physiol.  the  act  of  taking  food,  particu- 
larly the  more  solid  kinds. 

Clbol  (sib'ol),  7i.  [Fr.  ciboule,  from  L.  ce- 
pula,  dim.  of  cepa,  an  onion.)  A  plant  of 
the  onion  genus,  the  AUiwm  Jittuitmim,  n 
native  of  Asia,  but  cultivated  in  various 
parts  of  the  European  continent  and  in 
England.  Its  leaves  are  flstular,  and  are 
used  for  culinary  purposes  like  those  of  the 
chive,  but  they  are  much  larger.  It  has  no 
bulb;  its  root  is  perennial  and  fibrous. 

Ciborium  (si-bo'ri-um),  n.  (L.,  from  Or. 
kiburion,  the  seed-vessel  of  the  Egyptian 
bean,  and  a  cup  made  from  it  or  resembling 
it.)  1.  Ecclet.  (a)  the  pyx.  (6)  A  pendent 
tabernacle  for  the  pyx.  (c)  A  receptacle  for 
relics,  (d)  A  portable  altar,  (e)  A  case  for 
displaying  the  calendar  of  feasts,  placed  in 
the  nave  of  Greek  churches.  Jiev.  Orby 
Shipley.— 2.  In  arch,  an  insulated  building 
composed  of  an  arched  vault  supported  on 
four  columns;  a  baldachino  (which  see). 

Cibotium  ( si-bo'shi-um ),  n.  [Gr.  kibotoi,  a 
chest  or  coffer.]  The  genus  of  ferns  t<> 
which  the  barometz  or  Scythian  lamb  be- 
longs. See  AGNUS  SCYTHICUS. 

Cicada  (si-ka'da),  n.  pi.  Cicadse  or  Cicadas 
(si-ka'de,  si-ka'daz).  [L]  The  popular  and 
generic  name  of  certain  insects  belonging  to 
the  order  Hemiptera,  sub-order  Homoptera. 
of  many  species.  The  males  have  on  each 
side  of  the  body  a  kind  of  drum,  with  which 
they  can  make  a  considerable  noise,  which 
was  much  admired  by  the  ancients,  and 
frequently  cited  by  their  poets  as  a  type  of 


Fate,  far,  fat.  fall;       me.  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc. 


CICADELLINA 


471 


CIUOGRADE 


music  and  eloquence.  The  largest  European 
species  are  about  an  inch  long,  hut  some 
American  species  are  much  larger,  and  can 
he  heard  a  mile  off.  They  ore  nearly  all 
natives  of  tropical  or  warm  temperate  re- 
gions. The  female  is  furnished  with  two 
serrateil  horny  plates,  by  means  of  which  it 
pierces  the  branches  of  trees  to  deposit  its 
eggs.  One  species,  C.  amjlica,  is  found  in 
the  Xew  Forest. 

Cicadellina  (sik'a-del-H'na),  n.  pi.  A  family 
or  nub-family  of  insects  of  the  section  Hom- 
optera,  containing  the  frog -hopper  and 
others. 

Cicadidae  (si-kad'i-de),  n.  pi.  The  cicadas, 
a  family  of  hemipterous  insects,  section 
Homoptera,  distinguished  by  having  four 
deflected  wings,  the  anterior  ones  often  con- 
sisting of  coloured,  leather-like  elytra.  The 
females  are  furnished  with  a  serrated  borer. 
Some  of  them  have  a  musical  organ,  others 
are  without  it.  The  cicada  is  the  type  of 
the  family.  See  CICADA. 

Cicala  (si-kii'la;  It.  pron.  chi-kii'la),  n.  [It, 
from  L.  cicada.  ]  A  cicada.  Tennyson. 

Cicatrice  (sik'a-tris),  n.  [Fr.  cicatrice,  L. 
cicatrix.  ]  1.  A  scar;  a  little  seam  or  eleva- 
tion of  flesh  remaining  after  a  wound  or 
ulcer  is  healed. —  2.  Mark;  impression. 
[Kare.] 

Lean  but  upon  a  rush. 
The  cicatrice  and  capable  impressure 
Thy  palm  some  moments  keeps.  Sftat. 

Clcatricula,  Cicatricle  (sik-a-trik'u-la, 
sik'a-tri-kl),  n.  [L.  cicatricula,  a  small  scar, 
dim.  of  cicatrix,  a  scar.]  The  germinating 
or  fetal  point  in  the  embryo  of  a  seed  or  the 
yolk  of  an  egg. 

Cicatrisive  (sik-a-tri'siv),  o.  Tending  to 
promote  the  formation  of  a  cicatrix. 

Cicatrix  (si-ka'triks),  n.  pi.  Cicatrices  (sik- 
a-tri'sez).  [L.  ]  A  cicatrice  or  scar. 

Cicatrizant  (sik'a-trlz-ant),  ».  That  which 
cicatrizes;  a  medicine  or  application  that 
promotes  the  formation  of  a  cicatrix. 

Cicatrization  (sik'a-tri-za"shon),  n.  The 
process  of  healing  or  forming  a  cicatrix;  or 
the  state  of  being  healed,  cicatrized,  or 
skinned  over. 

Cicatrize  (sik'a-trlz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp  cica- 
trized; ppr.  cicatrizing.  To  induce  the  for- 
mation of  a  cicatrix  on;  to  heal  up  (a 
wound). 

Cicatrize  (sik'a-trlz),  v.i.  To  become  healed 
leaving  a  cicatrix;  to  skin  over;  as,  wounded 
flesh  cicatrizes. 

Cicatrose  (sik'a-tros),  a.  Full  of  scars; 
scarry. 

Cicely  (sis'e-li),  n.  [L.  and  Or.  seseli.}  A 
popular  name  applied  to  several  umbellifer- 
ous plants.  Rough  cicely  is  Caucalis  A  n- 
thriscus;  sweet  cicely  is  Myrrhis  odorata; 
wild  cicely  is  Chcerophyllum  sylvestre.  The 
name  sweet  cicely  is  applied  in  North  Ame- 
rica to  two  species  of  Osmorrhiza.  See 
SESELI. 

Cicendia  (si-sen'di-a),  n.  A  genua  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Gentianacea;.  The  few  species 
are  small  annual  branched  herbs,  with  slen- 
der stems,  oblong  leaves,  and  small  yellow 
or  pink  flowers.  Two  species  are  included 
in  the  British  flora,  C.  Jiliformii,  found  in 
sandy  bays  along  the  south  coast  of  Eng- 
land; and  C.  piwilla,  found  in  Guernsey. 

Cicer  (si'ser),  n.  [L.  1  A  genus  of  leguminous 
plants  allied  to  the  vetch,  consisting  of 
annual  or  perennial  herbs,  natives  of  the 
countries  bordering  the  Mediterranean.  See 
CHICK-PEA. 

Cicerone  (sis-e-ro'ne;  It.  pron.  che-cha-ro'- 
na),  n.  [It.,  from  Cicero.]  A  name  given 
by  the  Italians  to  the  guides  who  show  tra- 
vellers the  antiquitiesof  the  country;  hence, 
in  a  general  sense,  one  who  explains  the 
curiosities  of  a  place;  a  guide. 
Ciceronian  (sis-e-ro'ni-an),  a.  [From  Cicero, 
the  Roman  orator.]  Resembling  the  style 
of  Cicero. 

Ciceronian  (sis-e-ro'ni-an),  n.  An  imitator 
of  Cicero.  Hallam. 

Ciceronianism  (sis-e-ro'ni-an-izm),  n.  The 
manner  or  style  of  Cicero;  a  Ciceronian 
phrase  or  form  of  expression. 
Cichoraceaa  (sik-6-ra'se-e),  n.  pi.  [See  Ci- 
CHOKIUM.]  In  bot.  a  subdivision  of  the  nat. 
order  Composite,  with  the  corollas  all  ligu- 
late,  and  the  juice  milky,  bitter,  astringent, 
and  narcotic.  To  this  subdivision  belong 
the  succory,  endive,  lettuce,  salsafy,  trago- 
pogon,  dandelion,  <fec. 

Cichoraceous  (sik-6-ra'shus),  a.     Having 
the  qualities  of  or  belonging  to  the  Cicho- 
raceas. 
Clcuorium  (si-ko'ri-um),  n.    [L.  cichorium, 


Gr.  kichorion,  chicory,  succory,  or  endive  ) 
A  genus  of  plants  of  the  nat.  order  Compo- 
sitso.  The  species  are  perennial  herbs  with 
spreading  branches  and  milky  juice.  See 
CHICORY. 

Cichory  (sik'o-ri),  n.  Chicory  (which  see). 
Cich-peat  (sik'pe),  n.  Chick-pra  (which  see). 
Cicindela  (sis-in-cie'la),  n.  [L.  cicindela,  a 
glowworm,  from  candela,  a  candle.]  A 
genus  of  beetles,  the  type  of  the  family 
Cieindelidax  C.  campestrig  (the  common 
tiger-beetle)  is  a  British  species  remarkable 
for  its  agility  and  ferocious  habits. 
Cicindelidse  (sis-in-del'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family 
of  coleopterous  insects  of  the  section  Fen- 
tamera,  commonly  called  tiger-beetles  and 
sparklers.  The  typical  genus  of  this  family 
is  Cicindela.  The  species  are  found  in 
every  quarter  of  the  globe.  They  have  very 
prominent  eyes,  very  strong  mandibles,  are 
armed  with  strong  teeth,  and  are  remark- 
able for  the  beauty  of  their  colours.  See 
TIGER-BEETLE. 

Cicisbeism  (si-sis'be-izm),  n.  [See  below.] 
The  practice  of  dangling  about  females. 
CiCisbeo(si-sis'be-6;  It.  pron.  che-ehes-ba'6). 
n.  [It.]  1.  A  dangler  about  females;  a  name 
given,  since  the  seventeenth  century,  in 
Italy,  to  the  professed  gallant  of  a  married 
lady.— 2.  A  knot  of  silk  or  ribbon  attached 
to  walking-sticks,  to  the  hilts  of  swords,  or 
to  the  handles  of  fans.  Smollett. 
Ciconia,  Ciconinsa  (si-ko'ni-a,  sik-6-ni'ne), 
n.  [L.  ciconia,  a  stork.]  The  genus  and 
family  of  birds  to  which  the  stork  belongs. 
See  STORK. 

Cipuratet  (sik'u-rat),  v.t.  [L.  cicur,  tame, 
cicnro,  to  tame.]  To  tame;  to  reclaim  from 
wildness.  'Cicurated  and  subdued.'  SirT. 
Browne. 

Cicuration  t  (sik-u-ra'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
taming.  Hay. 

Cicuta  (si-ku'ta),  n.  [L.,  hemlock.]  A  genus 
of  umbelliferous  plants  containing  three 
species,  one  European  and  two  American. 
They  are  tall  perennial  glabrous  herbs,  with 
divided  leaves,  and  compound,  many-rayed 
umbels  of  white  flowers.  The  European 
species,  C.  virom,  is  called  popularly  water- 
hemlock  or  cow-bane.  See  HEMLOCK. 
CiCUtet  (si-kutO,  n.  Water-hemlock.  See 
CICUTA. 

Cid  (sid),  n.  [Sp.,  from  Ar.  seid,  a  lord.]  A 
chief;  a  commander:  an  epithet  applied  in 
Spanish  literature  to  Ruy  or  Roderigo  Diaz, 
Count  of  Bivar  (el  Cid  Campeador),  a  daunt- 
less champion  of  the  Christian  religion  and 
of  the  old  Spanish  royalty  against  the  Moors 
in  the  eleventh  century;  hence  given  also 
to  an  epic  which  celebrates  his  exploits. 
Cidaridae  (si-dar'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
Echinodermata,  belonging  to  the  order 
Echinoidea.  They  are  characterized  by  their 
globular,  sub-oval,  or  hemispherical  shape; 
and  by  parallel  ambulacra  diverging  equally 
on  all  sides  from  the  vent  to  the  mouth. 
Cidaris  is  the  typical  genus. 
CidariS  (sid'ar-is),  n.  [Gr.  kidaris,  a  turban, 
tiara.]  A  genus  of  sea-urchins  belonging  to 
the  family  Cidarida).  They  are  mostly  found 
in  the  hotter  parts  of  the  world;  one  species 
only  being  found  in  the  British  seas  (and 
that  only  on  the  coasts  of  Shetland),  viz. 
the  piper -urchin  (C.  papillata),  so  called 
from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  its  globe 
and  spines  to  a  bagpipe. 
Cidarite  (sid'ar-lt),  ».  A  fossil  specimen  of 
the  genus  Cidaris,  family  Cidaridie,  which  is 
found  in  the  carboniferous  limestone  and 
upwards.  Many  of  them  are  of  large  size, 
ami  are  furnished  with  long  and  often  curi- 
ously ornamented  spines.  See  CIDARID*. 
Cider  (si'der),  n.  [Fr.  cidre,  It.  cidro,  sidro, 
from  L.  sicera,  Gr.  sikera,  strong  drink,  from 
Heb.  shakar,  to  intoxicate.]  A  name  for- 
merly given  to  liquor  made  of  the  juice  of 
fruits,  and  various  kinds  of  strong  liquor; 
but  now  appropriated  to  the  juice  of  apples, 
before  and,  more  specifically,  after  fermen- 
tation. '  He  schall  not  drinke  wyn  ne 
sydyr.'  Wickli/e,  Luke  i.  15.  Sometimes 
used  as  an  adjective. 

Worcester  the  queen  of  the  cider  land  had  but 
eight  thousand  (inhabitants).  Matau/ajr. 

Cider-brandy  (si'der-bran-di),  n.    A  sort  of 

brandy  distilled  from  cider. 
Ciderist  (si'der-ist),  n.    A  maker  of  cider. 

Mortimer. 
CiderMn  (si'der-kin),  n.    The  liquor  made 

from  the  refuse  of  apples  after  the  juice  has 

been  pressed  out  for  cider. 

Ciderkin  is  made  for  common  drinlcine.  and  sup- 
plies the  place  of  small  beer.  Mortimer. 


Cider-mill  (si'der-mil).  71  A  mill  for  crushing 
apples  for  making  i-idi-r 

Cider -press  (si 'dor -pros),  n.  Same  as 
Cult:  r-i/iilt. 

Ci-devant  (nc-ilc-von),  a.  |Kr,  from  «  =  tci 
(for  L.  lucce),  here,  and  dcvant,  rrpnwntiiii; 
L.  de  ah  ante,  lit.  of  from  before.  ]  Formerly; 
heretofore:  applied  generally  to  hxlividuals 
who  have  held  some  office.  •  The  ci-devant 
commander.'  Quart,  llev. 

del,  deling  (sel,  sel'lng).  n.  Same  as  Ceil, 
Ceiling. 

Cierge  (sen),  n.  [Fr. ,  from  L.  cera,  wax.]  A 
candle  carried  in  religious  processions. 

Cigar  (si-gar'),  n.  [Fr.  cigare,  8p.  dyami, 
originally  the  name  of  a  kind  of  tobacco  in 
Cuba.  ]  A  small  roll  of  tobacco  leaves  care- 
fully made  up,  and  intended  to  be  smoked 
by  lighting  at  one  end  and  drawing  the 
smoke  through  it.  It  differs  from  a  cheroot 
chiefly  in  form,  having  the  mouth  end 
pointed,  the  other  cut  square. 

Cigarette  (sig-ar-ef),  n.  [Fr.  dim.  of 
ctfiare.]  A  little  fine  tobacco  rolled  up  in 
tissue  paper  so  as  to  form  a  small  cylinder, 
and  lighted  at  one  end  for  smoking. 

Cigar-holder,  Cigar-tube  (si-gar'h61d-er, 
si-gar'tub),  n.  A  mouth-piece  or  tube  used 
for  smoking  cigars. 

Cilery  (sil'er-i),  n.  [Contr.  for  ciliary,  from 
its  resemblance  to  the  eyelash.]  In  arch. 
the  drapery  or  foliage  carved  on  the  heads 
of  columns. 

Cilia,  (sil'i-a),  n.  pi.    [L.  cilium,  an  eyelash.] 

1.  In  anat.  the  hairs  which  grow  from  the 
margin  of  the  eyelids;  eyelashes.  Dmiglison. 

2.  In  bot.  hairs  or  bristles  situated  on  the 
margin  of  a  vegetable  body,  as  those  of  the 
inner  peristome  of  a  moss.  —3.  In  physwl. 
small,  generally  microscopic,  hair-like  or- 
gans or  appendages,  averaging  s,,l,M,  inch  in 
length,  found  on  the  surface  of  the  tissues 
of  most  animals,  and  in  some  vegetable  or- 
ganisms (as  Volvpx),  chiefly  on  tissues  which 
are  in  contact  with  water  or  which  produce 
fluid  secretions.    They  are  constantly  in  a 
state  of  active  movement,  and  communicate 
to  the  fluid  with  which  they  are  in  contact 
the  same  motion.    This  is  called  vibratile  or 
ciliary  motion.   In  most  of  the  lower  animals 
the  respiratory  function  is  aided  by  means  of 
the  vibratile  cilia,  which  propel  currents  of 
water  over  the  gills;  many  animalcules  move 
by  a  similar  mechanism;  and  in  the  highest 
classes  of  animals  vibratile  cilia  have  a  share 
in  the  performance  of  some  important  func- 
tions. 

Ciliary  (sil'i-a-ri),  a.     1.  Belonging  to  the 
eyelids.  —  Ciliary  processes,  the  folds  into 
which  the  choroid  coat  is  gathered  around 
the  crystalline  lens.  —  Ciliary  circle  or  liga- 
ment, a  kind  of  grayish  ring,  situated  be- 
tween the  choroid  membrane,  the  iris,  and 
the  sclerotica.  —2.  Pertaining  to  or  performed 
by  vibratile  cilia;  as,  ciliary  motion. 
Ciliata  (sil-i-a'ta),  n.  pi.    An  order  of  infu- 
sorian  animalcules,  distinguished   by  the 
general  possession  of  cilia. 
Vorticellaand  Taramecium 
are  familiar  examples. 
Ciliate,    Ciliated  (sil'i-at. 
sil'i-at-ed),  a.    Furnished 
with  cilia;   bearing  cilia: 
(o)  in  bot.  furnished  or  sur- 
rounded with  hairs  or  fine 
bristles     resembling     the 
hairs  of  the  eyelids:  applied 
to  leaves,  corollae,  petals, 
Ac.  (6)  I  nphysiol.  furnished 
with   cilia   endowed   with 
vibratory  motion ;  as,  the  ciliated  epithelium 
lining  the  windpipe. 

Cilice  t  (si-lis'),  n.  [See  CILICIOUS.]  A  kind 
of  garment  made  of  haircloth.  Southey. 
Cilicious  t  (si-li'shus),  a.  [L.  cilicivm,  Gr. 
kilikion,  a  coarse  cloth  made  of  the  woi  1 
of  goats  of  CUicia.)  Made  or  consisting  of 
hair.  '  A  cilicunts  or  sackcloth  habit.'  Sir 
T  Browne. 

Ciliiform  (sil'i-i-form),  a.  [CiKa,  and  L. 
forma,  form.]  Having  the  form  of  cilia; 
very  fine  or  slender ;  specifically,  applied  to 
the  teeth  of  certain  fishes  when  numerous 
and  all  equally  fine,  as  the  teeth  of  the 
perch. 

Ciliobracbiate  (sil'i-6-brak"i-at),  a.  [Cilia, 
and  L.  brachium,  the  arm.]  In  physiol. 
having  the  arms  furnished  with  cilia,  as  in 
Polyzoa. 

Ciliograda,  Ciliogrades  (siri-o-gra'Ma, 
sil'i-6-gradz),  n.  pi,    [Cilia,  and  L  gradvir, 
to  advance.]    Same  as  Ctenophora. 
Ciliograde  (sil'i-6-grad),  a.    [See  above.) 
Moving  by  means  of  cilia. 


Ciliated  Leaf. 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go; 


J.job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinp;      TH,  <Aen;  th,  thin,     w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CILL 


472 


CINERARIA 


Cill  (sil),  re.     See  SILL. 

Clllo,  Cillosis(sil'16,sil-lo'sis),?!.  [Probably 
from  L.  ciliuin,  an  eyelid.]  A  constant 
spasmodic  trembling  of  the  upper  eyelash. 
Sometimes  called  Life's-blood. 

Cinia  (si'ma)     Same  as  Cyma. 

Cimar  (si-mar').    See  SIMAR. 

Cinibal  (sim'bal),  n.  [It.  ciambella. ]  A 
kind  of  cake.  Nareg. 

Cimbex  (sim'beks),  n.  [Gr.  kimbex,  a  bee- 
like  insect.]  A  genus  of  hymenopterous  in- 
sects, of  the  family  Tenthredinidte.  They 
are  amongst  the  largest  species  of  saw-flies. 
The  antennae  are  clubbed  at  the  end,  and 
the  larva;  make  a  cocoon. 

Cimbia  (sim'bi-a),  n.  In  arch,  a  fillet 
or  band  round  the  shaft  of  a  column  to 
strengthen  it. 

Cimbric  (sim'brik),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Cimbri,  an  ancient  people  of  Europe,  from 
whom  Jutland  was  anciently  called  the 
Cimbric  Chersonese. 

Ciinbric  (sim'brik),  n.  The  language  of  the 
Cimbri. 

Cimeliarcht  (si-me'li-ark).  n.  [L.  cimeli- 
archa,  Gr.  keimeltarches,  from  keimelion, 
treasure,  and  archo,  to  rule.]  A  superin- 
tendent or  keeperof  valuable  things  belong- 
ing to  a  church;  also,  the  name  given  to  the 
apartment  in  ancient  churches  where  the 
plate  and  vestments  are  deposited.  Guilt. 

Cimeter  t  (sim'e-ter),  n.  A  scimitar  (which 
see). 

Cimex  (si'meks),  n.  [L.,abug.  ]  A  Linnacan 
genus  of  hemipterous  insects,  sub-order 
Heteroptera.  The  bed-bug  is  the  type  of 
the  genus.  See  BUG. 

Cimia  (sim'i-a).  n.    Same  as  Cimbia. 

Cimicidae  (si-mis'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
hemipterous  insects,  having  for  its  type  the 
genus  Cimex,  or  the  bug.  See  BUG. 

Cimicifuga  (si-mi-sif'u-ga),  n.  [L.  cimex,  a 
bug,  and  fugo,  to  drive  away.  ]  A  genus  of 
plants,  closely  allied  to  Actcea,  nat.  order 
Ranunculacea;;  bugwort.  The  species  are 
perennial  herbs,  having  roots  which  act  as 
drastic  purgatives,  and  are  poisonous.  C. 

fcetida  (stinking  bugwort)  is  a  very  fetid 
plant,  and  is  used  for  driving  away  bugs  and 
Heas. 

Cimlsst  (si 'mis),  n.  The  bed-bug.  See 
CIMEX. 

Cimitert  (sim'i-  ter),  n.    A  scimitar. 

Cimmerian  (sim-me'ri-an),  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  the  Cimjnerii,  or  Cimmerians,  a  mythical 
people  mentioned  by  Homer  as  dwelling 
•beyond  the  ocean-stream,  where  the  sun 
never  shines,  and  perpetual  darkness  reigns.' 
Later  writers  sought  to  localize  them,  and 
accordingly  placed  them  either  in  I  taly,  near 
the  Avernus,  or  in  Spain,  or  in  the  Tauric 
Chersonese,  and  they  represent  them  as 
dwelling  in  perpetual  darkness,  so  that  with 
the  Romans  the  expression  Cimmerian  dark- 
ness (Cimmerue  tenebm)  became  prover- 
bial. Hence— 2.  Very  dark. 

There,  under  ebon  shades,  and  low-brow' d  rocks. 

As  ragged  as  thy  locks, 

In  dark  Cimmerian  desert  ever  dwell.       Milton. 

Cimoliat  (si-mo'li-a),  n.  Cimnlite  (which 
see)  Holland. 

Cimolite  (sirn'6-lit),  n.  \  I-'r.  cimvlite, 
from_Gr.  kiuuilia  (ye),  Cimoliali  earth,  from 
Gr.Kinwlos,  L.  Cimoliut,  one  of  the  Cyclades, 
now  Cimoli  or  Argentiera.]  A  species  of 
clay,  or  hydrous  silicate  of  magnesia,  used 
by  the  ancients  as  a  remedy  for  erysipelas 
and  other  inflammations.  It  is  white,  of  a 
loose,  soft  texture,  moulders  into  a  flue 
powder,  and  effervesces  with  acids.  It  is 
useful  in  taking  spots  from  cloth.  Another 
species,  of  a  purple  colour,  is  the  steatite  or 
soap-rock.  From  another  variety,  found  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  tobacco-pipes  are  made. 

Cinchona  (sin-ko'na),  n.  [The  name  given 
by  Linnrcus  to  the  genus,  and  more  pro- 
perly written  CMnAona,  being  so  called 
after  the  Countess  of  Chinchou  (pron  chin- 
chon',  from  Chinchon,  a  town  in  Spain, 
not  far  from  Madrid),  vice-queen  of  Peru 
who  was  cured  of  fever  by  it  in  1038,  and 
assisted  in  spreading  the  remedy.  The 
spelling  and  pronunciation  here  given  ap- 
pear to  be  well  established,  though  neither 
can  be  considered  correct]  1.  A  genus  of 
trees,  belonging  to  the  nat.  order  Rubiacece. 
There  are  numerous  species,  only  some  of 
which  yield  the  valuable  medicinal  Iwrk,  the 
cinchona  of  commerce.  Crown  or  loxa  bark 
is  furnished  by  C.  Condaminea;  gray  or 
huanuco  bark  by  C.  micrantha  and  C.  nitida  ; 
red  bark  by  C.  succirubra;  yellow  bark  by 
C.  Calisaya.  They  are  all  used  as  tonics  and 
antiseptics,  and  particularly  in  the  cure  of 


Cinchona  (Cinchona 
sitccirttbra). 


ague  and  periodic  nervous  pains.     Their 

active  properties  depend  on  the  alkaloids 

cinchonin  and  quinine,  which  are  found  in 

the  cellular  tis- 

sue of  the  bark. 

The  species  are 

all     trees     or       —, 

large      shrubs 

growing  on  the 

Andes  of  tropi- 

cal South  Ame- 

rica. They  have 

been        intro- 

duced    exten- 

sively into  In- 

dia and  Java, 

and  are  culti- 

vated in  other 

countries.  — 

2.    The    medi- 

cinal  bark    of 

several  species 

Of       Cinchona  ; 
Peruvian  bark. 

Cinchonaceas 

(sin-ko-na'se-e),  n.  pi.  A  nat.  order  of  gam- 
opetalous,  calycifloral  dicotyledons,  some- 
times regarded  as  a  sub-order  of  the  Ru- 
biaceaj.  They  are  trees,  shrubs,  or  herbs, 
with  simple  opposite  leaves  ;  flowers  ar- 
ranged in  panicles  or  corymbs;  calyx  ad- 
herent, entire  or  toothed  ;  corolla  regular; 
stamens  attached  to  the  corolla;  ovary  two- 
celled;  fruit  inferior,  dry  or  succulent.  They 
are  chiefly  found  in  tropical  regions,  and 
furnish  some  valuable  products,  especially 
in  the  shape  of  remedies  for  intermittent 
fevers,  tonics,  emetics,  and  purgatives,  in- 
cluding Peruvian  bark,  ipecacuanha,  coffee, 
Ac. 

Cinchonaceous  (sin-ko-na'shus),  a.  Per- 
taining to  cinchona,  or  the  plants  of  the 
order  Cinchonacere. 

Cincbonate  (sin'kon-at),  n.  A  salt  of  cin- 
chonic  .acid;  a  quinate. 

Cinehonia  (sin-k6'ni-a),n.  Cinchonin  (which 
see). 

Cinchonlc  (sin-kon'ik),  a.  Of  or  belonging 
to  cinchona  ;  derived  from  cinchona  ;  hav- 
ing the  properties  of  cinchona;  as,  cinchonic 
acid.  Called  also  Quinie,  Kinic. 

Cinchonin,  Cinchonlne  (sin'kon-in),  n. 
(C-joH^NjO.)  An  alkaloid  obtained  from 
the  bark  of  several  species  of  Cinchona, 
along  with  quinine,  and  one  of  the  medicinal 
active  principles  of  this  bark.  This  vege- 
table alkaloid  is  contained  in  all  the  varie- 
ties of  Cinchona,  but  principally  in  C.  lan- 
cifulia,  or  pale  bark.  It  crystallizes  very 
readily,  and  is  not  so  bitter  as  quinine, 
although  highly  febrifuge.  It  is  very  spar- 
ingly soluble  in  water,  but  very  soluble  in 
alcohol,  especially  when  heated.  With  acids 
it  forms  crystallizable  salts,  which  may  be 
substituted  for  those  of  quinine. 

Cinchonlsm  (sin'kon-izm),  n.  In  jmtlml  a 
disturbed  condition  of  the  system,  the  re- 
sult of  overdoses  of  cinchona  or  quinine. 

Cincinnus  (sin-sin'nus),  n.  [L.,  curled  hair] 
In  hot.  a  cyme  developed  in  a  scorpioid  or 
curled  manner. 

Cinclides.    See  CINOI.IS. 

Cinclinae  (sin-kll'ne),  n.  pi  [Gr.  kingklot,  a 
water-ouzel.]  The  dippers,  a  sub-family  of 
dentirostral  birds,  belonging  to  the  family 
Merulidie  or  Turdida?. 

Cinclis  (singk'lis).  n.  pi.  Cinclides  (singk'- 
li-dez).  (Gr.  kin<iklis,  kimjklidris,  a  lattice.] 
One  of  the  openings  existing  in  the  Ijody- 
walls  of  some  sea-anemones.  Probably  these 
apertures  serve  to  discharge  the  thread- 
cells  or  cnida;. 

Cinclosoma  (sin-klo-s6'ma),n.  [Gr  kinyklns, 
a  water  -ousel,  and  soma,  the  body.)  A 

genus  of  insessorial  birds,  nearly  allied  to 
the  shrikes.  C.  pttnctatum,  or  spotted 

ground  -thrush,  inhabits  Tasmania  and 
Eastern  Australia;  other  species  are  found 
in  the  East  Indies. 

Cinclus  (singk'lus),n.  [Gr.  kingklos.  a  water- 
ouzel.  ]  A  genus  of  birds  of  the  family  Meru- 
lida?,  including  the  water-ouzel  or  dipper. 

See  DIPPER. 
Cincture  (singk'tur),  n.    [L.  cinctura,  from 

ciwjo,  to  surround,  to  gird.]    1.  A  belt,  a 

girdle,  or  something  worn  round  the  body. 

Like  one  that  shuddered,  she  unbound 

The  cincture  from  beneath  her  breast.    Colcrittgt. 

2.  That  which  encompasses  or  incloses  ;  in- 
closure.  '  The  court  and  prison  being  within 
the  cincture  of  one  wall.  '  Bacon.  —3.  In  arch. 
a  ring  or  list  round  a  column,  especially  one 
at  the  top  and  another  at  the  bottom,  separ- 


ating the  shaft  at  one  end  from  the  base,  at 
the  other  from  the  capital.  It  is  supposed 
to  be  in  imitation  of  the  girths  or  ferrils 
anciently  used  to  strengthen  columns. 

Cinctured  (singk'turd),  a.  Girded  with  a 
cincture.  'Their  featner-c£Hc(wred  chiefs 
and  dusky  loves.'  Gray. 

Cinder(sin'der),re.  [A.Sax.  sinder,  dross,  cin- 
der; cog.  Icel.  sindr,  Sw.  frinder,  slag  or  dross 
from  a  forge;  Dan.  tinder,  xiuncr,  a  cinder; 
D.  Kintel,  cinders;  G.  sinter,  dross.  The  word 
is  believed  to  be  derived  from  a  root  signi- 
fying to  flow,  seen  in  Skr.  sindhu,  a  rim-  i 
1.  A  solid  piece  of  matter,  remaining  after 
having  been  subjected  to  combustion,  and 
in  which  fire  is  extinct;  as,  the  cinders  of  a 
forge. —2.  A  small  coal  or  particle  of  flre 
mixed  with  ashes;  an  ember.  Swift. — 3.  A 
scale  thrown  off  while  forging  or  hammer- 
Ing  iron.— 4.  Any  strong  liquor,  as  brandy, 
whisky,  sherry,  &c.,  mixed  with  a  wc;ik^r 
beverage,  as  soda-water,  lemonade,  water, 
•fee.,  to  fortify  it.  [Slang.] 

Cinder-bed  (sin'der-bed),  n.  A  quarryman's 
name  for  a  stratum  of  the  upper  Purbeck 
series,  almost  wholly  composed  of  oyster- 
shells,  and  so  named  from  its  loose  struc- 
ture. It  is  a  marine  bed  lying  among  fresh- 
water deposits. 

Cinder-frame  (sin'der-fram),  n.  In  locomo- 
tive engines,  a  frame  of  wire-work  placed 
before  the  tubes,  to  arrest  the  ascent  of 
large  pieces  of  burning  coke. 

Cindering  (sin'der-ing),  p.  and  a.  Reducing 
to  cinders.  'Sword  and  cindering  flame.' 
Gascoigne. 

Cinderous,  Cindrous  (sin'der-us,  sin'dras), 
a.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a  cinder.  '  A  sharp 
andcmrfroitshumour.'  Sylvester,  DuBartas. 

Cinder-path  (sin'derpath),  n.  A  path  or 
way  laid  with  cinders  in  place  of  gravel. 

There  was  a  broad  cindtr~pAtk  diagonally  cross- 
ing a  field.  Mrs.  Gaskell. 

Cinder-sifter  (sin'der-sif-ter),  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  sifts  cinders ;  specifically,  a 
perforated  shovel  or  sieve  for  sifting  aahn 
or  dust  from  cinders. 

Cinder- wench.  Cinder-woman  (sin'der- 
wensh,  sin'der-wu'man),)!.  A  woman  whose 
business  is  to  rake  into  heaps  of  ashes  for 
cinders. 

In  the  black  form  of  cindtr.-wtnch  she  came.  Guy. 

Cindery  (sin'der-i),  a.  Resembling  cinders; 
containing  cinders,  or  composed  of  them. 

Cinefactlon  (sin-e-fak'shon),  n.  [L.  einu, 
ashes,  and  facia,  to  make.]  Reduction  to 
ashes.  Crabb. 

Cinematic,  Cinematical  (si-ne-mat'ik,  sin- 
e-mat'ik-al),  a.  Same  as  Kinematic. 

Cinematics  (si-ne-mat'iks),  n.  Same  as 
Kinematics. 

Cinenchyma  (si-nenTd-ma),  n.  [Gr.  kineo, 
to  move,  and  encltyma,  infusion— en,  in. 
cheo,  to  pour.]  In  but.  a  term  applied  to  the 
laticiferous  tissue  in  plants,  distinguished 
by  its  irregular  branching  and  anastomosing 
character. 

Clnenchymatous  (si-nen-kim'at-ns),«.  Per- 
taining to  or  composed  of  cinenchyma;  con- 
taining latex  or  elaborated  sap;  laticifer- 
ous. 

Cineraceous,  Cinereous  (sin.e-ra'«hus,  st- 
ne're-us),  a.  [L.  cinereut,  cineraceut,  from 
cinis,  cinerig,  ashes.  ]  Like  ashes ;  having  the 
colour  of  the  ashes  of  wood. 

Cineraria  («in-e-ra'rl-a),n.  [L.  cinii,  cineri*, 
ashes:  from  the  soft  white  down  which 
covers  the  surfaces  of  the  leaves.]  A  gtuns 


Cineraria  (garden  variety). 


of  plants,  natural  order  Compositsc,  consist- 
ing of  herbs  or  small  shrubs,  with  small- 
sized  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  They  are 
chiefly  found  in  South  Africa,  and  in  our 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      V,  Sc.  ley. 


CINERARY 


gardens  there  are  a  number  of  varieties,  in- 
duced by  cultivation. 

Cinerary  (sin 'e-rar-i),  a.  [L.  cinerarius, 
from  ciiiis,  cineris,  ashes.]  1.  Pertaining  to 
ashes.— 2.  In  arcliceol.  a  term  applied  to  the 


a 


Cinerary  Urns.— British  Museum. 

sepulchral  urns  in  which  the  ashes  of  bodies 
which  had  been  burned  were  deposited. 
Cineration  (sin-e-ra'shon),  n.    [From  L. 
einu,  ashes.]    The  reducing  of  anything  to 
ashes  by  combustion. 
Cinereous,  a.    See  CINERACEOUS. 
Cineritious  (sin-e-ri'shus),  a.  [L.  cineritius 
See  CINERARY.)     i.  Having  the  colour  or 
consistence  of  ashes;  ash-gray.— 2.  In  anat. 
a  term  applied  to  the  exterior  or  cortical 
part  of  the  brain.    The  cineritious  tubercle 
is  the  floorof  the  third  ventricle  of  the  brain 
Cinerulentt  (si-ner'u-lent),  a.     Full  of 
ashes.     Bailey. 

Cingalese  (sing-ga-lez),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
primitive  inhabitants  of  Ceylon,  or  to  the 
island  itself.  Also  written  Singhalese. 
Cingalese  (sing'ga-lez),  n.  sing,  and  pi.  A 
member  of  the  primitive  race  inhabiting 
Ceylon;  the  primitive  races  of  Ceylon  col- 
lectively. 

Cinglet  (sing's!),)!.  [L.  cingulum,tTomcingo, 
to  gird.]  A  girth.  See  SURCINGLE. 
Cingulura  (sing'gu-lum),  n.  [L.,  a  belt  or 
girdle.]  1.  Ecdes.  the  girdle  with  which  the 
all)  of  a  priest  is  gathered  in  at  the  waist.  — 
2.  In  zool.  a  term  applied  to  the  neck  of  a 
tooth,  or  that  more  or  less  distinct  constric- 
tion which  separates  the  crown  from  the 
fang. 

Ciniflonidae  (sin-i-flon'i-de).  n.  pi.  [L.  cini- 
Jlo,  a  hair-curler,  and  Gr.  eidos,  likeness.)  A 
family  of  spiders,  several  species  of  which 
are  common  in  England,  residing  in  cre- 
vices of  rocks  and  walls,  &c  ,  or  under 
leaves  or  old  hark,  weaving  nets  of  a  most 
elaborate  description,  connected  with  their 
retreat  by  means  of  a  tunnel,  throu«'h 
which  the  animal  darts  when  it  feels  the 
vibration  of  an  insect  in  the  web.  The  Cini- 
flo  ferox,  a  very  voracious  species,  may  be 
mentioned  as  typical. 

Cinnabar  (sin'na-bar),n.  [L.  cinnabaris,  Gr. 
hnnabari,  a  word  of  Eastern  origin-  Per 
ilinkur.]  (HgS.)  1.  Red  sulphide  of  mer- 
cury. Native  cinnabar  is  a  compact  very 
heavy  amorphous  mineral,  which  occurs  in 
Spain,  Hungary,  Chili,  Mexico,  Japan.  Ac. 
Artificial  cinnabar  is  of  crystalline  struc- 
ture, and  is  prepared  by  subliming  the 
amorphous  sulphide;  it  is  used  as  a  pig- 
ment, and  is  also  called  vermilion,  Hepatic 
cinnabar,  an  impure  variety  of  a  liver-brown 
colour  and  sub-metallic  lustre.  Dana  — 
2.  A  red  resinous  juice  obtained  from  an 
Last  Indian  tree  (Calamus  Draco)  formerly 
used  as  an  astringent;  dragon's-blood 
Cinnabarie,  Cinnabarine  (sin'na-bar-ik, 
sin  na-bar-in ),  a.  Pertaining  to  cinnabar; 
consisting  of  cinnabar 'or  containing  it  •  as 
cinnabarine  sand. 

Cinnamic,  Cinnamomio  (sin-nam'ik,  sin- 
na-momik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  obtained 
from  cinnamon. 

Cinnamomum  (sin-na-mS'mum),  n  (See 
below.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Laur- 
acete.  natives  of  tropical  Asia  and  the  Poly- 
nesian Islands.  They  have  ribbed  leaves 
and  a  six-cleft  calyx  with  nine  stamens  in 
three  rows;  each  anther  has  four  cells  which 
open  inwardly,  except  in  the  outer  row.  All 
he  species  possess  an  aromatic  volatile  oil 
Iwo  of  the  species  yield  cinnamon  and 
eassia-lignea.  See  CINNAMON  and  CASSIA 
Cinnamon  (  sin'na-mou  ),  n.  [L.  cinnamo- 
mum;  from  Gr.tm!iam6m<m,  thronghPhccn. 
from  Heb.  kinnamon.  ]  1.  The  name  given  to 
trees  of  the  genus  Cinnamomum,  especially 
to  C.  zeylanicum.  This  tree  is  cultivated 
for  its  bark  in  Ceylon,  the  Malabar  coast 
Sumatra,  and  Borneo.  It  is  sometimes  con- 
founded with  C.  Cassia,  which  yields  the 
Chinese  or  common  variety  of  eassia-lignea 


Cinnamon  (Cinnnmomitm 
zeylauicum). 


473 

stripped  off  the  branches,  and  in  dryiiu  it 

takes  the  form  of  rolls  called  quills,  the 
smaller  quills  being  introduced  as  they  are  ' 
diying  into  the  largerones.  The  true  obuu 
mon  is  a  grateful  aromatic,  of  a  frairrmt 
smell  moderately  pungent  taste,  X  . 
pamed  with  some  degree  of  sweetness 
astnngency.  It 
is  one  of  the 
bestcordial.car- 
minative,  and 
restorative 
spices.  The  bark 
of  C.  Casvia,  be- 
ing cheaper,  is 
often  substitut- 
ed for  true  cin- 
namon, but  it  is 
thicker.coarser, 
and  less  deli- 
cate in  flavour. 
— Oil  of  cinna- 
mon, an  oil  ob- 
tained from  the 
bark  of  differ- 
ent trees  of  the 
genus  Cinnamo- 
mum. The  oil 

consists  chiefly  of  cimiamic  aldehyde(C8H80), 
mixed  with  various  resins. -Clone  eSmtmum 
is  the  bark  of  a  tree  growing  in  Brazil  (Diai- 
pelhum  caryophyllatum),n-]na\  is  often  sub- 
stituted for  real  cloves.-H'Aite  cinnamon 
or  Canclla  alba,  is  the  bark  of  a  tree  grow- 
ing in  the  West  Indies,  of  a  sharp,  biting 
taste,  like  pepper. 

Cinnamon -stone  (sin'na-mon-ston)  n  A 
variety  of  garnet  of  a  cinnamon,  hyacinth- 
red,  yellowish-brown,  or  honey-yellow  col- 
our, sometimes  used  in  jewelry. 
Cinnamon -water  (sin'na-mon-wa-ter)  n 
A  medicinal  beverage  obtained  by  distilliii" 
cinnamon,  first  infused  in  barley-water  in 
spirit  of  wine,  brandy,  or  white  wine 
Cmnamyl,  Cinnamyle  (sin'na-mil),  n. 
(C9H7O.)  A  substance  supposed  to  exist 
in  a  series  of  compounds,  such  as  cinnamic 
acid,  cimiamic  aldehyde,  &c. 
Cinnyridae  (sin-nirt-de),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  kinnu- 
ris,  a  small  bird,  and  eidos,  likeness  ]  A 
family  of  insessorial  birds  remarkable  for 
the  splendid  metallic  lustre  of  their  plum- 
age ;  the  sun-birds.  The  family  derives  its 
name  from  the  typical  genus  Cinnyris  See 
SUN-BIRD. 

Cinque  (singk),  n.  [Fr.,  five.]  A  five:  a 
word  used  in  games. 

Cinque-cento  (chen'kwa-chen-to),  n.  and  a. 
[It.,  lit.  500,  but  used  as  a  contraction  for 
1500,  the  century  in  which  the  revival  took 
place.)  A  term  employed  in  reference  to 
the  decorative  art  and  architecture  belong- 
ing to  that  attempt  at  purification  of  style 
and  reversion  to  classical  forms  introduced 
soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth 
century  in  Italy.  The  term  is  often  loosely 
applied  to  ornament  of  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury in  general,  properly  included  in  the 
term  Renaissance. 

What  is  given  the  student  as  next  to  Raphael's 
work?  Cin/fite-centa  ornament  generally.  Raskin. 

Cinque -foil  (singk'foil),  n.  [Fr.  cinque,  L. 
guinqut,  five,  and  Seville,  L.  folium,  a  leaf.] 
1.  In  arch,  an  ornament  in  the  pointed  style 


Cinque-foil  Window,  Lincoln  Cathedral 

of  architecture,  consisting  of  five  cuspidated 
divisions.  Circular  windows  frequently  have 
this  form.  See  FOIL. —2.  The  common  name 
of  the  plant  PotentMa  reptans,  from  its 
quinate  leaves.  Called  also  Five-Jinger. 


CIPPUS 

Cinque  -pace  (sinKk'p.i,).  „ 
live,  and  ,,,,„,  p:u..t..  ]    A  kin,i  ,,,  ,|.,llce'tl|J 

ber'ih'l'  "xv',1/  "'rc  rc''"lau''1  ''>'  ""•  '"""- 
Cinque-ports  (•Ingk'p0rt»)ti».j*  i  Fr  <•„. 
ni'-.i  rive  ports  or  havens  on  the  southern 
shore  Of  England,  towards  France  vj/ 
listings,  Komney,  Hythe.  Dover,  and  Sand 
wic  h;  to  winch  were  afterwards  ud<  I.  -d  Win 
e  i<;lsea,  Rye.  and  Seaford.  Th.-se  were  an- 
ciuitly  deemed  of  so  much  Importann  ,  it, 
the  defence  of  the  kingdom  against  an  in- 
vasion from  France,  that  they  received  ro,  ,,l 
grants  of  particular  privileges,  on  cc,n,liti,,n 
of  piovidmg  a  certain  number  of  ships  in 
war  at  their  own  expense.  Over  these  Is 
appointed  a  warden. 

ingk'spot-ted),  a.  Having 


r  t"h    H  -    ""•      <: 

I  the  bottom  of  a  cowslip. 


On  her  left  breast 
'"""<•  lik<:  'I'C  crimson  drops 
sttaJb 


Clntre  (sin'ter),  n.    [Fr.]    In  orcA.  same 
Centering. 
Cion  t  (si  on),  n.    Same  as  Scion  (which  see). 

Ciperst  (si'perz),  n.  [A  corruption  of  cu- 
J>™«-]  A  fine  blackgauze;  cyprus.  Ma, 
Ciper-tunnel  t  ( si'per-tun-nel ),  n.  A  false 
chimney  set  on  a  roof  for  ornament.  Fuller 
Cipher  (si'fer),  n.  [O.Fr.  etfre.  Mod.  Fr' 
chiffre,  It.  ci/ra,  Ar.  eifr,  cipher,  from  Ar 
stfr,  empty.)  1.  In  arith.  a  character  of 
this  form,  0,  which,  standing  by  itself  ex- 
presses nothing,  but  increases  or  diminishes 
the  value  of  other  figures,  according  to  its 
position.  In  whole  numbers,  when  placed 
at  the  right  hand  of  a  figure  it  increases  its 
value  tenfold;  but  in  decimal  fractions 
placed  at  the  left  hand  of  a  figure,  it  dimiu- 
ishes  the  value  of  that  figure  tenfold.— 

2.  Fig.  something  of  no  value  or  conse- 
quence; especially  a  person  of  no  weight, 
influence,  usefulness,  or  decided  character 

'  The  very  cipher  of  a  function.'    Shak. 

Here  he  was  a  mere  cipher,  there  he  was  lord  of 
the  ascendant.  Irving. 

3.  A.   character   in   general,  especially  a 
numeral  character. 

This  wisdom  began  to  be  written  in  ciphers  and 
characters.  Raleigh. 

4.  An  intertexture  of  letters,  as  the  initials 
of  a  name,  engraved,  stamped,  or  written 
on  something,  as  on  a  seal,  plate,  coach 
tomb,  picture,  etc. ;  a  literal  device;  a  mono- 
gram.—5.  A  secret  or  disguised  manner  of 
writing;  certain  characters  arbitrarily  in- 
vented and  agreed  on  by  two  or  more  per- 
sons, to  stand  for  letters  or  words,  and  un- 
derstood only  by  the  persons  who  invent  or 
agree  to  use  them.— 6.  Anything  written  in 
cipher. —7.  The  key  to  a  cipher  or  secret 
mode  of  writing. 

Cipher  (si'fer),  a.i.  To  use  figures;  to  prac- 
tise arithmetic. 

'Twas  certain  he  could  write  and  cipher  too. 

Cipher  (si'fer),  u. «.  l.To  write  in  o°ccuit  char- 
acters.—2.  t  To  designate  by  a  sign;  to  char- 
acterize. 

Some  loathsome  dash,  the  herald  will  contrive, 
To  cipher  me  how  fondly  I  did  dote.         Shak. 


3.t  To  decipher.  'The  illiterate,  that  know- 
not  how  to  cipher  what  is  writ  in  learned 
books.'  Shah. 

Cipherer  (si'fer-er),  ».  One  who  ciphers; 
one  who  practises  arithmetic. 

Cipherhpod  (si'fer  hud),  n.  State  of  being  a 
cipher;  insignificance;  nothingness.  [Rare.) 

Therefore  God,  to  confute  him  and  bring  him  to 
his  native  ciphcrhood,  threatened  to  bring  a  sword 
against  him.  GoodiviH. 

Ciphering-boolc(si'fer-ing-buk),n.  A  child's 
book  in  which  to  work  arithmetical  ques- 
tions or  enter  them  when  worked. 
Ciphering-slate  (si'fer-ing-slat),  n.   A  slate 
on  which  to  work  arithmetical  questions. 
Cipher -key  (si'fer-ke),  n.    A  key  for  de- 
ciphering writings  in  secret  styles. 
Cipolin  (sip'ol-in),  n.    [It.  cipollino,  from 
cipolltt,  an  onion,  from  its  being  veined  or 
stratified  like  an  onion.     See  CIBOL.]     A 
green  marble  from  Rome,  containing  white 
zones.    It  consists  chiefly  of  carbonate  of 
lime,  with  quartz,  talc,  and  a  small  portion 
of  iron. 

Cippus  (sip'pus),  n.  pi.  Cippi  (sip'pl).  [L.] 
1.  In  Rom.  antiq.  a  low  column,  generally 
rectangular  and  sculptured,  and  often  bear- 
ing an  inscription,  serving  as  a  sepulchral 
monument  On  several  such  we  find  the 
letters  S.T.T.L.  (Sit  tibi  terra  levi»,  May  the 
earth  be  light  to  thee),  on  others  the  in- 


ch, cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  «>ig;    wh,  uiAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CIRC 


474 


CIRCULAR 


Sepulchral  Cippu*. 


scription  appearing  in  annexed  cut,  and 
signifying  'sacred  to  the  divine  niiines.' 
Cippi  were  used  for  other  purposes.  Thus 
the  decrees  of  the 
senate  were  in- 
scribed on  some, 
others  served  as 
milestones,  while 
others  were  set 
up  to  mark  divi- 
sions of  land.— 
2.  A  military  en- 
trenchment made 
of  the  trunks  of 
trees  and  pali- 
sades. 

Circ  (  serk  ),  n. 
[L.  circiw,  a  cir- 
cle.] A  prehis- 
toric stone  circle. 

Circs  of  the  same 

leer.  S*C±rt  ^ 
T.  I  far/an. 

Circsea  (ser-se'a),  n.  [From  Circe.  See 
CIRCEAN.]  A  small  genus  of  slender  erect 
herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks,  nat.  order 
Onagraceie;  enchanter's  nightshade.  There 
are  two  British  species,  C.  alpina  and  C. 
lutetiana.  See  under  ENCHANTER. 

Clraean  (ser-se'an),  a.    See  CJRCEAN. 

Circar  (ser'kar),  n.  1.  In  the  East  Indies,  a 
large  portion  of  a  province  ;  a  subdivision 
of  a  soobah.  —2.  A  sircar  (which  see). 

Circassian  (ser-kash'i-an),  n.  1.  A  native  or 
inhabitant  of  Circassia  in  Asia.  —2.  A  woollen 
cloth. 

Circassian  (s<Sr-kash'i-an),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Circassia  or  the  Circassians. 

Circean  (ser-se'an),  o.  Pertaining  to  Circe, 
in  Greek  mythology  a  celebrated  sorceress, 
who  is  represented  by  Homer  as  having  con- 
verted the  companions  of  Ulysses  into  swine 
after  causing  them  to  partake  of  an  en- 
chanted beverage;  hence,  fascinating  but 
brutifying  or  poisonous  ;  magical  ;  as,  a  Cir- 
cean draught. 

Circensial  (ser-sen'shi-al),  a.  Same  as  Cir- 
censian. 

Circensian  (ser-sen'shi-an),  a.  [L.  cir- 
censei,  games  of  the  circus.]  Pertaining  to 
the  circus  in  Rome,  where  were  practised 
games  of  various  kinds,  as  running,  wrest- 
ling, combats,  &c.  ;  as,  circensian  games. 

Circinal  (ser'si-nal),  a.  [See  below.]  Inbot. 
rolled  in  spirally  downward.  See  CIRCI- 

NATE. 

Clrclnatet  (ser'si-nat),  v.t.  or  t.  [L.  circino, 
to  go  round.  ]  To  make  a  circle  ;  to  com- 
pass. Bailey. 

Circlnate  (ser'si-nat),  o.  [From  L.  cir- 
ciims,  a  compass,  a  circle,  from  circus,  a 
circle.)  In  lot.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  that  modeof  verna- 
tion or  foliation  in  which 
the  leaf  is  rolled  up  on  its 
axis  from  the  apex  towards 
the  base,  like  a  shepherd's 
crook,  as  in  the  fronds  of 
ferns,  and  the  leaves  of  the 
sun-dew. 

Circlnation  t  (  ser  -  si  -  na'- 
shon),  H.  An  orbicular  mo- 
tion. Bailey. 

Circingle  t  (  ser'sing-gl  ),  n. 
Same  as  Surcingle.  Beau. 
<t  Fl. 

Circinus  (ser'si-nus),  n. 
[I/.]  The  Compasses,  a 
modern  constellation  near 
the  south  pole.  It  consists  of  four  stars. 

Circle  (ser'kl),  n.  [L.  circulus,  dim.  of  circus, 
a  circle;  Gr.  kirkos,  krikos,  a  ring;  same  root 
as  ring,  A.  Sax.  hrintf.]  1.  A  plane  figure, 
comprehended  by  a  single  curve  line,  called 
its  circumference,  every  part  of  which  is 
equally  distant  from  a  point  within  it  called 
the  centre.—  2.  The  line  bounding  or  form- 
ing such  a  figure,  or  something  in  a  similar 
f  orm  ;  a  ring  ;  as.  a  circle  of  stones  or  a 
Uruitlical  circle:  the  name  is  given  particu- 
larly to  several  astronomical  instruments  of 
a  circular  form;  as,  a  mural  circle,  a  transit 
circle.—  3.  A  round  body;  an  orb;  a  sphere. 

It  is  lie  that  sitteth  upon  the  circle  of  the  earth. 
Is.  xl.  M. 

4.  Compass  ;  circuit.  '  In  the  circle  of  the 
forest.'  Shak.—5.  A  number  of  particulars 
regarded  as  having  a  central  point;  a  num- 
ber of  persons  collected  around,  or  con- 
ceived of  as  collected  around  a  central  figure 
or  point  of  interest;  hence,  a  number  of  per- 
sons associated  by  some  tie;  a  coterie;  a  set; 
as,  a  certain  circle  of  ideas;  to  move  in  the 
higher  circles  of  society. 


Circulate  (Fern). 


As  his  name  gradually  became  known  the  circle  of 
his  acquaintance  widened. 

6.  A  series  ending  where  it  begins,  and  per- 
petually repeated;  a  going  round. 

Thus  in  a  circle  run's  the  peasant's  pain.       Drydtii. 

1  A  complete  system,  involving  several  sub- 
ordinate divisions;    as,   the  circle  of    the 
sciences.— 8.  Circumlocution;  indirect  form  : 
of  words.    [Rare.  ] 

Has  he  given  the  lie  in  circle  or  oblique  f^ 

9  In  logic,  an  inconclusive  form  of  argu-  ^ 
ment,  in  which  two  or  more  unproved  state- 
ments, or  their  equivalents,  are  used    to 
prove  each  other. -10.  The  English  equiva- 
lent of  the  name  given  in  some  countries,  as 
in  Germany,  to  certain  administrative  divi- 
sions.—On  the  circle,  in  com.  a  phrase  used  ; 
of  bills  or  similar  obligations  maturing  or 


cantar — wraew  IM  tvi*,  <*  &1*.™* 

the  plane  of  which  is  perpendicular  to  the 
equator.  —Circle  of  the  empire,  one  of  the 
provinces  or  principalities  of  the  German 
Empire,  which  had  a  right  to  be  present 
at  the  diets.  —  Circle  of  latitude,  (a)  in 
astron  a  great  circle  perpendicular  to  the 
plane  of  the  ecliptic.  (»)  In  yeog.  a  small 
circle  of  the  sphere  the  plane  of  which  is 
perpendicular  to  the  axis:  more  usually 
called  a  Parallel  of  Latitude.  —Circle  of  lon- 
gitude, in  astron.  one  of  the  lesser  circles 


the  equator,  described  by  any  point  of  the 
sphere  touching  the  northern  point  of  the 
horizon,  and  carried  about  with  the  diurnal 
motion.  The  stars  within  this  circle  never 
set.  —Circle  of  perpetual  occupation,  another 
lesser  circle  at  a  like  distance  from  the 
equator,  which  includes  all  the  stars  which 
never  appear  in  our  hemisphere.  —  Circle 
of  the  spliere,  a  circle  described  on  the 
sphere  of  the  earth  or  the  heavens.  The 
equator,  the  ecliptic,  the  meridians,  and 
the  parallels  of  latitude  are  all  circles  of 
the  sphere.  A  great  circle  of  the  sphere  is 
one  the  plane  of  which  passes  through  the 
centre  of  the  earth,  as  all  those  just  men- 
tioned except  the  parallels  of  latitude, 
which  are  small  circles  i,f  the  sphere.— Circle 
of  Ulloa,  a  luminous  ring  or  white  rainbow 
sometimes  appearing  in  alpine  regions  oppo- 
site the  sun  during  foggy  weather.— Diur- 
nal circle,  an  immovable  circle  supposed  to 
be  described  by  the  several  stars  and  other 
points  in  the  heavens,  in  their  diurnal  rota- 
tion round  the  earth,  or  rather  in  the  rota- 
tion of  the  earth  round  its  axis.— Horary 
circle  or  hour  circle,  (a)  in  artificial  globes,  a 
small  brass  circle  fixed  to  the  north  pole, 
divided  into  twenty-four  hours,  and  fur- 
nished with  an  index  to  point  them  out. 
(6)  A  line  showing  the  hour  on  a  sun-dial. 
Circle  ( ser'kl ).  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  circled;  ppr 
circling.  1.  To  encircle  ;  to  encompass  ;  to 
surround;  to  inclose.  'Circled  with  dark- 
ness.' Pope.  '  Circled  with  evil.'  Coleridge. 
[Chiefly  poetical.] -To  circle  in,  to  confine; 
to  keep  together.  Sir  K.  Die/by.  — t.  To 
move  round;  to  revolve  round.  '  And  other 
planets  circle  other  suns.'  Pope.  [Rare.] 
Circle  ( ser'kl ),  v.  i  To  move  circularly ;  to 
circulate;  as,  the  bottle  circles. 

Full  well  the  busy  whisper  circling  round 
Conveyed  the  dismal  tidings  when  lie  frowned, 
Goldsmith. 

Circled  (serltld),  o.  Having  the  form  of  a 
circle ;  circular ;  round. 

O,  swear  not  by  the  moon,  the  inconstant  moon. 
That  monthly  changes  in  her  circled  orb.      SkaA. 

Circler  t  ( sei-Tiler ),  n.  A  cyclic  poet :  a 
translation  of  Horace's  'scriptor  cyclicus. ' 
See  CYCLIC  and  CIRCULAR,  3. 

Nor  so  begin,  as  did  that  circler  late : 

I  sing  a  noble  war  and  Priam's  fate.      S.  Jensen. 

Circle-sailing  (ser'kl-sal-ing),  n.  See  SAIL- 
ING. 

Circlet  (serTilet),  n.  1.  A  little  circle;  a 
ring-shaped  ornament  for  the  head;  a  chap- 
let;  a  headband.  'Her  fair  locks  in  rich 
circlet  be  enrolled.'  Spenser.—  2.  An  orb  or 
disc-shaped  body. 

Till  Hesperus  displayed 
His  golden  circlet  in  the  western  shade.          Fope. 

3.  A  circular  piece  of  wood  put  under  a  dish 
at  table.  [  Provincial.  ] 
Circling  (serTding),  p.  and  o.  1.  Surround- 
ing ;  going  round ;  inclosing ;  encircling. 
'  Impenetrable,  impaled  with  circling  fire. ' 
Milton.—  2.  Moving  in  a  round  or  circle ;  re- 
volving. ' The  circling  years.'  Pope. 


Each  circling  wheel  a  wreath  of  flowers  entwines. 
Dr.  E.  Darwin 

Circling-boy  t  (serlding-boi),  n.  Perhaps 
a  mountebank,  from  bis  wandering  habits; 
or  a  roaring  blade,  from  a  habit  bullies  had 
of  making  a  ring  round  the  object  of  -their 
insults. 

One  Val  Cutting  that  helps  Jordan  to  roar,  a  circl- 
i,ts.tu>y.  B.  Jonsan. 

Circly  (ser'kli),  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
circle.  Huloet. 

Circocele  (siVko-stl).    See  OIRSOCELE. 

Circuit  (ser'kit  or  ser'kut),  n.  [Fr.  circuit, 
L.  circuitux,  a  going  round,  a  circuit— cir- 
cuin,  round  about,  and  eo,  to  go.]  1.  The 
act  of  moving  or  passing  round ;  a  circular 
journey;  a  revolution.  'His  (Jupiter's) 
periodical  circuit  round  the  sun. '  Watte. 

The  two  men  who  carried  the  pigs  continued  to 
walk  round  me  all  the  time,  making  at  least  a  dozen 
circuits.  Coot. 

2.  The  distance  round  any  space  whether 
circular  or  otherwise ;  a  boundary  line  en- 
compassing any  object ;  circumference. 

The  circuit  or  compasse  of  Ireland  is  1800  miles. 
Stm. 

3.  t  That  which  encircles;  a  ring;  a  diadem. 
'The  golden  circuit  on  my  head.'    Shak.— 

4.  The  space  inclosed  in  a  circle  or  within 
certain  limits 

Like  Maia's  sun  he  stood. 

And  shook  his  plumes,  that  heavenly  fragrance  fill'd 
The  circuit  wide.  Miitoti. 

5.  The  journey  of  judges  or  other  persons 
through  certain  appointed  places  for  the 
purpose  of  holding  courts  or  performing 
other  stated  duties. — 6.  The  district  or  por- 
tion of  country  in  which  the  same  judge  or 
judges  hold  courts  and  administer  justice. 
It  is  common  to  designate  a  certain  number 
of  counties  to  form  a  circuit,  and  to  assign 
one  or  more  judges  to  each  circuit ;  thus  we 
speak  of  a  judge  being  on  the  Oxford  or  the 
South  Wales  circuit.    The  courts  in  the  cir- 
cuits are  called  circuit  courts.— T.  The  ar- 
rangement by  which  a  current  of  electricity 
is  kept  up  between  the  two  poles  of  a  gal- 
vanic battery;  the  path  of  a  voltaic  current. 
See  GALVANISM.— 8.t  A  roundabout  argu- 
ment or  statement ;  circumlocution. 

Thou  hast  used  no  circuit  of  words.         Huloet. 

— To  make  a  circuit,  to  take  a  roundabout 
road;  to  go  out  of  the  direct  road. 
Circuitt  (ser'kit  or  ser'kut),  v.i.  To  move  in 
a  circle;  to  go  round. 

The  cordial  cup  perpetual  motion  keep. 
Quick  circuiting.  J.  Philif. 

Circuitt  (ser'kit  or  ser'kut),  v.t.  To  move  or 
go  round.  'Geryon,  having  circuited  the 
air.'  T.  Warton. 

Circuiteer  (ser-kit-er1  or  ser-kut-er"),  "•  One 
who  travels  a  circuit. 

Like  your  Mlovt^ircuireer  the  sun,  you  travel  the 
round  of  the  earth,  and  behold  all  the  iniquities  under 
the  heavens.  Pop*. 

Circuiter  ( serTtit-er  or  ser'kut-er ),  n.  One 
who  goes  on  a  circuit;  a  circuit  judge.  '  The 
thieves  condemned  by  any  circuiter.'  Whit- 
lock.  [Rare.] 

Clrcuition(ser-ku-i'shon),  n.   [L.  circuitio.] 

1.  The  act  of  going  round     Bp.  Pearson.— 

2.  Circumlocution.    'Intricate  cirmitimui of 
discourse.'    Hooker.    [Rare.] 

Circuitous  ( ser-ku'it-us ),  o.  Going  round 
in  a  circuit ;  not  direct ;  roundabout ;  as,  a 
circuitous  road  or  course.  '  Circuitmit 
means. '  Burke. 

Circuitpusly  (ser-ku'it-us-li),  adv.  In 
a  circuitous  manner. 

Circuitousness  (ser-ku'it-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality,  state,  or  condition  of  being  circuit- 
ous or  roundabout ;  circuity :  as,  the  circuit- 
ousitess  of  the  route  led  to  delay. 

Circuity  (ser-ku'i-ti).  n.  A  going  round; 
roundabout  proceeding;  departure  from 
the  nearest  or  straightest  way  or  line ;  as, 
the  circuity  and  delay  of  justice.  —Circuity 
of  action,  in  law,  a  longer  course  of  pro- 
ceeding to  recover  a  thing  sued  for  than  is 
legal. 

Circulable  (ser'ku-la-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  circulated. 

Circular  (ser'ku-ler).  o.  [L.  circularit.  See 
CIRCLE.)  1.  In  the  form  of  a  circle ;  round ; 
circumscribed  by  a  circle ;  as,  the  sun  ap- 
pears to  be  circular.—  2  Passing  over  or 
forming  a  circle,  circuit,  or  round;  returning 
to  the  point  from  which  a  start  was  made; 
as,  to  take  a  circular  tour  in  a  country. — 
3.  Adhering  to  a  certain  cycle  of  legends; 
cyclic:  applied  to  a  poet.  See  CIRCLER. 
(Rare.) 

Had  Virgil  been  a  circular  poet,  and  closely  ad- 
hered to  history,  how  could  the  Romans  have  had 
Dido?  Dennis. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bu.ll;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  ahune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CIRCULAR 


475 


CIRCUMFKRKNTOR 


4.  Alternating  between.    [Bare.] 

The  life  of  man  is  a  perpetual  war, 
In  misery  and  sorrow  circular.  Sandys. 

6.  In  logic,  ending  in  itself:  used  of  a  para- 
logism, where  the  second  proposition  at 
once  proves  the  first  and  is  proved  by  it. 
See  CIRCLE.  9.  —8.  Addressed  to  a  circle  or  to 
a  number  of  persons  having  a  common  in- 
terest; as,  a  circular  letter.— 7.t  Complete; 
perfect. 

A  man  so  absolute  and  circular, 
In  all  those  wishcd-for  rarities  that  may  take 
A  virgin  captive.  Itaisinftr. 

— Circular  arc,  an  arc  of  a  circle.  —  Circular 
instruments,  astronomical  or  nautical  in- 
struments for  measuring  angles  in  which 
the  graduation  extends  round  the  whole 
circumference  of  a  circle,  or  to  300",  for  in- 
stance, a  mural  circle.  -Circular  loom,  a. 
loom  in  which  the  shuttle  moves  in  a  i 
circular  race  and  continuously  in  one  direc- 
tion through  warps  arranged  in  a  circle. 
K.  II  Kn'ujht. —Circular  note,  a  note  or 
letter  of  credit  furnished  by  bankers  to 
persons  about  to  travel  abroad.  Along 
with  the  note  the  traveller  receives  'a 
letter  of  indication,'  bearing  the  names  of 
certain  foreign  bankers  who  will  cash  it  ou 
presentation,  on  which  letter  he  is  required 
to  write  his  name.  On  presentation  the 
foreign  banker  can  demand  a  view  of  the 
'letter  of  indication,'  and  by  requiring  the 
presenter  to  write  his  name  in  his  presence 
can  compare  the  signature  thus  made  with 
that  in  the  letter,  and  so  far  satisfy  himself 
whether  the  presenter  is  really  the  person 
entitled  to  receive  the  money. — Circular 
numbers,  those  whose  powers  terminate  in 
the  roots  themselves,  as  5  and  6,  whose 
squares  are  25  and  36.  —Circular  polariza- 
tion, the  name  given  to  a  supposed  circular 
rotation  in  the  particles  of  ether  in  certain 
media  when  a  pencil  of  plane  polarized  light 
is  allowed  to  pass  through  these  media.— 
Circular  sailing,  the  method  of  sailing  by  the 
arc  of  a  great  circle.  See  SAILING.— Napier's 
circular  parts,  are  five  parts  of  aright-angled 
or  a  quadrantal  spherical  triangle ;  they  are 
the  legs,  the  complement  of  the  hypotenuse, 
and  the  complements  of  the  two  oblique 
angles.  If  any  one  part  be  called  the 
middle  part  the  two  next  to  it  are  the  ad- 
jacent parts,  and  the  other  two  the  opposite. 
Napier's  rules  for  the  circular  parts  serve 
for  the  solution  of  all  cases  of  right-angled 
spherical  triangles. 

Circular  (ser'ku-ler),  n.  A  letter  or  paper, 
generally  printed  or  multiplied  by  some 
other  rapid  mechanical  process,  of  which  a 
copy  is  sent  to  several  persons  on  some 
common  business;  as,  a  business  circular; 
a  diplomatic  circular. 

Circularity  (ser-ku-lar'i-ti),  n.    The  state  or 
quality  of  being  circular;  a  circular  form. 
Circularize  (sertcu-ler-iz),  v.t.    1.  To  make 
circular.— 2.  To  send  circulars  to.    [Colloq.] 
Circularly  (ser'ku-ler-li),  adv.   In  a  circular 
manner;  in  the  form  of  a  circle ;  in  the  form 
of  going  and  returning.    '  Trade,  which,  like 
blood,  should  circularly  flow.'    Dnjden. 
Circularwise  (ser'ku-ler-wlz),  adv.     In  a 
circular  manner.     Hacklvyt. 
Circularyt  (ser'ku-lar-i),   a.     Circular. 
Hooker. 

Circulate  (ser'ku-lat),  v.i.  pret.  <t  pp.  circu- 
lated; ppr.  circulating.  [L.  circulo,  circu- 
latum,  from  circitlus.  See  CIRCLE.]  1.  To 
move  in  a  circle ;  to  move  or  pass  round ;  to 
move  round  and  return  to  the  same  point ; 
as,  the  blood  circulates  in  the  body.— 2.  To 
flow  in  the  veins  or  channels  of  an  organism: 
said  of  the  sap  of  plants  the  motion  of  which 
corresponds  in  one  respect  with  that  of  the 
blood  in  the  body,  but  differs  in  not  being 
truly  in  a  circuit— 3.  To  pass  from  place  to 
place,  from  person  to  person,  or  from  hand 
to  hand ;  to  be  diffused :  used  literally  or 
figuratively ;  as,  air  circulates  in  a  building ; 
money  circulates  in  the  country ;  a  story 
circulates  in  town. 

Circulate  (ser'ku-lat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp  circu- 
laled;  ppr.  circulating.  1.  To  cause  to  pass 
from  place  to  place  or  from  person  to  person  ; 
to  put  about ;  to  spread ;  as,  to  circulate  a 
report;  to  circulate  bills  of  credit— 2.t  To 
travel  round. 

His  head  hath  been  intoxicated  by  circulating  the 
earth.  Bf.  Croft. 


Circulate  (ser'ku-lat),  n. 
decimal. 


A  circulating 


dium,  the  medium  of  exchanges  or  purchases 
or  sales,  whether  this  medium  bi:  gold  or 
silver,  coin,  or  any  other  article.  SI-L-  MK- 
I>I(JM.  —  Circulating  decimals,  called  also 
recurring  decimals,  are  interminatc  deci- 
mals in  which  two  or  more  figures  are  con- 
tinually repeated.  They  are  distinguished 
intvpure  and  mixed;  pure, when  they  contain 
no  other  figures  except  those  which  are  re- 
peated, and  inixed,  when  they  contain  some 
other  figure  or  figures  besides  the  recurring 
ones.  —  Circulating  library,  a  library  the 
books  of  which  circulate  among  the  sub- 
scribers. 

Circulation  (ser-ku-la'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  circulating  or  moving  round  in  a  circle, 
or  in  a  course  which  brings  or  tends  to  bring 
the  moving  body  to  the  point  where  its 
motion  began ;  as,  the  circulation  of  the 
blood.  The  blood,  propelled  by  the  heart 
and  arteries,  visits  every  part  of  the  living 
system,  from  the  nearest  to  the  most  remote, 
nourishing  all  the  organs  and  textures,  and 
sustaining  their  vital  activity ;  it  is  then  re- 
turned by  the  veins  to  the  heart. — 2.  The 
act  of  flowing  through  the  veins  or  channels 
of  an  organism ;  as,  the  circulation  of  the 
sap  in  plants.— 3.  A  series  in  which  the  same 
order  is  preserved  and  things  return  to  the 
same  state. 

For  the  sins  of  war  thou  seest  fit  to  deny  us  the 
blessings  of  peace,  and  to  keep  us  in  a  circulation 
of  miseries.  Eikoti  Basilike. 

4.  The  act  of  passing  from  place  to  place  or 
from  person  to  person ;  diffusion ;  as,  the 
circulation  of  a  periodical ;  the  circulation 
of  money ;   the  circulation  of  a  piece  of 
new-s. 

The  true  doctrines  of  astronomy  appear  to  have 
had  some  popular  circulation.  H'ftfwell. 

5.  The  extent  to  which  anything  is  circu- 
lated ;  as,  the  circulation  of  some  news- 
papers reaches  a  quarter  of  a  million  copies. 

6.  Currency;  circulating  coin,  or  notes,  bills, 
&c.,  current  and  representing  coin;  as,  the 
authorized  circulation  of  the  Bank  of  Scot- 
land is  above  £340.000.— 7.  In  chew,  an  oper- 
ation by  which  the  same  vapour,  raised  by 
fire,  falls  back  to  be  returned  and  distilled 
several  times. 

Circulative  (ser'ku-la-tiv),  a.  Circulating; 
causing  circulation.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 
Circulator  (ser'ku-la-ter),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  circulates:  specifically  applied 
to  a  circulating  decimal  fraction.  See 
under  CIRCULATING. 

Circulatorious t  (ser'ku-la-to"ri-us),  a. 
Travelling  in  a  circuit  or  from  house  to 
house.  'Circulatorious jugglers.'  Barrow. 
Circulatory  (ser'ku-la-to-ri),  a.  Passing 
round  a  certain  circuit.  '  Borde's  circula- 
tory peregrinations,  in  the  quality  of  a 
quack  doctor.'  T.  'Warton.  —  Circulatory 
letter,  a  circular  letter  or  circular.  Johnson. 
Circulet  (serial-let),  n.  A  circlet.  Spenser. 
Circulinet  (ser'ku-lin),  a.  Moving  in  a 
circle;  circular;  circulatory.  'With  motion 
circuline.'  More. 

Circum-  (ser'kum).  A  Latin  prefix  signify- 
ing about ;  round  about;  in  a  circle;  on  all 
sides;  as,  circumambulate,  to  walk  round 
about ;  circumflexion,  a  bending  around  or 
about. 

Circumagitate  (ser-kum-aj'it-at),  v.t. 
[L.  circum,  around,  and  agito,  agitatum, 
to  agitate.  ]  To  agitate  on  all  sides.  Jer. 
Taylor.  [Rare.  ] 

Circumagitation  (ser-kum-aj'i-ta"shon).  n. 
The  act  of  circumagitating;  the  state  or 
condition  of  being  circuinagitated,  or  moved 
about  on  all  sides.  [Rare.] 
Circumambiency  (ser-kum-am'bi-en-si),  n. 
[L.  circum,  around,  and  anibio,  to  go  about. 
See  AMBIENT.]  The  state  or  quality  of  being 
circumambient ;  the  act  of  surrounding  or 
encompassing.  Sir  T.  Browne. 
Circumambient  (ser-kum-am'bi-ent).  a 
[See  above.]  Surrounding;  encompassing; 
inclosing  or  being  on  all  sides :  used  partic- 
ularly of  the  air  about  the  earth.  'The  cir- 
cumambient air.'  Howell.  'The  ctrcum- 
ainbient  heaven.'  Armstrong. 
Circumambulate  (ser-kum-am'bu-lat),  v.i. 
[L.  circumambulo,  to  walk  round— circum, 
around,  and  ambulo,  to  walk  about.]  To 
walk  round  about.  '  Persons  that  evrann- 
ambulated  with  their  box  and  needles. 
Wood. 


Circulating  (ser'ku-lat-ing),  ppr.  and  a. 


Circumambulation  (ser  -  kum  -  am '  bu  -  la  "- 
shon),  n.  The  act  of  circumambulating  or 
walking  round. 

Circumbendibus  (scr-kum-ben'di-bus),  n 


1.  Moving  in  a  circle;  moving  or  passing     uiroumuBiiuiuuB  >="'-»•»••---•—---"-.•„ 
round;    Mowing   in   veins  or  channels.  -       [L.  circum,  around,  and  t.  be d-J''Ll'ljl  * 

2.  Spreading;  diffusing.  -  Circulating  me-  ,    treated  as  if  it  were  Latin,  and  put^i 


form  of  the  dative  or  ablativi-  plural.)  A 
roundabout  way;  circumlocution.  'The  pt n 
phi-aMs,  which  tin:  modi-Mis  call  tin  rirMMI 

bmdOnu  '  .>/'"  /"*"*  \o  <'//'  /•"  i  |  Ludicrous.  ] 

Circumcellion  (SIM- -kimi-sul'li-mi),  n  [I.. 
circumci'llin,  from  circum,  round  about,  and 
cella,  a  cell  or  hut;  lit.  onu  who  wiiinli-i- 
about  from  hut  to  hut]  1.  One  of  a  class 
of  monks  of  the  East,  who  wnndcrcd  from 
monastery  to  monastery,  or  from  cell  to 
cell. —2.  One  of  a  sect  of  Donatist  Christ- 
ians in  Africa  in  the  fourth  century,  «-> 
called  because  they  rambled  from  one  to«  n 
to  another,  professing  to  be  public  refomu-i  - 
and  redressers  of  grievances.  They  manu- 
mitted slaves  without  their  masters'  1. 
forgave  debts  which  were  none  of  their  own, 
and  committed  a  great  many  other  iimva: 
rantable  acts,  and  naturally  were  not  long 
in  falling  into  disrepute. 

Circumcide  t  (st-i-'kum-sid),  v.  t.  To  circum- 
cise. Capgrave. 

Circumcise  (ser'kum-siz),  v .t.  pret.  *  pp. 
circumcised;  ppr.  circumcising.  [L.  circnm- 
cido,  circumcisum—circum,  about,  and  credo, 
to  cut.  ]  1.  To  cut  off  the  prepuce  or  foreskin 
of,  a  ceremony  or  rite  performed  upon  boys 
in  the  Jewish  and  Mohammedan  religions, 
and  practised  also  among  various  savage 
nations ;  as,  to  circumcise  a  child.  The  word 
is  applied  also  to  a  practice  among  soHie 
nations  of  performing  an  analogous  opera- 
tion upon  females. — 2.  To  make  clear  of  the 
sins  of  the  flesh ;  to  render  spiritual  or  holy. 
Col.  ii.  11. 

Circumciser  (ser'kum -siz-er),  n.  One  who 
performs  circumcision.  Milton. 

Circumcision  (ser-kum-si'zhon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  circumcising  or  cutting  off  the  pre- 
puce or  foreskin.— 2.  Rejection  of  the  sins 
of  the  flesh;  spiritual  purification  and  ac- 
ceptance of  the  Christian  faith.  Rom.  ii.  29. 

Circumcluslont  (ser-kum-klu'zhon),  n.  [L. 
circum,  round,  and  claudo,  to  close.]  The 
act  of  inclosing  on  all  sides. 

Circumcursation  t  ( ser/kuni-ker-sa"shon ), 
n.  [L.  circum,  about,  and  curso,  to  run.] 
1.  The  act  of  running  about.  —  2.  Rambling 
language. 

The  address  .  .  .  was  but  a  factious  cirrnmcursa- 
ttoit.  Barrow. 

Circumduce  (ser-kum-dusO,  v.t.  In  Scot* 
law,  same  as  Cirmmduct,  3. 

Circumduct  (ser-kum-dukf),  v  .t.  [L.  cir- 
cumdnco— circum,  round,  anddnco,  to  lead.  ] 
1.  To  lead  around,  about,  or  astray.— 2.  In 
old  .English  lam,  to  contravene;  to  nullify. 
Ayli/e.—3.  In  Scotslaw,  to  declare  the  term 
elapsed  for  leading  a  proof;  as,  the  judge 
circumducted  the  term. 

Circumduction(ser-kum-duk'shon),Ji.  1.  A 
leading  about. 

By  long  ciriiimctitctioH  perhaps  any  truth  may  be 
derived  from  any  otner  truth.  Hookri'. 

2  In  old  English  law,  an  annulling;  cancel- 
lation. Aylife.—  3.  In  onat.  the  slight  de- 
gree of  motion  which  takes  place  between 
the  head  of  a  bone  and  its  articular  cavity 
while  the  extremity  of  the  limb  is  made  to 
describe  a  large  circle  on  a  plane  surface,  as 
in  the  shoulder  and  hip  joints.— Circumduc- 
tian  of  the  term,  in  Scots  law,  the  sentence 
of  a  judge,  declaring  the  time  elapsed  for 
leading  a  proof,  and  precluding  the  party 
from  bringing  forward  any  further  evi- 

c'ircumfert  (ser-kum-ter),  v.t.  [L.  eirmm- 
fero.  See  below.]  To  bear  or  carry  round. 

The  contemplations  of  man  do  either  penetrate 
unto  God,  or  are  circnnifrrtrit  to  nature.     Bacon. 

Circumference  (s6r-kum'fer-ens),  n.  [L. 
cii-cumferentia  — circum,  round,  and  Jen, 
to  carry  ]  1.  The  line  that  bounds  a  circle 
or  any  regular  curvilinear  figure;  periphery; 
as  the  circumference  of  a  circle  or  an  ellipse. 
2.  Anything  circular.  [Rare.] 

His  ponderous  shield  .  .  . 
Behind  him  cast,  the  broad  rircumftrmct 
Hung  on  his  shoulders  like  the  moon.      Milton. 

3  t  The  surface  of  a  sphere  or  orb-shaped 
body;  a  spherical  surface.  '  Heaven's  whole 
circumference.'  Milton. 

The  bubble  .  .  .  seemed  red  at  its  apparent  cir- 
cuia/trma.  bcwton. 

Circumference  t  (ser-kum'fer-ens),  v.t.  To 
include  in  a  circular  or  spherical  space. 
Sir  T.  Brmone. 

Circumferential  (ser-kum'fer-en"shal),  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  circumference.  Barrow. 

Circumferentor  (ser-kum'fer-en-ter),  n.  An 
instrument  used  by  surveyors  for  taking 
angles,  now  almost  superseded  by  the  the- 
odolite It  consists  of  a  horizontal  bar  of 


ch,  cAain;      fth,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go:      j,  job:      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sung: 


TH,  tAen:  th,  tAin;      w.  wig;    wh,  w/iig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CIRC  UMFL  ANT 


476 


CIRCUMSCRIPTIBLE 


brass  with  sights  at  its  ends,  and  in  the 
middle  a  circular  brass  box  containing  a 
magnetic  compass  which  plays  freely  round 
a  circle  divided  into  360  degrees,  the  90" 
standing  at  right  angles  to  the  line  drawn 


Circumferentor,  with  rack-work  adjustment. 

through  the  sights,  and  the  whole  being 
supported  by  an  adjustable  arrangement 
on  a  staff  or  tripod.  It  is  usually  furnished 
with  two  spirit-levels,  by  which  perfect 
horizontality  is  secured.  Called  also  Cir- 
cumventor. 

Circumflantt  (serTium-nant),  a.  [L.  tircum, 
round,  and  flans,  flantis,  tromjlo,  to  blow.] 
Blowing  round.  'Circumflant  air.'  Evelyn. 

Circumflect  (ser'kum-flekt),  v.t.  [See  CIR- 
CUMFLEX.] 1.  To  bend  round.— 2.  To  place 
the  circumflex  on;  to  circumflex. 

Circumflection,  Clrcumflexion  (ser-kum- 
flek'shon),  «.  1.  The  act  of  circumflecting: 
(a)  the  act  of  giving  anything  a  curved  form 
or  of  bending  it  round  something  else. 
(';)  The  act  of  marking  with  the  circumflex. 
2.  A  turning;  a  fold;  a  winding  about;  a 
circuity.  'The  circn inflections  of  nature.' 
Feltham. 

Circumflex  (serTcum-fleks),  n.    [L.  circum- 

flcxux— circum,  round,  and  jtecto,  to  bend.] 

1.  A  wave  of  the  voice,  embracing  both  a 
rise  and  a  fall  on  the  same  syllable.  Walker. 

2.  In  gram,  an  accent  placed  only  on  long 
vowels,  and  indicating  different  things  in 
different  languages.    In  Greek  it  is  marked 
by  the  signs  "  and  ",  in  French  and  some 
other  languages  by  the  sign  A :  often  used 
as  an  adjective ;  as,  a  circumflex  accent. 

Circumflex  (ser'kum-fleks),  a.  1.  Moving 
or  turning  round.  Swift.  —  2.  Curved  :  a 
term  used  in  anatomy  in  the  specific  desig- 
nation of  several  parts  of  the  body.— Cir- 
cumflex muscle  and  circumflex  nerve.  See 
CIRCUMFLEXUS  (a)  and  (6). 

Circumflex  (ser'kum-fleks).  v.t.  To  mark 
or  pronounce  with  the  accent  called  a  cir- 
cumflex. 

Circumflexion.    See  CIRCUMFI.ECTION. 

Circumflexus  (ser-kum-fleks'us),  n.  [L.] 
In  anat.  (a)  a  muscle  of  the  palate  which 
serves  to  stretch  it.  (b)  A  nerve  arising 
from  the  posterior  part  of  the  brachial 
plexus,  and  chiefly  distributed  to  the  pos- 
terior margin  of  the  deltoid;  the  axillary 
nerve. 

Circumfluence  (ser-kum'flu-ens),  n.  [See 
below.]  A  flowing  round  on  all  sides;  an 
inclosure  of  waters. 

Circumfluent  (ser-kum'flu-ent),  a.  [L.  cir- 
cumjlueng  ^circum,  round,  and  fl  uo,  to  flow.] 
Flowing  round;  surrounded  as  a  fluid.  'The 
deep  circumfluent  waves.*  Pope. 

Circumfluous  (ser-kum'flu-us),  a.  [L.  cir- 
cumflmtg.  See  CIRCUMFLUENT.]  Flowing 
round;  encompassing  as  a  fluid;  circumflu- 
ent. '  Built  on  circumfluous  waters  calm.' 
Milton. 

Circumforanean,  Circumforanepus  (scr- 
kum'fo-ra"ne-an,  ser-kum'fo-ra"ne-us),  a. 
[L.  circinnforaneus —  circum,  around,  and 
forum,  a  market-place.]  Going  about,  as 
from  market-place  to  market-place;  walk- 
ing or  wandering  from  house  to  house.  'Not 
borrowed  from  circum foraneous  rogues  and 
gipsies.'  Burton. 

Circum  fulgent  (ser-kum-ful'jent),  a.  [L. 
circumfulgens,  from  circum,  around,  and 
fulgco,  to  gleam,  to  shine.]  Shining  around. 

Circumfuse  (ser-kum-fuz'),  v.t.  pret  &  pp. 
circum  fused;  ppr.  circumf using.  [L.  cir- 
cumfundo,circumfu8us—  circum,  round,  and 
fundo,  JHtus,  to  pour.]  To  pour  round;  to 
spread  round.  '  CircHW/wjff  flight'  B.  Jon- 
son.  '  His  army,  circuwfased  on  either  wing.' 
Milton. 


Circumfusile  (ser-kum-fu'zll  or  ser-kum- 
fu'/il),  a.  [L.  circum,  round,  and  //<x/Y/x, 
fusile.]  Capable  of  being  poured  or  spread 
round.  '  CircumfuxUe  gold.'  Pope. 

Circumfusion  (ser-kum-fu'xhon),  ».  The 
act  of  circumfusing,  that  is,  of  pouring  or 
spreading  round;  the  state  of  being  poured 
round.  Strift. 

Circumge station  (s£r'kum-jes-ta"shon),  n. 
[L.  circum-,  round,  and  gestatio,  a  carrying, 
from  gero,  to  carry.]  A  carrying  about., 
'  Circumgestation  of  the  eucharist.'  Jer. 
Tdiflor. 

Circumgyrate  (ser-kum-ji'rat),  v.t.  and  i. 
[L.  circum,  round,  and  gyro,  to  turn  round, 
from  gyrus,  a  circle.  ]  To  roll  or  turn  round. 
'  Vessels  curled,  circumgyrated,  and  com- 
plicated together.'  Ray. 

Circumgyration  (ser-kum'jl-ra"shon),  n. 
The  act  of  circum  gyrating,  or  rolling  or 
turning. 

The  heavenly  bodies  are  said  to  delight  in  move- 
ment and  circumgyration.  Howell. 

Circumgyret  (ser-kum-jir1),  v.  i.  To  circum- 
gyrate. 

A  sweet  river,  which  after  20  miles  circitmg-yrinjr, 
or  playing'  to  and  fro,  discharges  itself  into  the  ocean. 
Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Circumincession  (ser-kum'in-se"shon),  n. 
[L.  circum.  about,  and  incessus,  a  walking.] 
In  theol.  the  reciprocal  existence  in  each 
other  of  the  three  persons  in  the  Godhead. 

Clrcumition  t  (ser-kum-i'shon),  n.  [L.  ctr- 
cuitio,  circumitio,  from  circum,  round,  and 
itio,  a  walking  or  going.]  A  going  round. 
Bailey. 

Circumjacence,  Circumjacency  (ser-kum- 
ja'sens,  ser-kum-ja'sen-si),  n.  State  or  con- 
dition of  being  circumjacent. 

Circumjacent  (ser-kum-ja'sent),  a.  [L  ciV- 
cumjacens— circum,  round,  and  jaceo,  to 
lie.]  Lying  round;  bordering  on  every  side. 

The  Euxine  made  dreadful  havoc  on  the  circum- 
jacent coasts.  Drutnmond. 

CircumJOViaKser-kum-jo'vi-al),  n.  [L.  cir- 
cum, round,  and  jovialis,  from  Jupiter, 
Jovis,  Jupiter.]  One  of  the  planet  Jupiter's 
moons  or  satellites.  Derham. 

Circumllgation  (ser-kum'li-ga"shon),  n. 
[L.  circumliao,  to  bind  round—  circum, 
round,  and  ligo,  to  bind.]  1.  The  act  of  bind- 
ing round. — 2.  The  bond  with  which  any- 
thing is  encompassed.  Bailey.  [Rare  in  both 
senses.  ] 

Circumlittoral  (ser-kum-lit'to-ral).  a. 
[L.  circum,  round,  and  litoralig,  of  or  per- 
taining to  the  sea-shore,  from  litus  (littus) 
litoris,  the  sea-shore.  ]  1.  About  or  adjoining 
the  shore.  Specifically— 2,  A  term  applied 
to  one  of  the  zones  into  which  some  natur- 
alists have  divided  the  sea-bottom  In  ac- 
cordance with  the  depth  of  water  covering 
each.  In  regard  to  depth  the  circumlit- 
toral is  the  fourth  zone,  reckoning  from  the 
deepest  or  abynml. 

Circumlocution  (s6r-kum'16-ku"shon),  n. 
[L.  circumlocutio— circum,  round,  and  locu- 
tio,  a  speaking,  loquor,  to  speak.]  A  round- 
about way  of  speaking;  a  periphrasis;  the 
use  of  a  number  of  words  to  express  an  idea 
when  a  suitable  term  is  not  at  hand  or  when 
a  speaker  chooses  to  avoid  the  use  of  a  single 
term. 

I  much  prefer  the  plain  Billingsgate  way  of  calling 
names  l>ecause  it  would  save  abundance  of  time,  lost 
by  circumlocution.  Su-ift. 

Circumlocutional  (ser-kum'16-ku"shon-al), 
a.  Characterized  by  circumlocution;  cir- 
cuitous; periphrastic. 

Clrcumlocutionist  (ser  -  knm  '16  -  ku"shon- 
ist),  n.  One  who  uses  circumlocution;  a 
talker  of  roundabout  phrases.  Gent.  Mag. 

Circumlocutory  (ser-kum-lok'ii-to-ri),  a. 
Exhibiting  circumlocution ;  periphrastic. 
'A  diffused  and  circumlocutory  manner  of 
expressing  a  common  idea.'  Martinus  Scrib- 
lerus. 

Circum-meridian  (ser-knm'me-rid"i-an).  a. 
[L.  circum,  about,  and  K.  meridian  (which 
see).]  Situated  near  or  around  the  meri- 
dian. 

Circummure  (ser-kum-mur'),  v.t.  [L.  cir- 
cum, round,  and  murus,  a  wall.]  To  wall 
round;  to  encompass  with  a  wall. 

He  hath  a  garden  ctrcntntnnred  with  brick.  SJttt&. 

Circumnavigable  (ser-kum-nav'i-ga-bl).  a. 
Capable  of  being  circumnavigated  or  sailed 
round;  as,  America  has  been  proved  to  be 
ctrcitmnavigable.  Ray. 

Circumnavigate  ( ser  -  kum  -  nav'i-gat ),  v.  t. 
pret.  &  pp.  circumnavigated;  ppr.  circumna- 
vigating. [L  circitmnavigo— circum,  round, 
and  naviao,  to  sail,  from  nacus,  a  ship.]  To 
sail  round;  to  pass  round  by  water;  as,  to 


circumnavigate  the  globe.  '  Having  <•/;•- 
cumnavi'jated  the  whole  earth.'  Fuller. 

Circumnavigation  (s£r-  kum  -  nav'i  -ga"- 
shon),  "•  The  art  of  sailing  round;  as,  the 
circumnavigation  of  the  globe. 

Circumnavigator  (s6r-kum-nav'i-ga-ter),n. 
One  who  circumnavigates  or  sails  round: 
generally  applied  to  one  who  has  sailed 
round  the  globe;  as,  he  was  one  of  the  early 
circumnavigators. 

Circumplexion  t  (aer-kum-plek'shon),  «. 
[L.  circ«m,  round,  and  plecto,  to  bend,  to 
turn.)  1.  A  folding  around.  — 2.  The  thing 
folded  or  twined  around;  a  girdle. 

It  was  after  his  fall  that  he  (man)  made  himself  a 
fig-leaf  circumftexion .  Feltham. 

3.  An  entangling  circumstance ;  a  complica- 
tion. '  Circum plexions  and  environments.' 
Holland. 

Circumplication  (ser-kum'pli-ka"shon),  n. 
[L.  circinnplico— circum,  round,  tmdplico,  to 
fold.]  A  folding,  winding,  or  wrapping 
round;  or  a  state  of  being  inwrappud. 
Bailey.  [Rare.] 

Circumpolar  (ser-knm-poler),  a,    [L.  cir- 
cum, round,  and   E.  polar.]     Surrounding 
either  pole  of  the  earth  or  heavens.  — Cir- 
cumpolar  stars,  those  which  revolve  round 
the  pole  without  setting. 
Circumpositlon   ( ser-kum'pd-zi"shon ),  n. 
[L.  circum,  round,  and  positio,  a  putting  or 
placing,  trompono,  positux,  to  place.]    The 
act  of  placing  round  about;  the  state  of 
being  so  placed.     Evelyn;  Boyle. 
Circumrasion  t  (ser-kurn-ra'zhon),  n.    [L. 
circumraxio— circum,round,and  rado.  n 
to  shave.)    The  act  of  shaving  or  ] 
round.    Bailey.    [Rare.  ] 
Circumrotary,  Circumrotatory  (st  r-kum- 
ro'ta-ri,  ser-kum-ro'ta-to-rl),  a.    Turning, 
rolling,  or  whirling  round.  'Circumrotatory 
flourishes. '    Shenstone. 
Circumrotate  (ser-kum-ro'tat),  v.i.    To  ro- 
tate or  revolve  around.    [Rare.) 
Circumrotation  (sei'kum-r6-tA"shon),  n. 
[L.  circum,   round,  and  rotatio,   rotation, 
from  roto,  to  turn  round.]    1.  The  act  of 
rolling  or  revolving  round,  as  a  wheel ;  cir- 
cumvolution ;  the  state  of  being  whirled 
round.— 2.  A  single  revolution  of  a  rotatory 
body.    Johnson. 

Circumsail  (serTcum-sal),  v.t.  [L.  circum, 
round,  and  E.  nail  \  To  sail  round;  to  cir- 
cumnavigate. '  Circumsailed  the  earth.' 
Warner.  [Rare.] 

Circumscissile  (ser-kum-sis'sll  or  s^r-kum- 
sis'sil),  a.  [L.  circum- 
scindo,  to  cut  round-] 
In  '••  '  opening  or 
divided  by  a  trans- 
verse circular  line:  a 
term  applied  to  a 
mode  of  dehiscence 
in  some  fruits,  as  in 
the  pimpernel  (Ana- 
gallis  arvensis :  see 
cut),  henbane,  and 
monkey  -  pot,  the 
fruit  in  such  cases 
being  called  a  pyxi- 
dlum. 

Circum  scribable 
(ser-kum-skrib'a-bl),  o.  Capable  of  being  cir- 
cumscribed. 

Circumscribe  (ser'kum-skrlb),  v.t  pret  A 
pp.  circumscribed;  ppr.  circumscribing.  [L. 
circumscnbo—circvm,  round,  and  w/-i"&«.,  t  • 
write.]  1.  To  write  or  inscribe  around. 
Axhmole.  [Rare.]— 2.  To  mark  out  certain 
bounds  or  limits  for;  to  inclose  within  cer- 
tain limits;  to  limit,  bound, confine, restrain. 
'  From  where  he  circumscribed  with  his 
sword,  and  brought  to  yoke  the  enemies  of 
Rome.'  Shak.  '  Circumscribed  by  the  same 
laws  of  decorum.*  Burke.  '  To  circumscribe 
royal  power.'  Bancroft. 

In  England  his  authority,  though  jjreat,  was  ft'r- 
cttmtct-il'td  by  ancient  and  noble  laws  which  even 
the  Tories  would  not  patiently  have  seen  him  infringe. 
Macaitlay. 

3.  In  aeom.  to  draw  round  so  as  to  touch  at 
certain  points  without  cutting:  the  •en- 
verse  of  inscribe  (which  see);  as,  to  circum- 
scribe a  circle  to  a  polygon. 

Circumscribed  (serTcum-skribd),  p.  and  a. 
Specifically,  in  pathol.  a  term  applied  to 
tumours  whose  bases  are  well  defined  and 
distinct  from  the  surrounding  parts. 

Clrcumscriber  (ser-kum-skrib'er),  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  circumscribes. 

Circumscriptiblet  (ser  kum-skrip'ti  M).  a, 
Capable  of  neinp  circumscribed  or  limited 
by  bounds.  Bullokar. 


Circumscissile  De- 
hiscence. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CIRCUMSCRIPTION 


477 


CIRCUS 


Circumscription  (ser-kum  skrip'shon),  n. 
1. 1  A  writing  around;  a  circular  inscription. 
Axhmvle.  —  2.  The  act  of  circumscribing  or 
state  of  being  circumscribed ;  the  act  of 
bounding,  settling,  or  denning;  limitation  ; 
restraint;  confinement;  as,  theeirc«iii»w>- 
fioii  of  arbitrary  power.  'The  rtrcumwrtp- 
(ions  of  terrestrial  nature.'  Johntm. 

\  would  not  my  unhoused,  free  condition 

Put  into  dmmscriptwH  and  confine.       Shak. 

3.  Tlie  exterior  line  which  determines  the 
form  or  magnitude  of  a  body;  periphery; 
as,  the  oirowntvription  of  a  leaf. 

Circumscriptive  (ser-kum-skrip'tiv),  a. 
1.  Circumscribing  or  tending  to  circum- 
scribe; bringing  under  certain  limits  or  li- 
mitations. Hilton.— 2.  Forming  or  coinci- 
dent with  the  superficies  of  a  body.  IT. 
Grew.  [Bare.] 

Clrcumscriptively  ( ser-kum-skrip '  tiv-li ), 
adv.  In  a  circumscriptive  or  limited  man- 
ner. [Rare.] 

The  nature  of  a  soul  is  not  to  be  circumscriptively 
in  place.  Montagu. 

Circumscriptly  (ser'kum-skript-Ii),  adv. 
Narrowly;  in  a  slavishly  literal  sense.  [Rare.] 

These  words  taken  Circumscriptly  ...  are  just  as 
much  against  plain  equity  and  the  mercy  of  religion, 
as  these  words  of '  Take,  eat.  this  is  my  body,  ele- 
mentally understood,  are  against  nature  and  sense. 
Milton. 

Circumseated  (serTcum-set-ed),  p.  and  a. 
[L.  eircuiH.  round,  and  E.  seated.]  Seated 
round.  Clifton.  [Rare.] 

Circumseptt  (sSr'kum-septXD.f.  [L.  circum, 
round,  and  sepio,  septus,  to  hedge  in,  from 
xepes,  a  hedge.  ]  To  hedge  round.  Hall. 

Circumspect  (ser'kum-spekt),  a.  [L.  eir- 
ctinixpectus —  circum,  round,  and  specio,  to 
look.]  Lit.  looking  on  all  sides;  looking 
round;  hence,  examining  carefully  all  the 
circumstances  that  may  affect  a  determina- 
tion; watchful  on  all  sides;  wary.  'His 
cautious  and  circumspect  demeanour  upon 
the  bench.'  Brougham. 

High-reaching  Buckingham  grows  circumspect. 

—  Cautious,  Prudent,  Careful,  Wary,  Cir- 
cumspect, Discreet.  See  under  CAUTIOUS. 
Circumspect  (ser'kum-spekt),  v.t.  To  ex- 
amine carefully;  to  scrutinize,  "i'o  circum- 
spect and  note  daily  all  defects.'  Xewcourt. 
[Rare.] 

Circumspection  (ser-kum-spek'shon),  n. 
Attention  to  all  the  facts  and  circumstances 
of  a  case,  and  to  the  natural  or  probable 
consequences  of  a  measure,  with  a  view  to 
a  correct  course  of  conduct  or  to  avoid  dan- 
ger; observation  of  the  true  position  of  cir- 
cumstances; watchfulness;  wariness;  cau- 
tion. '  Sly  circumspection.'  Milton.  Rarely 
followed  by  a  phrase  introduced  by  way  of 
expressing  the  object  of  attention.  'Cau- 
tious circumspection  of  surrounding  connec- 
tions.' Brougham.  —  SVN.  Caution,  watch- 
fulness, deliberation,  thoughtfulness,  wari- 
ness, forecast. 

Circumspections  t  (ser-kum-spek'shus).  a. 
Circumspect;  vigilant;  wary.  Earl  of  3Ion- 
moutti. 

Circumspective  (ser-kum-spek'tiv),a.  Look- 
ing round  every  way ;  cautious ;  careful  of 
consequences;  watchful  of  danger.  'Sly, 
slow  things,  with  circumspective  eyes.' Pope. 
(Rare.] 

Circumspect! vely  (ser-kum-spek'tlv-li), 
ado.  In  a  circumspective  manner.  Foxe. 
[Rare.] 

Circumspectly  (ser'kum-spekt-li).  adv.  In 
a  circumspect  manner;  cautiously;  watch- 
fully. 

Then  judge  yourself  and  prove  your  man, 
As  circumspectly  as  you  can.  Ccnvpcr. 

Circumspectness  (s6r'kum-spekt-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  circumspect ;  caution ; 
circumspection;  prudence. 

Circumstance  (serTmm-stans),  n.  [L.  cir- 
cttmstanlia,  from  circumstans,  standing 
about — circum,  around,  and  sto,  to  stand.] 
1.  Something  attending,  appendant,  or  rela- 
tive to  a  fact  or  case;  something  which, 
though  not  essential  to  an  action,  in  some 
way  affects  it ;  something  incidental;  often 
some  fact  giving  rise  to  a  certain  presump- 
tion, or  tending  to  afford  some  evidence;  as, 
the  circumstances  of  time,  place,  and  per- 
sons are  to  be  considered.  '  Hath  not  essen- 
tially but  by  circumstance  the  name  of  val- 
our.' Shak.  '  Inward  essence  and  outward 
circumstances.'  Dr.  Caird. 

\i  circumstances  lead  me,  I  will  find  where  truth  is 
hid.  $>•<>*• 

The  poet  has  gathered  those  circumstances  which 
most  terrify  the  imagination.  Addiion. 


2.  An  unessential  particular  or  detail ;  ami, 
collectively,  detail ;  minuteness  ;  circumlo- 
cution. '  With  circu in stiiuci'  and  oaths  so  to 
deny  this  chain.'  Shak.  [Hardly  used  now 
unless  in  collective  sense.] 

With  all  circumstance  they  tell  us  when  and  who 
first  set  foot  upon  tilts  island.  Milton. 

To  use  too  many  circumstances  ere  one  come  to 
the  matter  is  wearisome ;  to  use  none  at  all  is  blunt. 
Bacon. 

3. t  A  ceremonious  accompaniment;  more 
specifically,  in  a  collective  sense,  adjuncts 
of  pomp  and  ceremony  ;  ceremonies ;  cere- 
mony. 'All  quality,  pride,  pomp,  and  cir- 
cumstance of  glorious  war.'  Shak.  —  4.  pi. 
Situation;  surroundings;  state  of  things; 
especially,  condition  in  regard  to  worldly 
estate. 

We  ought  not  to  conclude,  that  if  there  be  rational 
inhabitants  in  any  of  the  planets,  they  must  therefore 
have  human  nature,  or  be  involved  in  the  circum- 
stances of  our  world.  Bentley. 

When  men  are  easy  in  their  circumstances,  they 
are  naturally  enemies  to  innovation.  Addisen. 

— Event  Occurrence,  ]ncident,Circumstance. 
See  under  EVENT. 

Circumstance  (ser'kum-stans),  v.  t.  pret.  & 
pp.  circumstanced;  ppr.  circumstancing. 
1.  To  place  in  a  particular  situation  or  con- 
dition.—2.  To  furnish  or  dress  out  with  in- 
cidents. [Rare.] 

The  poet  took  the  matters  of  fact  as  they  came 
down  to  him,  and  circumstanced  them  after  his  own 

Circumstanced  (ser'kum-stanst),  pp.  or  a. 
Placed  in  a  particular  manner  with  regard 
to  attending  facts  or  incidents ;  as,  circum- 
stanced as  we  were  we  could  not  escape. 
[Shakspere  has  the  expression  1  must  be  cir- 
cumstanced apparently  in  the  singular  sense 
of  I  must  put  up  with  circumstances.  Oth. 
iii.  4,  201.] 

Circumstantt  (ser'kum-stant),  a.  Surround- 
ing. '  All  circumstant  bodies.'  Sir  K.  Di'jby. 

Circumstantiablet  (ser-kum-stan'shi-a-bl), 
a.  Capable  of  being  circumstantiated.  Jer. 
Taylor. 

Circumstantial   (ser-kum-stan'shal),  a. 

1.  Attending ;  incidental ;  casual ;  relating 
to,  but  not  essential. 

All  that  is  merely  circumstantial  shall  be  subor- 
dinated to  and  in  keeping  with  what  is  essential. 

Dr.  Caird. 

2.  Consisting  in  or  pertaining  to  circum- 
stances or  to  particular  incidents. 

The  usual  character  of  human  testimony  is  sub- 
stantial truth  under  circumstantial  variety.  Palcy. 

3.  Abounding   or   invested    with   circum- 
stances; exhibiting  all  the  circumstances; 
minute;  particular;  as,  a  circumstantial  ac- 
count or  recital. — Circumstantial  evidence, 
evidence    that    is  obtained    from  circum- 
stances, which  necessarily  or  usually  attend 
facts  of  a  particular  nature,  from  which 
arises  presumption.    This  mode  of  proof  is 
resorted  to  in  cases  where  direct  proof  can- 
not be  obtained. 

Circumstantial  (ser-kum-stan'shal),  n. 
Something  incidental  and  of  subordinate 
importance:  opposed  to  an  essential. 

Who  would  not  prefer  a  religion  that  differs  from 
his  own  in  the  circumstantials  before  one  that  dif- 
fers from  it  in  the  essentials?  Addison. 

Circumstantiality  (ser-kum-stau'shi-al"i- 
ti),  n.  The  quality  of  being  circumstantial; 
minuteness;  fulness  of  detail;  as,  the  cir- 
aumttantialitu  of  a  story  or  description. 

Circumstantially  (sir -  kum  -  stan '  sh al  -  li), 
ado.  1.  In  regard  to  circumstances;  not 
essentially;  accidentally.  [Rare.] 

Of  the  fancy  and  intellect  the  powers  are  only  cir- 
cumstantially different.  Glanville. 

2  Minutely ;  exactly ;  with  every  circum- 
stance or  particular.     'To  set  down  some- 
what circumstantially,  not  only  the  events, 
but  the  manner  of  my  trials. '    Boyle. 

Circumstantiate  (ser-kum-stan'shi-at),  r.(. 
1  To  place  in  particular  circumstances;  to 
invest  with  particular  accidents  or  adj  uucts. 
[Rare.] 

If  the  act  were  otherwise  circumstantiated  It 
might  will  that  freely  which  now  it  wills jeluctantb-. 

2.  To  place  in  a  particular  condition  with 
regard  to  power  or  wealth.  [Rare.] 

A  number  infinitely  superior  and  the  best  circum- 
stantiated are  for  the  succession  of  Hanover. 

swift. 

3  To  confirm  by  circumstances;  to  describe 
circumstantially  or  in  full  detail. 

Neither  will  time  permit  to  circumstantiate  these 
particulars.  tfBJTWft 

Circumstantiate  t  (ser-kum-stan'shi-at),  a. 
Circumstantial ;  invested  with  acts  or  cir- 
cumstances. Jer.  Taylor. 


Circumstantly t   (siVkum-stant-li),  ode. 
Circumstantially;  exactly,     dm! 
Circumterraneous  (scr-kum'tei •  i-a "m  u->. 

O.  [L.  circum,  about,  anil  Inrn,  i-artli  | 
Around  the  earth;  beiii^-  «r  dwelling  alumni 
tin- earth.  llaUyiceU.  [Kuir.  | 

Circumundulate  (•Ar-kum-ondQ-tttX  M 

I  I,,  cii on,,,  roiiinl,  ainl  undu- 

lated, from  unda,  a  wave.]  To  How  round, 
as  waves.  [Rare.] 

Circumvallate  (wVr-knm-variat),  v.t.  [L. 
circuintiallo,  to  wall  round  riVoinii,  mtmil, 
and  valla,  to  fortify  with  a  rampart,  from 
vallum,  a  rampart.]  To  surround  \viih  a 
ranjpart.  Johnson. 

Circumvallation  (ser-kum'val-la"shon),  n 
[See  above.)  In/ort.  (n)  the  art  or  act  of 
casting  up  fortifications  to  protect  an  in- 
vesting or  besieging  army  from  attacks  in 
the  rear,  (ft)  A  line  of  fleld-works  consisting 
of  a  rampart  or  parapet  with  a  trench,  sur- 
rounding a  besieged  place  or  the  camp  of  a 
besieging  army. 

A  few  hours  after  Boufflers  had  entered  the  place 
the  besieging  forces  closed  round  it  on  every  side  ; 
the  lines  of  circu  m-vallation  were  rapidly  formed. 
Macaulay. 

Circumvectiont  (ser-kum-vek'shon),  n.  [L. 
circum,  about,  and  veho,  to  carry.]  A  carry- 
ing about.  Johnson. 

Circumvent  (ser-kum-venf),  v.t.  [L.  cir- 
cumvenio,  circumventum  —  circum,  about, 
and  venio,  to  come.  ]  To  gain  advantage  over 
by  artfulness,  stratagem,  or  deception;  to  de- 
feat or  get  the  better  of  by  cunning;  to  out- 
wit; to  overreach;  as,  to  circumvent  one's 
enemies.  'Circumvented  thus  by  fraud.' 
Milton. 

one  that 
S/iai. 


It  might  be  the  pate  of  a  politician  . 
would  circum-vent  God,  might  iL  uott 


Circumvention  (ser-kum-ven'shon),   n. 

1.  The  act  of  circumventing;  the  act  of  out- 
witting or  overreaching;  deception;  fraud; 
stratagem.     'A  school  in  which  he  learned 
sly  circumvention.'    Coicper. — 2.  Means  of 
circumventing.    Shak.    [Rare.]— 3.  In  Scots 
law,  an  act  of  fraud  or  deceit. 

Circumveutive  (ser-kum-vent'iv),  a.  Tend- 
ing or  designed  to  circumvent;  deceiving  by 
artifices;  deluding. 

Circumventor  (ser-kum-vent'6r),  n.  1.  One 
who  circumvents  or  gains  his  purpose  by 
cunning  or  wiles. 

Your  majesty  now  of  late  hath  found  .  .  .  the  said 
Thomas  Cromwell,  Earl  of  Essex,  ...  to  lie  the 
most  false  and  corrupt  traitour,  deceiver,  zn<\circttw- 
Z'enror  against  your  most  royal  person.  Bp.  Burnet. 

2.  A  surveying  instrument,  having  a  com- 
pass-box at  the  top  for  taking  angles.    See 

ClRCfMFERENTOR. 

Circumversion  (ser-kum-ver'shon),  n.    [L. 

circum,  round,  and  verto,  versum,  to  turn.] 

A  turning  about.    Holland. 
Circumvestt  (ser-kum-vesf),  v.t.    [L.  ear- 

cumvestio — circum,  round,  and  vestio,  to 

clothe.  ]    To  cover  round,  as  with  a  garment. 

JtelitjUiai  Wottoniante. 
Circumvolation  ( ser-kum 'vo-la"shon),  n. 

[L  circumvolo— circum,  around,  and  volo,  to 

fly.]    The  act  of  flying  round.     [Rare.] 
Circumvolution  ( ser-kum'v6-lu"shon ),  n. 

[See  below.]    1.  The  act  of  rolling  round. 

Stable  without  circumvolution; 
Eternal  rest.  Dr.  H  Afort. 

2.  The  state  of  being  rolled  round  or  wound 
into  a  roll. 

The  twisting  of  the  guts  is  really  either  a  circum. 
volution  or  insertion  of  one  part  of  the  gut  within 
the  other.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  One  of  the  windings  of  a  thing  wound  or 
twisted-  a  convolution.— 4.  Fig.  a  winding; 
a  roundabout  method  of  procedure. 

He  had  neither  time  nor  temper  for  sentimental 
circumvolutions.  Duraili. 

Circumvolve t  (ser-kum-volvO,  v.t.  [L  cir- 
cumvolvo— circum. round,  and  Volvo,  to  roll.] 
To  turn  or  cause  to  roll  round ;  to  cause  to 
revolve.  '  Whene'er  we  circumvolve  our 
eyes. '  Herrick. 

To  ascribe  to  each  sphere  an  intelligence  to  cir- 
cumiiolvc  it  were  unphilosophical.  Glanville. 

Circumvolve  t  (scr-kimi-voW),  v.i.  To  roll 
round;  to  revolve.  Dr.  E.  Darwin. 

Circus  (ser'k us), n.  pi  Circuses  (serTcus-ex). 
[L  circus;  hence  circle  (which  see).]  1.  in 
Rom.  antiq.  a  large  oblong  building,  adapted 
for  horse-races,  chariot-races,  and  for  the 
exhibition  of  athletic  exercises,  contests 
with  wild  beasts,  &c.,  and  furnished  with 
rows  of  seats,  rising  one  above  another 
for  the  accommodation  of  spectators.  — 
2.  In  modern  times,  a  place  of  amusement, 
where  feats  of  horsemanship  and  acrobatic 
displays  form  the  principal  entertainment; 


ch,  c/uin;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j.job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ug,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  loAig;    zh,  arure.-See  KEY. 


CIRIC-SCEAT 


478 


CISTERN 


also  the  company  of  performers  in  a  circus, 
with  their  equipage.— 3.  Inclosed  space  of 
any  kind;  circuit. 
The  narrow  circus  of  my  dunjjeon  wall.     Iiyrcn. 

Ciric-sceat,  t  n.  [A.  Sax. =church-scot.]  An 
ancient  ecclesiastical  due,  paid  mostly  in 
corn,  on  .St.  .Martin's  day;  church-scot. 

Girl-bunting  (serl'bunt-ing),  ?i.  [It.  zirlo, 
from  zirlare,  to  twitter]  A  bird  of  the 
genus  Emberiza,  the  E.  cirlus  (Linn.). 

Cirque  (serk),  n.    (Fr. ,  a  circle,  a  circus.] 

1.  A  circus.    [Poetical.] 

See  the  cirque  falls!  the  unpillar'cl  temple  nods. 

Pap,. 

2.  A  circle;  specifically,  a  circle  regarded  as 
inclosing  any  space  or  surrounding  any  ob- 
ject or  group  of  objects.    [Poetical.] 

Pored  on  its  hazel  ctrytte  of  shedded  leaves,   fjeati. 

3.  A  name  often  given  to  a  kind  of  circular 
valley  in  mountains  due  to  atmospheric, 
chiefly  glacier,  denudation. 

Cirrhopoda  ( sir-rop'od-a),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Cirripedia  (which  see). 
Cirrhosis  (sir-ro'sis),n.  [Gr.  kirrhos,  orange- 
tawny.]  In  patkol.(a)&  yellow  colouring  mat- 
ter, sometimes  secreted  in  the  tissues,  espe- 
cially in  the  liver,  owing  to  a  morbid  process. 
(b)  A  disease  consisting  of  diminution  and 
deformity  of  the  liver,  which  becomesdense, 
granulated,  and  wrinkled,  and  frequently 
of  a  rust-brown  colour.  Cirrhosis  is  popu- 
larly named  '  nutmeg  liver'  from  its  peculiar 
appearance,  and  'drunkard's  liver'  from 
this  lesion  being  frequently  caused  by  in- 
temperance. 

Cirrhostoml,  Cirrhostomidse  (sir-ros'to- 
mi,  sir-ros-tom'i-de),  n.  pi.  See  CIRROS- 
TOMI. 

Cirrliotlc  (sir-rot'ik),  a.    Affected  with  or 
having  the  character  of  cirrhosis. 
Cirrhous,  Cirrhose  (sir'rus,  sir'ros),  a.    [L. 
cirrus,  a  tendril.  ]    See  CIRROSE. 
Cirribranch,    Cirribranchlate    ( sir '  ri  - 
brangk,  sir-ri-brang'ki-at),  a.    [L.  cirrus,  a 
tendril,  and  branchiae,  gills.]    Having  ten- 
dril-like gills:  a  term  applied  to  certain 
molluscs. 

Cirri  (sir'ri),  n  pi.  of  cirrus. 
Cirriferous  (sir-rifer-us),  a.    [L.  cirrus,  a 
tendril,  and/ero,  to  bear.  ]  Possessing  cirri; 
cirrigerous. 

Cirriform  (sir'ri-form),  a.  [L.  cirrus,  a  ten- 
dril, and/orma,  form.]  Formed  like  a  ten- 
dril. 

Cirrigerous  (str-rij'er-us),  a,  [L.  cirnw.  a 
tendril,  and  gero,  to  carry  ]  Same  as  Cirri- 
ferous. 

Cirrlgrade  (sir'ri-grad),  a.  [L.  cirrus,  a 
tendril,  and  gradior,  to  go.]  Moving  by 
means  of  tendril-like  appendages;  as,  cirri- 
ftrade  Acalephte.  Carpenter. 
Cirrlped  (sir'ri-ped),  n.  A  member  of  the 
Cirripedia. 

Cirripedia,  Cirrhipedia  (sir -ri-pe'di-a),  n. 
pi.  [L.  cirrus,  a  tendril,  and  pen,  pedis,  the 
foot]  An  order  of  lower  crustaceous  ani- 
mals, formerly  ranked  among  the  molluscs, 
so  called  from  the  cirri  or  filaments  with 
which  their  transformed  feet  are  fringed. 
When  young  they  are  free  and  able  to  swim, 
possessing  certain  limbs,  eyes,  and  organs, 
which  they  subsequently  lose,  and  are  alto- 
gether of  higher  organization  than  when 
adult.  When  adult  they  are  affixed  to  some 
substance,  either  set  directly  on  it,  as  in  the 
genus  Balanus ;  placed  on  a  foot-stalk,  as 
the  barnacle,  or  goose-mussel;  or  sunk  into 
the  supporting  substance,  as  the  whale- 
barnacle.  Called  also  Cirrhopoda. 
Cirro-cumulus  (sir-ro-ku'mu-lus),  n.  [L. 
cirrus,  a  tuft  of  hair,  and  cumulus,  a  heap.  ] 
A  form  of  cloud.  See  CLOUD. 
Cirrose  (sir'ros),  a.  [L.  cirrosus,  from  cirrus, 
a  curl.  ]  In  bot.  (a)  having  a  cirrus  or  ten- 
dril; specifically,  applied  to  a  leaf  tipped 
with  a  tendril,  (b)  Resembling  tendrils  or 
coiling  like  them.  Written  also  Cirrhose, 
Cirrhous,  and  Cirrous. 
Cirrostomi  (sir-ros'to-ml),  «  pi.  (L.  cirms, 
a.  hair,  and  Gr.  stonui,  mouth.]  A  term  ap- 
plied to  an  order  of  fishes  (otherwise  named 
Pharyngobranchii  or  Leptocardii),  repre- 
sented by  the  lancelet  or  amphioxus,  the 
lowest  flsh.  In  this  fish  the  mouth  is  sur- 
rounded by  hair-like  filaments.  Called  also 
Cirrhostomidce. 

Cirro-stratus  (sir-ro-stra'tus),  n.  [L.  cirrus, 
a  tuft  of  hair,  and  stratus,  spread  flat.]    A 
species  of  cloud.    See  CLOUD. 
Cirrous  (sir'rus),  a.    Same  as  Cirrose. 
Cirrus  (sir'rus).  n.  pi  Cirri  (sir'ri).    [L.] 
1.  In  bot.  a  tendril;  a  long  thread-like  organ  j 


by  which  a  plant  climbs. — 2.  In  zool.  a  soft 
curled  filamentary  appendage  to  the  feet  of 
certain  animals,  as  bar- 
nacles, and  the  jaws  of 
certain  fishes.— 3.  A  form 
of  cloud.     See  CLOUD. 
Cirsium  (ser'si-um),  ». 
[Gr.   kirsion,  a   kind  of 
thistle.]      See     HORSE  - 
THISTLE. 

Cirsocele  (ser'so-sel),  n. 
[Gr.  kirsos,  a  dilated  vein, 
and  tele,  a  tumour.]  A 
varix,  or  dilatation  of  the 
spermatic  vein  ;  hernia  Cirrus  or  Tendril, 
varicosa. 

Cis  (sis),  n.  [Gr.  kis,  a  wood-worm.  ]  A  genus 
of  coleopterous  insects,  of  the  family  Xylo- 
phaga.  Some  are  minute  beetles  which 
infest  the  various  species  of  Boleti  or  mush- 
rooms. The  larva;  of  others  do  much  harm 
to  books,  furniture,  wood  of  houses,  &c. ,  by 
piercing  them  with  small  holes.  Those 
which  perforate  books  are  popularly  known 
as  book-worms. 

Cis  (sis).    A  Latin  preposition  signifying  'on 
this  side,'  often  prefixed  to  the  names  of 
rivers,  mountains,  «tc.,  to  form  adjectives. 
Home  was  considered  the  point  of  departure 
in  words  of  Roman  origin. 
Cisalpine  (sis-al'pin  or  sis-al'pin),  a.    [L.  cis, 
on    this   side,    and  Alpes,    Alps,    whence 
alpinus,  alpine.}    On  this  side  of  the  Alps, 
with  regard  to  Rome;  that  is,  on  the  south 
of  the  Alps:  opposed  to  transalpine. 
Cisatlantic  (sis-at-lan'tik),  a.    Being  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 
Cisco  (sis'ko).  n.   A  flsh  of  the  herring  kind, 
found  in  Lake  Ontario. 
Ciselure  (sez-lur).  n.   [Fr.  ciseler,  to  carve  or 
engrave  with  a  chisel.]    1.  The  art  or  oper- 
ation of  chasing.  —  2.  Chased  metal  work. 
Fairholt. 

Cisleu  (sisle-o),  n.  See  CHISLEU. 
Clsmqntane  (sis-mon'tan),  a.  [L.  cis,  on 
this  side,  and  mans,  a  mountain.]  Existing 
on  this  side  of  the  mountain;  specifically,  on 
this  side  the  Alps:  opposed  to  ultramontane. 
Cispadane  (sis'pa-dan),  a.  [L.  cis,  on  this 
side,  and  Padus,  the  river  Po,  whence 
Padanus.}  On  this  side  of  the  Po,  with 
regard  to  Rome;  that  is,  on  the  south  side. 
Cissampelos  (sis-sam'pe-los),  n.  [Gr.— 
kissos,  ivy,  and  ampelos,  a  vine,  because  it 
climbs  like  the  ivy,  and  has  fruit  like  the 
vine.]  A  genus  of  climbing  plants,  nat. 
order  Menispermaceae,  one  of  which,  the 
velvet  leaf  (C.  Pareira),  yields  the  root 
called  Pareira  brava,  used  in  medicine  as  a 
tonic  and  diuretic. 
Cissoid  (sis'soid),  n.  [Gr. 
kissots,  ivy,  and  eidos, 
form.]  A  curve  of  the 
second  order,  invented 
by  Diocles  with  a  view  to 
the  solution  of  the  fa- 
mous problem  of  the  du- 
plication of  the  cube, 
or  the  insertion  of  two 
mean  proportionals  be- 
tween two  given  straight 
lines.  The  curve  is  gen- 
erated in  the  following 
manner:  — In  the  diame- 
ter, A  B,  of  a  circle  de- 
scribed about  C,  take 
BM  =  AN,  and  erect  the 
prdinates  MQ  =  NR,  and 
join  A  Q  :  the  locus  of  the  point  P,  in  which 
the  line  A  Q  cuts  the  ordinate  N  R,  is  the 
cissoid.  To  find  its  equation,  let  AN  =  a:, 
fy-y,  AC  =  o,  then  since 


same  genus  with  the  true  vine,  but  having 
more  deeply  divided  leaves,  and  the  petals 
of  the  flower  opening  before  they  fall  off 


Q  M  = 


_ 

AN=I~AM=      2o  -x 

the  equation  is  y1  (2a-x)  =  x*.  The  curve 
has  an  equal  branch  on  the  other  side  of 
A  B  ;  the  two  branches  meeting  in  a  cusp  at 
the  point  A,  and  have  the  line  H  K  as  an 
asymptote.  The  area  included  between  the 
curve  and  the  asymptote  is  three  times  the 
area  of  the  generating  circle.  In  the  cis- 
soid of  Diocles  the  generating  curve  is  a 
circle;  but  this  term  has  been  employed  in 
later  times  to  all  curves  described  in  a 
similar  manner,  where  the  generating  curve 
is  not  a  circle. 

Cissoidal  (  sis-soid'al  ),  a.  Resembling  the 
cissoid  of  Diocles,  applied  to  mechanical 
curves  partaking  of  that  character. 

Cissus  (sis'sus),  n.  [Gr.  kissos,  ivy,  in  refer- 
ence to  their  scrambling  roots.]  The  wild 
grape,  a  group  of  plants  included  in  the 


.lly 

Cist  (sist),  n.  [  From  L.  cista,  Gr.  kistl,  a 
chest.  Chest  is  simply  another  form  of  this 
word.]  1.  A  case;  a  chest;  a  basket;  specifi- 
cally, in  archceol.  (a)  the  term  applied  to 
the  mystic  baskets  used  in  processions  cnn- 
nected  with  the  Eleusinian  mysteries,  (b)  A 
place  of  interment  of  an  early  or  prehistoric 
period,  consisting  of  a  stone  chest  fornml 
of  two  parallel  rows  of  stones  fixed  on  their 
ends,  and  covered  by  similar  flat  stones. 
Such  cists  are  found  in  barrows  or  mounds, 
inclosing  bones.  In  rocky  districts,  cists 
were  sometimes  hewn  in  the  rock  itself. 


Cist. 

Called  also  Kist,  Cixtvaen,  and  Kistvaen.— 
2.  Same  as  Cyst  (which  see). 

Cistacese  (sis-ta'se-e),  n.  pi.  [SeeClSTUS.]  A 
nat.  order  of  polypetalous  exogens,  consist- 
ing of  low  shrubby  plants  or  herbs,  with 
entire  leaves  and  crumpled,  generally  ephe- 
meral  showy  flowers.  Some  species  exude 
a  balsamic  resin,  such  as  ladanum,  from  a 
species  of  Cistus  found  in  the  countries 
bordering  the  Levant.  Four  species  of  the 
genus  Helianthemum  are  found  in  Britain, 
and  are  commonly  called  rock-rose. 

Clstal  (sis'tal),  a.  A  term  used  by  Lindley 
to  designate  one  of  his  'alliances'  of  plants. 
They  are  hypogynous  exogens,  with  inono- 
dichlamydeousflowers,and  include  therock- 
roses  (genus  Cistus),  crucifers,  weldworts, 
and  capparids. 

Cistella  IMS  t,.] 'In),  n.  [L.,  a  casket,  dim.  of 
cista.  a  box.]  In  bot.  the  capsular  shield  of 
some  lichens. 

Cistercian  (sis-ter'shi-an),  n.  A  member  of 
a  religious  order,  which  takes  its  name  from 
its  original  convent,  Citeaux  (Cistercium). 
near  Dijon,  where  the  society  was  founded 
in  1098  by  Robert,  abbot  of  Solesmes,  under 
the  rule  of  St.  Benedict.  They  led  a  con- 
templative and  very  ascetic  life,  and,  having 
emancipated  themselves  from  the  oversight 
of  the  bishops,  formed  a  sort  of  religious 
republic,  under  the  government  of  a  high 
council  of  twenty-five  members,  the  abbot 
of  Citeaux  being  president.  In  France  they 
called  themselves  Bernardines,  in  honour 
of  St.  Bernard.  From  the  Cistercians  eman- 
ated the  barefooted  monks,  or  Feuillants  in 
France,  the  nuns  of  Port-Royal,  the  Recc.l- 
lets  in  Spain,  and  the  monks  of  La  Trappe. 
The  French  Revolution  reduced  the  Cister- 
cians to  a  few  convents  in  Spain,  Austria, 
Poland,  and  the  Saxon  part  of  Upper  Lusa- 
tia.  They  wear  a  white  cassock  with  black 
scapulary,  but  when  officiating  are  clothed 


Cistercian.— Pascal's  Collection  des  Costumes. 

with  a  large  white  gown,  with  great  sleeves 
and  a  hood  of  the  same  colour. 
Cistern  (sis'tern),  n.  [L.  cisterna,  from  cista, 
a  chest.  ]  1.  An  artificial  reservoir  or  recep- 
tacle for  holding  water,  beer,  or  other  liquor, 
as  in  domestic  uses,  distilleries,  and  brew- 


Fate,  f&r,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CISTIC 


47!) 


CIVET 


«ries.— 2.  A  natural  reservoir  for  water;  a 
hollow  place  containing  water,  as  a  fountain 
or  lake.  'The  wide  cistern*  of  the  lakes.' 
,s'i>  /;.  Blackinere. 

CistiC  (sist'ik),  a.     See  CYSTIC. 

Cistus(sis'tus),  7i.  [Gr.  kistos.]  The  rock- 
rose,  a  genus  of  plants  of  many  species,  be- 
longing to  the  nat.  order  Cistacere,  natives 
of  Europe,  or  of  the  countries  bordering 
the  Mediterranean.  Some  of  them  are  beau- 
tiful evergreen  flowering  shrubs,  and  orna- 
mental in  gardens.  Gum  ladanum  is  ob- 
tained from  C  creticm  and  C.  ladantferus. 

Clstvaen,  Kistvaen  (kist'va-en  or  kist'van), 
n.  See  CIST. 

Clt(sit),  n.  [  Contracted  from  citizen. }  A 
citizen;  an  inhabitant  of  a  city:  used  in 
disparagement.  'The  cits  of  London  and 
the  boors  of  Middlesex.'  Johnson.  [Colloq.] 

Cltable  (sit'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being  cited 
or  quoted. 

Citadel  (sit'a-del),  n.  [Fr.  citadelle,  from 
It.  citta,  city.]  A  fortress  or  castle  in  or 
near  a  city,  intended  to  keep  the  inhabi- 
tants in  subjection,  or,  in  case  of  a  siege,  to 
form  a  final  point  of  defence,  "froas  and 
Ilion's  columned  citadel.'  Tennyson. 

Cital (si'tal), n.  1.  The  actof  citing  toappear; 
a  summons.  [Rare.]— 2.  Mention.  [Rare.] 

He  made  a  blushing  cital  of  himself.  Shatf. 

;i.t  Quotation;  citation.  Johnson. 
Citation  (si-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  citatio,  from 
cito,  to  cite  (which  see).]  1.  A  summons; 
an  official  call  or  notice  given  to  a  person 
to  appear  in  a  court,  and  answer  to  a 
demand;  a  call  or  notice  to  appear,  in 
various  other  cases,  and  the  paper  contain- 
ing such  notice  or  call. 

The  remonstrants  were  ready  according  to  their 
citation.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

2.  The  act  of  citing  a  passage  from  a  book ; 
or  from  another  person,  in  his  own  words ; 
also  the  passage  or  words  quoted;  quotation. 

It  is  the  beauty  and  independent  worth  of  the  cita- 
tions, far  more  than  their  appropriateness,  which 
have  made  Johnson's  dictionary  popular  even  as  a 
reading  boot.  Coleridge. 

3.  Specifically,  in  law,  a  reference  to  decided 
cases  or  books  of  authority  to  maintain  a 
point  of  law.— 4. t  Enumeration;  mention. 
Haroey. 

CltatOT  (si-ta'ter),  n.  One  who  cites.  [Rare.] 
Citatory  ( si'ta-to-ri ),  a.  Citing;  calling; 
having  the  power  or  form  of  citation.  'Let- 
ters citatory.'  Ayliffe. 
Cite  (sit),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cited;  ppr.  citing, 
[Fr.  citer,  from  L.  cito,  citare,  freq.  of  cieo, 
to  call,  to  summon.]  1.  To  call  upon  offici- 
ally or  authoritatively  to  appear ;  to  sum- 
mon before  a  person  or  tribunal ;  to  give 
legal  or  official  notice  to  appear  in  court  to 
answer  or  defend. 

The  cited  dead 

Of  all  past  ages,  to  the  general  doom 
Shall  hasten.  Milton. 

2.  To  enjoin;  to  direct;  to  summon;  to  call; 
to  order  or  urge;  to  rouse.    [Rare.] 

And  had  I  not  been  cited  so  by  them 

Yet  did  I  purpose  as  they  do  entreat.         Slink. 

3.  To  quote;  to  name  or  repeat,  as  a  passage 
or  the  words  of  another,  either  from  a  book 
or  from  verbal  communication. 

The  devil  can  cite  Scripture  for  his  purpose.    Shnt. 

4.  To  refer  to  in  support,  proof,  or  confirm- 
ation; as,  to  cite  an  authority  or  a  precedent 
in  proof  of  a  point  in  law.— 5.t  To  mention; 
to  recount. 

We  cite  our  faults 

That  they  may  hold  excused  our  lawless  lives. 
Shah. 

6.  t  To  bespeak ;   to  argue ;    to  evidence. 

'  Aged  honour  cites  a  virtuous  youth. '  Shalt. 
Citee.t  Cite.t  n.    A  city.    Chaucer. 
Clter  (sit'er),  n.    One  who  cites:  (a)  one  who 

summons  into  court.  (6)  One  who  quotes. 
Cltess  (sit'es),  n.  [See  CIT.]  A  city  woman. 

Dryden.    [Rare.] 
Cithara  (sith'a-ra),  n.   [L. ,  from  Gr.  Ttitham, 

whence  cittern,  gittern,  yuitar.]  An  ancient 


Citharexylon  (sith-a-reks'i-lon),  n.  [Or. 
kithara,  the  lyre,  and  xylon,  wood.]  Kiilillr. 
wood,  a  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Verben- 
aceaj.  The  species  are  trees  or  shrubs, 
natives  of  South  America  and  Jamaica. 

Citharlst  (sith'ar-ist),  ».  A  player  on  the 
cithara. 

Cltharistlc  (sith-nr-ist'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  adapted  to  the  cithara. 

Cithern  ( sith '  era ),  n.  Same  as  Cittern 
(which  see). 

Citicism  t  (sit'i-sizm),  n.  [From  cit]  The 
manners  of  a  cit  or  citizen.  /.'.  Jonson. 
[Rare.] 

Citied  (sit'id),  a.  1.  Belonging  to  a  city; 
having  the  qualities  of  a  city.  '  The  loath- 
some airs  of  smoky  citied  towns.'  Dray  ton. 
[Rare.]  —  2.  Occupied  by  a  city  or  cities; 
covered  with  cities.  'The  citied  earth.' 
Keatt. 

Citigrade  (sit'i-grad),  a.  [L.  citus,  swift, 
and  gradtts,  a  step.]  Swiftly  moving,  spe- 
cifically applied  to  a  tribe  of  spiders  remark- 
able for  the  nimbleness  of  their  motions. 

Cltiuert  ( sit'i -ner),  n.  One  born  or  bred 
in  a  city ;  a  cit.  Chapman. 

Citizen  (sit'i-zen),  n.    [O.E.  citetein,  cite 


Cithara,  from  an  Egyptian  painting. 

stringed  instrument  resembling  the  more 
modern  cittern,  or  guitar.  It  is  mentioned 
by  Homer. 


old  symbol  used  for  y.  See  CITY.]  1.  The 
native  of  a  city,  or  an  inhabitant  who  enjoys 
the  freedom  and  privileges  of  the  city  in 
which  he  resides ;  the  freeman  of  a  city,  as 
distinguished  from  a  foreigner,  or  one  not 
entitled  to  its  franchises.  —  2.  Any  inhabi- 
tant of  a  town  or  city,  as  opposed  to  the  in- 
habitant of  a  rural  district;  sometimes,  in 
disparagement,  a  person  engaged  in  trade, 
as  opposed  to  a  person  of  birth  and  breeding. 
3.  A  member  of  a  state  with  full  political 
privileges. 

If  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  should  not  be 
free  and  happy  the  fault  will  be  entirely  their  own. 
Washington. 

Citizen  (sit'i-zen),  a.  Having  the  qualities 
of  a  citizen ;  town-bred  ;  effeminate.  [Rare.  ] 

I  am  not    ...    so  citizen  a  wanton  as  to  seem  to 
die  ere  sick.  Shaft. 

Citlzeness  (sit'i-zen-es),  n.  A  female 
citizen. 

Citlzenlze  (sit'i-zen-iz),  v.t.  To  make  a 
citizen ;  to  admit  to  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  a  citizen.  [Rare  ] 

Talleyrand  was  citizrnized  in  Pennsylvania  when 
there  in  the  form  of  an  emigrant.        T.  Pickering. 

Citizenship  (sit'i-zen-ship),  n.  The  state 
of  being  vested  with  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges of  a  citizen. 

Our  citizenship,  as  saith  the  apostle,  is  in  heaven. 
Home. 

Citizen -soldier  (sit'i-zen-sol'jer),  n.  One 
who  is  both  a  citizen  or  a  civilian  and  a 
soldier,  as  the  volunteers  of  Great  Britain. 

Citolet  (sit'61),  n.  [O.Sp.  citola,  acithern.]  A 
musical  instrument;  a  dulcimer. 

Citrate  (sit'rat).  «.  [L.  citrus,  a  citron  or 
lemon.]  In  chem.  a  salt  of  citric  acid. 

Citrean  (sit're-an),  a.    Citrine. 

Citric  (sit'rik),  a.  Belonging  to  or  derived 
from  lemons  or  citrons.— Citric  acid  (C6H8 
O7),  the  acid  of  lemons.  Citric  acid  is  con- 
tained in  several  fruits,  but  in  the  largest 
quantity  in  limes  and  lemons,  the  latter 
containing  about  5i  per  cent.  It  is  colour- 
less, inodorous,  and  extremely  sharp  in  its 
taste.  It  is  used  as  a  discharge  in  calico- 
printing,  and  as  a  substitute  for  lemon  in 
making  saline  draughts. 

Cltril-flnch  (sit'ril-flnsh),  n.  [A  corruption 
of  the  specific  name  meaning  lemon-yellow, 
from  L.  citrus,  a  citron.  ]  A  beautiful  song- 
bird of  Italy  (FrinyiUa  citrinella):  so  called 
from  the  colour  of  its  breast. 

Citrinatlon  (sit-ri-na'shon),  n.  The  process 
of  becoming  of  the  colour  of  citrine ;  the 
state  of  being  so  coloured. 

Citrine  (sit'rin),  a.  [L.  citrinus,  from  citrui, 
a  lemon  or  citron.]  Like  a  citron  or  lemon ; 
of  a  lemon  colour;  yellow  or  greenish - 
yellow.  —  Citrine  ointment,  the  common 
name  of  the  ointment  of  nitrate  of  mercury. 
It  consists  of  4  parts  of  mercury,  12  nitric 
acid  15  prepared  lead,  and  32  olive-oiL 

Citrine  (sit'rin),  7i.  1.  Lemon  colour.— 2.  A 
yellow  pellucid  variety  of  quartz.  Dana. 

Citron  (sit'ron),  n.  [Fr.  citron;  L.  cttreum, 
from  citrus,  the  lemon  or  citron.]  The  fruit 
of  the  citron-tree,  a  large  species  of  lemon; 
the  tree  itself. 

Citron-tree  (sit'ron-tre),  n.    The  tree  which 
produces  the  citron  (Citrus  medica). 
\    has  an  upright  smooth  stem,  with  a  branchy 


head,  rising  from  5  to  l.r.  feet,  mlnnml  with 
large,  oval,  spear-sh;ij'nl  1.  :tv(  s 
Citron-water  (sit'nm-wa-tcr).  >».    A  liquor 
distilled  from  tin-  rind  ,.f  citr.ms 
Citrui, Cltrule(sit'rul),  11.  [Serrmii'i.u     : 
The  water-melon  (Cucumig  CitruUttjt),  so 
named  from  its  yellow  colour. 
Citrullus  (si-trul'ltis),  71.     [A  dim    formed 
from   the   L.   citrus,   the   citron  -  tree :    so 
called  from  the  colour  of  the  fruit  when 
cut]    A  genus  of  dicotyledonous,   lu-rba 
ceous,   annual  plants,   nat.    order  Cucur- 
bitacenj.     C.   Colocynthis  yields  the  well- 
known    cathartic    drug    called    colocyuth 
(which  see). 

Citrus  (sit'rus),  n.  [L.  ]  A  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Aurantiacete,  consisting  of  trees, 
with  apparently  simple,  ovate,  acuminate 
leaves,  which  are  leaflets  united  by  a  dis- 
tinct joint  to  the  leaf-like  stalk.  The 
numerous  stamens  are  irregularly  united 
by  their  filaments  into  several  irregular 
bundles.  The  fruit  is 
pulpy,  with  a  spongy 
rind.  To  this  genus 
belong  the  orange, 
lemon,  citron,  &c. 
Cittern  (sit 'tern),  71. 
[Fnmi  I,,  cithara.  See 
CITHARA.]  An  old  in- 
strument of  the  guitar 
kind,  strung  with  wire 
instead  of  gut  It  had 
frequently  a  head  gro- 
tesquely carved  at  the 
extremity  of  the  neck 
and  finger-board, 
which  explains  several 
allusions  in  our  old 
plays;  while  the  fact 

Cittern  in  South  Ken.      tllat  in  barbers'  shops 

sington  Museum.        there    was    regularly 
one  or  more  citterns 
for  the  use  of  the  customers  explains  others. 
Written  also  Cithern. 

City  (sit'i),  n.  [Fr.  cite;  It.  citta ;  L.  cicitat, 
civitatis,  a  city,  state,  from  civis,  a  citizen.] 
1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  large  and  important 
town;  any  town  holding  an  important  posi- 
tion in  the  state  in  which  it  is  situated;  in  a 
narrower  sense  and  as  regards  Great  Britain, 
a  city  is  said  to  be  a  town  corporate  that  is 
or  has  been  the  seat  of  a  bishop  and  of  a 
cathedral  church.  Yet  (as  is  remarked  in 
Stephen's  Commentaries)  there  seems  to  be 
no  necessary  connection  between  a  city  and 
a  see ;  possibly  the  words  were  popularly 
thought  to  be  etymologically  connected.  In 
America  a  city  is  a  town  incorporated  and 
governed  by  a  mayor  and  aldermen.  The 
word  is  often  used,  like  town,  in  opposition 
to  country.— 2.  The  inhabitants  of  a  city  col- 
lectively. 

I  do  suspect  I  have  done  some  offence 

That  seems  disgracious  in  the  city's  eyes.    Shak. 

City  (sit'i),  a.  Pertaining  to  a  city ;  as,  a  city 
feast ;  city  manners.  '  City  wives. '  Shak.  'A 
city  clerk,  but  gently  bora.'  Tennygon.— 
City  article,  in  newspapers,  the  editorial 
remarks  or  summary  of  the  commercial  or 
financial  news  of  the  day.— City  editor,  the 
journalist  whose  duty  it  is  to  superintend 
the  preparation  of  the  city  article.  —  City 
court,  in  the  United  States,  the  municipal 
court  of  a  city,  consisting  of  the  mayor  or 
recorder  and  aldermen. 

City-ward  (sit'i-ward),  71.  A  watchman,  or 
the  collective  watchmen  of  a  city.  Fairfax. 

Give  (siv),  n.  [Fr.  cive,  L.  cepa,  an  onion.] 
A  small  perennial  garden  plant  (Allium 
Schanoprasum),  of  the  same  genus  as  the 
leek  and  onion, cultivated  in  kitchen-gardens 
as  a  pot-herb.  Written  also  Chive. 

The  common  chive  or  cive  is  indigenous  to  Britain, 
having  been  found  in  Oxfordshire  as  well  as  Argyle- 
shire.  If-  S.  Booth. 

Civet  (siv'et),  71.  [Fr.  cieette,  It.  abetto, 
from  Ar.  zabad,  the  unctuous  substance 
which  furnishes  civet.  ]  1.  A  substance,  of 
the  consistence  of  butter  or  honey,  taken 
from  the  anal  glands  of  animals  of  the  genus 
Viverra,  which,  from  this  circumstance  and 
from  their  resemblance  to  cats,  are  called 
civet-cats.  It  is  of  a  clear,  yellowish  or 
brownish  colour,  of  a  strong  offensive  smell 
when  undiluted,  but  agreeable  when  a  small 
portion  is  mixed  with  another  substance. 
It  is  used  as  a  perfume.  —  2.  The  animal  itself. 
See  CIVET  -  CAT.  —  3.  In  cookery,  a  dark, 
thickish  stew,  generally  of  hare  or  venison : 
so  called  from  its  scent. 

Civet  (siv'et),  v.t.  To  scent  with  civet;  to 
perfume.  Cowper. 


ch,cAain;     ch,  Sc.  locft;     g,ffo;      J.job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  *ng;     TH.  (Aen;  th,  <Ain;    w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    *h,  azure. -See  KKT. 


CIVET-CAT 


480 


CLADOCARPOUS 


Civet-cat  (siv'et-kat),  71.  A  carnivorous 
mammal  of  the  genus  Viverra,  having  a 
large  double  gland  between  the  anus  and 
organs  of  generation,  containing  the  pecu- 
liar odoriferous  fatty  substance  called  civet. 
This  animal,  intermediate  in  form  between 
the  weasel  and  fox,  is  of  a  cinereous  colour, 
tinged  with  yellow,  marked  with  dusky  spots 


disposed  in  rows,  and  is  commonly  from  2  to 
3  feet  long  and  10  inches  high.  The  species 
are  found  in  North  Africa  ( V.  civetta),  and 
in  Asia  (V.  zibetha)trojn  Arabia  to  Malabar 
and  Java  ( V.  Rasse).  They  are  frequently 
kept  in  confinement,  especially  at  the  town 
of  Eufras,  in  Abyssinia— the  principal  seat 
of  the  civet  trade  — for  the  sake  of  the 
perfume,  which  is  taken  from  the  bag  twice 
a  week,  a  dram  being  a  large  yield.  When 
thus  kept  they  are  fed  on  raw  flesh  with  the 
view  of  increasing  the  quantity  of  civet. 

Civic  (siv'ik),  a.  [L.  civicus,  from  civis,  a 
citizen.]  Pertaining  to  a  city  or  citizen;  re- 
lating to  civil  affairs  or  honours.  '  At  civic 
revel,  pomp,  and  game.'  Tennyson. — Civic 
crown,  in  lioin.  antig.  a  crown  or  garland  of 
oak  leaves  bestowed  on  a  soldier  who  has 
saved  the  life  of  a  citizen  in  battle. 

Civlcalt  (siv'ik-al),  o.   Civic.  Sir  T.Browne. 

Civil  (siv'il),  a.  [L.  civilis,  from  tints,  a  citi- 
zen.] 1.  Relating  to  the  community,  or  to 
the  policy  and  government  of  the  citizens 
and  subjects  of  a  state:  opposed  to  crimi- 
nal, ecclesiastical,  and  military  or  naval; 
as  in  the  phrases  civil  rights,  civil  govern- 
ment, civil  privileges,  civil  war,  civil  justice. 
2.  Reduced  to  order,  rule,  and  government; 
under  a  regular  administration ;  exhibiting 
some  refinement  of  manners;  not  savage  or 
wild;  civilized;  as,  civil  life;  civil  society. 

Men  that  are  civil  do  lead  their  lives  after  one 
common  law,  appointing  them  what  to  do.  Hooker. 

8.  Courteous;  obliging;  well  bred  ;  affable; 
polite. 

A  civil  man  now  is  one  observant  of  slight  external 
courtesies  in  the  mutual  intercourse  between  man 
and  man;  a  civil  man  once  was  one  who  fulfilled  all 
the  duties  and  obligations  flowing  from  his  position 
asa'civis.'  Abp.  Trench. 

4.t  Grave;  sober;  not  gay  or  showy. 

A  civil  habit  oft  covers  a  good  man.    Bean.  &•  Fl. 
—Civil  death.    See  DEATH.  —Civil  engineer-  \ 
ing.     See  ENGINEERING.  —  Civil   law,  the 
law  of  a  state,  city,  or  country;  more  speci- 
fically, the  Roman  law,  the  municipal  law 
of  the  Roman  Empire,  comprised  in  the 
Institute*,  Code,  and  Digest  of  Justinian, 
and  the  Novel  Constitution*. — Civil  list.   See 
LIST. — Civil  service,  a  term  applied  to  that 
branch  of  the  public  service  in  which  the 
non-military  covenanted   servants  of   the 
crown  are  employed,  or  to  those  persons  ! 
collectively.     It  includes  the  offices  or  de-  i 
partments  connected  with  the  war-office,  I 
admiralty,  post-office,  customs,  excise,  dip. 
lonmtic  corps,  civil  and  criminal   courts, 
prisons,  British  Museum,  &c.—  Civil  state,  I 
tlie  whole  body  of  the  citizens  who  are  I 
not  included  in  the  military,   naval,  and  i 
ecclesiastical  bodies. — Civil  war,  a  war  be-  ! 
tween  the  people  of  the  same  state  or  city: 
opposed  to  foreign  war.  —  Civil  year.    See 
under  YEAR. —Civil,  Polite,  Courteous.    See 
POLITE. 

Ciyilation  (siv-i-la'shon).  n.  [A  corruption 
of  civilization,  or  formed  from  the  adjective 
civil.]  An  Irish  slang  word  for  intoxication. 
•  In  a  state  of  tivilation.'  De  Quincey. 

Civilian  (si-vil'i-an).  n.  1.  One  who  is  skilled 
in  the  Roman  or  civil  law;  a  professor  or 
doctor  of  civil  law. 

Elizabeth  caused  an  inquiry  to  be  instituted  before 
a  commission  of  privy  councillors  and  civilians. 

Hallam. 


2.  A  student  of  the  civil  law  at  a  univer- 
sity.—3.  One  whose  pursuits  are  those  of 
civil  life,  not  military  or  clerical.  '  Army 
or  civilian  surgeons.'  Times  newspaper. — 
4.t  One  who,  despising  the  righteousness  of 
Christ,  did  yet  follow  after  a  certain  civil 
righteousness,  a  justitia  civilis  of  his  own. 
Abp.  Trench,  ' The  mere  naturalist  or 
civilian,  by  whom  I  mean  such  an  one  as 
lives  upon  dregs,  the  very  reliques  and 
ruins  of  the  image  of  God  decayed.'  Daniel 
Rogers. 

Civilist  (siv'il-ist),  n.  A  civilian  or  person 
versed  in  the  civil  law.  Warburton. 

Civility  (si-vil'i-ti),  n.  [L.  civilitas,  from  ci- 
riYtX  civil,  from  civis,  a  citizen;  It.  cicilrta; 
Sp.  civilidad.]  l.t  The  state  of  being  civil- 
ized ;  refinement  of  manners ;  civilization. 
See  extract  under  CIVILIZATION. 

Divers  great  monarchies  have  risen  from  barbarism 
to  civility,  and  fallen  again  to  ruin.  Sir  J.  Da-vies. 

2.  Good  breeding;  politeness,  or  an  act  of 
politeness;  courtesy;  kind  attention;  as,  to 
show  one  many  civilities.  '  The  sweet  civili- 
ties of  life.'  Dryden.  '  The  insolent  civil  it  n 
of  a  proud  man.'  Chesterjield. 

I  call  my  own  self  wild, 

But  keep  a  touch  of  sweet  civility.      Tennyson. 

CivUizable  (siv'il-Iz-a-bl),  a.     Capable  of 

being  civilized. 
Civilization  (siv'il-iz-a"shon),  71.    1.  The  act 

of  civilizing,  or  the  state  of  being  civilized; 

the  state  of  being  refined  in  manners  from 

the  rudeness  of  savage  life,  and  improved  in 

arts  and  learning. 

I  asked  him  (Johnson)  if  '  humiliating '  was  a  rood 
word.     He  said  he  had  seen  it  frequently  used,  but 
he  did  not  know  it  to  be  legitimate  English.     He 
would  not  admit  'civilization,'  but  only  'civility.' 
Boswell. 

2.t  The  act  of  rendering  a  criminal  process 
civil. 

Civilize  (siv'il-iz),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  civilized; 
ppr.  civilizing.  [From  civil;  Fr.  civiliser, 
formerly  written  also  civilizer,  to  civilize.] 

1.  To  reclaim  from  a  savage  state;  to  Intro- 
duce order  and  civic  organization  among; 
to  refine  and  enlighten;  to  elevate  in  social 
life. 

We  send  the  graces  and  the  muses  forth. 

To  civilize  and  to  instruct  the  North,      Waller. 

2.  t  To  make  subject  to  a  civil  Instead  of  a 
criminal  process. 

Civilized  (siv'il-izd),  p.  and  a.  Reclaimed 
from  savage  life  and  manners ;  possessing 
some  culture  or  refinement ;  refined ;  culti- 
vated. 

Such  sale  of  conscience  and  duty  in  open  market 
is  not  reconcilable  with  the  present  state  of  civilized 
society.  Quincy. 

Civilizer  (siv'il-Iz-cr),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  civilizes  or  tends  to  civilize. 

Civilly  (liv'U-li),  adv.  In  a  civil  manner: 
(a)  in  a  manner  relating  to  government,  or 
to  the  rights  or  character  of  a  member  of  the 
community ;  in  accordance  with  a  state  of 
civilization. 

That  a  multitude  should,  without  harmony,  concur 
in  the  doing  of  one  thing— for  this  is  civilly  to  live— 
is  impossible,  floater. 

0)  In  a  manner  relating  to  private  rights: 
opposed  to  criminally.  'A  process  cmOly 
commenced  for  the  private  satisfaction  of 
a  party  injured.'  Ayli/e.  (c)  Xot  naturally, 
but  in  law;  as,  a  man  civilly  dead,  (d)  Po- 
litely; complacently;  gently;  with  due  de- 
corum; courteously. 

I  will  deal  cn'illy  with  his  poems:  nothing  ill  is  to 
be  spoken  of  the  dead.  Drydttt. 

(e)\  Without  gaudy  colours  or  finery;  soberly. 

The  chambers  were  handsome  and  cheerful!,  and 
furnished  civilly.  Baco>t. 

Civll-BUitedt  (siv'il. sut-ed).  a.  Modestly, 
as  opposed  to  gaudily  or  showily  arrayed. 
'Civil-suited  morn.'  Wilton. 

Civism  (siv'izm),  n.  [Fr.  civisme,  from  L 
eiau,  a  citizen.  ]  The  privileges  or  state  of 
a  citizen;  citizenship.  [Rare.] 

Cizart  (siz'er),  v.t.  To  clip  or  trim  with 
scissors.  Beau.  <fc  Fl. 

Cizarst  (siz'erz),  n.  pi.    Scissors.    Swift. 

Cizet  (siz),  ?i.  Size.  'Cize  or  figure.'  JV. 
Qreto. 

Clabber*  (klab'er),  n.  Milk  turned  and 
become  thick  or  inspissated;  bonny-clab- 
ber (which  see). 

Clachan  (dach'an),  n.  [Gael.,  from  clach. 
a  stone.  The  primary  meaning  probably  is 
a  stone  circle  for  sacred  or  sepulchral  uses.  ] 
In  Scotland,  a  small  village  or  hamlet ;  es- 
pecially one  in  which  there  is  a  parish 
church.  'The  clachan  of  Aberfoyle.'  Sir 
W.  Scott. 

Clack  (klak),».i.  [An  imitative  word;  comp. 


Fr.  claque,  a  clap  or  clack;  W.  dec,  a  sharp 
noise;  I),  klakken,  to  clap;  M.H.G.  Mac,  a 
crack ;  K.  clap,  crack.  ]  1.  To  make  a  sud- 
den sharp  noise,  as  by  striking  or  cracking ; 
to  crack;  to  rattle;  to  click. 

The  palace  bang'd  and  buzz'd  and  clackt. 

Tennyson. 

2.  To  utter  sounds  or  words  rapidly  and 
.     continually,  or  with  sharpness  anil  abrupt- 
ness; to  let  the  tongue  run;  as,  her  tongue 
is  perpetually  clacking.    [Colloq.] 

But  ah !  the  more  the  white  goose  laid, 

It  cboftVud  cackled  louder.       Tennyson. 

Clack  (klak),  v.t.  ]_  To  cause  to  make  n 
sharp, short  sound;  to  rattle;  to  clap;  us.  tn 
clack  two  pieces  of  wood  together  SIT 
CLACK-DISH.— 2.  To  speak  without  thought; 
to  rattle  out. 

Unweighed  custom  makes  them  clack  out  anything 
their  heedless  fancy  springs.  Felthitni. 

Clack  (klak),  n.  [See  the  verb.  ]  1.  A  sliar] >. 
abrupt  sound,  continually  repeated,  such 
as  is  made  by  striking  an  object,  or  by 
bursting  or  cracking;  as,  the  clack  of  a  mill. 
2.  The  instrument  that  strikes  the  hopper 
of  a  grist-mill,  to  move  or  shake  it,  for  ilis- 
charging  the  corn.  — 3.  A  bell  that  i-inus 
when  more  corn  Is  required  to  be  put  in. 
Johnson.  —4.  A  ball-valve  connected  with 
the  boiler  of  a  locomotive.  See  BALL-VALVE 
and  CLACK-BOX,  2.— 5.  A  kind  of  small  wind- 
mill set  on  the  top  of  a  pole  to  turn  and 
clap  on  a  board  for  the  purpose  of  frighten- 
ing away  birds.— 6.  Continual  talk;  prattle; 
gossip;  tattle.  [Colloq.  J 

A  woman's  clack,  if  I  have  skill. 

Sounds  somewhat  like  a  throwster's  mill.    Swift. 

Clack-box  (klak'boks).  n.  1.  In  mach.  the 
box  in  which  a  clack-valve  works. —  2  In 
locomotives,  the  box  fitted  on  to  the  boil,  i 
in  which  a  ball-valve  is  placed  to  close  tin- 
orifice  of  the  feed-pipe,  and  prevent  steam 
or  hot  water  reaching  the  pumps.  The  ball 
of  the  clack  is  raised  from  its  seat  by  the 
stroke  of  the  pump-plunger  forcing  water 
against  it,  which  water  then  passes  into 
the  boiler,  while  the  instant  fall  of  the  ball 
prevents  egress  from  the  boiler. 

Clack-dish,  (klak'dish),  71.  A  dish  former- 
ly used  by  mendicants,  having  a  movable 
cover,  which  they  clacked  to  excite  the  no- 
tice and  sympathy  of  passengers,  and  also 
to  signify  that  the  dish  was  empty. 

His  use  was  to  put  a  ducat  in  her  clack-dish.    Shak. 

Clack-door  (klak'dor),  n.  A  plate  of  iron 
or  brass  covering  an  aperture  in  the  side  of 
a  clack-lwx.  It  is  attached  by  screws,  anil 
can  be  removed  to  give  access  to  the  vah  L-- 
seat  or  recess  into  which  the  valve  fits. 
Clacker  (klak'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  clacks.  — 2.  The  clack  of  a  mill;  the 
clapper. 

Clack-goose  (klak'gos),n.  A  barnacle-goose. 
[Scotch.  J 

Clack-mill  (klak'mil),  n.    Same  as  Clack.  5. 
Clack- valve  (klak'valv),  n.  A  valve  in  pumps 
with     a     single      Hup. 
hinged  at  one  edge,  and 
consisting  of  a  plate  of 
leather    a    little  larger 
than  the  valve  apertuie. 
The    leather    plate    la 
strengthened  above  by 
a  plate  of  iron  a  little 
larger  than  the  opening, 
and    below  by  another 
iron  plate  a  little  less 
than  the  opening.     The 
valve   box  is  generally 
one  and  a  half  times  the  diameter  of  the 
valve  opening.     Tailed  also  Clapper. 
Clad  (klad),  pp.    Clothed. 

Jeroboam  had  clad  himself  with  a  new  garment. 

i  Ki.  xi.  29. 

The  ground  is  clad  in  cheerful  green.      Dryden. 

Gladder  t  (klad'der),  n.  A  general  wooer. 
Karen. 

Cladencnyma  (kla-den'ki-ma),  n.  [Gr. 
kladox,  a  branch,  and  enchytna,  infusion.] 
In  bot.  tissue  composed  of  branching  cells, 
as  in  some  hairs. 

Cladgy  (klaj'i),  o.  [Also  written  cledyy.  A 
softer  form  corresponding  to  Sc.  cloggy, 
from  A.  Sax.  cltrg,  clay.]  Stiff;  tenacious; 
cledgy.  [Rare.] 

Cladium(kla'di-um), n.  [Gr. kladion, asmall 
twig  or  shoot.]  A  genus  of  cyperaceous 
plants ;  twig-rush  (which  see). 

Cladocarpous  (klad'6-kar-pus).  a.  [Gr. 
klados,  a  young  or  little  branch,  and  karj"ix, 
fruit.)  In  but.  a  term  applied  to  certain 
cryptogamic  plants  whose  fruit  is  not  truly 
lateral,  but  terminates  short  lateral  branch- 
lets  ;  as,  Cladocarpous  mosses. 


Clack-valve. 


Fate,  fa.-,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  h6r;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CLADOCERA 


481 


CLANCULAR 


Cladocera  (kla-dos'er-a),  n.  [Or.  klados, 
a  branch,  and  keran,  a  horn.]  An  order 
of  entomostraeous  Crustacea,  with  two  pairs 
of  branched  antenna:,  the  lower  pair  of 
which  serve  as  oavs,  and  with  only  one  eye 
of  very  large  comparative  size.  The  water- 
flea  (Daphnia  pulex),  well  known  as  a  micro- 
scopic object,  is  one  of  them. 

Claes  (klaz),  n.  pi.    Clothes.    [Scotch.] 

Claggy  (klag'iX  «.  [A  form  corresponding 
to  1C  dailgi/,  from  A.  Sax.  cliey,  1).  kloeg, 
clay.]  Sticky;  unctuous;  adhesive;  clogging 
up.  [Scotch.] 

Claik,  Clalk- goose  (kliik,  klak'gos),  n. 
A  barnarlc-goo.-ii!.  [Scotch.]  Written  also 
Clack-goose.  See  BARNACLE. 

Claim  (klam),  v.t.  [O  Fr.  claimer,  darner, 
to  call  or  cry,  to  claim,  to  challenge,  from 
L  damn,  to  shout.]  1.  To  ask  or  seek  to 
obtain  by  virtue  of  authority,  right,  or  sup- 
posed right;  to  challenge  as  a  right;  to 
assert  a  right  to ;  to  demand  as  due ;  as,  to 
daim  obedience  or  respect;  to  claim  an 
estate  by  descent ;  with  from  or  of  before 
the  person  on  whom  the  claim  is  made. 

And,  look,  when  I  am  king  claim  thou  of  me 
The  earldom  of  Hereford.  Shak. 

2.t  To  proclaim.  Spenser.— 3.t  To  call  or 
name.  Spenser.  —  Ask,  Demand,  Claim, 
Require,  Hag,  Beseech.  See  ASK. 
Claim  (klam),  n.  1.  A  demand  of  a  right 
or  supposed  right;  a  calling  on  another 
for  something  due  or  supposed  to  be  due ; 
as,  a  daim  of  wages  for  services ;  to  make 
a  daim  on  a  person,  that  is,  to  claim  some- 
thing from  him :  very  common  in  the  phrase 
to  lay  daim  to  a  thing,  that  is,  to  demand  it 
as  a  right. 

Doth  he  lay  claim  la  thine  inheritance?      ShaA. 

2.  A  right  to  claim  or  demand ;  a  title  to 
any  debt,  privilege,  or  other  thing  in  pos- 
session  of   another ;    as,    a  prince  has   a 
daim  to  the  throne. 

A  thousand  claims  to  reverence  closed 
In  her  as  Mother,  Wife,  and  Queen.      Tennyson. 

3.  The  thing  claimed  or  demanded;  spe- 
cifically, in  America,  Australia,  &.«.,  a  piece 
of  public  land  which  a  squatter  or  settler 
marks  out  for  himself  with  the  intention  of 
purchasing  it  when  the  government  offers  it 
for  sale.    Hence— -4.  A  piece  of  land  allotted 
to  one.—  5.t  A  loud  call.    Spenser.   [Spelled 
by  the  poet  Clame.]— Claim  in  a  service,  in 
Scots  law,  a  petition  addressed  by  the  heir  to 
the  inquest,  in  which  he  states  his  relation- 
ship to  the  deceased,  and  prays  to  be  served 
heir  to  him. 

Claim  (klam),  v.  i.  1.  To  be  entitled  to  a  thing; 
to  have  a  right ;  to  derive  a  right. 

We  must  know  how  the  first  ruler,  from  whom  any 
one  claims,  came  by  his  authority,  before  we  can  know 
who  has  a  right  to  succeed  him  in  it.  Locke. 

2.  To  assert  claims ;  to  put  forward  claims ; 
as,  he  claims  to  be  the  greatest  poet  of 
the  age. 

Claimable  (klam'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
claimed  or  demanded  as  due ;  as,  wages  not 
claimable  after  dismissal. 

Claimant  (klam'ant),  n.  [O.Fr.  claimant, 
clamant,  pp.  of  claimer,  darner,  to  claim.] 
A  person  who  claims ;  one  who  demands 
anything  as  his  right. 

Claimer  (klam'er),  n.  A  cl  limant ;  one  who 
demands  as  due.  Sir  W.  Temple.  [Rare.  ] 

Claimless  (Mamies),  a.  Having  no  claim. 
[Rare.] 

Claire-cole,  Clear-cole  (klarTeol,  kleVkol). 
n.  [Fr.  clair,  clear,  and  colle,  glue  or  size.  ] 
1.  In  painting,  a  preparation  of  size  put  on 
an  absorbent  surface  to  prevent  the  sinking 
in  of  the  subsequent  coats  of  oil-paint.  — 2.  In 
gilding,  a  coating  of  size  above  which  gold- 
leaf  is  be  put. 

Clair-obscuret  (klar-ob-skur).  [Fr.  clair- 
obscur.  ]  Same  as  Chiaroscuro. 

Clairvoyance  (klar-voi'ans),  n.  [See  CLAIR- 
VOYANT, a.]  A  power  attributed  to  persons 
In  the  mesmeric  state.  The  clairvoyant 
(or  clairvi  iyante)  is  alleged  to  see  by  the  spirit 
rather  than  by  the  eye,  so  that  he  (or  she) 
discerns  objects  concealed  from  sight,  tells 
what  is  happening  at  a  distance,  &c. 

Clairvoyant  (klar-voi'ant),  a.  [Fr.  clair, 
clear,  and  voyant,  seeing,  ppr.  of  voir  (L. 
videre),  to  see.  ]  Of  or  pertaining  to  clair- 
voyance ;  discerning  (through  being  mes- 
merized) objects  not  patent  to  the  sight. 

Clairvoyant,  Clairvoyante  (klar-voi'ant), 
n.  A  man  or  woman  in  a  certain  stage  of 
mesmerism,  in  which  state  the  subject  is 
said  to  see  things  not  present  to  the  senses. 

Claise, Clase(klaz), n.pl.  Clothes.  [Scotch.] 
Spelled  also  Claes. 


Claith  (kluth),  n.  [Scotch.]  1.  Cloth.  'Has 
clad  a  score  in  their  last  daittt.'  JJunu.— 
2.  pi.  Clothes. 

Clam(klam),  v.t.  [Prov.  E.  cleam,  to  smear, 
A.  Sax.  clcemian,  from  clam,  mud,  clay,  that 
which  is  clammy;  cog.  Icel.  kleima,  to  smear, 
Dan. klam, clammy,  klamme, to clog^  Clamp 
is  probably  ;i  lengthened  form.]  1.  To  clog 
with  glutinous  or  viscous  matter.  [Rare.] 

A  swarm  of  wasps  got  into  a  honey-pot,  and  there 
they  clogged  and  chimm'ti  themselves  till  there  was 
no  getting  out  again.  Sir  R.  L  Estrange, 

2.  To  daub;  to  glue.     [Provincial.] 
Clam  (klam),  v.i.    To  be  glutinous  or  moist ; 
to  stick  like  clammy  matter  or  moisture. 
[Rare.] 

A  chilling  sweat,  a  damp  of  jealousy. 
Hangs  on  my  brows  and  clams  upon  my  limbs. 
Dryden. 

Clam  (klam),  71.  [A  shortened  form  of  clamp, 
the  former  name,  this  designation  probably 
being  given  from  the  firmness  with  which 
some  of  these  animals  adhere  to  rocks.  See 
CLAMP.]  The  popular  name  of  certain  bi- 
valvular  shell-fish,  of  several  genera  and 
many  species.  Thus  there  are  the  thorny 
clam  (Chama  Lazarus),  the  yellow  clam 
(Tridama  crocea),  the  giant  clam  (T.  gigas), 
the  common  clam  of  the  United  States 
(Mya  arenaria),  &c. 

Clam  t  (klam),  v.i.  In  bell-ringing,  to  sound 
all  the  bells  in  a  chime  at  the  same  moment. 

Clam  (klam),  v.i.  To  hunger;  to  starve;  to 
pine ;  to  clem.  [Provincial.] 

Clamant  (klam'ant),  o.  [See  CLAIMANT.) 
Crying ;  beseeching.  '  A  train  of  clamant 
children  dear.'  Thomson. 

Clamationt  (kla-ma'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
crying  out.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Clamatores  (klam-a-to'rez),  n.  pi.  In  zool. 
same  as  Gallitiaceoe. 

Clamben,  t  pi.  of  pret.  of  climb.    Chaucer. 

Clamber  (klam'ber),  v.i.  [O.E.  darner,  clam- 
mer,  from  same  root  as  clam,  to  adhere, 
damp,  and  climb;  comp.  L.G.  klempern,  to 
climb;  Dan.  klamre,  to  grasp  firmly.)  1.  To 
climb  with  difficulty  or  with  hands  and  feet. 
Hence— 2.  To  rise  up  steeply.  '  The  narrow 
street  that  clamber'd  toward  the  mill. '  Ten- 
nyson. [Poetical.  ] 

Clamber  (  klam '  ber ),  v.  t.  To  ascend  by 
climbing ;  to  climb  with  difficulty.  '  Clam- 
b'ring  the  walls  to  eye  him.'  Shak.  [Now 
rare.  ] 

Clamber(klam'ber),n.  The  act  of  clambering 
or  climbing  with  difficulty.  Moore. 

Clame,*  v.  and  n.     See  CLAIM.    Spenser. 

Clammert  (klam'mer),r.t.  Same  as  Clamber. 

They  can  clammer  over  the  Alps  and  Ajipenin  to 

Clammily  (klam'mi-li),  adv.  In  a  clammy 
manner.  'Oozing  so  clammily.'  Hood. 

Clamminess  (klam'mi-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  clammy  or  viscous ;  viscosity ;  sticki- 
ness; tenacity  of  a  soft  substance. 

Clammy  (klam'mi),  a.  [From  A.  Sax.  clam, 
damm,  mud,  clay.  See  CLAM,  v.t.]  Thick; 
viscous;  adhesive;  soft  and  sticky;  glutinous; 
tenacious.  '  Bodies  clammy  and  cleaving.' 
Bacon. 

Cold  sweat,  in  clammy  drops,  his  limbs  o'erspread. 
Dryden. 

Clamorous  (klam'er  -us),  a.  Making  a  clam- 
our or  outcry  ;  noisy  ;  vociferous ;  loud. 
'The  clamorous  owl  that  nightly  hoots.' 
Shak. 

Clamorously  (klam'er-us-li),  adv.  In  a  clam- 
orous manner;  with  loud  noise  or  words. 

Clamorousness  (klam'er-us-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  clamorous. 

Clamour  (klam'er),  n.  [L.  clamor,  an  outcry, 
from  clamo,  to  cry  out,  whence  E.  claim.] 
1.  A  great  outcry;  vociferation,  made  by  a 
loud  human  voice  continued  or  repeated,  or 
by  a  multitude  of  voices;  strong  dissatisfac- 
tion expressed  by  speaking  or  writing;  loud 
complaint;  urgent  demand.  'Shouts  and 
clamours.'  Shak.  ' The  bitter  clamour  cf 
two  eager  tongues.'  Shak.  '  Blare  of  bugle, 
clamour  of  men.'  Tennyson. 

As  for  the  clamour  (and  it  was  nothing  more  than 
clamour,  and  ignorant  tr/«>»OKr,too),that  Lord  Mans- 
field wasmaking  theold  Saxon  principles  of  onrjuris- 
prudence  bend  to  those  of  civil  law,  it  is  wholly  mar- 


aw, 

vellous  that  men  of  any  understanding  or  education 
should  have  ever  been  found  so  much  the 


slaves  of 
Sron£ftam. 


faction  as  to  patronize  it. 

2  Any  loud  and  continued  noise.  '  Start  an 
echo  with  the  clamour  of  thy  drum.'  Shak. 
'  Loud  Arno's  boisterous  clamours.'  Addison. 
SYN.Outcry,  vociferation,  hubbub,  clangour, 
hullaballoo,  noise,  uproar. 
Clamour  (klam'er),  v.t.  1.  To  utter  m  a 
loud  voice;  to  shout. 

Melissa  clamour'd  'Flee  the  death.'      Tennyson. 


2.t  To  stun  with  noise;  to  salute  with  noi»e. 
'  Clamouring  their  God  with  praise.'  Milton. 
Anil  let  them  not  come  in  muItitiMrs,  or  in  ;i  tribu- 
nitious  manner;  for  th.it  U  to  clamour  conn,  ils,  nut 
to  inform  them.  Bacon. 

— To  clamour  bells,}  to  sound  all  the  bt-lU 
in  a  <-hime  at  the  same  moment.  Wur- 
burton. 

Clamour(klam'ur), v.i.  Toutterloudsounds 
oroutcries;  to  vociferate;  touttcrlnud  crien, 
as  a  multitude ;  to  make  importunate  com- 
plaints or  demands.  Shak.;  Macaulay; 
T?n>tynon. 

Clamourer  (klam'er-er),  n.  One  who 
clamours. 

Clamourist  (klam'er-lst),  n.  Same  as  Clam- 
ourer.  Th.  BMfc 

Clamp  (klamp),  n.  (Most  closely  connected 
nitli  L.G.  and  D.  klamp,  Dan.  klampe, 
klamme,  O.  klampe,  all  meaning  a  clamp: 
Icel.  tlu'mbr,  a  vice;  from  a  root  seen  in  a 
great  many  words,  such  as  D.  and  O.  klem- 
men,  Dan.  klemme,  Icel.  klambra,  to  pinch, 
E.  i-liitih,  clamber,  clem  (to  pinch  with  hun- 
ger), cramp  (which  in  some  of  its  senses 
seems  simply  this  word  with  the  common 
change  between  r  and  I),  &c.]  1.  In  gen- 
eral, something  rigid  that  fastens  or  binds ; 
a  piece  of  wood  or  metal  fastening  two 
pieces  together. — 2.  Naut.  (a)  a  thick  plank 
on  the  inner  part  of  a  ship  s  side  used  to 
sustain  the  ends  of  the  beams,  (b)  Any 
plate  of  iron  made  to  turn  or  open  and  shut 
so  as  to  confine  a  spar  or  boom.  —  3.  In 
joinery,  (o)  an  instrument  of  wood  or 
metal  used  for  holding  pieces  of  timber 
closely  together  until  the  glue  hardens. 
(6)  A  piece  of  wood  fixed  to  another  with 
a  mortise  and  tenon,  or  groove  and  tongue, 
so  that  the  fibres  of  the  piece  thus  fixed 
cross  those  of  the  other,  and  thereby  pre- 
vent it  from  casting  or  warping.— 4.  One  of 
a  pair  of  movable  cheeks  of  lead  or  copper 
covering  the  jaws  of  a  vice,  and  enabling  it 
to  grasp  without  bruising.  —  5.  A  pile  of 
bricks  laid  up  for  burning,  in  which  the 
end  of  en.'  brick  is  laid  over  another,  and  a 
space  is  left  between  the  bricks  for  the  flre 
to  ascend ;  also,  a  pile  of  ore  for  roasting, 
or  of  coal  for  coking. 

Clamp  (klamp),  v.  t.  To  fasten  with  clamps; 
to  fix  a  clamp  on. 

Clamp  (klamp),  n.  [Imitative;  comp.  dank, 
dink.]  A  heavy  footstep  or  tread;  a  tramp. 

Clamp  (klamp),  v.i.  To  tread  heavily.  'The 
policeman  with  clamping  feet.'  Thackeray. 

Clamp  t  (klamp),  n.  Same  as  Clam,  a  kind 
of  shell.  '  Clam,  or  clamp,  a  kind  of  shell- 
fish.' Josselyn. 

Clamper  (klamp'er),  n.  A  contrivance  con- 
sisting of  a  frame  of  iron  having  sharp 
prongs  on  the  lower  part,  which  is  slipped 
on  over  the  shoe  or  boot,  so  as  to  enable  a 
person  to  walk  safely  on  ice.  Also  called 
Creeper. 

Clamp-iron  (klampl-crn),  n.  One  of  several 
irons  fastened  at  the  ends  of  fires  to  prevent 
the  fuel  from  falling. 

Clamp-nail  (klamp'nal),  n.  A  short,  stout, 
large-headed  nail  for  fastening  clamps  in 
ships. 

Clams  (klamz),  n.  pi.  [Same  root  as  clamp,  a 
fastening.]  1.  Asortofstrongpincersusedby 
ship-carpenters  for  drawing  nails. —2.  A  kind 
of  vice,  generally  made  of  wood,  used  by  ar- 
tificers for  holding  anything  fast.  [Scotch  ] 

Clam-shell  (klam'shel),  n.    The  shell  of  a 

Clan  (klan),  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  dann,  chil- 
dren, family,  tribe.]  1.  A  race;  a  family;  a 
tribe ;  an  association  of  persons  under  a 
chieftain.  Among  the  Highlanders  of  Scot- 
land a  clan  consisted  of  the  common  de- 
scendants of  the  same  progenitor,  under 
the  patriarchial  control  of  a  chief,  who  re- 
presented the  common  ancestor,  and  who 
was  revered  and  served  by  the  clansmen 
with  the  blind  devotion  of  children.  Clans 
did  not  acknowledge  the  hereditary  prin- 
ciple, often  raising  to  the  chief  ship  a  brother 
or  an  uncle  of  a  deceased  chief.  The  name 
of  the  clan  was  generally  that  of  the  original 
progenitor  with  the  affix  mac  (son).  There 
are  few  traces  of  this  institution  now  re- 
maining.—2.  In  contempt,  a  clique,  sect, 
society,  or  body  of  persons  closely  united  by 
some  common  interest  or  pursuit. 

Partridge  and  the  rest  of  his  clan  may  hoot  me  for 
a  cheat,  if  I  fail  in  any  single  particular.       Smollett. 

ClanculartOtlanTtu-ler),!!.  [L.dancularius, 
clandestine,  clanculum,  secretly,  a  dim. 
from  dam,  in  secret.]  Clandestine;  secret; 
private;  concealed.  '  Not  close  and  clan- 
cular,  but  frank  and  open.'  Barrow.  , 


ch,  chain;      6h,  Sc.  loch; 
VOL.  I. 


j.job;    n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  iing;     TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;     w,  irig;     wh,  whig; 


zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
31 


CLANCULARLY 


482 


CLARIFICATION 


Clancularlyt  (klan'ku-ler-li),  adv.  Pri- 
vately; secretly.  Barrow. 

Clandestine  (klan-des'tin),  a.  [L.  clandes- 
tinus,  from  dam,  in  secret.]  Secret;  private; 
hidden;  withdrawn  from  public  view:  gene- 
rally implying  craft,  deception,  or  evil  de- 
sign. '  Clandestine  machinations.'  Locke. 
'  A  very  clandestine  manner.'  Stillingjleet. 
— Clandestine  marriage,  a  marriage  con- 
tracted without  the  due  observance  of  the 
ceremonies  which  the  law  has  prescribed. 
By  the  law  of  Scotland  clandestine  mar- 
riages are  valid  and  effectual,  but  the  par- 
ties, celebrator,  and  witnesses  are  liable  to 
certain  penalties,  which,  however,  are  never 
now  enforced. 

Clandestinely  (klan-des'tin-li),  ode.  In  a 
clandestine  manner;  secretly;  privately;  in 
secret.  Swift. 

Clandestineness  (klan-des'tin-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  clandestine;  se- 
crecy; a  state  of  concealment. 

Clandestinity  (klan  des-tin'i-ti),  n.  Clan- 
destineness; secrecy.  [Rare.) 

Clandtsti'iity  and  disparity  do  not  void  a  marriage, 
but  only  make  the  proof  more  difficult.  Stillingjleet. 

Clang  (klang),  n.  [One  of  a  number  of  words 
similar  in  sound,  and  probably  all  imitative, 
such  as  dank,  clink,  clack;  G.  klittgm,  to 
sound;  Dan.  Sw.  G.  klang,  D.  klank,  a  sound; 
L.  clangor,  the  sound  of  a  trump;  Gr. 
klanggi,  a  sharp  sound.)  A  loud  sound  pro- 
duced from  solid  bodies,  especially  that 
produced  by  the  collision  of  metallic  bodies; 
a  clank;  clangour;  as,  the  dang  of  arms. 
'Loud  larums,  neighing  steeds,  and  trum- 
pets' dang.'  Shak. 

Where  courser's  clang,  and  stamp,  and  snort 
Had  rung  the  livelong  yesterday.      Sir  If.  Scott. 

Clang  (klang),  c.i.  To  give  out  a  clang;  to 
clank;  to  resound.  'The  wood  which  grides 
and  clangs.'  Tennyson. 

Clang  (klang),  v.t.  To  cause  to  sound  with 
a  clang.  See  the  noun. 

They  clanged  their  sounding  arms.        Prior. 

Clangorous  (klang'ger-us),  a.  Making  a 
clangour;  having  a  hard  or  ringing  sound. 

Who  would  have  thought  that  the  clangorous  noise 
of  a  smith's  hammers  should  have  given  the  first 
rise  to  musicT  Spectator. 

Clangour  (klang'ger),  n.  [L.  clangor.  See 
CLANG.  ]  A  sharp,  hard,  ringing  sound. 
'And  hear  the  trumpet's  clangour  pierce  the 
sky.'  Dryden. 

Clangous  t  (klang'gus),  a.  Making  a  clang, 
or  a  shrill  or  harsh  sound.  '  Harsh  and 
clangous  throats.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Clanjamfrle,  Clanjamfry  (klan-jam'fri), 
n.  A  term  used  to  designate  collectively 
those  who  are  looked  down  on  with  con- 
tempt; a  mob;  tag-rag  and  hob-tail.  [Scotch.  ] 

A  gang  of  play-actors  came.— They  were  the  first 
of  that  clanjam/ry  who  had  ever  been  in  the  parish. 

Gait. 

Clank  (klangk),  n.  [See  CLANG.]  The  loud, 
shrill,  sharp  sound  made  by  collision  of 
metallic  or  other  similarly  sounding  bodies: 
this  word  generally  expresses  a  less  resound- 
ing sound  than  clang,  and  a  deeper  and 
stronger  sound  than  clinic;  as,  the  dank  of 
chains  or  fetters. 

Clank  (klangk),  e.  t.  To  cause  to  sound  with 
a  clank;  as,  the  prisoners  dank  their  chains. 
See  the  noun. 

Clank  (klangk),  v.i.  To  sound  with  or  give 
out  a  clank.  See  the  noun. 

Clankless  (klaugk'les),  a.  Without  clauk. 
[Hare.] 

I-o,  the  spell  now  works  around  thee. 

And  the  clankless  chain  hath  bound  thee.     Byron. 

Clannish  (klan'ish),  a.  1.  Closely  united, 
like  a  clan ;  disposed  to  adhere  closely,  as 
the  members  of  a  clan. —2.  Imbued  with  the 
prejudices,  feelings,  sentiments,  &c.,  pecu- 
liar to  clans. 

Clannishly  (klan'ish-li),  adv.  In  a  clannish 
manner. 

Clannlshness  (klan'ish -nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  clannish. 

Clanship  (klan'ship),  n.  A  state  of  union, 
as  in  a  family  or  clan;  an  association  under 
a  chieftain. 

Clansman  (klanz'man),  n.  A  member  of  a 
clan. 

And  Evan's,  Donald's  fame  rings  in  each  clansman's 
ears.  Byron. 

Clap  (klap),  u.  (.  pret.  and  prt.dappedordapt; 
ppr.  clapping.  [A.  Sax.  clappian,  Icel.  and 
Sw.  klappa,  Dan.  klappe,  D.  and  L.G.  Map- 
pen,  to  clap,  to  pat,  Arc. :  perhaps  an  imitative 
word.]  1.  To  strike  with  a  quick  motion;  to 
slap;  to  tap;  as,  to  clap  one  on  the  shoulder. 
'  Claps  her  pale  cheek  till  clapping  makes 


it  red.'  Shak.  '  Clapt  him  on  the  hands 
and  on  the  cheeks. '  Tennyson. 

Have  you  never  seen  a  citizen  on  a  cold  morning  i 
clapping  his  sides,  and  walking  before  his  shop? 
Dryden. 

2.  To  thrust;  to  drive  together;  to  shut  has- 
tily: followed  by  to;  as,  to  clap  to  the  dour 
or  gate.  — 3.  To  place  or  put  by  a  hasty  or 
sudden  motion;  as,  to  dap  the  hand  to  the 
mouth;  to  dap  spurs  to  a  horse;  to  clap  one  ' 
under  the  hatches ;  to  clap  a  board  over  a  : 
pit. 

Hi,  friends  would  have  dappcd\\\m  into  bedlam. 
Spectator. 

4.  To  manifest  approbation  of  by  striking 
the  hands  together ;  as,  to  clap  a  perform-  . 
anceon  the  stage.— To  clap  hands,  to  strike 
the  hands  together,  (a)  in  token  of  the  con- 
clusion of  an  agreement.  '  So  dap  hands 
and  a  bargain.'  Shak  (b)  As  a  mark  of 
applause  or  delight  —  To  clap  up,  (a)  to 
make  or  complete  hastily;  as,  to  clap  up  a 
peace. 

Was  ever  match  clapped  up  so  suddenly?     Shak. 

(b)  To  imprison  without  formality  or  delay. 

The  prince  clapped  him  up  as  his  inveigler.  Shak. 
— To  clap  the  wings,  to  flap  them,  or  to 
strike  them  together  so  as  to  make  a  noise,  j 
'The  bird  that  claps  hit  tcings  at  dawn.' 
Tennyson. — To  dap  hold  of,  to  seize  roughly 
and  suddenly. 

Clap  (klap),  o.t.     1.  To  come  together  sud- 
denly with  noise;  to  make  a  noise  by  rapping  ' 
or  tapping;  to  clack.     '  A  clapper  dapping 
in  a  garth.'    Tennyson. 

The  doors  around  me  daft.  Dryden. 

2.  t  To  begin  or  set  to  work  with  alacrity 
and  briskness. 

Truly,  sir,  I  would  desire  you  to  clap  Into  your 
prayers;  for,  look  you,  the  warrant's  come.      Snak. 

3.  To  strike  the  hands  together  in  applause. 

4.  t  To  knock,  as  at  a  door.  Chauxxr.  —5.  t  To 
chatter ;  to  prattle  or  prate  continually  or 
noisily. 

Clap  (klap),  n.  1.  A  collision  of  bodies  with 
noise;  a  bang;  a  slap. 

Give  the  door  such  a  clap  as  you  go  out  as  will 
shake  the  whole  room.  Swi/t. 

2.  A  sudden  act  or  motion:  generally  in 
phrase  at  a  clap,  that  is  at  a  blow,  all  at 
once. 

What,  fifty  of  my  followers  at  a  clap!         Shak. 

3.  A  burst  or  peal  of  thunder. 

The  clap  is  past  and  now  the  skies  are  clear. 

Dryden. 

4.  A  striking  of  hands  to  express  approba- 
tion.   'Shouts  and  daps.'    Shak.     '  Unex- 
pected  daps  or  hisses.'    Addison.  —  5.  In 
falconry,  the  nether  part  of  the  beak  of  a 
hawk.     Bailey. 

Clap  (klap),  n.  [D.  klapoor,  clap;  O.Fr. 
clapoir,  a  venereal  sore.]  A  venereal  dis- 
order; gonorrhea. 

Clap  (klap),  v.t.  To  infect  with  venereal 
poison. 

Clap-board  (klap'b6rd),  n.  1.  A  thin  narrow 
board  for  covering  houses.  [United  States.  ] 
2  A  stave  for  casks. 

Clap-board  (klap'bdrd),  u.  t.  To  cover  with 
clap  boards,  as  ahouse  [United  States.] 

Clap-bread,  Clap-cake  (klap' bred,  klap'- 
kak),  71.  A  kind  of  oatmeal  cake  clapped 
and  rolled  out  thin  and  baked  hard.  Halli- 
icell. 

Clap-dish  (klap'dish),  n.  A  wooden  bowl  or 
dish;  a  clack-dish  (which  see). 

Clap-doctor  (klap'dok-t*r),  n.  One  who 
specially  professes  the  cure  of  venereal  dis- 
eases; a  quack. 

He  was  the  first  clap-doctor  that  I  met  with  in  his- 
tory. Tatler. 

Claper.t  Clapper. t  n.  [Fr.  dapier.]  A 
rabbit-burrow.  Chaucer. 

Clap-net  (klap'net),  n  A  net  in  hinged 
sections  for  taking  larks  and  other  small 
birds,  which  is  made  to  fold  smartly  over  on 
itself  by  the  pulling  of  a  string,  and  to  which 
the  birds  are  allured  either  by  a  looking- 
glass  or  a  call-bird.  It  is  much  used  by 
the  bird-catchers  who  supply  the  London 
market. 

Clappe  t  (klap),  n.    Same  as  Clapper,  3. 

Clappe,*  v.i.  To  knock  repeatedly;  to  talk 
fast.  Chaucer. 

Clapper  (klap'er),  n.  1.  A  person  who  claps 
or  applauds  by  clapping. —2.  That  which 
claps  or  strikes,  as  the  tongue  of  a  bell,  the 
cover  of  a  clap-dish,  or  the  piece  of  wood 
that  strikes  a  mill-hopper.— 3.  In  the  medi- 
eval church,  a  wooden  rattle  used  as  a 
summons  to  prayers  on  the  three  last  days 
of  holy  week,  when  it  was  customary  for  the 


church  bells  to  remain  silent.  Called  also 
Clap,  Clep.  —  4.  A  clack-valve.  —  5.  A  clack 
or  windmill  for  frightening  birds.  'A  daji- 
per  clapping  in  a  garth  to  scare  the  fowl 
from  fruit.'  Tennyson. 

Clapper,!  n.    See  CLAPER. 

Clapper-claw  (klap'er-kla),  v.t.  [Clap,  and 
claw.  ]  1.  To  beat  and  scratch;  to  thrash; 
to  drub.  'They're  clapper-clawing  one  mi- 
other;  I'll  look  on.'  Shak.—  2.  To  scold;  to 
abuse  with  the  tongue;  to  revile. 

Clapper-dudgeon  t  (klap-er-du'jon),  n.  A 
beggar.  Brome. 

Clapse,t  v.t.    [Comp.  ask,  ax. ]    To  clasp. 

His  botes  elapsed  fayre  and  fetisly.       Chaucer. 

Clap-sill  (klaj/sil),  71.  In  hydraulic  engin. 
a  mitre-sill;  the  bottom  part  of  the  frame 
on  which  lock-gates  shut. 

Clap-trap  (klap'trap),  n.  1. 1  A  contrivance 
for  clapping  in  theatres.— 2.  Fi<j.  an  artifice 
or  device  to  elicit  applause  or  gain  popu- 
larity; management  to  entrap;  bunkum. 

He  played  to  the  galleries,  and  indulged  them  of 
course  with  an  endless  succession  of  clap-traps. 

Brougham. 

Clap-trap  (klap'trap),  a.  Designing  or  de- 
signed merely  to  catch  applause.  '  The 
unworthy  arts  of  a  dap-trap  orator.'  A.  K. 
11.  Boyd. 

Claque  (klak),  n.  [Fr. ,  from  daquer,  to  clap 
the  hands,  to  applaud.]  A  name  applied 
collectively  to  a  set  of  men,  called  claqueurs, 
who,  in  theatres,  are  regularly  hired  to  ap- 
plaud the  piece  or  the  actors.  The  scheme 
originated  in  Paris,  where  an  office  was  es- 
tablished for  the  insurance  of  dramatic 
success.  The  term  is  also  applied  to  the 
scheme  or  system  itself. 
Claqueur  ( klak-ur ),  n.  A  member  of  the 
claque.  Claqueurs  have  each  a  respective 
role  allotted  to  them — thus,  the  rieur  must 
laugh  at  the  comic  parts;  the  pleureur  weep 
at  the  pathetic;  the  bisseurcM  encore,  and 
so  on— and  all  generally  clap  their  hands 
and  applaud. 

Clare  (klar),  n.  A  nun  of  the  order  of  St. 
Clare. 

Clare  constat  (kla're  kon'stat),  n.  [L.,  it  is 
clearly  established.]  In  Scots  law,  a  pre- 
cept of  clare  constat  is  a  deed  executed  by 
a  subject  superior,  for  the  purpose  of  com- 
pleting the  title  of  his  vassal's  heir  to  the 
lands  held  by  the  deceased  vassal. 
Clarence  (klar'ens),  71.  A  close  four-wheeled 
carriage,  with  one  seat  inside  and  a  driver's 
seat 

Clarenceux,  Clarencleux  ( klar'en-su ),  n. 
[Said  to  be  from  the  Duke  of  Clarence,  son 
of  Edward  III.,  who  first  held  the  office.] 
In  Great  Britain,  the  second  king-at-arms, 
inferior  only  to  the  Garter.  His  province 
comprises  that  part  of  England  south  of 
the  river  Trent.  Formerly  called  Surrey 
(southern  king)  in  contradistinction  to  Sor- 
roy,  the  northern  provincial  king-at-anns. 
Clare-Obscure  (klar'ob-skur),  n.  [L.clunit, 
clear,  and  obscurus,  obscure.]  In  painting, 
light  and  shade;  chiaroscuro. 
Claret  (klar'et),  «.  [Fr.  dairet,  from  clair, 
clear;  It.  daretto.]  1.  The  name  given  in 
England  to  the  red  wines  of  Bordeaux.  In 
France  the  name  dairet  Is  given  only  to 
wines  of  a  light  red  colour.  —  2.  Blood. 
[Pugilistic  slang.] 

Claret  (kUr'et).  a.  Having  the  colour  of 
claret  wine.  'He  wore  a  daret  coat.'  D. 
Jerrold. 

Claret-cup  ( klar'et-kup ),  n.  A  summer 
beverage,  composed  of  iced  claret,  a  little 
brandy,  and  a  slice  or  two  of  lemon  or  other 
flavouring  ingredients. 
Claret-Jug  (klar'et-jug),  n.  A  fancy  glass  or 
silver  decanter,  with  lip  and  handle,  for 
holding  claret. 

Clarlbel-flute  (klar'i-bel-flut),  n.  An  organ 
stop  similar  to  the  claribella,  but  generally 
of  four  feet  pitch. 

Claribella  (klar-i-bel'la),  n.  An  organ  stop, 
of  a  soft  and  sweet  quality  of  tone,  consist- 
ing of  open  wood  pipes,  usually  of  eight  feet 
pitch. 

Clarichord(klar'i-kord),  n.  [L.  dams,  clear, 
and  chorda,  a  string.     See  CHORD  ]    An  an- 
cient musical  stringed  instrument,  i  < 
bling  the  manichord.     Called  also  Clad- 
chord. 

Clarification  (klar'i-fl-ka"shon),  n.  The  act 
of  clarifying;  particularly  the  clearing  or 
fining  of  liquid  substances  from  all  feculrnt 
matter  by  the  separation  of  the  insoluble 
particles  which  prevent  the  liquid  frinn 
being  transparent.  This  may  be  performed 
by  filtration,  but  the  term  is  more  especially 
applied  to  the  use  of  such  clarifying  sub- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


CLARIFIER 


stances  or  agents  as  gelatine,  albumen,  al- 
cohol, heat,  AT. 

Clarifier  (klart-fl-er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  clarities  or  purifies;  as,  whites  of 
eggs,  blood,  and  Isfnglau  are  clarifiers  of 
liquors.— 2.  A  vessel  in  which  liquor  is  clari- 
fied ;  specifically,  a  large  metallic  pan,  for 
clarifying  sugar,  <fcc. 

Clarify  (klurt-fl),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  clarified; 
ppr.  clarifying.  [Fr.  clarifier,  from  L.  i-lai-i- 
ficare,  to  clarify,  to  glorify—  clarus,  clear, 
and  facto,  to  make.  ]  1.  To  make  clear ;  to 
purify  from  feculent  matter;  to  defecate;  to 
fine :  applied  particularly  to  liquors ;  as,  to 
clarify  wine  or  syrup.  See  CLARIFICATION. 

2.  To  make  clear;  to  brighten  or  illuminate; 
applied  to  the  mind  or  reason.    [Rare.] 

The  Christian  religion  is  the  only  means  to  set  man   I 
upon  his  legs  again,  to  clarify  his  reason,  and  rectify 
his  will.  SauUt. 

3.  t  To  glorify. 

Fadir,  the  hour  Cometh,  clart/it  thy  sonne. 

IVtcklijfe.    St.  John  xvii.  I. 

Clarify  (klart-fi),  v.i.  1.  To  grow  or  become 
clear  or  free  from  feculent  matter;  to  be- 
come pure,  as  liquors  ;  as,  cider  clarifies  by 
fermentation.— 2.  t  To  clear  up  intellectu- 
ally; to  grow  clear  or  bright. 

His  wits  and  understanding  do  clarify  and  break 
up  in  the  discoursing  with  another.  £acon. 

Clarigatet  (klart-gat),  v.i.  [L.  clarigo,  cla- 
i  i'latttiii.]  To  proclaim  war  against  an  enemy 
with  religious  services.  Holland.  [Rare  ] 
Clarinet,  Clarionet  (Mart-net,  klart-on-et) 
n.  [Fr.  clarinctte  —  L.  clarus,  clear.  See 
CLARION.]  A  wind-instrument  of  music 
made  of  wood,  and  similar  in  shape  to  the 
oboe,  but  of  rather  larger  dimensions.  It 
lias  a  fixed  mouthpiece,  containing  a  reed 
which  forms  the  upper  joint  of  the  instru- 
ment. The  compass  of  the  clarinet  is  about 
three  octaves  and  a  half  from  E  in  the  third 
space  of  the  bass,  including  all  the  inter- 
mediate semitones.—  Bass  clarinet,  an  in- 
strument played  on  in  the  same  manner  as 
the  common  clarinet.  Its  compass  is  four 
octaves,  and  it  descends  to  B  flat  below  the 
bass-staff.  It  is  of  wood,  and  its  length  is 
2  feet  8  inches.  —  Contra-bass  clarinet,  an 
instrument  which,  in  form  and  manner  of 
fingering,  differs  but  little  from  the  bass 
clar.net.  It  is  of  the  size  of  the  bassoon, 
anil  in  compass  four  notes  lower.— Clarionet- 
stop.  See  KRUMMHOKN. 

Clarino  (kla-re'no),  n.  [It.]  1.  A  clarion. 
Moore.— 2.  An  organ  stop  consisting  of  ree;l 
pipes,  generally  of  four  feet  pitch. 

Clarion  (klar'i-on),  n.  [L.L.  clario,  clar-ionia 
a  clarion,  Fr.  clairon,  from  L.  clarus,  clear, 
from  its  clear  sound.]  A  kind  of  trum- 
pet whose  tubs  is  narrower  and  tone  more 
acute  and  shrill  than  that  of  the  common 
trumpet. 

Clarionet.    See  CLARINET. 

Clarisonous  (kla-ris'on-us),  o.  [L.  clarus, 
clear,  and  souu*.  a  sound.]  flavin"-  a  clear 
sound.  Ash.  [Rare.] 

Claritude  (klar'i-tud),  n.  [L.  claritudo, 
from  clarus,  clear.]  Clearness;  splendour 
'Those  claritudes  which  gild  the  skies' 
Beau.  <t  Fl. 

Clarity  t  (klart-ti),  n.  [L.  claritas,  from 
clarus,  clear.]  Clearness;  brightness;  splen- 
dour. 

Floods  in  whose  more  than  crystal  clarity 
Innumerable  virgin  graces  grow 

Claro-obscuro  ( kla'ro-ob-skb'ro  X  n.  f  Old 
It]  Same  as  Chiaroscuro. 

Clarret(klar),  n.  [Fr.]  Wine  mixed  with 
honey  and  spices,  and  afterwards  strained 
till  it  is  clear. 

Clart  (klart),  v.t.  [Perhaps  from  a  word 
equivalent  to  Sw.  lort,  filth,  with  prefix  ge  ] 
To  daub,  smear,  or  spread ;  to  dirty.  [Pro- 
vincial English  and  Scotch.] 

Clart  (klart),  n.  [Sc.]  1.  A  daub;  as,  a  clart 
of  grease.— 2.  pi.  Tenacious  mire  or  mud 

Clarty,  Clorty  (Marti,  klorti ),  a.  Miry  ; 
muddy;  sticky  and  foul;  very  dirty  Burns 
[Scotch.) 

Claryt  (kla'ri),  v.i.  [L.  clarus.  clear,  shrill.) 
lo  make  a  loud  or  shrill  noise,  (folding. 

Clary  (kla'ri),  n.  [A  corruption  of  L.L. 
i>clarea.]  A  plant  of  the  genus  Salvia  or 
sage  (Salvia  Sclarea).  Bacon. 

CUry-water  (kla'ri-wa-ter),  n.  A  composi- 
tion of  brandy,  sugar,  clary  flowers  and 
cinnamon,  with  a  little  ambergris  dissolved 
in  it :  formerly  much  used  as  a  cardiac  to 
help  digestion. 

Clash  (klash),  v.i.  [An  imitative  word; 
comp.  D.  kletsen,  G.  klatschen,  Dan.  klatsche, 


to  clap.)    1.  To  make  a  loud  noise  as  from 


Ctas/i.  ye  bells,  in  the  merry  March  air. 

2.  To  dash  against  an  object  witn'Tto'ud 
noise ;   to  come  into  violent  collision ;   to 
charge  furiously. 

T..  And  thrice  i 

They  clash  d  together,  and  tlirke  they  brake  the 
ars-  Tftltiystut. 

3.  J-iy.  to  act  with  opposite  power  or  in 
contrary  direction  ;  to  meet  in  opposition 
to  interfere ;    as,  both  their  opinions  an 
their  interests  clash  together. 

Neither  was  there  any  queen-mothcr  who  migti 
clasli  with  his  counsellors  for  authority.        Bacon. 

Clash  (klash),  v.t.  To  strike  against  witl 
sound;  to  strike  noisily  together. 

The  nodding  statue  clatKit  his  arms.     Drydn,. 

Clash  (klash),  «.  i.  The  noise  made  by  the 
meeting  of  bodies  with  violence ;  a  strikiii' 
together  with  noise ;  collision  or  noisy  col 
lision  of  bodies.  'The  clash  of  arms  and 
voice  of  men. '  Sir  J.  Denham. 

Here  he  was  interrupted  by  something  which  fel 
with  a  heavy  clash  on  the  street  before  us 
„    ,,.  Sir  »'.  Scott. 

2.  Fiff.  opposition;  contradiction,  as  between 
differing  or  contending  interests,  views 
purposes,  &c.  •  The  clashes  between  popes 
and  kings.'  Denham 

Clash  (klash),  n.  [Scotch.]  1.  Tittle-tattle 
scandal;  idle  talk.  'Some  rhyme  to  court 
the  country  clash.'  Burns.— 2.  A  quantity 
of  any  moist  substance  thrown  at  an  object- 
a  splash. 

Clash  (klash),  v.i.  To  talk;  to  gossip 
Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Clashing  (klash'ing),  a.     Interfering;  oppo- 


site; conflicting;  as,  clashing  interests. 

dashingly  (klash'iug-li),  adv.  With  clash- 
ing. 

Clasp  (klasp),  n.  [By  metathesis  for  O  E 
elapse,  to  clasp,  claps,  a  clasp:  allied  to  clip, 
to  embrace,  in  the  same  way  as  grasp  to 
grip,  and  gripe.)  1.  A  catch  to  hold  some- 
thing together;  a  hook  for  fastening-  a  hook 
to  hold  together  the  covers  of  a  book,  or  the 
different  parts  of  a  garment,  of  a  belt,  <tc 
2.  A  clinging,  grasping,  or  embracing;  a 
close  embrace.  'Glance  and  smile,  and 
clasp  and  kiss.'  Tenm/mn. 

Clasp  (klasp),  v.t.  1.  To  shut  or  fasten  to- 
gether with  a  clasp;  to  furnish  with  a  clasp- 
as,  to  clasp  &  book. —  2.  To  catch  and  hold 
by  twining  or  embracing;  to  surround  and 
cling  to;  to  embrace  closely;  to  catch  with 
the  arms  or  hands;  to  grasp.  '  Then  creep- 
ing, clasp'd  the  hero's  knees  and  prayed.' 
Dryden.—3.  To  inclose  or  encompass  with 
the  fingers;  to  catch  mutually  or  join  with 
friendly  pressure.  '  We'll  clasp  'hands  '  Shak 

Clasp  (klasp),  v.i.    To  cling.    [Rare.] 

My  father 

.  .  .  clasping  to  the  mast,  endured  a  sea 
That  almost  burst  the  deck.  SAai. 

Clasper  (klasp'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
clasps.  Specifically,  (a)  in  bat.  the  tendril  of 
a  vine  or  other  plant  which  twines  round 
something  for  support,  (b)  In  zool.  a  term 
applied  to  appendages  on  the  legs  of  male 
insects,  and  on  the  abdomen  of  some  fishes, 
as  sharks,  for  retaining  the  female 

Claspered  (klosp'enl),  a.  Furnished  with 
claspers  or  tendrils. 

Clasp-knife  (klasp 'nif),  n.  1.  A  knife  the 
blade  of  which  folds  into  the  handle  —2  In 
a  narrower  sense,  a  large  knife  the  blade  of 
which  folds  in,  and  may  be  locked  when 
open  by  a  catch  on  the  back  part  of  the 
knife. 

Clasp-lock  (klasplok),  n.  A  lock  which  is 
closed  or  secured  by  means  of  a  spring 

Clasp -nail  (klasp'nal),  n.  A  nail  with  a 
head  flattened  so  as  to  clasp  the  wood. 

Class  (klas),  n.  [L.  classis,  a  class,  whence 
also  classify,  classic,  classical,  etc.]  1.  In 
anc.  hist,  a  term  applied  to  each  of  the 
large  divisions  of  the  Roman  people,  said 
to  have  been  made  by  Servius  Tullius.— 

2.  An  order  or  rank  of  persons;  a  number  of 
persons  in  society  supposed  to  have  some 
resemblance  or  equality  in  rank,  education, 
property,  talents,  and  the  like;  as  in  the 
phrase,  all  classes  of  men  in  society. 

The  constitution  of  the  House  of  Commons  tended 
greatly  to  promote  the  salutary  intermixture  of 
classes.  The  knight  of  the  shire  was  the  connecting 
link  between  the  baron  and  the  shopkeeper. 

Macaulay. 

3.  A  number  of  pupils  in  a  school,  or  stu- 
dents in  a  college,  of  the  same  standing  or 
pursuing  the  same  studies.— 4.  In  nat.  hist. 
a  large  group  of  plants  or  animals  formed 
by  the  reunion  or  association  of  several 


orders.    See  CLASSIFICATION. -5.  Same  as 
Claxsu,  2  (which  s. 

Class  (klas),  v.t      i  in  a  class  or 

U.issus;  to  rank  together;  to  refer  to  a  class 
or  group;  to  classify. 

2.  To  place  in  ranks  or  divisions,  as  students 
that  are   pursuing  the  same    studies;  to 

forrnintoaclas8orclasses.-SVN.Toananire 
distribute,  classify,  rank. 

Tu-fn/f'"^' "'''  1'°  be  arran8eu  or  classed. 
Class-fellow  (klas 'fel -18),  n.  One  of  the 
nnte  "  8Ch°0'  or  colleS<=;  a  claw- 

Cclassedle  (klas'8i'ljl>-  a-  Capable  of  being 
Classic  (klas'ik),  n.  [L.  classim,  (from 
classic,  a  class),  pertaining  to  the  classes  or 
political  divisions  into  which  the  Roman 
people  were  anciently  divided,  ami  in  par- 
ticular  pertaining  to  the  first  or  highest 
class,  who  were  often  spoken  of  as  civ 
hence  the  use  of  the  word  to  mean  writers 
of  the  flrsf  rank.]  1.  An  author  of  the  first 
rank;  a  writer  whose  style  is  pure,  correct 
and  refined :  primarily,  a  Greek  or  Roman 
author  of  this  character,  but  also  applied  to 
writers  of  a  like  character  in  any  nation, 
i  ho  classics  of  an  age. '  Pope. 

It  at  once  raised  him  to  the  rank  of  a  legitimate 
English  classic.  Hacaulay. 

2.  A  literary  production  of  the  first  class  at 
rank;  the  classics,  specifically,  the  literature 
of  ancient  Greece  and  Rome. 

Under  the  tuition  of  Mr.  Reynolds  he  was  for  some 
time  instructed  In  the  classics.  llalonc. 

3.  One  versed  in  the  classics 

Classic,  Classical  (klas'ik,  klas'ik-al),  a 
1.  Belonging  to  or  associated  with  the  first 
or  highest  class,  especially  in  literature. 
Hence,  (a)  primarily  and  more  specifically 
relating  to  Greek  and  Roman  authors  of  the 
first  rank  or  estimation.  [In  this  sense  clas- 
sical isnowmore  common  than  classic.  ] 

He  (Sheridan)  brought  away  from  school  a  very 
slender  provision  of  classical  learning.     Brougham. 

(b)  Pertaining  to  writers  of  the  first  rank 
among  the  moderns;  being  of  the  first  order- 
constituting  the  best  model  or  authority  as 
an  author.  'Mr.  Greaves,  who  may  be 
justly  reckoned  a  classical  author  on  this 
subject.'  Arbuthnot. 

O  Sheridan  1  if  aught  can  move  thy  pen, 

Let  comedy  assume  her  throne  again  • 

Give  us  thy  last  memorial  to  the  age. 

One  classic  drama,  and  reform  the  stage.  Ayren. 

2.  (o)  Pertaining  to  ancient  Greece  or  Rome; 
relating  to  places  associated  with  the  an- 
cient Greek  and  Latin  writers,    (b)  Relating 
to  localities  associated  with  great  modern 
authors,  or  to  scenes  of  great  historical 
events. 

Poetic  fields  encompass  me  around, 

And  still  1  seem  to  tread  on  classic  wow\A.Addison. 

3.  In   literature  and  the  fine  arts,  pure- 
chaste;   correct;  refined;    as,  a   classical 
taste;  a  classical  style;  a  classical  work  of 
art. 

At  Liverpool  Rpscoe  is  like  Pompey's  column  at 
Alexandria,  towering  alone  in  classic  dignity. 

4.  Belonging  to  classification;  classificatOTy. 

Unwilling  to  give  similar  classical  characters  to 
both  of  his  primary  divisions.  C.-esalpinus  has  passed 
over  what  at  first  is  most  striking  in  the  form  of  trees. 

5.  In  some  Reformed  churches,  relating  to 
a  classis  or  class.    See  CLASSIS,  2. 

And  what  doth  make  a  classical  eldership  to  be  a 
presbytery?  Goodwin. 

—Classic  orders,  in  arch,  the  Doric,  Ionic, 
and  Corinthian  orders. 
Classicalism  (klas'ik-al-izm),  n.  1.  A  classic 
idiom  or  style;  classicism.— 2.  In  art,  close 
adherence  to  the  rules  of  Greek  or  Roman 
art. 

We  shall  find  in  it  (Renaissance  architecture)  partly 
the  root,  partly  the  expression,  of  certain  dominant 
evils  of  modern  times— over-sophistication  and  ignor- 
ant Classicalism.  Rusltin. 

Classicallst  (klas'ik-al-ist).  n.  A  devoted 
admirer  of  Classicalism.  In  art,  one  who 
scrupulously  adheres  to  the  canons  of  Greek 
or  Roman  art.  Ruskin. 

Classicality,  Classicaluess  (klas-ik-al'i- 
ti,  klas'ik-al-nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
classical. 

Classically  (klas'ik-al-li),  adv.  l.t  Accord- 
ing to  a  regular  order  of  classes  or  sets. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  bear  all  its  specific  details 
m  the  memory  if  they  were  not  classically  arranged. 
A'.  A'er. 


•ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      IB,  then;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wWg;    zh,  aiure.— See  KEr. 


CLASSICISM 


484 


CLAW 


2.  In  a  classical  manner ;  according  to  the 
manner  of  classical  authors. 
Classicism  (klas'i-sizm),  ».    A  classic  idiom 

Classicist  (klas'i-sist),  ».    One  versed  in 

the  classics. 
Classifiable  (klas'i-fl-a-bl),  a.    Capable  of 

being  classified. 

These  changes  arc  classifiable  as  the  original  sen- 
sations  are.  7-  *  '""'• 

Classific  (klas-sif'ik),  a.  1.  Distinguishing  a 
class  or  classes;  as,  a  classiflc  mark.  [Bare.] 
2.  Relating  to  classification.  Worcester. 

Classification  (klas'i-fl-ka"shon),  n.  [See 
CLASSIFY.]  The  act  of  forming  into  a  class 
or  classes,  so  as  to  bring  together  those 
beings  or  things  which  most  resemble  each 
other,  and  to  separate  those  that  differ;  dis- 
tribution into  sets,  sorts,  or  ranks.  In  not. 
hM  classification  has  been  made  on  two 
principles  distinguished  as  the  artificial  and 
natural—  the  former  made  on  accidental 
coincidence  in  certain  organs,  as,  in  botany, 
in  those  of  reproduction,  or  on  external  re- 
semblance; the  latter  having  regard  to  the 
whole  structure  of  the  objects  classified. 
The  widest  classes  in  natural  history  are 
called  kingdoms.  Kingdoms  are  divided 
into  classes,  classes  into  orders,  orders  into 
families,  families  into  genera,  genera  into 
species,  and  species  into  varieties. 

Classiflcatory(klas'i-fl-ka-to-ri),  a.  Belong- 
ing to  classification;  concerned  with  classi- 
fying ' The  classificatory  sciences.'  Whewell. 

Classifier  (klas'i-fi-er),  n.  One  who  classi- 
fies; one  who  investigates  and  embodies  in 
practice  the  principles  of  classification. 

The  classtfltrs  of  this  period  were  chiefly  Fructists 
and  Corollists.  *•**• 

Classify  (klas'i-fi).  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  classified; 
ppr.  classifying.  [L.  classis,  a  class,  and/acio, 
to  make.  ]  To  arrange  in  a  class  or  classes; 
to  arrange  in  sets  or  ranks  according  to 
some  method  founded  on  common  charac- 
teristics in  the  objects  so  arranged. 

The  former  (the  Linnaean  system)  is  an  attempt  at 
classifying  plants  according  to  their  agreement  in 
some  single  characters.  BrantU  and  Cox. 

Classis  (klas'sis),  n.    l.t  Class;  order;  sort. 

He  had  declared  his  opinion  of  that  classis  of  men. 
Clarendon. 

2.  Eccles.  an  ecclesiastical  body,  convention, 
or  assembly;  specifically,  in  the  Reformed 
American,  Dutch,  and  French  Churches,  a 
judicatory  corresponding  to  a  presbytery. 

The  meeting  of  the  elders  over  many  congregations 
that  they  call  the  classis.  Goodwin. 

Class-man  (klas'man),  n.  pi.  Class-men 

(klas'men)  In  the  English  universities,  a 
candidate  for  graduation  in  arts  who  has 
passed  an  examination  of  special  severity  in 
one  of  the  departments  in  which  honours 
are  conferred,  and  who  is  placed  according 
to  merit  in  one  of  several  classes.  At  Oxford 
successful  candidates  are  classed  in  both 
of  the  public  examinations,  in  the  first  in 
three  classes,  in  the  second  (or  final  exam- 
ination) in  four  classes.  At  Cambridge  only 
graduates  are  classed,  and  they  are  divided 
into  three  classes.  See  TRIPOS. 

Class-mate  (klas'mat),  n.  A  class-fellow  at 
school  or  college, 

Clat  (klat),  v.  and  n.    [Sc.]    Same  as  Claut. 

Clathrate  (klath'rat),  a.  [L.  clathrus,  a 
lattice.]  In  bot.  and  zool.  latticed;  divided 
like  lattice-work. 

Clatter  (klat'er),  v.i.  [From  the  sound. 
A.  Sax.  clatrung,  a  clattering,  a  rattle;  D. 
Water,  a  rattle;  klateren,  to  rattle.]  1.  To 
make  rattling  sounds;  to  make  repeated 
sharp  sounds,  as  when  sonorous  bodies 
strike  or  are  struck  rapidly  together;  to 
rattle. — 2.  (Old  or  provincial  English  and 
Scotch  )  To  talk  fast  and  idly;  to  run  on : 
to  rattle  with  the  tongue.  'Thou  dost  but 
clatter.'  Spenser. 

Clatter  (klat'er),  v.t.  To  strike  so  as  to 
produce  a  rattling  noise  from. 

You  clatter  still  your  brazen  kettle.          S-wift. 

Clatter  (klat'er),  n.  1.  A  rapid  succession 
of  abrupt,  sharp  sounds;  rattling  sounds; 
tumultuous  and  confused  noise.  'Clatter 
of  horsehoofs  '  Macaulay.  'With  cackle 
and  with  clatter.'  Tennyson. 

By  this  great  flatter  one  of  greatest  note 
Seems  bruited.  S/tai. 

2.  Idle  gossip ;  tattle.  Burns.  [Provincial 
and  Scotch.  ] 

Clatterer  (klat'er-er),  n.  One  who  clat- 
ters ;  a  babbler.  '  Clatterers  love  no  peace.' 
Skelton. 


Clatteringly  (klat'er-ing-li),  ode.    With 

clattering. 
Claudent  (kla'dent),  a.    [L.  daudens,  from 

claudo    to    shut.  ]      Shutting  ;   confining  ; 

drawing  together;   as,  a  claudent  muscle. 

Johnson.    [Rare. ) 
Claudicant  (kla'di-kant),  a.    [See  below.] 

Halting;  limping.    Johnson.     [Rare  ] 
Claudicate  t  (kla'di-kat),  v.i.     [L.  claudtco, 

to  limp,  from  claudus,  lame.)    lo  halt  or 

limp.    Bailey. 

Claudication  (kla-di-ka'shon),  n.  A  halt- 
ing or  limping ;  a  limp.  [Rare.] 

I  have  lately  contracted  a  ...   Claudication  in 
my  left  foot.  s'"lf- 

Claugnt  (klacht),  pret.  &  pp.  of  an  obsolete 
verb  cleche  or  clache,  to  clutch.  [Old 
English  and  Scotch.] 

The  carlin  clauzht  her  by  the  rump, 

And  left  poor  Maggie  scarce  a  stump.      Burns. 

Claught  (klaCht),  n.  A  catch ;  a  hold ;  as, 
I  took  a  clauyht  o'  him.  [Scotch.] 
Clause  (klaz),  n.  [Fr.  clause,  from  L.L. 
clausa  for  L.  clausula,  a  conclusion,  and  as 
a  law  term  a  clause,  from  claudo,  clausum, 
to  close.]  1.  In  gram,  a  member  of  a  com- 
pound sentence  containing  both  a  subject 
and  its  predicate.— 2.  An  article  in  a  con- 
tract or  other  writing ;  a  distinct  part  of  a 
contract,  will,  agreement,  charter,  commis- 
sion, or  the  like;  a  distinct  stipulation,  con- 
dition, proviso,  &c.  In  Scots  law,  clauses  in- 
serted in  deeds  are  expressed  according  to 
certain  technical  forms,  and  are  of  several 
kinds ;  as,  clause  of  devolution,  a  clause  de- 
volving some  office,  obligation,  or  duty  on  a 
party  in  a  certain  event,  as,  for  example,  on 
the  failure  of  another  to  perform ;  clause  of 
return,  a  clause  by  which  the  granterof  a 
right  makes  a  particular  distinction  of  it.and 
provides  that  in  a  certain  event  it  shall  re- 
turn to  himself;  clauses  irritant  and  re- 
solutive,  clauses  devised  for  limiting  the 
right  of  an  absolute  proprietor. 
Clause-rolls  (klaz'rdlz),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Close  2{olls.  See  under  CLOSE. 
Claustral  (klas'tral).  a.  [L.L.  daiutralis, 
from  L.  claustrum,  an  inclosure,  and  in  late 
times  a  cloister,  from  claudo,  to  shut  ]  1.  Re- 
lating to  a  cloister;  as,  a  claustral  prior. 
See  PRIOR.  —2.  Resembling  a  religious  house 
in  its  seclusion ;  cloister-like ;  secluded. 
Clausular  (klaz'u-ler),  o.  [L.  clausula.  See 
CLAUSE.  ]  Consisting  of  or  having  clauses. 
Clausule  (klaz'ul),  n.  A  little  clause.  Bp. 
Peacock. 

Clausure  (klaz'ur),  »  [L.  claumra.  See 
CLAUSE.]  1.  The  act  of  shutting  up  or  con- 
fining; confinement.  [Rare.] 

In  some  monasteries  the  severity  of  the  clansurr 
is  hard  to  be  borne.  Dr.  A.  Geddes. 

2.  In  anat.  the  absence  of  a  perforation 
where  it  normally  occurs  —3.  (An  inclosure. 

Claut  (klat),  v.t.  (Closely  connected  with 
clod,  clot,  a  thick,  round  mass.]  To  rake  or 
scrape  together.  Burns.  [Scotch.  ] 

Claut  (klijt),  n.  1.  An  instrument  for  raking 
or  scraping  together  mire,  weeds,  Ac.  — 
2.  What  is  so  scraped  together;  a  hoard 
scraped  together  by  dirty  work  or  niggard- 
liness. [Scotch] 

She  has  gotten  a  coof  wi*  a  claut  o'  siller.       Burns. 

Clavaria  (kla-va'ri-a),  n.  [L.  clava,  a  club.] 
A  genus  of  fungi,  belonging  to  the  division 
Hymenomycetea,  and  having  a  fleshy  sub- 
stance and  a  confluent  stem ;  club-shaped 
fungus.  Some  species  are  edible. 
One  species  is  called  gray-goat's 
lieard. 

Clavate,  Clavated  (khVvat,  kla'- 
vat  r<l).  a.    [L.  clava,  a  club ;  in 
second  sense  rather  from  clavug, 
a  nail.)    1.  In  bot.  and  zool.  club- 
shaped;  having  the  form  of  a  club; 
growing  gradually  thicker  toward 
the  top,  as  certain   parts  of   a 
plant;  claviform. —2.  In  anat.  the 
terra  applied  to  a  species  of  arti-    Clavate. 
dilation.    See  GOMPHOSIS. 
Clavati  (kla-va'ti),  n.  pi.     [L.  clava,  a  club.] 
A  family  of  fungi,  belonging  to  the  division 
Hymenomycetes,  characterized  by  bearing 
basidiospores  covering  the  tip  and  sides  ol 
branched  or  simple  club-shaped  receptacles. 
Clavation(kla-va'shon),  n.    [See  CLAVATE." 
Same  as  Gomphosis. 
Clave  (kliiv),  pret.  of  cleave. 
Clave  (klav),  n.    A  kind  of  stool  used  by 
ship-carpenters. 

Clavecin  (klav'e-sin),  n.  [Fr.  clavecin,  from 
It.  clavicembalo.  L.  clavis,  a  key,  and  cym- 
balum,  a  cymbal  ]  1.  A  harpsichord.— 


2.  One  of  the  keys  by  means  of  which  a  player 
of  carillons  performs  on  the  bells. 

Clavel,  n      See  CLAVY. 

Clavellated  (klav'el-lat-ed),  a.  [L.L.  clovej- 
latux,  from  clavella,  dim.  of  L.  clava,  a  flub, 
a  billet  of  wood.]  Relating  to  billets  of 
wood.-  Clavella  ted  ashes,  potash  and  pearl- 
ash,  so  termed  from  the  billets  or  little  chilis 
from  which  they  are  obtained  by  burniir,'. 

ClavellinidaB  (klav-el-lin'i-de),  n.  pi.  \  I. 
clavella.  dim.  of  clava,  a  club,  and  Gr.  <•>''/<„ v. 
likeness.]  A  family  of  social  ascidians.  Each 
individual  has  its  own  heart,  respiratory 
apparatus,  and  digestive  organs ;  but  each 
is  fixed  on  a  footstalk  that  branches  from  a 
common  creeping  stem  or  stolon,  through 
which  a  circulation  takes  place  that  connects 
them  all.  They  are  so  transparent  that  their 
internal  structure  can  be  easily  observed. 
They  propagate  both  by  ova  and  buds. 

Claver  t  (kla'ver),  n.  Clover.  '  The  desert 
with  sweet  clover  fills.'  Sandys. 

Claver  (kla'ver),  v.i.  [Allied  to  Dan.  kla/e, 
to  slander;  G.  klafen,  to  chatter.]  To  talk 
idly  and  foolishly;  to  talk  much  and  at 
random.  [Scotch.] 

As  eude  a  man  ...  as  ever  ye  heard  cla-vcr  in  a 
pulpit.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Claver  (kla'ver),  n.  1.  An  idle  story.— 
2.  pi.  Idle  talk;  gossip.  [Scotch.] 

I  have  kend  mony  chapmen  neglect  their  pood*  tr> 
carry  clashes  and  clavtrs  up  and  down,  from  "ne 
country-bide  to  another.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Claviceps (klav'i-seps),  n.  [L.  clava,  a  club. 
caput,  a  head.  ]  A  genus  of  fungi.  Called 
also  Cordiceps.  See  CORDICEPS  ami  ERGOT.  •!. 
Clavicliord(klav'i-kord),  n.  [L.  clavis,  a  key, 
and  chorda,  a  string.]  Same  as  Claricluinl 
Clavicle  (klav'i-kl),  n.  [L.  clavicula,  a  littli 
key  or  fastener,  from  clavis,  a  key  or  lock  ] 
The  collar-bone,  forming  one  of  the  ele- 
ments of  the  pectoral  arch  in  vertebrate 
animals.  In  man  and  sundry  quadrupeds 
there  are  two  clavicles  or  collar-bones, 
each  joined  at  one  end  to  the  scapula 
or  shoulder-bone,  and  at  the  other  to  the 
sternum  or  breast-bone.  In  many  quadru- 
peds the  clavicles  are  absent  or  rudimen- 
tary, while  in  birds  they  are  united  in  <nn- 
piece.  popularly  called  the '  merry-thought. ' 
Clavicorn  (klav'i-korn),  n.  A  member  of 
the  family  Clavicornes. 
Clavicornes(klav-i-kor'nez),n.  pi.  [L.  clava, 
a  club,  and  cornu,  a  horn.  ]  A  family  of  pen- 
tamerous  beetles,  so  named  from  the  an  teni  i  te 
being  thickened  at  the  apex  so  as  to  terminate 
in  a  club-shaped  enlargement.  The  .-;  •• 
are  partly  terrestrial  and  partly  aquatic. 
The  burying-beetles  and  bacon-beetles  may 
be  regarded  as  examples. 
Clavicular  (kla-vik'u-16r),  o.  Pertaining  to 
the  collar-bone  or  clavicle. 
Clavier  (kla'vi-er),  n.  [Fr.  clavier,  from  L. 
clavis,  a  key.  ]  In  music,  the  key-board  of 
a  pianoforte,  organ,  harmonium,  or  other 
instrument  whose  keys  are  arranged  on  the 
same  plan. 

Claviform  ( klav'i-form ).  o.  [L.  c(at-o.  a 
club,  and  forma,  a  shape.]  Same  as  Cla- 
vate, 1. 

Clavlgert  (klav'i-jer),  n.  1.  [L.  davit,  a  key, 
and  gero,  to  carry.]  One  who  keeps  the 
keys  of  any  place.-  2.  [L.  clava,  a  club,  and 
gero,  to  carry.)  One  who  bears  a  club;  a 
club-bearer. 

Clavigerous  (kla-vij'er-us),  a.    [See  above.} 
hearing  a  key.    Clarke. 
Clavipalp  (klav'i-palp),  n.    A  member  of 
the  family  Clavipalpi. 

Clavlpalpl  (klav'i-pal-pl),  71.  pi.  [L  clara, 
a  cluo,  and  palpi,  feelers.]  Same  as  Era- 
ttflidce. 

Ciavis  (kla'vis),  n.  [L.,akey.]  That  which 
serves  to  unlock  or  explain  any  difficulty. 
as  a  translation  of  a  foreign  author;  or  that 
which  serves  to  explain  a  cipher;  a  key. 
Clavula  (klav'u-la),  n.  [L.,  dim.  of  clara. 
a  club.)  In  bot.  the  receptacle  of  certain 
fungi. 

Clavus  (kla'vus),  n.  [L.,  a  nail.]  The  dis- 
ease produced  in  grains  of  rye  and  other 
grasses  when  they  are  changed  to  a  brn\vu 
or  blackish  colour  by  the  action  of  the  early 
state  of  the  parasitical  fungus  Cordicept 
(Claviceps)  purjntrea.  See  ERGOT. 
Clavy,  Clavel  (klav'i,  klav'el),  n.  In  are*, 
a  mantel-piece. 

Claw  (kla),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cldwu,  cltl,  a  <  l;n>  ; 
cog.  D.  klauuw,  a  claw  or  paw,  Icel.  Ho, 
Dan.  and  Sw.  Wo,  G.  klaue,  a  claw ;  proba- 
bly allied  to  cleave,  to  adhere.]  1  The 
sharp  hooked  nail  of  a  quadruped,  liinl.  •  r 
other  animal ;  or  more  generally,  a  hooked. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  h6r;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bu.ll;       oil,  pound;      ii,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  try 


CLAW 

extremity  belonging  to  any  animal  member 
or  appendage. 

The  maxillary  palps  in  the  Spiders  are  lr>ng  jnintc.l 
appendages,  terminated  in  the  females  by  pointed 
Jaw.  H.  d.  Nicholson. 

1.  The  whole  lest  or  foot  of  such  animals 
(crustaceans,  spiders,  Ac.)  as  have  curved 
jointed  legs  usually  terminating  in  a  sharp 
point ;  in  a  special  sense  applied  to  the 
pincers  of  certain  shell-fish,  as  the  lobster, 
crab,  Ac.— 3.  The  hand:  in  contempt.  John-  \ 
son.— 4.  Anything  shaped  like  the  claw  of  an 
animal,  as  the  crooked  forked  end  of  a  ham- 
mer used  for  drawing  nails.— 5.  In  but.  the 
narrow  base  of  a  petal,  especially  when  it 
is  long,  as  in  the  pink  and  wallflower:  in 
this  sense  called  also  Unguis  (which  see). 

Claw  (kla),  v.t.  1.  To  tear,  scratch,  pull,  or 
seize  with,  or  as  with,  claws  or  nails. 

Like  wild  beasts  shut  up  in  a  cage,  to  dmu  and 
bite  each  other  to  their  mutual  destruction.  Burke. 

2.  To  relieve  as  if  by  scratching;  to  scratch, 
as  an  itching  part,  with  intent  to  gratify. 

Look,  whether  the  wither'd  elder  hath  not  his  poll 
claw'd  like  a  parrot.  Shak. 

Hence-3.  To  fawn  on;  to  natter. 

Rich  men  they  claw .  soothe  up,  and  flatter ;  the 
poor  they  contemn  and  despise.  Holland. 

—To  claw  of,\  to  claw  away,\  to  rail  at ;  to 
scold. 

Mr.  Baxter  .  .  .  cla-ws  off  the  Episcopal  party  as 
a  set  of  Cassandrian  priests.  Bp.  Nicholson. 

The  jade  Fortune  is  to  be  clarfd  atvav  forX  if  you 
should  lose  it.  Sir  R.  L' •  Estrange. 

Claw  (kla),  ».  i.  Nant.  to  beat  to  windward, 
to  prevent  falling  on  a  lee  shore  or  on  an- 
other vessel:  with  off;  hence,  (fig.)  to  get 
off ;  to  escape. 

Claw- back t  (kla'bak),  n.  Lit.  one  who 
claws  the  back;  one  who  natters;  a  syco- 
phant; a  wheedler.  Mir.  for  Mags. 

Claw-tack  t  (kla'bak),  a.  Flattering.  Bp. 
Hall. 

Claw- back t  (kla'bak),  v.  t.  To  natter. 
Warner. 

Clawed  (klad),  a.     Furnished  with  claws. 

Claw-hammer  (kla'ham-mer),  n.  A  ham- 
mer so  named  from  o'rie  end  of  it  being 
divided  into  two  claws,  for  convenience  of 
drawing  nails  out  of  wood. 

Clawless  (kljiles),  a.    Destitute  of  claws. 

Clawslck  (kia'sik),  a.  Suffering,  as  sheep, 
from  foot-rot  or  claw-sickness. 

Claw-sickness  (kla'sik-nes),  n.  Foot-rot,  a 
disease  in  cattle  and  sheep. 

Claw -wrench  (kla'rensh),  n.  A  wrench 
having  a  loose  pivoted  jaw  and  a  relatively 
fixed  one  so  arranged  as  to  bite  together 
when  they  are  made  to  grip  an  object. 

Clay  (kla),  n.  [A.  Sax.  clceg,  Dan.  klceg,  L.G. 
klei,  D.  klai,  klei,  Q.  klei,  clay.  From  a  root 
signifying  to  stick  or  adhere,  seen  also  iu 
cleave,  to  adhere,  clue,  clog,  clot,  glue,  L. 
gluten.]  1.  The  name  common  to  various 
viscous  earths,  compounds  of  silica  and  alu- 
mina, sometimes  with  lime,  magnesia,  soda 
or  potash,  and  metallic  oxides.  All  the  va- 
rieties are  characterized  by  being  firmly  co- 
herent, weighty,  compact,  and  hard  when 
dry,  but  stiff,  viscid,  and  ductile  when  moist; 
smooth  to  the  touch;  not  readily  diffusible 
in  water,  and  when  mixed  not  readily  sub- 
siding in  it.  They  contract  by  heat.  Clays 
absorb  water  greedily,  and  become  soft,  but 
are  so  tenacious  as  to  be  moulded  into  any 
shape,  and  hence  they  are  the  materials  of 
bricks  and  tiles,  pottery,  Ac.  There  are 
many  varieties  of  clay  used  for  different 
purposes,  as  pipe-clay,  potter's  clay,  brick 
clay,  porcelain  clay,  &c.  —  2  In  poetry  and 
in  Scrip,  earth  in  general,  especially  as  the 
material  of  the  human  body. 

I  also  am  formed  out  of  the  clay.     Job  xxxiii.  6. 

Their  spirits  conquered  when  their  clay  was  cold. 

y.  Baillie. 

—  Kimmeridge  clay,  Oxford  clay,  Weald 
clay.  See  these  terms  in  their  alphabetical 
places.  —  Clay  iron-ore,  clay  ironstone,  one 
of  the  most  valuable  of  the  ferriferous  rocks, 
from  which  iron  is  procured  in  great  abun- 
dance. It  occurs  chiefly  in  the  coal-mea- 
sures of  Scotland,  Staffordshire,  Shropshire, 
and  Wales. 

Clay  (kla),  a.  Formed  or  consisting  of  clay; 
as,  a  clay  soil. 

Clay  (kla),  v.t.  1.  To  cover  or  manure  with 
clay.  'The  ground  must  be  clayed  again.' 
Mortimer.  —  2.  To  purify  and  whiten  with 
clay,  as  sugar.— 3.  To  puddle  with  clay. 

Clay-brained  (kla'brand),  a.  Doltish;  stu- 
pid. Shak. 

Clay  -  built  (kla'bilt),  a.  Built  with  clay. 
'Clay-built  cisterns.'  Dr.  E.  Dancin. 


485 


Clay-cold  (khVkold),  «  old  as  clay  or 
earth;  lifeless.  Howe;  Mallet. 

Claye  (klil),  n.  [Ft.  claie,  a  hurdle.)  In 
fort,  a  wattle  or  hurdle  made  with  stakes 
interwoven  with  osiers,  to  cover  lodgments. 

Clayed  (klad),  p.  and  a.     1.  Covered  or  ma- 
nured witll  clay;  as,  ctot/eiilands.  —  2.  Puri-  | 
fled  and  whitened  with  clay;   as,  clayed  ' 
sugar. 

Clayey  (klii'i),  a.  1.  Consisting  of  clay; 
abounding  with  clay;  partaking  of  clay; 
like  clay.  '  A  heavy  or  clayey  soil.  Derham. 
2.  Bedaubed  or  besmeared  with  clay. 

Wheat  fields,  one  would  think,  cannot  come  to 
grow  untilled — no  man  made  clayey  or  made  weary  . 
thereby.  Carlyle.       \ 

Clayish  (kla'ish),  a.  Partaking  of  the  na- 
ture of  clay,  or  containing  particles  of  it. 
'Clayitih  water.'  Harvey. 

Clay-kiln  (kla'kil),  n.  A  kiln  or  stove  for 
burning  clay. 

Clay-marl  (kliVmiirl),  n.  A  whitish,  smooth, 
chalky  clay. 

Clay  -  mill  (kla'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  mixing 
and  tempering  clay;  a  pug-mill. 

Claymore  (kla'mor),  n.  [Gael,  claidheam- 
mor,  a  broadsword  —  claidheam,  a  sword, 
and  mor,  great.]  Formerly  the  large  two- 
handed  sword  of  the  Scotch  Highlanders ; 
now  a  basket-hilted,  double-edged  broad- 
sword. 

Clay  -  pit  (kla'pit),  n.  A  pit  where  clay  is 
dug. 

Clay -slate  (kla'slat),  n.  In  geol.  a  rock 
consisting  of  clay  which  has  been  hardened 
and  otherwise  changed,  for  the  most  part 
extremely  fissile  and  often  affording  good 
roofing  slate.  In  colour  it  varies  from 
greenish  or  bluish-gray  to  lead  colour.  The 
cleavage  is  independent  of  the  stratification. 
It  rarely  lies  parallel  to  the  bedding,  gener- 
ally crossing  the  strata  at  all  angles.  If  a 
piece  of  slate  be  examined  it  will  be  found 
possible  to  continue  the  division  until  very 
thin  scales  are  obtained.  This  peculiar 
structure  is  known  as  slaty  cleavage.  This 
rock,  in  Scotland,  is  characteristic  of  the 
Silurian  formation. 

Clay-stone  (kla'ston),  n.  An  earthy  felstone 
or  felsuathic  rock  of  the  igneous  group  ;  its 
harder  varieties  being  formerly  known  as 
compact  felspar.  Its  texture  is  porous, 
compact,  or  slaty.  Its  colour  is  white,  gray, 
yellow,  or  blue ;  also  rose  or  pale  red,  or 
brownish  red,  and  sometimes  greenish. 

dead,  deed  (kled),  v.t.  To  clothe.  [Pro- 
vincial English  and  Scotch.] 

Cleadlng,  deeding  (kled'ing),  n.  [A  pro- 
vincial E.  and  Sc.  form  of  clothing.]  1. Cloth- 
ing ;  that  which  clothes  or  covers ;  a  cover- 
ing. [Scotch.]— 2.  In  engine*,  the  jacket  or 
outer  covering  of  the  cylinder ;  also,  a  tim- 
ber casing  inclosing  the  boiler  of  a  locomo- 
tive engine  and  firebox ;  the  covering  of 
hair-felt  put  on  steam-pipes  to  prevent  the 
radiation  of  heat.— 3.  Any  kind  of  plank- 
covering,  such  as  the  slating-boards  of  a 
roof,  the  boards  of  a  floor,  the  plank  lining 
of  a  pit-shaft,  the  planking  of  a  coffer-dam, 
&c. 

Clean  (klen),  a.  [A.  Sax.  clcene,  clean,  pure, 
bright;  cog.  with  W.  glain,  glan,  Ir.  and 
Gael,  glan,  clean,  pure,  radiant,  the  root 
being  also  seen  probably  in  glance,  &c.] 

1.  Clear  of  dirt  or  filth;  having  all  unclean- 
ness  removed;  unmixed  with  matter  foreign 
to  the  substance  itself;  unadulterated;  pure. 

2.  Free  from  what  is  injurious;  without 
fault,  imperfection,  or  defect;  as,  a  clean 
garden;  clean  timber;  a  clean  copy;  a  clean 
proof. —3.  Clean-limbed;  well-proportioned; 
shapely;  lithe. 

Methought  he  had  a  pair 
Of  legges  and  of  feet,  so  elf  tie  and  fair 
That  all  my  hate  I  gave  unto  his  hold.     Chaucer. 
Thy  waist  is  straight  and  clean.  ll'aller. 

4.  Free  from  awkwardness;  not  bungling; 
dexterous;  adroit;  as,  a  clean  boxer;  a  clean 
leap;  aclean  trick.— 5.  Free  from  limitation 
or  any  modifying  quality  or  circumstance  ; 
entire;  complete. 

And  when  thou  reapest  the  harvest  of  your  land, 
thou  shalt  not  make  clean  riddance  of  the  corners  of 
the  field.  Lev.  xxiii.  22. 

6.  In  whale-fishing,  having  no  fish  or  oil 
aboard ;  as,  a  ship  returned  clean,  that  is, 
came  back  from  the  fishing  without  having 
captured  whales  or  seals.  —  7.  Free  from 
moral  impurity,  guilt,  or  blame;  innocent; 
sinless;  holy.  •  He  knew  who  should  betray 
him;  therefore  said  he,  Ye  are  not  all  clean. 
Jn.  xiii.  11.— 8.  Among  the  Jews,  (a)  of  per- 
sons, free  from  ceremonial  defilement.  Lev. 
nil.  8.  (&)  Of  animals  and  things,  not  caus- 


CLEAR 

ing  ceremonial  d,  lih m.-nt ;  spfnlli-nlly,  of 
animals,  not  forbidden  by  the  r.nn 
law  for  use  in  sacrifice  and  for  food      l,n 
xi.  41;  Gen.  vll.  8      '  .  l.,n\ih,  u 

document  signed  by  the  proper  iiuthoriti.-s 
certifying  that  there  are  no  cases  of  Infcc- 
tioiis  disease  on  board  the  ship  to  whose 
master  it  is;;!-  :ml.  r  BILL 

Clean  (klen),  adv.  [A.  s.-u  .•/„,„,  dean, 
entirely.  See  above  )  1.  Quite  ;  perfectly  ; 
wholly;  entirely;  fully. 

The  people  passed  clean  over  Jordan.    Josh.  U.  17. 
Is  his  mercy  clean  gone  for  ever!     Ps.  Ixxvii.  8. 

2.  Without  miscarriage;  dexterously.  [Ob- 
solescent.] 

Pope  came  off  clean  with  Homer.     Rev.  J.  Henley. 

Clean  (klen),  D.(.  [A.  Sax.  eta-nan.  Seethe 
adjective.]  To  make  clean ;  to  remove  all 
foreign  matter  from;  to  purify;  to  cleanse. 
'Time  enough  to  clean  our  ship's  bottom.' 
Dampier.  '  Cleaned  their  vigorous  wings. ' 
Thomson. — To  clean  mtt,  to  deprive  of  all 
available  means;  to  exhaust  the  pecuniary 
resources  of.  [Colloq.] 

(Bentley)  must  have  been  pretty  well  denned  out. 
r>e  Qitittcey 

Cleaner  (klen'cr),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
cleans. 

Clean-handed  (klenlmnd-ed),  a.  1.  Having 
clean  hands.  —2.  Fig.  free  from  moral  taint 
or  suspicion ;  as,  he  did  come  out  of  the 
transaction  clean-handed. 

Cleaning  (klen'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  making 
clean.  —2.  The  after-birth  of  cows,  ewes,  Ac. 

Cleanlily  (klen'li-li),  adv.  In  a  cleanly 
manner.  [Rare.] 

Clean-limbed  (klenlimd),  a.  Having  well- 
proportioned  limbs ;  lithe ;  lissome.  '  A 
clean-limbed  fellow.'  Dickens. 

Cleanliness  (klen'li-nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  cleanly;  freedom  from  dirt, 
filth,  or  any  foul  extraneous  matter.  '  The 
cleanliness  of  its  streets.'  Addition.  'Such 
cleanliness  from  head  to  heel.'  Swift. 

Cleanly  (klenli),  a.  [From  clean.]  1.  Free 
from  dirt,  filth,  or  any  foul  matter;  neat; 
carefully  avoiding  filth.  '  Neat  and  cleanly. ' 
Shak.  '  Some  plain,  but  cleanly  country 
maid.'  Dryden.— 2.  Free  from  injurious  or 
polluting  influence;  pure;  innocent.  'Clean- 
ly jays.'  Glanville.—  3.  t  Cleansing;  making 
clean. 

The  fair 
With  cleanly  powder  dry  their  hair.         Prior, 

4.t  Nice;  artful;  dexterous;  adroit.  'Clean- 
ly flay.'  Spenser.  'Cleanly  evasion.'  Sir 
R.  L' Estrange. 

Cleanly  (klenli),  adv.  1.  In  a  clean  man- 
ner; neatly;  without  filth.  'He  was  very 
cleanly  dressed.'  Sickens.— 2.t  Purely;  In- 
nocently. Shak.  —  3.t  Cleverly;  adroitly; 
dexterously.  '  To  have  a  quick  hand  and 
convey  things  cleanly. '  Middleton. 

deanness  (klen'ncs),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  clean :  (n)  freedom  from 
dirt,  filth,  and  foreign  matter;  neatness. 
(!>)  Freedom  from  ceremonial  pollution. 

No  scrupulous  purity,  none  of  the  ceremonial 
cleanness  which  characterizes  the  diction  of  our  aca- 
demical pharisees.  Alacaitlay. 

(c)t  Exactness;  purity;  justness;  correctness: 
used  of  language  or  style.  '  Cleannest  of 
expression.'  Dryden.  (d) Purity;  innocence. 
•The  cleanness  and  purity  of  one's  mind.' 
Pope. 

Cleansable,  Cleansible  (klenz'a-bl,  klenz'- 
i-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being  cleansed.  Sher- 
wood. [Rare.] 

Cleanse  (klenz),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  cleansed; 
ppr. cleansing.  [A. Sax.  ctonsian,  tmmcuene, 
clean.]  1.  To  purify;  to  make  clean;  to 
free  from  filth,  impurity,  guilt,  infection, 
or  generally  whatever  is  unseemly,  noxious, 
or  offensive. 

Cleanse  thou  me  from  secret  faults.     Ps.  xix.  12. 

2.  To  remove;  to  purge  away. 

Not  all  her  odorous  tears  can  cleans!  her  crime. 
Dryden. 

Cleanser  (klenz'er),  n.    One  who  or  that 

which  cleanses. 
Clean-shaped  (klen'shapt),o.  Symmetrical 

in  shape;  well-proportioned. 
Cleansible.    See  CLEANSABLE. 
Cleansing  (klenz'ing),o.  Adapted  to  cleanse 

Clean-tlmberedt  (klen'tim-berd),  a.  Well- 
proportioned.  [Rare.] 

I  think  Hector  was  not  so  clean-timbered.    Shak. 

Clear  (kler),  a.  [O.Fr.  cler,  cleir,  FT.  clair, 
from  L.  clarus,  clear,  whence  also  G.  Dan. 
and  Sw.  Mar,  D.  Hoar,  clear.)  1  Free  from 
darkness  or  opacity;  brilliant;  light;  lunnn- 


ch,  cftain;      ch,  Sc.  lot*;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  Ang;      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    n-h,  whig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CLEAR 

ous;  unclouded;  not  obscured.  '  It  is  al- 
most dear  dawn.'  Shak.  'The  clear  sun.' 
Milton.  '  1  will  darken  the  earth  in  a  clear 
day.'  Am.  viii.  9.— 2.t  Bright-coloured;  gay; 
showy;  magnificent.  '  Him  that  is  clothed 
with  clear  clothing.'  Wickliffe,  Ja.  ii.  3.— 

3.  Free  from  anything  which  would  dim  the 
transparency  or  bright  colour  of  a  thing ; 
as,  clear  water;  a  clear  complexion ;  dear 
sand.     'Clear  silver.'    Milton. 

The  stream  is  so  transparent,  pure,  and  clear. 

4.  Free  from  anything  that  confuses:  (a)  not 
confused  or  dull ;  having  the  power  of  per- 
ceiving or  comprehending  quickly ;  sharp ; 
acute;  discriminating;  as,  a  clear  intellect. 
(&)  Easily  seen  or  comprehended;  free  from 
obscurity;  easily  intelligible;  perspicuous; 
distinct ;  lucid  ;  as,  a  clear  statement     '  A 
clear  account.'   Sir  W.  Temple. 

Multitudes  of  words  are  neither  an  argument  of 
clear  ideas  in  the  writer,  nor  a  proper  means  of  con- 
veying clear  notions  to  the  reader.  Dr.  Clarke. 

5.  Evident;   manifest;   indisputable;  un- 
deniable.   '  Remained  to  our  Almighty  foe 
clear  victory.'    Milton.—  6.  Free  from  any- 
thing that  perturbs;  undisturbed  by  care  or 
passion;  unruffled;  serene.     'To  whom  the 
Son  with  calm  aspect  and  clear.'    Milton. — 

7.  Free  from  guilt  or  blame;  morally  un- 
blemished; irreproachable.     'Duncan  hath 
been  so  clear  in  his  great  office. '  Shale.   '  In 
honour  clear. '   Pope. 

I  write  to  you  this  second  epistle,  in  which  I  stir 
your  clear  sou]  by  monishing.  tricMiJfc,  3  Pet.  iii.  i. 

8.  Free  from  entanglement  or  embarrass- 
ment; free  from  accusation  or  Imputation, 
distress,  imprisonment,  or  the  like:  followed 
by  of  or  from.   '  To  get  clear  of  all  the  debts 
I  owe.'   Shak. 

The  cruel  corporal  whisper'd  in  my  ear, 

Five  pounds,  if  rightly  tipt.  would  set  me  clear. 

Gay. 

9  Free  from  impediment  or  obstruction; 
unobstructed;  as,  a  clear  view. 

My  companion  left  the  way  clear  to  him.   Addison. 

10.  Sounding  distinctly;  distinctly  audible; 
canorous;  as,  his  voice  was  loud  and  clear. 

11.  Without  diminution  or  deduction;  in 
full ;  net ;  as,  clear  profit  or  gain. 

I  often  wished  that  1  had  clear, 

For  life,  six  hundred  pounds  a  year.       Swift. 

—Clear  days  (preceded  by  a  numeral,  as 
four,  five,  or  nine  clear  days),  days  reckoned 
exclusively  of  those  on  which  any  proceed- 
ing is  commenced  or  completed. 
Clear  (kler),  n.     In  carp,  and  arch,  only 

Cerhaps  in  the  phrase  in  the  clear,  that  is, 
i  the  space  between  any  two  bodies  where 
no  other  intervenes,  or  between  their  near- 
est surfaces. 

Clear  (kler),  adv.  1.  Clearly;  plainly;  not 
obscurely;  manifestly.  Milton.  —  2.  Clean; 
quite;  entirely;  wholly:  indicating  entire 
separation;  as,  to  cut  a  piece  clear  off;  to 
go  clear  away.  [Colloq.  ] 

He  put  his  mouth  to  her  ear,  and  under  pretext  of 
a  whisper,  bit  it  clear  off.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

Clear  (kler),  v.t.  1.  To  remove  whatever 
diminishes  the  brightness,  transparency,  or 

Surity  of  colour  of  a  thing ;    as,  to  clear 
quors;  to  clear  a  mirror;  to  clear  the  sky. 

2.  To  free  from  obscurity,   perplexity,  or 
ambiguity :   often  followed    by  itp ;  as,  to 
clear  a  question  or  theory;  to  clear  up  a  case. 

Let  a  god  descend,  and  clear  the  business  to  the 
audience.  Dryden. 

3.  To  free  from  obstructions ;  to  free  from 
any  impediment  or  incumbrance,  or  from 
anything  noxious  or  injurious;  as,  to  clear 
the  sea  of  pirates;  to  clear  land  of  trees;  to 
clear  a  road;  to  clear  the  voice.  — 4.  To  re- 
move (something  in  the  nature  of  an  en- 
cumbrance, impediment,  or  obstruction): 
with  off,  await,  &c. ;  as,  to  clear  off  debts;  to 
clear  away  rubbish.— 5.  To  free;  to  liberate 
or  disengage;  as,  to  clear  a  man  from  debt, 
obligation,  or  duty.— 6.  To  free  from  the 
imputation  of  guilt ;  to  justify  or  vindicate; 
to  acquit     '  That  will  by  no  means  clear  the 
guilty.'    Ex.  xxxiv.  7.— 7.  To  make  gain  or 
profit  beyond  all  expenses  and  charges ;  to 
net. 

He  clean  but  two  hundred  thousand  crowns  a  year. 
Attdisan. 

8.  To  leap  over  or  pass  by  without  touching 
or  failure ;  as,  to  clear  a  hedge  or  ditch ; 
to  clear  a  rock  at  sea  by  a  few  yards.— 

9.  Naut.  to  pay  the  customs  on,  or  con- 
nected with;  to  obtain  permission  to  sail 
for,  by  procuring  the  necessary  documents, 
giving  the  requisite  bonds,  Ac.;  as,  to  clear 
a  cargo;  to  clear  a  ship  at  the  custom-house. 


486 

—To  clear  the  land,  is  to  gain  such  a  dis- 
tance from  shore  as  to  have  open  sea  room 
and  be  out  of  danger  from  the  land. — 
To  clear  a  ship  for  action,  or  to  clear  for 
action,  is  to  remove  all  incumbrances  from 
the  decks  and  prepare  for  an  engagement. 
Clear  (kler),  v.i.  1.  To  become  free  from 
clouds  or  fog;  to  become  fair;  to  pass  away 
or  disappear  from  the  sky:  often  followed 
by  up,  off,  or  away;  as,  the  mist  clears  off  or 
away. 

So  foul  a  sky  clears  not  without  a  storm.    Shut. 
Advise  him  to  stay  till  the  weather  clears  up.  S-wifl. 

2.  t  To  be  disengaged  from  incumbrances, 
distress,  or  entanglements;  to  become  free 
or  disengaged.     Bacon.  —  3.  To  exchange 
cheques  and  bills  and  settle  balances,  as  is 
done  in  clearing-houses.  SeeCLEARINO,l(c). 
4.  ffaut.  to  leave  a  port:  often  followed  by 
out  or  outwards;  as,  several  vessels  cleared 
yesterday ;  the  ship  will  clear  out  or  out- 
wards  to-morrow.  —  To  clear  out,  to  take 
one's  self  off;  to  remove;  to  depart.  (Colloq.) 

Clearage  (kler'aj),  n.  The  act  of  removing 
anything;  clearance.  [Rare.] 

Clearance  (kler'ans),  n.  1.  The  act  of  clear- 
ing ;  as,  the  clearance  of  land  from  trees ; 
the  clearance  of  an  estate  from  unprofitable 
tenantry. — 2.  Clear  or  net  profit.  TroUope. 

3.  A  certificate  that  a  ship  or  vessel  has 
been  cleared  at  the  custom-house. —4.  In 
steam  -  engines,  the  distance  between  the 
piston  and  the  cylinder-cover,  wheu  the  for- 
mer is  at  the  end  of  its  stroke. 

Clear-cole  (klerttol).    See  CLAIRE-COLE. 

Clear-cut  (klerltut),  a.  Formed  with  clear, 
sharp,  or  delicately  denned  outlines,  as  if 
by  cutting,  as  opposed  to  moulding.  'A 
cold  and  clear-cut  face.'  Tennyson. 

Clearedness  ( klerd'nes ),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  cleared.  Putter.  [Rare.] 

Clearer  (kler'er),  n  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  clears.— 2.  Naut.  a  tool  on  which  the 
hemp  is  always  finished  for  lines  and  twines 
for  sail-makers.  fSic. 

Clear-headed  ( klerlied-ed  \  a.  Having  a 
clear  head  or  understanding.  '  This  clear- 
headed, kind-hearted  man. '  Disraeli. 

Clearing (kleVing),  n.  1.  Theactof clearing; 
as, (aTthe  act  of  freeing  from  anything;  as, 
the  clearing  of  land,  (ft)  The  act  of  defend- 
ing or  vindicating  one  s  self.  2  Cor.  vii.  11. 
(c)  Among  bankers,  the  act  of  exchanging 
drafts  on  each  other's  houses  and  settling 
the  differences.  A  clerk  from  each  estab- 
lishment attends  the  clearing-house  with 
the  cheques  and  bills  he  may  have  on  the 
others,  and  distributes  them  in  drawers 
allotted  to  the  several  banks.  They  then 
make  out  balance-sheets,  entering  on  the 
one  side  the  sum  each  bank  owes  them  and 
on  the  other  side  the  sum  they  owe  each 
bank.  Those  who  have  money  to  receive 
on  balance  take  it  indiscriminately  from 
those  who  have  to  pay,  as  it  is  evident  the 
sums  to  be  paid  must,  in  the  aggregate, 
equal  the  sums  to  be  received  In  railway 
management,  the  act  of  distributing  among 
the  different  companies  the  proceeds  of  the 
through  traffic  passing  over  several  rail- 
ways. The  necessary  calculations  are  made 
in  the  railway  clearing-house  in  London. — 
2.  A  place  or  tract  of  land  cleared  of  wood 
for  cultivation:  a  common  use  of  the  word 
in  America. 

Clearing-house  (kler'ing-hous),  n.  The 
place  where  the  operation  termed  clearing 
in  banks  and  railways  is  carried  on.  See 
CLEARING,  l  (c). 

Clearing-nut  (kler'ing-nut),  n.  The  fruit 
of  the  Strychnog  potatoniin,  used  in  the 
East  Indies  for  clearing  muddy  water. 

Clearly  (klerti),  adv.  In  a  clear  manner: 
(a)  plainly;  evidently,  fully;  as,  the  fact  is 
clearly  proved.  (6)  Without  obstruction; 
luminously;  as,  to  shine  clearly.  (•• )  With 
clsar  discernment;  as,  to  understand  clearly. 
(d)t  Without  entanglement  or  confusion. 
'He  will  never  come  out  of  it  clearly.' 
Bacon.  (e)t  Plainly;  honestly;  candidly. 
TUlotton.  (/)t  Without  reserve. 

By  a  certain  day  they  should  clearly  relinquish 
unto  the  king  all  their  lands  and  possessions. 

Sir  y.  Davits. 

Clearness  (kler'nes),  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  clear :  (a)  freedom  from  any- 
thing that  diminishes  the  brightness,  trans- 
parency, or  purity  of  colour  of  a  thing ;  as, 
the  clearness  ot  water  or  other  liquor;  clear- 
ness of  skin.  (6)  Freedom  from  obstruction 
or  incumbrance  ;  as,  the  clearness  of  the 
ground,  (c)  Discernment ;  perspicuity ;  as, 
clearness  of  understanding,  {a)  Distinct- 
ness ;  perspicuity  ;  luminousness  ;  as,  the 


CLEAT 

clearness  of  views,  of  arguments,  of  explan- 
ations. 

He  does  not  know  how  to  convey  his  thoughts  to 
another  with  clearness  and  perspicuity.  Addison. 

(e)\  Plainness  or  plain  dealing;  sincerity; 
honesty;  fairness;  candour. 

Their  good  faith  and  clearness  of  dealing  made 
them  almost  invincible.  Bacon. 

(/)  Freedom  from  imputation  or  suspicion 
of  ill.  'I  require  a  clearness. '  Shak.  (g)  In 
painting,  that  peculiar  quality  in  a  picture 
which  is  realized  by  a  skilful  arrangement 
of  colours,  tints,  and  tones,  and  for  the 
satisfactory  attainment  of  which  a  know- 
ledge of  chiaroscuro  is  requisite. 

Clear-seeing  ( kler'se-ing ).  a.  Maying  a 
clear  sight  or  understanding.  Coleridge. 

Clear-sighted  (kler'sit-ed),  a.  Seeing  with 
clearness ;  haying  acuteness  of  mental  dis- 
cernment; discerning;  perspicacious;  as, 
clear-sighted  reason;  a  clear-sighted  judge. 

Judgment  sits  clear-sighted,  and  surveys 

The  chain  of  reason  with  unerring  gaze.    Thomsc-n. 

Clear-sightedness  (kler-sit'ed-nes),  71.  The 

state  or  quality  of  being  clear-sighted;  acute 

discernment. 
Clear-starch  (kler'starch),  t>.t.    To  stiffen 

and  dress  with  clear  or  colourless  starch; 

as,  to  clear-starch  muslin. 

He  took  his  lodgings  at  the  mansion-house  of  a 
tailor's  widow,  who  washes  and  can  clear-starch  his 
bands.  Addison. 

Clear-starcher  (kler'starch-er).  n.  One  who 
clear-starches.  'Clean  linen  come  home 
from  the  clear-starcher's.'  Dickens. 

Clear-story,  Clere-story  (kler'sto-ri),  n. 
{Clear  and  story.  It  is  uncertain  whether 
the  epithet  clear  is  applied  to  the  story  on 
account  of  the  light  admitted  through  its 
windows,  or  from  its  being  clear  of  the  roof 
of  the  aisles.  ]  The  upper  story  of  a  cathe- 


Part  of  Malmsbury  Abbey. 
A,  Clear-story.  B,  Triforium.  C,  Arches  of  the  Nave. 

dral  or  other  church,  perforated  by  a  range 
of  windows,  which  form  the  principal  means 
of  lighting  the  central  portions  of  the  build- 
ing. It  is  Immediately  over  the  arches  of 
the  side  aisles  and  the  triforium,  where  a 
triforium  is  present.  Where  there  is  no  tri- 
forium it  rests  immediately  on  the  arches. 
Cleat  (klet),  n.  [Probably  allied  to  G.  klate, 


i,  Cleat,    a.  Deck-cleat    3,  Thumb-cleat 

klatte,  a  claw,  or  to  D.  Hit,  G.  Iclette,  a  bur.) 
1.  A  piece  of  wood  or  iron  used  in  a  ship  to 
fasten  ropes  upon.  It  is  formed  with  one 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CLEAT 


arm  or  two,  or  with  a  hollow  to  receive  a 
rope  and  is  made  fast  to  some  part  of  a 
vessel  There  are  several  kinds  of  cleats  on 
board  vessels;  such  as  belaying-cleats,  deck- 
cleats  thumb-cleats.  —  2.  A  piece  of  iron 
worn  on  a  shoe.  -3.  A  piece  of  wood  nailed 
on  transversely  to  a  piece  of  joinery  for  the 
purpose  of  securing  it  in  its  proper  position, 
or  for  strengthening.  —4  A  trunnion  bracket 
on  a  gun-carriage.  K  //.  Knight. 
Cleat  (klet),  v.t.  To  strengthen  with  a  cleat 

cieavable  (klev'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
cleaved  or  divided. 

Cleavage  (klev'iij),  n.  1.  The  act  of  cleaving 
in-  splitting ;  the  act  of  separating  or  divid- 
ing oif  —  2  In  mineral,  and  geol.  the  man- 
ner in  which  substances  regularly  cleave 
or  split.  It  is  used  in  relation  to  the  frac- 
ture of  minerals  which  have  natural  joints 
ami  possess  a  regular  structure.  Certain 
rocks  as  slate-rocks  in  the  strictest  sense, 
may  be  cleaved  into  an  indefinite  number 
of  thin  lamina;  which  are  parallel  to  each 
other  but  which  may  be,  but  generally  are 
not,  parallel  to  the  planes  of  the  true  strata 
or  layers  of  deposition.  Cleavage  is  the 
result  of  an  operation  which  is  subsequent 
to  and  entirely  independent  of,  the  original 
stratification  of  the  rocks.  In  reference  to 
mineral  crystals  cleavage  is  called  basal, 
culiii-,  diagonal,  or  lateral  (or  peritomous) 
according  as  it  is  parallel  to  the  base  of  a 
crystal,  to  the  faces  of  a  cube,  to  a  diagonal 
plane,  or  to  the  lateral  planes. 

Cleave  (klev),  v.i.  pret.  clam  or  cleaved;  pp. 
cleared;  ppr.  cleaving.  [A.  Sax.  clifian,  cleo- 
fian,  pret.  clifode,  pp.  clifod  (cleaved is  there- 
'fore  historically  the  correct  pret.  &  pp.); 
cog.  D.  and  L.  G.  kle  ven,  Dan.  klcebe,  G.  kleben, 
to  adhere,  to  cleave.  Climb  is  a  nasalized 
form  akin  to  this.)  1.  To  stick ;  to  adhere ; 
to  be  attached :  used  both  in  a  literal  and 
figurative  sense.  '  If  any  blot  hath  cleaved 
to  mine  hands.'  Job  xxxi.  7.  '  Who  loved 
one  only  and  who  clave  to  her.'  Tennyson. 

Let  my  tongue  cleave  to  the  roof  of  my  mouth. 

Ps.  cxxxvii.  6. 

For  I  cleaved  to  a  cause  that  I  felt  to  be  pure  and 
true.  Tarnyim. 

2.  To  unite  aptly;  to  fit  closely.    [Rare.] 

New  honours  .  .  . 

I  .ike  our  strange  garments,  cleave  not  to  their  mould 
Hut  with  the  aid  of  use.  Shak. 

Cleave  (klev),  v.t.  pret.  clove  or  clave  (the 
latter  now  archaic),  also  cleft;  pp.  cloven, 
cleft  or  cleaved;  ppr.  cleaving.  [A.  Sax. 
cleofan,  dedf,  clofen  (the  historically  cor- 
rect conjugation  is  therefore  cleave,  clave  or 
dove,  cloven),  to  cleave  or  split;  cog.  D. 
k'oven,  Icel.  kljiifa,  Dan.  klove,  G.  klieben. 
This  verb  can  hardly  be  connected  with 
cleave,  to  adhere.]  1.  To  part  or  divide  by 
force ;  to  split  or  rive ;  to  sever  forcibly;  to 
hew;  to  cut;  as,  to  cleave  wood ;  to  cleave  a 
rock.  'Stands  apart  cleft  from  the  main.' 
Tennyson.  '  Clove  an  advent  to  the  throne.' 
Tennyson. 

His  heart  was  cleft  with  pain  and  rage, 

His  cheeks  they  quivered,  his  eyes  were  wild. 

Coleridge. 

When  Abraham  offered  up  his  son, 
He  clave  the  wood  wherewith  it  might  be  done. 

He  cleft  me  thro'  the  stomacher.        Tennyson. 
Oh  yet  we  trust  .  .  . 
That  not  a  worm  is  cloven  in  vain.       Tennyson. 

2.  To  part  or  open  naturally.  '  Every  beast 
that  parteth  the  hoof,  and  deaveth  the  cleft 
into  two  claws.'  Deut.  xiv.  6. 

Cleave  (klev),  v.i.  To  divide;  to  split;  to 
open:  especially  with  a  sudden  and  violent 
shock.  Shak. 

Cleavelandite  (klevTand-it),  ».  [From  Pro- 
fessor Cleaveland.  ]  A  mineral  of  the  fel- 
spar family,  called  also  Siliceous  Felspar  or 
Albite.  See  ALBITE. 

Cleaver  (klev'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  cleaves.  Specifically— 2.  A  butcher's 
instrument  for  cutting  carcasses  into  joints 
or  pieces. 

Cleavers,  n.  See  CLIVERS. 

Cleche,Clechee(kla  sha), 
71.  [Fr.  cliche,  clechee, 
from  (hypoth.)  L.  davi- 
c  f tus,  from  clavis,  a  key.  ] 
In  her.  a  term  applied  to 
any  ordinary  voided  or 
pierced  throughout,  and 
so  much  perforated  that 
the  chief  substance  is 
taken  from  it,  leaving 
nothing  visible  but  the  edges.  Thus  a  cross 
clechee  is  a  cross  with  the  inside  taken  out, 
leaving  only  an  edge,  and  which  is  more 
commonly  blazoned  a  cross  voided. 


487 

Cleek  (klek),  v.t.  or  i.    [Dan.  klakke,  Icel. 

klekja,  to  hatch.]  To  hatch;  to  litter.  [Scotch.] 
Cleckin  (klek 'in),  n.     A  brood;  a  litter. 

[Scotch.  ] 
Cleekin-time  (klek'in-tim),  n.  [Dan.  klcekke- 

tid.  ]    The  time  of  hatching  or  littering;  the 

time  of  birth.    [Scotch.] 

Cleckitt-time's  aye  canty  time.        5iV  II'.  Scott. 

Cleddyo  (kled'yo),  n.  [A  Celtic  corruption 
of  Latin  gladiitti,  a  sword.]  In  archceol.  an 
ancient  bronze,  leaf -shaped,  two-edged 
sword,  occasionally  dug  up  in  England, 
Scotland,  Ireland,  and  elsewhere.  These 
swords  are  supposed  to  have  been  intro- 
duced into  Britain  by  the  Romans. 

Cledge  (klej),  71.  [A.  Sax.  clcpg,  clay;  comp. 
cladgy,  dedgy.  ]  In  mining,  the  upper  stra- 
tum of  fuller's  earth. 

Cledgy  (klej'i),  a.  [This  and  the  form  cladgy, 
are  softened  forms  of  claygy,  from  A.  Sax. 
clceg,  clay,  tenacious  earth.]  In  agri.  an 
epithet  applied  to  stubborn,  tenacious  soils, 
or  those  mixed  with  clay. 

Cleet  (kle),  «.     A  claw.     Ilolland. 

deed,  v.t.    See  CLEAD. 

Cleeding,  n.    See  CLEADINO. 

Cleek,  Cleik  (klek),  v.t.  [Northern  form  of 
O.Z.cleche,cloche  =  dutch,  softened  or  closely 
connected  forms  of  O.E.  doke,  Sc.  cleuk, 
duke,  a  claw.  ]  To  hook ;  to  catch  as  by  a 
hook;  to  seize;  to  snatch;  to  steal.  [Scotch.] 

Cleek  (klek),  v.i.  To  take  a  person's  arm;  to 
link  together.  Burns.  [Scotch.  ] 

Cleet  (klet),  n.  A  mining  term  for  the  plane 
along  which  the  coal  is  most  easily  split. 

Clef  (kief),  n.  [Fr.  clef,  L.  clavis,  a  key.]  A 
character  in  music,  placed  at  the  beginning 
of  a  staff,  to  determine  the  degree  of  eleva- 
tion occupied  by  that  staff  in  the  general 
claviary  or  system,  and  to  point  out  the 
names  of  all  the  notes  which  it  contains  in 
the  line  of  that  clef.  There  are  three  clefs 

—  the  treble,  or  G  clef,  1m;  the  mean,  or 


C  clef,  M  ;  and  the  bass,  or  F  clef,  SI-    The 

1-6  — 

mean  clef  is  now  seldom  used.    Called  also 

cuy. 

Cleft  (kleft),  pret.  &  pp.  of  cleave.  Divided; 
split;  parted  asunder.  'Cleft  Parnassus.' 
Dryden. 

Cleft  (kleft),  n.  [Also  written  Clift.]  1.  A 
space  or  opening  made  by  splitting;  a  crack; 
a  crevice.  '  The  clefts  of  the  rocks.'  Is.  ii.  21. 
2.  A  disease  in  horses ;  a  crack  on  the  bend 
of  the  pastern.  -  3.  A  piece  made  by  splitting; 
as,  a  deft  of  wood. 

Cleft-footed  (kleft'fut-ed),  a.  Having  cleft 
or  cloven  feet. 

Cleft-graft  (kleft'graft),  v.t.  To  ingraft  a 
plant  in  another  by  cleaving  the  stock  and 
inserting  a  scion. 

Cleft-palate  (kleft-pal'at),  n.  A  malforma- 
tion in  which  more  or  less  of  the  palate  is 
wanting,  so  as  to  leave  a  longitudinal  gap 
in  the  middle  of  the  jaw,  or  on  one  or  other 
side  of  it,  or  on  either  side  of  the  middle 
piece  of  the  jaw  in  which  the  incisor  teeth 
appear.  In  many  cases  cleft-palate  is  reme- 
died by  a  surgical  operation.  See  HARE- 

Cleft-stick  (kleft'stik).  n.  Fig.  a  scrape;  a 
fix;  a  dilemma;  an  awkward  predicament. 


Cross  cleche'e. 


I   never  saw  his  equal  to  put  a  fellow  in  a  cleft- 
slid.  L""r- 

Cleg  (kleg).  ?i.  [Sc.  and  North.  E.  also  gleg, 
Icel.  Megyi,  Dan.  klceg,  a  cleg.]  A  name 
applied  to  various  insects,  the  females  of 
which  are  troublesome  to  horses,  cattle, 
and  even  man,  from  their  blood-sucking 
habits,  as  to  the  great  horsefly  or  breeze 
(Tabanus  bovinus),  also  called  the  gadfly;  to 
the  Chrysops  ccecutiens  (see  CHRYSOPS),  and 
in  Scotland  to  the  Rctmatopota  plnvialm,  a 
smaller  grayish  coloured  fly. 

Clelstogamlc  (klis-to-gam'ik),  a.  [Or.  klew, 
to  close  or  shut  up,  and  gamos,  marriage.) 
In  bot  a  term  applied  to  flowers,  as  those 
of  the  dog-violet  ( Viola  canina)  and  common 
wood-sorrel  (Oxalis  acetosella),  remarkable 
from  their  small  size  and  from  never  open- 
ing so  that  they  resemble  buds;  their  petals 
are  rudimentary  or  quite  aborted;  their 
stamens  are  often  reduced  in  number,  with 
the  anthers  of  small  size  and  the  pistil  much 
reduced  in  size,  with  the  stigma  in  some 
cases  hardly  at  all  developed.  Darwin. 

Clelthral  ( klith'ral ),  a.  [  Or.  klew,  to  shut 
in.]  In  Greek  arch,  having  a  roof  that  forms 
a  complete  covering:  said  of  temples. 

Clem  (klem),  v.t.  [Also  written  Clam,  and 
closely  allied  to  Icel.  klembra,  Q.  kUmmen, 


CLEPE 

to  jtinrh,  as  in  a  vice  ;  comp.  to  be  pinched 
with  hunger.]  To  cause  to  perish  <if  liuiifi  i , 
to  starve.  [Old  and  provincial  English.] 

What!  will  he  clem  me  and  my  followers  T 

B  Janian. 

Clem  (klem),  v.  i.  To  die  of  hunger;  to  starve. 
[Old  and  provincial  Kngliah.] 

Hard  is  the  choice  when  the  valiant  must  eat  their 
armes,  or  clem.  B.  yonson. 

Clematis  (klcm'a-tis),  n.  [Or.  klfmati*,  from 
klima,  a  vine  branch,  from  these  plants 
creeping  like  vines.]  A  genus  of  woody 
climbing  plants,  nat.  order  Ilanunculacerc. 
There  are  a  large  number  of  species,  natives 
of  temperate  climates.  The  flowers  are 
without  petals,  but  the  sepals  are  petaloid 
and  often  large  and  brightly  coloured.  The 
fruit  is  a  head  of  many  achenes,  with  long 
l>earded  styles.  0.  vitalba  is  the  common 
traveller's-joy,  which  runs  over  the  hedges 
in  many  parts  of  England,  loading  them  first 
with  its  copious  clusters  of  white  blossoms, 
and  afterwards  with  heaps  of  its  feather- 
tailed,  silky  tufts.  Improved  cultivated 
varieties  are  much  In  favour  in  gardens. 

Clemencet  (klem'ens),n.  Clemency.  Spenser. 

Clemency  (klem'en-si),  n.  [L.  dementia, 
from  demens,  dementis,  merciful.]  1.  Mild- 
ness of  temper,  as  shown  by  a  superior  to 
an  inferior;  disposition  to  spare  or  forgive; 
mercy;  leniency. 

I   pray  thee  that  thou   wouldest  hear  us  of  thy 
clemency  a  few  words.  Acts  xxiv.  4. 

2.  Softness  or  mildness  of  the  elements;  as, 
the  clemency  of  the  weather.  '  The  clemency 
of  upward  air.'  Dryden.  —  SYN.  Mildness, 
tenderness,  indulgence,  lenity,  leniency, 
mercy,  mercifulness,  gentleness,  compas- 
sion, forgiveness. 

Clement  (klem'ent),  a.  Mild  in  temper  and 
disposition;  gentle;  lenient;  merciful;  kind; 
tender;  compassionate.  Shak. 

Clementine  (klem'ent-in),  a.  Pertaining  to 
St  Clement,  or  to  his  reputed  compilations; 
or  to  the  Constitutions  of  Clement  V. 

Clementine  (klem'ent-in),  n.  1.  One  of  a 
series  of  compilations  ascribed  to  St  Cle- 
ment, a  contemporary  of  St.  Paul,  but  now 
believed  to  be  apocryphal.— 2.  A  decretal  of 
Pope  Clement  V. 

Clemently  (klem'ent-li),  adv.  With  mild- 
ness of  temper;  mercifully. 

Clench  (klensh),  v.t.  [O.E.  denche,  dinche, 
clynche,  to  clench  or  rivet;  Sc.  dink,  to 
rivet ;  Dan.  klinke,  Sw.  klinka,  to  clinch,  to 
rivet;  D.  klinken,  to  rivet,  also  to  sound,  to 
tinkle.  According  to  Skeat  this  verb  is  a 
causal  of  clink,  meaning  lit.  to  make  to 
clink,  to  strike  smartly.  Comp.  drink, 
drench.}  1.  To  secure  or  fasten,  as  a  nail, 
by  beating  down  the  point  when  it  is  driven 
through  anything;  to  rivet.— 2.  To  fix;  to 
establish;  to  confirm;  to  secure. 

Aubrey  not  only  refused  to  marry  his  cousin,  but 
clenched  his  refusal  by  marrying  some  one  else. 

/f  arren. 

S  To  bring  together  and  set  firmly;  to  double 
up  tightly.  'Clench'd  her  fingers.'  Tenny- 
son. 

I   know  you,  said  Eve,  clenching  her  teeth  and 
her  little  fist.  "eade. 

4.  To  grasp  firmly. 

His  heart  clenched  the  idea  as  a  diver  grasps  a  gem. 
Disraeli. 

[This  word  is  also  written  Clinch,  but  the 
present  is  now  the  more  common  spelling.  ] 
Clench  (klensh).  n.   1.  A  catch;  agrip;  a  per- 
sistent clutch;  a  clinch. 

He  grasped  his  stole 
With  convulsed  clenches. 

2  t  A  pun  or  play  on  words.  '  Clenches  upon 
words.'  Dryden.  'Comick  wit  degenerat- 
ing into  clenches.'  Dryden.  [Also  written 

Clencher  (klensh'er).  n.  That  which 
clenches;  a  retort  or  reply  so  decisive  as  to 
close  a  controversy;  an  unanswerable  argu- 
ment; a  clincher. 

Clenching  (klensh'ing),  p.  and  o.  Convul- 
sively grasping. 

Their  gasping  throats  with  clenching  hands  he 
holds.  Dr-  F-  •"'"•»•"'• 

Clenenesse,t  n.  Purity;  cleanness  Chaucer. 

Cleome  (kle-o'me),  n.  [Or.  klew,  to  shut,  in 
reference  to  the  parts  of  the  flower.)  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Capparfdacew. 
The  species  are  under -shrubs  or  annual 
herbs,  with  simple  or  compound  leaves,  and 
white,  yellow,  or  purple  flowers,  found  in 
tropical  regions. 

Clepet  (klep),  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  depan,  deoptan, 
clivian.  to  call,  to  cry  out;  Sc.  clef,  deap,  to 
tattle,  to  tell  tales;  allied  to  D.  tlappen,  to 


ch,  cAain;      Ch.Sc.locA;      g,  go;      j,;'ob;      n,  Fr.  to7i; 


TH.  «Aen;  th.  thin:      w.  wig;    wh,  toAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CLEPE 


488 


CLIANTHUS 


prattle,  to  babble. ]  To  cry  out;  appeal. 
'Cleping  for  vengeance  of  this  treachery.' 
Mir.  for  Mags. 

Clepe  t  ( klep ),  v.  t.  pp.  yclept.  To  call  or 
name.  'They  clepe  us  drunkards.'  Shak. 

Clepsammia  (klep-sam'mi-a),7i.  [Gr.  kleptd, 
to  steal,  to  hide,  and  ammo*,  sand.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  time  by  sand,  like 
an  hour-glass. 

Clepsydra  (klep'si-dra),  n.  [L,  from  Gr. 
klepsydra—klepto,  to  steal,  to  hide,  and 
ini'ini;  water.]  1.  A  name  common  to  de- 
vices of  various  kinds  for  measuring  time  by 
the  discharge  of  water.  In  the  older  ones 
the  hours  were  measured  by  the  sinking  of 
the  surface  of  the 
water  in  a  vessel;  in 
others  it  ran  from  one 
vessel  into  another, 
there  being  in  the 
lower  a  piece  of  cork 


i,  Clepsydra,  from  an  antique  seal,    a,  Clepsydra, 
medieval  form. 

or  light  wood,  which,  as  the  vessel  filled,  rose 
up  by  degrees  and  showed  the  hour.  In 
later  clepsydree  the  hours  were  indicated  by 
a  dial  In  flg.  2  the  float  A  is  attached  to  the 
end  of  a  chain,  which  is  wound  round  the 
spindle  B,  and  has  at  its  other  extremity  the 
counterweight  0.  On  water  being  admitted 
from  the  cistern  n,  the  float  rises,  the  coun- 
terweight descends  and  turns  the  spindle.on 
the  end  of  which  is  a  hand  which  marks  the 
hours  on  a  dial  as  in  a  clock. —2.  A  chemi- 
cal vessel.  Johnson. 

Cleptomania  (klep-to-ma'ni-a),  n.  See 
KLEPTOMANIA. 

This  is  what  the  poor  call  shoplifting,  the  rich  and 
learned  Cleptomania.  D.  Jcrroltl. 

Clerestorial.t  a.  Pertaining  to  a  clere- 
story. Quoted  in  Oxford  Glossary. 

Clere-story,  Cler-story(kler'st6-ri),n.  See 
CLEAR-STORY. 

ClergiaU  Clergicalt  (kler'ji-al,  kler-jik-al), 
a.  Pertaining  to  the  clergy;  learned;  clerkly. 
'  Our  termes  been  so  clergical  and  queinte. ' 
Chaucer. 

Clergify  t  (kler'ji-fi),  v.t.  To  convert  into  a 
clergyman;  to  turn  to  clerical  principles. 

Let  it  fit  (quoth  she) 
To  such  as  lust  for  love  ;  Sir  Clarke, 
You  ctergijie  not  me.  Warner. 

Clergion*  (kler'ji-on),  n.  A  young  chorister 
or  quire-boy.  '  A  litel  clergion,  sevene  yere 
of  age. '  Chaucer. 

Clergy  (kler'ji),  n.  [O.Fr.  derate,  formed  as 
if  from  a  L.L.  dericia,  from  L.  clericus,  Gr. 
klerikos,  clerical,  a  clergyman,  from  kleros, 
a  lot,  probably  because  after  Christ  some 
of  the  apostles,  Ac.,  were  appointed  by  lot.) 

1.  The  body  of  men  set  apart  and  conse- 
crated, by  due  ordination,  to  the  service  of 
God  in  the  Christian  church ;  the  body  of 
ecclesiastics,  in  distinction  from  the  laity. 

2.  The  privilege  or  benefit  of  clergy. 

If  convicted  of  a  clergyable  felony,  he  is  entitled 
equally  to  his  clerffy  after  as  before  conviction. 

Rlackstone. 

—Benefit  of  clergy,  in  law,  originally  the 
exemption  of  the  persons  of  clergymen  from 
criminal  process  before  a  secular  judge;  or 
a  privilege  by  which  a  clerk,  or  person  in 
orders,  claimed  to  be  delivered  to  his  ordi- 
nary to  purge  himself  of  felony.  This  ano- 
malous privilege,  first  assumed  to  give  im- 
munity to  priestly  persons,  was  in  the  sequel 
extended,  for  many  offences,  to  all  laymen 
who  could  read.  First  legally  recognized  by 
stat.  3  Edw.  I.,  A.D.  1274;  modified  in  1513, 
temp.  Hen.  VI II. ;  it  was  wholly  repealed  by  7 
andSGeo.  IV. ,  1827.— 3  t  Learning;  science. 

Clergyable  (kler'ji-a-bl),  a.  Entitled  to  or 
admitting  the  benefit  of  clergy;  as,  acleray- 
aWe  felony.  'A  clergyable  offence.'  Black- 
utone. 

Clergyman  (kler'ji-man),  n.  A  man  in  holy 
orders;  aman  regularlyauthorized  to  preach 
the  gospel  and  administer  ordinances  ac- 


cording to  the  rules  of  any  particular  de- 
nomination  of  Christians.  In  England  the 
term  is  commonly  restricted  to  ministers  of 
the  Established  Church. 

Cleric  (kler'ik),  n.  A  clergyman  or  scholar. 
•  The  cleric  .  .  .  addicted  to  a  life  of  study 
and  devotion.'  Horsley. 

Cleric  (kler'ik).  a.    Same  as  Clerical,  1. 

Clerical  (kler'ik-al),  a.  (L.  clericus,  Gr. 
klerikos.  See  CLERGY  and  CLERK.)  1.  Re- 
lating or  pertaining  to  the  clergy;  as,  cleri- 
cal tonsure;  clerical  robes;  clerical  duties. — 
2.  Relating  to  a  clerk,  writer,  or  copyist. — 
Clerical  errors,  errors  made  by  a  clerk  or 
by  a  transcriber. 

Clericalism  (kler'ik-al-izm),  n.  Clerical 
power  or  influence,  especially  the  undue 
influence  of  the  clergy;  sacerdotalism. 

Clericalism  is  well  nigh  fatal  to  Christianity. 

Marmillaifs  Ma?. 

Clerlclty  (kle-ris'i-ti),  n.  The  state  of  being 
a  clergyman.  J.  J.  G.  Wilkinson.  [Rare.] 

Clerisy  ( kler'i-si),  n.  1.  A  body  of  clerks  or 
learned  men;  the  literati. 

The  clerisy  of  a  nation,  that  is,  its  learned  men, 
whether  poets,  philosophers,  or  scholars.    Coleridge. 

2.  The  clergy,  as  opposed  to  the  laity.    [In 
both  senses  rare.] 

Clerk  (klark),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cleric,  clerc,  a 
priest;  0.  Fr.  clerc;  from  L.  clericus,  Gr.  kleri- 
kos. SeeCLERQY.]  1.  A  clergyman  or  ecclesi- 
astic; a  man  in  holy  orders,  especially  in  the 
Church  of  England.  —  2.  A  man  that  can 
read ;  a  man  of  letters;  a  scholar.  [Archaic.  ] 

Church-ladders  are  not  always  mounted  best 
By  learned  clerks  and  latinists  professed. 

Covtper. 

3.  The  layman  who  leads  In  reading  the 
responses  in  the  service  of  the  Episcopal 
Church.   Hook. — 4.  One  who  is  employed  in 
an  office  public  or  private,  or  in  a  shop  or 
warehouse,  for  keeping  records  or  accounts; 
an  officer  attached  to  all  courts,  municipal 
and  other  corporations,  societies,  associa- 
tions, &c. ,  whose  duty  generally  is  to  keep 
records  of  proceedings,  and  transact  all  busi- 
ness under  direction  of  the  court,  Iwdy,  Ac., 
by  whom  he  is  employed  ;  as,  clerk  of  court; 
town-c7erfr;  clerk  to  a  school-board,  Ac.  See 
SECRETARY.— 5.  In  America,  an  assistant  in 
the  shop  of  a  retail  dealer,  part  of  whose 
duties  is  usually  the  keeping  of  accounts; 
a  shopman.  —  Clerk  of  the  assize,  the  person 
who  writes  all  things  judicially  done  oy  the 
justices  of  assize  in  their  circuits.— Clerk  of 
the  House  of  Commons,  an  officer  appointed 
by  the  crown    to    make    entries,   remem- 
brances, and  journals  of  the  things  done 
and  passed  in  the  House  of  Commons.— 
Clerk  of  the  crown,  in  Chancery,  an  officer 
of    the  crown    in   attendance  upon    both 
houses  of  parliament  and  upon  the  great 
seal     In  the  House  of  Lords  he  makes  out 
and  issues  all  writs  of  summons  to  peers, 
writs  for  the  attendance  of  the  judges,  com- 
missions to  summon  and  prorogue  parlia- 
ment, and  to  pass  bills, ami  performs  various 
other  duties.     In  connection  with  the  Com- 
mons he  makes  out  and  Issues  all  writs  for 
the  election  of  members  in  Great  Britain, 
&c. — Clerk  of  enrolments,  an  officer  who  has 
custody  of  bills  passed  by  both  houses  of 
parliament  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  the 
royal  assent.    Sir  E.  Stay. — Clerk  of  justi- 
ciary, the  clerk  of  the  Court  of  Justiciary. 
There  are  a  principal  and  depute-clerk  and 
an  assistant  whose  duty  it  is  to  attend  the 
sittings  of  the  Justiciary  Court  in  Edin- 
burgh, to  keep  the  books  of  adjournal,  and 
to  write  out  the  interlocutors  and  sentences 
of  the  court.— Clerk  in  orders,  in  the  Church 
of  England,  a  licensed  clergyman.— Clerk 
of  the  parliaments,  the  chief  officer  of  the 
House  of  Lords. — Clerk  of  the  peace,  an  offi- 
cer belonging  to  the  sessions  of  the  peace, 
whose  business  is  to  read  indictments  and 
record  the  proceedings,  and  perform  a  num- 
ber of  special  duties  in  connection  with 
county  affairs. —Clerk  of  the  session,  the  title 
given  to  the  clerks  of  the  Court  of  Session. 
— Clerk  to  the  signet.     See  SIGNET.—  A  St. 
Nicholas'  clerk,  a  thief;  a  highwayman. 

Sirrah,  if  they  meet  not  with  Saint  Nicholas'  clerks, 
I'll  give  thee  this  neck.  Shak. 

Clerk-ale,  t  Clerk's-ale*  (klark'al,  klarks'- 
al),  n.  In  England,  a  feast  for  the  benefit 
of  the  parish  clerk.  T,  Warton. 

Clerkless  (klark'les).a.  Ignorant;  unlearned. 
Waterhouse,  [Rare.] 

Clerk-like  (klark'lik),  a.  Like  a  clerk; 
scholar-like;  learned.  'A  gentleman,  clerk- 
like,  experienced.'  Shak. 

Clerkllnesa  (klark'li-nes),  n.  Clerkly  skill; 
scholarliness.  La  I  inter.  [Rare.] 


Clerkly  (kliirk'li),  a.  I.  Pertaining  to  a  clerk 
or  penmanship. 

At  first  in  heart  it  liked  me  ill 
When  the  king  praised  his  ilrrkly  skill. 
Thanks  to  St.  Bothan  I  son  of  mine. 
Save  Gawain,  ne'er  could  pen  a  line. 

Sir  IT  Scott 

2.  Clerk-like;  scholarly. 

Thou  art  clerkly,  thou  art  clerkly.  Sir  John.    Shak. 

Clerkly  (klark'li),  ado.  In  a  scholarly  man- 
ner. Shak. 

Clerkship  (klark'ship),  n.  1.  A  state  of  be- 
ing in  holy  order!.— 1  Scholarship. 

He  was  not  averse  to  display  his  clerkship  and 
scholastic  information.  Lotd  Lytton. 

3.  The  office  or  business  of  a  clerk  or  writer. 
Cleromancy  (kle'ro-man-si  or  kler'6-man- 

si),  n.  [Gr.  kleros.  lot,  and  tnanteia,  divina- 
tion.] A  divination  by  throwing  dice  or 
little  bones,  and  observing  the  points  or 
marks  turned  up. 

Cleronomy  (kle-ron'o-mi),  n.  [Gr.  kleros, 
lot,  and  ntnnon,  justice,  law,  custom.  ]  Tliat 
which  is  given  as  his  lot  to  any  one ;  in- 
heritance; heritage  or  patrimony. 

Clethra  (kleth'ra),  n.  [Gr.  klethm,  al.lcr, 
which  these  plants  resemble  in  foliage  ]  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Ericaceae,  natives 
of  North  and  Tropical  America.  They  are 
shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  serrate  leaves 
and  many  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes. 
The  corolla  consists  of  five  free  petals.  One 
species,  C.  alnijolia,  a  native  of  Virginia 
and  Carolina,  is  cultivated  in  this  country, 
and  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  flowering 
shrubs. 

Cleugh  (kluch),  n.  [See  CLOUGH.]  A  cleft 
or  gorge  in  a  hill :  a  ravine ;  also,  a  cliff  or 
side  of  a  ravine.  [Scotch.] 

Since  old  Buccleuch  the  name  did  gain, 
When  in  the  clench  the  buck  was  ta'en. 

Sir  li:  Scott. 

Cleve  (klev),  n.  An  old  form  of  cliff.  '  Hom- 
ing on  the  elects  by  the  sea. '  Chaucer. 

Clever  (klev'er),  a.  [Perhaps  a  corruption 
of  O.E.  and  Sc.  deliver,  active,  light,  nimble, 
but  Wedgwood  refers  to  dial.  Dan.  kloeer, 
klever,  clever,  which  is  against  this  suppo- 
sition. More  probably  connected  with  O.  E. 
diver,  a  claw,  and  cleave,  to  adhere.]  1.  Per- 
forming or  acting  with  skill  or  address;  hav- 
ing the  art  of  doing  or  devising  anything 
readily;  possessing  ability  of  any  kind,  espe- 
cially such  as  involves  quickness  of  intellect 
or  mechanical  dexterity.  'A  clever  pen.' 
Addison. 

Though  there  were  many  clft-er  men  in  England 
during  the  Utter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century, 
there  were  only  two  great  creative  minds. 

Macaulay. 

2  Indicative  of  or  exhibiting  cleverness;  said 
of  things;  as,  a  clever  speech;  a  clever  trick. 

3.  Fit;  suitable;  convenient;  proper;  commo- 
dious.   '  These  clever  apartments. '    Cuwppr. 
[In  this   sense  obsolete  or  provincial.) 

4.  Well-shaped;  active-looking;  tight;  hand- 
some.   [Provincial.  ]— 5.  In  New  England, 
good-natured ;  possessing  an  agreeable  iniinl 
or   disposition.  —  SYH.    Dexterous,   adroit, 
ready,    skilful,    neat -handed,    ingenious, 
knowing,  discerning,  smart,  witty,  sharp, 
able. 

Cleverality  (klev-er-al'i-ti),  n.  Cleverness; 
smartness.  [A  jocular  term.] 

Sheridan  was  clever:  scamps  often  are;  but  John- 
son had  not  a  spark  of  clevtrality  in  him. 

Charlotte  Bronte: 

Cleverish  (klev'er-ish),  o.  Tolerably  clever. 
Lord  Lytton. 

Cleverly  (klev'er-li).  ado.  In  a  clever  man- 
ner; dexterously;  skilfully;  ably. 

Cleverly  (klev'er-li).  a.  Well  in  health: 
used  in  New  England  in  answer  to  the  salu- 
tation. How  do  you  do  ?  Haliburton. 

Cleverness  (klev'er-nes),  n.  1.  The  quality 
of  being  clever;  dexterity;  adroitness;  skill; 
ingenuity;  smartness. 

Cleverness  is  a  sort  of  genius  for  instrumentality. 
It  is  the  brain  of  the  hand.  In  literature,  cleverness 
is  more  frequently  accompanied  by  wit  .  .  .  than  by 
humour.  Colcriagt. 

2.  In  New  England,  mildness  or  agreeable- 
ness  of  disposition ;  obligingness;  good  na- 
ture. —  Genius,  Wisdom,  Abilities,  Talents, 
Parts,  Ingenuity,  Capacity,  Cleverness.  See 
under  GENIUS. 

Clevis  (klev'is),  n.     Same  as  Clevy.  ' 

Clevy  (klev'i),  n.  [From  the  root  of  cleave; 
comp.  Icel.  klofi,  a  forked  stick.)  An  iron 
bent  to  the  form  of  a  stirrup,  with  the  two 
ends  perforated  to  receive  a  pin,  used  to 
connect  a  draft-chain  or  tree  to  a  cart  or 
plough.  [Provincial  English  and  American.  ] 

Clew,  n.  or  ».(.    See  CLUE. 

Clianthus  (kli-an'thus),  n.  [Gr.  kleios,  glory, 
and  antlioi,  a  flower.)  A  genus  of  plants, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


CLICH 


489 


CLINCH 


p 
k 


nat.  order  Leguminosn:,  foiiml  in  Austral-  [ 
asia.   They  are  shrubs,  with  largo  handsome  1 
iiuwers  in  racemes.     The  C.  pumceus  is  a 
very  elegant  plant  with  crimson  flowers  ;  it 
attains  the  height  of  8  or  10  feet.     It  is  a 
native  of  Xew  Zealand,  where  it  is  called 
arrot's-bill,  from  the  resemblance  of  the 
eeled  petal  to  the  bill  of  that  bird. 

Clich  (klich),  11.  A  broad-bladed  Turkish 
sabre 

Clich.6  (kle-shfi),  «.  [Fr.,  from  clicher,  to 
steivotype,  from  an  older  form  diijuer,  to 
fasten,  to  make  firm,  from  the  root  of  clinch, 
clench  (omitting  the  nasal).]  1.  A  stereotype 
plate,  especially  one  derived  from  an  en- 
graving.— 2.  I»  photog.  a  negative  picture. 
—Clichd  casting,  a  mode  of  obtaining  a  cast 
from  a  woodcut  for  printing,  by  striking 
the  woodcut  suddenly  and  perpendicularly 
dnwji  on  fused  metal  as  it  is  becoming  solid, 
anil  using  the  mould  thus  obtained  to  give 
a  cast  in  type-metal. 

CllCliy-  White  (kl§'shl-whlt),  ».  A  pure  white- 
lead  manufactured  at  Clichy  in  France. 

Click  (klik),  v.i.  [An  imitative  word  ex- 
pressing a  slighter  sound  than  clack;  comp. 
clack,  cluck,  clink,  clank;  D.  klikken,  Fr. 
Mqmr,  to  click.]  To  make  a  small  sharp 
sound,  or  a  succession  of  small  sharp  sounds, 
as  by  a  gentle  striking;  to  tick. 

The  solemn  death-watch  clicked.  Gay. 

Click  (klik),  v.t.  To  move  with  a  clicking 
sound.  'When  merry  milkmaids  click  the 
latch.'  Tennyson. 

She  clicked  back  the  bolt  which  held  the  window- 
sash.  Thackeray. 

Click  (klik),  n.  [From  sound.  See  verb.] 
1.  A  small  sharp  sound.  'The  Mick  of  a 
watch.'  Worcester.  —  2.  The  cluck  of  the 
natives  of  South  Africa.  See  CLUCK.—  3.  A 
small  piece  of  mechanism  which  enters  the 
teeth  of  a  ratchet-wheel;  a  detent  or  ratchet. 
4.  The  latch  of  a  door.  [Local.] 

Click  (klik),  v.t.  [Equivalent  to  Sc.  cleek, 
cleik,  and  closely  allied  to  clutch.]  To 
snatch;  to  clutch;  as,  he  clicked  it  out  o'my 
hands.  [Northern  English.] 

Click  -beetle  (klik'be-tl),  n.    See  ELATER- 

ID.K. 

Clicker  (klik'er),  n.  1.  The  servant  of  a 
salesman,  who  stands  at  the  door  to  invite 
customers.  [Vulgar.]—  2.  In  ihofmaking,  a 
cutter  out  of  leather  for  the  uppers  and 
soles  of  boots  and  shoes.  —  3.  In  printing, 
the  compositor  who  receives  the  copy  and 
distributes  it  among  the  other  compositors, 
makes  up  the  pages,  and  sets  up  head-lines, 
&c. 

Clicket  (klik'et),  n.    [O.Fr.  cliquet,  a  latch.] 

1.  The  knocker  of  a  door.—  2.  A  latch-key. 
B.  Jonson.—3.  The  latch  of  a  door.     [Obso- 
lete or  provincial  in  all  the  senses.] 

Cliency  (kll'en-si),  n.  The  state  or  condi- 
tion of  a  client.  Goodrich. 

Client  (kli'ent),  n.  [L.  client,  dientis,  a 
client,  from  O.L.  duo,  to  hear.]  1.  In  Rom. 
antiq.  a  citizen  who  put  himself  under  the 
protection  of  a  man  of  distinction  and  influ- 
ence, who,  in  respect  to  that  relation,  was 
called  his  patron.  Hence—  2.  In  a  general 
sense,  one  whose  interests  are  represented 
by  another. 

The  prince  being  at  Brussels,  humbly  besought  his 
majesty  to  pity  the  misery  of  his  poor  subjects  :  who 
by  his  suit  gat  of  the  emperor,  for  his  clients,  words 
without  hope.  Ascham. 

Specifically—  3.  One  who  applies  to  a  lawyer 
for  advice  and  direction  in  a  question  of 
law,  or  commits  his  cause  to  his  manage- 
ment in  prosecuting  a  claim  or  defending 
against  a  suit  in  a  court  of  justice. 

Advocates  must  deal  plainly  with  their  clients. 
yer.  Taylor. 

Clientage  (kli'ent-aj),  n.  1.  The  state  or  con- 
dition of  being  a  client.—  2.  A  body  of  clients 
or  retainers. 

Cliental  (kli'ent-al),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  a 
client  or  clients. 

I  sat  down  in  the  cliental  chair,  placed  over  against 
Mr.  J  agger's  chair.  Die  tens. 

2.  Dependent.     'A  dependent  and  cliental 
relation.'    Burke.    [In  both  uses  rare.  ] 

Clieuted  (kli'ent-ed),  a.     Supplied  with 

clients.     'The  least  cliented  pettifoggers.' 

Rich.  Carew.     [Rare.] 
Clientelage  (kll-ent'el-aj),  n.    [See  CLIEN- 

TELE.]   A  body  of  clients  or  dependents. 
Clientelary  (kli-en-tel'a-ri),  a.    Pertaining 

tn  clients.     'Clientelary  right.'    Prynne. 
Clientele  (kli'en-tel),  n.    [Fr.  clientele,  L. 

dieiitela,   clientship,   clients   collectively.] 

l.t  The  condition  or  relation  of  a  client. 

•  Under  the  pretext  of  clientele.'  B.  Jm.fon. 

2.  One's  clients  collectively. 


Ciientship  (kli'ent-ship),  H.  The  condition 
of  a  client ;  a  state  of  being  under  the  pro- 
tection of  a  patron.  Drytlett 

Cliff,  Cltf  (klif),  n.  [A.  Sax.  dif,  a  rock,  a 
cliff;  cog.  1).  *•//;'.  W.>,  a  cliff,  a  rock;  Icel. 
klif,  a  cliff;  Dan.  klippe,  Sw.  Mippa,  G. 
Ifliji/ie,  a  rock,  a  crag.  Usually  connected 
with  cleave,  to  split,  but  Skeat  thinks  this 
wrong,  and  unites  it  rather  with  cleave,  to 
adhere,  clip,  to  embrace,  climb,  clamber, 
suggesting  that  it  may  have  originally  meant 
a 'climbing-place.']  A  precipice;  the  steep 
and  rugged  face  of  a  rocky  mass ;  a  steep 
rock ;  a  headland. 

Cliff  (klif),  n.    In  music,  see  CLEF. 

Cliffy  (klif  i),a.  Having  cliffs;  broken;  craggy. 
'  Vecta's  cliffy  isle.'  John  Dyer.  'Cliffy 
Dover.'  Dray  ton. 

Clift  (klift),  n.  l.t  A  cleft.  Ex.  xxxiil.  22. 
2.  A  cliff.  'High  growing  on  the  top  of 
rocky  dift.'  Spenser. 

It  shows  a  steep  rocky  cli/f  next  the  sea,  and  off 
the  very  point  there  are  some  rocks  like  spires. 

Cook. 

[Ill  the  latter  sense  an  incorrect  form  on 
the  type  of  skift  for  skiff,  droumd  for  drown, 
qownd  tor  gown.] 

Cliftt  (klift),  i).  t.  To  split  open.  '  Through 
cl\fted  stones.'  Congreve. 

Clifty  (klif'ti),  a.  Cliffy.  [See  remark  under 
CLIFT,  2.]  Pennant.  [Rare.] 

Clikett.  n.    Same  as  Clicket.    Chaucer. 

Climactert  (kli-mak'tcr),  n.  [Gr.  klimaktfr, 
the  step  of  a  ladder,  from  klimax,  a  ladder 
or  scale.  See  CLIMAX.]  A  climacteric 
(which  see).  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Climactert  (klim'ak-tcr),  v.t.  To  bring  to 
a  climacteric,  especially  to  the  grand  cli- 
macteric. Drayton.  [Rare.] 

Climacteric  (kli-mak-ter'ik,  klim-ak'ter-ik), 
a.  Pertaining  to  a  climacteric. — Climacteric 
teething,  the  production  of  teeth  at  a  very 
late  period  of  life,  generally  between  the 
sixty-third  and  eighty-first  year.  See  the 

Climacteric  (kli-mak-ter'ik,  klim-ak'ter-ik), 
n.  [See  CLIMACTER,  CLIMAX.]  A  critical 
period  in  human  life,  or  a  period  in  which 
some  great  change  is  supposed  to  take  place 
in  the  human  constitution.  The  critical 
periods  are  supposed  by  some  to  be  the 
years  produced  by  multiplying  7  into  the 
odd  numbers  3,  5,  7,  and  9;  to  which  others 
add  the  81st  year.  The  63d  year  is  called 
the  grand  or  great  climacteric.  It  has  been 
supposed  that  these  periods  are  attended 
with  some  remarkable  change  in  respect  to 
health,  life,  or  fortune. 

Climacterical  (klim-ak-ter'ik-al),  a.  and  ». 
Same  as  Climacteric. 

Climatal  (kli'mat-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
climate  or  climates. 

ClimatarchiC(kli-ma-tark'ik),a.  [Gr.  klima, 
climate,  and  arche,  dominion.)  Presiding 
over  climates.  Craig. 

Climate  (kli'mat),  n.  (L.  dima,  Gr.  klima, 
klimatos,  a  slope,  from  klino,  to  bend;  the 
name  indicating  the  inclination  of  the  earth 
from  the  equator  to  the  pole.  ]  1.  In  old 
(jeorj.  a  zone  measured  on  the  earth's  surface 
by  lines  parallel  to  the  equator,  there  being 
thirty  of  these  climates  between  the  equator 
and  the  pole;  hence,  a  region;  a  clime. 
Shak.—  2.  The  condition  of  a  tract  or  region 
in  relation  to  the  various  phenomena  of  the 
atmosphere,  as  temperature,  wind,  moisture, 
miasmata,  Ac. ,  especially  as  they  affect  the 
life  of  animals  or  man ;  as,  a  temperate 
climate;  an  unhealthy  climate;  the  climate 
of  Great  Britain.  [This  is  now  the  regular 
meaning  of  the  word.) 

Climatet  (kli'mat),  v.i.  To  dwell;  to  reside 
in  a  particular  region.  '  Whilst  you  do  cli- 
mate here.'  Shak.  [Rare.] 

Climatic,  Climatical  (kli-mat'ik,  kll-mat'- 
ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  a  climate  or  cli- 
mates; limited  by  a  climate ;  as,  a  climatic 
division;  climatic  changes. 

Climation  (kli-ma'shon),  n.  The  act  of  in- 
nring  to  a  climate;  acclimation.  Worcester. 
[Rare.  ] 

Climatize  (kli'mat-!/),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  di- 
matized;  ppr.  diniatizing.  To  accustom  to 
a  new  climate,  as  a  plant;  to  acclimatize. 

Climatize  (kli'mat-iz),  v.i.  To  become  ac- 
customed to  a  new  climate;  to  acclimate  or 
acclimatize;  as,  plants  will  climatize  in 
foreign  countries. 

Climate-graphical  (kli'mat-6-graf"ik-al),  a. 
Belonging  to  climatography  or  the  study  of 
the  variations  of  climate. 

Climatography  (kli-ma-tog  ra-fl),  n.  p» 
klima,  Uimatos,  a  climate,  and  grapho,  to 
describe.]  A  description  of  climates. 


ClimatologicaK kli'mat  6  loj'U  ..i,  a    tu 
totaling  to  climatology;  r.nmrri.'d  with  <•)!- 
mates;  climatal 

Climatology  (kli.ma-t"l'.»  ji).  „ 
a  climate,  and  («;»«,  doc-trine  |  Tin-  science 
of  climates;  an  mreitlntioB  "f  tin'  Cannes 

on  which  the  rlimatc  i>t  a  plan-  •!< 

Climature*(kli'ma-tiir).  n.  A(|ini:.t.    s/,,il. 

Climax  (kli'maks).  n.  (I.  .from  dr.  *', 
a  Udder,  from  kliiii.  to  slope.)  1.  In  rli'-t.  a 
figure  in  which  several  pi-o|»>>.it.iMi>,  nr  nl> 
jects  are  placed  before  the  mind  of  a  reader 
or  hearer  in  such  an  i.nl.r  t!i:il  the  propoM 
tionur  object  calculated  to  produce  the  UMt 
impression  shall  strike  it  tlrst,  and  that  tin 
rest  shall  follow  in  regular  gradation. 
2.  The  highest  point  of  »n\thiiii>:  thr  cul- 
mination ;  acme ;  as,  he  was  now  at  the  cli- 
max of  his  fortunes. 

We  must  look  higher  for  the  climax  of  e.irtliiv 

Is.   Taylor. 

Climb  (klim),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  climbed  or 
cloinb,  but  the  latter  is  now  obsolete  except 
in  poetry;  ppr.  climbing.  [A.  Sax.  cliwban, 
G.  and  D.  klimmen;  from  same  root  as  cleave, 
to  adhere,  clip,  to  embrace.]  1.  To  mount 
or  ascend  anything  steep  with  labour  ami 
difficulty;  especially,  to  ascend  by  means  of 
the  hands  and  feet;  of  things,  to  rise  with  a 
slow  motion. 

Till  clotnb  above  the  eastern  bar 

The  horned  moon.  Coleridge. 


While  the  Queen  who  sat 
With  lips  severely  placid  Telt  the  knot 
Climb  in  her  throat.  Tennyson. 


2.  Specifically  of  plants,  to  ascend  by  means 
of  tendrils  or  adhesive  fibres,  or  by  twining 
the  stem  or  leaf-stalk  round  a  support,  as 
ivy,  honeysuckle,  and  other  plants. 
Climb  (klim),  v.t.  To  climb  up.   Seetheo.i'. 

Ah!  who  can  tell  how  hard  it  is  to  climb 

The  steep  where  Fame's  proud  temple  stands  afar! 

Cllmbable  (klim'a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
climbed.  Sherwood.  [Rare.  ] 

Climber  (klim'er),  n.  1.  One  who  climbs, 
mounts,  or  rises  by  the  hands  and  feet;  one 
who  rises  by  labour  or  effort.  — 2  In  bot.  a 
plant  that  rises  by  attaching  itself  to  some 
support. — 3.  In  ornith.  the  name  applied  to 
birds  of  the  order  Scansores,  from  their 
climbing  habits,  as  the  parrots,  cockatoos, 
woodpeckers,  Ac.  They  have  two  toes  be- 
fore and  two  behind. 

Climber,  t  v.i.  [From  climb,  or  a  different 
orthography  of  clamber.]  To  climb;  to 
mount  with  effort;  to  clamber. 

Beware  how  you  climber  for  breaking  your  neck. 
Tusser. 

Climbing  (klim'ing),  a.  Having  a  tendency 
to  climb;  possessing  the  power  or  quality  of 
climbing;  as,  a  climbing  plant.  '  Climbing 
fire.'  Shak. 

Climbing-boy  (klim'ing-boi),  n.  A  young 
chimney-sweep:  so  called  from  having  been 
made  to  climb  chimneys.  Chimney-sweep- 
ing by  climbing-boys  is  now  prohibited. 

Climbing-iron  (klim'ing-i-ern),  ».  An  iron 
attached  to  the  feet  to  assist  in  climbing 
trees  and  the  like.  •  Fitting  new  straps  to 
his  climbing-irons.'  T.  Hughes. 

Climbing  Perch,  n.    See  ANABAS. 

Clime  (klim),  n.  [L.  dima,  a  clime  or  cli- 
mate. ]  A  tract  or  region  of  the  earth. 
'Whatever  dime  the  sun's  bright  circle 
warms.'  Milton.  ' Clime  of  the  unforgotten 
brave. '  Byron. 

Clinandrium  (kli-nan'dri-um),  n.  [Gr.  Hine, 
a  bed,  and  aner,  andros,  a  man.]  In  bot.  a 
cavity  at  the  apex  of  the  column  in  orchids 
containing  the  anthers. 

Clinanthium  (kli-nan'thi-um),  n.  [Gr.  Hinf, 
a  bed,  and  anthos,  a  flower  or  blossom.  ]  In 
bot.  a  term  sometimes  given  to  the  recep- 
tacle of  a  composite  plant.  Called  also 
Clinium. 

Clinch  (klinsh),  v.t.  Same  as  Clench,  which 
is  now  the  commoner  form.  See  CLENCH. 

But  the  Council  of  Trent  goes  much  further,  and 
clincluth  the  business  as  effectually  as  possible. 

South. 

The  tops  I  could  but  just  reach  with  my  fists 
clinclied.  Svifl. 

A  nail  caught  on  the  other  side  and  doubled  is  a 
nail  clinched. 

Clinch  (klinsh).  v.i.    To  cling;  to  gripe. 

Clinch  (klinsh),  n.  1.  A  catch;  a  grip;  a 
clutch;  a  grasp;  as,  he  got  a  good  dinch  of 
his  antagonist.  [Now  usually  spelled  and 
pronounced  Clench.]  —  2.  That  which  holds 
fast  or  clinches;  a  clincher;  a  holdfast  — 
3.t  A  word  used  in  a  double  meaning;  a 
pun;  a  doubleness of  meaning  with  identity 
of  expression. 

Here  one  poor  word  a  hundred  clinches  makes. 
Pofe. 


c'.i,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  lach;      g,  go; 


n.Fr.ton;     ng,  siw     IB,  «Aen;  th,  tAhr     w,  wig;    wh,  «MK;    ih,  azure.- 


CLINCHER 


490 


CLITORIA 


4.  Naut.  the  part  of  a  cable  which  is  fastened 
to  the  ring  of  an  anchor;  a  kind  of  knot  and 
seizings,  used  to  fasten  a  cable  to  the  ring 
of  an  anchor,  and  the  breeching  of  a  gun  to 
the  ring-bolts  in  a  ship's  side. 
Clincher  (clinsh'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  clinches;  a  cramp  or  piece  of  iron 
bent  down  to  fasten  anything.  —  2.  That 
which  decides  amatter;  specifically,  aretort 
or  reply  so  decisive  as  to  close  a  controversy; 
an  unanswerable  argument. 
Clincher-built,  Clinker-built  (klinsh'er- 
bilt,  klingk'er-bilt),  a.  Made  of  clincher- 
Clincher- work,  Clinker- work  (klinsh'er- 
werk,  klingk'er-werk),  n.  In  ship-building, 
the  disposition  of  the  planks  in  the  side  of 
a  boat  or  vessel,  when  the  lower  edge  of 
every  plank  overlies  the  upper  edge  of  the 
next  below  it,  like  slates  on  the  roof  of  a 
house. 

Cling  (kling),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  dung;  ppr. 
tlinjing.  [A.  Sax.  clingan,  to  adhere,  to 
dry  up  or  wither ;  Dan.  khjnge,  to  grow  in 
clusters;  klynge,  a  heap,  a  cluster.]  To  ad- 
here closely;  to  stick;  to  hold  fast,  espe- 
cially by  winding  round  or  embracing:  fol- 
lowed by  to;  as,  the  tendril  of  a  vine  clings 
to  its  support.  '  Two  babes  of  love  close 
clinging  to  her  waist.'  Pope. 

The  sad  rhyme  of  the  men  who  proudly  clung 
To  their  first  fault,  and  withered  in  their  pride. 
Browning. 

Cling  (kling),  v.t.  [See  above.)  1.  To  pinch 
withhunger;  to  waste  to  leanness:  toshrivel. 
'  Till  hunger  dung  them.'  Byron. 

Upon  the  next  tree  shall  thou  hang  alive 
Till  famine  cling  thee.  Shaft. 

2.  To  apply  firmly  and  closely. 

I  dune  my  legs  as  close  to  his  sides  as  I  could. 
Swift. 

Cling-stone  (kling'ston),  n.  A  variety  of 
peach  whose  pulp  adheres  closely  to  the 
stone. 

Clingy  (kling'i),  a.  Apt  to  cling;  adhesive. 
Johnson.  [Rare.] 

Clinic  (klin'ik),  o.    Same  as  Clinical. 

Clinic  (klin'ik),  n.  1.  One  confined  to  the 
bed  by  sickness.— 2.  Eccles.  one  who  re- 
ceived baptism  on  a  sick-bed.  Rook. — 

3.  Same  as  CLiNiQtE. 

Clinical  (klin'ik-al).  a.  [Or.  klinikos,  from 
klini,  a  bed,  from  klino,  to  recline.  See  LEAN.  ] 
Pertaining  to  a  bed,  more  especially  a  sick- 
bed. A  clinical  lecture  is  a  discourse  de- 
livered at  the  bedside  of  the  sick,  or  from 
notes  taken  at  the  bedside,  by  a  physician, 
with  a  view  to  practical  instruction  in  the 
healing  art.  Clinical  surgery  or  medicine 
i  -  the  special  branch  of  the  medical  art  in 
which  instruction  is  imparted  to  the  student 
in  a  practical  manner  at  the  bedside  of  the 
patient.  A  clinical  convert  is  a  convert  on 
his  death-bed. — Clinical  baptism,  private 
baptism  administered  on  the  couch  to  sick 
or  dying  persons 

Clinically  (klin'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  a  clinical 
manner;  by  the  bedside. 

Clinique  (kli-nek'),  n.  [Fr.  dinique.  See 
CLINICAL.]  In  med.  an  examination  of  a 
patient  by  a  professor  in  presence  of  his 
students. 

Clinlum  (klin'i-um),  n.  In  bot.  same  as 
Clinanthium. 

Clink  (klingk),  v.i.  [An  imitative  word,  a 
nasalized  form  corresponding  to  click,  and 
expressing  a  thinner  or  weaker  sound  than 
clank;  comp.  D.  klinken,  to  sound,  to  tinkle; 
'Dm.klinge,  to  sound,  to  jingle;  lce\.klingja, 
to  ring,  to  tinkle ;  G.  klingen,  to  ring,  to 
chink.]  1.  To  ring  or  jingle;  to  utter  or 
make  a  small  sharp  sound  or  a  succession 
of  such  sounds,  as  by  striking  small  metallic 
or  other  sonorous  bodies  together.  —  2.  To 
rhyme. 

And  yet  I  must  except  the  Rhine 

Because  it  dinks  with  Caroline.  Stvi/t. 

Clink  (klingk),  v.t.    To  cause  to  produce  a 

small  sharp  ringing  sound. 
Clink  ( klingk ),  n.     1.  A  sharp  sound  made 

by  the  collision  of  sonorous  bodies.     '  The 

clink  and  fall  of  swords. '  Shale.  —2.  t  A  clinch ; 

a  latch. 

Tho'  creeping  close,  behind  the  wicket's  dint 
Privily  he  peeped  out  through  a  chink.      Spenser. 

3.  A  smart  stroke.  '  Ane  got  a  clink  on  the 
head.'  Old  ballad.  [Scotch.]  — 4.  Money. 
•Needtu'ctinfc.'  BHDIS.  [Scotch.] 

Clinkant  (klingk'ant),  o.    See  CLINQUANT. 

Clinker  (klingk'er),  a.  1.  A  partially  vitri- 
fied brick  or  mass  of  bricks.  — 2.  A  kind  of 
hard  Dutch  or  Flemish  brick,  used  for  pav- 
ing yards  and  stables.  —3.  A  mass  of  incom- 
bustible scoria  or  slag  which  forms  in  grates 


and  furnaces. —  4.  Vitrifled  or  burnt  matter 
thrown  up  by  a  volcano.— 5.  A  scale  of  black 
oxide  of  iron,  formed  when  iron  is  heated 
to  redness  in  the  open  air. 
Clinker-bar  (klingk'er-bar),  n.  In  steam- 
engines,  the  bar  fixed  across  the  top  of  the 
ash-pit  for  supporting  the  rods  used  for 
clearing  the  fire-bars. 
Clinker-built,  a.  See  CLINCHER-BUILT. 
Clink-stone  (klingk'ston),  n.  [Clink  and 
stone,  from  its  sonorousness.  See  PHONO- 
LITE.]  A  felspathic  rock  of  the  trachytic 
group;  it  has  a  slaty  structure,  and  is 
generally  divisible  into  tabular  masses  of 
greater  or  less  thickness,  which  are  some- 
times used  as  roofing  slates.  Its  colours 
are  dark  greenish-gray,  yellowish,  bluish, 
or  ash  gray ;  and  it  is  usually  translucent 
at  the  edges,  sometimes  opaque. 
Clinkumbell  (klingk'um-bel),  n.  A  bell- 
man Bums.  [Scotch;  humorous.] 
Clinodiagonal  (kli'no-di-ag"on-al),  n.  [Gr. 
klino,  to  incline, and  ^.diagonal. }  In  crystal. 
that  diagonal  or  lateral  axis  in  monoclinic 
crystals  which  forms  an  oblique  angle  with 
the  vertical  axis. 

Clinodiagonal  (kli'n6-di-ag"on-al),  a.  Per- 
taining to  or  in  the  direction  of  the  Clino- 
diagonal. 

Clinographic  (kli-no-graf'ik),  n.  [Gr.  klino, 
to  incline,  and  grapho,  to  write  or  draw.] 
Pertaining  to  tnat  mode  of  projection  in 
drawing  in  which  the  rays  of  light  are  sup- 
posed to  fall  obliquely  on  the  plane  of  pro- 
jection. 

Clinoid  (klin'oid),  a.  [Gr.  klini,  a  bed,  and 
eidos,  resemblance.]  In  anat.  a  term  applied 
to  designate  the  four  processes  surrounding 
the  sella-turcica  of  the  sphenoid  bone,  from 
their  resemblance  to  the  knobs  of  a  bedstead. 
Clinometer  (kli-nom'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  klino,  to 
lean,  and  metron,  measure.  ]  An  instrument 
for  measuring  the  dip  of  rock-strata. 
Cllnometric,  Clinometrical  (klf-n6-mef- 
rik,  kli-no-met'rik-al),  o.  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  clinometer ;  ascertained  or  determined 
by  a  clinometer. —2.  Pertaining  to  oblique 
crystalline  forms  or  to  solids  which  have 
oblique  angles  between  the  axes ;  as,  clino- 
metric  crystals. 

Clinometry  (kli-nom'et-ri),  n.  In  geol.  the 
method  or  art  of  measuring  the  dip  of  rock- 
strata. 

Clinquant  (klingk'ant),  n.  [Fr.,  from  D. 
klinken,  to  clink,  from  sound.  Comp.  G. 
raiischgold,  tinsel  (rauechen,  to  rustle  or 
crackle)  ]  1.  A  glittering  alloy;  Dutch  gold. 
2.t  Tinsel;  false  glitter. 
Clinquantt  (klingk'ant),  a.  [Fr.  See  above.] 
Decked  with  tinsel 
finery;  glittering. 
'A  clinquant  petti- 
coat  of  some  rich 
stuff.'  B»au.ttFl. 
Clio  (kli'o),  n.  1.  In 
myth,  the  muse 
who  was  supposed 
to  preside  over 
history.  She  is 
usually  represent- 
ed with  a  scroll  in 
her  hand,  and  also 
sometimes  with  a 
case  to  keep  MSS. 
in  by  her  side.  — 
2.  An  asteroid  dis- 
covered by  Hind  in 
1850.— 3.  A  genus 
of  pteropodoHs 
molluscs,  of  which 
one  species,  C.  bo- 
realis,  is  extreme- 
ly abundant  in 
the  northern  seas, 
constituting  the  principal  part  of  the  food 
of  the  whale,  and  hence  called  whale's  food 
by  the  whale-fishers. 

Clionidae  (kli-ou'i-de),  n.  pi.  [See  CLIO.]  A 
family  of  naked  marine  molluscs,  placed  by 
Cuvier  as  the  first  of  his  class  Pteropoda, 
and  having  for  its  type  the  genus  Clio. 
Clip  (klip),  v.t.  pret.  &pp.  clipped,  dipt ;  ppr. 
clipping.  [In  first  three  meanings  same  as 
Icel.  klippa,  to  clip,  to  cut  the  hair ;  Dan. 
klippe,  Sw.  klippa,  to  clip  or  shear ;  in 
fourth  from  A.  Sax.  clyppan,  to  clasp,  to 
embrace,  which  is  from  same  root,  and  pro- 
bably allied  to  cleav e,  to  adhere, and  to  climb.  ] 
1.  To  cut  off  or  sever  with  shears  or  scissors; 
to  trim  or  make  shorter  with  scissors ;  as, 
to  clip  the  hair;  to  clip  a  bird's  wings.  '  Clip- 
ping papers  or  darning  his  stockings. '  Swift. 
•  Arbours  dipt  and  cut.'  Tennyson. — 2.  To 
diminish  by  paring  the  edge;  as,  to  dip 


Clio. — Antique  statue.  Villa 
Borghese,  Rome. 


coin.  'Clipped  silver.'  Macaulay. --3.  To 
curtail;  to  cut  short,  as  words;  to  pronounce 
shortly  and  indistinctly.  'To  clip  the  divine 
prerogative.'  South. 

Mrs.  Mayoress  clipped  the  king's  English.  Aiidison. 

4.  t  To  embrace;  to  enfold;  to  surround. 

The  lusty  vinef's]  not  jealous  of  the  ivy 
Because  she  clips  the  elm.  Keaii.  &•  Ft. 

Where  is  he  living  clipp'd  in  with  the  sea 
Who  calls  me  pupil?  Sliak. 

— To  clip  the  icings,  lit.  to  cut  a  bird's  win^s 
short  so  as  to  deprive  it  of  the  powerof  Might; 
tu.i  to  put  a check  on  one'sambition;  to  render 
one  less  able  to  execute  his  schemes  or  realize 
his  aspirations. 

But  love  had  clipped  his  wings  and  cut  him  short. 
Dryden. 

Clip  (klip),  v.i.  In  falconry,  to  fly  swiftly  : 
with  an  indefinite  it.  'Clips  it  down  the 
wind.'  Dryden. 

Clip  (klip},  n.  1. 1  An  embrace.  '  Not  used  to 
frozencups.'  SirP. Sidney. — 2.  Thequantity 
of  wool  shorn  at  a  single  shearing  of  sheep;  a 
season's  shearing.— 3.  A  blow  or  stroke  with 
the  hand;  as,  he  hit  him  a  clip.  [Colloq.] — 
4.  In  farriery,  a  projecting  flange  on  the 
upper  surf  ace  of  a  horse-shoe  which  partially 
embraces  the  wall  of  the  hoof.  —  5.  A  clasp 
or  spring-holder  for  letters  or  papers.  — 
6.  pi.  Shears.  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Clipper  (klip'er),n.  1.  One  who  clips;  espe- 
cially, one  who  cuts  off  the  edges  of  coin. 

The  value  is  pared  off  from  it  into  the  clipper's 
pocket.  Locke. 

2.  A  vessel  with  sharp,  forward-raking  bow& 
and  masts  raking  aft,  built  and  rigged  (as 
ship,  barque,  or  schooner)  with  a  view  to 
fast  sailing.    Hence— 3.  A  person  or  animal 
that  runs  swiftly,  or  looks  as  if  capable  of 
running  swiftly;  a  very  smart  person;  some- 
thing first-rate.    [Colloq.] 

I  never  saw  your  equal,  and  I've  met  some  clippers 
in  my  time.  Tliacteray. 

Clipper- built  ( klip 'er- hilt),   o.     Xaut. 

built  after  the  type  of  a  clipper. 
Clipp-fish  (klip'fish),  n.  [Dan.  Hipfisk.  ]  Fish, 

chiefly  cod,  split  open,  salted,  and  dried. 

Consular  Report. 
Clipplng(klip'ing),p.  anda.   1. 1  Embracing •„ 

encircling  with  the  arms.     '  Now  runs  and 

takes  her  in  his  clipping  arms.'     Sir  P. 

Sidney.  —  2.   Swift ;   as,   a  dipping   pace. 

[  Colloq.  ]  —  3.   Smart ;    showy  ;    flrst  -  rate. 

[Colloq.] 

What  t  lipping  girls  there  were  in  that  barouche. 
Cornhill  Magatint, 

Clipping  (klip'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  cutting 
off— 27xnat  which  is  clipped  off;  a  piece 
separated  by  clipping.  '  The  dippings  of 
our  beards  and  parings  of  our  nails.  Locke. 

3.  t  The  act  of  embracing. 
Clipping-time  (klip'ing- tim),  n.    [Scotch.] 

The  time  of  sheep-shearing;  the  nick  of 
time.  —  To  come  in  dipping-time,  to  come 
as  opportunely  as  he  who  visits  a  sheep- 
farmer  at  sheep-shearing  time,  when  there 
is  always  mirth  and  good  cheer.  Sir  II'. 
Scott. 

Cllpsy  t  (klip'si),  a.  As  if  eclipsed.  '  Now- 
bright,  now  dipsy. '  Romaunt  of  the  Rose. 

Clique  (klek),  n.  [Fr.  clique,  probably  a 
mere  variant  of  claque,  with  a  somewhat 
different  sense.  See  CLAO.UE.)  A  party;  a 
set;  a  coterie:  used  generally  in  a  bad  sense. 

Mind,  I  don't  call  the  London  exclusive  clique  the 
best  English  society.  Coleridge. 

Cliquish  (klek'ish),  a.  Relating  to  a  clique 
or  party ;  disposed  to  form  cliques ;  having 
a  petty  party  spirit. 

Cliquishness  (klek'ish-nes),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  cliquish ;  inclination  or 
disposition  to  form  cliques;  tendency  to 
form  cliques ;  cliquism. 

Cliquism  (klek'izm).  n.  The  principles  or 
spirit  of  a  clique ;  cllquishness. 

Cllsh-clash  (klishTilash),  v.i.  [A  redupli- 
cation of  dash.]  To  sound  like  the  clash- 
ing of  swords.  'The  weapons  diih-clash.' 
Mir.  for  Mags. 

Clish- clash  (klish'klash),  n.  Silly  talk; 
palaver;  gossip;  scandal.  [Scotch.] 

Clishrnaclash  ( klish'ma-klash ),  n.  Clish- 
clash;  clishmaclaver.  [Scotch.] 

Clishmaclaver  ( klish '  ma  -  kla  -  ver ),  n. 
Idle  discourse ;  silly  talk ;  gossip.  Burns. 
[Scotch.] 

Clitch  t  (klich),  v.t.    To  catch  ;  to  clutch 

He  hath  an  earthen  pot  wherewith  to  clitch  up 
water.  Holland. 

Clitoria(kli-to'ri-a),  n.  [Clitoris (which  see), 
in  reference  to  the  shape  of  the  flowers  ] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Leguminosrc, 
found  throughout  the  tropics  of  both  worlds. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley 


CLITORIS 


491 


CI.OCCV 


The  numerous  species  are  climbing,  ranlv 
erect,  herbs,  witli  large  blue,  white,  or  red 
flowers.  Several  species  are  in  cultivation. 

Clitoris  (kli'to-ris),  ».  [Or.  kleitoris,  from 
Icleio  to  inclose  or  hide.)  In  anat.  a  small 
elongated  orjan  of  the  female  puilendnm, 
concealed  liy  the  labia  majora. 

Clitter-olatter  (klit'ter-klat'ter),  n.  [Re- 
dupllcated  from  clutter  on  the  same  prin- 
ciple as  cloth-clank,  tittle-tattle,  <kc.]  Pa- 
laver ;  idle  talk ;  a  chattering  noise. 

Such  were  his  writings;  hut  his  chatter 
Was  one  continued  clitter-flatttr.         Su'ift. 

Clivers,  Cleavers  (kliv'erz,  klev'erz),  ». 
[Krom  its  cleaving  or  clinging  to  the  clothes.] 
A  plant,  Galium  Aparine,  called  also  Goose- 
grass  It  has  a  square,  rough,  Jointed 
stem;  the  joints  hairy  at  the  base,  with 
eight  or  ten  narrow  le  ives  at  each  joint. 

Cllvlty(kliv'i-ti),  11.  [L.  divot.]  A  declivity; 
»  gradient  [Rare.] 

Cloaca  (klo-a'ka),  n.  [I. ,  a  common  sewer.  ] 
1.  An  underground  conduit  for  drainage ;  a 
common  sewer ;  as,  the  cloaca  maxima  at 
Rome.— 2.  A  sink;  a  privy.— 3.  The  excre- 
mentory  cavity  in  birds,  reptiles,  many 
llsbes,  and  lower  mammalia,  formed  by  the 
extremity  of  the  intestinal  canal,  and  which 
receives  the  freces  ami  the  urine,  together 
with  the  genital  products.  —  4.  In  pathol. 
the  opening  iu  cases  of  necrosis  or  mortifica- 
tion of  the  bones,  leading  to  the  inclosed 
dead  bone. 

Cloacal  (klo-a'kal),  a.  Pertaining  to  a  cloaca. 

In  the  torpedo  the  ureters  terminate  in  the  cloacal 
papilla  by  two  distinct  orifices.  Prof.  Oiven. 

Cloak  (klok),  n.  [0.  and  Prov.  Fr.  deque, 
L  L.  cloca,  clocca,  a  bell  ji  kind  of  horseman's 
cape  of  a  bell-shape;  really  same  as  clock 
(which  see).]  1.  A  loose  outer  garment 
worn  over  other  clothes  both  by  men  and 
women.— 2.  That  which  conceals;  a  disguise 
or  pretext;  an  excuse;  a  fair  pretence. 
Formerly  written  also  Cloke. 

Not  using  your  liberty  for  a  clobe  of  maliciousness. 

Cloak  (klok),  ».(.  1.  To  cover  with  a 
cloak.  —  2.  To  hide ;  to  conceal.  '  To  cloak 
her  crimes.'  Spenser.  -SVN.  To  hide,  con- 
ceal, mask,  cover,  veil,  screen. 

Cloakage  (klok'aj),  n.  The  act  of  covering 
with  a  cloak.  J.  Martineau.  [Rare.] 

Cloak-bag  (klok'bag),  n.  A  bag  in  which  a 
cloak  or  other  clothes  are  carried ;  a  port- 
manteau. '  Stuffed  cloa>t-bag. '  Shak. 

Cloakedly  (klok'ed-li),  ado.  In  a  cloaked 
or  concealed  manner.  Bp.  Burnet.  [Rare.] 

Cloaking  (klok'ing),  n.  1  The  act  of  cover- 
ini;  with  or  as  with  a  cloak.— 2.  A  woollen 
material  for  making  cloaks. 

Cloak-room  (klok'rom),  n.  A  room  attached 
to  any  place  of  general  resort,  as  railway- 
station,  assembly-rooms,  opera-house,  &c., 
where  ladies'  cloaks,  &c.,  are  deposited. 

Cloath  t  (kloth),  n.    Cloth.     Quarles. 

Clobbed,t  a.  Like  a  club;  clubbed.  'Grete 
dabbed  staves.'  Chaucer. 

Clobber  (klob'ber),  n.  [Probably  from  the 
Celtic;  Comp.  Ir.  clabar,  mud.)  A  kind  of 
coarse  paste  made  of  ground  cinders  and 
flour,  used  to  conce  tl  the  breaks  of  the 
leather  of  cobbled-up  shoes.  Dickens. 

Clobberer  (klob'ber-er),  n.  A  cobbler  of  the 
lowest  class,  who  patches  up  old  shoes,  and 
conceals  their  defects  by  rubbing  clobber 
into  the  breaks  of  the  leather. 

Clochardt  (klosh'ard),  n.  [From  Fr.  cloche, 
a  bell.  See  CLOCK.]  A  belfry.  Wetter. 

Clochler.t  n.  [Fr.  clocher.]  A  bell-tower; 
a  belfry.  A  yliffe. 

Clock  (klok),  71.  [Originally  a  bell,  and  hence 
the  apparatus  which  causes  a  bell  to  strike 
at  certain  intervals,  a  clock.  The  word  is 
widely  spread,  and  its  ultimate  origin  is  not 
clear.  Comp.  A.  Sax.  clucga,  Icel.  klukka, 
Dan.  klokke,  Sw.  klocka,  D.  klok,  G.  glocke,  a 
bell  or  clock;  Ir.  and  G-ael.  clog,  a  bell  or 
clock.  Cloak  is  the  same  word,  through  L.L. 
clocca,  cloca,  abell  and  a  kind  of  cape,  whence 
Fr.  cloche,  a  bell.  ]  1.  An  instrument  or  ma- 
chine for  measuring  time,  indicating  the 
hours,  minutes,  and  often  seconds  by  means 
of  hands  moving  over  a  dial-plate,  and  dif- 
fering from  a  watch  in  not  being  adapted  to 
be  carried  on  the  person.  It  generally  con- 
sists of  a  frame  containing  a  train  of  wheels 
moved  by  weights  or  springs,  and  regulated 
by  a  pendulum  or  balance-wheel,  and  is  gen- 
erally made  to  mark  the  hour  and  often  lesser 
divisions  of  time  by  the  stroke  of  a  hammer 
on  a  bell  or  other  sonorous  object.— 2.t  A 
stroke  of  the  clock. 

I  told  the  clocks  and  watched  the  wasting  light. 
Dryden. 


3.  t  A  watch,  specifically  one  that  strikes  tin- 
hour.  'That  striking  clock,  which  he  had 
long  worn  in  his  pocket. '  Iz.  Walton.  Tin; 
phrases.  What  o'clock  is  it?  It  is  nine 
o'clock,  are  contracted  from  What  of  th* 
clock!  It  in  nine  of  the  clock.  Pope  and 
Addison  use  a-clock,  which  is  a  corruption. 
— Astronomical  or  sidereal  clock.  See  under 
ASTRONOMICAL.— Electric  clock,  &  clock,  the 
motive  power  of  which  is  electricity  directed 
on  the  pendulum,  or  on  a  weight  or  spring 
by  which  the  pendulum  is  kept  in  motion. 

Clock  (klok),  v.t.  or  i.  Same  as  Cluck.  [Old 
English  and  Scotch.] 

Clock  (klok),  n.  [Comp.  Sc.  aolach,  O.H.O. 
chuleich,  a  beetle.]  An  English  and  Scotch 
popular  name  for  a  beetle.  'A  buzzard- 
clock.'  Tennyson. 

Clock  (klok),  ?i.  [Possibly  originally  applied 
to  a  bell-shaped  ornament  or  bell-shaped 
flower.  ]  A  figure  or  figured  work  embroid- 
ered on  the  ankle  of  a  stocking ;  formerly, 
according  to  Halliwell,  the  name  was  applied 
to  ornamental  work  on  other  parts  of  the 
dress. 

Clock-alarm  (klok'a-larm),  n.  Same  as 
Alarm,  4. 

Clock-beetle  (klok'be-tl),  n.  Same  as  Clock, 
a  beetle.  Sometimes  applied  specifically  to 
theScarabceita  stercorariits,  or  dung-beetle. 

Clock-case  (klokT^as),  n.  The  case  or  re- 
ceptacle of  the  works  of  a  clock. 

Clock-finger  (klok'flng-ger), ».  The  hand  of 
a  clock.  //.  Spencer. 

Clock-maker  (klok'mak-er),  n.  An  artificer 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  clocks. 

Clock-setter  t  (klok'set-er).  71.  One  who 
regulates  clocks.  '  Old  time  the  clock-setter.' 
Shak. 

Clock-star  (klok'star),  n.  In  astron.  a  term 
applied  to  such  prominent  stars  as  can  be 
used  for  regulating  astronomical  clocks, 
from  their  position  having  been  ascertained 
with  precise  accuracy. 

Clock-stocking  (klok'stok-ing),  n.  A  stock- 
ing embroidered  with  the  ornament  called 
a  clock. 

Clock-tower  (klok'tou-er),  n.  A  tower  built 
for  the  reception  of  a  clock,  the  face  of 
which  is  set  in  the  outer  wall. 

Clock-turret  (klok'tur-et),  ».  A  small 
clock-tower. 

Clock-work  (klok'w6rk),  n.  The  machinery 
and  movements  of  a  clock;  a  complex  me- 
chanism of  wheels  producing  regularity  of 
movement. 

You  look  like  a  puppet  moved  by  clock--work. 

Arbuthnot. 

Clod  (klod),  n.  [A  slightly  modified  form  of 
clot  (which  see);  comp.  Dan.  klode,  a  globe 
or  ball,  klods,  a  block  or  lump.  ]  1. 1 A  lump 
or  mass  in  general ;  sometimes  a  concreted 
mass;  a  clot.  'Clods  of  blood.'  Fairfax. 
'  Two  massy  clods  of  iron  and  brass.'  Milton. 

2.  A  lump  of  earth,  or  earth  and  turf;  a 
lump  of  clay. 

The  earth  that  casteth  up  from  the  plough  a  great 
clod  is  not  so  good  as  that  which  casteth  up  a  smaller 
clad.  Bacon. 

3.  A  particular  piece  of  ground  or  turf,  not 
separated  in  a  lump;  the  ground. 

Byzantians  boast  that  on  the  clod, 

Where  once  their  sultan's  horse  has  trod. 

Grows  neither  grass,  nor  shrub,  nor  tree.      Swift. 

4.  That  which  is  earthy,  base,  and  vile,  as  the 
body  of  man  in  comparison  with  his  soul. 

He  makes  flat  warre  with  God.  and  doth  dene 
With  his  poore  clod  of  earth  the  spacious  sky. 

G.  Herbert. 

5.  A  dull,  gross,  stupid  fellow;  a  dolt.    Dry- 

ClOd  (klod),l)  «.  1.  To  pelt  with  clods.  —2.  t  To 
form  into  clods.  Holland.— 3.t  To  confine 
in  what  is  earthy  and  base,  as  the  soul  in 
the  body  (i.  Fletcher.— 4.  To  throw  with 
violence.  Sir  W.  .Sco«.  [Scotch.] 

Clod-breaker  (klod'brak-er),  n.  A  con- 
temptuous name  for  a  peasant;  a  clodpoll. 

In  other  countries,  as  France,  the  people  of  ordi- 
nary condition  were  called  clod-breakers. 

Brttigbam. 

Clod-crusher  (klod'krush-er),  »i.  In  agn. 
a  peculiar  kind  of  implement  for  pulveriz- 
ing clods. 

Cloddish  (klod'ish),  a.  Clownish ;  boonsh ; 
doltish;  uncouth;  ungainly.  'A  clodduh 
air.'  Disraeli. 

Cloddishness  (klod'ish-nes).  n.  Clownish- 
ness;  boorishness;  doltishness;  clumsiness; 
ungainliness. 

Cloddy  (klod'i),  a.  I.  Consisting  of  clods ; 
abounding  with  clods.  '  The  meagre  cloddy 
earth.1  Shak.-2  Karthy;  mean;  gross. 

Clodhopper  (klod'hop-er),  ».  A  clown;  a 
dolt;  a  boor. 


Clodpate  (klod'piit),  n.     A  stupid  fellow;  a 

dolt;  a  thickskull. 
Clodpated  (klod'pat-ed),  n.     Stupid;  dull. 

doltish.    '.My  clodiiattd  relations'    Arlmll, 

not 
Clodpoll  (klod'pol),  H     A  stupid  fellow;  a 

dolt;  a  blockhead. 
This  letter  being  so  excellently  ignorant,  will  breed 

no  terror  in  the  yuulh;  he  will  find  that  it  comes  It 

a  clodfotl.  Sftait. 

Cloff  (klof),  n.  [Perhaps  originally  a  portion 
cleft  or  split  olf,  from  cleave.]  In  com.  an 

allowance  of  2  Ibs.  in  ever> :;  >  «t it:tin 

goods,  after  the  tare  and  tret  are  taki-n. 
that  the  weight  may  hold  out  in  retailing 
The  term  as  signifying  a  upci-itlc  allo«. 
is  now  obsolete,  clod  IHMMK  now  used  to  de- 
note any  deduction  or  allowance  from  the 
gross  weight.  Written  also  Clnuyh. 

Clog  (klog),  71.  [O.K.  ,-!:.,,,i,'.  a  lump,  a  block; 
Sc.  dag,  a  clog,  an  impediment,  a  clot,  dag, 
to  clog,  to  impede,  especially  with  some- 
thing viscousor  sticky  (comp.  clantjy.  cla<i>f<i  j 
from  A. Sax.  ckrg,  clay.  See  CI.AY.)  1.  An 
encumbrance;  that  which  hinders  motion, 
or  renders  it  difficult ;  hinderance;  impedi- 
ment; specifically,  something  put  upon  an 
animal  to  hinder  motion  or  leaping,  as  a 
piece  of  wood  fastened  to  its  leg. 

I  am  glad  at  soul  I  have  no  other  child ; 

For  thy  escape  would  teach  me  tyranny. 

To  hang  clogs  on  them.  Shalt. 

He  was  one  of  a  lean  body  and  visage,  as  if  his 
eager  sou],  biting  for  anger  at  the  clog  of  his  body, 
desired  to  fret  a  passage  through  it.  FulUr. 

A  clog  of  lead  was  round  my  feet.       Tetutyion. 

2.  A  sort  of  shoe,  the  upper  part  of  which  is 
strong  tanned  leather,  and  the  sole  wood, 
much  used  in  the  north  of  England  and  south 
of  Scotland,  especially  during  winter;  a 
wooden  shoe ;  a  sabot ;  also,  a  wooden  sole 
or  sandal,  with  an  iron  ring  beneath,  worn 
by  women  to  protect  the  feet  from  wet ;  a 
patten.  — STN.  Load,  weight,  burden,  encum- 
brance, obstruction,  impediment,  hinder- 
ance. 

Clog  (klog),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  dogged;  ppr. 
clogging.  1.  To  impede  the  movement*  of 
by  something  that  sticks  or  adheres;  to 
encumber;  specifically,  to  encumber  by 
attaching  a  clog  to ;  as,  to  clog  a  bullock  to 
prevent  it  from  leaping  fences. 

If  you  find  so  much  blood  in  his  liver  as  will  clog 
the  foot  of  a  flea  I'll  eat  the  rest  of  the  anatomy. 

Skat. 

Gums  and  pomatums  shall  his  flight  restrain. 
While  clogg'd  he  beats  his  silken  wings  in  vain.  Pofe. 

2.  To  choke  up ;  to  obstruct  so  as  to  hinder 
passage  through ;  as,  to  clog  up  a  tube ;  to 
clog  the  pores  of  the  body. -3.  Fig.  to  throw 
obstacles  in  the  way  of;  to  encumber;  to 
hinder ;  to  burden ;  to  trammel ;  as,  to  clog 
commerce  with  restrictions.  '  Both  soil  the 
face  of  his  devotion  and  clog  the  exercise  of 
it.'  Bp.  Hammond. 

All  the  commodities  are  clogged  with  impositions. 
Addison. 

SYN.  Impede,  hinder,  obstruct,  embarrass, 
burden,  restrain,  restrict,  trammel,  fetter. 
Clog  (klog),  v.i.     1.  To  become  loaded  or 
encumbered  with  extraneous  matter. 

The  teeth  of  the  saw  will  begin  to  cleg.      SHarp. 

2.  To  coalesce;  to  unite  and  adhere  in  a 
cluster  or  mass. 

Move  it  sometimes  with  a  broom  that  the  seeds 
clog  not  together.  Evelyn. 

Clog-almanac  (klog'al-ma-nak),  n.  An 
almanac  or  calendar,  made  by  cutting 
notches  or  characters  on  a  clog  or  block, 
generally  of  wood,  but  sometimes  of  horn, 
bone,  or  brass.  This  instrument  was  for- 
merly much  used  in  England. 

This  almanac  is  usually  a  square  piece  of  wood,  con- 
taining three  mouths  on  each  of  the  four  edges.  The 
number  of  days  in  them  arc  expressed  by  notches,  the 
first  day  by  a  notch  with  a  patulous  stroke  turned  up 
from  it,  and  every  seventh  by  a  large-sized  notch. 
Over  against  many  of  the  notches  are  placed,  on  the 
left  hand,  several  marks  or  symbols,  denoting  the 
golden  number  or  cycle  of  the  moon.  The  festivals 
are  marked  by  symbols  of  the  several  saints  issuing 
from  the  notches.  P'°<. 

Clog-dance  (klop^dans),  n.  A  dance  with 
clogs,  in  which  the  feet  are  made  to  perform 
a  noisy  accompaniment  to  the  music. 

Clog-dancer  (klog'dans-erV  n.  One  who 
performs  clog-dances.  Sfayheui. 

Clogginess  (klog'i-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  cloggy  or  clogged. 

Clogging  (klog'ing),  n.  Anything  which 
clogs Tobstruction ;  hinderance ;  clog.  '  All 
ascititiousclwffinjs.'  Dr.  H.  More. 

Cloggy  (klog'i),  a.  Clogging  or  having  power 
to  clog;  adhesive;  viscous.  'Some  grosser 
and  cloggy  parts.'  Style. 


ch.  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j.job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  <Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  loAig;    zh.  azure.  -See  KEY. 


CLOGHEAD 


492 


CI.OSK 


Clogfcead  (klog'hed),  n.  [Ir.  dogachd.  a  bel- 
fry.] One  of  the  slender  round  towers  at- 
tached to  various  Irish  churches.  Fosbroke. 

Clog-hornpipe  (klogOiorn-pip),  n.  A  horn- 
pipe danced  with  clogs  on.  Dickens. 

Cloister  (klois'ter),  n.  [O.Fr.  doixtre,  Fr. 
cloitre;  from  L.  cltiustnnn,  a  fastening,  that 
which  shuts  in,  from  claudo,  clausum,  to 
shut  up.]  1.  An  arched  way  or  covered 
walk  running  round  the  walls  of  certain 


Part  of  the  Cloister,  Westminster  Abbey. 


portions  of  monastic  and  collegiate  build- 
ings. It  usually  has  a  plain  wall  on  one 
side,  and  a  series  of  windows,  with  piers  and 
columns,  or  an  open  colonnade,  adjoining  an 
interior  court  on  the  opposite  side.  The 
original  purpose  of  cloisters  was  to  afford  a 
place  for  the  monks  to  meet  in  for  exercise 
and  recreation.  —  2.  A  place  of  religious 
retirement ;  a  monastery ;  a  convent.  '  To 
be  in  shady  cloister  mewed.'  Shak. 

It  was  surely  good  that  in  an  age  of  ignorance  and 
violence  there  should  be  quiet  cloisters  and  gardens 
in  which  the  arts  of  peace  could  be  safely  cultivated, 
in  which  gentle  and  contemplative  natures  could  find 
an  asylum.  Macanlay. 

3.  Any  arcade  or  colonnade  round  an  open 
court ;  a  piazza. 

Cloister  (klois'ter),  v.t.  1.  To  confine  in  a 
cloister  or  convent. 

It  was  of  the  king's  first  acts  to  cloister  the  queen 
dowager  in  the  nunnery  of  liermondscy.  Bacon. 

2.  To  shut  up;  to  confine  closely  within 
walls;  to  immure;  to  shut  up  in  retirement 
from  the  world. 

Nature  affords  plenty  of  beauties,  that  no  man  need 
complain  if  the  deformed  are  cloistered  up.  Rymer. 

Cloisteral  t  (klois'ter-al),  a.  Same  as  Clois- 
tral. 'Cloitfteral  men  of  great  learning  and 
devotion.'  Iz.  Walton. 

Cloistered  (klois'Wrd),  p.  and  a.  1.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  cloister ;  furnished  with 
cloisters. 

The  Greeks  and  Romans  had  commonly  two  clot's- 
tered  open  courts,  one  serving  for  the  women's  side, 
and  the  other  for  the  men.  //  'otton. 

2.  Shut  up  in  a  cloister ;  inhabiting  a  con- 
vent—3.  Solitary;  retired  from  the  world. 

I  cannot  praise  a  fugitive  and  cloistered  virtue,  nn- 
exercised  and  (inbreathed,  that  never  sallies  out  and 
seeks  her  adversary.  Milton. 

Cloisterer  (kluis'ter-er),  n.  One  belonging 
to  a  cloister. 

Cloisteress  (klois'ter-es),  n.  See  CLOISTRESS. 

Cloister-garth  (klois'ter-garth),  n.  In  arch. 
the  court  inclosed  by  a  cloister. 

Cloistral  ( klois'tral ),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  cloister. 

That  initiatory  branch  of  Italian  art  which  I  will 
venture  to  name  from  .  .  .  the  profession  of  many 
of  the  best  masters  who  practised  it,  the  cloistral 
epoch.  Afilmatt, 

Cloistress  (klois'tres),  n.  A  nun;  a  woman 
who  has  vowed  religious  retirement.  [Rare.] 

Like  a  cloistress,  she  will  veiled  walk.        Sha£, 

ClOke  (clok).  n.  and  v.     Same  as  Cloak. 

Cloinb  (klom),  obs.  or  poet.  pret.  of  climb. 

Cloraperton,t  n.     A  clown.     Xares. 

Clonic  (klon'ik),  a.  [From  Gr.  klonos,  a 
shaking  or  irregular  motion.  ]  In  pathol. 
convulsive,  with  alternate  relaxation.  — 
Clonic  spasm,  a  spasm  in  which  the  muscles 
or  muscular  fibres  contract  and  relax  alter- 
nately, in  quick  succession,  producing  the 
appearance  of  agitation,  as  in  epilepsy:  used 
in  contradistinction  to  tonic  spasm. 

Cloof,  Clufe  (kliif),  «.  [Dan.  klov,  Icel. 
kfauf,  a  cloven  hoof,  from  root  of  cleave,  to 
split.]  A  hoof.  [Scotch.] 

Cloom  (klom),  v.  t,  [A  form  of  clam,  to  clog, 
to  daub.]  To  close  with  glutinous  matter. 
Mortimer.  [Local.  ] 


ClOOp    (klnp),   n.     [Onomatopoetic.]     The  ; 
sound  made  when  a  cork  is  pulled  out  of  , 
the  neck  of  a  bottle.     '  The  cloop  of  a  cork 
wrenched  from  a  bottle.'    Thackeray. 

ClOOt,  Clute  (klnt),  n.  [From  root  of  cleave, 
to  split.  See  CLOOF.]  Divided  hoof;  cloven 
hoof. 

The  harrying  thieves!  not  a  cleat  left  of  the  hail 
hirsel!  Sir  It'.  Scott. 

—Ctoot-and-cloot,  hoof-and-hoof,  i.e.  every 
hoof.  [Scotch.] 

Clootie  (kliit'i).  n.  [From  Sc.  cloot, 
a  hoof.]  A  name  for  the  devil;  lit. 
he  of  the  cloven  hoofs.  [Scotch.] 

Close  (kloz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  closed; 
ppr.  closing.  [Fr.  clos,  pp.  of  clore, 
to  shut  up;  from  L.  claudo,  clau- 
Kum,  to  shut,  whence  also  con- 
clude, exclude,  include,  seclude, 
cloister,  &c.  ]  1.  To  bring  together 
the  parts  of;  to  shut;  to  make 
fast ;  as,  to  dose  a  gate,  door,  or 
window;  to  close  a  book. 

Close  your  hands. 
And  your  lips  too.  Shak. 

The  Lord  hath  poured  out  upon  you 
the  spirit  of  deep  sleep,  and  hath  closed 
your  eyes.  Is.  xxix.  10. 

Close  the  door,  the  shutters  close. 

Tennyson. 

2.  To  end;  to  finish;  to  conclude; 
to  complete;  to  bring  to  a  period; 
as,  to  close  a  bargain  or  con- 
tract. 

One  frugal  supper  did  our  studies  close.    Dryden. 

3.  To  fill  or  stop  up ;  to  repair  a  gap  or  frac- 
ture in ;  to  consolidate :  often  followed  by 
up;  as,  to  close  the  ranks  of  troops;  to  close 
up  an  aperture. 

L'nto  the  breach,  dear  friends,  once  more ; 
Or  close  the  wall  »/  with  our  English  dead.      Shak, 

4.  To  cover ;  to  inclose ;  to  encompass ;  to 
shut  in.    *  Tin  •  gift  which  bounteous  nature 
hath  in  him  clos'd.'   Shak.     'When  I  clung 
to  all  the  present  for  the  promise  that  it 
closed.'    Tennyson. 

The  depth  closed  me  round  about.     Jonah  ii.  5. 

Close  (kloz).  v.i.  1.  To  come  together,  either 
literally  or  figuratively;  to  unite;  to  coalesce: 
often  followed  by  on  or  upon. 

They  .  .  .  went  down  alive  into  the  pit,  and  the 
earth  closed  ufon  them.  Num.  xvi.  23. 

A  thousand  claims  to  reverence  close 
In  her  as  Mother,  Wife,  and  Queen.     Tennyson. 

2.  To  end ;  to  terminate  or  come  to  a  period ; 
as,  the  debate  closed  at  six  o'clock. —  3.  To 
engage  in  close  encounter;  to  engage  in  a 
hand-to-hand  fight;  to  grapple. 

If  I  can  close  with  him,  I  care  not  for  his  thrust. 

The  kites  know  well  the  tonjr  stern  swell 
That  bids  the  Romans  close.          Macaitlay. 

~  To  close  on  or  upon,  to  come  to  a  mutual 
agreement ;  to  agree  on  or  join  in. 

France  and  Holland  might  close  upon  some  mea- 
sures to  our  disadvantage.  5i>  If.  Temple. 

— To  close  with,  (a)  to  accede  to ;  to  consent 
or  agree  to;  as,  t<>  close  with  the  terms  pro- 
posed, ('>)  To  come  to  an  agreement  with; 
as,  to  close  with  a  person  on  certain  terms. 

He  took  the  time  when  Richard  was  deposed. 

And  high  and  low  it'ith  happy  Harry  closed.  Dryden. 

(c)  See  above,  3.  —  To  close  with  the  land 
(navlY  to  come  m-nr  to  the  land- 
Close  (kloz),  n.    1. 1  The  manner  of  shutting ; 
junction. 

The  doors  of  plank  were ;  their  close  exquisite. 
Chaptnan. 

2.  Conclusion;  termination;  final  end;  as, 
the  dose  of  life;  the  dose  of  day  or  night. 
'  Death  dawning  on  him,  and  the  close  of 
all.'  Tennyson.—  3.  In  music,  the  conclusion 
of  a  strain  or  of  a  musical  period  or  passage ; 
a  cadence. 

At  every  close  she  made  th'  attending  throng 
Replied,  and  bore  the  burden  of  the  song.    Dryden. 

4.  A  grapple,  as  in  wrestling. 

The  king  went  .  .  .  to  make  him  come  to  the  close, 
and  so  to  trip  up  hi    heels.  Bacon. 

Close  (klos),  n.  [Fr.  clos,  an  inclosed  place, 
from  clos,  pp.  of  clore.  See  CLOSE,  v.  t.  ]  1.  An 
inclosed  place;  any  place  surrounded  by  a 
fence,  wall,  or  hedge ;  specifically,  the  pre- 
cinct of  a  cathedral  or  abbey.  '  Closes  sur- 
rounded by  the  venerable  abodes  of  deans 
and  canons.'  Macaulay.  —2  [Provincial 
and  Scotch.]  A  narrow  passage  or  entry, 
such  as  leads  from  a  main  street  to  the 
stair  of  a  building  containing  several  tene- 

|    ments ;  the  entry  to  a  court ;  a  narrow  lane 
leading  off  a  street. 
Close  (klos),  a.    [Fr.  do*,  L.  claunus,  shut. 

i    See  CLOSE,  v.t.]    1.  Shut  fast;  made  fast  so 


as  to  have  no  opening ;  completely  inclosing 
or  encompassing ;  as,  a  clone  box ;  a  close 
vizard. 

Spread  thy  close  curtain,  love-performing  night.  SAtf*. 

2.  Strictly  confined ;  strictly  watched ;  as, 
a  cbme  prisoner. — 3.  Retired;  secluded; 
hidden ;  private  ;  secret ;  as,  to  keep  a  pur- 
pose close. 

He  yet  kept  himself  close  because  of  Saul  the  son 
of  Kish.  i  Chr.  xii.  i. 

4.  Having  the  habit  or  disposition  to  keep 
secrets ;  secretive ;  reticent ;  as,  a  d"*? 
minister.  'For  secrecy,  no  lady  closer.' 
Shak.— 5  Having  an  appearance  of  conceal- 
ment; expressive  of  secretivcness. 

That  close  aspect  of  his 
Does  show  the  mood  of  a  much  troubled  breast.  Shak. 

6.  Confined  within  narrow  limits;  narrow; 
as,  a  close  alley. 

Itself  a  close  and  confined  prison  for  debtors.  It 
contained  within  it  a  much  closer  and  more  confined 
jail  for  smugglers.  Dickens. 

7.  Stagnant ;   without  motion  or  ventila- 
tion; difficult  to  breathe ;  oppressive:  said 
of  the  air  or  weather. — 8.   In  contact  or 
nearly  so;  adjoining;  without  any  or  with 
little  intervening  distance  in  place  or  time ; 
as,  the  rows  are  too  close ;   to  follow  in 
close  succession. —9.  With  little  difference 
between  antagonists  or  competitors  or  rival 
parties;  almost  evenly  balanced;  as,  a  close 
election.    'A  close  personal  contest.'    Pres- 
cott.—\0.  Having  the  parts  near  each  other : 
(a)  of  solid  bodies,  compact;  dense;  as, 
timber  of  close  texture  or  very  close  in  the 
grain,    (b)  Of  liquids,  viscous ;  not  volatile. 
[Rare.] 

This  oil,  which  nourishes  the  lamp,  is  supposed  to 
be  of  so  close  and  tenacious  a  substance,  that  it  may 
slowly  evaporate.  Bp.  Witkins. 

(c)  In  a  more  general  sense,  having  small 
intervals  between  the  component  parts; 
as,  the  writing  is  too  close,  (d)  t  Applied 
to  style,  compressed ;  condensed ;  concise : 
opposed  to  loose  or  diffuse. 

Where  the  original  is  close,  no  version  can  reach  it 
in  the  same  compass.  Dryden. 

11.  Firmly  attached ;  intimate;  trusty;  con- 
fidential; as,  close  friends. — 12.  Vndeviating: 

(a)  not  deviating  from  the  object  to  which 
one's  mind  or  thoughts  are  directed,  or  from 
the  subject  under  consideration ;  as,  to  give 
close  attention ;  a  close  observer. 

Keep  your  mind  or  thoughts  close  to  the  business 
or  subject.  Loc&e. 

But  whenany  point  of  doctrine  is  handled  in  aclose 
and  argumentative  manner,  it  appears  flat  and  unsa- 
voury to  them.  Atterbury. 

(b)  Not  deviating  from  a  model  or  original ; 

as,  a  close  translation.  — 
13.  Niggardly ;  stingy;  pen- 
urious. —14.  In  her.  having 
the  wings  lying  close  to 
the  body:  said  of  birds. — 
Close  borough,  a  borough 
the  right  of  nominating 
a  member  of  parliament 
for  which  was  in  the 
hands  ol  a  single  per- 
son. 


A  dove  close. 


Lansmcre  is  neither  a  rotten  borough,  tobe  bought, 
nor  a  close  borough,  under  one  man  s  nomination. 
Lord  l.ytfon. 

—  Close  communion,  with  Baptists,  com- 
munion in  the  Lord's  supper  with  their  own 
sect  only. — Close  corporation,  a  corporation 
which  fills  up  its  own  vacancies,  the  elec- 
tion of  members  not  being  open  to  the 
public.  In  Britain  there  are  now  legally  no 
close  municipal  corporations.  — Close  fight, 
(a)  a  hand-to-hand  fight.  (b)pl.  Naut.  bulk- 
heads formerly  erected  fore  and  aft  in  a  ship 
for  the  men  to  stand  behind  in  close  engage 
ment  in  order  to  fire  on  the  enemy.  Called 
also  Close  Quarters. — Close  port,  a  port 
situated  up  a  river:  a  term  in  contradis- 
tinction to  out-port,  a  harbour  which  lies 
on  the  coast—  To  come  to  close  quarters,  to 
come  into  direct  contact,  especially  with 
an  enemy.  —  Close  rolls,  rolls  kept  for  the 
record  of  close  writs  (see  below).  Also 
written  Clause  Rolls. —Close  string,  in  dog- 
legged  stairs,  a  staircase  without  an  open 
newel.  —Close  voioel,  a  vowel  pronounced 
with  diminished  aperture  of  the  lips,  or  with 
contraction  of  the  cavity  of  the  mouth.— 
Close  writs,  grants  of  the  sovereign,  sealed 
with  the  great  seal,  directed  to  particular 
persons  for  particular  purposes,  which,  not 
I  triii  ^  proper  for  public  inspection,  are  closed 
up  and  sealed  on  the  outside. 
Close  (klos),  adv.  1.  Tightly,  so  as  to  leave 
no  opening;  as,  shut  the  lid  close  down. — 
2.  In  strict  confinement.  '  Let  them  be 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CLOSE-BANDED 


41)3 


CLOTH-STRETCHER 


clapped  up  close.'  Shak.—  3. t  In  conceal- 
ment; secretly.  '  Anonioii,  which  in  a  napkin 
being  dose  conveyed.'  Shak. 

Get  you  all  three  into  the  box-tree:  Malvolio's 
coming  clown  this  walk.  .  .  .  Close,  in  the  name 
of  jesting.  Shak. 

4.  In  contact,  or  very  near  in  space  or  time; 
as,  to  follow  cluxe  behind  one. 

He  his  sleep 

Disturb'd  not,  waiting  close  the  approach  of  morn. 
Milton. 

— Close  to  the  wind,  the  position  of  a  ship 
when  its  head  lies  near  enough  the  wind  to 
till  the  sails  without  shaking  them. 

Close-banded  (klos'band-ed),  n.  Being  in 
close  order;  closely  united.  Milton. 

Close-barred  (klos'bard),  a.  Firmly  closed; 
made  close  by  bars. 

Close-bodied  (klos'bo-did),  a.  Fitting  close 
to  the  body.  '  A  clone-bodied  coat.'  Ayli/e. 

Close -compacted  ( klos'kom-pakt'ed ),  a. 
In  compact  order.  Addison. 

Close-couched  (klos'koucht),  a.  Concealed. 
Milton. 

Close -curtained  (klos-ker'tind),  a.  En- 
circled with  curtains.  '  Close  •  curtained 
sleep.'  Milton. 

Close-nsted  (klos'flst-ed),  a.  Miserly; 
niggardly;  penurious.  'A  griping,  close- 
fisted  fellow.'  Bp.  Berkeley. 

Close-flstedness  (klos'fist-ed-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  condition  of  being  close-fisted; 
niggardliness ;  meanness. 

Close-grated  (klos-grat'ed),  a.  Shut  up 
with  close  gratings.  Young. 

Close-handed(klos'hand-ed),a.  Close-fisted; 
penurious;  niggardly.  Sir  it.  Hale. 

Close-hauled  (klos'hald),  a.  Said,  sailing 
as  nearly  against  the  wind  as  possible. 

Closely  (klos'li),  adv.  So  as  to  be  close ;  in 
a  close  manner :  1.  With  the  parts  united  or 
pressed  together  so  as  to  leave  no  vent;  as,  a 
crucible  closely  luted. — 2.  Compactly;  as,  a 
closely  woven  fabric.  —3.  Nearly ;  with  little 
space  intervening :  applied  to  space  or  time; 
as,  to  follow  closely  at  one's  heels;  one  event 
follows  closely  upon  another. — 4.  Undeviat- 
ingly  ;  without  wandering  or  diverging  : 
(a)  intently ;  attentively ;  with  the  mind  or 
thoughts  fixed ;  with  near  inspection ;  as, 
to  look  or  attend  closely.  (6)  With  strict 
adherence  to  a  model  or  original ;  as,  to 
translate  closely.  —  5. t  Secretly;  privately. 

A  Spaniard  .  .  .  sent  some  closely  into  the  village 
in  the  dark  of  the  night.  Careiv. 

6.  With  near  affection,  attachment,  or  in- 
terest; intimately;  as,  men  closely  connected 
infriendship;  nations  closely  allied  by  treaty. 

7.  Strictly ;  within  close  limits  ;  under  strict 
watch ;  as,  a  prisoner  closely  confined. 

Closen  (klos'n),  ti.  (.  To  make  close  or  closer. 
[Rare.] 

His  friends  closen  the  tie  by  claiming  relationship 
to  him.  Brit.  Quart.  Rev. 

Closeness  (klos'nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  close:  (a)  the  state  of  being  shut 
or  of  having  no  vent.  '  In  drums,  the 
closeness  round  about  that  preserveth  the 
sound.'  Bacon,  (b)  Compactness ;  solidity ; 
density;  as,  the  closeness  of  texture  in 
wood.  Fig.  applied  to  style  or  argument. 

His  (Bnrke's)  speeches  differed  not  at  all  from  his 
pamphlets;  these  are  written  speeches,  or  those  are 
spoken  dissertations,  according  as  any  one  is  over- 
studious  of  method  and  closeness  in  a  book  or  of  ease 
and  nature  in  an  oration.  Brougham. 

If)  Narrowness;  straitness,  as  of  a  place. 
(d)  Want  of  ventilation ;  oppressiveness. 
•Half  stifled  by  the  closeness  of  the  room.' 
Swift,  (e)  Reserve  in  intercourse  ;  secrecy, 
privacy ;  caution.  '  The  extreme  caution  or 
closeness  of  Tiberius.'  Bacon.  (/)  Avarice; 
stinginess ;  penuriousness.  '  An  affectation 
of  closeness  and  covetousness.'  Addition, 
(g)  Connection;  near  union;  intimacy, 
whether  of  friendship  or  of  interest ;  as, 
the  closeness  of  friendship  or  of  alliance. 
(A)  Strictness ;  as,  closeness  of  confinement. 
(i)  Rigid  adherence  to  an  original ;  literal- 
ness  ;  as,  the  closeness  of  a  version. 

Close-pent  (klos'pent),  a.  Shut  or  pent 
up  close ;  without  vent. 

Closer  (kloz'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
closes ;  one  who  or  that  which  concludes ; 
specifically,  in  colloquial  language,  that 
which  puts  an  end  to  a  controversy  or  dis- 
poses of  an  antagonist. — 2.  In  arch,  the  last 
stone  in  a  horizontal  row  or  course,  but  of 
a  less  size  than  the  others,  to  close  the  row. 
In  brickwork,  a  bat  used  for  the  same  pur- 
pose. When  the  bat  is  a  quarter  brick  it  is 
called  a  queen  closer;  when  a  three-quarter 
brick  inserted  at  the  angle  of  a  stretching 
course  it  is  called  a  king  closer.  —3.  A  com- 
mon term  for  Boot-closer  (which  see). 


Closer.t  Ji.     An  inclosure.    Chaucer. 
Clpse-stOOl  (klos'stiil),  ?i.    A  chamber  uten- 
sil;  a  night-stool.      ,S/mi-  ;   Sutnllrtt. 

Closet  (kloz'et),  ».  [O.Fr.  closet,  dim.  of 
clos,  an  enclosure.  See  CLOSE,  71.)  1.  A 
small  room  or  apartment  for  retirement ; 
any  room  for  privacy ;  a  small  supplemen- 
tary apartment  communicating  with  an- 
other, as  a  dressing-room  with  a  bed-room. 

When  thou  prayest,  enter  into  thy  closet.   Mat.  vi.  6. 

2.  A  small  side-room  or  recess  for  storing 
utensils,  furniture,  provisions,  curiosities, 
Ac. — 3.  In  her.  a  diminutive  of  the  bar,  and 
one-half  of  its  dimensions. 
Closet  (kloz'et),  ii. t.  To  put  In  or  admit 
into  a  closet,  as  for  concealment  or  for 
private  consultation. 

Night  after  night  he  had  been  closeted  with  De 
Quadra.  Froitde. 

Closeting  (kloz'et-ing),  n.  The  act  of  con- 
ferring with  secrecy ;  private  or  clandestine 
conference. 

About  this  time  began  the  project  of  closeting, 
where  the  principal  gentlemen  of  the  kingdom  were 
privately  catechized  by  his  majesty.  Swift. 

Clpse-tongued(kl6s'tungd),  a.  Keeping 
silence;  cautious  in  speaking.  '  Close  - 
tongued  treason.'  Shak. 

Closet-sin  (kloz'et-sin),  n.  Sin  committed 
in  privacy.  Bp.  Hall. 

Closh  (klosh),  n.  [Fr.  clocher,  to  limp.  Pr. 
clopchar,  as  if  from  a  verb  cloppicare,  from 
L.L.  cloppus,  lame,  and  that  from  Gr.  cholo- 
poits,  lame — cholos,  lame,  and  pous,  foot.] 
1.  A  disease  in  the  feet  of  cattle.  Called 
also  the  Founder.— 2. \  An  old  game,  sup- 
posed to  be  nine-pins. 

Closing  (kloz'ing),  a.  Ending  or  concluding; 
as,  a  closing  word  or  letter. 

Closure  (kloz'ur),  n.  [O  Fr.  closure,  L  clau- 
sura,  from  claudo.  See  CLOSE,  v.t.]  1.  The 
act  of  shutting;  a  closing.  Boyle.— 2.  That 
which  closes  or  shuts ;  that  by  which  sepa- 
rate parts  are  fastened  or  made  to  adhere. 
Pope.  —  3.  Inclosure;  that  which  bounds. 
flhak.—'t.  Conclusion.  Shak. 

Clot  (klot),  n.  [Older  fonu  of  clod,  and  for- 
merly used  in  same  sense :  A.  Sax.  clot,  a 
log ;  cog.  D.  kloot,  a  ball  or  globe,  kluit,  a 
clod ;  Dan.  klode,  a  globe  or  ball ;  Sw.  klot, 
a  sphere,  klots,  a  block ;  G.  kloss,  a  clod,  a 
lump,  klotz,  a  block ;  probably  from  same 
root  as  clay,  cleave  (adhere),  clog,  cloud,  &c.] 
1. 1  A  clod. 


The  ground  also  would  now  be  broken  up  for  a  fallo 

.  .  .  to  the  end  that  f '-•"  "-  — 

and  concoct  the  clots. 


ne  ground  also  wouia  now  DC  oroKen  np  lor  a  lanow 
.  to  the  end  that  the  sun  might  thoroughly  parch 
' •• Holland. 


2.  A  coagulated  mass  of  soft  or  fluid  matter ; 
as,  a  clot  of  blood.  —  3.  t  A  dull,  stupid  man ; 
a  clodpole.  B.  Jonson. 

Clot  ( klot ),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  clotted ;  ppr. 
clotting.  To  coagulate,  as  soft  or  fluid 
matter,  into  a  thick,  inspissated  mass ;  as, 
milk  or  blood  clots. 

Clot  (klot),  v.t.  1.  To  cause  to  coagulate ;  to 
make  or  form  into  clots  or  clods.  —2.  To 
cover  with  clots.  Glover. 

Clot-bur  (klot'ber).  n.  [A.  Sax.  elate, 
G.  klette,  a  bur.]  The  burdock  (Arctium 
Lappa). 

Clotered,  t  pp.    Clotted.    Chaucer. 

Cloth  (kloth),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cluth,  D  deed, 
Icel.  klcethi,  Dan.  and  Sw.  klcede,  G.  Me  id, 
cloth  ;  root  unknown.  ]  1.  A  fabric  or  tex- 
ture of  wool  or  hair,  or  of  cotton,  flax,  hemp, 
or  other  vegetable  filaments,  formed  by 
weaving  or  intertexture  of  threads,  and  used 
for  garments  or  other  covering,  and  for  vari- 
ous other  purposes ;  as,  woollen  cloth,  linen 
cloth,  cotton  cloth,  hair  cloth.  But  cloth  is 
often  used  for  a  fabric  of  wool  in  contradis- 
tinction to  that  made  of  other  material.  —2.  A 
texture  or  covering  put  to  a  particular  use: 
as,  (a)  the  covering  of  a  table:  usually  called 
a  Table-cloth.  'The  musty  wine,  foul  cloth, 
or  greasy  glass. '  Pope,  (b)  The  canvas  on 
which  pictures  are  drawn.  (c)t  Dress;  rai- 
ment. See  CLOTHES. 

I'll  ne'er  distrust  my  God  for  cloth  and  bread.  Quarles. 

(d)  A  professional  dress,  and  specifically  that 
of  a  clergyman.  Hence— 3.  With  the  definite 
article  or  other  defining  word  prefixed,  the 
office  of  a  clergyman ;  and  in  a  collective 
sense,  the  members  of  the  clerical  profession. 

Strong  appeals  were  made  to  the  priesthood. 
Would  they  tamely  permit  so  gross  an  insult  to  be 
offered  to  their  cloth  t  Afacaulay. 

The  cloth,  the  clergy,  are  constituted  for  adminis- 
tering and  for  giving  the  best  possible  effect  to  ... 
every  axiom.  /*•  Taylor. 

—Cloth  of  state,)  a  cloth  canopy  above  a 
throne  or  chair  of  state.  See  STATE. 


Clothe  (kloTii),  v.t.  pret.  <t  pp.  rMhnl  or 
clad;  ppr.  cluthinii  Ir'nun  tin  noun  rlulh  ] 

1.  To  put  garments  on;  to  invest  the  body 
with  raiment ;  to  dress. 

The  Lord  God  made  coau  of  skins,  and  clakeit 
them.  Gen.  iii.  ^i 

2.  To  cover  or  spread  over  with  anything. 

Embroidered  purple  clothes  the  golden  beds.    Pop*. 

The  lances,  waving  in  1> 

Clothe  the  dun  heath  like  autumn  grain.  .Sir  If.  Scott 

3  To  furnish  with  raiment ;  to  provide  with 
clothes;  as,  a  master  is  to  feed  and  clothe 
his  apprentice.  -  4.  Fig.  to  put  on;  toinve.st; 
to  cover,  as  with  a  garment 

I  will  clothe  her  priests  with  salvation.  Ps.  cxxxii    ]• 

The  host  of  smaller  men  whose  poor  thoughts  clothe 
themselves  on  the  platform  and  through  the  press  in 
poorer  words.  Dr.  Laird. 

Clothe  (kloTH),  t.i.    To  wear  clothes. 

Care  no  more  to  clothe  and  eat.  Shalt. 

Clothed  (kloTHd),  p.  and  a.  1  Covered  with 
garments;  dressed;  invested;  furnished  with 
clothing:  sometimes,  though  rarely,  with  on. 

Then  she  rode  forth  clothed  on  with  chastity. 

Tennyson. 

2.  Naut.  a  term  applied  to  a  mast  when  the 
sail  is  so  long  as  to  reach  dowu  to  the  deck- 
gratings. 

Clothes  (kloTHz),  71  pi.  [A  plural  of  cloth. 
though  it  cannot  now  be  said  to  have  a 
singular.  ]  1.  Garments  for  the  human  body; 
dress;  vestments;  vesture. 

If  I  may  touch  but  his  clothes  I  shall  be  whole. 
Mark  v.  28. 

2.  The  covering  of  a  bed ;  bed-clothes. 

She  turned  away  her  frighted  head. 

Then  sunk  it  deep  beneath  the  clothes.      Prior. 

Clothes-basket(kloTHz'bas-ket),  n.  A  large 
basket  for  holding  or  canying  clothes. 
Clothes-brush  (kloiiiz'brush),  n.    A  brush 
adapted  for  brushing  clothes. 
Clothes-horse  (kloTHzliors),  71.     A  frame 
to  hang  clothes  on. 

Clothes-line  (klotiizlin),  n.  A  slender  rope 
on  which  clothes  are  hung  to  dry  after  being 
washed. 

Clothes-moth  (kloTHz'moth),  n.  The  name 
common  to  several  moths  of  the  genus  Tinea, 
whose  larva;  are  destructive  to  woollen  fab- 
rics, feathers,  furs. 
<v.c.,upon  which  they 
feed,  using  at  the 
same  time  the  ma- 
terial for  the  con- 
struction of  the 
cases  in  which  they 
assume  the  chrys- 
alis state.  In  the  ac- 
companying figure 

a  is  the  Tinea  tapetzella  or  woollen  clothes- 
moth;  6,  the  case  or  cloak  of  the  cater- 
pillar of  T.  pellionella,  which  infests  furs. 
Clothes-pin  (kloiHz'pin),  n.    A  forked  piece 
of  wood  or  small  spring  clip  by  which  clothes 
are  attached  to  a  clothes-line. 
Cloth-hall  (kloth'hal),  n.     A  hall  at  the 
great  woollen-cloth  marts,  as  Leeds,  Brad- 
ford, Halifax,  Huddersfleld,  &c.,  where  pro- 
ducers and  buyers  meet  periodically  for  the 
transaction  of  business. 
Clothier  (kl6TH'i-er),  71.    1.  A  seller  of  cloth 
or  of  clothes.  —Z.  A  maker  of  cloths.    Shak.  ; 
Sir  J.  Hayuiard.—3.  In  America,  a  man 
whose  occupation  is  to  full  and  dress  cloth. 
Clothing  (kloTH'ing),  71.    1.  Garments  in 
general ;  clothes ;  dress ;  raiment ;  covering. 

As  for  me  .  .  .  my  clothing  was  sackcloth.  PS.XXXV.  13. 

2.  t  The  art  or  practice  of  making  cloth. 

The  king  took  measures  to  instruct  the  refugees 
from  Flanders  in  the  art  of  clothing.  Ray. 

3  In  steam-engine*,  same  as  Cleadiny,  2. 
Cloth-lapper  (kloth'lap-er),  71.     A  person 

who  laps  or  folds  cloth,  generally  by  the  aid 

of  some  mechanical  contrivance. 
ClothO  (klo'tho),  n.     In  Greek  myth,  that 

one  of  the  three  Fates  whose  duty  it  was  to 

put  the  wool  for  the  thread  of  life  round 

the  spindle,  while  that  of  Lachesis  was  to 

spin  it,  and  that  of  Atropos  to  cut  the  thread 

off  when  a  man  had  to  die;  from  Gr.  klutho, 

to  spin. 
Cloth-paper(kloth'pa-pcr),7i.  Coarseglazed 

paper  for  pressing  and  finishing  woollen 

cloth. 
Cloth-prover  (kloth'prbv-er),  n.  A  magmfy- 

ing-glassemployed  innumbering  the  threads 

of  weft  in  a  given  space  of  cloth. 
Clotnred  t  p.  and  a.    Clotted.     Chaucer. 
Cloth-shearer  (kloth'sher-er),  71.    One  who 

shears  cloth  and  frees  it  from  superfluous 

nap. 
Cloth-stretcher  (kloth'strech-er),  71.     One 

who  or  that  which  stretches  cloth;  specm- 


ch,  rfiain;      eh,  Sc.  lot*;      g,  go;      J,  job;      fi,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin 


TH,  then;  th,  Uiin;      w,  icig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KET. 


CLOTH-WHEEL 


494 


CLOUT 


call}1,  a  machine  in  which  cloth  is  drawn 
through  a  series  of  frictional  stretehing- 
bars  and  passed  over  spreading  rollers,  so  as 
to  equalize  the  inequalities  on  its  surface 
and  enable  it  to  be  firmly  and  smoothly 
wound  on  the  winding-roll.  K.  II.  Knight. 

Cloth-wheel  (kloth'whel),  n.  A  grinding  or 
polishing  wheel,  covered  with  cloth  charged 
with  an  abrading  or  polishing  material,  as 
pumice-stone,  rotten-stone,  chalk,  putty  - 
powder,  &c.  E.  II.  Kniyht. 

Cloth-worker  (kloth'werk-tr),  n.  A  maker 
of  cloth.  Hence— Clotli-workers'  Company, 
one  of  the  twelve  great  livery  companies  of 
London. 

Cloth-yard  (kloth'yard),  n.  A  measure  for 
cloth  which  differed  somewhat  in  length 
from  the  modern  yard. — Cloth-yard  shaft, 
an  arrow  a  cloth-yard  long.  '  With  the 
yew  bow  and  cloth-yard  nhaft  at  Cressy  and 
Aginconrt. '  T.  Hughes. 

Clotpoll  (klot'pol),  n.  A  clodpoll;  a  block- 
head. Shak. 

Clotted  (klot'ed),  p.  and  a.  Concreted  into 
a  mass;  consisting  of  clots. — Clotted  cream, 
clouted  cream,  cream  produced  in  the  form 
of  clots  on  the  surface  of  new  milk  when  it 
is  warmed. 

Clottert  (klot'er),  r. t.  To  concrete  or 
gather  into  lumps ;  to  clot.  '  Clottered 
blond.'  Driiden 

Clotty  (klot'i),  a.  Full  of  clots  or  small  hard 
masses;  full  of  concretions  or  clods.  '  Clotty 
matter.'  Harvey.  [Rare.] 

ClOUCht  (klouch),  n.  Clutch;  grasp;  gripe. 
Spenser. 

Cloud  (kloud),  n.  [Originally  a  mass  or 
rounded  mass  in  general;  comp.  the  phrases 
' clowdyn  of  clay,'  'cludesot  stone, 'found  in 
old  writers;  from  A.  Sax.  clad,  a  rock,  a 
hillock,  the  root  being  that  seen  in  clod, 
clot,  &c. ;  so  in  O.  D.  Hot,  a  clod,  and  klote,  a 
cloud.]  1.  A  collection  of  visible  vapour  or 
watery  particles  suspended  in  the  atmo- 
sphere at  some  altitude.  A  like  collection 


downwards  or  undulated ;  also,  groups  or 
patches  having  these  characters,  of  ten  some- 
what resembling  shoals  of  fishes,  and  pro- 


Cloud — Cirrus. 

of  vapours  near  the  earth  is  usually  called 
fog.  The  average  height  of  the  clouds  is 
supposed  to  be  between  2  and  3  miles,  but 
this  varies  at  different  times  of  the  year. 
Clouds  have  been  classified  as  follows:  — 
(a)  Cirrus,  a  cloud  somewhat  resembling  a 
lock  or  locks  of  hair,  the  cat's  tail  of  the 


Cloud — Cumulus. 

sailor,  consisting  of  a  number  of  flexuous, 
diverging  fibres,  generally  at  a  great  height 
in  the  atmosphere,  and  spreading  out  to 
any  extent.  (6)  Cumulus,  a  cloud  which 
assumes  the  form  of  dense  convex  or  conical 
heaps,  resting  on  a  Hattish  base,  called  also 
day  or  summer  cloud,  (c)  Stratus,  also 
called  fall-cloud  from  its  lowness,  an  ex- 
tended, continuous,  level  sheet  of  cloud, 
increasing  from  beneath.  These  three  prin- 
cipal forms  produce  in  combination  forms 
denominated  as  follows:  (d)  Cirro-cumu- 
lus, a  connected  system  of  small  roundish 
clouds  placed  in  close  order  or  contact, 
resembling  flocks  of  sheep,  and  often  occur- 
ring in  warm  dry  weather.  («)  Cirro-stratus, 
a  horizontal  or  slightly  inclined  sheet,  at- 
tenuated at  its  circumference,  concave 


ducing  what  is  called  a  mackerel  sky.  (/) 
Cumulo-ftratus,  a  cloud  in  which  the  struc- 
ture of  the  cumulus  is  mixed  with  that  of 
the  cirro-stratus  or  cirro-cumulus,  the 
cumulus  at  top  and  overhanging  a  flattish 
stratum  or  babe.  (<j)  Nimbus,  cumulo-cirro- 


stratus,  or  rain-cloud,  a  dense  cloud  spread- 
ing out  into  a  crown  of  cirrus  and  passing 
beneath  into  a  shower. — 2.  What  resembles 
a  cloud,  as  a  body  of  smoke  or  flying  dust : 
a  dark  area  of  colour  in  a  lighter  material. 
3.  /''',</.  what  obscures,  darkens,  threatens, 
or  the  like ;  as,  a  cloud  hung  over  his  pros- 
pects. Hence—to  be  under  a  cloud,  to  be 
in  difficulties  or  misfortune.  —  4.  A  multi- 
tude; a  collection;  amass.  'A  noble  cloud 
of  trees  at  Fulham.'  A  ubrey.  •  So  great  a 
cloud  of  witnesses.'  Heb.  xii.  1. —  In  the 
clouds,  out  of  ordinary  comprehension ;  in 
the  realms  of  fancy  or  non-reality. 

Though  poets  may  of  inspiration  boast. 
Their  rage,  ill-govern'd,  in  the  clouds  is  lost. 

Ifalttr. 

Cloud  (kloud),  r.  (.  1.  To  overspread  with  a 
cloud  or  clouds;  as,  the  sky  is  cloudfd. 
Hence— 2.  To  obscure;  to  darken;  to  render 
gloomy  or  sullen.  '  To  cloud  and  darken 
the  clearest  truths.'  Dr.  II.  More.— 3.  To 
darken  in  spots ;  to  variegate  with  colours. 
'A  clouded  cane.'  Pope. — 4.  To  sully;  to 
tarnish  the  character  of.  [Rare  and  poeti- 
cal.] 

I  would  not  be  a  sunder  by  to  hear 

My  sovereign  mistress  clouded  so.  Shak. 

Cloud  (kloud),  t>.i.  To  grow  cloudy;  to  be- 
come obscured  with  clouds. 

Worthies,  away!  the  scene  begins  to  cloud.    Shak. 

Cloudage  ( kloud 'aj),  n.     Mass  of  clouds; 

cloudiness.  '  A  scudding  cloudage  of  shapes. ' 

Coleridije.     [Rare.] 
Cloudberry  ( kloud '  be -ri),   n.     A  plant, 


Cloudberry  \Kuint  Chanuttnorus). 

called  also  Knotberry  and  Mountain-bram- 
ble (Rubus  Chamfemorus),  nat.  order  Rosa- 
ces. It  is  a  small  herbaceous  plant  with  a 


creeping  rootstock  and  simple  stem  4  to  8 

inches   high,  found    in  Britain  on  alpine 

moors  from  Wales  and  Derby  northwards. 

The  flowers  are  large  and  white,  and  the 
]  berries,  which  are  of  a  very  agreeable  taste, 
'  are  orange-yellow  in  colour,  and  consist  of 

a  few  large  drupes. 
C10ud-born(k!cmd'U>rii),  n.  Born  of  a  cloud. 

'  ClvuU-boi'ii  centaurs.'    Di'yden. 
Cloud-built  (kloud  'bilt),  a.     Built  up  of 

clouds. 

The  sun  went  down 
Behind  the  cloud-built  columns  of  the  west. 

Ctnvper. 

2.  Fanciful;  imaginary;  chimerical:  applied 
to  daydreams  or  •  castles  in  the  air.' 

And  so  vanished  my  cloud-bit  ill  palace.    Goldsmith. 

Cloud-capped,  Cloud-capt  (kloud'kapt),  a. 
Capped  with  clouds ;  touching  the  clouds; 
;  lofty.  '  The  cloud-capp'd  towers. '  Shak. 

Cloud-compeller  (klood'kom  -  pel-er),  H. 
He  that  collects  or  controls  the  clouds:  an 
!  epithet  of  Jupiter. 

Cloud-compelling  (kloud'kom-pel-ing),  a. 
Collecting.driving.or  controlling  the  clouds. 
'Abyssinia's  cloud-compelling  cliffs.'  I'/i./m- 
eon.  '  Bacchus,  the  seed  of  cloud-compelling 
Jove. '  Waller. 

Cloud-drift  (kloud'drift),  n.  Same  as  Cloud- 
rack. 

Cloudily  (kloud'i-li),  adv.  In  a  cloudy  man- 
ner; with  clouds;  darkly;  obscurely. 

Pinto  talks  too  metaphysically  and  cloudily  about 
it  (the  highest  good).  Cud-wortlt. 

Cloudiness  (kloud'i-nes),  n.  The  stat<-  f 
being  cloudy ;  as,  (a)  the  state  of  being  ob- 
scured or  overcast  with  clouds ;  as,  the 
cloudiness  of  the  atmosphere.  (6)  Obscu- 
rity; want  of  clearness  or  intelligibility; 
mistiness;  as,  cloudiness  of  ideas,  (c)  Ap- 
pearance of  gloom  or  sullenneas ;  as,  cloudi- 
ness of  aspect. 

Cloud-kisslng(kloud'ki8-ing),  a.  Touching 
I  the  clouds;  lofty.  '  Cloud -kissing  Ilion.' 
Shak. 

Cloudless  (kloud'les),  a  Being  without  a 
cloud;  unclouded;  clear;  bright;  as,  cloud- 
less skies. 

Cloudlessly  (kloudles-li),  tide.  In  a  cloud- 
less manner;  without  clouds. 

Cloudlet  (kloud 'let),  n.  A  small  cloud. 
'  Eve's  first  star  through  fleecy  cloudlet 
peeping. '  Coleridge. 

Cloud-rack  (kloud'rak),  n.  Broken  clouds; 
floating  cloudy  vapour. 

If  there  is  no  soul  in  man  higher  than  alt  that,  did 
it  reach  to  sailing  on  the  cloud-rack  and  spinning 
sea-sand ;  then  1  say  man  is  but  an  animal.  Carlyle, 

Cloud-ring  (kloud'ring),  71.  A  ring  of 
clouds ;  a  cloudy  belt  or  region  north  and 
south  of  the  equator. 

Cloud-topped  (kloud'topt),  a.  Having  the 
top  covered  with  clouds.  Gray. 

Cloudy  (kloud'i),  a.  1.  Overcast  with  clouds; 
obscured  with  clouds ;  as,  a  cloudy  day;  a 
cloudy  sky;  a  cloudy  night.  —  •_'  Consisting 
of  a  cloud  or  clouds;  as,  a  cloudy  pillar. 
Ex.  xxxiii.  9. — 3.  Obscure;  dark;  not  easily 
understood.  'Cloudy  and  confuted  notions.' 
Watts.—  4.  Having  the  appearance  of  gloom; 
indicating  gloom,  anxiety,  sullenness,  or  ill- 
nature;  not  open  or  cheerful.  '  When  cloudy 
looks  are  cleared.'  Spenser.  —  6.  Marked 
with  spots  or  areas  of  dark  or  various  hues. 
G.  Wanting  in  lustre,  brightness,  transpa- 
rency, or  clearness ;  dimmed ;  as,  a  cloudii 
diamond.  '  Before  the  wine  grows  cloudy. ' 
Surift. 

Clough  (kluf),  »•  [A.  Sax.  c(co/a,acleft,  fr<  m 
cleofaTi,  to  cleave,  like  Icel.  kloft,  a  clom,h, 
from  klji'fa,  to  cleave;  D.  kloof,  a  ravine. 
The  spelling  shows  that  the  labial  /  was 
formerly  changed  to  a  guttural,  as  in  Sc. 
cleuch,  a  clough.  ]  1.  A  cleft,  ravine,  or  valley 
in  a  hill-tide.  —  2.  In  coin,  same  as  Clo/.— 
8.  A  kind  of  sluice  for  letting  off  water 
gently,  employed  in  the  agricultural  opera- 
tion of  improving  soils  by  flooding  them  with 
muddy  water. 

dough-arch  (kluf'arch),  n.  Same  as  Puddle- 
hole. 

Clour  (klor),  n.  [Perhaps  connected  with 
claw,  cloof;  comp.  Icel.  kUra,  to  scratch  like 
acat]  [Scotch.]  1.  A  blow.-2.  An  indenta- 
tion produced  by  a  blow,  or  a  raised  lump 
produced  by  a  blow  on  the  person. 

Clour  (klor),  r.t.  [Scotch.]  l.Toinflictablow 
on. — 2.  To  make  a  dent  or  bump  on. 

Clout  (klout),  n.  [A.  Sax.  Ml,  a  clout,  a 
patch;  Dan.  klud,  Sw.  Wt/«,a  clout;  perhaps 
from  the  Celtic:  W.  clwt,  It.  and  Gael.  cl«<l, 
a  clout.]  1.  A  patch;  a  piece  of  cloth  or 
leather,  etc.,  used  to  mend  something 
2.  Any  piece  of  cloth,  especially  a  worthless 


Kate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtiue;      J,  Sc.  ley. 


CLOUT 


495 


CLUB 


piece.  '  A  clout  upon  that  head  where  late 
the  diadem  stood.'  Shale.  —  3.  In  archery, 
the  mark  fixed  iu  the  centre  of  the  butts 
at  which  archers  are  shooting,  said  to  have 
been  originally  n  piece  of  white  cloth,  though 
Nares  supposes  that  it  may  have  been  ori- 
ginally a  small  nail  (Fr.  clotiet). 

Indeed,  he  must  shoot  nearer,  or  he'll  ne'er  hit  the 
limit.  S/iat. 

1.  An  iron  plate  on  an  axle-tree  to  keep  it 
from  wearing. — 5.  A  blow  with  the  hand. 
'  Kick,  cuff,  or  clout.'    J.  Mayne.    [Colloq. 
or  vulgar.] 

Clout  (klout),  v.t.  1.  To  patch;  to  mend  by 
sewing  on  a  clout  or  patch. 

Paul,  yea,  and  Peter  too,  had  more  skill  ...  in 
clouting  an  old  tent.  Lntimer. 

2.  To  cover  with  a  piece  of  cloth. 

A  noisy  impudent  beggar  showed  a  leg  clouted  up. 
Taller. 

3.  To  join  clumsily.      'Many  sentences  of 
one  meaning  clouted  up  together.'  Aschain. 

4.  T.O  strike;  to  give  a  blow.     [Colloq.  or 
vulgar] 

Pay  him  over  the  pate,  clout  him  for  all  his  courte- 
sies. Beau.  &  Ft. 

Clout  (klout),  n.    [Fr.  clouet,  a  dim.  of  clou, 

a  nail.J  The  same  as  Clout-nail  (which  see). 
Clout  (klout),  v. t.  [See  above.]  To  stud  or 

fasten  with  nails.  See  under  the  participle. 
Clouted  (klout'ed),  p.  and  a.  Patched; 

mended  clumsily ;  mended  or  covered  with 

a  clout. 
Clouted  (klout'ed),  p.  and  a.      Studded, 

strengthened,  or  fastened  with  clout-nails. 

I  thought  he  slept;  and  put 

My  clouted  brogues  from  off  my  feet.      Shak. 

The  dull  swain 
Treads  on  it  daily  with  his  clouted  shoon.      Milton. 

[Some,  however,  regard  the  word  clouted  in 
the  above  passages  as  meaning  patched  or 
mended  ;  but  in  the  first  extract  the  sense 
of  'studded  with  nails'  is  much  the  more 
natural.] 

Clouted  (klout'ed),  a.  Clotted;  as,  clouted 
cream.  [Provincial.] 

Clouterly  (klout'er-li),  a.  Clumsy;  awkward. 
[Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

The  single  wheel  plough  is  a  very  clouterly  sort. 
Mortimer. 

Clout-nail  (klout'nal),  n.  1.  A  short,  large- 
headed  nail  worn  in  the  soles  of  shoes. — 
2.  A  nail  for  securing  clouts  or  small  patches 
of  iron,  as  to  the  axle-tree  of  carriages. 
Called  also  simply  Clout. 

Clove  (klov),  pret.  of  cleave. 

Clove  (klov),  n.  [D.  klove,  Hoof,  a  cleft.  See 
CLOUGH,  CLEAVE.]  A  cleft;  a  fissure;  a  gap, 
a  ravine;  rarely  used  except  as  part  of  a 
proper  name  in  America;  as,  Kaaterskill 
Clove;  the  Stony  Clove. 

Clove  (klov),  n.  [Sp.  clavo,  a  clove,  a  nail, 
from  L  claous,  a  nail,  from  its  resemblance 
to  a  nail  in  shape.]  A  very  pungent  aro- 
matic spice,  the  dried  flower-buds  of  Cary- 
ophyllus  aromaticus,  a  native  of  the  Mo- 
lucca Islands,  belonging  to  the  myrtle  tribe. 


Clove  {Caryephyllus  aromaticus). 

The  tree  is  a  handsome  evergreen  from  15 
to  30  feet  high,  with  large  elliptic  smooth 
leaves  and  numerous  purplish  flowers  on 
jointed  stalks.  Every  part  of  the  plant 
abounds  in  the  volatile  oil  for  which  the 
flower-buds  are  prized.  —Oil  of  cloves,  an 
essential  oil  obtained  from  the  buds  of  the 
clove-tree.  It  is  the  least  volatile  of  the 
essential  oils,  and  consists  of  eugenic  acid 
and  a  neutral  oil. 

Clove  (klov),  n.  [According  to  Skeat,  from 
A.  Sax.  cluf,  a  bulb ;  originally  a  lump  or 
mass,  from  root  of  clue,  cleave,  clod,  &c.  ] 
1.  One  of  the  small  bulbs  formed  in  the 
axils  of  the  scales  of  a  mother  bulb,  as  in 
garlic.— 2.  A  denomination  of  weight.  The 
divisions  of  a  weight  or  wey  of  cheese,  &c. , 


in  Sullulk  and  Essex  are  expressed  in  cloves 
in  the  former  of  which  32  cloves  (each  8  Ibs  ) 
are  a  wey,  in  the  latter  42  cloves  (each  8  Ibs  ) 
A  wey  of  wocil  divides  into  26  cloves 

Clove-bark  (klov'bark),  n.  Same  as  Culi- 
i:ui-iin  flank 

Clove -cassia  (klov-kash'i-a),  n.  The 
bark  of  a  large  Brazilian  tree,  known  as 
Vtcypflliuin  cari/ojiltijllaliiin,  which,  when 
ground,  is  used  for  mixing  with  other 
spices. 

Clove-cinnamon  (klov'sin-a-mon),  n.  See 
under  CINNAMON. 

Clove-gillyflower  (klov'jil-li.flou-er),  n. 
One  of  the  popular  names  of  Dianthut  Car- 
yophyllus,  given  especially  to  the  clove- 
scented,  double  -  flowered,  whole-coloured 
varieties. 

Clove -gllofre,t  Clowe -gilofre.t  n.    A 

clove. 

In  that  countree  growen  many  trees  that  beren 
c/«7«.f  !/«/>•«  and  notemuges.  Sir  John  Handrvillc. 

Clove-hitch  (klovliich),  n.    See  HITCH,  S. 
Clove-hook  (klovliok),  n.     Saut.  an  iron 
clasp  in  two  parts,  which  move  on  the  same 
pivot  and  overlap  one  another,  used  for 
bending  chain-sheets  to  the  clews  of  sails. 
Cloven  (klov'n),  pp.  of  cleave.     Divided; 
parted. — To  show  the  clooen  hoof,  to  exhibit 
designs  of  an  evil  or  diabolic  character,  the 
devil  being  supposed  to  have  cloven  hoofs 
Cloven-footed(kI6v'n-fut-ed),a.  Having  the 
foot  divided  into  parts ;  cloven-hoofed 
Cloven-hoofed  (klov'n-hoft),  a.   Having  the 
hoof  divided  into  two  parts,  as  the  ox' 
bisulcate. 

Clove-pink  (kloVpingk),  n.  A  pink  smelling 
of  cloves. 

Clover,  Clover -grass  (klo'ver,  klo'vdr- 
gras),  n.  [A.  Sax.  clctfre;  D.  klaver,  LG 
klever,  Dan.  Hover,  Sw.  klofcer;  perhaps 
from  root  of  cleave,  from  its  trifld  leaves.] 
A  plant  of  different  species  of  the  genus 
Trifolium,  nat.  order  Leguminosio.  The 
species  are  low  herbs,  chiefly  found  in  the 
temperate  regions  of  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere. There  are  about  150  species,  of 
which  eighteen  are  natives  of  Britain. 
Some  are  weeds,  but  many  species  are 
valued  as  food  for  cattle.  The  red  clover 
(T.  pratense)  is  generally  cultivated  for 
fodder  and  for  enriching  laud.  The  white 
clover  (T.  repens)  is  also  excellent  food  for 
cattle,  either  green  or  dry,  and  from  its 
flowers  the  bee  collects  no  small  portion  of 
its  stores  of  honey.  Alsike-clover  (which 
see)  is  now  in  high  repute,  and  Italian  or 
crimson  clover  (T.  incarnatum)  is  also  cul- 
tivated to  a  considerable  extent  in  Britain, 
yielding  a  heavy  crop.  The  name  clover  is 
often  applied  to  plants  cultivated  for  the 
same  purpose  and  belonging  to  the  same 
natural  order,  although  not  of  the  same 
genus,  as  medick  and  melilot.  —  To  be  or 
to  lice  in  clover,  to  be  in  most  enjoyable 
circumstances;  to  live  luxuriously  or  in 
abundance. 

Clovered  (klo'verd),  a.  Covered  with  clover. 
'  Flocks  thick-nibbling  through  the  clovered 
vale.'  Thomson. 

Clover-sick  (klo'ver-sik),  a.  A  term  applied 
to  land  in  bad  condition  from  being  too  long 
cropped  with  clover. 

Clover-weevil  (klo'ver-we-vil),  »i.  A  kind 
of  weevil,  genus  Apion,  different  species  of 
which  feed  on  the  seeds  of  the  clover,  as 
also  on  tares  and  other  leguminous  plants. 
A.  apricang,  especially,  is  frequently  very 
destructive  to  fields  of  red  clover,  laying  its 
eggs  among  the  flowers,  from  which  the 
grubs  eat  their  way  into  the  pods.  It  is  of 
a  bluish-black  colour,  and  little  more  than 
a  line  in  length. 

Clove -tree  (klov'tre),  n.  See  CLOVE  and 
CARYOPHVLLUS. 

Clowe-gilofre.t  n.  See  CLOVE-GILOFRE. 
Clown  (kloun),  n.  [Icel.  klunni,  a  clumsy, 
boorish  fellow ;  Fris.  klonne,  a  bumpkin  ; 
allied  to  Sw.  dial.  Itlunn,  Dan.  Hunt,  a 
log,  a  block.  A  notion  that  it  was  from 
L.  colonus,  O.  £.  colone,  a  husbandman,  has 
probably  attached  to  it  meaning  3.)  1.  A 
lout ;  a  boor ;  a  churl ;  a  man  of  coarse 
manners ;  a  person  without  refinement. 
•  This  loutish  clown.'  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

As  the  husband  is,  the  wife  is:  thou  art  mated  with  a 

clown, 
And  the  grossness  of  his  nature  will  have  weight  to 

drag  thee  down.  Tennyson, 

2.  A  jester,  merryman,  or  buffoon,  as  in  a 
theatre,  circus,  or  other  place  of  enter- 
tainment.    'The  roynish  down  at  whom 
your  grace  was  wont,  so  oft  to  laugh.'  Shak. 

3.  A  husbandman ;  a  peasant ;  a  rustic. 


The  ffauH,  the  child  of  nature  without  guile. 

Blest  with  an  ml.,iu\  ignorance  of  all 

But  his  own  simple  pleasure!,  i'awftr, 

Clown  (kloun),  v.i.  To  act  at  *  clown;  to 
play  the  clown 

lieshrew  me.  he  clmni it  properly  indeed.  S.  Jmien. 

Clownaget  (kloim'aj),  n.  The  manners 
of  a  clown.  'Pride  ami  stiff  duwiuwe.' 
/>.  JonKon. 

Clowneryt  (kloun'er-l),  ».  Ill-brccdinir- 
rustic  behaviour;  rudeness  uf  manners. 

The  fool's  conceit  had  both  cltnvtiery  and  ill-nature. 

Clownish  (kloun 'lih),  a.  1  Of  *  or  "per- 
taining to  clowns  or  rustics ;  rude  •  coarse  • 
awkward;  ungainly.  •  C'oiniuA  hands  : 
Spenser.  •  Cloumith  pleasures.'  Beau  ,t •  l-'l 
•A  doumish  fool.'  Shak.  —  2.  Abounditi- 
in  clowns.  'A  dovmith  neighbourhood' 
Dryden. 

Clownishly  (kloun'ish-li),  ado.  In  aclownlsh 
manner;  coarsely;  rudely. 

Clownishness  (kloun'ish -lies),  n.    The  state 
or  quality  of  being  clownish  ;   rustii H\ 
coarseness  or  rudeness  of  behaviour ;  Inci- 
vility; awkwardness.    Dryden;  Locke 

Cloy  (kloi),  v.t.  [From  an  O.Fr.  clover 
equivalent  to  cloufr,  doer,  originally  to 
fasten  with  a  nail.  O.  Fr.  do,  Fr.  clou,  from 
L.  claims,  a  nail.  Cotgrave  gives  encloyer  u 
an  obsolete  word  with  sense  to  stop  up,  to 
choke,  and  enclouer  in  senses  3  and  4  below  ] 
1. 1  To  stop  up ;  to  obstruct. 

The  duke's  purpose  was  to  have  cloyed  the  harbour 
by  sinking  ships  laden  with  stones.  Speed. 

2.  To  satiate ;  to  gratify  to  excess  so  as  to 
cause  loathing ;  to  surfeit. 

The  grave  is  sooner  cloyed  than  men's  desire.  Quarles. 
Who  can  cloy  the  hungry  edge  of  appetite 
By  bare  imagination  of  a  feast?  Shak. 

3.  t  To  spike ;  to  drive  a  spike  into  the  vent 
of ;   as,  to  cloy  a  gun.     Knolles.  —  4.  t  In 
farriery,  to  prick  a  horse  in  shoeing. 

He  never  shod  a  horse  but  he  cloyed  him.    Bacon. 

6.t  To  pierce;  to  gore.     'Which  with  his 
cruel  tusk  him  deadly  cloyed. '    Spenser. 
Cloy  (kloi),  v.t.    To  stroke  with  a  claw. 

His  r.iv.il  bird 

Prunes  the  immortal  wing,  and  cloys  his  beak 
As  when  his  god  is  pleased.  Ska*. 

Cloyless  (kloi'les),  a.  Not  causing  satiety. 
'  Cloyless  sauce. '  Shak. 

Cloyment  t  (kloi'ment),  n.  Surfeit ;  reple- 
tion beyond  the  demands  of  appetite.  '  Sur- 
feit, cloyment,  and  revolt.1  Shak. 

Club  (klub),  n.  [A  Scandinavian  word ;  Icel. 
klubba,  klumba,  Sw.  klubba,  Dan.  klub,  a 
club.  Clump  is  a  nasalized  form  of  this 
word.]  1.  A  stick  or  piece  of  wood,  with 
one  end  thicker  and  heavier  than  the  other, 
suitable  for  being  wielded  with  the  hand ; 
a  thick  heavy  stick  used  as  a  weapon;  a 
cudgel. — 2.  In  golf  and  shinty,  a  staff  with 
a  crooked  and  heavy  head  for  driving  the 
ball.  See  GOLF-CLUB,  1.-3.  [A  translation 
of  Sp.  basto,  a  club  or  cudgel,  battos,  the 
suit  of  clubs  in  a  pack  of  caids  ]  A  card 
of  the  suit  that  is  marked  with  trefoils  (Fr. 
trejles,  trefoils,  clubs  at  cards);  pi.  the  suit 
so  marked. — 4.  Around  solid  mass;  a  clump; 
a  knot.  '  The  hair  carried  into  a  club, 
according  to  the  fashion.'  Lord  Lytton.— 
5.  [Club  here  =  a  clump  or  knot  of  men.] 
A  collection  or  assembly  of  men ;  specifi- 
cally, a  select  number  of  persons  in  the 
habit  of  meeting  for  the  promotion  of  some 
common  object,  as  social  intercourse,  litera- 
ture, science,  politics,  &c.  Admission  to 
the  membership  of  clubs  is  commonly  by 
ballot —6.  A  club-house  (which  see). —7.  The 
united  expenses  of  a  company:  joint  charge; 
the  contribution  of  an  individual  to  a  joint 
charge. 

We  dined  at  a  French  house,  but  paid  ten  shillings 
for  our  part  of  the  club.  Pepys. 

Club  (klub),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  clubbed;  ppr. 
clubbing.  1.  To  combine  or  join  together, 
as  a  number  of  individuals,  for  a  common 
purpose ;  to  form  a  club ;  as.  they  resolved 
to  club  together  to  promote  his  election. — 
2.  Specifically,  to  contribute  to  a  common 
fund ;  to  combine  to  raise  money  for  a 
certain  purpose. 

We  were  resolved  to  club  for  a  coach.       Taller. 


The  owl,  the  raven,  and  the  hat 
Clubbed  for  a  feather  to  his  hat. 


S-wift. 


3.  To  be  united   in   producing  a  certain 
effect  ;  to  combine  into  a  whole. 

Till  grosser  atoms,  tumbling  in  the  stream 
Of  fancy,  madly  met,  and  clubbed  into  a  dream. 
Drjtm. 

4.  A'aut.  to  drift  down  a  current  with  an 
anchor  out. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      ),job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinp;      TH,  <Aen;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;    wh,  toAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CLUB 


496 


CLUTCH 


Club  (klub),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  clubbed;  ppr. 
clubbing.  1.  To  unite;  to  add  together.  'The 
two  brothers  who  clubbed  their  means  to 
buy  an  elephant.'  T.  Hook.— 2.  To  defray 
by  an  average  charge  against  each  indi- 
vidual liable;  as,  to  club  the  expense. 

Club  (klub),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  clubbed;  ppr. 
clubbing.  1.  To  be:it  with  a  club.  — 2.  To 
convert  into  a  club ;  to  use  as  a  club. 

Dektiiy  sprang  out  at  him  with  a  clubbed  musket. 
Lawrence. 

Clubbable  (klub'a-bl),  n.  Having  the  quali- 
ties that  make  a  man  fit  to  be  a  member  of 
a  club ;  social.  [This  word  seems  to  have 
been  invented  by  Dr.  Johnson.]  [Colloq.] 

John  Gibson  Lockhart  was  not  a  social  or  clubbable 
man.  Robt.  Carrutheri. 

Clubbed  (klubd),  a.  1.  Shaped  like  a  club. 
2.  Used  as  a  club ;  as,  a  clubbed  musket. 
See  the  verb. 

Clubber  (klub'er),  n.  One  who  clubs ;  also 
same  as  Clubbist. 

Clubbing  (klub'ing),  n.  A  diseased  condi- 
tion of  plants  of  the  Brassica  tribe  produced 
by  the  larvae  of  insects,  consisting  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  stem  becoming  swoln  and 
misshapen.  Plants  on  ground  exhausted  by 
over-cultivation  suffer  chiefly. 

Clubbisu  (klub'ish),  a.  1. 1  Rude;  clownish; 
rustic. 

Ten  kings  do  die  before  one  clubbith  clowne. 
Mir.  for  Mays. 

2.  Disposed  to  associate  together ;  club- 
bable. 

Clubbist  (klub'ist),  n.  One  who  belongs 
to  a  party,  club,  or  association ;  one  fond  of 
clubs. 

The  crowd  shouted  out,  with  rage,  at  sight  of  this 
latter  the  name  of  a  Jacobin  townsman  and  clubbi st; 
and  shook  itself  to  seize  him.  Carlyle. 

Club-fist  (klub'flst),  n.  A  large  heavy  fist; 
hence,  a  brutal  fellow.  Mir.  far  Mags. 

Club-fisted  (klub'flst-ed),  a.  Having  a  large 
flst. 

Club-foot  (klnu'fut),  n.  A  short,  distorted 
foot,  generally  of  congenital  origin. 

Club-footed  (klub'fut-ed),  a.  Having  a  club- 
foot  or  club-feet. 

Club -grass  (klub'gras),  n.  A  species  of 
grass  of  the  genus  Corynephorus ;  it  has  a 
jointed  beard,  the  last  articulation  of  which 
is  c7u&-shaped. 

Club-haul  (klublial),  v.t.  Xaut.  to  make 
to  tack  in  a  peculiar  manner.  See  extract. 

To  club-haul  a  ship  is  a  method  of  tacking  in  per- 
ilous situations,  by  letting  go  the  lee-anchor  as  soon 
as  the  wind  is  out  of  the  sails,  which  brings  her  head 
to  wind,  and  as  soon  as  she  pays  off  the  rable  is  cut 
and  the  sails  trimmed.  Admiral  Smyth. 

Club -headed  (klnblied-ed),  a.  Having  a 
thick  head.  '  Club-headed  antenmc.'  Der- 
haiti. 

Club-bouse  (klub'hous),  ?i.  A  house  occu- 
pied by  a  club  or  in  which  a  club  assembles. 
Club-houses  are  places  of  rendezvous  and 
entertainment,  always  open  to  those  who 
are  members  of  them.  To  the  original  cha- 
racter of  coffee-room  and  news-room  the 
modern  high-class  club-houses  or  clubs  add 
that  of  library  and  reading-room,  and  are 
furnished  with  card-,  billiard-,  smoking- 
rooms,  baths,  Ac.  The  cuisine  and  domes- 
tic departments  are  also  complete;  in  short, 
luxurious  refinement  reigns  throughout.and 
the  whole  is  upon  a  scale  that  may  be  called 
princely. 

Club-law  (klub'la),  n.  Government  by  clubs 
or  violence;  the  use  of  arms  or  force  in  place 
of  law;  anarchy. 

Clubman  (klub'man),  n.    One  who  carries 

.  a  club;  one  who  fights  with  a  club. 

Alcides.  surnam'd  Hercules, 
The  only  clitbmaH  of  his  time. 

Soliman  and  Perieda,  1509. 

Clubmaster  (klub'mas-ter),  n.  The  hired 
manager  of  or  purveyor  for  a  club. 

Club-moss  (klub'mos),7i.  The  common  name 
of  the  plants  of  the  order  Lycopodiaceee,  or 
more  particularly  of  the  genus  Lycopodium. 

Club-room  (klub'rom),  n.  The  apartment 
in  which  a  club  meets. 

Club-rush  (klub'rush),  n.    See  SCIRPUS. 

Club-shaped  (klub'shapt),  o.  In  bot.  and 
zool.  same  as  Clavate. 

Cluck  (kluk),  v.i.  [A.  Sax.  cloccan;  cog.  D. 
klokken,  Dan.  klukke,  from  an  imitative  root 
seen  also  in  L.  glocire,  to  cluck.  Comp. 
clack,  click,  &c.  ]  To  utter  the  call  or  cry  of 
a  brooding  hen. 

Cluck  (kluk),  v.t.  To  call  or  assemble  by 
clucking. 

Cluck  (kluk),  n.  1.  A  sound  uttered  by  a 
hen.— 2.  A  kind  of  articulation  employed 
by  the  natives  of  South  Africa,  especially 
by  the  Kaffirs  and  Hottentots,  when  talking, 


produced  by  pressing  the  tip  or  other  por- 
tion of  the  tongue  against  the  roof  of  the 
mouth  and  smartly  withdrawing  it.  There 
are  four  such  cluck*  or  clicks,  called  respec- 
tively cerebral,  palatal,  dental,  and  lateral. 

Clue,  Clew  (klu),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cliwe,  din-en, 
a  bull  of  thread ;  cog.  D.  kluwen,  a  clue,  L. 
globus,  glomus,  a  mass.]  1.  A  ball  of  thread. 
2.  The  thread  that  forms  a  ball.— 3.  From 
the  mythological  story  that  Theseus  was 
guided  by  a  clue  of  thread  through  the 
Cretan  labyrinth,  anything  that  guides  or 
directs  one  in  an  intricate  case.  '  Guided 
by  some  due  of  heavenly  thread.'  Roscom- 
mon. — 4.  A  lower  corner  of  a  square  sail  and 
the  aftmost  corner  of  a  fore-and-aft  sail. — 
Clues  of  a  hammock,  the  combination  of 
small  lines  by  which  it  is  suspended. — From 
clue  to  earing,  a  sea  phrase  implying  from 
the  bottom  to  the  top. 

Clue  (klu),  v.t.  1.  tiaut.  to  truss  up  to  the 
yard  by  means  of  clue-garnets  or  clue-lines. 
2.  To  direct,  as  by  a  clue  or  thread.  Beau. 


Clue-garnet  (klu'gar-net),  n.  Naut.  a  sort 
of  tackle  or  rope  and  pulley,  fastened  to 
the  clues  of  the  main  and  fore  sails  to  truss 
them  up  to  the  yard. 

Clue-line  (klu'lin),  n.  The  same  tackle  and 
used  for  the  like  purpose  as  clue-garnets, 
but  applied  to  the  smaller  square  sails. 

Clum  i  (klum).  [A.  Sax.  clumian,  to  mur- 
mur.] A  sound  formerly  made  by  a  con- 
gregation when  accompanying  prayers  they 
could  not  perfectly  understand. 

Now,  Pater  iioster,  clum,  said  Nicolay, 
And  clum,  quod  John,  and  clum,  said  Alison. 
Chaucer. 

Clump  (klump),  n.  [D.  klomp,  a  lump,  a 
clog;  Dan.  klump,  a  clump,  a  lump,  klumpe, 
to  clot;  Sw.  klump,  a  lump,  klumpig,  clumsy; 
G.  Hump,  a  lump,  a  clod;  from  a  root  seen 
in  M.  H.  G.  klimpfen,  to  press  together, 
whence  also  clamp,  clumsy,  club,  Ac.  ]  1.  A 
thick,  short  piece  of  wood  or  other  solid 
substance;  a  shapeless  mass.— 2.  A  cluster 
of  trees  or  shrubs.  '  Screened  with  clumps 
of  green  for  wintry  bowers.'  Sir  W.  Scott.— 
3.  The  compressed  clay  of  coal  strata.  Brande 
JcCox. 

Clump-boot  (klump'bot),  ».  A  heavy  boot 
for  rough  wear,  as  for  sportsmen,  navvies, 
&<•.. 

dumper  t  (klump'er),  v.t.  To  form  into 
clumps  or  masses.  '  Vapours  dumpered  in 
halls  of  cloud.'  Dr.  U.  Mare. 

Clumps  t  (klumps),  n.  A  stupid  fellow;  a 
numskull.  Bailey. 

Clumpse  t  (klumps),  n.  1.  Awkward.  Cot- 
yrave.—2.  Idle;  lazy.  Ray. 

Clumpy  i  khmj|i'i  j.  a.  Consisting  of  clumps; 
massive;  shapeless. 

Clumsily  ikliim'/i-li).  ailr.  In  a  clumsy 
manner ;  awkwardly ;  in  an  unhandy  man- 
ner; without  readiness,  dexterity,  or  grace. 

Clumsiness  (klum'zi-nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  clumsy;  awkwardness;  unhandi- 
ness; ungainliness;  want  of  readiness,  nim- 
bleness,  or  dexterity. 

Clumsy  (klum'zi),  a.  ( Equivalent  to  the  old 
pps.  clumsed,clomsed,  benumbed  with  cold, 
from  obsolete  clumsen,  clomsen,  to  benumb 
or  stupefy,  whence  also  obs.  clumpse,  lazy, 
awkward;  allied  to  Sw.  dial,  klummsen, 
benumbed,  Icel.  klumsa,  lockjaw,  D.  kleu- 
men,  to  be  benumbed  with  cold ;  the  root 
being  the  same  as  in  clamp,  clump,  .Vr.j 
l.t  Stiffened  with  cold;  benumbed. 

The  Carthaginians  .  .  .  returned  into  the  camp  so 
clumsy  and  frozen  as  scarcely  they  felt  the  joy  of 
their  victory.  Holland. 

2.  Awkward;  ungainly;  unhandy;  without 
readiness,  dexterity,  or  grace ;  as.  a  clumsy 
workman;  a  clumsy  performer  of  tricks.— 

3.  Showing  awkwardness;  ill-contrived  or 
ill-managed;  as,  clumsy  exercises.— 4.  Ill- 
made;  badly  constructed;  as,  a  clumsy  gar- 
ment; clumsy  verse. 

You  will  not  have  far  to  go.  seeing  that  He  is  now 
even  among  us  hearing  my  clumsy  words 

Kinssley. 

—Clumsy  tea.  a.  tea  with  something  substan- 
tial to  eat  with  it.  ilacmillan's  Mag.— Awk- 
ward, Clumsy,  Uncouth.  See  under  AWK- 
WARD. 

Clunch  (klunsh),  n.  [Probably  from  the 
sound  in  breaking  through  it.]  1.  An  Eng- 
lish provincial  term  for  any  tough,  coarse 
clay:  specifically  applied  to  certain  clays  of 
the  coal-measures,  and  also  to  the  hard 
clayey  beds  of  the  gault  or  chalk-marl.  Page. 
2.  A  kind  of  limestone  of  a  close  grain  some- 
what like  that  of  Caen-stone,  and  of  the 
colour  of  skim-milk. 


Clung  (klumt),  pret.  A  pp.uf  d/m/ (which  see). 
Cluugt  (klung),  v.i.  [SeeCLiKQ.]  1.  To  cling. 
•  Heavy  dunning  mists.'  Mare.   -2.  To  shrink; 
to  waste,     llalliwell. 

Clung   (klung),  a.     Emaciated;  wasted  to 

leanness ;  shrunk,  as  with  cold,     llalliii-cll. 

Cluniac  (klo'ni-ak),  n.     One  of  a  reformed 

order  of  Benedictine  monks,  so  called  fnun 

Ctuity  in  France. 

Cluniac  (klo'ni-ak),  a.     Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  Benedictine  monks  of  Cluny. 
Clunk  (klungk),  n.     [Imitative.]    A  sound 
such  as  is  made  when  a  cork  is  quickly 
pulled  out  of  the  neck  of  a  bottle ;  the 
gurgling  sound  made  by  liquor  in  or  when 
poured  from  a  vessel.    [Scotch.] 
Clunk  (klungk).  v.i.    To  emit  the  sound  ex- 
pressed by  the  imitative  noun  clunk  (which 
see).     [Scotch.  ] 

Clupea(klu'pe-a),  n.  [See  below.]  Thet>],<- 
genus  of  the  family  Cl  upeida:,  including  the 
herring,  &c. 

Clupeidae  (klu-pe'i-de),  n.  pi.  [L.  clupea.  a 
small  flsh,  supposed  to  be  the  lamprey,  and 
Gr.  eidos,  likeness.]  The  herring  family,  a 
family  of  teleostean  fishes,  section  Abdom- 
inales,  placed  by  C'uvier  between  the  s;il- 
monida;  (salmon)  and  Gadidrc  (cod),  and 
differing  from  the  former  chiefly  in  the 
want  of  an  adipose  fin.  It  includes  the  her- 
ring, sprat,  white-bait,  pilchard,  &c. 
Clusia  (klu'si-a),  n.  [After  C.  de  VEchise 
orClusius.  a  French  botanist.]  A  tropical 
American  genus  of  shrubs  or  trees,  nat.  order 
Guttiferse.  Many  of  the  species  are  para- 
sites, and  all  secrete  more  or  less  of  a  milk- 
like  resinous  juice.  C.  rosea  yields  a  resin 
used  in  veterinary  medicine,  as  also  a  sub- 
stitute for  pitch  on  boats.  C.  insignia  is  the 
wax-flower  of  Demerara. 
Clusiacese  (klu-si-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  Same  as 
Gutttferce. 

Cluster  (klus'ter),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cluster,  a  clus- 
ter or  bunch ;  same  origin  as  Sw.  and  Dan. 
klase,  Icel.  klasi,  a  cluster  or  bunch.  ]  1.  A 
number  of  things,  as  fruits,  growing  natu- 
rally together;  a  bunch;  as,  a  clutter  of 
berries.  'Great  clusters  of  ripe  grapes.' 
Spenser.—  2.  A  number  of  individuals  of  any 
kind  collected  or  gathered  into  a  close 
body;  an  assemblage;  a  group;  a  collection; 
a  swarm ;  a  crowd ;  as,  a  cluster  of  islands. 
'  Hen  and  women  in  dark  clusters.'  Tenny- 
son. 

Cluster  (klus'ter),  v.i.  To  grow  or  be  as- 
sembled in  clusters  or  groups.  'Clustering 
grapes.'  Dry  den.  '  Clustering  army.'  Spen- 
ser. 

There  at  her  feet  lay  the  city  in  its  beauty,  the 
towers  and  spires  springing  from  auiidst  the  cluster- 
ing masses  of  the  college  elms.  Frouae. 

Cluster  (klus'ter),  v.  t.  To  collect  into  a 
cluster  or  group;  to  produce  in  a  cluster  or 
clusters. 

Not  less  the  bee  would  range  her  cells. 

The  furzy  phckle  fire  the  dells, 

The  foxglove  cluster  dappled  belts.     Tennyson. 

Clustered  Column,  n.  In  arch,  a  pier  which 
appears  to  consist  of 
several  columns  or  shafts 
clustered  together;  they 
are  sometimes  attached 
to  each  other  throughout 
their  whole  height,  and 
sometimes  only  at  the 
capital  and  base. 

Cluster-grape  (klus'ter- 
grap),  n.  A  small  black 
grape.  Mortimer. 

Clusteringly  (klus'ter- 
ing-li),  "'I <•.  In  clusters. 

Clustery  (klus'ter-i),  a. 
Exhibiting  clusters;  grow- 
ing in  clusters.  Bailey ; 
Johnson. 

Clutch  (kluch),t?.«.  [O.E. 
clucche,  cloche,  from 
cloche,  a  claw,  a  softened 
form  of  older  clnke,n  claw, 
Sc.  cluik,  cleuk,  duke,  a 
claw;aliiedtoc(aw.]  l.Tn 
seize,  clasp,  or  grip  with 
tin'  hand ;  as,  to  clutch  a 
dagger.  'They  foot  and 
clutch  their  prey.'  (/. 
Herbert.  Fig. 

A  man  may  set  the  poles 
together  in  his  head, and  clutch 
the  whole  globe  at  one  intel- 
lectual grasp.  Jeremy  Collier. 

Winchester Cathedral.  2.    To    close    tightly ;    to 

clench.   '  Not  that  I  have 
the  power  to  clutch  my  hand.'    Shak. 
Clutch  (kluch),  n.    1.  A  griping  or  pinching 
with  the  fingers;  seizure;  grasp;  as,  to  make 


Clustered  Column, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


CLUTTER 


4!>7 


COAGMKNT 


a  dutch  at  a  thins.-  'i  In  wncA.  (a)  a  con- 
trivance for  connecting  shafts  with  each 
other  nr  with  wheels,  so  as  that  they  may 
In-  disengaged  at  pleasure.  See  BAYONET- 
CLUTCH  and  FBIOTIOH- CLUTCH.  (")  The 
crossheacl  of  a  piston-rod.  —  3.  The  paw  or 
talon  of  a  rapacious  animal. 

It  was  ilie  hard  fortune  of  a  cock  to  fall  into  the 
clutches  "f  .1  cat.  Sir  K.  L'hstra'ige. 

4.  The  hand:  often  in  plural  and  in  figura- 
tive sense  of  power  or  absolute  disposal ; 
as,  to  fall  into  the  dutches  of  an  enemy. 

I  must  have  .  .  .  little  care  of  myself  if  I  ever 
more  come  near  the  clutches  of  such  a  giant. 

Stillingfleet. 

Clutter  (klut'ter),  n.  [In  first  meaning  from 
root  of  clot,  clod,  cloud.  In  meaning  2  a 
modification  of  clatter.]  1.  A  heap  or  as- 
semblage of  things  lying  in  confusion ;  con- 
fusion; litter. 

He  saw  what  a  flutter  there  was  with  huge  pots, 
pans,  and  spits.  Sir  R.  L'Earaugt. 

2.  Confused  noise;  bustle;  clamour;  as,  the 
room  is  in  a  clutter. 

Prithee,  Tim.  why  all  this  clutter  I 

Why  ever  in  these  raging  fits?  Swift 

Clutter  (klut'ter),  v.t.  To  crowd  together 
in  disorder;  to  fill  with  things  in  confusion; 
as,  to  clutter  a  room;  to  clutter  the  house. 

If  I  have  not  spoken  of  your  Majesty  encomiast!, 
cally,  your  Majesty  will  be  pleased  to  ascribe  it  to 
the  law  of  a  history,  which  flutters  not  praises  to- 
gether upon  the  first  mention  of  a  name,  but  rather 
disperses  them,  and  weaves  them,  throughout  the 
wh.ilc  narration.  Bacon. 

Clutter  (klut'ter),  v.  i.  To  make  a  bustle  or 
disturbance.  [Colloq.  ]  Tennyson. 

Cluttert  (klut'ter),  v.t.     [Modification  of 
cluter,  clatter,  from  clot.]  To  clot;  to  coagu- 
late. 
It  kilieth  them  by  cluttering  their  blood.    Holland. 

Clymenla  (kli-me'ni-a),  11.  [From  Clymene, 
the  name  of  a  nymph  in  classical  mythol- 
ogy. ]  A  genus  of  extinct  cephalopodous 
molluscs  or  cuttle-fishes  of  the  family  Nau- 
tilidce,  the  fossil  shells  of  which  occur  ex- 
tensively in  the  Devonian  rocks  of  Germany 
iClymenienkalk'). 

Clypeaster  (klip-e-as'ter),  n.  [L.  clypeus,  a 
shield,  and  Gr.  aster,  a  star.  ]  A  genus  of  the 
echiimid  family  Clypeaaterld&e. 
Clypeasterldae,  Clypeastridse  (klip'e-as- 
terj-de,  klip-e-as'tri-de),  n.  pi.  [From  the 
typical  genus  Clypeaster.  ]  A  sub-family  of 
sea-urchins,  family  Kchinoidea,  of  an  oblong 
or  rounded  form,  having  the  mouth  and  vent 
both  on  the  under  side,  the  mouth  being  in 
the  centre  of  the  body  and  toothed. 
Clypeate  (klip'e-at),  a.  [L.  clypeus,  a  shield.  ] 
Shaped  like  a  round  buckler;  shield-shaped; 
scutate. 

Clypeiform  (klip'e-i-form),  a.  [L.  clypetis, 
a  shield,  smA  forma,  shape.]  Shield-shaped: 
a  term  applied  to  the  large  prothorax  in 
beetles. 

Clypeus  (klip'e-us),  n.  [L.  clypeus,  a  buck- 
ler] In  entom.  that  part  of  an  insect's  head 
which  lies  in  front  of  the  frons  or  forehead, 
therefore  in  front  of  the  eyes,  and  behind 
tile  labrum.  Kirby  called  it  Nasus. 
Clysmlan  (kliz'mi-an),  a.  [See  CLYSMIC.] 
Relating  to  the  deluge,  or  to  any  cataclysm; 
as,  clysmian  changes.  [Rare.] 
Clysniic  (kliz'mik),  a.  [Gr.  kli/sma,  a  liquid 
used  for  washing  out,  a  drench.]  Washing; 
cleansing.  Craig.  [Rare.] 
Clyster  (klis'ter),  n.  [Gr.  klyster,  from 
klyzo,  to  wash  or  cleanse;  L.  clyster.}  In 
med.  an  injection;  a  liquid  substance  in- 
jected into  the  lower  intestines  for  the  pur- 
pose of  promoting  alvine  discharges,  reliev- 
ing from  costivenesa,  and  cleansing  the 
bowels ;  au  enema 

Clysterize  (klis'ter-Iz),  v.  t.  To  apply  a 
clyster  to. 

Clyster-pipe  (klis'ter-pip),  n.    A  tube  or 
pipe  used  for  clysters. 
Clyves,  an  old  plural  of  cli/e  or  dyffe. 
Cnlcln,  Cnicine  (kni'sin),  n.    [L.  enicux,  a 
plant  of  the  thistle  kind.]    A  crystalline 
matter  found  in  Cnicus  benedictns  and  vari- 
ous other  plants.     It  is  neutral  ami  bitter, 
and  very  similar  to  columbine.     It  is  com- 
posed of  carbon,  hydrogen  and  oxygen. 
Cnicus  (kni'kus),  n.     A  genus  of  thistle-like 
composites,  with  hard-spined    involucres. 
The  best  known  species  is  C.  benedictus,  a 
native  of  the  Levant  and  Persia,  formerly 
usi'd  in  medicine  as  a  tonic  or  diaphoretic. 
Cnidse  (kni'de),  »i.  pi.     The  urticating  cells 
or  'thread-cells'  whereby  many  ccelenterate 
animals  obtain  their  power  of  stinging,    if. 
.1 .  \ti'ltolKon. 
Co-,   Col-,  Com-,   Con-,  Cor-.     A  Latin 


prefix,  used  almost  exclusively  in  words  of  ' 
Latin  origin,  a  modification  of  cum,  with,  i 
and  signifying  with,  together,  jointly,  mu- 
tually, at  the  same  time,  union  of  parts,  and 
the  like;  its  form  varying  with  the  letter  or  ! 
sound  that  follows.    See  CON. 

Coacervate  (ko-a-ser'vat),  v.t.  [L.  eoaceno 
—prefix  co,  and  uccrvi,  to  heap  up.  from 
acernin,  a  heap.]  To  heap  up;  to  pile. 
Huwell.  [Rare.] 

Coacervate  ( ko-a-ser'vat ),  a.  [L.  coacer- 
vatus.]  Heaped;  raised  into  a  pile;  col- 
lected into  a  crowd.  Bacon.  [Rare.] 

Coacervatlpn  ( ko-as'er-va"shon ),  n.  The 
act  of  heaping,  or  state  of  being  heaped  to- 
gether. Bacon.  [Rare.] 

Coach  (koch),  n.  [Fr.  cache,  from  Hung. 
kocisi  (pron.  ko-chi),  from  Kocs,  the  name 
of  a  place  in  Hungary,  the  name  and 
invention  having  come  to  France  from  Hun- 
gary; G.  kutsche.]  1.  A  vehicle  drawn  by 
horses,  and  designed  for  the  conveyance 
of  passengers;  more  particularly  a  four- 
wheeled  close  vehicle  of  considerable  size. 

2.  An  old  name  of  an  apartment  in  a  large 
ship  of  war,  near  the  stem  and  beneath 
the  poop-deck,  usually  occupied  by  the  cap- 
tain. 

The  commanders  came  on  board  and  the  council 
sat  in  the  coach.  Pepys. 

3.  A  private  tutor,  generally  employed  to 
cram  a  person  for  a  specific  examination. 
'  A  coach  or  crammer  from  the  Circumlocu- 
tion Office.'    Dickens.     [Slang  or  colloq.  ] 

Coach  (koch),  v.t.  1.  To  carry  in  a  coach.— 
2.  To  prepare  for  an  examination  by  private 
instruction.  'Sometimes  coaching  a  stray 
gentleman's  son  at  Carlsruhe  or  Kissingen.' 
Thackeray.  [Slang  or  colloq.] 

Coach  (koch),  11.  i.  To  ride  or  travel  in  a 
coach. 

Coach-box  (koch'boks), ».  The  seat  on 
which  the  driver  of  a  coach  sits. 

Coach -curlier  (koch'ku-ri-Sr),  n.  The 
tradesman  who  supplies  and  makes  the 
leather  parts  of  coaches. 

Cpach-dog  (koch'dog),  n.  A  dog  of  Dalma- 
tian breecl,  of  handsome  form,  and  generally 
white  spotted  with  black,  kept  as  an  atten- 
dant upon  carriages. 

Coachee  (koch'e),  n.  A  coach-driver.  [Slang.  ] 

They  are  out  again  and  up :    cottchee  the  last, 
gathering  the  reins  into  his  hands.  Trollope. 

Coach -fellow  (koch'fel-lo),  n.  1.  A  horse 
which  draws  a  coach  along  with  another;  a 
yoke-fellow. — 2.t  One  intimately  connected 
with  another;  a  close  companion. 

I  have  grated  upon  my  good  friends  for  three  re- 
prieves, for  you  and  your  coach-fellow  Nym.    Shak. 

Coach -founder  (koch'found-er),  n.  One 
who  makes  the  framework  or  ironwork  of 
carriages. 

Coachful  (koch'ful),  71.  As  many  in  a  coach 
as  it  will  hold. 

Coach-Joiner  (koch'join-er).  n.  A  workman 
who  does  the  joiner-work  of  carriages. 

Coachman  (koch'man),  n.  The  person  who 
drives  a  coach. 

Coachmanship  ( koch'man-ship ),  n.  Skill 
in  driving  coaches. 

Coach-master  (koch'mas-ter),  n.  One  who 
owns  or  lets  carriages. 

Coach-Office  (koch'of-fls),  n.  A  booking- 
office  for  stage-coach  passengers  and  parcels. 

Coach  -  stand  ( koch'stand ),  n.  A  place 
where  coaches  stand  for  hire. 

Coach-trimmer  (koch'trim-cr),  n.  A  work- 
man who  prepares  and  finishes  the  lace, 
linings,  and  other  trimmings  for  carriage- 
builders. 

Coactt  (ko-akf),  v.t.  [L.  coacto,  a  freq.  from 
cogo,  coactum— prefix  co,  and  ago,  to  lead  or 
drive.]  To  compel;  to  force.  'The  inhabi- 
tants were  coacted  to  render  the  city.'  Sir 
M.  Hale. 

Coact  (ko-akf),  t>.  i  [Prefix  co,  and  act.] 
To  act  together.  '  If  I  tell  you  how  these 
two  did  caact.'  Shak. 

Coactlont  (ko-ak'shon),  n.  [L.  coactio.] 
Force ;  compulsion  either  in  restraining  or 
impelling. 

All  outward  coaction  is  contrary  to  the  nature  of 
liberty.  Up.  Buraet. 

Coactlve  (k5-ak'tiv),  a.  1.  [From  coact,  to 
I  force.]  Forcing;  compulsory;  having  the 
I  power  to  impel  or  restrain. 

The  clergy  have  no  coacti-ve  power,  even  over 
I     heretics.  Miltnan. 

'  2.  [From  coact,  to  act  together.]  Acting  in 
concurrence. 

With  what's  unreal  thou  coacti-ve  art.      Shak. 

Coactlvely  (ko-ak'tiv-li),  ado.  In  a  coactive 

'    manner. 


Coactivity  (ko-ak-tiv'i-ti),  n.  Tnitv  ,.f 
action  /<,-  /;  V,  , 

Co-adaptation(k6-ad'ap.ta"»lii.M),  n    |  !•>,•- 
fix  co,  and  tiitiif/tdtiim.}    "Mutual  or  i- 
mcal  adaptation.     " 

CO-adapted  Iku-a  daptVdj,  «.      Mutually  or 

reciprocal!)!  adapted;  as,  co-adapted  pulp 

and  tooth.     Oi'-'-n. 

Coadjacence  (ko -ad-ja'scns),  n.  [  lYi-flx  co, 
and  adjaceiux.]  Adjacencc  or  nearness  of 
several  tliinK>  I.,  .  ;i,  h  other;  state  of  being 
coadjaceiit.  [Rare.] 

The  result  of  his  lAmtotlc's)  examination  is  that 
there  are  four  modes  of  association,  namely,  hy  prox- 
imity in  lime,  l.y  simil.uity.  by  uiiiu.ist.  liy  loaitja- 
cence  in  space;  or  three,  if  prcxumty  in  lime  and 
co*iitjiicence  in  space  be  taken  under  one  head. 

Coadjacent  (ko-ad-ja'scnt),  a.     [Fnfli 
and  adjacent.]     Mutually  adjacent ;   n,  ar 
each  other;  as,  the  islands  are  • 

Coadjument  (ko-ad-ju'ment),  n.  [  Prefix  co, 
and  adjutnent.}  M utual  assistance.  Juhn- 
tton.  (Rare.] 

Coadjustment  (ko-ad-just'ment),  n.  [Pre- 
fix en,  and  adjustment.}  Mutual  or  reci- 
procal adjustment. 

Coadjutant  (koad-ju'tant),  a.  [L.  co,  and 
adjutant,  helping.]  Helping;  mutually  as- 
sisting or  operating.  J.l'hilips.  [Rare.] 

Coadjutingt  (ko -ad-jiiting),  p.  and  a.  Mu- 
tually or  reciprocally  assisting;  mutually 
helping;  co-operating.  Drayton. 

Coadjutive  (ko -ad-ju'tlv),  a.  Mutually  as- 
sisting; coadjutant.  'A  cotidjutice  cause.' 
Feltham.  [Rare.] 

Coadjutor  (ko-ad-jut'er),  n.  (L  coadjutor, 
from  prefix  co,  and  adjutor,  a  helper,  from 
adjuto,  to  help.]  1.  One  who  aids  another; 
an  assistant ;  a  fellow-helper ;  an  associate 
in  operation.  '  Craf tily  outwitting  her  per- 
jured coadjutor,'  Sheridan.  —  2.  One  who 
is  empowered  or  appointed  to  perform  the 
duties  of  another.  Johnson.  Specific!.!!)' — 
3.  'flu  assistant  of  a  bishop  or  other  prelate. 
— Coadjutor,  Suffragan.  Both  of  these  are 
assistants  to  bishops,  but  the  coadjutor  is 
appointed  as  assistant  and  successor  to  an 
old  and  infirm  bishop,  to  relieve  him  from 
work;  the  suffragan  is  assistant  to  a  bishop 
whose  see  is  too  large,  and  has  charge  of  a 
specific  portion  of  it,  the  bishop-principal 
remaining  in  charge  of  the  central  portion. 
sv  v  Assistant,  helper,  ally,  associate,  fel- 
low-worker, partner,  colleague. 

Coadjutorshlp(ko-ad-jut'er-ship),  n.  As- 
sistance. Pope. 

Coadjutress,  Coadjutrlx  ( ko-ad-Ju'tres. 
ko-au-ju'triks),  n.  A  female  assistant  or 
fellow-helper.  'The  ministers  and  coadju- 
tresses  of  justice.'  Holland.  'Bolingbroke 
and  his  coadjutrix.'  Smollett. 

Coadjuvancy  (ko-ad-ju'van-si),  n.  [L.  co, 
and  adjuto,  to  assist.]  Assistance;  co-ope- 
ration. Sir  T.  Browne.  [Rare.] 

Coadjuvant  (ko-ad-ju'vant),  n.  In  med.  an 
ingredient  in  a  prescription  designed  to  aid 
some  other  ingredient. 

Coadunate  (ko-ad'u-nat),  a.  [L.  coadunatus 
— prefix  co,  with,  ad,  to,  and  unim,  one.] 
United  or  joined  together:  especially  used 
in  bot,  and  applied  to  leaves,  coadunate 
leaves  being  several  leaves  united  at  the 
base.  The  word  is  also  applied  to  one  of 
the  natural  orders  of  plants  (Coadunata?) 
proposed  by  Linnaeus,  including  the  genera 
Anona,  Magnolia,  «tc. 

Coadunation,  Coadunitlon  ( ko-ad'u-na"- 
shon,  ko-ad'u-nt"shon).  n.  [See  above.] 
The  union  of  different  substances  in  one 
mass.  (Rare.] 

They  are  sons  of  a  church,  where  there  is  no  co- 
aditnatiort,  no  authority,  no  yovernour. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

Coadventure  (ko-ad-ven'tur),  n.  [Prefx 
co,  and  adventure.  ]  An  adventure  ill  which 
two  or  more  are  sharers. 

Coadventurer  (ko-ad-ven'tur-er),  n.  A  fel- 
low adventurer. 

Coafforest  (ko-af-for'est),  v.t.  [Prefix  co, 
and  aforest  ]  To  convert  into  a  forest,  or 
add  to  a  forest. 

Henry  Fitz-Empresse  .  .  .  did  coaffarett  much 
land,  which  continued  all  his  reign,  though  much 
complained  of.  Hvwetl. 

Coagency  (ko-a'jen-si),  n.  [Prefix  co,  and 
ai/ency  ]  Joint  agency.  Colerulge. 

Coagent  (ko-a'jent),  n.  [Prefix  co,  and 
agent.}  Au  assistant  or  associate  in  an  act. 

Coagitate  (ko-aj'it-iit),  n.  t.  [Prefix  co,  and 
agitate.]  To  move  or  agitate  together. 
Blount. 

Coagmentt  (ko-ag'ment),  v.t.  [L  coagmmto, 
to  join  or  cement— prefix  co,  and  ayinen,  a 
compact  body,  from  ago,  to  drive.  ]  To  con- 
gregate or  heap  together.  Glanville. 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go; 
VOL.  I. 


J,  ;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin//;      TH,  then;  th,  ( 


w  irig;    wh,  icAig;    ;h,  azure —See  KEY. 
32 


COAGMENTATION 


498 


COAL-SLACK 


Coagrnentation  t  ( ko-ag'men-ta"shon ),  n. 
Collection  into  a  mass  or  united  body;  union; 
conjunction.  ' Cuagmentation  of  words.' 
B.  Jonson. 

Coagulability  (ko-ag'u-la-liiri-ti),  ".  The 
rapacity  of  being  coagulated. 

Coagulable  (ko-ag'u-la-bl),  a.  [See  COAGU- 
LATE.] Capable  of  becoming  coagulated  ; 
capable  of  congealing  or  changing  from  a 
liquid  to  an  inspissated  state;  as,  coagulable 
lymph. 

Coagulant  (ko-ag'u-lant),  n.  That  which 
produces  coagulation. 

Coagulat,  t  Coagulatet  (ko-ag'u-lat,  ko-ag'- 
u-lat), p.  and  a.  Coagulated;  curdled. 
'  O'ersized  with  coagulate  gore. '  SAat. 

Coagulate  (ko-ag'u-lat),  v.t.  pret.  &pp.  co- 
agulated; ppr.  coagulating.  [L.  coagulo, 
coagulatum,  from  coagulum,  rennet,  from 
con,  together,  and  ago,  to  bring,  drive,  &c.J 

1.  To  curdle ;  to  congeal ;  to  change  from  a 
fluid  into  a  curd-like  or  inspissated  solid 
mass;  as,  to  coagulate  blood;  rennet  coagu- 
lates milk.— 2.  t  To  crystallize. 

Coagulate  (ko-ag'u-lat),  v.i.  1.  To  curdle 
or  congeal. 

Spirit  of  wine  commixed  with  milk,  a  third  part 
spirit  of  wine,  and  two  parts  milk,  coagulaMti  little, 
but  mingleth.  Bacon. 

2.  t  To  become  crystallized. 
Coagulation  (ko-ag'u-la"shon),  n.    1.  The 

act  of  changing  from  a  fluid  to  a  thickened 
curd-like  state,  well  exemplified  by  the 
'clotting' of  blood;  the  state  of  being  co- 
agulated. —  2.  t  The  change  from  a  fluid  to 
any  solid  state,  as  to  a  crystalline  state.  — 

3.  The  body  or  substance  formed  by  coagu- 
lation. 

Coagulatlve  (ko-ag'u-la-tiv),  a.  Having  the 
power  to  cause  coagulation.  '  Coagulative 
power.'  Boyle. 

Coagulator  (ko-ag'u-la-ter),  n.  That  which 
causes  coagulation. 

Coagulatory  (ko-ag'u-la-to-ri),  a.  Tending 
to  coagulate. 

Coagulum  (ko-ag'u-lum),  n.  [See  COAGU- 
LATE.] 1.  A  coagulated  mass,  as  curd,  &c.; 
specifically,  in  med.  a  blood-clot.  —  2.  A 
substance  that  causes  coagulation,  as  ren- 
net ;  a  coagulant.  Crabb. 

Co-aid  (ko'ad),  n.  A  fellow-helper;  conjunc- 

,  tive  assistance.    Pope. 

Coalta  (ko-i'ta),  n.  [Native  name  ]  A  South 
American  monkey  (Ateles  paniscui),  about 
18  inches  in  length.  See  ATELES.  Spelled 
also  Coaiti  and  Quata. 

Coak  (kok),  n.  [Written  also  Cog,  Cogg,  and 
probably  same  as  coa  in  eo<7-wheel.  ]  1.  In 
ship-carp,  a  small  cylinder  of  hard-wood  let 
into  the  ends  of  pieces  of  wood  intended  to 
be  joined,  by  which  means  the  joining  is 
rendered  more  secure. — 2.  Naut.  the  metal 
hole  in  a  sheave  through  which  the  pin  runs. 

Coak  (kok),  v.t.  In  ship-carp,  to  unite  to- 
gether, as  two  pieces  of  wood  in  the  centre, 
by  means  of  coaks  or  hardwood  pins. 

Coak  (kok),  ».    Same  as  Coke. 

Coal  (kol),  n.  [A.  Sax.  col;  cog.  D.  kool,  Dun. 
kul,  Icel.  and  Sw.  kol,  G.  kohle;  root  mean- 
ing not  known.  ]  1.  A  piece  of  wood  or  other 
combustible  substance  ignited,  burning,  or 
charred;  charcoal;  a  cinder.  'Could  burn 
us  all  into  one  coal.'  Shak.  'Aswhencheese 
is  made  of  curds,  or  coals  of  wood.'  Bacon. 
2.  A  solid,  opaque,  inflammable  substance 
found  in  the  earth,  largely  employed  as  fuel, 
and  formed  from  vast  masses  of  vegetable 
matter  deposited  through  the  luxurious 
growth  of  plants  in  former  epochs  of  the 
earth's  history.  It  is  generally  divided  into 
three  chief  kinds— anthracite  or  glance-coal, 
black  or  bituminous  coal,  and  brown-coal 
or  lignite;  under  which  divisions  are  in- 
cluded many  varieties.  The  kind  most  com- 
mon in  this  country  is  known  as  slate-coal, 
under  which  name  again  are  included  such 
varieties  as  caking-coal,  cherry-coal,  soft 
coal,  hard  coal  or  splint-coal.  Cannel-coal 
or  gas-coal  is  also  a  common  variety.  The 
several  varieties  of  coal  vary  in  their  com-  ! 
position,  hence  the  term  does  not  admit  of  • 
precise  scientific  definition,  but  they  gene-  j 
rally  agree  in  containing  a  much  larger  pro- 
portion  of  carbon  than  of  the  other  elements,  • 
\vhich  are  chiefly  oxygen  and  hydrogen,  and 
frequently  a  small  portion  of  nitrogen.  Coal  | 
is  the  most  valuable  of  all  the  minerals  from 
which  Britain  derives  her  prosperity,  and 
may  be  regarded  as  the  main  support  of  the 
whole  system  of  her  industrial  production. 
It  fuses  the  metals,  produces  the  steam 
which  sets  the  machinery  in  motion,  and, 
in  short,  may  be  said  to  render  all  the  re- 
sources of  this  country  available  for  use.— 


To  call  or  haul  over  the  coals,  to  call  to  a 
strict  or  severe  account;  to  reprimand. — 
To  carry  coals,  to  submit  to  insult.  Shak. 
See  under  CARRY.  — To  carry  coals  to  Xew- 
castie,  to  perform  unnecessary  labour. — To 
blow  a  coal,  to  kindle  strife. 

It  is  you 

Have  blown  this  coal  betwixt  my  lord  and  me. 
Shak. 

— Coal  of  fire,  a  live  or  burning  coal.    '  Hail 
stones  and  coals  of  fire. '    Vs.  xviii.  12. 
Coal  (kol).  v.t.    1.  To  burn  to  coal  or  char- 
coal; to  char. 

Charcoal  of  roots,  coaled  into  great  pieces,  lasts 
longer  than  ordinary  coal.  Bacon. 

2.  To  mark  or  delineate  with  charcoal.  '  He 
coaled  out  rhymes  upon  the  wall.'  Cainden. 
[Rare.]— 3.  To  supply  with  coal,  as  a  steam- 
vessel  or  locomotive  engine;  as,  he  was  em- 
ployed in  coaling  a  steamer. 
Coal  (kol),  v.i.  To  take  in  coals;  as,  the 
vessel  coaled  at  Portsmouth. 

At  the  twelfth  station  we  coaled.    The  train  ended 
in  the  desert  here.  W.  ft.  Ritssett. 

Coal-backer  (kol'bak-er),  71.  A  man  who  is 
engaged  in  carrying  coals  on  his  back  from 
a  snip  to  the  wagons.  Mayhew. 

Coal-basin  (kol'ba-sn),  n.  In  geol.  a  term 
used  to  express  the  depression  or  basin 
formed  by  the  subsidence  at  the  centre  or 
upheaval  at  the  edges  of  the  older  rocks,  in 
which  the  various  strata  of  the  carboniferous 
system  or  coal-measures  lie.  See  COAL-MEA- 
SURES. 

Coal-bed  (korbed),  n.  A  formation  in  which 
there  are  one  or  more  strata  of  coals ;  the 
stratum  or  strata  of  coal  themselves. 

Coal-black  (kol'blak),  a.  Black  as  a  coal ; 
very  black. 

Coal-box  (kol'boks),  n.  A  box  for  holding 
coals.  Swift. 

Coal-brand  (kol'brand),  n.   Smut  in  wheat. 

Coal-brass  (kol'bras),  n.  A  name  given  to 
the  iron  pyrites  found  in  the  coal-measures, 
and  which  is  employed  in  the  manufacture 
of  copperas,  and  also  in  alkali  works  for  the 
sulphur  it  contains. 

Coal-bunker  (kol'bungk-6r),  n.  A  place  for 
storing  coals  for  use;  specifically,  in  steam- 
ships, the  place  where  coals  for  the  furnace 
are  stored. 

Coal-drop  (kol'drop),  n.  A  broad  shallow 
inclined  trough  down  which  coals  are  dis- 
charged from  a  wharf  into  the  hold  of  a 
vessel. 

Coal-dust  (kol'dust),  11  The  duit  or  pow- 
der arising  from  coal. 

It  has  been  attempted  ...  to  make  the  coatJust 
into  bricks.  Antted. 

Coaleryl  (kol'er-i),  n.  A  colliery.  Woodward. 

Coalesce  (ko-a-lesO,  v.i.  pret.  coalesced;  ppr. 
coalescing.  [L.  coaleaco,  from  coaleo — prefix 
co,  and  aiegco,  to  grow  up,  from  alo,  to  nour- 
ish.] 1.  To  grow  together;  to  unite  by 
growth  into  one  body ;  as,  the  pieces  of  a 
fractured  bone  coalesce— 2.  To  combine  or 
be  collected  into  one  body  or  mass.  '  When 
they  (vapours)  begin  to  coalesce  and  con- 
stitute globules.'  Xewton.—  3.  To  unite  in 
society ;  to  join  so  as  to  form  one  party, 
community,  or  the  like;  as,  the  Normans 
and  Anglo-Saxons  began  to  coalesce;  poli- 
tical parties  sometimes  coalesce. 

Coalescence  (ko-a-les'ens),  n.  The  act  of 
coalescing  or  uniting  together;  the  state  of 
being  intimately  united. 

Coalescent  (ko-a-les'ent),  a.  Growing  to- 
gether; uniting. 

Coalescent  (k6-a-les'ent),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  coalesces.  Atheiufum. 

Coal-factor  (kol'fak-ter),  n.  A  middleman 
or  intermediate  agent  between  coal  buyers 
and  sellers. 

Coal-field  (kol'feld),  n.  1.  In  geol.  a  deposit 
or  bed  of  coal. —  2.  A  district  where  coal 
abounds. 

Coal-fish  (kol'flsh),  71.  A  species  of  Gadus 
(G.  carbonarius)  or  cod,  named  from  the 
colour  of  its  back.  It  grows  to  the  length 
of  2  feet  or  2J,  and  weighs  about  30  Ibs. 
This  flsh  is  found  in  great  numbers  about 
the  Orkneys  and  the  northern  parts  of  Bri- 
tain. In  Scotland  it  is  generally  known  as 
the  Settle.  The  fry  are  called,  in  Scotland, 
podleys  or  sillocks,  and  in  the  north-east  of 
England,  coalseys. 

Coal-fitter  (kol'flt-er),  n.    See  FITTER,  2. 

Coal -formation  (karfor-ma-shon),  n.  In 
;/•'"(.  a  group  of  strata  in  which  any  of  the 
varieties  of  coal  forms  a  principal  constitu- 
ent part  of  a  group  of  strata. 

Coal-gas  (kol'gas),  n.  A  variety  of  carbu- 
retted  hydrogen  which  produces  the  gas- 
light now  so  extensively  used.  The  follow- 


ing is  an  average  analysis  of  ordinary  coal- 
gas:  hydrogen  45 '58  per  cent,  marsh-gas 
34-90,  carbonic  oxide  fl-64,  oleflunt-eas  4  08, 
tetrylene  2  38,  sulphuretted  hydrogen  0  29, 
nitrogen  2-46,  carbonic  acid  3'67.  It  ;iKo 
contains  traces  of  ammonia,  carbon,  disul- 
phide,  cyanogen,  and  oxygen. 

Coal-heaver  (kolliev-er),  n.  One  who  is 
employed  in  carrying  coal,  and  especially  in 
discharging  it  from  coal-ships. 

Coal-hole  (kol'hol).  n.  A  coal  cellar;  the 
part  of  a  ship's  hold  lying  near  to  the  after- 
magazine,  for  containing  coal,  wood,  *c. 

Coal-hood,  Coally-hood  (kollind,  kol'li- 
hud),  n.  Local  names  of  the  bullfinch  and 
coal-tit,  derived  from  their  black  crown. 

Coal-hulk  ( kol' hulk),  n.  A  vessel  kept, 
usually  at  foreign  stations,  for  supplying 
steamers  with  coals. 

Coaller.t  Coallier  t  (kol'i-er),  n.    A  collier. 

Coaling  (kol'ing),  a.  Used  in  or  pertaining 
to  the  trade  in  coal ;  as,  a  coaling  vessel ;  a 
coaling  wharf. 

Coalite  t  (ko'a-llt),  r.  i.  To  unite  or  coalesce. 
'Let  them  continue  to  coalite.'  Bolingbroke. 

Coalite*  (ko'a-llt),  v.t.  To  cause  to  unite  or 
coalesce. 

Time  has  .  .  .  blended  and  coalited  the  conquered 
with  the  conquerors.  Burke. 

Coalition  (ko-a-li'shon),  n.  [From  L.  coali- 
tm,  pp.  ot  coalesce.  See  COALESCE.]  1.  Union 
in  a  body  or  mass;  a  coming  together,  as  of 
separate  bodies  or  parts,  and  their  union 
through  natural  causes  in  one  body  or  mass; 
as,  a  coalition  of  atoms  or  particles.  Bent- 
ley. — 2.  Voluntary  union  of  individual  per- 
sons, parties,  or  states. 

Because  Lord  Shelburne  had  gained  the  king's  ear 
.  .  .  the  latter  formed  a  coalition  with  Lord  North, 
whose  person  and  whose  policy  he  had  spent  hU 
whole  life  in  decrying.  Brougham. 

Coalitionist,  Coalitioner  (ko-a-li'shon-ist, 
k6-a-li'shon-er),  71.  One  who  is  an  advocate 
for  coalition;  one  who  joins  a  coalition. 

Co-ally  (ko-al-ir).  n.  A  joint-ally;  as,  the 
subject  of  a  co-ally.  Kent. 

Coal-master  (kol'mas-ter),  n.  The  owner 
or  lessee  of  a  coal-field  who  works  it  and 
disposes  of  its  produce. 

Coal-measures  (kOl'meih-fin),  n.  pi.  In 
geol.  the  upper  division  of  the  carboniferous 
system.  These  beds  consist  of  alternate 
layers  of  white,  yellow,  or  reddish  sandstone 
with  thinly  laminated  beds  of  clay  called 
clay  shale,  and  sometimes,  from  their  being 
mixed  with  bituminous  matter,  bituminous 
shale.  Between  these  beds  of  sandstone 
and  ihale  the  coal-seams  occur,  usually 
resting  on  beds  of  gray  or  white  clay,  called 
fire-clay. 

Coal-meter  (kol'me-ter),  n.  One  appointed 
to  superintend  the  measuring  of  coals. 

Coal-mine  (kol'min),  n.  A  mine  or  pit  in 
which  coal  is  dug. 

Coal-miner  (kol'min-er),  n.  One  who  works 
in  a  coal-mine. 

Coal-mining  ( kol '  min-ing ),  a.  Pertaining 
to  mining  for  coals;  engaged  in  or  connected 
with  raising  coals;  as,  the  coal-mining  dis- 
tricts of  Kngland;  the  coal-mining  interests. 

Coal-mouse  (kol'mous).  71.  Same  as  Cual- 
tit.  Written  also  Cole-mouse. 

Coal-note  (k61'n&t),  71.  A  particular  descrip- 
tion of  promissory  note  formerly  in  use  in 
the  port  of  London. 

Coal-passer  (kol'pas-er),  n.  One  whose 
duty  is  to  pass  coal  to  the  furnace  of  a 
steam-engine.  Goodrich. 

Coal-pit  (kol'pit).  n.  1.  A  pit  where  coal  is 
dug. —2.  In  America,  a  place  where  char- 
coal is  made. 

Coal-plant  (kol'plant),  n.  A  plant,  the  re- 
mains of  which  form  coal.  The  form  am! 
venation  of  the  foliage  of  coal-plants  are 
beautifully  preserved  in  the  clay  or  shale 
associated  with  the  coal,  and  less  perfect 
specimens  occur  in  the  sandstone  rocks. 
The  plants  are  principally  cryptogamic 
belonging  to  the  nat.  orders  Filices,  Lyco- 
podiaceae,  and  Equisetacese.  The  stems, 
leaves,  and  fruits  of  these  plants  have  been 
found,  and  they  agree  generally  with  their 
living  representatives,  except  that  they  at- 
tain to  a  much  greater  size.  Many  fruits 
and  some  stems  of  gymnosperms  are  also 
met  with. 

Coal-scuttle  (kol'skut-tl),  n.  A  vessel  for 
holding  coal  to  supply  a  parlour  fire,  <fcc. 

Coalsey  (kol'si),  n.    See  COAL-FISH. 

Coal-ship  (kol'ship),  n.  A  ship  employed  in 
transporting  coal 

Coal-slack,  Coal-sleek  (kol'slak,  kol'slek), 
n.  The  dust  or  grime  of  coal.  '  Scarcely 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull ;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


COAL-SMUT 


499 


ever  washed  the  coal-deck  from  her  face.' 
Dntyton. 

Coal-smut  (kol'sinut),  n.  Same  as  Coal- 
ulack. 

Coal-stalth  (kol'stath),  n.    See  STAITH. 
Coal-stone  (kol'ston),  n.    A  kind  of  cauuel- 
coal. 

Coal-tar  (koi'tar),  n.  A  thick,  black,  viscid, 
opaque  liquid  which  condenses  in  the  pipes 
when  gas  is  distilled  from  coal.  It  is  a 
compound  of  many  different  liquid  and 
solid  substances,  and  the  separation  of  these 
into  useful  products  is  now  an  important 
branch  ill  manufacturing  chemistry.  Among 
these  products  may  be  named  paraffin, 
naphtha,  benzole,  creasote,  Ac.  The  basic 
oil  of  coal-tar  is  the  most  abundant  source 
of  the  beautiful  aniline  colours, their  various 
hues  being  due  to  the  oxidation  of  aniline 
by  means  of  acids,  itc.  (See  ANILINE.)  Coal- 
tar  is  a  chief  ingredient  in  printer's  ink,  in 
the  shape  of  lamp-black.  It  is  also  made  into 
asphalte  for  pavements,  and  with  coal-dust 
fnriiis  by  pressure  an  excellent  artificial 
fuel 

Coal-tit  (kol'tit),  n.  The  Pants  ater,  one  of 
the  titmice:  so  called  from  its  glossy  black 
head  and  neck.  Written  also  Cole-tit. 

Coal-trimmer  (kol'trim-er),  n.  One  who 
is  employed  to  stow  and  trim  the  fuel  for 
the  fires  of  the  boilers  of  marine  steam- 
engines. 

Coal-viewer  (kol'vu-er),  n.  In  mining,  (a) 
one  whose  duty  is  to  attend  to  the  interests 
of  the  person  to  whom  the  royalty  is  pay- 
able, (o)  One  whose  duty  is  to  attend  to  the 
interests  of  the  person  who  works  the 
mine. 

Coal-whipper  (kol'whip-er),  n.  '  One  who 
raises  coal  from  the  hold  of  a  ship.  Coal- 
whippers  are  now  being  superseded  by 
machinery,  which  executes  the  work  both 
more  cheaply  and  more  expeditiously. 

Coal- whipping  (kol'  whip  -ing),  n.  The 
act  of  raising  coals  from  the  hold  of  a  vessel. 

Coal-work  (kol'werk),  n.  A  place  where 
coal  is  dug,  including  the  machinery  for 
raising  the  coal;  a  colliery. 

Coal- working  (kol'werk -ing),  n.  A  coal- 
mine; the  spot  where  coal  is  raised. 

At  last  we  reached  the  coal-workings,  and  a  more 
deserted,  melancholy-looking  place  foramine  I  have 
never  seen.  Ansted. 

Coaly  (kol'i),  a.  Tertaining  to  or  like  coal; 
containing  coal.  'Coaly  Tyne.'  Milton. 

Co-ambulant  (ko-am'bu-lant),  a.  [L.  prefix 
co,  and  ambulant,  walking  about.]  In  her. 
•walking  side  by  side. 

Coaming  (kom'ing),  n.  [For  combing, 
from  comb.  ]  Naut.  one  of  the  raised  bor- 
ders or  edges  of  the  hatches,  made  to  pre- 
vent water  from  running  into  the  lower 
apartments  from  the  deck.  Written  also 
Combing. 

Coannex  (ko-an-neksO,  v.t.  [Prefix  co,  and 
annex.]  To  annex  with  something  else. 
[Rare.] 

Coapprehend(ko-ap'pre-hend), v.t.  [Prefix 
co,  and  apprehend.  ]  To  apprehend  with 
another.  Sir  T.  Browne.  [Bare.] 

Coaptation  (ko-ap-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  coap- 
tatio,  from  co,  with,  and  apto,  to  fit.]  The 
adaptation  or  adjustment  of  parts  to  each 
other.  Specifically,  in  sury.  the  act  of  plac- 
ing (lie  broken  extremities  of  a  bone  in  their 
natural  position,  or  of  restoring  a  luxated 
bone  to  its  place;  bone-setting.  Dunglison. 

Coarct.t  Coarctatet  (ko-iirkt,  ko-ark'tat), 
v.t.  [L.  coarclo— prefix  co,  and  arcto  (arto), 
to  bring  or  press  together.]  1.  To  press  to- 
gether; to  crowd;  to  confine  closely.  Bacon. 
2.  To  restrain ;  to  confine.  Aylijfe. 

Cqarctate,  Coarctated  (ko-ark'tat,  ko-iirk'- 
tat-ed),  p.  and  «.  [See  above.]  Crowded; 
applied  in  hot.  to  a  panicle  which  is  dense, 
compact,  or  crowded. 

Coarctation  ( ko-ark-ta'shon ),  n.  l.t  Con- 
finement; restraint  to  a  narrow  space;  re- 
straint of  liberty.  Bacon.— 2.  Pressure;  con- 
traction; specifically,  in  med.  the  contract- 
Ing  or  lessening  of  the  diameter  of  a  canal, 
as  the  intestinal  canal  or  the  urethra. 

Coarse  (kors),  a.  [Formerly  written  course, 
cowne,  and  believed  to  be  the  same  word 
as  course.  A  thing  of  course,  or  in  course,  is 
what  is  natural,  ordinary,  common,  and 
hence  probably  the  development  of  the 
meaning.  ]  1.  Wanting  in  fineness  of  texture 
or  structure,  or  in  elegance  of  form;  com- 
posed of  large  parts  or  particles ;  thick  and 
rough  in  texture ;  of  ordinary  or  inferior 
quality;  as,  coarse  thread  or  yarn;  coarse 
hair;  coarse  sand;  coarse  cloth ;  coarse  glass; 
features.  'Coarse  complexions.'  Mil- 


COATING 


ton.  'A  coarse  and  useless  dunghill  weed  ' 
Otway. 

Now  I  feel  of  what  coarse  metal  ye  are  moulded. 
Eat,  also,  tho*  the  fare  is  coarse.          Tennyson. 

2.  Rude;  rough;  unrefined;  uncivil;  un- 
polished; as,  coarse  manners.  'In  my  coarse 
Erjglilh.  Dryden.  'Coarse  uncivilized 
words.'  Addison.  ' Daughter  of  our  mea- 
dows, yet  not  coarse.'  Tennyson.— 3.  Gross; 
indelicate;  as,  he  indulged  in  coarse  lan- 
guage.— Coarse  Ash.  See  AGQLOMERATK  n 

Coarse-grained  (kors'grand),  a.  1.  Consist- 
ing of  large  particles  or  constituent  ele- 
ments; as,  coarse-grained  granite  or  wood. 
2.  Wanting  in  refinement  or  delicacy;  vul- 
gar; as,  a  coarse-grained  nature. 

Coarsely  ( kors'li ),  adv.  In  a  coarse  man- 
ner; roughly;  without  fineness  or  refine- 
ment; rudely;  inelegantly;  uncivilly;  with- 
out art  or  polish;  grossly.  'Fared  coarsely 
and  poorly.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

There  is  a  gentleman  that  serves  the  count 
Reports  but  coarsely  of  her.  Shalt. 

Coarsen  (kors'n),  v.t.  To  render  coarse  or 
wanting  in  refinement;  to  make  vulgar;  as, 
to  coarsen  one's  nature.  [Rare.] 

Coarseness  (kors'nes),  n.  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  coarse  in  all  its  senses.  'The 
coarseness  of  sackcloth.'  Dr.  H.  More. 

Pardon  the  coarseness  of  the  illustration. 

Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

There  appears  a  coarseness  and  vulgarity  in  all  the 
proceedings  of  the  assembly.  BttrXe, 

Coarse-Stuff  (kors'stuf ),  n.     In  building,  a 

mixture  of  lime  and  hair  used  in  the  first 

coat  and  floating  of  plastering. 
Co-articulation  (ko-ar-tik'u-la"shon),  n. 

The  articulation  of  the  bones  in  forming  a 

joint. 
Coassessor  (ko-as-ses'er),  n.     [Prefix  co, 

and  assessor.  ]    A  joint  assessor. 
Coassume  (ko-as-sum'),  v.t.     [Prefix  co, 

and  assume.]    To  assume  or  take  on  one's 

self  something  with  another.  Walsall.  [Rare.] 
Coast  (kost),  n.  [O.Fr.  caste,  Fr.  cote,  rib, 

hill,  shore,  coast,  from  L.  costal,  a  rib,  side. 

Cutlet  comes  from  the  same  word.]    1.  The 

exterior  line,  limit,  or  border  of  a  country. 

From  the  river,  the  river  Euphrates,  even  unto  the 
uttermost  sea  shall  your  coast  be.  Dcut.  xi.  24. 

2.  The  edge  or  margin  of  the  land  next  to 
the  sea;  the  sea-shore.— 3. t  A  side:  applied 
to  objects  indefinitely. 

Some  kind  of  virtue  .  .  .  bends  the  rays  towards 
the  coast  of  unusual  refraction.  Newton. 

— The  coast  is  clear,  a  phrase  equivalent  to 
danger  is  over ;  the  enemies  have  gone. 
Coast  (kost),  v.i.     1.  To  sail  near  a  coast; 
to  sail  by  or  near  the  shore,  or  in  sight  of 
land. 

The  ancients  coasted  only  in  their  navigation. 

Arbltthnot. 

2.  To  sail  from  port  to  port  in  the  same 
country;  as,  he  coasted,  for  several  years 
before  he  went  abroad.— 3.  t  To  draw  near; 
to  approach;  to  accost. 

Towards  me  a  sorry  wight  did  coast.      Spenser. 

4.  [From  O.Fr.  caste,  in  sense  of  slope,  hill- 
side.] To  slide  down  an  incline  covered  with 
snow  or  ice  in  a  sledge.  [United  States.] 
Coast  (kost),  v.  t.  1.  To  sail  by  or  near  to; 
as,  to  coast  the  British  shore.  — 2.  t  To  carry 
or  conduct  along  a  coast  or  river  bank. 

The  Indians  .  .  .  coasted  me  along  the  river. 

Hactlujt. 

3. t  To  draw  near;  to  approach;  to  keep 
close  to. 

Douglas  still  coasted  the  Englishmen,  doing  them 
what  damage  he  might.  Holinshed. 

Coaster  (kost'er),  n.  A  vessel  that  is  em- 
ployed in  sailing  along  a  coast,  or  in  trading 
from  port  to  port  in  the  same  country. 

Coast-guard  (kost'gard),  n.  A  collective 
name  for  the  body  of  men  originally  de- 
signed to  prevent  smuggling  merely,  and 
hence  called  the  Preventive  Service,  but 
now  also  available  as  a  defensive  force  in 
case  of  emergency.  They  were  formerly 
under  the  control  of  the  customs,  but  in 
1856  were  transferred  to  the  admiralty. 

Coasting  (kost'ing), a.  Sailing  along,  or  keep- 
ing near  the  coast,  or  from  port  to  port  in 
the  same  country. — Coasting  pilot,  a  pilot 
who  conducts  vessels  along  a  coast.— Co«s«- 
ing  trade,  the  trade  which  is  carried  on  be- 
tween the  different  ports  of  the  same  coun- 
try or  under  the  same  jurisdiction,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  foreign  and  colonial  trade. 

Coast-line  (kost'lin),  n.  The  outline  of  a 
shore  or  coast. 

Coast-rat  (kost'rat),  n.    See  BATHYERQUS. 

Coast-waiter  (kost'wat-er),  n.  An  officer  of 
the  customs,  who  superintends  the  landing 


and  shipping  of  good*  coastways.    Called 
also  Laiul-icuiter,  Landing  Waiter 
Coastwards  <ko-t'wcrdz),  adv.   Toward  the 

i-oa-t.       1C.   Culliil*. 

Coastways,  Coastwise(k6st'waz,  kost'wis) 
adv.  By  way  of  or  al.,nK  tin-  ,-oait 

Coat  (kot),  n.  [0.  Kr.  cote,  Fr.  cotte,  a  coat 
or  upper  garment,  from  L.L.  coto,  a  tunic  a 
coat,  probably  from  M.H.G.  kutte,  aitte  a 
coarse  mantle,  O.  kutte,  a  cowl:  allied  to 
cot.]  1.  An  upper  garment,  in  modern 
times  generally  applied  to  tho  outer  gar 
nent  worn  by  men  on  the  upper  part  of  the 

Unto  Adam  also  and  to  his  wife  did  the  I  ord  God 
make  coats  of  skins,  and  clothed  them.     Gen.  ifl.ii. 

2.t  A  petticoat;  a  garment  worn  by  infante 
or  young  children.  -A  child  in  coats: 
Locke.  —3.  The  habit  or  vesture  of  an  order 
of  men,  and  hence  the  order  Itself,  or  the 
office  held  by  the  order ;  cloth. 

Men  of  his  coat  should  be  minding  their  prayers 
Swi/t' 

4.   An  external  covering,  as  the  wool  of 
sheep,  <fec.  —  5.  A  layer  of  one  substance 
covering  another;  a  coating;  as,  a  coot  of 
tar,  pitch,  or  varnish;  a  coat  of  tinfoil- 
8.  t  A  court-card  or  coat-card. 

Here's  a  trick  of  discarded  cards  of  us ;  we  were 
ranked  with  coats  as  long  as  old  master  lived. 

Massinger. 

1.  In  her.  that  on  which  ensigns  armorial 
are  portrayed;  a  coat  of  arms. 

Hark,  countrymen !  cither  renew  the  fight. 

Or  tear  the  lions  out  of  England's  coat.      Sttat. 

—  Coat  of  arms,  (a)  in  the  middle  ages,  a 
short-sleeved  military  garment  reaching 
nearly  as  low  as  mid  thigh,  worn  by  princes 
and  great  barons  over  their  armour.  It  was 
made  of  cloth  of  silver  or  gold,  fur  or  velvet, 
and  had  armorial  insignia  depicted  upon  it. 
Hence  —  (»)  a  representation  of  the  armo- 
rial insignia  which  used  to  be  depicted  on 
such  a  coat ;  an  escutcheon  or  shield  of 
arms. — Coat  of  tna.il,  a  piece  of  armour  worn 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  body,  and  consist- 
ing of  a  net-work  of  iron  or  steel  rings,  or 
of  small  lamina:  or  plates,  usually  of  tem- 
pered iron,  laid  over  each  other  like  the 


Coats  of  Mail.— i,  Roman,    a,  Greek. 

scales  of  a  fish,  and  fastened  to  a  strong 
linen  or  leather  jacket.  Coats  of  mail  were 
also  sometimes  composed  of  flax  or  hemp 
twisted  into  small  cords,  and  set  close  to- 
gether. The  Grecian  coat  of  mail,  or 
thorax,  consisted  of  two  parts,  one  of  which 
was  a  defence  to  the  back,  the  other  to  the 
breast.  The  Roman  coat  of  mail,  or  torica, 
did  not  differ  much  from  the  Grecian  thorax. 
The  different  pieces  of  armour  covering  the 
body  were  also  collectively  called  a  coat  of 
mail.  See  ARMOUR  and  MAIL. 

Coat  (kot),  v.t.  To  cover  with  a  coat  or 
outer  garment ;  to  spread  over  with  a  coat- 
ing or  layer  of  any  substance;  as,  to  coat 
something  with  wax  or  tinfoil. 

Coat-armour  (kot'ar-uier),  n.  A  coat  of 
arms;  armorial  ensigns. 

Coat-card  (kOfkard).  «.  A  card  bearing  a 
coated  figure,  as  the  king,  queen,  or  knave. 
Now  corrupted  into  Court-card. 

Coatee  (kot-e'),  n.  A  close-fitting  coat  with 
short  tails. 

Coati  (ko'a-ti),  n.  [A  native  name.]  A 
plantigrade  carnivorous  mammal,  of  the 
genus  Nasua,  belonging  to  the  I'rsidte  <>r 
bears,  but  recalling  in  appearance  the  Vi- 
verridie  or  civets.  The  red  coati  or  mat  i 
mondi  (A',  rvfa)  resembles  the  racoon,  with 
a  longer  body  and  neck,  shorter  fur,  smaller 
eyes,  andagreaterelongation  of  snout, which 
is  a  sort  of  flexible  proboscis,  employed  in 
rooting  up  the  earth  for  worms  and  insects. 
It  also  preys  on  the  smaller  quadrupeds, 
but  lives  chiefiy  on  trees,  feeding  on  eggs 
and  young  birds. 

Coatimondi  (ko'a-ti-mon"di),  n.  See  COATI. 

Coating  (kot'ing),  n.  1.  A  covering,  or  the 
act  of  covering;  any  substance  spread  over 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      ii,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;     TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  K.EV. 


COAT-LINK 


500 


COCCINELLID^E 


for  cover  or  defence;  as,  a  coatiiiy  of  plaster 
or  tinfuil. — 2.  Cloth  for  coats;  as,  au  assort- 
ment of  coatings. 

Coat-link  (kot  lingk),  n.  A  pair  of  buttons 
held  together  by  a  link,  or  a  loop  and  but- 
ton used  for  fastening  a  coat  over  the  breast. 

Coax  (koks),  v.  t.  [From  cokes,  a  fool.  To 
coax  one  is  thus  to  make  a  cokes,  or  fool, 
of  him.  See  COKES.]  To  soothe,  appease, 
or  persuade  by  flattery  and  fondling;  to 
wheedle;  to  cajole.  [Colloq.] 

I  coaxl  I  wheedle  I    I  am  above  it. 

Ceo.  Fctrqithar. 

Coax  t  (koks),  n.  A  simpleton;  a  dupe.  See 
COKES.  • 

You  are  a  brainless  coax,  a  toy,  a  fop.     Beau.  Gr  /•"/. 

CoaxatiOU  (ko-aks-ii'shon),  n.  [Or.  koax,  [ 
the  croaking  of  frogs.  ]  The  act  of  croak-  ; 
ing.  Dr.  II.  More.  [Rare.] 

Coaxer  (koks'er),  n.  One  who  coaxes;  a  , 
wheedler. 

Co-axial  (ko-aks'i-al),  a.  [Prefix  co,  and  ! 
axial.  ]  Having  a  common  axis. 

Coaxlngly  (koks'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  coaxing 
manner. 

Cob  (kob),  n.  [L.G.  kobbe,  Fris.  kub,  a  sea- 
mew.]  A  sea-mew  or  gull  [Provincial] 

Cob  (kob),  )i.  [Probably,  in  some  of  the 
meanings,  from  W.  cob,  a  top,  a  tuft;  comp. 
also  A.  Sax.  cop,  D.  kop,  G.  kopf,  the  head; 
but  more  than  one  word  appear  to  be  mixed 
up  under  this  form.  ]  1. 1  The  top  or  head. 
2.t  A  person  occupying  a  conspicuous  or  in- 
fluential position,  especially  a  person  notori- 
ous for  his  wealth ;  a  rich  covetous  person. 
•  The  rich  cobs  of  this  world.'  Udall-3.  A 
roundish  lump  of  anything ;  specifically,  a 
cob-loaf.  —4.  A  Spanish  coin  formerly  current 
in  Ireland,  worth  about  4s.  8rf.  Also,  the 
name  still  given  at  Gibraltar  to  a  Spanish 
dollar.— 5.  The  shoot  or  receptacle,  in  form 
of  a  spike,  on  which  the  grains  of  maize 
grow  in  rows.  [United  States.]  — 6.  A  ball 
or  pellet  for  feeding  fowls  with.— 7.  A  short- 
legged  stout  horse  or  pony,  capable  of  car- 
rying a  great  weight  at  a  good  pace.  —8.  Clay 
mixed  with  straw. 

The  poor  cottager  contenteth  himself  with  cob  for 
his  walls.  Cai-ftn. 

9.  A  kind  of  wicker  basket,  made  so  as  to 
be  carried  on  the  arm ;  especially,  one  used 
for  carrying  seed  while  sowing.  [North  of 
England.]  — 10.  A  young  herring;  also  the 
bull-head  or  miller's  thumb. — 11.  t  A  sort  of 
short  breakwater. 

Cob  (kob),  v.t.  [W.  cobia,  to  beat,  from 
cob,  a  thump.  ]  1.  To  strike ;  also,  to  pull 
by  the  ears  or  hair;  and  among  seamen,  to 
punish  by  striking  on  the  breach  with  a 
board  or  strap. —2.  In  tin-mining,  to  break 
or  bruise ;  as,  to  cob  tin.  [Cornish.  ] 

Cobalt  (ko'balt).  n.  [G.  kobalt.  kobolt,  the 
same  word  as  kobold,  a  goblin,  the  demon  of 
the  mines,  so  called  by  miners  because  co- 
balt was  troublesome  to  miners,  and  at  first 
its  value  was  not  known.]  Sym.  Co.  Sp. 
gr.  8'5.  A  mineral  of  a  reddish-gray  or 
grayish-white  colour,  very  brittle,  of  a  flue 
close  grain,  compact,  but  easily  reducible 
to  powder.  It  crystallizes  in  parallel  bun- 
dles of  needles.  It  is  never  found  in  a  pure 
state,  but  usually  as  an  oxide,  or  combined 
with  arsenic  or  its  acid,  with  sulphur,  iron, 
Ac.  Its  ores  are  arranged  under  the  fol- 
lowing species,  viz.  arsenical  cobalt,  of  a 
white  colour,  passing  to  steel  gray ;  its  tex- 
ture is  granular,  and  when  heated  it  exhales 
the  odour  of  garlic;  gray  cobalt,  a  compound 
of  cobalt,  arsenic,  iron,  and  sulphur,  of  a 
white  colour,  with  a  tinge  of  red;  its  struc- 
ture is  foliated,  and  its  crystals  have  a  cube 
for  their  primitive  form;  sulphide  of  cobalt, 
compact  and  massive  in  its  structure;  oxide 
of  cobalt,  brown  or  brownish  black,  gener- 
ally friable  and  earthy;  sulphate  and  arsen- 
ate  of  cobalt,  both  of  a  red  colour,  the  for- 
mer soluble  in  water.  The  impure  oxide  of 
cobalt  is  called  zaffre;  but  when  fused  with 
three  parts  of  siliceous  sand  and  an  alkaline 
tlux  it  is  converted  into  a  blue  glass,  called 
smalt.  The  great  use  of  cobalt  is  to  give  a 
permanent  blue  colour  to  glass  and  enamels 
upon  metals,  porcelain  and  earthen  wares. 

Cobalt-bloom  (ko'balt-blom),  n.  Acicular 
arsenate  of  cobalt. 

Cobalt-blue  (ko'balt-blu),  n.  A  compound 
of  alumina  and  oxide  of  cobalt,  forming  a 
beautiful  pigment  often  used  in  the  arts. 

Cobalt -crust  ( ko'balt -krust),  n.  Earthy 
arsenate  of  cobalt. 

Cobalt  -  glance  (ko'balt-glans),  n.  Same 
as  Cobaltiiie. 

Cobalt-green  (ko'balt-gren),  n.  A  perma- 
nent green  pigment  prepared  by  precipitat- 


iim  a  mixture  of  the  sulphates  of  zinc  and 
cobalt  with  carbonate  of  sodium  and  ignit- 
ing the  precipitate  after  thorough  washing. 

CobaltiC  (ko-balt'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  co- 
balt, or  consisting  of  it;  resembling  cobalt 
or  containing  it. 

Cobaltine  (ko'balt-in),  >».  A  sulpharsenide 
of  cobalt,  called  also  Cobalt-planet.  It  is  a 
mineral  of  a  silver  or  yellowish  colour,  with 
a  tinge  of  red,  occurring  in  cubic  crystals. 

Cobalto-cyanide  (kd-balt"6-si'an-id),  n.  A 
compound  of  cobalt  and  cyanogen.—  Cobalto- 
cyanide  of  potassium,  a  salt  formed  by  the 
union  of  cobalt,  cyanogen,  and  potassium. 
It  is  a  singularly  permanent  salt,  resisting 
the  action  of  the  strongest  acids.  It  has 
been  applied  by  Liebig  to  the  separation  of 
cobalt  from  nickel  in  analysis. 

Cobble  (kob'l),  n.  [From  cob,  a  lump;  comp. 
Icel.  koppu-xteinn,  a  boulder.]  1.  A  round- 
ish stone ;  a  large  pebble  ;  a  fragment  of 
stone  rounded  by  the  attrition  of  water ;  a 
boulder;  a  cobstone,  cobble-stone, or  copple- 
stone.  —2.  A  lump  of  coal  from  the  size  of  an 
egg  to  that  of  a  football. 

Cobble  (kob'l),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cobbled; 
ppr.  cobbling.  [O.Fr.  cobler,  to  join  or  knit 
together,  from  L.  copulare,  to  couple.  ]  1.  To 
make  or  mend  coarsely,  as  shoes ;  to  botch. 
•Cobbled  shoes.'  Shak.— 2.  To  make  or  do 
clumsily  or  unhandily.  '  Cobbled  rhymes. ' 
Dryden. 

Cobble  (kob'l),  v.i  To  work  as  a  cobbler; 
to  do  work  badly.  Byron. 

Cobble,  n.    A  small  boat.    See  COBLE. 

Cobbler  (kob'ler),  n.  1.  One  who  cobbles: 
(a)  a  mender  of  boots  and  shoes. 

As  good  is  the  prayer  of  a  cobbler  as  of  a  cardinal. 
Tyttdale. 

(6)  A  clumsy  workman ;  one  who  does  any- 
thing in  a  clumsy  slipshod  fashion. 

Truly,  sir,  in  respect  of  a  fine  workman,  I  am  but, 
as  you  would  say,  a  cobbUr.  Shak. 

2.  An  American  cooling  beverage,  composed 
of  a  mixture  of  wine,  sugar,  lemon,  and 
finely  pounded  ice,  sucked  through  a  straw 
or  similar  tube. 

Cobble-stone  (kobl-ston),  n.     See  COBBLE. 

Cobbling  (kob'ling),  p.  and  a.  1.  Mend- 
ing coarsely  —2.  Like  the  work  of  a  cobbler; 
coarsely  executed. 

Such  cobbling  verses  no  poetaster  before  ever 
turned  out.  Lamb. 

Cobbyt  (kob'l),  a.  [From  cob,  the  head; 
comp.  heudntrong,  heady  ]  1.  Stout ;  brisk. 
Chaucer.— 2.  Ileadstrong;  oppressive;  tyran- 
nical. 

Cobcal  (kob'kal),  n.  A  sandal  worn  by  ladies 
in  the  East. 

Cobcoal  (kob'kol),  n.     A  large  round  coal. 

Co-belligerent  (ko-bel-lij'er-ent),  a.  [Pre- 
fix co,  and  belligerent.  ]  Carrying  on  war  in 
conjunction  with  another  power. 

Co-belligerent  (ko-bel-lij'er-ent),  n.  A  na- 
tion, state,  or  person  that  carries  on  war  in 
connection  with  another. 

Cob-horse  (kobTiors),  n.     Same  as  Cob,  7. 

Cob-iron  (kob'i-ern),  n.  [See  COB,  the  top.  ] 
An  andiron  with  a  knob  at  the  top.  Bacon. 

Co-bishop  (ko-bish'up).  n.  A  Joint  or  co- 
adjutant  bishop.  Ayiifff. 

Cobitis  (ko-bi'tis),  n.  [Gr.  kobitw.  a  kind 
of  small  fish.  ]  A  genus  of  fishes  belonging 
to  the  abdominal  Malacopterygii  and  family 
Cyprinidie.  It  includes  the  loaches,  fishes 
generally  of  diminutive  size,  and  common 
in  most  of  our  running  streams.  See  LOACH. 

Coble,  Cobble  (kob'l),  n.  [W.  cetibal,  a 
coble,  a  ferry-boat.]  A  flattish- bottomed 
flshiug-boat,  clincher-built,  with  a  square 
stern. 

Cob-loaf  (koblof),  n.  A  loaf  that  is  irregu- 
lar, uneven,  or  crusty.  Shakspere  applies 
this  word  contemptuously  to  the  person. 

Cob-nut  (kob'nut),  n.  1.  A  large  hazel-nut; 
specifically,  a  hazel-nut  employed  by  chil- 
dren in  a  game  of  this  name.— 2.  The  game 
itself. 

Cobob  (ko-bol/).   Same  as  Ca'job  (which  see). 

Coboose,  «     Same  as  Caboose. 

Cobra  (kob'ra),  n.  The  cobra -de-capello 
(which  see). 

Cobra-de-Capello  (kob'ra-de-ka-pello),  n. 
[Pg.,  snake  of  the  hood.]  The  hooded  or 
spectacle  snake  (Naja  tripudians),  a  reptile 
of  the  most  venomous  nature,  found  in 
various  degrees  of  abundance  in  different 
hot  countries  of  the  old  continent,  especially 
in  India.  In  common  with  the  other  vipers 
of  the  genus  Naja  it  is  remarkable  for  the 
manner  in  which  it  is  able  to  spread  out  or 
dilate  the  back  and  sides  of  the  neck  and 
head  when  irritated,  giving  somewhat  the 
appearance  of  a  hood.  The  name  spectacle 


snake  is  derived  from  the  presence  of  a  mark 
of  that  form  on  the  back  uf  the  neck.  It 
feeds  on  lizards  and  other  small  animals;  is 


Cobra-de-Capcllo  (.Y.f/i  [ripitd, 


sluggish  in  its  habits,  and  is  easily  killed. 
Jt  is  three  or  four  feet  long.  Written  also 
Cobra-da-cavello,  Cobra-di-capello. 

Cobres  (kob'rez),  >i.  [Sp.]  The  name  gives 
in  Europe  to  a  superior  kind  of  indigo,  pre- 
pared in  South  America. 

Cobstone  (kob'ston),  n.    Same  as  Cobble,  1 

Cobswan  (kob'swon),  n.  The  head  or  lead- 
ing swan.  B.  Jonxon.  [Provincial  or  obso- 
lete.] 

Coburg,  Cobourg  (ko'borg),  n.  [From  C»- 
burg  in  Germany.  ]  A  thin  fabric  of  wnrstnl 
and  cotton,  or  worsted  and  silk,  twilled  on 
one  side,  for  ladies'  dresses,  intended  as  a 
substitute  for  merino. 

Cob-wall  ( kob'wal ),  n.  A  wall  built  of  un- 
burned  clay,  sometimes  mixed  with  straw, 
or  of  straw,  lime,  and  earth. 

Cobweb  (kob'web),  n.  [O.E.,  also  coi»r,-h, 
from  cob,  cop,  a  spider,  O.E.  attercop,  A.  NIX 
atter-coppa,  a  spider.  See  ATTKKn.i'  ] 

1.  The  uet-work  spread  by  a  spicier  to  catch 
its  prey.    Hence— 2.  Some  insidious  snare: 
something  to  entangle  the  weak  or  unwary; 
as,  the  cobwebs  of  the  law. —  3.  Something 
flimsy  and  worthless;  old  musty  rubbi>h. 
'  Evil  apparelled  in  the  dust  and  cobwebt  of 
that  uncivil  age.'    Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Cobweb  (kob'web),  a.  Flimsy;  slight.  'Cob- 
web lawn. '  Beau,  tk  t'l. 

Cobwebbed  (kob'webd),  a.  1.  Covered  with 
cobwebs.  '  The  cobwebbed  cottage.'  Yumm 

2.  In  hot.  covered  with  a  thick  interwoven 
pubescence. 

Cobwebbery  (kob'web-ber-i).  n.  A  mass  or 
collection  of  cobwebs.  [Rare.  ] 

When,  across 'the  hundred-fold  poor  scepticisms, 
trivialisms,  and  constitutional  cotntrchbtries  of  Dryas- 
dust, you  catch  any  glimpse  of  a  William  the  Con- 
queror, ...  do  you  not  discern  veritably  some  rude 
outline  of  a  true  God-make  king  T  Carlytt. 

Cobwebby  (kob'web-bi),  a.  Covered  with 
cobwebs. 

Coca  (koTsa),  n.  [Native  name.]  The  dried 
leaf  of  ErythroxylonCoca,  a  South  American 
plant,  uat.  order  Erythroxyleffi ;  the  plant 
itself.  It  is  a  stimulating  narcotic,  and  is 
chewed  by  the  inhabitants  of  countries  on 
the  Pacific  side  of  South  America,  mixed  with 
finely  powdered  chalk.  It  has  effects  some- 
what similar  to  those  of  opium.  A  small 
quantity  of  it  enables  a  person  to  bear  up 
against  fatigue  even  when  receiving  less  food 
than  usual;  and  it  prevents  the  difficulty  of 
respiration  experienced  in  climbing  high 
mountains.  Used  in  excess  it  brings  on 
various  disorders,  and  the  desire  for  it 
Increases  so  much  with  indulgence  that  a 
confirmed  coca-chewer  is  said  never  to  have 
been  reclaimed.  Coca-leaves  depend  for 
their  influence  on  a  crystallizable  basic  sub- 
stance called  cocaine  (CjgH19N  O.),  resem- 
bling atropine  in  many  of  its  qualities. 

Cocagne.    See  COCKAIGNE. 

Cocaine  (kolsa-in),  a.    See  COCA. 

Cocalon  (koka  Ion),  n.  [Gr.  kokkalon,  a 
kernel.]  A  large  cocoon  of  a  weak  texture. 

Coccidae  (kok'si-de),  n.pl.  [Coccux,  the  typi- 
cal genus,  and  Gr.  eidos,  resemblance.]  The 
scale-insects,  or  mealy  bugs,  a  family  nf 
hemipterous  insects  belonging  to  tin 
tion  Monomera,  characterized  by  having 
only  one  joint  to  the  tarsi.  The  males  only 
are  furnished  with  wings. 

Coccidlum  (kok-sid'i-um),  n.  [A  dim.  from 
Gr.  kokkm,  a  berry.)  In  hot.  a  kind  of  n.n- 
ceptacle  in  the  rhodosperms  of  algse.  It  is 
a  globular  tubercle,  with  a  cellular  wall. 
either  external  or  half-immersed  in  the  sub- 
stance of  the  plant,  and  usually  imperfcn -ate. 

Cocciferous  ( kok-sif  er-us ),  a.  [L.  cofrinn, 
a  berry,  and  fero,  to  bear,  Gr.  kokkot,  a 
berry.  ]  Bearing  or  producing  berries;  as, 
cocciferous  trees  or  plants.  Qu  im-ii. 

Coccinellidae(kok-si-iierii-de), n.  pi.  [Genus 
Coccinella,  from  L.  coccintm,  scarlet.]    Tin- 
lady-birds,  a  family  of  coleopterous  in 
characterized  by  a  convex,  heinispln  ri<-al 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtine;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


cocco 


.-,(11 


COCKATOO 


body,  a  short,  transverse  thorax,  and  the 
largeness  of  the  second  joint  of  the  tarsi.  ' 
The  genus  Coccinella  is  the  type. 
COCCO  (kuk'ko),  n.    The  West  Indian  name 
of  a  plant  of  the  genus  Colocasia  (C.  anti-  i 
quorum). 

Coccolite  (kok'kolit).  ».  [Or.  A-<*«™.  a 
berry,  and  litlnat,  a  *t<me.]  1.  A  variety  of 
ailgitc  or  pyroxene  :  granuliforrn  pyroxene. 
Its  colour  is  usually  some  shade  of  green. 
It  is  composed  of  granular  distinct  concre- 
tions, easily  separable,  some  of  which  pre- 
sent the  appearance  of  crystals  whose 
angles  and  edges  have  been  obliterated.— 
'2  Same  as  Caccnlith. 

Coccolith  (kok'ko-lith),  n.  [See  COCCOLITE.] 
A  minute  round  organic  body  consisting  of 
several  concreted  layers  surrounding  a 
clear  centre,  found  in  large  profusion  at 
great  depths  in  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean 
imbedded  in  matter  resembling  sarcode.  It 
is  probable  that  the  coccolites  are  unicellu- 
lar algiu. 

Coccomilia,  Cocumiglia  ( kok-ko-mel'ya, 
kok-n-mel'ya),?i.  [It.]  A  kind  of  plum  grow- 
ing in  Calabria,  the  hark-especially  of  the 
root— of  which  is  highly  esteemed  by  the 
Neapolitan  faculty  for  its  virtues  in  inter- 
mittent fever. 

Coccosphere  (kok'ko-sfer),  n.  [Gr.  kokkon,  a 
berry,  and  E.  sphere.  ]  A  spherical  mass  of 
sarcode,  inclosed  in  a  delicate  calcareous 
envelope,  and  bearing  coccoliths  on  their 
external  surface,  found  in  profusion  at 
great  depths  in  the  North  Atlantic  Ocean. 
See  COCCOLITH. 

Coccosteus(kok-kos'te-us),  n.  [Or.  kokkits, 
a  berry,  and  osteon,  a  bone.  ]  A  genus  of 
placoganoid  fossil  flshes  occurring  in  the 
old  red  sandstone,  so  ternr.'d  from  the  small 
berry-like  tubercles  with  which  the  plates 
of  their  cranial  buckler  and  body  are  thick- 
ly studded.  It  differs  from  Cephalaspis  in 
having  its  back  and  belly  both  covered 
with  a  cuirass.  Seven  species  have  been 
described. 

Cocculus  (kok'ku-lus),  n.  [Diminutive  of 
L.  coccus,  Gr.  kokkos,  a  berry.  ]  A  genus  of 
East  Indian  menispermaceous  plants,  con- 
sisting of  climbers,  whose  leaves  are  usually 
more  or  less  heart-shaped  and  the  flowers 
small.  The  species  are  generally  powerful 
bitter  febrifuges.  C.  indicw  has  been  re- 
ferred to  an  allied  genus  under  the  name  of 
Anamirta  Cocculus.  Its  fruit  forms  a  con- 
siderable article  of  commerce,  and  is  some- 
times employed  in  medicine  as  a  narcotic. 
It  is  sometimes  added  to  malt  liquors  to 
give  bitterness  and  increase  their  stupefying 
qualities.  It  contains  a  poisonous  principle 
which  has  been  termed  picrotoxin.  C.  pal- 
watuK,  from  which  the  celebrated  calumba 
root  is  obtained,  has  been  referred  to  the 
genus  Jateorhiza  (which  see). 
Coccus  (kok'kus),  n.  [Gr.  kokkos,  L.  coccum, 
a  berry,  the  kermes  insect.]  1.  A  genus  of 
insects  of  the  order  Hemiptera.  There  are 
upwards  of  twenty  species,  denominated 
principally  from  the  plants  they  frequent. 
The  most  important  species  of  this  genus  is 
the  Coccus  cacti,  or  cochineal  insect.  See 
COCHINEAL.— 2.  In  bot.  a  cell  or  capsule. 
Coecygeal  (kok-sij'e-al),  a.  In  anat.  of  or 
belonging  to  the  coccyx. 
Coccygeus  (kok-sij'e-us),  n.  In. anat.  the 
muscle  which  retains  the  coccyx  in  place, 
and  prevents  it  from  being  forced  backward 
during  the  expulsion  of  the  fasces.  Dunnli- 
son. 

Coccyx  (kok'siks),  n.  [Gr.  kokkyx.}  In  anat. 
an  assemblage  of  small  bones  attached  to 
the  lower  extremity  of  the  backbone.     It  is 
the  homologue  in  man  of  the  tail  in  animals. 
Cochering,  t  n.     Same  as  Coshering. 
Cochin-Chma  (koch'in-chi-na),  n.  and  a.  A 
term  applied  to  a  large  variety  of  the  domes- 
tic hen,  which  was  imported  from  Cochin- 
china. 

Cochin-Chinese  (koch'in-chi-nez"),  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  Cochln-China. 
Cochin-Chinese  (koch'in-chi-nez"),  n.  sing. 
and  pi.  1.  An  inhabitant  or  inhabitants  of 
Cochin-China.  —  2.  The  language  of  the 
people  of  Cochin-China. 
Cochineal  (koch'i-nel),  n.  [Fr.  cochenille, 
Sp.  cochinilla,  from  L.  coecHm,  Gr.  kokkos, 
the  kermes  insect  (Coccus  ilicis),  used  for 
dying  scarlet.  ]  A  dye-sturF  consisting  of  the 
dried  bodies  of  a  species  of  insect,  the  Coc- 
cus cacti,  a  native  of  the  warmer  climates 
of  America,  particularly  of  Oaxaca  in  Mexi- 
co, found  on  the  cochineal-fig  tree.  The 
female,  which  alone  is  valued  for  its  colour, 
is  of  the  size  of  a  tick.  At  a  suitable  time 


Cochineal  Fig  {.V0/<|///* 
cochinillifera)  and  Insect, 


these  insects  an-  ^ithrivil  and  kilk-.l  by  the 
application  of  heat.  They  then  have  the 
appearance  of  small  roujrh  berries  or  seeds, 
of  a  grayish-purple  colour,  and  form  the 
cochineal  nt  the 
shops,  which  is 
used  in  giving 
red  colours,  es- 
pecially crim- 
son and  scarlet, 
and  for  making 
carmine. 
Cochineal  -  fig 
(koch'i-nel-Hg), 
n.  The  JVo- 
palea  cochintt- 
It/era,  nat.  or- 
der Cactacear 
It  is  a  native  of 
South  America, 
and  being  the 
plant  on  which 
the  cochineal 
insect  is  found 
is  extensively 
cultivated  in 
that  country. 
Cochlea  (kok'- 
le-a),  n.  [L.  cochlea,  a  snail's  shell.]  1.  In 
onaf.  a  bony  structure  in  the  internal  ear, 
so  called  from  its  shape,  which  resembles 
that  of  a  snail-shell.  See  EAR.— 2.  A  name 
formerly  given  to  the  screw,  one  of  the 
mechanical  powers. 

Cochlean  (kok'le-an),  a.  Same  as  Cochleate 
(which  see). 

Cochleare  (kok-le-a're),  n.  [L. ,  from  cochlea, 
a  snail's  shell.  ]  In  med.  a  spoon ;  a  spoon- 
ful. 

Cochlearla  (kok-le-ii'rl-a),  n.  [L.  cochleare, 
a  spoon,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.]  A 
genus  of  cruciferous  plants,  including  the 
horse-radish  and  common  scurvy  -  grass. 
The  plants  are  perennial  herbs  with  simple 
or  pinnate  leaves  and  small  white  flowers. 
They  have  pungent  and  antiscorbutic  pro- 
perties. The  underground  stem  of  the  C. 
A  rmoracia,  or  horse-radish,  is  used  as  a  con- 
diment in  cookery. 

Coclileariform  (kok-le-a'ri-form),  a.  [L. 
cochlea,  a  snail's  shell,  and  forma,  form.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  snail's  shell  or  of  the 
ear. 

Cochleary  (kok'le-ar-i),  a.  Same  as  Coch- 
leate. 

Cochleate,  Cochleated  (kokle-at,  kok'le- 
at-ed),  a.  [L.  cochlea,  a  screw,  the  shell  of 
a  snail.  ]  Having  a  form  like  the  spiral  of  a 
snail-shell ;  spiral :  used  especially  in  bot. 
and  applied  to  leaves,  pods,  seeds.  &c. 
Cochleous  (kok'le-us),  a.  Of  a  spiral  form ; 
cochleate. 

Cochlospermum(kok-16-sper'mum),7i.  [Gr. 
kfichlos,  a  shell,  and  ttperma,  seed.]  A  genus 
of  small  trees  or  shrubs  found  in  the  tropics 
of  both  hemispheres.  They  have  palmately- 
lobed  leaves,  large  yellow  flowers,  and  pear- 
shaped  fruits,  with  numerous  coiled  seeds 
covered  with  a  silky  down  They  have  been 
placed  in  the  nat.  order  Bixinere.  A  decoc- 
tion of  the  roots  of  C.  insvjne  is  taken  by  the 
Brazilians  as  a  cure  for  all  internal  bruises. 
C.  (inctoritmjisused  incasesof  amenorrhcca 
and  also  as  a  yellow  dye. 
Coclnate  (ko'sin-at),  n.  A  salt  obtained  from 
cocinic  acid. 

Cocinic  (ko-sin'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to,  or 
derived  from  cocoa.  —  Cocinicacid(Cl3U^2)> 
an  acid  found  in  the  butter  of  the  cocoa- 
nut,  combined  with  glycerine.  It  forms 
snow-white  crystalline  scales  and  is  volatile. 
Cock  (kok),  n.  [From  A.  Sax.  coc,  cocc;  comp. 

0.  Fr.  coc,  Fr.  cog,  a  cock.     Probably  like 
mekoo,  a  word  of  onomatopoetic  origin.] 

1.  The  male  of  birds,  particularly  of  the  gal- 
linaceous, domestic  or  barn-door  fowls.   The 
word  is  often  used  adjectively  and  occasion- 
ally to  signify  the  male  of  certain  animals 
other  than  birds ;  thus  we  speak  of  a  cock 
lobster.— Cock  of  the  rock  (lliipicola  auran- 
tia),  a  beautiful  bird,  with  orange  plumage, 
which  inhabits  Guiana,  and  forms  the  type 
of  the  genus  Rupicola.— Cock  of  the  wood, 
the  capercailzie  (which  see).— 2.  A  vane  in 
shape  of  a  cock ;  a  weathercock. 

You  cataracts  and  hurricanoes.  spout. 
Till  you  have  drench'd  our  steeples,  drown  d  the 
cocks.  S»at. 

3  A  kind  of  faucet  or  turn-valve,  contrived 
for  the  purpose  of  permitting  or  arresting 
the  flow  of  fluids  through  a  pipe,  usually 
taking  its  special  name  from  its  peculiar 
use  or  construction;  as,  feed-c<x*,  four- way 
cock,  gage-co<*,  &c.— 1.  [In  this  sense  per- 


iiajifl  the  r-:mirasr/,rA-,  tin;  nutch  of  all  arrow.  ] 
A  prominent  portion  of  thr  l"rk  ,,f  a  ilri-aini; 
in  a  Hint-lock,  the  part  that  holds  the  Him  ; 
in  a  percussion-lock,  the  hammer.  -  5  Tin- 
style  or  gnomon  of  a  dial,  ii  Thrni'i-dleofa 
balance.  Juhntmn.  7.  Tln-pii-i-.' uhii-hfonnx 
the  bearing  of  the  babim-e  in  a  clock  or 
watch.— 8.  A  leader;  a  chief  man.  •  Sir  An- 
drew is  the  cock  of  the  club  '  Addiion.  [A 
humorous  term.]-9.  Cock-crowing:  the  tiim- 
when  oodu  crow  in  the  morning  -We  wi  n- 
carousing  to  the  second  r.  in  A 

fictitious  narrative,  In  verse  or  prose,  sold 
in  the  streets  as  a  true  account;  acock-and- 
bull  story.  '  News  of  the  anocryphij  natnir 

known  as  cocks.'    G.  A.  Sain.      11.  [Kr 

the  verb  ]  The  act  of  turning  up  or  setting 
up,  or  the  effect  or  form  produced  by  such 
an  act;  as,  a  cock  of  the  head,  eye,  nose,  Ac. 

You  see  many  a  smart  rhetorician  turning  his  t^it 
in  his  hands,  moulding  it  into  several  different  cocki. 
Altdilon 

Cock  (kok),  v.t.  1.  [Probably  from  the  strut- 
ting of  the  animal.]  To  set  erect;  to  turn 
up  with  an  air  of  pertness  or  petulance;  as. 
to  '•'»•/,-  the  nose  or  ears;  to  cock  the  brim  of 
a  hat. 

Our  Lightfoot  barks  and  cofki  his  ears.      Gay. 

2.  To  set  or  draw  back  the  cock  in  order  to 
flre;  as,  to  cuck  a  gun. 

Cock  (kok),  ti.i.  1.  To  hold  up  the  head;  to 
look  big,  pert,  or  menacing. 

Every  one  cocks  and  struts  upon  it.    dddison. 

2.  To  train  or  use  fighting  cocks.    [Rare.) 
Cock  (kok),  n.    [Dan.  kok,  a  heap,  a  pile;  <; 
dial,  kocke,  a  heap  of  hay;  Icel.  ko'kkr,  a 
lump  ;  Sw.  koka,  a  clod.  ]     A  small  conical 
pile  of  hay,  so  shaped  for  shed-.ling  rain. 
Cock  (kok).  11.  t.    In  hay-making,  to  put  into 
cocks  or  piles. 

Cock  (kok),  n.  [It.  cocca,  Fr.  coche,  a  notch.  ] 
The  notch  of  an  arrow  or  crossbow. 


shell.]    A  small  boat. 

Yond  tall  anchoring  bark 
Diminished  to  her  foci,  her  cock  a  buoy 
Almost  too  small  for  sight.  Shak. 


Cock  (kok),  n.  [O.Fr.  cootie,  a  kind  of  boat; 
Sp.  coca.  It.  cocca,  from  L.  concha,  a  kind  of 
ihell,  a  vessel,  from  Gr.  konyke,  a  cockle- 


Cock  (kok),  v.t.  [A  form  of  calk.]  To  calk 
or  furnish  (a  horse-shoe)  with  sharp  points 
of  iron  to  prevent  slipping  in  frost. 

Cautious  men  when  they  went  on  the  roads  had 
their  horses'  shoes  cocked.  Trolloft. 

Cockt  (kok),  t).(.    To  cocker.    B.Jonson. 

Cockade  (kok-adO,  n.  [Fr.  cocarde,  O.  Fr. 
coquarde,  from  coq,  a  cock,  from  its  resem- 
blance to  the  comb  of  the  cock.  ]  A  ribbon 
or  knot  of  ribbon ;  or  a  rosette  of  leather, 
worn  on  the  hat.  Coloured  cockades  some- 
times serve  as  badges  for  political  parties. 

Cockaded  (kok-ad'ed),  a.  Wearing  a  cock- 
ade. '  Well-fashioned  figure  and  cockaded 
brow.'  Young. 

Cock-a-hoop  (knk'a-hup),  a.  [Fr.  cog^  /I 
huppe,  lit.  cock  with  crest.]  Strutting  like 
a  cock;  triumphant. 

And  having  routed  a  whole  troop 

With  victory  was  cock-a-hoop.        fnanerut, 

Cockaigne.  Cocagne  ( ko-kftn' ),  n.  ( 0  Fr 
cocaitjnf,  Jr.  cocayne,  abundance,  a  time  of 
abundance,  pays  de  cocaijne,  an  imaginary* 
country  of  idleness  and  luxury,  most  pro- 
bably from  L.  coquo,  to  cook.  The  first  de- 
scription of  a  place  under  this  name  was 
given,  in  the  thirteenth  century,  in  a  French 
poem  entitled  '  The  Land  of  Cocagne. ']  1.  An 
imaginary  country  of  idleness  and  luxury. 
2.  The  land  of  Cockneys;  London  and  its 
suburbs. 

Cockalt  (kok'al), ».  1.  A  game  played  with 
sheep's  bones  instead  of  dice.  — 2.  The  bone 
used  in  playing  the  game;  hucklebone. 

Cock-and-bull,  «  [From  some  old  tale 
about  acock  and  a  bull;  comp.  the  Fr.  term 
coq-d-l'dne  (cock-and-ass),  a  cock-and-bull 
story.)  A  term  applied  to  idle  or  silly  fic- 
tions, stories  having  no  foundation,  can- 
ards; as,  that's  a  mere  cock-aiul-bull  story. 
[Colloq.J 

Cockapertt  (kok'a-pert),  n.  Impudent; 
saucy.  Heyicood. 

Cockatoo  (kok-a-toO,  n  (Malay  kakatua, 
from  its  cry  ]  A  name  common  to  numer- 
ous beautiful  birds  (belonging  especially 
to  the  genus  Cacatua)  of  the  parrot  kind, 
chiefly  inhabiting  Australia  and  the  Indian 
islands,  distinguished  from  all  others  ami 
from  one  another  by  their  crests,  which  are 
composed  of  a  tuft  of  elegant  feathers,  and 
[  which  the  birds  can  raise  or  depress  at  plea- 
sure There  are  several  species,  as  the  broad- 
crested  cockatoo  (C.  crMata),  the  great  sul- 


ch,  cAain;      eh,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J,  job;      n,  Jfr.  ton;      ng,  sing; 


TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Aiu;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


COCKATRICE 


502 


COCKROACH 


phur-crested  cockatoo  (C.  aalerita),  the  red- 
vented  cockatoo  (C.  philippinarum),  the 
tricolor-crested  or  Leadbeater's  cockatoo 


Tricolor-crested  Cockatoo  (Cacafua  Leadbeaterft. 

(C.  Leadbeateri),  which  has  its  specific  name 
from  the  well-known  naturalist  who  pos- 
sessed the  first  specimen  brought  to  Eng- 
land. See  CACATUINJI 
Cockatrice  (kok'a-tris),  n.  [O.Fr.  cocatricc, 
a  crocodile,  L  L.  cocatrix,  a  crocodile,  a  ba- 
silisk, a  cocatrice,  a  corrupted  form  of  cro- 
codilus,  crocodile;  comp.  Sp.  cocodrilo,  O.  E. 
cokedrttl,  a  crocodile.  The  story  of  its 
being  hatched  from  a  cock's  egg  arose  from 
the  notion  that  the  first  syllable  of  the  name 
meant  a  cock.  ]  A  fabulous  monster  said  to 
be  hatched  by  a  serpent  from  a  cock's  egg, 
and  represented  as  possessing  characters 
belonging  to  both  animals;  a  basilisk. 

That  base  vowel,  /,  shall  poison  more 

Than  the  death-darting  eye  of  cockatrice.    Shtik. 

In  her.  the  cockatrice  is  borne  combed, 
wattled,  and  spurred,  like 
the  cock,  and  with  a  ser- 
pentine tail. 
Cockayne  (ko-kan'),  ". 

Same  as  Cockaigne. 

Cock-bill  (kok'bil),  ado. 
Naut.  See  A-COCK  BILL. 

Cock-boat  (kok'bot),  71. 
[In  this  compound  boat 
has  been  added  to  explain 
the  other  word.  ]  A  small 
lioat.  See  COCK,  a  boat. 

Cock-brained  (kok'brand),  a.  Giddy;  rash. 
1  Such  a  cock-braitied  solicitor.'  Milton. 

Cock-broth  (kok'broth),  n.  Broth  made  by 
boiling  a  cock  or  other  fowl;  cockie-leekie. 
(Scotch.) 

Cockchafer  (kok'chaf-er),  n.  [Cock  in  this 
word  is  probably  for  clock,  Prov.  E.  and 
So.  for  a  beetle.  ]  The  Melolontha  vidgaris,  a 
lamellicorn  beetle,  called  also  the  ilay-buij 
or  May-beetle,  and  in  Oxfordshire,  &c.,  the 
Dorr-beetle.  It  is  one  of  the  commonest  of 
European  beetles.  The  larva;  or  caterpillars 
feed  on  the  roots  of  corn,  Ac.,  and  the  in- 
sects in  their  winged  state  do  much  injury 
to  trees. 

Cock-crow,  Cock-crowing  (kok'kro,  kok'- 
kro-ing),  n.  The  time  at  which  cocks  crow; 
early  morning.  Mark  xiii.  35. 

Cocker  (kok'er),  v.  t.  [Probably  from  cock; 
comp.  cocky,  cockitth,  pert,  cock,  to  look  big 
or  pert,  cocking  in  sense  of  cockering  (see 
below);  or  from  W.  cocru,  to  fondle,  cocr,  a 
coaxing.]  To  fondle;  to  indulge;  to  treat 
with  tenderness ;  to  pamper. 

Cocker  thy  child  and  he  shall  make  thee  afraid. 
Ecclus.  xxx.  9. 

Cocker  (kok'er),  n.  1  A  cock-fighter.—  2.  A 
dog  of  the  spaniel  kind,  used  for  raising 


Cockatrice. 


half-boot,  worn  by  countrymen  in  the  time 

of  Elizabeth.     '  His  cockers  were  of  cordi- 

win.'    Dray  ton. 
Cockerel  (kok'er-el),  n.    A  young  cock. 

Shak.;  Dryden. 
Cockernonie  (kok'er-no-ni),  n.   The  gather- 

ing of  a  young  woman's  hair  under  the 

snood  or  fillet.    [Scotch.] 
Cocket  t  (kok'et),  o.    Brisk;  pert. 


wood-cocks  (whence  probably  the  name) 
and  snipes  from  their  haunts  in  woods  and 
marshes.  —  3.  t  A  kind  of  high-laced  shoe  or 


. 

1.  A  seal  of  the  custom-house,  or  rather  a 
scroll  of  parchment,  sealed  and  delivered 
by  the  officers  of  the  custom-honse  to  mer- 
chants as  a  warrant  that  their  merchandise 
is  entered.—  2.  The  office  of  entry. 

Cocket-bread  t  (kok'et-bred),  n.  [Properly 
stamped  bread,  from  cocket,  a  seat.]  The 
finest  sort  of  wheat  bread. 

Cockey  (kok'i),  n.  A  common  sewer.  Brit- 
ton. 

Cock-eye  (kok'i),  «.    A  squinting  eye. 

Cock-eyed  (kok'id),  o.  Having  a  squinting 
eye. 

Cock-feather  (kok'feTH-er),  n.  In  archery, 
the  feather  which  stood  up  on  the  arrow 
when  it  was  rightly  placed  upon  the  string, 
perpendicularly  above  the  nick  or  notch. 

Cock-fight,  Cock-fighting  (kok'fit,  kok'fit- 
ing),  n.  A  match  or  contest  of  cocks;  a 
barbarous  sport,  in  which  cocks  are  set  to 
fight  with  each  other  till  one  or  the  other 
is  conquered. 

Cock-hedge  (kokliej),  n.  A  quickset  hedge. 

Cock-horse  (kok'hors),  n.  A  term  formerly 
applied  to  a  child's  rocking-horse,  but  com- 
monly used  in  the  adverbial  expression  a- 
cock-horse,  that  is,  on  horseback,  iu  an  ele- 
vated position,  on  the  high  horse.  It  is 
now  used  only  as  in  the  well-known  nursery 
rhyme.  It  was  used  also  acljectively;  see 
next  article. 

A  knave  that  for  his  wealth  doth  worship  get 
Is  like  the  devil  that's  a-cock-horse  set. 

John  Taylor. 

Cock-horse  t  (kok'hors),  a.     1.  Mount  <  I  as 

on  horseback.    Prior.     [Kare.]—  2.  Proud; 

upstart.    'Cock-horse  peasantry.'    Marlowe. 

[Rare.] 
Cockie-leekie,  Cock-a-leekie  (kok'i-lek-i, 

kok'a-lek-i),  n.    Soup  made  of  a  cock  or 

other  fowl  boiled  with  leeks.    Spelled  also 

Cocky-leeky.     [Scotch.] 
Cocking  (kok'ing),  n.    Cock-fighting.    B. 

Jonson. 
Cocking  t  (kok'ing),  o.    Cockering. 

Cockinp  dads  make  sawcie  lads 

In  youth  to  rage,  to  beg  in  age.      Tusitr. 

Cocklsht(kok'ish),  o.  Pert;  forward.  Quoted 
by  Latham. 

Cock-laird  (kok'lard),  n.  A  person  who 
owns  a  small  landed  property  and  cultivates 
it  himself;  a  yeoman.  [Scotch.) 

Cockle  (kok'i).  n.  [A.  Sax.  coccel,  tares; 
the  worn  would  seem  to  have  the  same  ori- 
gin as  Gael,  citgnl,  Ir.  cafjal,  Fr.  coquiole, 
cockle.)  A  plant  that  grows  among  corn, 
the  corn-rose  or  corn-cockle  (which  see). 

Let  thistles  ^row  instead  of  wheat,  and  cockle 
instead  of  barley.  Job  xxxi.  40. 

Cockle  (kok'i),  n.  [0.  E.  cockel,  dim.  of  cock, 
a  shell,  from  Fr.  coque,  a  cockle,  a  shell, 
from  L.  concha,  Gr.  kongke,  a  mussel  or 
cockle.)  A  name  for  the  molluscs  of  the 
genus  Cardium,  especially  Cardium  edule, 
common  on  the  sandy  shores  of  Britain,  and 
much  used  as  food.  The  general  charac- 
teristics are  :  shells  nearly  equilateral  and 
equivalvular;  hinge  with  two  small  teeth, 
one  on  each  side  near  the  beak,  and  two 
larger  remote  lateral  teeth,  one  on  each 
side;  prominent  ribs  running  from  the  hinge 
to  the  edge  of  the  valve. 

Cockle  (kokl),  »i.  Same  as  Capel,  a  com- 
pound stone. 

Cockle  1  1.  kok'i),  n.  A  young  cock;  a  cock- 
erel 

Cockle  (kokl),  n.  [Fr.  coquille,  a  shell,  also 
a  kind  of  grate  or  stove.  ]  The  body  or  fire- 
place of  an  air-stove,  usually  made  of  fire- 
brick ;  a  kind  of  kiln  or  stove  for  drying 
hops. 

Cockle-brained  (kok'l-brand),  a.  Chuckle- 
headed;  foolish.  [Scotch.] 

Cockled  (kok'id),  pp.  or  a.  1.  Having  a  shell: 
cochleate.  'The  tender  horns  of  cockled 
snails.'  Shak.  [Rare.]—  2.  [Meaning  doubt- 
ful. ]  Contracted  or  puckered  into  wrinkles 
like  the  shell  of  a  cockle.  'Showers  soon 
drench  the  camlet's  cockled  grain.'  Gay. 

Cockle-hat  (kok'1-hat),  n.  A  hat  bearing 
a  shell,  the  badge  of  a  pilgrim.  '  His  cockle- 
hat  and  staff.'  Beau.  ,1-  11.  See  SCALLOP. 


Cockle-oast  (Uk'l-ost),  n.  A  kind  of  kiln 
for  drying  hopi  upon. 

Cockier  (kolrUr),  ».  One  that  takes  and 
sells  cockles.  Gray, 

,  Cockle-shell  (kok'1-shel),  n.    The  sliell  or 
|     covering  of  a  cockli;. 

Cockle-Stair  (kok'l-star),  n.     A  winding  or 
,     spiral  stair. 

Cockle-Stove  (k..k'1-stov),  n.      A  stove  in 
:     which  the  cockle  or  tire -chamber  is  sur- 
rounded by  air-currents,  which,  after  being 
heated  sufficiently,  are  admitted  into  the 
apartments  to  be  warmed. 

Cockling  (kok'lin^),  «  [Origin  doubtful.] 
Furiously  dashing  and  tumbling,  with  a  short 
and  quick  motion:  said  of  the  sea  or  waves. 
'Ripling  and  cockling  seas.'  l>at/tj>i'-i'.  'A 
short  cockling  sea  which  must  very  soon 
have  bulged  the  ship.'  Cook. 

Cock-lobster  (kok'lob-ster),  n.  The  male  of 
the  lobster. 

Cock-loft  (kokloft),  n.  [Lit.  a  loft  for  cocks 
to  roost  in.]  A  small  loft  in  the  tup  of  a 
house;  a  small  garret  or  apartment  imme- 
diately under  the  roof. 

My  garrets,  or  rather  ray  cock-lofts,  are  indiffer- 
ently furnished.  Smft. 

Cock-master  (kok'ma8-t6r),  n.  One  who 
breeds  or  trains  game  -  cocks.  Sir  li. 
L'Sitrtnae, 

Cock-match  (kok'mach),  n,  A  cock-fight 
for  a  prize.  Addition. 

Cockney  (kok'ni),  n.  [p.E.  cokeney,  cokenay, 
a  word  of  doubtful  origin.  It  is  usually  con- 
nected with  cockaigne,  or  lubber-land,  but 
Skeat  prefers  to  connect  it  with  O.K.  < 
a  simpleton,  whence  coax,}  l.t  A  foolish  or 
effeminate  person ;  a  simpleton ;  a  spoiled 
child:  often  used  as  a  term  of  repr<>a>h 
without  a  very  clear  signification.  '  A  young 
heir  or  cockney  that  is  his  mother's  dar- 
ling.' A'as/t. 

I  am  afraid  this  great  lubber,  the  world,  will  prove 
a  cockney.  Shaft. 

2.  A  native  or  resident  of  London:  used 
slightingly  or  by  way  of  contempt. 

A  cockney  in  a  rural  village  was  stared  at  as  much 
as  if  he  had  entered  a  kraal  of  Hottentots. 

Macattlay. 

Cockney  (kok'ni),  a.      Related  to  or  like 

cockneys;  as,  cockney  conceit. 
Cockneyt  (kok'ni), v.t.  Topamper;  to  fondle; 

to  cocker. 

The  wise  justice  of  the   Almighty  meant  not  to 
cockney  us  up  with  mere  dainties.  Bf.  Hall. 

Cockneydom  (kok'ni-dum),  n.  The  region 
or  home  of  cockneys,  a  contemptuous  or 
humorous  name  for  London  and  its  suburbs. 
Thackeray. 

Cockneyfy  (kok'nl-fi),  v.t.  To  make  like  a 
cockney.  [Colloq.] 

Cockneyish  (kok'ni-ish),  a.  Relating  to  or 
like  cockneys. 

Cockneylsm  (kok'ni-izm),  n.  \.  The  condi- 
tion, qualities,  manner,  or  dialect  of  the 
cockneys.— 2.  A  peculiarity  of  the  dialect  of 
the  Londoners. 

Cock -paddle,  Cock-paidle  (kok'pad-1, 
kok'pa-dl),  n.  The  lumpflsh  or  sea-owl. 
[Scotch.] 

Cockpit  (kok'pit),  n.  1.  A  pit  or  area  where 
game-cocks  fight.— 2.  An  apartment  under 
the  lower  gun-deck  of  a  ship  of  war,  ordin- 
arily forming  quarters  for  junior  officers, 
and  in  action  devoted  to  the  surgeon  and 
his  assistants  and  patients.  — 3.  A  name 
given  to  the  room  in  Westminster  in  which 
her  majesty's  privy-council  hold  their  sit- 
tings, from  its  having  been  the  site  of  what 
was  formerly  the  cock-pit  belonging  to  the 
palace  at  Whitehall— 4.  t  The  pit  or  area 
of  a  theatre.  Shak. 

Cockqueant  (kok'kwen),  n.  Same  as  Cue- 
quean. 

Cockroach  (kok'roch),  n.  [Sp.  ciicaracha, 
a  wood-louse,  a  cockroach.  The  insect  h;is 
been  introduced  into  Britain  from  abroad. 
The  name  has  acquired  an  Knglish  appear- 
ance, so  that  it  seems  a  compound  of  two 
well-known  words;  comp.  in  this  respect 
barberry,  causeway,  crayfish.]  The  popular 
name  of  the  insects  of  the  orthopterous 
genus  Blatta,  comprising  several  species,  of 
which  the  familiar  B.  orientals,  the  common 
cockroach  or  black  beetle,  may  be  regarded 
as  the  type.  They  have  parchment-like 
elytra,  and  in  the  female  the  wings  are  im- 
perfectly developed.  They  are  nocturnal  in 
their  habits.  These  insects  are  very  trouble- 
some in  houses,  where  they  often  multiply 
to  a  great  extent,  infesting  kitchens  and 
pantries,  and  attacking  provisions  of  all 
kinds.  They  have  a  very  unsavoury  smell. 


Fate,  far.  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abuue;      V,  Sc.  ley. 


COCKSCOMB 


503 


CODEINE 


Cockscomb  (koks'kom), n.  1.  The  caruncle  or 
comli  of  a  cock.— 2.  A  iiiiine  given  to  flower- 
ing plants  of  various  genera.  By  gardeners 
it  is  properly  confined  to  Celoaia  cristata; 
but  it  ll  popularly  applied  to  Pedicularis  or 
lousewort,  Jtliinanthim  crista-galli  or  yel- 
low rattle,  as  also  to  BrytkrtgM  critita-gaUi. 
3.  A  fop  or  vain  silly  fellow.  See  COXCOMB. 

Cock's-foot,  Cock's-foot  Grass  (koks'fut, 
koks'l'ut  gras),  n.  A  perennial  pasture-grass 
(Dactylis  ijlutnerata),  of  a  coarse,  harsh, 
wiry  texture,  but  capable  of  growing  on 
barren  sandy  places,  and  yielding  a  valu- 
able food  for  sheep  very  early  in  the  spring. 
It  is  a  native  of  Britain.  The  name  has  been 
given  to  it  because  of  the  resemblance  of 
its  three-branched  panicle  to  the  foot  of  a 
fowl. 

Cockshead  (koks'hed),  n.  A  plant,  Onobry- 
chix  xat  tea,  or  sainfoin,  so  called  from  the 
shape  of  its  pod. 

Cockshut  (kok'shut),  ».  l.t  The  close  of  the 
day  when  fowls  go  to  roost.  '  About  cock- 
shut  time.'  Shak.—'2.  A  large  net  to  catch 
or  shut  in  woodcocks.  Halliwell. 

Cock-sorrel  (kok'sor-el),  n.  A  popular  name 
for  the  larger  species  of  the  native  sorrel 
(Ruuiex  acetom).  See  SOKREI.. 

COCkspur  (kok'sper),  n.  1.  The  sharp  spur 
on  the  legs  of  male  gallinaceous  birds. — 
2.  Same  as  Codapur-thorn. 

Cockspur-thorn  (kok'sper-thorn),  n.  The 
(fratontMcrtM-yaWi.BNorthAmenoan  shrub 
which  has  long  been  cultivated  in  this  coun- 
try as  a  shrubbery  ornament.  There  are 
several  varieties  which  are  admired  for  their 
snowy  blossoms  in  May.  Called  also  sim- 
ply Cockspur. 

Cocksure  (kok'shor),  a.  [Said  to  be  derived 
from  the  cock  of  a  musket,  as  being  much 
more  reliable  than  the  match  of  the  old 
matchlock.]  l.t  Perfectly  secure. 

We  steal  as  in  a  castle,  cocksure;  we  have  the 
receipt  of  fern  seed,  we  walk  invisible.  Shak. 

2.  Confidently  certain.     [Colloq.  ] 

I  thought  myself  cocksure  of  the  horse  which  he 
readily  promised  me.  Popt. 

Cockswain  (kok'swan;  colloq.  coks'n),  n. 
[Cock,  a  boat,  and  swain.]  The  person  who 
steers  a  boat ;  a  person  on  board  of  a  ship 
who  has  the  care  of  a  boat  and  its  crew 
under  an  officer. 

Cocktail  (kok'tal),  n.  1.  A  species  of  beetles 
(Ocypui  olens),  belonging  to  the  tribe  Bra- 
chelytra.  See  DEVIL'S  COACH-HORSE.— 2.  A 
half-bred  horse. 

But  servitors  are  gentlemen,  I  suppose?    A  good 
deal  of  the  civMiit  about  them,  I  should  think. 

Mnctnillan's  Mag. 

A.  A  kind  of  American  beverage,  made  of 
brandy  or  gin  mixed  with  sugar  and  a  very 
little  water. 

Cock-up  Letter  (kok-up'  let'er),  n.  In 
printing,  a  large  type  used  for  the  initial 
letter  of  the  first  word  of  a  volume,  part, 
book,  or  chapter,  the  foot  of  which  ranges 
with  the  foot  of  the  other  types  in  the  line. 

Cock-water  (kok'wa-ter),?i.  In  mining,  a 
stream  of  water  brought  into  a  trough  to 
wash  away  sand  from  ores. 

Cock-weed  (kok'wed),  »•  A  plant(/>pM(«»n 
latijuliuin),  called  also  DMander  and  Pep- 
perwort. 

Cocky  (kok'i),  a. 
Pert;  self -confi- 
dent ;  conceited. 
[Colloq.] 

COCO  (ko'ko),  n. 
Same  as  Cocoa,  the 
palm:  a  more  cor- 
rect spelling  than 
cocoa. 

Cocoa  (ko'ko),  n. 
[Pg.  coco,  a  name 
given  to  the  nut 
by  the  Portuguese 
in  India,  from  the 
monkey -like  face 
at  its  base,  from 
coco,  a  bugbear,  a 
distorted  mask.  ] 
A  palm  belonging 
to  the  genus  Co- 
cos,  producing  the 
cocoa-nut.  The 
cocoa  -  nut  tree 
(Corns  nudfera)  is 
everywhere  culti- 
vated in  tropical 
regions,  so  that  it 
is  difficult  to  ascer- 
tain its  native  country.  It  has  a  cylindrical 
stem  rising  to  a  height  of  60  to  90  feet,  and 
surmounted  by  a  crown  of  feather-like  leaves 


Cocoa-nut  Palm  (Cocas 
riitc'/era). 


18  to  20  feet  long.  The  small  white  flowers 
grow  on  a  branching  spadix,  inclosed  in 
a  hard  tough  spathe.  The  fruits  are  in 
bunches  of  twelve  to  twenty;  they  are  of 
a  sub-triangular  ovoid  form,  12  inches  long 
by  U  broad.  They  have  each  a  siimlt-  srnl 
inclosed  ill  a  very  hard  shell,  and  sur- 
rounded by  a  thick  fibrous  rind  or  husk. 
This  fibre  is  made  into  the  well-known 
cocoa-nut  matting;  the  coarse  yarn  obtained 
from  it  is  called  coir,  which  is  also  used  for 
cordage.  A  valuable  oil  is  obtained  by  pres- 
sure from  the  nut.  A  spirit  called  toddy  is 
made  from  the  sweet  juice  of  the  tree.  In- 
deed almost  every  part  of  the  tree  is  em- 
ployed for  some  useful  purpose  in  tropical 
countries.  — Cocoa-oil.  See  under  Cocoa-nut. 


small  fishes  or  shell-fish,  one  man  somelim.  < 
taking  as  many  as  400  to  550  a  day  on  tin- 
Newfoundland  banks.  It  has  become  of 


Cocoa-nut  and  Flower. 

Cocoa  (ko'ko),?i.  A  name  given  to  the  ground 
kernels  of  the  cacao  or  chocolate  tree.     It 
is  a  corruption  of  cacao,  the  proper  name  of 
the  plant.    See  CACAO  and  THEOBROMA. 
Cocoa-nut  (ko'ko-nut),  «.    The  nut  or  fruit 
of  the  cocoa-tree. — Cocoa-nw(  oil,  cocoa-oil, 
an  orange-coloured  oil  obtained  from  the 
nuts  of  the  Cocoa  nucifera  or  cocoa  palm. 
Cocoa-oil  (ko'ko-oil),  n.    See  COCOA-NUT. 
Cocoa-plum  (ko'ko-plum),  n.   The  fruit  of 
Chrysobalamu  Jcaco,  which  is  eaten  in  the 
West  Indies.  It  is  about  the  size  of  a  plum, 
with  a  sweet  and  pleasant  though  somewhat 
austere  pulp. 

Cocoa-tree  (ko'ko-trc).  n.    See  COCOA. 
Cocont  (ko-koh),  n.    [Fr.  ]    A  cocoon. 
Coco-nut  (ko'ko-nut),  n.    See  COCOA-NIT. 
Cocoon  (ko-koiO,  n.   [Fr.  cocon,  from  coque, 
the  shell  of  an  egg  or  insect,  from  L.  concha, 
a  shell-fish,  cockle.)    The  silky  tissue  or  en- 
velope which  the  larvreof  many  insects  spin 
as  a  covering  for  themselves  while  they  are 
in  the  chrysalis  state.    The  cocoon  of  the 
silkworm  is  a  familiar  example. 
Cocoon  (ko-kon'),  n.     An  antelope  of  South 
Africa  allied  to  the  gnu  (Catoblepastaurina). 
Cocoonery  (ko-kon'er-i),  n.    A  building  or 
apartment  for  silkworms  when  feeding  and 
forming  cocoons. 

Cocoa  (ko'koz),  n.  [See  COCOA.]  A  genus  of 
palms,  of  which  the  well-known  cocoa-nut 
tree  is  the  type.  There  are  some  twelve 
other  species,  having  a  similar  appearance 
but  bearing  much  smaller  fruits.  See 
COCOA. 

Coctible  (kok '  ti  -  bl),  a.    [See  below.  ]    Cap- 
able of  being  boiled  or  baked. 
Coctile,  Coctlve  (kok'til,  kok'tiv),  a.    [L. 
coclilis,  from  coquo,   to  cook.]     Made  by 
baking  or  exposing  to  heat,  as  a  brick. 
COCtion  (kok'shon),  n.   [L.  coc«o,  from  cootio, 
to  cook.]    1.  The  act  of  boiling  or  exposing 
to  heat  in  liquor.— 2.  In  wed.  that  alteration 
in  morbific  matter  which  fits  it  for  elimina- 
tion.—3.  Digestion. 
COCtive,  a.     See  COCTILE. 
Coculon  (ko'ku-lon),  n.     A  large  cocoon. 
Cocum- butter,  Cocum-oil  (ko'kum-but- 
er  ko'kum-oil),  n.    A  pale,  greenish-yellow, 
solid  oil  got  from  the  seeds  of  Garcima  jmr- 
purea,  a  tree  of  the  same  genus  with  man- 
gosteen,  used  in  India  to  adulterate  ghee 
or  fluid  butter.    In  this  country  it  is  some- 
times mixed  with  bear's-grease  in  poma- 
tums. 

Cocus-WOOd  (ko'kus-wud),  n.  A  kind  of 
wood  the  produce  of  the  Amerimnum 
Ebema,  brought  from  the  West  Indies  and 
used  for  turning  purposes. 
Cod  Codfish  (kod,  kod'fish),  n.  [Fl.  kodde, 
a  club,  from  its  large  club-shaped  head.  In 
the  same  way  It.  mazzo,  a  bunch,  a  codfish, 
mazza  a  club.  One  of  the  names  of  the  fish 
is  It.  testuto.Vr.  testu,trom  teste  ((rtc).head 
Wedgwood  ]  A  species  of  teleostean  fish  of 
the  family  Gadidre,  the  Gadus  morrhua  or 
Morrhua  milyaris,  inhabiting  northern  seas, 
but  particularly  the  banks  of  Newfoundland 
and  the  shores  of  New  England,  and  almost 
rivalling  the  herring  in  its  importance  to 
mankind.  Some  individuals  attain  the 
weight  of  100  Ibs.  It  is  very  voracious,  and 
is  taken  by  lines  and  hooks  baited  with 


Cod  (Morrhua  vtttgarv). 

greater  economical  value  by  reason  of  the 
discovery  of  the  great  therapeutic  value  of 
cod-liver  oil. 

Cod  (kod),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cod,  codd,  a  small 
bag,  in  Scotland  a  cushion,  a  pillow  ;  Icel. 
koddl,  a  pillow;  Sw.  kmide,  a  cushion.] 
1.  Any  husk,  envelope,  or  case  containing 
the  seeds  of  a  plant;  apod.  —  2.  t  A  bag,  es- 
pecially a  small  bag  for  holding  perfumes. 
HaUiwell.—Z.  The  scrotum.  —  4.  The  narrow 
part  at  the  extremity  of  a  trawl-net.  It  i» 
usually  *  or  5  feet  wide  and  10  feet  long. 
Sec  TRAWL-NET.—  5.  A  pillow  or  cushion. 

Cod  (kod),  v,t.    To  inclose  in  a  cod. 

Coda  (ko'da),  n.  [It.  ,  from  L.  cauda,  a  tail.  ] 
In  mu&tc,  an  adjunct  to  the  close  of  a  com- 
position, for  the  purpose  of  enforcing  the 
final  character  of  the  movement. 

Codd  (kod),  n.  A  contraction  of  Codger. 
[Charter-house  slang.] 

The  Cistercian  lads  call  the  poor  brethren  of  the 
Charter-house  codtis,  but  I  knf*  not  wherefore. 

Thacteray. 

Codded  (kod'ed),  a.     Inclosed  in  a  cod; 

in  her.  an  epithet  applied  to  beans,  pease, 

&c.  ,  borne  in  the  cod. 
Codder  (kod'er),  n.    A  gatherer  of  cods  or 

pease.    Johnson. 
Codding  t  (kod'ing),  a.    Wanton;  lecherous; 

lustful. 

That  codding  spirit  had  they  from  their  mother. 
Shalt. 

Coddington  Lens  (kod'ing-ton  lenz),  n.  A 
lens  formed  by  taking  a  sphere  of  glass  ami 
cutting  a  deep  and  wide  equatorial  groove 
round  it,  leaving  two  polar  portions  con- 
nected by  a  stem  round  which  passes  some 
opaque  substance. 

Coddle  (kod'l),  u.  (.  pret.  *  pp.  coddled: 
ppr.  coddling.  ['The  sense  was  originally 
to  castrate;  hence,  to  render  effeminate 
Formed  by  suffix  -le  from  cod,  originally  a 
bag,  but  afterwards  used  in  another  sense.' 
Skeat.  See  COD,  a  bag.]  To  make  effemin- 
ate by  pampering;  to  make  much  of;  to  treat 
tenderly  like  an  invalid;  to  pamper;  to 
cocker. 

He  (I-ord  Byron)  never  ftwfoWhis  reputation. 
Southty. 

How  many  of  our  English   princes  have  been 
coddled  at  home  by  their  fond  papas  and  mammas  : 
Thackeray. 

Written  also  Codfc. 

Coddle  (kod'l),  n.  An  over-indulged,  pam- 
pered being  ;  one  softened  by  tender  treat- 
ment. 

What  coddles  they  (horses)  look  on  these  Bne 
autumn  mornings  covered  with  clotl. 


Coddyt  (kod'di),  a.     Husky.     Sherwood. 

Coddy-moddy  (kod'di-mod-di),  n.  A  gull 
in  its  first  year's  plumage. 

Code  (kod),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  codex,  the 
trunk  of  a  tree,  a  tablet,  hence  a  book,  a 
manuscript,  because  the  ancients  wrote  and 
kept  their  accounts  on  hoards  or  tablets 
covered  with  wax.  See  STYLE.]  1.  A  sys- 
tematic collection  or  digest  of  laws;  a  term 
originally  applied  to  the  digest  of  the  Roman 
laws  made  by  order  of  Theodosius  the 
Younger,  though  the  digest  subsequently 
made  by  order  of  Justinian  is  called  by  pre- 
eminence '  the  code.  '—2.  Any  system  or  body 
of  rules  or  laws  relating  to  one  subject  ;  as, 
an  educational  corfc,  a  body  of  laws  or  regu- 
lations relating  to  public  schools. 

And  thundered  up  into  Heaven  the  Christless  cotft. 
That  must  have  life  for  a  blow.  Tennyion. 

Codeine  (ko-de'in).n.  [Or.  kodeia,  a  poppy- 
head.]  (C^HcnSO^HjO.)  An  alkaloid 
obtained  from  opium,  in  which  it  exists  ti> 
the  amount  of  6  or  8  oz.  per  100  Ibs.  Code- 
ine crystallizes  in  rectangular  octahedra, 
and  forms  a  series  of  salts  with  acids.  Three- 
tenths  of  a  grain  produces  sleep,  2  grains. 
very  heavy  sleep  or  sometimes  vomiting  and 
nausea,  while  3  grains  can  scarcely  be  taken 
without  danger. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g.  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton; 


ng,  sin?;     TH,  then;  th,  «Ain;     w,  trig;    wh,  whig;    rh,  azure. -See  KIT. 


CODETTA 


5(14 


COERCITIVE 


Codetta  (ko-det'ta),  «.  [It.]  In  mutic,  a 
short  coda. 

Codex  (ko'dcks),  n.  [L.  See  CODE.)  1.  A 
code. — 2.  A  manuscript  volume,  as  of  a 
classic  work  or  of  the  sacred  Scriptures.  — 
3.  In  mcd.  a  collection  of  approved  medical 
formuhc,  with  the  processes  necessary  for 
fi'rming  the  compounds  referred  to  in  it. 
Duagtuon. 

Cod-fisher  (kod'flsh-er),  n.  A  person  or 
vessel  employed  in  the  cod-fishery. 

Cod-fishery  (kod'flsh-er-i),  n.  The  business 
or  operation  of  fishing  for  cod. 

Codger  (koj'er),  n.  [Probably  a  form  of 
<-<td<jer  (which  see).]  1.  A  mean  miserly 
man.  —2.  A  curious  old  fellow;  an  odd  fish; 
a  character ;  as,  a  rum  old  codger.  [Slang,  j 
3  A  familiar  term  of  address.  [Slang.] 

That's  what  they'll  do  with  you,  my  little  codger. 
D.  yerfotd. 

I  haven't  been  drinking  your  health,  my  codger. 
Dickens. 

Codical  (kod'i-kal),  a.  Relating  to  a  codex 
or  to  a  code. 

Codicil  (kod'i-sil),  n.  (L.  codicillns,  dim.  of 
codex.  ]  A  writing  by  way  of  supplement  to 
a  will,  and  intended  to  be  considered  as  a 
part  of  it,  containing  anything  which  the 
testator  wishes  to  add,  or  any  revocation  or 
explanation  of  what  the  will  contains. 

Codicillary  (kod-i-silla-ri),  a.  Of  the  nature 
of  a  codicil. 

Codification  (kod'i-n-ka"shon),  71.  The  act 
or  process  of  reducing  laws  to  a  code  or 
system. 

Codifier,  Codlst  (kod'i-fi-er,  kod'ist),  n.  One 
who  codifies  or  reduces  to  a  code. 

Codify  (kod'i-fi),  v.t.  [E.  code,  and  L.  facia, 
to  make.  ]  To  reduce  to  a  code  or  digest,  as 
laws. 

Codilla  (ko-dilla),  n.  [Probably  a  dim.  form 
from  It.  coda,  L.  cauda,  a  tail.]  The  coarsest 
part  of  hemp,  which  is  sorted  out  by  itself ; 
also,  the  coarsest  part  of  flax. 

Codille  (ko-dll1),  n.  [Fr.  codille.]  A  term  at 
ombre  when  the  game  is  won.  Pope. 

Codlst.    See  CODIFIER. 

Codle  (kod'l),  v.t.  Same  as  Coddle  (which 
see.) 

Cod -line  (kodlln),  n.  An  eighteen-thread 
line  for  catching  cod. 

Codling  (kod'ling),n.  [In  meaning  1, and  per- 
haps in  the  others  also,  a  dim.  of  cod,  a  bag ; 
cotnp.  A. Sax.  cod-teppel,  a  quince.]  l.t  Ates- 
ticle.  Sylvester,  Du  Bartas. — 2.  t  An  unripe 
apple.  '  A  codling  when  'tis  almost  an  apple. ' 
Shak.  — 3.  Now  applied  to  several  cultivated 
varieties  of  kitchen  apple  with  large  or  me- 
dium-sized fruit.  [In  meanings  2  and  3 
often  written  codlin.] 

Codling  (kod'ling),  n.    A  young  cod. 

Codling-moth  (kodling-moth),  n.  A  small 
moth  (I'yralix  pomara),  the  larva  of  which 
feeds  on  the  apple. 

Cod-liver  Oil  (kod'liv-er  oil),  n.  An  oil  ob- 
tained from  the  liver  of  the  common  cod 
(JforrAua  vulgaris  or  Gadus  Morrhua)  and 
allied  species.  It  is  considered  an  import- 
ant medicine  in  cases  of  rheumatism,  con- 
sumption, scrofula,  &c.  There  are  three 
varieties  —  pale,  pale -brown,  and  dark- 
brown,  the  first  being  the  purest. 

Cod -piece  (kod'pes),  n.  A  piece  or  part  of 
the  male  dress  at  the  bifurcation  of  the 
trunk,  formerly  made  indelicately  conspicu- 
ous. Shak. 

Cod-sound  (kod'sound),  n.  The  sound  or 
air-bladder  of  the  cod-fish. 

Coe  (ko),  n.  In  mining,  a  little  underground 
lodgment  made  by  miners  as  they  work 
lower  and  lower. 

Ccecllia  (se-sil'l-a),  n.    See  CECILIA. 

Coecum  (se'kum).  n.    See  CAECUM. 

Coefflcacy  (kp  ef'fl-ka-si),  n.  [Prefix  co,  and 
efficacy.  ]  Joint  efficacy ;  the  power  of  two 
or  more  things  acting  together  to  produce 
an  effect.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Coefflciency  (ko-ef-fl'shen-si),  n.  [Prefix  co, 
and  efficiency.  ]  Co-operation ;  joint  power 
of  two  or  more  things  or  causes  acting  to 
the  same  end.  Glaiiville. 

Coefficient  (ko  ef-fl'shent),  a.  [L.  prefix  co, 
and  efficient,  efficients,  ppr.  of  efficio—e  for 
ex,  completely,  and/aoo,  to  do.]  Co-oper- 
ating; acting  in  union  to  the  same  end. 

Coefficient  (ko-ef-fl'shent),  n.  [See  above.] 
1.  That  which  unites  in  action  with  some- 
thing else  to  produce  the  same  effect— 2.  In 
alg.  a  number  or  known  quantity  put  before 
letters  or  quantities,  known  or  unknown, 
into  which  it  is  supposed  to  be  multiplied ; 
as, in  3 x  and  ax,  3  and  a  are  the  coefficients 
of  x.—S.  In  fluxions,  the  coefficient  of  any 
generating  term  is  the  quantity  which  arises 


from  the  division  of  that  term  by  the  gene- 
rated quantity. 

Coefficiently  (ko-ef-fl'shent-li),  ode.  By  co- 
operation. 

Coehorn  (ko'horn),  n.  [After  the  Dutch 
engineer  who  invented  it]  A  small  mortar 
for  throwing  grenades,  capable  of  being 
carried  by  a  small  number  of  men,  usually 
four. 

Ccdlacanth  (se'la-kanth),  a.  [Gr.  koilos,  hol- 
low, and  akantha,  a  thorn.  ]  In  zool.  a  term 
applied  to  certain  ganoid  fishes,  from  their 
having  hollow  spines.  See  next  article. 

Ccelacanthi,  Co3lacan.tb.idae  (se-la-kan'thi, 
sel-a-kan'thi-de),  n.  pi.  [See  COSLACANTH.  ] 
An  extensive  family  of  fossil  ganoid  fishes, 
so  named  from  their  having  a  central  cavity 
in  the  fin-rays,  which  may,  however,  have 
originally  been  filled  with  cartilaginous 
matter.  They  range  from  the  permian  to 
the  chalk,  and  embrace  the  genera  Cojla- 
canthus,  JIacropoma,  &c. 

Co -elder  (ko-eld'er),  n.  A  fellow -elder. 
Trapp. 

Coeleba(selebs),  n.  [L.)  A  name  given  to  a 
bachelor.  '  Calebs  has  become  a  benedick. ' 
G.  P.  R.  James. 

Co-election  (ko-e-lek'shon),  n.  Joint  elec- 
tion. 

Ccelelmintha  (se-lel-min'tha),  n.  pi.  [Or. 
koilos,  hollow,  and  elating,  elminthos,  a 
worm,  a  tape-worm.  ]  The  name  given  by 
Professor  Owen  to  one  of  the  two  orders  of 
Entozoa  or  intestinal  worms,  characterized 
by  having  a  nutrient  canal  suspended  in  a 
distinct  cavity,  and  being  furnished  with  a 
mouth  and  anus.  Ascaris,  Strongylus,  and 
Kilaria  are  examples  of  this  order. 

Coelenterata  (se-len'ter-a"ta),  n.  pi.  [Or. 
koilos,  hollow,  and  enteron,  an  intestine.] 
A  sub-kingdom  of  animals,  including  those 
whose  alimentary  canal  communicates  freely 
with  the  general  cavity  of  the  body  ('  the 
somatic  cavity ').  The  body  is  essentially 
composed  of  two  layers  or  membranes,  an 
outer  layer  or  'ectoderm '  and  an  inner  layer 
or  '  endoderm. '  No  circulatory  organs  exist, 
and  in  most  there  are  no  traces  of  a  nervous 
system.  Peculiar  stinging  organs  or '  thread- 
cells  '  are  usually  if  not  always  present,  and 
in  most  cases  there  is  a  radiate  or  star-like 
arrangement  of  the  organs,  which  Is  espe- 
cially perceptible  in  the  tentacles,  which 
are  in  most  instances  placed  round  the 
mouth.  Distinct  reproductive  organs  exist 
in  all,  but  multiplication  also  takes  place 
by  fission  and  budding.  The  Coelenterata  are  , 
divided  into  two  great  sections,  the  Ac-  I 
tinozoa  and  the  Hydrozoa,  and  include  the 
medusas,  corals,  sea-anemones,  <fcc.  All  the 
genera  are  marine  except  two,  which  are 
fresh-water. 

Coelenterate  (se-len'ter-at),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Coelenterata. 

Coelenterate  (se-len'ter-at),  n.  A  memlwr 
of  the  sub-kingdom  which  comprises  the 
Hydrozoa  and  Actinozoa. 

Ccelestin  (se-les'tin),  n.  [L.  calestu,  hea- 
venly, from  ccelum,  the  sky,  so  named  from 
its  occasional  delicate  blue  hue.]  Native 
sulphate  of  strontium  (SrSo,).  It  occurs 
massive  and  crystallized,  sometimes  also  in 
fibrous  and  stellated  forms.  It  is  found 
abundantly  in  the  massive  form  at  Mont- 
martre  and  Bristol.  The  crystallized  variety 
is  found  in  the  red  sandstone  of  Inverness. 
Splendid  groups  of  crystals  occur  at  Oirgenti 
in  Sicily. 

Coellac,  Celiac  (se'li-ak),  a.  [Gr.  koiliakoi, 
from  koilia,  the  belly,  koilos,  hollow.  ]  Per- 
taining to  the  cavity  of  the  abdomen.— 
Coeliac  artery  is  the  artery  which  issues 
from  the  aorta  just  below  the  diaphragm.— 
Coeliac  passion,  a  flux  or  diarrhoea  of  undi- 
gested food.  —  Coeliac  plexus,  an  interlace- 
ment of  sympathetic  nerves  round  the  coeliac 
artery. 

Coelodont  (se'16-dont),  a.  [Gr.  koilos,  hol- 
low, and  odovs,  odontos,  a  tooth.]  A  term 
appellative  of  that  class  of  lacertilian  or 
lizard-like  reptiles  having  hollow  teeth,  in 
opposition  to  the  pleodont  or  solid-toothed. 

Ccalogenys  (se-loj'e-nis),  n.  [Gr.  koilos, 
hollow,  and  genys,  a  cheek.  ]  A  genus  of  ro- 
dent animals  including  the  pacas.  See  PACA. 

Coelo  -  navigation  (sel6-nav-i-ga"shon),  n. 
[L.  i-ii  I  a  in.  heaven,  and  E.  navigation.] 
That  branch  of  navigation  in  which  the 
position  of  a  ship  is  determined  by  finding 
the  zenith  of  the  place  from  observations  of 
the  heavenly  bodies :  opposed  to  geo-naviya- 
tion  (which  see). 

Ccelospenn  (se' 16 -sperm),  n.  [Or.  koilot, 
hollow,  and  sperina,  seed.]  In  but.  a  seed 


in  which  the  alliuiuen  is  curved  so  that  the 
base  and  apex  approach,  as  in  coriander. 

Ccelospermous(se-16-s]>erm'us),  a.  Hollow, 
seeded  ;  having  curved  ,-ecdsor  coelospenus. 

Ccemetery  (sO'inO-te-ri),  n.    A  cemetery. 

Coemption  (ko-em'shon),  n.  [L.  coemjitiu 
—con,  and  emo,  to  buy.)  The  act  of  pur- 
chasing the  whole  quantity  of  any  cnm- 
modity. 

Monopolies  and  coemption  of  wares  for  resale, 
where  tney  are  not  restrained,  are  threat  means  to 
enrich.  Bacon. 

Coendoo  (kd-en'do),  n.  [Native  name.  ]  The 
Cercolabes  prehfnsilitt  or  Brazilian  porcu- 
pine, a  tree-climbing  porcupine  with  a  pre- 
hensile tail. 

Coenenchyma(se-nen'ki-nia),  n.  [Gr.  koinoK, 
common,  and  enchyma,  an  infusion.]  A 
secretion  uniting  the  corallites  of  some 
compound  corals.  Jiossiler. 

Coenesthesis  (  se  -  nes  -  the '  sis ),  n.  [fir 
koinos,  common,  and  aixthexix,  perception  ] 
A  term  expressive  of  the  general  sensibility 
of  the  system,  as  distinguished  from  the 
special  sensations  located  in  or  ascribed  tu 
the  separate  organs,  as  the  nose,  the  eye, 
•fee.  It  is  supposed  to  depend  on  the  gangli- 
onic  system. 

Co-enjoy  (ko-en-joi"),  ».(.  To  enjoy  along 
with  another.  floiceU. 

Coenobite  (se'no-bit).    Same  as  Cenobite. 

Coenoby  (se'no-bi)     Same  as  Cenoby. 

Ccenoecium  (se-ne'si-um).  n  [Gr.  J-M'/K,*. 
common,  and  oikos,  dwelling.  ]  The  common 
dermal  system  or  plant-like  structure  of  the 
Polyzoa,  in  contradistinction  to  the  cceno- 
sarc  of  the  zoophytes  or  Hydrozoa. 

Ccenosarc  (se'no-sark),  n.  [Or.  koinos, 
common,  and  sarx,  sarkos,  flesh.]  A  term 
applied  by  Dr.  Allman  to  the  common  living 
basis  by  which  the  several  beings  included 
in  a  composite  zoophyte  are  connected  with 
one  another.  Every  composite  zoophyte 
is  thus  viewed  as  consisting  of  a  variable 
number  of  beings  or  polypites  developing 
themselves  from  certain  more  or  less  definite 
points  of  a  common  coenosarc. 

Ccenure,  Coenurus  (se'nur,  se-nu'rus),  11 
[Gr.  koinos,  common,  ourat  a  tail.]  A  liy 
datul  found  in  the  sheep,  producing  the 
disease  called  staggers,  the  larval  form  of  a 
tape-worm. 

Coequal  (ko  e'kwal),  a.  [L.  prefix  co,  and 
ceqmilui,  equal. )  Equal  with  another  person 
or  thing;  of  the  same  rank,  dignity,  or 
power.  Shak. 

Coequal  (ko  e'kwal),  n.  One  who  is  equal 
to  another. 

Coequallty  (ko-e-kwol'i-ti),  n.  The  state  of 
being  equal  with  another ;  equality  in  rank, 
dignity,  or  power. 

Coequally  (ko-e'kwal-li),  adv.  With  Joint 
equality. 

Coerce  (ko-ersO,  v.t  [L.  coerceo- prefix  co, 
and  arceo,  to  drive  or  press.  ]  1.  To  restrain 
by  force,  particularly  by  moral  force,  as  by 
law  or  authority ;  to  repress. 

Punishments  are  manifold,  that  they  may  coerce 
this  profligate  sort.  Aylijft. 

2.  To  deprive  of  forcibly.     [Rare.  ] 

Therefore  the  debtor  is  ordered  ...  to  be  coerced 
his  liberty  until  he  makes  payment.  Burke. 

3.  To  compel  to  compliance ;  to  constrain  in 
a  high-handed  manner;  as,  tocoircvaman  to 
sign  a  document. —4.  To  enforce ;  as,  to  coerce 
obedience. 

Coercible  (ko-er'si-bl),  a.     Capable  of  being 

or  deserving  of  being  coerced. 
Coerclbleness  (ko-er'si-bl-nes),  n.   The  state 

or  quality  of  being  coercible. 
Coercion  (koer/shon),n.  The  act  of  coercing: 

(a)  restraint ;  check,  particularly  by  law  or 

authority. 

Government  has  coercion  and  animadversion  upon 
such  as  neglect  their  duty.  Scutn. 

CO  Compulsion ;  constraint ;  as,  if  he  will 
not  do  it  voluntarily  we  must  try  coercion. 
Coercltlve  (ko-erti-tiv),  a.    Capable  of  re- 
straining or  coercing ;  restrictive ;  coercive ; 
able  to  toTfe  into  compliance. 

It  were  not  easy  to  have  .  .  .  coercilivc  power  in 
laws  if  in  some  cases  some  evil  were  not  to  be  per- 
mitted to  be  done  for  the  procuring  some  good. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

— Coercitioe  force,  coercive  force,  that  power 
or  force  which  renders  the  impartation  of 
magnetism  to  steel  or  iron  slower  or  more 
difficult,  and  at  the  same  time  retards  the 
return  of  a  bar  once  magnetized  to  its  natural 
state  when  active  magnetism  has  ceased. 
This  force  depends  on  the  molecular  consti- 
tution of  the  metal. 

Coercltlve  ( ko  -  er  'si  -  tiv ),  n.  Same  as 
Coercive.  Jer.  Taylor.  (Rare.) 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


COERCIVE 


505 


COFFKKED 


Coercive  (ko-ei's'v),  a.  Having  power  to 
coerce,  particularly  by  moral  force,  as  of 
law  or  authority;  restraining;  constraining. 

Without  coercive  power  all  government  is  hut  tooth- 
less and  precarious.  South. 

Coercive  (ko-er'siv),  «.  That  which  co- 
erces ;  that  which  constrains  or  restrains ;  a, 
cntTcitive.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Coercively  (ko-tVsiv-li),  adv.  By  constraint 
nr  coercion.  Ilnrfcr. 

Coerectant,  Coerected  (ko-e-rekt'ant, 
kci-e-rekt'ed),  pp.  In  her.  a  terra  denoting 
things  set  up  together  or  erected  side  by 
side. 

Coessential  ( kd - es - sen'shal ),  a.  [Prefix 
en,  and  exxritlial,  from  L.  easentutlis.  See 
ESSENCE.]  Having  the  same  essence. 

We  bless  and  magnify  that  coessential  Spirit,  eter- 
nally proceeding  from  (the  Father  and  Son).  Hooker. 

Coessentiality (ko  es-sen'ahi-ari-ti),  n.  The 
fact  of  having  the  same  essence.  Johnson. 

Coessentially  (ko-es-sen'shal-li),  adv.  In 
a  eoessential  manner. 

Coestablishment  (ko-es-tablish-ment),  n. 
Joint  establishment.  Bp.  Watson. 

Coetanean  (ko-e-ta'ne-an),  n.  [See  next 
article.]  One  of  the  same  age  with  another. 
Atihrry.  [Rare.] 

Coetaneous  (ko-e-ta'ne-us),  a.  [L.  cotrta- 
iieus  —  prefix  CO,  anil  ixtas,  age.]  Of  the 
same  age  with  another ;  beginning  to  exist 
at  the  same  time ;  coeval :  often  with  to  or 
with.  '  Every  fault  hath  penal  effects  coeta- 
n,  "us  to  the  act.'  Dr.  H.  More.  [Rare.] 

Through  the  body  every  member  sustains  another ; 
and  all  are  coetaneous,  because  none  can  subsist 
alone.  Bttttley. 

Coetaneously  (ko-e-ta'ne-us-li),  ado.    Of  or 

from  the  same  age  or  beginning.     Dwight. 
Coeternal  ( ko  -  e  -  ter'nal ),  a.     [Prefix  co, 

and  eternal.]  Equally  eternal  with  another. 

4  Of  the  Eternal,  coeternal  beam.'    Milton. 
Coeternally  (ko-e-ter'nal-li),  adv.     With 

coeternity  or  equal  eternity.    Hooker. 
Coeternity  (ko-e-ter'ni-ti),  n.    [Prefix  m, 

and    eteruity.]     Existence    from    eternity 

equal  with  another  eter- 

n-il    being;    equal    eter-     \ 

nity.      '  The  eternity  of 

the  Son's  generation,  and 

his   coeternity  with   ths 

Father.'    Hammond. 
Coeur  (ker:   e   long),  n. 

[Fr.]     In  her.  the  heart 

of   the  shield  E,  other- 
wise called  the  centre  or 

fesse  point.  Cceur. 

Coeval  (ko-e'val),  a.    [L. 

coceoug— con, and  ovum, Age.]  l.Of  thesame 

age ;  having  lived  for  an  equal  period. 

Like  a  yiung  flock, 
Coeval  and  new  shorn.  Prior. 

2.  Existing  at  the  same  time,  or  of  equal 
antiquity  in  general :  followed  by  with, 
sometimes  by  to. 

Silence!  coeval  with  eternity ! 

Thou  wert  ere  nature  first  began  to  be.       Pope. 

Coeval  (ko-e'val),  71.  One  of  the  same  age ; 
one  who  begins  to  exist  at  the  same  time. 

O  my  coevals  1  remnants  of  yourselves, 

Poor  human  ruins  tottering  o'er  the  grave.     Young. 

Coevous  t  (ko-e'vus),  a.   The  same  as  Coeval. 

'  Supposing  some  other  things  coevous  to  it. ' 

South. 
Coexecutor  (ko-egz-ek'u-ter),  n.     A  joint 

executor. 
Coexecutrlx  (ko-egz-ek'u-triks),  n.    A  joint 

executrix. 
Coexist  (ko-egz-ist/),  v.l.     [Prefix  co,  and 

exutt.  ]     To  exist  at  the  same  time  with 

another :  used  absolutely  or  with  with. 

In  the  human  breast 

Two  master  passions  cannot  coexist.      Campbell. 
Things  which  coexist  with  the  same  thing  coexist 
with  each  other.  //.  Spencer. 

Coexistence  (ko-egz-ist'ens),  n.  Existence 
at  the  same  time  with  another;  contempo- 
rary existence.  '  Without  the  help,  or  so 
much  as  the  coexistence,  of  a  condition.' 
Jer.  Taylor. 

Coexistency  ( ko-egz-ist'en-si ),  n.  Coexist- 
ence. Sir  T.  Browne. 

Coexistent  (ko-egz-ist'ent),  a.  Existing 
at  the  same  time  with  another :  used  ab- 
solutely or  followed  by  with.  '  The  law  of 
c'lexixtent  vibrations.'  Wheicell. 

Coexisting  (ko-egz-ist'ing),  a.  Existing  at 
the  same  time  with.  Locke. 

Coexpand  ( ko-eks-pand' ),  r.i.  [Prefix  co, 
and  fxpa  nd.  ]  To  expand  together  equally ; 
to  expand  over  the  same  space  or  to  the 
same  extent. 


Coextend  (ko-eks-tcnd'),  v.l.  and  i.     [1'ivilx 

ttftaAamnd.]  To  extend  through  tin-  sn 

space  or  duration  with  another;  to  extm.l 
equally. 

According  to  which  the  least  body  may  be  coex- 
tciirfcJ  with  the  greatest.  Koyle. 

Coextenslon  ( ko-eks-ten'shon ),  n.  \  Pn  il\ 
co,  and  extension.)  The  fact  or  state  of  being 
equally  extended  with  something  else. 

Coextensive  (ko-eks-ten'siv),  a.  (Prefix  co, 
and  extensive.}  Equally  extensive;  having 
equal  scope  or  extent.  'The  six  Jmlian 
seasons  each  of  which  is  coextensive  with 
two  signs. '  Sir  W.  Jones 

Coextensively  ( ko-eks-ten'siv-ll ),  adv.  So 
as  to  exhibit  coextension. 

Coextensiveness  (ko-eks-ten'siv-nes),  n. 
The  state  of  being  coextensive.  Bentham. 

Co-factor  (ko-fak'ter),  n.  [Prefix  co,  and 
factor.]  In  altj.  a  factor  with  another;  a 
co-eftlcient. 

Coff(kof),  n.  The  offal  of  pilchards.  [Local.] 

Coff  ( kof ),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  coffed  and  coft. 
[From  same  root  as  cheap;  comp.  G.  kau- 
fen,  to  buy.]  To  buy;  to  purchase.  'That 
sark  she  coft  for  her  wee  Nannie.'  Burnt. 
[Scotch.] 

Cpffea  (kof-fe'a),  n.  [From  co/ee.]  A  con- 
siderable genus  of  shrubs,  nat.  order  Ru- 
biacere,  natives  of  tropical  Asia  and  Africa. 
Some  species  yield  coffee  (which  see). 

Coffee  (kof'fl),  n.  [Fr.  cafe,  G.  ka/ee,  D. 
knffy,  from  Turk,  qahveh,  AT.  qahweh,  coffee.  ] 
1.  The  berry  of  a  tree  belonging  to  the  genus 
Coffea  (C.  arabica),  nat.  order  Rubiaceox 
It  is  a  native  of  Arabia  and  Abyssinia;  but 
is  now  extensively  cultivated  throughout 
tropical  countries.  It  will  prow  to  the 
height  of  16  or  18  feet,  but  it  is  seldom 
permitted  to  exceed  8  or  0  feet,  for  the 
convenience  of  gathering  the  fruit.  The 
stem  is  upright,  and  covered  with  a  light 
brown  bark ;  the  branches  are  horizontal 
and  opposite.  The  flowers  grow  in  clusters 
at  the  bases  of  the  leaves,  are  pure  white, 
and  of  an  agreeable  odour.  The  fruit 
is  a  small  red  fleshy  berry,  having  the  size 
and  appearance  of  a  small  cherry.  Each 
berry  contains  two  seeds,  commonly  called 
coffee-beans  or  coffee-nibs.  When  ripe  the 
berries  are  gathered,  and  the  outer  pulp 
and  the  parchment-like  covering  of  the  seeds 
are  removed.  The  best  coffee  is  said  to  be 
the  Mocha  coffee  from  Arabia  Felix.— 2.  A 
drink  made  from  the  seeds  of  the  coffee-tree, 
by  infusi.in  or  decoction,  the  former  method 
being  said  to  be  that  which  produces  by  far 
the  best  beverage,  as  the  flavour  is  spoiled 
by  boiling.  Before  being  used  the  seeds  are 
roasted,  and  then  ground  in  a  coffee-mill,  or, 
as  in  the  East,  pounded.  The  beverage  is 
improved  by  being  made  with  beans  freshly 
roasted  and  ground.  Coffee  acts  as  a  slight 
stimulant,  and  thus  promotes  cheerfulness 
and  removes  languor,  it  also  aids  digestion; 
but  in  some  constitutions  it  induces  sleep- 
lessness and  nervous  tremblings.  The  use 
of  coffee  is  said  to  have  been  made  known 
in  Europe  by 
Leonhard  Rau- 
wolf,  a  German 
physician, whose 
travels  appeared 
in  1582.  It  was 
introduced  into 
England  by  a 
merchant  named 
Edwards,  whose 
Greek  servant 
Pasqua  opened 
a  coffee  -  house 
in  London  in 
1052. 

Coffee-bean 

(koffl-ben),  n.  A 
coffee  -  seed  or 
coffee-berry. 
Coffee-berry 
( kof'fl-be'ri ),  n. 
The  fruit  of  the 
coffee- tree 

Coffee  Plant  (Coffea  araHca).  Coffee-bUg  (kof  - 
fl-bug),  n.  The 

Lccanium  coffece,  an  insect  belonging  to  the 
family  Coccidte,  which  lives  on  the  coffee- 
tree,  and  is  very  destructive  to  coffee  plan- 
tations. 

Coffee-cup  (kof'fl-kup),  n.  A  cup  from 
which  coffee  is  drunk. 

Coffee-house  (kof'fl-hous),  n.  A  house  of 
entertainment  where  guests  are  supplied 
with  coffee  and  other  refreshments.  In 
some  establishments  called  coffee-houses 
also  beds  can  be  had.  Coffee-houses  for- 


nii-rl.v  held  a  position  snmi-uhat  ilmilar  to 
the  clubs  of  the  present  day 

The  coffee-house  mutt  n   •  Aith  a  cur. 

sory  mention.     It  might  ui.Ir.  *   have 

been  not  improperly  called  ..  n 
cal  institution.  .  .  .  The  c,.ff,e-l,,.,,,,,  were  ll, 
organs  through  whiih  the  ,„,' 
tr,,,,,,],,  vent, 

or  middle  class  went,!  ..  Jtoiite  to  learn 

the  news  and  discuss  it.     Hvcry  coffee-hattse  had  one 
or  more  orators,  to  whose  eloquence  the  crt.u 
tened  with  admiration,  and  «: 
the  journalists  of  our  own  time  have  been  called— a 
fourth  estate  of  the  realm.  Ma< ., . 

Coffee-mant  (koffl-man),  ti.  One  who  keeps 
a  coffee-house.  Addixtm. 

Coffee-mill  (koffl.mil),  n.  A  small  machine 
or  mill  for  frlndtnfl  coffee 

Coffee-nib  (kof  fl-nib),  n.  A  coffee-bean. 

Coffee-pot  (kof  n-pot),  n.  A  covered  pot  n, 
which  the  decoction  or  infii-ii.n  ..f  r,,ffe«  is 
made,  or  in  which  it  is  brought  upon  the 
table  for  drinking. 

Coffee-roaster  ( kof  fl-rost-er),  n.  The  uten- 
sil in  which  the  coffee-beans  are  routed 
before  being  ground. 

Coffee-room  (kof'fl-rbm),  n.  A  public  room 
or  apartment  in  an  inn  or  hotel,  where 
guests  are  supplied  with  refreshments  and 
newspapers. 

Coffee-sage  (koffl-saj),  n.  A  coffee-house 
orator.  Churchill. 

Coffee-shop  (kof'H-shop),  n  1  A  «hop 
where  coffee  is  sold.— 2.  A  meaner  sort  of 
coffee-house. 

Coffee-stand  (kof'fl-stand).  71.  1.  A  support 
for  the  vessel  in  which  coffee  is  prepared.— 
2.  A  stall  set  up  on  the  street  for  the  sale  of 
coffee  and  other  refreshments. 

Coffee-tree  (kof'fl-tre).  n.  The  Coffert  ara- 
bica, which  produces  the  l>erries  from  which 
coffee  is  manufactured.  See  COFFEE. 

Coffein,  Coffelne  (kof-fe'in),  71.  Same  as 
Caffeine  (which  see). 

Coffer  (koffer),  71.  [Fr.  coffre.  O  Fr.  eofre. 
co/in,  a  coffer,  from  L.  co^thinng,  Gr.  kophi- 
nog,  a  basket.  Cojtin  is  a  slightly  different 
form  of  the  same  word.]  1.  A  chest,  trunk, 
or  casket,  more  particularly  one  for  holding 
muniments,  jewels,  or  money;  hence,  in  the 
plural,  equivalent  to  funds,  treasure. 

lie  would  discharge  it  without  any  burden  to  the 
queen's  coffers.  Bacon. 


Coffered  Ceiling.— From  tlie  Cathedral  of  Como. 

2.  In  arch,  a  sunk  panel  or  compartment  in 
a  ceiling  or  soffit,  of  an  ornamental  char- 
acter, and  usually  enriched  with  mouldings 
and  having  a  rose,  pomegranate,  *c. ,  in  the 
centre;  a  caisson  -  3  la  fort,  a  hollow  lodg- 
ment across  a  dry  moat,  from  6  to  7  feet 
deep  and  from  16  to  18  broad,  the  upper 
part  made  of  pieces  of  timber,  raised  2  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  moat,  which  little 
elevation  has  hurdles  laden  with  earth  for 
its  covering,  and  serves  as  a  parapet  with 
embrasures.  It  is  raised  by  the  besieged 
to  repulse  besiegers  when  they  endeavour 
to  pass  the  ditch.— 4.  A  trough  in  which 
tin-ore  is  broken  to  pieces  —5.  A  kind  of 
caisson  or  floating  dock.— 8.  A  canal-lock 
chamber. 

Coffer  (koffer),  r  t.  To  deposit  or  lay  up  in 
a  coffer.  '  The  aged  man  that  cofen  up  his 
gold.'  Shak. 

Cofferdam  (kof fer-dam),  n.  A  wooden  in- 
closure  formed  in  a  river,  in  order  to  obtain 
a  firm  and  dry  foundation  for  bridges,  piers, 
<tc.  It  is  usually  formed  of  two  or  more 
rows  of  piles,  driven  close  together,  with 
clay  packed  in  between  the  rows  The 
heads  of  the  piles  rise  above  high-water 
mark,  and  thus  form  a  barrier  to  exclude 
the  water. 

Coffered  (kofferd),  a.     Furnished  or  orna- 


ch,  oAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J,  job; 


b,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  SJTIJ;;      TH,  Men;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


COFFERER 


500 


COGNIZE 


mented  with  coffers :  as,  a  coffered  ceiling. 
See  COFFER,  2. 

Cofferer  (kof'fer-er),  n.  1.  One  who  lays  up 
treasure  in  a  coffer  or  chest.  'Ye  fortune's 
cofferers,  ye  powers  of  wealth.'  Young. 
[Rare.]— 2.  Formerly  a  principal  officer  of 
the  royal  household  of  Britain,  who  had 
oversight  over  the  other  officers  of  the  court. 
He  was  next  under  the  controller,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  privy-council.  His  duties 
are  now  performed  by  the  lord  steward  and 
paymaster  of  the  household. 

Coffering  (kof'fer- ing),  n.  In  ?nintn<7,  the 
operation  of  securing  the  shaft  of  a  mine 
from  water  by  ramming  in  clay  between  the 
casing  and  the  rock. 

Coffershipt  (kof  'fer-ship),  n.  The  office  of 
treasurer,  cash-keeper,  or  purser. 

His  Majesty  pleased  the  people  greatly  to  put  him 
from  the  coffer-ship.  Raleigh. 

Coffer-work  (kof'fer-werk),  n.  In  masonry, 
rubble-work  faced  with  stone. 

Coffin  (kof'fln),  n.  [O.Fr.  cnfin,  a  chest,  L. 
cophinus,  a  basket.  See  COFFEH.  ]  1.  The 
chest  or  box  in  which  a  dead  human  body 
is  buried  or  deposited  in  a  vault. 

Not  a  flower,  not  a  flower  sweet, 

On  my  black  coffin  let  there  be  strown.      Shaft. 

2.t  A  mould  of  paste  for  a  pie;  the  crust  of 
a  pie.  See  CUSTARD-COFFIN. 

Of  the  paste  a  coffin  I  will  rear.        Shot. 

3.  t  A  paper,  twisted  in  the  form  of  a  cone, 
used  as  a  bag  by  grocers;  a  cap  or  cornet  — 

4.  In  farriery,  the  hollow  part  of  a  horse's 
hoof ;  or  the  whole  hoof  above  the  coronet, 
including  the  coffin-bone. — 5.t  In  printing, 
a  wooden   frame  inclosing   the  imposing 
stone. — 6.  In  milling,  one  of  the  sockets  in 
the  eye  of  the  runner,  which  receives  the 
end  of  the  driver.     E.  H.  Knight.— To  put 
a  nail  in  one's  coffin,  to  do  anything  that 
may  tend  to  shorten  one's  days. 

Coffin  (kof'fln),  v.t.  1.  To  put  or  inclose  in  a 
coffin. — 2.  To  confine;  to  inclose. 

Devotion  is  not  coffin'd  in  a  cell. 

Nor  chok'd  by  wealth.  John  Hall. 

3.  t  To  cover  with  paste  or  crust.  B.  Jonson. 
See.COFFIN,  2. 

Coffin  (kof'fln),  n.  In  mining,  the  name 
given  in  Cornwall  to  old  open  workings, 
which  were  worked  without  shafts,  by  dig- 
ging and  casting  up  the  stuff  from  one  plat- 
form of  boards  to  another. 

Coffin-bone  (kof'fln-bon),  n.  In  farriery,  a 
small  spongy  bone,  inclosed  in  the  hoof  of  a 
horse. 

Coffinless  (kof'fln-les),  a.   Having  no  coffin. 

Cofne  (kof'n),  n.  A  gang  or  caravan  of  slaves 
in  Africa  proceeding  to  some  market  or  port 
of  shipment.  Also  written  Cavjte. 

Cofounder(ko-found'er),  n.  A  joint  founder. 

Cofre,t  n.     A  coffer;  a  chest.     Chaucer. 

Cog(kog),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cogged;  ppr.  cog- 
ging. [Probably  from  W.  coegio,  coegiaw,  to 
make  void,  to  trick,  from  coeg,  empty, 
vain.]  1.  To  natter;  to  wheedle;  to  seduce 
or  draw  from,  by  adulation  or  artifice. 

I'll  .  .  .  cog  their  hearts  from  them.        Shalt. 

2.  To  obtrude  or  thrust  in  by  falsehood  or 
deception ;  as,  to  cog  in  a  word  to  serve  a 
purpose. 

Fustian  tragedies  .    .  .    have  by  concerted  ap- 
plause been  cogged  upon  the  town  for  masterpieces. 
Dennis. 

This  word  is  rarely  used  now  except  in  re- 
gard to  dice,  to  cog  a  die  being  to  load  a  die 
so  as  to  direct  its  fall,  for  the  purpose  of 
cheating. 

Cog  (kog),  fl.i.  [Now  rare.]  1.  To  cheat, 
primarily  by  means  of  loaded  dice. 

For  guineas  in  other  men's  breeches. 

Your  gamesters  will  palm  and  will  cog.          Swift. 

2.  To  wheedle;  to  lie. 

Mrs.  Ford,  I  cannot  cog;  I  cannot  prate.      Shak. 

Cog  (kog),  n.  A  trick  or  deception.  'Letting 
it  pass  for  an  ordinary  cog  upon  them.'  Bp. 
Watson. 

Cog  (kog),  n.  [Allied  to  Sw.  kvgg,  kvgge,  a 
cog ;  G.  kog.  kiigt,  a  kind  of  wooden  mallet 
used  by  coopers ;  perhaps  borrowed  from 
W.  cog,  the  cog  of  a  wheel,  but  this  may 
be  borrowed  from  English.]  1.  The  tooth 
of  a  wheel,  by  which  it  drives  another  wheel 
or  body,  especially  a  tooth  which  is  not 
of  the  same  piece  with  the  wheel,  but  is 
inserted  in  a  mortice.— 2  A  kind  of  notch, 
made  use  of  in  tailing  joists  or  wall-plates. 

Cog  (kog),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cogged;  ppr. 
cogging.  To  furnish  with  cogs. 

Cog,  Cogue  (kog),  71.  [Gael,  cogan,  a  bowl, 
a  cup.  1  [Scotch.  ]  A  hollow  wooden  vessel, 
of  a  circular  form,  for  holding  milk,  broth, 


&c.  Burns.  Sometimes  used  metaphori- 
cally to  denote  intoxicating  liquor,  like  the 
English  bowl.  See  COOGIE. 

Cog  (kog),  n.  [Dan.  kog,  a  cockboat;  D.  kog, 
a  Rind  of  merchantman;  same  word  as  cock, 
a  boat.]  A  boat;  a  fishing-boat. 

Cog  (kog),  71.  In  mining,  a  square  of  rough 
stones  or  coal  left  to  support  the  roof  dur- 
ing the  operation  of  holing. 

Cogence  (ko'jens),  n.  Cogency.  'An  argu- 
ment of  cogence.'  Cowper.  [Rare.] 

Cogency  (ko'jen-si),  n.  [See  COGENT.] 
Power  of  moving  the  will  or  reason;  power 
of  compelling  conviction;  force;  conclusive- 
ness;  as,  the  cogency  of  a  motive  or  of  evi- 
dence or  argument. 

Maxims  and  axioms,  principles  of  science  .  .  . 
have  lieen  supposed  innate ;  although  nobody  ever 
shewed  the  foundation  of  their  clearness  and  co- 
gency. Locke. 

Cogenialt  (ko-je'ni-al),  a.  Congenial.  'A 
writer  of  a  cogenial  cast.'  T.  Warton. 

Cogent  (ko'jent),  a.  (From  L.  cogent,  cogen- 
tiit,  forcing,  compelling,  from  cogo—con,  to- 
gether, or  intens. ,  and  ago,  to  lead  or  drive.  ] 

1.  Compelling  in  a  physical  sense;  resistless. 
'The  cogent  force  of  nature.'  .Prior.  [Rare.] 

2.  Convincing;  having  the  power  to  compel 
conviction;  powerful;  not  easily  resisted; 
as,  a  cogent  reason  or  argument.  '  This  most 
cogent  proof  of  a  Deity.'     Bentley.— SYN. 
Forcible,  powerful,  convincing,  conclusive, 
irresistible,  resistless. 

Cogently  (ko'jent-li),  adv.  In  a  cogent 
manner;  with  powerful  impulse;  forcibly. 

Cogge.t  n.    A  cock-boat.     Chaucer. 

Coggert  (kog'er),  n.    A  flatterer  or  deceiver. 

Cogger  (kog'er),  n.  In  mining,  one  who 
builds  up  the  roof-supports  or  cogs. 

Coggery  t  (kog'er-i),  n.  The  practice  of  cog- 
ging or  cheating ;  trickery ;  falsehood. 

This  is  a  second  false  surmise  or  coggerie  of  the 
Jesuits  to  keep  the  ignorant  ill  error.  Bf.  H-'atson. 

Coggle  (kog"i),  n.  [A  dim.  of  cog,  a  bowl 
(wnich  see).]  A  small  wooden  bowl;  hence, 
that  with  which  the  coggie  is  filled,  as  por- 
ridge, brose,  liquor,  &c.  [Scotch.] 

Cogging  (kog'ing),  n.    Same  as  Caulking. 

Coggle  (kog-l),  n.  [Dim.  of  cog,  a  boat.] 
A  small  boat. 

Coggle-Stone  (kogl-ston),  n.     A  pebble ;  a 

Cogitabllity  (koj'i-ta-bll"i-ti),  n.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  cogitable;  capability  of 
being  made  the  subject  of  thought ;  con- 
ceivableness.  'Conceptions  ...  of  what- 
soever hath  any  entity  or  cogitability.'  Cud- 
worth. 

Cogitable  (koj'i-ta-hl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
thought;  capable  of  being  conceived. 

Creation  is  cogitable  by  us  only  as  a  putting  forth 
of  divine  power.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Cogitable  (koj'i-ta-bl),  n.  Anything  capable 
of  being  the  subject  of  thought.  Sir  W. 
Hamilton. 

Cogitabund  (koj'i-ta-bund),  a.  [L.  coyita- 
bunfliin,  thoughtful,  from  cogito,  to  think.] 
Full  of  thought ;  deeply  thoughtful.  L. 
Hunt.  [Rare] 

Cogitate  (koj'i-tat),  v.i.  pret.  cogitated;  ppr. 
cogitating.  [L.  cogito,  cogitatum  —  co  for 
con,  together,  and  agilo.  to  shake,  to  agitate. 
See  AGITATE  ]  To  think;  to  meditate. 

He  that  calleth  a  thing  into  his  mind,  .  .  .  cpgi- 
tattth  and  cotisidereth.  Racon. 

Cogitation  (koj-i-ta'shon).  71.  1.  The  act  of 
cogitating  orthinking:  thought;  meditation; 
contemplation.  '  Cogitation  deep. '  Milton. 
2.  Thought  directed  to  an  object ;  scheme. 
[Rare.] 

The  king,  perceiving  that  his  desires  were  intern- 
perate.  and  his  cogitations  vast  and  irregular,  began 
not  to  brook  him  well.  Bacon. 

Cogitative  (koj'i-ta-tiv),  a.  1.  Thinking; 
having  the  power  of  cogitating  or  meditat- 
ing; as,  cogitative  faculties.  —  2.  Given  to 
thought  or  contemplation.  '  The  earl  .  .  . 
being  by  nature  somewhat  more  cogitative.' 
Wotton. 

Cogitatively  (koj'i-ta-tiv-li),  adv.  In  a  cogi- 
tative or  thinking  manner. 

Cogltativity  (koj'i-ta-tiv"i-ti),  71.  Power  of 
thinking.  W.  Wollaston.  [Rare] 

Cogman  (kog '  man).  7».  A  dealer  in  cogware 
or  coarse  cloth.  Ilalliwctt. 

Cognac  (ko-nyak),  71.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of  French 
brandy,  so  called  from  the  town  of  the  same 
name  where  large  quantities  are  made. 

Cognate  (kog'nat),  a.  [L.  cognatus— prefix 
co  for  con,  with,  and  gnatus,  old  form  of 
natus,  from  nascor,  to  oe  born.]  1.  Allied 
by  blood ;  kindred  by  birth ;  specifically, 
in  law,  connected  by  the  mother's  side. — 


2.  Related  in  origin ;  proceeding  from  the 
same  stock  or  root;  of  the  same  family;  as, 
a  cognate  language  or  dialect;  words  cognate 
in  origin.  —  3.  Allied  in  nature;  having  afli !  i  i  t  y 
of  any  kind;  as,  a  cognate  letter  or  sound. 

Cognate  (kog^nat),  71.  1.  One  connected  with 
another  by  ties  of  kindred ;  specifically,  in 
law,  a  relation  connected  by  the  mother's 
side.  — 2.  Anything  related  to  another  l.v 
origin  or  nature;  as,  the  Latin  and  Gaelic 
languages  are  cognates. 

Cognateness(kog'nat-nes),n.  State  of  being 
cognate.  Coleridge. 

Cognati  (kog-na'ti),  n.  pi.  [L.  See  CtW 
NATE.]  In  law,  relations  by  the  mother'* 
side. 

Cognation  (kog-na'shon).n.  [L.  conwit;,, 
See  COGNATE.]  1.  Relationship  by  descent 
from  the  same  original ;  affinity  by  kindred 
origin;  as,  the  Aryan  tongues  are  conneri.  d 
by  cognation.  'His  cognation  with  the 
j£acides  and  kings  of  Molossus.'  Sir  T. 
Browne. —  2.  Affinity  of  any  kind;  resem- 
blance in  nature  or  character. 

Cognisable,  Cognisee,<tc.  SeeCooxiZABLK, 

CoGNIZEE,  &c. 

Cognition  (kog- ni'shon),  7i.  [L.  cognii;,,; 
cognosco,  cognitus—co  torcon,  and  nosco,  an- 
ciently gnosco,  to  know.  ]  1.  Knowledge  or 
certain  Knowledge,  as  from  personal  view  or 
experience ;  perception. 

I  will  not  be  myself,  nor  have  cognition 

Of  what  1  feel :  I  am  all  patience.  Shak. 

2.  A  thing  known.— 3.  In  Scots  law,  a  pro- 
cess in  the  Court  of  Session  by  which  cases 
concerning  disputed  marches  were  deter- 
mined.— Cognition  and  sale,  the  name  of  a 
process  before  the  Court  of  Session,  at  the 
instance  of  a  pupil  and  his  tutors,  for  «1> 
taining  a  warrant  to  sell  the  whole  or  a 
part  of  the  pupil's  estate.  —  Cognition  aiut 
easine,  a  form  of  entering  an  heir  in  burgage 
property. 

Cognitive  (kog'ni-tiv),  a.  Knowing  or  ap- 
prehending by  the  understanding;  as,  cog- 
nitive power.  '  Thinking—  employing  that 
term  as  comprehending  all  our  cognitice 
energies.'  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Cognizable,  Cognisable  (kog'niz-a-bl  or 
kon'iz-a-bl),  a.  [As  if  from  cognize,  cognise; 
but  the  verb  seems  of  comparatively  late 
use  in  English,  and  this  adjective  was  pro- 
bably formed  to  accompany  cognizant  and 
cognizance.']  1.  Capable  of  falling  under 
notice  or  observation ;  capable  of  being 
known,  perceived,  or  apprehended ;  as,  the 
cause  of  many  phenomena  is  not  cognizable 
by  the  senses.  —2.  Capable  of  falling  under 
judicial  notice;  capable  of  being,  or  liable 
to  be,  heard,  tried,  and  determined. 

These  wrongs  are  cognisable  by  the  ecclesiastical 
courts.  Blackstonc. 

Cognizably,  Cognlsably  (kog'niz-a-bli  or 
kon'iz-a-bli),  adv.  In  a  cognizable  manner. 

Cognizance,  Cognisance  (kog'ni-zans  or 
kon'i-zans),  n.  [O.  E.  cognisaunce,  conit- 
aunce,O.  Fr.  cognoi*sance,connoisKance,Q.  Fr. 
connoissant,  cognizant,  knowing,  from  L. 
cognosco,  to  know  — prefix  co  for  con,  and 
gnosco,  nosco,  to  know;  cog.  with  E.  know. ) 

1.  Knowledge  or  notice;  perception;  observa- 
tion; as,  the  cognizance  of  the  senses. 

To  know  the  truth  of  things,  to  have  cognisance  <if 
that  which  is  real,  we  must  penetrate  beneath  the 
surface,  eliminate  the  accidental  and  irrelevant,  and 
grasp  the  principle  or  essence  which  underlies  and 
interprets  appearances.  Dr.  Caird. 

2.  In  law,  (a)  judicial  or  authoritative  notice 
or  knowledge ;  the  hearing,  trying,  and  de- 
termining of  a  cause  or  action  in  a  court. 
(6)  Jurisdiction  or  right  to  try  and  deter- 
mine causes. 

The  Court  of  King's  Bench  has  original  jurisdiction 
and  cognisance  of  all  actions  of  trespass  ^•i  ft  armii. 
Blactstoiu. 

(c)  An  acknowledgment  or  confession  ;  as, 
in  replevin,  the  acknowledgment  of  the  de- 
fendant that  he  took  the  goods,  but  alleging 
that  he  did  it  legally  as  the  bailiff  of  another 
person  who  had  a  right  to  distrain.  —  3.  A 
crest;  a  badge;  a  badge  worn  by  a  retainer, 
soldier,  Ac.,  to  indicate  the  person  or  party 
to  which  he  belongs.  'Wearing  the  liveries 
and  cognizance  of  their  master.'  Present!. 
Cognizant,  Cognisant  (kog'ni-zant  or  kon'i- 
zant), a.  [See  COGNIZANCE.]  1.  Acquainted 
with;  having  obtained  knowledge  of. 

The  very  moment  there  are  phenomena  of  any 
kind  within  our  consciousness,  that  moment  the  numl 
becomes  cognisant  of  its  own  existence. 

y.  D  Morell 

2.  Competent  to  take  legal  or  judicial  no- 
tice. 

Cognize,  Cognise  (kog-nizO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
cognized,  cognised;  ppr.  cognizing,  cognizing. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;       y,  Sc.  ley 


COGNIZEE 


507 


COIL 


g 
i 


See  COGNIZANCE,  COGNIZABLE.)  To  recog- 
nize as  an  object  of  thought;  to  perceive; 
to  become  conscious  of;  to  know. 

As  the  reasoning  faculty  can  deal  with  no  facts  . 
until  they  are  cognized  by  it— as  until  they  are  caf-  ! 
nixed  by  it  they  are  to  it  non-existent  —  it  follows 
that  in  being  cognized,  that  is,  in  becoming  beliefs, 
they  begin  to  exist  relatively  to  our  reason. 

Cognizee  (kog-ni-ze'  or  kon-i-ze'),  ».  In  laic, 
one  iu  whose  favour  a  fine  of  land  was 
levied. 

Cognizor  (kog-nl-zor1  or  kon-i-zorX  «.  In 
(««'.  the  party  who  levied  a  fine  of  land. 

Cognomen  (kog-no'men),  n.  [L.  cognomen 
—prefix  co  for  con,  and  nomen,  formerly 
jiwnien,  a  name.]  A  surname;  a  distinguish- 
.ng  name;  specifically,  the  last  of  the  three 
names  by  which  a  Roman  of  good  family 
was  known,  indicating  the  house  to  which 
he  belonged. 

Cognominal  (kog-nom'1-nal),  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  a  cognomen  or  siimame.  Bp.rmr- 
son.  —  2.t  Having  the  same  name. 

Cognominal  t  ( kog-nom'i-nal ),  n.  One  who 
bears  the  same  name;  a  namesake.  Sir 
T.  Browne. 

Cognominate  (kog-nom'i-nat),  v.t.  [L.  cog- 
noinino,  cognoniinatum,  to  give  a  cognomen 
to.  ]  To  give  a  surname  or  cognomen  to. 

Cognomination  (kog-nom'i-na"shon),  n. 
[L  cognomen.]  A  surname;  a  cognomen; 
as,  Alexander  the  Great.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Cognosce  (kog-nos'),  v.t.  or  t.  pret.  &  pp. 
cuyiiHuced;  ppr.  cognoscing.  [L.  cognosco,  to 
become  acquainted  with,  to  know.  See  COG- 
NITION.] In  Scots  law,  to  inquire  into;  to 
investigate :  often  in  order  to  giving  judg- 
ment in  a  cause;  hence,  to  adjudicate. 

Doth  it  belong  to  us  ...  to  cognosce  upon  ms  (the 
king's)  actions,  or  limit  his  pleasure?      Drummmd. 

Cognoscencet  (kog-nos'ens),  n.  [See  COGNI- 
TION.] Knowledge;  the  act  or  state  of  know- 
ing. Dr.  H.  More.  [Rare.] 

Cognoscente  (kog-no-sen'te),  n.  [O.  It.] 
A  connoisseur.  Written  also  Conoscente. 
[Rare.] 

Cognoscibility  (kog-nos'i-bil"i-ti),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  cognoscible.  '  The  Ojnnot- 
cibilitij  of  God  is  manifest.'  Barrow.  [Rare.] 

Cognoscible  (kog-nos'i-bl),  a.  [From  L. 
coijnosco.  See  COGNITION.]  1.  Capable  of 
being  known. 

God  is  naturally  cognoscible  by  inartificial  means. 
Bp.  Barlow. 

2.  Liable  or  subject  to  judicial  investigation: 
said  of  persons  and  crimes.  '  A  crime  that 
is  not  cognoscible.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Cognoscitivet  (kog-nos'i-tiv),  a.  Having  the 
power  of  knowing.  '  An  innate  cognoscitive 
power. '  Cudworth. 

Cognovit  (kog-no'vit),  n.  [L.,  he  has  acknow- 
ledged, third  pers.  sing.  pert.  intl.  of  cog- 
nosco, cognoui,  to  recognize,  to  know.]  In 
law  an  acknowledgment  by  a  defendant,  or 
confession,  that  the  plaintiff's  cause,  or  a 
part  of  it,  is  just;  in  which  case  the  defend- 
ant, to  save  law  expenses,  suffers  judgment 
to  be  entered  against  him  without  trial. 
More  fully  written  cognovit  actionem. 

Co-guardian  (ko-gar'di-an),  n.  A  joint- 
guardian.  Kent. 

Cogue  ».     See  Coo,  a  vessel. 

Cogware  (kog'war),  n.  [Perhaps  from  W. 
coeg,  empty,  good  for  nothing.]  A  coarse 
narrow  cloth  like  frieze,  used  by  the  lower 


Coheir  (ko-ai'),  n.  |L.  coha-reg—co,  with,  and 
hares,  an  heir.  See  HEIR.]  A  joint-h.:ir; 
one  who  succeeds  to  a  share  of  an  inheri- 
tance which  is  to  be  divided  among  two  i.r 
more. 

Coheiress  (ko'ar-es),  n.  A  female  who  in- 
herits a  share  of  an  estate  which  is  to  be 
divided  among  two  or  more  heirs  or  heir- 
esses; a  joint-heiress. 

Coherald  (ko-her'ald),  n.     A  joint-herald. 

Cohere  (ko-herO,  v.  i.  pret.  cohered;  ppr.  co- 
hering. [L.  cohxreo  —  co  for  con.  and  haereo, 
to  stick  or  cleave  together.]  1.  To  stick 
together  ;  to  cleave  ;  to  be  united  ;  to  hold 
fast,  as  parts  of  the  same  mass,  or  as  two 
substances  that  attract  each  other.  —  2.  To 
be  well  connected  or  coherent;  to  follow 
regularly  in  the  natural  order  ;  to  be  suited 
in  connection,  as  the  parts  of  a  discourse, 
or  as  arguments  in  a  train  of  reasoning.— 
3.t  To  suit;  to  be  fitted;  to  agree.  'Had 
time  coher'd  with  place,  or  place  with  wish- 
ing.' Shak. 

Coherence,  CoherencyCko-heYens,  ko-her'- 
eu-si),  n.  1.  The  state  of  cohering;  a  stick- 
ing, cleaving,  or  hanging  together;  union  of 
parts  of  the  same  body,  or  a  cleaving  to- 
gether of  two  bodies,  by  means  of  attraction. 
2.  Suitable  connection  or  dependence,  pro- 
ceeding from  the  natural  relation  of  parts 
or  things  to  each  other,  as  in  the  parts  of  a 
discourse  or  of  any  system;  consistency. 

Coherence  of  discourse,  and  a  direct  tendency  of 
all  the  parts  of  it  to  the  argument  in  hand,  are  most 
eminently  to  be  found  in  him.  Locke. 

Coherent  (ko-her'ent),  a.  1.  Sticking  toge- 
ther; cleaving,  as  the  parts  of  bodies,  solid 
or  fluid.  —  2.  Connected;  consistent;  having 
a  due  agreement  of  parts;  consecutive:  said 
of  things;  as,  a  coherent  discourse.—  3.  Ob- 
serving due  agreement;  consistent;  conse- 
cutive: said  of  persons. 

A  coherent  thinker  and  a  strict  reasoner  is  not  to 
be  made  at  once  by  a  set  of  rules.  Watts. 

4.  t  Suited;  fitted;  adapted;  agreeing. 


, 

ith  this  deceit  so  lawful 
Shak. 


classes  up  to  the  sixteenth  century. 
Jog- wheel  (kog'whel),  n.     A  who 
cogs  or  teeth. 


Cog-wheel  (kog'whel),  n.     A  wheel  with 


Cohabit  (ko-hab'it),  v.i.  [L.  cohabito,  from 
co,  with,  and  habito,  to  dwell.]  1. 1  To  dwell 
with;  to  inhabit  or  reside  in  company  or  in 
the  same  place  or  country.  South.— 2.  To 
dwell  or  live  together  as  husband  and.  wife 
usually  or  often  applied  to  persons  nol 
legally  married,  and  suggesting  sexual  in 
tercourse. 

The  law  supposes  that  husband  and  wife  cohabi 
together,  even  after  a  voluntary  Bcparauonjias  taken 
place  between  the: 

Cohabitant  (ko-hab'it-ant),  n.  One  whr 
dwells  with  another  or  in  the  same  place. 

No  small  number  of  the  Danes  became  peaceabt< 
cohab. 

Cohabitation  (ko-hab'i-tiY'shon),  n.  1. 1  The 
act  or  state  of  dwelling  together  or  in  the 
same  place  with  another.  'A  cohabitation 
of  the  spirit  with  flesh.'  Dr.  II.  More.— 
2.  The  state  of  living  together  as  man  and 
wife:  often  said  of  persons  who  are  not 
legally  married,  and  with  a  special  reference 
to  sexual  intercourse. 

Cohabitert  (ko-hab'it-er),  n.  A  cohabitant. 
'Cohabiters  of  the  same  region.'  Hobbes. 


Instruct  my  daughter  how  she  shall  persevere, 
That  time  and  place 


May  prove  cohei 

Coherentific  (ko -her'en-tif'ik),  a.  Causing 
coherence.  [Rare.  ]  '  Cohesive  or  coherent- 
ific  force.'  Coleridge. 

Coherently  (ko-her'ent-ll),  adv.  In  a  co- 
herent manner;  with  due  connection  or 
agreement  of  parts. 

It  is  a  history  in  which  none  of  the  events  follow 
one  another  coherently.  Bnckle. 

Cohesibility  (kS.hez'i-bil"i-ti).  n.  The  ten- 
dency to  unite  by  cohesion;  cohesiveness. 

Coheslble  (ko-hez'i-bl),  a.  Capable  of  cohe- 
sion. 

Cohesion  (ko-he'zhon),  n.  [From  1  cohcereo, 
cohaisi,  cohcesum,  to  cohere.  See  COHERE.; 
1.  The  act  or  state  of  cohering,  uniting,  or 
sticking  together;  iu  physics,  the  state  it 
which,  or  the  force  by  which,  the  particles  o: 
the  same  material  are  kept  in  contact  so  as 
to  form  a  continuous  mass.  This  force  acts 
at  insensible  distances,  or  when  the  par 
tides  of  matter  which  it  unites  are  placed 
in  contact,  and  is  thus  distinguished  from 
the  attraction  of  gravitation,  which  acts  a 
any  distance.  It  unites  particles  into  a 
single  mass,  and  that  without  producing 
any  change  of  properties,  and  is  thus  distin 
guished  from  adhesion,  which  takes  place 
between  different  masses  or  substances 
as  between  fluids  and  solids;  and  fron 
chemical  attraction  or  affinity,  which  unite 
particles  of  different  kinds  together,  anc1 
produces  a  new  substance.  The  powe 
of  cohesion  in  different  bodies  is  esti 
mated  by  the  force  necessary  to  pull  then 
asunder.  In  general,  cohesion  is  nios 
powerful  among  the  particles  of  solid  bodies 
weaker  among  those  of  fluids,  and  least  o 
all  or  almost  entirely  wanting,  in  elasti 
fluids,  as  air  and  gases.  Hardness,  soft 
ness,  tenacity,  elasticity,  malleability,  an 
ductility  are  to  be  considered  as  modifica 
tions  of  cohesion.  The  great  antagonis 
of  cohesion  is  heat.  —  Magnetic  cohcsim 
that  power  by  which  two  magnetic  bodie 

small  number  of  the  Danes  became  peaceable        adhere  together,  as  iron  to  a  piece  of  loac 
•Hauls  with  the  Saxons  in  England.     Raleigh.   \     stone  _  Cohesion  figures,  a  class  of  n 

produced  by  the  attraction  of  liquids  fo 
other  liquids  or  solids  with  which  the 
are  iu  contact,  and  divided  into  surface 
submersion,  breath,  and  electric  cohesio 
figures.  It  was  found  by  Tomlinson  tha 


. 

a  drop  of  an  independent  liquid,  as  oil  o 
alcohol,  spread  itself  out  on  the  surface  o 
water  always  in  a  definite  figure,  but  differ 
ing  with  each  fluid  dropped  on  the  water 


ng 
and  he 


gested  that  this  might  be  em 


doyrd    as  a  tr*t   for  nils.   Ar      'Hit-   sum. 
n'inciple  holds  with  liquids  vthirlt,   from 

jrcati-r  sporillr  gravity,  sink  slu»l>  t.i  the 
x'tt-'iu,  t-arh   liquid   *II!JII](TKCI|  fonninu'  a 

specific  figure  peculiar  to  itself  /;/. 
bum  aiv  produced  by  putting  a  drop  of 
tilt-  liquid  to  be  examined  on  a  slip  of  mira 
ind  breathing  on  it.  whfii  again  t-ach  Mm.l 
takrs  a  distinrt  obtfMtMMflO  shape.  /7<  B 
tin'  <-ntiexion  figure*  are  produrcd  M  rl.r 
trifying  drops  of  various  liquid.*  placed  on 
a  plate  of  glass. — 2.  Oonoaotlon;  <l<penil- 
ence;  affinity;  coherence.  '  Ideas  that  have 
no  natural  cohesion.'  Locke.  [Now  rare  in 
this  sense.] 

Cohesive  (ku-lie'siv),  a.  Causing  cohesion; 
as,  cohesive  force. 

Cohesively  (ko-he'siy  li),  adv.  In  a  cohesive 
manner;  with  cohesion. 

Cohesiveness  (ko  -he'siv-nes).  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  cohesive;  the  tendency  to  unite 
by  cohesion;  cohesibility. 
/ohibit  (ko-hlh'it),  v.t.  [L.  cohibeo,  from 
prefix  co,  together,  and  habeo,  to  hold.  ]  To 
restrain.  Bailey. 

Cohibitlon  (ko-iii-bi'shon),  n.  Ilinderance; 
restraint. 

Cohibitor  (ko-hib'it-er),  n.  One  who  re- 
strains. 

Cohobate  (ko'ho-bat),  v.t.    [Fr.  cohober,  Sp. 
cohobar;  perhaps  of  Arabic  origin.]  Among 
early  chemists,  to  repeat  the  distillation  of 
the  same  liquor,  or  that  from  the  same  body, 
pouring  the  liquor  back  upon  the  matter 
remaining  in  the  vessel. 
Johobation  ( ko-ho-ba'shon),  n.    The  oper- 
ation of  cohobatiug. 
3ohorn  (k<Vhorn),  n.    Same  as  Coehorn. 

Cohort  (ko'hort),  n.  [L  cohort,  cohortis] 
1.  In  Rom.  antiq.  a  body  of  about  500  or  000 
men.  Each  cohort  consisted  of  three  man- 
iples, and  each  maniple  of  two  centuries ; 
and  ten  cohorts  constituted  a  legion.— 2.  A 
band  or  body  of  warriors  in  general. 

The  Assyrian  came  down  like  a  wolf  on  the  fold, 
And  his  cohorts  were  gleaming  in  purple  and  gold. 
Byron. 

3.  In  some  systems  of  classification,  a  group, 
as  of  plants  or  animals. 

jOhortation  t  (ko-hoi-ta'shon),  n.  Exhor- 
tation; encouragement.  Bailey. 

Coif  (koif),  ».  [Fr.  coi/e,  L.L.  cofa,  cufla. 
from  M.H.O.  kufe,  kupfe,  a  kind  of  cap.) 
1.  A  close-fitting  cap  or  head-dress ;  a  kind 
of  caul  or  cap  worn  by  serjeants-at-law  and 
others.  Its  chief  original  use  was  to  cover 
the  clerical  tonsure.  — 2.  A  kind  of  close- 
fitting  cap  of  mail;  a  coiffette. 

Coif  (koif), v.  '•  To  cover  or  dress  with,  or  as 
with  a  coif.  Martinus  Scriblems. 

Coiffette  (kwa-fef),  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  coi/e. 
See  COIF.  ]  A  skull-cap  of  iron  or  steel  worn 
by  soldiers  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth 
centuries. 

Coiffure  (koif 'fur ),ji.  [Fr.  See  COIF.]  A 
head-dress;  specifically,  the  head-dress  of  a 

Brantflme  dwells  with  rapture  on  the  elegance  of 
her  costume,  the  matchless  taste  in  its  arrangement, 
and  the  perfection  of  her  coiffure.  freKatt. 

Colgnt  (koin),  n.    A  corner;  a  coin  or  quoin. 

See  you  yond  coign  o'  the  capitol ;  yond  comer- 
stone! 

Coigne,  Coigny  (k°in.  koin'i),  n.  An  Irish 
term  for  an  old  custom  of  that  country  of 
the  landlords  quartering  themselves  upon 
their  tenants  at  pleasure.  The  term  ap- 
peal's to  have  been  applied  also  to  others, 
as  soldiers,  forcibly  billeting  themselves. 
Written  also  Coyne.  Coynie,  Sir  J.  Dames. 

Coigne,  Coynie  (koin,  koin'i).  *.».  To  quar- 
ter one's  self  on  another  by  force;  to  live  by 
extortion.  [Irish.] 

Though  they  came  not  armed  like  soldiers  to  he 
cessed  upon  me.  yet  their  purpose  was  to  coytne 
upon  me,  and  to  eat  me  out  of  house  and  home. 

Coil  (koil),  v.t.  [O.Fr.  coillir,  cucillir  (K 
ci/;n  from  L.  colligere,  to  collect— col  for 
con,  together,  and  lego,  to  gather.]  l.»  To 
gather  into  a  narrow  compass.  Boyle 
2  To  gather  into  a  series  of  rings  above  one 
another;  to  twist  or  wind  spirally;  as,  to  coil 
a  rope-  a  serpent  coils  itself.— 3.  Toentangle. 
•  And  pleasure  coil  thee  in  her  dangerous 
snare.'  T.  Edwards. 

Coil  (koil),  v.i.  To  form  rings  or  spirals;  to 
wind. 

They  coird and  swam,  and  ev  ry  track 

Was  a  flash  of  golden  fire.  Coleridge. 

Coll  (koil),  n.  A  ring  or  series  of  rings  or 
spirals  into  which  a  rope  or  other  pliant 
body  is  wound.  'The  wild  grape-vines  that 
twisted  their  coils  from  tree  to  tree.  Ir- 
ving. 


ch.o/min;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  po;      ,.*>b; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin,;      TH,  (Aen;  th.  (Wn;     w,  ,ig:    wh.  »Wg; 


COIL 


508 


COLCHICUM 


Coil  (koil),  n.  [Probably  a  different  word 
from  the  former  and  derived  from  the  Celtic: 
comp.  Ir.  and  Gael.  goill,  war,  battle;  noil, 
to  rage.]  Perplexities,  tumult,  bustle,  tur- 
moil. '  When  we  have  shuffled  off  this  mor- 
tal mil'  (that  is,  this  bustle  and  turmoil  of 
life).  Shak.  '  And  still  a  coil  the  grass- 
hopper did  keep.'  Thomson. 

I  am  a  man  withdrawn  from  earthly  coil. 

y.  Saillie. 

Col!on,t  ».  [Fr.  couillon,  It.  coglione.]  A 
testicle.  Chaucer. 

Coin(koin),  7i.  [Fr.  coin,  a  wedge,  the  die 
with  which  money  is  stamped,  a  coin,  a  cor- 
ner, from  L.  cuneus,  a  wedge.  ]  1.  In  arch. 
a  corner  or  angle.  See  QUOIN.— 2.  The  spe- 
cific name  given  to  various  wedge-shaped 
pieces  used  for  different  purposes;  as,  (a) 
for  raising  or  lowering  a  piece  of  ordnance; 
(b)  for  fastening  a  printer's  form ;  (c)  for  keep- 
ing casks  in  their  places.  See  QUOIN.  — 
3.  The  die  employed  for  stamping  money. 
Hence— 4.  A  piece  of  metal,  as  gold,  silver, 
copper,  or  some  alloy,  converted  into  money 
by  impressing  on  it  marks,  figures,  or  char- 
acters ;  such  pieces  collectively ;  metallic 
currency;  money;  as,  a  beautiful  coin;  a 
large  quantity  of  coin.  '  All  the  coin  in  thy 
father's  exchequer.'  Shak.—  5.  That  which 
serves  forpayment,  requital,  or  recompense. 

The  loss  of  present  advantage  to  flesh  and  blood 
is  repaid  in  a  nobler  coin.  Hammond. 

— To  pay  one  in  hi#  own  coin,  to  treat  him 
as  he  has  treated  you;  to  give  him  tit  for  tat. 
Cain  (koin),  v.t.  1.  To  stamp  and  convert 
into  money;  to  mint;  as,  to  coin  gold. — 2.  To 
make;  to  fabricate;  to  invent;  us,  to  coin 
words. 

Some  tale,  some  new  pretert.  he  daily  coined 

To  soothe  his  sister  and  delude  her  mind.    Dryden. 

Coinage  (koin'aj),  n.  1.  The  act.  art,  or 
practice  of  stamping  money.  —2.  Coin ;  money 
coined ;  stamped  and  legitimated  metal  for 
a  circulating  medium  'A  laugh  ringing 
like  proven  golden  coinage  true.'  Tennyson. 

3.  The  charges  or  expense  of  coining  money. 

4.  The  act  or  process  of  forming  or  produc- 
ing; invention;  fabrication.     '  Unnecessary 
coinage  of  words. '    Dryden.  —  5.  What  is 
fabricated  or  produced. 

This  is  the  very  coinage  of  your  brain.      Shak. 

Coincide  (ko-ln-sTd'),  c.i  pret.  coincided; 
ppr.  coinciding.  [L.  L.  coinculo,  from  L.  pre- 
fix co,  with,  and  incido,  to  fall  on  — in.  and 
cado,  to  fall.]  1.  To  occupy  the  same  place 
in  space,  or  the  same  position  in  a  scale  or 
series ;  as,  a  temperature  of  25°  on  the  Cen- 
tigrade scale  coincides  with  one  of  77"  on 
the  scale  of  Fahrenheit.  '  If  the  equator 
and  the  ecliptic  had  coincided.'  Dr.  G. 
Cheyne.—2.  To  happen  at  the  same  time; 
to  be  contemporaneous.— 3.  To  concur;  to 
agree;  to  correspond  exactly;  as,  the  judges 
did  not  coincide  in  opinion ;  that  did  not 
coincide  with  my  views. 

The  rules  of  right  judgment  and  of  good  ratiocina- 
tion often  coincide  with  each  other.  H'aifs. 

Coincidence  (ko-in'si-dens),  n.  [From  the 
verb.]  1.  The  fact  of  occupying  the  same 
place  in  space  or  the  same  position  in  a  scale 
or  series;  exact  correspondence  in  position; 
as,  the  coincidence  of  equal  and  similar 
triangles. 

The  want  of  exact  coincidence  between  these  two 
notes  is  an  inherent  arithmetic  imperfection  in  the 
musical  scale.  It'hevtell. 

2.  A  happening  or  agreeing  in  time;  con- 
temporaneousness; ae,  the  coincidence  of 
two  events. — 3.  Concurrence;  agreement  in 
circumstance,  character,  <fec.;  exact  corre- 
spondence generally,  or  a  case  of  exact  cor- 
respondence; as,  the  coincidence  of  two  or 
more  opinions.  'The  actual  coincitlence* 
that  sometimes  happen  between  dreams  and 
events.'  Chainbers's  Ency. 

The  very  concurrence  and  coincidence  of  so  many 
evidences  .  .  .  carries  a  great  weight.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

Those  who  discourse  metaphysically  of  the  nature 
of  truth,  as  to  the  reality  of  the  thing,  affirm  a  perfect 
coincidence  between  truth  and  goodness.  South. 

Coiucidency  (ko-in'si-den-si),  n.  Coinci- 
dence. Warburton.  [Rare  ] 

Coincident  (ko-in'si-dent),  o.  1.  Coinciding; 
occupying  the  same  place  in  space,  or  the 
sime  position  in  a  scale  or  series.  —2.  Hap- 
pening at  the  same  time.— S.  Concurrent; 
exactly  corresponding ;  in  all  respects  con- 
formable. 

Christianity  teaches  nothing  but  what  is  perfectly 
coincident  with  the  ruling  principles  of  a  virtuous 
""">•  South. 

Coincident  (ko-in'si-dent),  n.  A  concur- 
rence ;  a  coincidence.  Worcester.  [Rare.  ] 


Coincidental  (ko-m-si-dent'al),  a.  Same  as 
Cniiu-ii/1-nt. 

Coincidently  (ko-in'si-dcnt-li).  rule.  In  a 
|  coincident  manner;  with  coincidence. 

Coinclder  (ko-in-sid'er),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  coincides  or  concurs. 

CoindlcatlOn  (ko-in'ili-ka"shon),  71.  [L.  pre- 
fix co,  with,  and  indicfttin,  from  iiidieo,  to 
show.]  A  concurrent  indication,  sign,  or 
symptom. 

Coiner  (koin'er),  n.  1  One  who  stamps 
coin ;  a  minter;  a  maker  of  money:  usually 
applied  to  a  maker  of  base  or  counterfeit 
coin. — 2.  An  inventor  or  maker,  as  of  words. 
1  Dionysius  a  coiner  of  etymologies.'  Citin- 
den. 

Co  -  inhabitant  (ko-in-hab'it-ant),  n.  One 
who  dwells  with  another  or  with  other-. 
llf.  II  More. 

CO -Inhabiting  (ko-in-hab'it-ing),  n.  A 
dwelling  together;  a  cohabiting.  Milton. 

Co -Inhere  ( ko-in-her1),  ti.i.  To  inhere  to- 
gether ;  to  be  included  or  exist  together  in 
the  same  thing. 

We  can  justify  the  postulation  of  two  different  sub- 
stances, exclusively  on  the  supposition  of  the  incom- 
patibility of  the  double  series  of  phenomena  to  co- 
inhere  in  one.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Coinheritance  (ko-in-her'it-ans),  n.  Joint 
inheritance. 

Coinheritor  (ko-in-her'it-er),  n.  A  joint 
heir;  a  coheir. 

Coining-press  (koin'ing-pres),  n.  A  power- 
lever  screw-press  fitted  with  an  upper  and 
a  lower  die,  by  which  metal  plates  called 
blanks  are  impressed  with  a  design  and 
legend,  and  are  so  converted  into  coin. 

Coinquinatet  (ko-in'kwi-nat),  v.t.  [L.  co- 
iniftuno,  to  pollute.  ]  To  pollute.  Skclton. 

Coinquinatlont  (ko-in'kwi-na"shon),  n. 
Defilement.  Cottjravf. 

Coinstantaneous  (k6-in'stan-ta"ne-us),  a. 
Happening  at  the  same  instant.  Craig. 

Coint.t  a.  [O.Fr. ;  quaint  is  the  same  word.) 
Neat;  trim.  Chaucer. 

Cointense  (ku,in-tens').  a.  [Prefix  co,  and 
intense.]  Of  equal  intensity  with  another 
object.  //.  Spencer. 

Cointension  (ko-in-ten'shon),  n.  The  con- 
dition of  being  of  equal  intension,  intense- 
ness,  or  intensity  with  another  object.  //. 
Spencer. 

Cointenslty  (ko-in-tens'i-ti),  n.  Same  as 
Cointen*ion.  If.  Spencer. 

Co -Interest  (ko-in'ter-est),  n.  A  joint  in- 
terest. Hilton. 

Coir,  Colre  (koir).  n.  A  species  of  yarn 
manufactured  from  the  husk  of  cocoa-nuU, 
and  formed  into  cordage,  sail-cloth,  mat- 
ting, Ac.  Cordage  made  of  this  material 
rots  in  fresh  water  and  snaps  in  frost,  but 
it  is  strengthened  by  fait  water,  is  very 
buoyant  and  elastic,  and  is  thus  in  some 
respects  preferable  to  hemp  for  ships'  cord- 
age 

Coistrllt  (kois'tril),  n.  [O.Fr  cmistillier, 
one  who  is  armed  with  or  carries  a  cmiteau. 
or  knife,  an  inferior  groom.)  An  inferior 
groom,  or  a  lad  employed  by  the  esquire  to 
carry  a  knight's  arms;  hence,  a  lad;  a  mean 
paltry  fellow.  Written  also  Coyitril,  Coyt- 
trel. 

Colt  (koitY  «.     A  quoit  (which  see). 

Coition  (ko-i'shon),  n.  [L.  coitio.  from  coea, 
to  come  together— eon,  and  eo,  to  go.)  A 
coming  together ;  the  venereal  intercourse 
of  the  sexes;  copulation. 

Coix  (ko'iks),  71.  [Or.  Ico'iz,  an  Egyptian 
variety  of  palm  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Oraminete.  The  best  known  species 
is  C.  Lacryma,  commonly  called  Job's  tears, 
a  native  of  tropical  Asia.  Its  specific  name 
is  derived  from  its  hard  stony  fruits,  which 
have  a  fancied  resemblance  to  tear-drops 

Cojoint  (ko-joiiO.  r.t  or  i.  [See CONJOIN.) 
To  join  or  associate.  Skak. 

Cojuror  (ko-ju'rer),  n.  [Prefix  co,  and  juror. } 
One  who  swears  to  another's  credibility. 
Dr.  W.  Wotton. 

Coke  (kok),  n.  [Probably  from  cook  or  cake; 
comp.  caking  coal.]  Coal  deprived  of  its 
bitumen,  sulphur,  or  other  extraneous  or 
volatile  matter  by  fire.  The  process  by 
which  coal  is  converted  into  coke  is  similar 
to  that  by  which  charcoal  is  made.  Coke  is 
used  for  exciting  intense  heat  for  chemical 
purposes,  for  smelting  iron  ore,  and  for  ope- 
rations in  which  common  coal  would  be 
detrimental,  as  the  drying  of  malt  and  in 
locomotives'  furnaces,  &c.  Sometimes  writ- 
ten Coat. 

Coke  (kok),  r.  I.  pret.  *  pp.  coked;  ppr.coHn/?. 
To  convert  into  coke;  to  deprive  of  volatile 
matter,  as  coal. 


Coke,  t  n.     A  cook.     Clrttitccr. 

Coker-nut  (ko'ker-nut),  n.  A  commercial 
mode  of  spelling  Cocoa-nut,  in  unler  to  make 
a  broader  distinction  between  various  ar- 
ticles spelled  much  in  the  same  manner. 

Cokest  (koks),  n.  [Probably  connected  with 
cockney.  This  word  has  given  us  the  verb 
to  coax.]  A  fool;  a  simpleton. 

Why  we  will  make  a  cokes  of  this  wise  master, 
\Ve  will,  my  mistress,  an  absolute  fine  cokes. 

K  Jmson. 

Coke  wold,  t  n.     A  cuckold.     Chaucer. 

Coking-kiln,  Coking-oven ( k6k'in<r-kil. 
kok'ing-uv'n),  n.  A  chamber  in  which  coal 
is  coked. 

Col-.  The  form  which  the  L.  prefix  con  (for 
cum)  takes  before  I.  See  Co-. 

Col(kol),  n.  (Fr.neck.)  An  elevated  moun- 
tain pass  between  two  higher  summits:  a 
mountain  pass  connecting  two  valleys,  one 
on  either  side  of  a  mountain ;  the  most 
elevated  part  of  a  mountain  pass. 

Colander  (kul'an-der  or  kol'an-der),  n.  [L. 
colans,  colantis,  ppr.  of  colo,  to  strain,  from 
cohim,  a  strainer,  a  colander.]  A  vessel  with 
a  bottom  perforated  with  little  holes  for 
straining  liquors ;  a  strainer.  Also  written 
Cullender. 

An  osier  colander  provide 
Of  twigs  thick  wrought.  Dryden. 

Cola-nut,  Cola-seed  (kola-nut,  ko'la-sed), 
n.  A  brownish  bitter  seed,  about  the  >i/e 
of  a  chestnut,  produced  by  an  African  tree, 
Cola  acuminata,  nat.  order  Sterculiacere, 
which  the  natives  of  Guinea  value  highly  as 
a  condiment  and  digestive.  Under  the  name 
of  cola-  or  goora-mit  it  has  been  introduced 
by  the  negroes  into  the  West  Indies  and 
Brazil,  where  it  is  also  highly  prized.  It 
contains  a  considerable  amount  of  theine. 

Colarin  (kol'a-rin),  n.  [Fr.,  It  collarino. 
See  COLLAR.]  In  arch,  the  little  frieze  of 
the  capital  of  the  Tuscan  and  Doric  column 
placed  between  the  astragal  and  the  annu- 
lets. Weale. 

Colation  (ko-la'shon),  71.  [L.  colo,  to  strain. 
See  COLANDER.]  The  act  of  straining  or 
purifying  liquor  by  passing  it  through  a  per- 
forated vessel.  [Rare.] 

Co-latitude  (ko-lat'i-tud),  n.  [Abbrev.  of 
complement  and  latitude.]  The  complement 
of  the  latitude,  or  what  it  wants  of  90°. 

Cola-tree  (ko'la-tre),  71.  The  tree  (Cola  acu- 
minata) which  produces  the  cola-nut  (which 
see). 

Colature  (kol'a-tiir),  71.  [L.  cotatura,  from 
colo,  to  strain.  ]  The  act  of  straining ;  the 
matter  strained.  [Rare  ] 

Colbertlne.t  Colberteent  (koll>er-ten),  n. 
(So  called  from  Colbert,  a  French  minister 
in  the  seventeenth  century,  ami  a  patron  of 
industry  and  the  arts.]  A  kind  of  lace  once 
worn  by  women.  'Pinners  edged  with  col- 
bertine.'  Swift. 

Colchicin,  Colchicine  (kol'chi-sin),  71. 
(C,7H19NO5.)  An  alkaloid  obtained  from 
colchicum  bulbs  and  seeds  by  exhaustion 
with  boiling  alcohol.  It  is  of  great  import- 
ance in  materia  medica,  being  principally 
used  for  the  alleviation  or  cure  of  gout  anil 
rheumatism.  It  acts  as  an  emetic,  diuretic, 
and  cathartic.  In  large  doses  it  acts  as  a 
narcotico-acrid  poison. 

Colchicum  (kol'chi-kum).  n.  [L.,  a  plant 
with  a  poisonous  root,  from  Colchis,  the 
native  country  of  Medea,  the  famous  sor- 
ceress and  poisoner.)  A  genns  of  liliaceous 


Colchicum  cttttniniiale  (Meadow-saffron). 


plants,  with  radical  leaves  generally  pro- 
duced in  spring,  and  crocus -like  flowers 
appearing  in  the  autumn.  About  twenty 
species  are  known,  natives  of  Europe  and 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abnne;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


COLCOTHAR 


509 


COLLABEFACTION 


Asia,  the  most  familiar  being  C.  autumnale 
(the 'meadow-saffron),  a  plant  with  a  solid 
bulb-like  root-stock,  foiuul  in  England  anil 
variuus  parts  of  the  Continent,  and  forming 
a  gay  carpet  in  the  autumn  in  the  fields, 
\vhei-L!  its  lively,  purple,  crocus-like  flowers 
spring  up.  Its  bulbs  and  its  seeds  abound  j 
in  u>  acrid,  stimulating,  deleterious  prin- 
ciple  called  colrhicin  (which  see). 

ColCOthar  (kol'ko  thar),  ».  [L.L.  colcolhar, 
wlootharvitrioli,  I'n.bablyAr.)  The  brown- 
ish-red  peroxide  of  iron  which  remains 
after  the  ilistillation  "f  the  acid  from  sul- 
phate of  iron ;  used  for  polishing  glass  and 
other  substances.  It  is  called  by  artists 
croriis  or  crocus  nmrtis. 

Cold  (kold),  a.  pp.  of  cool.  [A.  Sax.  calii, 
cfald;  cog.  Dan.  kold,  Icel.  kaldr,  Sw.  kail, 
D  koud,  Goth,  kaldo,  G.  kalt;  from  root  of 
cool,  chill,  which  also  appears  ill  L.  gelulus, 
gelid.]  1.  Not  warm  or  hot;  gelkl;  frigid; 
causing  coldness;  chilling;  cooling:  a  rela- 
tive term.  A  substance  is  cold  to  the  touch 
when  it  is  less  warm  than  the  body,  and 
when  in  contact  the  heat  of  the  body  passes 
from  the  body  to  the  substance;  as,  cold  air; 
a  cold  stone ;  cold  water.  It  denotes  a  greater 
degree  of  the  quality  than  cool.—  2.  Having 
the  sensation  of  cold;  chill;  shivering  or 
Inclined  to  shiver;  as,  I  am  cold.— 3.  Fit/,  as 
applied  to  what  atfects  the  senses,  (a)  bland; 
mild;  not  pungent  or  acrid. 

Cold  plants  have  a  quicker  perception  of  the  heat 
of  the  sun  than  tlie  hot  herbs.  Bacon. 

(&)  Not  affecting  the  sense  of  smell  strongly; 
as,  the  scent  grew  cold.—  4.  Fiij.  as  applied 
to  persons  or  what  affects  the  feelings, 
(rt)  frigid;  wanting  passion,  zeal,  or  ardour; 
insensible;  indifferent;  unconcerned ;  not 
animated  or  easily  excited  into  action ;  not 
affectionate,  cordial,  or  friendly;  as,  a  cold 
spectator ;  a  cold  Christian  ;  a  cold  lover  or 
friend;  a  cold  temper. 

Thou  art  neither  cold  nor  hot.         Rev.  iii.  15. 
Shy  she  was.  and  I  thought  her  colt.      Tennyson. 

(b)  Not  heated  by  sensual  desire;  chaste. 

He  spake  of  her.  as  Diau  had  hot  dreams. 
And  she  alone  were  cold.  Shak. 

(c)  Not  moving ;  unaffecting ;  not  animated 
or  animating ;  not  able  to  excite  feeling  or 
interest;  spiritless;  as,  a  cold  discourse; 
cold  comfort. 

The  jest  grows  cold  when  it  conies  on  in  a  second 
scene.  Addison. 

(d)  Not  hasty;  not  violent;  deliberate;  cool. 
•The  cold  neutrality  of  an  impartial  judge.' 
Burke. —In  cold  blood,  without  excitement, 
emotion,  or  passion. 

He  was  slain  in  cold  blood  after  the  fight  was  over. 

Scott. 

— To  glee,  show,  or  turn  the  cold  shoulder, 
to  treat  a  person  with  studied  coldness, 
neglect,  or  contempt. —  Crfd  heart,  fear; 
cowardice.  Shak.—Coldpurse,  empty  purse. 
Shak.—  SYN.  Gelid,  frigid,  cool,  chill,  insen- 
sible, indifferent,  unconcerned, half-hearted, 
spiritless,  reserved,  deliberate. 
Cold  (kold),  n.  (See  the  adjective.]  1.  The 
relative  absence  or  want  of  heat ;  the  cause 
of  the  sensation  of  coolness. 

The  parching  air 

Burns  frore.  and  cold  performs  lh'  effect  of  fire. 
Milton. 

2.  The  sensation  produced  in  animal  bodies 
by  the  escape  of  heat. 

My  teeth,  which  now  are  dropt  awav. 
Would  chatter  with  the  cold.  Tennyson. 

3.  An  indisposition  occasioned  by  cold ;  a 
catarrh;  as,  to  have  a  severe  cold. 

Coldt  (kold),  a.  I.    To  grow  cold.     Chaucer. 

Cold-blast  (kold'blast),  n.  A  blast  or  cur- 
rent of  cold  air ;  especially,  in  nietal.  the 
name  given  to  air  at  its  natural  temper- 
ature forced  through  furnaces  for  smelting 
iron:  opposed  to  hot-blast. 

Cold-blooded  (kold'blud-ed),  a.  Having 
cold  blood:  (a)  tiff,  without  sensibility  or 
feeling.  'Thou  cold-blooded  slave.'  Shak. 
(b)  In  zool.  a  term  applied  to  those  animals 
the  temperature  of  whose  blood  ranges  from 
the  freezing-point  or  near  it  to  90°  Fahr.  in 
accordance  with  that  of  the  surrounding 
medium,  or  to  those  whose  blood  is  a  very 
little  higher  in  temperature  than  their 
habitat. 

Cold-chisel  (kold'chiz-el),  n.  A  chisel  whose 
cutting  edge  is  formed  of  steel  properly 
strengthened  by  tempering,  for  cutting 
metal  in  its  cold  state. 

Cold-cream  (kold'krem),  n.  A  kind  of  cool- 
ing unguent  for  the  skin,  variously  prepared. 
A  very  good  variety  is  made  by  heating  four 
parts  of  olive-oil  with  one  of  white  wax. 


Cold-cream  is  u>eful  in  the  case  of  chaps  as 

in  the  hands,  lips,  AT. 
Cold-hearted  ( kold'hart-ed ),  a.     Wanting 

passion  or  feeling;  indifferent.  'Cold-h^n  /.  •/ 

frozen  formalists.'    Yottny. 
Cold-heartedly  (koid'hiirt-ud-li),  aefu.   In  a 

cold-hearted  niaiun'1 

Cold-heartedness  (kdld'hart-ed-nes),  n. 
Want  ->f  feeling  or  sensibility. 

Coldish  (kold'ish),  a.    Somewhat  cold 

Cold-klndt  (kold'kind),  o.  I'niting  coldness 
and  kindness.  Milton. 

Coldly  (kold'li),  adv.  In  a  cold  manner; 
without  warmth;  without  concern;  without 
ardour  or  animation;  without  apparent  pas- 
sion, emotion,  or  feeling;  with  indifference 
or  negligence;  dispassionately;  calmly;  as, 
to  answer  one  coldly;  a  proposition  is  coldlij 
received. 

If  he  were  mad,  he  would  not  plead  so  coldly. 

Sha*. 

Thrift,  thrift,  Horatio!  the  funeral  baked-meats 
Did  coldly  furnish  forth  the  marriage  tables.  Sliafc. 

Cold-moving  (kold'mov-ing),  a.  Done  with 
a  gesture  indicating  want  of  cordiality  or 
indifference. 

With  certain  half-caps  and  cold-moving  nods 
They  froze  me  into  silence.  Shiik. 

Coldness  (kold'nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality 
of  being  cold:  (a)  want  of  heat,  (b)  Uncon- 
cern; indifference;  a  frigid  state  of  temper; 
want  of  ardour,  zeal,  emotion,  animation, 
or  spirit ;  as,  to  receive  an  answer  with 
coldness;  to  listen  with  coldness.  '  The  faith- 
less coldness  of  the  times.'  Tennyson. 
'  Chilling  his  caresses  by  the  coldness  of  her 
manners.'  Tennyson,  (c)  Want  of  sensual 
desire;  frigidity;  chastity.  'Virgin  cold- 
ness.' Pope. 

Cold-pale  (kold'pal),  a.    Cold  and  pale. 

Cold-pale  weakness  numbs  each  feeling  part. 

Shak. 

Cold-served  (kold'servd),  a.  1.  Served  up 
cold.— 2.  Dull;  tiresome;  tedious.  Yi^uny. 
Cold-short  ( kold'short ),  a.  Brittle  when 
cold;  as,  cold-short  iron. 
Coldstreams  (kold'stremz),  n.  pi.  A  distin- 
guished regiment  of  foot-guards,  the  oldest 
corps  in  the  British  army  except  the  1st 
Foot  (Royal  Scots),  so  named  because  first 
raised  at  Coldstream  in  Berwickshire,  by 
General  Monk,  in  1660,  with  the  object  of 
bringing  back  Charles  II.  to  the  throne. 
The  full  name  is  Coldstream  Guards. 
Cole  ( kol ),  n.  [Icel.  kollr,  a  top,  a  head,  a 
heap.  ]  One  of  the  small  conical  heaps  into 
which  hay  is  first  made  up  after  being  cut ; 
a  haycock.  [Scotch.] 

Cole  (kol),  ii.  [A.  Sax.  caul,  cawel,  like  Sc. 
kale,  kail,  G.  kohl,  borrowed  from  L.  colis, 
caulis,  a  cabbage-stalk,  a  cabbage.]  The 
general  name  of  all  sorts  of  cabbage  or  plants 
of  the  genus  Brassica:  generally  used  in  its 
compounds,  colewort,  cauliflower,  Ac. 
Co-legatee  (ko'leg-a-te"),  n.  [Prefix  co, 
and  legatee.]  One  who  is  a  legatee  along 
with  another  or  others. 
Cole-mouse(kormous),  11.  See  COAL-MOUSE. 
Coleophyll,  Coleophyllum  (kol'e-6-fll, 
kol'e-6-fil"lum),  n.  [Gr.  koleox,  a  sheath, 
and  phyllon,  a  leaf.  ]  In  bot.  the  first  leaf 
which  follows  the  cotyledon  in  endogens, 
and  ensheaths  the  succeeding  leaves.  It 
is  well  seen  in  Liliaceio  and  Alismaceic. 
Called  also  Coleoptile. 

Coleophyllous  (kol'e-6-ftrius),  a.  In  bot. 
having  the  leaves  inclosed  in  a  sheath. 
Coleopter,  Coleopteran  (kol-e-op'ter,  kol- 
e-op'tcr-an ),  ».  [Gr.  koleos,  a  sheath,  and 
pteron,  a  wing.)  A  member  of  the  order 
Coleoptcra. 

Coleoptera  (kol-e-op'ter-a),  n.pl.  [See  COLE- 
OPTEK.  ]  The  name  given  to  one  of  the 
orders  into  which  insects  are  divided,  the 
species  of  which  order  are  commonly  known 
by  the  name  of  beetles.  The  insects  which 
constitute  the  order  Coleoptera  may  be 
characterized  as  havina  four  wings,  of  which 
the  two  anterior,  called  elytra,  are  not 
suited  for  flight,  but  form  a  covering  and 
I  protection  to  the  two  posterior,  and  are  of  a 
i  hard  and  horny  or  parchment-like  nature. 
When  closed  their  inner  margins,  which  are 
'•  straight,  touch  and  form  a  longitudinal  su- 
'  ture.'  The  inferior  wings  when  not  in  use  are 
folded  transversely  under  the  superior,  and 
are  membranous.  The  Coleoptera  are  among 
the  insects  which  undergo  a  perfect  trans- 
formation, and  of  which  the  pupa  is  inactive 
and  the  larva  generally  resembles  a  short 
thick  worm,  with  six  legs  and  a  scaly  head 
and  mouth.  The  Coleoptera  ore  usually 
classed  under  four  great  sections,  viz.  J  en- 
tamera,  with  five-jointed  tarsi;  Heteromera, 


with  five-jointed  tarsi  to  !!»•  two  anterior 
]i;iir^  i.f  1,-^'s,  and  fuiir  to  the  |ji^t'-iinj-  |,air; 
Tctramera,  with  four-jointed  tarsi  to  all  the 


One  of  the  Coleoptera  (Ciandela  camftttris). 

a.  Head,    b.  Thorax,    c.  AMopnen.    dd,  Elytr.i. 
tf,  Wiii^s    ,/y.  Antennae. 

legs;  TVimcra,  with  three-jointed  torsi  t«> 
all  the  legs ;  but  these  tw»  last  are  also 
called  Cryptopentamera  and  Cryptotetra- 
tnera,  the  fourth  and  fifth  tarsi  being  only 
obscure,  not  wanting. 

Coleopterist  (kol  e  .  .p'ti  r-ist),  n.  One  versed 
in  the  natural  history  of  the  Coleoptera. 
Coleopterous,  Coleopteral  ( kol-e-op'ter- 
us,  kol-e-op'ter-al),  a.  Pertaining  or  belong- 
ing to  the  Coleoptera ;  as,  a  cole»f/lerous  in- 
sect. 

Coleoptile  ( kol'e-op-til ),  71.  [  Gr.  koleos,  a 
sheatn,  and  ptilon,  a  feather.]  In  '"-'.  the 
same  as  Coleophyll. 

Coleorhiza  (kol-e-6-ri'za),  n.  [Or.  koleot,  a 
sheath,  and  rhiza,  a  root.]  In  bot.  the 
sheath  which  covers  the  young  radicle  of 
monocotyledonous  plants  in  its  early  devel- 
opment. 

Coler.t  n.     A  collar.     Cliaucer. 
Colera,t ".  [L.  cholera,  bile.]  Bile.  Chaucer. 
Cole-rape  (kol'rap),  n.    A  plant,  Brassica 
Kapa,  or  common  turnip. 
Colored,  t  pp.  or  a.    Collared ;  wearing  col- 
lars.    Chaucer. 

Cole-seed  (kol'sed),  ».    1.  A  plant,  Brassita 
Napus,  called  also   Winter  fiape.—2.The  * 
seed  of  this  plant,  from  which  oil-cake  is 
prepared  for  feeding  cattle. 
Co-lessee  (ko-les-se'),  n.    [Prefix  co,  and 
lessee.  ]    In  law,  a  joint  lessee ;  a  partner  in 
a  lease;  a  joint  tenant. 
Co-lessor  (ko-les-soO,  n.    [Prefix  co,  and 
lessor.]    In  law,  a  joint  grantor  of  a  lease; 
a  partner  in  giving  a  lease. 
Colestaff  (kol'staf).    Same  as  Colstaff,  Coicl- 
staff. 

Colet,  Collett  (kol'et,  billet),  n.  [A  corrup- 
tion of  acolyte. }  An  inferior  church  servant. 
See  ACOLYTE. 

Cole-tit  (kol-tit).  n.    See  COAL-TIT. 
Colewort  ( kol'wert ),  n.  [  Cole,  and  wort,  A. 
Sax.  wyrt,  an  herb.]    1.  A  particular  species 
of  cole,  Brassica  oleracea,  or  cabbage. — 2.  A 
young  cabbage  cut  before  the  head  is  formed. 
Col-fOX,t».    A  crafty  fox.    [CoJ  occurs  thus 
in  several  old  words.    Its  origin  is  obscure  ] 
Colic  (kol'ik),  n.  [L.  colicus,  Gr.  kolikos,  from 
Mon,  the  colon.  ]     In  pathol.   a   painful 
spasmodic  affection  of  the  intestines,  espe- 
cially of  the  colon,  attended  with  fever  or 
inflammation.    There  are  many  varieties  of 
this   dangerous    complaint   mentioned   in 
medical  works. 

Colic,  Colical  (kol'ik,  kol'ik-al).  a.  Affecting 
the  bowels.     ' Culick  pangs.'    Milton. 
Colicked(kol'ikt),  a.    Affected  with  colic; 
griped.     Dr.  G.  Chei/ne. 
Colicky  (kol'ik-i),  o.  Pertaining  to  colic;  as, 
colicky  pains. 

Colldse  (kol'i-de),  n.  pi.  The  colics,  a  family 
of  conirostral  birds,  order  Passeres  or  In- 
sessores,  of  which  the  genus  Colius  is  the 
type.  They  are  inhabitants  of  Africa  and 
India;  and  as  their  plumage  is  of  a  soft  and 
silken  character,  and  generally  of  sober 
tints  they  are  often  called  'mouse-birds. 
Colin  (kol'in),  n.  [Fr]  The  American  part- 
ridge (1'erdix  or  Orlyx  Vii-giniantit). 
Coliseum  (kol  i-se'um).  n.  See  COLOSSEUM. 
Colitis  (ko-li'tis),  11.  [Gr.  kdlon,  the  colon.) 
Inpathol.  inflammation  of  the  mucous  mem- 
brane of  the  colon;  colonitis. 
Colius  (kol'i-us),  n.  A  genus  of  African  coni- 
rostral birds,  order  Passeres,  family  Colidw 
or  colies.  allied  to  the  plantain-eaters.  1  he 
species  live  among  trees,  and  are  very  active 
climbers. 

Coll  t  (kol),  ».(.    [L  collvm,  the  neck.]    To 
embrace  the  neck.    '  They  coll  and  kiss  him. 
La  timer. 
Coll  t  (kol).  n.   An  embrace  round  the  neck. 

T.  Middlettm. 

Collabefaction  t  (kol-lab'e-fak"shon). ».  [L 
prefix  con  and  labefaceo,  to  make  to  totter  1 
A  wasting  away;  decay;  decline.  Wount. 


ch,  c/iaiu;      ch,  8c.  locA;      S,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ug, 


TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  icig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


COLLABORATEUR 


510 


COLLECT 


Collaborateur  (kol-lab-o-ra-ter),  n.  [Fr.] 
Same  as  Collaborator,  which  term  it  origin- 
ated. 

Collaboration  (kol-lab'6-ra"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  working  together;  united  labour. 

In  collaboration  with  Mr.  Eirikr  Magnusson  he  has 
translated  the  following  works  from  me  Icelandic. 
Men  of  tilt  Time. 

Collaborator  (kol-lab'6-ra-ter),  n.  [Fr.  col- 
luburatetir,  as  if  from  a  L.  collaborator, 
from  col  for  con,  together,  and  laboro, 
to  labour.]  An  assistant;  an  associate  in 
labour,  especially  in  literary  or  scientific 
pursuits.  [A  modern  word.] 

Collacioun,t  n.  [L.  collatio,  collationis,  a 
bringing  together]  A  conference.  Chaucer,  j 

Collapsable  (kol-laps'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
collapsing  or  being  made  to  collapse. 

Collapse  (kol-laps'),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  col-  I 
lapsed;  ppr.  collapsing.  [L.  collabor,  collap- 
*<«f,  to  fall  together,  to  fall  in  ruins — col 
for  con,  and  labor,  to  slide  or  fall.]  1.  To 
fall  in  or  together,  asthetwo  sidesof  avessel; 
to  close  by  falling  together ;  as,  a  bladder 
when  emptied  of  air  collapses. 

In  consumptions  and  atrophy  the  liquids  are  ex- 
hausted and  the  sides  of  the  canals  collapse. 

ArtnUhnot. 

•2.  Fig.  to  come  to  nothing ;  to  break  down ; 
as,  the  project  collapsed. 
Collapse  (kol-laps'),  n.  1.  A  falling  in  or 
together,  as  of  the  sides  of  a  hollow  vessel. 
2.  In  nied.  an  extreme  sinking  or  depression ; 
a  more  or  less  sudden  failure  of  the  vital 
powers.  —  3.  Fig.  a  sudden  and  complete 
lailure  of  any  kind;  a  break-down. 

There  was  now  a  general  collapse  in  heroism ;  in- 
trigue took  the  place  of  patriotic  ardour. 

If.  Chambers. 

Collapsed  (kol-lapsf),  p.  and  a.  Exhibiting 
a  collapse;  ruined;  decayed;  come  to  nought; 
as,  collapsed  projects.  'The  ruins  of  his 
crown's  collapsed  state.'  Mir.  for  Mags. 
'Those  corrupted  inbred  humours  of  col- 
lapsed nature.'  Quarles. 

Collapsion  (kol-lap'shon),  n.  A  state  of 
falling  together  or  collapsing.  '  The  col- 
lapsion  of  the  skin  after  death. '  Dr.  Russell. 

Collar  (Roller),  n.  [L.  collare,  Fr.  cottier,  a 
collar,  from  L.  colluin,  the  neck.]  1.  Some- 
thing worn  round  the  neck,  whether  for 
use  or  ornament  or  both,  or  it  may  be  for 
restraint;  thus  the  name  is  given  to  a  kind  of 
necklace  or  chain  of  a  highly  ornamental 
character  worn  by  the  knights  of  several 
orders,  and  having  the  badge  of  the  order 
appended  to  it;  to  a  part  of  the  harness  of 
an  animal  used  for  draught ;  and  to  an 
article  of  dress  or  part  of  a  garment  going 
round  the  neck;  as,  the  collar  of  a  coat  or 
shirt.  Jocularly  applied  by  Shakspere  to  a  I 
halter. 

While  you  live,  draw  your  neck  out  of  the  collar. 
Shat. 

2.  Anything  resembling  a  collar,  anything  in 
the  form  of  a  ring,  especially  at  or  near  the 
end  of  something  else:  (a)  in  arch,  a  ring  or 
cincture;  also,  a  collar-beam  (which  see),  (fc) 
In  bot.  (1)  the  ring  upon  the  stipe  (stem)  of  an 
agaric ;  (2)  the  point  of  junction  between  the 
radicle  and  plunmla;  (3)  the  point  of  diver- 
gence of  the  root  and  stem,  (c)  In  mech. 

(1)  a  ruff  on  a  shaft  at  one  end  of  a  journal, 
to  prevent  the  shaft  from  shifting  endwise. 

(2)  A  plate  of  metal  screwed  down  upon  the 
stuffing-box  of  a  steam-engine,  with  a  hole 
to  allow  the  piston-rod  to  pass  through. 

(3)  A  ring  inserted  in  a  lathe  puppet  for 
holding  the  end  of  the  mandrel  next  the 
chuck.    (4)  A  steel  ring  which  confines  a 
planchet,  in  coining,  and  prevents  spread- 
ing under  the  pressure  of  the  coining-press. 
(5)  The  neck  of  a  bolt,    (d)  Naut.  (1)  an  eye 
in  the  end  or  bight  of  a  shroud  or  stay,  to 
go  over  a  masthead.  (2)  A  rope  formed  into 
a  wreath,  with  a  heart  or  dead-eye  in  the 
bight,  to  which  the  stay  is  confined  at  the 
lower  part,  (e)  In  zool.  (1)  the  coloured  ring 
round  the  neck  of  birds.    (2)  The  thickened 
secreting  margin  of  the  mantle  of  the  tes- 
taceous gasteropods.—  A  collar  of  brawn  is 
the  quantity  bound  up  in  one  parcel,  brawn 
being  derived  from  the  collar  or  breast  part 
of  a  boar.— To  slip  the  collar,  to  escape  or 
get  free;  to  disentangle  one's  self  from  diffi- 
culty, labour,  or  engagement.  —  In  collar, 
out  of  collar,  ready  for  or  used  to,  and  un- 
ready for  or  unused  to  work. — Against  the 
cottar,  uphill,  so  that  the  horse's  shoulders 
are  constantly  pressed  against  the  collar; 
hence,  fig.  against  difficulties. 

Collar  ( kol'ler ),  v.  t.  1.  To  seize  by  the  col- 
lar. —  2.  To  put  a  collar  on.  —  3.  To  roll  up 
and  bind  in  the  same  way  as  a  collar  of 
brawn;  as,  to  collar  beef. 


Cellarage  ( kol'ler-aj ),  n.  A  duty  formerly 
levied  on  the  collars  of  draught-horses. 

Collar-beam  (kol'ler-lKlm),  H.  A  beam  or 
piece  of  timber  extending  between  two  op- 
posite rafters,  at  some  height  above  their 
base. 

Collar-bone  (kol'ler-bon),  n.    The  clavicle. 

Collar-day  (kol'ler-da),  n.  A  day  on  which 
knights  appear  at  court  in  their  collars. 

Collared  (kol'lerd),  p.  and  a.  1.  Having  a 
collar  on  the  neck.  — 2.  In  her.  same  as 
Gorged,  2. 

Collaret  (kol'ler-et),  n.  A  small  collar  of 
linen,  fur,  or  tlie  like,  worn  by  women. 

Collar- launder  (kol'ler-lan-der),  n.  In 
mining,  a  gutter  or  pipe  attached  to  a  lift 
of  a  pump  to  convey  water  to  a  cistern  or 
any  other  place. 

Collatable  (kol-lat'a-bl),  n.  Capable  of  being 
collated. 

Collate  (kol-lat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  collated; 
ppr.  collating.  [L.  coi\fero,  collatum,  to  bring 
together,  to  compare,  to  bestow — col  for  con, 
and  fero,  latum,  to  carry.]  1.  To  bring  to- 
gether and  compare ;  to  examine  critically, 
noting  points  of  agreement  and  disagree- 
ment :  applied  particularly  to  manuscripts 
and  books ;  as,  to  collate  all  the  manuscripts 
of  a  classical  author. 

They  could  not  relinquish  their  Judaism,  and  em- 
brace Christianity,  without  considering,  weighing, 
and  collating  both  religions.  South. 

2.  To  confer  or  bestow  a  benefice  by  colla- 
tion (which  see):  followed  by  to. 

If  the  patron  neglects  to  present,  the  bishop  may 
collate  his  cleric  to  the  church.  Blackstone. 

3.  To  bestow  or  confer.     '  The  grace  of  the 
Spirit  of  God,  there  consigned,  exhibited, 
and  collated.'    Jer.  Taylor.     [Rare.]— 4.  To 
gather  and  place  in  order,  as  the  sheets  of 
a  book  for  binding. 

Collate  (kol-laf),  v.i.  To  place  in  a  benefice 

by  collation. 
Collateral(kol-lat'er-al),a.  [LL. cottateralit 

— col  for  con,  and  lateralis,  tromlatus,  a  side.  ] 

1.  At  the  side;  belonging  to  the  side  or  what 
is  at  the  side.     '  The  cardinal  and  collateral 
winds. '    Camden. 

In  his  bright  radiance  and  collateral  light 

Must  I  be  comforted,  not  in  his  sphere.        Ska*. 

2.  Acting  indirectly ;    acting  through  side 
channels. 

They  shall  hear  and  judge  'twixt  you  and  me, 
If  by  direct  or  by  collateral  hand 
They  find  us  touch'd.  we  will  our  kingdom  give 
To  you  in  satisfaction.  Shalt. 

3.  Derived  from  or  acting  on  the  side ;  ac- 
companying but  subordinate;    auxiliary; 
subsidiary.     'A  collateral  comfort'    fieri 
Plowman. 

All  the  force  of  the  motive  lies  within  itself:  it  re- 
ceives no  collateral  strength  from  external  consider- 
ations. AlUrbvry. 

He  (Atterbury)  was  altogether  in  the  wrong  on  the 
main  question,  and  on  all  the  collateral  questions 
springing  out  of  it.  Macaitlay. 

4.  In  genealogy,  descending  from  the  same 
stock  or  ancestor,  but  not  in  a  direct  line; 
as  distinguished  from  lineal.      Thus  the 
children  of  brothers  are  collateral  relations, 
havingdifferent  fathers  but  a  common  grand- 
father.— Collateral  asxurance,  in  law,  assur- 
ance made  over  and  above  the  principal  deed. 
— Collatfral  circulation,  in  physiol.  the  pas- 
sage of  the  blood  from  one  part  to  another 
of  the  same  system  of  vessels  by  collateral 
communicating  channels;  it  is  much  more 
frequent  in  the  veins  than  in  the  arteries.— 
Collateral  issue  in  law,  is  where  a  criminal 
convict  pleads  any  matter  allowed  by  law  in 
bar  of  execution,  as  pregnancy,  the  king's 
pardon,  an  act  of  grace,  or  diversity  of  per- 
son, viz.  that  he  or  she  is  not  the  same  that 
was  attainted,  <£c.,  whereon  issue  is  taken, 
which  issue  is  to  be  tried  by  a  jury  t'n- 
ftanter.  —  Collateral   security,   such    addi- 
tional security  is  a  deed  granted  over  other 
property  besides  that  already  mortgaged 
for  the  greater  safety  of  the  mortgagee; 
or  a  bill  of  exchange  given  or  a  pledge 
deposited  to  secure  a  pre-existing  debt. 

Collateral  (kol-lat'er-al),  n.  1.  A  collateral 
relation  or  kinsman.— 2.  Collateral  security. 
See  the  adjective. 

Collaterally  (kol-lat'er-al-li),  adv.  In  a 
collateral  manner:  (a)  side  by  side ;  by  the 
side.—  Collaterally  disposed,  in  her.  set  side 
by  side,  as  distinguished  from  set  upright, 
which  is  termed  co-erectant  or  co-erected. 
(o)  Indirectly.  '  The  Papists  more  directly 
and  the  fanatics  more  collaterally. '  Dryden. 
(c)  In  collateral  relation;  not  in  a  direct  line; 
not  lineally.  'Members  of  his  own  family 
collaterally  related  to  him.'  Coxe. 


'  Collateralness  (kol-lat'er-al-nes),  n.    The 
I     state  of  being  collateral.     Cvtgrace. 
CoUationt  (kol-la'shon),  v.i.    To  partake  of 
a  light  repast;  to  lunch. 

I  went  to  see  a  coach-race  in  Hide  Park,  amlfo/- 
lation'd  in  Spring  Garden.  l[-,'cly>i. 

Collation  (kol-la'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of  col- 
lating or  bringing  or  laying  together  and 
comparing ;  a  comparison  of  one  copy  or 
thing  of  a  like  kind  with  another;  especially, 
the  comparison  of  manuscripts  or  editions 
of  books.  — 2.  t  The  act  of  conferring  or  be- 
stowing; a  gift. 

Neither  are  we  to  give  thanks  alone  for  the  colla- 
tion of  these  benefits.  Ray. 

3.  In  canon  law.  the  presentation  of  a  clergy- 
man to  a  benefice  by  a  bishop,  who  is  the 
ordinary  of  the  benefice,  and  who  at  the 
same  time  has  the  benefice  in  his  own  gift 
or  patronage,  or  by  neglect  of  the  patron 
has  acquired  the  patron's  rights.   When  the 
patron  of  a  church  is  not  a  bishop,  he  pre- 
sents his  clerk  for  admission,  and  the  bishop 
institutes  him;  but  if  the  bishop  of  the  dio- 
cese is  the  patron,  his  presentation  and  in- 
stitutionareone  act,  and  are  called  collation. 

4.  In  common  law,  the  presentation  of  a 
copy  to  its  original,  and  a  comparison  made 
by  examination,  to  ascertain  its  conformity; 
also  the  report  of  the  act  made  by  the  pro- 
per officers.— 5.  In  Scots  law,  a  provision  by 
which,  in  certain  circumstances,  the  herit- 
able and  movable  estate  of  a  deceased  per- 
son may  be  accumulated  into  one  mass  and 
distributed  equally  amongst  the  next  of  kin. 
6.  A  compilation ;  specifically,  a  collection 
of  the  lives  of  the  fathers  of  the  church; 
also,  the  act  of  reading  and  conversing  on 
the  lives,  a  practice  instituted  in  monas- 
teries by   St.   Benedict.      Dr.    W.   Smith. 
Hence— 7.  A  light  repast:  a  term  originally 
applied  to  the  light  repast  partaken  of  by 
monks    in  monasteries  after  the  reading 
of  the  lives  of  the  saints.— 8.  t  A  conference. 
Chaucer. — Collation  of  seals,  in  law,  denotes 
(a)  one  seal  set  on  the  same  label,  on  the 
reverse  of  another.    Wharton.  (b)  A  method 
of  ascertaining  the  genuineness  of  a  seal  by 
comparing  it  with  another  known  to  be 
genuine.    Bouvier. 

Collationer  (kol-la'shon-er),  n.  One  who 
collates  or  examines  the  sheets  or  pages  of 
a  book,  after  it  has  been  printed,  to  ascer- 
tain whether  they  have  been  correctly 
printed,  paged,  Ac. 

Collatitioust  (kol-la-ti'shus),  a.  [L.  collati- 
citw.]  Contributed;  brought  together;  per- 
formed by  contribution.  Bailey. 

Collatlve  (kol-la'tiv),  a.  Eccles.  presented 
by  collation,  a  term  applied  to  advowsons 
or  livings  of  which  the  bishop  and  patron 
are  the  same  person. 

Collator  (kol-la't«r),  n.  1.  One  who  collates 
or  compares  manuscripts  or  copies  of  books. 
2.  One  who  collates  to  a  benefice.  —  3.  t  One 
who  confers  any  benefit  or  bestows  a  gift  of 
any  kind. 

Well-placed  benefits  redound  to  the  collator's  hon- 
our, feltham. 

Collaudt  (kon&d),  v.t.  [L.  collaudo—col  for 
con,  together,  and  laudo,  to  praise.]  To 
unite  in  praising.  Howell. 

Collaudatlont  (kol-lad-a'shon),  n.  [See  CoL- 
i.  u  i.  |  Laudation; encomium; flattery.  ././•. 
Taylor. 

Colleague  (kol'leg),  n.  [L.  collega,  a  col- 
league—co(  for  con,  together,  and  lego,  to 
send  on  an  embassy  or  office.  ]  A  partner  or 
associate  in  the  same  office,  employment, 
or  commission,  civil  or  ecclesiastical.  It  is 
never  used  of  partners  in  trade  or  manufac- 
tures. 

Colleague  (kol-leg1),  v.t.  To  unite  with. 
Shah.  [Rare.  ] 

Colleaguesnlp  (kolleg-ship),  n.  Partner- 
ship in  office. 

Collect  (kol-lekf),  v.t.  [L.  colligo,  collectum 
— col  tot  con,  and  lego,  to  gather;  Gr.  lego.] 
1.  To  gather  into  one  body  or  place ;  to  as- 
semble or  bring  together ;  as,  to  collect  men 
into  an  army ;  to  collect  curiosities  or  rare 
books;  to  collect  taxes,  accounts,  &c. — 2.  To 
gain  by  observation  or  information.  [Now 
rare.] 

The  reverent  care  I  bear  unto  my  lord 

Made  me  collect  these  dangers  in  the  duke.    Sftat. 

5.  To  gather  from  premises;  to  infer  as  a 
consequence.    [Now  rare.] 

Which  consequence,  I  conceive,  is  very  ill  collected. 
Locke. 

—To  collect  one's  self,  to  recover  from  sur- 
prise or  a  disconcerted  state ;  to  gain  com- 
mand over  the  thoughts  when  dispersed, 
over  the  passions  when  tumultuous,  or  the 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


COLLECT 


511 


COLLIMATION 


mind  when  dismayed.  '  Affrighted  much  I 
did  in  time  collect  myself.'  Sliak.—  SYN.  To 
father,  assemble,  group,  convene,  convoke, 
accumulate,  amass,  infer,  deduce. 

Collect  (kol-lekf),  v.i.  To  run  together;  to 
accumulate;  as,  pus  culle cts  in  an  abscess; 
sand  or  snow  collects  in  banks. 

Collect  (kol'Iekt),  n.  A  short  comprehensive 
prayer ;  a  form  of  prayer  adapted  to  a  par- 
ticular day  or  occasion,  as  one  of  a  series 
.rf  short  prayers  in  the  Book  of  Common 
Prayer  each  set  apart  for  a  separate  Sunday 
or  special  occasion.  'Those  beautiful  col- 
lects which  had  soothed  the  griefs  of  forty 
generations  of  Christians. '  Macaulai/. 

Then  let  your  devotion  be  humbly  to  say  over  pro- 
per  collects.  7*r.  Taylor. 

Collectanea  (kol-lek-ta'ne-a),  n.  pi.  [L., 
things  collected.]  A  term  applied  to  a 
selection  of  passages  from  various  authors, 
usually  made  for  the  purpose  of  instruction; 
a  miscellany. 

Collectaneous t  (kol-lek-ta'ne-us),  a.  [L. 
i-ullectaiieUK. \  Gathered;  collected.  John- 
fton. 

Collected  (kol-lekt'ed),  pp.  and  a.  1.  Ga- 
thered together. — 2.  Not  disconcerted;  cool; 
firm;  prepared;  self-possessed;  as,  to  he  quite 
cullected  in  the  midst  of  danger.  '  More  vigi- 
lant and  collected.'  Sir  J.  Uayward. 

The  jury  shall  be  quite  surprised, 
The  prisoner  quite  collected.  Praed. 

Collectedly  (kol-lekt'ed-li),  adv.  1.  In  one 
view;  together;  in  one  body.  Dr.  H.  More. 
[Rare.]- 2.  In  a  cool,  firm,  or  self-possessed 
manner ;  as,  he  spoke  quite  calmly  and  col- 
lectedly. 

Collectedness  (kol-lekt'ed-nes),  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  collected  or  brought  into 
close  union  or  concentration.  Dr.  H.  More. 
[Rare.]— 2.  A  collected  or  cool  state  of  the 
mind. 

Collectible  (kol-lekt'i-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  collected. 

Collection  (kol-lek'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  or 
practice  of  collecting  or  of  gathering;  as,  the 
cullection  of  rare  books  was  his  hobby.— 
2.  That  which  is  collected,  gathered,  or  put 
together ;  as,  a  collection  of  pictures ;  a  col- 
lection of  essays  or  sermons;  specifically, 
that  which  is  collected  for  a  charitable, 
religious,  or  other  purpose.  '  Now  con- 
cerning the  collection  for  the  saints.'  1  Cor. 
xvi.  1.  — 3.t  The  act  of  deducing  conse- 
quences ;  deduction  from  premises ;  also, 
that  which  is  deduced  or  inferred ;  an  in- 
ference. 

Wrong  collections  have  been  hitherto  made  out  of 
these  words  by  modem  divines.  Milton. 

4.  An  examination  at  the  end  of  each  term 
at  the  colleges  of  the  English  universities.— 
6.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  collector;  a  col- 
lectorship.  See  COLLECTOR,  3.  —  SYN.  An 
assemblage,  group,  crowd,  mass,  heap,  com- 
pilation, selectio-i. 

Collectitioust  (kol-lek-ti'shus),  a.  Gathered 
up.  Bailey. 

Collective  (kol-lekt'iv),  a.  [L.  collections; 
Fr.  collect^.]  1.  Formed  by  gathering; 
gathered  into  a  mass,  sum,  or  body ;  con- 
gregated or  aggregated.  'A  body  collective, 
because  it  containeth  a  huge  multitude.' 
Hooker.  —  2.  In  gram,  expressing  a  number 
or  multitude  united;  as,  a  collective  noun 
or  name,  which,  though  in  the  singular  num- 
ber itself,  denotes  more  than  one  individual, 
as  company,  army,  troop,  assembly.— 3.  t  De- 
ducing consequences;  reasoning;  inferring. 
'Critical  and  collective  reason.  'Sir  T.  Browne. 
4.  Having  the  office  or  power  of  collecting 
together;  tending  to  collect;  forming  a  col- 
lection. 

Local  is  his  throne  ...  to  fix  a  point, 

A  central  point,  collective  of  his  sons.     Youriff. 

Collective  (kol-lekt'iv),  n.  In  gram,  a  noun 
of  multitude ;  a  noun  with  a  singular  form 
comprehending  in  its  meaning  several  in- 
dividuals. 

Army,  parliament,  people,  mob,  gang,  set,  family, 
&c.,  are  collectives.  Latham. 

Collectively  (kol-lekt'iv-li),  adv.  In  a  col- 
lective manner;  in  a  mass  or  body;  in  a  col- 
lected state;  in  the  aggregate;  unitedly;  as, 
the  citizens  of  a  state  collectively  considered. 

Collectiveness  (kol-lekt'iv-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  collective;  combination;  union; 
mass.  Toad. 

Collector  (kol-lekt'er),  n.  1.  One  who  col- 
lects or  gathers  things  which  are  scattered 
or  separate;  especially,  one  who  makes  a 
business  of  collecting  objects  of  interest,  as 
books,  paintings,  plants,  minerals,  shells, 
-  &c.— 2.  A  compiler;  one  who  gathers  and 


puts  together  parts  of  books,  or  scattered 
pieces,  in  one  book.  'Volumes  without  the 
collector's  own  reflections.'  Additon.— 3.  An  ' 
officer  appointed  and  commissioned  to  col-  ! 
lect  and  receive  customs,  duties,  taxes,  or 
toll  within  a  certain  district— 4.  A  imrh,  i,,r 
of  arts  in  Oxford  who  is  appointed  to  super- 
intend some  scholastic  proceedings  in  Lent. 
5.  pi.  In  hot.  dense  hairs  covering  the  styles 
of  some  species  of  composite  flowers,  <Src., 
and  acting  as  brushes  to  clear  the  pollen 
out  of  the  cells  of  the  anthers.  Treas.  of 
Bot.  —  Electrical  collector,  the  upper  plate 
or  disk  of  a  condenser,  employed  for  collect- 
ing electricity. 

Collectorate  (kol-lekt'6r-at),  n.  The  district 
of  a  collector;  a  collectorship. 
Collectorship  (kol-lekt'er-ship),  n.    1.  The 
office  of  a  collector  of  customs  or  taxes.— 
2.  The  jurisdiction  of  a  collector. 
/ollectress  (kol-lekt'res),  n.    A  female  col- 
lector. 

Collegatary  (kol-leg'a-ta-ri),  n.  [L.  col,  with, 
and  leijo,  to  send.]  Same  as  Co-legatee. 
College  (kollej),  n.  [L.  collegium.,  a  society, 
guild,  or  fraternity,  from  collega,  a  col- 
league— col  for  con,  with,  and  lego,  to  send 
on  an  embassy  or  mission.]  1.  A  society 
of  men,  invested  with  certain  powers  and 
rights,  performing  certain  duties,  or  en- 
gaged in  some  common  employment  or 
pursuit;  a  guild;  a  corporation;  as,  the  col- 
lege of  cardinals,  or  sacred  college;  a  col- 
lege of  physicians  or  surgeons ;  a  college  of 
heralds ;  a  college  of  justice,  &c.  Colleges 
of  these  kinds  are  usually  incorporated  or 
established  by  the  supreme  power  of  the 
state. —College  of  Justice,  in  Scotland,  a  term 
applied  to  the  supreme  civil  courts,  com- 
posed of  the  lords  of  council  and  session, 
together  with  the  advocates,  clerks  of  ses- 
sion, clerks  of  the  bills,  writers  to  the  sig- 
net, &c. — 2.  Especially,  a  society  incorpor- 
ated for  purposes  of  instruction  and  study 
in  the  higher  branches  of  knowledge ;  as, 
the  colleges  of  the  English  universities,  or 
the  Scotch  colleges,  which  are  identical  with 
the  universities. 

He  is  returned  in  his  opinions ;  which 
Have  satisfied  the  king  for  his  divorce, 
Together  with  all  famous  colleges 
Almost  in  Christendom.  Stia*. 

3.  The  edifice  belonging  to  a  college.— 4.  A 
name  often  given  to  schools  of  superior 
pretensions.  —5.  A  collection  or  community. 
'Thick  as  the  college  of  the  bees  in  May.' 
Dryden.  [Rare.  ] 

College  -  pudding  (kol'lej-pud-ing),  n.  A 
kind  of  small  plum-pudding. 

Collegia!  (kol-le'ji-al),  a.  Relating  to  a  col- 
lege; belonging  to  a  college;  having  the  pro- 
perties and  privileges  of  a  college. 

The  collegial  corporations  had  usurped  the  exclu- 
sive privilege  of  instruction.        Sir  lY .  Hamilton. 

Collegian  (kol-le'ji-an),  n.  A  member  of  a 
college,  particularly  of  a  literary  institution 
so  called;  an  inhabitant  of  a  college;  a  stu- 
dent '  Fellow-collegians.'  Lamb. 
Collegiate  (kol-le'ji-at),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
a  college;  as,  collegiate  studies.— 2.  Consti- 
tituted  after  the  manner  of  a  college ;  as,  a 
collegiate  society.— Collegiate  church,  (a)  a 
church  that  has  no  bishop's  see,  but  has 
nevertheless  a  college  or  chapter  of  dean, 
canons,  and  prebends.  Of  these  some  are 
of  royal,  others  of  ecclesiastical  foundation; 
and  each  is  regulated,  in  matters  of  divine 
service,  as  a  cathedral.  Some  of  these  were 
anciently  abbeys  which  have  been  secular- 
ized, (b)  In  Scotland  and  the  United  States, 
an  ordinary  church  under  the  joint  pastor- 
ate of  two  or  more  clergymen.— 3.  Collected; 
combined;  united.  Bacon.  [Rare.] 
Collegiate  t  (kol-le'ji-at),  n.  A  member  of 
a  college.  'Rigorous  customs  that  forbid 
men  to  marry,  ...  as  prentices,  servants, 
collegiatea.'  Burton. 

Colle'nchyma  (kol-en'ki-ma),  n.  [Gr.  kollao, 
to  glue,  connect,  and  encht/ma,  an  infusion. ; 
A  peculiar  kind  of  thickening  of  cellular 
tissue  in  the  subepidermal  layers  of  many 
herbaceous  stems,  such  as  in  the  genera 
Rumex,  Beta,  Chenopodium,  &c. 
Collet  (kol'let),  n.  [Fr.  collet,  a  collar  or 
necklace,  from  col,  L.  collum,  the  neck.] 
1.  A  band  or  collar;  specifically,  a  small 
collar  or  band  worn  by  the  inferior  clergy 
of  the  Romish  Church.— 2.  Among  jewellers, 
(a)  the  horizontal  face  or  plane  at  the  bot- 
tom of  brilliants.  (6)  The  part  of  a  ring 
containing  the  bezel  in  which  the  stone  is 
set. 

The  seal  was  set  in  a  collet  of  gold.    Sir  T.  Herbert. 

3.  In  glass-making,  that  part  of  glass  vessels 


Which  ttlekl  In  tin-  in.n  instrument  used  in 
taking  the  substanee  from  ihe  in. •Itin. 

4.  In  mat-It,  a  small  band  of  mrlul,  an  the 
ring  which  fastens  Hie  packing  <>f  a  pinion. 

5.  In  uut.  the  neck  or  part  of  a  plant  fn.m 
which  spring  the  ascending  and  descending 
axes. 

Colleterial  (knl-le  te'ri-al),  a.  In  entom. 
pertaining  to  tiie  mil, -i, .Hum. 

Colleterium  (k.il  le  te'ri-um),  n  (See  COL- 
LKTir  ]  In  entom.  an  organ  in  the  females 
of  certain  in.sects,  containim,'  a  white  glu- 
tinous substance  by  which  the  ova  are  ce- 
mented together. 

ColletiC  (kol-let'ik),  a.  (Or.  Mlitikot,  from 
kollao,  to  glue.]  Having  the  property  c,f 
gluing;  ugutfamt 

ColletiC  (kol-let'ik),  n.    An  agRlutinant. 

Colley  (kol'li),  n.    Same  as  < 

Collibert  (kol-le-bar),  n.  A  member  of  n 
despised  race  of  people  inhabiting  Foltou, 
Maine,  and  Anjou  in  France,  and  resembling 
the  cagots  of  the  Pyrenees. 

Cpllide  (kol-lid').  r.i.  prct.  collided;  ppr.  col- 
liding. [L.  collido  —  col,  with,  and  tcedo,  to 
strike.]  To  strike  or  dash  against  each 
other ;  to  encounter  violently ;  to  meet  in 
shock ;  fig.  to  meet  in  opposition  or  anta- 
gonism; as,  their  interests  collided.  'Collided 
and  ground  itself  to  pieces.'  Carlyte. 

Collide  t  (kol-Ud'X  v.  t.  To  strike  against;  to 
dash  together.  '  Struck  or  collided  by  a  solid 
body.'  Burton. 

Collie,  Colly  (kol'li),  n.  [Perhaps  lit.  a  dog 
with  a  docked  tail,  from  Sc.  cole  or  coll,  to 
cut,  to  lop ;  comp.  Icel.  koUa,  a  deer  or  a 
ewe  without  horns.]  A  variety  of  dog  es- 
pecially common  in  Scotland,  and  much 
esteemed  by  Scotch  shepherds;  a  sheep-dog. 

Collier  (kol'yer),  n.  (Froni  coal;  comp.  law- 
yer, sawyer.}  1.  A  digger  of  coal ;  one  who 
works  in  a  coal-mine.— 2.  A  coal  merchant 
or  dealer  in  coal. — 3.  A  coasting  vessel  em- 
ployed in  the  coal  trade. 

Colliery  (kol'yer-i),  n.  1.  The  place  where 
coal  is  dug;  a  coal  mine  or  pit.  — 2.  The  coal 
trade. 

Collieshangle  (kol'li-shang'i).  n.  A  noisy 
quarrel  or  dispute ;  a  confused  uproar.  Burns. 
[Scotch.] 

Colliflower(korii-flou-er),  n.  A  corrupt 
spelling  of  Cauliflower. 

Colligate  (kolli-gat),  r.«.  pret  *  pp.  colli- 
gated; ppr.  colligating.  [L.  colligo—eol,  and 
two,  to  bind.]  To  bind  or  fasten  together : 
(o)  Lit. 

The  pieces  of  isinglass  are  colligated  in  rows. 
Nicholson. 

(b)  Fig.  '  The  scientific  ideas  by  which  the 
phenomena  are  colligated.'  Whewell.  See 
COLLIGATION,  2. 

Colligation  (kol-li-ga'shon),  n.  1.  A  binding 
together.  '  That  tortuosity  or  nodosity  in 
the  navel,  occasioned  by  the  colligation  of 
vessels.'  Sir  T.  Browne. — 2.  In  philos.  a 
term  given  to  that  process  by  which  many 
isolated  facts  are  brought  together  under 
one  general  conception  or  observation,  as 
when  Kepler  discovered  that  the  different 
points  in  which  a  planet  had  been  observed 
were  all  points  in  an  ellipse. 

All  received  theories  in  science,  up  to  the  present 
time,  have  been  established  by  taking  up  some  suppo- 


, and  comparing  it,  directly  or  by  means  of  its 
ter  consequences,  with  the  facts  it  was  intended 
to  embrace.     Its  agreement,  under  certain  cautions 


and  conditions,  ...  is  held  to  be  the  evidence  of  its 
truth.  It  answers  its  genuine  purpose,  the  colligation 
of  facts.  n'hmiell. 

The  descriptive  operation  which  enables  a  number 
of  details  to  be  summed  up  in  a  single  proposition,  Dr. 
Whewell,  by  an  aptly  chosen  expression,  has  termed 
the  colligation  of  facts.  J.  S.  Mill. 

Colligation  is  not  always  induction ;  but  induction 
is  always  colligation.  f.  S.  Mill. 

Collimate  (kol'Ii-mat).  t>.(.  [See  COLLIMA- 
Tios.  ]  To  adjust  the  line  of  collimation  in, 
and  thus  to  determine  the  error  of  collima- 
tion; as,  to  collimate  an  astronomical  in- 
strument. 

Collimating  (kolli-mat-ing),  o.  Correcting 
the  error  of  sight— Collimating  eye-piece, 
an  eye-piece  with  a  diagonal  reflector  used 
to  determine  the  error  of  collimation  in  a 
transit  instrument.—  Collimating  lent.  See 
COI.I.IMATOR,  2. 

Collimation  (kol-li-ma'shon),  n.  [From 
a  fancied  L.  verb  collimare,  appearing  in 
some  MSS.  of  Cicero  and  Aulus  Genius, 
which  is,  in  fact,  a  false  reading  for  col- 
lincare,  from  col,  together,  and  linea,  a 
line.]  The  act  of  levelling  or  of  directing 
the  sight  to  a  fixed  object.— Line  of  colli- 
mation, in  an  astronomical  instrument,  such 
as  a  telescope,  transit  instrument,  &c. ,  the 
straight  line  which  passes  through  the  centre 


ch^Aain;     ch,  Sc.  locft;     g,  go;     I  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sin?;     JH,  (Aen;  th,  ttin;     w,  «ig;    wh,  whig;    zb,  azure.-See  K«. 


COLLIMATOR 


512 


COLLYRTTE 


of  the  object-glass,  and  intersects  Jit  right 
angles  those  wires  wliich  are  fixed  in  the 
focus.  The  deviation  of  the  actual  line  of 
sight  in  a  telescope  front  the  focus  and 
centre  of  the  object-glass,  or  from  the  proper 
position,  is  termed  the  error  of  coltimation, 
which  must  be  corrected  or  allowed  for  iu 
observations. 
Collimator  (koMiin'fi-ttT),  «.  [See  above.] 

1.  A  small  telescope  used  for  adjusting  the 
line  of  colliniiition  and  determining  the  col- 
limation  error  in  astronomical  instruments. 

2.  The  object-glass  of  the  telescope  of  a 
spectroscope  to  which  the  slit  is  attached. 
Also  called  Collimating  lens.    See  SPECTRO- 
SCOPE. 

Collin  (kol'lin).  n.  [See  COLLOID.]  The 
purest  form  of  gelatin,  taken  as  the  type 
of  all  similar  substances,  which  are  hence 
called  colloids. 

Collinet  (kol'lin),  n.  [Fr.  colline,  from  L. 
cotlift,  a  hill.  ]  A  little  hill ;  a  mount. 
'  Watered  parks,  full  of  fine  collines  and 
ponds.'  Evelyn.  [Rare.] 

Collinear  (kol-lin'e-er),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
situated  in  a  corresponding  line;  as,  a  series 
of  points  collinear  with  another  series. 

Collineate  (kol-Iin'e-at),  v.t.  and  i  [L.  col- 
lineo — col,  together,  and  linea,  a  line.]  To 
aim  or  direct  in  a  line  to  a  fixed  object ;  to 
direct  or  lie  in  a  Hue  corresponding  with 
another. 

Colllneation  (kol-lin'e-a"shon),  n.  The  act 
of  aiming  or  directing  in  a  line  to  a  fixed 
object.  Johnson. 

Collinglyt  (kol'ling-li),  adv.  [From  coll, 
to  embrace.]  With  embracing.  'Collingly 
him  kist.'  Gctftcoigne. 

Collingual  (kol-ling'gwal),  a.  [L.  col,  with, 
and  lingua,  a  tongue  or  language.]  Speak- 
in^  tlie  same  language.  West.  Rev. 

Colllquable  (koHik'wa-bl),  a.  [See  COLLI- 
O.UATK.  ]  Capable  of  being  liquefied  or 
melted ;  liable  to  melt,  grow  soft,  or 
become  fluid. 

Colliquament  (kol-lik'wa-ment),  n.  1. 1  The 
subst  nice  formed  by  melting ;  that  which  is 
melted.— 2.  The  first  rudiments  of  an  embryo 
in  generation. 

Colliquant  (kol'li-kwant),  a.  Having  the 
power  of  dissolving  or  melting.  Bailey. 

Colliquate  (kolUkwat),  v.t.  or  i.    (L.  colli- 
queo—ctil,  and  lujueo,  to  melt.    See  LIQUID  ] 
To  melt;  to  dissolve;  to  change  from  solid 
to  fluid ;  to  make  or  become  liquid. 
The  ore  is  eolliqitated  by  the  violence  of  the  fire.  Boyle. 
Ice  will  dissolve  in  fire  and  colliauate  in  water. 
Sir  T.  Browne, 

Colliquation  (kol-li-kwa'shon),  a.  1.  The 
act  of  melting ;  a  melting  or  fusing  toge- 
ther. Bacon;  Boyle.— 2.  In  old  med.  a  wast- 
ing away  of  solid  parts,  accompanied  by  an 
excessive  excretion  of  fluids. 

Cqlliquative  (kol-lik'wa-tiv),  a.  1.  Melting; 
dissolving.— 2.  In  med.  profuse  or  excessive, 
so  as  to  cause  exhaustion:  said  of  discharges; 
as,  a  colliquative  sweat,  a  profuse  clammy 
sweat. 

Colliquefactiqn  ( kol  -  lik '  we  -  f  ak  "  shon ).  n. 
[L.  colliyuefacio—col,  with,  and  Iwuefacio, 
to  make  liquid.]  A  melting  together;  the 
reduction  of  different  bodies  into  one  mass 
by  fusion  '  The  incorporation  of  metals  by 
simple  colli<}ue faction.  Bacon. 

Collision  (kol-li'zhon),  n.  [L.  collisio,  from 
collido,  oouifum— 00*,  together,  and  Icedo, 
to  strike  or  hurt]  1.  The  act  of  striking  or 
dashing  together;  a  striking  together  of  two 
hard  bodies :  the  meeting  and  mutual  strik- 
ing of  two  or  more  moving  bodies,  or  of  a 
moving  body  with  a  stationary  one.  '  Colli- 
sion of  two  bodies.'  Milton.  'Like  sparks 
from  flints'  collision.'  Sir  J.  Denham. — 
2.  Opposition ;  antagonism ;  interference ; 
as,  a  <'"lli*ii-n  of  interests  or  of  parties. 
'  The  collision  of  contrary  false  principles.' 
Wnrbnrton. 

Collisive  (kol-li'siv),  a.  Causing  collision; 
clashing.  Black  more. 

Collitigant  (kol-lit'i-gant),  n.  [Prefix  col 
for  con,  and  litigant. }  One  who  litigates  or 
wranules  with  another. 

Collitigant  (kol-lit'i-gant),  a.  Disputing 
or  wrangling  together.  Maunder. 

Collocate  (kol'lo-kat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  collo- 
cated; ppr.  collocating.  [L.  colloco  —  col, 
together,  and  loco,  to  set  or  place.]  To  set 
or  place;  to  set;  to  station.  'To  inarshall 
and  collocate  in  order  his  battailes.'  Hall. 

Collocate!  (kol'16-kat),  a.  Set;  placed. 
'The  parts  wherein  that  virtue  is  collocate.' 
Bacon. 

Collocation  (kol-16-ka'shon),  n.  [L.  collo- 
catio.}  1.  The  act  of  collocating  or  placing ; 


the  act  of  disposing  along  with  something 
else ;  the  act  of  arranging. 

If  elepance  consists  in  the  choice  and  collocation 
of  words,  you  have  a  most  indubitable  title  to  it. 

Sir  tr.  Jo>us. 

2.  The  state  of  being  placed,  or  placed  along 
with  something  else;  the  manner  in  which 
a  thing  is  placed  with  regard  to  something 
else;  disposition;  arrangement;  as,  in  this 
collocation  the  sense  of  the  word  is  clear. 

Collocation  (kol-16-ku'shon),  ».  [L.  col- 
locutio  —  col,  together,  and  locutio,  from 
loquor,  to  speak.  ]  A  speaking  or  conversing 
together ;  conference ;  mutual  discourse. 
Bailey. 

Collocutor  (kol-lo-ku'ter  or  kol-lok'u-ter), 
n.  One  of  tin-  speakers  in  a  dialogue. 
Derham. 

Collodion  (kol-lo'di-on),  n.  [Gr.  kolla, 
glue,  and  eidog,  resemblance.]  A  substance 
prepared  by  dissolving  pyroxiline  or  gun- 
cotton  in  ether,  or  in  a  mixture  of  ether  and 
alcohol,  which  forms  a  useful  substitute  for 
adhesive  plaster  in  the  case  of  slight  wounds. 
When  the  fluid  solution  is  applied  to  the  cut 
or  wound  it  immediately  dries  into  a  semi- 
transparent,  tenacious  film,  which  adheres 
firmly  to  the  part,  and  under  it  the  wound  or 
abrasion  heals  without  inflammation.  In  a 
slightly  modified  form  collodion  is  also  em- 
ployed as  the  basis  of  a  photographic  pro- 
cess, called  the  collodion  process.  To  ob- 
tain a  negative  picture  by  the  collodion 
process  a  glass  plate  is  covered  with  a  film 
of  collodion,  which  is  sensitized  by  a  salt 
(usually  the  nitrate)  of  silver,  and  the  plate 
exposed  in  the  camera.  The  picture  obtained 
is  then  developed  by  the  application  of  a  solu- 
tion of  protosulphate  of  iron,  water,  glacial 
acetic  acid,  and  alcohol,  and  fixed  by  a  solu- 
tion of  hyposulphite  of  soda  or  of  cyanide  of 
potassium.  To  obtain  a  positive  picture  the 
negative  is  laid  upon  a  sheet  of  paper  placed 
in  a  glass  frame,  the  paper  having  been  sensi- 
tized by  immersion  iu  a  solution  of.  common 
sea-salt,  and  afterwards  in  one  of  nitrate  of 
soda.  The  exposure  Is  continued  till  the  tone 
is  sufficiently  deep,  after  which  the  tint  is 
improved  by  means  of  a  salt  of  gold,  and  the 
picture  fixed  by  hyposulphite  of  soda.  Posi- 
tive pictures  may  he  obtained  direct  by  the 
collodion  process,but  the  above  is  the  method 
most  frequently  adopted. 

Collodionize  (kol-io'di-on-Iz),  v.t.  pret. 
&  pp.  collodionized ;  ppr.  cotlodionizing. 
In  photog.  to  prepare,  as  a  plate,  with  col- 
lodion ;  to  treat  with  collodion. 

Collodiotype  (kol-16'di-o-tlp),  n.  A  picture 
produced  by  the  collodion  process,  or  the 
method  by  which  such  pictures  are  pro- 
duced. See  under  COLLODION. 

Collogue  (kol-log'),  v.i.  [L.  coUoguor—col, 
together,  and  toyitor,  to  speak,  the  fonn 
being  probably  influenced  by  colleague.  ] 
To  confer  or  converse  confidentially  and 
secretly ;  to  converse  with  deceitful  inten- 
tions ;  to  lay  schemes  in  concert  with 
another.  [Colloq.,  and  often  used  iu  a 
humorous  sense.] 

He  had  been  colloguing  with  my  wife.     Thackeray. 

Collogue  t  (kol -log'),  v.t.  To  wheedle;  to 
flatter. 

They  do  apply  themselves  to  collogue  and  flutter 
their  lieges.  Burton. 

Colloid  (kol'loid),  a  [Gr.  kolla,  glue,  and 
eidos,  resemblance.]  Like  glue  or  jelly; 
specifically,  (a)  in  chem.  applied  to  uncrys- 
tallizable  liquids.  See  COLLOID,  n.  (b)  In 
geol.  a  term  applied  to  partly  amorphous 
minerals.  —  Colloid  corpuscle*  is  the  name 
given  to  small  cellular  bodies  existing  in 
the  brain  normally,  and  also  found  in  certain 
morbid  products  of  the  body. 

Colloid  (kol'loid),  n.  The  name  given  by 
Professor  Graham  to  a  transparent,  viscid, 
yellowish,  structureless,  or  slightly  granulnr 
matter,  resembling  liquid  gelatine.  Col- 
loids, as  starch,  gum,  albumen,  and  gelatine, 
diffuse  through  a  given  septum,  as  parch- 
ment paper,  much  more  slowly  than  crys- 
talloids, and  while  permeable  by  crystalloids 
are  impermeable  toeach other.  Colloidsare 
highly  susceptible  of  chemical  change,  hence 
the  organic  proximate  principles  of  food,  aa 
admitting  of  easy  assimilation,  are  colloids. 
Colloids  have  no  power  to  assume  a  crystal- 
line form,  and  they  are  inert  as  acids  and 
bases. 

Colloidal  (kol-loid'al),rt.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
or  of  the  nature  of  colloids. 

Colloidality  (koMoi-dal'i-ti),  n.  Colloidal 
nature  or  character.  Prof.  Graham. 

Collop  (kol'lop),  n.  [Probably  from  a  root 
meaning  to  beat,  the  original  meaning  being 


thus  a  piece  of  meat  made  tender  by  beating; 
comp.  Sw.  kolloptt,  G.  klopps,  both  a  dish  of 
meat  that  has  been  beaten;  D.  kloppen,  G. 
klopfen,  to  beat;  E.  to  clap.]  1.  A  slice  or 
lump  of  flesh. 

He  covereth  his  face  with  his  fatness,  and  maketh 
collops  of  fat  on  his  flanks.  Job  xv.  2;. 

Cod  knows  thou  art  a  collof>  of  my  flesh.    Shak. 

2.  A  slice  or  piece  of  anything.     [Rare.] 

This,  indeed,  with  the  former,  cut  two  good  collofs 
out  of  the  crown  land.  Fuller. 

Colloquial(kol-lo'kwi-al),rt.  [See  COLLOQUY.] 

1.  Pertaining  to  conversation. 

His  (Johnson's)  colloquial  talents  were,  indeed,  of 
the  highest  order.  Aliicaulay. 

2.  Peculiar  to  the  language  of  common  con- 
versation; as,  a  colloquial  phrase. 

Colloquialism(kol-16'kwi-al-i7m),n.  A  word 
1  or  phrase  peculiar  to  the  language  of  com- 
mon conversation. 

Colloquiality  (kol-16'kwi-al"i-ti),  n.  The 
!  state  of  being  colloquial.  Worcester.  [Rare  ] 

Colloquialize  •  kol-lo'kwi-al-iz),  v.t.  To  make 
1  colloquial.  Worcester.  [Rare.  ] 

Colloquially  (kol -16 'kwi-al-li),  adv.  In  a 
I  colloquial  or  conversational  manner;  in  col- 
1  loquial  language. 

Colloquist  (kol'16-kwist),  «.  A  speaker  in 
a  dialogue.  'The  colloquitts  iu  this  dia- 
|  logue.'  M  alone. 

Colloquize  (kol'16-kwiz),  v.i.  To  take  part 
I  in  a  colloquy  or  conversation;  to  converse. 
I  Charlotte  Bronte. 

Colloquy  ( kol'16-kwi ),  n.  [L.  colloquium- 
col,  together,  and  loquor,  to  speak.]  The 
mutual  discourse  of  two  or  more;  a  confer- 
i  ence;  a  dialogue;  a  conversation. 

In  retirement  make  frequent  colloquies  or  short 
discoursings  between  Cod  and  your  own  soul. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

Collow  (kol'16),  n.  Grime  or  soot.  See 
I  COLLY.  [Obsolete  or  provincial.] 

CollUCtancyt  (kol-luk'tan-si),   n.      [L.  col- 
I    luctor—  col,  together,  and  luctor,  to  strug- 
i    gle.]     A  struggling  to  resist;  opposition; 
i    contrariety.     Bailey. 
Colluctatlqnt  (kol-luk-ta'shon),n.   A  strug- 
gling to  resist;  wrestling;  contest;  struggle. 
'  Cottuctation  with  old  hags  and  hobgoblins. ' 
Dr.  H.  More. 

Collude  (kol-lud'Vr.t.  pret.  colluded;  ppr. 
colluding.  [L.  cotludo—col,  together,  and 
ludo,  to  play,  to  banter,  to  mock.]  To  play 
into  the  hands  of  each  other;  to  conspire  in 
a  fraud;  to  act  in  concert;  to  connive. 

If  they  let  things  take  their  course  they  will  be  re- 
presented as  colluding  with  sedition.  Kurke. 

Colluder  (kol-Iud'er),  n.  One  who  conspires 
in  a  fraud.  Stilton. 

Collum  (kol'lum),  n.  [L.,  the  neck.]  In  bot. 
same  as  Collar,  3  (b). 

Collusion  (kol-lu'zhon),  n.  [L.  collwsio.  See 
1  COLLUDE.]  1.  Secret  agreement  for  a  frau- 
i  dulent  purpose. 

These  miracles  were  done  publicly,  in  the  face  of 
the  world,  that  there  might  be  no  room  to  suspect 
artifice  or  collusion.  Atttrbury. 

2.  Specifically,  in  law,  a  secret  understand- 
ing between  two  parties,  who  plead  or  pro- 
ceed fraudulently  against  each  other  to  the 
prejudice  of  a  third  person. 

Collusive  (kol-lu'siv),  a.  Fraudulently  con- 
certed between  two  or  more;  as,  a  collusive 
agreement.  '  Collusive  divorces.'  Strype. 

Collusively  (kol-lu'siv-li),  adv.  In  a  collu- 
sive manner;  by  collusion;  by  secret  agree- 
ment to  defraud. 

Collusiveness  (kol-lu'siv-nes),  n.  The  qual- 
ity of  being  collusive. 

Collusory  ( kol-lu'so  ri ),  a.  Carrying  on  a 
fraud  by  a  secret  concert;  containing  collu- 
sion; collusive.  Bailey. 

Collutorium  (kol-lu-to'ri-nm),  n.  [L.  colluo, 
to  rinse.]  In  med.  a  mouth-wash;  a  gargle. 
Dunalvton. 

Colluvles  (kol-lu'vi-ez),  n.  [L.]  Filth ;  ex- 
I  crement;  impure  matter.  Dungliton. 

Colly  t  (kol'li),  n.  [From  A.  Sax.  col,  coal.] 
I  The  black  grime  or  soot  of  coal  or  burm-d 
i  wood.  'Besmeared  with  soot,  colly,'  &c. 
\  Burton.  Written  also  Collow. 

Collyt  (kol'li),  v.t.  To  make  foul;  to  grime 
with  the  smut  of  coal;  to  blacken.  '  Brief  as 
the  lightning  in  the  collied  night.'  Shak. 
Written  also  Collow. 

Nor  hast  thou  collied  \.\\y  face  enough.    R.Jonson. 

Colly,  n.     A  kind  of  dog.    See  COLLIE. 

Collybist  (kol'li-bist),  n.  [Gr.  kollybutes.}  A 
money-changer.  Bp.  Hall. 

Collyrite(konir-It),rt.  [Gr.  kollyrion.]  See 
below.]  A  variety  of  clay  of  a  white  colour, 
with  shades  of  gray,  red,  or  yellow. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      5*,  Sc.  tty. 


COLLYR1UM 


513 


COLORIMETER 


Colocynth  (CitruHits  Colo- 
cynthis). 


Collyrium  (kol-lirt-umXn.   [L.,fromGr.fro!-  j 
hjrimi,  an  eye-salve,  an  aug.  of  kolhjra,  a 
small  roll  given  to  children,  from  the  shape 
in  which  the  drug  was  made  up.]    1.  Eye-  ' 
salve;  eye-wash;  a  topical  remedy  for  dis- 
orders of  the  eyes.  —  2.  t  A  preparation  of 
medicine  In  a  solid  state,  made  up  in  a  long 
cylindrical  roll  so  as  to  be  introduced  into 
some  of  the  openings  of  the  body,  as  the 
anus,  nostril,  &c. 

Colmar  (kol'mar),n.  A  sort  of  pear,  so  called 
from  the  town  of  Colmar  iu  Alsace. 

Coloblum  (ko-16'hi-um),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
ki.lotoi,  mutilated,  curtailed.]  1.  Kccles. 
(a)  the  sleeveless  dress  of  a  monk.  (V)  An 
episcopal  vestment,  similar  in  kind  to  the 
tunic, only  without  sleeves.— 2.  A  dress  worn 
by  a  king  at  his  coronation,  corresponding 
t.>  the  clerical  dalmatica.  See  DALMATICA. 

Colotoonia  (kol-o-bo'ma),  n.  [Gr.  kolubuma, 
anything  mutilated  or  curtailed.]  In  med. 
a  mutilated  or  maimed  organ. 

Colocasia  (kol-6-ka'si-a),t(.  [L.  and  Gr.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Aracerc,  the 
leaves  and  tuhers  of  which  are  acrid.  The 
latter  contain  much  starchy  matter,  and 
they  are  used  as  food  in  the  south  of  Europe, 
after  the  acrid  matter  is  separated  by  wash- 
ing or  boiling.  This  species  is  supposed  to 
be  the  colocasium  of  Virgil,  and  is  now 
known  as  C.  antiquarian.  C.  esculenta,  C. 
macrorhiza,  and  others  furnish  the  taro  of 
the  Pacific  islands. 

Colocyntll  (kol'o-sinth),  n.  [Gr.  koloki/nthis, 
kolokynthos,  the  round  gourd  or  pumpkin.] 
The  coloquin- 
tida  or  hitter- 
apple,  a  kind  of 
cucumber,  the 
fruit  of  Citrul- 
lus  or  Cucwnis 
Colocynthis,na.t. 
order  Cucur- 
bitacetc,  indi- 
genous in  the 
warmer  parts 
»f  Asia, but  now 
widely  culti- 
vated on  ac- 
count of  its 
medicinal  pro- 
perties. The 
fruit  is  a  round 
gourd  with 
many  seeds  em- 
bedded in  a 
light  and 

spongy  pulp,  which  is  very  bitter.  From 
the  pulp  a  watery  extract  is  obtained,  whh-h 
is  used  as  a  purgative  in  the  form  of  pills. 
The  seeds,  from  which  an  oifcjp  obtained,  are 
said  to  be  bland  and  nutritious. 

Colocynthtn,  Colocynthlne  (kol-6-sinth'- 
in),  n.  (CwHMOtt.)  A  peculiar  substance 
obtained  from  colocynth  and  present  more 
or  less  in  many  plants  of  the  gourd  family. 
It  is  a  soft  semi-transparent  mass  resem- 
bling some  resins;  it  is  very  soluble  in  alco- 
hol, far  less  so  in  water,  but  aifords  with  it 
a  solution  of  extreme  bitterness,  and  froth- 
ing on  agitation. 

Cologne-earth  (ko-lon'erth),  n.  A  kind  of 
light  bastard  ochre,  of  a  deep  brown  colour, 
transparent,  and  durable  in  water-colour 
painting.  It  is  an  earthy  variety  of  lignite 
or  partially  fossilized  wood,  and  occurs  in 
an  irregular  bed  of  from  30  to  60  feet  deep 
near  Cologne,  whence  the  name. 

Cologne-water  (ko-16n'wa-ter),  n.  Same 
as  Emi  de  Cologne. 

Cololite  (ko'16-iit),  n.  [Gr.  kolon,  the  colon, 
and  lithos,  a  stone.]  In  geol.  the  name  given 
to  what  appear  to  be  the  petrified  intestines 
of  fishes  or  their  contents,  hut  which  are 
more  probably  worm-casts  like  those  of  the 
lobworm.  They  are  frequently  found  in 
the  lithographic  standstone  of  the  oolite. 
Colomta,  Columba  (ko-lom'ba,  ko-lum'ba), 
w.  See  CALUMBA. 

Colombler  (ko-lom'bi-er),  n.  Same  as  Co- 
luntbier. 

Colon  (kolon),  n.  [Gr.  kiilmi,  the  colon,  a 
member  or  limb,  a  clause.)  1.  In  anat.  the 
largest  portion  of  the  intestines,  forming 
the  middle  section  of  the  large  intestine. 
Beginning  at  the  coecum  and  ascending  by 
the  right  kidney  it  passes  under  the  hollow 
part  of  the  liver  and  the  bottom  of  the  sto- 
mach to  the  spleen;  thence  descending  by 
the  left  kidney  it  passes  in  the  form  of  an  S  ' 
to  the  upper  part  of  the  os  sacrum,  where,  j 
from  its  straight  course,  the  canal  takes  the 
name  of  rectum.  The  colon  is  distinguished 
into  the  right  lumbar,  or  ascending  colon;  ' 


the  arch  of  the  colon,  or  transverse  colon; 
the  left  lumbar,  or  descending  colon;  and 
the  sigmoid  flexure,  or  left  iliac  colon.— 
2.  In  gram,  a  point  or  character  formed 
thus  [ :  ],  used  to  mark  a  pause  greater  than 
that  of  a  semicolon,  but  less  than  that  of  a  ' 
period;  or  rather  it  is  used  when  the  sense 
of  the  division  of  a  period  is  complete,  so 
as  to  admit  a  full  point,  but  something  is 
added  by  way  of  illustration  or  the  desrrip- 
tion  is  continued  by  an  additional  remark, 
without  a  necessary  dependence  on  the  fore- 
going members  of  the  sentence.  Thus, 

A  brute  arrives  at  a  point  of  perfection  he  can 
never  pass :  in  a  few  years  he  has  ail  the  endowments 
he  is  capable  of.  Spectator. 

Colonel  (ko-16n').  n.  [L.  colonus,  a  husband- 
man.] A  peasant;  a  rustic;  a  clown.  'A 
country  colone  toil  and  moil.'  Burton. 

Colonel  (ker'nel,  formerly  kol'o-nel),  n. 
[Formerly  also  coronel,  which  is  the  Spanish 
form  of  the  word,  and  has  given  the  modern 
pronunciation.  From  Fr.  colonel,  O.  Fr. 
colonnel,  from  It.  colonello,  a  colonel,  also  a 
little  column,  a  dim.  of  colonna,  L.  colurnna, 
a  column:  the  name  was  originally  given  to 
the  leading  company  in  a  regiment.]  The 
chief  commander  of  a  regiment  of  troops, 
whether  infantry  or  cavalry.  Any  grade 
above  this  converts  him  in  to  a  general-officer 
belonging  to  the  army  collectively,  not  to 
one  particular  regiment.  Except  in  the 
artillery  and  engineers,  the  office  of  colonel 
is  purely  honorary,  and  is  generally  con- 
ferred on  distinguished  officers  and  princes 
of  the  blood  royal,  the  real  command  resting 
with  the  lieutenant-colonel  in  each  bat- 
talion, who,  after  five  years,  becomes  a 
colonel.  All  colonels,  in  order  of  seniority, 
become  general-officers. 

Colonel  (kernel,  formerly  kol'o-nel),  v.i.  To 
play  the  part  of  a  colonel  or  military  adven- 
turer: perhaps  used  only  by  Butler. 

Then  did  sir  knight  abandon  dwelling. 

And  out  he  rode  Si-colonclling .         Hitdibras. 

Colonelcy,  Colonelshlp  (ker'nel-si,  ker'- 
nel-ship),  n.  The  office,  rank,  or  commis- 
sion of  a  colonel. 

Colonert  (kol'on-er),  n.  Same  as  Colonist. 
Holland. 

Colonial  (ko-16'ui-al),o.  [See  COLONY.]  Per- 
taining to  a  colony;  as,  colonial  government; 
colonial  rights. 

Colonialism  (ko-16'ni  al-izm),  n.  A  phrase, 
idiom,  or  practice  peculiar  to  a  colony. 

Colonicalt  (ko-lon'ik-al),  a.  [L.  colomtt,  a 
husbandman  ]  Relating  to  husbandmen. 

Colonical  services  were  those  which  were  done  by 
the  ceorls  and  socnien  to  their  lords.  Sfctman. 

Colonist  (kol'on-ist),  n.  [See  COLONY.]  An 
inhabitant  of  a  colony;  a  settler  in  a  col- 
ony; a  member  of  a  colonizing  expedition. 

Colonitis  (ko-lo-ni'tis),  n.     In  med.  colitis 

Colonization  (kol'on-iz-a"shon),  n.  The  act 
of  colonizing  or  state  of  being  colonized. 

Colonizationlst  (koron-iz-a"shon-ist),  n. 
An  advocate  for  colonization. 

Colonize  ( kol'on-iz ),  ».  t.  pret.  &  pp.  colon- 
ized; ppr.  colonizing.  1.  To  plant  or  estab- 
lish a  colony  in ;  to  send  a  colony  to ;  as, 
England  colonized  Australia.  —2.  To  migrate 
and  settle  in,  as  inhabitants;  as,  English 
Puritans  colonized  New  England. 

Colonize  (kol'on-iz),  v.i.  To  remove  and 
settle  iu  a  distant  country ;  as,  to  colonize 
in  India. 

Colonizer  (kol'on-iz-er),  n.  One  who  colo- 
nizes; one  who  establishes  colonies. 

Colonnade  (kol-on-nad'),  n.  [It.  colonnata, 
from  colonna,  a  column.  See  COLUMN.]  In 
arch,  any  series  or  range  of  columns  placed 
at  certain  intervals,  called  intercolumnia- 
tions,  from  each  other,  such  intervals  vary- 
ing according  to  the  rules  of  art  and  the 
order  employed. 

Colony  (kol'o-ni),  n.  [L.  colonia,  from  colo. 
to  cultivate.]  1.  A  company  or  body  of 
people  transplanted  from  their  mother- 
country  to  a  remote  province  or  country  to 
cultivate  and  inhabit  it,  and  remaining  sub- 
ject to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  parent  state; 
a  body  of  settlers  or  their  descendants.  The 
inhabitants  of  a  colony  generally  lose  the 
name  of  colonists  when  they  cease  to  be 
subjects  of  the  parent  state.  —2.  The  country 
planted  or  colonized:  formerly  called  a  plan- 
tation. —  3.  A  number  of  animals  or  plants 
living  or  growing  together;  as,  colonies  of 
shell-fish;  colonies  of  algte. 

Colony  t  (kol'o-ni),  v.t.    To  colonize.    Fan- 

Colophany  (kol'o-fa-ni),  n.  Same  as  Colo- 
phony. 


Colophene  (kol'o-f«5n),  n.  A  viscid  ar..m:iti.- 
oil  obtained  by  the  rapid  distillation  of  col- 
ophony, or  by  distilling  oil  of  turpentine 
with  strong  sulphuric  acid,  the  product  I,. 
ing  afterwards  purified  in  both  cases.  It  Is 
a  hydrocarbon. 

Colopholic  (kol-o-fol'ik),  a.  A  U-rm  appel- 
lative of  one  of  the  acids  present  in  colo- 
phony. I t.is  produced  by  the  action  of  heat 
on  pinic  acid,  and  is  the  least  soluble  of  all 
the  colophonic  acids  in  alcohol. 

Colophon  (kol'o-fon).  71.  [Gr.  kolophtn,  a 
summit,  top,  finishing.)  A  device,  or 
printer's  name,  place  of  publication,  and 
date,  formerly  put  at  the  conclusion  of  a 
book. 

Colophonian  (kol.o.f6'ni-an),  o.  Relating  t.. 
a  colophon  or  the  conclusion  of  a  book. 
Cttdiporth. 

Colophonic  (kol-o-fon'ik),  «.  [See  Cm.. 
PHONY.]  A  term  appellative  of  the  resinous 
acids  — pinic,  pimarlc,  sylvic,  and  coin 
pholic— present  in  colophony.  They  are  all 
isomerlc,  their  common  formula  '  ' 


. 

Colophonite  (kol'o-fon-H),  n.  A  variety  of 
garnet,  of  a  reddish  yellow  or  brown  colour, 
occurring  in  small  amorphous  granular 
masses :  so  called  from  its  resemblance  in 
colour  to  colophony. 

Colophony  (kol'o-fon-i),  n.  [Gr.  kolophonia, 
from  Colophon,  a  city  of  Ionia,  whence  the 
Greeks  obtained  it.]  In  phar.  black  resin 
or  turpentine  boiled  in  water  and  dried,  or 
the  residuum,  after  distillation  of  the  ethe- 
real oil  of  turpentine,  being  further  urged 
by  a  more  intense  and  long-continued  tin 
It  is  for  the  most  part  a  mixture  of  several 
resinous  acids.  See  COLOPHONIC. 

Coloquintida  ( kol-o-kwin'ti-da ),  n.  [Gr. 
kolokynthiK,  kolokynthidis.  ]  The  colocynth 
or  bitter-apple.  See  COLOCYNTH. 

The  food  that  to  him  now  is  as  luscious  as  locusts, 
shall  be  to  him  shortly  as  bitter  as  toloqttintirta. 

S/iai. 

Color  (kul'er).  An  old  and  a  common  Ameri- 
can spelling  of  Colour. 

Colorado  Beetle  (kol-6-ra'do  be'tl),  n.  A 
coleopterous  insect  (Chrysoniela  or  Poly- 
gramma  decenilineala),  family  Chrysome- 
lidffi,  belonging  to  the  tetramerous  section 
of  the  order.  In  size  it  is  somewhat  larger 


ch,  cTiain;      ch,  Sc.  loch; 
VOL.  I. 


j,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  iing;      TH,  then;  th,  JMn; 


Colorado  Beetle  (Chtyiomela  dtctmlincata). 

I,  Part  of  leaf  with  eggs  of  the  insect.  =,  Caterpillar. 
3,  Pupa.    4.  Perfect  insect.     (All  nat.  size.) 

than  a  pea,  nearly  oval,  convex,  of  a  yellow- 
ish or  ochre-yellow  colour,  marked  with 
black  spots  and  blotches,  and  on  the  elytra 
with  ten  black  longitudinal  stripes.  The 
wings,  which  are  folded  under  the  elytra,  are 
of  a  blood-red  colour.  This  insect,  a  native 
of  the  south-western  states  of  North  Ame- 
rica, works  great  havoc  among  the  potato 
crops. 

Colorate  (kul'er-at),  a.  [L.  coloratms,  from 
colon,  to  colour.)  Coloured;  dyed  or  tinged 
with  some  colour.  '  Had  the  tunicles  and 
humours  of  the  eye  been  colorate.'  Ray. 
[Rare.l 

Coloration  (kul-er-a'shon),  n.  [L.  coloro.} 
The  art  or  practice  of  colouring,  or  the  state 
of  being  coloured;  colouring. 

The  most  serious  objection  to  the  increase  of  the 
aperture  of  object-classes,  was  the  coloration  of  tlie 
image  produced.  U'hmfU. 

Colorature  (kul'er-a-tur).  n.  In  mime,  all 
manner  of  variations,  trills,  <fcc.,  intended  to 
make  a  song  agreeable,  and  corresponding 
in  some  degree  with  the  intermingling  of 
various  shades  of  colour  with  a  view  to 
harmony.  Called  also  Colouring. 

Colorific  (kul-er-if'ik),  o.  [L.  color,  colour, 
and  facto,  to  make.]  Having  the  quality  of 
tinging;  able  to  give  colour  or  tint  to  other 
bodies. 

Colorimeter  (kol-6-rim'et-er),  n.  [L.  color. 
colour,  and  Gr.  metron.  a  measure.)  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  depth  of  colour 
in  a  liquid  by  comparison  with  a  standard 
liquid  of  the  same  tint. 


w,  irig;    wh,  u-ftig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
33 


COLOSSAL 


514 


COLUBER 


Colossal  (ko-los'sal),  a.    Like  a  colossus;  ! 

much  exceeding  the  size  of  nature;  very 

large;  huge;  gigantic. 
Colosse(ko-los'),  11.  SameasCWossus.  [Rare.] 

There  huge  colosses  rose,  with  trophies  crowned. 
And  Kunick  characters  were  grav'd  around.  Pope. 
ColOSSeant  (ko-los-se'an),a.  Like  a  colossus; 
gigantic;  colossal.  '  Among  others  he  men- 
tions the  colossean  statue  of  Juno.'  Harris. 
Colosseum  (kol-os-se'um),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
kulossos,  a  gigantic,  colossal  statue.  ]  A 
name  given  to  the  Flavian  Amphitheatre  in 
Koine,  a  large  edifice  for  gladiatorial  com- 
bats, fights  of  wild  beasts,  and  similar  sports. 
It  was  begun  by  Vespasian,  and  finished  by 
Titus,  80  A.D.  The  outline  of  the  Colosseum 
is  elliptic,  the  exterior  length  of  the  build- 
ing being  620,  and  its  breadth  513  feet ;  it 
is  pierced  with  eighty  openings  or  vomitaria 
in  the  ground  story,  over  which  are  super- 
imposed three  other  stories,  the  whole  ris- 
ing perpendicularly  to  the  height  of  160 
feet.  Written  also  Coliseum.  See  AMPHI- 
THEATRE. 

Colosslct  (ko-los'sik),  a.  Colossal.  '  Colas- 
sick  statues.'  Chapman. 
Colossoclielys  (ko-los'so-kel-is),  n.  [Or. 
kolossos,  a  colossus,  and  chelys,  a  tortoise.] 
A  genus  of  gigantic  tortoises,  found  in  a 
fossil  state  in  India.  One  species  is  known, 
named  by  its  discoverers  C.  atlas,  from  its 
immense  size,  the  remains  indicating  a 
length  of  twelve  or  fourteen  feet. 
Colossus  (ko-los'sus),  n.  pi  Colossi  (ko-los'- 
si)  or  rarely  Colossuses  ( ko-los'sus-ez).  [Gr. 
kolossos,  a  gigantic  colossal  statue.  ]  A  statue 
of  a  gigantic  size.  One  of  the  most  remark- 
able was  that  at  Rhodes,  a  statue  of  Apollo, 
so  high  that  it  is  said  ships  might  sail  be- 
tween its  legs.  There  is,  however,  no  satis- 
factory authority  for  the  popularly  received 
statement  that  its  legs  extended  over  the 
mouth  of  the  harbour. 

He  doth  bestride  this  narrow  world 
Like  a  Colossal.  Shall. 

In  that  isle  he  also  defaced  an  hundred  other 
colossuses.  Sir  T.  Heroei-t. 

ColOSSUS-wlse  (ko-los'sus-wiz),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  a  colossus ;  astride,  as  the  colos- 
sus at  Rhodes  was  believed  to  have  stood. 
Shak. 

Colostrum  ( ko-los'trum ),  n.  [  L.  ]  1.  The 
first  milk  secreted  in  the  breasts  after  child- 
birth.—2.  t  An  emulsion  made  by  mixing 
turpentine  and  yolk  of  eggs. 

Colour  (kul'er),  n.  [L.  color,  colour]  1.  That 
in  respect  of  which  bodies  have  a  different 
appearance  to  the  eye  independently  of  their 
form.  It  is  a  property  or  attribute  of  light 
rather  than  of  bodies  themselves,  though 
the  molecular  constitution  of  a  body,  by  de- 
termining the  character  and  number  of  the 
light  vibrations  it  returns  to  the  eye.  deter- 
mines its  colour.  I  n  perfect  darkness  bodies 
have  no  colour.  The  principal  colours  are 
red,  orange,  yellow,  green,  blue,  indigo,  and 
violet;  but  they  all  admit  of  almost  endless 
gradations  of  shade.  These  are  sometimes 
called  the  primary  colours,  being  the  col- 
ours into  which  white  light  is  divided  by  a 
glass  prism,  but  in  a  stricter  sense  the  pri- 
mary colours  are  three  in  number,  namely, 
red,  green,  and  violet  (or  blue).  These  three 
colours  or  kinds  of  light  cannot  be  resolved 
into  any  others,  while  a  yellow  ray  for  in- 
stance can  be  resolved  into  red  and  green, 
or  can  be  produced  by  the  mingling  of  red 
and  green  light,  consequently  yellow  is  not 
now  regarded  as  a  primary  colour  by  scien- 
tific men.  Inasmuch,  however,  as  a  yellow 
and  a  blue  pigment  will  always  produce  a 
green  when  mixed,  red,  yellow,  and  blue  may 
still  in  a  sense  be  regarded  as  primary.  In  the 
scientific  sense  of  the  word  white  and  black 
are  not  considered  colours,  a  white  body 
reflecting  and  a  black  body  absorbing  all  the 
rays  of  light  without  separating  them,  where- 
as the  colours  proper  are  due  to  separation 
of  the  rays  of  light  by  partial  absorption 
and  reflection,  or  by  refraction.  —  2.  The 
blood-red  hue  of  the  face;  redness;  com- 
plexion. 

Then  the  Captain's  colour  heighten 'd. 
Joyful  came  his  speech.  Tennyson. 

3.  Fig.  that  which  serves  to  hide  the  real 
character  of  something  and  give  a  false  ap- 
pearance; appearance;  false  show;  pretence; 
guise. 

Why  hunt  I  then  for  colour  or  excuses?     Shak. 
Under  the  colour  of  commending  him, 
1  have  access  my  own  love  to  prefer.      Shak. 

4  Kind;  species;  sort;  variety;  character. 

Boys  and  women  are,  for  the  most  part,  cattle  of 
this  colour,  Shak. 


5  That  which  is  used  for  colouring ;  a  pig- 
ment; paint,  as  red-lead,  ochre,  orpiment, 
cinnabar,  or  vermilion,  <fec.— 6.  pi.  (u)  A 
flag  ensign,  or  standard  borne  in  an  army 
or  fleet  See  FLAO.  (6)  A  colour  used  as  a 
badge;  as,  the  colours  of  a  party ;  the  colours 
of  Oxford  or  Cambridge. —7.  In  (aw,  an 
apparent  or  prima  facie  right,  a  sufficient 


war: 
exp, 


•rant  for  action;  formerly  also  colour  (or 
•reis  colour)  was  a  probable  but  really 
fafse  plea,  the  design  of  which  was  to  draw 
the  decision  of  the  cause  from  the  jury  to 
the  judges,  bymakingthe  point  to  bedecided 
appear  to  be  one  of  law  and  not  of  fact. 
8  In  phren.  one  of  the  perceptive  faculties, 
its  supposed  function  being  that  of  giving 
the  power  of  perceiving  colours  or  of  dis- 
tinguishing their  shades.— Complementary 
colours  colours  which  together  make  white; 
thus,  any  of  the  primary  colours  is  comple- 
mentary to  the  other  two.— Local  colours, 
those  which  are  natural  to  a  particular  ob- 
ject in  a  picture,  and  by  which  it  is  distin- 
guished from  other  objects.— Seutral  col- 
ours those  in  which  the  hue  is  broken  by 
partaking  of  the  reflected  colours  of  the  ob- 
jects which  surround  them.—  Positive  col- 
ours those  unbroken  by  such  accidents  as 
affect  neutral  colours.  —  Primary  colours. 
See  above.— Prismatic  colours,  colours  pro- 
duced by  transmitting  white  light  through 
colourless  prismatic  bodies,  as  a  triangular 
glass  prism.  See  SPECTRUM.—  Subjective  or 
accidental  colours.  See  ACCIDENTAL.— Per- 
sons qf  colour,  members  of  the  darker  varie- 
ties of  mankind,  as  negroes,  mulattoes,  &c. 

Marriages  between  white  men  and  women  of  colour 
are  by  no  means  rare.  AfCutloch. 

—Colour,  Hue.  See  HUE. 
Colour  (kul'er),  ».(.  1.  To  change  or  alter 
the  external  colour  or  hue  of  a  body  or  sub- 
stance; to  dye;  to  tinge;  to  paint;  to  stain. 
2.  Fig.  to  clothe  with  an  appearance  differ- 
ent from  the  real;  to  give  a  specious  appear- 
ance to ;  to  set  in  a  fair  light ;  to  palliate ; 
to  excuse;  to  make  plausible. 

He  colours  the  falsehood  of  ^4ineas  by  an  express 
command  of  Jupiter  to  forsake  the  queen.    Drydtn. 
We  have  scarce  heard  of  an  insurrection  that  was 
not  coloured  with  grievances  of  the  highest  kind. 
Addison. 

—Tocoloura  stranger's  goods,  an  expression 
formerly  used  when  a  freeman  allowed  a 
foreigner  to  enter  goods  at  the  custom- 
house in  his  name,  to  avoid  the  alien's  duty. 
—  Colouring  matter,  the  name  given  to  any 
foreign  substance  which  is  found  colouring 
natural  objects,  or  which  is  employed  in  the 
arts  for  the  purpose  of  imparting  colour  to 
various  materials. 
Colour  (kul'er),  v.i.  To  blush. 

The  unfortunate  Dr.  Nowell  coloured  and  stam- 
mered out  a  few  incoherent  words,  and  was  unable 
to  go  on.  Fronde. 

Colourable  (kul'er-a-bl),  a.  Specious;  plau- 
sible ;  giving  an  appearance  of  right  or  jus- 
tice; as,  a  colourable  pretence;  a  colourable 
excuse.  —  Ostensible,  Colourable,  Specious, 
Plausible.  See  under  OSTENSIBLE. 

Colourableness  (kul'4r-a-bl-nes),  n.  Spe- 
ciousness;  plausibleness. 

Colourably  (kul'er-a-bli),  adv.  Speciously; 
plausibly;  with  a  fair  external  appearance. 

Colour-blind  (knrer-blind),  a.  Incapable 
of  accurately  distinguishing  colours;  having 
an  imperfect  perception  of  colours.  See 
following  article. 

Colour-blindness  (kiirer-blind-nes),  «. 
Total  or  partial  incapability  of  distinguish- 
ing colours.  Dr.  George  Wilson  of  Edin- 
burgh has  divided  colour-blindness  into 
three  grades:  (a)  Inability  to  discern  any 
colour,  so  that  light  and  shade,  or  black  and 
white,  are  the  only  variations  perceived. 
(6)  Inability  to  distinguish  the  nicer  shades 
of  the  more  composite  colours,  as  browns, 
grays,  and  neutral  tints,  (c)  Inability  to  dis- 
tinguish between  the  primary  colours,  red, 
blue,  and  yellow,  or  between  them  and  their 
secondaries,  green,  purple,  orange,  and 
brown.  Red  is  the  colour  which  the  colour- 
blind are  most  commonly  unable  to  distin- 
guish, while  yellow  is  the  most  easily  recog- 
nized Colour-blindness  occurs  in  eyes  whose 
power  of  vision,  as  to  form  and  distance,  is 
quite  perfect.  This  defect  is  common  espe- 
cially among  men.  Of  1154  persons  exa- 
mined in  Edinburgh,  65,  or  1  in  17  7,  were 
found  colour-blind.  Called  also  Daltonism. 

Colour-box  (kul'er-boks),  n.  A  portable 
box  for  holding  artists'  colours,  brushes,  *c. 
Coloured  (kul'erd),  p.  and  a.  1.  Having  a 
colour;  dyed;  tinged;  painted  or  stained. — 
2.  Having  some  other  colour  than  white  or 


black;  as,  a  coloured  ribbon.— 3.  A  term  ap- 
plied to  the  darker  varieties  of  mankind. 
4.  In  bot.  applied  to  a  leaf,  calyx,  seed,  &c., 
to  express  any  colour  except  green.— 5.  Hav- 
ing a  specious  appearance. 
Colouring  (kul'er-ing),  n.     1.  The  act  or  art 
of  applying  colours. —2.  Colour  applied; 
tints  or  hues  collectively,  as  in  a  picture. 
3.  A  specious  appearance ;  pretence;  show; 
as,  the  story  has  a  colouring  of  truth. — 3.  In 
music,  see  COLORATURE. 
Colourlst  (kul'er-ist),  n.    One  who  colours; 
a  painter  whose  works  are  remarkable  for 
beauty  of  colour.     'The  great  coluurists  of 
former  times.'    Malone. 
Colourless  (kul'6r-les),  a.    Destitute  of  col- 
our; not  distinguished  by  any  hue;  transpn 
rent;  as,  colourless  water,  glass,  or  gas. 
Colourman  (kul'er-man),  n.    One  who  pre- 
pares and  sells  colours. 
Colour-printing  (kul'er-prlnt-ing),  n.    Sec 
Chromatic  Printing  under  CHROMATIC. 
Colour-sergeant  (kul'er-sar-Jent),  «.    A 
non-commissioned  officer  who  ranks  higher 
and  receives  better  pay  than  an  ordinary 
sergeant,  and  who,  in  addition  to  discharging 
all  the  ordinary  duties  of  a  sergeant,  attends 
the  colours  in  the  field  or  near  head-quar- 
ters.    There  is  one  to  each  company  "f 
infantry. 

Colpenchyma  (kol-penTd-ma),  n.    [Gr.  M- 
pos,  the  bosom,  the  bosom-like  fold  of  a  gar- 
ment, and  enchyma,  an  infusion.]    In  bot. 
tissue  composed  of  wavy  or  sinuous  cells. 
Colpocele  (kol'po-sel),  n.    [Gr.  kolpos,  tin- 
bosom,  and  keif ,  a  tumour.  ]    In  med.  same 
as  Klytrocfle  (which  see). 
Colportage  (kol'por-taj),  n.    The  system  of 
distributing  religious  books,  tracts,  <tc.,  by 
colporteurs. 

Colporteur  (kol-por-ter,  e  long),  n.  [Fr.~ 
ail,  from  L.  collmn,  the  neck,  and  porteur, 
acarrier,  from  Lporto,  to  carry.)  InFrance, 
a  hawker  of  wares ;  a  hawker  of  books  and 
pamphlets.  The  term  is  now  naturalised 
in  England,  and  appropriated  to  a  class  i  >f 
men  always,  or  most  commonly,  subsidized 
by  societies  or  associations  with  the  view  i  f 
disseminating  religious  literature  by  wa> 
of  sale,  generally  at  reduced  rates. 
Colstaff(kol'staf),n.  [Fr.  col,  the  neck,  and 
E.  sta/.}  A  staff  for  enabling  two  person* 
to  carry  a  burden  between  them,  each  rest 
Ing  one  end  of  the  staff  on  his  shoulder;  a 
cowlstaff.  Spelled  also  Colestaf.  [Local.  ] 
Colt  ( k6H),  n.  [A.  Sax.  colt,  a  young  ass,  u 
young  camel;  comp.  Sw.  kult,  a  young  boar, 
a  stout  boy.  ]  1.  A  young  horse,  or  a  young 
animal  of  the  horse  genus:  commonly  and 
distinctively  applied  to  the  male,  filly  being 
the  female.  In  the  Bible  it  is  applied  to  a 
young  earner  and  a  young  ass.  Gen.  xxxii 
15 ;  Zee.  ix.  9.  Shakspere  uses  the  phrase 
to  cast  a  colt's  tooth  in  the  sense  of  to  get 


rid  of  youthful  habits,  or  to  sow  wild  oate. 
alluding  to  the  shedding  of  a  colt's  first  set 
of  teeth,  which  begins  when  the  animal  is 
about  three  years  old. 

Well  said.  Lord  Sands; 

Your  coifs  tooth  is  not  yet  cast.         Shak. 

2.  A  person  new  to  office  or  to  the  exercise 
of  any  art ;  aa,  a  team  of  colts  at  cricket. 
[Slang.]— 3.  A  rope's  end  used  for  punish- 
ment; a  piece  of  rope  with  something  heavy 
at  the  end  used  as  a  weapon.  [Slang.] 

Colt  t  (kolt),  r.i.  To  frisk,  riot,  or  frolic  like 
a  colt.  Spenser. 

Colt  t  (kolt),  v.t.  l.Tobefool.  '  Finely  coltca, 
as  old  as  he  was,  by  a  young  man.'  Worth, 

What  a  plague  mean  ye,  to  colt  me  thus?    Shak. 

2  To  abuse  or  defile;  to  horse.    Shak. 

Colt  (kolt),  n.  A  famous  revolving  pistol, 
so  named  from  Colonel  Colt,  the  inventor 
See  REVOLVER. 

Colter  (kol'tir),  n.    Same  as  Coulter. 

Colt-evil  ( kolt'e-vil),  n.  A  swelling  in  the 
sheath,  a  distemper  to  which  young  horses 
are  liable. 

Coltish  (kolt'ish),  a.  Like  a  colt;  wanton; 
frisky;  gay.  Chaucer. 

Coltlshly  (kolt'ish-li),  adv.  In  the  manner 
of  a  colt;  wantonly. 

Coltislmess  (kolt'ish-nes),  n.  Wantonness: 
friakiness. 

Colt's-foot  (kolts'fHt),  n.  The  popular  name 
of  Tussilago  Far/ara,  order  Composite,  a 
plant  whose  leaves  were  once  much  employed 
in  medicine.  The  name  is  given  from  the 
leaf  resembling  the  foot  of  a  colt 

Coluber  (kol'u-ber),  n.  [L.,  a  serpent  or 
adder. )  A  genus  of  serpents,  now  re- 
stricted to  those  serpents  which  have  trans- 
verse plates  on  the  belly,  and  the  plate* 


fate,  far,  fat.  fall:       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull ;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abt/ne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


COLUBRID^E 


515 


COr.URK 


under  the  tail  forming  a  double  row,  a  flat- 
tened head  with  nine  larger  plates,  teeth 
almost  equal,  and  no  poison  fangs.  The 
harmless  common  snake  or  ringed  snake 
(Coluber  natrix)  will  serve  as  an  example  of 
the  genus. 

Colubridse,  Colubrlnae  (ko-lu'bri-de,  kol- 
u-bri'ne),  n.  pi.  A  group  or  family  of  ophi- 
dian reptiles,  the  type  genus  of  which  is 
Coluber.  See  COLUBER. 

Colubrine  (kol'u-brin),  a.  [L.  colubrinus, 
from  coluber,  a  serpent.]  1.  Relating  to 
serpents;  belonging  to  the  genus  Coluber. 
2  Cunning;  crafty.  Johntton.  [Rare.] 

Columba  (kn-lum'ba),  n.    See  CALUMBA. 

Columba  (ko-lum'ba), «.  [L.]  1.  A  Linmcan 
genus  of  birds  now  constituting  the  family 
Columbidie  (which  see).— 2.  In  the  mediamal 
church,  the  name  given  to  the  vessel  in 
which  the  sacrament  was  kept,  from  its 
being  made  in  the  shape  of  a  dove.  It  was 
of  precious  metal,  and  stood  on  a  circular 
platform  or  basin,  had  a  sort  of  corona 
above  it,  and  was  suspended  by  a  chain  from 
the  roof,  before  the  high  altar.  The  opening 
was  in  tlie  back.— Columba  Noachi,  Noah's 
Dove;  a  constellation  in  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere, close  to  the  hinder  feet  of  Canis 
Major,  consisting  of  ten  stars. 

Columbacei  (kol-um-ba'se-i),  n.  pi.  [L. 
columba,  a  pigeon.]  A  sub-order  of  rasorial 
birds,  comprising  the  pigeons,  and  often 
raised  to  the  rank  of  a  distinct  order  under 
the  name  of  Columba:.  They  constitute  with 
the  domestic  fowl  and  its  congeners  (Gal- 
linaceio)  the  order  Rasores.  They  are  dis- 
tinguished from  the  Gallinaceic  by  having 
stronger  wings,  and  therefore  much  greater 
power  of  flight,  by  feet  more  slender  and 
better  adapted  for  perching  on  trees,  by  the 
hinder  toe  resting  on  the  ground,  and  by 
their  young  being  brought  forth  naked  and 
in  a  helpless  state,  whilst  those  of  the  Gal- 
linaceio  are  able  to  take  care  of  themselves 
as  soon  as  they  leave  the  shell.  They  are 
all  monogamous,  and  pair  for  life.  Many 
of  them  are  kept  in  a  domestic  state,  and 
their  varieties  are  very  numerous.  All  the 
common  breeds,  however,  appear  to  be 
descended  from  the  rock-pigeon  (Columba 
Licia),  which  lias  retained  its  distinguishing 
peculiarities  for  at  least  many  centuries.  See 
PIGEON,  GALLINACE*. 
Columbsa  (ko-lum'be).  n.  pi.  An  order  of 
birds  comprising  the  pigeons.  See  COLUM- 
BACEI. 

Columbarium  (kol-um-ba'ri-um),  n.  pi.  Co- 
lumbaria (kol-um-ba'ri-a).  [L.,a  pigeon- 
house.)  1.  In  Rom.  antiq.  a  place  of  sepul- 
ture for  the  ashes  of  the  dead,  after  the 
custom  of  burning  the  dead  had  been  intro- 
duced. Columbaria  consisted  of  arched  and 
square-headed  recesses  formed  in  walls  in 


t  gate 


which  the  cinerary  urns  were  deposited, 
and  were  so  named  from  the  resemblance 
between  these  recesses  and  those  formed 
for  the  doves  to  build  their  nests  in  in  a 
dove-cot.  — 2.  In  arch,  a  hole  left  in  a  wall 
for  the  insertion  of  the  end  of  a  beam 
Called  also  Putloij-holes. 

Columbaryt  (kol'um-ba-ri),  n.  [L  columba- 
rium, from  columba,  a  pigeon.]  Adove-cot; 
a  pigeon-house.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Columbate  (ko-Ium'hat),  n.  A  salt  or  com- 
pound of  columliic  acid  with  a  base. 

Columbian  (ko-lum'bi-an).  a.  [From  Colum- 
bia, a  name  sometimes  given  to  the  United 
States,  after  Christopher  Columbia.]  Per- 
taining  to  the  United  States  or  to  America. 

C  JlumblC  (ko-lum'bik),  a.    Pertaining  to  or 


produced  from  columblum;  as,  columbic 
acid. 

Columbldffl  (ko-lum'bl-de),  n.  pi.  [L.  co- 
Imnba,  a  dove.]  A  family  of  birds  belonging 
to  the  sub-order  Columbacei,  and  corre- 
sponding to  the  Linntcan  genus  Columba. 
They  are  characterized  by  the  hinder  toe 
being  well  developed,  by  the  double  dilata- 
tion of  the  crop,  and  by  their  habit  of 
feetiing  their  young  with  food  disgorged 
from  this  receptacle.  See  PIGEON. 

Columbler  (ko-lum'bi-er),  n.  A  sizeof  draw- 
ing paper  measuring  34J  by  23  inches,  and 
weighing  100  Ibs.  to  the  ream.  Spelled  also 
Coloinbier. 

Columbiferoua  (kol-um-bif'er-us),  a.  [Co- 
lumbium;  and  L.  fero,  to  bear,  to  produce.] 
Producing  or  containing  columbium. 

Columbine  (kol'um  bin),  a.  [L.  columbinus, 
from  columba,  a  pigeon.]  1.  Like  or  per- 
taining to  a  pigeon  or  dove.  '  Columbine 
innocency.'  Bacon.— 2.  Of  a  dove-colour; 
resembling  the  neck  of  a  dove  in  colour. 

Columbine  (kol'um-bin), ».  [L.  columbina, 
from  MHtmoa,  a  dove.]  1.  The  popular 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  Aquilegia  (which 
see).  The  common  columbine  (A.  mtlgaris) 
is  a  favourite  garden  flower,  and  owes  its 
name  to  the  fancied  resemblance  of  five- 
spurred  petals  to  the  form  of  pigeons.  (See 
AQUILKGIA.)  The  Thalictrum  or  meadow- 
rue  is  called  feathered  columbine. — 2.  The 
name  of  the  mistress  of  Harlequin  in  our 
pantomimes. 

Columbine  (ko-lum'bin),  n.  Same  as  Ca- 
lumbine. 

Columbite  (ko-lun/bit).  n.  [See  COLUM- 
BIUM.] The  ore  of  columhium. 

Columbium  (ko-lum'bi-um),  71.  [From  Co- 
lumbia, America.]  Same  as  Niobium. 

Columbo  (ko-lum'bo),  n.    See  CALUMBA. 

Columel  (kol'u-mel), n.    Same  &&  Columella. 

Columella  (kol-u-mel'la),  n.  [L. ,  dim.  of 
colnmen  or  columna,  a  column.]  1.  In  bot. 

(a)  the  central  column  in  the  capsule  of 
mosses,  from  which  the  spores  separate. 

(b)  The  axis  round  which  the  parts  of  a  fruit 
are  arranged.— 2.  In  conch,  the  upright  pil- 
lar in  the  centre  of  most  of  the  univalve 
shells,  round  which  the  whorls  are  convo- 
luted.—3.  In  compar.  anat.  (a)  a  bone  of  the 
internal  ear  in  crocodiles,  the  equivalent  of 
the  stirrup -hone  (stapes)  in  man.     (b)  A 
lateral  bone  of  the  skill!  of  lizards. 

Columelliform  (kol-u-mel'li-form),  a.  [L. 
columella,  a  little  column,  and  forma,  form.  ] 
Shaped  like  a  columella  or  little  column. 
Column  (korum),  n.  [L.  columna,  a  column. 
From  root  col,  cul,  eel,  which  appears  in 
colli*,  a  hill,  culmen,  a  summit,  celgus,  high, 
&c.  ]  1.  A  solid  body  of  considerably  greater 
length  than  thickness,  standing  upright, 
and  generally  serving  as  a  support  to  some- 
thing resting  on  its  top ;  a  pillar; 
more  specifically,  as  an  architec- 
tural term,  a  long  solid  body, 
called  a  shaft,  set  vertically  on 
a  stylobate,  or  on  a  congeries  of 
mouldings  which  forms  its  bate, 
and  surmounted  by  a  spreading 
mass  which  forms  its  capital. 
Columns  are  distinguished  by  the 
names  of  the  styles  of  architec- 
ture to  whicli  they  belong;  thus 
there  are  Hindu,  Egyptian,  Gre- 
cian,Roman,  and  Gothic  columns. 
In  classic  architecture  they  are 
further  distinguished  by  the  name 
of  the  order  to  which  they  belong, 
as  Doric,  Ionic,  or  Corinthian  co- 
lumns, and  again  by  some  pecu- 
liarity of  position, of  construction, 
of  form,  or  of  ornament,  as  at- 
tached, twisted,  cabled,  or  ru- 
dented  and  carolytic  columns. 
Columns  are  chiefly  used  in  the 
construction  or  adornment  of 
buildings.  They  have  also  been  used,  how- 
ever, singly  for  various  purposes.  Thus 
there  are  the  astronomical  column,  from 
which  astronomical  observations  are  made; 
the  chronological  column,  inscribed  with 
a  record  of  historical  events;  the  gnomonic 
column,  which  supports  a  dial ;  the  itiner- 
ary column,  pointing  out  the  various  roads 
diverging  from  it;  the  military  column,  set 
up  as  a  centre  from  which  to  measure  dis- 
tances- the  triumphal  column,  dedicated  to 
the  hero  of  a  victory;  and  many  others.— 
2.  Anything  resembling  a  column  in  shape; 
any  body  pressing  perpendicularly  on  its 
base  and  of  the  same  diameter  as  its  base  ; 
as,  a  column  of  water,  air,  or  mercury.  — 
3  In  bot.  the  united  stamens  and  styles  of 


tlie  plants  when  they  form  a  solid  central 
body,  as  in  the  genus  OrchU.  —  4.  Xilit.  a 
formation  of  troops,  narrow  in  front,  and 
deep  from  front  to  rear;  tliuadi.-tlngui.ihcd 
from  line,  which  is  extended  in  front,  ami 


i  (Tuscan  order),  illustrating  the  terms 
applied  to  the  several  pans. 

thin  in  depth. -5.  Naut.  a  body  of  ships  fol- 
lowing each  other— 6.  In  printing  and  writ- 
ing, a  division  of  a  page ;  a  perpendicular 
set  of  lines  separated  from  another  set  by 
a  line  or  blank  space;  as,  a  column  of  printed 
matter;  a  column  of  figures. 

Columna  (ko-lum'na), n.  [L.]  A  column  or 
pillar.  In  anat.  applied  to  various  parts  of 
the  body  which  in  their  shape  or  office  re- 
semble columns. 

Columnar  (ko.lum'ner),  a.  Formed  in  co- 
lumns; having  the  form  of  columns;  like 
the  shaft  of  a  column. 

The  basalts  of  Stafla  and  the  Giant's  Causeway 
are  said  to  be  columnar,  because  composed  of  co- 
lumn-like masses.  f«f- 

Columnarian  (kol-um-na'ri-an),  a.  Same 
as  Ci'lumnar.  Johnson. 

Columnarity  (kol-um-nart-ti),  n.  The  qua 
lity  of  being  columnar. 

Columnary  (kol'um-na-ri),  a.    Same  as  C 
lumnar. 

Columnated  (ko-lum'nat-ed),  a.  Orna- 
mented with  columns;  as,  columnatett 
temples. 

Columned  (kol'unul),  a.  Furnished  with 
columns:  supported  on  or  adorned  by  col- 
umns 'The  columned  aisle.'  Byron. 

Columniation  (ko-lum'ni-a"shon),  n.  In 
arch,  the  employment  of  columns  In  a  de- 
sign. Gtcilt. 

Column-rule  (kol'um-rol),  n.  In  pnntiiig. 
the  name  given  to  pieces  of  brass  of  differ 
ent  thicknesses,  made  type  height,  to  print 
with.  They  are  used  for  column  lines  in 
table  work,  to  separate  matter  that  requires 
to  be  distinct,  as  into  columns,  Ac. 

Columnula  (ko-lum'nu-la),  n.    A  little  col 

c'olure  (ko-luiO,  n.  [Or.  koloura,  dock-tailed 
(with  grammf.,  a  line,  understood)  —  /colon, 
stunted,  and  oura,  a  tail,  because  a  part  is 
always  beneath  the  horizon.]  In  astron 
and  geog.  one  of  two  great  circles  supposed 


c'l,  chain;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go; 


J.*>b;      n.Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin9;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  tAin;      w,  wig;    wh.  irMg;    zh,  azure.-See  KKY. 


COLTTTEA 


516 


COMBRETACE^ 


to  intersect  each  other  at  right  angles,  in 
the  poles  of  the  world,  one  of  them  passing 
through  the  solstitial  and  the  other  through 
the  equinoctial  points  of  the  ecliptic,  viz. 
Cancer  and  Capricorn,  Aries  and  Libra, 
dividing  the  ecliptic  into  four  equal  parts. 
The  points  where  these  lines  intersect  the 
ecliptic  are  called  cardinal  points. 

Colutea  (ko-lu'te-a),  n.  [Gr.  koloutea,  koloi- 
tea,  a  tree  that  bears  pods.]  A  genus  of 
shrubs,  nat.  order  Leguminosaj,  having  in- 
flated pods,  like  small  bladders;  bladder- 
senna  The  leaves  are  laxative.  One  spe- 
cies is  found  near  the  crater  of  Vesuvius, 
and  is  almost  the  only  plant  found  there. 
They  are  cultivated  in  shrubberies  in  Britain. 

Coly  (kol'i),  71.  One  of  the  birds  of  the  family 
Colida;.  natives  of  Africa  and  India. 

Colymbidffl  (ko-lin/bi-de),  n.  pi.  A  family 
of  natatorial  or  swimming  birds;  the  divers. 

ColymbUS  (ko-lim'bus),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
kofymbos,  a  diver.]  A  genus  of  birds  of  the 
order  Natatores;  the  divers.  See  DIVER. 

Colza  (kol'za),  n.  [Fr.  colza;  O.Fr.  colzal, 
from  D.  koolzaad.  lit.  cabbage-seed  —  kool, 
cabbage,  and  zaad,  seed.)  A  variety  of  cab- 
bage, the  Bratgica.  campeitrit  oleifera,  whose 
seeds  afford  by  pressure  an  oil  much  em- 
ployed for  burning  in  lamps,  and  for  many 
other  purposes. 

Com-,  in  composition  as  a  prefix,  is  a  changed 
form  of  the  L.  prep,  cum,  with,  used  before 
the  labials  b,  m,  p,  and  signifies  with,  to- 
gether with,  or  intensities  the  meaning. 

Coma  (ko'ma),  n.  [Gr.  tema,  lethargy.)  A 
profound  state  of  sleep  from  which  it  is  very 
difficult  to  rouse  the  patient;  a  state  of  more 
or  less  complete  insensibility  and  loss  of 
power  of  thought  or  motion;  lethargy. 

Coma  (ko'ma),  n.  [L.,  the  hair.)  1.  In  bot. 
(a)  the  empty  leaf  or  bract  terminating  the 
flowering  stem  of  a  plant,  in  a  tuft  or  bush, 
as  in  crown-imperial,  (6)  The  silky  hairs  at 
the  end  of  some  seeds,  as  of  the  willow  and 
epilobium.—  2.  In  aitron.  the  nebulous  hair- 
like  envelope  surrounding  the  nucleus  of  a 
comet,  observed  when  the  spectator  is  be- 
tween the  comet  and  the  sun. 

Coma  Berenices  (ko'ma  ber-e-ni'sez),  n.  [L.) 
Berenice's  Hair,  a  constellation  of  the  north- 
ern hemisphere, composed  of  indistinct  stars 
between  the  Lion's  Tail  and  Bootes. 

Comartt  (ko'mart),  n.  [Prefii  ca,  and  mart  ] 
A  treaty;  article;  agreement.  '  By  the  same 
comart  his  (lands)  fell  to  Hamlet.'  Shak 
In  some  editions  tne  word  covenant  appears 
in  place  of  comart. 

Comarum  (kom'ar-um),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr. 
komaron,  the  arbutus,  on  account  of  the 
similarity  of  the  fruit]  A  genus  of  rosace- 
ous marsh  herbs,  having  a  stout  creeping 
stem,  rather  large  and  handsome  leaves 
composed  of  seven,  five,  or  three  deeply 
serrated  leaflets,  and  slightly  branched 
panicles  of  dingy  purple  flowers.  Comarum 
palustre  is  the  marsh  cinquefoil.  It  is  of 
frequent  occurrence  in  marshes  and  boggy 
meadows  in  most  parts  of  Britain. 

Comate  (ko'mat),  a.  [L.  comatus,  hairy, 
from  coma,  hair.)  Hairy;  specifically,  in 
bot  furnished  with  a  coma,  or  a  bushy  tuft 
of  processes  resembling  silky  hairs.  Called 
also  Comose. 

Co-mate  (ko-mat'),  n.  A  fellow-mate  or 
companion.  '  My  co-mates  and  brothers  in 
exile. '  Shak. 

•Comatose,  Comatous  (ko'ma-tos,  ko'ma- 
tus),  a.  Pertaining  to  coma;  drowsy ;  leth- 
argic; as,  a  comatose  state;  a  comatose  fever. 
Comatula  (ko-mat'u-la),  n.  [L.  comalulm, 
f urnished  with  hairs,  from  coma,  hair.  ]  A 
genus  of  Echinodermata.  including  the  rosy 
feather-star  (C.  or  A  ntedon  rosaceuit).  This 
form  is  a  crinoid,  and  spends  the  early  por- 
tion of  its  existence  in  a  stalked  condition. 

Comb  (kom).  n.  [A.  Sax  cainA,  a  comb,  a 
crest ;  cog.  D.  £am,  Icel.  kambr,  a  comb,  a 
crest;  Dan.  torn,  a  comb,  a  cam;  G.  kamm, 
a  comb.]  1.  An  instrument  with  teeth  for 
separating,  cleansing,  and  adjusting  hair, 
wool,  or  flax ;  also,  an  instrument  of  tor- 
toise-shell, ivory,  horn,  wood,  bone,  metal, 
or  other  material,  used  by  women  for  keep- 
ing the  hair  in  its  place  when  dressed.— 

2.  The  crest,  caruncle,  or  red  fleshy  tuft 
growing  on  a  cock's  head :  so  called  from 
its  indentures,  which  resemble  the  teeth  of 
a  comb. 

High  was  his  comb,  and  coral-red  withal. 

With  dents  embattled,  like  a  castle-wall.     Dryden. 

3.  The  top  or  crest  of  a  wave.  — 4.  Honey- 
comb. 

Comb  (kom),  T.L  To  dress  with  a  comb;  as, 
to  comb  one's  hair;  to  comb  wool 


Comb  (kom),  r.i.  [See  COMB,  n.  3]  Saut. 
to  roll  over,  as  the  top  of  a  wave,  or  to 
break  with  a  white  foam. 

Comb,  Combe  ( kom ),  n.  [FromW.  cwm,  a 
deep  valley.  It  is  common  in  place-names, 
as  Boscomfc,  Comft-Basset.  ]  A  valley  be- 
tween hills  or  mountains ;  specifically,  that 
unwatered  portion  of  a  valley  which  forms 
its  continuation  above  the  most  elevated 
spring.  It  is  at  the  highest  spring-head  that 
the  valley  ends  and  the  combe  proper  begins. 

A  gradual  rise  the  shelving  combe 
Displayed.  Soxthey. 

Comb  (kom),  n.    See  COOMB. 
Combacy.t  n.   Combat.  '  Conclude  by  com- 
bacy  to  win  or  lose  the  game.'     Warner. 
Combat  (kom'bat  or  kum'bat),  r.i.     [Fr. 
I    combattre— com,  and  battre,  to  beat  with  or 
'    against    See  BEAT.)    To  flght;  to  struggle 
or  contend.   '  Forced  by  the  tide  to  combat 
with  the  wind'    Shak. 

Pardon  me,  I  will  not  combat  in  my  shirt.      SAaJt. 

After  the  fall  of  the  republic,  the  Romans  combated 
only  for  the  choice  of  masters.  Gibbon. 

(See  note  to  following  article.] 
Combat  (kom'bat  or  kum'bat),   r.t.     To 
flght  with;  to  oppose  by  force;  to  contend 
against;  to  resist;  as,  to  combat  an  antagon- 
ist; to  combat  arguments  or  opinions. 
Such  was  the  very  armour  he  had  on 
When  be  the  ambitious  Norway  combated.   Shak. 

[This  word,  both  in  its  transitive  and  in- 
transitive uses,  is  now  chiefly  employed  in 
figurative  senses,  that  is,  not  in  speaking  of 
actual  warfare  or  fighting  with  a  personal 
antagonist,  but  of  contending  against  phy- 
sical or  moral  forces  or  against  argument) 
Combat  (kom'bat  or  kum'liat),  n.  A  flght; 
a  struggle  to  resist,  overthrow,  or  conquer; 
contest;  engagement;  battle. 

My  courage  try  by  combat  if  thou  darest.      Shak. 

— Single  combat,  a  flght  between  two  indi- 
viduals; a  duel.— Battle,  Fight,  Combat,  En- 
gagement, Conflict.  See  under  BATTLE. 

Combat/able  (kom-bat'a-bl  or  kum-bat'a-blX 
a.  Capable  of  being  combated,  disputed,  or 
opposed. 

Combatant  (kom'bat-ant 
or  kum'bat-ant),  a.  Con- 
tending; disposed  to  com- 
bat or  contend;  specifi- 
cally, in  her.  said  of  two 
beasts,  as  lions,  dec. ,  borne 
in  a  coat  of  arms  in  a 
fighting  position  with 
their  faces  to  each  other. 

Combatant  (kom'bat-ant 
or  kum'bat-ant),  n.    LA 
person  who  combats;  any 
person  who  fights  with  another,  or  in  an 
army  or  fleet. 

Sound,  trumpets;  and  set  forward,  combatants. 

slut. 

So  frowned  the  mighty  combatants,  that  hell 
Grew  darker  at  their  frown.  Mtlton. 

2.  A  person  who  contends  with  another  in 
argument  or  controversy.  •  A  controversy 
which  long  survived  the  original  comba- 
tants.' Mucntilti'i. 

Combater  (komijat-er  or  kum'bat-er),  n. 
One  who  combats,  disputes,  or  contends;  a 
combatant.  '  Combaters  or  fighters.'  Sher- 
icood.  [Rare] 

Combative  ( kom'ba-tiv  or  kumT>a-tiv).  a. 
Disposed  to  combat;  showing  such  a  dispo- 
sition. 'His  fine combatire  manner.'  Lamb. 

Combatively  (kom'ba-tiv-li  or  kum^a-tiv- 
li ),  adv.  In  a  combative  manner ;  pugna- 
ciously. 

Cpmbatlveness  (kom'ha-tiv-nes  or  kuni'bn- 
tiv-ues),  n.  State  of  being  combative:  dis- 
position to  contend  or  fight :  by  phrenolo- 
gists it  is  used  as  the  name  of  one  of  the 
propensities. 

Comb-broach  ( kom '  broch ).  n.  The  tooth 
of  a  comb  with  which  wool  is  dressed. 

Comb-brush  (kom'brush),  n.  A  brush  to 
clean  combs. 

Combe,  n.    See  COMB,  a  valley. 

Combed  <  kdnul),  a.  Having  a  comb  or 
crest. 

And  had  for  his  crest  a  cock  argent 
Combei/  and  wattled  gules.  Longfellow. 

Comber  (kom'er),  n.  1.  One  who  combs; 
one  whose  occupation  is  to  comb  wool,  &c, 
2  A  long  curling  wave. 

Comber  t  (kunyfier),  n.  Trouble;  care;  en- 
cumbrance. Evelyn. 

Combert  (kum'ber),  v.t.  To  cumber.  Spen- 
ter. 

Comber  (kom'ber),  n.  A  name  given  to  two 
fishes  found  on  the  British  coasts:  (a)  to  the 
Serranui  cabrilla,  also  called  Smooth  Ser- 


Two  lions  com- 
batant. 


r«»H#.  a  fish  of  the  perch  family,  about  10 
inches  long,  common  on  the  south-western 
coasts;  (6)  to  a  species  of  wrasse  or  Labrus. 
with  a  red  back,  found  on  the  Cornish  coast; 
called  also  Comber  Wrasse. 
Comb-honey  (kom'hun-i),  n.  See  extract 

The  bulk  of  this,  however,  was  sent  in  jars  either 
as  pure  extracted  honey  or  as  comb-honey—  • 
honey  bottled  with  portions  of  broken  comb  remain- 
ing  in  it.  Times  neu-spafer. 

Comblnable  (kom-bin'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
combining  or  of  being  combined. 

Pleasures  are  very  combinable  both  with  business 
and  study.  Chesterfield. 

Combinableness  (kom-bin'a-bl-nes),  n. 
State  of  being  combinable. 

ComMnate*  (kom'bi-nat),  a.  Espoused:  be- 
trothed. 'Her  combinaic  husband.'  Shak 

Comblnate-venose  (kom'bi-nat-ve'nosX  a. 
In  bot.  a  term  denoting  a  leaf  whose  lateral 
veins  unite  before  they  reach  the  margin 

Comblnation(kom-bi-na'shon).n.  [L.L.  com- 
binatio.VT.combijutison.  See  COMBINE]  1  A 
coming  together  or  uniting ;  union  of  par- 
ticulars; concurrence;  meeting;  as,  a  combi- 
nation of  circumstances.— 2.  Intimate  union 
or  association  of  two  or  more  persons  IT 
things,  by  set  purpose  or  agreement  for  effect- 
ing some  object,  by  joint  operation.— 3  Com- 
mixture; union  of  bodies  or  qualities  in  a 
mass  or  compound;  union  by  affinity;  chemi- 
cal union;  as,  to  make  new  compounds  1>> 
new  combinations. — Laws  of  chemical 
bination,  the  laws  which  regulate  the  union 
of  substances  by  chemical  affinity.  See 
under  CHEMICAL  and  EQUIVALENT.— 4.  In 
math,  the  union  of  a  number  of  individuals 
in  different  groups,  each  containing  a  cer- 
tain number  of  the  individuals.  Thus  the 
number  of  combinations  of  four  individuals 
taking  two  together,  is  six  (12.  13,  14.  23, 
24,  34). —Combination  room,  in  the  Vnivti- 
sity  of  Cambridge,  a  room  into  which  the 
fellows  withdraw  after  dinner,  for  wine, 
dessert,  and  conversation. — Party,  Fu* 
Cabal,  Junto,  Combination.  See  under  CA- 
BAL. 

Combinative  (kom-bi'na-tiv),  a.  Tending 
to  combine;  uniting.  [Rare.) 

Combinatory  (kom-bi'na-tor-i),  a.  Same  as 
Combinative. 

Combine  (kom -bin'),  r  (.  pret  it  pp.  com- 
bined; ppr.  combining.  [Fr.  combiner,  from 
the  L.  L.  combine — com,  and  binus,  two  and 
two,  or  double.)  To  unite  or  join;  to  link 
closely  together.  'So  fitly  them  in  pain 
thou  hast  combined.'  Shak. 

Combine  (kom-bin1),  r.i.  1.  To  unite,  agree, 
or  coalesce;  as,  honour  and  policy  combine 
to  justify  the  measure.— 2.  To  unite  in  friend- 
ship or  alliance;  to  league  together;  to  as- 
sociate: followed  by  icith. 

You  with  your  foes  combine.  Dryden. 

He  that  loves  God's  abode,  and  to  combine 
If'ith  saint*  on  earth,  shall  one  day  with  them  shine. 
G.  Herbert. 

3.  To  unite  by  affinity  or  chemical  attrac- 
tion :  as,  two  substances  which  will  not 
ccinbinc  of  themselves,  may  be  made  to  com- 
'""••  by  the  intervention  of  a  third. 

Combined  (kom-bind'),  p.  and  a.  United 
closely;  associated;  leagued;  confederated; 
chemically  united;  bound  together. 

Comblnedly  (kom-bin'ed-li),  ado.  In  a  com- 
bined manner;  in  a  state  of  combination, 
unitedly;  jointly. 

The  representatives  of  these  two  of  our  noblest 
and  most  ancient  houses  should  come  forward  com 
binedly  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  and  defeating 
what  is  an  act  of  grace.  Gladstone. 

Combinementt  (kom  liin'ment),  n.  Com- 
bination. Abp.  Leighton. 

Combiner  (kom-bin'er), «.  One  who  or  that 
which  combines.  '  This  so  excellent  combiner 
of  all  virtues— humility. '  W.  Montague. 

Combing  (kom'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  usinn 
a  comb  —  2.  That  which  is  removed  by 
combing:  generally  in  plural;  as,  the  comb- 
ings of  wool.  —  3.1  Borrowed  hair  combed 
over  a  bald  part  of  the  head.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Combing  (kom'ing),  n.    See  COAMING. 

Combless  (komles),  a.  Without  a  comb  or 
crest.  'A  combUss  cock. '  Shak. 

CombololO  (kom-bo-16'y6X  «•  A  Moham- 
medan rosary  consisting  of  ninety -nine 
beads.  Byron. 

Combretacese  (kom-bre-ta'se-e),  n.  pi  An 
order  of  shrubby  or  arborescent  polypetal- 
ous  exogens,  containing  upwards  of  200 
known  species.  They  are  tropical  shrubs 
or  trees,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves 
destitute  of  stipules  and  long  slender  sta- 
mens. Some  of  them  are  astringent  and 
used  for  tanning,  and  the  kernels  of  others 
are, eatable.  They  are  chiefly  valued  for 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me.  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  boll;        oil,  pound;       u,  8c.  almne;      y,  8c.  try. 


COMBRETUM 


COME 


their  nriyhtly-coloureil  showy  flowers,  espe- 
i -ially  in  the  senus  Combretuni.  The  Myro- 
lialan  nuts,  which  are  used  as  tonics,  are 
furnished  by  Terminalia  Bellerica,  one  o( 
the  plants  of  the  order. 

Combretuni  (kom'bre-tum),  n.  [L.,  a  kind 
«>f  rush.]  The  type  genus  of  the  order  Com- 
tiretacefle. 

Combre-world,  t  n.  An  encumbrance  to  the 
world.  Chaucer. 

Combust  t  (kuin -bust'),  a.  [L.  combwstux, 
nmouro.  See  COMBUSTIBLE.)  In  attron.  a  ' 
term  applied  to  a  planet  when  so  near  the 
sun  as  to  be  obscured  by  it,  or  when  not 
more  than  8J'  from  it.  'Planets  that  are 
"ft  combutt.'  Milton. 

Combust  (kom-busf),  r.t.  To  burn.  Dick- 
tint.  [Rare;  humorous.] 

Combustibility  (kom-bust'i-biri-ti),    n.  '. 
S;ime  as  Comfnigtioleiiegs. 

Combustible  (kom-bust'i-bl).  a.    [Fr.com- 
bngtible,   from  L.  comburo,  combuftum,  to  ; 
consume — coinb,  for  cvm  or  con,  and  «ro,  to  j 
burn;  same  root  as  Gr.  auein,  to  kindle; 
Skr.  ugh,  to  burn.  ]    1.  Capable  of  taking  fire  ; 
and  burning;  thus,  wood  and  coal  are  com- 
bustible bodies.  —  2.  Easily  excited ;  fiery ; 
irascible:  said  of  persons. 

Arnold  was  a  combustible  character.       Irving. 

C  jmbustible  (kom-bu»t'i-bl),».  A  substance 
that  will  take  Ore  anil  burn;  as,  wood  and 
coal  are  combustibles.  For  distinction  be- 
tween combustibles  and  supporters  of  com- 
bustion, see  COMBUSTION. 

Combustibleness  (kom-bust'i-bl-nes),  ». 
The  state  or  quality  of  being  combustible 
or  taking  fire  and  burning;  capacity  of  being 
burned. 

Combustion  (kom-bust'yon),  ».  [LL.com- 
buttio,  from  comburo,  cmiibuttum.  See  COM- 
BUSTIBLE, a.]  1.  The  operation  of  flre  on 
inflammable  substances ;  burning ;  or,  in 
chemical  language,  the  union  of  an  inflam- 
mable substance  with  oxygen  or  some  other 
supporter  of  combustion,  attended  with 
heat,  and  in  most  instances  with  light. 

Any  chemical  action  whatsoever,  if  its  energy  rise 
sufficiently  high,  may  produce  the  phenomenon  of 
combustion  by  heating  the  body  to  such  an  extent 
that  it  becomes  luminous.  Geo.  Ftnvnei. 

It  Tumult;  violent  agitation  with  hurry 
and  noise ,  confusion ;  uproar. 

These  cruel  wars   .    .    .   brought  all  England  into  i 
au  horrible  combustion.  Raleigh. 

-Spontaneous  combustion,  the  ignition  of  a  ; 
Iwdy  by  the  internal  development  of  heat 
without  the  application  of  an  external  flame. 
It  not  unfrequently  takes  place  among  heaps 
of  rags,  wool,  and  cotton  when  lubricated 
with  oil,  and  hay,  straw,  and  coal  when  damp 
IT  moistened  with  water.  (See  EREMACAU- 
sis  )  The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  extra- 
ordinary alleged  phenomenon  of  the  rapid 
destruction  of  the  human  body  by  being 
reduced  to  ashes  without  the  direct  appli- 
cation of  fire.  It  is  said  to  have  occurred  in 
the  aged  and  persons  that  were  fat  and  hard 
drinkers.  The  chemical  changes  which  would 
produce  this  result  are  not  well  understood, 
and  many  chemists,  including  Liebig,  reject 
tlie  theory  altogether,  maintaining  that  none 
of  the  instances  adduced  are  well  authenti- 
cated.— Supporters  of  combustion.  Though  , 
the  action  between  the  gas  and  the  more  solid  , 
material,  as  coal,  wood,  charcoal,  of  whose 
combination  combustion  is  the  result,  is 
mutual,  the  one  having  as  much  to  do  with 
tlie  process  as  the  other,  yet  the  former,  as 
oxygen,  chlorine,  iodine,  and  the  comjiounds 
which  they  form  with  each  other  and  with 
nitrogen,  have  received  the  name  of  sup- 
porters of  combustion,  while  to  the  latter 
the  term  combustibles  has  been  assigned. — 
fncisible  combtixtion,  &  term  applied  by  Sir 
H.  Davy  to  those  phenomena  of  combustion 
which  are  effected  without  the  disengage- 
ment of  light,  as  when  oxygen  and  hydrogen, 
cnnflned  in  tubes,  are  carefully  exposed  to  a 
high  temperature. 

Combustlous,  t    Cpmbustuous  t    (kom-  , 
bust'yus,  kom-bust'u-us),  a.    Combustible: 
inflammable.      'Dry,  combustions  matter.' 
Shak. 

Combustlvet  (kom-bust'iv),  a.  Disposed 
to  take  tire.  Bp.  Gauden. 

Come  (kum),  n.i.  pret.  came;  part,  come; 
ppr.  comuvj.  [A.  Sax.  cuman,  pret.  com, 
pp.  cmnen,  also  curiwan,  cwam  or  ctcom, 
miiien,  to  come,  to  happen;  cog.  D.  komen, 
Icel.  koma,  Dan.  komme,  Sw.  komma,  O.H.G. 
q utiiujLH,  Mod.  G.  kommen,  Goth,  awiman: 
more  remotely  from  same  root,  L  venio 
(lor  yvenio),  to  come;  Gr.  baino  (tor  gcaino), 


to  go :  Skr.  yam,  to  go. }  1.  To  move 
litnerward ;  to  advance  nearer  in  any 
manner  and  from  any  distance;  to  ap- 
proach the  person  speaking  or  writing,  or 
the  person  addressed :  opposed  to  go  •  as  I 
hope  he  will  come  to-night ;  he  went  on  till 
he  came  to  another  village ;  I  shall  come  to 
see  you  some  time  soon,  formerly  the  verb 
to  come  in  this  sense  was  frequently  used 
with  an  infinitive  not  preceded  by  to  '  Tho- 
roughfares for  princes  to  come  view  fair 
Portia.'  Shak.--2.  Of  time  and  what  hap- 
pens in  time  in  the  sense  of  to  arrive  take 
place;  hence,  to  came  =  future.  (See  end  of 
article.) 

Ye  shall  not  see  me.  until  the  time  fame  when  ye 
shall  say.  Blessed  is  he  that  Cometh  in  the  name  of 
the  Lord.  Luke  liii.  35. 

AU  my  time  will  I  wait,  till  iny  change  com*. 

3.  To  reach  a  certain  stage  or  point  of  pro- 
gress; to  arrive  at:  followed  by  an  infinitive; 
as,  I  now  corn*  to  consider  the  next  branch 
of  the  subject  (  =  1  now  arrive  at  the  con- 
sideration of,  Ac.).  When  the  writer  or 
speaker  uses  come  in  a  transition  of  this 
sort  be  refers  to  what  precedes,  to  the 
ground  he  has  already  passed  over ;  when 
he  has  in  view  mainly  the  ground  that  he  ' 
has  yet  to  pass  over  he  uses  go  on  or  pro-  \ 
ceed—I  will  now  go  on,  or  I  now  proceed  to 
consider,  Ac.  •  Howe'er  you  come  to  know 
it'(  =  howe'eryou  have  arrived  at  the  know- 
ledge of  it).  Shak.  —  4  To  get  into  a  cer- 
tain state  or  condition :  especially  followed 
by  to  be ;  as,  how  did  you  come  into  this 
scrape?  how  come  you  to  be  so  melancholy? 
(See  also  phrases  below.)  Formerly  this 
word  was  frequently  used  in  constructions 
where  yet  would  now  be  probably  used  or  to 
be  made  to  follow  the  come.  '  How  came  my 
man  i' the  stocks?'  Shak.  This  use,  though  ' 
not  quite  obsolete,  is  now  comparatively  i 
rare. —5.  To  happen  or  fall  out;  to  befal  j 
'  How  come«  that?'  Shak.  •  Come  what  will. ' 
Shale. 

All  things  came  alike  to  all.  Eccl.  ix.  3. 

So  comes  it  you  have  been  mistook.         SArt*. 

6.  To  advance  or  move  into  view ;  to  appear ; 
as,  blood  or  colour  comes  into  the  face. 

It  is  reported  that  if  you  lay  a  good  stock  of  kernels 
of  grapes  about  the  root  of  a  vine  it  will  make  the  vine 
come  earlier  and  prosper  better.  Bacon. 

7.  t  To  become.    [This  might  be  classed  un- 
der 4— regarding  to  be  as  omitted.] 

So  came  I  a  widow.  SA.it. 

8.  To  accrue  or  result  from ;  to  be  formed 
by ;  to  appear ;  as,  the  butter  comes. 

Usefulness  C.»HCS  by  labour,  wit  by  ease.    G.  Herbert. 

Frequently  with  of. 

This  comes  ^judging  by  the  eye.  SirR.  I.' Estrange. 

9.  Come,  in  the  imperative,  is  used  to  excite 
attention,  or  to  invite  to  motion  or  joint 
action  ;  as,  come,  let  us  go. 

This  is  the  heir ;  came,  let  us  kill  him.    Mat.  xxi.  38. 

When  repeated,  or  followed  by  now,  /  say, 
and  the  like,  it  expresses  increased  earnest- 
ness, or  haste,  impatience,  remonstrance,  or 
rebuke. 

Come,  coinc.  open  the  matter  in  brief.        Shak. 
i^ome tiffiif,  and  let  us  reason  together,  saitli  the  Lord. 

is.  i,  is. 

'  Come,  /say,'  he  remonstrated,  'you  arc  taking 
the  thing  too  much  to  hear:.'  //".  Black. 

[Certain  of  the  compound  tenses  of  this  verb 
were  once  regularly  and  are  still  frequently 
formed  with  the  verb  be  instead  of  hare. 
See  BE,  4  (b).]  —  To  come  and  go,  to  alter- 
nate; to  appear  and  disappear. 

The  colour  of  the  king  doth  come  and  go 
Between  his  purpose  and  his  conscience.      5A(i*. 

— To  coine  about,  (a)  to  happen ;  to  fall  out ; 
to  come  to  pass ;  to  arrive;  as,  how  did  these 
things  come  about?  (fr)To  turn  ;  to  change; 
to  come  round ;  as,  the  wind  will  come  about 
from  west  to  east ;  the  ship  comes  about. 

On  better  thoughts  and  my  urged  reasons. 
They  are  ceme  about  and  won  to  the  true  side. 
B.  yoison. 

—Tocomeat,  toreach ;  to  arrive  within  reach 
of ;  to  gain ;  to  come  so  near  as  to  be  able  to 
take  or  possess ;  as,  we  prize  those  most  who 
are  hardest  to  come  at;  to  come  at  a  true 
knowledge  of  ourselves.  —  To  come  away, 
(a)  to  leave,  (b)  To  germinate ;  to  sprout ; 
as,  the  corn  is  coming  away  very  well.  — To 
come  by,  (a)  to  pass  near,  (b)  To  obtain, 
gain,  acquire. 

Examine  how  you  came  by  all  your  state.    Dryden. 

—To  coine  down,  (a)  lit.  to  descend.  (6)  Fig. 
to  be  humbled  or  abased. 

Your  principalities  shall  came  down.     Jer.  xiii.  18.       ; 


'  doicn  with,  to  pay  over;  to  lay 
town,  as  in  payment.     (Colloq.J 

Lilt  ie  did  he  foresee  when  lie  said. '  A II  is  but  dun  :  • 
now  ioon  he  would  come  down  -»t(Jt  hi*  own.  Du*em 

—To  come  home,  (a)  to  come  to  one's  dwell- 
ing,    (b)  To  touch  nearly;  to  touch  tl. 
ings,  interest,  or  reason;  as,  this  appeal  came 
home  to  all.    (c)  *Vau(   to  IM>  loosened 
the  ground,  and  drag  after  the  vessel :  said 
of  au  anchor.—  To  come  in,  (a)  to  enter  as 
into  an  inclosure  or  a  port.    (M  'l1.,  MbmJt 
to  terms;  to  yield.   *  If  the  arch  reln-1  Tyrone 
.  .  .  should  offer  to  come  in.'  Sptnter   (c)To 
become  fashionable;  to  be  brought  into  use. 

Silken  garments  did  nol  come  in  till  Ute.  ArbutHnct. 

(d)  To  enter,  as  an  ingredient  or  part  of  a 
composition. 

A  generous  contempt  of  that  in  which  too  many  men 
place  their  happiness  must  came  in  to  heighten  his 
c  haracter.  A  tlfr(,ury 

(c)  To  accrue  from  au  estate,  trade,  or  other- 
wise, as  profit ;  as,  if  the  corn  comet  in  wt  11 
we  shall  have  a  supply  without  importation ; 
crop*  come  in  light.  —  To  come  in  /or  to 
arrive  in  time  to  take  a  share ;  to  be  in  the 
way  of  obtaining;  to  get;  to  unite  with 
others  in  getting  a  share  or  part  of. 

The  rest  came  in/yr  subsidies.  Swift. 

Sissy,  being  at  the  corner  of  a  row  on  the  sunny  wde. 
came  in  for  the  beginning  of  a  sunbeam.  Ihctetns. 

—  To  come  in  unto,  to  lie  carnally  with. 
Gen.  xxxviii.  16.— To  come  into,  (a)  to  join 
with ;  to  bring  help ;  also,  and  more  gener- 
ally, to  agree  to ;  to  comply  with ;  to  unite 
with  others  in  adopting;  as.  to  come  into 
a  measure  or  scheme.    (6)  To  acquire  by 
inheritance  or  bequest;  as,  to  come  into 
an  estate  of  £500  a  year.  —  To  come  near, 
to  approach  in  place;   hence,  metaphori- 
cally, to  approach  in  quality ;  to  arrive  at 
nearly  the  same   degree  in  a  quality  or 
accomplishment ;  to  resemble. 

Nothing  ancient  or  modern  seems  to  come  near  it 
Sir  II'.  Temple. 

—To  come  nigh  is  used  in  like  senses.— To 
come  of,  (a)  to  issue  from ;  to  proceed  from, 
as  a  descendant 
Of  Priam  s  royal  face  my  mother  camt.    Dryden. 

(&)  To  result  from.  See  above,  definition  8. 
—To  come  of,  (a)  to  depart  from  ;  to  move 
from  on.  (&)  To  escape ;  to  get  free. 

If  they  come  r^safe  call  their  deliverance  a  miracle 

Addison. 

(c)  To  emerge;  to  issue;  to  part;  as,  to  come 
of  with  honour  or  disgrace  (d)To  happen; 
to  take  place ;  as.  the  match  comes  c/  on 
Tuesday.  («)t  To  pay  over;  to  give. 

We  hear  you  are  full  of  crowns : 

Will  you  come  off,  sir?  Mast  infer. 

—To  come  offby,\  to  suffer. 

We  must  expect  to  come  off  by  the  worst  l>efore  we 
obtain  the  final  conquest.  CMamy. 

— To  come  on,  (a)  to  advance ;  to  proceed ; 
to  progress;  to  thrive;  as,  the  plants  are 
coming  on;  the  young  man  come*  on  well 
in  his  studies.  (6)t  To  result  from. 

My  young'  master,  whatever  comes  on't.  must  have 
a  wife  looked  out  fur  him  by  that  time  he  is  of  age. 

—  To  come  out,  (a)  to  depart  or  proceed 
from     (6)  To  become  public ;  to  appear ;  to 
be  published ;  to  escape  from  concealment 
or  privacy ;  as,  the  truth  is  come  out  at  last ; 
this  book  has  just  come  out.    (c)  To  express 
one's  self  vigorously ;  to  make  an  impression ; 
as,  he  came  out  strong     (Colloq.]   (d)To  be 
introduced  to  general  society ;  in  a  special 
sense,  to  be  presented  at  court ;   as.  Miss 
B —  came  out  last  season,     (e)  To  appear 
after  being  clouded,  and  to  shine ;  as,  the 
sun  has  come  out.    {/)  To  turn  out  to  be;  to 
result  from  calculation. 


The  weight  of  the  denarius 
two  grains  and  four-sevenths. 


ftttfs  out  sixty- 

ArbutHnol. 


—To  come  out  well  or  ill,  in  photoy.  to  make 
a  good  or  bad  picture ;  to  appear  distinctly 
and  in  clear  relief,  or  the  opposite.  To  come 
out  of,  (a)  lit.  to  issue  forth,  as  from  con- 
finement or  a  close  place;  also,/*/. ;  as,  he 
has  come  out  of  that  affair  very  well  (6)  To 
issue  from,  as  descendants. 

Kings  snail  come  out  i/thee.  Gen.  xvii.  6. 

— To  come  out  with,  to  give  publicity  to ;  to 
disclose.— To  come  over,  (a)  to  pass  above  or 
across,  or  from  one  side  to  another.  (6)  In 
distillation,  to  rise  and  pass  over,  as  vapour, 
(c)  To  pass  from  one  party,  side,  or  army  to 
another;  to  change  sides,  (d)  To  get  the 
better  of;  to  circumvent ;  to  overcome;  to 
wheedle ;  as,  you  won't  come  over  me  in 
that  way.  (Colloq.  ]—  To  coine  round.  Jiff, 
(intransitive)  to  recover;  to  revive;  to  re- 


cu,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g.  yo;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      iu.  Men;  th,  (Aiu;     w.  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


COMK 


518 


COMFORT 


gain  one's  former  state  of  health ;  as,  she 
has  come  round  again.  (Transitive)  To  cir- 
cumvent; to  wheedle ;  to  get  the  better  of. 

The  governess  had  come  round  everybody. 

Thackeray. 

To  came  short,  to  fail;  not  to  reach;  to 
be  inadequate. 

All  have  sinned  and  come  short  of  the  glory  of 
God.  Rom.  lii.  23. 

To  attain 

The  highth  and  depth  of  thy  eternal  ways 
All  human  thoughts  come  short.  Supreme  of  things : 
Milton. 

—To  come  to, (a)  (to  adverbial)  (l)to  consent 
or  yield.  'What  is  this,  if  my  parson  will 
not  come  to?'  Swift.  (2)  To  recover;  to  come 
round ;  as,  let  her  alone  and  she  will  come 
to  in  a  little.  (3)  Naut.  to  turn  the  head 
nearer  the  wind ;  as,  the  ship  is  coming  to. 
(b)  (to  prepositional)  Fig.  (1)  to  reach;  to 
attain ;  to  be  brought  to  a  state  or  condi- 
tion ;  aa,  to  come  to  ruin,  to  good,  to  bliss. 
'  Is  it  come  to  that?'  Shak.  '  Being  come  to 
knowledge.'  Shak. 

His  sons  come  to  honour,  and  he  knoweth  it  not. 
Job  xiv.  21. 

(2)  To  fall  to. 

The  other  half 
Comes  to  the  privy  coffer  of  the  state.     Shak. 

(3)  To  amount  to;  as,  the  taxes  come  to  a 
large  sum.  —  To  come  to  one's  self,  to  get 
back  one's  consciousness;  to  recover.as  from 
a  swoon.  —  To  come  to  paw,  to  happen ;  to 
fall  out;  to  be  effected.—  To  come  true,  to 
be  verified.  —  To  come  up,  (a)  to  ascend ;  to 
rise,    (b)  To  spring ;  to  shoot  or  rise  above 
the  earth,  as  a  plant,    (c)  Xaut.  same  as 
Come  to.    (d)  To  come  into  use,  as  a  fashion. 
'  Since  gentlemen  came  up. '  Shak. — To  come 
up  the  capstan  (naut.),  is  to  turn  it  the  con- 
trary way,  so  as  to  slacken  the  rope  about 
It.— To  come  up  the  tackle-fall  is  to  slacken 
it  gently.  — To  come  up  to,  to  attain  to;  to 
equal ;  to  amount  to.      '  Whose  ignorant 
credulity  will  not  cotiie  up  to  the  truth.' 
Shak. — To  come  up  with,  to  overtake  in  fol- 
lowing or  pursuit.  —  To  come  upon,  to  fall 
on;  to  attack  or  invade. — Come  your  ways, 
come  along;  come  hither.  Shak.— To  come, 
future;  in  future;  as,  in  times  to  come;  suc- 
cess is  yet  to  come. 

Take  a  lease  for  years  to  come.  Locke. 

In  the  vulgar  phrase,  'come  Friday,  come 
Candlemas,'  for  next  Friday,  next  Candle* 
mas,  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  certain  words ; 
as,  when  Friday  shall  have  come. 
Come  (kum),  v.t.  To  act;  to  play  the  part 
of;  to  practise.  [Slang.] 

So  you  think  to  come  the  noble  Lord  over  me.  Lever. 
Don't  come  tricks  here.  Slang  Diet. 

Often  with  an  indefinite  it. 

1  say,  that's  coming  it  too  strong.          farrar. 

Come  t  (kum),  n.    A  sprout. 

That  the  malt  is  sufficiently  well  dried  you  may 
know  .  .  .  by  the  falling-off  of  the  come  or  sprout. 
Mortimer, 

Comeatability  (kum-at'a-bil"i-ti),  n.  At- 
tainableness;  accessibility.  Sterne. 

Comeatable  (kum-at'a-bl),  a.  {Come,  at, 
and  suffix  -able.}  Capable  of  being  come 
at;  capable  of  being  reached  or  obtained. 
[Colloq.] 

Comedian  (ko-me'di-an),  ?i.  1.  An  actor  or 
player  in  comedy ;  or  a  player  in  general, 
male  or  female.— 2.  A  writer  of  comedy;  a 
comic  dramatist.  Milton. 

Scaliger  willeth  us  to  admire  Flautus  as  a  comedian, 
Peacham. 

ComediC  (ko-me'dik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
having  the  nature  of  comedy.  'Our  best 
comedic  dramas.'  Quart.  Itev. 

Comedy  (kom'e-di),  ?i.  [L.  com&dia,  Gr. 
kOmodia,  a  comedy,  probably  from  koinos,  a 
revel  or  feast,  a  festal  procession,  and  ode, 
a  song.]  A  dramatic  composition  of  a  light 
and  amusing  class,  its  characters  being  re- 
presented as  in  the  circumstances  or  meet- 
ing witli  the  incidents  of  ordinary  life ;  dis- 
tinguished from  tragedy  by  its  sprightliness, 
and  the  termination  of  its  plot  or  intrigue 
being  happy ;  and  from  farce  by  its  greater 
refinement  and  moderation,  and  by  more  of 
probability  and  less  of  burlesque. 

Comelily  (kum'li-li),  adv.  In  a  suitable  or 
decent  manner.  Sherwood.  [Rare.] 

Comeliness  (kum'H-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  comely:  (a)  handsomeness;  beauty; 
symmetry  of  form. 

It  is  not  virtue,  wisdom,  valour,  wit, 

Strength,  comeliness  of  shape,  or  amplest  merit. 

That  woman's  love  can  win,  or  long  inherit. 

Milton. 

(b)  Becomingness;  suitableness;  fitness. 

Comeliness  is  a  disposing  fair 
Of  things  and  actions  in  fit  time  and  place. 

Sir  y.  Da-vies. 


Comelingt  (kum'ling),  n.  An  incomer.  See 
HOME  LING. 

Comely  (kum'li),  a.  [From  come;  cymlic, 
comely,  occurs  in  A.  Sax.,  as  also  cyme,  suit- 
able; coinp.  become  in  sense  of  suit.  The 
sense  of  suitableness  is  often  from  coming 
together,  meeting,  whence  fitting,  flt._  So 
in  Latin  convenient,  agreeing,  appropriate, 
suitable,  from  convcnio,  to  come  together.] 

1.  Handsome;  graceful;  symmetrical;  well- 
proportioned. 

I  have  seen  a  son  of  Jesse  ...  a  comely  person, 
i  Sam.  xvi.  18. 

2.  Decent ;   suitable  ;   proper ;   becoming ; 
suited  to  time,  place,  circumstances,  or  per- 
sons.    'Bashful  sincerity  and  comely  love.' 
Shak. 

Is  it  comely  that  a  woman  pray  unto  God  uncovered? 
i  Cor.  xi.  13. 

Comelyt  (kum'li),  adv.  Handsomely;  grace- 
fully. 'To  ride  comely.'  Ascham. 

Come  -  Off  (kum-of),  «-  Means  of  escape ; 
evasion;  excuse;  as,  we  can  do  without  this 
come-off.  [Rare.] 

Come -outer  (kum-out'er),  n.  One  who 
comes  out ;  one  who  forsakes  established 
communities  or  societies;  a  radical  reformer. 
[United  States.] 

I  am  a  Christian  man  of  the  sect  called  Come-onters. 
Haliourton. 

Comephorus  (ko-mef'or-us),  n.  [Gr.  koml, 
hair,  and  phoreo,  to  bear.  ]  A  genus  of  fishes 
of  the  nat.  order  Gobioidre.  They  measure 
about  a  foot  in  length,  and  are  very  oily. 
C.  baicalensis,  the  sole  species  of  which 
the  genus  consists  inhabits  the  fresh-water 
lake  of  Baikal,  on  whose  shores  it  is  thrown 
by  the  frequent  storms  of  that  region,  where 
it  is  collected  and  pressed  for  oil,  but  not 
eaten. 

Comer  (kum'er),  n.  One  that  comes;  one 
who  approaches ;  one  who  has  arrived  and 
is  present—  All  comers,  everybody,  without 
exclusion  or  barring;  as,  a  competition  open 
to  all  comers. 

The  renowned  champion  .  ,  .  hath  published  a 
defiance  to  the  world,  and  offers  to  prove  it  against 
all  comers.  Stilling/feet. 

Comessation  t  (kom-es-sa'shon),  n.     [L. 

comessatio.]  Feastingorrevelling.  'Drunken 

com  essat  ions,'    Bp.  Hall. 
Comestible  t  (kom-est'i-bl),  a.    [See  below.] 

Eatable.     H'otton. 
Comestible  (kom-est'i-bl),  n.  [Fr.  comestible, 

from  L.  comedo,  comesum  or  comestum,  to 

eat  up—com,  and  edo,  to  eat.]    An  eatable; 

an  article  of  solid  food. 

Wine,  wax-lights,  comestibles,  rouge,  &c..  would 
go  to  the  deuce  if  people  did  not  act  upon  their  silly 
principles.  Thackeray. 

Comet  (kom'et),  n.  [L.  cometa,  from  Gr. 
komftes,  long-haired,  from  koine,  hair:  from 
the  appearance  of  its  tail.]  The  name  given 
to  certain  celestial  bodies  which  appear  at 
irregular  intervals,  moving  through  the 
heavens  in  paths  which  seem  to  correspond 
with  parabolic  curves,  or  in  a  few  instances 
in  elliptical  orbits  of  great  eccentricity. 


View  of  Donati's  Comet. — Illustrated  London 
News. 

The  former,  after  being  visible  from  the 
earth  for  a  shorter  or  longer  time,  disappear 
into  space  apparently  never  to  return ;  the 
latter  return  to  us  periodically.  Some 
comets  are  only  visible  by  the  aid  of  the 
telescope,  while  others  can  be  seen  by  the 
naked  eye.  In  the  latter  case  they  usually 
appear  like  stars  accompanied  with  a  train 
of  light,  sometimes  short  and  sometimes  ex- 
tending over  half  the  sky,  mostly  single  and 
more  or  less  curved,  but  sometimes  forked. 
In  a  comet  which  appeared  in  1744  the  train 


was  divided  into  several  branches, sprea<lin;r 
out  from  the  head  like  the  blades  ut  mi  open 
fan.  The  train  is  not  stationary  relatively 
to  the  head,  but  is  subject  to  remarkable 
movements.  The  direction  in  which  it 
points  is  always  opposite  to  the  sun,  and  as 
the  comet  passes  its  perihelion  the  train 
changes  its  apparent  position  with  extra- 
ordinary velocity.  The  head  of  the  comet 
is  itself  of  different  degrees  of  luminosity, 
there  being  usually  a  central  core,  called 
the  nucleus,  of  greater  brilliancy  than  the 
surrounding  envelope,  called  the  coma.  The 
paths  in  which  comets  move  are  not,  like 
those  of  the  planets,  all  nearly  in  the  same 
plane  as  the  orbit  of  the  earth,  but  are  in- 
clined to  that  orbit  at  all  angles ;  and  the 
motion  of  the  comets  along  their  paths  is 
sometimes  direct,  that  is,  in  the  same  direc- 
tion as  that  of  the  earth  and  the  other 
planets,  sometimes  retrograde.  The  matter 
of  which  comets  is  composed  is  so  trans- 
parent that  the  faintest  stars  are  seen 
through  them  without  the  slightest  diminu- 
tion of  their  lustre,  and  in  one  instance  at 
least  was  shown  to  be  of  extreme  tenuity. 
This  was  in  the  case  of  the  comet  of  17711, 
which  became  entangled  among  the  satellites 
of  J  upiter  and  yet  exerted  no  disturbing  in- 
fluence on  their  course.  The  most  remark- 
able discovery  of  recent  times  regarding 
comets  is  the  identity  of  the  course  of  some 
of  them  with  the  orbit  of  curtain  showers 
of  shooting-stars.  This  was  first  demon- 
strated by  the  Italian  astronomer  Schiapa- 
relli,  who  proved  the  agreement  between 
the  or  bit  of  the  great  comet  of  1862  and  tint 
of  the  star-shower  seen  annually  about  Au- 
gust 9,  10.  It  is,  however,  denied  that  the 
comets  themselves  can  be  identified  with 
the  star-showers,  as  the  two  phenomena  me 
seen  in  different  parts  of  the  orbit,  and 
Zollner  has  suggested  that  comets  may  be 
the  fluid  portions  and  star-showers  the 
solid  fragments  of  a  larger  celestial  body. 
One  of  the  most  remarkable  comets  of  re- 
cent years  was  that  known  as  Donati's,  dis- 
covered by  Dr.  Donati  of  Florence  in  185s. 
It  was  very  brilliant  in  England  in  the  au- 
tumn of  that  year,  and  on  the  18th  of  Octo- 
ber was  near  coming  into  collision  with 
Venus.— Comet  wine,  wine  made  in  any  of 
the  years  in  which  comets  have  been  seen, 
and  supposed  in  consequence  to  have  a  su- 
perior flavour. 

The  old  gentleman  yet  nurses  some  few  bottles  of 
the  famous  comet  year  (i.e.  1811),  emphatically  called 
comet  wine.  Times  newspaper. 

Comet  (kom'et),  n.  A  game  at  cards. 
Southern. 

Cometarlum  (kom-et-a'ri-um),  n.  An  as- 
tronomical instrument  intended  to  repre- 
sent the  revolution  of  a  comet  round  the 
sun. 

Cometary  (kom'et-ar-i),  n.  Same  as  Comet- 
arium. 

Cometary  (kom'et-ar-i),  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
comet.  Coleridge. 

Comet-finder  (kom'et-find-er),  n.  In  astron. 
a  telescope  of  low  power,  but  with  a  wide 
field,  used  to  discover  comets. 

Cometic  (kom-et'ik),a.  Relating  to  a  comet. 

Cometographer  (ko-met-og'raf-er),  n.  One 
who  writes  about  comets. 

Cometography  (kom-et-og'ra-fi),  n.  'A  de- 
scription of,  or  treatise  on,  comets. 

Cometology  (kom-et-ol'o-ji),  n.  A  discourse 
on  comets;  that  branch  of  astronomy  which 
investigates  comets. 

Comet-seeker  (kom'et-sek-er),  n.  Same  as 
Coinet-jinaer. 

Comfit  (kum'flt),  n.  [Fr.  conjit,  pp.  of  con- 
Jire,  to  preserve,  to  make  into  a  sweetmeat, 
from  L.  conficere,  confectum,  to  accomplish 
— con,  together,  and  facie,  to  make.]  A  dry 
sweetmeat;  any  kind  of  fruit  or  root  pre- 
served with  sugar  and  dried;  a  ball  of  sugar 
with  a  seed  in  the  centre ;  a  bon-bon ;  a 
lollipop. 

Comfit  t  (kum'fit),  v.t.  To  preserve  dry  with 
sugar. 

The  fruit  which  does  so  quickly  waste  .  .  . 
Thou  comfitest  in  sweets  to  make  it  last.    Cotuity. 

Comfituret  (kum'flt-ur),n.   Same  as  Comfit. 

From  country  grass  to  comjitures  of  court, 

Or  city's  quelque-choses,  let  not  report 

My  mind  transport.  Donne. 

Comfort  (kum'fert),  v.t.  [O.E.  confort,  from 
O.Fr.  conforter,  to  comfort,  from  L.L.  con- 
fortare,  to  strengthen  much  —  con,  inteus., 
and  fortis,  brave.]  l.|  To  give  or  add 
strength  to;  to  strengthen;  to  invigorate; 
to  corroborate.  Wickliffe ;  Hooker.— 2.  '!<• 
raise  from  depression;  to  soothe  when  in 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


COMFORT 


519 


COMMANDATORY 


grief  or  trouble;  to  brine  solace  or  consola- 
tion to;  to  console;  to  cheer;  to  hearten;  to 
solace;  to  enliven. 


They  bemoaned  him  and  comforted  him  over  all        grow  together,  from  prefix  cnn,aild/fnvr,   (,, 
the  evil  that  the  Lord  had  brought  upon  him.  I     boil;  the  mime  being  given  on  account  of  the 


Comfrey,  Comfry  (kom'fri  or  kum'frl),  n. 
[Fr.  conferve,  L.  conferva,  from  conferveo, 
used  with  medical  signification  of  to  heal,  to 
grow  together,  from  prefix  con,and/cnvr,  to 


Job  xlii.  n. 
Comfort  your  sorrows ;  for  they  do  not  flow 
From  evil  done.  Tennyson. 

3.  To  relieve,  assist,  or  encourage:  now  only 
a  legal  term,  and  used  especially  of  the 
action  of  the  accessory  to  a  crime  after  the 
fact.  —  SVN.  To  cheer,  solace,  console,  re- 
vive, encourage,  inspirit,  gladden,  hearten, 
animate. 

Comfort  (kum'firt),  n.  1.  Relief  from  afflic- 
tion, sorrow,  or  trouble  of  any  kind;  solace; 
consolation  ;  as,  to  bring  comfort  to  the  af- 
flicted.—2.  A  state  of  quiet  or  moderate 
enjoyment,  resulting  from  the  possession  of 
what  satisfies  bodily  wants  and  freedom 
from  all  care  or  anxiety ;  a  feeling  or  state 
of  well-being,  satisfaction,  or  content. 

He  (Goldsmith)  had  the  means  of  living  in  com- 
fort  and  even  in  what  to  one  who  had  so  often  slept 
in  barns  or  on  balks  must  have  been  luxury. 

Afncattlay. 

3  That  which  gives  or  produces  such  feel- 
ings as  the  above;  that  which  furnishes 
moderate  enjoyment  or  content.  'My  son, 
the  comfort  of  my  age.'  Shak.—  4.  Support; 
assistance ;  countenance ;  encouragement : 
now  only  a  legal  term;  as,  an  accessory 
affords  aid  or  comfort  to  a  felon.  —  5.  A 
wadded  and  quilted  bed -cover.  [United 
states.] 


Comfortable  (kum'fert-a-bl),  a.  1.  Being  in 
a  state  of  ease  or  moderate  enjoyment,  as  a 
person  after  sickness  or  pain;  as,  I  now  feel 
comfortable.— i  Cheerful;  disposed  to  en- 
joyment. '  His  comfortable  temper  has  for- 
sook him.'  Sliak.  —  3.  Attended  with  com- 
fort ;  unattended  with  disquiet  of  body  or 
mind. 

Who  can  promise  him  a  comfortable  appearance 
before  his  dreadful  judge!  South. 

4.  Giving  comfort ;  affording  help,  ease,  or 
consolation ;  serviceable :  (a)t  of  persons. 

Be  comfortable  to  my  mother,  your  mistress,  and 
make  much  of  her.  Slut*. 

<b)  Of  things.  'A  comfortable  doctrine.' 
Shak.  'Comfortable  words.'  Shak. 

The  lives  of  many  miserable  men  were  saved,  and 
a  comfortable  provision  made  for  their  subsistence. 
Dryden. 

Comfortable  (kum'fert-a-bl),  n.  Same  as 
Comfort,  5.  [United  States.) 

Comfortableness  (kum'fert-a-bl-ues),  «. 
The  state  of  being  comfortable. 

Comfortably  (kum'fert-a-bli),  adv.  In  a 
comfortable  manner ;  (a)  with  ease  or  com- 
fort; as,  to  travel  comfortably.  (o)t  With 
cheerfulness. 

Hope  comfortably  and  cheerfully  for  God's  per- 
formance. Hammond. 

(c)  In  a  manner  to  give  comfort  or  consola- 
tion. 

Speak  ye  comfortably  to  Jerusalem.       Is.  xl.  2. 

Comforter  (kum'fert-er),  n.     1.  One  who 

comforts  or  consoles;  one  who  strengthens 

and  supports  the  mind  in  distress  or  danger. 

I  looked  for  comforters,  but  found  none. 

Ps  Ixix.  20. 

2.  The  Holy  Spirit,  whose  office  it  is  to  com- 
fort and  support  the  Christian. 

But  the  Comforter,  which  is  the  Holy  Spirit,  whom 
the  Father  will  scud  in  my  name,  he  will  teach  you 
all  things.  John  xiv.  26. 

3.  A  knit  woollen  fabric,  long  and  narrow, 
for  tying  round  the  neck  in  cold  weather ; 
a  sort  of  tippet  of  similar  fabric  worn  by 
females.— 4.  Same  as  Comfort,  5.    [United 
states.] 

Comfortful  (kum'fert-ful),  a.    Full  of  corn- 
Comfortless  (kum'fert-les),  a.    Without 
comfort;  without  affording  or  without  being 
attended  by  any  comfort;  (a)  of  persons. 

I  will  not  leave  you  comfortless.        John  xiv.  18. 

(6)  Of  things. 

Yet  shall  not  my  death  be  comfortless. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Where  was  a  cave,  ywrought  with  wondrous  art, 
Deep,. dark,  uneasy,  doleful,  comfortless.    Spenser. 

Comfortlessly  (kum'fert-les-li),  adv.  In  a 
comfortless  manner. 

Comf ortlessness  (kum'f 6rt-les-nes),n.  State 
or  quality  of  being  comfortless. 

Comfortment  t  (kum'fert-ment),  n.  Act  of 
administeringcomfort; entertainment.  'The 
gentle  comfortment  and  entertainment  of 
the  said  ambassador.'  Hackluyt. 

Comfortress  (kum'fert-res),  n.  A  female 
that  affords  comfort.  B.  Jonson.  [Rare.] 


healing  power  of  the  common  comfrey.  ]  A 
name  given  to  several  European  and  Asiatic 
plants  of  the  genus  Symphytum,  nat.  order 
Boraginaceae.  The  common  comfrey  (S.  o$- 
cimile)  was  formerly  in  high  repute  as  a 
vulnerary.  See  SYMPHYTUM. 
Comic  (kom'ik),  a.  [L.  comicus,  Or.  kSmilua. 
See  COMEDY.)  1.  Relating  to  comedy,  as 
distinct  from  tragedy. 

Thy  tragic  muse  gives  smiles,  thy  comic,  sleep. 
Dry  den. 

2.  Raising  mirth;    fitted  to  excite  merri- 
ment.   '  Mirthful  comic  shows. '   Shak.    [In 
this  sense  comical  is  now  more  common.] 
Comic  (kom'ik),  n.    A  comic  actor  or  singer; 
a  comical  person. 

My  chief  business  here  this  evening  was  to  speak 
to  my  friends  in  behalf  of  honest  Cave  Underhitl, 
who  has  been  a  comic  for  three  generations.  Tatter. 

Comical  (kpm'ik-al),  a.  1.  Relating  to  co- 
medy; comic.  [In  this  sense  comic  is  now 
more  common.] 

They  deny  it  to  be  tragical  because  its  catastrophe 
is  a  wedding,  which  Hath  ever  been  accounted 
comical.  Gay. 

2.  Exciting  mirth;  diverting;  sportive;  droll: 
said  of  persons  and  things ;  as,  a  comical 
fellow;  a  comical  story;  comical  manners. 
'  Comical  adventures. '  Dryden. 

Comicality  (kom-ik-al'i-ti),  n.  1.  Comical- 
ness;  ludicrousness.— 2.  That  which  ifl  comi- 
cal or  ludicrous. 

Comically  (kom'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  a  comical 
manner:  (a)  in  a  manner  befitting  comedy. 
Burton.  (6)  In  a  manner  to  raise  mirth; 
laughably;  ludicrously. 

Comlcalness  (kom'ik-al-nes).  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  comical;  the  power  or  quality 
of  raising  mirth.  Johnson. 

Comlcry  (kom'ik-ri).H.  Comicalness.  'Cheer- 
ful comicry.'  H.Giles.  [Rare.] 

Coming  (kum'ing),  p.  and  a.  1.  Drawing 
nearer  or  nigh;  approaching;  moving  to- 
ward; advancing;  future. 

'Tis  the  sunset  of  life  gives  me  mystical  lore. 
And  coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before. 
Campbell. 

1.  Next  in  the  future.     '  The  coming  morn.' 
Shak.— 3.  Forward;  ready  to  come.   [Rare.] 

That  very  lapidary  himse'f  with  a  comiitf  stomach, 
and  in  the  cock's  place  would  have  made  the  cock's 
choice.  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

How  coming  to  the  poet  every  muse.         Pope. 

Comlng-ln  (kum'ing-in),  n.  1.  Entrance; 
arrival;  introduction. 

The  ct>miti?.iii  of  this  mischief  was  sore  and  griev- 
ous to  the  people.  2  Maccab.  vi.  3. 

2.  t  Income;  revenue. 

What  arc  thy  rents  t    What  are  thy  comings-inl 


Skat. 

3  t  Submission;  compliance,    tlassinger. 
Coming-ont  (kum'iug-ou),  a.   Complaisant; 
willing  to  please. 

Now  I  will  be  your  Rosalind  in  a  more  coming-c 
disposition.  Sliait. 

Comlque  (korn-ek),  n.  [Fr.]  A  comic  actor 
or  singer. 

Comitla  (ko-mi'shi-a),  n.  pi.  [L.  coin,  to- 
gether, and  item,  supine  of  eo,  to  go;  lit. 
goings  together,  assemblies.  ]  In  Rom.  antiq 
assemblies  of  the  people.  These  were  of 
three  kinds:  the  comitia  mriata,  or  assem 
blies  of  the  patrician  houses  or  populus  in 
wards  or  curia);  the  comitia  centuriata,  or 
assemblies  of  the  whole  Roman  people,  in 
eluding  patricians,  clients,  and  plebeians 
in  centuries;  and  the  comitia  tributa,  or 
assemblies  of  the  plebeian  tribes  only. 

Comltial  (ko-mi'shi-al),  a.  1.  Relating  to 
the  comitia  or  popular  assemblies  of  the 
Romans  for  electing  officers  and  passing 
laws.  — 2.  Relating  to  an  order  of  Presby- 
terian assemblies.  Bp.  Bancroft. 
Comity  (kom'i-ti),  n.  [L.  eomitat,  from 
eomui,  mild,  affable.]  Mildness  and  suavity 
of  manners;  courtesy;  civility;  good  breed- 
ing. 

It  is  not  so  much  a  matter  of  comity  and  courtesy 
as  of  paramount  moral  duty. 

—Comity  of  nations  (comitas  gentium),  a 
phrase  adopted  in  international  law  as  the 
most  appropriate  to  denote  that  kind  of 
courtesy  by  which  the  laws  and  institutions 
of  one  state  or  country  are  recognized  and 
given  effect  to  by  the  government  ol  another 
within  its  territory. 

Comma  (kom'ma).n.  [Gr.  komma,  a  seg- 
ment, from  kopto,  to  cut  off.]  1.  In  printing, 
this  point  [,]  denoting  the  shortest  pause 


in  T.  :t'!:m  :m<l  s'  i>;ir:itiii^  a  sentence  into 
divisions  or  m<-Mil><Ts,  :u  roiling  to  ttic  ron 
struction.—  2.t  A  clause. 

In  tin-  igue  of  crimes,  adultery  and 

fornication  ale  found  In  the  nrM  i^mma. 

I..  Additon. 

3.  In  wmxi'c,  an  enharmonic  interval,  bi-ing 
the  difference  between  a  major  and  a  minor 
tone,  and  expressed  by  the  ratio  80:81. 
Command  (  koui-numd'  or  koin-nmii'l'),  v.t. 
\  Kr.  (-tiintnamier,  L.  commenatt,  to  intrust, 
later  to  enjoin,  to  command  coin  for  con, 
and  »iand«,  to  commit  to,  to  command  1 
1.  To  order  with  authority;  to  lay  injunction 
upon;  to  direct;  to  charge:  the  object  being 
either  that  which  is  enjoined,  as,  he  coin- 
inandeii  silence;  or  the  recipient  of  the  in- 
junction, as,  he  commanded  the  boys  to 
keep  silent.  —2.  To  have  or  to  exercise  su- 
preme authority,  especially  military  author- 
ity, over. 

Those  he  commands  move  only  in  commnnd. 
Nothing  in  love.  Shak. 

3.  To  have  in  power  or  within  a  sphere  of 
influence;  to  have  control  over. 

The  other  (key)  doth  command  a  little  door.  SHak. 
My  harp  would  prelude  woe — 
I  cannot  all  command  the  strings.       Ttnnyicn 

4.  To  dominate  through  position,  often  spe- 
cifically military  position ;  to  have  within 
the  range  of  the  eye;  to  overlook.     "The 
eastern  tower,  whose  height  command*,  as 
subject  all  the  vale.'    Sliak.    •  Bridges  com- 
manded by  a  fortified  house  '    Molten. 

One  side  commands  a  view  of  the  finest  garden  in 
the  world.  Addijon. 

6.t  To  direct;  to  send. 

The  Lord  shall  command  the  blessing  upon  thee. 
Deut.  xxviii.  8. 

6.  To  exact  or  compel  by  moral  influence; 
to  challenge;  to  claim;  as,  a  good  magistrate 
commands  the  respect  and  affections  of  the 
people.  —  7.  To  have  at  one's  disposal  and 
service. 

Such  aid  as  I  can  spare  you  shall  command.    Shak. 

STN.  To  bid,  order,  direct,  charge,  govern, 
rule,  control,  dominate,  overlook. 
Command  (kom-mand'  or  kom-mand'),  v.i. 

1.  To  act  as  or  have  the  authority  of  a  com- 
mander. 

Virtue  he  had,  deserving  to  command.      Shak. 

2.  To  exercise  influence  or  power.     'Not 
music  so  command*,  nor   so   the   muse.' 
Crabbe. 

Command  (kom-mand'  or  kom-mand'),  n. 
1.  The  right  or  power  of  governing  with 
chief  or  exclusive  authority;  supreme  power; 
control;  as,  he  takes  command  of  the  army 
in  France.  —2.  The  act  of  commanding;  ex- 
ercise of  authority  or  influence. 

Command  and  force  may  often  create,  but  can 
never  cure  an  aversion.  Locke. 

He  assumed  an  absolute  command  over  his  readers. 
Dryden. 

3.  The  thing  commanded;  a  commandment; 
mandate;  order. 

The  captain  gives  command.        Dryden. 

4.  Power  or  control,  as  from  holding  an  ad- 
vantageous military  position;  the  power  of 
overlooking  or  surveying  without  obstruc- 
tion; as,  the  troops  were  so  posted  as  to 
have  command  of  the  road.    'The  sleepy 
stand  which  overlooks  the  vale  with  wide 
command.'    Dryden.— S,.  A  body  of  troops, 
or  any  naval  or  military  force  under  the 
command  of  a  particular  officer.  -  Word 
of  command  (milit.),  the  technical  word  or 
phrase  employed  by  a  superior  officer  to 
soldiers  on  duty  commanding  what  they  are 
to  perform.— To  be  at  one's  command,  to  be 
at  one's  service.      'My  heels  are  at  your 
command.'     Shak.  —  SYN.   Control,    sway, 
power,  authority,  mandate,  order,  injunc- 
tion, charge,  direction,  behest. 

Commandable  (kom-mand'a-bl  or  kom- 
mand'a-bl),o.  Capable  of  being  commanded. 
N.  Grew.  [Rare.] 

Commandancy-general  (kom-mand'an-si 
(or  kom-mand'an-si)  jen'er-al),  n.  The  office 
or  jurisdiction  of  a  governor  of  a  Spanish 
province  or  colony. 

Commandant  (kom-mand' ant  or  kom- 
mand'ant),  n.  [Fr.  ]  A  commander;  a  com- 
manding officer  of  a  place  or  of  a  body  of 
forces.  'The  murder  of  commandantt  in 
the  view  of  their  soldiers.'  Burke. 

Commandatory  t  (kom-mand'a-tor-i  or 
kom-mand'a-tor-i),  a.  Having  the  force  of 
a  command. 

How  ammtndaUry  the  apostolic  authority  was. 
is  best  discernible  by  the  Apostle's  mandates  unto 
the  churches.  Bf.  Mtftm. 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go; 


j,job;     n.Fr.ton;     ng,  sinj;     IB,  tAen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  »Wg;    *h,  azure. 


COMMANDEDNESS 


520 


COMMENDAM 


Commandedness  t  (kom-mand'ed-nes),  n. 

state  of  Ijfin^  commanded.     llammond. 
Commander  (kom-mand'er  or  kom-mand'- 

er), i».     1.  A  chief;  one  who  has  supreme 

authority;  a  leader;  the  chief  officer  of  an 

army  or  of  any  division  of  it. 

I  hive  given  him  for  .  .  .  a  leader  and  commander 
tu  Hie  people.  Is.  lv.  4. 

Specifically  —  2.  Naut.  an  officer  next  in  rank 
above  lieutenant  and  under  the  captain. 
In  matters  of  etiquette  he  ranks  with  a 
lieutenant-colonel  in  the  army.  In  large 
vessels  there  is  a  commander  as  well  as 
captain,  but  in  sloops  and  vessels  of  that 
class  the  commander  is  the  highest  officer.  — 

3.  One  on  whom  is  bestowed  a  commandery. 

4.  A  heavy  beetle  or  wooden  mullet  used  in 
paving;  a  bishop.  —  5.  In  svrg.  a  disused  in- 
strument, like  a  box  or  cradle,  for  encasing 
injured    limbs  ;    a   glossocomium.  —  Com- 
mander-in-chief, the  highest  staff  appoint- 
ment in  the  British  army.    A  naval  com- 
mander-in-chief  is  the  flag-officer  who  com- 
mands the  squadron  or  fleet  in  a  particular 
ocean  district.  —  Chief,  Commander,  Leader, 
Head.    See  under  CHIEF. 

Commandership  (kom-mand'er-ship  or 
kom-mand'er-ship),  n.  The  office  of  a  com- 
mander. 

Cornmandery,  Commandry  (kom-mand'- 
er-i  or  kom-mand'er-i,  kom-mand'ri  or  kom- 
mand'ri),  n.  [Fr.  commanderie.]  1.  A  term 
used  in  several  senses  in  connection  with 
some  of  the  military  and  religious  orders. 
(n)  Among  several  orders  of  knights,  as  the 
Templars,  Hospitallers.  Ac.,  a  district  under 
the  control  of  a  member  of  the  order  (called 
a  commander  or  preceptor),  who  received 
the  income  of  the  estates  belonging  to  the 
knights  within  that  district,  and  expended 


4.  Ill  law,  an  order ;  a  direction ;  also  the 
olfence  of  inducing  another  to  transgress 
the  law  or  do  anything  contrary  to  it.—  Ten 
commandments,  slang  for  the  ten  fingers. 

Get  you  from  this  place, 

Or  I  will  set  my  ten  commandments  in  your  face. 
SAai. 

Commando  (kom-man'do),  n.  [D.  com- 
mando, lit.  a  command.  ]  A  military  expe- 
dition or  raid  undertaken  by  private  indi- 
viduals for  personal  ends;  more  specifically, 
the  name  given  to  the  quasi-military  expe- 
ditions undertaken  by  the  Dutch  boers  and 
English  farmers  of  South  Africa  against  the 
natives,  whence  the  word  seems  to  have 
come. 

If  the  natives  objected  a  commando  soon  settled 
the  matter.  A  commando  was  merely  a  new  name 
for  an  old  thing.  It  was  war  without  any  of  the 
usages  or  restraints  of  war.  Good  li'ordi. 

Commandress  (kom -mand 'res  or  kom- 
mand'res),  n.  A  woman  invested  with 
supreme  authority;  a  female  commander. 

Let  me  adore  this  second  Hecate, 

This  great  commandresi  of  the  fatal  sisters. 

Beau.  &  Ft. 

Commarkt  (com'mark),  n.  (O.Fr.  com- 
marqite,  L.L.  commarca,  commarcha,  &c. — 
com,  together,  and  marca,  marcha,  a  march, 
boundary,  from  G.  mark,  a  boundary  or 
march.  ]  The  frontier  of  a  country.  '  The 
cmnmark  of  S.  Lucar's. '  Shelton. 

Commaterialt  (kom-ma-te'ri-al),  o.  [Prefix 
com,  and  material.  ]  Consisting  of  the  same 
matter  with  another  thing. 

The  beaks  in  birds  are  commaterial  with  teeth. 
Bacon. 

Commatertality  t  (kom-ma-te'ri-al"i-ti),  n. 

The  fact  of  consisting  of  the  same  matter 

with  something  else. 
Comrnatic,  Commatlcal(kom-mat'ik,kom- 

mat'ik-al),  a.   [L.  commaticus.  See  COMMA.] 


remembrance  of  something.  'A  sacrifice 
commemorative  of  Christ's  offering  up  his 
body  for  us.'  Ilainuionil. 

Commemorator  (kom-mem'or-ut-er),  n. 
One  who  commemorates. 

Commemoratory  (kom-mem'o-ra-tor-i),  a 
Serving  to  preserve  the  memory  of.  Bp. 
Hooper. 

Commen,t  Comment  (kom'men.kom'mon), 
v.i.  To  commune;  to  discourse  together 
Spenser. 

Commence  (kom-mens').  v.i.  pret.  &  pp 
commenced;  ppr.  commencing.  [Fr.  com- 
mencer.  It.  cominciare,  from  'a  (hypotheti- 
cal) L.L.  eominitiare  —  L.  prefix  com,  and 
initiare,  to  begin.  See  INITIATE.)  1.  To 
begin;  to  take  rise  or  origin;  to  have  first 
existence;  as,  this  empire  commenced  at  a 
late  period. 

Thy  nature  did  commence  in  sufferance,  time 
Hath  made  thee  hard  in't.  Shak. 

2.  To  begin  to  be,  as  in  a  new  state  or  char 
acter. 


If  wit  so  much  from  ign'rance  undergo, 
Ah  1  let  not  learning  too  commence  its  foe. 


Pope. 


part  for  his  own  use  and  accounted  for  the  j    Brief.  Conci8e.  having  8nort  clau9e8  O'r  Ben.J 
rest ;  in  England,  more  especially  applied  |    tences     [Rare  ] 

[See 


to  a  manor  belonging  to  the  priory  of  the 
Knights  Hospitallers  or  Knights  of  St.  John 
of  Jerusalem,  (b)  In  certain  religious  orders, 
as  those  of  St.  Bernard  and  St.  Anthony,  the 
district  under  the  authority  of  a  dignitary 
called  a  commander. 

The  commanderies  .  .  .  were  so  prudently  ad- 
ministered, that  a  Urge  surplus  from  their  revenues 
was  annually  remitted  to  enrich  the  treasury  of  the 
order.  Prescott. 

(c)  The  office  or  dignity  of  a  commander.— 

(d)  A  house,  technically  called  a  '  cell,'  for 
collecting  the  demesne-rents  of  a  comman- 
dery,  serving  also  as  a  home  for  veteran 
members  of  the  order.  —  2.  A  district  or  ter- 
ritory under  the  administration  of  a  gov- 
ernor or  commander.    [Eare  in  this  general 
sense.] 

The  country  is  divided  into  four  commanderies 
under  so  many  governors.  Brougham. 

Commanding  (kom  -mand  'ing  or  kom- 
niand'ing),  a.  1.  Directing  with  authority, 
governing;  bearing  rule;  exercising  supreme 
authority;  as.acomi/Mmdi'njjofflcer.—  2.  Con- 
trolling by  influence,  authority,  or  dignity; 
as,  a  man  of  commanding  manners;  a  com- 
manding eloquence.—  3.  Dominating;  over- 
looking a  wide  region  without  obstruction; 
as,  a  commanding  eminence.  —  4.  Imperious; 
domineering.  '  Coin  manding  wives.  '  Quarles. 
-mand'ing-li  or  kom- 
a  commanding  man- 
ner. 

Commanditaire  (kom-moh-de-tar),)i.  [Fr] 
A  sleeping  partner  in  a  joint-stock  com- 
pany, who  is  only  liable  to  the  extent  of  the 
capital  he  invests  ;  a  partner  of  a  limited 
liability  company. 

Commandlte  (kom-moh-det),  ».  [Fr.]  A 
partnership  in  which  one  may  advance 
capital  without  taking  an  active  part  in  the 
management  of  the  business,  and  be  exempt 
from  responsibility  for  more  than  he  put 
into  it;  limited  liability.  J.  S.  Hill. 

Commandless  (  kom  -  mand  '  lea  or  kom- 
miind'les),  a.  Ungoverned  ;  ungovernable. 
'That  their  commandlesn  furies  might  be 
staid.'  Ueywood.  [Eare.] 

Commandment  (kom-mand'ment  or  kom- 
mand'ment),  ».  1.  A  command;  a  mandate; 
an  order  or  injunction  given  by  authority; 
charge;  precept. 

A  new  com 
one  another. 


.      oi  .  . 

Commandlngly  (kom-mand'ing-li  or  kom- 
mand'ing-li),  oat1.     In 


andment  I  give  unto  yon,  that  ye  love 
John  xiii.  34. 


2.  A  precept  of  the  decalogue  at  Mount 
Sinai;  one  of  the  laws  given  by  God  to  the 
Israelites.  Ex.  xxxiv.—  3.  Authority;  com- 
mand; power  of  commanding. 

I  thought  that  all  things  had  been  savage  here. 

And  therefore  put  I  on  the  countenance 

Of  stern  commandment.  SHak 


Commatlsm  t  (kom'mat-izm),  „.  IOOT 
above.]  Briefness;  conciseness  in  writing; 
shortness  or  abruptness  of  sentences.  '  COT/I- 
matism  of  the  style.'  Horttley. 

Commeasurable  (kom-mezh'ur-a-bl),  n 
[Prefix  com,  and  measurable.]  Reduciblr 
to  or  having  the  same  measure;  commen- 
surate; equal,  /z.  Walton. 

Commeasure  (kom-mezh'ur),  t>.  t.  To  coin- 
cide with;  to  lie  co-extensive  with. 

Until  endurance  grow 

Sinew'd  with  action,  and  the  full-grown  will, 
Circled  thro'  all  experiences,  pure  law, 
Commeature  perfect  freedom.  Tennyson. 

Commelinacese,  Commelynaceae  (kom'- 
uie-li-na"se-e),  n.  pi.  [After  J.  &  G.  Cowi- 
melyn,  Dutch  botanists.)  A  nat.  order  of 
herbaceous  endogens,  natives  of  warm  cli- 
mates, characterized  by  flowers  with  three 
petals,  two  large  and  one  small,  three 
sepals  opposite  the  carpels,  and  a  trochlear 
embryo.  The  spider-wort  (Tradescantia 
virginiana)  belongs  to  this  family.  Some 
of  the  species  of  the  genus  Commelyna  have 
tuberose  fleshy  rhizomes  which  are  used  as 
food. 

Commemorable  (kom-mem'or-a-bl),  o. 
Memorable ;  worthy  to  be  remembered  or 
noticed  with  honour.  Johnson. 

Commemorate  (kom-mem'or-at),  ».«.  pret. 
&  pp.  commemorated;  ppr.  commemorating. 
[L.  commemoro—com,  and  memoro,  to  men- 
tion. See  MEMORY.)  To  preserve  the 
memory  of  by  a  solemn  act;  to  celebrate 
with  honour  and  solemnity;  to  honour,  as  a 
person  or  event,  by  some  act  of  respect  or 
affection,  intended  to  preserve  the  remem- 
brance of  that  person  or  event;  as,  the 
Lord's  supper  is  designed  to  commemorate 
the  sufferings  and  dying  love  of  our  Saviour. 

Commemoration  (kom-mem'o-ra"shon).  n. 
The  act  of  commemorating  or  calling  to  re- 
membrance by  some  solemnity;  the  act  of 
honouring  the  memory  of  some  person  or 
event  by  solemn  celebration;  thus,  the  feast 
of  the  passover  among  the  Israelites  was  an 
annual  commemoration  of  their  deliverance 
from  Egypt. 

The  Church  of  England,  though  she  asked  for  the 
intercession  of  no  created  being,  still  set  apart  days 
for  the  commemoration  of  some  who  had  done  and 
suffered  great  things  for  the  faith.  Macaulay. 

—Commemoration-day,  in  the  University  of 
Oxford,  the  day  on  which  the  annual  so- 
lemnity in  honour  of  the  benefactors  of  the 
university  is  held,  when  orations  are  deli- 
vered, and  prize  compositions  are  read  in 
the  theatre,  and  honorary  degrees  conferred 
upon  distinguished  persons.  It  is  the  great 
day  of  festivity  for  the  year. 
Commemorative  (kom-mem'or-at-iv),  o. 
Tending  to  commemorate  or  preserve  the 


3.  To  take  a  degree,  or  the  first  degree,  in  a 
university  or  college.  See  COMMENCEMENT. 
[It  may  be  mentioned  that  neither  commence 
nor  commencement  occurs  in  the  Bible  or  in 
Milton's  poems.) 

Commence  (kom-mens'),  v.t.  pret.  <fc  pp. 
commenced;  ppr.  commencing.  To  begin 
to  enter  upon  ;  to  perform  the  first  act  of; 
as,  to  coinmence  operations;  to  commence  a 
suit,  action,  or  process  in  law.  '  Did  com- 
mence rough  deeds  of  rage.'  Shak.  -The 
acts  commenced  on  this  ball  of  earth.'  Sha/r. 
(To  commence  to  do  something  is  not  good 
English.) 

Commencement    (kom-mens'ment),    n. 

1.  The  act  or  fact  of  commencing;  begin- 
ning; rt*e;  origin;  first  existence;  as,  the 
commencement  of  new  style  in  1752. 

It  was  a  violent  commencement.  Sha&. 

2.  In  Cambridge  University,  the  day  when 
masters  of  arts  and  doctors  receive  their 
degrees.     In   the  colleges  of   the   United 
States,  the  day  when  students  are  made 
bachelors  of  arts,  and  when  the  degree  of 
master  of  arts  and  the  honorary  degrees  of 
doctors  in  the  professions   are   also  con- 
ferred. 

Commend  (kom-mendO,  v.t.  [L.  commendo. 
to  commit  to  one's  charge,  to  commend  to 

—  com,  and  mando,  to  commit  to.  The  same 
word  as  command  with  a  different  significa- 
tion.)   l.t  To  commit;  to  deliver;  to  intrust 
or  give  in  charge. 

Father,  into  thy  hands  I  commend  my  spirit. 

Luke  xxiii.  46. 

2.  To  represent  as  worthy  of  confidence,  no- 
tice, regard,  or  kindness;  to  commit  to  one's 
favour,  or  favourable  attention;  to  recom- 
mend; to  set  forward  for  notice:  with  re- 
flexive pronoun  sometimes  to  call  for  notice 
or  attention;  as,  this  subject  commends  it- 
self to  our  careful  attention. 

I  commend  \itAo  you.  Phebe  our  sister.  Rom.  xvi.  i. 

—  Commend  me,  a  familiar  formula  expres- 
sive of  approval  or  preference. 

Between  the  Mussulman  and  the  Pharisee  com- 
mend me  to  the  first.  Dicttni. 

3.  To  praise;  to  mention  with  approbation. 

The  Lord  commended  the  unjust  steward. 

Luke  xvi.  8. 

4.  To  mention  by  way  of  keeping  in  memory; 
to  send  greeting  or  compliments  from. 

Signior  Antonio 
Commends  him  to  you.  sha£. 

SYN.  To  commit,  intrust,  deliver,  applaud, 
recommend,  praise,  extol,  laud. 
Commend  (kern-mend"),  v.i.    To  approve; 
to  praise. 

Nor  can  we  much  commend  if  he  fell  into  the  more 
ordinary  track  of  endowing  charities  and  founding 
monasteries.  Brougham. 

Commend  t  (kom-mend'),  n.  Commenda- 
tion ;  compliments  ;  greeting.  '  Tell  her  I 
send  to  her  my  kind  commend*.  '  Shak. 

Commendable  (kom-mend'  a-  bl;  formerly 
kom'mend-a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being  com- 
mended or  praised  ;  worthy  of  approbation 
or  praise;  laudable. 

Sure,  sure,  such  carping  is  not  commendahlr. 

Shak. 

Commendableness(kom-mcnd'a-bl-nes),  n. 
State  of  being  commendable. 

Commendably  (kom-mend'a-bli),  adv.  In 
a  commendable  or  praiseworthy  manner. 

Commendam(kom-mend'am),n.  [L.L.J  An 
ecclesiastical  beneflce  or  living  commended 
by  the  crown  or  head  of  the  church  to  the 
care  of  a  qualified  person  to  hold  till  a 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      V,  8c.  ley. 


COMMENDATARY 


COMMINGLE 


proper  pastor  is  provided,  the  term  being 
usually  applied  to  a  living  retained  in  this 
wuy  by  a  bishop  after  he  has  ceased  to  be 
an  incumbent,  and  therefore  should  have 
liivttn  up  his  benefice,  the  benefice  being 
said  to  IK*  held  in  cominendttm.  By  0  and 
7  Win.  IV.  the  holding  of  livings  in  com- 
incndam  was,  for  the  future,  .abolished.  '  Dis- 
pensations, exemptions,  commendaina,  an- 
nates,  tenths.'  Milinan. 

There  was  some  sense  for  commendams;  at  first 
when  then.*  was  a  living  void,  and  never  n.  clerk  to 
serve  it,  the  bishops  were  to  keep  it  till  they  found  a 
fit  man  ;  but  now  it  is  a  trick  for  the  bishop  to  keep 
it  for  himself.  Seiden. 

Commendatary  ( kom  -  mend '  a  -  tar  -  i ) ,  a. 

Holding  in  cmnincndam. 
Commendatary  (koin-mend'a-tar-i),  n.  One 

who  holds  a  living  in  commendain. 
Commendation  (kom-inend-a'shon),  n,    [L. 

commenttatio.]    1.  The  act  of  commending; 

praise;  favourable  representation  in  words; 

declaration  of  esteem. 

Need  we,  as  some  others,  epistles  of  commendation! 
a  Cor.  iii.  i. 

2.  That  which  commends  or  recommends; 
ground  of  esteem,  approbation,  or  praise. 

Good  nature  is  the  most  godlike  commendation  of 
A  man.  Dryden. 

3.  Service;  respects;  greeting;  message  of 
love. 

Mrs.  Page  hath  her  hearty  commendations  to  you 
too.  Shak, 

— Commendation  ninepence,  a  bent  silver 
ninepenny  piece  formerly  used  as  a  love 
token. 

Like  commendation  niiiepence,  crooked, 
With  '  To  and  from  my  love,'  it  looked. 

Hudibras. 

Commendator  (kom-mend'a-ter),  n.  One 
who  holds  a  benefice  in  commendam.  In 
Scotland,  in  Roman  Catholic  times,  the 
commendator  was  a  secular  person  by  whom 
the  fruits  of  a  benefice  were  levied  during 
a  vacancy.  He  was  properly  a  steward  or 
trustee;  but  the  pope  assumed  the  power 
of  appointing  them  for  life,  without  any 
obligation  to  account.  This  led  to  a  prohi- 
bition (1466,  iii.) of  all  commendams  except- 
ing those  granted  by  bishops  for  a  term  not 
exceeding  six  months. 

Commendatory  (kom-mend'a-tor-i),  a. 
1.  Serving  to  commend ;  presenting  to  fav- 
ourable notice  or  reception ;  containing 
praise;  as,  a  commendatory  letter. — 2.  Hold- 
ing a  benefice  in  commendam ;  as,  a  com- 
mendatory bishop.  —  Commendatory  prayer. 
In  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  a  prayer  in 
the  service  for  the  visitation  of  the  sick, 
read  over  a  person  at  the  point  of  death. — 
Commendatory  letters,  letters  written  by 
one  bishop  to  another  in  behalf  of  any  of 
the  clergy  or  others  of  his  diocese,  travel- 
ling, that  they  may  be  received  among  the 
faithful. 

Commendatory  (kom-mend'a-tor-i),  n. 
Commendation;  eulogy.    South. 
Commender  (kom-mend'er),  n.    One  who 
commends  or  praises. 

Commensal  (kom-men'sal),  n.  [L.  com,  with, 
and  menxa,  table.]  l.t  One  that  eats  at  the 
same  table.  Chaucer;  Bp.  Hall.  -2.  One  of 
two  animals  or  plants  that  are  always  found 
together;  an  animal  which  lives  on  or  in 
another,  without  being  parasitic,  thus  the 
Pinnotheres  or  pea-crabs  live  within  the 
cavity  of  shell-fish,  and  find  their  food  in 
the  water  introduced  for  the  benefit  of 
their  host. 

Commensal  (kom-men'sal),  a.    Having  the 
character  of  a  commensal.     See  the  noun. 
Commensalism  (kom-men'sal-izm),  n.  The 
state  of  being  commensal.    See  COMMEN- 
SAL, n. 

Commensalityt  (kom-men-sal'i-ti),  n.  Fel- 
lowship at  table;  the  act  or  practice  of  eat- 
ing at  the  same  table.  'Promiscuous  coiii- 
mensality.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 
Commensation t  (kom-men-sa'shon),  n. 
Eating  at  the  same  table.  'Pagan  commen- 
sation.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 
Commensurability,  Common  surable- 
ness  (kom-men'su-ra-bil"i-ti,  kom-men'su- 
ra-bl-nes),  n.  The  state  of  being  commen- 
surable, or  of  having  a  common  measure. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Commensurable  ( kom-men'su-ra-bl ),  a. 
[Fr,  from  prefix  com,  and  L.  inensura,  mea- 
sure. See  MEASURE.}  Having  a  common 
measure  ;  reducible  to  a  common  measure. 
Thus  a  yard  and  a  foot  are  commensurable, 
as  both  may  be  measured  by  inches.  Com- 
mensurable numbers  are  those  which  may 
be  measured  or  divided  by  another  number 


without  a  remainder ;  ;ia  12  and  18,  which 
may  be  measured  by  6  and  3. 

Commensurably  (koiu-men'su-ra-bli),  ado. 
In  a  coniim-nsiiriiblu  manner. 

Commensurate  ( kom men'su-rat ),  a.  [L. 
prefix  cum,  and  iHensura,  measure.)  1.  Re- 
ducible to  a  common  measure.— 2.  Of  uipial 
size;  having  the  same  bounduries.  'The 
inferior  commissariats  which  had  usually 
been  commensurate  with  the  dioceses.' 
Chambers'*  Ency,  —  3.  Corresponding  in 
amount,  degree,  or  magnitude;  adequate; 
as,  we  find  nothing  in  this  life  commensur- 
ate to  our  desires. 

When  shall  we  return  to  a  sound  conception  of  the 
right  to  property — namely,  as  being  official,  implying 
and  demanding  the  performance  of  commensurate 
duties?  Coleridge. 

Commensurate  (kom-men'su-rat),  v.t.  pret. 
<fc  pp.  commensurated ;  ppr.  commensitrat- 
ing.  l.  To  reduce  to  a  common  measure. 
Sir  T.  Browne.— 2,  To  adapt;  to  proportion- 
ate. '  Commensurating  the  forms  of  absol- 
ution to  the  degrees  of  preparation  and 
necessity. '  Fuller. 

Conimensurately  (kom-men'su-rat-li),  adv. 
In  a  commensurate  manner;  so  as  to  be  com- 
mensurate; correspondingly;  adequately. 

Commensuratenes8(kom-men'su-rat-nes), 
n.  State  or  quality  of  being  commensur- 
ate. 

Commensuration(kom-men'su-ra"shon).n. 
Proportion ;  a  state  of  having  a  common 
measure. 

All  fitness  lies  in  a  particular  commensitriitiott,  or 
proportion  of  one  thing  to  another.  South. 

Comment  (kom-ment').  v.i.  {L.  commentor, 
to  cast  in  the  mind,  think,  devise,  compose, 
from  comment  us,  pp.  of  commimKor,  to  re- 
flect on,  to  devise— com,  with,  together  with, 
and  the  stem  vim,  Been  in  me  mini,  to  re- 
member, and  in  E.  mind.]  To  make  remarks 
or  observations,  either  on  a  book  or  writing, 
oron  actions,  events,  or  opinions;  especially, 
to  write  notes  on  the  works  of  an  author, 
with  a  view  to  illustrate  his  meaning,  or  to 
explain  particular  passages;  to  explain;  to 
annotate.  *  And  comment  then  upon  his 
sudden  death.'  Sltak.  'I  must  translate 
and  comment.'  Pope. 

Critics,  having  first  taken  a  liking  to  one  of  these 
poets,  proceed  lo  comment  on  him  and  illustrate  him. 
Dryden. 

Comment  ( kom-ment' ),  t.t.  To  comment 
on;  to  expound. 

T  hU  was  the  text  commented  by  Chrysostom  and 
Theodoret.  Jtfet'ts. 

Comment  (kom'ment),  n,  1.  A  remark  or 
observation;  a  remark  or  note  in  writing; 
especially,  a  note  intended  to  illustrate  a 
writing  or  a  difficult  passage  in  an  author; 
annotation;  explanation;  exposition.  'All 
the  volumes  of  philosophy,  with  all  their 
comments.'  Prior.  — 2.  Talk;  discourse. 

She  hated  all  the  kniyhts,  and  heard  in  thought 
Their  lavish  comment  when  her  name  was  named. 
Tennyson. 

Commentt(kom-ment').  v.t.  [L.  commentior, 
to  invent  or  devise  a  falsehood—  coin,  anil 
mentior,  to  lie,  from  same  root  as  cowmen- 
tor.  See  COMMENT,  v.t.]  To  feign;  to  devise. 
Spenser. 

Commentary  (kom'ment-ar-i),  n.  1.  A 
series  or  collection  of  comments  or  annota- 
tions; explanation  of  difficult  and  obscure 
passages  in  an  author.  — 2.  An  historical  nar- 
rative; a  memoir  of  particular  transactions; 
as,  the  Commentaries  of  Ciusar. 

Commentary  (kom'ment-ar-i),  v.t.  To 
write  notes  or  comments  upon.  [Rare.] 

Commentate  (kom-ment'at),  t?.i.  To  make 
comments;  to  write  a  commentary  or  anno- 
tations. 'Commentate  upon  it  and  return 
it  improved.'  Lamb.  (Rare.] 

Commentation  (kom-ment-a'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  one  who  comments;  annotation. 

The  spirit  of  commentation  turns  to  questions  of 
taste,  of  metaphysics  and  morals,  with  far  more 
avidity  than  to  physics.  It'heweU. 

Commentative  (kom-ment'a-tiv),  a.  Mak- 
ing or  containing  comments. 

Commentator  (kom'ment-n-ter),  n.  One 
who  writes  a  commentary;  one  who  writes 
annotations;  an  expositor;  an  annotator. 

How  commentators  each  dark  passage  shun, 
And  hold  their  farthing  candles  to  the  sun. 

Young. 

Commentatorlal  (kom-ment'a-td"ri-al),  a. 
Relating  to  or  characteristic  of  commenta- 
tors. Whewell. 

Commentatorship  (kom'ment-a-ter-ship), 
n.  The  office  of  a  commentator. 

Commenter,  Commentor  (kom'ment-er), 


n.  1,  Ola-  that  I'oNihn-nts  <>r  ncikr*  ivmuik* 
2.  t  A  commentator  or  annotator. 

As  slily  as  any  commentfr  goc*  by 

Hard  words  and  be  use.  l\inne. 

Commentitioust  (kom-meii-tl'uhiiM.  n     \  \ 
comnuntitiiu,  fritin  t-n,,,,,,.  /,/,-,,•   t,,  n,.    <,.,. 
COKintHT,  rt.  to  feign.]  Invented;  feigned: 
imaginary. 

To  gather  up  the  sparks  of  truth  and  itii<!.- 
cull  out  what  btfMMMMNmt.  .I/,.,-,  „ 

Commentyt  (kum'men-ti),n.  l.  Community 
Ihtnh/ii'f  I. COBUBOUHj;  OQBMBOB  p<  npli- 

Commerce  (kom'mcrs.  formerly  kom  n 
n.     [Fr.  commerce,  L.  cotn /«•/. 
together  with,  and  merx,  MMftt  "i.i.han 
disc.]    1.  An  interchange  of  goods  nierrh;iu 
disc,  or  property  of  any  kind  between  coun- 
tries or  communities;  mi-rcaiitilu  pursuita: 
trade;  traffic;  as,  the  commerce  between 
Britain  and  the  I'nited  States;  to  he  en- 
gaged in  commerce,   'Any  country  that  hath 
commerce  with  the  rest  of  the  world.'  Locke 

2.  Social  intercourse  between  individuals; 
mutual  dealings  in  common  life     '  In  th» 
ordinary  commerce  and  occurrences  of  life.' 
Addison.  —  Z.  Carnal   intercourse  between 
the  sexes.  — 4.  A  game  at  cards  wlm-h  i- 
played  by  exchanging  or  bartering  cards.- 
SYN.    Trade,    traffic,  dealing,  intercourse, 
communion,  communication. 

Commerce  (kom-mers'),  P.I.  l.t  To  traffic 
to  carry  on  trade.  Sir  W.  Raleigh.- -Z.  To 
hold  intercourse;  to  commune. 

Hid  his  face 

From  all  men,  and  commercing  with  himself, 
He  lost  the  sense  that  handles  daily  life. 

Tennyson. 

Commerceless  (kom'mere-les),  a.  Destitute 
of  commerce.  *  The  savage  MMMtmriMi 
nations  of  America.'  Dean  Tucker.  [Rare.  | 

Commercer  ( kom-mers'er ),  n.  One  who 
traffics  or  holds  intercourse  with  another. 
W.  Wontaaite. 

Commercial  (kom-mer'shal),  a.  1.  Pertain 
ing  to  commerce  or  trade ;  as,  commercial 
concerns;  cuftiT/ifrcml  relations.—  2.  Carrying 
on  commerce;  as,  a  commercial  nation. - 

3.  Proceeding  from  trade;   as,  commercial 
benefits  or  profits. —  Commercial  law.  that 
which  relates  to  trade,  navigation,  maritime 
contracts,  such  as  those  of  insurance,  bot- 
tomry, bills  of  lading,  charter  parties,  sea 
men's  wages,  general  average,  and  also  to 
bills  of  exchange,  bills  of  credit,  factors  and 
agents.     The  body  of  rules  constituting  ttm 
law  is  substantially  tin-  same  throughout 
Europe  and  in  the  I'nited  States;  the  rules. 
treatises,  and  decisions  of  one  country  an- 1 
one  age  being  in  general  applicable  to  the 
questions  arising  in  any  other.  —  Commercial 
room,  in  hotels,  a  room  set  apart  for  tin 
accommodation  of  commercial  travellers;  n 
public  room. 

Commercially  (kom-mei-'shal-li),  adv.  In  a 
commercial  view  or  manner. 

Commerciatet  (kom-mer'shi-at),  v.i.  To 
have  commerce;  to  hold  intercourse;  to  as- 
sociate. Dr.  G.  Cheque.  [Rare.] 

Commere  t  (kom'mar),  n.  [Sc.  entntnfr, 
kimmer,  from  Fr.  commere,  gossip,  from 
L.  cum,  with,  and  mater,  a  mother.]  A 
gossip:  a  goody;  a  godmother. 

Commigrate  (kom'mi-grat),  v.i.  [L.  com- 
migro—eom,  and  migro,  to  migrate.]  To 
migrate  together;  to  move  in  a  body  from 
one  country  or  place  to  another  for  permn- 
nent  residence.  Johnson.  [Rare.] 

Commigration  (kom-mi-gra'shon),  «.  Tht 
act  of  migrating  in  a  body.  'Commigratian* 
or  removals  of  nations.'  Hake  will.  [Rare.  I 

Comminatet  (kom'mi-nat).  M.  [L.  coinmi- 
nor,  comminatus,  to  threaten  —  com,  toge- 
ther, and  minor, tu  threaten.]  Tothreaten; 
to  denounce.  G.  Hardingc. 

Commi nation  (kom-nn'-na'shon),  n.  [L. 
cvmminatio—com,  and  minatio,  a  threaten- 
ing, from  minor,  to  threaten.  See  M KNACK.  1 

1.  A  threat  or  threatening;  a  denunciation 
of  punishment  or  vengeance.     'With  ter- 
rible combinations  to  all  them  that  did  re- 
sist.'   Foxe.    '  Those  thunders  of  commina- 
tion  which  not  unfrequently  roll  from  ortho- 
dox pulpits. '     7*.    Taylor.     Specifically 

2.  An  office  in  the  liturgy  of  the  Church  of 
England,  appointed  to  be  read  on  Ash  Wed- 
nesday or  on  the  first  day  of  Lent,  contain- 
ing a  recital  of  God's  anger  and  threaten- 
ings  towards  sinners. 

Comminatory  (kom-min'a-tor-i).n.  Threat- 
ening; denouncing  punishment.  /.'  Jonn&n. 

Commingle  (kom-ming'gl).  v.t.  or  i.  pret.  <t 
pp.  commingled;  ppr.  commingling.  [Prefix 
com,Mitlmmgle.]  To  mix  together;  to  mingle 
in  one  mass  or  intimately;  to  blend.  'Coin- 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  dng\      TH,  then;  th,  (Ain:     w,  trig;    wh,  u-Aig;    zh,  azure.-See  KKV. 


COMMINUATE 


522 


COMMISSURE 


mingled  with  the  gloom  of  imminent  war.' 
Tennyson. 

Dissolutions  of  gum  tragacaiilh  and  oil  of  sweet 
lUmonds  do  not  commingle.  Bacon. 

Comminuatet   (kom-min'u-at),  v.  t.     For 
cuniininute.     Quoted  by  Latham. 
Comminuiblet  (kom-min-fll-bl),  a.    [See 
below,]    Reducible  to  powder. 

The  best  diamonds  are  comminuible. 

Sir  T.  Browne. 

Comminute  (kom'mi-nut),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
comminuted;  ppr.  comminuting.  [L.  coin- 
tuintio,  comminutwn,  to  make  small— com, 
with,  and  minuo,  to  lessen;  root  mm,  as  in 
minor,  less.  ]  To  make  small  or  fine ;  to  re- 
duce to  minute  particles  or  to  a  fine  pow- 
der by  breaking,  pounding,  rasping, or  grind- 
ing; to  pulverize;  to  triturate;  to  levigate. 

Those  (fishes)  that  form  this  genus  .  .  .  feed 
chiefly  on  shell-fish,  which  they  comminute  with 
their  teeth  before  they  swallow  them.  Pennant, 

Comminuted,  Comminute  (kom'mi-nut- 
ed,  kom'mi-nut),  a.  Divided  into  very  small 
parts;  in  aury.  broken  or  smashed  into  small 
parts;  characterized  by  such  breaking. 

A  comminuted  fracture  is  one  in  which  the  bone  is 
broken  into  a  number  of  pieces.  Dunglison. 

Comminution  (kom-mi-nu'shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  comminuting  or  reducing  to  a  fine 
powder  or  to  small  particles;  pulverization; 
in  sura,  the  fracture  of  a  bone  into  a  num- 
ber of  pieces.— 2. t  Attenuation  or  diminu- 
tion by  small  abstractions. 

In  fusion  there  is  manifestly  a  comminution  of  the 

melted  body.  Boyle. 

Commiserable  t  (kom-miz'er-a-bl),  a.  [See 
COMMISERATE.]  Deserving  of  commisera- 
tion or  pity ;  pitiable ;  capable  of  exciting 
sympathy  or  sorrow.  'This  noble  and  coin- 
miserable  person,  Edward.'  Bacon. 

Commiserate  (kom-miz'er-at),  v.t.  pret.  & 
pp.  commiserated;  ppr.  commiserating.  [L. 
coinmiseror—com,  and  miseror,  to  pity.  See 
MISERABLE.]  1.  To  feel  sorrow,  pain,  or 
regret  for,  through  sympathy;  to  compas- 
sionate; to  pity:  applied  to  persons  or 
things;  aa,  to  commiserate  a  person  or  his 
condition. 

\\"e  should  commiserate  those  who  groan  beneath 
the  weight  of  age,  disease,  or  want. 

Sir  J.  Denkam. 

2.t  To  regret;  to  lament;  to  be  sorry  for. 

We  should  commiserate  our  ignorance,  and  en- 
deavour to  remove  it.  Locke. 

SYN.TO  pity,  compassionate,  feel  for,  lament, 
condole  with. 

Commiseration  (kom-miz'er-a"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  commiserating;  a  sympathetic  suffer- 
ing of  pain  or  sorrow  for  the  wants,  afflic- 
tions, or  distresses  of  another ;  pity ;  com- 
passion.—SYN.  Pity,  compassion,  sympathy, 
fellow-feeling,  tenderness,  concern. 

Commiserative  (kom-miz'er-a-tiv),a.  Com- 
passionate, lip.  Hall.  [Rare.] 

Commiseratively(kom-miz'er-a-tiv-li),ady. 
In  a  compassionate  manner ;  with  compas- 
sion. Sir  T.  Overbury. 

Commiserator  (kom-miz'er-a-ter),  n.  One 
who  commiserates  or  pities.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Commissarlal  (kom -mis-sa'ri-al),  a.  [See 
COMMISSARY.]  Pertaining  to  a  commissary. 

Commissariat  (kom-mis-sa'ri-at),  n.  [Fr. 
See  COMMISSARY.]  1.  The  department  of 
an  army  whose  duties  consist  in  supplying 
transports,  provisions,  forage,  camp  equi- 
page, «fcc.,  to  the  troops;  also,  the  body  of 
officers  in  that  department.  In  1858  and 
1859  the  British  commissariat  was  reor- 
ganized, and  remained  a  war-office  depart- 
ment, under  a  commissary-general-in-chief, 
until  1870,  when  it  was  merged,  with  other 
supply  departments,  in  the  control  depart- 
ment, which  performs  all  the  civil  adminis- 
trative duties  of  the  army. — 2.  The  office  or 
employment  of  a  commissary.  — 3.  In  Scot* 
law,  the  jurisdiction  of  a  commissary;  the 
district  of  country  over  which  the  authority 
or  jurisdiction  of  a  commissary  extends. 
See  extract. 

The  inferior  commissariats,  which  had  usually 
been  commensurate  with  the  dioceses,  had  been 
abolished  by  a  previous  statute,  each  county  being 
erected  into  a  separate  commissariat,  of  which  the 
sheriff  is  commissary.  Chamber*"*  Ency. 

Commissary  (kom'mis-sar-i),  n.  [Fr.  com- 
missaire,  L.L.  commissarius,  one  to  whom 
any  trust  or  duty  is  delegated,  from  L.  com- 
mitto,  commissum,  to  commit,  intrust  to — 
com,  and  mitto,  mi&sum,  to  send.]  1.  In  a 
general  sense,  a  commissioner;  one  to  whom 
is  committed  some  charge,  duty,  or  office 
by  a  superior  power ;  one  who  is  sent  or 
delegated  to  execute  some  office  or  duty  in 
the  place,  or  as  the  representative,  of  his 


superior.— 2.  Eccles.  an  officer  of  the  bishop 
who  exercises  spiritual  jurisdiction  in  re- 
mote parts  of  a  diocese,  or  one  intrusted 
with  the  performance  of  the  duties  in  the 
bishop's  absence.— 3.  InScottt  law,  the  judge 
in  a  commissary-court;  in  present  practice, 
the  sheriff  of  each  county  acting  in  the  corn- 
mi  SSary -COUrt.  St'u  CnM.MISSARY-COURT.— 

4.  Milit.  a  name  given  to  officers  or  officials 
of  various  kinds,  especially  to  officers  of  the 
commissariat  department,  and  in  the  Eng- 
lish army  also  to  officers  in  the  ordnance 
store  department.  A  commissary  general 
ranks  with  a  major-general,  a  deputy  com- 
missary general  with  a  colonel,  a  commis- 
sary with  a  major,  a  deputy  commissary 
with  a  captain,  an  assistant  commissary 
with  a  lieutenant.  In  the  United  States, 
an  officer  whose  duty  is  to  furnish  food  for 
the  army  is  called  the  commissary  of  subsis- 
tence. 

Commissary-court  (kom'mis-sar-i-kort),  n. 
In  Scot*  law,  (a)  a  supreme  court  established 
in  Edinburgh  in  the  sixteenth  century,  to 
which  were  transferred  the  duties  formerly 
discharged  by  the  bishops'  commissaries. 
It  had  jurisdiction  in  actions  of  divorce, 
declarator  of  marriage,  nullity  of  marriage, 
and  the  like.  Its  powers  having  come  gra- 
dually to  be  conjoined  with  those  of  the 
Court  of  Session,  the  court  was  abolished  in 
1836.  (6)  A  sheriff  or  county  court  which 
decrees  and  confirms  executors  to  deceased 
persons  leaving  personal  property  in  Scot- 
land,and  discharges  relative  incidental  func- 
tions. The  sheriff,  as  judge  of  this  court, 
is  called  commissary,  and  the  county  over 
which  the  court  has  jurisdiction  a  commis- 
sariat. 

Commissary  -  general  (kom'mis-sar-l-jen'- 
er-al),  n.  The  head  of  the  commissariat. 
See  COMMISSARY. 

Commissaryship  (kom'mis-sar-I-ship),  n. 
The  office  of  a  commissary. 

Commission  (kom-mi'shon),  n.  [L.  com- 
mi&tio,  commissionis,  a  letting  go  together; 
L.L.,  a  delegation  of  any  business  to  one,  a 
commission  —  L.  com,  together,  and  mitto, 
iftitmum,  to  send.  ]  1.  The  act  of  com- 
mitting :  (a)  the  act  of  doing  something 
wrong;  the  act  of  perpetrating;  as,  the  com- 
mission of  a  crime.  (&)  The  act  of  intrust- 
ing, as  a  charge  or  duty.— 2.  The  thing  com- 
mitted, intrusted,  or  delivered;  specifically, 
the  warrant  by  which  any  trust  is  held,  or 
any  authority  exercised;  as,  (a)  a  warrant 
granted  by  the  crown  or  by  pailiament  to  a 
person,  or  to  a  body  of  persons,  to  inquire 
into  and  report  on  any  subject  (6)  The 
document  issued  by  the  crown  to  officers  in 
the  army  and  navy,  judges,  justices  of  the 
peace,  and  others,  conferring  authority  to 
perform  the  various  duties,  (c)  A  writ 
which  issues  from  a  court  of  law  for  various 
purposes  such  as  the  taking  of  evidence 
from  witnesses  who  are  unable  to  appear  in 
court.  'A.  Charge;  order;  mandate;  autho- 
rity given. 

Me  bore  his  great  commission  in  his  look.    Drydeit. 

4.  By  a  metonymy,  A  number  of  persons 
joined  in  nn  office  or  trust ;  hence,  to  put 
into  commixxion,  to  intrust  to  some  special 
or  extraordinary  administrator  or  adminis- 
trators, the  ordinary  administration  being 
in  abeyance. 

On  the  7th  ofjanuary,  1687,  the  Gaxette  announced 
to  the  people  of  London  that  the  Treasury  was  put 
into  commission.  Macautay. 

5.  In  com.  (a)  the  state  of  acting  under  autho- 
rity in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  goods  for 
another;  position  or  business  of  an  agent; 
agency.  To  trade  or  do  business  on  commis- 
sion is  to  buy  or  sell  for  another  by  his  au- 
thority.  (6)  The  allowance  made  to  a  factor 
or   commission-merchant    for   transacting 
business.— 6.t  [Probably  from  Sp.  camison, 
a  long  wide  shirt,  from  camisa,  a  shirt,  Fr. 
che.nise.]    A  shirt.     (Slang.] 

A  garment  shifting  in  condition. 
And  in  the  canting  tongue  is  a  commission. 

John  Tavlor. 

—Commission  of  bankruptcy,  a  commission 
formerly  issued  by  the  lord -chance  11  or,  ap- 
pointing and  empowering  certain  persons  to 
examine  into  the  facts  relative  to  an  alleged 
bankruptcy,  and  to  secure  the  bankrupt's 
lands  and  effects  for  the  creditors.—  Com- 
mission of  delegates.  Same  as  Court  of  De- 
legates (which  see  under  DELEGATE).- Co»t- 
mission  of  lunacy  is  a  commission  issuing 
from  the  Court  of  Chancery  to  authorize  an 
inquiry  whether  a  person  is  a  lunatic  or 
not.  —  Commission  or  commissioned  officer. 
See  COMMISSIONED.  —  Commission  of  the 


peace,  a  commission  issuing  under  the  great 
seal  for  the  appointment  of  justices  of  the 
peace.  —  To  put  a  ship  into  comni'isswn,  in 
the  royal  navy,  to  equip  and  man  it  and 
send  it  out  on  service.  —  SYN.  Charge,  war- 
rant, authority,  mandate,  office,  agency,  per- 
centage, brokerage,  allowance. 
Commission  (kom-mi'shon),  v.i.  1.  To  give 
a  commission  to ;  to  empower  or  authorize 
by  commission. 

He  (Moie^)  was  even  then  commissioned  by  God 
governor  of  Israel.  South, 

2.  To  send  with  a  mandate  or  authority. 

A  chosen  band 
He  first  commissions  to  the  Latin  land.     Dryden. 

SYN.  To  appoint,  depute,  authorize,  em- 
power. 

Commission  -agent  (kom-mi'shon-a-jent), 
n.  One  who  buys  or  sells  goods  for  another 
on  commission. 

Commissionaire  (kom-mes-yon-ar),  n.  [Fr] 
An  attendant  attached  to  hotels,  who  per- 
forms certain  miscellaneous  services,  such 
as  attending  the  arrival  of  railway-trains 
and  steamboats  to  secure  customers,  look- 
ing after  luggage,  &c. ;  also  a  kind  of  mes- 
senger or  light  porter  in  general ;  thus  in 
some  large  towns  bodies  of  commissionaires 
have  been  organized,  drawn  from  the  ranks 
of  military  pensioners. 

CommissionaJ,Cominissionary(koin-mi'- 
shon-al,  kom-mi'shon-ar-i),  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  commission ;  conferring  a  commission  or 
conferred  by  a  commission.  'The  king's 
letters  commigsional.'  Le  Kece.  '  Cominis- 
sionary  authority.'  Bp.  Ball.  [Rare.] 

Commissionate  t  (kom-mi'shon-at),  v.t.  To 
authorize.  Dr.  If.  More. 

Commission-day  (kom-mi'shon-da),  n.  The 
opening  day  of  tlie  assizes. 

Commissioned  (kom-mi'shond),  p.  and  a. 
Furnished  with  a  commission;  empowered; 
authorized;  as,  a  commissioned  officer.— 
Commissioned  officers,  in  the  army  and 
navy,  are  officers  who  hold  commissions 
from  the  crown,  in  distinction  from  non- 
commissioned officers,  as  sergeants,  <$rc. 

Commissioner  (kom-mi'shon-er),  n.  l.  One 
who  commissions. —2.  A  person  included  in 
a  warrant  of  authority;  one  who  has  a  com- 
mission or  warrant  from  proper  authority  to 
perform  some  office  or  execute  some  busi- 
ness for  the  person  or  government  which 
employs  him  and  gives  him  authority.  '  Itin- 
erary commissioners  to  inspect,  through- 
out the  kingdom,  into  the  conduct  of  men 
in  office.'  Swift.  Specifically,  (a)  an  officer 
having  charge  of  some  department  of  the 
public  service,  which  is  put  into  commission. 
('0  A  steward  or  private  factor  on  an  estate, 
who  holds  a  power  from  his  constituent  to 
manage  affairs  with  full  authority.  —  8.  A 
commissionaire.  —  4.  One  of  the  persons 
elected  to  manage  the  affairs  of  a  police 
burgh  or  non-corporate  town  in  Scotland, 
corresponding  to  a  bailie  or  town-councillor 
in  a  corporate  town.  —  Commissioners  of  au- 
dit. See  A  u  DIT. — Bankruptcy  commissioners. 
See  BANKRUPTCY.— Charity  commissioners, 
a  body  exercising  authority  over  all  chari- 
ties in  England  and  Wales,  except  those  in 
the  city  of  London. —  Civil-service  commis- 
sioners, a  body  appointed  to  superintend 
the  examination  of  candidates  for  situations 
in  public  offices. — Commissioners  nf  justici- 
ary, the  judges  of  the  High  Court  of  Justi- 
ciary of  Scotland,  consisting  of  the  lord 
justice  -  general,  the  lord  justice  -  clerk, 
and  five  judges  of  the  Court  of  Session. — 
Lords-commissioners  of  the  treasury.  See 
TREASURER. —The  Lord  U iyh-commissioner 
to  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Church  of 
Scotland  is  the  representative  of  the  sove- 
reign in  that  assembly.— Commissioners  of 
supply,  in  Scotland,  commissioners  ap- 
pointed to  assess  the  land-tax  and  to  appor- 
tion the  valuation  according  to  the  provi- 
sions of  the  Valuation  of  Lands  Act,  within 
their  respective  counties. — Commissioners 
of  Teinds.  See  TEINDS. 

Commission -merchant  (kom-mi'shon- 
mer-chant),  n.  Same  as  Commission-agent. 

Commissionship  (kom-mi'shon-ship),  n. 
The  office  of  a  commissioner.  [Rare  and 
erroneous  form.] 

He  got  his  commissionship  in  the  great  contest  for 
the  county.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Commissive  (kom-mis'siv),  a.  Committing. 
Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

Commissural  (kom-mis-sur'al),  a.  Belong- 
ing to  a  commissure,  or  a  line  or  part  by 
which  other  parts  are  connected  together. 

Commissure  (kom'mis-sur),  n.  [Fr.  com- 
missure, from  L.  commissura,  a  joining  to- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


COMMIT 


523 


COMMON 


guther,  joint,  seam  — com,  together,  ami 
initto,  miasuin,  to  send.]  A  joint,  seam, 
or  closure;  the  place  where  two  bodies  ur 
parts  of  a  body  meet  and  unite;  a  junc- 
ture; specifically,  (a)  in  anat.  a  suture  of 
the  cranium  or  skull;  the  angles  formed  by 
the  eyelids,  lips,  &c,,  at  the  place  of  union; 
;ilso  applied  to  certain  bands  of  nervous 
matter  connecting  the  two  hemispheres  of 
the  cerebrum  or  true  brain,  (b)  In  arch. 
the  joints  of  two  stones  or  application  of 
the  surface  of  one  to  that  of  another,  (c)  In 
boL  the  line  or  place  of  junction  of  two 
opposite  carpels,  as  in  the  parsnip,  caraway, 
Arc. 

Commit  (kom-mit'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  commit- 
ted; ppr.  committing.  [L.  oommitto,  to 
make  over  in  trust,  to  set  to  work,  do  wrong 
-com,  together,  and  initto,  to  send.]  1.  To 
give  in  trust;  to  put  into  charge  or  keeping; 
to  intrust;  to  surrender,  give  up,  consign: 
with  to,  '  Commit  him  to  the  grave.'  Shale. 

The  tilings  that  thou  hast  heard  of  me  among 
many  witnesses,  the  iame  commit  thou  to  faithful 
men.  3  Tun.  ii.  2. 

—To  commit  one's  self  to  anything  or  to  do 
anything,  to  speak  or  act  in  such  a  manner 
as  virtually  to  bind  one's  self  to  a  certain 
line  of  conduct;  as,  he  has  committed  hiin- 
xelf  to  support  the  foreign  policy  of  the 
government.  Hence,  without  a  complemen- 
tary phrase —2.  To  expose  or  endanger  by  a 
preliminary  step  or  decision  which  cannot 
be  recalled;  to  compromise:  generally  with 
reflexive  pronouns;  as,  to  commit  one's  «elf. 

You  might  have  satisfied  every  duty  of  political 
friendship  without  committing  the  honour  of  your 
sovereign.  Junius. 

The  general  addressed  letters  to  Gen.  Gates  and 
to  Gen.  Heath,  cautioning  them  against  any  sud- 
den assent  to  the  proposal,  which  might  possibly  be 
considered  as  committing-  the  faith  of  the  United 
Suites.  Marshall's  Life  of  Washington. 

3.  To  put  into  or  send  for  confinement;  to 
imprison. 

These  two  were  committed,  at  least  restrained  of 
their  liberty.  Clarendon, 

4.  To  refer  or  intrust  to  a  committee  or 
select  number  of  persons  for  their  consider- 
ation and  report :  a  term  in  legislation ;  as, 
the  petition  or  the  bill  is  committed. — 5.  To 
do  something  wrong ;  to  perpetrate ;  as,  to 
commit  murder,  treason,  felony,  or  trespass: 
sometimes  used  jocularly  of  doing  something 
indifferent  or  praiseworthy. 

He  had  always  a  great  notion  of  committing  the 
amiable.  Dickens. 

6.  To  join  or  put  together  for  a  contest;  to 
match:  followed  by  with:  a  Latinism.  [Rare.  ] 
How  .  .  .  does  Philopolis  .  .  .  commit  the  oppo- 
nent with  the  respondent.  Dr.  11.  More. 

7.t  To  confound.  'Committing  short  and 
long  quantities.'  Milton.  —  To  commit  to 
memory,  to  learn  by  heart— intrust,  Com- 
mit, Consign.  Intrust,  to  put  into  the  care 
of  another,  implying  a  degree  of  confidence 
in  the  person  to  whom  the  trust  is  given ; 
commit,  to  give  into  the  care  of  another, 
implying  some  sort  of  formality  in  the  act ; 
conttit/n,  to  give  over  to  another  in  the  most 
positive  manner  and  with  formality,  imply- 
ing that  the  thing  given  over  passes  entirely 
into  another's  charge. 

Committ  (kom-mif),  v.  i.  To  be  guilty  of  in- 
contiuency. 

Commit  not  with  man's  sworn  spouse.        Sha&. 

Commitment  (kom-mit'ment),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  committing:  (a)  the  act  of  delivering 
in  charge  or  intrusting;  committal.  (&)  The 
act  of  delivering  in  charge  to  the  authori- 
ties of  a  prison ;  a  sending  to  or  putting  in 
prison;  imprisonment;  as,  the  commitment 
of  a  person  to  the  Tower  or  to  Newgate. 

In  this  dubious  interval,  between  the  commitment 
and  trial,  a  prisoner  ought  to  be  used  with  the  utmost 
humanity.  Blacbstone. 

(c)  The  act  of  referring  or  intrusting  to  a 
committee   for  consideration :   a    term    in 
legislation;  as,  the  commitment  of  a  petition 
or  a  bill  to  a  committee  for  consideration 
and  report. 

The  Parliament  .  .  .  which  thought  this  petition 
worthy  not  only  of  receiving,  but  of  voting  tazcommit- 
mtitt.  Milton. 

(d)  The  act  of  perpetrating;  commission. 
Clarendon,   (e)  The  act  of  pledging  or  engag- 
ing one's  self;  as,  the  writer's  commitment 
to  the  theory  of  spontaneous  generation.— 
2.  An  order  for  confining  in  prison:  more 
often  termed  a  Mittimus. 

Committable  (kom-mit'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  committed.  South. 

Committal  (kom-mit'al),  n.  The  act  of  com- 
mitting in  all  its  senses;  commitment;  com- 


iiiissiiui;  as,  tin-  committal  of  a  trust  to  a 
person,  of  a  body  to  the  grave,  of  a  criminal 
to  prison ;  the  committal  (compromising, 
betrayal,  exposure)  of  one's  self;  commit- 
tal of  a  person  to  prison;  but  tin;  MmnUf- 
*i»n  rather  than  the  committal  of  offences. 
Committee  (kom-miffl),  n.  [From  commit.] 

1.  One  or  more  persons  elected  or  appointed 
to  attend  to  any  matter  or  busings  referred 
to  them  either  by  a  legislative  body,  or  by  a  | 
court,  or  by  any  corporation,  or  by  any  so-  \ 
ciety  or  collective  body  of  men  acting  toge-  j 
ther.  In  parliament,  when  a  committee  con- 
sistsof  the  whole  members  of  the  body  acting 
in  a  different  capacity  from  that  which  usu-  , 
ally  belongs  to  them  it  is  called  a  committee 
of  the  whole  house,  the  business  of  which  is 
conducted  under  somewhat  different  regu-  | 
lations  from  those  under  which  the  business 
of  the  house  when  not  in  committee  is  car- 
ried on.     Familiar  examples  of  committees 
of  the  whole  house  are  committees  of  sup- 
ply and  committees  of  wai/s  and  means.  \ 
The  functions  and  duties  of  the  former  re-  i 
late  to  the  expenditure  of  the  nation,  and 
those  of  the  latter  to  the  funds  by  which  ! 
such  expenditure  is  to  be  sustained.  —Stand- 
ing committees  are  such  as  continue  during 
the  existence  of  parliament,  and  to  these 
are  committed  all  matters  that  fall  within 
the  purposes  of  their  appointment,  as  the 
committee  of  elections  or  of  privileges,  &c. 
—Select  committees  are  appointed  to  con- 
sider and  report  on  particular  subjects.— 

2.  (pron.  kom-mit-te'.)   In  law,  one  to  whom 
the  care  of  an  idiot  or  a  lunatic  is  com- 
mitted, the  lord-chancellor  being  the  com- 
inittor. 

Committee-man  (kom-mit'e-man),  n.  A 
member  of  a  committee. 

Committee-room  (kom-mit'e-rom),  n.  A 
room  in  which  a  committee  holds  its  meet- 
ings. 

Committeeship  (kom-mit'e-ship),  n.  The 
office  of  a  committee.  Milton. 

Coramitter  (kom-mit'er),  n.  1.  One  who 
commits;  one  who  does  or  perpetrates. — 
2.t  A  fornieator;  an  adulterer. 

If  all  committees  stood  in  a  rank,  they'd  make  a 
lane  in  which  your  shame  might  dwell.  Dtkker. 

Committiblet  (kom-mit'i-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  committed.  'Mistakes  committible.'  Sir 
T.  Browne.  [Rare.] 

Committor  (kom-mit-tor'),  n.  See  COMMIT- 
TEE, 2. 

Commix  (kom-miks'),  v.t.  or  i.  [L.  commis- 
ceo,  commixtus—com,  together,  and  misceo, 
to  mix.  See  Mix.]  To  mix  or  mingle;  to 
blend.  'Boldly  commixing  with  the  clouds 
of  heaven.*  J.  Baillie. 

I  have  written  ag.iiust  the  spontaneous  generation 
of  frogs  in  the  clouds,  or  on  the  earth  out  of  dust  and 
rain-water  cammixed.  Ray. 

Commixion  t  (kom-mik'shou),  n.  Same  as 
Commiastton, 

Commixtion  (kom-miks'tyon),  n.  1.  Mix- 
ture; a  blending  of  different  ingredients  in 
one  mass  or  compound.  [Rare.] 

Were  thy  commixtion  Greek  and  Trojan  so 
Thnt  thou  should'st  say,  'This  hand  is  Grecian  all. 
And  this  is  Trojan.'  Shak. 

2.  In  Scottt  law,  the  blendingof  different  sub- 
stances belonging  to  different  proprietors, 
as  two  kinds  of  com,  giving  rise  to  certain 
questions  regarding  rights  of  property. 

Commixture  (kom-miks'tur),  n.  l.  The  act 
of  mixing;  the  state  of  being  mingled;  the 
blending  of  ingredients  in  one  mass  or  com- 
pound; mingling;  incorporation.  'The com- 
mixture of  any  thing  that  is  more  oily  or 
sweet.'  Bacon.  4A  commixture  of  truth.' 
7z.  Walton.— 2.  The  mass  formed  by  mingl- 
ing different  tilings ;  composition ;  com- 
pound. Bacon. 

Commodate  (kom'mo-dat),  n.  [L.  cotnmo- 
datum,  a  loan.]  In  law,  a  species  of  loan,  : 
gratuitous  on  the  part  of  the  lender,  by 
which  the  borrower  is  obliged  to  restore 
the  same  individual  subject  which  was  lent, 
in  the  same  condition  in  which  he  received 
it. 

Commodationt  (kom-mo-da'shon),  n.  Con- 
venience ;  utility  ;  adaptation  for  use.  Sir 
M.  Hale. 

Commode  (kom-mod'),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L. 
commodus,  convenient.  See  COMMODIOUS.] 
1  A  kind  of  head-dress  formerly  worn  by 
ladies.— 2.  A  chest  of  drawers,  often  with 
shelves  and  other  conveniences  added.— 

3.  A  night-stool.— 4.  t  A  procuress;  a  bawd. 

Commodious  (kom-mo'di-us),  a.  [L.L.  com- 
modiosus,  convenient,  useful,  from  L.  co«i- 
tnodus,  useful— com,  together,  and  modus, 


in- '.i-ni-f,  mode  ]  1  t  Suitable;  lit;  proper; 
ilhi-flll  ;  hvrvireaM'-;  hriiHlriitl  ;  mm  riiiciit 

in  it  gL'iieral  sen&e     'Wine  and  ni;iuv  thinirs 
(•1st-    OMRMOdlMM     for    mankind'      /.'" 
"J'lit;  oeean,  iin^i  i;,,,nu<,<lionx  for  t  rattle  to 
all  parts  of  the  world.'    Camden. 

If  they  think  we  ou^-lit  tn  prove  ihc  cerm 
PMUPMnMU  they  do  greatly  deceive  tlitn. 

!.  Roomy  and  convenient;   spacious  and 

MMtiilile;  as,  a  r<>y, ,;„,,</»,/[<*  dwelling;  a  < 
nintfiitti*  harbour.  -  SYS.  Convenient,  11111- 
ulilt;,  lit,  proper,  useful,  ci.nifi.i  tni>l>' 
CommodiouBlyikoiii-mo'di-u4-li).adv.  i.  So 
as  to  lie  commodious;  as,  a  house  cwnwli 
imitlff  constructed. —2. t  Suitably;  usefully; 
serviceably;  conveniently. 

Wisdom  may  have  framed  one  and  the  «me  thing 
to  serve  cotnmoduusly  for  divers  ends.  Hooker. 

3.  t  Agreeably ;  comfortably.    '  To  pass  com- 

otodwubf  this  life. '    MUton. 
Commodious  ness  (kom-mo'di-us-nes),  n. 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  commodious ; 

suitableness  for  its  purpose ;  convenience ; 

fitness;  as,  the  commodtovtrneitx  of  a  house. 

'  The    commodious  new    of    the    harbour. ' 

Johnson. 
Commoditablet  (kom-mod'it-a-bl),  a.    Fit 

for  purchase  or  sale.    Quoted  by  Fitzedicard 

Hall. 
Commodity  (kom-mod'i-ti),  n.     [Fr.  com- 

modite,  convenience,  commodity ;  L.  cotn- 

moditas,  fitness,  convenience.  See  COM- 
MODIOUS.] 1. 1  Profit;  advantage;  interest. 

'The   incommodities  and   commodities  of 

usury.'    Bacon. 

I  will  turn  diseases  to  commodity.  Shak. 

Howsoever  men  may  seek  their  own  commodity, 
yet  if  this  were  done  with  injury  unto  others,  it  was 
not  to  be  suffered.  Mocker. 

•J  I  Convenience;  opportunity;  suitableness; 
commodiousuess. 

Travellers  turn  out  of  the  highway,  drawn  cither 
by  the  commodity  of  a  footpath,  or  the  delicacy  or 
the  freshness  of  the  fields.  B.  Jensen, 

3.  What  is  useful ;  specifically,  an  article 
of  merchandise ;  anything  movable  that  is 
bought  and  sold,  as  goods,  wares,  produce 
of  land  and  manufactures. 

Some  olTcr  me  commodities  to  buy.  Shak. 

Commodities  are  movables,  valuable  by  money,  the 
common  measure.  Loikt. 

4.t  Quantity  of  wares;  parcel;  supply. 

Now  love,  in  his  next  commodity  of  hair,  send  tliee 
a  beard!  Skak. 

—  Commodity  of  brown  paper,  a  phrase  much 
used  by  the  old  dramatists  to  signify  worth- 
less goods  taken  in  payment  by  needy  persons 
who  borrowed  money  of  usurers. 

Here's  young  master  Rash ;  he's  in  (prison)  for  a 
commodity  of  br&ivn  f,ifer  and  old  ginger:  nine 
score  and  seventeen  pounds.  SbaA. 

Commodore  (kom'mo-dor),  n.  [Either 
from  Sp.  comendador,  a  commander;  or, 
according  to  Marsh,  from  Pg.  capitdo  inor, 
superior  captain.]  1.  An  officer,  generally 
a  captain,  holding  a  temporary  commission 
with  a  rank  between  that  of  captain  and 
admiral,  who  commands  a  ship  or  detach- 
ment of  ships  in  the  absence  of  an  admiral. 
2.  A  title  given  by  courtesy  to  the  senior 
captain  when  three  or  more  ships  of  war 
are  cruising  in  company. —  3.  The  senior 
captain  of  a  line  of  merchant  vessels.  — 

4.  The   president   of  a  yachting   club.  — 

5.  The  convoy  or  leading  ship  in  a  fleet  of 
merchantmen,  which  carries  a  light  in  her 
top  to  conduct  the  other  ships. 

Commodulation  t  (kom-mod'u-la"shon),  n. 
[Prefix  com,  with,  and  modulation.]  Pro- 
portion. Hakeicill. 

Conunoignet  (kora'moln),  n.  [O.Fr.,  from 
L.L.  commonachiis— prefix  com.  and  mono- 
chus,  a  monk.  See  MONK.]  A  monk  of  the 
same  convent.  Selden. 

Commolition  (kom-mo-li'shon),  n.  [L.  com, 
with,  and  mow,  molitun,  to  grind.]  The 
act  of  grinding  together.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Common  (kom'mon),  a.  [From  Fr.  com- 
mun,  L.  communis  —  com,  together,  and 
munis,  ready  to  be  of  service,  obliging.] 

1.  Belonging  or  pertaining  equally  to  more 
than  one,  or  to  many  indefinitely ;  as,  life 
and  sense  are  common  to  man  and  beast ; 
the  common  privileges  of  citizens;  the  com- 
mon wants  of  men.   *  The  common  enemy  of 
man.'    Shak. 

One  writes  that  'other  friends  remain,* 
That  *  Loss  is  common  to  the  race.'     Tennyson. 

2.  Belonging  to  all,  that  is,  either  to  the 
human  race  generally,  or  to  all  the  people 
of  a  certain  country,  region,  or  locality; 
general;  universal;  public.     'The  common 


ch,  chain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go; 


j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  tAen;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


COMMON 


524 


COMMONPLACE-BOOK 


The  Book  of  Common  Prayer  is  used  also 
by  the  English  speaking  Episcopal  churches 
in  Scotland,  Ireland,  America,  and  the  colo- 
nies, as  well  as  by  some  non-episcopal  bodies, 
with  or  without  certain  alterations.  -Co?n- 
mnn  seal,  a  seal  used  by  a  corporation  as 
the  symbol  of  their  incorporation.  —  Com- 
mon sense,  (a)  t  a  supposed  sense  which  was 
held  to  be  the  common  bond  of  all  the  others. 
(6)  Sound  practical  judgment;  the  natural 
sagacity  or  understanding  of  mankind  in 
general,  in  contradistinction  to  the  endow- 
ments of  genius  or  the  acquisitions  of  learn- 
ing; good  sense  in  relation  to  common  things 
or  business. 

There  is  a  certain  degree  of  sense  which  is  neces- 
sary to  our  heinjf  subjects  of  taw  or  government, 
capable  of  managing  our  own  affairs,  and  answerable 
for  our  conduct  to  others.  This  is  called  common 
sense,  because  it  is  common  to  all  men  with  whom 
we  can  transact  business.  Reid. 

Common  sense  (the  philosophy  of)  is  that  philoso- 
phy which  accepts  the  testimony  of  our  faculties  as 
trustworthy  within  their  respective  spheres,  and 
rests  all  human  knowledge  on  certain  first  truths  or 
primitive  beliefs,  which  are  the  constitutive  elements 
or  fundamental  forms  of  our  rational  nature  and  the 
regulating  principles  of  our  conduct.  Fleming. 

— Common  sergeant,  a  judicial  officer  of  the 
corporation  of  the  city  of  London ;  an  as- 
sistant to  the  recorder.  —  Common  time,  in 
music,  time  or  rhythm  with  two,  four,  or 
eight  beats  to  a  bar.  Called  also  Double  or 
Duple  Time. --In  common,  equally  with 
another,  or  with  others ;  to  be  equally  used 
or  participated  by  two  or  more ;  as,  tenants 
in  common;  to  provide  for  children  in  com- 
mon; to  assign  lands  to  two  persons  in 
common,  or  to  twenty  in  common;  we  en- 
joy the  bounties  of  Providence  in  common. 
—Cffmatt>n,  General,  Universal.  Common 
merely  denotes  what  may  frequently  be 
met  with,  or  what  is  ordinary,  but  it  does 
not  necessarily  imply  a  majority ;  general, 
stronger  than  common,  implies  a  majority ; 
universal  and  general  are  related  to  one 
another  as  the  whole  to  the  part;  general 
includes  the  greater  part  or  number,  or 
admits  of  exceptions ;  universal  takes  in 
every  individual,  and  admits  of  no  excep- 
tions. 

Common  (kom'mon),  n.  1.  A  tract  of 
ground,  the  use  of  which  is  not  appropriated 
to  an  individual,  but  belongs  to  the  public 
or  to  a  number. — 2.  In  law,  (a)  an  open 
ground,  or  that  soil  the  use  of  which  belongs 
equally  to  the  inhabitants  of  a  town  or  of  a 
lordship,  or  to  a  certain  number  of  proprie- 
tors. ('<)  The  profit  which  a  man  has  in  the 
land  of  another,  (c)  A  right  which  a  person 
lias  to  pasture  his  cattle  on  land  of  another, 
or  to  dig  turf,  or  catch  fish,  or  cut  wood,  or 
the  like;  called  common  of  pasture,  of  tur- 
bary, of  piscary,  and  of  estovers.  Common, 
or  right  of  common,  is  said  to  be  appendant, 
appurtenant,  because  of  vicinage tor  ingross. 
Common  appeniiant  is  a  right  belonging  to 
the  owners  or  occupiers  of  arable  land  to 
put  commonable  beasts  upon  the  lord's 
waste,  and  upon  the  lands  of  other  persons 
within  the  same  nmiiur.  This  is  a  matter 
of  most  universal  right.  Common  appur- 
tenant may  be  annexed  to  lauds  in  other 
lordships,  or  extend  to  other  beasts  besides 
those  which  are  generally  commonable:  this 
is  not  of  common  right,  but  can  be  claimed 
only  by  immemorial  usage  and  prescription. 
Common  because  <if  vicinage,  or  neighbour- 
hood, is  where  the  inhabitants  of  two  town- 
ships, lying  contiguous  to  each  other,  have 
usually  intercommoned  with  one  another, 
tire  beasts  of  the  one  straying  into  the 
other's  fields :  this  is  a  permissive  right. 
Common  in  gross  or  at  large,  is  annexed  to 
a  man's  person,  being  granted  to  him  and 
his  heirs  by  deed;  or  it  may  be  claimed  by 
prescriptive  right,  as  by  a  parson  of  a 
church  or  other  corporation  sole. —3.  pi. 
See  COMMONS. 

Common  (kom'mon),  v.i.  1. 1  To  participate 
in  common;  to  enjoy  or  suffer  in  common. 
'We  commoned  of  sorrow  and  heaviness.' 
Sir  T.  More.  —  2.  To  have  a  joint  right  with 
others  in  common  ground.  Johnson.  —  3.  To 
board  together;  to  eat  at  a  table  in  common. 
Wheatley.  —  4.t  To  confer;  to  discourse  to- 
gether; to  commune:  sometimes  followed 
by  of. 

Embassadors  were  sent  upon  both  parts,  and  divers 
means  of  entreaty  were  cotnmoneJof.        Graf  ton. 

CpmmonaUe  (kom'mon-a-bl),  a.     i.  Held 
in  common.—  Commonable  lands,  acommon 
in  which  the  greater  part  of  the  land  is  ! 
arable.— 2.  Pasturable  on  common  land. 

Commonable  beasts  are  either  beasts  of  the  plough 
or  such  as  manure  the  ground 


air.'  Shak.  'Such  actions  as  the  common 
good  requireth. '  Hooker.  '  Things  common 
by  nature. '  Locke.  '  Set  me  in  the  common 
stocks.'  Shak.  —  3.  Of  frequent  or  usual 
occurrence  ;  not  extraordinary ;  general ; 
frequent ;  usual ;  ordinary ;  habitual.  '  The 
commonest  operations  in  nature.'  Swift. 

It  is  no  act  of  common  passage,  but 

A  strain  of  rareness.  Shut. 

4.  Xot  distinguished  by  rank  or  character; 
not  of  superior  excellence;    ordinary;   of 
low  or  mean  rank  or  character;  as,  a  com- 
mon soldier.     '  Grow  themselves  to  common 
players.'   Shak.    'Sort  our  nobles  from  our 
common  men. '  Shak.    '  The  com  mon  matter- 
of-fact  world  of  sense  and  sight. '   Dr.  Caird. 

5.  Prostitute ;  lewd.     '  A  dame  who  herself 
was  common.'     Sir  R.  L' Estrange.—  6.  In 
gram,  applied  (a)  to  a  verb  that  signifies 
both  action  and  passion,  as  Latin  aspernor, 
I  despise  or  am  despised ;  (o)  to  such  nouns  as 
.ic  both  masculine  and  feminine,  as  parent ; 
(c)  to  such  nouns  as  are  the  names  of  all  the 
objects  possessing  the  attributes  denoted  by 
the  noun  :  in  this  sense  opposed  to  proper; 
a->,  river  is  a  common  noun,  but  Thames  is  a 
proper  one. — Commonbail.  See  BAIL. — Com- 
mon bench,}  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.— 
Common  '""/.  in  bot.  that  which  is  at  once  a 
leaf-bud  and  a  flower-bud. —Co/mnoncarrier. 
•See  CARRIER.—  Common  centering,  centering 
without  a  truss,  but  with  merely  a  tie-beam. 
—  Common  chord.     See  CHORD.  —  Common 

council,  the  council  of  a  city  or  corporate 
town,  empowered  to  make  by-laws  for  the 
government  of  the  citizens.    The  common 
councils  sometimes  consist  of  two  houses, 
chambers,  or  courts,  and  sometimes  form 
only  one.     Thus  the  common  council  of 
Lujidon  consists  of  two  houses,  the  upper 
house,  composed  of  the  lord -mayor  and 
;i Mermen,  elected  for  life,  and  the  lower 
house  of  the  common  council  men,  elected 
annually. —Common  council  man,  a  member 
of  a  common  council.  —  Common  divixor, 
or  common  measure,  in  math,  a  number 
np   quantity    that    divides    two    or   more 
numbers  or  quantities  without  leaving  a 
remainder. — Common  good,  in  Scot*  tow, 
in  its  widest  sense,   all   the   property  of 
;i  corporation  over  which  the  magistrates 
have  a  power  of  administration  solely  for 
iiehoof  of  the  corporation.— Common  law, 
the  unwritten  law,  the  law  that  receives 
its  binding  force  from  immemorial  usage 
and  universal  reception,  in  distinction  from 
the  written  or  statute  law;  sometimes  from 
the  civil  or  canon  law;   and  occasionally 
from  the  lex    mercatoria,   or  commercial 
and  niarithue  jurisprudence.     It  consists 
of  that  body  of  rules,  principles,  and  cus- 
toms which  have  been  received  from  our 
ancestors,  and  by  which  courts  have  been 
guided   in    their   judicial    decisions.     The 
evidence  of  this  law  is  to  be  found  in  the 
reports  of  those  decisions  and  the  records 
of  the  courts.      Some  of  these  rules  may  ' 
have  originated  in  edicts  or  statutes  which 
are  now  lost,  or  in  the  terms  and  conditions 
of  particular  grants  or  charters ;  but  it  is 
most  probable  that  many  of  them  originated 
in  judicial  decisions  founded   on  natural  ' 
justice  and  equity,  or  on  local  customs.   , 
U'herever  statute  law,  however, runscounter 
to  common  law,  the  latter  is  entirely  over-  \ 
ruled ;  but  common  law,  ou  the  other  hand,   j 
asserts  its  pre-eminence   where  equity  is 
opposed   to  it.      By  the  Judicature   Act, 
1873,  all  branches  of  the  Supreme  Court  j 
of  Judicature  are  to  administer  law  and 
equity    concurrently.  —  Common    measure.    ( 
See    above,    Common    Dicusor.  —  Common  \ 
IHUturaae,    in   Scots   law,    a   known   rural  , 
servitude  by  which  the  owner  of  the  do-  , 
ininant  tenement  is  entitled  to  pasture  a  . 
certain  number  of  cattle  on  the  grass  grounds 
of  the  servient  tenement. — Common  Pleas,   ', 
formerly  one  of  the  three  superior  courts  of  , 
common  law  in  England,  presided  over  by  , 
a  lord  chief-justice  and  five  (at  an  earlier 
period  four)  puisne"  judges,  and  having  cog-  - 
nizance  of  all  civil  causes,  real,  personal,  or  • 
mixeJ,  as  well  by  original  writ  as  by  removal 
from  the  inferior  courts.    It  is  now  a  divi- 
sion of  the  High  Court  of  Justice.     Courts 
bearing  this  title  exist  in  several  of  the  J 
1'nited  States,  having,  in  some  cases,  both  ' 
civil  and  criminal   jurisdiction   over   the  ' 
whole  state.    In  other  states  the  jurisdiction  \ 
is  limited  to  a  county.  —Common  Prayer, 
the  liturgy  or  public  form  of  prayer  pre- 
scribed by  the  Church  of  England  to  be  used 
in  all  churches  and  chapels,  and  which  the 
clergy  are  to  use  under  a  certain  penalty. 

Fate,  far,  fut,  fall;       me,  met.  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;       V,  Sc.  ley. 


B lack t  tone. 


Commonage  (koin'mon-aj),  «.  The  right  of 
pasturing  on  a  common  ;  the  joint  right  of 
using  anything  in  common  with  others 
Fuller. 

Commonality!  (kom-mon-al'1-ti),  n.  Same 
as  Commonalty,  Graftou. 

Commonalty  (kom'mon-al-ti),  n.  i.  The 
common  people;  all  classes  and  conditions 
of  people  who  are  below  the  rank  of  nobil- 
ity are  legally  regarded  as  belonging  to  tin- 
commonalty. 

The  commonalty,  like  the  nobility,  are  dhideil 
into  several  decrees.  BLickstone. 

2.f  The  bulk  of  mankind.  '  The  secret  ac- 
knowledgment of  the  commonalty  bearing 
record  of  the  God  of  gods.'  Hooker. 

Commonancet  (kom'mon-ans),  n.  In  law, 
the  commoners  or  tenants,  or  tenants  and 
inhabitants,  who  have  the  right  of  common 
or  common  ing  in  open  field. 

Commoner  (kom'mon-er),  n.  1. 1  One  of  the 
common  people.  Shak.— 2.  A  person  under 
the  degree  of  nobility. 

AH  below  them  (the  peers),  even  their  children, 
were  cemmontrs,  and  in  the  eye  of  the  law  equal  in 
eacli  other.  HaUam. 

3.t  A  member  of  the  House  of  Commons. 
Sw\ft.—4.  One  who  has  a  joint  right  in  com- 
mon ground.  Bacon.  -5.  A  student  of  the 
second  rank  in  the  University  of  Oxford, 
not  dependent  on  the  foundation  for  sup- 
port, but  paying  for  his  board  and  eating  at 
the  common  table,  and  corresponding  to  a 
pensioner  &t  Cambridge.  —  t>.  t  A  prostitute. 
'A  commoner  o'  the  camp.'  Shak.  —  7.t  A 
partaker;  one  sharing  with  another. 

Lewis  .  .  .  resolved  to  be  a  commoner  with  them 
in  weal  or  woe.  Fuller. 

Commoney  (kom'mon-i),  n.  One  of  a  com- 
mon kind  of  boys'  playing  marbles.  Dicken* 

Commonitiont  (kom-mo-ni'shon),  n.  [L 
commonitio.  See  MONITION.]  Advice;  warn- 
ing; Instruction.  Bailey. 

Commonitivet  (kom-mon'i-tiv),  a.  Warn- 
ing; monitory.  '  Whose  cross  was  only  com- 
memorative and  commonitive,'  Up.  Hall 

Commonitory  (kom-mon'i-tor-i),  a.  Giving 
admonition.  'Letters  commonitory,  exhor- 
tatory,  and  of  correction. '  Foxe. 

Common-kissing  (kom'mon-kii-ing),  a. 
Kissing  or  saluting  all  without  distinction. 
'Common-kinging  Titan'  (  =  the  sun).  Shak. 

Common-lawyer  (kom'mon-la'yer),  n.  One 
versed  in  common  law. 

Common-looking  (kom'mon-luk-hig),  a 
Having  acommon  appearance;  looking  as  if 
a  common  person;  looking  as  if  somewhat 
mean  or  vulgar ;  as,  a  common-looking  per- 
son; a  common-looking  dress. 

Commonly  (kom'mon-li),  adv.  In  a  common 
manner:  (fl)t  Jointly;  familiarly. 

As  he  thereon  stood  gazing,  he  initflit  see 
The  blessed  Angels  to  ana  fro  descend  .  .  . 
As  commonly  as  friend  docs  with  his  friend. 

Sftmter. 

(6)  Usually;  generally;  ordinarily;  frequent- 
ly; for  the  most  part;  as,  confirmed  habits 
commonly  continue  through  life. 

Commonness  (kom'mon-nes),  >.  The  state 
or  fact  of  being  common;  frequent  occur- 
rence; frequency. 

Commonplace  (kom'mon-plis),  a.  Not  new 
or  extraordinary ;  common ;  trite ;  as,  a 
commonplace  observation.  '  Some  trite  com- 
monplace  sentence,  to  prove  the  value  and 
fleetness  of  time.'  Chevterjield. 

Commonplace  (kom'mon-plas),  n.  1.  A 
memorandum  of  something  that  is  likely  to 
be  frequently  referred  to;  any  object  of 
frequent  reference. 

Consider  the  laws  as  so  many  commonplaces  in 
your  study  of  the  science  of  government.  Raleigh, 

Whatever  in  my  small  reading  occurs  concerning 
this  our  fellow-creature  (the  ass).  I  do  never  fail  t» 
set  it  down  by  way  of  commonplace.  Stvift. 

2.  A  well-known  or  customary  remark ;  a 
trite  saying. 

It  is  a  commonplace  that   writers  who  possess  a 
combination  of  brilliant  qualities  are  by  no  means  the 
best  judges  of  what  constitutes  their-chief  strength. 
Quart.  Rev. 

3.  Anything  occurring  frequently  or  habitu- 
ally; anything  of  ordinary  or  usual  charac- 
ter.     'Thou  unassuming  commonplace  of 
nature. '     Wordsworth. 

Commonplace  (kom'mon-plas),  v.t.  To  en- 
ter particulars  regarding  in  a  commonplace- 
book.  'Collecting  and  commonplacinff  an 
universal  history.'  Felton. 

Commonplace  (kom'mon-plas),  v.i.  To  in- 
dulge in  commonplace  statements.  Bacon. 

Commonplace-book  (kom'mon-plas-buk), 
?i.  A  book  in  which  things  to  be  remem- 
bered are  recorded. 

If  I  would  put  anything:  in  my  commonplace-book, 
I  find  out  a  head  to  which  I  may  refer  it.  Locke. 


COMMONPLACENESS 


525 


COMMUNICATIVE 


Commonplaceness  (kom'mon-plas-nes),  n. 
Tlie  (|iiiility  (if  being  commonplace. 

Commons  (kom'monz),  n.  pi.  1.  The  com- 
mon people,  or  such  as  inheritor  possess  no 
luimmrs  or  titles;  the  vulgar. 

Come  in  your  w;ir  a 


•ay,  gentles  and  commons. 
Sir  It'.  Scott. 

1.  In  Great  Britain,  the  lower  house  of  par- 
liament, consisting  of  the  representatives 
of  cities,  borough*,  and  counties,  chosen  by 
men  possessed  of  the  property  or  qualiiica- 
tions  required  by  law.     This  body  is  called 
the  ll'xixe.  of  Commons.  —  3.  Food  provided  , 
at  a  common  table,  as  in  colleges,  where 
many  persons  eat  at  the  same  table  or  in 
the  same  hall;  food  or  fare  in  general. 

Their  commons,  though  but  coarse,  were  nothing 
scant.  Dryden. 

—Short  commons,  insufficient  fare ;  scant 
diet;  small  allowance.— Doctors'  Commons, 
in  London,  a  college  for  proctors  or  pro- 
fessors of  the  civil  law.  where  the  civilians 
used  to  common  together.  The  buildings, 
situated  near  St.  Paul's  Cathedral,  include 
a  court-house,  as  also  a  great  registry  of 
wills. 

Common-sense  (kom'mon-sens),  a.  Char- 
acterized by  common  or  good  sense;  as,  he 
took  a  common-sense  view  of  the  question. 

Commonty  (kom'mon-ti),  n.  In  Scots  law, 
a  piece  of  land  belonging  to  two  or  more 
common  proprietors,  and  in  general  bur- 
dened with  sundry  inferior  rights  of  servi- 
tude, such  as  feal  and  divot,  &c. ;  a  common. 

Commontyt  (kom'mon-ti),  n.  A  corruption 
of  Comedy.  Spelled  in  some  editions  Co- 
monty. 

Is  not  a  commonly  a  Christmas  gambol?      Shak. 

Commonweal  (kom'mon-wel),  11.  [Common 
and  weal.]  A  commonwealth.  'So  kind  a 
father  of  the  commonweal.'  Shak.  [Now 
little  used.  ] 

Commonwealth  (kom'mon-welth),7i.  [Com- 
mon and  wealth,  meaning  strictly  common 
wellbeing  or  common  good.  ]  1.  The  whole 
body  of  people  in  a  state;  the  body  politic ; 
the  public. 

You  are  a  good  member  of  the  common-wealth. 
Shak. 

2.  A  republican  state;  specifically,  the  form 
of  government  which  existed  in  England 
from  the  death  of  Charles  I.  in  1U49  to  the 
abdication  of  Richard  Cromwell  in  1659. 

Not  content  with  limiting  the  power  of  the  mon- 
arch, they  (the  Independents)  were  desirous  to  erect 
a  common-wealth  on  the  ruins  of  the  old  English 
polity.  Maeaulay. 

Commonwealth's-man  (kom'mon-welths- 
man),  n.  One  who  favoured  the  English 
Commonwealth. 

Thomas  Parnell  was  the  son  of  ^-Commonwealth's- 
man  of  the  same  name.  Johnson. 

Commorance,   Commorancy  (kom'mo- 

rans,  kom'mo-ran-si),  71.  [L.  commorans, 
commoror — prefix  com,  and  moror,  to  stay  or 
delay.)  In  law,  a  dwelling  or  ordinary  resi- 
dence in  a  place;  abode;  habitation. 

Commorancy  consists  in  usually  lying  there. 

Commorant  (kom'mo-rant),  a.     In  law, 

dwelling;   ordinarily  residing;  inhabiting. 

Ayli/e. 
Commoratlont  (kom-mo-ra'shon),  n.    A 

staying  or  tarrying.     Bp.  Hall. 
Commorient  \  (kom-mo'ri-ent),  a.   [L.  eom- 

moriens— com,  and  morior,  to  die.]    Dying 

at  the  same  time      '  Commorient  fates  and 

times.'    Sir  G.  Buck. 
Commorse  t  (kom-mors'),  n.    [Formed  on 

the  model  of  remorse.]    Compassion;  pity; 

sympathy. 

Yet  doth  calamity  attract  commorse.        Daniel. 

Commothert  (kom'muTH-er),  n.  [Prefix 
com,  with,  and  mother;  formed  in  imitation 
of  Fr.  commere,  a  godmother.]  A  godmother. 

Commotion  (kom-mo'shon),  n.  [L.  com- 
motio,  a  commotion,  from  commoveo— com, 
with,  and  moveo,  to  move.  See  MOVE.] 

1.  Agitation;  as,  the  commotion  of  the  sea. 

2.  Tumult  of  people;  disturbance;  disorder, 
which  may  amount  at  times  to  sedition  or 
insurrection;  as,  the  commotions  of  a  state. 

When  ye  shall  hear  of  wars  and  commotions,  be 
not  terrified.  Luke  xxi.  9. 

3.  Mental  agitation;  perturbation;  disorder 
of  mind ;  heat;  excitement:  usually  with  a 
qualifying  word  or  phrase ;  as,  mental  com- 
motion. 

He  could  not  debate  anything  without  some  com. 
motion.  Clarendon. 

Commotioner  t  (kom-mo'shon-er),  n.  One 
who  excites  commotion.  '  A  dangerous  com- 
motioner.'  Bacon. 


Commovet  (kom.moy'),  ».  t.  pret.  A  pp.  corn- 
moved;  ppr.  corn-moving.  [L.  commoveo.  See 
COMMOTION.  ]  To  put  in  motion;  to  disturb; 
to  agitate;  to  unsettle.  '  Like  wild  waves 
all  our  designs  commove.'  Druvun»/nl 

Communal  (kom-mun'al),  a.  1.  Pertaining 
to  a  commune. 

He  prohibited  the  nomination  of  any  judicial  officer 
excepting  by  the  crown,  or  the  exercise  of  any  com- 
munal  jurisdiction  by  private  persons.  Brougham. 

2.  Pertaining  to  communalism. 

Communalism  (  kom'mun-al-izm  ),  n.  The 
theory  of  government  by  communes  or  cor- 
porations of  towns  and  districts,  adopted 
by  the  advanced  republicans  of  France  and 
elsewhere.  The  doctrine  is  that  every  com- 
mune, or  at  least  every  important  city  com- 
mune, as  Paris,  Marseilles,  Lyons,  Ac., 
should  be  a  kind  of  independent  state  in 
itself,  and  France  merely  a  federation  of 
such  states.  This  system  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  Communism,  with  which, 
however,  it  is  naturally  and  historically 
allied,  though  the  two  are  perfectly  distinct 
in  principle. 

Communalist  (kom'mun-al-ist),  n.  One  who 
adheres  to  communalism. 

CommunaUatiC  (kom'miin-al-is"tik),a.  Per- 
taining to  communalism;  as,  communalistic 
doctrines. 

Commune  (kom-mun'),  v.i.  pret.  A  pp.  com- 
muned; ppr.  communing.  [Fr.  communier; 
L.  communico,  to  make  common,  communi- 
cate, from  communis,  common.  See  COM- 
MON.] 1.  To  converse;  to  talk  together 
familiarly;  to  impart  sentiments  mutually; 
to  interchange  ideas  or  feelings. 

And  there  will  I  meet  and  commune  with  thee. 
Ex.  xxv.  22. 

His  was  a  most  masculine  mind,  which  had  chosen 
to  dwell  much  apart,  to  commune  very  much  with 
itself,  or  with  the  mother  whose  idiosyncracy  very 
much  resembled  his  own.  F-din.  Rev. 

2.  To  partake  of  the  sacrament  or  Lord's 
supper;  to  receive  the  communion  :  a  com- 
mon use  of  the  word  in  America,  as  it  is  in 
Wales.  Bp.  Burnet. 

Commune  (kom'mun),  n.  Familiar  inter- 
change of  ideas  or  sentiments;  communion; 
intercourse;  friendly  conversation.  '  Days 
of  happy  commune.'  Tennyson. 

And  I  held  commune  with  him  not  of  words 
But  thought  with  thought.  Sonthey. 

Commune  (kom'mun),  n.  \.  A  small  terri- 
torial district  in  France;  one  of  the  subor- 
dinate divisions  into  which  France  is  par- 
celled out  :  the  name  is  also  given  to 
similar  divisions  in  some  other  countries, 
as  Belgium.  In  the  country  a  commune 
sometimes  embraces  a  number  of  villages, 
while  some  large  cities  .ire  divided  into  a 
number  of  communes.  In  either  case  each 
commune  is  governed  by  an  officer  called  a 
mayor.  —2.  The  inhabitants  of  a  commune; 
the  members  of  a  communal  council.—  The 
commune  of  Paris,  (a)  a  revolutionary  com- 
mittee which  took  the  place  of  the  muni- 
cipality of  Paris  in  the  French  revolution 
of  1789,  and  soon  usurped  the  supreme  au- 
thority in  the  state,  amongst  its  chiefs  being 
Chaumette,  Hebert,  Danton,  and  Robes- 
pierre. (!>)  A  committee  or  body  of  coni- 
munalists  who  in  1871  for  a  brief  period 
ruled  over  Paris  after  the  evacuation  of  the 
German  troops,  and  who  had  to  be  sup- 
pressed by  troops  collected  by  the  national 
assembly  of  France,  not  without  severe 
fighting.  They  maintained,  in  accordance 
with  their  communalistic  notions,  that 
similar  communes  should  be  established 
throughout  France.  See  COMMUNALISM. 

Commune,  t  a.  and  n.  Common:  asa  noun, 
a  commoner,  and  collectively  the  common- 
alty Chaucer. 

Communicabillty  (kom-mu'ni-ka-bil"i-ti), 
n.  The  quality  of  being  communicable; 
capability  of  being  imparted.  Bp.  I'earson. 
Communicable  (kom-mu'ni-ka-bl),  a.  [Fr., 
from  L.L.  communicabilis.]  1.  Capable  of 
being  communicated  :  (a)  capable  of  being 
imparted  from  one  to  another;  as,  know- 
ledge is  communicable  by  words.  '  Lost 

'         - 


Communlcableness(kom mii'ni  kii  1,1 
n.   Thequalityof  being cxiiiiiiiiinii  ;tM<-    /;;. 
Mnftuii 

Communlcably  (kom-mu'nl-ka-bll),  ailr. 
In  a  communicable  manner;  with  nmmm- 
niration. 

Communicant  (kom-mu'ni-kant),  a.  C..IN 
munli-aUng;  imparting.  Coleridge  [KM' 

Communicant  ( kom-mo/nl-kant),  M.  c  u  , 
who  romninnicatcs  at  the  Lord's  table,  on, 
who  is  entitled  to  partake  of  the  sacrament 
at  the  celebration  of  the  Lord's  supper.  •  A 
constant  frequenter  of  worship,  and  a  never- 
failing  monthly  communicant.'  Atterbury. 

Communicate  (kom-mu'iii-kat),  vt  pret. 
A  pp.  communicated;  ppr.  foiKi/iiniii-tttinff. 
[L.  communico,  from  communis,  common.] 

1.  To  impart  to  another  or  others ;  to  give 
to  another,  as  a  partaker ;  to  bestow  or  con- 
fer for  joint  possession,  generally  or  alwu\  „ 
something  intangible;  as,  to  mmvnitfU 
intelligence,  news,  opinions,  or  facts.     For- 
merly this  verb  had  with  before  the  person 
receiving,  now  to  usually  precedes  the  re- 
ceiver. 

He  communicated  those  thoughts  only  with  the 
Lord  Digby.  Clarendon. 

They  read  all  they  would  communicate  to  their 
hearers.  ll\tttt. 

Where  God  is  worshipped,  there  he  commnni'catei 
his  blessings  and  holy  influences.  7*r.  Taylor. 

2.  t  To  share  in  or  participate.  To  thousands 
that  communicate  our  loss.'    B.  Jontton. — 

3.  To  admit  to  the  sacraments  of  the  church; 
to  administer  the  eucharist  or  communion 
to.    [Rare.  ] 

The  chalice  should  never  have  turn-over  lips,  which 
are  extremely  liable  to  cause  accident  in  communi- 
cating the  faithful.  Kev.  F.  G.  La. 

Communicate  (kom-mu'ni-kat),  v.i.  1.  To 
share;  to  participate :  followed  hy  in,  for- 
merly also  by  with  before  the  thing  shared; 
as,  to  communicate  in  one's  sin.  '  Did  after- 
wards communicate  in  the  benefits  sent 
from  the  Lord. '  2  Maccab.  v.  20. 

Ye  have  well  done  that  ye  did  communicate  toith 
my  affliction.  Phil.  iv.  14. 

2.  To  have  a  communication  or  passage  from 
one  to  another:  said  of  things,  and  generally 
followed  by  with.     'The  houses  communi- 
cate.'   Johnson. 

The  whole  body  is  nothing  but  a  system  of  such 
canals  which  all  communicate  with  one  another. 
Arbtithnot. 

3.  To  have  or  hold  intercourse  or  Inter- 
change of  thoughts:  said  of  persons. 

But  in  dear  words  of  human  speech 

We  two  communicate  no  more.  Tennyson. 


. 

bliss  to  thee  no  more  communicable.'  Mil- 
ton. 

Eternal  life  is  communicable  to  all.         Hooter. 

(b)  Capable  of  being  recounted. 

Things  not  revealed  which  the  invisible  king, 
Only  omniscient,  hath  suppressed  m  night, 
To  none  communicable  in  earth  or  heaven. 

Milton. 

2.  Communicative;  ready  to  impart. 

Be  communicable  with  your  friends.      B.  Jonsan. 
Perhaps  Sir  Hugo  would  have  bMnoHumflfcoMl 
enough  without  that  kind  motive.       George  hltot. 


4.  To  partake  of  the  Lord's  supper  or  com- 
munion. 

The  primitive  Christians  communicated  every  day. 
Jer.  Taylor. 

—  Communicating  doors,  in  arch,  doors 
which,  when  open,  throw  two  apartments 
into  one. 

Communicate  t  (kom-mu'ni-kat),  p.  and  a. 
Communicated;  shared.  Bacon. 

Communication  (kom-mu'ni-ka"shon),  n. 
1.  The  act  of  communicating:  (a)  the  act  i'f 
imparting,  conferring,  or  bestowing;  as,  the 
communication  of  secrets.  (6)  The  act  i  f 
sharing  or  participating,  (c)  Interchange 
of  thoughts  or  opinions,  by  speech  or  writ- 
ing. '  In  the  way  of  argument  and  friendly 
communication. '  Shak. 

Use  no  French,  but  mere  English,  to  the  French 
in  all  communication  whatsoever.  Camden. 

Secrets  may  be  carried  so  far  as  to  stop  the  com- 
munication necessary  among  all  who  have  the  man- 
agement of  affairs.  Sn't/t. 

(d)  Association;  frequent  intercourse. 

Evil  communications  corrupt  good  manners. 

i  Cor.  xv.  33. 

(c)  Participation  in  the  sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  supper. 

All  by  communicating  of  one,  become,  as  to  that 
communication,  one.  Kf  Pearson. 

1  2  Means  of  communicating ;  connecting 
1  passage;  means  of  passing  from  place  to 
place,  as  a  strait  or  channel  between  seas  or 
lakes,  a  road  between  cities  or  countries,  a 
gallery  between  apartments  in  a  house,  Ac 
3.  That  which  is  communicated  or  Imparted ; 
information  or  intelligence  imparted  by 
word  or  writing;  a  document  or  message 
imparting  information;  as,  the  general  re- 
ceived an  important  coinmtmicu-tion.— 4.  In 
rhet  a  figure  by  which  a  speaker  or  writer 
takes  his  hearer  or  reader  as  a  partner  in 
his  sentiments,  and  says  we  instead  of  I  or 

l/Olf. 

Communicative  (kom-mu'ni-ka-tlv),  a. 
1.  Inclined  to  communicate  or  confer;  ready 


ch,cftain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g.  go;      U'ob;      ft,  FT:  ton;      ng,  si«*;      TH,  (fcen;  th,  (Am;     w,  wig;     wh,  whig;    zh.  azure.- 


COMMUNICATIVELY 


526 


COMPACTED 


to  impart  to  others;  liberal;  as,  to  be  mu- 
tually communicative  of  benefits. 

They  deserve  not  the  name  of  that  liberal  and 
communicative  profession  (gardening).  Evelyn. 

2.  Disposed  to  impart  or  disclose  know- 
ledge, opinions,  or  facts;  free  in  communi- 
cating; not  reserved;  open. 

Mr.  Boswell's  frankness  and  gaiety  made  every- 
body  communicative.  Johnson. 

3.t  Capable  of  being  communicated;  com- 
municable. '  That  beauty  was  too  communi- 
cative and  divine  a  thin?  to  be  made  a  pro- 
perty, and  confined  to  one  at  once.'  Shqftes- 
bury. 

Communicatively  ( kom  -  mu'ni-ka-tiv-li ), 
adv.  In  a  communicative  manner;  by  com- 
munication. Milton. 

The  manifestation  of  his  glory  shall  arise  to  us ;  we 
shall  have  it  communicatively.  Good-win. 

Communicativeness  (kom-mu' ni-ka-tiv- 
nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  com- 
municative; readiness  to  impart  to  others; 
freedom  from  reserve.  Hammond. 

Communicator  (kom-mu'ni-ka-te'r),  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  communicates.  Boyle. 

Communicatory  (kom-mu'ni-ka-tor-i),  a. 
Imparting  knowledge.  'Communicatory 
letters.'  Barrow. 

Communion  (kom-mun'yon),  n.  [L.  com- 
munio,  communionitt,  participation  in  com- 
mon, from  communig,  common.  See  COM- 
MON.] 1.  Participation  of  something  in  com- 
mon; fellowship;  concord;  bond  or  associa- 
tion. 

What  communion  hath  light  with  darkness? 

2  Cor.  vi.  14. 

2.  Intercourse  between  two  or  more  persons; 
interchange  of  thoughts  or  acts;  communi- 
cation ;  dealings.     '  An  hour's  communion 
with  the  dead.'    Tennyson. 

The  Israelites  had  never  any  communion  or  affairs 
with  the  Ethiopians.  Sir  IV.  Raleigh.. 

They  eat,  they  drink,  and  in  communion  sweet 
QuafTinunortality  and  joy.  Milton. 

3.  Union  in  religious  worship,  or  in  doctrine 
anddiscipline;  union  with  aehurch;  as,  mem- 
bers in  full  communion. 

Bare  communion  with  a  good  church  can  never 
alone  make  a  good  man ;  if  it  could,  we  should  have 
no  bad  ones.  South. 

\.  A  body  of  Christians  who  have  one  com- 
mon faith  and  discipline. 

The  three  grand  communions  into  which  the 
Christian  church  is  divided  are  those  of  the  Greek, 
the  Romish,  and  the  Protestant  churches.  Webster. 

5.  The  act  of  partaking  in  the  sacrament 
of  the  eucharist;  the  celebration  of  the 
Lord's  supper. 

Of  the  several  names  by  which  the  supper  of  the 
Lord  has  been  distinguished,  that  of  the  holy  com- 
munio'i  is  the  one  which  the  Church  of  England  has 
adopted.  Eden. 

C.t  Common  action;  public  act. 

Men  .  .  .  served  and  praised  God  by  communion 
and  in  public  manner.  Raleigh. 

— Communion  elements,  the  bread  and  wine 
used  in  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  supper. 
—  Communion  service,  in  the  liturgy  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  is  the  office  for  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  holy  sacrament  — Com- 
munion  table,  the  table  at  or  near  which  the 
communicants  sit  or  kneel  to  partake  of  the 
Lord's  supper.  —Close  communion.  See  under 
CLOSE,  a. — SYN.  Fellowship,  converse,  in- 
tercourse, unity,  concord,  agreement. 

Communionable  (kom-muu'yon-a-bl),  a. 
Admissible  to  communion.  Is.  Taylor. 

Communionistt  (kom-mun'yon-istj,  n.  One 
of  the  same  communion.  [Rare.] 

Communism  (kom'mun-izm),  n.  [Fr.  com- 
munis  me,  from  commun,  common.]  1.  The 
economic  system  or  theory  which  upholds 
the  absorption  of  all  proprietary  rights  in  a 
common  interest,  an  equitable  division  of 
labour,  and  the  formation  of  a  common  fund 
for  the  supply  of  :ill  the  wants  of  the  com- 
munity; the  doctrine  of  a  community  of  pro- 
perty, or  the  negation  of  individual  rights 
in  property. 

The  former  *  Louis  Blanc)  advocates  equality  of 
distribution  only  as  a  transition  to  a  still  higher 
standard  of  justice,  that  alt  should  work  according 
to  their  capacity  and  receive  according  to  their 
wants.  The  characteristic  name  for  this  economical 
system  is  communism.  J.  S.  Mill. 

2.  Sometimes  improperly  used  for  Commun- 
alisin  (which  see). 

Communist  (kom'mun-ist),  n.  One  holding 
the  doctrines  of  Communism. 

The  word  Socialism,  which  originated  among  the 
English  communists,  is  now,  on  the  Continent  em- 
ployed in  a  larger  sense.  y.  S.  Mill. 

— Jf'We  Communist.  One  of  an  American 
communistic  sect,  called  also  Perfectionists. 
See  PERFECTIONIST. 


Communistic  (kom-mun-ist'ik).a.  Relating 
to  communists  or  communism;  according 
with  the  principles  of  communism;  as,  com- 
munistic theories ;  communitstic  arrange- 
ment*. '  Communistic  labour.'  J.  S.  Mill. 

Conimunistically  ( kom  •  mun  -  isf  ik-al-li ), 
ado.  In  accordance  with  communism;  in 
a  communistic  form  or  way. 

Community  (kom-mu'ni-ti),  n.  [L.  com- 
munitas.  See  COMMON.]  1.  Common  pos- 
session or  enjoyment;  as,  a  community  of 
goods. 

It  is  a  confirmation  of  the  original  community  of 
all  things.  Locke. 

2.  A  society  of  people  having  common  rights 
and  privileges,  or  common  interests,  civil, 
political,  or  ecclesiastical;  or  living  under 
the  same  laws  and  regulations.  '  The  laws 
that  secure  a  civil  community.'  Sir  R. 
L' Estrange.  —  3.  The  body  of  people  in  a 
state  or  commonwealth;  the  public,  or 
people  in  general:  used  in  this  sense  always 
with  the  definite  article.  'Burdens  upon  the 
poorer  classes  of  the  community.'  Hallam. 
4.  Common  character. 

The  essential  community  of  nature  between  or- 
ganic growth  and  inorganic  growth  is,  however,  most 
clearly  seen  on  observing  that  they  both  result  in  the 
same  way.  H.  Spencer. 

5.t  Commonness;  frequency.  'Sick  and 
blunted  with  community.'  Shaft. 

Commutability  (kom-mut'a-bil"i-ti),?i.  [See 
COMMUTE.]  The  quality  of  being  commut- 
able; interchangeableness. 

Commutable  (kom-miit'a-bl),  a.  [L.  com- 
mutabilis.  See  COMMUTE.]  Capable  of  being 
exchanged  or  mutually  changed;  inter- 
changeable. 

Here  the  predicate  and  subject  are  not  commutable. 
Whately. 

Commutableness  (kom-mu  t'a-bl-nes).  Same 

as  Commutability. 
Commutation  (kom-mu-ta'shon),  n.     [L. 

commutatio.    See  COMMUTE.]    1.  A  passing 

from    one    state    to    another ;   alteration ; 

change. 

So  great  Is  the  commutation,  that  the  soul  then 
hated  only  that  which  now  only  it  loves.  South. 

2.  The  act  of  giving  one  thing  for  another; 
exchange;  barter.    'By  giving  and  return- 
ing, by  commerce  and  commutation. '  South. 

The  use  of  money  in  the  commerce  and  traffick  of 
mankind,  is  that  of  saving  the  commutation  of  more 
bulky  commodities.  ArbutHnot. 

3.  The  act  of  substituting  one  thing  for  an- 
other; substitution. 

The  law  of  God  had  allowed  an  evasion,  that  is,  by 
way  of  commutation  or  redemption.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Specifically,  (a)  in  law,  the  change  of  a 
penalty  or  punishment  from  a  greater  to  a 
less,  as  banishment  instead  of  death. 

Suits  are  allowable  in  the  spiritual  courts  for  money 
agreed  to  be  given  as  a  commutation  for  penance. 
Blackstone. 

(6)  The  act  of  substituting  one  sort  of  pay- 
ment for  another,  or  of  making  a  money 
payment  in  lieu  of  the  performance  of  some 
sort  of  compulsory  duty  or  labour:  this  is  now 
the  usual  signification  of  the  word.— Cow- 
mutation  of  tithes.  See  TITHES.—  Angle  of 
commutation,  in  astron.  is  the  distance  be- 
tween the  sun's  true  place,  seen  from  the 
earth,  and  the  place  of  a  planet  reduced  to 
the  ecliptic.  —Commutation  roads,  county 
or  parish  roads:  so  called  from  the  fact  that 
owners  of  horses  were  at  one  time  bound  to 
give  service  of  man  and  horse  upon  them, 
which  was  afterwards  commuted  for  the 
payment  of  a  proportional  sum  of  money, 
the  road  trustees  themselves  providing  the 
labour. 

Commutative  (kom-mu fa-tiv).  a.  [Fr.  com- 
mutatif.  See  COMMUTE.]  Relating  to  ex- 
change; interchangeable;  mutual;  as,  com- 
mutative justice,  that  is  justice  which  is 
mutually  done  and  received  between  men  in 
society.  Sir  T.  Elyot.  'To  cultivate  an 
habitual  regard  to  commutative  justice.' 
Burke. —Commutative  contractors  in  which 
each  of  the  contracting  parties  gives  and 
receives  an  equivalent. 

Commutatively  (knm-mut'a-t  iv-li),  adv.  By 
way  of  exchange.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Commutator  (kom'mu-ta-ter),  n.  In  elect. 
an  apparatus  used  in  connection  with  many 
electrical  instruments  for  reversing  the  cur- 
rent from  the  battery,  without  the  neces- 
sity of  changing  the  arrangement  of  the 
conductors  from  the  poles. 

Commute  (kom-muf),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  com- 
muted ;  ppr.  commuting.  [L.  commuto  — 
prefix  com,  and  muto,  to  change.  See  MUT- 
ABLE and  MUTATION.]  To  exchange;  to  put 


one  thing  in  the  place  of  another;  to  give 
or  receive  one  thing  for  another. 

This  smart  was  commuted  for  shame.     Hammond. 

Specifically,  (a)  to  exchange  one  penalty  or 
punishment  for  another  of  less  severity. 

The  utmost  that  could  be  obtained  was  that  her 
sentence  should  be  commuted  from  burning  to  bt- 

ht-,uii:i|.:.  Macaulay. 

(6)  To  substitute  one  sort  of  burden  for  an- 
other, especially  to  substitute  money  pay- 
ment for  the  performance  of  a  payment  in 
kind  or  a  compulsory  duty;  as,  to  comma  t,- 
tithes. 

Commute  (kom-muf),  ».i.  I.f  To  serve  as  a 
substitute. 

Those  institutions  which  God  designed  for  means 
to  further  men  in  holiness,  they  look  upon  as  A  privi- 
lege to  serve  instead  of  it,  and  to  commute  for  it 

South. 

2.  To  pay  in  money  instead  of  in  kind  or  in 
duty ;  to  pay  a  single  sum  as  an  equivalent 
for  a  number  of  successive  payments. 

He  thinks  it  unlawful  to  commute,  and  that  lit-  i- 
1  "iiiinl  to  pay  his  vow  in  kind.  jfer.  Taylor, 

Commutual  (kom-mu'tu-al),  a.  [Prefix  mm. 
and  mutual.]  Mutual;  reciprocal.  [Rare 

and  poetical.  ] 

There,  with  commutual  zeal,  we  both  had  strove 
In  acts  of  dear  benevolence  and  love.  Pofe. 

Comocladia  (Ico-mo-kla'di-a),  ?t.    [Gr.  kom. 
hair,  and  klados,  a  branch,  in  reference  to 
the   dense   silky  covering   on    the  yon  \  r_- 
branches.]  A  genus  of  plants.   See  MAIDEN- 
PLUM. 

Comose  (ko-mos'),  ft-    Hairy;  comate. 

Compackt  (kom-pak7),  v.t.  [See  COMPACT, 
closely  united.]  To  compose  or  form.  Syl- 
vester, Du  Bartag. 

Compact  (kom-pakf),  &•  [L.  compacts  *, 
pp.  of  compingo,  compactum,  to  join  ur 
unite  together,  to  make  fast  or  close  mm, 
together,  and  pango,  to  fix.]  1.  Closely  and 
firmly  united,  as  the  parts  or  particles  if 
solid  bodies;  having  the  parts  or  partido 
close;  solid;  dense.  'Glass,  crystal,  geim. 
and  other  compact  bodies.'  Sir  1.  Newton. 
Jerusalem  is  builded  as  a  city  that  is  compact  to- 
gether. Ps.  cxxii.  3. 

2.  Brief;  close;  pithy;  not  diffuse;  not  ver- 
bose; as,  a  compact  discourse. 

Where  a  foreign  tongue  is  elegant,  expressive, 
close,  and  compact,  we  must  (in  translating  it)  «.tii(ly 
the  utmost  force  of  our  language.  Felton. 

3.  Compacted;  joined;  held  together.     'A 
pipe  of  seven  reeds,  compact  with  wax  U>- 
gether.'    Peacham. — 4.  Composed;  consist- 
ing.   'Compact  of  thankless  earth.'   Tenny- 
son.   [Poetical.] 

My  heart  is  not  compact  of  flint  nor  steel.     Shot. 

SYN.  Firm,  close,  solid,  dense,  brief,  pithy, 
sententious. 
Compact  t  (kom'pakt),  n.   Structure;  frame. 

He  was  of  a  mean  or  low  compact,  but  without  dis- 
proportion and  unevenness  either  in  lineaments  or 
parts.  Sir  G.  Buck. 

Compact  (kom-pakf),  v.t.  1.  To  thrust, 
drive,  or  press  closely  together;  to  join 
firmly;  to  consolidate;  to  make  close,  as  tin- 
parts  which  compose  a  body.  '  For  the  pur- 
pose of  producing  an  uniform  shaking  nn- 
tion  ...  in  order  to  compact  the  pulp'  in 
making  paper).  Ure. 

Now  the  bright  sun  compacts  the  precious  stone, 
Imparting  radiant  lustre  like  his  own. 

Sir  R.  Blackmore. 

2.  To  unite  or  connect  firmly,  as  in  a  sys- 
tem. 'The  whole  body  fitly  joined  together 
and  compacted.'  Eph.  iv.  16. 
Compact  (kom'pakt;  formerly  kom-pakf), 
n.  {L.  compactum,  a  compact,  from  cow- 
paciscor,  compactug,  to  make  an  agreement 
— com,  together,  and  paciscor,  to  fix,  settle, 
covenant.]  An  agreement;  a  contract  be- 
tween parties;  a  word  that  may  be  applied, 
in  general  to  any  covenant  or  contract  be- 
tween individuals,  members  of  a  commu- 
nity, or  nations. 

What  is  the  course  and  drift  of  your  compact! 

Sfiat. 

The  law  of  nations  depends  on  mutual  compacts, 
treaties,  leagues,  *c.  Biattstone. 

Wedlock  is  described  as  the  indissoluble  compact, 
MacauUy. 

Compact  t  (kom'pakt),  a.  Leagued  with; 
confederated. 

Thou  pernicious  woman. 
Comfact  with  her  that's  gone.  Shat 

Compacted  (kom-pakfed),  p.  and  a.  Pres&ed 

close;  firmly  united  or  connected;  worked 

together  so  as  to  be  compact.    'This  earth  » 

compacted  sphere, '    Roscommon.     [Rare.  ] 

Nor  are  the  nerves  of  his  compacted  strength 

Stretch'd  and  dissolved  into  unsinew'd  length. 

Sir  J.  Denham. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      Jf,  Sc.  ity. 


COMPACTEDLY 


527 


COMPARE 


Compactedly  (kom-pakt'cd-li),  adv.  In  a 
compact  manner;  compendiously;  closely. 
Lovelace.  [Rare.  ] 

Compactedness  (kom-pakt'cd-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  compact;  firmness;  closeness 
of  parts;  density.  Sir  K.  /•><;/'<;/. 

Compacter  (kom-pakt'er),  n.  One  who 
makes  a  compact. 

Compactible  (kom-pakt'1-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  joined  or  compacted. 

Compaction  I  (kom-pak'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  making  compact;  the  state  of  being  com- 
pact. '  Buildings  which  stand  by  architec- 
ture and  compaction.'  Bacon.  [Rare.] 

Compactly  (kom-pakt'li),  adv.  In  a  com- 
pact or  condensed  manner;  closely;  con- 
cisely; briefly;  tersely;  neatly. 

You  have  put  all  this  together  most  compactly, 
f.amb. 

Compactness  (kom-pakt'nes),  n.  Slate  of 
being  compact;  firmness;  close  union  of 
parts;  density.  Boyle. 

Compacturet  (kom-pakt'ur),  n.  [L.  com- 
pactura.}  Close  union  or  connection  of 
parts;  structure  well  connected;  manner  of 
joining.  '  With  comely  compass  and  com- 
pCUtUM  strong.'  Spenser. 

Compages,  Compage  (kom-pa'jez,  kom- 
paj'),  n.  [L.  compages,  from  coinpingo.  See 
COMPACT,  close.]  A  system  or  struclure  of 
many  parls  united.  '  A  regular  compages 
of  pipes  and  vessels  for  the  fluids  to  pass 
through.'  Kay. 

The  ship  of  civilization,  either  ancient  or  modern, 
is  a  vast  jointed  compare  of  timbers,  and  of  boards, 
bolted  and  bound  together.  It.  Taylor. 

Compaginatet  (kom-paj'i-nat),  v.t.  [See 
below.]  To  set  together;  to  unite  or  hold 
together.  Montagu. 

Compaginationt  (kom-paj'i-na"shon),  n. 
[L.  cinnpagino,  coinpaginatum,  to  join  to- 
gether, compago,  compaginis,  a  joining  — 
con,  together,  and  pango,  to  fix.  See  COM- 
PACT, closely  united.]  Union  of  parts;  struc- 
ture; connection;  contexture.  'A  com- 
pagination  of  many  parts.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Companable.t  Compaignable.t  a.  [O.Fr. 
comjiaiijnalile,  sociable.]  Companionable; 
sociable.  Chaucer. 

Companableness  t  (kom'pa-na-bl-nes),  n. 
Sociableness.  'Hearly  companableness.  Sir 
P.  Sidney. 

Companage.t  n.  [L.  com  for  con,  together, 
and  panis,  bread.]  All  kinds  of  sustenance, 
except  bread  and  drink.  Wharton. 

Companator  (kom-pa'na-ter),  ».  Same  as 
Intpanator. 

Companiablet  (kom-pan'i-a-bl),  a.  Main- 
taining friendly  intercourse;  companion- 
able; social. 

Towards  his  queen  he  was  nothing  uxorious,  but 
companiable  and  respective.  Bacon. 

Companiablenesst  (kom-pan'i-a-bl-nes),  n. 
The  state  of  being  companionable;  sociable- 
ness. 

His  retiredness  was  for  prayer,  his  compamaole- 
ntss  was  for  preaching.  Bp.  Hall. 

Companion  (kom-pau'yon),  n.  [Fr.  com- 
paijnon;  O.Fr.  compainon,  companion  —  L. 
com,  together,  and  panis,  bread.  Lit.  a 
sharer  of  one's  bread;  a  mess-fellow.]  1.  One 
who  keeps  company  with  another;  one  with 
whom  a  person  frequently  associates  and 
converses;  a  mate;  a  comrade. 

A  companion  of  fools  shall  be  destroyed. 

Prov.  xiii.  20. 

2  One  who  accompanies  another;  as  two 
persons  meeting  casually  and  travelling  to- 
gether are  called  companions.  'Set  Caliban 
and  his  companions  free.'  Shak.  — 3.  Part- 
ner; associate.  'Epaphroditus.my  .  .  .  com- 
panion  in  labour.'  Phil.  ii.  25.  'Companion 
of  his  woe.'  Milton.  —  4.t  A  fellow:  used 
contemptuously.  'I  scorn  you,  scurvy  com- 
panion.' Shak.  — Companions  of  the  Bath, 
the  third  or  lowest  class  of  the  members  of 
the  order  of  the  Bath.— SYN.  Associate,  com- 
rade, mate,  compeer,  partner,  ally,  confede- 
rate, coadjutor,  accomplice. 
C  ampanion  (kom-pan'yon),  a.  Accompany- 
ing; united  with. 

The  effects  of  pure  monarchy,  and  its  companion 
aristocracy,  upon  the  character  and  habits  of  1 
nation  are  easily  traced.  Brougham. 

Companion  (kom-pan'yon).  v.t.  1.  To  be  a 
companion  to;  to  accompany. 

Nor  can  he  (St.  Thomas}  be  considered  as  having 
entirely  abdicated  his  early  riaht.  as  his  statue 
standing  on  a  crocodile,  still  companions  the  winged 
lion  on  the  opposite  pillar  of  the  piazzetta.  Jttufi'i. 

Methinks  'twould  he  a  guilt— a  very  guiltr 

Not  to  companion  thee. 

2  To  make  equal;  to  put  on  the  same  level. 
"Companion  me  with  my  mistress.  6/ia*. 
[Rare  in  both  senses.  ] 


Companion  (kom-pan'yon),  n.  [Comp.  O.Sp. 
conijiaila,  an  outhouse.]  Nant.(a)  the  fram- 
ing and  sash-lights  upon  the  quarter-deck 
or  round-house,  through  which  light  passes 
to  the  cabins  and  deck  below.  Sailor's 
Word-book.  (b)  A  raised  hatch  or  cover  to 
the  cabin  stair  of  a  merchant  vessel.  Young's 
Naut.  Diet. —  Companion  ladder,  the  steps 


Companion  Ladder,  from  model  in  Royal  Naval 
College,  Greenwich. 

or  ladder  by  which  officers  ascend  to  and 
descend  from  the  quarter-deck.  —  Com- 
panion way,  the  staircase  at  the  entrance  to 
a  cabin. 

Companionable  (kom-pan'yon-a-bl),  a.  Fit 
for  good  fellowship;  qualified  to  be  agree- 
able in  company;  sociable.  '  A  companion- 
able sadness.'  Iz.  Walton.  'A  more  coin- 
panionable  wit.'  Clarendon.  'Each  co/»- 
panirmable  guest.'  Mallet. 

A  serious,  sincere  character  (Mahomet) ;  yet  ami- 
able, cordial,  companionable,  jocose  even.    Carlylt. 

Companionableness  (kom -pan'yon-a-bl- 
nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being  companion- 
able; sociableness. 

He  had  a  great  Companionableness  in  his  nature. 
Clarendon. 

Companionably  (kom-pan'yon-a-bli),  ado. 
In  a  companionable  manner.  Clarendon. 

Companionless  (kom-pan'yon-les),  o.  Hav- 
ing no  companion.  '  I,  the  last,  go  forth 
companionlexs.'  Tennyson. 

Companionship  (kom -pan 'yon -ship),  n. 

1.  The  state  or  fact  of  being  a  companion ; 
fellowship;  association. 

'Tis  Alcibiades  and  some  twenty  horse. 
All  of  companionship.  Snta. 

He  never  seemed  to  avail  himself  of  my  sympathy 
other  than  by  mere  companionship.  irmtf. 

2.  In  printing,  a  number  of  workmen  en- 
gaged in  selling  up  one  or  more  works, 
under  Ihe  management  of  a  clicker. 

Company  (kum'pa-ni),  n.  [Fr.  compagnie; 
O.Fr  also  campanie.  See  COMPANION.] 

1  The  stale  of  being  a  companion;  com- 
panionship; fellowship;  sociely.   'The  little 
wife  would  weep  for  companij,'    Tennyson. 

Brethren,  farewell,  your  company  along 
I  will  not  wish. 

2  Any  assemblage  of  persons  ;  a  collection 
of  men  or  other  animals,  in  a  very  indefinite 
sense.     '  Forbear  till  this  cmnpany  be  past. 
Shak  —3  Persons  that  associate  with  others 
for  friendly  intercourse,   conversation,  or 
pleasure;  hence,  guests  at  a  pel-son's  house; 
society;  as,  to  entertain  company. 

A  crowd  is  not  company,  and  faces  are  but  a  gal- 
lery  of  pictures,  where  there  is  no  love.         Kacon. 

4  A  number  of  persons  united  for  perform- 
ing or  carrying  on  anything  jointly;  as,  a 
company  of  players;  all  insurance  company. 
•  Hi.'h  in  office  in  the  Goldsmiths'  Company. 
Dickens.  'A  companyforges  the  wine.  Ten- 
nyson. [The  word  is  applicable  to  private 
parlnerships  or  to  incorporated  bodies;  but 
when  there  are  only  a  few  individuals  asso- 
ciated the  concern  is  generally  called  a  ro- 
partnery,  the  term  company  lieing  usually 
reserved  for  large  associations.]  — 5.  I  lie 
members  of  a  firm  whose  names  do  not  ap- 
pear in  the  style  or  title  of  the  firm:  usually 
contracted  when  written;  as,  Messrs.  Smith 
&  Co  -6.  Milit.  a  subdivision  of  an  infantry 
regiment  or  battalion,  corresponding  to  a 
troop  of  cavalry  or  a  battery  of  artillery, 
consisting  of  from  60  to  100  men,  and  com- 
manded by  a  captain.  -  7.  A  out.  (n) .  the 
crew  of  a  ship,  including  the  officers,  (b)  A 
fleet  — To  bear  (a  person)  company,  to  ac- 
company ;  to  attend ;  to  go  with :  denoting 
a  temporary  association. 

His  faithful  dog  shall  tear  him  company.      . 

—To  be  mod  company,  to  be  fitted  to  enter- 
tain company.  -To  keep  (a  person)  company, 


(a)  to  accompany;  to  attend.  Prov.  xxix.  3. 
(6)t  To  associate  with,  as  a  suitor  or  lover. 

Why  should  he  call  her  whore  !    Who  kee|»  her  cam- 
panyl  .SA-i*. 

—  To  keep  company  with,  to  freniirnt  tli>- 
society  of,  as  a  suitor  or  sweetheart ;  as,  to 
keep  company  with  a  girl.  (Rather  vulgar.] 
>v,  rnmpitnionship,  sociality,  society,  M- 
ReiiiMy,asftcniblage,collection,  group.crowd, 
band,  troop. 

Companyt  (kmn'pa-ni), v.t.  pret  ,v  pp.  urn 
l>/(/ii,  tt;  [ij.r  '•<,i,:/,iii:,/iii;t  To  a'Toinpaliy; 
to  attend;  togowilh;  ID  In-  < •oiiipauion  to. 
'The  soldier  that  did  company  these  three.' 
Shak. 

Company)  (kum'pa-nl),  t.i.  1.  To  associate 
with;  to  frequent  the  company  of. 

I  wrote  unto  you  in  an  epistle  not  to  corn  fatty  with 
forntcators.  I  Cor.  v.  9. 

2.  To  be  a  gay  companion.  Spcnter.—  3.  To 
have  commerce  wilh  the  other  sex.  /;./• 
Hall. 

Comparable  (kom'pa-ra-bl),  a.  [L.  com- 
parabilix.  See  COMPARE.]  Capable  of  being 
compared;  worthy  of  comparison;  being  nf 
equal  regard ;  worthy  to  l>e  estimated  as 
equal.  '  A  man  comparable  with  any  of  the 
captains  of  that  age.'  Knolles. 

There  is  no  blessing  of  life  comparable  to  the  en* 
joyment  of  a  discreet  and  virtuous  friend. 

Jadison 

Comparableness  ( kom '  pa  -  ra  -  bl  -  ues  \  n. 
State  of  being  comparable.  Bailey. 

Comparably  (kom'pa-ra-bli),  adv.  In  a 
manner  or  degree  worthy  to  lie  compared, 
or  of  equal  regard.  Wotton. 

Comparate  (kom'pa-rat).  71.  In  logic,  one 
of  two  things  compared  to  one  another. 
Dalyamo. 

Comparationt  (com-pa-ra'shon),  n.  [L. 
comparatio,  from  comparo,  to  prepare  or 
compare.)  Provision;  the  act  of  providing 
or  making  ready.  Cockeram. 

Comparative  (kom-par'a-tiv),  a.  [L.  cmn- 
paratiims.  See  COMPARE.  ]  1.  Estimated 
by  comparison;  not  positive  or  absolute 
The  comparative  weight  of  a  body  is  th>  t 
which  is  estimated  by  comparing  it  with 
the  weight  of  another  body.  A  body  may 
be  called  heavy  when  it  is  compared  with  a 
feather,  and  yet  be  called  light  when  com- 
pared with  iron. 

The  blossom  is  a  positive  good :  the  remove  of  it. 
to  give  place  to  the  fruit,  a  comfaramv  good. 

Kacon. 

2.  Proceeding  by  comparison ;  founded  on 
comparison,  especially  founded  on  the 
comparison  of  different  branches  of  the 
same  science  or  study;  as,  comparative  ana- 
tomy; comparative  grammar.  See  under 
ANATOMY  and  GRAMMAR. -3  Having  the 
power  of  comparing  different  things.  'The 
comparative  faculty.'  Glanrille.  —  i.  Quick 
at  comparisons:  a  jocular  use  of  Falstaff's. 
•The  most  comparative,  rascalliest,  sweet 
young  prince.'  Shak.-&.  In  gram,  express- 
ing a  greater  degree.  The  comparative  de- 
gree of  an  adjective  or  adverb  expresses  a 
greater  degree  of  the  quality  expressed 
by  the  posilive  than  is  expressed  or  implied 
regarding  that  with  which  the  comparison 
is  made;  as  in  the  sentence,  James  and  John 
are  both  little,  but  John  is  the  taller  of  the 
two  taller  is  the  comparative  degree  of 
tall  and  here  asserts  a  greater  degree  of 
tallness  in  John  than  in  James.—  6.t  Pro- 
portionate ;  corresponding. 

Thou  wert  dignified  enough 
Even  to  the  point  of  envy,  if  'twere  made 
Comparaliv,  for  your  jirtues.  to  be  styled 
The  under-hangman  of  his  kingdom.          SAa*. 

Comparative  (kom-par'a-tiv)  nl.  In 
iiram  the  comparative  degree.  See  the  ad- 
jective.—2.t  One  who  is  equal  or  pretends 
to  be  an  equal;  a  rival 

Gerard  ever  was 
His  full  comparali-vl.  Stall.  »  Fl. 

3  t  One  who  makes  comparisonsor  sarcasms; 
one  who  alf eels  wit:  a  scoffer    •  Every  l*ard- 
less  vain  rnmparat ire.'    Shak. 
Comparatively  (kom-par-a-tiv-li),  adv. 
a  state  of  comparison;  by  comparison ;  ac- 
cording to  estimate  made  by  comparison ; 
not  positively,  absolutely,  or  in  itself. 

The  good  or  evil  which  is  removed  may  be  es- 
teemed good  or  evil  comparatively,  and  not  jwsmve- 

Compare  (kom -par'),  n.t.  pret.  A  pp.  com- 
l.nred-  ppr.  comparing.  [L.  comparo,  to  put 
together,  unite,  match,  compare,  also  to 
prepare-com  for  con.  together,  and  ;«iro  to 
prepare.]  1.  To  set  or  bring  things  together 
in  fact  or  in  contemplation,  and  lo  examine 
the  relations  they  bear  to  each  other,  espe- 


ch,  c/iain;      ch.  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J.job: 


w,  .ig;    wh. 


an.re.-See  1 


COMPARE 


528 


COMPASS-CARD 


cially  with  a  view  to  ascertain  their  agree- 
ment or  disagreement,  resemblances  or  dif- 
ferences; .is,  to  compare  two  pieces  of  cloth: 
generally  with  with,  sometimes  with  to, 
preceding  the  object  with  which  anything 
is  compared.  'To  compare  small  things  icith 
great.'  Milton. 

The  doctrines  of  this  religion,  though  in  many 
respects  very  pure  and  even  philosophical,  when 
compared  to  the  depraved  and  gross  superstitions  of 
India  and  Africa,  yet  inculcate  the  most  absolute 
Fatalism.  Brougham. 

2.  To  liken ;  to  represent  as  similar  for  the 
purpose  of  illustration :  with  to  preceding 
the  secondary  object. 

Solon  compared  the  people  to  the  sea,  and  orators 
and  counsellors  to  the  winds ;  for  that  the  sea  would 
be  calm  and  quiet  if  the  winds  did  not  trouble  it. 
Bacon. 

3.  In  gram,  to  inflect  an  adjective  in  the  de- 
grees of  comparison ;    as,  black,   blacker, 
blackest.— 4.  To  get;  to  procure;  to  obtain: 
a  Latinism. 

From  back  and  belly  still  did  spare, 

To  nil  his  bags  and  richesse  to  compare.     Spenser. 

Compare  (kom-par'),  v.i.    1.  To  hold  or 

.stand  comparison;  to  be  held  like  or  equal. 

1  No  person  can  compare  with  him.'  Milton. 

2.t  To  vie.    'With  her  beauty  bounty  did 

compare. '    Spenser. 
Compare  (kom-par7),  n.     1.  Comparison. 

[Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

Their  small  gallics  may  not  hold  compare 
With  our  tallships.       '  Waller. 

2.1  Simile;  similitude;  illustration  by  com- 
parison. 'Protest,  and  oath,  and  big  coin- 
pare.  '  Shak. 

Comparer  (kom-par'er),  «.  One  who  com- 
pares. Bp.  Lavington. 

Comparison  (kom-pai-'i-son),  n.  [Fr.  com- 
paraison,  L.  compara  tio.  See  CoMPA  RE.  ] 

1.  The  act  of  comparing ;  the  act  of  volun- 
tarily carrying  the  mind  from  one  object  to 
another,  in  order  to  discover  some  relation 
subsisting  between  them;  a  comparative 
estimate. 

yerfffs.  Yes,  I  thank  God  I  am  as  honest  as  any 
man  living  that  is  an  uld  man  and  no  hone&ter 
than  I. 

Dog.  Comparisons  are  odorous:  palabras,  neigh- 
bour Verges.  Shak. 

2.  The  state  of  being  compared  or  estimated; 
proportion;  relation  between  things  such  as 
admits  of  their  being  compare*!;  as,  the  one 
is  so  much  superior  to  the  other  that  there 
is  no  comparison  between  them. 

Who  is  left  among  you  that  saw  this  house  in  its 
first  glory!  And  how  do  you  sec  it  now?  Is  it  not 
in  your  eyes  in  comparison  of  it  as  nothing? 

Hag.  ii.  3. 

[In  comparison  of  was  formerly  common, 
but  it  seems  to  be  now  going  out  of  use,  in 
comparison  icith  taking  its  place ;  as,  in 
comparison  icith  Shakspere  our  modern  dra- 
matists occupy  a  low  place.  1—3.  Something 
with  which  another  thing  is  compared;  a 
similitude,  or  illustration  by  similitude ;  a 
parallel. 

Whereto  shall  we  liken  the  kingdom  of  GodT  Or 
with  what  comparison  shall  we  compare  it! 

Mark  iv.  30. 
The  tints  are  such 

As  may  not  find  comparison  on  earth.     Shelley. 

4.  In  gram,  the  inflection  of  an  adjective  or 
adverb  to  express  degrees  of  the  original 
quality ;    as   strong,    stronger,    strongest ; 
glorious,  more  glorious,    most  glorious.— 

5.  In  rhet.  a  figure  by  which  two  things  are 
considered  with  regard  to  a  third,  which  is 
common  to  them  both;  as,  a  hero  is  like  a 
lion  in  courage.     Here  courage  is  regarded 
as  common  to  a  hero  and  a  lion,  and  con- 
stitutes the  point  of  resemblance. —6.  In 
phren.  one  of  the  reflecting  faculties,  whose 
supposed  function  is  to  give  the  power  of 
perceiving  resemblances  and  analogies,  and 
to  produce  a  tendency  to  compare  one  thing 
with  another. 

Comparison t  (kom-par'i-son),  v.t.  To  com- 
pare. 

Like  to  a  foole  natural!,  am  I  comparisoned, 

Chaucer. 

Compart  (kom-parf).  v.t  [Fr.  compartir— 
prefix  com,  and  partir,  L.  partior,  to  divide, 
from  pars,  partis,  a  part.  ]  To  divide ;  to 

mark  out  into  parts  or  subdivisions.  [Kare.  ] 

The  crystal  surface  is  comparted  all. 

In  niches  verged  with  rubies.  Glover. 

Compart  t  (kom'piirt),  n.  A  part  existing 
along  with  others ;  a  fellow -member ;  an 
element.  '  Comparts  of  the  same  substance.' 
Dr.  J.  Scott. 

Compartimentt  (kom-piir'ti-ment),  n.  [Fr.] 
Compartment.  '  Divided  into  twelve  com- 
partitnents. '  Pope. 


Compartitiont  (kom-par-ti'shon),  n.  [Prefix  I 
com,  and  jjattition,]    1.  The  act  of  dividing  , 
into  parts;  specifically,  in  arch,  the  division 
or  disposition  of  the  whole  ground-plan  of  | 
an    edifice    into    its    various    apartments.  \ 
Wotton.  —  2.  A  division;    part  divided;    a 
separate  part.     Wotton;  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Compartment  (kom-part'ment),  n.  [Fr. 
compartiment;  L.L.  compartimcutitnt,  from 
L.  compartior,  to  divide,  share,  from  pars, 
partis,  a  part.]  A  division  or  separate  part 
of  a  general  design,  as  of  a  building,  rail-  , 
way-carriage,  picture,  plan,  or  the  like. 

The  square  will  make  you  ready  for  all  manner  of  j 
compartments,  bases,  pedestals,  and  buildings. 

Peacham. 

There  was  a  train  just  stopping,  and  she  opened 
the  door  of  one  of  the  compartments  and  entered  it. 
Mrs.  Riddel  I. 

—  Compartment  ceiling,  in  arch,  a  ceiling 
divided  into  panels,  which  are  usually  sur- 
rounded by  mouldings.  —  Compartment  tiles, 
in  arch,  tiles  of  different  colours  so  arranged 
as  to  form  compartments. 

Compartnert  (kom-part'ner), n-  A  sharer; 
a  copartner.  Bp.  Pearson. 

Compartnership  t  (kom-part'ner-ship),  n. 
Copartnership  (which  see).  'My  wife's  coin- 
pa  rtne  rsh  ip. '  Ford. 

Compasant  (kom'pa-zant),  n.  A  seaman's 
corruption  of  Corposant  (which  see). 

Compass  ( kum'pas ),  n.  [  Fr.  Sp.  and  Pg. 
compos;  L.L.  compassiis,  a  circle— L.  com, 
and  passits,  a  step.]  1.  A  passing  round;  a 
circular  course;  a  circuit. 

Time  is  come  round ; 
And  where  I  did  begin,  there  shall  1  end  ; 
My  life  is  run  his  compass.  Shak. 

They  fetched  a  compass  of  seven  days'  journey. 
2  Ki.  iti.  9. 

2.  Limit  or  boundary;  reach;  extent;  range: 
applied  to  time,  space,  sound,  <fec.    '  And  in 
that  compass  all  tne  world  contains.'    Dry- 
den.    'In  the  compass  of  three  little  words. ' 
Tennyson. 

You  would  sound  me  from  my  lowest  note  to  the 
top  of  my  compass.  Shak. 

3.  Moderate  estimate;  limits  of  truth;  mo- 
deration; due  limits:  usually  with  within. 

In  two  hundred  years  before  (I  speak  within  com- 
J^iss),  no  such  commission  had  been  executed. 

Sir  y.  Davits. 

4.  An  instrument  used  to  indicate  the  mag- 
netic meridian  or  the  position  of  objects 
with  respect  to  that  meridian.    The  mari- 
ner's or  ship  compass  consists  of  three  parts: 
namely,  the  box,  the  card  or  fly,  and  the 
needle.    The  box,  which  contains  the  card 
and  needle,  is  a  circular  brass  receptacle, 
hung  within  a  wooden  one  by  two  concentric 
rings  called  gimbals,  so  fixed  by  the  cross- 
centres  to  the  box  that  the  inner  one,  or 
compass-box,  shall  retain  an  horizontal  posi- 
tion in  all  motions  of  the  ship.  The  circular 
card  is  divided  into  thirty-two  equal  parts  by 
lines  drawn  from  the  centre  to  the  circum- 
ference, called  points  or  rhumbs;  the  inter- 
vals between  the  points  are  also  divided 
into  halves  and  quarters;  and  the  whole 
circumference  into  equal  parts  or  degrees, 
360  of  which  complete  the  circle;  and,  con- 
sequently, the  distance  or  angle  compre- 
hended between  any  two  rhumbs  is  equal 
to  11J°.    The  four  principal  are  called  car- 
dinal points:  viz.  North,  South,  East,  and 


Compass  Face  or  Card. 

West.      The  names  of  the  rest  are  com-  j 

E minded  of  these.     The  needle  is  a  small 
ar  of  magnetized  steel.     It  is  fixed  in  the 
under  side  of  the  card,  and  in  the  centre  is  | 
placed  a  conical  socket,  which  is  poised  on  ; 
an  upright  pointed  pin  fixed  in  the  bottom 
of  the  box;  so  that  the  card,  hanging  on  the  [ 
pin,  turns  freely  round  its  centre ;  and  one 


of  the  points,  by  the  property  of  the  needle, 
will  always  be  directed  towards  the  north 
pole.  The  needle,  however,  is  liable  to  n 
certain  deviation  owing  to  the  magnetism  of 
the  ship  itself,  and  this  is  especially  strung 
in  iron  ships.  (See  Deviation  of  the  <•>,,/, 
pass,  under  DEVIATION.)  To  obviate  this 
defect  Sir  W.  Thomson  has  invented  a  com- 
pass having  a  number  of  needles  arranged 
in  a  particular  manner  instead  of  one.  In 
the  compass  used  by  land-surveyors  and 
others  the  needle  is  not  fixed  to  the  card, 
but  plays  alone,  the  card  being  drawn  on  the 
bottom  of  the  box.— The  azimuth  compos* 
differs  in  some  respects  from  the  foregoing. 
See  AZIMUTH. — Hanging  compass,  a  mari- 
ner's compass  suspended  with  its  face  down- 
wards to  the  roof  of  a  cabin  or  to  a  pole  on 
deck.  In  the  former  position  it  is  some- 
times called  a  Tell-tale,  because  it  shows  to 
one  below  if  the  proper  course  of  the  ship  is 
maintained  by  the  steersman.--5.  A  mathe- 
matical instrument  for  describing  circles, 
measuring  figures,  distances  between  two 
points,  &c. :  ofteu  witli  the  plural  designa- 
tion compasses,  or  a  pair  of  compasses. 

In  his  hand 

He  took  the  golden  compasses,  prepared 
In  God's  eternal  store,  to  circumscribe 
The  universe  and  all  created  things.         Milton. 

— Common  compasses,  or  dividers,  consist 
simply  of  two  pointed  legs,  movable  on  a 
joint  or  pivot,  and  used  for  measuring  and 
transferring  distances.  For  describing  cir- 
cles the  lower  end  of  one  of  the  legs  is  re- 
moved, and  its  place  supplied  by  a  holder 
for  a  pencil  or  pen. — Hair  compasses,  com- 
passes having  a  spring  attached  to  the  upper 
part  of  the  inside  of  one  of  the  legs,  and 
pressing  outwards  against  the  lower  part  of 
the  other,  thus  con- 
stantly tending  to 
keep  the  legs  apart. 
By  means  of  a  finely 
threaded  screw  the 
spring  can  be  com- 
pressed or  relaxed 
with  the  utmost 
nicety,  and  the  dis- 
tance of  the  legs 
4.  regulated  to  a  hairs- 
breadth.—  Bow  com- 
passes, the  name 
given  to  several  in- 
struments for  mea- 
suring distances,  de- 
scribing arcs,  (fee. , 
having  the  two  legs 
at  top  by  a 


Bow  Compasses. 


i.  a.  For  using  as  dividers.    « 

?.  With  pen  leg  for  describ-  how  or  spring  SO  as 

mg  circles.  to    tend     to    move 

apart,  the  distance 

between  the  legs  being  adjusted  by  means  of 
a  screw  and  nut.  For  larger  varieties  see 
BOW-COMPASS.—  Triangular  compasses.  See 
TRIANGULAR.  —  Proportional  compasses.  See 
PROPORTIONAL. 

Compass  (kum'pas),  v.  t.  1.  To  stretch  round; 
to  extend  so  as  to  embrace  the  whole  ;  to 
inclose,  encircle,  environ,  surround  ;  as,  to 
compass  with  the  arms.  '  Compass'd  by  the 
inviolate  sea.'  Tennyson. 

Now  all  the  blessings 

Of  a  glad  father  compass  thee  about.      Shak. 
With  favour  wilt  thou  compass  him  as  with  a  shield, 

PS.  V.  13. 

2.  To  go  or  walk  about  or  round. 

The  seventh  day  ye  shall  compass  the  city  seven 
times.  Josh.  vi.  3,  4. 

3.  To  obtain  ;  to  attain  to  ;  to  procure  ;  to 
bring  within  one's  power;  to  accomplish. 

If  I  can  check  my  errine  love,  I  will  ; 
If  not,  to  compass  her  1  11  use  my  skill.    Shak. 
How  can  you  hope  to  compass  your  designs? 

Denham. 

4.  To  purpose;  to  intend;  to  imagine;  t<» 
plot  ;  to  contrive.     [Obsolete  except  as  a 
legal  term.  ] 

Compassing  and  imagining  the  death  of  the  king 

are  synonymous  terms;  compass  signifying  the  pur- 

pose or  design  of  the  mind  or  will,  and  not,  as  in 

common  speech,  the  carrying  such  design  to  effect. 

Blackstone. 

5.  To  bend  in  the  form  of  a  circle  or  curve; 
to  make  circular  or  curved;  as,  to  compass 
timber  for  a  ship.     '  To  be  compassed  like  a 
good  bilbo  in  the  circumference  of  a  peck.' 
Shak.    [Obsolete  except  in  carpentry.] 

Compassable  (kum'pas-a-bl),  a.    Capable 

of  U'in.ir  compassed. 
Compass-boxOtum'pas-boks),  n.  Theglass- 

covered  box  containing  the  compass  needle 

and  card.    See  COMPASS,  4. 
Compass-card  (kum'pas-kard),  n.   The  cir- 

cular card  belonging  to  a  compass.    See 

COMPASS,  4. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met.  her;        pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;        oil,  pound;     ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  icy. 


COMPASS-DIAL 


529 


COMPENSATE 


Compass-dial  (kum'pas-di-al),  n.  A  small 
sun-dial  fitted  into  a  box  lor  the  pocket,  by 
which  the  hour  can  be  ascertained  by  the 
needle. 

Compassed  (kum'past),  p.  and  a.    1.  Sur- 
rounded ;      obtained  ;      accomplished. 
•2.t  Round;  arched.    ' ilia  compassed  crest.' 
fihak.     '  The  compassed  window. '    Shak. 

Compassemente.tCompassynge.t  n.  Con- 
trivance: purpose;  design.  Chaucer. 

Compassing  (kum'pas-lng),  p.  or  a.  In  1 
thip-buMing,  Incurvated,  curved  or  bent;  | 
as,  oomptHtvng  timbers.  See  COMPASS,  v.  t.  5. 

Compassion  (kom-pa'shon),  n.  [Fr.  com- 
/irixKiuii,  L.  compassio,  compasslonis — cum, 
together,  and patior,  passm,  to  suffer.]  1.  A 
•Uffeiiog  with  another;  a  sensation  of  sor- 
row excited  by  the  distress  or  misfortunes 
of  another;  sympathy;  pity;  commiseration. 

He.  being  full  of  compassion,  forgave  their  iniquity. 
Ps.  Ixxviii.  38. 

2.  t  Au  act  of  mercy. 

It  is  of  the  Lord's  mercies  that  we  are  not  con- 
sumed, because  his  compassions  fail  not.  Lam.iii.a2. 

Compassion  t  (kom-pa'shon),  u.  t.  To  com- 
passionate; to  pity;  to  commiserate. 

O  heavens,  can  you  hear  a  good  man  groan. 
And  not  relent,  or  not  compassion  him!     Stta&. 

Compassionate  (kom-pa'shon-a-bl),  a. 
Deserving  of  pity.  [Rare.] 

He  is  for  some  time  a  raving  maniac,  and  then  falls 
into  a  state  of  gay  and  compassionate  imbecility. 

Cram. 

Compassionary  t  ( kom  -  pa '  shon-ar  -  i ),  a. 
Compassionate.  Cotgrave. 

Compassionate  (kom-pa'shon-at),  a.  1.  Cha- 
racterized by  compassion;  full  of  pity;  hav- 
ing a  heart  that  is  tender  and  easily  moved 
by  the  distresses,  sufferings,  wants,  and  in- 
firmities of  others. 

There  never  was  any  heart  truly  great  and  gener- 
ous that  was  not  also  tender  and  compassionate. 

South. 

2.t  Calling  for  or  calculated  to  excite  com- 
passion; pitiable;  pitiful. 

I  pity  you  .  .  .  your  case  is  a  compassionate  one. 
A.  Murphy. 

3.t  Plaintive;  complaining. 

It  hoots  thee  not  to  be  compassionate: 

After  our  sentence  plaining  comes  too  late.     Shut. 

4.t  Sympathetic.  Donne.  —  Compassionate 
allowance,  a  gratuity  granted  by  the  gov- 
ernment to  the  widows  and  children  and 
other  specified  relatives  of  deceased  British 
naval  and  military  officers  left  in  necessitous 
circumstances. —SYN.  Tender,  merciful, 
melting,  soft,  indulgent,  kind. 
Compassionate  (kom-pa'shon-at), ».  t.  pret. 
&  pp.  compassionated;  ppr.  compassionat- 
ing. To  pity;  to  commiserate;  to  have  com- 
passion for.  '  Compassionates  my  pains,  and 
pities  me.'  Addition. 

Compassionate  t  (kom-pa'shon-at),  n.   One 
who  compassionates,   pities,  or  commiser- 
ates.   Quoted  by  Fitzedward  Hall. 
Compassionately  (kom-pa'shon-at-li),  adv. 
In  a  compassionate  manner;  with  compas- 
sion; mercifully.     Clarendon. 
Compassionateness  (kom-pa'shon-at-nes), 
n.    The  quality  of  being  compassionate. 
Compassionative  t  (kom-pa'shon-at-iv),  a. 
Same  aa  Compassionate.     Sir  K.  Difjo'j. 
Compassless  (kum'pas-les),  a.    Having  no 
compass. 

Compass-needle  (kum'pas-ne-dl),  n.  The 
magnetized  needle  of  a  compass.  See  COM- 
PASS, 4. 

Compass-plane  (kum'pas-plan),  n.  In  carp. 
a  plane  having  the  sole  convex  in  the  direc- 
tion of  its  length  for  curved  timber. 
Compass  -  plant  (kum 'pas -plant),  n.  A 
plant,  the  SUphium  laciniatum,  nat.  order 
Compositss.common  on  the  prairies  of  North 
America.  It  is  disposed  to  present  the 
edges  of  its  leaves  north  and  south,  hence 
its  name. 

Compass-roof  (kum'pas-rof ),  n.    Same  as 
Span-roof.     Oxford  Glossary. 
Compass-saw  (kum'pas-sa),  ?i.    A  saw  with 
a  narrow  blade,  so  that  it  may  be  made  to 
cut  round  in  a  circle  of  moderate  radius. 
Compass-signal  (kum'pas-sig-nal),  n.    A 
signal  denoting  a  point  of  the  compass. 
Compass-timber  (kum'pas-tim-ber),  n.    In 
carp,  curved  or  crooked  timber. 
Compass-window  (kum'pas-win-do),  71.  In 
arch,  a  circular  bay-window  or  oriel. 
Compastt  (kum'past),  a.    Same  as  Com- 
passed.    Spenser. 

Compaternityt  (kom-pa-ter'ni-ti),  n.  [Pre 
fix  Mm,  and  paternity.]  The  relation  of  a 
godfather. 

Gossipred  or  compatcrnity.  by  the  canon  law,  is  a 
spiritual  affinity.  Sir  y.  Da-aits. 


Compatibility  fltom-pat'l-bil"i-tl),  n.    [See 
COMPATIBLE.]    The  quality  of  being  com- 
patible; consistency;  the  quality  or  power 
of  coexisting  with  something  else;  suitable-  i 
ness;  as,  a  con>j><itihitir>/  of  tempers     'The  ' 
compatibility  and  concurrence  of  such  pro- 
perties in  out*  thing.'    Barrow. 

Compatible  (kum-pat'i-bl),  a.     [Fr.  cornpat-  ' 
ible,   L.  L.    com  pat  toil  in,    from   cam  patior 
L.    coin,    together,  and  patior,   to   suffer.] 

1.  Capable  of  coexisting  or  being  found  to-  . 
gether  in  the  same  subject;  as,  a  generous 
und  a  servile  temper  are  not  compatible  with 
one  another. —  2.  Capable  of  existing  toge-  ] 
ther  in  harmony;  suitable  ;  agreeable;  not  ] 
incongruous:   in  both  senses  used  either  ; 
absolutely  or  followed  by  with,  formerly 
sometimes  by  to.    'Not  repugnant  but  com- 
patible.' Sir  T.  More. 

The  object  of  the  will  is  such  a  good  as  1%  compat- 
ible to  an  intellectual  nature.  Sir  At.  Hale. 

Let  us  not  require  a  union  of  excellencies  not  quite 
compatible -with  each  other.  Sir  y.  Reynolds. 

SYN.  Consistent,  suitable,  agreeable,  accord- 
ant, concordant,  congruous,  congenial,  har- 
monizing. 

Compatibleness  (kom-pat'i-bl- nes),  n.  The 
same  as  Compatibility. 
Compatibly  (kom-pat'i-bli),  adv.  In  a  com- 
patible manner;  fitly;  suitably; consistently. 
jOmpatient  t  (kom-pa'shent),  a.  [L.  com- 
patietm,  pp.  of  compatior— com,  together, 
and  patior,  to  suffer]  Suffering  together. 
'The  same  compatient  and  comraorient 
fates.'  SirG.  Buck. 

Compatriot  (kom-pa'tri-ot),  n.  [Prefix  com, 
and  patriot;  Fr.  compatriote.]  One  of  the 
same  country.  '  The  shipwrecked  goods  both 
of  strangers  and  our  own  compatriots.'  Bp. 
Hall. 

Clement  VI.  with  his  easy  temper  was  least  likely 
to  restrain  that  proverbial  vice  of  popes — nepotism. 
On  his  brothers,  nephews,  kindred,  relatives,  co*n~ 
patriots,  were  accumulated  grants,  benefices,  pro- 
motions. Milman. 

Compatriot  (kom-pa'tri-ot),  a.  l.  Of  the 
same  country. 

To  my  compatriot  youth 
I  point  the  high  example  of  thy  sons.     Akenside. 

2.  Animated  by  love  of  a  common  country; 
united  in  patriotism;  patriotic. 

She  (Britain)  rears  to  freedom  an  undaunted  race. 
Compatriot,  zealous,  liospitable,  kind.     Thomson. 

[Rare  in  both  senses.] 

Compatriotism  (kom-pi*'tri-ot-izm),  n. 
The  state  of  being  a  compatriot  or  fellow- 
countryman.  Quart.  Rev.  [Rare.] 

Compear  (kom-per'),  v.i.  [L.  compareo— 
com,  and  pareo,  to  appear;  comp.  appear.] 
In  Scots  law,  to  present  one's  self  in  a  court 
in  person  or  by  counsel. 

Compearance  (kom-per'ans),  n.  In  Scots 
law,  a  term  applied  to  the  appearance  made 
for  a  defender  by  himself  or  by  his  counsel 
in  an  action. 

Compearer  (kom-per'er),  n.  In  Scots  laic, 
an  interlocutor  by  which  one  who,  although 
not  called  as  a  party  to  an  action,  yet  con- 
ceives he  has  an  interest  in  it,  is  permitted 
to  compear  and  sist  himself  as  party  to  it. 

Compeer  (kom-per7),  n.  [L.  compar— com, 
and  par,  equal.  See  PEER.]  An  equal;  a 
companion ;  an  associate ;  a  mate.  *  His 
compeer  in  arms.'  Ford.  'And  him  thus 
answered  soon  his  bold  compeer.1  Milton. 

Heroes  and  kings  of  ages  past 
Are  thy  compeers.  »'.  ll'hitehead. 

Compeert  (kom-per').  v.t.  To  equal;  to 
match;  to  be  equal  with.  'He  compeers 
the  best.'  Shak. 

Compeert  (kom-perO,  v.i.  [See  COMPEAR.] 
To  appear. 

Compel  (kom -pel'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  com- 
pelled; ppr.  compelling.  [L.  compello,  com- 
pulsttm,  to  drive  together— com,  and  pello 
to  drive ;  whence  also  compulsion,  compul- 
sory, &c.]  1.  To  drive  or  urge  with  force 
or  irresistibly ;  to  constrain ;  to  oblige ;  to 
necessitate,  either  by  physical  or  moral 
force ;  as,  circumstances  compel  us  to  prac- 
tise economy. 

Go  out  into  the  highways  and  hedges,  and  compel 
them  to  come  in,  that  my  house  may  be  filled. 

Luke  xiv.  23. 

2.  To  subject;  to  cause  to  submit. 

I  compel  all  creatures  to  my  will.        Tennyson. 

3.  To  take  by  force  or  violence.    [Rare.] 

The  subjects*  grief 

Comes  through  commissions,  which  compel  from  each 
A  sixth  part  of  his  substance. 

4  To  drive  together ;  to  gather ;  to  unite  in 
a  crowd  or  company.  '  In  one  troop  com- 
pelled.' Dryden.  [A  Latinism,  and  rare.  ]- 
6.  To  overpower;  to  overcome;  to  hold.  And 


easy  sleep   their  weary  limbl   compelled 
!ir:/ilfn.    [Rare.] 

Compellable  (kom-pcl'a  bl).  a.    Capable  of 
being  comprllnl  nr  BOOStaVUMd. 


re  compettat-teby  writ  of  partition  t-. 
divide  their  l.mdv  Bbtctstont. 

Compellably  <k..m-pel'a-bli),  adv.  By  com- 
pulsion. TuUd. 

Compellationfkom-i.c  I  la'shon).  n.   |l 
pellatio,  the  act  of  accutitini:,  from  <••'!,> , 
coinpellare,  to  address.]    Sl\  1,-  or  manner  nf 
address;  wordof  salutation.    '  Metaphorical 
compilations.'    Milton. 

The  peculiar  lompellalion  of  the  kinvs  of  France 
is  l.y  'Sirr.'  Sir  IV.  Timfle. 

He  useth  this  endearing  competlation,  'my  little 
children.'  Bp.  Btvtridge. 

Compellative  (kom-pel'a-tlv),  n.  [From  L 
<'<>,,<{,'!!,,,  to  address.  ]  lu  gram,  a  term  some- 
times given  to  the  name  by  which  a  person 
is  addressed. 

Cpmpellatory  (kom-pd'a-tor-l).  a.  Tend- 
ing to  compel;  compulsory.  'Process  com- 
pellatory.'  Sir  W.  Cavendish.  [Rare.] 

Compeller  ( kom-pel'er),  71.  One  who  com- 
pels or  constrains. 

Compelllngly  ( kom-pel'ing-U ),  adv.  In  a 
compelling  or  constraining  manner;  com- 
pulsively. 

She  must  declare  it  to  be  so:  that  is.  probably. 
obscurely,  peradventure,  but  not  evidently,  tompel- 
linfly,  necessarily.  y**.  Taylor. 

Compend  (kom'pend),  n.    Same  as  Com- 
pendium.    Bp.  Burnet. 
Compendiarlous  t  (kom-pen'dl-a"ri-us),  a. 

Short;  compendious.    Bailey. 
Compendiate t  (kom-pen'di-at),  v.t.    [See 

COMPENDIUM.]  To  sum  or  collect  together. 

•That  which  compendiateth  all  blessing 

peace  upon  Israel.'    Bp.  King. 
Compendiosity  t   (kom-pen'di-o8"i-ti).   71. 

Compendiousness ;  brevity.    Bailey. 
Compendious  (kom-pen'di-us),  a.    [L.  com- 

penaiosus,  from  compendium  (which  see).] 

1.  Containing  the  substance  or  general  prin- 
ciples of  a  subject  or  work  in  a  narrow  com- 
pass; short;  abridged;  concise;  as,  a  com- 
pendious system  of  chemistry;  a  compen- 
dious grammar. 

Three  things  be  required  in  the  oration  of  a  man 
having  authority— that  it  be  compendious,  senten- 
tious, and  delectable.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

2.  t  Short ;  direct ;  not  circuitous. 

They  learned  more  compendious  and  expeditions 
ways,  whereby  they  shortened  their  labours  and 
gained  time.  Wood-ward. 

SYN.  Short,  summary,  abridged,  condensed, 
shortened,  compressed,  succinct,  brief,  con- 
cise. 

Compendiously (kom-pen'dl-us-li),  adv.  In 
a  compendious,  snort,  or  brief  manner ;  sum- 
marily ;  in  brief ;  in  epitome.  Sir  T.  More ; 
Holland. 

The  state  or  condition  of  matter,  before  the  world 
was  a-making,  is  compendiously  expressed  liy  the 
word  chaos.  Bentley. 

Compendiousness  (kom-pen'di-us -nes).  71. 
The  state  of  being  compendious ;  short- 
ness; brevity;  comprehension  in  a  narrow- 
compass.  'The  inviting  easiness  and  ami- 
pendiousness  of  this  assertion. '  Bentley. 

Compendium  (ki>m-pen'di-um),  n.  [L.  cotii- 
I  pendium,  a  shortening,  abbreviating— com, 
with,  and  pendo,  to  weigh.]  A  brief  com- 
pilation or  composition  containing  the  prin- 
cipal heads  or  general  principles  of  a  larger 
workorsystem ;  an  abridgment ;  asuinmary ; 
an  epitome.  '  A  short  system  or  compendium 
of  ascience.'  Watti.—  Abridgment,  Compen- 
dium, Epitome,  Abstract.  See  under  ABRIDG- 
MENT. 

Compensable  t  (kom-pen'sa-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  compensated.  Cotgrave. 

Compensate  (kom-pen'sat  or  kom'pen-sat : 
Tennyson  has  both),  ti  (.  pret.  &  pp.  compen- 
sated; ppr.  compensating.  [L.  compenso, 
compensatum—com,  together,  and  venm. 
freq  of  pendo,  penmm,  to  weigh;  lit.  to 
weigh  together :  hence,  to  balance,  to  give 
an  equivalent  for.)  1.  To  give  equal  value 
to;  to  recompense;  to  give  an  equivalent 
to;  as,  to  compensate  a  labourer  for  his 
work  or  a  merchant  for  his  losses.— 2.  To 
make  up  for ;  to  counterbalance ;  to  make 
amends  for.  'For  often  fineness  conijx-n- 
satedsize.'  Tennyson. 

The  length  of  the  night  and  the  dews  do  eemfen- 
sate  the  heat  of  the  day.  Bacon. 

(She)  throve  not  in  her  trade,  not  being  bred 
To  barter,  nor  compensating  the  want 
By  shrewdness. 

SYN  To  recompense,  remunerate,  reward. 
Indemnify,  requite,  countervail,  counter- 
balance. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  3c.  loc/l;      g,  go;      j,  job; 
VOL.  I. 


n,  Fr.  t07»;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  fMn;      w,  wig; 


:h,  azure  -See  KEY. 
34 


COMPENSATE 


530 


COMPLAINABLE 


Compensate  (kom-pen'sat),  v.i.  To  make 
amends;  to  supply  an  equivalent:  followed 
by  for;  as,  what  can  compensate  for  the 
loss  of  honour? 

Compensation  (kom-pen-sa'shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  compensating;  counterbalance;  as, 
nature  is  based  on  a  system  of  compensation. 
2  That  which  is  given  or  received  as  an  equi- 
valent for  services,  debt,  want,  loss,  or  suf- 
fering; amends;  indemnity;  recompense. 

The  parliament  which  dissolved  the  monastic  foun-  r 
dations  vouchsafed  not  a  word  toward  securing 

the  slightest  compensation  to  the  dispossess^  owners,   i 

3.  That  which  supplies  the  place  of  some- 
thing else  or  makes  good  a  deficiency ;  as,  | 
the  speed  of  the  hare  is  a  compensation  for  , 
its  want  of  any  weapon  of  defence.— 1.  In  i 
law,  a  set-off ;  the  payment  of  a  debt  by  t 
a  credit  of  equal  amount.— Compensation 
balance,  compensation  pendulum,  a  balance- 
wheel  or  a  pendulum  so  constructed  as 
to  counteract  the  tendency  of  variations  of  | 
temperature  to  produce  variations  in  the 
rate  of  vibration  or  oscillation.    This  may 
be  accomplished  in  various  ways,  as  by  com- 
pensation bars.  See  below,  and  see  also  PEN- 
DULUM. —  Compensation  barn,  bars  formed 
of  two  or  more  metals  of  different  expansi- 
bilities, so  that  the  expansion  of  one  coun- 
teracts the  expansion  of  another.     They 
are  used  to  produce  perfect  equality  of 
motion  in  the  balances  of  watches  and  chro- 
nometers and  the  pendulums  of  clocks.— 
SYN.  Amends,  indemnity,  indemnification, 
recompense,  remuneration,  requital,  satis- 
faction, set-off. 

Compensative(kom-pen'sa-tiv), a.  Making 
amends  or  compensation.  '  The  compensa- 
tive justice  of  the  old  drama  '  Hazlitt. 
Compensative  ( kom-pen'sa-tiv ),  n.  That 
which  compensates;  compensation.  Inis 
is  the  sorry  compemative.  Lamb. 
Compensator  (kom'pen-sa-ter), ».  One  who 
or  mat  which  compensates;  specifically, 
naut.  a  contrivance  on  board  ships  for 
neutralizing  the  effects  of  local  attraction 
on  the  compass-needle.  See  under  5IAQ- 
NETIC. 

Compensatory  (kom-pen'sa-tor-i),  a. 
Serving  for  compensation ;  making  amends. 
•  Tribute  not  penal  nor  compensatory. 
Jer.  Taylor. 

Compenset  (kom-pens'),  v.t.  lo  recom- 
pense; to  compensate;  to  counterbalance. 
Bacon. 

Comperendinate  t  (kom-per-en'di-nat),  ».t 
[  L.  comperendino,  comperendinatitm,  to 
cite  a  defendant  to  a  new  trial  on  a  subse- 
quent day.]  To  delay.  Bailey. 
Compete  (kom-pef),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  com- 
peteil;  ppr.  competing.  [L.  com/ieto,  to 
meet,  to  strive  after  —  com,  together,  and 
peto,  to  make  for,  to  seek.]  To  seek  or 
strive  for  the  same  thing  as  another;  to 
carry  on  competition  or  rivalry;  to  vie. 

Men  have  gone  on  warring,  grudging,  struggling. 
competing,  from  the  beginning,  and  they  _will  do  so 
to  the  end.  A  totfslty. 

The  sages  of  antiquity  will  not  dare  to  compete 
with  the  inspired  authors.  Milner. 

[This  word  is  often  said  to  be  modern,  and 
of  Scottish  origin,  but  Latham  quotes  a  pas- 
sage from  Bp.  Hall  in  which  it  is  used,  and 
competition  and  competitor  are  both  of  con- 
siderable age.  It  is  now  in  common  use.] 
Competence,  Competency  (kom'pe-tens, 
kom'pe-ten-si),n.  [From competent.]  l.State 
of  being  competent;  fitness;  suitableness; 
adequateness;  ability;  as,  there  is  no  doubt 
of  his  competence  for  the  task.  '  The  compe- 
tency of  this  king  Join  to  the  assertion  of  the 
commoncause.'  Burke.— 2.  Sufficiency; such 
a  quantity  as  is  sufficient;  especially,  pro- 
perty or  means  of  subsistence  sufficient  to 
furnish  the  necessaries  and  conveniences  of 
life,  without  superfluity.  •  Happy  years  of 
health  and  competence.  Tennyson. 

Superfluity  comes  sooner  by  white  hairs,  but  com- 
petency lives  longer.  SA«*.  | 

Reason's  whole  pleasure,  all  the  joys  of  sense. 

Lie  in  three  words— health,  peace,  and  competence. 

3  In  lam,  (a)  legal  capacity,  qualification,  or 
sufficiency;  fitness;  as,  the  competency  of  ] 
evidence ;    the    competence    of  a   witness,  I 
which  consists  in  his  having  the  qualiflca-  , 
tions  required  by  law,  as  age,  soundness  of 
mind,  impartiality,  &c.    (b)  Legal  right  or 
authority;  power  or  capacity  to  take  cog- 
nizance of  a  cause;  as,  the  competency  of  a 
judge  or  court  to  examine  and  decide. 

Elizabeth,  conscious  that  her  own  title  was  open 
to  grave  objections,  and  unwilling  to  admit  even  a 
reversionary  right  in  her  rival  and  enemy  the  Queen 
of  Scots,  induced  the  parliament  to  pass  a  law.  en- 


acting  that  whoever  should  deny  the  competency  of 
the  reigning  sovereign,  with  the  assent  of  the  states 
of  the  realm,  to  alter  the  succession,  should  suffer 
death  as  a  traitor. 


Competent  (kom'pe-tent),  a.  [Fr.  compe- 
tent from  competfr,  to  be  sufficient;  L.  com- 
peto,  to  be  meet  or  fit,  to  be  suitable,  also 
to  strive  after— com,  together,  and  peto,  to 
seek  ]  1.  Answering  all  requirements;  suit- 
able ;  fit ;  sufficient  or  fit  for  the  purpose ; 
adequate;  as,  competent  supplies  of  tood 
and  clothing;  an  army  competent  to  the  de- 
fence of  the  kingdom.  '  A  competent  know- 
ledge of  the  world. '  A  tterbury. 

His  indignation  derives  itself  out  of  a  very  compe- 
tent injury. 

2.  In  law,  having  legal  capacity  or  power; 
as  a  competent  judge  or  court;  a  tamftttM 
witness.     In  a  judge  or  court,  it  implies 
right  or  authority  to  hear  and  determine;  in 
a  witness,  it  implies  a  legal  right  or  capa- 
city to  testify. 

A  competent  judge  is  one  who  has  junsdict 
the  case. 

3.  Incident;  rightfully  or  lawfully  belonging: 
followed  by  to. 

That  is  the  privilege  of  the  infinite  Author  of 
things,  who  never  slumbers  nor  sleeps,  but  is  not 
competent  to  any  finite  being.  Locke. 

It  is  not  competent  to  the  defendant  to  allege  fraud 
in  the  plaintiC  Blactalcml. 

—  Competent  and  omitted,  in  Scott  law,  a 
term  applied  to  pleas  which  might  have 
been  maintained  in  the  course  of  a  suit,  but 
which  have  not  been  stated. 
Competently  ( kom '  pe-tent-li  \  adv.  In  a 
competent  manner;  sufficiently;  adequately; 
suitably;  as,  the  fact  has  been  competently 
proved. 

Some  places  require  men  competently  endowed. 

Competlblet  (kom-pet'i-bl),  a.  Compatible. 
Qlanville;  Sir  M  Hale;  Dr.  II.  More. 

It  is  not  compatible  with  the  grace  of  God  so  much 
as  to  incline  any  man  to  do  evuT  Hammond. 

Compatibleness  t  (kom-pet'i-bl-nes),  n. 
Compatibleness. 

Competition  (kom-pe-ti  shon),  n.  [L.L. 
competitio.  See  COMPETE  and  COMPETENCE.  ] 
1  Tne  act  of  seeking  or  endeavouring  to 
gain  what  another  is  endeavouring  to  gain 
at  the  same  time;  mutual  contest  or  striv- 
ing for  the  same  object;  strife  for  superior- 
ity rivalry;  as,  the  competition  of  two  can- 
didates for  an  office:  formerly  it  might  be 
followed  by  to,  now  always  for  before  the 
thing  sought. 

Competition  to  the  crown  there  is  none,  nor  can 
be.  '  *"""• 

There  is  no  competition  but/»    the  second  place. 
Dryden. 

2.  A  trial  of  skill  proposed  as  a  test  of  supe- 
riority or  comparative  fitness;  as,  the  prize 
wasdecided  by  written  competition;  thecom- 
petitiens  for  appointments  in  the  civil  ser- 
vice. —  3  In  Scor«  law  competition  is  ap- 
plied chiefly  to  those  contests  which  arise 
on  bankruptcy,  between  creditors  claiming 
in  virtue  of  their  respective  securities  or 
diligences.  —  Emulatum,  Competition,  Ri- 
valry. See  under  EMULATION. 

Competitive  (kom-pet'i-tiv),  a.  Relating 
to  competition ;  emulous;  as,  a  competitive 
trial.  '  The  co-operative  in  lieu  of  the  com- 
petitive  principle.'  Quart.  Rev. 

Competitor  (kom-pet'i-ter),  n.  [L.  competi- 
tor (i  long),  from  competo,  to  seek  after. 
See  COMPETE.]  1.  One  who  competes;  one 
who  seeks  and  endeavours  to  obtain  what 
another  seeks ;  or  one  who  claims  what  an- 
other claims;  a  rival. 

How  furious  and  impatient  they  be. 

And  cannot  brook  cotnfttitors  in  love.       Shak. 

2.  t  A  companion  ;  a  confederate ;  an  asso- 
ciate; a  fellow.  '  Thou  my  brother,  my  com- 
petitor, ...  my  mate. '  Shak. 

Every  hour  more  competitors 

Flock  to  the  rebels,  and  still  their  power  grows  strong. 

SnaK. 

Competitory  (kom-pet'i-tor-i),  a.  Acting  in 
competition;  rival.  Faber.  [Rare.] 

Competitress.  Competitrix  ( kom  -pet  'i- 
tres,  kom-pet'i-triks),  n.  A  female  competi- 
tor. 

Queen  Anne  now  being  without  competitrix  for  her 
title,  thought  herself  secure.  Ld.  Herbert. 

Compilation  (kom-pi-la'shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  compiling  or  collecting:  now  only 
used  of  the  act  of  compiling  from  written 
or  printed  documents  or  books,  the  act  of 
drawing  materials  for  tables,  pamphlets,  or 
books  from  the  labours  of  others;  but  for- 
merly used  more  generally. 

There  is  in  it  a  small  vein  filled  with  spar,  probably 
since  the  time  of  the  compilation  of  the  mass. 

Woodward. 


2.  That  which  is  compiled ;  a  book  or  trea- 
tise drawn  up  by  compiling. 

Compilatort  (kom-pi-la'ter),n.  A  collector. 
Chaucer. 

Compile  (kom-pil'),  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  compiled; 
ppr.  compiling.  [L.  compUo,  to  plunder, 
pillage— com,  together,  and  pilo,  to  pillage  ] 
1.  To  draw  up,  write  out,  or  compose  by 
collecting  materials  from  various  sources; 
to  collect  or  put  together  by  utilizing  the 
writings  of  others;  as,  to  compile  a  diction- 
ary or  a  gazetteer.  '  As  I  flnde  in  a  book 
compiled.'  Gower. 

They  have  often  no  other  task  than  to  lay  two 
books  before  them,  out  of  which  they  compile  a  third, 
without  any  new  materials  of  their  own.  Johnson. 

2.t  To  write;  to  compose. 

In  poetry  they  compile  the  praises  of  virtuous  men 
and  actions.  '  Sir  H'.  Tempi,. 

3.t  To  contain;  to  comprise.  Spenser.— 
4.t  To  make  up;  to  compose;  to  put  to- 
gether; to  construct.  '  Monsters  compiled 
and  complicated  of  divers  parents  and 
kinds.'  Donne. 

Before  that  Merlin  died  he  did  intend 

A  brazen  wall  in  compass  to  compile.    Spenser. 

5.t  To  settle;  to  reconcile.    Spenser. 

Compilementt  (kom-pil'ment),  n.  The  act 
of  piling  together  or  heaping  up.  Wood- 
ward. 

Compiler  (kom-pil'er),  n.  One  who  com- 
piles. Bacon;  Swift. 

Compinget  (kom-pinjO,  v.t.  [L.  compingo, 
to  fix  together,  to  confine  — com,  together, 
and  pango,  to  fasten,  to  drive  in.  ]  To  com- 
press; to  shut  up.  Burton. 

Complacence,  Complacency  (kom-pla'. 
sens,  kom-pla'sen-si),  n.  [L.  L.  complacentui. 
See  COMPLACENT.]  1.  A  feeling  of  quiet 
pleasure;  satisfaction;  gratification. 

Others  proclaim  the  infirmities  of  a  great  man  with 
satisfaction  and  complacency,  if  they  discover  none 
of  the  like  in  themselves.  Addison. 

2.  The  came  of  pleasure  or  Joy.  'O  thou, 
my  sole  complacence1.'  Milton. — 3.  Agree- 
able softness  or  suavity  of  manners;  deport- 
ment and  address  that  afford  pleasure; 
civility;  complaisance. 

Complacency,  and  truth,  and  manly  sweetness. 
Dwell  ever  on  his  tongue,  and  smooth  his  thoughts. 
Addisen. 

Complacent  (kom-pla 'sent),  a.  [<'"m 
spending  in  form  to  L.  complacent,  compla- 
centa,  pleasing,  ppr.  of  complaceo,  to  please 
—com,  and  plaeeo,  to  please;  but  derived 
rather  from  the  noun  complacence.  ]  Accom- 
panied with  a  sense  of  quiet  enjoyment: 
displaying  complacency;  gratified;  satisfied; 
as,  a  complacent  look  or  smile. 

They  look  up  with  a  sort  of  complacent  awe  to 
kings.  Rurkl. 

Complacentlalt  (kom-pla-sen'shal),  a. 
Marked  by  complacence;  causing  gratifica- 
tion. '  The  more  high  and  excellent  opera- 
tions of  complacential  love.'  Baxter. 

Complacently  (kom-pla'sent-li),  adv.  In  a 
complacent  manner;  as,  to  smile  compla- 

Complain  (kom-planO,  v.i.  [Fr.  complain- 
dre,  from  L  L.  complangere  —  L.  com,  to- 
gether, and  plango,  to  strike,  to  beat,  as 
the  breast  in  extreme  grief,  to  make  a  noise, 
bewail.  Root  plag,  as  in  L.  plaga,  Gr.  plegt, 
a  blow.)  1.  To  utter  expressions  of  grief, 
pain  uneasiness,  censure,  resentment,  or 
the  like;  to  lament;  to  murmur;  to  find 
fault. 


t  of  me  to 
Skat. 


I  will  complain  in  the  bitterness  of  my  soul. 

job  vh.  11. 
In  midst  of  water  I  complain  of  thirst.  Dryden. 

2.  To  make  a  formal  accusation  against  a 
person;  to  make  a  charge. 

Now,  Master  Shallow,  you'll  complai 
the  council. 

This  verb  is  now  regularly  followed  by  of  be- 
fore the  cause  of  grief  or  censure;  as,  to  com- 
plain  of  thirst,  of  ignorance,  of  vice,  of  an 
offender.  Formerly  it  was  followed  also  by 
on  '  Shall  I  complain  on  you  to  our  mis- 
tress?' Skak.— SYN.  To  lament,  bewail,  re- 
pine, murmur,  regret,  grieve,  mourn. 
Complaint  (kom-plan'),  v.t.  To  lament;  to 
bewail. 

They  might  the  grievance  inwardly  complain, 
But  outwardly  they  needs  must  temporize.    Danul. 

Complain  (kom-plan'),  n.    Complaint;  out- 
cry.   [Poetical.] 

Then  came  a  conquering  earth-thunder,  and  rumbled 
That  fierce  complain  to  silence. 

Complainablet  (kom-plan'a-bl).  a.  Capable 
of  being  complained  of.    Felthatn. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  Mr;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       li,  Sc.  abtme;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


COMPLAINANT 


531 


COMPLEXION 


Complainant  (kom-plan'ant),  n.  [Fr.  com- 
plaifjnant.]  1.  One  who  makes  a  complaint; 
a  complainer. 

Congreve  and  this  author  are  the  most  eager  com- 
plainants. Jeremy  Collier. 

2.  One  who  suffers  from  ill  health. 

Taxed  as  she  was  to  such  an  extent  that  she  had 
no  energy  left  for  exercise,  she  is.  now  that  she  has 
finished  her  education,  a  constant  complainant. 

H.  Spencer. 

3.  In  law,  one  who  prosecutes  by  complaint, 
or  commences  a  legal  process  against  an 
offender  for  the  recovery  of  a  right  or  pen- 
alty; a  plaintiff;  a  prosecutor. 

Complainer  ( kom  -  plan 'er),  71.  One  who 
complains  or  expresses  grief;  one  who  la- 
ments; one  who  finds  fault;  a  murmurer. 

Speechless  complainer,  I  will  learn  thy  thought. 
Shak. 

Complainful  (kom -plan 'ful),  a.  Full  of 
complaint.  [Rare  and  poetical.] 

Complaining  (kom-plan'ing),  n.  The  ex- 
pression of  regret,  sorrow,  or  injury;  a  com- 
plaint. 

They  vented  their  complainings.         Shak. 

Complaining  (kom-plan'ing),  a.  Expres- 
sive of  complaint ;  as,  to  speak  in  a  com- 
plaining tone. 

Complainingly  (kom-plan'ing-U),  adv.  In  a 
complaining  manner;  murmuringly.  Byron. 

Complaint  (kom-plant'),n.  [Fr.  complainte. 
See  COMPLAIN.]  1.  Expression  of  grief,  re- 
gret, pain,  censure,  or  resentment;  lamen- 
tation; murmuring;  a  finding  fault. 

Even  to-day  is  my  complaint  bitter.      Job  xxtii.  2. 
The  complaints  I  hear  of  thee  are  grievous.  S/ta&. 

I  do  not  breathe. 
Nor  whisper  any  murmur  of  complaint.     Tennyson. 

2.  The  cause  or  subject  of  complaint  or  mur- 
muring. 

The  poverty  of  the  clergy  hath  been  the  complaint 
of  all  who  wish  welt  to  the  church.  Swift. 

3.  The  cause  of  complaint,  or  of  pain  and 
uneasiness  in  the  body;  a  malady;  a  dis- 
ease :  usually  applied  to  disorders  not  vio- 
lent.    Arbuthnot.~~±.  Accusation;  a  charge 
against  an  offender  made  or  presented  to 
the  proper  otficer  or  court;  representation 
of  injuries  in  a  general  sense. 

The  Jews  .  .  .  laid  many  and  grievous  complaints 
against  Paul  which  they  could  not  prove. 

Acts  xxv.  7. 

Complaintful  (kom-plant'fnl),  a.  Full  of 
complaint.  Huloet.  [Rare.] 

Complaisance  (kom'pla-zana),  n.  [Fr.  com- 
plaisance, from  complaisant,  the  part.  pres. 
of  complaire,  to  please,  to  gratify  =  L.  com- 
placeo.  See  COMPLACENT.]  1.  A  pleasing 
deportment;  that  manner  of  address  and  be- 
haviour in  social  intercourse  which  gives 
pleasure;  affability;  civility;  courtesy. 

Complaisance  renders.!  superior  amiable,  an  equal 
agreeable,  and  an  inferior  acceptable.  Addison. 

2.  Desire  of  pleasing;  disposition  to  oblige; 
the  principle  for  the  act. 

No  man  carries  further  than  I  do  the  policy  of 
making  government  pleasing  to  the  people.  But  the 
widest  range  of  this  political  complaisance  is  con- 
fined within  the  limits  of  justice.  Burke. 

SYN.  Civility,  courtesy,  urbanity,  suavity, 
affability,  good  breeding. 
Complaisant  (kom'pla-zant),  a.  1.  Pleasing 
in  manners ;  courteous;  obliging;  desirous 
to  please;  as,  a  complaisant  gentleman. 

As  for  our  Saviour,  he  was,  if  I  durst  use  the  word, 
the  most  complaisant  person  that  ever  perhaps  ap- 
peared in  the  world.  Abp.  Sharp. 

V.  Exhibiting  complaisance;  proceeding  from 
a  complaisant  or  obliging  disposition ;  as, 
complaisant  deportment  or  treatment. 

My  satire  seems  too  bold. 
Scarce  to  wise  Peter  complaisant  enough.     Pope. 

Complaisantly  (kom'pla-zant-li),  adv.  In 
a  complaisant  manner;  with  civility ;  with 
an  obliging,  affable  address  or  deportment. 
Pope. 

Complaisantness  (kom'pla-zant-nes),  n. 
Civility;  complaisance.  [Rare.] 

Complanate  (kom-pla'nat),  v.t.  [L.  corn- 
piano,  coiiiplanatum  —  com,  and  planus, 
plain.]  To  make  level;  to  reduce  to  an  even 
surface.  Derham.  [  Rare.  ] 

Complanate  (kom-pla'nat),  a.  Flattened; 
made  level,  or  with  a  smooth  surface. 
[Rare.] 

Complease  t  (kom-plezO,  v.t.  To  assent  to; 
t<>  arqniesce  in.  Sylvester,  Du  liartas. 

Compleat  t  (kom-plef).  Same  as  Catnplete. 
J  >iniug. 

Complected  (kom-plekt'ed),  a.  [L.  prefix 
<•"'",  xndplecto,  to  weave,]  Woven  together; 
interwoven.  'Infinitely  complected  tissues.' 
Carlyle. 


Complement  ( knm'ple-ment),  n.    [L.  com- 

plementum,  that  which  fills upor  completes, 
f  rum  compteo, to  complete.  SeeCOMCLETK.a.  | 

1.  Full  quantity  or  number;  full  amount; 
as,  a  company  has  its  complement  of  men;  a 
ship  has  its  complement  of  stores. 

They,  as  they  feasted,  had  their  fill. 
For  a  full  complement  of  all  their  ill.       Spenser. 

2.  Perfect    state;    fulness;    completeness. 
Spenser.    In  her.  the  moon  when  full  is  said 
to  be  in  her  complement.  —3.  What  is  wanted 
to  complete  or  fill  up  some  quantity  or 
thing;  difference. 

One  custom  is  to  place  it  both  in  the  front  of  our 

prayers  as  a  guide,  and  to  add  it  in  the  end  of  some 

principal  limbs  or  parts,  as  a  complement  which  fully 

perfecteth  whatsoever  may  be  defective  in  the  rest. 

Hooker. 

4.  Specifically,  in  music,  the  interval  want- 
ing to  complete  an  octave;  as,  the  comple- 
ment of  a  third  is  a  sixth;  that  of  a  fourth 
a  fifth;  of  a  fifth,  a  fourth.— 5. t  That  which 
is  added,  not  as  necessary,  but  as  orna- 
mental ;  outward  show ;  accessory.  '  Gar- 
nished and  decked  in  modest  complement.' 
Shak.  *  Without  vain  art  or  curious  com- 
plement.' Spenser.— $.\  Courtesy;  compli- 
ment. '  Since  lowly  feigning  was  called 
complement.'  Shak.  [Modern  editions  of 
Shakspere  make  a  distinction  between  com- 
plement and  compliment  for  which  there  is 
no  authority  in  old  editions.]— Complement 
of  an  arc  or  angle,  in  geom.  the  difference 
between  an  arc  and  a  quadrant,  or  between 
an  angle  and  a  right  angle,  is  called  the 
complement  of  that  arc 
or  angle.  Let  DBA  be 
a  circle,  of  which  the 
diameter  is  E  A  and 
centre  c;  and  let  ACB 
be  an  angle  at  the 
centre, measured  by  the 
arc  AB;  also,  from  c  let 
CD  be  drawn  at  right 
angles  to  AC;  then  the 
complement  of  the 
angle  ACB  or  of  the  arc  A  B  is  the  angle  BCD 
or  the  arc  BD.  In  like  manner  the  comple- 
ment of  the  obtuse  angle  ECB,  or  of  the  arc 
EDB,  is  the  angle  DCB  or  the  arc  DB,  which 
is  its  excess  above  a  right  angle  or  a  quad- 
rant ;  hence,  to  mid  the  complement  of  any 
given  angle  expressed  in  degrees,  minutes, 
and  seconds,  subtract  it  from  90°  if  acute, but 
if  obtuse  subtract  90°  from  it.— Complement 
of  a  parallelogram  If,  through  a  point  in  the 
diagonal,  two  lines  be  drawn 
parallel  to  the  sides,  the 
whole  parallelogram  is  then 
divided  into  two  parallelo- 
grams on  the  diagonal,  and 
two  which  only  touch  the 
diagonal  at  one  angle.  The 
latter  pair  are  called  com- 
plements to  the  former;  thus, 
A  I  and  1C  are  the  comple- 
ments of  the  parallelogram 
A  B  c  D.  —  Comple  me  nt  of  a 
star,  in  astron.  the  angular  distance  of  the 
star  from  the  zenith.  —  Complement  of  the 
curtain,  in  fort,  that  part  in  the  interior 
side  which  makes  the  demigorge.  — A  rithme- 
tical  complement  of  a  logarithm.  See  ARITH- 
METICAL. 

Complemental  ( kom  -  pie  -  ment '  al ),  a. 
1.  Forming  a  complement;  supplying  a  de- 
ficiency; completing.—  2.  In  zool.  applied  to 
imperfect  organisms,  such  as  are  found  in 
cirripeds,  which  are  in  reality  rudimentary 
males,  perfect  male  animals  being  abun- 
dant. Darwrn. — 3. t  Complimentary.  'Com- 
plemental flattery  with  silver  tongue.' 
Beaumont. 

Complementary  (kom-ple-ment'a-ri),  a. 
Completing;  supplying  a  deficiency;  com- 
plemental.  —Complementary  colours.  See 
COLOUR. 

Complementary  t  (kom-pli-mentfa-ri),  71. 
One  skilled  in  compliments.  '  Cunning  com- 
plementaries.'  B.  Jonson. 

Complete  (kom-plef;  formerly  also  kom'- 
plet),  a.  [L.  completus,  pp.  of  compleo,  com- 
pletuni,  to  fill  up  — com.  intens.,  and  pleo, 
to  fill,  which  is  ultimately  from  same  root  as 
E.fill.]  1.  Having  no  deficiency;  wanting  no 
part  or  element;  perfect.  'A  thousand  com- 
plete courses  of  the  sun.'  Shak.  'The  com- 
plete and  endless  felicity  of  another  life.' 
Stillinyfleet. 

And  ye  are  complete  in  him,  which  is  the  head  of 
alL  principality  and  power.  Col.  ii.  10. 

Nor  can  pronounce  upon  it 
If  one  should  ask  me  whether 
The  habit,  hat,  and  feather. 
Or  the  frock  and  gipsy  bonnet, 
Be  the  neater  Ud  raqfUMM".         Tennyson. 


2.  Thorough;  consummate;  in  every  respect 

The  landowners'  peasants  are  complete  sl.ivcs. 

'•>.  KinUhed;  ended;  concluded;  as,  the  edi- 
fice is  complete. 

This  course  of  vanity  almost  Compute . 

Tired  in  the  field  of  life.  I  hope  retreat.         Prior. 

—  Complete  Jtotver,  In  b>,t  c.n.-fimiMu-d  with 
all  the  organs;  with  a  calyx  and  corolla  aa 
well  as  stamens  and  pistils.-  W hoUt  Entire, 
Complete,  Total. 

Nothing  is  -whole  that  has  anything  taken  from  it ; 
nothing  is  entire  that  is  divided;  nut  hint;  is  comflttt 
that  has  not  all  its  parts  and  those  imrts  fully  devel- 
oped. Compute  refer*  to  the  perfection  of  parts: 
entire  to  their  unity;  iv Hole  lo  their  junction;  M.I:  t  - 
their  aggregate.  A  ivhole  orange;  an  entire  set;  a 
complete  facsimile;  the  total  expense.  Angus. 

SYN.  Full,  entire,  utter,  total,  absolute,  per- 
fect, thorough,  plenary,  finished,  faultless. 
Complete  (kom-plef),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  com- 
pleted; ppr.  completing.  1.  To  finish;  to  end ; 
to  perfect;  as,  to  complete  a  bridge  or  a 
course  of  instruction.  —2. To  fulfil;  to  accom- 
plish; to  realize;  as,  to  complete  hopes,  uV 
sires,  or  prophecy. 

To  town  he  comes,  completes  the  nation's  hope. 
And  heads  the  bold  train-bauds,  and  burns  a  pope. 

SYN.  To  perform,  execute,  terminate,  con 
elude,  finish,  end,  achieve,  realize,  effect, 
consummate,  accomplish. 
Completely  (kom-plet'li),  adv.  In  a  com- 
plete manner;  fully;  perfectly;  entirely; 
wholly;  totally;  utterly;  thoroughly;  quite, 
as,  to  be  completely  mistaken.  'Completely 
witty.'  Swift. 

Completely  shiftless  was  thy  native  plight. 

htattmont. 

Completeraentt  (konvplet/ment),  n.  The 
act  of  completing;  a  finishing.  Drydcn. 

Completeness  (kom-plet'nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  complete;  perfection. 

Completion  (kom-ple'shon),  n.  1.  Act  of 
completing,  finishing,  or  perfecting;  state  of 
being  complete  or  completed;  perfect  state: 
as,  the  completion  of  a  building;  the  comple 
tion  of  one's  education.  '  Other  larger  views 
than  seem  necessary  to  the  completion  of 
the  argument.'  Bp.  Hurd. 

A  stow-develop'd  strength  awaits 
Completion  in  a  painful  school.         Tennyson. 

2.  Fulfilment;  accomplishment.  *Theeotn- 
pletion  of  those  prophecies.'  Atterbury. 

There  was  a  full  entire  harmony  and  consent  in 
the  divine  predictions,  receiving  their  completion  in 
Christ.  South. 

Completive  (kom-ple'tiv),  a.  Completing  or 

tending  to  complete ;  making  complete. 
*  The  completive  power  of  the  tense. '  Harris. 

Completpry  (kom-ple'to-ri),  a.  Fulfilling; 
accomplishing.  '  His  crucifixion  .  .  .  com- 
pletory  of  ancient  presignifications  and  pre- 
dictions.' Barrow. 

Completory  (kom-ple'to-ri),  7*.  Same  as 
Compline. 

Complex  (kom'pleksVa.  [L  complexus,  pp. 
of  complector,  complexus,  to  fold  or  twine 
together— com,  together,  and  rootplec,  plic. 
to  fold.]  1.  Compost.-! I  of  two  or  more  parts 
or  things;  including  two  or  more  particu- 
lars connected;  composite;  not  simple;  as.  a 
complex  being;  a  complex  idea;  a  complex 
term. 

Ideas  made  up  of  several  simple  ones,  1  call  com- 
flex,  such  as  beauty,  gratitude,  a  man,  the  universe. 
Locke. 

Incomplex  apprehension  is  of  one  object,  or  of 
several  without  any  relation  being  perceived  between 
them,  as  of  'a  man.'  'a  horse,'  'cards;'  complex  \*  of 
several  with  such  a  relation,  as  of  'a  man  on  horse- 
back,' 'a  pack  of  cards.'  Whately. 

2.  Involved;  intricate;  complicated;  per- 
plexed. 

When  the  actual  motions  of  the  heavens  are  calcu- 
lated in  the  best  possible  way,  the  process  is  difficult 
and  complex.  Whftuell. 

Complex  (kom'pleks),  n.  Assemblage  of 
things  related  as  parts  of  a  system. 

That  full  complex 

Of  never-ending  wonders.  Thomson. 

This  parable  of  the  wedding  supper  comprehends 
in  it  the  whole  complex  at  all  the  blessings  and  privi- 
leges of  the  gospel.  South. 

Complexedt  (kom-plekaf), «.  Same  as  Com- 
plex. Sir  T.  Browne. 

Complexednesst  (kom-pleks'ed-nes),n  The 

*  state  of  being  complex ;  compound  state ; 
complication.  'The  complexedness  of  these 
moral  ideas.'  Locke. 

Complexion  (kom-plek'shon),  n.  (L  eom- 
plexio,  compUxionis,  a  combination,  con- 
nection in  L.L.,  a  physical  constitution  or 
habit,  from  complector,  complexes,  to  fold 
or  twine  together.  See  COMPLEX.  ]  1. 1  The 
temperament,  habitude,  or  natural  disposi- 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  wig;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


COMPLEXION 


532 


COMPLY 


tion  of  the  boily  or  mind;  the  peculiar  cast 
of  the  constitution ;  physical  character; 
nature.  '  A  man  of  feeble  complexion  and 
sickly.'  Jid.  Benierg. 

And  Shyloclc,  for  his  own  part,  knew  the  bird  was 
fledged;  and  then  it  is  the  complexion  of  them  all  to 
leave  the  dam.  Shak. 

2.  The  colour  or  hue  of  the  skin,  particu- 
larly of  the  face. 

Why  doth  not  beauty  then  refine  the  wit, 
Ana  good  complexion  rectify  the  will? 

Sir  y.  Davits, 

3.  The  general    appearance  of   anything; 
aspect. 

Men  judge  by  the  complexion  of  the  sky 
The  state  and  inclination  of  the  day.      Shak. 

4.t  The  state  of  being  complex;  complexity; 
involution. 

Though  the  terms  of  propositions  may  be  complex, 
yet,  where  the  composition  of  the  argument  is  plain, 
the  complexion  does  not  belong  to  the  syllogisti: 
form  of  It.  I  faffs. 

Complexion  t  ( kom-plek'  shon ),  v.  t.  To 
characterize  by  or  endow  with  a  disposition 
or  temperament. 

Charity  is  a  virtue  that  best  agrees  with  coldest 
natures,  and  such  as  are  complex ioned  for  humility. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Complexionably  t  ( kom  -  pick '  shon-ab-li  X 
adv.  Same  as  Complexionally.  Sir  T. 
Browne. 

Complexional(kom-plek'shon-al),a.  l.t  Per- 
taining to  or  depending  on  the  disposition 
or  temperament.  '  Complexional  preju- 
dices.' Fiddes.—Z.  Pertaining  to  the  com- 
plexion. 

Complexionally  t  (kom  -  plek '  shon  -  al  -  li ), 
adv.  In  the  way  of  temperament ;  consti- 
tutionally. 

Where  are  the  jesters  now?  the  men  of  health 
Complexionally  pleasant?  Blair. 

Complexionary  ( kom-plek'  shon-ar-i),  a. 
Pertaining  to  the  complexion,  or  to  the  care 
of  it.  '  This  complexionary  art.'  Jer.Taylor. 

Cpmplexioned(kom-plek'shond),a.  i .  t  Hav- 
ing a  certain  disposition.— 2.  Having  a  cer- 
tain hue,  especially  of  the  skin :  in  both 
senses  used  chiefly  in  composition;  as,  dark- 
complexioned,  tair-complexioned. 

A  flower  is  the  \M.*H-complexioneJ  grass;  as  a  pear 
is  the  best -coloured  clay.  Fuller. 

Complexity  (kom-pleks'i-ti).n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  complex ;  as,  involved  in  great 
complexity,  —  2.  Anything  complex;  intri- 
cacy; involvement;  entanglement.  '  Many- 
corridor'd  complexities  of  Arthur's  palace.' 
Tennyson, 

His  (Plato's)  ethics  are  the  ethics  of  a  logician,  not 
of  a  large-soiilcd  man,  familiar  with  and  sympathiz- 
ing with  the  complexities  of  life;  they  are  suited  only 
to  an  impossible  state  of  humanity.  G.  If.  Lewes. 

Complexly  (kom'pleks-li),  adv.  In  a  com- 
plex manner;  not  simply.  Goodwin;  Blair. 

Complexness  (kom'pleks-nes),  n.  Same  as 
Complexity.  Adam  Smith. 

Complexuret  (kom-pleks'ur),  n.  The  invol- 
ution or  complication  of  one  thing  with 
others.  Sfounfaffu. 

Complexus  (kom-pleks'us),  n.     [L.]    1.  An 
aggregation  of  involutions  or  complications. 
The  mind  is  displayed,  even  in  its  highest  facul- 
ties, as  a  cotnf'lexus  of  insoluble  antipathies 

Sir  If.  Hamilton, 

2.  In  anat.  a  broad  and  pretty  long  muscle, 
lying  along  the  back  part  and  side  of  the 
neck. 

Compilable  (kom-pli'a-bl),<7.  [See COMPLY.] 
Capable  of  bending  or  yielding;  compliant. 
'  Another  compilable  mind.'  Milton. 

The  Jews,  bv  their  own  interpretations,  had  made 
their  religion  compilable  and  accommodated  to  their 
passions.  yortin. 

Compliably  (kom-pli'a-bli),  ad o.  In  a  com- 
pliant manner;  pliably;  yieldingly. 
Compliance  (kom-pll'ans),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
complying;  a  yielding,  as  to  a  request,  wish, 
desire,  demand,  or  proposal;  concession; 
submission.  'Compliance  with  our  desire.' 
Locke. 

Let  the  king  meet  compliance  in  your  looks, 

A  free  and  ready  yielding  to  his  wishes.      Rcnve. 

2.  A  disposition  to  yield  to  others;  complais- 
ance. 

He  was  a  man  of  few  words  and  great  compliance. 
Clarendon. 

SYN.  Concession,  submission,  consent,  obed- 
ience, performance,  execution. 
Compliancy  (kom-pli'an-si),  n.    A  disposi- 
tion to  yield  to  others ;  the  habit  of  yield- 
ing to  others;  compliance. 

His  whole  bearing  betokened  compliancy 

Goldsmith. 

Compliant  (kom-pli'ant),  a.  l.t  Yielding; 
bending;  pliant.  'The  compliant  boughs.' 
Milton.  —  2.  Yielding  to  request  or  desire ; 


ready  to  accommodate;  obliging.  'To  show 
how  compliant  he  was  to  the  humours  of  the 
princes.'  B/>.  liurnet. 

Compliantly  (kom-pl!'ant-li),  adv.  In  a 
yielding  manner.  C.  ftifhardym. 

Complicacy  (kom'pli-ka-si),  n.  A  state  of 
being  complex  or  intricate.  Mitftmi.  [Rare  ] 

Complicate  (kom'pli-kat),  v.t.  pret,  <fc  pp. 
complicated;  ppr.  complicating.  [L.  com- 
plico-com,  and  plico,  to  fold,  weave,  or  knit. 
See  C<  iMI'LEX.)  1.  To  fold  or  twist  together; 
to  entangle;  to  intertwine;  to  interweave ; 
to  render  complex  or  intricate ;  to  involve. 
'Nor  can  his  complicated  sinews  fail.' 
Yottti'j. 

In  case  our  offence  against  God  hath  been  com- 
plicated with  injury  to  men  we  should  make  restitu- 
tion. Tillot^n. 

2.  To  form  by  complication. 

A  man,  an  army,  the  universe,  are  complicated  of 
various  simple  ideas.  Locke. 

Complicate  (kom'pli-kat),  a.  1.  Composed 
of  two  or  more  parts  united;  complex. 

Though  the  particular  actions  of  war  are  compli~ 
cafe  in  fact,  yet  they  are  separate  and  distinct  in 
right.  Baton. 

2.  In  bot.  folded  together,  as  the  valves  of 
the  glume  or  chaff  in  some  grasses. 
Complicated  (kom'pli-kat-ed),  p.  and  a. 
Interwoven;  entangled;  involved;  intricate; 
composed  of  two  or  more  things  or  parts 
united. 

For  our  hearts  deceive  us.  our  purposes  are  com- 
plicated, and  we  know  not  which  end  is  principally 
intended.  yer.  Taylor. 

Complicately  (kom'pli-kat-li),  adv.  In  a 
complex  manner.  Boyle. 

Complicateness  (kom'pli-kat-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  complicated ;  involution;  in- 
tricacy. Sir  M.  Hale. 

Complication  (kom-pli-ka'shon),  «•  1.  The 
act  of  complicating  or  state  of  being  com- 
plicated; entanglement;  complexity. 

All  the  parts  in  complication  roll.         Jordan, 

2.  Something  complicated;  a  whole  consist- 
ing of  many  things  involved  or  interwoven, 
or  mutually  united;  as,  to  be  affected  by  a 
complication  of  diseases. 

By  admitting  a  complication  of  Ideas  ...  the  mind 
is  bewildered.  ll'atts. 

3.  What  complicates  or  causes  complication. 
Complicative  (kom'pli-ka-tfv),  a.    Tending 

or  adapted  to  involve  or  complicate. 
Complice  t  (kom'plis),  ?t.  [Vr.  complice.  See 
ACCOMPLICE.]    An  accomplice. 

To  arms,  victorious  noble  father, 

To  quell  the  rebels  and  their  complices.      Shot 

Complicity  (kom-plis'i-ti),  n.  [From  com- 
plice,  an  accomplice.]  The  state  of  being 
an  accomplice;  partnership  in  crime.  'Com- 
plicity, a  consenting  or  partnership  in  evil.' 
Shunt. 

The  charge,  however,  of  complicity  in  the  designs 
of  his  patron  was  never  openly  repelled.  JIa.'iam. 

Compiler  (kom-pli'er),  n.  One  who  com- 
plies, yields,  or  obeys;  a  person  of  ready 
compliance.  Swift. 

Compliment  (kom'pli-ment),  n.  [Fr.  com- 
pliinent,  It.  complitnento,  from  complire.  to 
fill  up,  to  satisfy,  L.  compleo.  complcre,  to  fill 
up,  to  complete.  A  compliment,  therefore, 
U  what  completes  or  satisfies,  the  word  being 
a  slightly  varying  form  of  eemptonenf, which 
former!)  was  also  used  in  this  sense.  ]  1.  An 
act  or  expression  of  civility,  respect,  or  re- 
gard ;  delicate  flattery ;  commendation : 
praise.  •  Hollow  compliment*  and  lies.'  Mil- 
ton. 'The  tinsel  clink  of  compliment.'  Ten- 
nyfon. 

"Twas  never  merry  world 
Since  lowly  feigning  wa^  called  iomplimtnt. 

Shak. 

Compliments  of  congratulation  are  always  kindly 
taken,  ;»n<l  cost  one  nothing  but  pen,  Ink, and  paper. 
Clusttr/itld. 

2.  A  present  or  favour  bestowed ;  u  uift. 
Sir  J.  Sinclair.  [Scotch.]—  To  stand  on  com- 
pliment, to  behave  with  ceremony.—  ,4</u- 
tation,  Flattery,  Compliment.  See  under 
ADULATION. 

Compliment  (kom'pli-ment).  v.t.  l.  To 
pay  a  compliment  to ;  to  flatter  or  gratify 
by  expressions  of  approbation,  esteem,  or 
respect,  or  by  acts  implying  the  like:  with 
on  or  upon  before  that  which  expresses  the 
ground  of  the  compliment ;  as,  to  minpti- 
iittnt  a  man  on  his  personal  appearance. 

I  awaked, and  heard  myself  comphmentcd  «r.h  the 
usual  salutation.  Taller. 

Monarchs    .     .     . 

Should  compliment  their  foes  and  shun  their  friends. 

Prior. 

2.  To  congratulate;  as,  to  compliment  a 
prince  on  the  birth  of  a  son.— 3.  To  bestow 
a  present  on;  to  manifest  kindness  or  regard 


I  ttiiikethc  interlocutors  upon  occasion  c 
with  each  other. 


for  by  a  present  or  other  favour;  as,  he 
complimented  us  with  tickets  for  the  exhi- 
bition. [Scotch.]—  SYN.  To  praise,  Hatter, 
adulate. 

Compliment  (kom'pli-ment).  v.i.  To  pass 
compliments;  to  use  ceremony  or  ceremoni- 
ous language.  [Rare.] 

pliment 
Koyle. 

Complimental  t  (kom-pli-ment'al),a.  Com- 
plimentary; expressive  of  or  implying  com- 
pliments. '  Complimental  lies.  '  Jiah'ti/ii 
'Complimental  talk.'  Gay.  *  Complime  ntul 
expressions.  '  Wilkes. 

Complimentallyt(kom-pli-ment'al-li),«d<;. 
In  a  complimentary  manner;  by  way  of  com- 
pliment. 

He  has  had  the  good  fortune  to  make  some  dis- 
coveries, and  the  honour  to  have  them  publickly, 
and  but  too  complimentally  taken  notice  of  by  tli« 
virtuosi.  Boyle. 

Complimentalnesst(kom-pli-ment'al-nes), 
n.  The  quality  of  being  complimentary. 
f  Complimentalness  as  opposed  to  plainness 
(of  speech).'  Hammond. 

Complimentarily  (  kom-pii-ment  'a-ri-li  ), 
adv.  In  a  complimentary  manner. 

Complimentary  (kom-pli-nient'u-H),a.  Full 
of  or  using  compliments;  intended  to  express 
or  convey  a  compliment  or  complim*  ni>  . 
expressive  of  civility,  regard,  or  praise  ;  u, 
you  are  very  complimentary  in  your  lan- 
guage; complimentary  remarks. 

I  made  complimentary  verses  on  the  great  lords 
and  ladies  of  the  court.  hp.  Hitrd, 

Compllmentative  t  (kom-pli-ment'a-tiv),  a. 
Complimentary.  Bonwell. 

CompHmenter  (kom'pli-ment-er),  n.  One 
who  compliments;  one  given  to  compli- 
ments; a  flatterer. 

Compline,  Complin  (kom'plin),  n.  [Pro- 
perly an  adjective,  from  Fr.  compile,  from  L. 
completes  fAonr),  'complete  hours:'  so  called 
because  this  service  completes  and  clones 
the  religious  exercises  of  the  day  '  The  last 
of  the  seven  canonical  hours  in  the  RumiMi 
breviary;  the  last  prayer  at  night,  to  be  re- 
cited after  sunset.  Called  also  Completary. 
The  custom  of  godly  men  hath  been  t<>  shut  up  the 
evening  with  a  compline  of  prayer  at  nine  of  the 
night.  Hammond. 

Compliant  (kom'plish),  v.t.  To  accomplish; 

to  ful  til. 
Comploret  (kom-pldrO,  v.i.    [L.  com,  toge- 

ther, and  ploro,  to  lament.]    To  lament  to- 

gether.    Cockeratn. 
Complot  (kom'plot),  n.    [Fr.  complot,  a  plot, 

for  cotnploit,  from  L.  complicitum.   See  d  IM- 

PLICATE.]   A  plotting  together;  a  joint  plot; 

a  plot  ;  a  confederacy  in  some  evil  <1< 

a  conspiracy. 

I  know  their  complot  is  to  have  my  life.     Shak, 

Complot  (kom-plof),  v.  t.  To  plan  together; 
to  contrive;  to  plot.  Shak. 

Complot  (kom-plof),  v.i.  pret.  <t  pp.  coin- 
plotted;  ppr.  complotting.  To  plot  together: 
to  conspire;  to  form  a  plot;  to  join  in  a 
secret  design,  generally  criminal.  'Having 
complotted  with  the  Duke  of  Norfolk  ' 
Bacon. 

Complotment  (kom-plot'ment),  n.  A  plot- 
ting together;  conspiracy. 

What  was  the  cause  of  their  multiplied,  vari.it  ed 
complements  against  her!  Dean  King. 

Complotter  (kom-plot'er),  n.  One  joined 
in  a  plot;  a  conspirator,  frryden. 

Complottingly  (kom-plot'ing-li),  adv.  By 
complotting;  by  conspiracy  or  plot. 

Complutensian  (kom-plu-ten'si-an),  a.  A 
term  applied  to  the  first  polyglot  edition  •  ' 
the  Bible  published  at  Cvmplutum  or  Alcala 
de  Henares,  in  Spain,  1514-1517,  by  (.'ardiuul 
Xi  me  lies. 

Compluvlum  (kom-plu'yi-um),  n.  [I,.,  from 
com,  together,  and  pluvia,  rain.]  An  open- 
ing in  the  roof  of  the  atrium  or  entrance- 
hall  of  ancient  Roman  houses,  left  for  the 
purpose  of  admitting  light.  The  roof  was 
mode  to  slope  towards  the  compluvium,  so 
as  to  collect  the  rain-water,  heuce  the  name. 
See  ATRIUM  and  IMPLUVIUM. 

Comply  (kom-pli'),  v.i.  pret.  complied;  ppr. 
complying.  [From  L.  complere,  to  fill  up,  sa- 
tisfy (whence  complete,  compliment),  on  tyj«* 
of  supply  from  xupplere—com,  with,  ami 
plere,ton\\.  The  meaning  has  no  doubt  bet  n 
affected  by  ;////  and  pliant.]  1.  To  adopt  u 
certain  course  of  action  at  the  desire  <  f 
another;  to  yield;  to  acquiesce;  to  consent; 
to  agree;  as,  to  comply  with  a  promise,  with 
an  award,  with  a  command. 

Yet  this  be  sure,  in  nothing  to  comply, 
Scandalous  or  forbidden,  in  our  laws.      Miltoti. 


Fate,  fiir,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube.  tub.  bull;        oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tty. 


COMPLY 


533 


COMPOSITION 


He  that  complies  against  his  will 

Is  of  his  own  opinion  still.          Hiidibras. 

2.  To  accommodate  or  suit  itself;  to  accord; 
to  suit:  said  of  things.    [Rare.] 

The  altar  was  shaped  so  as  to  comply  with  the  in- 
scription that  surrounded  it.  Actdison. 

Tne  truth  of  things  will  not  comply  with  our  con- 
ceits. Tillotson. 

[Used  absolutely  or  followed  by  with  in  both 
senses.] 

Comply  t  (koni-pliO,  v.  t.  To  fulfil;  to  per- 
form or  execute.  [Rare.] 

My  power  cannot  comply  my  promise  ; 
My  father's  so  averse  from  granting  my 
Request  concerning  thee.  Chapman. 

Compo  (kom'po),  n.  [Contr.  for  compound, 
rnniiHiKt,  or  composition.]  1.  A  concrete  or 
mortar  largely  used  for  covering  the  outside 
of  brick  houses,  so  as  to  give  them  the  ap- 
pearance of  stone. —  2.  Xaut.  the  monthly 
portion  of  wages  paid  to  a  ship's  company 

Componderate  t  (kom-pon'der-at),  v.a.  [L. 
ciniipondero  —  prefix  com,  with,  and  pan- 
dero,  to  weigh.]  To  weigh  together.  Cock- 
c  I'd  in. 

Compone  t  (kom-pon'),  r.  t.  [See  COMPOSE.  ] 
To  arrange ;  to  settle.  '  A  good  pretence 
for  componincj  peace  between  princes.' 
Strype. 

Compone^  Componed 
(kom-po'na,  kom-pond), 
a.  [  Fr.  compon?.]  In 
her.  composed  of  smsill 
squares  of  two  tinctures 
alternately  in  one  row: 
said  of  a  bordure,  bend, 
or  other  ordinary. — Bor- 
dtu-c  componr,  a  border 

round   the    Shield    com-       Bordure  Compone 

posed  of  angular  parts 
or  checkers  of  two  colours.  In  modern  her- 
aldry it  is  a  mark  of  illegitimacy.    Spelled 
also  Ctimpony. 

Componency  (kom-p6'nen-si),  n.  Composi- 
tion; structure;  nature.  Warburton 

Component  (kom-po'nent),  a.  [L.  compo- 
ni' us,  compono—com,  together,  and  pono,  to 
place.]  Composing;  constituting;  entering 
into  as  a  part.  'The  component  parts  of  a 
natural  body. '  Xemton. 

Component  (kom-po'nent),  n.  A  constituent 
part;  as,  quartz,  felspar,  and  mica  are  the 
component*  of  granite.  Sir  K.  Diyby;  John- 
son. 

Compony  (kom-po'ni),  a.   Same  as  Componf.. 

Comport  (kom-porf),  v.i.  [Fr.  comportcr, 
to  admit  of,  to  allow,  to  endure,  from  L. 
comportare,  to  bear  or  carry  together— com 
ami  porto,  to  carry.)  1.  To  be  suitable; 
agree;  accord;  fit:  suit. 

How  ill  this  dulness  does  comport  with  greatness ! 
Bean.  &•  Ft. 

2.  t  To  bear;  to  endure. 

Shall  we  not  meekly  comport  -with  an  infirmity  ? 

[Generally  in  both  uses  followed  by  with  ] 
Comport  (kom-porf),  v.t.    To  behave;  to 
conduct:  with  a  reciprocal  pronoun. 

It  is  curious  to  observe  how  Lord  Somers  . 
comported  himself  vn  that  occasion.  Burke. 

2.  t  To  bear;  to  endure. 

The  malcontented  sort 
That  never  can  the  present  state  comport.    Daniel. 

Comport  t  (kom-porf),  n.  Behaviour;  con- 
duct; manner  of  acting. 

I  knew  them  well,  and  marked  their  rude  comport. 

Comportablet  (kom-port'a-bl),  a.  SuTtab'ie; 
consistent.  'Casting  the  rules  and  cautions 
of  this  art  into  some  comportable  method  ' 
Wottm. 

Comportancet  (kom-port'ans),  n.  Behav- 
iour; deportment.  Spenser. 

Comportatlont  (kom-port-a'shon).  n.  An 
assemblage  or  collection.  'A  collection  and 
^importation  of  Agur's  wise  sayings.'  J3p. 
Richardson. 

'Comportment  (kom-porf  ment),  n.  Be- 
haviour; demeanour;  deportment.  'Her 
serious  and  devout  comportment.1  Addixon. 

Composant  (kom'po-zant),  n.  Same  as  Cor- 
posant. 

Compose  (kom-pozO,  v.t.  pret.  <fc  pp.  com- 
pose!/; ppr.  composing.  [From  Fr.  composer, 
to  compose,  from  prefix  com,  and  poser,  to 
place,  L.  pauxare  (see  POSE),  but  from  very 
early  times  identified  with  and  taking  its 
meanings  from  L.  compono,  compositum,  to 
compose,  to  compound,  to  settle,  &c  ,  from 
com,  and  po«o,  to  place.  The  case  is  simi- 
lar  with  dispose,  expose.]  1.  To  form  by 
uniting  two  or  more  things;  to  put  together; 
to  form,  frame,  or  fashion.  'A  casque  com- 
posed  by  Vulcan's  skill.'  Shah. 


Youth,  thou  bear'st  thy  father's  face  • 
frank  nature,  rather  curious  than  in  haste 
Hath  well  composed  thee.  slink. 

2.  To  form  by  being  combined  or  united-  to 
form  the  substance  or  constituents  of-  to 
constitute ;  to  make ;  as,  levies  of  raw  sol- 
(HOT  ennipiMt  his  army;  the  pnrliam.-nt  of 
Great  Britain  is  composed  of  two  houses 
lords  and  commons. 

Nor  did  Israel  'scape 

Hi  infection  when  their  borrowed  gold  ccmpasrd 
The  calf  in  Ureb.  Matatt, 

A  few  useful  things,  confounded  with  m.mv  trifle* 
nil  their  memories,  and  compose  their  intellectual 
possessions.  Haiti. 

3.  To  write  as  an  author;  to  become  the 
author  of;   as,  to  compose  a  sermon  or  a 
book.  --  4.  To  write  as  a  musical  composer- 
as,  to  compose  a  sonata  for  the  piano.—  6.To 
calm;  to  quiet;  to  appease. 

..      ,  Compost  thy  mind. 

IS  or  frauds  are  here  contrived,  nor  force  dc^ign'd 
Drydeii. 

i  el  to  compose  this  midnight  noise. 

IjO  freely,  search  where'er  you  please.     Prior. 

6.  To  settle;  to  adjust;  as,  to  compose  differ- 
ences. 'I  desire  to  compose  the  dispute.' 
Dr.  11.  More.  —  7.  To  place  in  proper  form 
or  in  a  quiet  state. 

In  a  peaceful  grave  my  corpse  com/lose.    Dryden. 

8.  To  dispose;  to  put  in  a  proper  state  or 
temper  for  any  purpose. 

The  whole  army  seemed  well  compose,!  to  obtain 
that  by  their  swords  which  they  could  not  by  their 
Pcn-  Clarendon. 

Compost  yourself  to  the  situation,  for  to  the  situa- 
tion you  must  come.  Dickens 

9.  In  the  fine  arts,  to  arrange  the  leading 
features  of.    See  COMPOSITION,  1  (e). 

The  genius  that  composed  such  works  as  the  Stan- 
dard and  Last  Supper,  need  not  to  have  shrunk  from 
competition  with  Michel  Angelo,  young  as  he  was 
K   K.  Haydoa. 

>.  In  printing,  to  set  in  proper  order  for 
printing,  as  types  iu  a  composing-stick 
Boswett. 

Cpmpose  (kom-poz'),  v.i.  l.  To  practise 
literary,  musical,  or  artistic  composition. 

Follow  your  calling,  think  the  Muses  foes, 
Nor  lean  upon  the  pestle  and  compose.    Craoce. 

2.1  To  come  to  an  agreement;  to  adjust 
differences;  to  agree.     Shak. 
Composed  (kom-pfizdO,  a-     Free  from  dis- 
turbance or  agitation;  calm;  sedate;  quiet; 
tranquil. 

The  Mantuan  there  in  sober  triumph  sate, 
Composed  his  posture  and  his  look  sedate.     Pope. 

Composedly  (kom-poz'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  com- 
posed manner;  calmly;  without  agitation; 
sedately. 

The  man  without  the  hat  very  composed!*  answer- 
ed, 1  am  he.  CLirtiidoti. 

Comppsedness  (kom-poz'ed-nes).  n.  A  state 
of  being  composed ;  calmness;  sedateness; 
tranquillity.  'Serenity  and  coinposedness  of 
mind.'  Up.  Wilkins. 

Composer  (kom-poz'cr),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  composes ;  as,  (a)  one  who  writes  an 
original  work,  as  distinguished  from  a  com- 
piler; an  author.  'Able  writers  and  com- 
posers.' Milton,  (d)  One  who  composes 
musical  pieces  ;  a  musical  author.  [This  is 
the  usual  sense  when  used  absolutely.] 

His  (Mozart's)  most  brilliant  and  solid  glory  is 
founded  upon  his  talents  as  a  composer.  Moore. 

(e)  One  who  or  that  which  quiets  or  calms ; 
one  who  adjusts  a  difference.  'Sweet  coin- 
posen  ot  the  pensive  soul.'  Gay.  (d)\  In 
printing,  a  compositor.  Abp.  Laud. 

Composing-frame  (Itom-poVlng-trim),  ». 
In  printing,  an  elevated  working  frame  on 
which  the  type-cases  rest  at  two  different 
slopes. 

Composing-rule  (kom-poz'ing-rol),  n.  In 
printing,  a  piece  of  brass  rule  which  is  laid 
in  a  compositor's  composing-stick,  and  upon 
which  he  arranges  the  types;  it  facilitates 
the  process,  and  by  means  of  it  the  compo- 
sitor empties  bis  stick  when  it  is  full. 

Composing-stick  (kom-po/'ing-stik),  n.  In 
printing,  an  instrument  iu  wlu'ch  type*  are 


Composing-stick. 

set  from  the  cases,  adjusted  to  the  length 
of  the  lines. 

Composite  (kom-poz'i-te),  n.pl.    [Lit.  the 
compound  or  composite  plants.  See  COMPOS- 


ITE.] The  largest  kn.  iv,  nn,,t  .,1,1,  ,,,[,, 
'"iitaining  over  12,000  described  »p,-,  ,. 
herbs  or  shrubs  distributed  all  over  th,- 
world,  ihe  flowers  (gem-rally  called 
are  numerous  (with  few  exception!)  and 
sessile,  forming  a  close  head  on  the  dilafi-.l 
top  ol  the  receptacle,  and  sununink-d  In  r 
involucre  of  whorled  bracts.  The  flowers 
ave  monopetalous,  and  tin-  oi-di-r  is  ,im,i,-,i 
into  three  natural  groups  fn.in  the-  form  of 
the  corolla:  (1)  r,ii:,iliil,,r,r.  ,„  which  it  ia 
tubular,  with  live,  rarclyfour,  teeth-  c'i  /,«- 
biatljlora.  in  which  it  is  divided  into  two 
lips;  and  (3)  Linulijloiv,  in  which  it  is 
slit  or  ligulate.  The  stamens  are  inserted 
on  the  corolla,  and  their  anthers  are  united 
into  a  tube  (syngenesious).  The  style  i» 
two-cleft  at  the  apex.  The  fruit  ia  dry  and 
seed-like.  The  head  of  numerous  riorets 
was  called  by  the  older  liotaniBts  a  com- 
pound flower,  hence  the  name.  The  Indi- 
genous species  in  Britain  are  common  weeds 
like  the  daisy,  dandelion,  thistle,  Ac.  Many 
plants  of  the  order  are  cultivated  in  gardens 
such  as  the  asters,  marigold,  Ac. 
Composite  (kom'poz-it),  o.  [L,  compoiitiu 
from  compono,  compositum,  to  compose  to 
compound.)  1.  Made  up  of  distinct  parts 
elements,  or  substances;  compounded-  as 
a  composite  language. 

Happiness,  like  air  and  water,  ...  is  compotift, 

2.  In  arch,  a  term  applied  to  the  last'of  "the 

five  orders;  so  called  because  the  capital 

____     ___          belonging     to 

x  -  -     ^          'j     it  is  composed 

1  j    out    of   those 

of  the  other 
orders,  bor- 
rowing a  quar- 
ter-round from 
the  Tuscan 
and  Doric,  a 
row  of  leaves 
from  the  Co- 
rinthian, and 
volutes  from 
the  Ionic.  Its 
cornice  has 
simple  modil 
lions  or  den- 
tils. Itiscalled 
also  the  Ro- 
wan or  the 
Italic  order.  — 
Composite 
arch,  a  name 
for  the  lancet 
or  pointed 
arch.  —3.  In 
xliip-  building, 
having  a 

Wooden       Skill 

on     an     iron 


Composite  Order. 


framework;  as,  a  composite  vessel;  a  ves- 
sel built  on  the  composite  principle.  — 
4.  In  hot.  belonging  to  the  order  Com- 
posite; having  the  characters  of  this  order; 
as,  a  composite  plant;  composite  (or  com- 
pound) flowers,  that  is,  such  as  are  ar- 
ranged in  dense  heads  or  capitula,  and  are 
characteristic  of  the  order  Compositsc.  — 
Composite  carriage,  a  railway  carriage  made 
up  of  compartments  of  different  classes,  as 
first,  second,  and  third.  —  Composite  numbers. 
such  as  can  be  measured  exactly  by  a  num- 
ber exceeding  unity,  as  «  by  2  or  3,  so  that 
4  is  the  lowest  composite  number. 
Composite  (kom'poz-it).  ?i.  Anything  made 
up  of  parts  or  of  different  elements;  a  com- 
pound; a  composition. 

Each  man's  understanding  is  a  composite  of  natural 
capacity  and  superinduced  nabit.  Harris. 

Composition  (kom-po-zi'shon),  n.  [L.  com- 
potfitio,  Fr.  composition,  the  meanings  being 
partly  from  compose,  partly  from  the  verb 
compound.  ]  1.  The  act  of  composing  or  com- 
pounding, or  the  state  of  being  composed  or 
compounded;  as,  (a)  the  act  of  producing 
some  literary  or  musical  piece.  'The  con- 
stant habit  of  elaborate  composition.  '  Alac- 
aulay.  (b)  In  the  phraseology  of  schools, 
the  act  of  writing  for  practice  in  F^nglish  or 
a  foreign  language;  as,  to  learu  Latin  and 
(Ireek  composition.  (c)t  Adjustment;  orderly 
disposition;  regulation. 


A  preacher  in  the  invention  of  matter,  election  of 
*ords,  composition  of  tf 
motion,  useth  all  those  I 


words,  composition  of  gesture,  look,  pronunciation, 
e  faculties  at  c 


[  once. 

H.  JonsOK. 

(if)  The  act  of  coming  to  an  agreement  or 
arrangement :  a  sense  formerly  common, 
but  now  scarcely  used  except  in  the  specific 
signification  of  the  act  of  making  a  mutual 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locft;     g,  go;     j,  job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  sing;     TH,  then;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  a*ure,—  See  K«v, 


COMPOSITIVE 


534 


COMPOUND 


agreement  for  the  discharge  of  a  debt,  on 
terms  or  by  means  different  from  those  re- 
quired by  the  original  contract  or  by  law, 
as  by  the  payment  of  a  different  sum,  or  by 
making  other  compensation;  as,  a  bankrupt 
is  cleared  by  composition  with  his  creditors. 
—Deed*  of  composition,  relating  to  the  debts 
and  liabilities  of  a  debtor  and  his  release 
therefrom,  if  executed  or  assented  to  by  a 
majority  of  the  creditors  representing  three- 
fourths  in  value,  are  binding  on  the  rest  of 
the  creditors,  on  the  observance  of  certain 
formalities.  See  below,  2  (6)  (3).  (e)  In  the 
line  arts,  that  combination  of  the  several 
parts,  whereby  a  subject  or  object  is  agree- 
ably presented  to  the  mind,  each  part  being 
subordinate  to  the  whole,  as  the  arrange- 
ment of  figures,  trees,  vessels,  Ac.,  in  a 
painting  or  piece  of  sculpture,  or  of  doors, 
windows,  piers,  columns,  pilasters,  cornices, 
&c.,  in  a  building,  with  the  view  of  setting 
off  the  whole  to  the  best  advantage.  (/)  In 
gram,  the  act  of  forming  compound  words. 
(g)  In  printing,  the  act  of  setting  types  or 
characters  in  the  composing-stick,  to  form 
lines,  and  of  arranging  the  lines  in  a  galley, 
to  make  a  column  or  page,  and  from  this  to 
make  a  form. — 2.  The  result  of  an  act  of 
composition :  (a)  the  arrangement  of  parts 
in  a  whole ;  mode  of  arrangement. 

Heat  and  vivacity,  in  age,  is  an  excellent  compost- 
tion  for  business.  Bacon. 

These  are  the  chief  and  prevailing  ingredients  in 
the  composition  of  that  man,  whom  we  call  a  scorner. 
Atterbury. 

(ft)  Anything  composed  or  compounded;  as, 

(1)  a  material  compounded  of  two  or  more 
ingredients. 

Vast  pillars  of  stone,  cased  over  with  a  composition 
that  looks  like  marble.  Addison. 

(2)  A  literary,  musical,  or  artistic  produc- 
tion. 

Long  sentences  in  a  short  composition,  are  like 
large  rooms  in  a  little  house.  Shtnstone. 

(3)  An  agreement  concluded ;  specifically, 
an  arrangement  with  creditors.    See  above, 
l(d). 

And  telle  he  must  his  tale  as  was  resnn 

By  forward,  and  by  composition.         Chaucer. 

Thus  we  are  agreed : 
I  crave  our  composition  may  be  written.    Slttik. 

[In  gram,  compound  and  not  compoxition  is 
used  for  a  word  formed  by  composition.] 

3.  t  Relation  in  a  group ;  the  state  of  being 
placed  together;  union;  conjunction;  com- 
bination. 

Contemplate  things  first  in  their  simple  natures, 
and  then  view  them  in  composition  with  others. 

ll'at/s. 

4.  Consistency;  congruity.     [Rare.] 

There  is  no  composition  in  those  news, 
That  jjives  them  credit.  Shak. 

5.  Well  proportioned  arrangement  of  parts; 
harmonious  combination  or  mixture. 

A  Quaker  is  made  up  of  ice  and  flame.  He  has  no 
composition,  no  mean  temperature.  Coleridge, 

[Perhaps  a  solitary  example.]— 6- 1  The  syn- 
thetical mode  of  procedure  in  investigation 
or  exposition;  synthesis. 

The  investigation  of  difficult  things  by  the  method 
of  analysis  ought  ever  to  precede  the  method  of 
composition.  Xewton. 

1.  The  amount  or  rate  paid  in  compounding 
with  creditors;  as,  to  pay  a  composition  of 
five  shillings  a  pound.  —  Composition  of 
forces  or  motions,  in  mech.  the  union  or  as- 
semblage of  several  forces  or  motions  that 
are  oblique  to  one  another,  into  an  equiva- 
lent force  or  motion  in  another  direction. 
Thus  two  forces  acting  in  the  directions  of 
the  adjacent  sides  of  a  parallelogram,  com- 
pose one  force  acting  in  the  direction  of  the 
diagonal,  and  if  the  lengths  of  the  adjacent 
sides  represent  also  the  magnitudes  of  the 
forces,  the  diagonal  will  represent  the  mag- 
nitude of  the  compound  force  or  rrnultant. 
See  FORCE,  RESISTANT.  —  Composition  of 
proportion,  in  math,  the  substitution,  in  a 
series  of  four  proportionals,  of  the  sum  of 
the  first  and  second  terms  for  the  first  term, 
and  the  sum  of  the  third  and  fourth  for  the 
fourth,  the  same  equality  of  proportion  sub- 
sisting in  the  second  series  as  in  the  first. 
Thus,  if  a  :  ft  :  :  c  :  d ;  then  by  composition, 
a+b  :  6  :  :  c  +  d  :  d. — Composition  of  ratios 
See  COMPOUND.—  Composition  cloth,  a  mate- 
rial made  from  long  flax,  and  dressed  with 
a  solution  which  renders  it  waterproof.  It 
is  used  for  luggage,  trunk  covers,  &c. — 
Composition  metal,  a  kind  of  brass  made  of 
copper,  zinc,  Ac.,  used  instead  of  copper, 
which  is  dearer,  as  sheathing  for  vessels. 
Compositive  (kom-poz'i-tiv),  a.  Having  the 
power  of  compounding  or  composing;  pro- 
ceeding by  composition.  Bosworth. 


Compositor  (kom-poz'i-ter),  n.  In  printing, 
one  who  sets  types  and  makes  up  the  pages 
and  forms. 

Compos  mentis  (kom'pos  men'tis).  [L.] 
Of  sound  mind. — Non  compos  mentis,  being 
of  unsound  mind. 

Compossessort  (kom-poz-zes'ser),  n.  [Prefix 
com,  with,  and  posseaaor.]  A  joint  possessor. 
Sherwood. 

Compossibility  (kom-pos'si-bil"i-ti),  n. 
Possibility  of  existing  together. 

Compossible  ( kom-pos'si-bl ),  a.  [L.  com, 
with,  and  possibilis,  possible.]  Capable  of 
existing  together;  consistent.  Chilling- 
worth. 

Compost  (kom'post),  n.  [O.Fr.  compost* ,  It. 
composta,  a  mixture,  from  L.  compoxitum, 
fromcompono.  See  COMPOUND.]  l.t  A  mix- 
ture. 'A  compost  of  more  bitter  than  sweet.' 
Hammond. — 2.  In  agri.  a  mixture  or  com- 
position of  various  manuring  substances  for 
fertilizing  land. 

And  do  not  spread  the  co^nfost  on  the  weeds 
To  make  them  ranker.  .S'/r<i£. 

3.  A  composition  for  plastering  the  exterior 
of  houses,  usually  called  Compo. 

Compost  (kom'post),  v.t.  1.  To  manure  with 
compost. 

By  .  .  .  forbearing  to  compost  the  earth,  water- 
mint  turneth  into  field-mint.  Kacon. 

2.  To  plaster. 
Compo s ture  t  (konvpos'tur),  n.    Compost; 

manure.    Shak. 
Composure  (kom-pfl'zhur),  n.    l.t  The  act 

of  composing,  or  that  which  is  composed;  a 

composition. 

For  though  the  world  is  full  of  such  composures, 
yet  every  man's  own  is  fittest,  readiest,  and  most 
savory  to  him.  G.  Herbert. 

Since  the  life  of  the  first  men  was  certainly  rural, 
we  may  reasonably  conjecture  that  .  ,  .  their  com- 
posures .  .  .  were  pastoral  hymns.  yoHnson. 

2. t  Combination ;  arrangement;  order;  ad- 
justment; disposition. 

Hence  languages  arise  when,  by  institution  and 
agreement,  such  a  composure  of  letters,  such  a  word 
is  intended  to  signify  a  certain  thing.  Holder. 

In  composure  of  his  face, 

Lived  a  fair  but  manly  grace.         Crashaiv. 

3.t  Frame;  composition;  hence,  make;  tem- 
perament. 

His  composure  mu«  be  rare  indeed 

Whom  these  tilings  cannot  blemish.        Shak. 

4.  A  settled  state  of  the  mind;  sedateness; 
calmness;  tranquillity. 

When  the  passions  are  silent,  the  mind  enioys  its 
most  perfect  composure.  if'atts. 

5.t  Agreement;  settlement  of  differences; 
composition.  [Rare.  ] 

The  treaty  of  Uxbridgc  gave  the  fairest  hopes  of 
a  happy  composure.  lii&on  Basilike, 

6.t  Combination;  bond. 

It  was  a  strong  fomposure  a  fool  could  disunite. 
Shak. 

Compot  (kom'pot),  n.    Same  as  Compote. 

Compptation  (kom-po-ti'shonl  n.  [L.  com- 
potatio—com,  with,  and  potatio,  from  poto, 
to  drink.]  The  act  of  drinking  or  tippling 
together. 

The  fashion  of  computation  was  still  occasionally 
practised  in  Scotland.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

CompOtator(kom-po  ta'terVn.  [See  above  ] 
One  who  drinks  with  another.  'Our  com- 
panions and  compntatorg.'  Pope. 

Compote  (kom'pot),  n,  [Fr]  Fruit,  gener- 
ally stone-fruit,  stewed  or  preserved  in 
syrup. 

Compotor  (knm-pd'ter).  n.  A  compotator. 
Walker.  [Rare.] 

Compound  ( kom'pound ),  a.  [Originally  a 
participle  of  O.E.  cotnpone,  compoune,  to 
compound.  See  the  verb  ]  Composed  of 
two  or  more  elements,  parts,  or  ingredients; 
not  simple.  The  word  is  frequently  used 
in  bot.  as,  (a)  a  compound  corymb,  a  corymb 
formed  of  several  small  corymbs.  (6)  A  com- 
pound flower,  the  flower  of  a  plant  of  the 
order  Composite  (which  see),  (c)  A  com- 
pound fructification,  a  fructification  con- 
sisting of  several  confluent  florets,  (d)  A 
compound  leaf,  a  leaf  composed  of  several 
leaflets  on  one  petiole,  called  a  common 
petiole,  (c)  A  compound  raceme,  a  raceme 
composed  of  several  racemules  or  small 
racemes.  (/)  A  compound  spike,  a  spike 
composed  of  several  spicules  or  spikelets. 
(j7)  A  compound  stem,  one  that  divides  into 
branches.  (A)  A  compound  umbel,  an  um- 
bel which  has  all  its  rays  or  peduncles  bear- 
ing umbellules  or  small  inn  IK-IS  at  the 
top. — Compound  is  also  a  common  term  in 
arith.  and  inath. —Compound  fraction.  See 
FRACTION.  —  Compound  number,  is  that 


which  may  be  divided  by  some  other  num- 
ber besides  unity  without  a  remainder,  as 
18,  which  may  be  divided  by  2,  6.  and  ».— 
Compound  proportion.  See  under  PROPOR- 
TION.— Compound  fjuantttien,(a)  in  dig.  such 
quantities  as  are  joined  by  the  signs  +  and 
— ,  plus  and  minus,  and  expressed  by  more 
letters  than  one  or  by  the  same  letters  un- 
equally repeated.  Thus  a -f-6-c  and  b*—b 
are  compound  quantities.  (6)  In  arith.  quan- 
tities which  consist  of  more  than  one  de- 
nomination, as  five  pounds,  six  shillings, 
and  ninepence,  or  four  miles,  three  fur- 
longs, and  ten  yards;  hence,  the  operations 
of  adding,  subtracting,  multiplying  and 
dividing  such  quantities  are  termed  >',,„>- 
pound  addition,  compound  nnhti-nctioii, 
compound  multiplication,  ami  r<»,tj,, ,/,,,,/ 
division. —  Com pound  ratio,  is  that  which 
the  product  of  the  antecedents  of  two  or 
more  ratios  has  to  the  product  of  their  con- 
sequents. Thus  6  to  72  is  in  a  ratio  com- 
pounded of  2  to  0  and  of  3  to  12,  bec:m<r 
A  = ;!  x  T\.  In  like  manner  the  ratio  of  ab  to 
cd  is  in  a  ratio  compounded  of  a  to  c  and  of 

6  tod;  for  ^=*x|.    Hence,  it  follows, 

cd     c     d 

that  in  any  continued  proportion  the  ratio 
of  the  first  term  to  the  last  is  compounded 
of  all  the  intermediate  ratios.  See  RATIO 
—Compound  animals,  animals,  many  of 
which  by  no  means  belong  to  the  lowest 
types,  in  which  individuals,  distinct  as  re- 
gards many  of  the  functions  of  life,  are  yet 
connected  by  some  part  of  their  frame  so  as 
to  form  a  united  whole.  Such  are  the  polyzoa 
and  some  of  the  ascidia.—  Compwtnd  arch- 
way, in  medieval  arch,  a  series  of  arches  of 
different  sizes,  inclosed  in  one  of  larger  di- 
mensions.— Compound  fracture,  in  »\irg. 
see  FRACTURE.  —  Compound  householder,  a 
householder  who  compounds  with  his  1,-md- 
lord  for  his  rates,  that  is,  whose  rates  are 
included  in  his  rent. 

I  shall  designate  these  inhabitants  of  towns  by  a 
phrase  by  which  they  are  best  known,  though  1  am 
not  sure  that  it  is  one  of  exact  legal  precision:  I  shall 
term  them  compound  householders.  Gladstone. 

—Compound  interest.  See  INTEREST.  —  Com- 
pound larceny.  See  LARCENY, —Compound 
motion.  See  MOTION. — Compound  tiuif,  in 
ntHf.ii-,  Is  when  two  or  more  measures  are 
joined  in  one,  asg  and  *.  —  Compound  wlt-<t, 
in  gram,  a  word  composed  of  two  or  more 
words,  as  ink-gtand.writimj-denk,  table-ch.th 
The  tenn  is  not  properly  applied  to  deriva- 
tives formed  by  means  of  prefixes  or  suffixes 
not  separately  significant,  as  return,  resent- 
ment. 

Compound  (kom'pound),  n.  Something  pro- 
duced by  compounding  two  or  more  ingre- 
dients, parts,  or  elements. 

Man  is  a  compound  of  flesh  and  spirit.      South. 
'SQ  compound  <A  this  earthly  ball 
Is  like  another,  all  in  all.  Tennyson. 

Many  words  that  are  really  compound  have  lost 
the  appearance  of  compounds,  and  look  like  simple 
words.  Prof.  Rant. 

Compound  (kom-pound'),  v.t.  [O.E.  com- 
pone,  compoune,  with  d  added,  as  in  ex- 
pound,  propound,  9ound,vu]g&rdrownd,  Ac., 
from  L.  compono,  to  put  together,  to  com- 
pose—cow, together,  and  pono,  to  set  or 
put]  1.  To  mix  or  unite  two  or  more  ingre- 
dients, elements,  or  parts  into  one ;  as,  to 
compound  drugs. 

Compounding'  all  the  materials  of  fury,  havoc,  and 
desolation  into  one  black  cloud,  he  hung  for  a  while 
on  the  declivities  of  the  mountains.  Burke. 

2.  To  unite  or  combine. 

We  have  the  power  of  altering  and  compounding 
images  into  all  the  varieties  of  picture.  Addison. 

3  t  To  compose ;  to  constitute.  '  His  pomp 
and  all  what  state  compounds.'  Shak. — 

4.  To  settle  amicably;  to  adjust  by  agree- 
ment, as  a  difference  or  controversy;  to 
compose. 

I  pray,  my  lords,  let  me  compound  this  strife. 

5.  To  discharge,  as  a  debt,  by  paying  a  part 
or  giving  an  equivalent  different  from  that 
stipulated  or  required ;  as,   to  compound 
tithes.    See  the  verb  intransitive. 

Shall  I,  ye  gods,  he  cries,  my  debts  compound) 
Gay. 

— To  compound  felony,  to  accept  a  consider- 
ation for  forbearing  to  prosecute;  to  agree 
to  receive  one's  goods  again  from  a  thief  on 
condition  of  not  prosecuting.  This  offence 
is  termed  theft-bote,  and  is  punishable  by 
fine  and  imprisonment. 

Compound  (kom-pound'),  v.i.  1.  To  agree 
upon  concession;  to  come  to  terms  of  agree- 
ment by  abating  something  of  the  first  de- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


COMPOUND 


535 


COMPRIEST 


mand;  to  arrange  or  settle  by  compromise: 
now  followed  in  all  its  senses  by  for  before 
the  thing  accepted  or  remitted,  and  with 
before  the  person  with  whom  the  agree- 
ment is  made;  formerly  sometimes  by  on 
before  the  thing. 

Cornwall  compounded  to  furnish  ten  oxen  for 
thirty  pounds.  CareTu. 

Paracelsus  and  his  admirers  \\wtcompoJindedwith 
the  Galenists,  and  brought  into  practice  a  mixed  use 
of  chemical  medicines.  Sir  If.  Temple. 

We  here  deliver 

Subscribed  by  the  consuls  and  patricians. 
Together  witfi  the  seal  of  the  senate,  what 
We  have  compounded  on.  Shak. 

2.  To  bargain  in  the  lump;  to  agree. 

Compound  with  him  by  the  year.  Shafc. 

3.  To  settle  with  a  creditor  by  agreement, 
and  discharge  a  debt  by  paying  a  part  of  its 
amount;  or  to  make  an  agreement  to  pay 
a  debt  by  means  or  in  a  manner  different 
from  that  stipulated  or  required  by  law;  as, 
a  bankrupt  compounds  with  his  creditors;  a 
farmer  compounds  for  his  tithes.     See  COM- 
POSITION, 1  (d).  —To  compound  with  a  felon. 
See  under  the  verb  transitive. 

Compound  (kom'pound),  n.  [A  corruption 
of  the  Portuguese  word  campanha,  a  yard 
or  court.]  In  the  East  Indies,  the  inclosure 
in  which  isolated  houses  stand.  The  com- 
pound contains  the  dwelling,  whicli  is  gen- 
erally in  the  centre,  the  out-offices,  stable 
or  awning  for  horses,  the  farm-yard,  and 
the  garden. 

Compoundable  (kom-pound'a-bl),  a.  Cap- 
able of  being  compounded.  Sherwood. 

Compounder  (kom-pound'er),  n.  One  who 
compounds;  as,  (a)  one  who  mixes  different 
tilings;  as,  a  oompounder  of  drugs.  (6)  One 
who  attempts  to  bring  parties  to  terms  of 
agreement;  one  who  brings  about  or  enters 
into  a  compromise.  *  Softners,  sweetners, 
compounders,  and  expedient  -  mongers.' 
Swift.  'Compounders  in  politics.'  Burke. 
[Rare.]  (c)  One  who  compounds  with  a 
debtor  or  felon. 

Religious  houses  made  compounders 
For  the  horrid  actions  of  their  founders. 

Hudibras. 

(d)  One  at  a  university  who  pays  extraor- 
dinary fees,  according  to  his  means,  for  the 
degree  he  is  to  take.  Wood,  (e)  In  Eng. 
hint,  a  member  of  one  of  the  two  sections 
into  which  the  Jacobite  party  divided 
shortly  after  the  Revolution.  The  Com- 
pounders  wished  for  a  restoration,  but 
would  have  it  only  on  condition  of  its  being 
accompanied  by  a  general  amnesty,  and  by 
guarantees  for  the  security  of  the  civil  and 
ecclesiastical  constitution  of  the  realm.  See 

NON-COMPOUNDER. 

Compoundress  (kom-  pound  'res),  n.  A  fe- 
male componnder.  '  Compoundress  of  any 
quarrel  that  may  intervene.'  Howell. 

Compouned(t  pp.  Composed;  put  together. 
Chaucer. 

Comprador  (kom-pra'dor),  n.  [Pg.]  In  the 
Chinese  ports,  as  Canton,  Ac.,  a  native  trad- 
ing manager  for  European  merchants  or 
residents.  Every  European  house  of  busi- 

.ness  has  its  comprador,  who  is  its  factotum 
on  all  ordinary  occasions,  even  to  the  regu- 
lation of  a  resident's  household. 

Comprecatlont  (kom-pre-ka'shon),  n.  [L. 
coin,  together,  and  precatto,  a  praying.]  A 
praying  together;  united  or  public  suppli- 
cation or  prayer. 

Next  to  deprecation  aeainst  evil,  may  succeed 
comprecation  for  that  whicli  is  good.  Bp.  Wilkins. 

Comprehend  (kom-pre-hend'),  tU.  [L.  com- 
prehendo—com,  together,  prce,  before,  and 
an  obs.  hendere,  to  catch.]  1.  To  take  in  or 
include  within  a  certain  scope;  to  include 
by  implication  or  signification;  to  embrace; 
to  comprise;  to  imply;  as,  Great  Britain 
comprehends  England  and  Scotland.  'An 
art  which  comprehends  so  many  several 
parts.'  Dryden. 

If  there  be  any  other  commandment,  it  is  briefly 
comprehended  in  this  saying,  Thou  shall  love  thy 
neighbour  as  thyself.  Rom.  xui.  9. 

The  virtues  required  in  the  heroic  poem  (and  in- 
deed in  all  writings  published)  are  comprehended  in 
this  one  word,  Discretion.  Hobbes. 

2.  To  take  into  the  mind;  to  grasp  by  the 
understanding;  to  possess  or  have  in  idea; 
to  understand ;  to  conceive  or  imagine. 
'  Fantasies  that  apprehend  more  than  cool 
reason  ever  comprehends.'  Shak. 

God  doeth  great  things,  which  we  cannot  compre- 
hend. Job  xxxvii.  5. 

'Tis  unjust  that  they  who  have  not  the  least  no- 
tion of  heroick  writing,  should  therefore  condemn 
the  pleasure  which  others  receive  from  it,  because 
thtfy  cannot  comprehend  it.  Dryden. 


—Apprehend,    Comprehend.      See    Al'l'KF- 

HKNU. 

Comprehender  (kom-pre-hend'er),  n.  One 
who  comprehends;  one  who  understand* 
thoroughly.  '  Rather  apprehenders  than 
comprehendern  thereof. '  Cudworth 

Comprehendible  (kom-pre-hen'di-bl),  a. 
Same  as  Compi-etn'nuibie.  fientham. 

Cpmprehensibility  ( kom  -  pre-hen'si-bil"i- 
ti),  n.  The  quality  of  being  comprehensible; 
comprehensiveness. 

Comprehensible  (kom-pre-hen'si-bl),a.  [L. 
coniprehensibilis.  ]  1.  Capable  of  being  com- 
prehended or  included;  possible  to  be  com- 
prised. '  Knowledge  not  comprehensible  by 
axiom.'  Bacon.—  2.  Capable  of  being  under- 
stood; conceivable  by  the  mind;  intelligible. 
'An  actual,  bodily,  comprehensible  place  of 
torment. '  Milman. 

Comprehensiveness  (kom-pre-hen'si-bl- 
nes),  n.  Capability  of  being  understood. 
Dr.  II.  More. 

Comprehensibly  (kom-pre-hen'si-bli),  adv. 
In  a  comprehensible  manner;  conceivably. 

Comprehension  (kom-pre-hen'shon),  n.  [L. 
comprehensio,  from  comprehendo,  compre- 
hensum.  See  COMPREHEND.]  1.  The  act  of 
comprehending,  including,  or  embracing; 
a  comprising;  inclusion. 

In  the  Old  Testament  there  is  a  close  comprehen- 
sion of  the  New ;  in  the  New,  an  open  discovery  of 
the  Old.  Hooker. 

Was  it  less  easy  to  obtain,  or  at  least  to  ask  for, 
their  concurrence  in  a  comprehension  or  toleration 
of  the  Presbyterian  clergy.  Hat  fain. 

2.t  That  which  comprehends  or  contains 
within  itself ;  a  summary ;  an  epitome. 
'Though  not  a  catalogue  of  fundamentals, 
yet ...  a  comprehension  of  them.'  Chilling- 
worth.  —  3.  Act  of  taking  into  the  mind;  capa- 
city of  the  mind  to  understand;  power  of 
the  understanding  to  receive  and  contain 
ideas ;  capacity  of  knowing.  '  How  much 
soever  any  truths  may  seem  above  our  under- 
standing and  comprehension.'  Bp.Beveridge. 
4.  In  rhet.  a  trope  or  figure,  by  whicli  the 
name  of  a  whole  is  put  for  a  part,  or  that  of 
a  part  for  a  whole,  or  a  definite  number  for 
an  indefinite.— 5.  In  logic,  all  those  attri- 
butes which  make  up  the  notion  signified 
by  a  general  term ;  all  those  attributes  which 
are  essential  to  the  existence  of  an  object 
as  such. 

Body,  in  its  comprehension  takes  in  solidity,  figure, 
quantity,  mobility.  li'atts. 

—Apprehension,  Comprehension.     See  AP- 
PREHENSION. 
Comprehensive    (kom -  pre-hen'siv),    a. 

1.  Having  the  quality  of  comprehending  or 
embracing  a  great  number  or  a  wide  extent; 
of  extensive  application;    wide  in  scope. 
'  Large  and  comprehensive  ideas.'  Channing. 
4  So  diffusive,  so  comprehensive,  and  so  ca- 
tholic a  grace  is  charity.'  Bp.  Sprat.   More 
specifically— 2.  Comprehending  much  in  a 
comparatively  small  compass.    '  Averycow- 
prehensive  definition.'    Bentley.     'A  most 
comprehensive  prayer.'  Is.  Taylor.— Z.  Hav- 
ing the  power  to  comprehend  or  understand 
many  things  at  once. 

His  hand  unstained,  his  uncorrupted  heart. 
His  comprehensive  head.  Pope. 

Comprehensively  (kom-pre-hen'siv-li),adv. 
In  a  comprehensive  manner;  with  great  ex- 
tent of  scope;  so  as  to  contain  much  in 
small  compass. 

And  here  I  shall  not  restrain  righteousness  to  the 
particular  virtue  of  justice,  but  enlarge  it  according 
to  the  genius  and  strain  of  the  book  of  the  Proverbs, 
in  which  the  words  wisdom  and  righteousness  are 
commonly  used  very  comprehensively,  so  as  to  sig- 
nify all  religion  and  virtue.  Tillotson. 

Comprehensiveness  ( kom  -pre-hen'si  v-nes), 
71.  1.  The  quality  of  being  comprehensive; 
as,  (a)  the  quality  of  comprehending  or  em- 
bracing a  great  many  particulars;  extensive- 
ness  of  scope  or  range;  as,  the  comprehen- 
siveness of  a  view.  (&)  The  quality  of  includ- 
ing much  in  a  few  words  or  narrow  com- 
pass. 

Compare  the  beauty  and  comprehensiveness  of 
legends  on  ancient  coins.  Addison. 

2.  The  power  of  having  regard  to  a  number 
of  things  at  once  and  bringing  them  to  hear 
on  one  point  in  a  mental  process ;  great- 
ness of  intellectual  range;  capaciousness  of 
mind. 

For  Bacon  we  claim  the  decided  superiority  (over 
Descartes)  in  comprehensiveness  of  mind. 

j.  D.  Morell. 

Comprehensort  (kom-pre-hen  ser),  n.  One 
who  lays  hold  of;  one  who  comprehends  or 
has  obtained  possession,  as  of  knowledge. 

When  I  shall  have  dispatched  this  weary  pilgrim- 


i i  from  a  traveller  shall  come  to  be  .1  comfrt- 
IttHsar,  llicu  farewell  faith,  and  wckuin- 

Compreabyterial  t  (koni.prcs-W-t^ri'u'lXa 
Ainu-  with  a  iir.sliU'MV  or  ntlirr  HMmbWI 
of  a  presbytery.     •(•,,,.,,,1:11  un.l  team 
tenal  power.'    IHill^n 

Compress  ( kcrni-prcs').  r.f.  ||. 
cuin/iressum  —  com,  together,  and  premo 
premum,  to  press.)  1.  To  press  together; 
to  force,  urge,  or  drive  indi  ii  MimlliT  «>m- 
pass ;  to  condense.  '  Can  Infect  the  air,  a> 
well  as  move  it  or  compress  It '  llalevjh 
•  K:iis'd  her  head  with  lips  cumprat.'  Ttn- 
nyxon. 

The  air  in  a  valley  is  more  cffmfrtiitrf  than  that  on 
the  top  of  a  mountain.  G,  A4ann. 

In  Homer  ...  we  find  not  a  few  of  these  sagaci- 
ous, curt  sentences,  into  which  men  unaccustomed 
with  books  are  fond  of  camfrrstinf  thrir  experience 
of  human  life.  rraf.  Staciit. 

2.  t  To  embrace  sexually,  lleywood;  Gray. 
SVN.  To  crowd,  press,  squeeze,  condense. 

Compress  ( kom'pres ),  n.  In  turg.  a  soft 
mass  formed  of  tow,  lint,  or  soft  linen  cloth, 
so  contrived  as  by  the  aid  of  a  bandage  to 
make  due  pressure  on  any  part. 

Cpmpressed(kom-presf),p  and  a  1.  Pressed 
into  narrow  compass;  condensed. —  2.  Flat- 
tened laterally  or  lengthwise  ;  having  the 
two  opposite  sides  plane  or  flat;  aa,  a  cam- 
pressed  stem;  the  compressed  bill  of  a  bird: 
chiefly  used  in  bat.  and  zool.—Comprened- 
air  engine,  in  mech.  an  engine  driven  by  the 
elastic  force  of  compressed  air.  Its  con- 
struction is  usually  like  that  of  a  steam- 
engine,  the  force  of  the  expanding  air  being 
exerted  against  a  piston  in  the  cylinder. 

Compressibility  (kom-pres'i-bil"i-tl),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  compressible,  or  yield- 
ing to  pressure;  the  quality  of  being  cap- 
able of  compression  Into  a  smaller  space 
or  compass;  as,  the  compressibility  of  elas- 
tic fluids.  'The  great  compressibility,  if 
I  may  so  speak,  of  the  air.  Boyle.  The 
compressibility  of  bodies  arises  from  their 
porosity,  and  hence,  when  a  body  is  com- 
pressed into  a  smaller  bulk  the  size  of 
its  pores  Is  diminished,  or  its  constituent 
particles  are  brought  into  closer  contact, 
while  its  quantity  of  matter  remains  the 
same.  All  bodies  are  probably  compressible 
in  a  greater  or  less  degree.  Those  bodies 
which  return  to  their  former  shape  and 
dimensions  when  the  compressing  force  is 
removed  are  termed  elastic. 

Compressible  (kom-pres'i-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  compressed  or  forced  into  a  nar- 
rower compass  ;  yielding  to  pressure ;  con- 
densable; as,  elastic  fluids  are  compressible. 

Compressibleness  (kom-pres'i-bl-nes),  n. 
Compressibility;  the  quality  of  being  com- 
pressible. 

Compression  (kom-pre'sbon),  n.  The  act 
of  compressing,  or  of  pressing  into  a  nar- 
rower compass;  the  act  of  forcing  into  closer 
union  or  density;  the  state  of  being  com- 
pressed: used  both  in  a  literal  and  figurative 
sense.  '  Compression  of  gases.'  Geo.  Fownes. 
'  Compression  of  thought.'  Johnson.— Com- 
pression, Condensation.  Compression  is  the 
action  of  any  force  on  a  body,  without  re- 
garding its  effects;  whereas  condensation 
denotes  the  state  of  a  body  that  is  actually 
reduced  into  a  less  bulk,  and  is  an  effect  of 
compression,  though  it  may  be  brought 
alMUt  by  othermeans.  The  distinction,  how- 
ever, is  not  always  attended  to. 

Compresslve  (kom-pres'iv),  o.  Having 
power  to  compress;  tending  to  compress. 

Compressor  (kom-pres'er),  n.  [L.  ]  One  who 
or  that  which  compresses.  Specifically. 
(a)  in  anat.  a  name  given  to  those  muscles 
which  press  together  the  parts  on  which 
they  act ;  as,  the  compressor  naris,  a  muscle 
of  the  nose,  the  compressor  prostatce,  the 
compressor  urtthrce,  &c.  (6)  In  mirg.  a  name 
given  to  instruments  of  various  forms,  used 
for  compressing  different  parts  of  the  body 
(c)  An  appendage  to  a  microscope,  used 
for  compressing  objects  with  the  view  of 
rendering  the  examination  of  them  more 
complete,  (d)  In  gun.  a  mechanism  for 
compressing  a  gun-carriage  to  its  slide  or 
platform  during  recoil,  (e)  In  pneum.  n, 
machine  for  compressing  air. 

Compressure  (kom-pre'shur),  n.  The  act 
or  force  of  one  body  pressing  against  an- 
other; pressure.  (Rare.J 

We  tried  whether  heat  would,  notwithstanding  so 
forcible  a  comfresturf.  dilate  it.  Boyle. 

Compriest  t  (kom'prest),  n.  A  fellow-priest. 

Will  he  then  praise  him  for  deferring  to  chastise 
his  lewd  and  insolent  comfriests.  Millet. 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  po;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  &ing\      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KlY. 


COMPRINT 


536 


COMPUTATION 


Comprlnt  (kom-prinf),  v,  i.  In  law,  to  print 
a  work  belonging  to  another  surreptitiously. 
[Rare.] 

Comprint  (kom'print),  n.  The  surreptitious 
printing  of  a  work  belonging  to  another,  to 
the  prejudice  of  the  proprietor;  a  work 
thus  printed. 

Comprisal  (kom-priz'al),  n.  The  act  of  com- 
prising or  comprehending;  inclusion.  'A 
comprisal  .  .  .  and  sura  of  all  wickedness.' 
Barrow.  [Rare.] 

Comprise  (kmn-pri//),  v.t  pret.  &  pp.  coin- 
priced;  ppr.  comprising.  [Fr.  compris,  part. 
of  comprendre,  L,  comprehendo,  to  compre- 
hend. See  COMPREHEND,  which  is  the  same 
word  under  a  different  form.]  To  compre- 
hend; to  contain;  to  include;  as,  the  Ger- 
man Empire  comprises  a  number  of  separate 
states. 

Yet  leave  our  cousin  Katharine  here  with  us: 
She  is  our  capital  demand,  comprised 
Witliin  the  fore-rank  of  our  articles.  Shak. 

Friendship  does  two  souls  in  one  comprise. 

Roscammon. 

Necessity  of  shortness  causeth  men  to  cut  off  im- 
pertinent discourses,  and  to  comprise  much  matter 
in  few  words.  Hooker. 

SYN.  To  embrace,  include,  comprehend, 
contain,  encircle,  inclose,  involve,  imply. 

Comprobatet  (kom'pro-bat),  v.i.  To  agree 
or  concur  in  testimony.  '  Cornprobate  with 
Holye  Scripture.'  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Comprobation  t  (kom-pro-ba'shon),  n.  [L. 
comprobatio,  comprobo—com,  and  probo,  to 
prove.]  1.  Joint  attestation  or  proof;  con- 
current testimony.  'Comprobation  from  the 
mouths  of  at  least  two  witnesses.'  Sir  T. 
Browne.—^..  Joint  approval;  approbation; 
concurrence.  '  To  whom  the  earl  of  Pem- 
brooke  imbosomes  the  whole  design,  and- 
presses  hia  comprobation  in  it. '  Sir  G.  Buck. 

Compromise  (kom'pro-miz),  n.  [Fr.  cotn- 
protniv,  a  compromise,  originally  a  mutual 
promise  to  refer  to  arbitration,  from  com- 
promettre,  L.  compromitto,  to  give  bond  to 
stand  to  an  award — com,  and  promitto,  to 
promise.  See  PROMISE.]  1.  A  mutual  pro- 
mise or  contract  of  two  parties  in  contro- 
versy, to  refer  their  differences  to  the 
decision  of  arbitrators. 

The  parties  are  persuaded  by  friends  or  by  their 
lawyers  to  put  the  matter  in  comprymise, 

Ed.  Knight. 

2.  A  settlement  of  differences  by  mutual 
concessions;  //,</.  a  combination  of  two  rival 
systems,  principles,  &c.,  in  which  a  part  of 
each  is  sacrificed  to  make  the  combination 
possible;  as,  to  attempt  a  compromise  be- 
tween the  paths  of  ease  and  ambition. 

O  inglorious  league ! 
Shall  we  upon  the  footing  of  our  land. 
Send  fair-play  orders  ana  make  compromise, 
Insinuation,  parley  and  base  truce 
To  arms  invasive?  Sha£. 


All  government  ...  is  founded  < 
and  barter. 


:otiifromtse 
Burke. 

3.  What  results  from,  or  is  founded  on,  such 
an  agreement,  as  a  specific  arrangement,  a 
course  of  conduct,  or  an  institution;  a  mu- 
tual concession;  as,  his  conduct  was  a  com- 
promise between  his  pride  and  his  poverty. 
Compromise  (kom'pro-miz),  v.t.  pret.  & 
pp.  compromised;  ppr.  compromising.  1.  To 
adjust  or  combine  by  a  compromise;  to 
settle  by  mutual  concessions. 

The  controversy  may  easily  be  compromised. 

Fuller. 

2.t  To  bind  by  a  mutual  agreement;  to 
agree. 

I,-iKtn  and  himself  were  compromised, 

That  all  the  eatilines  who  were  streaked  and  pied 

Should  fall  as  Jacob's  hire.  Shak. 

3.  To  put  to  risk  or  hazard,  or  to  expose  to 
serious  consequences,  by  some  act  or  declar- 
ation which  cannot  be  recalled ;  to  put  in 
jeopardy;  to  prejudice;  to  endanger  the  in- 
terests of:  often  with  reflexive  pronouns; 
,  as,  he  compromised  himself  by  his  rash 
statements.  '  To  pardon  all  who  had  been 
compromised  in  the  late  disturbances.'  Mot- 
ley. [This  is  a  modern  meaning,  compromit 
being  formerly  used  instead.] 

Compromise  (kom'pro-miz),  v.i.  To  make  a 
compromise  ;  to  agree ;  to  accord ;  to  com- 
pound. [Rare.] 

Compromiser  (kom'pro-miz-er),n.  One  who 
compromises. 

Compromissorial  t  (kom'pr6-mis-s6"ri-al), 
a.  Relating  to  a  compromise.  Bailey. 

Compromit  (kom'pro-mit),  r.r  pret.  &  pp. 
compromitted;  ppr.  compromising.  [Fr.  com- 
promettre.  See  COMPROMISE,  n,]  l.t  To 
pledge;  to  engage;  to  promise.  'Compromyt- 
ting  themselves  ...  to  abide  and  performe 
all  such  sentence  and  awarde.'  Sir  T.  Elyot. 
2.  To  put  to  hazard  by  some  previous  act  or 


Six  islands,  comprovincial!, 
cient  times  unto  Great  Britainee.     Spenser. 


measure  which  cannot  be  recalled;  to  en- 
danger; to  compromise.  [Old  and  Ameri- 
can.] 

The  ratification  of  the  late  treaty  could  not  have 
compromised  out  peace.  Henry  Clay. 

Comprovincial  (kom-pro-vin'shal),  n.  [Pre- 
fix cum,  and  j&VffnOUfc]  One  belonging  to 
the  same  province  or  archiepiscopal  juris- 
diction. Ayliffe. 

Comprovincial  ( kom  -  pro  -  vin '  shal ),  a. 
Belonging  to  or  contained  in  the  same 
province. 

li 

Compsognatnus  (komp-sog'nath-us),  n. 
[Gr.  kompsos,  elegant,  and  gnathos,  the 
jaw  or  mouth.]  An  extinct  reptile  (Comp- 
soynathus  longipes),  belonging  to  the  order 
Dinosauria,  occurring  in  the  lithographic 
slate  of  Solenhofen,  and  remarkable  for  the 
singular  affinities  which  it  exhibits  to  the 
true  birds.  According  to  Huxley,  '  it  is  im- 
possible ...  to  doubt  that  it  hopped  or 
walked  in  an  erect  or  semi-erect  position, 
after  the  manner  of  a  bird,  to  which  its  long 
neck,  slight  head,  and  small  anterior  limbs 
must  have  given  it  an  extraordinary  resem- 
blance.' 

Comptt  (kount),  «.  [Fr.  compte.  See 
COUNT.  ]  Account ;  computation  ;  reck- 
oning. 

That  thou  didst  love  her,  strikes  some  scores  away 
From  the  great  cotnpt.  Shak. 

Comptt  (kount),  v.t.  To  compute.  See 
COUNT. 

Comptt  (komt),  a.  [L.  compttu.]  Neat; 
spruce.  'A  compt,  accomplished  prince.' 
Vicar  a. 

Compter  t  (kount'er),  n.  A  round  piece 
of  metal  used  in  calculation ;  a  counter. 
Shak. 

Comptiblet  ( kount 'i-bl),  a.  1.  Account- 
able.— 2.  Sensitive. 

I  am  very  comptibte,  even  to  the  least  sinister  usage. 

Shak. 

Comptlyt(komt'li),adp.   Neatly.  Sherwood. 

Comptness  t  (komt'nes),  n.    Neatness. 

Comptoir  (koh-twar),  n.  [Fr.  ]  1.  A 
counter— 2.  A  counting-house. 

Comptrol  (kon-trol'),  n.  and  v.  Same  as 
Control. 

Comptroller  (kon-trol'ler),  n.  A  con- 
troller ;  an  officer  appointed  to  keep  a 
counter- register  of  accounts ;  one  who  ex- 
amines the  accounts  of  collectors  of  public 
money ;  as,  the  comptroller  of  the  customs. 
See  CONTROLLER. 

Comptrollership  (kon-trol'ler-ship),  n. 
The  office  of  comptroller. 

Compulsative,  Compulsatory  (kom-pul'- 
sa-tiv,  kom-pul'sa-tor-i ),  a.  [  L.  compul- 
sare,  compulsatum,  to  press  or  strike  often 
or  violently,  aug.  of  compello,  compuljtum, 
to  drive  together,  compel.  See  COMPEL.  ] 
Compelling;  forcing;  constraining;  oper- 
ating by  force.  [Rare.] 

To  recover  of  us  by  strong  hand 

And  terms  comptilsatory,  those  foresaid  lands.  Shak. 

Compulsatively  (kom-pul'sa-tiv-li),  adv. 
By  constraint  or  compulsion.  [Rare.] 

Compulsion  (kom-pul'shon),  n.  [L.  com- 
pulxio,  eompuMornt,  constraint,  compul- 
sion. See  COMPULSATIVE.  ]  The  act  of 
driving  or  urging  by  force,  physical  or 
moral;  force  applied ;  constraint  of  the 
will.  'Impositions  endured  through  com- 
pulsion.' Uallam. 

If  reasons  were  as  plenty  as  blackberries,  I  would 
give  no  man  a  reason  upon  compulsion.  Shak. 

Compulsive  (kom-pul'siv),  a.  Exercising  I 
compulsion ;  compulsory ;  as,  uniformity  ( 
of  opinions  cannot  be  effected  by  cvmpul-  : 
sive  measures.  [Now  rare.] 

The  clergy  would  be  glad  to  recover  their  dues  by 
a  more  short  and  compulsive  method.  Sivift. 

Compulsively  (kom-pul'siv-li),  adv.  By  or 
under  compulsion  ;  by  force.  '  To  forbid 
divorce  compulsively.'  Milton. 

It  is  pre-eminently  as  a  critic  that  we  feel  l*mnd  to 
reconsider  his  (Sainte  Beuve's)  claim  to  the  high  place 
among  the  classics  of  his  tongue  which  the  general 
voice  of  his  country  men  has  gradually  and  reluctantly, 
but  compulsively  rather  than  impulsively,  assigned 
to  him.  Quart.  Rev. 

Compulsiveness  (kom-pul'siv-nes),  n. 
Force ;  compulsion. 

Compulsorily  (kom-pul'so-ri-li),  adv.  In  a 
compulsory  manner;  by  force  or  constraint. 
Bacon. 

Compulsory  (kom-pul'so-ri),  a.  I.  Exer- 
cising compulsion ;  compelling ;  constrain- 
ing. 'Compulsory  power/  Jer.  Taylor. — 


2.  Enforced ;  due  to  compulsion ;  obliga- 
tory. 

He  erreth  in  this,  to  think  that  actions  proceeding 
from  fear  arc  properly  compulsory  actions ;  which,  in 
truth,  are  not  only  voluntary  but  free  actions. 

Kramhall. 

This  contribution  threatening  to  fall  infinitely  short 
of  their  hopes,  they  soon  made  it  compulsory. 

Burke, 

This  kind  of  compulsory  saving,  however,  would 
not  have  caused  any  increase  of  capital,  unless  ,\. 
part  of  the  amount  had  been  saved  over  again,  volun- 
tarily, by  the  master.  J.  S.  Mill. 

Compulsory  (kom-pul'so-ri),  n.  That  with  h 
has  the  power  of  compelling;  constraining 
authority.  Jer.  Taylor.  [Rare.] 

Compunct  t  (kom-pungkf),  a.  Feeling  com- 
punction ;  conscience  -  stricken.  '  Contrite 
and  compunct.'  Stow.  [Rare.] 

Compuncted  t  (kom-pungk'ted),  a.  Feeling 
compunction.  Foxe. 

Compunction  (kom-pungk'shon),  n.  [L. 
compunctio,  compungo — com,  and  Pttflgro,  to 
prick  or  sting.  See  PUNGENT.]  l.t  A  prick- 
ing; stimulation;  irritation. 

This  is  that  acid  spirit  which  with  such  activity 
and  compunction  invadeth  the  brains  and  nostrils. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

2.  The  stinging  or  pricking  of  the  conscience 
or  of  the  heart ;  regret,  as  for  wrong-doing 
or  for  causing  pain  to  some  one ;  uneasiness 
caused  by  tenderness  of  conscience  or  feel- 
ings ;  contrition ;  remorse.  '  The  compunc- 
tion which  such  a  man  feels  when  he  is 
obliged  ...  to  punish  those  crimes  in 
which  he  had  so  long  and  so  freely  indulged 
himself.'  Bp.  Hurd. 

He  acknowledged  his  disloyalty  to  the  king  with 
expressions  of  great  compunction.  Clarendon. 

Compunctlonless  (kom-pungk'shon-les),  a. 
Not  feeling  compunction. 

Compunctious  (kom-pungk'shus),  a.  Caus- 
ing compunction ;  stinging  the  conscience ; 
causing  misgiving.  '  Compunctious  visiting* 
of  nature.'  Shak. 

Compunctiously  (kom-pungk'shus-li),  adv. 
With  compunction. 

Compunctive  t  (kom-pungk'tiv),  a.  1.  Cann- 
ing compunction.— 2.  Sensitive  to  remorse; 
capable  of  repentance. 

Give  me  all  faith,  all  charity,  and  a  spirit  highly 
eowpttnctive.  Jtr.  Taylor. 

Com -pupil  (kom-pu'pil),  n.  A  fellow- 
pupil  or  student  'Donne  and  his  some- 
time coin-pupil  in  Cambridge  .  .  .  Samuel 
Brook.'  h.  Walton.  [Rare.] 

Compurgation  (kom-per-ga'shon),  n.  [L. 
coinpuryo  —  coin,  and  purgo,  to  purge  or 
purify.]  An  ancient  mode  of  trial  in  Eng- 
land, where  the  accused  was  permitted  to 
call  a  certain  number  of  persons  who  joined 
their  oaths  to  his  in  testimony  to  his  inno- 
cence. They  were  persons  taken  from  the 
neighbourhood,  or  otherwise  known  to  the 
accused,  and  acted  rather  in  the  character 
of  jurymen  than  that  of  witnesses,  for  they 
swore  to  their  belief,  not  to  what  they  knew; 
that  is,  on  the  accused  making  oath  of  his 
innocence  they  swore  that  they  believed  he 
was  speaking  the  truth.  Compurgation  in 
the  ecclesiastical  courts  was  not  abolished 
till  the  reign  of  Elizabeth. 

Compurgator  (kom'per-ga-ter),  n.  One  who 
by  uath  justifies  another's  innocence.  See 

COMPt'ROATION. 

Compurgatorial  (korn'per-ga-t6"ri-al),  a. 
Relating  to  computation, 

The  consuls  of  Avignon,  Nismes,  and  St.  Cilles 
took  their  comfitrgaloriat  oath  to  his  fulfilment  rf 
all  these  stipulations.  Milman. 

Compursion  t  (kom-per'shon),  n.    A  pursing 

up  or  wrinkling  together.     '  Compurgions  of 

the  mouth.'    Sterne.     [Rare.] 
Computability  (kom-put'a-bil"i-ti),  ».   The 

quality  of  being  computable. 
Computable  (kom-put'a-bl).  a.    Capable  of 

being  computed,  numbered,  or  reckoned. 

'  Not  easily  computable  by  arithmetic.'    Sir 

M.  tlale. 
Computatet  (kom'pu-tat),  v.t.    Same  as 

Compute.     Cockeram. 
Computation  ( kom  -  pu  -  ta '  shon ),  n.    [  L. 

computatio,  from  computo.    See  COMPUTE.) 

1.  The  act  or  process  of  computing,  reck- 
oning, or  estimating;  calculation,   'By just 
computation  of  the  time.'    Shak. 

By  oar  best  computation  we  were  then  in  51  degree* 
of  latitude.  Hacktuyt. 

2.  The  result  of  a  computation;  the  sum, 
quantity,  or  amount  ascertained  by  com- 
puting or  reckoning. 

We  pass  for  women  of  fifty :  many  additional  year* 
are  thrown  into  female  computations  of  this  nature. 
Addison. 

STN.  Reckoning,  calcnlation,  estimate,  ac- 
count. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  h6r;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


COMPTTTATOR 


537 


CONCEALMENT 


Computator  (kom-pu-ta'ter),  n.  A  com- 
puter; a  calculator.  Sterne. 
Compute  (kom-puf),  v.t.  pret  ft  pp.  com- 
jinti'il ;  ppr.  computing.  [L.  compute,  to 
calculate  —  coin,  together,  and  puto,  ori- 
ginally to  cleanse,  and  hence  to  clear  up, 
settle,  adjust,  reckon,  value,  esteem.  Pro- 
bably from  root  of  paritg,  pure.]  To  deter- 
mine by  calculation;  to  count;  to  reckon; 
t<>  calculate;  to  estimate:  often  with  a  clause 
as  object ;  :is,  to  compute  how  far  the  moon 
is  from  the  earth.  'Two  days,  as  we  com- 
pute the  days  in  heaven.'  Milton. 

I  could  demonstrate  every  pore 

Where  memory  lays  up  ail  her  store  ; 

Ami  to  an  inch  compute  the  station 

'Twixt  judgment  and  imagination.  Prior. 

Compute  (kom-puf),  v.t.    To  reckon. 

Where  they  did  compute  by  weeks,  yet  still  the 
year  was  measured  by  months.  Haider. 

Computet  (kom-puf),  n.  Computation. 
'  Tine  and  just  compute.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Computer  (kom-put'er),  n.  One  who  com- 
putes; a  reckoner;  a  calculator. 

Computistt  (kom-put'ist),  n.  A  com- 
puter. Sir  T.  Browne. 

The  treasurer  was  a  wise  man,  and  a  strict  com* 
fittist.  H-'otfoH. 

Comrade  (kom'rad;  formerly  also  kom-rad'), 
n.  [O.K.  camarade,  camerade,  from  Sp. 
camarada,  J?'r.  camarade,  originally  a  mili- 
tary term  signifying  a  member  of  the  same 
chamber,  from  L.  camera,  a  chamber.]  An 
associate  in  occupation  or  friendship;  a 
close  companion;  a  mate.  'To  be  a  com- 
rade with  the  wolf  and  owl.'  Shak. 

Where  is  his  son, 

The  nimble-footed  madcap  Prince  of  Wales, 
And  his  comrades,  that  daffed  the  world  aside. 
And  bid  it  pass?  SAat. 

Thus  he  moved  the  prince 
To  laughter  and  his  comrades  to  applause.  Tennyson. 

Comradeship  (kom'rftd-ihlp),  n.  State  of 
being  a  comrade. 

Com  -  rogue  t  ( kom '  rog ),  n.  A  fellow- 
rogue.  B.  Jonson. 

You  may  seek  them  in  Bridewell,  or  the  Hole ;  here 
are  none  of  your  corn-rogues.  Massinger. 

Corns,  Cooms  (komz,  komz),  n.  pi.  [L. 
culnni$,  a  stalk.]  The  points  of  the  radicles 
of  malted  grain,  which,  after  kiln-drying, 
drop  otf  during  the  process  of  turning; 
malt-dust. 

•Con-.  A  Latin  prefix,  a  form  of  the  pre- 
position cum,  with ;  as,  concourse ;  condi- 
tion, constant,  contend,  connection.  This 
preposition  when  used  as  a  prefix  assumes 
various  forms  through  the  influence  of  the 
initial  letter  of  the  word  or  stem  to  which 
it  is  affixed.  Thus.,  before  a  labial,  it  be- 
comes com;  as,  compress,  combine;  before 
a  vowel  or  h  it  becomes  co;  as,  coalesce, 
cohere ;  before  I  it  becomes  col;  as,  coflect ; 
before  r  it  becomes  cor.  It  adds  the  notion 
of  connection,  or  intensifies  the  meaning. 

•Con  (kon).  [  Abbrev.  from  L.  contra,  against.  ] 
In  the  phrase  pro  and  con,  for  and  against, 
con  denotes  the  contrary  or  negative  side  of 
a  question.  When  used  as  a  noun  it  denotes 
a  person  who  is  in  the  negative;  or  more  com- 
monly a  statement,  argument,  point,  or  con- 
sideration, in  opposition  to  or  militating 
against  what  has  been  proposed;  as,  to  take 
up  the  pros  and  cons  of  an  argument. 

Of  many  knotty  points  they  spoke. 

And  pro  and  con  by  turns  they  took.         Prior. 

•Con  (kon),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  conned;  ppr. 
conning.  [  In  first  sense  from  A.  Sax. 
cunnan,  to  know,  to  be  able;  in  second 
from  A.  Sax.  cunnian,  to  try,  to  examine, 
from  the  same  verb.  See  CAN,  KNOW.] 
l.t  To  know. 

Of  muses,  Hobinol,  I  conne  no  skill.       Spenser. 
They  say  they  con  to  heaven  the  highway.   Spenser. 

2.  To  peruse  carefully  and  attentively ;  to 
study  over;  to  learn ;  as,  to  con  a  lesson. 

Here  are  your  parts,  and  I  am  to  intreat  you  to 
con  them  by  to-morrow  night.  Shak. 

A  brave  Samuel  Johnson,  in  his  forlorn  garret, 
might  con  over  the  biographies  of  authors  in  that 
way  1  Carlyle. 

—To  con  thanks,^  to  be  pleased  or  obliged, 
or  to  thank.  [Equivalent  to  Fr.  savoir  gre.} 

I  con  you  no  thanks  for  it.  Shak. 

Con,  Conn  (kon  or  kun),  v.t.  Naut.  to 
direct  the  man  at  the  helm  of  a  vessel  how 
to  steer;  as,  to  con  a  ship. 

Conacre  (kon-a'ker),  a.  In  Ireland,  per- 
taining to  the  custom  of  letting  land  in 
small  portions  to  poor  people  for  a  single 


crop,  the  rent  being  paid  in  money  or  in 
labour. 

The  fields  had  been  let  out  under  the  conacre 
system,  at  so  much  a.  rood,  fur  the  pnt.itu-vr^.m 
Trolloff. 

Conacre  (kon-a'ker),  v.t.  To  let  on  tin 
conacre  system. 

ConariuiU  (kd-iia'rf-uiii),  n.  [L.  co/n/x,  Cr 
konos,  a  cone.]  A  name  once  given  to  the 
pineal  gland. 

Conation  (ko-na'shon),  n.     [L.  conor. 
twt,  to  attempt,  to  strive  after.}    In  metaph. 
a  word  invented  by  Sir  W.  Hamilton  to 
design  the  faculty  of  voluntary  agency,  em- 
bracing desire  and  volition. 

Conatlve  (kon'a-tiv),  a.  Relating  to  the 
faculty  of  conation. 

This  division  of  mind  into  the  three  great  classes 
of  the  cognitive  faculties,  the  feelings,  .  .  .  and  the 
exertive  or  conative  powers,  .  .  .  was  first  promul- 
gated by  Kant.  Sir  It'.  Hamilton. 

Conatus  (ko-na'tus),  n.  A  tendency  simu- 
lating an  effort  on  the  part  of  a  plant  or 
animal  to  supply  a  want;  a  nisus. 

What  conatns  could  give  prickles  to  the  porcupine 
or  hedgehog,  or  to  the  sheep  its  fleece?  Patty. 

Concamerate  (kon-kam'er-at),  v.t.  [L.  con- 
camero,  to  arch— con,  and  camera,  an  arch, 
arched  roof,  or  chamber.]  To  arch  over;  to 
vault.  'One  concameratcd  bone."  JV.  Grew. 
[Rare.] 

Concameration  (kon-kam'er-jY'shon),  n.  An 
arching;  an  arch  or  vault.  [Rare.] 

The  inside  of  these  hot-houses  are  divided  into 
many  cells  and  concamerations.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Concatenate  (kon-kat'e-nat),  v.t.  pret.  & 
pp.  concatenated;  ppr,  concatenating.  [L. 
coneatenot  concatenate m,  to  link  together 

—  con,  together,  and  catena,  a  chain.     See 
CHAIN.]    To  link  together;  to  unite  In  a 
successive  series  or  chain,  as  things  depend- 
ing on  each  other. 

Nature  has  concatenated  our  fortunes  and  affec- 
tions together  with  indissoluble  bands  of  mutual  sym- 
pathy. Barrow. 

Concatenate  t  (kon-kat'e-nat),  a.  Linked 
together.  '  The  elements  be  so  concatenate. ' 
Aifhnwle. 

Concatenation  (kon-kat'e-na"shpn),  n.  The 
state  of  being  concatenated  or  linked  toge- 
ther; a  series  of  links  united;  a  successive 
series  or  order  of  things  connected  or  de- 
pending on  each  other.  'The  consonancy 
and  concatenation  of  truth.'  B.  Joimon. 
'  A  due  concatenation  of  causes  and  effects.' 
Home.  '  A  concatenation  of  explosions.' 
Irving. 

Concauset  (kon-kaz'),  n.  Joint  cause. 
Fotherby, 

Concavation  (kon-ka-va'shon),  n.  [See  CON- 
CAVE.] The  act  of  making  concave. 

Concave  (kon'kav),  a.  [L.  concavus  —  con, 
and  c« »?/.#,  hollow.  See  CAVE.]  1.  Hollow 
and  curved  or  rounded,  as  the  inner  surface 
of  a  spherical  body ;  presenting  a  hollow 
or  incurvation  towards  some  direction  ex- 
pressed or  understood;  incurved.  A  sur- 
face is  concave  when  straight  lines  drawn 
from  point  to  point  in  it  fall  between  the 
surface  and  the  spectator;  and  convex  when 
the  surface  comes  between  him  and  such 
lines.  'Concave  shores.'  Shak.— 2.  Hollow; 
empty.  [Rare.] 

For  his  verity  in  love,  I  do  think  him  as  concar-e  as 
a  covered  goblet  or  a  worm-eaten  nut.  .V/M<fr. 

—  Concave  lens,  in  optics,  a  lens  having  either 
one    or    both   sides    concave. 

See  LENS.  —  Concave  mirror, 
in  optics.  See  MIRROR.  —  A 
concave  leaf,  in  botany,  a  leaf 
with  its  edge  raised  above  the 
disc. 

Concave  (kon'kav),  H.     A  hol- 
low; an  arch  or  vault;  a  cavity. 
'The  concave  of  this  ear.'    Ii.      concave  or 
Jonson.     'The  concave  of  the   planoconcave 
blue  and  cloudless  sky.  *  Words-   \  .ens. 
worth. 

Concave  (kon'kav),  v.t.  pret.  <fr  pp.  concaved; 
ppr.  concaving.  To  make  hollow.  'That 
western  bay  concaved  by  vast  mountains.' 
Anna  Seiaard.  [Rare.] 

Concaved  (kon'kavd),  p.  and  a.  Made  hol- 
low. In  her.  an  epithet  sometimes  applied 
to  ordinaries,  Ac.,  when  bowed  in  the  form 
of  an  arch;  as,  a  chief  concaved.  Called  also 
A  rched. 

Concavely  (kon'kav-li),  adv.  So  as  to  be 
concave;  in  a  concave  manner. 

Concaveness  (kon'kav-nes),  n.  Hollowness; 
concavity.  Johnson. 

Concavity  (kon-kav'i-ti),  n.  [Fr.  concavitt, 
L.  concavitatt.]  1.  Hollowness.  —  2.  A  con- 
cave surface,  or  the  space  contained  in  it ; 


the  internal  surface  of  a  hollow  Bphfii>  ,1 
body,  or  the  space  within  such  b<»ly  '  I  in- 
(••ini'itrities  of  the  shells.'  Wowlward. 

I  .-ink  upon  the  outride  of  a  dome,  your  eye  half 
surrounds  it;   look  up   mtr,  the   in -,nt. -.  .mil  -it   <ni«- 
(fiance  ymi  h-ivc  all  • 
It;  the  entire  tan  to  your 

eye  at  once.  .Motion. 

Concavo-concave  (kon-ka'- 

vo  k.m  k;iv).  -(.  i'nnriive  or 
hollow  nn  both  surface*,  M  a 
Irns;  but  lenses  of  this  kind 
are  more  frequently  U.TIII"! 
double  concave  lenses.  See 
Concavocon-  LKN>' 

cave  LCI.S.   Concavo  -  convex  (kon-ka'vo- 
kon-veks),  «.     A  term  iipplifd 
to  a  lens  which  is  concave  on  one  side  and 
convex  on  the  other,  but  so  that  the  con- 
vex surface  has  the  least  curvature,  ami 
would  not,  if  continued.  MH  -  i 
the  concave  surface.  Set*  CON 
VEX. 

Concavoust  (kon-ka'vus),  a. 
Concave.  '  Concavotu  parti 
of  the  liver.'  Abp.  l'»t  • 
ter. 

Concavouslyt  (kon-ka'vus-li). 
Concavocon-    aav-     ln  a  concave  manner; 
vex  Lens,     so  as  to  show  a  concave  sur- 
face; concavely. 

The  dolphin  that  carrieth  Arion  is  concat-oiiily  in- 
verted.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Conceal  (kon-selO,  v.t.  [From  L.  concelo,  to 
conceal  — con,  together,  and  celo,  to  hide, 
which  is  cog.  with  A.  Sax.  helan,  to  cover, 
E.  hell,  hole,  hull,  &c.]  1.  To  hide;  to  with- 
draw from  observation ;  to  cover  or  keep 
from  sight;  as,  a  party  of  men  concealed 
themselves  behind  a  wall;  a  mask  conceal* 
the  face. 

What  profit  Es  it  if  we  slay  our  brother,  and  conceal 
his  blood  ?  Gen.  xxxvii.  26. 

2.  To  keep  close  or  secret;  to  forbear  to  dis- 
close; to  withhold  from  utterance  or  de- 
claration ;  as,  to  conceal  one's  thoughts  or 
opinions. 

I  have  not  concealed  the  words  of  the  Holy  One. 
lob  vl  10. 

My  gracious  lord,  that  which  I  would  discover 
The  law  of  friendship  bids  me  to  conceal.     Sfiat. 

—Conceal,  Hide,  Diaguine,  Secrete.  Conceal, 
a  generic  term  for  to  hide  from  sight  or 
observation,  generally  implying  less  of  ac- 
tion than  either  hide,  disguise,  or  secrete. 
Everything  hidden,  disguised,  or  secreted 
is  concealed ;  but  it  is  not  always  hidden. 
disguised,  or  secreted  when  it  is  concealed. 
Hide,  to  withdraw  or  put  away  from  sight, 
as  into  an  obscure  place:  often  used  in  a 
sense  less  active  than  disguise  or  secrete; 
as,  to  hide  treasure ;  a  cottage  hidden  amid 
woods.  Disguise,  to  conceal  by  giving  a 
false  appearance  to;  as,  to  disguise  one's 
self;  to  disguise  one's  feelings.  Secrete,  lit. 
to  set  apart  or  aside,  to  conceal  by  putting 
away  in  a  secret  place.  — SYN.  To  hide,  se- 
crete, screen,  cover,  disguise,  dissemble. 

Concealable  (kon-seTa-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  concealed,  hid,  or  kept  close.  'The 
|  omnisciency  of  God,  whereunto  there  is  no- 
thing  concea table.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Concealedly  (kon-sel'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  con- 
cealed, concealing,  or  clandestine  manner; 
so  as  not  to  be  detected. 

Worldly  lusts  and  interests  slily  creep  in.  and  con- 
eealedly  work  in  their  hearts.  tif.  Gaucten. 

Concealedness  (kon-seTed-nes),  «.  A  state 
of  being  concealed.  Johnson. 

Concealer  (kon-seTer),  n.  1.  One  who  con- 
ceals. 

The  concealer  of  the  crime  was  equal! 


2.t  A  person  formerly  employed  in  England 
to  flnd  out  concealed  lands,  that  is,  lands 
privily  kept  from  the  king  by  persons  hav- 
ing nothing  to  show  for  their  title  to  them. 
Concealment  (kon-seTment),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  concealing,  hiding,  or  keeping  secret. 

She  never  told  her  love. 
But  let  concealment.  like  a  worm  i'  the  bud. 
Feed  on  her  d.nnask  cheek.  AVia*. 

Specifically,  in  law,  the  suppression  of  truth 
to  the  injury  or  prejudice  of  another.— 

2.  The  state  of  being  hid  or  concealed ;  pri- 
vacy. 

Some  dear  cause 
Will  in  concealment  wrap  me  for  a  while.    Shat. 

3.  Shelter  from  observation;   cover  from 
sight. 

The  cleft  tree 

Offers  its  kind  concealment  to  a  few, 
Their  food  its  insects,  and  its  mow  their  nests. 
Thomson. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      ft,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin,;;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w.  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CONCEDE 


538 


CONCENTRIC 


4.  In  Eng.  hist,  property  concealed  from  the 
commissioners  for  the  dissolution  of  mon- 
asteries, Ac. ,  at  the  time  of  the  Reformation. 
5.f  Secret  knowledge;  a  secret. 

A  worthy  gentleman 
Exceedingly  well  read,  and  profited 
In  strange  concealments.  Shak. 

SYN.  Secrecy,  disguise,  hiding,  retreat,  hid- 
ing-place. 

Concede  (kon-sedO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
ceded; ppr.  conceding.  [L.  conc?dot  to  go 
with,  give  way,  to  yield— con,  together,  and 
cedot  to  go,  yield.]  1.  To  admit  as  true, 
just,  or  proper;  to  grant;  to  let  pass  undis- 
puted; as,  the  advocate  concedes  the  point 
in  questi»n.  'Assumed  as  a  principle  to 
prove  another  thing  which  is  not  conceded 
as  true  itself.'  Sir  T.  Broione.  Often  gov- 
erning a  clause  introduced  by  that. 

So  far  from  conceding  that  the  creations  of  art  are 
unreal,  there  is  a  sense  in  which  it  may  be  maintained 
that  alt  great  works  of  art  arc  more  real  . .  .  than  the 
matter-of-fact  world,  for  which  exclusive  reality  is 
claimed.  Dr.  Caird. 

2.  To  make  a  concession  of ;  to  grant  as  a 
privilege ;  to  yield  up ;  to  grant ;  to  allow ; 
to  surrender;  as,  the  Egyptian  government 
conceded  the  privilege  of  cutting  the  Suez 
Canal  to  a  Frenchman. 
Concede  (kon-sed'),  v.i.  To  make  concession; 
to  grant  a  request  or  petition;  to  yield. 

I  wished  you  to  concede  to  America  at  a  time  when 
she  prayed  concession  at  your  feet.  Burke, 

Conceder  (kon-sed'er),  n.  One  who  con- 
cedes. 

Conceit  (kon-sef),  n.  [O.E.  congeyte,  con- 
ceipt,  O.Fr.  concept,  from  L.  conceptus,  a  re- 
ceiving, conception,  from  concipio,  to  con- 
ceive —  con,  and  capio,  to  take  or  seize ; 
comp.  deceit,  receipt.]  l.t  That  which  is 
conceived,  imagined,  or  formed  in  the  mind; 
couception;  idea;  thought;  image. 

In  laughing  there  ever  precedeth  a  conceit  of  some- 
what ridiculous,  and  therefore  it  is  proper  to  man. 
Bacon. 

2.  t  Power  or  faculty  of  conceiving;  under- 
standing; apprehension. 

How  often  did  her  eyes  say  to  me  that  they  loved  ! 
yet  I,  not  looking  for  such  a  matter,  had  not  my  con- 
ceit open  to  understand  them.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

3.  Opinion;  estimation;  view  or  belief. 

Seest  thou  a  man  wise  in  his  own  conceit)  there  is 
more  hope  of  a  fool  than  of  him.  Prov.  xxvi.  12. 

By  a  little  studying  in  learning  and  a  great  conceit 
of  himself  he  has  lost  his  religion.  Hentley. 

4.  An  ill-grounded  opinion;  a  baseless  fancy; 
a  crotchety  notion. 

The  form  which  this  conceit  usually  assumes  is  that 
of  supposing  that  nature  lends  more  JisiisUncc  to 
human  endeavours  in  agriculture  than  in  manufac- 
tures. J.  S,  Mitt. 

5.  An  ill-grounded  opinion  of  one's  own  im- 
portance; self-conceit;  vanity;  as,  a  person 
full    of    conceit.      'Plumed    with    conceit.' 
Cotton.  —  6.  A  witty,  happy,  or  ingenious 
thought  or  expression;   something  witty, 
amusing,  or  well -conceived;   a  quaint  or 
humorous  fancy;  wit;  humour;  ingenuity: 
in  modern  usage  it  is  more  especially  applied 
to  a  quaint  or  odd  thought  or  fancy  out 
of  place;  a  thought  or  expression  intended 
to  be  striking  or  poetical,  but  rather  far- 
fetched, insipid,  or  pedantic. 

His  wit  is  as  thick  as  Tewksbury  mustard :  there 
is  no  more  conceit  in  him  than  is  in  a  mallet.  Shak. 

The  later  writers,  in  order  to  gain  more  applause, 
deviated  in  some  manner  from  the  spirit  of  Petrarch, 
seeking  ingenious  thoughts,  florid  conceits,  splendid 
ornaments.  Hnllam, 

—  Out  of  conceit  with,  not  having  a  favour- 
able opinion  of;  no  longer  pleased  with. 

What  hath  chiefly  put  me  out  of  conceit  with  this 
moving  manner,  is  the  frequent  disappointment. 

Swift. 

Conceit  (kon-sef),  v.t.  l.t  To  conceive;  to 
imagine;  to  think;  to  form  an  idea  of. 

One  of  two  bad  ways  you  must  conceit  me. 
Either  a  coward  or  a  murderer.  Shafc. 

2.  With  the  reflexive  pronoun,  to  imagine 
wrongly;  to  err  in  believing.  [Rare.] 

The  strong,  by  conceitii 
thereby  rendered  inactive. 

We  conceit  ourselves  that  we  contemplate  absolute 
existence  when  we  only  speculate  absolute  privation. 
Sir  It'.  Hamilton. 

Conceit  t  (kon-sef),  v.i.  To  form  a  notion ; 
to  conceive.  '  Those  whose  vulgar  appre- 
hensions conceit  but  low  of  matrimonial  pur- 
poses. '  Milton. 

Conceited  (kon-sef  ed),  a.  1. 1  Endowed  with 
fancy  or  imagination;  ingenious;  well  or 
wittily  conceived  or  expressed.  *  Conceited 
masques,  rich  banquets.'  Drat/ton.  'An 
admirable  conceited  fellow.'  Shak.  'Active 
of  body,  pleasantly  conceited,  and  sharp  of 


eiting  themselves   weak,  are 
South. 


wit.'  Knolles.  —  2.\  Ingeniously  or  curiously 
contrived;  fanciful.  ' A  conceited  chair  to 
sleep  in.'  Evelyn.  —  3.  Entertaining  a  flat- 
tering opinion  of  one's  self;  self-conceited  ; 
vain;  egotistical.  'Some  empty  conceited 
heads.'  Felton.  It  may  have  of  before  the 
object  of  conceit.  'How  conceited  of  their 
own  wit,  science,  and  politeness.'  Bentley. 

Conceitedly  ( kon-sef  ed-li),  adv.  1.  In  a 
conceited  manner ;  with  vanity  or  egotism  ; 
as,  he  spoke  conceitedly  of  his  attainments. 
2.  t  Wittily;  ingeniously.  '  Cicero  most  pleas- 
santly  and  conceitedly  (said).'  Holland. — 
3.t  Fancifully;  whimsically.  'Conceitedly 
dress  her.'  Donne. 

Conceitedness  (kon-sefed-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  conceited ;  an  overweening  fond- 
ness of  one's  own  person  or  endowments ; 
vanity;  conceit.  'Aristotle's  pride,  conceit- 
edness,  and  unthankfulness  towards  Plato.' 
Dr.  //.  More. 

As  arrogance  and  conceitedness  of  our  own  abilities 
are  very  shocking  and  ofleniive  to  men  of  sense  and 
virtue,  we  may  be  very  sure  they  are  highly  displeas- 
ing to  that  Being  who  delights  in  a  humble  mind. 
Addison. 

Conceitless  t  (kon-sefles),  a.  Of  dull  con- 
ception; stupid;  dull  of  apprehension. 

Think'st  thou  I  am  so  shallow,  so  conctit/rss, 
To  be  seduced  by  thy  flattery?  ShaJk. 

Conceivability  (kon-sev'a-bil"i-ti),  71.  Con- 
ceivableness. 

Conceivable  (kon-sev'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  conceived,  thought,  imagined,  or  un- 
derstood. '  Whereby  any  conceivable  weight 
may  be  moved  by  any  conceivable  power.' 
Bp.  Wilkins. 

If  ...  those  propositions  only  are  conceit; tble  of 
which  subject  and  predicate  are  capable  of  unity  of 
representation,  then  is  the  subjectivity  of  space  in- 
conceivable. H.  Spencer. 

Conceivableness  (kon-seVa-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  being  conceivable.  H.  Spencer. 

Conceivably  (kon-sev'a-bli),  adv.  In  a  con- 
ceivable or  intelligible  manner.  Sir  T. 
Browne;  Whatelt/. 

Conceive  (kon-sev'X  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  con- 
ceived; ppr.  conceiving.  [O.  Fr.  concever,  con- 
ceveir,  ».  concevoir,  from  L.  condpere,  to 
conceive,  perceive,  receive,  comprise—  con, 
together,  and  capio,  to  take,  receive.]  1.  To 
become  pregnant  with ;  to  develop  in  the 
womb  in  an  embryonic  state.  '  Sinful  man 
conceived  and  born  in  sin.'  Tctmyaon. 

She  hath  also  conceived  a  son  in  her  old  age. 
Luke  i.  36. 

2.  To  form  in  the  mind;  to  devise. 

Nebuchadnezzar  hath  conceived  a.  purpose  against 
you.  Jcr.  xlix.  30. 

It  was  among  the  ruins  of  the  Capitol  that  I  first 
conceited  the  idea  of  a  work  which  has  amused  and 
exercised  near  twenty  years  of  my  life.  Gibbon. 

3.  To  realize  in  the  mind ;  to  form  a  con- 
ception of;  to  place  distinctly  before  the 
thoughts;  to  comprehend:  often  used  as  a 
specific  term  in  philosophy.    See  CONCEP- 
TION, 2. 

We  can  neither  conceive,  on  the  one  hand,  an  ulti- 
mate minimum  of  space  or  time  ;  nor  can  we,  on  the 
other,  conceive  their  infinite  divisibility.  In  like  man- 
ner, we  cannot  conceive  the  absolute  commencement 
of  time,  nor  the  utmost  limit  of  space,  and  are  yet 
equally  unable  to  conceive  them  without  any  com- 
mencement or  limit.  Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

4.  To  think;  to  imagine;  to  suppose  pos- 
sible. 

You  can  hardly  conceive  this  man  to  have  been  bred 
in  the  same  climate.  Stvift. 

5-t  To  admit  into  the  mind;  to  feel.  '  Such 
a  pleasure  as  incaged  birds  conceive.'  Shak. 

6.  t  To  become  aware  of  or  acquainted  with. 

Conceiving  the  dishonour  of  his  mother 

He  straight  declined,  droop'd,  took  it  deeply. 

Fasten' a  and  fix'd  the  shame  on't  in  himself.  Shak, 

7.  To  express;  to  embody  in  words;  as,  I 
received  a  letter  conceived  in  the  following 
terms.    [An  incorrect  use  of  the  word.]  — 
SYN.  To  apprehend,  imagine,  suppose,  un- 
derstand, comprehend,  believe,  think. 

Conceive  (kon-seV),  v.i.     1.  To  have  a  fetus 
formed  in  the  womb;  to  become  pregnant. 
Thou  shall  conceive,  and  bear  a  son.    Judg.  xiii.  3. 

2.t  To  hold  an  opinion:  with  of. 

The  grieved  commons 
Hardly  conceive  of  me :  let  it  be  nois'd 
That  through  our  intercession  this  revokement 
And  pardon  comes.  SStaik. 

3.  To  have  or  form  a  conception  or  idea ;  to 
think:  with  of. 

Conceive  of  things  clearly  and  distinctly  in  their 
own  natures;  conceive  <j^  things  completely  in  all 
their  parts.  tf-'atts. 

Conceiver  (kon-sev'er),  n.  One  that  con- 
ceives. Sir  T.  Browne. 

Concelebratet  (kon-sel'e-brat),  v.t.  [L.  con- 
celebro.}  To  celebrate  together.  Sherwood. 


Concent!  (kon-senf),  «.  [L.  concentu*,  fmm 

concino,  to  sing  in  accordance— con,  ami 
cano,  to  sing.]    1.  Concert  of  voices;  com-<>nl 
of  sounds;   harmony.     'That  undisturlird 
song  of  pure  concent.'    Milton, --2.  Consist- 
ency; accordance.     *In  concent  to  his  own 
principles.'    A  tterbury. 
Concent  t  (kon-senf),  v.t.    To  make  to  ac- 
cord; to  harmonize. 
Such  musick  is  wise  words,  with  time  conceit  ted. 

Concentfult  (kon-senf  ful),  a.  Harmonious. 
'So  concent/id  an  harmony.'  Fotherby. 

Concentrate  (kon-sen'trat  or  kon'sen-trat), 
v.t.  pret  A  pp.  concentrated;  ppr.  concen- 
trating. [See  CONCENTRE.]  i.  To  bring  t«> 
a  common  centre  or  point  of  union;  to  cause 
to  come  together;  to  bring  nearer  to  each 
other;  to  bring  to  bear  on  one  point;  to 
direct  towards  one  object;  as,  to  concent mt,' 
rays  of  light  into  a  focus. 

He  hastily  concentrated  his  whole  force  at  his  own 
camp.  Motley. 

The  magistracy  are  now  concentrating  their  efforts 
on  the  suppression  of  begging. 

l:xatniner  newspaper, 

2.  In  chemical  manipulations,  to  intensify 
by  removing  non-essential  matter;  to  reduce 
to  a  state  of  great  strength  and  purity;  to 
rectify.  'Spirit  of  vinegar  concentrated  and 
reduced  to  its  greatest  strength.'  Arbuthnot. 
See  CONCENTRATION  (6). 

Concentrate  (kon-sen'trat  or  kon'sen  trat), 
v.i.  To  approach  or  meet  in  a  common 
point  or  centre. 

Concentrated  (kon-sen'trat-ed  or  kon'sen- 
trat-ed),  p.  and  a.  1.  Brought  to  a  common 
point  or  centre.— 2.  Increased  in  strength 
by  concentration  (which  see);  as,  a  concen- 
trated solution  of  morphia;  concentrated 
sulphuric  acid.— 3.  Inpathol.  a  term  applied 
to  the  pulse  when  there  is  a  contracted  con- 
dition of  the  artery. 

Concentration  (kon-sen-tra'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  concentrating ;  as,  (a)  the  act  of  col- 
lecting into  a  central  point;  the  act  of 
directing  to  one  object ;  the  state  of  being 
brought  to  a  common  point  or  centre ;  as, 
the  concentration  of  troops  in  one  place;  the 
concentration  of  one's  energies. 

The  evidence  of  superior  genius  is  the  power  of 
intellectual  concentration,  B.  R.  Haydon. 

(b)  In  chem.  the  act  of  increasing  the  strength 
of  fluids  by  volatilizing  part  of  their  water 
The  matter  to  be  concentrated  must,  there- 
fore, be  less  readily  evaporated  than  water, 
as  sulphuric  and  phosphoric  acids,  solutions. 
of  alkalies,  <tc. 

Concentrative  (kon-sen'tra-tiv).a.  Tending 
to  concentrate;  characterized  by  concentra- 
tion. 'A  concent rative  act,  or  act  of  atten- 
tion.' Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Concentrativeness  (kon-sen'tra-ti  v-nes),  n. 
The  quality  or  faculty  of  concentrating; 
specifically,  in  phren.  one  of  the  propensi- 
ties whose  function  is  supposed  to  bestow 
the  power  of  concentrating  two  or  more 
mental  powers  at  one  and  the  same  time 
upon  any  particular  object. 

Concentrator  (kon'sen-tra-ter),  n.  One 
whoor  that  which  concentrates;  specifically, 
an  apparatus  for  the  separation  of  dry, 
comminuted  ore,  according  to  the  gravity 
of  its  particles,  by  exposing  a  falling  sheet 
of  ore  dust  to  intermittent  puffs  of  air.  E. 
//.  Knight. 

Concentre  (kon-sen'ter),  v.i.  pret  &  pp. 
concentred;  ppr.  concentring.  [Fr.  concen- 
trer  —  L.  con,  together,  and  centrum,  a 
centre.]  To  converge  to  or  meet  in  a  com- 
mon centre;  to  combine  or  be  united  in  one 
object.  '  God,  in  whom  all  perfections  con- 
centre.' Bp.  Beveridge. 

All  these  are  like  so  many  lines  drawn  from  several 
objects,  that  in  some  way  relate  to  him,  and  concen- 
tre in  him.  Sir  At.  Hale. 

Concentre  (kon-sen'ter),  v.t.  To  draw  or 
direct  to  a  common  centre;  to  bring  together; 
to  concentrate.  'In  the  concentring  all 
their  precious  beams.'  Milton.  '  The  wretch 
concentred  all  in  self.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 

By  no  other  intellectual  application  is  the  soul  trm«. 
reflected  on  itself,  and  its  faculties  concentred  in  such 
independent,  vigorous,  unwonted,  and  continuous. 
energy.  Sir  H'.  Hamilton. 

Concentric  (kon-sen'trik),  a.  [L.concentricus 
—con,  and  centrum,  centre.  ]  Having  a  com- 
mon centre;  as,  concentric  circles,  ellipses, 
spheres,  &c. ;  the  concentric  coats  of  onions, 
or  bulbs  with  many  layers;  the  concentric' 
orbits  of  the  planets.  '  Concentric  circles- 
upon  the  surface  of  the  water.'  Newton. 

Those,  like  so  many  spheres,  but  one  heaven  make,. 
For  they  arc  all  concentric  unto  thee.  Donne. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CONCENTRICAL 


53!) 


CONCERTATION 


Concentrical  (kon-sen'trik-al).  a.    Same  as 

('itna'ntric.     lluyte;  Arbittlmot. 
Concentrically  (kon-sen'trik-al-li),  adv.    In 

a  concentric  manner;  in  a  common  centre. 

All  the  torrents  which  descend  from  the  southern 
side  of  the  Alps,  and  from  the  northern  slope  of  the 
Apennines  meet  concentrically  in  the  recess  or 
mountain  bay  which  the  two  ridges  inclose 

Concentricate  ( kon-sen'tri-kat ),  v.t.  To 
concentrate.  Latham. 

Concentricity  (kou-sen-tris'i-ti),  n.  State 
nf  being  concentric. 

Concentual  ( kon-sen'tO-al ),  a.  [From  eon- 
cent]  Harmonious;  accordant.  Jms  con- 
summate or  concentual  song  of  the  ninth 
sphere.'  T.  Wai-ton.  [Rare.] 

Concept  (kon'sept),  n.  The  subject  of  a 
conception;  the  object  conceived  by  the 
mind;  a  notion. 

(Kant  and  his  followers)  say  they  are  of  three 
kinds— r  Pure  concepts,  which  borrow  nothing  from 
experience;  as  the  notions  of  cause,  time,  and  space. 

2  Kmpirical  concepts,  which  are  altogether  derived 
from  experience;  as  the  notion  of  colour  or  pleasure. 

3  Mixtd  concepts,  composed  of  elements  furnished 
partly  by  experience  and  partly  by  the  pure  under- 
standing. Filming. 

Conceptacle  (kon-sep'ta-kl),  n.  [L.  concep- 
tacvlum,  from  concipio.  See  CONCEIVE.  ] 

1.  That  in  which  any- 
thing is  contained;   n 
vessel ;   a   receiver  or 
receptacle.  Woodward. 

2.  In  hot.  the  thickened 
capsular  fruit  of  some 
algre,  in  which  spores 
and  antheridia  are  both 
contained.  Applied  also 
to  a  similar  organ  in  the 

Conceptibilityt  (kon- 

sep'ti-bil"i-ti),  n.    The 

quality  of   being  con- 
ceivable.    Cudwortk.      Conceptacle  of  an  AIM, 
Conceptlble  t        ( kon  -      embedded  in  cellular 

sep'ti-bl).  a.    [See  CON-     1»u«. 

CEIVABLE.]   Capable  of 

being  conceived;  conceivable;  intelligible. 

•Attributes  easily  conceptMe  by  us.'     Sir 

M.  Hale. 
Conception  (kon-sep'shon),  n.  [L.  conceptio, 

from  concipio.    See  CONCEIVE.]    1.  The  act 

of  conceiving;  the  first  formation  of  the 

embryo  of  an  animal. 

I  will  greatly  multiply  thy  sorrow  and  thy  concep- 
tion. Gen.  iii.  16. 

Fig. 

Joy  had  the  like  conception  in  our  eyes.     Shak. 

2.  The  act  of  conceiving  in  the  mind;  the 
power  of  conceiving  in  the  mind ;  that 
which  is  conceived  in  the  mind ;  as,  (a)  a 
product  of  the  imaginative  or  inventive 
faculty.  '  The  conceptions  of  its  poets,  the 
creations  of  its  sculptors.'  Dr.Caird.  (b)  In 
philos.  (1)  that  mental  act  or  combination  of 
acts  by  which  an  absent  object  of  perception 
is  brought  before  the  mind  by  the  imagina- 
tion. In  this  sense  we  form  a  conception  of 
a  book,  when  we  imagine  a  book,  although 
the  book  imagined  must  have  a  definite 
size,  form,  and  colour,  none  of  whicli  is  in- 
cluded in  the  meaning  of  the  word  'book.' 

Under  the  article  of  conception,  I  shall  confine  my- 
self to  that  faculty  whose  province  it  is  to  enable  us 
to  form  a  notion  of  past  sensations,  or  of  the  objects 
of  sense  that  we  have  formerly  perceived.  Ste^vart. 


tms  term  tor  rauicr  the  product  of  this  operation— 
Concept)  is  convertible  with  general  notion,  or  more 
correctly,  notion,  simply,  and  in  this  sense  is  admir- 
ably rendered  by  the  StirlJT(lAaH  is  grasped  up)  of 
the  Germans.  Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

(2)  That  which  constitutes  the  meaning  of  a 
word,  and  which  is  not  capable  of  being 
presented  to  the  mind  by  a  single  act  of 
imagination;  a  notion;  also  the  mental  oper- 
ation by  which  such  notions  or  conceptions 
are  formed.  In  this  sense  we  form  the  con- 
ception  of  a  book  when  we  consider  the  at- 
tributes of  a  book  together,  and  recognize 
them  as  existing  in  a  number  of  individual 
instances  which  form  a  class  by  themselves 
in  virtue  of  this  fact. 

The  first  and  most  important  of  (the  three  concep- 
tions round  which  the  speculation  carried  on  by  Kant 
and  Fichte  clusters),  is  what  we  have  called  the 
metaphysical  conception— the  conception  of  immate- 
rial substance.  Substance,  the  perdurable  b.tsis  of 
all  phenomena,  is  the  deepest  thought  of  metaphysi- 
cal speculation.  Scotsman  ntiospaper. 

See  also  the  extract  from  Sir  W.  Hamilton 
above,  (c)  Thought,  notion,  or  idea  in  the 


loose  sense;  as,  you  have  no  conception  how 
clever  he  is. 

Hut  a  religion  whose  object  was  the  truth  was  at 
this  time  so  unknown  a  thing  that  a  pagan  magis- 
trate could  have  no  conception  of  it  but  as  a  new  sea 
of  philosophy.  Ir'arbHrton. 

3.  t  A  conceit;  a  fanciful  thought.  '  Full  of 
conceptions,  points  of  epigram,  and  witti- 
cisms.' Dryden. — Immaculate  conception. 
See  IMMACULATE.— SYN.Notion.idea,  image, 
thought,  concept,  apprehension,  sentiment, 
view. 

Conceptlonal  (kon-scp'shon-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  or  having  the  nature  of  a  conception 
or  notion. 

There  is  movement  in  the  whole  vocabulary  of 
language,  from  the  designation  of  what  is  coarser, 
grosser,  more  material,  to  the  designation  of  what  is 
hner,  more  abstract  and  conceptional,  more  formal. 
ll'hitney. 

Conceptionalist  (kon-sep'shon-al-ist),  n.  A 

conceptualist. 
Conceptions!  (kon-sep'shus),  a.    Apt   to 

conceive ;  fruitful.     '  Thy  fertile  and  con- 

ceptioug  womb. '    Shak. 
Conceptive  (kon-sep'tiv),  a.    Capable  of 

conceiving;  (a)  physically. 

The  uterine  parts  may  be  reduced  into  a  conceptive 
constitution.  Sir  T.  Ertruint. 

(6)  Mentally. 

The  alleged  inconceivableness  of  a  minimum  or  a 
limit  ...  is  not  due  to  an  arrest  of  the  conceptive 
power,  but  a  baffling  of  it.  //.  Spencer. 

Conceptual  (kon-sep'tu-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  conception,  mental  or  physical. 

Every  conceptual  act  is  so  immediately  followed  as 
to  seem  accompanied  by  a  noinenclatory  one. 

Ifhitney. 

ConceptuaUsm(kon-sep'tu-al-izm).  H.  In 
metaph.  a  doctrine  in  some  sense  interme- 
diate between  realism  and  nominalism.  See 
extract  under  CONCEPTUAUST. 

Conceptualist  (kon-sep'tu-al-ist),  n.  One 
who  holds  the  doctrine  that  the  mind  has 
the  power  of  assigning  an  independent  ex- 
istence to  general  conceptions. 

The  conceftnttlists  assign  to  universals  an  exist- 
ence which  may  be  called  logical  or  psychological, 
that  is.  independent  of  single  objects,  but  dependent 
upon  the  mind  of  the  thinking  subject,  in  which  they 
are  as  notions  or  conceptions.  Fleming. 

Conceptuallstic  (kon-sep'tu-al-is"tik),  a. 

Pertaining  to  conceptualism  or  conceptual- 

ists. 
Concern  (kon-sern'),  i>.(.    [L.  concemo,  to 

mix,  mingle  together,  as  in  a  sieve-con, 

together,  and  cerno,  to  sift;  cog.  with  Gr. 

krino,  to  separate.  ]    1.  To  relate  or  belong 

to. 

Preaching  the  kingdom  of  God.  and  teaching  those 
things  which  concern  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 

Acts  xxyiii.  31. 

2.  To  affect  the  interest  of;  to  be  of  import- 
ance to. 

Our  wars  with  France  have  affected  us  in  our  most 
tender  interests,  and  concerned  us  more  than  those 
with  any  other  nation.  Addison. 

3.  With  the  reflexive  pronoun,  to  take  or 
have  an  interest  in;  to  occupy  or  busy  one's 
self  with;  as,  a  good  prince  concerns  himself 
in  the  happiness  of  his  subjects. 

Being  a  layman  I  ought  not  to  have  concerned  my- 
jf//"wilh  speculations  which  belong  to  the  profession. 
Dryden. 

4.  To  disturb ;  to  make  uneasy ;   to  cause 
concern  to:  generally  in  pp. ;  as,  to  be  deeply 
concerned  about  the  safety  of  a  friend. 

In  one  compressing  engine  I  shut  a  sparrow,  with- 
out  forcing  any  air  in,  and  in  an  hour  the  bird  began 
to  pant,  and  be  concerned,  and  in  less  than  an  hour 
and  a  half  to  be  sick.  Derhat 

Concern  (kon-sern'),  n.  1.  That  which  re- 
lates or  belongs  to  one;  business;  affair. 
'  Exposing  the  private  concerns  of  families. ' 
Addison.  —  2.  Interest;  matter  of  import- 
ance; that  which  affects  one's  welfare  or 
happiness. 

•Tis  all  mankind's  concern  that  he  should  live. 

Dryden. 

3.  Compassionate  or  affectionate  regard; 
solicitude;  anxiety;  agitation  or  uneasiness 
of  mind;  disturbed  state  of  feeling. 

Why  all  this  concern  for  the  poorl  We  wanMhem 
not. 

O  Marcia.  let  me  hope  thy  kind  concerns 

And  gentle  wishes,  follow  me  to  battle.   Addison. 

4  An  establishment  or  firm  for  the  transac- 
tion of  business;  a  manufacturing  or  com- 
mercial establishment.  'The  stoppage  of  one 
or  two  more  banking  concerns.  Sat.  J<ev.— 
5.  Loosely  applied  to  almost  any  object 
whatever,  especially  one  that  is  large  and 
constructed  of  different  pieces.  '  The  hack- 
ney coach -a  great,  lumbering,  square,  con- 
cern' Dickens.  [Colloq.]-Care.  Solmtude, 
Concern,  Anxiety.  See  under  CARE. 


Concernancyi  (kon-sir'nan-si),  n.  Concern; 

liUMtifSs;  import.     ,S7mA-. 
Concerned  ( kon-sernd'),  p.  and  a.    Having 

'  ('MOTH;  intnv^ti'il;  engaged;  anxious. 
Concernedly  {  k»n  sem'ed-HV  ado.    In  a 

Concerned  manner;  with  anxiety  or  solid- 

tihli-;  uith  interest.     Clamt't"n 
ConcernedneBS(ki.n  ,i  in  ,  (i  m-.). n.    suu- 

of  being  ronr.TmM      '  Earnestness  and  con- 

cernedneM.1    Abp.  Sharp. 
Concerning  (kim-sei'inni:).  prep.     Pertain- 

inn  to;  ri-aanlinn;  with  relation  to.     [Thin 

word,  originally  a  participle,  is  now  fully 

established  as  a  preposition,  being  freely 

used  without  being  made  to  agree  with  any 

other  word.  ] 

I  have  accepted  thee  concerning  this  thine'  also, 
that  I  will  not  overthrow  this  city  for  the  which  thoti 
hast  spoken.  Gen.  xix.  31. 

Concerning  t  (kon-ser'ning),  a.  Important 
'So  great  and  so  concerning  a  truth.'  South. 

Concerning  t  (kon-ser'nlngX  n.  Affair  of 
importance;  concern;  business. 

We  shall  write  to  you 
As  time  and  our  concern in£-s  shall  importune.  Stint. 

Concernment  (kon-sern'ment),  n,  1.  A 
thing  in  which  one  is  concerned  or  inter- 
ested; concern;  affair;  business;  interest. 

Propositions  which  extend  only  to  the  present  life 
are  small,  compared  with  those  that  have  influence 
upon  our  everlasting  concernments.  /farts. 

The  great  concernment  of  men  is  with  men.    Lockt. 

2.  State  of  concerning  or  bearing  upon  the 
interest  or  happiness  of  one ;  importance; 
moment. 

He  justly  fears  a  peace  would  prove 
Of  ill  concernment  to  his  haughty  love.      Dryden. 
Experimental  truths  are  mattersof  great  concern- 
ment to  mankind.  Boyle. 

3.  State  of  being  concerned  or  occupied;  In- 
terference; participation. 

He  married  a  daughter  to  the  earl  without  any 
other  approbation  of  her  father  or  concernment  in  it, 
than  suffering  him  and  her  to  come  into  his  presence. 
Clarendon. 

4.  State  of  being  concerned  or  anxious;  con- 
cern; solicitude;  anxiety. 

Their  ambition  is  manifest  in  their  concernment. 
Dryden. 

Concert  (ken-serf),  u.  (.  [Fr.  concertrr,  from 
It.  concertare,  to  concert,  to  contrive,  ap- 
parently from  L.  con,  together,  and  certarr, 
to  contend,  but  rather  misspelled  from  L. 
connero,  cowertu*.  to  join  together,  to  unite, 
to  employ.)  1.  To  contrive  and  settle  by 
mutual  communication  of  opinions  or  pro- 
positions ;  to  settle  or  adjust,  as  a  plan  or 
system  to  be  pursued,  by  conference  or  agree- 
ment of  two  or  more  parties;  as,  to  concert  a 
scheme. 

The  two  rogues,  having  concerted  their  plan,  parted 
company.  Defoe. 

2.  To  plan;  to  devise. 

A  commander  had  more  trouble  to  concert  his  He- 
fence  before  the  people  than  to  plan  the  operations 
of  a  campaign.  Burte. 

3.  [From  the  noun  concert.]   To  sing  in  con- 
cert.   [Rare.] 

And  we.  with  Nature's  heart  in  tune. 

Concerted  harmonies.  Motner-utcll. 

Concert  (kon-serf).  v.i.  To  act  in  concert; 
with  with.  [Rare.] 

The  ministers  of  Denmark  were  appointed  to  con- 
cert with  Talbot.  Bf.  Unmet. 

Concert  (kon'sert),  n.  [From  above  verb, 
but  in  2  and  following  meanings  the  L  con- 
cento,  a  singing  together,  seems  to  have 
had  an  influence.]  1.  Agreement  of  two 
or  more  in  a  design  or  plan ;  union  formed 
by  mutual  communication  of  opinions  and 
views;  accordance  in  a  scheme;  harmony; 
as  the  emperor  and  the  pope  acted  in  con- 
cert. 

All  these  discontents  have  arisen  from  the  want  of 
a  due  communication  and  concert. 

2  The  music  of  a  company  of  players  or 
singers,  or  of  both  united  ;  a  public  or  pri- 
vate musical  entertainment,  at  which  a 
number  of  vocalists  or  instrumentalists,  or 
both  perform  singly  or  combined.— 3.  Any 
public  musical  entertainment.— 4.  Inmunc, 
concord;  harmony. 

Compositions,  called  playhouse  or  act  tunes,  were 
written  and  played  in  concert,  and  not  in  unison  as 
formerly.  Staintr  fr  Karrett. 

—Concert  pitch.     See  PITCH. 

Concertante  (kon-char-tan'ta),  n.  [It.  ppr. 
of  concertare,  to  form  a  concert]  A  piece 
of  music  composed  for  several  principal  in- 
struments or  voices,  with  an  accompaniment 
for  the  band,  differing  from  a  concerto, 
which  has  but  one  principal  instrument. 

Concertationt  (kon-ser-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  co 


" 


CONCERTAT1VE 


540 


CONCINNATE 


certatio,  a  contending  together.  See  CON- 
CERT, «.(.]  Strife;  contention. 

After  the  coneertation  when  they  could  not  agree, 
the  king  tommy  between  them,  called  away  the 
Mshops  from  the  monks.  Foxe. 

Cpncertative  t  (kon-ser'ta-tiv),  a.  Conten- 
tious; quarrelsome.  Bailey. 

Concerted  (kon-sert'ed),  p.  and  a.  Mutually 
contrived  or  planned ;  as,  ^.concerted  scheme. 
—Concerted  piece,  in  music,  a  composition 
in  parts  for  several  voices  or  instruments, 
as  a  trio,  a  quartet,  «Src. 

Concertina  (kon-ser-te'na),  n.  [From  con- 
cert ]  A  musical  instrument  in  vented  by  Pro- 
fessor Wheatstone,  the  principle  of  which  is 
similar  to  that  of  the  accordion.  It  is  com- 
posed of  a  bellows,  with  two  faces  or  ends, 
generally  polygonal  in  shape,  on  which  are 
placed  the  various  stops  or  studs,  by  the  ac- 
t  on  of  which  air  is  admitted  to  the  free  me- 
tallic reeds  which  produce  the  sounds.  In  the 
English  concertina  the  finger-stops  are  in 
four  rows,  the  two  inner  rows  being  confined 
to  the  notes  of  the  natural  scale,  and  the 
two  outer  to  the  sharps  and  flats.  The  com- 
pass of  the  instrument  is  three  octaves  and 
three  notes,  and  the  sounds  in  the  scale  are 
double,  that  is,  in  pressing  a  stud  the  same 
note  is  produced  when  the  bellows  is  drawn 
out  as  when  it  is  pushed  in.  The  German 
concertina  is  an  inferior  instrument,  having 
a  less  extensive  compass,  and  being  capable 
of  producing  music  only  in  a  very  limited 
number  of  keys,  while  the  £nglish  concer- 
tina can  he  played  in  any  key. 

Concertion  (kon-ser'shon),™.  Concert;  con- 
trivance; adjustment.  Young. 

Concertment  (kon-sert'ment ),  n.  The  act 
of  concerting.  R.  Pollok.  [Rare.] 

Concerto  (kon-char'to),  n.  [It.]  A  piece  of 
music  for  a  concert;  originally,  a  compo- 
sition in  which  many  performers  played  in 
unison,  but  in  which  one  or  two  instruments 
took  the  lead;  but  now  a  species  of  compo- 
sition, usually  in  a  symphonic  form,  written 
for  one  principal  instrument,  with  accom- 
paniments for  a  full  orchestra. 

Concession  (kon-se'shon),  n.  [L,  concessio, 
from  concedo.  See  CONCEDE.)  1.  The  act 
of  conceding,  granting,  or  yielding:  usually 
implying  a  demand,  claim,  or  request  from 
the  party  to  whom  it  is  made.  '  Not  per- 
mitted by  the  concession  of  God,'  Jer.  Tay- 
lor. 

The  concession  of  these  charters  was  in  a  parlia- 
mentary way.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

By  some  mutual  concessions  the  business  was  ad- 
justed, llallatn. 

Specifically,  in  rhet.  the  yielding,  granting, 
or  allowing  to  the  opposite  party  some  point 
or  fact  that  may  bear  dispute,  with  a  view 
to  obtain  something  which  cannot  be  denied, 
or  to  show  that  even  admitting  the  point 
conceded,  the  cause  is  not  with  the  adverse 
party,  but  can  be  maintained  by  the  advo- 
cate on  other  grounds.  —2.  The  thing  yielded; 
a  grant. 

A  gift  of  more  worth,  in  a  temporal  view,  was  the 
grant  to  the  king  of  the  cruzada,  the  exiusada,  and 


[This  sense  has  been  specially  applied  to 
grants  of  land,  privileges,  or  immunities  to 
certain  individuals  or  companies  to  enable 
or  empower  them  to  do  certain  things,  as  to 
construct  railways,  canals,  «fcc. 

A  Frenchman  has  obtained  the  concession  (the 
privilege  of  making  the  Suez  Canal),  and  it  may  be 
executed  by  French  engineers  and  French  workmen. 
Ettin.  Rev.} 

Concessionary  t  (kon-se'shon-ar-i),a.  Yield- 
ing by  indulgence  or  allowance.  Bailey. 

Concessionary  (kon-se'shon-ar-i),  n.  A 
concession  naire. 

Concessionist  (kon-se'shon-ist),n.  One  who 
makes  or  favours  concession.  Quart.  Rev, 

Concessionnaire  (kon-ses-syon  ar).  n.  [Fr] 
A  person  to  whom  a  privilege  or  concession 
has  been  made;  a  grantee. 

Concessive  (kon-ses'iv),  a.  Implying  conces- 
sion. '  A  concessive  conjunction.  Bp.  Lowth. 

Concessively  (kon-ses'iv-li),  adv.  By  way  of 
concession  or  yielding;  by  way  of  admitting 
what  may  be  disputable. 

Some  have  written  rhetorically  and  concessively. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Concessory  (kon-ses'or-i),  a.  Conceding; 
permissive.  [Rare.  ] 

These  laws  are  not  prohibitive,  but  concessory. 
Jer.  Taylor. 

Concete,t  n.     Conception  ;  apprehension. 

Chaucer. 
Concettism(kon-set'tizm),  n.    The  use  of 

affected  wit  or  concetti.     King&ley. 
Concetto  (kon-chet'to),  ».  pi.  Concetti (kon- 

chet'te).    [It.    See  CONCEIT.]    Affected  wit; 


an  ingenious  thought  or  turn  of  expression; 
a  conceit.  '  A  kind  of  counter-taste  founded 
on  surprise  and  curiosity  which  may  be  ex- 
pressed by  the  concetto.'  Shemtone,  '  Con- 
cetti and  antitheses.'  Chesterfield. 
Conch  (kongk),  n.  [L.  concha,  Gr.  konyche, 
Skr.  fankha,  a  shell.}  1.  A  marine  shell, 
especially  that  of  the  atwmbvt  giga*,  some- 
times called  fountain  shell,  from  its  use  in 
gardens.  '  Orient  pearls  which  from  the 
concha  he  drew.'  Dryden.—**.  A  spiral  shell 
used  by  the  mythological  divinities  called 
Tritons  as  a  trumpet 

There  is  the  Trophonius'  cave  in  which,  by  some 
artifice,  the  leaden  Tritons  are  made  not  only  to 
spout  water,  but  to  play  the  most  dreadful  groans 
out  of  their  lead  conchs.  Thac&eray. 

3.  The  external  portion  of  the  ear,  more 
especially  the  hollow  part  of  it.  Called  also 
Concha.  —  4.  In  arch,  the  plain  ribless  sur- 
face of  a  vault  or  pendentive ;  the  semi- 
domeof  an  apse;  the  apseitself.  '  Theco/icA 
or  apse  before  which  stood  the  high  altar.' 
Milman.  Called  also  Concha.  See  APSE.— 
5.  One  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Bahamas 
and  other  neighbouring  islands:  so  called 
by  way  of  nickname  from  the  commonness 
of  the  conch-shell  there.  '  The  aforesaid 
postmaster,  a  stout  conch,  with  a  square-cut 
coatee  and  red  cape  and  cuffs.'  Mich.  Scott. 

Concha  (kongTca),  n.  Same  as  Conch,  3  and  4. 

Conchaceat  (kong-ka'se-a).  Same  as  Con- 
ch if  era. 

Corichifer  (kong'ki-fer),  n.  [L.  concha,  a 
shell,  and/ero,  to  bear.]  A  mollusc  of  the 
class  Conchifera. 

Conchifera  (kong-kif'er-a),  n.  pi  [L.  concha, 
a  shell,  and  fcro,  to  carry.  ]  Lamarck's  name 
for  that  large  class  of  acephalousmolluscous 
animals  which  are  protected  by  shells  con- 
sisting of  two  pieces,  and  commonly  known 
by  the  name  of  bivalves.  They  include  the 
Lamellibranchiata  and  the  Brachlopoda, 
which  two  classes,  however,  differ  widely 
from  one  another. 

Conchiferous(kong-kif'er-us),  a.  Belonging 
to  the  Conchifera.  'The  conchiferou*  or 
bivalve  Acephala.'  R.  Garner. 

Conchiform  (kongTti-fonn),  a.  [L.  concha, 
a  shell,  &ntl  forma,  shape.]  Shell-shaped. 

Conchite  t  (kong'kit),  n.  A  fossil  conch  or 
shell.  Bp.  Xicolnon. 

Conchitic  (kong -kit'ik),  a.  Composed  of 
shells;  containing  shells  in  abundance:  ap- 
plied to  limestones,  and  marbles  in  which 
the  remains  of  shells  are  a  noticeable  fea- 
ture. Page. 

Conchoid  (kong'koid),  n.  [Gr.  kongchoeidts, 
from  konyche,  a  shell,  and  eidos,  form.]  The 
name  of  a  curve  of  the  fourth  order,  given 
to  It  by  its  inventor  Nicomedea. 

Conchoidal  (kong-koi'dal),  a.  In  mineral. 
having  convex  elevations  and  concave  de- 
pressions like  shells:  applied  principally  to 
a  surface  produced  by  breaking,  certain 
minerals  being  said  to  have  a  conchoidal 
fracture. 

Conchological  (kong  ko-loj'ik-al),  a.  Per- 
taining to  conchology.  '  The  conchofonical 
labours  of  Linnrcus  and  his  followers.'  Lncy. 
Brit. 

ConchOlOgist  (kong-kol'o-jist)  n.  1.  One 
versed  in  conchology.  —2.  The  name  given 
to  the  carrier  shells  (genus  Phorus),  from 
their  often  attaching  shells  to  the  margins 
of  their  whorls  as  they  grow. 

Conchology  (kong-kol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  konache, 
a  shell,  and  logon,  discourse.]  The  science 
of  shells;  that  department  of  zoology  which 
treats  of  the  nature,  formation,  and  clas- 
sification of  the  shells  with  which  the 
bodies  of  many  mollusca  are  protected;  or 
the  word  may  be  used  also  to  include  a 
knowledge  of  the  animals  themselves,  in 
which  case  it  is  equivalent  to  malacology. 
In  systems  of  conchology  shells  are  usually 
divided  into  three  orders,  Univalves,  Bi- 
valves, and  Multivalves,  according  to  the 
number  of  plates  of  which  they  are  com- 
posed. 

Conchometer  (kong-kom'et-er),  n.  [Gr. 
kongche,  a  shell,  and  metron,  a  measure.] 
An  instrument  for  measuring  molluscous 
shells  and  the  angle  of  their  spire. 

Concho -spiral  (kong'ko-spl-ral),  n.  A  va- 
riety of  spiral  curve  existing  in  certain 
shells.  Agafsiz. 

Conchylaceous,  Conchy  li  ace  cms  (kong- 
ki-la'snus,  kong-kiri-a"shus).  a.  [I.,  conchy- 
I i» in.  fromGr.  kongchylion,  dim.  of  kongche, 
a  shell.]  Pertaining  to  shells;  resembling  a 
shell;  as,  conchyliaceoiw  impressions. 

Conchyliologist,  Conchyliology  (kong- 
kU'i-or'o-jist,  kong-kil'i-ol"o-ji).  [From  L. 


conchylium.  See  above.]  Forms  sometimes 
formerly  used  as  synonyms  of  C<>ncht>l<,<jist 
and  Conchology. 

Conchyliometry  (kong-kil'I-om*et-ri\  n. 
[L.  conchyliam  (see  above),  and  Gr.  metron, 
measure.]  The  art  or  science  of  measuring 
shells  or  their  curves. 

CpnchyliOUS(kong-kiri-us),  a.  [L.  conri,;ii. 
mm.  See  above.]  Belonging  or  pertaining 
to  the  shelled  mollusca. 

Conciator  (kon'shi-ii-ter), n.  [L.L.  conciare. 
conciatum,  to  refit,  from  comptim,  pp.  of 
I'otix't'c,  to  dress,  adorn.]  In  glass-making, 
the  person  who  weighs  and  proportions  the 
materials  to  be  made  into  glass. 

Concierge  (kon-syarzh), «-  [Fr.]  One  who 
attends  at  the  entrance  to  an  edifice,  public 
or  private;  a  door-keeper  to  a  hotel,  house, 
prison,  Ac.;  a  janitor,  male  or  female;  a 
porter. 

Conciliablet  (kon-sil'i-a-bl),  n.  [L.  com -iU- 
abvlwn,  dim.  of  concilium,  a  council.]  A 
small  assembly;  a  conventicle. 

Some  have  sought  the  truth  in  conventicles  and 
conciliators  of  herelicks  and  sectaries.  Bacon. 

Conciliable  (kon-sil'i-a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  reconciled  or  conciliated. 

Nor  doth  he  put  away  adulterously  who  complains 
of  causes  rooted  in  immutable  nature,  utter  uiilitnrss, 
utter  disconformity,  not  conciliable,  because  not  to  be 
amended  without  a  miracle.  Milton. 

Conciliabule  (kon-sil'i-a-lml),  n.  [See  CON- 
CILIABLE, n.]  /•><•/.'..'.  a  small  assembly;  an 
obscure  council.  Milman.  [Rare.] 

Cpnciliar  (kon-sil'i-er),  a.  [From  L.  nmci- 
lium,  a  council.]  Pertaining  or  relating  to 
a  council.  '  Conciliar  debates.'  Baker. 

Conciliary  (kon-sil'i-a-ri),  a.  Same  as  Con- 
ciliar. Jer.  Taylor. 

Conciliate  (kon-sil'i-at),tt.f.  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
ciliated; ppr.  conciliating,  [L.  concilia,  con- 
<-Hi<tttnn,  to  bring  together,  unite,  as  in 
thought  or  feeling,  from  concilium,  plan, 
purpose,  council.  See  COUNCIL.]  1.  1<>  re- 
concile or  bring  to  a  state  of  friendship;  to 
make  friendly  or  satisfied;  to  pacify;  to 
soothe. 

The  rapacity  of  his  father's  administration  had  ex- 
cited such  universal  discontent,  that  it  was  found 
expedient  to  conciliate  the  nation.  Hallam. 

2.  To  lead  or  draw  to  by  moral  influence  or 
power;  to  win,  gain,  or  engage,  by  some- 
thing adapted  to  secure  regard  or  favour. 

Christ's  other  miracles  ought  to  have  conciliated 
belief  to  his  doctrine  from  the  Jews.  Cndtvorth. 

It  were  to  be  supposed  .  .  .  that  these  evangelists 
and  apostolical  men  and  founders  of  uncorrupted 
Christianity  in  many  places,  had  the  power  of  work* 
ing  miracles,  to  introduce  themselves  to  strangers, 
and  to  conciliate  their  regard  and  respect.  J  or  tin. 

3.  To  gain  or  secure  by  a  secret  though  not 
moral  influence.     '  A  philtre,  or  plants  that 
conciliate  affection.'  Sir  T.  Browne.   [Rare.] 

4.  To  reconcile,  harmonize,  or  show  to  be 
compatible. —SVN.   To  win,  gain,  engage, 
propitiate,  reconcile,  appease. 

Conciliating  (kon-sil'i-it-ing),  a.  Winning; 
pacifying;  having  the  quality  of  gaining  fa- 
vour; as,  a  conciliating  address. 

Conciliation  (kon-sili-a"shon),  n.  l.  The 
act  of  reconciling  persons  at  variance;  the 
act  of  making  friends;  as,  he  applied  himself 
to  the  conciliation  of  the  rival  lords. 

The  house  has  gone  farther ;  it  has  declared  con- 
ciliation admissible  previous  to  any  submission  on 
the  part  of  America.  Burke. 

2.  The  act  of  winning  or  gaining;  as,  the  con- 
ciliation of  favour,  esteem,  affection,  and 
the  like.  — 3.  The  act  of  reconciling,  or  ren- 
dering or  showing  to  be  compatible;  the  act 
of  harmonizing  or  showing  to  be  in  har- 
mony. 

St.  Austin  repeatedly  declares  the  conciliation  of 
the  foreknowledge,  predeslination,  and  free  grace  of 
God  with  the  free  will  of  man,  to  be  a  most  difficult 
question,  intelligible  only  to  few.  Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

Conciliative  (kon-sil'i-a-tiv),  a.  Reconcil- 
ing; pacific;  conciliatory.  Coleridge. 

Conciliator  (kon-sil'i-a-ter),  n.  One  who 
conciliates  or  reconciles.  *  The  conciliator 
of  Christendom.'  Bp.  Hacket. 

Conciliatory  (kon-sil'i-a-tor-i),  a.  Tending 
to  conciliate  or  reconcile;  tending  to  make 
peace  between  persons  at  variance;  pacific; 
as,  the  general  made  conciliatory  proposi- 
tions to  the  insurgents;  the  legislature 
adopted  conciliatory  measures.  'Tin.-  ami- 
able, conciliatory  virtues  of  lenity,  modera- 
tion, and  tenderness  to  the  privileges  of 
those  who  depend  on  this  kingdom.'  Burke. 
SYN.  Pacific,  winning,  engaging. 

Concinnatet  (kon-sin'at),  v.t.  [L.  coneinno, 
concinnatum.  See  CONCINNITY.]  To  place 
fitly  or  becomingly  together;  to  make  neat; 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil.  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CONCINNATION 


541 


CONCOAGULATION 


to  clear;  to  purify.  'A  receit  to  trim  and 
cnnciniMle  wine.'  Holland. 

Concinnationt  (k»n  sin-na'shon),  n.  Put- 
tin;;  ill  a  decent  or  becoming  form.  'The 
building,  ooncinnatfon,  and  perfecting  of 
the  saints.'  lip.  Rtynotdf. 

Concinnityt  (kon-sin'i-ti),  n.  [L.  concinni- 
hix,  fitness,  neatness,  from  concinnits,  neat.] 
Fitness;  suitableness;  neatness.  'An exact 
concinnili/  and  evenness  of  fancy. '  Ilowell. 
•'['lie  college  ...  so  amply  celebrated  for 
the  continuity  of  its  building.'  L.  Addiaun. 

Concinnoust  (kon-sin'us),  a.  [L.  concinnus. 
Sue  COM  INNITY.]  Suitable;  agreeable;  har- 
ini'iiinus.  Johnson;  Maunder. 

Concionary  t  (kcm'shi-o-na-ri),  a.  Same  as 
Ciiiicinnntory.  Selden. 

Concionatet  (kon'shi-o-nat),  v.i.  To  preach. 
Ittlaou. 

Concionative,Concionatory(kon'shi-6-na- 
tiv,  kon'shi-6-na"tor-i),a.  [L.  concionatoriug, 
from  cnncio,  an  assembly.)  Pertaining  to  j 
preaching;  suited  to  or  used  in  preaching 
or  discourses  to  public  assemblies.  'Con- 
donatory  invectives. '  Ilowell.  [Rare.] 

Concionatort  (kon'shi-6-na-ter),  n.  1.  A 
preacher.  Cockeram. — 2.  A  common  coun- 
cilman; a  freeman.  Wharton. 

Concise  (kon-sis'),  a.  [L.  concisus,  cut  off, 
brief,  from  concido— con,  and  ccedo,  to  cut.] 
Comprehending  much  in  few  words;  brief 
and  comprehensive; employing  asfew  words 
as  possible;  as,  in  Genesis  we  have  a  con- 
cise account  of  the  creation. 

The  concise  style,  which  expresseth  not  enough, 
but  leaves  somewhat  to  be  understood.    £.  jfonson. 
Where  the  author  is  ...  too  brief  and  concise, 
amplify  a  little.  Watts. 

—Concise,  Succinct,  Condensed.  Concise  re- 
fers to  style  in  speaking  or  writing,  and 
signifies  expressing  much  in  a  few  words. 
Succinct  is  more  frequently  applied  to  the 
subject-matter.  Both  terms  signify  brevity 
and  comprehensiveness  combined,  but  we 
speak  of  a  concise  style  or  phrase ;  a  suc- 
cinct narrative  or  account.  Condensed  re- 
lates more  to  the  mode  of  treatment  by 
which  a  matter  is  brought  or  compressed 
into  a  smaller  space  than  it  might  have 
occupied.— SYN.  Brief,  short,  compendious, 
comprehensive,  summary,  succinct,  laconic. 
Concisely  (kon-sis'li),  ado.  In  a  concise 
manner;  briefly;  in  few  words. 

But  to'  return  to  this  digression,  though  it  was 
almost  necessary,  all  the  rules  of  painting  are  method- 
ically, concisely,  and  yet  clearly  delivered  in  this 
present  treatise  which  1  have  translated.  Dryden. 

Conciseness  (kon-sls'nes),  n.  The  quality 
of  being  concise;  brevity  in  speaking  or 
writing.  '  The  conciseness  of  Demosthenes 
the  Greek  orator. '  Dryden. 

Concision  (kon-si'zhon),  n.     [L.L  concisio,  I 
from  concisum,  concido,  to  cut  off.    See  CON- 
CISE.]   l.t  A  division ;  a  schism ;  a  faction ; 
a  sect. 

Those  of  the  concision  who  made  it  (that  is,  the 
concision)  would  do  well  to  consider  whether  that 
which  our  Saviour  assures  us  will  destroy  a  kingdom 
be  the  likeliest  way  to  settle  and  support  a  church. 

South. 

Hence— 2.  The  word  used  by  the  translators 
of  the  authorized  version  of  the  Bible  to 
render  the  Greek  katatomi,  the  word  used 
by  St.  Paul  in  Phil.  iii.  2,  apparently  in  con- 
tempt, instead  of  peritome,  for  circumcision. 
Beware  of  dogs;  beware  of  evil-workers:  beware 
of  the  concision.  Phil.  iii.  2. 

3.  Conciseness.  '  His  wonted  vigour  and 
concision.'  Brougham.  [Rare.] 

No  doubt,  if  I  had  wish'd  to  pay  my  court 

To  critics,  or  to  hail  the  setting  sun 

Of  tyranny  of  all  kinds,  my  concision 

Were  more.  Syren. 

Coucitation  t  (kon-si-ta'shon).  n.  [L.  conci- 
tatio,  from  concito,  to  stir  or  disturb— prefix 
con,  intens.,  and  cito,  to  stir.]  The  act  of 
stirring  up,  exciting,  or  putting  in  motion. 
'  The  concitation  of  humours. '  Sir  T.  Browne.  \ 

Concitet  (kon-sif),  v.t.  pret.  <fepp.  conclted; 
ppr.  conciting.  [L.  concito.  ]  To  excite.  Cot- 
graae. 

Concitlzen  (kon-sit'i-zen),  n.  A  fellow-citi- 
zen. Knox.  [Rare.] 

Conclamation  (kon-kla-ma'shon),  n.  [L. 
conclamatio,  from  conclamo—  prefix  con,  to- 
gether, and  clamo,  to  cry  out.  See  CLAIM.] 
An  outcry  or  shout  of  many  together ;  a 
clamorous  outcry.  May. 

Conclave  (kon'klav),  n.  [L.  conclave,  a  room 
locked  by  a  key,  a  cabinet,  a  closet — con, 
together,  and  clavis,  a  key.]  1.  A  private 
apartment,  particularly  the  place  in  which 
the  cardinals  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
meet  in  privacy  for  the  election  of  a  pope. — 


2.  The  assembly  or  meeting  of  the  cardinals 
shut  up  for  the  election  of  a  pope ;  hence, 
the  body  of  cardinals. 

I  bid  him  welcome 
And  thank  the  holy  canctwe  for  their  loves.    Shak. 

It  was  s,aid  of  a  cardinal,  by  reason  <>f  hi-,  .IJ.LM- 
rent  likelihood  to  step  into  St.  Peter's  thair.  tli.it  m 
two  conclaves  he  went  in  pope  and  came  out  again 
cardinal.  South. 

3.  A  private  meeting;  a  close  assembly.  'In 
close  recess  and  secret  conclave  sat.'    Mil- 
ton. 

The  verdicts,  pronounced  by  this  conclave  (John- 
son's club)  on  new  books,  were  speedily  known  over 
all  London.  Macantay. 

Conclavist  (kon'klav-ist),  n.  An  attendant 
whom  a  cardinal  is  allowed  to  take  with 
him  into  the  conclave  for  the  choice  of  a 
pope. 

Conclimate  (kon-kli'mat),  v.t.  [Prefix  con, 
and  climate.]  To  acclimatize.  Quart  Rev. 
[Rare.] 

Conclude  (kon-klud7),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  eon- 
eluded;  ppr.  concludiny.  [L.  conclude— 
prefix  con,  together,  and  claudo,  to  shut, 
whence  also  clause.]  1.  To  shut  up;  to  in- 
close. [Obsolete  or  poetical.] 

The  very  person  of  Christ  .  .  .  was  only,  touching 
bodily  substance,  concluded  in  the  grave.  Hooker . 

I  dreamt 

Of  some  vast  charm  concluded  in  a  star 
To  make  fame  nothing.  Tennyson. 

2.f  To  include;  to  comprehend. 

For  God  hath  concluded  them  all  in  unbelief,  that 
he  might  have  mercy  upon  all.  Rom.  xi.  32. 

The  Scripture  hath  concluded  all  under  sin. 

Gal.  iii.  93. 

3.  To  infer  or  arrive  at  by  reasoning ;  to  de- 
duce, as  from  premises;  to  infer  to  be:  often 
governing  a  clause. 

No  man  can  conclude  God's  love  or  hatred  to  any 
person,  by  anything  that  befals  him.         Tillotson. 
Reprove  my  allegation,  if  you  can ; 
Or  else  conclude  my  words  effectual.       Shak. 

4.  To  make  a  final  judgment  or  determina- 
tion concerning;  to  judge. 

But  no  frail  man,  however  great  or  high. 

Can  be  concluded  blest  before  he  die.       Addison. 

5.  To  end;  to  finish. 

I  will  conclude  this  part  with  the  speech  of  a  coun- 
sellor of  state.  Bacon. 

6.  To  settle  or   arrange  finally.     'To  con- 
clude a  peace.'    Shak. 

You  sent  a  large  commission  to  conclude  a  league 
between  his  highness  and  Ferrara.  Shak, 

1.  To  stop  or  restrain,  or  as  in  law  to  estop 
from  further  argument  or  proceedings;  to 
oblige  or  bind,  as  by  authority,  or  by  one's 
own  argument  or  concession:  generally  in 
the  passive;  as,  the  defendant  is  concluded 
by  his  own  plea. 

If  they  will  appeal  to  revelation  for  their  creation, 
they  must  be  concluded  by  it.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

I  do  not  consider  the  decision  of  that  motion,  upon 
affidavits,  to  amount  to  a  ret  judicata,  which  ought 
to  conclude  the  present  inquiry.  Kent. 

SYN.  To  infer,  decide,  determine,  close, 
finish,  terminate,  end. 

Conclude  (kon-klud'),  v.i.  1.  To  perform 
the  last  act  of  ratiocination;  to  gather  up  the 
consequences  or  consequence;  to  infer;  to 
determine. 

For  why  should  we  the  busy  soul  believe. 
When  boldly  she  concludes  of  that  and  this. 

Sir  y.  Davies. 

2.  To  settle  opinion;  to  form  a  final  judg- 
ment. 

Where  gentry,  title,  wisdom. 
Cannot  conclude  but  by  the  yea  and  no 
Of  general  ignorance.  Shak. 

3.  To  come  to  a  decision ;  to  resolve;  to  de- 
termine: generally  followed  by  an  infinitive 
or  a  clause. 

They  did  conclude  to  bear  dead  Lucrece  thence. 
Shak. 

4.  To  end. 

A  train  of  lies, 
That,  made  in  lust,  conclude  in  perjuries.     Dryden. 

Concludence,  t  Concludencyt  (kon-klud'- 
ens.  kon-klud'en-si),  n.  Inference;  logical 
deduction  from  premises;  consequence.  'A 
necessary  and  infallible  cmicludency  in  these 
evidences  of  fact.'  Sir  M.  Hale. 

Concludentt  (kon-klud'ent),  a.  Bringing  to 
a  close;  decisive.  'Arguments  highly  con- 
sequential and  concludent  to  my  purpose.' 
Sir  M.  Hale. 

Concluder  (kon-klud'er),  n.  One  who  con- 
cludes. '  Not  forward  conclude™  in  these 
times.'  Mountain. 

Concluding  (kon-klud'ing).  a.  Imal:  end- 
ing; closing;  as,  the  concluding  sentence  of 
an  essay. 


Concludingly  t  (kmi-klud'iiiK  li),  «</»-  r..n 
clusively;  with  uuxmtrororabla  tvidrnrr 

Hiumine  whether  the  opinion  ...  1*  concludim-ly 
demonstrated  or  not.  &tr  A*.  />U'<S.  " 

Conclusiblet  (k.m-klu'/i-bl),  a.  Capabl.  ,,f 
being  concluded  or  infurrvd;  dftfrnnnablr 

"Tis  certainly  conclusive  .  .  .  that  they  will  volun- 
tarily do  thin.  /Aiwiwi.W. 

Conclusion  (k.m-klu'zhon),?i.  [L.  cvticlutio.] 

1.  The  end,  Hi^r,  »i-  termination;  the  |ii»t 
part;  as,  the  conclusion  of  an  address:  <>ft>  n 
in  the  phrase  in  conclusion- finally,  lastly, 
to  conclude,  and  formerly  also    in"hh»rt 

2.  Final  result. 

Let  us  hear  the  conclusion  of  the  whole  matter. 
FrarGod  and  keep  his  conuuMfaMnts;  f<>t 

the  whole  duty  of  m.tn.  Ll    ,  . 

3.  Determination  ;  final  decision  ;  as,  after 
long  debate  the  House  of  Commons  came 1<> 
this  conclusion. 

And  the  conclusion  is  she  shall  be  thine  ; 

In  practice  let  us  put  it  presently.  Sh>i*. 

4  Consequence;  inference;  deduction  fmm 
propositions,  facts,  experience,  or  IT:. 
ing;  specifically,  in  logic,  the  inference  of  a 
syllogism  as  drawn  from  the  premises. 

He  granted  him  both  the  major  and  the  minor,  but 
denied  the  conclusion.  Addison. 

5.  Something  concluded  or  accomplished ; 
something  actually  done. 

laeo.  Nay,  this  was  but  his  dream. 

Oth.  But  this  denoted  a  foregone  conclusion.  Shut. 

<;.  An  experiment.  [Obsolete  except  in  the 
phrase  to  try  conclusions.] 

We  practise  all  conclusions  of  grafting  and  inocu- 
lating. Bacon, 

Her  phjsician  tells  me 
She  hath  pursued  conclusions  infinite 
Of  easy  ways  to  die.  Shak. 

And  like  the  famous  ape, 
To  try  conclusions  in  the  basket  creep, 
And  break  your  neck  down.  Shak. 

7.  In  law,  (a)  the  charging  of  one's  self  with 
some  duty,  or  the  like;  an  estoppel,  (o)  The 
end  of  a  pleading  or  conveyance.— Conclu- 
xion  to  the  country,  the  conclusion  of  a 
pleading  by  which  a  party  'puts  hfnuelf 
upon  his  country,'  that  is,  appeals  to  the 
verdict  of  a  jury.  See  under  COUNTRY. 

Conclusional t  (kon-klu'zhon-al),  o.  Con- 
cluding. Bp.  Hooper. 

Conclusive  (kon-klu'siv),  a.  1.  Decisive; 
giving  a  final  determination ;  putting  an 
end  to  debate  or  argument;  leading  to  u 
conclusion  or  determination. 

The  agreeing  votes  of  both  houses  were  not,  by 
any  law  or  reason,  conclusive  to  my  judgment. 

£i*on  Haiilike. 

If  the  world  be  finite  in  dimensions  it  is  mm  able  by 
the  power  of  God;  and  therefore  my  argument  drawn 
from  that  movablene»s  is  conclusive.  Clarke. 

2.  Specifically,  bringing  out  or  leading  to  a 
regular  logical  conclusion;  conforming  to 
the  rules  of  the  syllogism. 

Men  ...  not  knowing  the  true  forms  of  syllogisms, 
cannot  know  whether  they  are  made  in  right  and 
conclusive  modes  and  figures.  Locke, 

—  Final,  Conclusive,  Ultimate.  See  under 
FINAL.  —  SYN.  Final,  convincing,  satisfac- 
tory. 

Conclusively  (kon-klu'siv-li).  adv.  In  a 
conclusive  manner;  decisively;  with  dual 
determination;  as,  the  point  of  law  isctm- 
clusively  settled. 

The  question  has  been  most  ably  and  conclusively 
cleared  up  in  one  of  the  reports  of  the  select  com- 
mittee. Jlurte. 

Conclusiveness  (kon-klu'siv-nes),  H.  The 
quality  of  being  conclusive  or  decisive;  the 
power  of  determining  the  opinion  or  of 
settling  a  question;  as,  the  omeftufanuw 
of  evidence  or  of  an  argument.  'Theccm- 
clusiveness  of  the  proof.'  J.  S.  Mill. 

Conclusory  (kon-klu'sor-i),  a.  Conclusive. 
[Rare.] 

Conclusum  (kon-klu'zum),  n.  [Neut.  of  pp. 
of  concludo,  conclumtm.  See  CoNCLl'DK.] 
In  diplomacy,  see  extract. 

A  conclusum  is  a  resume  of  the  demands  presented 
by  a  government.  It  may  be  discussed,  and  therein 
lies  its  difference  from  an  ultimatum,  which  must  be 
accepted  or  rejected  as  it  stands. 

Blackifcotfs  Mag. 

Concoagulate  (kon-ko-ag'u-lat),  v.t  and  i. 
[Prefix  con,  and  coagulate.]  To  curdle  or 
congeal  together;  to  form  one  homogene- 
ous mass. 

For  some  solutions  require  more,  others  less,  spirit 
of  wine  to  concoa£ulate  adequately  with  them. 

Concoagulation  (kon-ko-ag'u-la"8hon),  n. 
A  coagulating  together,  as  different  sulv- 
stances  or  bodies  in  one  homogeneous  mass; 


ch,  cnain;      ch,  Sc.  locn;      g,  go\ 


JJob;      n.Fr.ton;      ng,  sin,;;      TH,  tten;  th,  tftln;      w,  wig;    whf  »Alg;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CONCOCT 


542 


CONCREMENT 


crystallization  of  different  suits  in  the  same 
menstruum.  '  A  concoagulation  of  the  cor- 
puscles of  a  dissolved  metal  with  those  of 
the  menstruum,'  Boyle. 
Concoct  (kon-kokf),  v.  t.  [L.  concoquo,  con- 
coftniii  -con,  and  cof/wo,  to  cook.  See  COOK.] 
1. 1  To  digest  by  the  stomach  so  as  to  turn 
food  to  chyle  or  nutriment. 

The  vital  functions  are  performed  by  central  and 
constant  laws;  the  food  is  concocted,  the  neart  heats, 
the  blood  circulates,  the  lunys  play.  Dr.  G.  Cheyne. 

2.t  To  purify  or  sublime ;  to  refine  by  sepa- 
rating the  gross  or  extraneous  matter. 
'  High  concocted  venom.'  Thomson.  —  3.  t  To 
ripen;  to  develop. 

The  root  which  still  continueth  in  the  earth  is  still 
concocted  by  the  earth.  Bacon. 

4.  Fig.  to  form  and  prepare  in  the  mind;  to 
devise;  to  plan;  to  plot;  as,  to  concoct  a 
scheme  or  a  conspiracy.  — 5.  t  To  bring  to 
maturity;  to  accomplish;  to  achieve. 

He  was  a  man  unable  to  concoct  any  great  fortune. 
Sir  j.  Hay-ward. 

Concocter  (kon-kokt'er),  n  One  who  con- 
cocts. 'This  private  concocter  of  malcon- 
tent.' Milton. 

Concoction  (kon-kok'shon),  n.  [L.  concoctio. 
See  CONCOCT.]  l.t  Digestion  or  preparation 
of  food  in  the  stomach. 

The  meats  and  drinks  received  into  the  stomach 
be  altered  by  concoction  and  digestion.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

2.  t  The  process  by  which  morbid  matter  was 
formerly  supposed  to  be  separated  from  the 
blood  or  humours,  or  otherwise  changed 
and  prepared  to  be  thrown  off;  maturation. 
3.t  A  ripening;  the  advance  of  anything 
toward  perfection. 

The  constantest  notion  of  concoction  Is,  that  it 
should  signify  the  degrees  of  alteration  of  one  body 
into  another,  from  crudity  to  perfect  concoction. 

Bacon. 

4.  The  act  of  devising  or  preparing  in  the 
mind;  as,  the  concoction  of  a  scheme  or  plot. 

This  was  an  error  in  the  first  concoction,  and  there- 
fore never  to  be  mended  in  the  second  or  third. 

Dry  den. 

Concoctive  (kon-kokt'iv),  a.  l.t  Digestive; 
having  the  power  of  digesting. 

Hence  the  concoctive  powers,  with  various  art. 
Subdue  the  cruder  aliments  to  chyle.   Armstrong. 

2.  Ripening  or  tending  to  ripen  or  mature. 

Thornton. 
Concolourt  (kon-kul'er).  a.    [L.  ooncolor.] 

Of  one  colour;  without  variety.    'Coiicolour 

animals.'    Sir  T.  Browne.     [Rare.] 
Concomitance,  Concomltancy  flcon-kora'- 

i-tans,  kon-kom'l- tan-si),  n.     1.  The  state  of 

being  concomitant;  a  beinjj  together  or  in 

connection  with  another  thing. 

The  secondary  action  subsistcth  not  alone,  but  in 
concern itancy  with  the  other.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

2.  A  doctrine  to  the  effect  that  the  body 
and  blood  of  Christ  are  both  received  by 
communicating  in  one  species  only.  Rev. 
Orby  Shipley. 

And  therefore  the  dream  of  the  Church  of  Rome 
that  he  that  receives  the  body  receives  also  the 
blood,  because  by cancomitiinctihG  blood  is  received 
in  the  body,  is  neither  true  nor  pertinent  to  this  ques- 
tion. y«r.  Taylor. 

Concomitaneous  (kon-kom-i-ta'ne-us),  a. 
Accompanying.  'Concontitaneous  with  most 
of  other  vices.'  Feltham. 

Concomitant  (kon-kom'i-tant),  a.  [From 
L.  com,  together,  and  comitor,  to  accom- 
pany, from  coines,  a  companion.  See  COUNT, 
a  nobleman.  ]  Accompanying ;  conjoined 
with;  concurrent;  attending:  may  be  fol- 
lowed by  with  or  to. 

It  has  pleased  our  wise  Creator  to  annex  to  several 
objects  a  concomitant  pleasure.  Locke. 

As  the  beauty  of  the  body  accompanies  the  health 
of  it,  so  certainly  is  decency  concomitant  to  virtue. 
Hushes  (quoted  by  Crabb). 

Concomitant  (kon-kom'i-tant),  «.  A  thing 
that  accompanies  another ;  an  accompani- 
ment; an  accessory. 

The  other  concomitant  of  ingratitude  is  hard- 
heartedness.  South. 

Reproach  is  a  concomitant  to  greatness.     Addison. 

Formerly  it  might  be  applied  to  persona. 

He  made  him  the  chief  concomitant  of  his  heir- 
apparent  and  only  son.  Reliqnitt  ll'ottoniana. 

Concomltantly  (kon-kom'i-tant-li),  adv.  So 
as  to  be  concomitant;  in  company;  unitedly. 
'A  few  curious  particulars  .  .  .  which  con- 
comitantltt  illustrate  the  history  of  the  arts.' 
H.  Walpole. 

Concomitatet  (kon-kom'i-tat),  v,t.  To  ac- 
company or  attend ;  to  be  collaterally  con- 
nected. 

This  simple  bloody  spectation  of  the  lungs  is  dif- 
ferenced from  that  which  concomitates  a  pleurisy. 
Harvey. 


Concomitation  (kon-kom'i-ta"shon),  n. 
Same  as  Concomitance,  2.  'Transubstanti- 
ation  and  concoinitation.'  Foxe. 

Concord  (kung'kord),  n.  [Fr.  concords;  L. 
concordia,  from  concors —  con,  and  cor,  cor- 
dis,  the  heart.  See  ACCORD.]  1.  Agreement 
between  persons ;  union  in  opinions,  senti- 
ments, views,  or  interests;  peace;  harmony. 

What  concord 'hath  Christ  with  BelialT    =  Cor.  vi.  15. 
Love  quarrels  oft  in  pleasing  co ncord  end.     Milton. 

2.  Agreement  between  things;  suitableness; 
harmony. 

If.  nature's  concord  broke. 
Among  the  constellations,  war  were  sprung. 
Milton, 

3.  In  music,  the  pleasing  combination  of 
two  or  more  sounds;  the  relation  between 
two  or  more  sounds  which  are  agreeable  to 
the  ear.    The  concords  are  the  8th  (or  oc- 
tave), 5th,  3d,  and  6th.     Their  ratios  are 
2  : 1,  3  : 2,  5  : 4,  6  : 3.    The  first  two  are  called 
perfect,  because,  as  concords,  not  liable  to 
any  alteration  by  sharps  or  flats.     The  last 
two  are  called  imperfect,  because  alterable. 
See  CHORD.    '  Concordes,  discordes,  notes, 
and  cliffes,  in  tunes  of   unisonne.'    Gas- 
coigne.     'The   true  concord  of  well  tuned 
sounds.'    Shale. — 4.f  A  compact;  an  agree- 
ment by  stipulation ;  treaty.    '  The  concord 
made  between  Henry  and  Roderick  the  Irish 
king.'    SirJ.  Davief. 

After  which  concord  made,  the  cardinal  and  the 
archbishop  of  York  did  many  things  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  king  or  the  duke.  Hall. 

5.  In  law,  an  agreement  between  the  par- 
ties in  a  fine,  made  by  leave  of  the  court, 
prior  to  the  abolition  of  flues  of  land  by 
the  act  3  and  4  William  IV.  Ixxiv.  This 
was  an  acknowledgment  from  the  deforci- 
ants  that  the  land  in  question  was  the  right 
of  the  complainant— 6.  In  gram,  agreement 
of  words  in  construction,  as  adjectives  with 
nouns  in  gender,  number,  and  case;  or  verbs 
with  nouns  or  pronouns  in  number  and  per- 
Bon.  —  Form  of  concord  (eccles.),  the  title  of 
a  Lutheran  document  concerning  disputed 
doctrines,  in  which  sundry  Protestant  opin- 
ions were  condemned,  drawn  up  at  Torgau, 
1576. 

Concord  t  (kon-konlO,  f.t.  To  agree;  to  co- 
operate. '  Friends  and  associates  ready  to 
concord  with  them  in  any  desperate  mea- 
sure. '  Clarendon. 

Concordable  (kon-kord'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
according;  agreeing;  harmonious.  Todd. 

Concordably  (kon-kord'a-bli),  adv.  With 
concord  or  agreement. 

Concordance  (kon-kord'ans),  n.  [Fr.  con- 
cordance. See  CONCORD.]  1.  The  state  of 
being  concordant ;  agreement ;  harmony. 
*  Where  all  the  elements  concordance  have.' 
W.  Browne.  'Contriistsandyetconcordanwg.' 
Carlyle.  —  2.t  In  a  ram.  concord.  Ascham. 
3.  A  book  in  which  the  principal  words  used 
in  any  work,  as  the  Scriptures,  Shakspere, 
Milton,  Tennyson,  <tc..  are  arranged  alpha- 
betically, and  the  book,  chapter,  and  verse, 
or  act,  scene,  line,  or  other  subdivision  in 
which  each  word  occurs,  are  noted;  designed 
to  assist  an  inquirer  in  finding  any  passage 
by  means  of  any  leading  word  which  he 
can  recollect.  'The  Latin  concordances  of 
St.  Hierom's  bible.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

His  knowledge  of  the  HiMe  was  such  that  he 
mi;s'lu  be  called  a  living  concordance.  Macaitlay. 

Concordancvt  (kon-kord'an-si),  n.  Agree- 
ment. W.  Montaffu*.  [Rare.] 

Concordant  (kon-kord'ant),  a.  (From  L. 
concordant*,  ppr.  of  concordare,  to  agree.  See 
CONCORD.  ]  Agreeing ;  agreeable ;  corre- 
spondent; harmonious.  'Concordant  dis- 
cords.' Mir.  for  Mags. 

Were  every  one  employed  in  points  concordant  to 
their  natures,  professions,  and  arts,  commonwealths 
would  rise  up  of  themselves.  5i'r  T.  Browne. 

Concordantt  (kon-kord'ant),  n.  That  which 
is  at.-ordant  or  harmonious.  Moiintagu. 

Concordantly  (kon-kord'ant-li),  adv.  In  a 
concordant  manner.  W.  Montague. 

Concordat  (kon-kor'dat),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.L. 
concordatum,  fromL.concorrfo,coiw:on?a£wm, 
to  be  of  one  mind,  to  agree.  See  CONCORD.] 
An  agreement;  compact;  convention;  but 
almost  always  in  the  special  senses  of  (a)  in 
canon  law,  a  compact,  covenant,  or  agree- 
ment concerning  some  beneficiary  matter, 
as  a  resignation,  permutation,  promotion, 
and  the  like.  (6)  A  formal  agreement  be- 
tween the  see  of  Rome  and  any  secular 
government,  for  the  settling  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal relations.  The  most  celebrated  con- 
cordat was  that  agreed  upon  between  Car- 
dinal Gonsalvi,  in  the  name  of  Pius  VII., 


and  the  first  consul  Bonaparte  in  July,  1801. 
By  it  the  head  of  the  state  had  the  r. emula- 
tion of  bishops  to  the  vacant  sees;  the  clergy 
became  subject  in  temporal  matters  to  the 
civil  power;  all   immunities,  ecclesiastical 
courts,  and  jurisdictions  were  abolished  in 
France,  and  even  the  regulations  of  the 
public  worship  and    religious  ceremonies 
and  the  pastoral  addresses  of  the  clergy, 
I    were  placed  under  the  control  of  the  secu- 
i    lar  authorities.     Most  of  these  provisions 
i     remain  in  France  at  the  present  day.  Since 
|     the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century  con- 
:    cordats  have  generally  been  adverse  to  the 
power  of  the  popes. 

Concordate  (kon-kord'at),  n.    Same  asCon- 
,     cordat.     Swift. 

Concordist  (kon-kord'ist),  n.    The  compiler 
I     of  a  concordance.     Worcester. 
Concordlyt  (kon  kord-li),   ado.      Concor- 
dantly.    Foxe. 

Concorporalt  (kon-kor'po-ral),  a.  Of  the 
same  body.  Bailey. 

Concorporate  (kon-kor'po-rat),  v.t.  pret.  & 
pp.  concorporated;  ppr.  concorporating,  [L. 
concorporo  —  con,  together,  and  corpus,  a 
body.]  To  unite  in  one  mass  or  body;  to 
unite  in  any  close  union;  to  Incorporate. 
4  To  be  concorporated  in  the  same  studies  and 
exercises,  in  the  same  affections,  employ- 
ments, and  course  of  life.'  Holland.  '  Con- 
corporating  things  inconsistent.'  Boyle. 

We  are  all  concorporated,  as  it  were,  and  made 
copartners  of  the  promise  in  Christ.  Abp.  Ussher. 

Concorporate  (kon-kor'po-rat),p.i.  To  unite 
in  one  mass  or  body.  'To  bring  the  stock 
and  graff  to  (if  I  may  so  speak)  Concorporate. 
Boyle. 

Concorporate  (kon-kor'po-rat),  a.  United 
in  the  same  body.  /.'  Jonson. 

Concorp  oration  (kon-kor'po-ra"shon),  n. 
Union  of  things  in  one  mass  or  body. 

Concourse  (kongTtors),  n.  [Fr.  concourg;  L. 
concurttun,  from  concttrro,  to  run  together — 
con,  and  curro,  to  run.]  1.  A  moving,  flow- 
ing, or  running  together;  confluence. 

The  coalition  of  the  good  frame  of  the  universe  was 
not  the  product  of  chance  or  fortuitous  concourse  of 
particles  of  matter.  Sir  At.  Hale. 

2.  A  meeting  or  coming  together  of  people; 
an  assembly;  a  throng;  a  crowd.    'Great 
concourse  of  people.'    Fabyan.     'Cow'/x. 
in  arms,  fierce  faces  threatening  war. '   Mil- 
ton. *  The  banquet  and  concourse  of  knights 
and  kings.'    Tennyson. 

Amidst  the  concourse  were  to  be  seen  the  noble 
ladies  of  Milan  in  gay  fantastic  cars,  shining  in  silk 
brocade,  and  with  sumptuous  caparisons  for  their 
horses.  Prescott. 

3.  An  assemblage  of  things;  agglomeration; 
cluster.     *  Under  some  concourse  of  shades 
whose  branching  arms,' Ac.  Milton.—!.  The 
place  or  point  of  meeting;  the  point  of  con- 
tact or  junction  of  two  or  more  bodies. 
[Rare.  ] 

The  drop  will  begin  to  move  toward  the  concourse 
of  the  glasses.  Newton. 

5.t  Concurrence;  aid;  co-operation. 

Why  should  he  despair  of  success,  since  effects 
naturally  follow  their  causes,  and  the  divine  Provid- 
ence is  wont  to  afford  its  concourse  to  such  proceed- 
ings. Harrow. 

6.  Iii  Scots  law,  concurrence  by  a  person 
having  legal  qualification  to  grant  it.  Thus 
to  every  libel  in  the  Court  of  Justiciary  the 
lord-advocate's  concourtte  or  concurrence  is 
necessary.  —  Concourse  of  actions,  in  Scots 
law,  is  where,  for  the  same  cause,  a  prose- 
cution which  proceeds  ad  vindictam  pttbli- 
cam,and  a  prosecution  or  action  ad  civile m 
effectum,  go  on  concurrently. 
Concreate  (kon'kre  at),  v.t.  pret.  «&  pp.  con- 
created;  ppr.  concreating.  [Prefix  con,  and 
create. }  To  create  with  or  at  the  same  time. 
'A  rule  concreated  with  man.'  Feltham. 

If  God  did  concreatt  grace  with  Adam,  that  grace 
was  nevertheless  grace  for  being  given  him  as  soon 
as  he  was  made.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Concreditt  (kon-kred'it),  v.t.  To  intrust. 
Barrow. 

Concremation  t  (kon-kre-ma'shon),  n.  [L. 
concremo,  to  burn  together—  con,  and  cremo, 
to  burn.]  The  act  of  burning  different  things 
together;  the  burning  or  cremation  of  a 
dead  body. 

When  some  one  died  drowned  or  In  any  other  way 
which  excluded  concremation  and  required  burial, 
they  made  a  likeness  of  him  and  nut  it  on  the  altar 
of  idols,  together  with  a  large  offering  of  wine  and 
bread.  Quoted  by  H.  Spencer. 

Concreraentt  (kong'kre-ment),  n.  [L.L. 
concrcmentum,  from  concresco,  to  grow  to- 
gether. See  CONCRETE.]  A  growing  to- 
gether; the  collection  or  mass  formed  by 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CONCRESCENCE 


543 


CONCURRENCE 


concretion  or  natural  union.  '  The  concre- 
ment  of  a  pebble  or  flint.'  Sir  M.  Hale. 

Concrescence  (kon-kres'ens),  ii.  [L.  concres- 
centia,  concresco.  See  CONCRETE.]  Growth 
or  increase,  llaleiiih.  [Hare.] 

Concrescible  (kon-kres'i-M),  a.    Capable  of  ; 
concreting ;  capable  of  being  congealed  or 
changed  from  a  liquid  to  a  solid  state. 

They  formed  a  genuine,  fixed,  concrescible  oil. 

Trans.  Fonnroy.      \ 

Concresciye  (kon-kres'iv),  a.  Growing  to- 
gether; uniting.  [Rare.] 

Concrete  (kong'kret),  a.  [L.  centre  tut,  from 
concresco,  to  grow  together— con,  and  cresco, 
to  grow.  ]  1.  Formed  by  coalition  of  separ- 
ate particles  in  one  body;  forming  a  mass; 
united  in  a  solid  form. 

The  first  concrete  state  or  consistent  surface  of  the 
chaos  must  be  of  the  same  figure  as  the  last  liquid 
state.  Bf.  Bur  net. 

2.  Ill  logic,  (a)  a  term  applied  to  an  object 
as  it  exists  in  nature,  invested  with  all  its 
attributes,  or  to  the  notion  of  such  an  ob- 
ject,   (d)  A  term  applied  to  names  of  con-  i 
crete  things;  as,  a  concrete  term. 

A  concrete  notion  is  the  notion  of  a  body  as  it  exists 
in  nature  invested  with  all  its  qualities.  Fleming. 

Concrete  is  opposed  to  abstract.  The  names  of 
individuals  are  concrete,  those  of  classes  abstract.  A 
concrete  name  is  a  name  which  stands  for  a  thing;  as, 
'this  table;'  an  abstract  name  is  a  name  which  stands 
for  the  attribute  of  a  thing;;  as,  •  this  table  is  square: 
J.  S.  Mill. 

—Concrete  number.  See  under  A  BSTRACT  (a). 

3.  In  music,  a  term  appellative  of  a  sound 
or  movement  of  the  voice  which  slides  con- 
tinuously up  or  down,  as  distinguished  from 
a  discrete  movement,  in  which  the  voice  leaps 
at  once  from  one  line  of  pitch  to  another. 

Concrete  (kong'kret),  n.  1.  A  mass  formed 
by  concretion,  spontaneous  union,  or  coales- 
cence of  separate  particles  of  matter  in  one 
body;  a  Compound. 

They  pretend  to  be  able  by  the  fire  to  divide  all 
concretes,  minerals  and  others,  into  distinct  sub- 
stances. Beyle, 

2.  In  gram,  and  logic,  a  concrete  term.  See 
the  adjective,  2  (6).— 3.  A  compact  mass  of 
gravel,  coarse  pebbles,  or  stone  chippings 
cemented  together  by  hydraulic  or  other 
mortar.  It  is  employed  extensively  in  build- 
ing under  water,  for  example,  to  form  the 
bottom  of  a  canal  or  the  foundations  of  any 
structure  raised  in  the  sea,  as  piers,  break- 
waters, &c.  The  walls  of  houses  are  some- 
times formed  of  this  compound,  the  ingre- 
dients being  first  firmly  rammed  into  moulds 
of  the  requisite  shape,  and  allowed  to  set. 
Concrete  (kon-kref),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
creted; ppr.  concreting.  To  unite  or  coalesce 
into  a  mass  or  solid  body ;  to  form  concre- 
tions; to  coagulate;  to  congeal;  to  thicken. 

The  particles  of  tinging  substances  and  salts  dis- 
solved in  water  do  not  of  their  own  accord  concrete 
and  fall  to  the  bottom.  Boyle. 

The  blood  of  some  who  died  in  the  plague  could 
not  be  made  to  concrete.  ArbHthnot. 

Concrete  (kon-kref),  v.t.  1.  To  form  into 
a  mass  by  the  cohesion  or  coalescence  of 
separate  particles. 

There  are  in  our  inferior  world  divers  bodies  that 
are  concreted  out  of  others.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

2.  To  combine  so  as  to  form  a  concrete 
notion.  '  Were  we  necessitated  to  contem- 
plate colour  concreted  with  figure,  two  at- 
tributes which  the  eye  can  never  view  but 
associated. '  Harris. 

Concretely  (kon-kretli),  adv.  In  a  concrete 
manner;  not  abstractly.  'The  properties  of 
bodies  .  .  .  taken  concretely  together  with 
their  subjects.'  Cudworth. 

Concreteness  (kon-kret'ues),  n.  A  state  of 
being  concrete. 

Concrete-press  (kong'kret-pres),  n.  A  ma- 
chine for  making  concrete  blocks. 

Concretion  (kon-kre'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
concreting;  the  act  of  growing  together,  or 
becoming  naturally  united  so  as  to  form  one 
mass.— 2.  The  mass  or  solid  matter  formed 
by  growing  together,  by  congelation,  con- 
densation, coagulation,  or  induration ;  a 
clot;  a  lump.  '  Concretions  of  slime.'  Bacon. 
3.  In  geol.  a  nodule,  as  of  chert,  ironstone, 
the  grains  and  spherules  of  oolite,  and  the 
grape-like  clusters  of  magnesian  limestone, 
formed  by  molecular  aggregation  as  distinct 
from  crystallization.— 4.  In  logic,  the  act  of 
regarding  in  the  concrete  or  as  existing  in 
nature:  opposed  to  abstraction. 

The  mind  surmounts  all  power  of  concretion,  and 
can  place  in  the  simplest  manner  every  attribute  by 
itself  Harris. 

—Morbid  concretions,  in  the  animal  econo- 
my, are  hard  substances  which  occasionally 
make  their  appearance  in  different  parts  of 


the  body,  as  well  in  the  solids  as  in  those 
cavities  destined  to  contain  fluids;  in  the 
former  case  they  are  usually  denominated 
concretions  or  v*siiicatioiix,  and  iirc  named 
from  the  parts  of  the  body  in  which  they 
occur;  as,  pineal  concretions,  salivary  con- 
ci<-ri<j,ix,  hepatic  concretions,  Ac. 
Concretional  (koii-kre'shon-al),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  concretion;  formed  by  concretion. 
Brande  <fc  Cox. 

Concretionary  (kon-kri-'shon-ar-i),  a. 
Formed  by  concretion;  conditional.  —  Coii- 
crelionary  deposits,  in  geol.  a  term  applied 
to  designate  those  recent  alluvial  strata 
which  include  calcareous  and  other  deposits 
from  springs,  stalactites,  travertines,  bog- 
ironore,  and  salt.  —  Concretionary  structure, 
in  geol.  a  structure  such  as  that  exhibited 
by  masses  formed  by  aggregation  as  distinct 
from  crystallization.  See  CONCRETION. 
Concretive  (kon-kre'tiv),  a.  Causing  to  con- 
crete; having  power  to  produce  concretion; 
tending  to  form  a  solid  mass  from  separate 
particles.  'Concretive  juices.'  Sir  T. Browne. 
Coucretively  (kon-kre'tiv-li),  adv.  1.  In  a 
concretive  manner. — 2.t  Concretely;  not  ab- 
stractly. Jer.  Taylor. 

Concreturet  (kon-kre'tur),  11.     A  mass 
formed  by  concretion.    Johnson. 
Concrewt  (kon-kro'),  v.i.  [ For  concrue,  from 
L.  concresco.to  grow  together—  con,  together, 
and  cresco,   to  grow;  comp.  accrue.]     To 
grow  together.     Spenser. 
Concrlmlnatlon(kon-krim'i-na"8hon)>  n.  A 
joint  accusation.     Maunder. 
Concubariat  (kon-ku-ba'ri-a),  n.    A  fold, 
pen,  or  place  where  cattle  lie.     Cowell. 
Concubinacyt  (kon-ku'bi-na-si),  n.     The 
practice  of  concubinage. 

Their  country  was  very  infamous  for  concitbinctcy, 
adultery,  and  incest.  Stryfe. 

Concubinage  (kon-ku'bi-naj),  n.  [Fr.  See 
CONCUBINE.]  1.  The  actor  practice  of  co- 
habiting, as  man  and  woman,  in  sexual  com- 
merce, without  a  legal  marriage;  the  state 
of  being  a  concubine. 

The  bad  tendency  of  Mr.  Pope's  '  Hloisa  to  Abe* 
lard'  is  remarked  by  Sir  John  Hawkins  ...  as  de- 
preciating matrimony  and  justifying  concubinage. 
Kf.  Home. 

2.  In  law,  an  exception  againstawoman  suing 
for  dower,  on  the  ground  that  she  was  the 
concubine  and  not  the  wife  of  the  man  of 
whose  lands  she  seeks  to  be  endowed. — 3.  An 
inferior  kind  of  marriage  allowed  in  some 
countries,  performed  with  less  solemnity 
than  a  true  or  formal  marriage;  or  marriage 
with  a  woman  of  inferior  condition,  to  whom 
the  husband  does  not  convey  his  rank  or 
quality.  See  CONCI'BINE,  3. 

Concubinal  (kon-ku'bi-nal),  a.  Pertaining 
to  concubinage. 

Concubinarian  (kon-ku'bi-na"ri-an),  a. 
Connected  with  concubinage;  living  in  con- 
cubinage. 'The  married  and  eotum&marlon, 
as  well  as  looser  clergy.'  Mil-man. 

Concubinary  (kon-ku'bi-nar-i),«.  Relating 
to  concubinage;  living  in  concubinage,  lip. 
Hall.  'These  Concubinary  priests.'  Foxe. 

Concubinary  (kon-ku'bi-nar-i),  n.  One  who 
indulges  in  concubinage.  Jer. Taylor.  [Rare.] 

Concubinate  t  (kon  ku'bi-nat),  n.  [L.  con- 
cubinatus.]  Concubinage. 

Such  marriages  were  esteemed  illegitimate  and  no 
better  than  a  mere  concnbinate.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Concubine  (kong'ku-bin),  n.  [From  L.  con- 
cubina,  from  concumbo,  to  lie  together- 
con,  and  cuinbo  or  CHOO,  to  lie  down.  ]  1. 1  A 
paramour,  male  or  female. 

The  lady  Anne  did  falsely  and  traitorously  procure 
divers  of  the  king's  daily  and  familiar  servants  to  be 
her  adulterers  and  concubines. 

Indictment  of  Anne  boleyn. 

2  A  woman  who  cohabits  with  a  man  with- 
out being  legally  married  to  him;  a  kept- 
mistress:    this  is  the  sense  in  which  the 
word  is  now  used. 

I  know  I  am  too  mean  to  be  your  queen, 
And  yet  too  good  to  be  your  concubine.       Snafc. 
Indeed,  a  husband  would  be  justly  derided  who 
should  bear  from  a  wife  of  exalted  rank  amlspolless 
virtue  half  the  insolence  which  the  King  of  England 
bore  from  concubines,  who  owed  everything  to  his 
bounty.  Slacanlay. 

3  A  wife  of  inferior  condition ;  a  lawful 
wife  but  not  united  to  the  man  by  the  usual 
ceremonies.  Such  were  Hagarand  Keturah, 
the  concubines  of  Abraham,  and  such  con- 
cubines were  allowed  by  the  Greek  and 
Roman  laws. 

Conculcate  t  (kon-kul'kat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
conculcated;  ppr.  conculcattnq  [L.  con- 
culco-con,  and  calcare,  to  tread,  from  calx, 


unplc  under 
under 


the  heel.]  To  tread  on;  to  trample  i 
foot.  '  Cojir'ili-'iliii't  and  trampling  t 
foot  whatsoever  is  named  of  Cud  .1 

Conculcation t  (kon-kul-ka'shon),  n.     A 

trampling   under  font.       "Hie    ci.iirnlralu.n 

of  the  outer  court  of  tin    temple  by  the 
Gentiles.'    !>,.  II.  Hon. 
Coneumbency  t  (k.m  kum'bcn-si),  w.    The 
act  of  lying  together 

When  Jacob  married  Rachel  and  lay  with  l.r.,h. 
that  coiunmbency  made  no  marriage  between  them. 
Jer.  I 

Concupiscence  (kon-ku'p|.«en»),  n.  [L  <•««• 
ciipiscentia,  from  c'nicnfu.^rt,,  to  covet  or 
lust  after— con,  and  cupio,  to  desire  or  covet.] 
Lustful  feeling;  lust;  sinful  desire.  •  Vain 
delight  and  foul  concupiscence.'  Gascoigne. 

Sin,  taking  occasion  by  the  commandment,  wrought 
in  me  all  manner  of  concufisttnce.        Koin.  vti.  8. 


Which  lust  or  evil  concupiscence  he  at  last  define* 

be   an  insatiable   intemperance  of 
never  filled  with  a  desire,  never  ceasing  in  the  per* 


to  be  an  insatiable  intemperance  of  the  apjielite, 
never  filled  with  a  desire,  never  ceasing  in  the  per 
secutionofevil.  Hammond. 


We  know  even  secret  concupiscence  to  be  sin. 

Hooter. 

Concupiscent  (kon-ku'pi-sent),  a.  Desirous 
of  unlawful  pleasure;  libidinous;  lustful. 
'  The  concupiscent  clown  la  overdone.' 
Lamb.  [Rare.] 

Concupiscential  t  (kon-ku'pi-sen"shi-al),  a. 
Relating  to  concupiscence.  Johnson. 

Concupiscentious  t  (kon-ku'pi-sen"shi-us), 
a.  Concupiscent.  Goodrich. 

Concupisclble  (kon-ku'pis-i-bl),  a.  Liable 
to  be  atfected  by  concupiscence,  or  carnal 
desire;  concupiscent;  lustful.  '  His  concu- 
piscible  intemperate  lust. '  Shak.  'The  ap- 
petitive and  concupiscible  soul.'  Holland. 
'Two  inclinations,  irascible  and  cuncupis- 
cible.'  Burton. 

Concuplsclbleness  (kon-ku'pi-si-bl-nes),  n. 
State  or  quality  of  being  concupiacible ; 
concupiscence.  [Rare.] 

Concupy  (kong'ku-pi),  n.  An  abbreviation 
of  Concupiscence,  put  by  Shakspere  into  the 
mouth  of  Thersites. 

He'll  tickle  it  for  his  concnfy.  Trotlus  and  Cressida. 

Concur  (kon-ker"),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  concurred; 
ppr.  concurring.  [L.  concurro,  to  run  toge- 
ther— con,  and  eurro,  to  run.  To  curro  be- 
long also  course,  current,  incur,  recur,  Ac.] 
1. 1  To  run  together;  to  meet  together  in  a 
point. 

Anon  they  fierce  encountering  both  concurred, 
With  grisly  looks  and  faces  like  their  fates. 

y.  Hughes. 

Is  it  not  now  utterly  incredible  that  our  two  vessels, 
placed  there  antipodes  to  each  other,  should  ever 
happen  to  concur  t  Btntley. 

2.  To  agree,  join,  or  unite,  as  in  one  action 
or  opinion;  to  meet,  mind  with  mind:  used 
absolutely  or  followed  by  triffc.  'Those  who 
had  concurred  in  the  challenge.'    Sir  W, 
Scott. 

Mr.  Burke  concurred ivitJt  Lord  Chatham  in  opinion. 

fox. 

3.  To  assent :  with  to. 

As  my  will 

Concurred  not  to  my  being,  it  were  but  right 
And  equal  to  reduce  me  to  my  dust.        Milton. 

4.  To  unite  or  be  conjoined ;  to  meet  to- 
gether; to  be  combined.  '  In  whom  all  these 
qualities  do  concur.'     Whitgift. 

Testimony  is  the  argument ;  and  if  fair  probabili- 
ties of  reason  concur  with  it,  this  argument  hath  all 
the  strength  it  can  have.  Tillotson. 

5.  To  unite  in  fontributlng  to  a  common 
object;  as,  various  causes  may  concur  in  the 
changes  of  temperature. 

When  outward  causes  concur,  the  idle  are  soonest 
seized  by  this  infection.  Jeremy  Cottier. 

6.  To  coincide;  to  have  points  of  agreement. 

O  ho!  do  you  come  near  me  nowT  no  worse  man 
than  Sir  Toby  to  look  to  me  !  This  concurs  directly 
with  the  letter:  she  sends  him  on  purpose  that  1  may 
appear  stubborn  to  him.  Sfta*. 

SVN.  To  agree,  join,  unite,  combine,  meet, 
conjoin,  coincide,  approve. 
Concurrence,  Concurrency  (kon-kurens, 
kon-ku'ren-si),  n.  1.  The  act  of  concurring; 
a  meeting  or  coming  together ;  union ;  con- 
junction; combination  of  agents,  circum- 
stances, or  events. 

We  have  no  other  measure  but  of  our  own  ideas, 
with  the  concurrence  of  other  probable  reasons,  to 
persuade  us.  Locke. 

He  views  our  behaviour  in  every  concurrence  of 
affairs,  and  sees  us  engage  in  all  the  possibilities  of 
action.  MtUm. 

2  A  meeting  of  minds;  agreement  in  opinion ; 
union  in  design,  implying  joint  approbation; 
agreement;  consent;  approbation. 

Tarquin  the  Proud  was  expelled  by  the  universal 
concurrence  of  nobles  and  people.  iwJ/7. 


obtain;      6h,  Sc.  locft;      g,  ?o; 


J.Jobi     *.  »•  to»i     »«.  -W     TH,  tAen;  th,  tM.;     w,  «IB;    wh.  Mr,    ,h,«ure.- 


CONCURRENT 


544 


CONDENSER 


3.  Agreement    or  consent,  implying   joint 
aid  or  contribution  of  power  or  influence. 

We  are  to  trust  firmly  in  the  Deity,  but  so  as  not 
to  forget  that  he  commonly  works  by  second  causes, 
and  admits  of  our  endeavours  with  his  concurrence. 
Dryden. 

4.  A  meeting,  as  of  claims  or  power;  joint 
rights:  a  term  implying  equality  in  different 
persons  or  bodies  ;  as,  a  concurrence  of  ju- 
risdiction in  two  different  courts. 

Concurrent  (kon-ku'rent),  a.  1.  Concurring 
or  acting  in  conjunction  ;  agreeing  in  the 
same  act ;  contributing  to  the  same  event 
or  effect;  operating  with. 

I  join  with  these  laws  the  personal  presence  of  the 
king*s  son,  as  a  concurrent  cause  of  this  refonn-iiion. 

Sir  J.  Davits. 

The  Egyptians,  as  we  are  assured  by  the  concur- 
rent testimony  of  antiquity,  were  amongst  the  first 
who  taught  that  the  soul  survived  the  body  and  was 
immortal.  WarburtOH. 

2.  Conjoined;  associate;  concomitant. 

There  is  no  difference  between  the  concurrent 
echo  and  the  iterant,  but  the  quickness  or  slowness 
of  the  return.  Bacon. 

3.  Joint  and  equal ;  existing  together  and 
operating  on  the  same  objects ;  aa,  the  con- 
current jurisdiction  of  courts  of  law.— SYN. 
Meeting,  uniting,  accompanying,  conjoined, 
associated,  coincident,  united. 

Concurrent  (kon-kn'rent),  «.  1.  One  who 
concurs ;  one  agreeing  to  or  pursuing  the 
same  course  of  action. 

So  noble  and  so  disinterested  doth  divine  love 
make  ours,  that  there  is  nothing  besides  the  object 
of  that  love  that  we  love  more  than  our  concurrents 
In  it.  perchance  out  of  a  gratitude  to  their  assisting 
us  to  pay  a  debt  (of  love  and  praise)  for  which,  alas! 
we  find  our  single  selves  but  too  insolvent.  Boyle. 

Specifically— 2.  In  law,  one  who  accompanies 
a  sheriff's  officer  as  witness  or  assistant.— 
3.  That  which  concurs ;  joint  or  contribu- 
tory cause. 

To  all  affairs  of  importance  there  are  three  neces- 
sary  concurrents  .  .  .  time,  industry,  and  faculties. 
Dr.  H,  More. 

4.t  One  having  an  equal  claim,  or  joint 
right;  rival  claimant;  rival;  opponent.  'Leav- 
ing no  other  successor  than  his  concurrent.' 
Italeigh. 

As  for  the  Mirmilloncs,  he  deprived  them  of  their 
armour.  One  of  them,  named  Columbus,  fortuned 
to  foil  his  concurrent,  howbeit  he  had  gotten  before 
some  small  hurt.  Holland. 

St.  Miclncl's  Mount  looketh  so  aloft,  as  it  brooketh 
no  concurrent.  Careiu. 

5.  The  name  given  to  the  day,  or  in  the  case 
of  leap-year  the  two  days,  required  to  be 
added  to  ftfty-two  weeks  to  make  the  civil 
year  correspond  with  the  solar ;  so  called 
because  they  concur  with  the  solar  cycle, 
whose  course  they  follow. 

Concurrently  (kon-ku'renMi),  adv.  So  as 
to  be  concurrent ;  in  union  or  combination; 
unitedly.  'The  Father,  Son,  and  Holy 
Ghost  .  .  .  concurrently  making  one  entire 
Divinity.'  Cud  worth. 

Concurrentness  (kon-ku'rent-nes),  ?t.  The 
state  of  being  concurrent;  concurrence.  Sir 
W.  Scott. 

Concurring  (kon-kur'ing).  ppr.  and  a.  Con- 
current; agreeing;  contributing  to  the  same 
event  or  effect;  consenting.  'Concurring 
signs.'  Milton. 

Concuss  (kou-kus'),  v.t.  [L.  concutio,  con- 
citssum,  to  shake,  and  as  a  law  term  to  ex- 
tort. See  CONCUSSION.  ]  1.  To  shake  or  agi- 
tate. 'Concussed  with  uncertainty.'  Daniel. 
[Rare.]— 2.  To  force  by  threats  to  do  some- 
thing, especially  to  give  up  something  of 
value;  to  intimidate  into  a  desired  course 
of  action;  to  coerce;  as,  he  was  concaved 
into  signing  the  document. 

Concuasationt  ( kon-kus  a'shon ),  n.  [See 
CONCUSSION.]  A  violent  shock  or  agitation. 
*  Vehement  eoncutnCumt.'  Bp.  If  all. 

Concussion  (kon-ku'shon),  n.  [L.  concusnio, 
oenevMtfonig,  a  shaking,  a  shock,  and  as  a 
law  term,  extortion  by  threats,  from  con- 
cutio, concuxxum,  to  shake  violently  —  con, 
together,  and  yuatio,  quantum  (in  composi- 
tion cufio,  ciumin),  to  shake.  See  QUASH.] 

1.  The  act  of  shaking,  particularly  by  the 
stroke  or  impulse  of  another  body. 

It  is  believed  that  great  ringing  of  bells,  in  popu- 
lous  cities  hath  dissipated  pestilent  air,  which  may 
be  from  the  concussion  of  the  air.  Bacon. 

2.  The  state  of  being  shaken;   the  shock 
occasioned  by  two  bodies  coming  suddenly 
into  collision ;  a  shock;  agitation.     'A  con- 
cussion of  the  whole  globe.'     Woodward  — 

3.  In  surg.  a  term  applied  to  injuries  sus- 
tained by  the  brain  and  other  viscera,  from 
falls,  blows,  &c.  — 4.  The  act  of  extorting 
money  or  something  of  value  by  threats  or 
force;  extortion. 

Then  concussion,  rapine,  pill  cries, 

Their  catalogue  of  accusation  nil.      Daniel. 


Concussionaryt  (kon-ku'shon-ar-i),  n.  One 
guilty  of  the  offence  of  concussion;  an  ex- 
tortioner. 'Publicke  concuss  ionary  or  ex- 
tortioner. '  Time's  Storehouse. 

Concussion-fuse  (kon-ku'shou-fuz),  n.  A 
fuse  which  is  ignited  and  explodes  the  shell 
by  the  concussion  of  the  shell  in  striking 

Concussive  (kon-kus'iv),  a.  Having  the 
power  or  quality  of  shaking;  agitating. 
Johnson. 

Condemn  (kon-dem'),  v.t.  [L.  condemno— 
con,  in  tens.,  and  damno,  to  condemn,  whence 
damn.]  1.  To  pronounce  to  be  utterly 
wrong ;  to  utter  a  sentence  of  disapproba- 
tion against;  to  censure;  to  blame.  [The 
word  often  expresses  more  than  censure  or 
blame,  and  conveys  the  idea  of  a  solemn  pro- 
nunciation of  an  adverse  judgment,  either 
formally  and  openly,  or  in  one's  own  mind, 
on  grave  offences  or  those  who  commit 
them.] 

Condemn  the  fault,  and  not  the  actor  of  it.       Shak. 
We  condemn  mistakes  with   asperity,  where  we 
pass  over  sins  with  gentleness.  Bucktninster. 

2.  To  pronounce  to  be  guilty;  to  sentence  to 
punishment;  to  utter  sentence  against  judi- 
cially; to  doom:  opposed  to  acquit  or  absolve; 
the  penalty  expressed  by  the  infinitive  or 
by  a  noun  or  noun-phrase  preceded  by  to;  as, 
to  condemn  a  person  to  pay  a  fine,  or  to  im- 
prisonment. 

The  Son  of  man  will  be  betrayed  to  the  chief 
priests,  and  to  the  scribes,  and  they  shall  condemn 
him  /.'  death.  Mat.  xx.  18. 

He  that  bclieveth  on  him  is  not  condemned. 

John  tii.  18. 

Formerly  such  expressions  as  to  condemn 
in  a  fine  were  used. 


And  the  king 
>/  .1  hundred  talents 


silver. 


condemned  the  land 
3  Chron.  xxxvi.  3. 


3.  To  judge  or  pronounce  to  be  unfit  for  use 
or  service;  as,  the  ship  was  condemned  as 
not  sea-worthy ;  three  tons  of  mutton  were 
condemned  by  the  inspector  of  food.— 4.  To 
judge  or  pronounce  to  be  forfeited;  as,  the 
ship  and  her  cargo  were  condemned.— SYN. 
To  blame,  censure,  reprove,  reproach,  up- 
braid, reprobate,  doom,  sentence,  adjudge. 
Condemnable  (kun-dem'na-bl),  a.  Worthy 
of  being  condemned;  blamable;  culpable. 
'Condemtuible  superstition.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 
And  there  is  no  reason  why  it  should  be  allowable 
to  eat  broth  for  instance  in  a  consumption,  and  be 
condemnable  to  feed  upon  it  to  maintain  health. 

Boyle, 

Condemnation  (kon-dem-nm'ihonl  n.  [L. 
condeinnatio.]  1.  The  act  of  condemning: 

(a)  censure;  disapprobation;  reproof. 

O  perilous  mouths, 

That  bear  in  them  one  and  the  self-same  tongue. 
Either  of  condemnation  or  approof.  Mt,it. 

(b)  The  juilicial  act  of  declaring  one  guilty, 
and  dooming  him  to  punishment;  as,  the 
prisoner  was  reconveyed  to  prison  after  his 
condemnation.   'A  legal  and  judicial  condem- 
nation.'   Paley.~*2.  The  state  of  being  con- 
demned. 

His  pathetic  appeal  to  posterity  in  the  hopeless 
hour  of  condemnation.  /n/inf. 

3.  The  cause  or  reason  of  a  sentence  of  con- 
demnation. 

This  is  the  condemnation,  that  light  is  come  into 
the  world  and  men  loved  darkness  rather  than  light, 
because  their  deeds  were  evil.  John  iii.  19. 

Condemnatory  (kon-dem'na-tor-i),  a.  Con- 
demning; bearing  condemnation  or  censure; 
as,  a  condemnatory  sentence  or  decree.  '  A 
severe  condemnatory  prayer.*  Clarke. 

Condemned  (kon-deind'),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  condemnation  or  condemned  persons. 
— Condemned  cell  or  ward,  in  prisons,  the 
cell  in  which  a  prisoner  sentenced  to  death 
is  detained  till  his  execution. 

Richard  Savage  .  .  .  had  lain  with  fifty  pounds  of 
iron  on  his  legs  in  the  condemned  -ward  of  Newgate.    ' 
Macau  fay.       \ 

Condemnedly  (kon-dem'ned-li),  ado.    In  a  i 
manner  deserving  condemnation;  blamably. 
Ffttham,     [Rare.] 

Condemner  (kou-dem'er),  n.  One  who  con- 
demns. 

A  foolish  thing  it  is  indeed  to  be  one's  own  accuser 
and  condemner,  yet  such  a  fool  is  every  swearer. 

Bp.  Reveridge.        \ 

Condensability  (kon-deu'sa-bil"i-ti),  n. 
Quality  of  being  condensable. 

Condensable  ( kon-den'sa-bl ),  a.  Capable 
of  being  condensed ;  capable  of  being  com-  \ 
pressed  into  a  smaller  compass,  and  into  a 
more  close,  compact  state ;  as,  vapour  is 
condensable.  '  Not  being  in  the  utmost  ex- 
tremity of  density,  but  condensable  yet  fur- 
ther.' Sir  K.  Digby. 

Condensate  (kon-den'sat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  ' 
condensated;  ppr.  condenxating.     [See  CON-  i 


To  condense;  to  compress  into  a 
closer  form  ;  to  cause  to  take  a  more  com- 
pact state;  to  make  more  dense.  'C"niifn- 
nate  and  compact  itself  into  less  room.' 
Hammond.  [Now  rare.] 

Condensate  (kon-dens'at),  v.i.  To  become 
mure  dense,  close,  or  hard.  Bail<'>j. 

Condensate,  t  Condensated  (kon-den'tftt, 
koii-den'sat-ed),jA  and  a.  Made  dense;  con- 
densed; made  more  close  or  compact.  'Water 
.  .  .  thickened  or  condensafc.'  1'eucham. 

Condensation  ( kon-den-aa'shon ),  n.  [L. 
condensatio.  See  CONDENSK.]  1.  The  act 
of  making,  or  state  of  being  made,  nmre 
dense  or  compact;  the  act  of  reducing  the 
volume  or  compass  of,  or  state  of  being  so 
reduced;  closer  union  of  parts;  consolidation: 
used  both  in  a  literal  and  figurative  sense. 
'The  same  vapours,  being  by  further  con- 
densation, formed  into  rain.'  Derham. 

He  (Goldsmith'  was  a  great  and  perhaps  an  un- 
equalled master  of  the  arts  of  selection  and  conden- 
sation. Macittilny. 

2.  In  chein.  and  physics,  the  act  of  reducing 
a  gas  or  vapour  to  a  liquid  or  solid  form.— 
Surface  condensation^  mode  of  condensing 
steam  by  bringing  it  in  contact  with  mlii 
metallic  surfaces  in  place  of  by  injecting 
cold  water.  —  Compression,  Condensation . 
See  COMPRESSION. 

Condensative  (kon-den'sa-tiv),  a.  Having 
a  power  or  tendency  to  condense.  Todd. 

Condense  (kon- dens' ),u.(.  pret.  *  pp.  con- 
densed; ppr.  condensing.  [L.  condentto— con, 
and  denso,  to  make  thick  or  close.  See 
DENSE.]  1.  To  make  more  dense  or  com- 
pact; to  reduce  the  volume  or  compass  of; 
to  bring  into  closer  union  of  parts;  to  con- 
solidate; to  compress:  used  both  in  a  literal 
and  figurative  sense. 

(Spirits)  in  what  shape  they  chose. 
Dilated  or  condensed,  bright  or  obscure, 
Can  execute  their  aery  purposes, 
And  works  of  love  or  enmity  fulfil.        Milton. 
The  secret  course  pursued    at  Brussels  an<t  nt 
Madrid  may  be  condensed  into  the  usual  formula— 
dissimulation,  procrastination,  and  again  dissimula- 
tion. Motley. 

2.  In  chein.  and  physics,  to  reduce  into  an- 
other and  denser  form,  as  a  gas  or  vupom 
to  the  condition  of  a  liquid  or  solid,  as  by  Ab- 
straction of  heat,  pressure,  or  evaporation. 
SYN.  To  compress,  contract,  crowd,  thicken, 
inspissate,  abridge. 

Condense  (kon-dens'),  v.i.  To  become  HUM- 
or  more  compact,  as  the  particles  of  a  In  ><  1  \ ; 
to  approach  or  unite  more  closely;  to  grow 
thick.  '  Vapours  when  they  begin  to  con- 
dense  and  coalesce.'  A'ewton. 

Nitrous  acid  is  gaseous  at  ordinary  temperatures, 
but  condenses  into  a  very  volatile  liquid  at  the  zero 
of  Fahrenheit.  H.  Spencer, 

Condense*  (Icon-dens'),  a.  Close  in  texture 
or  composition;  compact;  dense.  '  Solid  and 
condense.'  Raleiyh.  'The  huge  condense 
(Mullen  of  planets.'  Bentley. 

Condensed  (kon-densf),  a.  Made  dense  or 
close  in  texture  orcomposition;  compressed; 
compact;  as,  a  condensed  style.—  Concise, 
Succinct,  Condensed.  See  under  CONCISE. 

Condenser  (kon-den'«erX  n.  He  who  or  tlmt 
which  condenses ;  specifically,  (a)  a  pneu- 
matic engine  or  syringe  in  which  air  may 
be  compressed.  It  consists  of  a  cylinder,  in 
which  is  a  movable  piston  to  force  the  air 
into  a  receiver,  and  a  valve  to  prevent  the 
air  from  escaping;  called  also  a  Condensing 
Syringe,  (b)  A  vessel  in  which  aqueous  <>r 
spirituous  vapours  are  reduced  to  a  liquid 
form,  either  by  injection  of  a  quantity  <>f 
cold  water,  as  in  the  condenser  of  a  steam- 
engine;  or  when  this  is  inadmissible,  as  m 
the  case  of  alcoholic  vapour,  by  placing  the 
condenser  in  another  vessel  through  which 
is  maintained  a  constant  current  of  water, 
the  condenser  being  so  constructed  as  to 
expose  the  steam  or  vapour  in  thin  strata 
over  an  extended  surface,  to  the  action  «<f 
the  cooling  medium,  (e)  In  optics,  a  lens  to 
gather  and  concentrate  the  rays  collect)  d 
by  the  mirror  and  direct  them  upon  the  ob- 
ject. ('/)  In  wool  manitf.  a  machine  which 
has  nearly  superseded  the  slubbing-hilly  in 
the  manufacture  of  wool  into  yarn,  sul-.-i  - 
tuting  power  for  manual  labour.  It  is  At- 
tached to  the  carding  machine,  and  the 
wool  comes  off  from  it  slubbed  at  on>  < 
Condenser  of  electricity,  any  apparatus  by 
which  the  electric  fluid  can  be  accumulated; 
but  the  term  is  chiefly  applied  to  such  in- 
struments as  are  employed  to  collect  ami 
render  sensible  very  small  quantities  of  the 
fluid.— Surface  condenser.  See  under  CON- 
DENSATION. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil.  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;       J\  Sc.  ley. 


CONDENSIBLE 


545 


CONDITIONALLY 


Condensible  (kon-den'si-bl),  a.    Same  as 
Cum  I?  unable,     //.  Spencer. 
Condensityt  (kon-den'si-ti), ».  The  state 

of  being  condensed;   denseness;    density. 

Conder  (kon'der),  ?i.  [Perhaps  from  Fr.  con- 
duire,  to  conduct]  l.t  A  person  who  stood 
upon  a  cliff  or  elevated  part  of  the  sea-coast 
in  the  time  of  the  herring-fishery  to  point 
out  to  the  fishermen  by  signs  the  course  of 
the  shoals  of  fish.  —2.  One  who  gives  direc- 
tions to  a  helmsman  how  to  steer  the  ship. 

Condescencet  (kon'de-sens),  n.  [Contr.  of 
condescendence,]  Descent  from  superiority; 
condescension.  '  See  the  candescence  of  this 
great  king.'  Dr.  Puller. 

Condescend  (kon-de-sendO,  v.i.  [Fr.  conde- 
scendre — L.  con,  with,  and  descendo.  See 
DESCEND.]  1.  To  descend  from  the  privi- 
leges of  superior  rank  or  dignity  to  do  some 
act  to  an  inferior  which  strict  justice  or  the 
ordinary  rules  of  civility  do  not  require:  fol- 
lowed by  the  infinitive  or  a  noun  preceded 
by  to,  the  infinitive  expressing  that  which 
one  consents  to  do,  to  before  a  thing,  that 
which  one  voluntarily  consents  to  accept, 
and  to  before  a  person,  the  level  to  which 
one  voluntarily  descends. 

Mind  not  high  things,  but  condescend  to  men  of 
low  estate.  Horn.  xii.  16. 

Spain's  mighty  monarch, 
In  gracious  clemency  does  condescend, 
On  these  conditions,  to  become  your  friend.  Dryden. 
Can  they  think  me  so  broken,  so  debased, 
\Vith  corporal  servitude,  that  my  mind  ever 
Will  condescend  to  such  absurd  commands?    Milton. 

2.t  To  assent;  to  agree. 

Thereto  they  both  did  frankly  condescend.    Spenser. 

3.  To  make  a  plain  statement ;  as,  to  co?i- 
descend  upon  the  particulars  of  a  case. 
[Scotch.]— SYN.  To  yield,  submit,  stoop,  de- 
scend, deign,  vouchsafe. 
Condescendence(kon-de-send'ens),?i.  l.The 
act  of  condescending;  condescension. 

By  the  warrant  of  St.  Paul's  condescendence  to  the 
capacities  he  wrote  unto,  I  may  speak  after  the  man- 
ner of  men.  //'.  Montague. 

2.  In  Scots  laic,  one  of  the  written  plead- 
ings in  a  process  put  in  by  the  pursuer,  and 
containing  a  distinct  statement  of  the  facts 
and  allegations,  together  with  the  pleas  in 
law  on  which  his  case  is  founded. 
Condescendency  t  (kon-de-send'en-si),  n. 
Condescension. 

The  respect  and  condescendency  which  you  have 
already  shewn  me,  is  that  for  which  I  can  never  make 
any  suitable  return.  Boyle. 

Condescending  (kon'de-send-ing).a.  Marked 
or  characterized  by  condescension ;  stooping 
to  the  level  of  one's  inferiors.  'A  very 
condescendiny  air.'  Watts. 

Condescendingly  (kon'de-send"ing-li),  adv. 
In  a  condescending  manner;  so  as  to  show 
condescension ;  as,  to  address  a  person  con- 
descendingly. Dr.  H.  More;  A  tterbury. 

Condescension  (kon-de-sen'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  condescending;  the  act  of  voluntarily 
stooping  to  an  equality  with  inferiors;  a 
waiving  of  claims  due  to  one's  rank  or 
position ;  affability  on  the  part  of  a  supe- 
rior; courtesy;  complaisance. 

Go,  heavenly  guest,  .  .  . 
Gentle  to  me  and  affable  hath  been 
Thy  condescension.  Milton. 

Raphael,  amidst  his  tenderness,  shows  such  a  dig- 
nity and  condescension  in  all  his  behaviour  as  are 
suitable  to  a  superior  nature.  Addison. 

Condescensivet  (kon-de-sen'siv),  a.  Conde- 
scending; courteous.  *  Condescensive  ten- 
derness.' Barrow. 

Cpndescentt  (kon 'de-sent),  n.  Condescen- 
sion. 'So  slight  and  easy  a  candescent.' 
Bp.  Hall. 

Condign  (kon-din'),  a.  [L.  condiynus,  well 
worthy— con,  and  dignus,  worthy.  See  Dia- 
NITY.]  1.  Well-deserved;  merited;  suitable: 
now  always  applied  to  punishment  or  some- 
thing equivalent.  ' Condign  punishment.' 
Shak. 

In  a  certain  bull  he  reproves  the  Archbishop  of 
Glasgow  and  other  prelates  of  Scotland,  and  treats 
them  as  acting  unworthily  of  their  holy  calling,  and 
threatens  them  with  condign  censure.  Aft/man. 

2.t  Merited  or  deserved:  in  a  good  sense. 
' Condign  praise.'  Shak.  —  3-t  Deserving; 
worthy. 

Herselfe  of  all   that  rule,  she  deemed  most  con- 
digne.  Spenser. 

Condignityt  (kon-dig'm-tiXn.  Merit;  desert: 
used  eh  icily  in  school  divinity  to  signify  the 
merit  of  human  actions  which  claims  reward 
on  the  score  of  justice. 

Such  a  worthiness  of  condignity,  and  proper  merit 
of  the  heavenly  glory,  cannot  be  founa  in  any  the 
best,  most  perfect,  and  excellent  of  created  beings. 
Bf>.  Bull. 


Condignly  (kon-din'H),  adv.  in  a  condign 
manner;  according  to  merit.  '  Ctmdumlv 
punished/  L.  Addison, 

Condignness  (kon-din'nes),  n.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  condign.  Bailey 

Condiment  (kon'di-ment),  n.  [L.  condi- 
mentum,  a  sauce  or  condiment,  from  condio, 
to  season,  pickle,  or  preserve.]  Something 
used  to  give  relish  to  food,  and  to  gratify 
the  taste;  seasoning. 

As  for  radish  and  the  like,  they  are  for  condi- 
ments, and  not  for  nourishment.  Bacon. 

Condlsclple  (kon-dis-si'pl),  n.  [L.  condwci- 
pulus  —  con  and  discipulus.  See  DISCIPLE.] 
A  school-fellow;  a  learner  in  the  same  school 
or  under  the  same  instructor.  'To  his  right 
dearly  beloved  brethren  and  condittciple« 
dwelling  together/  Dr.  W.Martin.  [Rare] 

Condltet  (kon-dit'),tJ.«.  pret.  &pp.  condited; 
ppr.  conditing.  [L.  condio,  conditum,  to 
preserve,  pickle.]  To  prepare  and  preserve 
with  sugar,  salt,  spices,  or  the  like;  as,  to 
condite  pears,  plums,  quinces,  mushrooms, 
&c.  N.  Grew. 

Conditet  (kon'dit),  a.  Seasoned;  preserved; 
candied.  'The  condite  fruit  of  wild  roses.' 
Burton. 

Conditementt  (kon-dit'ment),  n.  1.  A  com- 

Eosition  of  conserves,  powders,  and  spices 
i  the  form  of  an  electuary. —2.  Seasoning; 
spice;  savour. 

A  scholar  can  have  no  taste  of  natural  philosophy 
without  some  conditetnent  of  the  maihcmattcks 

JJp.  Hacket. 

Condition  (kon-di'shon),  n.  [L.  conditio, 
conditionig,  from  condo,  to  build,  set,  fix, 
ordain— con,  together,  and  do,  to  give,  put, 
place.  ]  1.  A  particular  mode  of  being;  situa- 
tion; predicament;  case;  state:  applied  to 
external  circumstances,  to  the  body,  to  the 
mind,  and  to  things. 

What  man's  condition  can  be  worse 
Than  his  whom  plenty  starves  and  blessings  curse  ? 
Cffieley. 

The  count  himself,  not  at  that  moment  trusting  his 
soldiery,  who  were  in  an  extremely  mutinous  condi- 
tion, was  desirous  of  falling  back  before  his  formid- 
able antagonist.  Motley. 

2.  Quality;  property;  attribute. 

It  seemed  to  us  a  condition  and  property  of  divine 
powers  and  beings  to  be  hidden  and  unseen  to 
others.  Bacon. 

3.  t  State  of  the  mind  in  regard  to  temper, 
character,  or  habit;  mental  temperament; 
moral  state;  disposition.    'The  condition  of 
a  saint,  and  the  complexion  of  the  devil/ 
Shak. 

Is't  possible  that  so  short  a  time  can  alter  the  con- 
dition of  a  man  ?  Shak:. 

Socrates  espoused  Xantippe  only  for  her  extreme 
ill  conditions,  above  all  of  that  sex.  South. 

4.  That  which  must  exist  or  be  present  as 
the  ground  or  necessary  adjunct  of  some- 
thing else;  that  which  is  necessary  as  a  pre- 
liminary or  accompaniment  to  something 
else ;  that  which  is  requisite  to  be  done, 
happen,  exist,  or  be  present  in  order  to 
something  else  being  done,  taking  effect,  or 
happening;  prerequisite;  as,  I  will  pay  the 
money  on  condition  you  refund  it. 

Many  are  apt  belitive  remission  of  sins,  but  they 
believe  it  without  the  condition  of  repentance. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

The  absolute  and  the  infinite  are  names  indicating 
not  an  object  of  thought  or  of  consciousness  at  all, 
but  the  mere  absence  of  the  conditions  under  which 
consciousness  is  possible.  Mangel. 

5.  A  term  in  a  contract,  covenant,  bond,  or 
agreement;  a  clause  in  a  bond  or  other  con- 
tract embodying  terms  or  stipulations  that 
must  be  implemented,  otherwise  the  penalty 
of  the  bond  will  be  incurred ;  stipulation ; 
sometimes  also  contract;  treaty. 

He  sendeth  an  ambassage,  and  desireth  conditions 
of  peace.  Luke  xiv.  32. 

Go  with  me  to  a  notary,  seal  me  there 
Your  single  bond ;  and  in  a  merry  sport 
If  you  repay  me  not  on  such  a  day, 
In  such  a  place,  such  sum  or  sums  as  are 
Expressed  in  the  condition,  let  the  forfeit 
Be  nominated  for  an  equal  pound 
Of  your  fair  flesh.  Skat. 

— Precedent  condition,  one  that  must  be  per- 
formed before  the  advantage  can  arise.— 
Subsequent  condition,  the  term  used  where 
the  advantage  immediately  arises,  but  the 
stipulation  remains  to  be  performed.— Con- 
dition in  a  deed  or  express,  that  which  is 
joined  by  express  words  to  a  feoffment,  lease, 
or  other  grant. — A  condition  in  law,  a  con- 
dition not  expressed,  but  which  the  law 
understands  to  be  implied.—  Condition  in- 
herent is  that  which  descends  to  the  heir, 
with  the  land  granted,  &c.— Condition  col- 
lateral is  that  which  is  annexed  to  any  col- 
lateral act— Conditions  of  sale,  the  particu- 


lar terms  set  forth  in  writing  in  accordance 
with  which  property  i»  to  be  sold  at  auction 
0.  Rank,  that  is,  state  with  iv«p«-.-t  to  tin- 
orders  or  grades  of  society  or  to  property 
as,  persons  of  the  best  MMWM 

Honour  and  shame  from  no  condition  rise  • 
Act  well  your  part,  there  all  the  honour  lie's. 

The  inhabitants  of  Russia  are  divided  int"  the 
following  cwutifiont,  viz.  the  clergy,  the  nubility,  the 
merchants  and  burghers,  the  peasants.  BroMXham 

SYN.  State,   situation,  circumstances,   sta- 
tion, case,  plight,  predicament,  stipulation 
article,  terms,  provision,  arrangem.  nt 
Condition  (kon-di'ahon),  v.t.    i.  To  form 
the  condition  of;  to  regulate  or  determine. 

Yet  seas,  that  daily  gain  upon  the  shore, 
Have  ebb  and  flow,  conditioning  their  inarch, 
And  slow  and  sure  comes  up  the  golden  year. 

2.  To  contract;  to  stipulate;  to  arrange." 

It  was  conditioned  between  Saturn  and  Titan  that 
Saturn  should  put  to  death  all  his  male  children. 

3.  Inmetaph,  to  place  orcognizeundercondi- 
tions.  SeeCo,NIUTioNED,2.— 4.  In  mercantile 
Ian.  to  test  a  commodity  in  order  to  ascertain 
its  condition;  specifically,  to  testsilktnorder 
to  know  the  proportion  of  moisture  it  con- 
tains;  as,  to  condition  silk.— Conditioning 
house,  a  trade  establishment  where  silk  is 
tested.  Simmonds.— 5.  In  United  States  col- 
leges, to  put  under  conditions;  to  require  to 
pass  a  new  examination  as  a  condition  of  re- 
maining in  the  class  or  college,  as  a  student 
in  some  branch  of  study  in  which  he  has 
failed.     Goodrich. 

Condition  (kon-di'shon),  v.i.  1.  To  make 
terms;  to  stipulate.  [Rare.] 

Sir,  I  must  condition 
To  have  this  gentleman  by,  a  witness.      B.  Jonson. 

2.  In  metaph.  to  place  or  cognize  a  thing 
under  conditions  or  relations. 

To  think  of  a  thine  is  to  condition  ;  and  conditional 
limitation  is  the  fundamental  law  of  the  possibility  of 
thought.  Sir  It".  Hamilton. 

Conditional  (kon-di'shon-al),  a.  1.  Impos- 
ing conditions ;  containing  or  depending  on 
a  condition  or  conditions ;  made  with  limita- 
tions ;  not  absolute ;  made  or  granted  on 
certain  terms. 

Every  covenant  of  Cod  with  man,  on  the  system  of 
God's  revealed  will,  is  a  covenant  of  grace  or  favour, 
which  therefore  may  be  justly  made,  as  in  fact  it  is 
made,  with  this  conditional  punishment  annexed  and 
declared.  //  'aronrton. 

— .1  conditional  fee,  in  law,  fs  one  which 
is  granted  upon  condition  that  if  the  donee 
shall  die  without  such  particular  heirs  as 
are  specified  the  estate  shall  revert  to 
the  donor ;  hence,  it  is  a  fee  restrained  to 
particular  heirs  to  the  exclusion  of  others. 
— Conditional  limitation,  a  limitation  which 
partakes  of  the  nature  both  of  a  condition 
and  a  remainder.  Such  is  the  limitation  to 
A  for  life,  in  tail  or  in  fee,  provided  that, 
when  C  returns  from  Rome,  it  shall  hence- 
forth remain  to  the  use  of  B  in  fee.— Condi- 
tional obligation,  in  civil  law,  an  obligation 
depending  on  the  existence  of  a  condition. 
Conditions  annexed  to  obligations  are  di- 
vided into  possible  and  impossible;  the  former 
are  such  as  may  naturally  or  legally  happen  : 
the  latter  such  as  are  contrary  to  the  law  or 
to  good  morals.  Possible  conditions  are  dis- 
tinguished into  potential  OT  potestatice,  i.e. 
such  as  are  within  the  power  of  the  party 
burdened  with  them;  and  casual,  being  such 
as  depend  upon  a  certain  event  over  which 
the  party  has  no  control.— 2.  In^ra?».  and 
logic,  expressing  or  involving  a  condition; 
as,  a  conditional  word,  mode,  or  tense ;  ap- 
plied more  specifically,  in  logic,  sometimes 
to  denote  that  class  of  propositions  and 
syllogisms  which  is  subdivided  into  hypo- 
thetical, disjunctive,  and  hypothetico-dis- 
junctive  or  dilemmatic,  sometimes  as  equi- 
valent to  hypothetical. 

All  hypothetical  propositions,  therefore,  though 
disjunctive  in  form,  are  conditional  \r\  meaning;  and 
the  words  hypothetical  and  conditional  may  be,  as 
indeed  they  generally  are,  used  synonymously. 

Conditional  (kon-di'shon-al),  n.  1.  A  word 
expressing  a  condition. — 2.  A  conditional 
clause ;  a  limitation ;  a  condition.  Bacon. 
[Rare.  ] 

Conditionality  ( kon  - di ' slum -al"i-ti),  «. 
The  quality  of  being  conditional  or  limited; 
limitation  by  certain  terms.  I>r.  H.  More. 

Conditionally  (kon-di'shon-al-li),  adv.  In 
a  conditional  manner;  with  certain  limita- 
tions ;  on  particular  conditions,  terms,  or 
stipulations ;  not  absolutely  or  positively. 

We  see  large  preferments  tendered  to  him,  but  con- 
ditionally, upon  his  doing  wiclced  offices.  SoutM. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch; 

VOL.  I. 


g,  0o;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj;;      TH,  then;  th,  fMn; 


w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
36 


CONDITIONARY 


546 


CONDUCT 


Conditionary  t  (kun-diMion-ar-i),  a.  Condi- 
tional ;  stipulated.  A'orrw. 

Conditionate  t  (kon-di'shon-at),  a.  Condi- 
tional ;  established  on  certain  terms. 

Barac's  answer  is  faithful,  though  Conditionate 
fif.  Hall. 

Conditionate  (kon-di'shon-at),  v.t.  To 
put  under  conditions ;  to  regulate.  Sir  T, 
Browne. 

Conditioned  (kon-di'shond),  a.  1.  Having 
a  certain  state  or  qualities.  This  word  is 
usually  preceded  by  some  qualifying  term  ; 
as,  well  conditioned;  ill  conditioned.— 2.  In 
inetaph.  placed  or  cognized  under  condi- 
tions or  relations. 

'  ID  our  opinion  the  mind  can  conceive,  and  conse- 
quently can  know,  only  the  limited  and  the  condi- 
ditionally  limited.  The  unconditionally  unlimited  or 
the  infinite,  the  unconditionally  limited  or  the  abso- 
lute, cannot  positively  be  construed  to  the  mind; 
they  can  be  conceived  only  by  thinking  away  from 
or  abstraction  of  those  very  conditions  under  which 
thought  itself  is  realized ;  consequently,  the  notion 
of  the  unconditioned  is  only  negative  — negative  of 
the  conceivable  itself.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

Conditionly  t  ( kon  -  di '  shon  -  li ),  adv.  On 
certain  terms.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Conditory  (kon'di-tor-i),  n.  [L.  conditorium, 
from  condo,  to  hide.  ]  A  repository  for  hold- 
ing things.  [Rare.] 

Condolatory  (kon-dola-tor-i),  a.  Express- 
ing  condolence.  Smart. 

Condole  (kon-dol'),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  condoled; 
ppr.  condoling  [L.L.  condoleo—con,  with, 
and  doleo,  to  feel  pain,  to  sympathize, 
whence  doleful,  dolour.]  To  express  pain 
or  grief  at  the  distress  or  misfortunes  of 
another;  to  express  sympathy  toone  in  grief 
or  misfortune:  followed  by  with  before  the 
person  for  whom  we  feel  grief ;  as.  to  con- 
dole with  a  friend  who  has  lost  his  wife. 

Your  friends  would  have  cause  to  rejoice  rather 
than  condole  -with  you.  Sir  If.  Temple. 

Condolet  (kon-dol'),  t».  t.  To  lament  or  grieve 
over  with  another;  to  express  sympathy  on 
account  of. 

I  come  not,  Samson,  to  condole  thy  chance, 
As  these,  perhaps,  yet  wish  it  had  not  been. 
Though  for  no  friendly  intent.  Alilton. 

Why  should  our  poet  petition  Isis  for  her  safe  deli- 
very  and  afterward  condole  her  miscarriage  T  Drydtn. 

Sometimes  used  with  a  personal  objective. 
'  Let  us  condole  the  knight'    Shak. 
Condolement  t  (kon-dol'ment),  n.     1.  The 
act  of  condoling ;  condolence. 

They  presented  an  address  of  Condolement  for  the 
loss  of  his  (William  III.'s)  queen.  Life  of  A.  Wood. 

2.  The  act  of  sorrowing  or  mourning ;  grief; 
lamentation. 

To  persever 

In  obstinate  condoltmtut  is  a  course 
Of  impious  stubbornness,  unmanly  grief.      Shak. 

Condolence  (kon-dol'ens),  n.  The  act  of 
expressing  grief  or  sympathy  for  the  distress 
or  misfortune  of  another;  expression  of  sym- 
pathy. 'For  which  reason  their  congratu- 
lations and  their  condolences  are  equally 
words  of  course.'  Stcele.  'A  special  mes- 
sage of  condolence.'  Macaulay.  —  SYN.  Sym- 
pathy, commiseration,  compassion. 

Condoler  (kon-dol'er),  n.  One  who  con- 
doles. Johnson. 

Condonation  (kon-do-na'shon),  n.  [L  con- 
donatiu,  from  condono,  to  pardon.  .See 
CONDONE.]  1.  The  act  of  pardoning  a  wrong 
act;  as,  the  condonation  of  au  offence  against 
us. 

And  we  teach  and  believe  that  when  sinners  are 
pardoned  by  God,  God  doth  not  change  the  mind  of 
the  sinner  ...  but  that  the  same  (sinj  remaining  in 
the  soule  of  men,  in  like  manner  as  it  did  before  con- 
donation, is  only  taken  away  by  a  not  imputation  of 
the  guilt.  Mountain. 

Specifically— 2.  In  law,  the  act  or  course  of 
conduct  by  which  a  husband  or  a  wife  is 
held  to  have  pardoned  a  matrimonial  offence 
committed  by  the  other,  as  the  act  of  a  hus- 
band taking  back  his  wife  knowing  that  she 
has  committed  adultery. 

The  immediate  effect  of  condonation  is  to  bar  the 
party  condoning  of  Ins  or  her  remedy  for  the  offence 
m  question.  Atozley  and  ll'hiteley. 

Condone  (kon -don'),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  con- 
doned; ppr.  continuing.  [L.  condonare,  to 
pardon—  con,  together,  doiiare,  to  present, 
from  donum,  a  gift,  from  root  of  dare,  to 
give.]  1  To  pardon;  to  forgive;  to  overlook; 
as,  to  condone  an  offence  or  a  mistake  (we 
do  not  say  to  condone  a  person). 

Condone,  an  old  legal  technicality,  has,  of  late, 
received  a  popular  welcome,  as  a  statrly  euphemism 
for  '  pardon '  or  '  overlook. '  Fitzeduwrd  Hall  (1873). 

Specifically — 2.  In  law,  to  forgive,  or  to  act 
so  as  to  imply  forgiveness  of,  a  violation  of 
the  marriage  vow.    See  CONDONATION,  2. 
Condor  (kon'der),  n.    [Sp.,  from  Peruv. 
cttntur.]  A  South  American  bird,  the  Vultur 


tjniphui  or  Sarcorhainphm grj/phus  of  natu- 
ralists, one  of  the  largest  of  the  known 
Vulturidte  or  viilturine  birds,  of  whose  size 
and  strength  very  exaggerated  accounts  were 
formerly  current.  It  resembles,  in  its  most 
essential  characters,  the  vultures  of  the  old 
continent,  differing  from  them  chiefly  in 


Condor  (Sarcorhamfhus  g ryphit*). 

the  large  cartilaginous  caruncle  which  sur- 
mounts its  beak,  and  in  the  large  size  of  its 
oval  and  longitudinal  nostrils,  placed  almost 
at  the  very  extremity  of  the  cere.  Its 
greatest  expanse  of  wing  is  about  14  feet, 
but  it  seems  rarely  to  attain  that  size.  Hum- 
boldt  met  with  none  that  exceeded  9  feet. 
These  birds  are  found  most  commonly  in 
the  Andes  chain,  frequenting  regions  from 
10,000  or  15,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea, 
where  they  breed,  making  no  nest,  but  laying 
their  eggs  on  the  bare  rocks.  They  are 
never  seen  in  large  companies,  but  in  groups 
of  three  or  four,  and  only  descend  to  the 
plains  when  impelled  by  hunger.  Then 
two  of  them  will  successfully  attack  sheep, 
goats,  deer,  &c.,  though  as  a  rule  they  prefer 
to  feast  on  carrion. 

Condottiere(kon-dot-tya'ra),n.  pi.  Condot- 
tieri  (kon-dot-tya're).  [It.]  In  Italian 
hixt.  one  of  a  class  of  mercenary  military 
adventurers  In  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth 
centuries.  See  FREE-LANCE. 

There  is  a  leader 
Of  bold  condottieri  not  far  distant.       jf.  Baillie. 

Conduce  (kon-dusO.ti.i.  pret.  &pp.  conduced; 
ppr.  conducing.  [L.  conduco,  to  bring  toge- 
ther, to  conduce-con,  and  duco,  to  lead; 
conduct  is  from  the  same  verb.]  To  combine 
with  other  things  in  bringing  about  or  tend- 
ing to  bring  about  a  result;  to  lead  or  tend; 
to  contribute :  followed  by  the  infinitive  or 
a  noun  preceded  by  to;  as,  temperance  and 
exercise  conduce  to  good  health.  '  As_  if 
works  could  no  way  conduce-  unto  the  attain- 
ing of  salvation. '  Joseph  Medc.  '  Aqueducts, 
cascades,  and  all  other  appendages  con- 
ducing to  convenience  or  pleasure. '  Derhain. 

The  reasons  you  allege  do  more  conduce 

To  the  hot  passion  of  distempered  blood.     Stta*. 

SYN.  To  contribute,  forward,  advance,  pro- 
mote. 
Conduce  t  (kon-dus1),  v.t.    1.  To  conduct. 

There  was  sent  into  my  lodgings  the  Cardinal  of 
Bourbon  to  conduce  me  to  my  lady's  presence. 

ll'olsey. 

2  To  bring  about.  ' To  conduce  the  peace.' 
Sir  T.  More. 

Conducementt  (kon-diis'ment),  n.  A  lead- 
ing or  tending  to ;  tendency. 

Conducent  (kon-du'sent),  a.  Tending  or 
contributing  to.  '  Any  act  fitting  or  condu- 
cent  to  the  good  success  of  this  business.' 
Abp.  Laud.  [Rare.] 

Conducibility  t  (kon-du'si-bil"i-ti),  n.  State 
or  quality  of  being  conducive;  conducible- 
ness.  '  Duties  .  .  .  deriving  their  obliga- 
tion from  their  conducibility  to  the  pro- 
moting of  our  chief  end.'  Bp.  Wilkins. 
[Rare.] 

Coaducible  t  (kon-dO'si -bl),  a.  [L.  conduci- 
bilis.  See  CONDUCE.]  Conducive.  'Very 
conducible  to  the  understanding  of  the  scrip- 
tures.' Bale. 

Our  Saviour  hath  enjoined  us  a  reasonable  service ; 
all  his  laws  are  in  themselves  conducible  to  the  tem- 
poral interest  of  them  that  observe  them.  Bentley. 

Conducible  t  (kon-du'si-bl),  n.  That  which 
conduces  or  tends  to  promote.  '  Those 
motions  of  generations  and  corruptions, 
and  of  the  conduciblet  thereto.'  Sir  31.  Hale. 

Conduciblenesst  (kon-du'si-bl-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  conducing,  leading,  or  contri- 
buting to  any  end. 

Which  two  contemplations  are  not  inferior  to  any 
for  either  pleasantness  in  themselves  or  conduciblc- 
neis  for  the  finding  out  of  the  right  frame  of  nature. 
Dr.  U.  More. 


Conduciblyt  (kon-du'si-bli),  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner to  promote. 

Conducive  (kon-du'siv),  a.  Having  the 
quality  of  conducing,  promoting,  or  further- 
ing ;  tending  to  advance  or  bring  about. 
'Conducive  to  the  happiness  and  well-being 
of  men.'  Clarke. 

An  action,  however  conducive  to  the  good  of  our 
country,  will  be  represented  as  prejudicial  to  it. 

Addison. 

All  agree  that  Moses'  main  end  was  the  abolition 
of  idolatry  and  preservation  of  the  unity.  The  insti- 
tution of  the  Sabbath  is  shown  by  Spenser  and  others 
to  be,  of  all  the  ceremonial,  the  very  rite  most  con- 
ducive to  this  end.  H'arl>iirt<'ti. 

Conduciveness  (kon-du'siv-nes),  n  The 
quality  of  being  conducive  or  tending  to 
promote.  Boyle.  '  Its  conduciveness  to  the 
practice  of  our  duty.'  Abp.  Seeker. 

Conduct  (kon'dukt),  n.  [L.L.  conductus,  L. 
condttctus,  pp.  of  conduco.  See  CONIurK, 
DUKE.]  1.  The  act  of  guiding  or  command- 
ing ;  mode  of  carrying  on  or  conducting ; 
mode  of  handling  or  wielding;  administra- 
tion ;  management.  '  The  nice  conduct  of  :\ 
clouded  cane.'  Pope. 

Christianity  has  humanized  the  conduct  of  war. 
Palcy. 

If  the  Jews  under  his  conduct  should  endeavour  to 
recover  their  liberties  and  fail  in  it,  they  knew  that 
the  nation  would  be  severely  punished  by  the  Ro- 
mans. Jortin. 

The  conduct  of  the  state,  the  administration  of  its 
affairs,  its  policy,  and  its  laws  are  far  more  uncer- 
tain. Brougham. 

2.  Mode  of  development,  as  of  the  action  of 
a  poem  or  the  plot  of  a  drama. 

The  book  of  Job,  indeed,  in  conduct  and  diction, 
bears  a  considerable  resemblance  to  some  of  his 
{v£schylus')  dramas.  Macaulay. 

3.  Skilful  management  or  administration  ; 
tact  and  dexterity  in  affairs;  good  general- 
ship.   '  Attacked  .  .  .  with  so  little  conduct 
that  his  forces  were  totally  routed.'    Prin- 
cipal Robertson. 

Mr.  Home,  it  seems,  is  unable  to  comprehend  how 
an  extreme  want  of  conduct  and  discretion  can  con- 
sist with  the  abilities  I  have  allowed  htm.  Junius. 

4.  Personal  behaviour;  way  of  acting  gene- 
rally or  on  a  particular  occasion ;  deport- 
ment: applied  indifferently  to  a  good  or  bad 
course  of  action ;  as,  laudable  conduct;  de- 
testable conduct;  his  conduct  was  unim- 
peachable. 

Here  lies  honest  William,  whose  heart  was  a  mint, 
While  the  owner  ne'er  knew  half  the  good  that  was 

tali 

The  pupil  of  impulse  it  forced  him  along. 

His  conduct  still  right,  with  his  argument  wrong. 

CcUtmak, 

5.  The  act  of  convoying  or  guarding ;  guid- 
ance or  bringing  along  under  protection. 

Follow  me,  that  will  to  some  provision 
Give  thee  quick  conduct.  Shot. 

8.  t  Guard  on  the  way;  convoy;  escort;  con- 
ductor; guide. 

Come,  gentlemen,  I  will  be  your  conduct. 

B.  y onion. 
His  majesty. 

Tendering  my  person's  safety,  hath  appointed 
This  conduct  to  convey  me  to  the  Tower.      Stiat. 

7.t  That  which  conveys  or  carries;  a  chan- 
nel; a  conduit.  South.—  8.  The  title  of  two 
clergymen  appointed  to  read  prayers  at 
Eton  College.  —  Safe  conduct,  a  writing 
granted  as  a  passport  by  a  person  in  autho- 
rity to  a  stranger  or  enemy  to  secure  his 
safety  in  passing  through  the  country  or 
among  the  people  over  whom  the  granter's 
power  extends. 

He  (Marmion)  had  safe  conduct  for  his  band 
Beneath  the  royal  seal  and  hand.    Sir  II'.  Scott. 

SYN.  Carriage,  deportment,  behaviour,  de- 
meanour, management. 
Conduct  (kon-dukf),  v.t.    1.  To  accompany 
and  show  the  way ;  to  guide ;  to  lead ;  to 
escort;  to  usher  in;  to  introduce;  to  attend. 

Pray  receive  them  nobly,  and  conduct  them 
Into  our  presence.  Sftat. 

I  can  conduct  you,  lady,  to  a  low 
But  loyal  cottage,  where  you  may  be  safe. 

Milton. 

2.  To  lead,  as  a  commander ;  to  direct ;  to 
govern;  to  command. 

Cortes  himself  conducted  the  third  and  smallest 
division.  Principal  Robertson. 

3.  To  direct;  to  manage:  applied  to  things; 
as,  the  farmer  conducts  his  affairs  with  pru- 
dence. —  4.  With  reflexive  pronouns,  to  be- 
have;  as,  he  conducted  himself  nobly.— 
5.  In  phytia,  to  carry,  transmit,  or  propa- 
gate; as,  a  metal  rod  conducts  heat  better 
than  a  wooden  one.  —  6.  To  lead  or  direct 
as  musical  conductor;  as,  to  conduct  an 
orchestra. 

Conduct  (kon-dukf),  ».i.  1.  In  physics,  to 
carry,  transmit,  or  propagate  motion  or 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       m€,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CONDUCT1BILITY 


r.47 


CONFECT 


force  or  its  modes,  as  heat,  electricity, 
sound,  light,  and  the  like. — 2.  To  act  as 
inimical  conductor. — 3.  To  conduct  one's 
self;  as,  he  conducts  well,  for  he  conducts 
Ar'm.sr/f  well.  [American  provincial.] 
Conductibility  (kon-duk'ti-l)il"i-ti),  n. 

1.  Capability  of  being  conducted;  as,  the 
cnndiictibility  of  the  electric  tluid  or  of  heat. 

2.  Conductivity. 

Conductible  (kon-duk'tl-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  conducted  or  conveyed.  Wheatntone. 

Conduction  (kon-duk'shon),  n.  l.f  The  act 
of  training  up. 

Every  man  has  his  beginning  and  conduction. 
B.  yonson. 

2.  In  phyxicft,  transmission  through  or  by 
means  of  a  conductor.  'The  law  of  conduc- 
tion in  the  simple  case  of  metallic  bars 
heated  at  one  end.'  Wtiewell. 

The  escape  of  heat  through  space  is  called  the 
radiation  of  heat,  and  its  communication  by  contact 
conduction.  Brandt  &•  Cox. 

Conductitious  t  (kon-duk-ti'sbus),  a.  [t. 
eondtutttiutttfom  conduco,to  hire.]  Hired; 
employed  for  wages. 

They  were  neither  titularies  nor  perpetual  curates, 
but  entirely  Conductitious  and  removable  at  pleasure. 
Ayliffe. 

Conductive  (kon-duk'tiv),  a.  In  physics, 
having  the  power  or  quality  of  conducting. 
'Conductive  bodies.'  Whewell. 

Conductivity  (kon-duk-tiv'i-ti),  n.  In 
physics,  the  power  of  conducting,  as  heat, 
electricity,  &c. ;  the  quality  of  being  con- 
ductive. 

The  interior  or  exterior  conductivity  of  bodies  are 
numbers  which  enter  as  elements  or  coefficients  into 
the  mathematical  calculations  founded  on  the  doc- 
trines of  conduction  and  radiation.  Wluwttl. 

Conductor  (kon-duk'ter),  n.  1.  A  leader;  a 
guide:  one  who  goes  before  or  accompanies 
and  shows  the  way.  '  Zeal  the  blind  con- 
ductor of  the  will.'  Dryden. 

You  come  (I  know)  to  be  my  Lord  Fernando's 
Conductor  to  old  Cassilane.  Beau.  &  Ft. 

2.  A  chief;  a  commander;  one  who  leads  an 
army. 

t'tnt.  Who  is  conductor  of  his  people? 
Kent.  As  'tis  said,  the  bastard  son  of  Gloucester. 
Shat. 

3.  A  director;  a  manager. 

If  he  did  not  entirely  project  the  union  and  regency, 
none  will  deny  him  to  have  been  the  chief  conductor. 
Attdison. 

Specifically— 4.  The  director  of  a  chorus  or 
orchestra;  he  who  marks  time  or  accent  and 
expression  by  motions  of  his  arms  or  hands, 
with  or  without  a  baton. —  5.  The  person 
who  attends  to  the  passengers  in  an  omni- 
bus, a  railway  train,  or  the  like,  as  contra- 
distinguished from  the  driver.  [On  the 
railways  of  this  country  this  functionary  is 
always  called  a  guard;  in  America,  a  con- 
ductor. ]— 6.  Insurg.  an  instrument  formerly 
used  to  direct  the  knife  in  cutting  for  the 
stone,  and  in  laying  open  sinuses  and  fistu- 
las. —7.  In  physics,  a  body  that  receives  and 
transmits  or  communicates  force  in  any  of 
its  forms;  as,  metals  are  conductors  of  elec- 
tricity and  of  heat ;  water  is  a  good  conduc- 
tor of  sound.  Hence  specifically— 8.  A  light- 
ning-rod.—Prime  conductor,  that  part  of  an 
electric  machine  which  collects  and  retains 
the  electricity. 

Conductory  (kon-duk'to-ri),  a.  Having  the 
property  of  conducting. 

Conductress  (kon-duk'tres),  n.  A  female 
who  leads  or  directs;  a  directress.  'A  pru- 
dent and  diligent  conductressot  her  family.' 
Johnson. 

Conduit  (kon'dit  or  kun'dit),  n.  [Fr.  con- 
duit, the  part,  of  cond.nl.re,  L.  conducere,  con- 
dtictum,  to  conduct.]  1.  A  pipe,  tube,  or 
other  channel  for  the  conveyance  of  water 
or  other  fluid.  '  The  conduits  of  the  body.' 
Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Of  the  same  house  Publius  and  Quintus  were 
That  our  best  water  brought  by  conduits  hither. 
Sheik. 

Be  strong  in  faith  for  now  the  time  is  nigh 
That  from  the  conduits  of  the  lofty  sky 
The  flood  shall  fall.  Drayton. 

This  is  the  fountain  of  all  those  bitter  waters,  of 
which,  through  an  hundred  different  conduits,  we 
have  drunk.  Burke. 

2.  A  built  fountain  to  which  water  was 
brought  by  pipes  and  from  which  it  was 
drawn  for  use. 

The  Cheapside  conduits  were  the  most  used,  as 
they  were  the  largest  and  most  decorative  of  these 
structures.  The  Great  Conduit  in  the  centre  of  this 
important  thoroughfare  was  an  erection  like  a  tower 
surrounded  by  statuary. 

Chambers'*  Book  of  Days. 

3.  A  medium  or  means  of  conveying.  [Rare.] 

These  organs  are  the  nerves,  which  are  the  conduits 
to  convey  them  (sensations)  from  without  to  their 
audience  in  the  brain.  Locke. 


4.  A  narrow  walled  passage,  usually  under 
ground,  for  the  purpose  of  secret  co'nimuni 
cation  between  apartments. 
Conduit  t  (kon'dit  or  kun'dit),  v.t.  To  con- 
vey, conduct,  or  transmit  as  by  a  con.luit 
[Kare.] 

And  his  corruption  even  to  this  day  is  still  con- 
duited  to  his  undone  posterity.  Feltham. 

CondupHcate  (kon-du'pli-kat)  t; «  To 
double;  t»  fold  together.  Codcemia.  (Rare  ] 

Conduplicate,  Conduplicated  (kon  -du'pli- 
kat,  kon-du'pli-kat-ed),  a.  [L.  eondnnlita- 
tus,  from  conduplico,  to  double 
or  fold  — cow,  together,  and  ttu- 
plico.  See  DOUBLE.]  Doubled  nr 
folded  over  or  together;  specifi- 
cally, in  bat.  applied  to  leaves  in 
the  bud  when  they  are  folded 
down  the  middle,  so  that  the 
halves  of  the  lamina  are  applied 
together  by  their  faces. 

Conduplicatlon  (kon-du'pli-ka"- 
shon),  n.  [L.  conduplicatio.]  A 
doubling;  a  duplication.  Bailey. 

J2fl*l. 

Condurrite  (kon-dur'rit),  n.  A 
peculiar  ore  of  copper,  originally  found  In 
a  vein  in  Condurrow  mine  in  Cornwall.  Its 
general  colour  is  brownish  black, with  some- 
times a  tinge  of  blue.  It  contains  a  con- 
siderable proportion  of  nrsenious  acid 
Condyle  (kon'dil),  n.  [L.  condi/lits,  Gr.  kon- 
dylos,  a  knob  formed  by  a  bent  joint,  a 
knuckle,  a  joint.]  In  anat.  a  protuberance 
on  the  end  of  a  bone  serving  to  form  an 
articulation  with  another  bone:  more  espe- 
cially applied  to  the  prominence  of  the  oc- 
cipital bone  for  articulation  with  the  spine. 
Condyloid  (kon'dil-oid),  a.  [Gr.  kondylos, 
a  condyle,  and eidos,  form.]  In  anal,  resem- 
bling or  shaped  like  a  condyle.—  Condyloid 
process,  the  posterior  protuberance  at  the 
extremities  of  the  under  jaw.  —  Condyloid 
foramina,  the  foramina  of  the  occipital 
bone. 

Condylopod,  Condylope  (kon-dil'o-pod, 
kon'di-lop),  n.  [Gr.  kondylos,  a  joint,  and 
pous,  podos,  a  foot.  ]  A  member  of  the  Con- 
dylopoda  (which  see). 

Condylopoda  (kon-di-lop'o-da),  n.  pi.  [See 
CONUVLOPOI).  ]  A  name  (not  used  in  modern 
zoology)  given  by  Latreille  to  members  of 
that  subdivision  of  the  Articulata  which 
have  jointed  feet,  as  insects,  crabs,  and 
spiders. 

Condylura  (kon-di-lu'ra).  n.  [Gr.  kondylos, 
a  condyle,  and  aura,  a  tail.)  A  genus  of 
insectivorous  mammifers,  of  the  mole  family 
(Talpidse),  of  which  the  best  known  species 
is  Condylura  cristata  or  star-nose,  so  called 
from  having  the  termination  of  the  nostrils 
surrounded  by  movable  cartilaginous  points, 
that  radiate  like  a  star  when  expanded.  The 
body  is  thick  and  furry;  the  eyes  extremely 
small;  the  anterior  feet  short  and  large; 
the  toes  furnished  with  robust  claws  pro- 
per for  digging.  It  is  confined  to  North 
America. 

Cone  (kon),  n.   [Fr. ,  from  L.  conus,  Gr.  konos, 
a  cone,  from  root  seen  in  Skr.  fo,  to  bring 
to  a  point.]    1.  A  solid  body  or  figure  gene- 
rated, or  conceived  to  be  generated,  by 
the  revolution  of  a  right-angled  triangle 
round    one    of    its    sides,    thus    having    a 
circle  for  its  base,  and  its  top  terminated 
in  a  point  or  vertex ;  a  solid  figure  rising 
i     straight  up  from  a  circular  base  and  taper- 
ing to  a  point.    This  is  the  ordinary  mean- 
,    ing  of  cone,  but  in  geo-in.,  which  gives  a 
I    wider  meaning  to  the  word  cone,  is  distin- 
guished as  a  right  circular  cone.     A  cone  in 
j    geom.  may  be  defined  as  the  figure  described 
•    by  a  line  one  end  of  which  is  held  fixed  in 
the  centre  of  one  end  of  a  cylinder  while 
i    the  other  end  is  passed  round  the  circum- 
ference of  the  other  end  of  the  cylinder. 
The  cone  will  be  right  or  oblique  (nrncalene) 
according  as  the  cylinder  is  the  one  or  the 
other ;  but  whereas  the  sides  of  a  cylinder 
are  always  equal,  those  of  an  oblique  cone 
are  unequal.  — 2.  Anything  shaped  like,  or 
approaching  the  shape  of  a  cone ;  specifi- 
cally, (a)  in  bot.  a  dry  compound  fruit  con- 
sisting of  many  open  scale-like  pistils  closely 
pressed  together,  each  of  which  has  a  seed 
at  its  base,  such  as  the  fruits  of  the  Coni- 
ferso;  a  strobilus;  in  a  more  general  way, 
an  inflorescence  having  a  cone-like  shape. 

Those  three  chestnuts  near,  that  hung 

In  masses  thick  with  milky  cones.        Tennyson. 

(6)  One  of  the  molluscous  shells  called 
cone-shells,  (c)  The  hill  surrounding  the 
crater  of  a  volcano,  formed  by  the  gradual 


accumulation  of  ih.  ,  i.-ri,.,  1  ,n;ii,.n.,i  (rf)  A 
storm-cone  <whi.  I,  .,  ,.>.  A  conr  of  ray.  In 
op<tc»,  includes  all  the  rays  of  li^lit  which 
proceed  from  a  radiant  point  and  (all  IM...II 
the  surface  of  a  glass. 

Cone  (kon),  ».(.  To  shape  BO  as  to  resemble 
the  segment  of  a  cone ;  as,  to  tone  the  til . , 
of  railway-carriage  wheels,  fjoixlrich 

Cone-ln-cone  (kta'in-konl  a.  In  aeot  a 
term  used  of  a  peculiar  structure  formed  in 
coal.  limestone,  and  (.,.,^,1,,  ,,t|,,.r  miii,  r,.l 
substances,  giving  the  nia-s  tin.  a|,|,earan.  .• 
of  being  made  of  an  Infinite  numlicr  of  hol- 
low cones  Inserted  within  each  oil,, , 

Coneine  (ko'ne-ln),  n.    Sec  COMA 

Conenchyma(k6-nen'ki-ma), n.  [Gr.  kono», 
a  cone,  an.l  uukynut,  an  infusion.]  In  boi. 
the  conical  cells  which  constitute  hairs 

Cone-patl  ( ko'nft -pat -1 ),  n.  The  Mexican 
name  for  the  skunk  (.Vephitu  americana). 

Cone-pulley  (kou'pul-l),  ,1.  A  pulley  shaped 
like  the  segment  of  a  cone,  that  Is  gradu- 
ally  tapering  from  a  thick  to  a  thin  end 

Cone-shell  (kon'shel),  n.  The  name  given 
to  the  shells  or  the  molluscs  themselves  of 
the  gasteropodous  genus  Conus,  family  Co- 
nidso,  of  order  Pectinibranehiata  charac- 
terized by  a  shell  of  a  conical  form.  See 
CON  ID*. 

Conessi-bark  (ko-nes'se-bark),  n.  The  pro- 
duce of  Wriyhtia  antidysenterica,Kn  apocy- 
naeeous  plant,  a  native  of  the  coast  of  the 
peninsula  of  India,  especially  Malabar  re- 
commended as  an  astringent  in  diarrhoea 
and  dysentery. 

Coney,  n.    See  COST. 

Coney-fish  (ko'ni-flsh),  n.    See  BURBOT. 

Confab  (kon-fabT,  n.  [Contr.  from  confabu- 
lation,] Familiar  talk  or  conversation. 
[Colloq] 

I  overheard  a  most  diverting  confab  amonst  that 
group  of  ladies  yonder.  O'A'er/f. 

Confabular  (kon-fab'u-ter),  a.  Relating  to 
conversation;  conversational,  (jitart.  Bet. 
[Rare.] 

Confabulate  (kon-fab'u-lat),  v.i.  [L.  am- 
fabulor—con,  and  fabulor,  to  tell.  See 
FABI.E.]  To  talk  familiarly  together;  to 
chat;  to  prattle. 

I  shall  not  ask  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau 

If  birds  confabulate  or  no. 

'Tis  clear  that  they  were  always  able 

To  hold  discourse  at  least  in  fable.      Ctnt'fer 

Confabulation  (kon-fab'u-la"shon),  n.  [L. 
confabulatio.]  A  talking  together;  familiar 
talk ;  easy,  unrestrained  conversation;  as, 
the  two  had  a  long  confabulation. 

Friends'  confabulations  are  comfortable  at  ail 
times.  Burton. 

Confabulator  (kon-fab'u-la-ter),  n.  One  en- 
gaged in  familiar  talk  or  conversation. 

That  knot  of  ccnfabulators  is  composed  of  the 
richest  manufacturers  in  the  place.  Lord  Lytton. 

Confabulatory  (kon-fab'u-la-tor-i).  a.  Be- 
longing to  familiar  talk.  '  A  confabulaturif 
epitaph.'  Wetmr.  [Rare.] 

Gonfalon  (kon'fal-on),  n.  [From  gonfalon. 
a  standard,  liecause  they  carried  the  stan- 
dard of  the  Holy  Virgin.]  One  of  a  Roman 
Catholic  order  or  association  of  seculars, 
called  also  Penitent*,  who  were  erected 
into  a  confraternity  by  Pope  Clement  IV. 
in  1207.  The  principal  end  of  this  asso- 
ciation, on  its  formation,  was  to  deliver 
Christian  prisoners  from  the  Saracens. 

Confamiliar  t  (kon-fa-mil'yer),  a.  Closely 
connected;  belonging  to  the  same  family  in 
the  way  of  classification. 

More  confamiliar  and  analogous  to  some  of  our 
transactions  than  others.  Glainiille. 

Confarreation  ( kon-fa're-a"shon ),  n,  [L. 
conforreatio,contfarreationi£—con,  together, 
and/rtr,  asort  of  grain.]  The  solemnization  of 
marriage  among  the  Romans  by  a  ceremony 
in  which  the  bridegroom  and  bride  tasted 
a  cake  made  of  flour  with  salt  and  water, 
called  far  or  panis  farreus,  in  presence  of 
the  high-priest  and  at  least  ten  witnesses. 

Confate  (kon-faf),  ».  t.  To  decree  or  deter- 
mine together  with  something  else;  to  fate 
or  decree  at  the  same  time.  [Rare.] 

In  like  manner  his  brother  Stoic  Chrysippus  insists 
.  .  .  that  when  a  sick  man  is  fated  to  recover,  it  is 
confuted  that  he  shall  send  for  a  physician. 

.-tbr.  Tucker. 

Confectt  (kon-fekf).  v.t.  [L.  conjicio,  ctn\ftc- 
tnm,  to  prepare— con,  and  facia,  to  make, 
whence  Fr.  conftre,  to  preserve.  See  COM- 
FIT.  ]  1.  To  make  into  sweetmeats.  '  Saffron 
confected  in  Cilicia.'  Sir  T.  Browne.— 2.  To 
put  together;  to  construct;  to  compose;  to 
form. 

Of  this  also  were  confected  the  famous  everlasting 
lamps  and  tapers.  Sir  T.  Herbert. 


ch,  cAain;      Ch,  Sc.  lorfi;      g,  90;  j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin0;      TH,  then;      th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CONFECT 


548 


CONFESS 


Confectt  (kon'fekt).  ?i.  Something  prepared, 
with  sugar  or  honey,  as  fruit,  herbs,  roots; 
and  the  like;  a  confection;  a  comflt;  a 
sweetmeat. 

At  supper  eat  a  pippin  roasted  and  sweetened  with 
sugar  of  roses  and  caraway  confccts.  Harvey. 

Confection  (kon-fek'shon),  n.  [L.  confectio. 
See  CONFEOT.)  1  Any  thing  prepared  or  pre- 
served witll  sugar,  as  fruit;  a  sweetmeat. — 

2.  t  A  composition  or  mixture. 

Bread  is  confection  made  of  manye  graynes. 

Crpwley, 

3.  A  composition  of  drugs.    '  The  confection 
which  I  gave  him  for  a  cordial.'    Shale. 

Confectionary  t  (kon-fek'shon-ar-i),  n.  A 
confectioner. 

He  will  take  your  daughters  to  be  confectionaries 
and  to  be  cooks.  i  Sam.  viii.  13. 

Confectionary  (kon-fek'shon  ar-i),  a.  Re- 
lating to  confections;  as,  confectionary 
wares.  'The  biscuitoreoVec(i"o;tar$/plum.' 
Cowper. 

Confectioner  (kon-fek'shon-er),  n.  One 
whose  occupation  is  to  make  or  sell  sweet- 
meats or  confections,  such  as  candies,  bon- 
bons, or  comflts,  Ac.  '  Most  of  the  shops  of 
the  best  confectioners  in  London  ransacked 
to  furnish  out  a  banquet.'  Masninger. 

Confectionery  (koii-fek'shon-er-i),  n.  1.  A 
place  where  sweetmeats  and  similar  things 
are  made  or  sold.  — 2.  Sweetmeats  in  gene- 
ral ;  things  prepared  or  sold  liy  a  confec- 
tioner; confections. 

Confectoryt  (kon-fek'tor-l),  n.  A  place 
where  confections  are  made;  a  confection- 
ery. 

Confectoryt  (kon-fek'tor-i), a.  Pertaining 
to  the  art  of  making  sweetmeats. 

In  which  the  wanton  might. 
Of  confectory  art  endeavour'd  how 
To  charm  all  tastes  to  their  sweet  overthrow. 

Confecture.t  n.    [Fr]    A  medicine  com- 
posed of  different  drugs.     Chaucer. 
Confedert  (kon-fed'er),  o.i.  To  confederate. 

Having  confederect  witll  Oneale,  Oconor.  and  other 
Irish  potentates.  Hotinsked. 

Confederacy  (kon-fed'er-a-si),  n.  [Low  L. 
confcederatto—con,  and  foederatio,  from  L. 
faedus,  a  league.  See  FEDERAL.]  1.  A  con- 
tract between  two  or  more  persons,  bodies 
of  men  or  states,  combined  in  support  of 
each  other,  in  some  act  or  enterprise;  a 
league ;  compact ;  alliance.  '  Under  the 
countenance  and  confederacy  of  Lady  Elea- 
nor.' Sha'r. 

For  he  hatli  heard  of  our  confederacy, 
And  'tis  but  wisdom  to  make  strong  against  him. 
Shak. 

The  friendships  of  the  world  are  oft 
Confederacies  in  vice.  Adttison. 

2.  The  persons,  states,  or  nations  united  by 
a  league. 

Boadicea.  standing  loftily  charioted.  .  .  . 
Girt  by  half  the  tribes  of  Britain,  near  the  colony 

Camulodune, 
Yell'd  and  shriek'd  between  her  daughters  o'er  a 

wild  confederacy.  Tennyson. 

3.  In  law,  a  combination  of  two  or  more 
persons  to  commit  an  unlawful  act.— SYN. 
League,  covenant,  compact,  alliance,  com- 
bination, coalition,  confederation. 

Confederate  (kon-fed'er-at),  a.  [L.L  con- 
faederatiis]  United  in  a  league;  allied  by 
treaty;  engaged  in  a  confederacy;  pertain- 
ing to  a  confederacy. 

All  the  swords 

In  Italy,  and  her  confederate  arms. 
Could  not  have  made  this  peace.         Skit. 
He  is  the  freeman  whom  the  truth  makes  free. 
And  all  are  slaves  beside.     There's  not  a  chain 
That  hellish  foes,  confederate  for  his  harm. 
Can  wind  around  him  but  he  casts  it  off, 
With  as  much  ease  as  Samson  his  green  withes. 

—Confederate  States,  the  name  given  to 
eleven  of  the  Southern  States  of  America 
which  attempted  to  secede  from  the  Union 
on  the  election  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  the 
Abolitionist  candidate,  to  the  presidency  in 
November,  I860,  thus  leading  to  a  great  civil 
war,  which  was  not  terminated  till  1865 
Confederate  (kon-fed'er-at),  n.  1.  One  who 
is  united  with  others  in  a  league ;  a  person 
or  nation  engaged  in  a  confederacy;  an  ally; 
an  associate.  '  The  beast  Caliban  and  his 
confederates.'  Shak. 

Sir  Edmund  Courtney,  and  the  haughty  prelate. 
With  many  more  confederate!  are  in  arms.     Shak. 

Specifically— 2.  One  who  took  side  with  the 
Confederate  States  of  America  in  the  civil 
war  which  followed  their  attempt  to  secede 
from  the  Union.  Opposed  to  federal.  See 
Confederate  States  under  CONFEDERATE,  a. 
Confederate  (kon-fed'er-at),  r.  i.  pret.  &  pp. 
confederated;  ppr.  confederating.  To  unite 


in  a  league;  to  join  in  a  mutual  contract  or 
covenant. 

By  words  men  .   .  .  covc-n.int  ,ind  confederate, 
South. 

Confederate  (kon-fed'er-at),  v.t.  To  unite 
in  a  league;  to  ally. 

With  these  the  Percies  them  confederate.     Daniel. 

Confederater.t  Confederator  t  (kon-fed'- 
iJr-a-ter),  n.  A  confederate. 

The  King  shall  pay  one  hundred  thousand  crowns, 
whereof  the  one  halfe  the  conftderators  shall  and 
may  employ  when  neede  shall  require.  Graf  tan. 

Confederation  (kon-fed'er-a"shon),  n.  (Fr., 
from  L.L.  conf cede  ratio— con  and /cede  ratio. 
See  CONFEDERACY.]  1.  The  act  of  confeder- 
ating; a  league;  a  compact  for  mutual  sup- 
port; alliance:  used  particularly  of  princes, 
nations,  or  states,  but  also  more  loosely  as 
in  second  quotation  below. 

The  three  princes  enter  into  a  strict  league  and 
confederation .  Bacon. 

The  Pleiades  where  one  of  the  seven  hath  almost 
no  light  or  visibility,  though  knit  in  the  same  cots- 
federation  with  those  which  half  the  world  do  at  one 
time  see.  Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  The  parties  to  a  league;  especially,  states 
united  by  a  confederacy. 

Confederative  (kon-fed'er-a-tiv),  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  a  confederation. 

Confer  (kon-fer'),  v.t,  pret.  <fc  pp.  conferred; 
ppr.  conferring.  [L.  confero,  to  bring  toge- 
ther, to  compare,  to  bestow,  to  consult,  Arc. 
—con,  together,  and /fro,  to  bring.]  l.f  To 
compare;  to  examine  by  comparison;  to 
collate.  '  If  we  confer  these  observations 
with  others  of  the  like  nature.'  Boyle.— 

2.  To  give  or  bestow:  followed  by  on  or  upon. 
'And  confer  fair  Milan  with  all  the  honours 
on  my  brother. '    Shak. 

Coronation  confers  on  the  king  no  royal  authority. 
South. 

The  common  method  of  God's  providence  is  to 
suffer  all  his  creatures  to  act  according  to  the  powers 
which  he  hath  con/erred  upon  their  natures. 

Abf.  Sharp. 

3.  t  To  bring  or  carry  to ;  hence,  to  contri- 
bute; to  conduce. 

The  closeness  and  compactness  of  the  parts  resting 
together  doth  much  confer  to  the  strength  of  the 
union.  Glativille. 

—  Give,  Confer.  Grant.  See  under  GIVE. 
Confer  (kon-ferO,  ».»  pret.  &  pp.  conferred; 
ppr.  conferring.  [See  above.]  To  consult 
together  on  some  special  subject ;  to  com- 
pare opinions ;  to  carry  on  a  discussion  or 
deliberation:  formerly  often  simply  to  dis- 
course, to  talk,  but  confer  now  implies  con- 
versation on  some  serious  or  important  sub- 
ject, in  distinction  from  mere  light  talk  or 
familiar  conversation. 

When  they  had  commanded  them  to  go  aside  out 
of  the  council  they  conferred  among  themselves. 

Acts  iv.  i-. 

We  have  some  secrets  to  confer  about.      Shak. 
They  sit  conferring  by  the  parlour  fire.        Shak. 

Conferee  (kon-fer-e7),  n.  1.  One  who  is  con- 
ferred with.— 2.  One  on  whom  something  is 
conferred. 

Conference  (kon'fdr-eni),  n.  [Fr.  conference. 
See  CONFER.]  l.t  Comparison;  examination 
of  things  by  comparison.  '  The  mutual  con- 
ference of  all  men's  collections  and  observa- 
tions.' Hooker.—  2  The  act  of  conferring  or 
consulting  together;  a  meeting  for  consul- 
tation, discussion,  or  instruction;  an  in- 
terview and  statement  or  interchange  of 
opinions;  as,  we  held  a  conference  as  to 
how  we  should  proceed.  Specifically,  (a)  in 
politics,  a  meeting  of  the  representatives  of 
different  foreign  countries. 

It  has  become  rather  difficult  to  draw  any  certain 
line  between  a  congress  and  a  conference.  In  theory, 
however,  a  congress  has  the  power  of  deciding  and 
concluding,  while  a  conference  can  only  discuss  and 
prepare.  Thus  the  conferences  of  Mocrdyk  and  Ger- 
trudenberg  simply  prepared  the  way  for  the  treaties 
of  Utrecht,  while  the  congresses  of  Munster,  Aix-la- 
Chapelle.  Kastadt.  Erfurt.  Prague,  Chatillon,  Vienna, 
I-aybach,  and  Verona  were  all  more  or  less  direct  in 
their  action  and  results.  Blackwood's  Mag. 

(6)  In  English  parliamentary  usage,  a  spe- 
cies of  negotiation  between  the  two  houses 
conducted  by  managers  appointed  on  both 
sides,  for  the  purpose  of  reconciling  differ- 
ences, (c)  The  title  given  to  the  supreme 
assembly  of  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Church 
for  transacting  business  of  an  ecclesiastical 
nature.— 3.  Discourse;  oral  discussion;  talk; 
conversation.  'To  have  some  conference 
with  your  grace.'  Shak.  'Freeand  friendly 
conference?  Shak. 

Reading  matceth  a  full  man,  conference  a  ready 
man,  and  writing  an  exact  man.  Bacon, 

I  will  fetch  you  a  toothpicker  now  from  the  furthest 
inch  of  Asia,  bring  you  the  length  of  I'rester  John's 
foot  .  .  .  rather  than  hold  three  words'  conference 
with  this  harpy.  Shak. 


[The  word  would  hardly  he  used  now  as  In 
the  ahove  passages.  ] 

Conferential  (kon-fer-en'shal),  a.     Of  or  re- 
lating to  conference.    [Rare.] 
Conferrable  (kon-ferVtil),  a.     Capable  of 
being  conferred  or  bestowed.     FAin  tier 
Conferrer  (kon-feKer),  n.     i.  One  who  con- 
fers or  consults. — 2.  One  who  bestows. 
Conferrumiuate,  Conferruminated  (kon- 
fi-r-ru'ini-nat,  kon-fer-rn'ml-nat-ed),  a.    [L. 
cimferruminare ,  to  solder  together  —  eon, 
and  ferruminare,  to  solder,  tromfemimen, 
solder,  from/drum,  iron.]    Soldered  toge- 
ther.    In  hot.  united  together,  so  as  to  lie 
(indistinguishable.     [Rare.] 
Conferva  (kon-ferVa),  n.    (L.  conferva,  an 
aquatic  plant,  from  cmtfervere.  to  boil  to- 
gether,    from     these 
plants     being     often 
buoyed  up  by  hubbies 
of  gas.  as  if  the  water 
wereboiling.]  A  genus 
of    chlorospermatoua 
algre.consistingof  ma- 
rine and  a  few  fresh- 
water  species.      The 
plants  consist  of  sim- 

;le    hair-like    mem- 
ranaceous  or  cartil- 
aginous       filanienU, 

Conferva    (Clatter,    '°rnled  °'  oblo"K  cells 
nuda).     a,   branched    "lied     With    granular 

filament  magnified.  endochrome.  They  are 
reproduced  by  zoos- 
pores  formed  from  the  cell  contents,  and 
each  furnished  with  two  or  four  cilia 
ConfervacesB  (kon-fer-va'se-e),  n.  pi.  A 
family  of  marine  or  fresh-water  alga;  hav- 
ing green  fronds  which  are  composed  of 
articulated  filaments,  simple  or  branched. 
The  cells  are  shortish,  cylindrical,  an  they 
are  not  reproduced  by  conjugation  out  by 
zcospores.  Corferva  is  the  type  genus. 
Conferyaceous  (kon-fer-va'shus),  a.  Of  or 
belonging  to  the  Confervacere;  having  the 
character  of  the  Confervacerc. 
Conferylte  (kon-ferVit),  n.  A  fossil  plant, 
occurring  chiefly  in  the  chalk  formation, 
apparently  allied  to  the  aquatic  conferva:. 
I'age. 

Confervoid(kon-fer'vold),  a.  In  bat.  formed 
of  a  tingle  row  of  cells;  or  having  articula- 
tions like  a  conferva  In  a  more  general 
sense,  resembling  a  conferva ;  partaking  of 
the  character  of  a  conferva. 
Confervoldese  (kon-fer-voi'de-e),  n.  pi.  A 
name  often  employed  for  the  green-spored 
algtB  or  Chlorospermea;,  the  lowest  order 
of  water  plants.  The  order  includes  the 
BatrachospermeK,  Confenrace«c,  Oscillato- 
riacete,  Desmidiacerc,  Diatomaceic,  *c. 
Confess  (kon-feft1),  v.t.  [Fr.  confesser,  from 
L.  confiteor,  c&nfessiim —  con,  and  fateor, 
to  own  or  acknowledge.]  1.  To  own,  ac- 
knowledge, or  avow;  to  make  avowal  or  ad- 
mission of,  as  of  a  crime,  a  fault,  a  charge, 
a  debt,  or  something  that  is  against  one's 
interest  or  reputation;  to  own  to.  'And 
there  confess  humbly  our  faults,  and  par- 
don beg.'  Milton.  'Do  you  confess  the 
bond  t  >V;,j/,-  Sometimes  used  reflexive!)- 
'Wherein  I  confess  me  much  guilty.'  Shak. 
Colloquially  the  word  is  often  used  with  a 
slightly  apologetic  effect,  with  a  statement 
or  clause  as  object;  as,  I  con/ess  I  was 
mistaken  in  thinking  so ;  I  am  very  fond  of 
fruit,  I  must  confess.  Specifically-  2.  Ecclee. 
(a)  to  acknowledge  (sins)  to  a  priest  in  pri- 
vate with  a  view  to  absolutiou :  sometimes 
with  the  reflexive  pronoun. 

He  hath  confessed  himself  to  Morgan,  whom  he 
supposes  to  be  a  friar.  SfiaJt. 

Our  beautiful  votary  took  the  opportunity  of  cnit- 
fesiiHf  Aersetfto  this  celebrated  father.  Addison. 

(  b  )  To  hear  or  receive  the  confession  of, 
as  a  priest  that  of  a  penitent. 

I  have  confessed  her  and  I  know  her  virtue.    Shak. 

3.  To  acknowledge  as  having  a  certain  char- 
acter or  certain  claims;  to  recognize;  to 
own;  to  avow;  to  declare  belief  in. 

Whosoever  therefore  shall  con/ess  me  before  men, 
him  will  I  confess  also  before  my  Father  which  is  in 
heaven.  Mat.  x.  32. 

4.  To  grant;  to  admit;  not  to  dispute. 

If  that  the  kin.; 

Have  any  way  our  (rood  deserts  forgot. 
Which  he  confessed*  to  be  manifold. 
He  bids  you  name  your  griefs.  Shak. 

5  To  show  by  the  effect;  to  prove;  to  attest; 
to  reveal.    [Poetical.  ] 

Tall  thriving  trees  confessed  the  fruitful  mould. 
Pope. 

The  lovely  stranger  stands  confessed 
A  maid  in  all  her  charms.  Goldsmith. 


Fat2,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  try. 


CONFESS 


549 


CONFIDINGLY 


Ki^'ht  up  Henlomond  could  he  press, 

Ami  not  a  sob  his  toil  con/ess,  Scott. 

—  Acknowledge,  Confess.  See  under  AC- 
KNOWLEDGE.— SYN.  Admit,  grant,  concede, 
avow,  own,  assent,  recognize,  prove,  exhibit 
attest. 

Confess  (kon-fes'),  c.  i".  To  make  confession 
or  avowal ;  to  disclose  faults ;  specifically, 
to  make  known  one's  sins  or  the  state  of  the 
conscience  to  a  priest;  as,  this  man  went  to 
the  priest  to  confess. 

Confessantt  (kon-fes'ant),  n.  One  who  con- 
fesses to  a  priest. 

The  canfessant  kneels  down  before  the  priest  sit- 
ting  on  a  raised  chair  above  him.  Bacon. 

Confessaryt  (kon-fes'a-ri),  n.  One  who 
makes  a  confession.  'Treacherous  confes- 
Karu's.'  Bp.  Hall. 

Confessed  (kon-festO,  p.  and  a.  Admitted; 
avowed;  undeniable;  clear;  patent.  'Good 
—great  and  cnnfesned  Rood.'  Locke. 

Confessedly  ( kon-fes'ed-li ),  adv.  By  one's 
own  confession  or  acknowledgment;  by  gen- 
eral confession  or  admission  ;  admittedly. 

Labour  is  confessedly  a  great  part  of  the  curse,  and 
therefore  no  wonder  if  men  fly  from  it.  South. 

The  temperate  and  moderate  enjoyment  of  all  the 
good  things  of  this  present  world  .  .  .  is  plainly  and 
confessedly  the  certainest  and  most  direct  method  to 
preserve  the  health  and  strength  of  the  body. 

Ctarkt 

Confesser  (kon-fes'er),n.  One  who  confesses 
Confession  (kon-fe'ihon),  ».  i.  The  act  of 
confessing:  (a)  the  acknowledgment  of  any- 
thing adverse  to  one's  interest  or  reputation. 

Nor  do  we  find  him  forward  to  be  sounded, 
But,  with  a  crafty  madness  keeps  aloof 
When  we  would  bring  him  on  to  some  confession 
Of  his  true  state.  Shak. 

(6)  The  act  of  making  an  avowal ;  profes- 
sion. 

I  give  thee  charge  in  the  sight  of  God,  who  quicken- 
eth  all  things,  and  before  Christ  Jesus,  who  before 
Pontius  Pilate  witnessed  a  good  confession. 

(c)  A  disclosing  of  sins  or  faults  to  a  priest ; 
the  disburdening  of  the  conscience  privately 
to  a  confessor ;  in  the  R.  Cath.  Ch.  part  of 
the  sacrament  of  penance:  often  called  Au- 
ricular Confession. 

Auricular  confession,  as  commonly  called,  or  the 
private  and  special  confession  of  sins  to  a  priest  for 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  his  absolution,  an  impera- 
live  duty  in  the  Church  of  Rome  .  .  .  was  left  t<> 
each  man's  discretion.  Hallain. 

(d)  In  law,  the  acknowledgment  of  a  debt 
by  a  debtor  before  a  justice  of  the  peace, 
&c.,  on  which  judgment  is  entered  and  exe- 
cution issued.  —  Confession  and  avoidance, 
in  lam,  when  a  party,  in  pleading,  confesses 
the  facts  in  the  declaration  to  be  true,  but 
shows  some  new  matter  up  by  way  of  avoid- 
ing the  legal  effect.  —  Confession  In/  culprit, 
the  acknowledgment  of  the  offence  charged 
against  a  culprit  when  he  is  asked  to  plead 
to  the  indictment.  — 2.  A  formulary  which 
comprises  the  articles  of  faith ;  a  creed  to 
be  assented  to  or  signed  as  a  preliminary  to 
admission  into  a  church:  usually  called  a 
Confession  of  Faith. 

Confessional  (kon-fe'shon-al),  n.  [Fr.  con- 
fessional, L.L.  confessionale.]  A  compart- 
ment or  cell,  generally  of  wood,  in  which 
a  priest  sits  to  hear  confession,  having  a 


Confessional,  Cathedral  of  St.  Cudule,  Brussels. 

small  opening  or  hole  at  each  side  through 
which  the  penitent,  kneeling  without,  makes 
confession.  Many  confessionals  are  con- 
structed in  three  divisions,  the  central  one 
having  a  seat  for  the  priest,  and  some  are 
elaborately  carved.  Called  also  a  Confession- 
chair,  Shriving-pew,  Concessionary. 


Confessional  (k<m fe'shon-al)  a  Of  or 
pertaining  to  a  confession,  for  example  to 
a  confession  of  faith.  'The  old  milkafaMl 
barriers  of  the  Scottish  faith.'  Dr  Tulloch 
Confessionalist  (kon-fe'shon-al-ist),  n  A 
priest  who  sits  in  the  confessional  •  a  con- 
fessor. 

Confessionary  (kon-fe'shon-ar-i),  ».  [L  I, 
confessionarium.  J  A  confession-chair  •  i 
confessional.  [Rare.) 

Confessionary  (kon-fe'shon-ar-l),  a.    Per- 
taming  to  auricular  confession.    'A  kind  of 
concessionary  litany.'    Dr.  I'rideaux. 
Confession -chair  ( kon.fe'shon-char ),  n. 
Same  as  Confessional. 

Confessionist  ( kon-fe'shon-ist ),  n.  1.  One 
who  makes  a  profession  of  faith.  '  Protestant 
and  Romish  confenionints. '  Mountagu  — 
•2.  A  term  applied  to  the  Lutherans  who 
held  to  the  Augsburg  formulary.  Kev.  Orby 
Shipley. 

Confessor  (kon-fes'er;  formerly,  and  still 
often  when  the  distinctive  cognomen  of 
the  English  king,  kon'fes-er),  n.  [Fr  con- 
fesseur,  Sp.  coiifesur.]  1.  One  who  con- 
fesses; one  who  acknowledges  a  crime,  or 
fault.  —2.  One  who  makes  a  profession  of 
his  faith  in  the  Christian  religion ;  specific- 
ally, one  who  avows  his  religion  in  the  face 
of  danger,  and  adheres  to  it  in  defiance  of 
persecution  and  torture.  It  was  formerly 
used  as  synonymous  with  martyr;  after- 
wards it  was  applied  to  those  who,  having 
been  persecuted  and  tormented,  were  per- 
mitted to  die  in  peace.  It  was  used  also 
for  such  Christians  as  lived  a  good  life  and 
died  with  the  reputation  of  sanctity;  as 
Edward  the  Confessor. 

With  him  we  likewise  seat 
The  sumptuous  shrined  king,  good  lidward    from 

the  rest 
Of  that  renowned  name,  by  Confessor  express'd. 

Droyton, 

The  doctrine  in  the  thirty-nine  articles  is  so  ortho- 
doxly  settled  as  cannot  be  questioned  without  dan- 
ger  to  our  religion,  which  hath  been  sealed  with  the 
blood  of  so  many  martyrs  and  confessors.  Hctcon. 

3.  One  who  hears  confessions ;  specifically, 
a  priest  who  hears  confession  and  assumes 
power  to  grant  absolution.  '  Sometyme  con- 
f amour  to  the  kynge  your  father.'  Ld.  Ber- 
itcrs. 

Such  is  my  name,  and  such  my  tale, 

Confessor  I  to  thy  secret  ear, 
I  breathe  the  sorrows  1  bewail. 

And  thank  thee  for  the  generous  tear 
This  glazing  eye  could  never  shed.     Byron. 
The  Count  of  Cartel  Melhor,  a  Portuguese  noble- 
man,   .    .    .    undertook  to  procure  a  confessor  (for 
Charles  II.).  liacaulay. 

Confest  (kon-fesf),  p.  and  a.  Same  as  Con- 
fessed. 

Confestlyt  (kon-fest'li).  ado.  Same  as  Co»- 
fessedlij.  'That  principle  confeMy  predo- 
minant in  our  nature. '  Dr.  11.  Mure. 
Conftcientt  (kon-fl'shent),  a.  Efficient; 
effective;  able.  Bailey. 
Confidant  (kon'fl-dant  or  kon-fl-dant'),  n. 
masc.  Confidante  (kon-fl-dant'),  n.  fern. 
[O.l'r.]  A  person  intrusted  with  the  con- 
fidence of  another;  one  to  whom  secrets  are 
confided;  a  confidential  friend.  'Hobby 
being  a  confidant  of  the  Protector's.'  Bp. 
Burnet. 

Martin  composed  his  billet-doux,  and  intrusted  it 
to  his  confidant.  Martinus  Scriblerns. 

In  this  conjuncture,  the  nutrix,  who  is  not  drawn, 
as  in  modern  tragedy,  an  unmeaning  confidante  .  .  . 
endeavours,  with  the  highest  beauty  of  character,  to 
divert  these  horrid  intentions.  Bp.  Hiird. 

Confide  (kon-fid').  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  confided; 
ppr.  confiding.  [L.  confido—con,  and  jidii, 
to  trust.  See  FAITH.  J  To  trust;  to  rely;  to 
believe:  followed  by  in;  as,  the  prince  con- 
fides in  his  ministers. 

He  alone  wont  betray,  in  whom  none  will  confide. 
Congreve. 
Used  absolutely. 

Judge  before  friendship,  then  confide  till  death. 
Young. 

Confide  (kon-fid'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  confided; 
ppr.  confiding.  To  intrust;  to  commit  to 
the  charge  of,  with  reliance  on  the  fidelity, 
competence,  discretion,  secrecy,  »tc. ,  of  the 
party  to  whom  the  thing  is  committed:  fol- 
lowed by  to ;  as,  to  confide  something  valu- 
able to  one;  to  confide  a  secret  to  some  one; 
a  prince  confides  a  negotiation  to  his  envoy. 

Thou  art  the  only  one  to  whom  I  dare  confide  my 
folly.  Lord  I.yttelton. 

Confidence  (kon'fl-dens).  n.  [L.  confidential, 
from  confidens.  confidents,  ppr.  of  confido, 
to  trust.  See  CONFIDE.)  1.  An  assurance 
of  mind  or  flrm  belief  in  the  integrity,  sta- 
bility, or  veracity  of  another,  or  in  the 
truth  and  reality  of  a  fact ;  trust ;  reliance. 


Jfa«iw?afUl  c<">Jldence  ln  the  mercy  of  °od-' 


2.  Reliance  on  one's  own  abilities,  fortune 
or  circumstances;  belief  in  one's  own  , 
petencjr;  self-reliance;  assurance 


3.  That  in  which  trust  Is  placed  ;  ground  uf 
trust;  he  or  that  which  supports. 

The  Lord  shall  be  thy  confidence.    Prov.  Hi.  36. 

4.  Assurance  of  safety;  security. 

They  shall  build  houses  and  plant  vinevardi-  vc» 
they  shall  dwell  with  confidence  T     Lelci  x»vM.'  J6 

5.  Boldness  ;  courage  ;  defiance  of  danger. 
Preaching  the  kingdom  of  God  with  all 

confidence.1    Acts  xxviii.  31. 

But  confidence  then  bore  thee  on  ;  secure 

tither  to  meet  no  danger  or  to  find 

Matter  of  glorious  trial.  Milton. 

6.  A  secret;  a  private  or  confidential  com- 
munication; as,  the  two  were  soon  so  friendly 
as  to  exchange  confidence!  together.  —  To 
take  a  person  into  one's  confidence,  often 
specifically  to  communicate  eome  private 
matter  or  matters  to  him. 

Confident  (kon'fl-dent),  a.  1.  Having  full 
belief;  fully  assured. 

I  am  confident  that  much  may  be  done  toward  the 
improvement  of  philosophy.  Boylt. 

2.  Confiding  ;  not  entertaining  suspicion  or 
distrust. 

Rome,  be  as  lust  and  gracious  unto  me. 

As  I  arn  confident  and  kind  to  thee.        Shat. 

3.  Relying  on  one's  self  ;  full  of  assurance  • 
bold,  sometiines  overbold.     'Both  valiant 
as  men  despising  death  ;  both  confident  as 
unwonted  to  be  overcome.'    Sir  /'.  Sidney. 

The  fool  rageth  and  is  confident.         Prov.  xiv.  16. 

As  confident  as  is  the  falcon's  flight 

Against  a  bird,  do  1  with  Mowbray  fight.     Shctk. 

4.t  Trustworthy.  'A  confident  servant  of 
my  master's.'  Trans,  of  Aleman's  Spanish 
Rogue  (1823).-  5.  Giving  occasion  for  con- 
fidence. [Rare.] 

The  cause  was  more  confident  than  the  event  was 
prosperous.  Jer.  Taylor. 

—Confident  person,  in  Scott  lair,  is  a  term 
applied  in  particular  to  a  partner  in  trade. 
a  factor,  or  steward;  a  confidential  man  of 
business,  or  a  servant  or  other  dependant 
Confident  t  (kon'fl-dent),  n.  One  intrusted 
with  secrets;  a  confidential  or  bosom  friend; 
a  confidant. 

You  love  me  for  no  other  end 

Than  to  become  my  confident  and  friend  ; 

As  such  I  keep  no  secret  frum  your  sight 

Dryden. 

Confidential  (kon-fi-den'shal),  a.  1.  Enjoy- 
ing the  confidence  of  another;  intrusted 
with  secrets  or  with  private  affairs;  as,  a 
confidential  friend  or  clerk.  —  2.  Intended  to 
be  treated  as  private,  or  kept  in  confidence; 
spoken  or  written  in  confidence  ;  secret. 
'Confidential  messages.'  Burke.  'A  confi- 
dential correspondence.  '  Chesterfield.  '-  - 
Confidential  communication.  See  Privileged 
Communication  under  PRIVILEGED. 

Confidentiality  (  kon-fl-den'shi-al"i-ti  ).  M. 
In  law,  the  term  applied  to  the  relation 
existing  between  a  client  and  his  counsel  *  r 
agent,  between  husband  and  wife,  <tc.  ,  in 
reference  to  communications  made  by  one 
party  to  the  other,  and  which  neither  can 
be  compelled  to  divulge.  See  1'ritileged 
Communication  under  PRIVILEGED. 

Confidentially  (kon-fl-den'shal-1),  adv.  In 
a  confidential  manner  ;  in  reliance  on  se- 
crecy; as,  to  tell  a  person  something  confi- 
dentially. 

Confidently  (kon'fl-dent-li),  adv.  In  a  con- 
fident manner;  with  firm  trust;  with  strong 
assurance;  without  doubt  or  wavering  of 
opinion;  positively;  dogmatically. 

We  will  not  be  the  less  likely  to  meet  with  success, 
if  we  do  not  expect  it  too  confidently.  Atterbury. 

Many  men  least  of  all  know  what  they  themselves 
most  confidently  boast.  f,.  Jonson. 

Confidentness  (kon'fi-dcnt-nes),  n.    The 

quality  or  state  of  being  confident  ;  confl- 

uence. 
Confider  (kon-fid'er),  n.    One  who  confides; 

one  who  trusts  in  or  intrusts  to  another. 

W.  Montague. 
Confiding  (kon-fid'ing),  p.  and  o.  Trusting; 

reposing  confidence  ;   trustful  ;  credulous; 

as,  a  person  of  a  most  confiding  disposition. 
Confidingly  (con-fid'ing-li),  ado.    In  a  con- 

fiding manner;  trustfully. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj;;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEV. 


CONFIDINGNESS 


550 


CONFISCATORY 


Confldingness  (kon-fid'in«-nes),  n.  The 
ciuiility  of  being  oonfldlDg;  confiding  dispo- 
sition; trustfulness. 

Configurate  (kon-ntr'u-rat),  v.i.  [See  CON- 
FIGURE.] To  exhibit  uniformity  of  plan  or 
balance  of  parts.  [Rare.] 


..  .  ,......,  Architecture  it  maybe 

Known  by  the  name  of  uniformity; 


In  comely* 


Where  pyramids  to  pyramids  relate. 
And  the  whole  structure  doth  configurate. 

Jordan. 

[L. 

il 


Configuration  (kon-fig'u-ra"shon).  n.  [L 
configuratio.  See  CONFIGURE.]  1.  Externa- 
form,  figure,  or  shape  of  a  thing  as  result- 
ing from  the  disposition  and  shape  of  its 
parts;  external  aspect  or  appearance;  shape 
or  form. 

It  is  the  variety  of  configurations  (of  the  mouth) 
in  these  openings  only  which  gives  birth  and  origin 
to  the  several  vowels.  Hams. 

2.  In  astral,  relative  position  or  aspect  of 
the  planets.  "The  aspects,  conjunctions, 
and  configurations  of  the  stars.'  Sir  T. 
Browne. 

They  (astrologers)  undertook   ...   to  determine 
the  course  of  a  man's  character  and  life,  from  the 
configuration  of  the  stars  at  the  moment  of  his  birth. 
ll'hewett. 

Configure!  (kon-flg'ur),  u.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
figured; ppr.  configuring.  [L.  configure— 
con,  and  figure,  to  form;  figura.  figure.]  To 
form;  to  dispose  in  a  certain  form,  figure,  or 
shape.  'Configuring  themselves  into  hu- 
man shape.'  Bentleij. 

Conflnalile  (kon-fin'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
confined  or  limited.  '  Not  confinable  to  any 
limits.1  Bp.  Hall. 

Confine  (kon'fin). ».  [L.  confinu,  at  the  end 
or  border,  adjoining;  whence  confine,  a  bor- 
der or  confine,  confinis,  a  neighbour,  and  a 
limit  — con,  and  finis,  end.  border,  limit. 
See  FINE.)  1.  Border;  boundary;  limit;  fron- 
tier; precinct;  the  part  of  any  territory 
which  is  at  or  near  the  end  or  extremity. 
It  is  used  generally  in  the  plural,  and  in  a 
literal  sense  chiefly  with  regard  to  countries, 
districts,  cities,  or  any  area  of  considerable 
extent;  as,  the  confines  of  France  or  of  Scot- 
land; figuratively,  we  may  speak  of  the  con- 
fines of  light.of  death,  the  grave.dtc.  '  Events 
that  came  to  pass  within  the  confines  of 
Judea.'  Locke.  '  The  confines  of  the  world.' 
Locke. 

And  now  in  little  space 
The  confines  met  of  empyrean  heaven. 
And  of  this  world.  Milton. 

2.  t  Territory;  region;  district. 

And  Caesar's  spirit  .  .  . 

Shall  in  these  confines  with  a  monarch  s  voice 

Cry  '  Havoc,'  and  let  slip  the  dogs  of  war.    Shak. 

3.t  A  place  of  confinement;  a  prison.  '  Co^ 
fines,  wards,  and  dungeons.'  Shak.  -4. »  An 
occupant  of  a  contiguous  district.  'Ex- 
changynge  gold  for  household  stuff  with 
their  confines.'  Eden. 

Confine  (kon'fin).  a.  Bordering  on;  lying 
on  tile  border;  adjacent;  having  a  common 
boundary.  Johnson.  [Rare.  ] 

Confinet  (kon-fin'),  v.i.  To  have  a  common 
boundary;  to  border;  to  be  contiguous;  fol- 
lowed by  on  or  uith,  '  Where  your  gloomy 
bounds  confine  with  heaven.'  Milton. 

Betwixt  heaven,  earth,  and  skies  there  stands  a 

place 
Confining  on  all  three.  Dryden. 

Confine  (kon-finO.  v.i.  pret.  *  pp.  confined; 
ppr.  confining.  [Fr.  confiiier.  See  the  noun.) 

1.  To  restrain  within   limits;    to  inclose; 
hence,  to  imprison;  to  immure;  to  shut  up. 
'  Did  confine  thee  into  a  cloven  pine.'  Shak. 
'  Whose  honour  cannot  be  measured  or  con- 
fined.'   Shak. 

Slave  to  myself  I  will  not  be. 

No  other  tie  shall  shackle  me, 

Nor  shall  my  future  actions  be  confined 

By  my  own  present  mind.  CoTvlfy. 

2.  To  limit  or  restrain  voluntarily  in  some 
act  or  practice:  with  the  reflexive  pronoun 
and  to. 

He  is  to  con^ne  himself  to  the  compass  of  num- 
bers and  the  slavery  of  rhyme.  Dryden. 

In  the  gout  I  confine  myself  wholly  to  the  milk 
diet.  Sirli:  Temple. 

—To  be  confined,  to  be  in  child-bed.-SYN. 
To  bound,  limit,  restrain,  circumscribe,  re- 
strict. 

Confined  (kon-findO, p.  and  a.  1.  Restrained 
within  limits;  imprisoned;  limited;  se- 
cluded; close;  narrow;  mean;  as,  a  confined 
mind.  —2.  In  med.  constipated ;  applied  to 
the  bowels. 

Conflnelesst  (kon-finles),  a.  Boundless;  un- 
limited; without  end.  'My  confineless 
harms.'  Shale. 

Confinement  (kon-fin'ment),  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  confined;  restraint  within  limits; 


any  restraint  of  liberty  by  force  or  other  ob-  < 
stacle  or  necessity;  imprisonment.    '  Under 
confinement  in  the  Tower.'    Strype. 

The  mind  hates  restraint,  and  is  apt  to  fancy  itself 
under  confinement,  when  the  sight  is  pent  up. 

Madison. 

2.  Restraint  from  zoing  abroad  by  sickness, 
particularly  by  child-birth;  the  lying-in  of 
a  woman. 

Conflner  (kon-fin'er),  n.    One  who  or  that  i 
which  confines 

Conflnert  (kon-fin'er  orkon'fin-er),n.  A  bor- 
derer; one  who  lives  on  confines,  or  near 
the  border  of  a  country;  a  neighbour. 

The  senate  ha:h  stirr'd  up  the  confincrs.      Skat. 
Though  gladness  and  grief  be  opposite  in  nature, 
they  arc  neighbours  and  conjiners  in  art. 

Conflnltyt  (kon-fln'i-ti),  n.  [L.  confini- 
tas.}  Contiguity;  nearness;  neighbourhood. 
Bailey. 

Confirm  (kon-ferm'),  v.  t.  [L.  confirmo—con, 
anilfinno,  to  make  firm,  homfirnnit,  firm.] 

1.  To  make  firm, or  more  firm;  to  add  strength 
to;  to  strengthen;  as,  health  is  confirmed 
by  exercise. 

According  to  the  politician's  creed,  religion  being 
useful  to  the  state,  and  yet  only  a  well-invented  fie. 
lion  .  all  inquiries  into  its  truth  naturally  tend, 
not  to  confirm,  but  to  unsettle  this  necessary  sup. 
port  of  civil  government.  IVarburton. 

2.  To  settle  or  establish. 

Confirm  the  crown  to  me  and  to  mine  heirs.   Shak. 
I  confirm  thce  in  the  high  priesthood,  and  appoint 
thee  ruler.  Maccab.  «i.  57. 

3.  To  make  certain;  to  give  new  assurance 
of  truth  or  certainty;  to  put  past  doubt;  to 
assure;  to  verify;  as,  my  suspicions  are  now 
fully  confirmed. 

These  likelihoods  confirm  her  flight.      Sha*. 
The  testimony  of  Christ  unconfirmed  in  you. 
t  Cor.  1.  6. 

4.  To  sanction;  to  ratify;  as,  to  confirm  an 
agreement,  promise,  covenant,  or  title. 

That  treaty  so  prejudicial  ought  to  have  been  re- 
mitted rather  than  confirmed.  Suit/I. 

5.  To  strengthen  in  resolution,  purpose,  or 
opinion. 

Confirming  the  souls  of  the  disciples,  and  exhort- 

ing  them  to  continue  in  the  faith,  and  that  we  must 

through  much  tribulation  enter  into  the  kingdom  of 

God  Acts  xiv.  22.       | 

Confirmed  then  I  resolve 

Adam  shall  share  with  me  in  bliss  or  woe.    Milton. 

6.  Eccles.  to  admit  to  the  full  privileges  of 
a  Christian,  by  the  imposition  of  hands;  to 
administer  the  rite  of  confirmation  to. 

Those  who  are  confirmed  are  thereby  supposed 
to  be  fit  for  admission  to  the  sacrament. 

Hammond. 

SVN.  To  strengthen,  corroborate,  establish, 
fix,  settle,  verify,  assure. 
ConfirmaMe  (kon-ferm'a-bl),  a.  1  Capable 
of  being  confirmed,  established,  or  ratified; 
capable  of  being  made  more  certain.  '  Con- 
finnable  by  many  examples. '  Sir  T.  Browne. 
2.  Corroboratory.  '  Confinnable  in  their  de- 
claration as  witnesses.'  R.  Parke.  [Rare.] 
Conflrmance  (kon-ferm'ans),  n.  Confirma- 
tion; establishment  of  confidence.  [Rare.] 

For  their  conftrmunte,  I  will  therefore  now 
Slepe  in  our  black  barke.  Chapman. 

Confirmation  ( kon-ferm-a'shon ).  n.  1.  The 
act  of  confirming:  (a)  the  act  of  establish- 
ing; a  fixing,  settling,  establishing,  or  mak- 
ing more  certain  or  firm;  establishment. 


ingi 

In  the  defence  and  confirma, 
are  all  partakers  of  my  grace. 


i  of  the  gospel,  ye 


(6)  The  act  of  rendering  more  clear  or  show- 
ing to  be  true,  as  by  new  evidence;  the  act 
of  corroborating ;  as,  the  con/irwiaticii  of 
opinion  or  report. 

A  false  report  hath 

Honoured  with  confirmation  your  great  judgment. 
Shak. 

(c)  The  act  of  rendering  valid  or  ratifying, 
especially  by  formal  assent;  as,  the  confirm- 
ation  of   an  appointment,   grant,  treaty, 
promise,  covenant,  or  stipulation. 

It  was  found  impossible  to  obtain  a  repeal  of  the 
act  of  supremacy  without  the  pope's  explicit  con- 
firmation of  the  abbey  lands  to  their  new  proprie- 
tors. Hallam. 

(d)  Eccles.  the  act  or  ceremony  of  laying  on 
of  hands  by  a  bishop  in  the  admission  of 
baptized  persons  to  the  enjoyment  of  Chris- 
tian privileges ;  the  person  to  be  confirmed 
now  taking  upon   himself   the  baptismal 
vows  made  in  his  name  at  his  baptism.  This 
is  practised  in  the  Greek,  Roman  Catholic, 
and  English  churches. 

This  ordinance  is  called  confirmation,  because 
they  who  duly  receive  it  are  confirmed  or  strength- 
ened for  the  fulfilment  of  their  Christian  duties  by 
the  grace  therein  bestowed  upon  them.  Hook. 


2.  That  which  confirms;  that  which  gives 
new  strength  or  assurance ;  additional  evi- 
dence; proof;  convincing  testimony. 

Trifles  light  as  air 

Are  to  the  jealous  confirmations  strong 

As  proofs  of  holy  writ.  Shut. 

3.  In  law.  an  assurance  of  title,  by  the  con- 
veyance of  an  estate  or  right  in  esse  from 
one  man  to  another,  by  which  a  voidable 
estate  is  made  sure  or  unavoidable,  or  a 
particular  estate   is   increased,  or  a  pos- 
session made  perfect.  —  Charter  of  confir- 
mation, in  Scots  law,  one  of  the  most  or- 
dinary methods  of  completing  a  purchaser's 
title;  it    ratifies    and  confirms  the   right 
granted  to  the  purchaser,  and  the  sasine 
following  upon  it.  —  Confinnation  of  execu- 
tor, the  form  in  which  a  title  is  conferred 
on  the  executor  of  a  person  deceased,  to  in- 
tromit  with  and  administer  the  defunct's 
movable  effects,  for  behoof  of  the  executor 
himself  or  of  those  interested  in  the  suc- 
cession. 

Confirmative  (kon-ferm'a-tiv),  a.  Having 
the  power  of  confirming;  tending  to  estab- 
lish; confirmatory;  as,  what  you  say  is  nuite 
confirmative  of  my  statement. 

Conflrmatively  (kon-ferm'a-tiv-li),  adv.  In 
a  confirmative  manner;  so  as  to  confirm. 

Confirmator  (kon-ferm-a'ter),  n.  He  who 
or  that  which  confirms.  Sir  T.  Browne. 
[Rare.] 

Confirmatory  (kon-ferm'a-tor-i),  a.  1.  Si-rv- 
ing  to  confirm:  giving  additional  strength, 
force,  or  stability,  or  additional  assurance 
or  evidence. 

To  each  of  these  reasons  he  subjoins  ample  and 
learned  illustrations  and  confirmatory  proofs. 

Bf.  Rarltna. 

2.  Pertaining  to  the  rite  of  confirmation. 
'The  confirmatory  usage  in  the  synagogues.' 
Bp.  Compton. 

Confirmed  (kon-fermd').  p.  and  a.  1.  Made 
more  firm;  strengthened;  established;  fixed; 
settled;  decided ;  as,  a  confirmed  blackguard; 
A  confirmed  drunkard;  a  confirmed  valetu- 
dinarian 

Those  affecting  hallucinations  terrified  them,  lest 
they  should  settle  into  a  confirmed  loss  of  reason. 
Lord  l.wl.m. 

2.  Eccles.  admitted  to  the  full  privileges  of 
the  church. 

Conflrmedly  (kon-ferm'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  con- 
firmed manner. 

Conftrmedness  ( kon.ferm'ed-nes),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  confirmed.  '  Con- 

Jirmedness  of  habit.'    Dr.  H.  More. 

Confirmee  (kon-ferm-e'),  n.  In  law,  one  to 
whom  anything  is  confirmed  or  secured. 

Confirmer  (kon-ferm'er),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  confirms,  establishes,  or  rati- 
nes ;  one  that  produces  new  evidence ;  an 
attester. 

Conflrmlngly  (kon-ferm'ing-ll),  adv.  In 
such  a  manner  as  to  strengthen  or  corrobo- 
rate. B.  Jonson. 

Conflscable  (kon-fislca-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  confiscated ;  liable  to  forfeiture.  Sir 
T.  Browne.  [Rare.] 

Confiscate  (kon-fls'kat  or  kon'fls-kat),  v.t. 
pret.  &  pp.  confiscated;  ppr.  confiscating. 
[L.  confisco.  confiscatum,  to  seize  upon  for 
the  public  treasury,  to  confiscate— con,  to- 
gether, and  fiscus,  a  money-bag,  the  state 
treasury,  public  revenue.)  1.  To  adjudge 
to  be  forfeited  to  the  public  treasury,  as  the 
goods  or  estate  of  a  traitor  or  other  crimi- 
nal, by  way  of  penalty;  to  appropriate,  as  a 
penalty,  to  public  use. 

It  was  judged  he  should  be  banished,  and  his  wliole 
estate  confiscated  and  seized.  Bacon. 

2.  More  generally,  to  appropriate  under 
legal  authority  as  forfeited ;  as,  a  railway 
company  has  power  to  confiscate  a  season- 
ticket  found  in  the  possession  of  any  one- 
but  the  peraon  in  whose  name  it  is  made 
out. 
Confiscate  (kon-fls'kat  or  kon'fls-kat),  a. 

1.  Forfeited  and  adjudged  to  the  public 
treasury,  as  the  goods  of  a  criminal. 

Thy  lands  and  goods 
Are  by  the  laws  of  Venice  confiscate.        Shai. 

2.  Appropriated  under  legal  authority  as 
forfeited. 

Confiscation  (kon-fls-ka'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  confiscating  or  appropriating  as  forfeited. 
'  The  confiscations  following  a  subdued  re- 
bellion.' Hallam. 

Confiscator  (kon'fls-ka-ter),  n.  One  who 
confiscates.  Burke. 

Conflscatory  (kon-fls"ka-tor-i),a.  Consign- 
ing to  forfeiture ;  relating  to  confiscation. 
'Those  terrible  confiscatary  and  extermina- 
tory periods.'  Burke. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me.  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  mSve;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      1,  Sc.  ley. 


CONFIT 


551 


CONFORMKK 


Confltt  (kon'flt),  n.    [See  COMFIT.  ]    A  sweet- 

Confltentt  (kon'fl-tent),  n.  [L.  mnftens. 
See  CONFESS.  ]  One  who  confesses  his  sins 
and  faults. 

A  wide  difference  there  is  between  a  mere  co'iji- 
lent  and  a  true  penitent.  /->''.  //-  More. 

Conflteor  (kon-flt'e-or),  ».  [L,  I  confess.] 
The  technical  name  for  the  confession  in 
the  Latin  Church.  Keo.  F.  G.  Lee. 
Confiture*  (kon'n-tiir),  n.  [See  COMFIT, 
COMFITURE.]  1.  The  act  of  making  confec- 
tions. Holland.  —2.  A  sweetmeat;  confec- 
tion; comfit.  Bacon. 

Conflxt  (kon-flks'),t>.(.  (L.configo,  conflxum 
—  con,  intcns.,  and  ftrjo,  flxum,  to  fix.]  To 
fix  down;  to  fasten. 

As  this  is  true. 

Let  me  in  safety  raise  me  from  my  knees. 
Or  else  for  ever  be  confixed  here, 
A  marble  monument  1  Sftak. 

Conflxuret  (kon-flks'ur),  71.  The  act  of  fast- 
ening. W.  Montague. 

Conflagrant  (kon-tla'grant),  a.  [L.  confla- 
iiraim,  cnnflagro  —  con,  with,  and  flagro,  to 
burn,  whence  flagrant.]  Burning  together; 
involved  in  a  common  flame.  [Rare.] 

To  dissolve 

Satan  with  his  perverted  world ;  then  raise 
From  the  conflagrant  mass,  purged  and  refined. 
New  heavens,  new  earth,  ages  of  endless  date. 
Founded  in  righteousness  and  peace  and  love. 
Milton. 

Conflagration  (kon-fla-gra'shon),  71.  [L.  COH- 
flaijratio.  See  above.]  A  great  fl re,  or  the 
burning  of  any  great  mass  of  combustibles; 
as  the  conflagration  of  a  city  or  of  a  forest; 
the  final  conflagration  of  the  world.  'The 
conflagration  of  all  things  under  Phaeton.  _ 
Sir  T.  Browne.  'Floods  and  conflagrations. 
Bentleii. 

Conflate  (kon-flaf),  v.t.  pret.  and  pp.  con- 
flated; ppr.  conflating.  [L.  conflo,  conflatuin, 
to  blow  -con,  and  flo,  to  blow,  which  is  from 
same  root  as  E.  blow.]  To  blow  together; 
to  waft  together  from  several  sources ;  to 
bring  together;  to  collect. 

The  States-General,  created  and  conflated  by  the 
passionate  effort  of  the  whole  nation,  is  there  as  a 
thing  high  and  lifted  up.  Carlylc. 

Conflate  t  (kon'flat),  a.  Blown  together; 
wafted  together  from  several  sources;  het- 
erogeneous. Mir.  for  Mags. 

Conflation  (kon-fla'shon),  n.  [L.  conflatio. 
See  CONFLATE.]  1.  The  act  of  blowing  two 
or  more  musical  instruments  together. 

The  sweetest  and  best  harmony  is,  when  every  part 
or  instrument  is  not  heard  by  itself,  but  a  conjlat. 
of  them  all.  Bttcon 

2.  A  melting  or  casting  of  metal.  Johnson. 
[In  both  uses  now  probably  obsolete.] 

Conflexuret  (kon-fleks'ur),  n.  A  bending 
ISailei/. 

Conflict  (kon'flikt),  n.  [L.  conflict™,  a  con- 
flict, a  striking  together,  from  confligo-con, 
together,  amlfligo,  to  strike,  to  dash.]  1.  A 
fighting  or  struggle  for  mastery;  a  combat 
a  battle ;  a  striving  to  oppose  or  overcome 


active  opposition;  contention;  controversy 
strife  '  The  luckless  conflict  with  the  gian 
stout.'  Spenser.  'The  shadow  of  spiritua 
doubt  and  conflict.'  Dr.  Caird. 

Leffnato  You  must  not,  sir,  mistake  my  niece 
There  is  a  kind  of  merry  war  betwixt  Sigmor  Bene 
dick  and  her :  they  never  meet  but  there  s  a  skir 
mish  of  wit  between  them. 

Beatrice.  Alas!  he  gets  nothing  by  that.  Iij  on 
last  conflict,  four  of  his  five  wits  went  halting^ort^ 

They  closed 

In  conflict  with  the  crash  of  shivering  points. 
Tennyson. 

2   A  dashing  together ;  violent  action ;  ai 
the  conflict  of  the  winds  and  waves.—  Co?] 
flM  of  laws,  the  opposition  between  th 
municipal  laws  of  different  countries,  i 
the  case  of  an  individual  who  may  hav 
acquired  rights  or  become  subject  to  duties 
within  the  limits  of  more  than  one  kingdom 
or  state  —Battle,  Fight,  Combat,  Engage- 
ment, Conflict.    See  under  BATTLE. —  SVN. 
Collision,  contest,  struggle,  combat,  strife, 
contention,   opposition,    antagonism,   war, 
battle,  fight,  pang,  agony. 
Conflict  (kon-flikf),  v.  i.    1.  To  strike  or  dash 
against;  to  meet  and  oppose,  as  bodies  driven 
by  violence.      'The   conflicting  elements. 
Shak. 

Lash'd  into  foam  the  fierce  conflicting  brine 
Seems  o'er  a  thousand  raging  waves  to  burn. 
1  nomson. 

2.  To  contend;  to  fight;  to  strive  or  struggle 
to  resist  and  overcome. 

A  man  should  be  content  to  strive  with  himself, 
and  conflict  with  great  difficulties.  ;- 
mighty  reward.  * 

3  To  be  in  opposition ;  to  be  contrary ;  as, 
the  evidence  given  by  the  second  witness 


conflicted  with  that  given  by  the  nrst  -  SVN. 
To  tight,  contend,  contest,  oppose,  resist, 
stru^'-ile,  combat. 

Conflicting  (k.m-flikt'ing),  a.  Being  in  op- 
position; contrary;  contradictory ;  incom- 
patible; as,  conflicting  jurisdiction;  the  evi- 
dence was  very  conflicting. 

Confliction  (kon-ttik'shon),  7*.  Act  of  con- 
flicting or  clashing;  state  of  being  in  con- 
flict with;  want  of  harmony.  [Rare.] 

This  question  is,  however,  one  of  complicated  diffi- 
culties, from  the  confticlion,  in  every  form  and  de- 
gree, of  public  expediency  and  private  rights. 

.SYr  /#'.  Hamilton. 

Conflictive  (kon-nik'tiv),  a.  Tending  to  con- 
flict; conflicting.  'Conflictive  systems  of 
theology.'  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 
onflow!  (kon-flo'),  v.  i.  [  Prefix  con,  together, 
and  E.  flow.]  To  flow  together ;  to  join  ;  to 
unite.  '  Brooks  conflowing  thither  on  every 
side.'  Holland. 

onfluctuatet  (kon-tluk'tu-at),  u.t.  [L.  can- 
fluctuo—con,  together,  tavifluctuo,  to  How.] 
To  How  together.  Ash. 
Confluence  (kon'nu-ens),  n.  [L.  confluentia, 
from  conflno  —  con,  and  fluo,  to  flow.]  1.  A 
flowing  together ;  the  meeting  or  junction 
of  two  or  more  streams  of  water  or  other 
fluid;  also,  the  place  of  meeting;  as,  thecon- 
fluence  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi.  'A 
riotous  confluence  of  water-courses.'  Ten- 
nyson. Fig.  'The  confluence  ...  of  all 
true  joys.'  Boyle.—  2.  The  running  together 
of  people;  the  act  of  meeting  and  crowding 
in  a  place ;  a  crowd ;  a  concourse.  '  A  con- 
fluence of  people  from  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
try.' Sir  W.  Temple. 

You  see  this  confluence,  this  great  flood  of  visitors. 

Confluent  (kon'flu-ent),  a.  [L.  cmtfluens.] 
Flowing  together ;  meeting  in  their  course, 
as  two  streams;  meeting. 

The  vilest  cockle,  gaping  on  the  coast. 

That  rounds  the  ample  seas,  as  well  may  boast. 

The  craggy  rock  projects  above  the  sky 

That  he  ill  safety  at  its  foot  may  lie. 

And  the  whole  ocean's  conflntnt  waters  swell 

Only  to  mieiich  his  thirst,  or  move  and  blanch  his 

shell.  frier. 

These  confluent  streams  make  one  great  river's 
head.  Btactmort. 

2.  Ill  anat.  see  extract. 

In  anat  confluent  notes  the  cohesion  or  blending 
together  of  two  bones  which  were  originally  separate; 
connate,  that  the  ossification  of  the  common  fibrous 
or  cartilaginous  bases  of  two  bones  proceeds  from 
a  common  centre  or  point,  and  so  converts  such  bases 
into  one  bone,  as  in  the  radius  and  ulna,  in  the  tibia 
and  fibula  of  a  frog.  HaUyx. 

3.  In  bot.  united  at  some  part;  as,  confluent 
leaves    that  is,  leaves  united  at  the  base ; 
confluent  lobes.-4.  In  pathol.  (a)  running 
together;  as,  confluent  pustules,   (o)  Charac- 
terized by  confluent  pustules ;  as,  confluent 
small-pox. 

Confluent  (kon'flu-ent),  71.  1.  A  tributary 
stream.— 2.  t  The  place  of  joining  or  conflu- 
ence of  two  streams.  '  The  confluent  where 
both  streams  meet  together.'  Holland. 

Conflux  (kon'nuks),  71.  [L.  confluo,  confluxi, 
to  flow  together.  See  CONFLUENCE.]  1.  A 
flowing  together;  a  meeting  of  two  or  more 
currents  of  a  fluid. 

As  knots,  by  the  conflux  of  meeting  sap. 
Infect  the  sound  pine  and  divert  his  gram 
Tortive  and  errant  from  his  course  of  growth. 

I  walked  till  I  came  to  the  cwflitx  of  two  rivulets. 

LOOK. 

2.  A  collection ;  a  crowd ;  a  multitude  col- 
lected. 

To  the  gates  cast  round  thine  eye,  and  see 

What  conflux  issuing  forth  or  entenng  in.    Milton. 

The 


2.  To  bring  into  hurniony  orc<irreB|M>nd*-n- ,- 
to  make  agreeable;  to  adapt;  to  submit: 
often  with  reflexive  pnmouui. 

Demand   of   them   wherefore    they  ton/orin   not 
themselves  unto  the  order  of  the  church.      Hooter. 
Our  purer  essence  then  will  overcome 
Their  noxious  vapours,  or.  inured,  not  feel : 
Or  changed  at  length,  and  to  the  place  cenforttiti 
In  tcini't-r  and  in  nature,  will  receive 
I-.tmili.-ir  the  fierce  heat,  and  void  of  pain.    Mtllou. 
Conform  (kon-form'),  t.i.     1.  To  act  In  con- 
formity to  or  compliance  with;  to  olK-y: 
with  t»;  a*,  to  conform  to  the  fashion  or  to 
custom.     'A  rule  Co  which  experience  must 
confurm.'    Vfltraell,    Specifically— 2.  KccUt. 
to  comply  with  the  usages  of  the  Estab- 
lished Church :  in  this  sense  often  used  ab- 
solutely. 

Pray  tell  me.  when  any  dissenter  conforms,  and 
enters  into  the  church-communion,  1^  lie  ever  exam- 
ined  to  see  whether  he  does  it  upon  reason  and  con- 
viction? Locke. 

About  two  thousand  ministers  of  religion,  whose 
conscience  did  not  suffer  them  to  conform,  were 
driven  from  their  benefices  in  one  day.  Afacaulay. 

Conformability  (ki  >n-form'a-bil"i-ti),  n.  The 
state  or  quality  of  being  conformable;  spe- 
cifically, In  geol.  the  relation  of  two  strata, 
the  one  of  which  reposes  on  the  other  and 
is  parallel  to  it.  See  COSFOKMABLK. 

Conformable  (kon-form'a-bl),  a.  1.  Corre- 
sponding in  form,  character,  manner*,  opin- 
ions, &c.;  resembling;  like;  similar. 

The  Gentiles  were  not  made  conformable  to  the 
Jews,  in  that  which  was  to  cease  at  the  coming  of 
Christ.  Hooter. 

2.  In  harmony  or  conformity;  agreeable; 
suitable;  consistent;  adapted.     'Con/orw- 
able  to  all  the  rules  of  correct  writing.' 
Addition. 

How  were  it  possible  that  to  such  a  faith  our  lives 
should  not  be  conformable  t  Chillingworth. 

The  fragments  of  Sappho  give  us  a  taste  of  her 
way  of  writing  perfectly  conformable  with  that  cha- 
racter we  findof  her.  Addison. 

3.  Compliant;  ready  to  follow  directions; 
submissive;  obsequious;  disposed  to  obey. 

I  have  been  to  you  a  true  and  humble  wife, 
At  all  time  to  your  will  conformable.      SnaK. 

[In  all  the  preceding  senses  generally  fol- 
lowed by  to.  sometimes  by  with.]— 4.  In  pro- 
per form;  convenient.  'To  make  matters 
somewhat  conformable  for  the  old  knight. 
Sir  W.  Scott.  [Rare.]  — 5  In  geol.  lying  in 
parallel  or  nearly  parallel  planes;  having 


,        hopes  ol  a 
Abp.  Ttltolson. 


Confluxibilityt  (kon-fluks'i-bil"i-ti),  71.  The 
tendency  of  fluids  to  run  together.  The 
gravity  and  confliixibility  of  the  liquors. 

Confluxiblet  (kon-fluks'i-bl).  a.    Inclined 

to  flow  or  run  together. 
Confluxiblenesst  (kon-fluks'i-bl-nes).  Same 

as  Conftuxibilitii. 
Confocal  (kon-fo-kal),  a.    [Prefix  con,  with, 

and/ocai.]   In  math,  having  the  same  focus; 

as,c<m/ocaJ qnadrics; confocal comes.  Brande 

Conform  (kon-formO.  a,.  [L.  conformis-cmi, 
and/orwo,  form.]  Conformable. 

Care  must  be  taken  that  the  interpretation  giver 
be  every  way  conform  to  the  analogy  of  faith  and 
fully  accordant  to  other  scriptures.  tip.  n 

Conform  (kon-form'),  v.t.  [L.  confonno— 
con  and  Vormo,  to  form  or  shape,  from 
forma,  form.  ]  1.  To  make  of  the  same  form 
or  character;  to  make  like:  with  to;  as.  to 
conform  anything  to  a  model. 

For  whom  he  did  foreknow,  he  also  did  predesti- 
nate to  be  con  formed  to  the  image  of  his  Son...  ^ 


Conformable  and  Unconformable  Strata. 

the  same  dip  and  changes  of  dip :  said  of 
strata  or  groups  of  strata.  The  opposite 
term  is  unconformable,  which  is  used  when 
one  set  of  strata  is  so  connected  with  an- 
other that  the  planes  of  stratification  of  the 
one  series  have  a  different  direction  from 
those  of  the  other  series. 

Conformableness  (kon-form'a-bl-nes),  n. 
State  of  being  conformable.  Ash. 

Conformably  (kon  form'a-bli),  adv.  In  a 
conformable  manner;  in  conformity  with; 
suitably;  agreeably.  'Conformably  to  the 
law  and  nature  of  God.'  Dp.  Beveridge. 

Conformance  (kon-form'ans),  11.  The  act  of 
conforming;  conformity.  Southey.  [Rare.] 

Conformant  t  (kon-form'ant),  o.  Conform- 
able. 

Herein  is  divinity  conformant  unto  philosophy. 
Sir  T.  Brvn-ne. 

Conformate  (kon-form'at),  a.  Having  the 
same  form.  [Rare.] 

Conformation  (kon-form-a  shon),  n.  1. 1  he 
manner  in  which  a  body  is  formed;  the 
particular  texture  or  structure  of  a  body,  or 
disposition  of  the  parts  which  compose  it ; 
form;  structure. 

When  there  happens  to  be  such  a  structure  and 
conformation  of  the  earth  as  that  the  fire  may  pass 
freely  into  these  spiracles  it  then  le*d'l]',F"^"rj 

Varieties  are  found  in  the  different  natural  shapes  of 
the  mouth,  and  several  caa/ormaOaa  of  the 'organs. 
Holder. 

"  The  act  of  conforming;  the  act  of  pro- 
ducing suitableness  or  conformity :  with  fo. 
'The  conformation  of  onr  hearts  and  lives 
to  the  duties  of  true  religion.'  Watt». 
Conformer  (kon-form'er).  n.  One  who  con- 
formY;  one  who  complies  with  established 
forms  or  doctrines.  '  Confonnera  unto  the 
said  doctrine  of  that  church.'  Xountayu. 


ch,  Main;      6h,  Sc.  locn;      g,  go;     j.job;    n,  Fr.  ton; 


IH,  <Aen;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig.;     wh,  whig;     th,  azure. -See  K 


CONFORMIST 


552 


CONFUSION 


Conformist  (kon-form'ist),  n.  One  who  con- 
forms or  complies;  specifically,  one  who 
complies  with  the  worship  of  the  Church 
of  England  or  of  the  Established  Church,  as 
distinguished  from  a  Dissenter  or  Noncon- 
formist. 

The  case  is  the  same  if  the  husband  should  be  the 
conformist;  though  how  the  law  is  to  operate  in  this 
case  1  do  not  see :  for  the  act  expressly  says  that  the 
child  shall  be  taken  from  such  I'opish  parent. 

Burke. 

Conformity  (kou-form'i-ti),  n.  1.  Corre- 
spondence in  former  manner;  resemblance; 
agreement;  c.ongruity;  likeness;  correspond- 
ence; harmony:  in  this  and  next  meaning 
followed  by  to  or  with  before  the  object  with 
which  another  agrees,  and  in  before  the 
matter  in  which  there  is  agreement ;  as,  a 
ship  is  constructed  in  conformity  to  or  icith 
a  model ;  conformity  in  shape. 

Space  and  duration  have  a  great  conformity  in 
this,  that  they  are  justly  reckoned  among  our  simple 
ideas.  Locke. 

In  conformity,  indeed,  to  the  unfeigned  friendship 
which  had  been  so  long  cemented  between  us,  I  re- 
joice in  every  advantage  that  can  attend  you. 

Me/moth. 

2.  Correspondence  with  the  decrees  or  dic- 
tates of;  submission;  accordance. 

We  cannot  be  otherwise  happy  but  by  our  con- 
formity  to  God.  Tillotson. 

The  whole  nation  was  sick  of  the  government  of 
the  sword,  and  pined  for  government  by  the  law. 
The  restoration,  therefore,  even  of  anomalies  and 
abuses,  which  were  in  strict  conformity  -with  the 
law,  and  which  had  been  destroyed  by  the  sword, 
gave  general  satisfaction.  Afacaulay, 

Specifically-  3.  Ecctes.  compliance  with  the 
usages  or  principles  of  the  English  Church. 
*  A  proclamation  requiring  all  ecclesiastical 
and  civil  officers  to  do  their  duty  by  en- 
forcing conformity.'  Hallam.—Bill  of  con- 
formity, in  law,  when  an  executor  or  ad- 
ministrator finds  the  affairs  of  his  testator 
or  intestate  so  much  involved  that  he  cannot 
safely  administer  the  estate  except  under  the 
direction  of  the  Court  of  Chancery,  he  flies  a 
bill  against  the  creditors  generally,  for  the 
purpose  of  having  all  their  claims  adjusted 
and  a  final  decree  settling  the  order  and 
payment  of  the  assets.  This  bill  is  called  a 
bill  of  conformity. 

Confortatlon t  (kon-fer-ta'shon),  n.  [See 
COMFORT.]  The  act  of  strengthening. 

For  corroboration  and  confortation  take  such 
bodies  as  are  of  astringent  quality.  Bacon. 

Confound  (kon-found'),  v.t.  [Fr.  confondre, 
from  L.  coiifundo — con,  together,  and/undo, 
to  pour  out ;  lit.  to  pour  or  throw  together.  ] 

1.  To  mingle  confusedly  together;  to  mix 
in  a  mass  or  crowd  so  that  individuals  can- 
not be  distinguished ;  to  throw  into  disorder; 
to  confuse.    '  With  bluster  to  confound  sea, 
earth,  and  shore.'  Milton.  '  Confusion  worse 
co-founded. '    Milton. 

Let  us  go  down,  and  there  confound  their  language. 

2.  To  mistake  one  for  another ;  to  make  a 
mistake  between;  to  regard  as  identical 
though  different. 

A  fluid  body  and  a  wetting  liquor  are  wont, 
because  they  agree  in  many  things,  to  be  con- 
founded. Boyle. 

The  tinkers  then  formed  an  hereditary  caste. 
They  were  generally  vagrants  and  pilferers,  and 
were  often  confounded  with  the  gipsies.  Afacanlajt. 

3.  To  throw  into  consternation  ;  to  perplex 
with  terror,  surprise,  or  astonishment ;  to 
stupefy  with  amazement ;  to  abash. 

So  spake  the  Son  of  God ;  and  Satan  stood 
A  while  as  mute,  confounded  what  to  say.    Milton. 
The  sparrow's  chirrup  on  the  roof. 
The  slow  clock  ticking,  and  the  sound 
Which  to  the  wooing  wind  aloof 
The  poplar  made,  did  all  confound 
Her  sense.  Tennyson. 

4.  To   destroy ;    to   overthrow ;    to    ruin. 

'  One  man's  lust  these  many  lives  con-  i 
found*.'  Shak.  'So  deep  a  malice  to  con-  ' 
found  the  race  of  mankind.'  Milton.  Hence  [ 
such  interjectional  phrases  as,  confound  it!  [ 
confound  the  fellow  1 

Which  infinite  calamity  shall  cause 
To  human  life,  and  household  peace  confound. 
Milton. 

5.  t  To  waste  or  spend  uselessly,  as  time. 

He  did  confound  the  best  part  of  an  hour 

In  changing  hardiment  with  great  Glendower. 

Shak.       \ 

—  Abash,  Confuse,  Confound.  See  under 
ABASH. 

Confounded  (kon-found'ed),  a.  Excessive ; 
odious ;  detestable ;  as,  a  confounded  lie ;  a 
confounded  humbug.  [CoIloq.J 

He  was  a  most  confounded  Tory.  Swift. 

Confoundedly  (kon-found'ed-li),  adv.  Enor- 
mously ;  greatly ;  shamefully ;  odiously ;  de- 


B 


testably;  as,  he  w&s  confoundedly  avaricious. 

[Colloq.] 

Secure  of  our  hearts,  yet  confoundedly  sick, 
If  they  were  not  his  own  by  finessing  and  trick. 
Goldsmith. 

Confoundedness  ( kon-  found  'ed-nes),  n. 
The  state  of  being  confounded.  Milton. 

Confounder  (kon-fouml'er),  n.  One  who 
or  that  which  confounds:  (a)  one  who 
disturbs  the  mind,  perplexes,  refutes,  frus- 
trates, and  puts  to  shame  or  silence.  'Ig- 
norance .  .  .  the  common  confounder  of 
truth.'  B.  J onsen. 

Close  around  him  and  confound  him, 

The  confounder  of  us  all.  J.  H.  Frere, 

(b)  One  who  mistakes  one  thing  for  another, 
or  who  mentions  things  without  due  dis- 
tinction. Dean  Martin. 

Confract  t  (kon'frakt),  a.  [L.  confractus  — 
con,  intens.,  and/rantpo,  fractus,  to  break.) 
Broken.  'The  body  being  into  dust  con- 

act.'    Dr.  II.  More. 

'onfractiont  (kon-f rak'shon),  n.  [See  above.  ] 
The  act  of  breaking  up.  Feltham. 

Confragoset  (kon-f  ra-goV),  a.  [L,  confra- 
rjosus—con,  together,  and/ran^o,  to  break.] 
Broken ;  rough ;  uneven.  '  Confrayose  cata- 
racts.' Evelyn. 

Confraternity  (kon-fra-ter'nt-ti),  n.  [It. 
confraternita,  Fr.  confraternity ^- con,  and 
L.  fraternitaif,  fraternity,  tromfrater,  bro- 
ther] A  brotherhood  ;  a  society  or  body  of 
men  united  for  some  purpose  or  in  some 
profession ;  as,  the  confraternity  of  Jesuits. 

The  confraternities  are  in  the  Roman  Church 
what  corporations  are  in  a  commonwealth.  Brevint. 

Confrere  (kon-frar),  n.  [Fr.  See  FRIAR.  ] 
A  colleague ;  a  fellow-member ;  an  asso- 
ciate in  something. 

Confrication  t  (kon-fri-ka'shon),  n.  [L.L. 
confricatio,  cot(fricationis,  a  rubbing  to- 
gether—L.  con,  together,  and  frico,  fri- 
catui/i,  to  rub. J  A  rubbing  together;  fric- 
tion. Bacon. 

Confrier,  t  Confriar  t  (kon-fri'er,  kon-f  ri'ar). 
n.  [Prefix  con,  ami  frier,  friar.]  One  of  the 
same  religious  order.  'Brethren  or  con- 
frierg  of  the  said  religion.'  Weeoer. 

Confront  (kon-frunf).  v.t.  [Fr.  confronter 
— L.  con,  together,  and  frona,  frontix,  the 
countenance  or  front]  1.  To  stand  facing; 
to  face ;  to  stand  ill  front  of. 

He  spoke  and  then  confronts  the  bull.      Dryden. 

2.  To  stand   in    direct  opposition   to ;    to 
meet  in  hostility;  to  oppose. 

Blood  hath  bought  blood,  and  blows  have  answer'd 

blows ; 

Strength  match'd  with  strength,  and    power  con- 
fronted power.  Shak. 
John  Hampden  .  .  .  had  the  courage  to  confront 
the  whole  power  of  the  government.        Macaulay. 

3.  To  set  face  to  face ;   to  bring  into  the 
presence  of,  as  an  accused  person  and  a 
witness,  in  court,  for  examination  and  dis- 
covery of  the  truth:   followed  by  with;  as, 
the  witness  was  confronted  with  the  accused. 

4.  To  set  together  for  comparison  ;  to  com- 
pare one  thing  with  another:   with  */•///,. 
[Rare.] 

When  I  confront  a  medal  -with  a  verse  I  only  show 
you  the  same  design  executed  by  different  hands. 
Addison. 

Confrontation  (kon-fron-ta'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  confronting :  (a)  the  act  of  bringing 
two  persons  into  the  presence  of  each  other 
for  examination  and  discovery  of  tmth. 
(w)  The  act  of  bringing  two  objects  together 
for  comparison.  Swinburne's  Travel*.  [Bare.] 

Confront©  (kon-frunt'e),  n.  [Fr.]  In  her. 
front  to  front.  See  under  AFFRONTE. 

Confronter  (kon-frunt'er),  n.  One  who 
confronts. 

Confrontment  (kon-f run t'ment),  n.  Act  of 
confronting ;  comparison.  [Rare.  ] 

Confucian,  Confucianist  ( kon  -  fu '  shi  -an, 
kon-fu'shi-an-ist),  n.  A  follower  of  Confu- 
cius, the  famous  Chinese  philosopher. 

Confucian  (kon-fu'shi-an),  a.  Relating  to 
(.Vnfucius. 

Confucianism  (kon-fu'shi-an-izm),  n.  The 
doctrines  or  system  of  morality  taught  by 
Confucius,  which  has  been  long  adopted  in 
China  as  the  basis  of  jurisprudence  and 
education.  It  inculcates  the  worship  of  no 
god,  and  can  scarcely  therefore  be  called  a 
religion. 

Confucianism  appeals  to  '  practical '  men.  It  lauds 
the  present  world;  rather  doubts  than  otherwise  the 
existence  of  a  future  one;  and  calls  upon  all  to  culti- 
vate such  virtues  as  are  seemly  in  citizens— industry, 
modesty,  sobriety,  gravity,  decorum,  and  thought- 
fulness.  .  .  .  Confucianism,  in  consequence,  almost 
immediately  after  the  death  of  its  founder,  became 
the  religion  of  the  state,  to  which  it  has  proved  an 
admirable  ally;  its  theory  of  government  being  noth- 
ing less  than  a  paternal  despotism. 

Chatnbers's  Ency. 


Confusability  (kon-fuz'a-biri-ti). «.  Capa- 
bility of  being  confused.  Xort/t  Brit.  Rev 

Confusable  (kon-fuz'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  confused. 

Confuse  (kon-f uz'),v.t.  pret.  &pp.  confuted; 
ppr.  confusing.  [L.  confitmtn;  Fr.  con  tux 
from  L.  con/undo.  See  CONFOUND.]  1.  To 
mix  up  without  order  or  clearness;  to  bring 
disorder  among;  to  throw  together  indis- 
criminately; to  derange  ;  to  disorder;  to 
jumble;  to  involve;  as,  a  careless  book- 
keeper has  confused  the  accounts;  the  cla- 
mour confused  his  ideas. 

What  the  people  but  a  herd  confused, 

A  miscellaneous  rabble!  Milton. 

2.  To  perplex  or  derange  the  mind  or  iilcm 
of;  to  embarrass;  to  disconcert;  to  cause  to 
lose  self-possession;  to  confound.  '  lias  the 
shock,  so  harshly  given,  confused  me.'  Ten- 
nyson. 

Confused  and.  sadly  she  at  length  replied.      Pope. 
The  want  of  arrangement  and  connexion  confuses 
the  reader.  Whately. 

—Abash,  Confuse,  Confound.  See  under 
ABASH. —SYN.  To  derange,  disorder,  jumble, 
involve,  abash,  disconcert,  confound,  em- 
barrass, distract. 

Cpnfuset  (kon-fuzO,  a.  1.  Mixed.  'Acon- 
fuse  cry.'  Bairet.—Z.  Perplexed.  'I  am  so 
confuse  that  I  cannot  say.'  Chaucer. 
Confused  (kon-fuzd'),  p.  and  a.  1.  Mixed 
up  together  without  order  or  arrangement; 
indiscriminately  mingled  ;  involved ;  disor- 
dered. '  Thus  roving  on  in  confused  march 
forlorn.'  Milton,  '  All  that  crowd  confused 
and  loud.'  Tennyson. 

Some  therefore  cried  one  thing,  and  some  another; 
for  the  assembly  was  confused,  and  the  more  p.tit 
knew  not  wherefore  they  were  come  together. 

Acts  xix.  3;. 

2.  Perplexed;  embarrassed;  disconcerted. 
'Remaining  utterly  confused  with  fears.' 
Tennyson.— SYN.  Mixed,  indiscriminate,  in- 
distinct, intricate,  involved,  deranged,  dis- 
ordered, abashed,  agitated,  disconcerted. 

Confusedly  (kon-fuz'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  con- 
fused manner;  in  a  mixed  mass;  without 
order;  indiscriminately;  with  agitation  of 
mind.  'Mixt  confusedly.'  Milton. 

Confusednesa  (kon-fuz'eil-nes),  n.  A  state 
of  being  confused;  want  of  order,  distinc- 
tion, or  clearness. 

The  cause  of  the  confnsedness  of  our  notions,  next 
to  natural  inability,  U  want  of  attention.  Karris. 

Confuselyt  (kon-fOz'li),  ado.  Confusedly; 
obscurely. 

As  when  a  name  lodg'd  in  the  memory. 
But  yet  through  time  almost  obliterate, 
Confittely  hovers  near  the  phantasy. 

Dr.  H.  More. 

Confusion  ( kon-f u'zhon),  n.  [L.  confueio. 
See  CONFUSE,  CONFOUND.]  l.  A  state  in 
which  things  are  so  confused  or  mixed  to- 
gether as  to  cause  perplexity  or  obscurity; 
an  indiscriminate  or  disorderly  mingling; 
disorder;  tumultuous  condition;  as,  tin-  <•<  n- 
f  union  of  the  crowd ;  a  confusion  of  ideas. 
'The  con/union  of  thought  to  which  the 
Aristotelians  were  liable.'  Whewell. 

God  only  wise,  to  punish  pride  of  wit. 

Among  men*s  wits  hath  this  confusion  wrought : 
As  the  proud  tow'r,  whose  points  the  clouds  did  hit, 
IJy  tongues'  confusion  was  to  ruin  brought. 

Sir  J.  Davits. 
The  whole  city  was  filled  with  confusion, 

Acts  xix.  39. 

And  never  yet  did  insurrection  want 
Such  water-colours  to  impaint  his  cause; 
Nor  moody  beggars  starving  for  a  time 
Of  pellinell  havoc  and  confusion.  ShaJt. 

2.  Perturbation  of  mind;  embarrassment; 
distraction. 

Confusion  dwelt  in  every  face. 

And  fear  in  every  heart.  Spectator. 

3.  Abashment;  shame. 

We  lie  down  in  our  shame,  and  our  confusion  cov- 
ered us.  Jer.  iii.  25, 

So  that  we  have  no  kind  of  thing  in  the  world  but 
our  sins  and  follies  that  we  can  call  our  own;  and 
those,  God  knows,  are  so  far  from  affording  nutter 
of  boasting  to  us.  that  they  ought  to  fill  us  with 
shame  and  confusion.  At>f,  Sharf. 

4.  Overthrow;  defeat;  ruin. 

Ruin  seize  thee,  ruthless  king  I 
Confusion  on  thy  banners  wait.          Gray. 

5.  A  crime  against  nature.    Lev.  xviii.  23.— 
6.t  One  who  confuses;  a  confounder.  Ckajh 
man.  —  7.  In  Scots  law,  a  mode  of  extin- 
guishing a  debt,  as  where  the  debtor  suc- 
ceeds to  the  creditor,  or  the  creditor  to  the 
debtor,  so  that  the  same  person  becomes 
both  debtor  and  creditor.  —  Confusion  of 
goods  is  where  the  goods  of  two  persons  are 
so  intermixed  that  the  several  portions  can 
be  no  longer  distinguished. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abime;     y,  Sc.  ley. 


CONFUSIVE 


553 


CONGLOBATE 


Confusive  (kou-fii'siv),  a.     Having  a  ten- 
dency to  confusion.    '  A  confusive  mutation 
in  the  face  of  the  world.'    tip.  Hall 
When  lo!  ere  yet  I  gained  its  lofty  brow 
The  sound  of  dulling  riixxls  ami  dashing  arms, 
And  neighing  steeds  coufusvvt  struck  mine  ear. 
T.  IVarton. 

Confutable  (kon-Wt'a-bll  a.  Capable  of 
being  confuted,  disproved,  or  overthrown; 
capable  of  being  proved  false,  defective,  or 
invalid.  'A  conceit  confutable  by  daily  ex- 
perience.' Sir  T.  Browne, 
Confutant  t  (kon-fut'ant),  n.  One  who  con- 
futes or  undertakes  to  confute.  Milton. 
Confutation  (kon-fu-ta'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
confuting,  disproving,  or  proving  to  be  false 
or  invalid ;  overthrow,  as  of  arguments, 
opinions,  reasoning,  theory,  or  error.  'A 
confutation  of  atheism  from  the  frame  of 
the  world.'  Bentley.  'His  great  pains  in 
the  confutation,  of  Luther's  books.'  Jer, 
Taylor. 

Confutative  (kon-fut'a-tiv),  a.  Adapted  or 
designed  to  confute;  as,  a  confutative  argu- 
ment. Warburton. 

Confute  (kon-fuf),w.t  pret.  &  pp.  confuted; 
ppr.  confuting.  [L.  confuto,  to  prevent 
water  from  boiling  over  by  pouring  in  cold 
water;  hence  figuratively,  to  put  down  by 
words,  to  confute— con,  together,  and/u(t#, 
a  pitcher,  from  f undo,  to  pour.]  1.  To  prove 
to  be  false,  defective,  or  invalid ;  to  dis- 
prove; to  overthrow;  as,  to  confute  argu- 
ments, reasoning,  theory,  error.  '  I  confute 
a  good  profession  by  a  bad  conversation  ' 
Fuller. 

No  man's  error  can  be  confuted  who  together  with 
his  error  doth  not  believe  and  grant  some  true  prin- 
ciple that  contradicts  his  error.  Chillingworth.. 

2.  To  prove  to  be  wrong;  to  convict  of  error, 
by  argument  or  proof. 

Satan  stood  .  .  .  confuted  and  convinced 
Of  his  weak  arguing  and  fallacious  drift.    Milton. 
But  since  no  reason  can  confute  ye 
I'll  try  to  force  you  to  your  duty.     Hudibras. 

Confute!  (kon-fiif),  n.  Confutation.  ' Ri- 
diculous and  false,  below  confute.'  Sir  T. 
Browne. 

Confutement  (kon-fut'ment),  n.  Confuta- 
tion; disproof.  Milton. 

Confuter  (kon-fut'er),  n.  One  who  disproves 
or  confutes.  Milton. 

Cong(kong),  n.  A  medical  abbreviation  for 
Congins,  a  gallon  of  4  quarts. 

Conge  (kon'je;  Fr.  pron.  kon-zha),  n.  [Fr, 
leave,  permission;  Pr.  comjat,  conjat;  from 
L.  comtneatus,  leave  of  absence,  furlough, 
from  commeo,  comineatum,  to  go  or  come  — 
com,  and  ineo,  to  go.  Compare  L.  sommare, 
with  Fr.  songer;  L.  serviems,  aervientis,  with 
Fr.  seraent,  &c.)  1.  Leave  to  depart;  fare- 
well ;  dismissal :  generally  in  such  phrases 
as  to  take  one's  conge;  to  give  one  his  cony£. 
They  courteous  cang-e'tookc,  and  forth  together  yode. 

Spenser. 

After  this  the  regent  would  write  to  him  from 
Brussels  that  she  was  pleased  to  learn  from  her 
brother  that  he  was  soon  to  give  him  his  conge, 

Prescott. 

Should  she  pay  off  old  Brings  and  give  her  her 
conget  Thackeray. 

2.  An  act  of  respect  performed  by  persons 
on  separating  or  taking  leave;  hence,  a  cus- 
tomary act  of  civility  on  other  occasions;  a 
bow  or  a  courtesy. 

The  captain  salutes  you  with  conge  profound. 
Swift. 

—Congt  d'elire  (eccles.),  the  sovereign's  li- 
cense or  permission  to  a  dean  and  chapter  to 
choose  a  bishop.  Though  nominally  choos- 
ing their  bishop  yet  the  dean  and  chapter  are 
bound  to  elect,  within  a  certain  time,  such 
person  as  the  crown  shall  recommend,  on 
pain  of  incurring  the  penalties  of  a  prce- 
inunire, 

Conge"  (kon'je),  n.  [Fr.]  In  arch,  the  same 
as  Apophyge  (which  see). 

Congeable  (kon'Je-a-bl),  a.  (Fr.  congf, 
leave,]  In  law,  lawful;  lawfully  done; done 
with  permission;  as,  entry  conyeable. 

Congeal  (kon-jeT),  v.t.  [L.  congelare~con, 
together,  and  gelare,  to  freeze,  from  gelv, 
cold,  whence  also  gelid,  jelly.]  1.  To  change 
from  a  fluid  to  a  solid  state  by  cold  or  a  loss 
of  heat,  as  water  in  freezing,  liquid  metal 
or  wax  in  cooling;  to  freeze;  to  stiffen;  to 
coagulate.  'Like  unto  slime  which  is  con- 
gealed.' Gower. 

(The  island  of  Sal)  hath  its  name  from  the  abun- 
dance of  salt  that  is  naturally  congealed  there,  the 
whole  island  being  full  of  large  salt  ponds. 

Dampier. 

Thick  clouds  ascend — in  whose  capacious  womb 
A  vapoury  deluge  lies,  to  snow  congealed. 

Thomson. 

2.  To  check  the  flow  of;  to  make  run  cold. 

Sadness  hath  congealed  your  blood.  ShaA. 


Congeal  (kun-jeT),  v.i.  To  grow  hard,  stiff 
or  thick;  to  pass  from  a  fluid  to  a  solid  state- 
to  coagulate.  '  Molten  lead  when  it  bttrin' 
neth  to  congeal.'  Bacon. 

When  water  congeals,  the  surface  of  the  ice  is 
smooth  and  level.  T.  Unmet. 

CongealaWe  (kon-jel'a-M),  a.  Capable  of 
being  congealed,  or  of  being  converted  from 
a  tluid  to  a  solid  state. 

And  yet  this  hot  and  subtile  liquor.  I  have  found 
upon  trial,  purposely  made,  to  be  more  easily  con- 
gealable  ...  by  cold  than  even  common  water. 

Congealableness  (kon-jel'a-bl-nes),  n^rhe 
quality  of  being  congealable.  Boyle 

Congealed  (kon-jeld'),  p.  and  a.  Converted 
into  ice,  or  a  solid  mass,  by  the  loss  of 
heat  or  other  process ;  coagulated ;  solidi- 
fied; frozen.  '  Congealed  and  blighted  Lap- 
landers.' Sidney  Smith. 

See!  dead  Henry's  wounds 
Open  their  congeal' d  mouths  and  bleed  afresh 

Stafc 

Congealedness  (kon-jeTed-nes),  n.  State 
of  being  congealed.  Dr.  II.  More. 
Congealment  (kon-jeTment),  n.  i.  The  act 
or  process  of  congealing ;  congelation.  — 
2.f  That  which  is  formed  by  congelation ;  a 
concretion;  a  clot. 

They  with  joyful  tears 
U  ash  the  congealment  from  your  wounds.     SAa£. 

Conge"  d'eslire,  Conge  d'elire  (koh'zha-da- 
ler),  n.  [Fr.]  See  under  CONoi,  n. 

Congee  (kon'je),  n.  Act  of  reverence;  conge". 

Congee  (kon'je),  o.i.  l.f  To  take  leave  with 
the  customary  civilities. 

I  have  congted  with  the  duke.  Shak. 

2.  To  use  ceremonious  and  respectful  inclin- 
ations of  the  body;  to  bow. 

I  do  not  like  to  see  the  church  and  synagogue 
kissing  and  congeeing  in  awkward  matures  of  an 
affected  civility.  Lamb. 

Congee  (kon-Je'X  n.     In  the  East  Indies, 

1.  Boiled  rice.— 2.  A  jail;  a  lock-up. 
Congee -water  (kon'jfi-wa'ter).  n.    In  the 

East  Indies,  water  in  which  rice  has  been 

boiled.    '  Congee-water  .  .  .  said  to  be  very 

antidysenteric.'     W.  II.  Russell. 
Congelable  (kon-jel'a-bl),  a.    Same  as  Con- 

geatable.     Arbuthnot. 
Congelation  (kon-je-la'shon),  n.    [L.  conge- 

latio. }    1.  The  act  or  process  of  congealing; 

the  state  of  being  congealed;  the  process  of 

passing,  or  the  act  of  converting,  from  a 

fluid  to  a  solid  state;  concretion. 

The  capillary  tubes  are  obstructed  either  by  out- 
ward compression  or  congelation  of  the  fluid. 

Arbttthnot. 

2.  What  is  congealed  or  solidified;  a  concre- 
tion. 

Near  them  little  plates  of  sugar  plums,  disposed 
like  so  many  heaps  of  hailstones,  with  a  multitude  of 
congelations  in  various  colours.  Taller. 

Congemlnation  t  (kon-jem-i-na'shon),  « 
The  act  of  doubling.  Cotgtave. 

Congener  (kon-je'ner  or  kon'jeu-er),  n.  [L.( 
of  the  same  race— con,  together,  and  genus, 
generis,  a  race.]  A  thing  of  the  same  kind 
or;  nearly  allied;  specifically,  in  not.  kit/t.  & 
plant  or  animal  belonging  to  the  same 
genus. 

Might  not  canary  birds  be  naturalized  to  this  cli- 
mate, provided  their  eggs  were  put  in  the  spring  into 
the  nests  of  some  of  tlieir  congeners,  as  goldfinches, 
greenfinches,  &c.T  Gilbert  If'hite. 

Congeneracy  (kon-jeu'er-a-si),  n.  Similarity 
of  nature.  [Rare.] 

They  are  ranged  neither  according  to  the  merit, 
nor  the  congeneracy,  of  their  conditions, 

Sir  T.  Rrwne. 

Congeneric,  Congenerical  (kon-je-ner'lk, 

kou-je-ner'ik-al),  a.  Being  of  the  same  kind 
or  nature;  belonging  to  the  same  genus;  be- 
ing congeners.  Owen. 

Congenerous  (kon-jen'er-us),  a.  1.  Of  the 
same  kind  or  nature ;  allied  in  origin  or 
cause.  'Bodies  of  a  congenerous  nature.'  Sir 
T.  Browne.  '  Apoplexious  and  other  con- 
generous  diseases.'  Arbuthnot.—  2.  \\\anat. 
applied  to  muscles  which  concur  in  the  same 
action.— 3.  In  nat.  hist,  belonging  to  the 
same  genus. 

Congenerousness  t  (kon-jen'£r-us-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  of  the  same  nature,  or 
of  belonging  to  the  same  class.  HallyioeU. 

Congenial  (kon-je'ni-al),  a.  [L.  con,  and 
yemalis,  E.  genial.]  1.  Partaking  of  the 
same  nature  or  natural  characteristics;  kin- 
dred; sympathetic;  suited  for  each  other;  as, 
congenial  souls. 

Smit  with  the  love  of  sister  arts  we  came 
And  met  congenial.  Pope. 

2.  Naturally  suited  or  adapted.  '  Cottaenial 
clime.'  Fox.  '  Congenial  work. '  Is.  Taylor. 


For  the  expression  of  that  ideal  the  resources  u* 


, 

Congeniality,  Congenialness  (kon-jVnl- 

al  .i-ti,  kon  j.-'m-al-nes),  ».  The  lUte  of 
being  congenial;  participation  of  the  unie 
nature;  natural  affinity;  nuitalileueu. 

,.,!^"/tvr5  alul  I**'5  llave  «1«y«  >>»<1  »  kind  of  am. 

f"""'"y-  s,r  //.;/•«&„. 

If  coueenialily  of  tastes  could  have  made  a  mar. 

appy'  "*"  uni°"  thould  lt"c  Uen  "IIK<: 


" 

Congenially  (knnje'ni.al  ll),a,t<,.    luacoii- 
genial  miiiincr. 
Cong^enioust  (kon-Je'ni-us),  a.    of  the  tame 


. 

Congenital  (kon-Jen'it-al),  a.  [L.  cmgenittu 
-con,  zudgeiiitiu,  horn,  pp.  of  genere  (gig. 
nere),  to  produce.)  Belonging  or  pertaining 
to  an  individual  from  hirth  ;  thus  a  am- 
genital  disease  is  one  which  existed  at  hirth 
a  congenital  deformity,  a  deformity  which 
existed  at  birth. 

Congenltet  (kon-jenlt),  a.  Born  along  with 
implanted  at  birth;  connate. 

Many  conclusions  of  moral  and  intellectual  truths 
seem  to  be  congcnitt  with  us.  Sir  At.  Hale. 

Conger,  Conger-eel  (kong-gcr,  kong-ger-el), 
u.  [L.  conger,  a  conger-eel.)  The  sea-eel 
(Conger  mUgaris),  a  large  voracious  species 
of  eel,  sometimes  growing  to  the  length  of 
10  feet,  and  weighing  100  His  Its  colour  is 
pale  brown  above  and  grayish  white  below; 
it  is  very  common  in  our  seas,  being  most 
usually  found  on  the  rocky  portions  of  the 
coast.  Its  flesh  is  eaten,  but  is  considered 
rather  coarse. 

Congeries  (kon-je'ri-ez),  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [L., 
from  amgero,  to  bring  together,  to  amass- 
con.  and  yen,  to  bear.  ]  A  collection  of  sev- 
eral particles  or  bodies  in  one  mass  or  ag- 
gregate; an  aggregate;  a  combination.  'The 
comjeriet  of  liuid  and  water,  or  our  Klobe  ' 
Cook. 

The  air  is  nothing  but  a  lanftrin  or  heap  of  small 
.  .  .  flexible  particles  of  several  sizes.  BoyU. 

Congest  (kon-jesf),  v  t.  [L.  congero,  cvnget- 
tum—  con,  and  gem,  to  bear  ]  1.  1  To  collect 
or  gather  into  a  mass  or  aggregate;  to  heap 
together.  '  Calumnies  .  .  .  conyetttd  . 
upon  the  Church  of  England.'  ifountayv. 
'  In  which  place  is  congested  the  whole  sum.  ' 
f'otherby.—2.  In  mcd.  to  cause  an  unnatural 
accumulation  of  blood  in;  as,  the  lungs  may 
be  congested  by  cold. 

Congested  (kon-jest'ed),  a.  1.  In  bot. 
crowded  very  closely.  —  2.  In  mcd.  contain- 
ing an  unnatural  accumulation  of  blood; 
affected  with  congestion. 

Congestlble  t  (kon-jest'i-bl),  a.  Capable  of 
being  collected  into  a  mass.  Bailey. 

Congestion  (kon-jest'yon),  n.  [L.  cmtgettio. 
&  heaping  up,  accumulation.]  1.1  The  act 
of  gathering  together  or  forming  a  mass;  an 
aggregation. 

By  congestion  of  sand,  earth,  and  such  stuff  as  we 
now  see  hills  strangely  frau^hted  with,  they  were 
first  formed.  Drayton. 

2.  In  ined.  an  excessive  accumulation  of 
blood  in  an  organ,  the  functions  of  which 
are  thereby  disordered. 

Congestive  (kon-jest'iv),  a.  Pertaining  to 
congestion;  indicating  an  unnatural  accum- 
ulation of  blood,  AT  ,  in  some  part  of  the 
body.  A  congestive  disease  is  one  which 
arises  from  congestion. 

Conglary  (kon'ji-a-ri).  n.  [L.  eangiarhan, 
from  congius,  a  Roman  measure  of  capacity. 
See  CONGIUS.]  1  A  largess  or  distribution 
of  corn,  oil,  or  wine,  afterwards  of  money, 
among  the  people  or  soldiery  of  ancient 
Rome.  'Many  ct»>gianes  and  largesses 
which  he  had  given  amongst  them.  '  Hol- 
land.— 2.  A  coin  struck  in  commemoration 
of  the  Roman  congiaria. 

Congius  (kou'ji-us),  n.  [L.]  1.  A  measure 
of  capacity  among  the  Romans,  the  eighth 
part  of  the  amphora,  and  equal  to  about 
6  English  pints.  —2.  In  pfiar.  a  gallon. 

Conglaciate  t  (kon-gla'shi-at),  v.i  {L.  cott- 
qlacio—con,  and  glacia,  to  freeze;  glacieg, 
ice.]  To  turn  to  ice;  to  freeze.  Sir  T. 
Brnione. 

Conglaclatlont  (kon-gla'shi-a"shon),n.  The 
act  of  changing  into  ice  or  the  state  of 
being  converted  to  ice;  a  freezing;  congela- 
tion. Sir  T.  Browne. 

Conglobate  (kon'glo-bat).  a.  [L.  cmtglo- 
batus,  from  conglobo  —  con,  and  fflobo,  to  col- 
lect or  to  make  round,  from  gioout,  a  ball. 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,  job;      fi,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      IH,  ;Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  icig;     »h,  tcAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CONGLOBATE 


554 


CONGRESS 


See  GLOBE.  ]  Formed  or  gathered  into  a  ball 
or  small  spherical  body;  combined  into  one 
mass. — Conglobate  gland,  in  anat.  a  gland 
which  consists  of  a  contortion  of  lymphatic 
vessels  connected  together  by  cellular  struc- 
ture, having  neither  a  cavity  nor  excretory 
duct,  as  the  axillary  glands.  —  Conglobate 
flower,  in  bot  a  compound  flower  growing 
'in  the  form  of  a  sphere  or  globe. 
Conglobate  (kon'glo-bat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
c»n<jlobated ;  ppr.  conglobating.  To  collect 
or  form  into  a  ball;  to  combine  into  one 
mass.  'Matter  .  .  .  conglobated  before  its 
diffusion.'  Johnnon.  'Conglobated  bubbles 
undissolved. '  Wordsworth.  [Rare.  ] 
Conglobate  (kon'glo-bat),  v.i.  To  assume  a 
round  or  roundish  form;  to  become  united 
into  one  mass. 

This  may  after  conglobate  into  the  form  of  an  egg. 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Conglobately  (kon'glo-bat-li),  adv.  In  a 
round  or  roundish  form. 

Conglobation  (kon-glo-ba'shon),  n,  1.  The 
act  of  forming  or  gathering  into  a  balL  — 
2.  A  round  body.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Conglobe  (kon-globO,  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  eon- 
globed;  ppr.  conglobing.  [L.  conglobo—con, 
and  globo,  from  globus,  a  round  body.]  To 
gather  into  a  ball ;  to  collect  into  a  round 
mass.  Pope;  Young.  [Rare.) 

Conglobe  (kon-glob'),  v.i.  To  collect,  unite, 
or  coalesce  in  a  round  mass.  '  Drops  on  dust 
conglobing. '  Milton.  [Rare.  ] 

Conglobulate  (kon-glob ' u-lat),  v.i.  pret.  & 
pp.  conglobulated;  ppr.  contjlobulating.  [L. 
con,  and  globulus,  dim.  of  globus,  a  ball.  ]  To 
gather  into  a  little  round  mass  or  globule. 
Johnson.  [Rare.] 

Conglomerate  (kon-glom'er-at),  a.  [L.  con- 
glomero—con,  and  gloinero,  to  wind  into  a 
ball,  from  glomus,  a  ball,  a  clew.  See  GLO- 
MERATE ]  Gathered  into  a  ball  or  round 
body;  crowded  together;  clustered. 

The  beams  of  light  when  they  are  multiplied  and 
conglomerate  generate  heat.  Bacon. 

—Conglomerate  gland,  in  anat.  a  gland  whose 
lobules  are  united  under  the  same  mem- 
brane, as  the  liver,  kidney,  Ac. — Conglom- 
erate, in  bot.  clustered;  collected  in  parcels, 
each  of  which  has  a  roundish  figure."— Con- 
glomerate rock,  in  geol.  same  as  Conglomer- 
ate, n. 

Conglomerate  (kon-glom'er-at),  v.t.  pret  & 
pp.  conglomerated;  ppr.  conglomerating.  To 
gather  into  a  ball  or  round  body;  to  collect 
into  a  round  mass.  '  The  silkworm  .  .  .  con- 
glomerating her  both  funeral  and  natal 
clue.'  Dr.  II.  More. 

Conglomerate  (kon-glom'er-at),  n.  In  geol. 
and  mineral,  a  sort  of  pudding-stone,  made 
up  of  rounded  fragments  of  various  rocks 
cemented  together  by  a  matrix  of  siliceous, 
calcareous,  or  other  cement.  They  are  of 
no  special  geological  age,  but  are  met  with 
in  various  formations.  See  BRECCIA. 

When  sandstone  is  coarse-grained,  it  is  usually 
called  grit.  If  the  grains  arc  rounded  and  large 
enough  to  be  called  pebbles,  it  becomes  a  conglom- 
erate or  pudding-stone,  which  may  consist  of  pieces 
of  one  or  of  many  different  kinds  of  rock.  A  ton- 
glomerate,  therefore,  is  simply  gravel  bound  together 
by  a  cement.  Sir  C.  Lyell. 

Conglomeration  (kon-glom'er-a"shon),  n. 
1.  The  act  of  gathering  into  a  ball  or  mass; 
the  state  of  being  thus  collected;  collection; 
accumulation.  Bacon.—  2.  What  is  conglom- 
erated or  collected  into  a  moss;  a  mixed 
mass;  a  mixture. 

Conglutinant  (kon-glu'tin-ant),  a.  [See 
CONOLUTINATE.  ]  Gluing;  uniting.  Bacon. 

Conglutinant  (kon-glu'tin-ant),  n.  A  medi- 
cine that  promotes  the  healing  of  wounds 
by  closing  them  up. 

Conglutinate  (kon-glu'tin-at),  v.t.  pret.  <fc 
pp.  conglutinated;  ppr.  conglutinatina.  [L. 
conglutino—  con,  and  glittino,  from  gluten, 
glue.  See  GLUE.]  To  glue  together;  to  unite 
by  some  glutinous  or  tenacious  substance; 
to  reunite;  to  cement 

In  many  the  bones  have  had  their  broken  parts 
conglutinated  within  three  or  four  days.  BoyU. 

Conglutinate  (kon-glu'tin-at),  v.i.  To 
coalesce ;  to  unite  by  the  intervention  of 
some  glutinous  substance. 

Conglutinate  (kon-glu'tin-at),  a.  Glued 
together.  Sir  T.  Elyot.  Specifically,  in  bot. 
united  by  some  adhesive  substance,  but  not 
organically  united;  as,  Conglutinate  organs. 

Conglutination  (kon-glu'tin-a"shonX  «. 
The  act  of  gluing  together;  a  joining  by 
means  of  some  tenacious  substance;  union; 
coalescence.  '  Conglutination  of  ports  sepa- 
rated by  a  wound.  Arbuthnot. 

Conglutinative  (kon-glu'tin-at-iv),  a.  Hav- 


ing  the  power  of  uniting  by  agglutination. 

Johnaon. 
Conglutlnator  (kon-glu'tin-at-6r).  n.    That 

which  has  the  power  of  uniting  wounds. 

Woodward. 
Conglutinouslyt  (kon-glu'tin-us-lij,  ado.  In 

a  conglutinant  manner;  tenaciously. 

The  matter  of  it  hangeth  so  conglutinously  toge- 
ther, that  the  repulse  divides  it  not.  Swan. 

Congo,  Congou  (kong'go),  n.  [Chinese 
kung-fu,  labour.]  The  second  lowest  qual- 
ity of  black  tea,  being  the  third  picking  from 
a  plant  during  the  season. 

Congo-pea  (kong'go-pe),?*.  8&me  &&  Angoto- 

Congo-snake  (kons'go-snak),  n.  A  name 
given  to  one  or  two  of  the  amphibians  of 
the  family  Amphiumidtc. 

Congratulable  (kon-grat'u-la-bl),  a.  Cap- 
able or  worthy  of  being  congratulated. 
Lamb.  [Rare.] 

Congratulant  (kon-grat'u-lant),  a.  Con- 
gratulating ;  expressing  participation  in 
another's  good  fortune. 

Forth  rush'd  in  haste  the  great  consulting  peers, 
Raised  from  their  dark  divan,  and  with  like  ioy 
Congratulant  approach'd  him.  Milton, 

Congratulate  (kon-grat'u-lat),  v.t.  pret.  A- 
pp.  congratulated;  ppr.  congratulating.  [L. 
congratulor—con,  and  gratulor,  from  gratus, 
grateful,  pleasing.  See  GRACE.]  1.  Toad- 
dress  with  expressions  of  sympathetic  plea- 
sure on  some  piece  of  good  fortune  happen- 
ing to  the  party  addressed;  to  compliment 
upon  an  event  deemed  happy;  to  wish  joy 
to:  with  on  or  upon  before  the  subject  of 
congratulation ;  as,  to  congratulate  a  man 
on  the  birth  of  a  son ;  to  congratulate  the 
nation  on  the  restoration  of  peace. 

It  is  the  king's  most  sweet  pleasure  and  affection 
to  congratulate  the  princess  at  her  pavilion.  Shak. 

He  sent  Hadoram  his  son  to  King  David  ...  to 
congratulate  him  because  he  had  fought  against 
Hadarezer  and  smitten  him.  i  Chr.  xviii.  10. 

It  may  be  followed  by  reflexive  pronouns; 
as,  to  congratulate  one's  se(f  on  having 
escaped  a  danger;  that  is,  to  have  a  lively 
sense  of  one's  good  fortune,  to  rejoice  or 
exult  at  it— 2.t  To  welcome;  to  hail  with 
expressions  of  pleasure. 

They  congratulate  our  return,  as  if  we  had  been 
with  Fhipps  or  Banks.  Johnson. 

— Congratulate,  Felicitate.  See  under  CON- 
GRATULATION. 

Congratulate t  (kon-grat'u-lat),  v.i.  To 
express  or  feel  sympathetic  joy;  followed  by 
with.. 

I  cannot  but  congratulate  tt-ith  my  country,  which 
hath  outdone  all  Europe  in  advancing  conversation. 

Swfft. 

Congratulation  (kon-graru-hVahon).  n. 
The  act  of  congratulating  or  expressing  to 
one  joy  or  good  wishes  at  his  success  or 
happiness,  or  on  account  of  an  event  deemed 
fortunate;  words  used  in  congratulating; 
felicitation. 

Stricken  by  the  sight 
With  slackened  footsteps  I  advanced,  and  soon 

'ordsTvorth. 

—  Congra  tula  tion,  Felicitation.  Congratu- 
lation, like  its  verb  congratulate,  implies 
an  actual  feeling  of  pleasure  in  another's 
happiness  or  good  fortune,  while  felicita- 
tion (with  felicitate)  rather  refers  to  the  ex- 
pression on  our  part  of  a  belief  that  the 
other  is  fortunate,  felicitations  being  com- 
plimentary expressions  intended  to  make 
the  fortunate  person  well  pleased  with  him- 
self. 

Felicitations  are  little  better  than  compliments: 
congratulations  are  the  expression  of  a  genuine 
sympathy  and  joy.  Trench, 

Congratulator  (kon-grat'u-la-ter),  n.  One 
who  offers  congratulation.  Milton. 

Congratulatory  (kon-grat'u-la-tor-i),a.  Ex- 
pressing joy  for  the  good  fortune  of  another, 
or  for  an  event  deemed  fortunate  ;  as,  con- 
gratulatory expressions.  '  A  congratulatory 
letter.'  Strype. 

Congree  t  (kon-greO,  v.i.    To  agree. 

Congreeing  in  a  full  and  natural  close 
Like  music.  Shak. 

Congreett  (kon-gref),  v.i.  To  salute  mu- 
tually. 

Face  to  face,  and  royal  eye  to  eye, 

You  have  congreeted.  Shak. 

Congregate  (kong'gre-gat),  v.t.  pret  «fc  pp. 
congregated;  ppr  congregating.  [L.  con- 
grego  —  con,  and  grex,  a  herd.  See  GRE- 
GARIOUS.] To  collect  into  an  assemblage; 
to  assemble;  to  bring  into  one  place  or  in|p 
a  crowd  or  united  body;  as,  to  congregate 
men  or  animals.  'The  congregated  sands.' 


A  glad  congratulation  we  exchanged 
At  such  unthouglu-of  meeting.         Il'a 


Shak.  'Congregate  a  multitude  to  deliver 
him  out  of  prison/  Prynne. 

These  waters  were  afterwards  congregated  an-1 
called  the  sea.  Raleigh. 

Congregate  (kong'gre-gat),  v.i.  To  come 
together;  to  assemble;  to  meet.  'Where 
merchants  most  do  congregate.'  Shak. 

Equals  with  equals  often  congregate. 

Sir  J.  Dtnhant. 

Congregate  (konffgrS-gat),  a.  Collected; 
compact;  close.  '  Where  the  matter  is  most 
congregate.'  Bacon.  —  Congregate  glands. 
Same  as  Aggregate  Gland*.  See  under  AG- 
GREGATE. 

Congregation  (kong/gi-e-ga"shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  congregating;  the  act  of  bringing 
together  or  assembling.  'By  congre<j<it;<  „ 
of  homogeneal  parts.'  Bacon. — 2.  A  col- 
lection or  assemblage  of  separate  things. 
'A  foul  and  pestilent  congregation  of  va- 
pours.' Shak.— 3.  An  assembly  of  persons; 
especially  an  assembly  of  persons  met,  or 
in  the  habit  of  meeting  in  the  same  place, 
for  the  worship  of  God  and  for  religious  in- 
struction; and  in  a  still  more  specific  sense, 
an  assembly  of  people  organized  as  a  body 
for  the  purpose  of  holding  religious  services 
in  common. 

Wherever  God  erects  a  house  of  prayer. 
The  devil  always  builds  a  chapel  there; 
And  'twill  be  found,  upon  examination, 
The  latter  has  the  largest  congregation. 

Defoe. 

He  (Bunyan)  rode  every  year    to    London  and 
preached  there  to  large  and  attentive  congregations. 
Macattlay. 

4.  Used  in  various  specific  senses;  as,  (a) 
in  Scrip,  an  assembly  of  rulers  among  the 
Jews.  Num.  xxxv.  12.  (6)  An  assembly  of 
ecclesiastics  or  cardinals  appointed  by  the 
pope,  to  which  is  intrusted  the  management 
of  some  important  branch  of  the  affairs 
of  the  church;  as,  the  congregation  of  the 
holy  office,  which  takes  cognizance  of  here- 
tics; the  congregation  of  the  index,  which 
examines  books  and  decides  on  their  fitness 
for  general  use,  &c.  (c)  A  fraternity  of  re- 
ligious persons  forming  a  subdivision  of  a 
monastic  order,  Ac.  (d)  At  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge, the  assembly  oi  masters  and  doctors 
in  which  the  giving  of  degrees,  &c.,  is  trans- 
acted. (••)  In  Scotland,  an  appellation  as- 
sumed by  the  adherents  of  the  reformed 
faith  about  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  Those  noblemen  who  directed 
their  proceedings  were  called  Lords  <$  the 
Congregation. 

Congregational  (kong-gre-ga'shon-al),  a. 
1.  Pertaining  to  a  congregation;  as,  congre- 
gational psalmody.  —  2.  Pertaining  to  tl.e 
Independents  or  Congregationalists,  or  to 
Congregationalism. 

Congregationalism  ( kong  gre-ga'shon-al- 
izni), «.  A  system  of  administering  church 
affairs  which  secures  to  each  congregation 
the  right  of  regulating,  without  external 
interference,  the  details  of  its  worship,  dis- 
cipline, and  government. 

Congregationalist  ( kong  -  gre  -  ga '  shon  -  al- 
ist),  n.  One  who  belongs  to  a  Congrega- 
tional church  or  society ;  one  who  holds 
that  each  congregation  is  entirely  exempt 
from  any  extraneous  jurisdiction,  and  the 
government  of  whose  church  is  vested  in 
all  the  members  of  the  congregation,  not  in 
sessions,  Ac.;  an  Independent 

Congress  (kpng'gres),  n.  [L.  congre&ms,  a 
meeting,  on  interview,  a  hostile  encounter, 
from  congredior,  congressuin,  to  come  to- 
gether—  con,  and  gradior,  to  go  or  step; 
gradus,  a  step,  whence  grade,  degree,  Ac.] 
1.  A  meeting  together  of  individuals  in  pri- 
vate or  social  intercourse. 

That  ceremony  is  used  as  much  in  our  adieus,  as 
in  the  first  congress.  Sir  K.  Digoy. 

2.t  A  meeting  of  two  or  more  persons  in  a 
contest;  an  encounter;  a  conflict 

Here  Pallas  urges,  and  Lausus  there; 
Their  congress  in  the  field  great  Jove  withstands. 
Dryten. 

3.t  A  sudden  encounter  of  things;  a  colli- 
sion; a  shock. 

From  these  taws  may  be  deduced  the  rules  of  the 
congresses  and  reflections  of  bodies.    Dr.  G.  Cheyne. 

4.  The  meeting  of  the  sexes  in  sexual  com- 
merce. Pennant. — 5.  An  assembly  of  en- 
voys, commissioners,  deputies,  <fec.;  parti- 
cularly, a  meeting  of  sovereign  princes  or 
of  the  representatives  of  several  courts. 
for  the  purpose  of  arranging  international 
affairs.  For  distinction  between  conference 
and  congress,  see  extract  under  CONFER- 
ENCE, 2.  — 6.  The  term  applied  to  three 
differently  constituted  bodies  of  repre- 
sentatives of  the  people  that  have  suc- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fail;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  S<x  abune;       y,  Sc.  fey. 


CONGRESS 


555 


ceeded  each  other  in  the  government  of 
what  is  now  the  United  States  of  America. 
The  first,  the  Continental  Cuiviresx,  assem- 
bled in  1774,  the  second,  the  Federal  Con- 
gress, in  1781,  ami  the  third,  the  Congress  uj 
the  United  States,  in  17S1I,  consisting  of  two 
houses,  the  senate  and  house  of  repre- 
sentatives. The  senate  consists  of  two 
members  elected  by  each  state  for  a  period 
of  six  years,  one-third  of  whom  are  elected 
every  two  years.  The  number  of  represen- 
tatives varies  in  eacli  state  in  proportion  to 
the  population.  They  sit  for  two  years  only. 
The  united  body,  for  the  two  years  during 
which  the  representatives  hold  their  seats] 
is  called  one  congress. 

Congress  (kong'gres),  v.i.  To  come  to- 
gether; to  assemble;  to  meet.  [Rare.) 

The  valetudinarians  who  congress  every  winter  at 
Nice.  Mrs.  Gore. 

Congressiont  (kon-gre'shon),  n.  1.  A  com- 
ing  together;  acompany.  C<ityrave.—2.  Sex- 
ual intercourse.  Jer.  Taylor.— 3.  Compari- 
son. 

Many  men  excellently  learned  liave  approved  by 
a  direct  and  close  conpressioi,  (of  Christianity)  with 
other  religions,  that  all  the  reason  of  the  world  ap- 
pears to  stand  on  the  Christian  side.  yer.  Taylor. 

Congressional  (kon-gre'shon-al),  a.    Per- 
taining to  a  congress  or  to  the  congress  of 
the  United  States;  as,  congressional  debates. 
'The  congressional  institution  of  Amphict- 
yons  in  Greece.'    Up.  llarloiv. 
Congressivet  (kon-gres'iv),  a.    1.  Encoun- 
tering.—a  Sleeting,  as  the  sexes.  'Congres- 
sive  generation.'    Sir  T.  Browne. 
Congress-man  (kong'gres-man),  n.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  United  Stales  Congress. 
Congreve  (kong'grev),  n.   A  kind  of  lucifer- 
niatch.    See  LUCIFER,  3. 
Congreve  Rocket  (kong'grev  rok'et),n.  An 
invention,  so  called  from  the  inventor.  Sir 
William  Congreve,  by  which  balls  anil  com- 
bustibles are  discharged    to  an   immense 
distance.     See  ROCKET. 
Congrue  (kon-grb'),  v.i.     [L.  congruo,  to 
meet  together,  to  suit,  to  be  congruous  — 
con,  together,  and  gruo,  a  verb  only  found 
in  this  and  in  ingruo,  to  rush  upon.)   To  be 
consistent  with;  to  suit;  to  agree.    'Letters 
amgruiny  to  that  effect.'    Shale.    [Rare  ) 
Congrue t  (kon-gro'),  a.     Fitting;  suitable; 
correct;  congruous.  •  Neither  have  you  any 
just  congrue  occasion  in  my  book  so  to 
judge.'    Foxe. 

Congruelyt  (kon-gro'li),  ada.  Same  as  Con- 
gruously. Hall. 

Congruence  (kong-gru-ens),  n.  [L.  congru- 
entia,  from  conyruo,  to  agree  or  suit  '  See 
CONGRUE.]  1.  Suitableness  of  one  thing  to 
another;  agreement;  consistency. 

A  sullen  tr.itfick  scene 

Would  suit  the  time  with  pleasing  congruence. 
Marston. 

2.  In  math,  a  relation  between  three  num- 
bers, such  that  the  difference  between  two 
of  them,  which  are  said  to  be  congruous  is 
divisible  by  the  third,  which  is  called  the 
modulus. 

Congruency  (kong'grn-en-si).  Same  as  Con- 
gruence. 

The  philosophic  cabbala  and  the  text  have  a  mar- 
vellous fit  and  easy  con^rnency.  Dr.  11.  More. 

Congruent  (kong'gru-ent),  a.  Suitable; 
agreeing;  corresponding.  'The  congruent 
and  harmonious  fitting  of  parts  in  a  sen- 
tence.' B.  Jonaon.  'Congruent  sonares  ' 
Dr.  G.  Chei/ne. 

Congruently  ( kong'gru-ent-ll ),  ado.  In  a 
congruent  manner;  agreeably;  in  accord- 
ance; harmoniously.  'Full  congruently  as 
nature  could  devise.'  Skelton. 

Congruity  (kon-gro'i-ti),  n.  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  congruous;  agreement  be- 
tween things;  suitableness;  fitness;  perti- 
nence; consistency;  propriety. 
.  CfHfruify  of  opinions  to  our  natural  constitution, 
IS  one  great  incentive  to  their  reception. 

Glaumlle. 

A  whole  sentence  may  fail  of  its  coni'rurty  by 
wanting  one  particle.  Sir  f.  Sidney. 

With  what  congrnity  doth  the  Church  of  Rome 
deny  that  her  enemies  do  at  all  appertain  to  the 
Church  of  Christ?  Hooker. 

2.  In  school  divinity,  the  performance  of 
good  actions  which  is  supposed  to  render  it 
meet  and  equitable  that  God  should  confer 
grace  on  those  who  perform  them.  —  3.  In 
geoin.  coincidence. 

Congruous  (kong'gru-us),  a.  [L.  congnws. 
SeeCoNOKUE,  ».i.]  1.  Accordant;  harmoni- 
ous; well-adapted;  appropriate;  meet;  fit. 

The  existence  of  God  is  so  many  ways  manifest, 
and  the  obedience  we  owe  him  so  congruous  to  the 


CONIOMYCETKS 


It  is  no  ways  congruous  that  God  should  be  always 
WghtMlng  men    uito  an  acknowledgment  of  the 
.-llteranry. 

2  III  math,  a  term  applied  to  two  quantities 
the  difference  between  which  is  divisible  by 
a  third.  See  CONGRUENCE,  2. 
Congruously  (  kong'grn-us-li  ),  adv.  In  a 
congruous  manner;  suitably;  pertinently 
agreeably;  consistently.  'ConanimtttvtottM 
own  nature.'  Boyle. 

Nothing  can  sound  more  confrmn.sly  or  harmoni- 
OU5'J'-  Dr.  H.  More. 

Congruousness  (kong'gru-us-nes),  n.  Same 

as  Congruity. 
Congustablet  (kon.gust'a-bl),  a.    Having  a 

taste  like  that  of  something  else;  similar  in 

flavour. 


In  the  country  of  Provence,  tow 
in  Languedoc,  there  are  wines  ctni 
of  Spa 


rds  the  Pyrenees 
usteUe  with  those 
HrmU. 


Congyt  (kon'ji),  «.   Same  as  Conge.  Burton 

Congyt  (kon'ji),  t?.i.  Same  as  Congee.  Dr 
II.  More. 

Conia,  Conine  (ko'ni-a,  ko'nin),  n.  [Gr 
koneion,  hemlock.]  (C8H1SN  or  C,,H,,N.) 
A  volatile  alkaloid,  discovered  in  Ccmiion 
inaculatum,  or  hemlock,  of  which  it  is  the 
active  and  poisonous  principle.  It  is  an 
oily  liquid,  having  a  strong  odour  resembling 
that  of  mice.  It  is  excessively  poisonous,  ap- 
pearing to  cause  death  by  inducing  paraly- 
sis of  the  muscles  used  in  respiration. 
Called  also  Coniine. 

Conic  (kon'ik),  H.  [L.  coniciis;  Gr.  konikos 
See  CONE.]  1.  Having  the  form  of  a  cone  • 
round  and  tapering  to  a  point;  conical 
[Now  poetical.] 

Towering  firs  in  conic  forms  arise.          Prior. 

2.  Pertaining  to  a  cone ;  as,  conic  sections. 
—  Conic  sections  are  the  figures  formed  by 
the  cutting  of  a  cone  by  a  plane ;  they  are 
five  in  number,  corresponding  to  the  dif- 
ferent positions  of  the  cutting  plane  with 
respect  to  the  cone.  When  the  cutting 
plane  passes  through  the  apex  of  the  cone, 
and  coincides  with  the  axis,  or  passes 
through  the  apex 
and  any  part  of 
the  base,  the  sec- 
tion is  a  triangle, 
as  in  flg.  1.  When 
the  plane  cuts  the 
axis  of  a  right  cir- 
cular cone  at  right 
angles,  the  section 
is  a  circle,  as  in 
flg.  2.  When  the  plane  cuts  the  axis  obli- 
quely, and  passes  through  both  sides  of  the 
cone,  the  section  is  an  ellipse  or  oval,  as  in 
flg.  3.  When  the  plane  cuts  the  axis  in  a 
line  parallel  to  one  side  of  the  cone,  the  sec- 
tion is  a  parabola,  as  in  flg.  4.  And  lastly, 
if  the  section  be  made  parallel  to  the  axis, 
or  so  as  to  make  a  greater  angle  with  the 
base  than  that  which  it  makes  with  the  side 
of  tile  cone,  it  will  be  an  hyperbola,  as  in 
flg.  5.  The  term  conic  sections  is  applied 


more  peculiarly  to  the  last  three  figures, 
ami  the  doctrines  of  their  several  properties 
constituteone  principal  branch  of  geometry, 
of  great  importance  in  physical  and  geomet- 
rical astronomy,  as  well  as  in  the  phj  sico- 
mathematical  sciences.  Algebraically  con- 
sidered, the  conic  sections  are  curves  of  the 
second  degree,  and  may  be  treated  as  gene- 
rated by  the  motion  of  a  point  on  a  plane. 
Their  different  properties  may  be  investi- 
gated by  the  modern  algebraic  analysis,  as 
well  as  by  geometry. 

Conic  (kon'ik),  ji.  A  conic  section.  Brande 
.t  Cox. 

Conical  (kon'ik-al),  a.  Having  the  form  of 
a  cone;  cone-shaped ;  as,  a  conical  moun- 
tain ;  a  conical  cap.  'That  determinate 
conical  shadow  of  the  earth.'  Dr.  II.  More. 
— Conical  projection,  a  method  of  represent- 
ing part  of  a  sphere  upon  a  plane  surface, 
employed  in  the  construction  of  some  maps. 
Called  also  the  Method  of  Development. — 


Cjmfaoj  ,,,/,,,  ,)„.  ,„,,,,„,  ,„.  T  vnlv  nr.t 
used  by  \\utl  in  HMCOOStrlMtlaiol  liken- 
gines.  It  comiits  oft  circular  plati  . 

having    a     bevelled 
•  dni  ii'.iirately  fitted 
-.  .it 


Conlcality  (kon-lk- 
aTi-tl).  M.    Conical- 


Conically  ( kon'ik-al- 
II ),  adv.  In  the  form 
of  a  cone.  'An  almost 
conically  shaped 
weightof  lead.  'Boyle 

Conicalnessikoiiik- 
al-ues ),  n.  The  state 
Conical  Valve.  or  quality  of  being 

Conlclty  (ko-nis'i-ti),  *    Shi  property  of 
being  conical. 

Conico-cylindrical(kon'i-k6sl-lin"drlk-al) 
a.  tormed  like  a  cylinder,  but  tai.ciin- 
from  one  end  to  the  other. 
Conies  (kou'iks),  n.  That  part  of  the  higher 
geometry,  or  the  geometry  of  curves,  which 
treats  of  the  cone  and  the  several  curve 
lines  arising  from  the  sections  of  it. 
Conidze  (ko'ni-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of  gas- 
teropodous  molluscs,  of  the  order  Pectini- 
branchiata,  characterized  by  a  shell  of  a 
remarkably  conical  form ;  the  cones  or  cone- 
shells.  The  type  genus  is  Conus  (which  see) 
Conidlopnore(ko.nid'i.6-f6r).n.  (Coniditim, 
and  Gr.  phero,  to  bear.]  The  branches  in 
fungi  which  tear  conidia. 
Conidium  (ko-uid'i-um),  n.  pi.  Conidia 
(ko  nid'i-a).  (Gr.  konin,  dust,  and  eidos,  re- 
semblance.] In  bot.  one  of  the  simple  dust- 
like,  asexual,  reproductive  cells  produced 
on  some  lichens  and  fungi,  either  on  the 
mycelium  or  on  special  branches,  as  in  the 
potato-blight  (I'eronospora  infestans). 
Conifer  (ko'ni-fer),  n.  |L.  See  CONIFER.*.] 
In  bot.  a  plant  producing  cones;  one  of  the 
Coniferaj. 

Conifers  (ko-nif'er-e),  n. pi.  [L.  conifer 
cone-bearing— eoniM,  a  cone,  and  fen,  to 
bear.  ]  A  nat  order  of  gymnospermous 
exogens,  consisting  of  trees  or  shrubs,  found 
all  over  the  world,  especially  in  cold  regions 
but  very  rare  in  tropical  Africa  and  America. 
The  wood  is  destitute  of  ducts,  being  com- 
posed of  a  uniform  woody  fibre  marked 
with  circular  discs  on  the  two  sides  parallel 
to  the  medullary  rays.  The  plants  abound 
with  resinous  juice,  and  they  yield  turpen- 
tine, pitch,  tar,  succinic  acid,  IK.  The 
leaves  are  usually  alternate,  awl  or  needle 
shaped,  and  entire.  The  naked  flowers  are 
monoecious  or  dioecious;  the  male  flowers 
being  in  deciduous  catkins,  the  female  in 
cones.  The  seeds  are  borne  on  an  open 
carpellary  leaf.  The  order  has  been  divided 
into  three  tribes:  —  (a)  Abietina,  with  Im- 
bricated cones,  each  scale  having  one  or 
two  seeds:  this  includes  the  pines,  flrs,  and 
larches  of  our  forests,  and  the  araucarias. 
Wellingtonias,  and  dammaras  (6)  Cvpnt- 
sinew,  cones  made  up  of  peltate  scales, 
each  having  several  erect  seeds,  such  as  the 
juniper,  cypress,  thuja,  *c.  (c)  Taxiwcf, 
with  solitary  nut-like  or  drupe-like  seeds, 
like  the  yew,  gingko,  <tc.  Many  of  the  trees 
supply  valuable  timber,  and  some  of  them 
edible  seeds.  Undoubted  Coniferaj  first 
appear  in  the  Devonian  measures,  and  con- 
tinue upward  throughout  all  the  subsequent 
formations. 

Coniferous  (ko-nif'er-us),  a.  [See  CONIF- 
ER.*:.] Bearing  cones;  producing  hard,  dry, 
scaly  seed-vessels  of  a  conical  figure,  as  the 
pine,  fir,  and  cypress;  belonging  or  relating 
to  the  order  Conifers?. 

Coniform  (ko'ni-form).  a.    [L.  comis,  a  cone, 
and  forma,  a  shape. ]    In  form  of  a  cone; 
conical;  as,  a  coniform  mountain. 
Coniine  (ko-ni'in),  n.    Same  as  Conia. 
Conine,  n.    See  CONIA. 
Coniocyst  ( kon'i-6-sist  X  "•    [Gr.  kotiii,  ko- 
nios,  dust,  and  kystis,  a  bladder]    In  bot.  a 
spore-case  without  openings,  resembling  a 
tubercle. 

Coniomycetes(kon'i-6-mi-se"tez),  n.  pi  [Or 
konis,  konios,  dust,  and  inykes,  mykitot,  a 
mushroom  ]  A  family  of  fungi,  character- 
ized by  the  predominance  of  the  spores  over 
the  receptacle.  The  spores  are  simple  or 
articulated,  solitary  or  chained  together, 
and  sometimes  fasciculate,  naked  or  in- 
closed in  a  distinct  cyst.  The  most  import- 
ant members  are  the  numerous  parasites 
which  affect  the  living  organs  of  plants,  and 
cause  great  injury,  especially  among  our 
corn  crops.  The  dark  soot-like  patches  so 


ch,  cAain;      fth,  So.  loch;     g,  30;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;     1H,  then;  th,  Ma;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CONIOTHECA 


556 


CONJUGATION 


common  on  old  rails  and  dead  wood,  are 
formed  mostly  by  members  of  this  order. 

Coniotlieca  (kon'i-6-the"ka),  n.  pi.  Coiiio- 
thecae  (koii'i-o-the"se).  [Gr.  konis,  koniox, 
dust,  and  tiieke,  a  case.]  In  lot.  an  anther- 
cell. 

Coniroster  (ko-ni-ros'ter),  n.  A  member 
of  the  Conirostres,  a  group  of  insessorial 
birds. 

Conirostral  (ko-ni-ros'tral),  a.  In  zool.  of 
or  pertaining  to  the  group  Conirostres; 
having  a  thick  conical  beak,  as  crows  and 
finches. 

Conirostres  (ko-ni-ros'tre. ),  n.pl  [L.  conus, 
a  cone,  and  rostrum,  a  beak.]  A  section 
or  sub-order  of  insessorial  birds  comprising 
those  genera  which  have  a  strong  bill,  more 
or  less  conical,  and  without  notches.  Their 
feet  are  in  general  adapted  for  walking  on 
the  ground  as  well  as  for  perching.  The 
family  includes  the  crows,  finches,  sparrows, 
linnets,  larks,  starlings,  hornbills,  birds  of 
paradise,  Ac. 

Conisor  (kon-i-zor'),  n.    Same  as  Cognizor. 

Conite  (kou'it),  n.  [Gr.  front'?,  dust.]  A 
mineral  of  an  ash  or  greenish-gray  colour, 
which  becomes  brown  by  exposure  to  the 
air,  occurring  massive  or  stalactitic  in  Sax- 
ony and  Iceland. 

Conium  (ko-ni'um),  n.  [Gr.  koneion,  hem- 
lock.] A  genus  of  umbelliferous  plants, 
consisting  of  tall  glabrous  biennial  herbs, 
with  compound  leaves  and  white-flowered 
umbels ;  hemlock.  There  are  two  species, 
one  confined  to  North  Africa;  the  other,  C. 
iii'iftittiftnn,  the  common  hemlock  of  our 
road-sides.  See  HEMLOCK. 

Conjectt  (kon-jekf),  v.t.  [L.  conjicio,  con- 
jectum—con,  together,  and  jacio,  jactuni,  to 
throw.]  To  throw  together,  or  to  throw. 
'Calumnies.  .  .  congested  and  connected  at 
a  mass  upon  the  Church  of  England.'  M<mn- 
tagu. 

Conjectt  (kon-jekf),  v.i.  1.  To  conjecture; 
to  guess.  'One  that  so  imperfectly  cou- 
jects.'  Shak.  [Some  editions  read  here 
(Othello,  Hi.  3,  149)  conceit*.  ]  2.  To  plan ; 
to  devise;  to  project.  liotn.  of  the  Hone. 

Conjectort  (kon-jekt'er),  n.  [L.  conjector. 
See  CONJECTURE.]  One  who  guesses  or  con- 
jectures. '  Because  he  pretends  to  be  a  great 
conjectnr  at  other  men  by  their  writings.' 
Milton. 

Conjecturable  (kon-jek'tur-a-bl),  a.  Cap- 
able of  being  guessed  or  conjectured. 

Conjectural  (kon-jek'tur-al),  a.  Depending 
on  conjecture;  implying  guess  or  conjec- 
ture; as,  A  conjectural  opinion;  &  conjectural 
emendation  of  a  text.  'Conjectural  fears.' 
Shak.  '  Some  conjectural  hopes  of  a  life 
after  this.'  Jortin. 

Conjecturalist  (kon-jek'tur-al-ist),  n.  One 
who  deals  in  conjectures.  [Rare.) 

Conjecturality  (kou-jek'tu-ral"i  ti).  n.  The 
quality  of  being  conjectural;  that  which 
depends  on  conjecture;  guesswork  'The 
possibilities  and  the  conjecturality  of  philo- 
sophy.' Sir  T.  Browne.  [Rare.] 

ConJecturaUy  (kon-Jek'tur-al-U),  ado.  in 
a  conjectural  manner:  by  conjecture ;  by 
guess.  « Probably  and  conjecturallit  sur- 
mised.' Hooker.  'Hesitantly  and  conjec- 
t  urally. '  Boyle. 

Conjecture  (kon-jek'tur),  «.  [Fr.  conjec- 
ture, L.  conjectura,  a  guess  or  conjecture, 
lit.  a  throwing  or  putting  of  things  together, 
from  conjicio,  to  throw  together— con,  and 
jacio,  to  throw.  ]  1.  The  act  of  forming  an 
opinion  without  sufficient  proof;  a  guess  or 
inference  based  on  a  supposed  possibility 
or  probability  of  a  fact,  or  on  slight  evi- 
dence; an  opinion  formed  on  insufficient  or 
presumptive  evidence;  surmise.  '  'Tis  likely, 
by  all  conjectures.'  Shak. 

In  the  casting  of  lots  a  man  cannot,  upon  any 
ground  of  reason,  bring  the  event  so  much  as  under 
conjecture.  South. 

As  the  sweet  voice  of  a  bird 
Heard  by  the  lander  in  a  lonely  isle. 
Moves  him  to  think  what  kind  of  bird  it  is 
That  sings  so  delicately  clear;  and  make 
Conjecture  of  the  plumage  and  the  form. 

Tennyson. 

2.  t  Suspicion. 

For  thee  I'll  lock  up  all  the  gates  of  love. 
And  on  my  eyelids  shall  conjecture  hang. 
To  turn  all  beauty  into  thoughts  of  harm.  Shak. 

Conjecture  (kon-jek'tur),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
conjectured;  ppr.  conjecturing.  [Krom  the 
noun.]  To  judge  by  guess,  or  by  the  proba- 
bility or  the  possibility  of  a  fact,  or  by  very 
slight  evidence;  to  guess:  generally  govern- 
ing a  clause. 

Human  reason  can  then,  at  the  best,  but  conjec- 
ture what  will  be.  South. 

SYN.  To  imagine,  suspect,  guess,  divine. 


Conjecture  (kon-jek'tur),  v.i.  To  form  con- 
jectures; to  surmise;  to  guess. 

I  dimly  see 

My  far-off  doubtful  purpose,  as  a  mother 
Conjectures  of  the  features  of  her  child 
Ere  it  is  born.  Tennyson. 

Conjecturer  (kon-jek'tur-er),  n.  One  who 
conjectures;  a  guesser;  one  who  forms  an 
opinion  without  proof. 

I  shall  leave  conjectiirers  to  their  own  imaginations. 
Addison. 

Conjobblet  (kon-job'l),  v.t.  [Prefix  con, 
with,  and  a  dim.  from  job.}  To  discuss; 

j    to  arrange ;  to  concert.     '  A  minister  that 
should  cotijobble  matters  of  state  with  tuni- 

i  biers.'  Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 
Conjoin  (ken-Join*),  v.t.  [Fr.  conjoindre;  L. 
conjungo — con,  and  jungo,  to  join.  See 
JOIN.]  1.  To  join;  to  unite.  'Whose  mar- 
riages conjoin'd  the  white  rose  and  the  red.' 
Drayton. 

The  English  army  that  divided  was 

Into  two  parties  is  now  conjoin'd  in  one, 

And  means  to  give  you  battle  presently.    Shak. 

Specifically— 2.  To  join  in  marriage. 

If  cither  of  you  know  any  inward  impediment  why 
you  should  not  be  conjoin'd,  I  charge  you,  on  your 
souls,  to  utter  it.  Shak. 

3.  To  associate  or  connect. 

I  -ct  that  which  he  le.irns  next  be  nearly  conjoined 
with  what  he  knows  already.  Locke. 

Conjoin  (kon-join'),  v.i.    To  unite;  to  join; 

to  league. 

Lo,  she  is  one  of  this  confederacy  t 

Now  I  perceive  they  have  conjoin'd  s\\  three 

To  fashion  this  false  sport  in  spite  of  me.    Shak. 

Conjoint  (kon-join'),  a.  Conjoined.  Hol- 
land. 

Conjoined  (kon-joind'),  p.  and  a.  Joined 
to  or  with ;  united ;  associated. —  Conjoined 
or  conjunct  charge*,  in  her.  charges  in  arms 
borne  linked  together. 

Conjoinedly(kon-joiu'ed-li),ady.  Conjointly. 
Barrow. 

Conjoint  (kon-JointO. <*•  United;  connected; 
associated.  'She  and  the  sun  with  influence 
conjoint.'  Glover.  —  In  music,  (a)  conjoint 
degrees,  two  notes  which  follow  each  other 
immediately  in  the  order  of  the  scale,  as  C 
and  D.  (6)  Conjoint  tetrachords,  two  tetra- 
chords  or  fourths,  where  the  same  chord  is 
the  highest  of  the  one  and  the  lowest  of  the 
other. 

Conjointly  (kon-joinfli),  adv.  In  a  con- 
joint manner;  jointly;  unitedly;  in  union; 
together;  as,  two  nations  may  carry  on  a 
war  conjointly  against  a  third.  '  That  with 
one  heart  and  one  voice  they  might  con- 
Jointly  glorify  God.'  Locke. 

Conjubilant  (kon-ju'bi-lant),  a.  [L.  con, 
together,  and  jubilant,  shouting  or  singing 
for  joy.  See  JUBILEE.)  Singing  together 
for  joy. 

They  stand,  those  walls  of  Zion, 

Conjttbtlant  with  song.  \eaJe. 

Conjugal  (kon'ju-gal).a.  [L.  conjugal  is,  relat- 
ing to  marriage— con,  together,  undjugum, 
a  yoke,  from  jug,  root  of  jungo,  to  join, 
seen  also  in  Gr.  zeugnymi,  to  join;  Skr.  yuj, 
to  join;  E.  yoke.  See  YOKE.]  Belonging  to 
marriage  or  married  persons;  matrimonial; 
connubial.  'Conjugal  love.'  Milton.  'Con- 
jugal dispute.'  Swift. 

Their  conjugal  affection  still  is  ty'd. 
And  stiil  the  mournful  race  is  multiplied. 

Drvden. 

—Conjugal  rights,  the  privilege  which  hus- 
band and  wife  have  of  each  other's  society, 
comfort,  and  affection. 
Conjugality  (kon-ju-gal'i-ti),  n.    The  con- 
jugal state.     Milton.     [Rare.] 
Conjugally  (kon'ju-gal-li),  adv.    Matrimo- 
nially; connubially.    Bp.  flail. 
Conjugate  (kon-ju-ga'te),  n.  pi.    A  tribe  of 
green-spored  Algre,  distinguished  from  the 
Confervaceae  by  their  endochrome,  or  col- 


zoospore  is  formed  by  the  endochrome  of 
two  cells  uniting;  hence  they  are  called 
Conjugates,  Almost  all  are  fresh-water,  and 
are  most  abundant  in  temperate  climates. 
Conjugate  (kon'ju-gat),  c.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
conjugated;  ppr.  conjugating.  [L.  conjitgo, 
eonjugatus,  to  couple  — con,  and  jugo,  to 
yoke,  to  marry.  See  CONJUGAL.]  l.f  To 
join;  to  unite  in  marriage. 

Those  drawing  as  well  marriage  as  wardship  g.we 
him  both  power  and  occasion  to  conjugate  at  (  k-.t- 
sure  the  Norman  and  Saxon  houses.  Sir  H.  Jt'othm. 

2.  In  gram,  to  inflect  (a  verb)  through  its 
several  voices,  moods,  tenses,  numbers,  and 
persons,  or  so  many  of  them.  The  mum- 
has  its  origin  in  the  fact  that  in  inflected 
languages  a  verb  is  conjugated  by  conjoin- 
ing certain  inflectional  syllables  with  the 
root. 

Conjugate  (kon'ju-gat),  n.  1.  A  word  agree- 
ing in  derivation  with  another  word,  and 
therefore  generally  resembling  it  in  signifi- 
cation. 

We  have  learned  in  logic,  that  conjugates  are  some- 
times in  name  only,  and  not  in  deed.  liramhail. 

2.  In  chem.  a  subordinate  radical  associated 
with  another,  along  with  which  it  acts  as  a 
single  radical.  Goodrich. 
Conjugate  (kon'ju-gat),  a.  1.  I'nited  in 
pairs ;  joined  together;  coupled.— 2.  In  fn,t. 
a  term  applied  to  a  pinnate  leaf  which  has 
only  one  pair  of  leaflets. -3.  In  chem.  con 
taining  two  or  more  radicals  acting  the  part 
of  a  single  one.  —  4.  In  gram,  applied  to 
words  from  the  same  root,  and  having  the 
same  radical  signification,  but  modified  by 
the  affix  added,  as  short,  shortness,  shorten, 
shortly;  or  to  words  which  have  the  same 
form  but  are  different  parts  of  speech,  as 
strait,  n.,  and  strait,  a.~  5.  In  ninth,  a  term 
applied  to  two  points,  lines,  &c.,  when  they 
are  considered  together,  with  regard  to  any 
property,  in  such  a  manner  that  they  may 
be  interchanged  without  altering  the  way 
of  enunciating  the  property.  —  Conjugate 
axis  or  diameter,  in  the  conic  sections,  is 
the  axis  or  diameter  parallel  to  a  tangent 
to  the  curve,  at  the  vertex  of  another  axis 
or  diameter  to  which  that  is  a  conjugate. 
In  the  ellipse  the  conjugate  diameter  bisects 
the  transverse  diameter  at  right  angles.— 
Conjugate  hyperbolas,  also  called  adjacent 
hyperbolas,  are  such  as  have  the  same  axes, 
but  in  the  contrary  order,  the  first  or  prin- 
cipal axis  of  the  one  being  the  second  axis 
of  the  other,  and  the  second  axis  of  the 
former  being  the  first  axis  of  the  latter.— 
Conjugate  point  of  a  curve,  a  single  point 
lying  by  itself,  whose  co-ordinates  satisfy 
the  equation  of  the  curve,  without  its  actu- 
ally being  on  any  continuous  branch  of  the 
curve.  — Conjugate  foci,  in  optics,  (a)  When 
rays,  falling  upon  a  lens,  are  so  refracted  as 
to  converge  and  meet  in  a  point,  either 
nearer  the  lens  than  the  principal  focus  or 
farther  from  it,  the  point  in  which  they 
meet,  and  the  principal  focus,  are  called, 
with  respect  to  each  other,  conjugate  foci. 


Conjugatae,  showing  the  spores  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  endochromes  of  two  contiguous  cells. 

curing  matter,being  spiral,  stellate.or  other- 
wise disposed,  and  not  equally  diffused,  or 
simply  denser  in  the  centre.  The  large 


Thus,  the  parallel  rays  c  A,  CB,  falling  upou 
the  lens  A  B,  converge  in  the  principal  focus 
6 ;  but  the  rays  d  d,  which  have  an  inclina- 
tion towards  each  other  before  entering  the 
lens,  converge  at  a ;  therefore  a  and  6  are 
conjugate  foci  in  the  case  illustrated.  (&)Two 
points  in  one  of  which  are  collected,  after 
reflection,  as  by  a  spherical  mirror,  or  re- 
fraction, as  by  a  double  convex  lens,  the 
rays  emitted  from  the  other.  —  Conjugate 
mirrors,  two  mirrors  placed  face  to  face  so 
that  each  reflects  rays  of  light  or  heat  to 
the  other. 

Conjugation  (kon-ju-ga'shon),  n.  [L.  con- 
jugatto.  See  CONJUGATE.]  i.t  A  couple  or 
pair.  '  The  sixth  conjugation  or  pair  of 
nerves/  Sir  T.  Browne.  —  2.t  The  act  of 
uniting  or  combining;  a  coming  together; 
union;  conjunction;  assemblage. 

All  the  various  mixtures  and  conjugations  of  atoms 
do  beget  nothing.  Bentley. 

3.  In  gram,  (a)  the  inflection  of  a  verb  in  its 
different  voices,  moods,  tenses,  numbers,  and 
persons;  a  connected  scheme  of  all  the  deriv- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;     u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CONJUGATIONAL 


667 


CONNECTION 


ative  foniis  of  a  verb.  (';)  A  class  of  verbs  con- 
luxated  in  tile  same  way  ;  as,  Latin  verbs  of 
the  third  conjugation.—*.  In  biol.  a  union 
of  two  distinct  cells  in  order  to  reprodilc- 
tion,  as  in  the  ('onfervaceie  and  Dintoma- 
cerc.  Thus,  two  filaments  of  Zygnema  and 
gome  analogous  genera  ai'e  seen  to  unite  by 
means  of  tubes  projected  from  each,  and  the 
contents  of  one  cell  are  poured  into  the  other, 
called  a  mother  cell,  the  result  of  which  is  a 
germinating  spore.  The  same  process  takes 
pl.ice  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  lower  ani- 
mals as  the  Diplo/oon. 
Conjugatlonal  (kon-ju-ga'shon-al),  a.  Of 
or  Mtonglng  to  conjugation;  as,  one  of  the 
b. 
a.  Conjugal. 


conjugatitinal  forms  of  a  verb. 
Conjugial*  (kon-ju'ji-al),  a 
' 


Conjugial* 

•Ciitijii'jitd  love.'    Noble. 
Conjunct  (kon-jungkf),  a.    [L.  emjunetut, 
from  cunjiingo.     See  CONJOIN.]    Conjoined; 
united  ;  concurrent. 

It  pleas'd  the  king  his  master  to  strike  at  me, 
When  he.  conjunct  and  nattering  his  displeasure, 
Tript  me  behind.  Shut. 

He  discusses  the  conjunct  questions  with  great 
acutenessfrom  every  point  of  view.  Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

—Conjunct  right*,  in  Scots  law,  rights  be- 

lomiiug  to  two  or  more  persons  jointly. 
Conjunct  t  (kon'jungkt),  n.   A  combination; 

an  association  ;  a  union.     Creech.    [Rare.] 
Conjunction  (kon-jungk'ahon),  n.    [L.  con- 

junctio.     See  CONJOIN.)    1.  Union  ;  connec- 

tion ;  association. 

We  will  unite  the  white  rose  with  the  red  ; 
Smile,  heaven,  upon  this  fair  conjunction.  Shak. 

1.  The  copulation  of  the  sexes.    Jer.  Taylor. 

3.  Inastron.  the  meeting  of  two  or  more  stars 
or  planets  in  the  same  degree  of  the  zodiac  ; 
as,  the  conjunction  of  the  moon  with  the  sun, 
or  of  Jupiter  and  Saturn.    The  planets  rela- 
tively to  the  earth,  are  separated  into  two 
divisions,  inferior  and  superior,  the  former 
having  their  orbits  within  and  the  latter 
without  that  of  the  earth.    When  a  planet, 
as  seen  from  the  earth,  is  in  the  same  direc- 
tion as  the  sun,  it  is  said  to  be  in  conjunc- 
tion with  the  sun.     This,  however,  in  the 
case  of  an  inferior  planet,  may  be  either 
when  it  passes  between  the  sun  and  the 
earth  or  when  it  is  on  the  farther  side  of 
the  sun;  the  former  is  the  inferior  and  the 
latter  the  superior  conjunction.    A  superior 
planet  can  only  be  once  in  conjunction  with 
the  sun  during  its  revolution,  namely,  when 
the  sun  is  in  a  direct  line  between  it  and 
the  earth.    See  SYZYGY  and  OPPOSITION.— 

4.  In  gram,  a  connective  indeclinable  par- 
ticle, serving  to  unite  words,  sentences,  or 
clauses  of  a  sentence,  and  indicating  their 
relation  to  one  another.     There  are  two 
principal  kinds  of  conjunctions  —  the  con- 
junctive and  the  disjunctive  ;  as,  Peter  ami 
James,  Robert  or  Ralph—  and  being  called 
conjunctive,  or  disjunctive  ;  hut  the  latter 
is  by  no  means  a  happy  term.   Conjunctions 
are  further  subdivided  into  conditional,  ad- 
versative, illative,  &c.,  as  if,  notwithstaml- 
ing,  therefore,  &c. 

Conjunctional  (  kon  -  jungk  '  shon  -  al  ),  a. 
B  -'longing  or  relating  to  a  conjunction;  as, 
the  conjunctional  use  of  a  word. 

Conjurictionally  (kon-jungk'shon-al-i),  ado. 
In  a  conjunctional  manner. 

Conjunctiva  (kon-jungk-ti'va),  n.  In  anat. 
the  mucous  membrane  which  lines  the  inner 
surface  of  the  eyelids,  and  is  continued  over 
the  fore-part  of  the  globe  of  the  eye.  Called 
more  fully  the  Conjunctiva  Tunica. 

Conjunctival  (kon-jungk-ti'val),  a.  Of  or 
pertaining  to  the  conjunctiva.  —  Conjunc- 
tival  membrane,  in  anat.  the  conjunctiva 
(which  see). 

Conjunctive  (kon-jungk'tiv),  a.  [L.  con- 
junctions, from  coHjungo.  See  CONJOIN.] 
l.t  Closely  united.  'She's  so  conjunctive 
to  my  life  and  soul.'  Shak.  —  2.  Uniting; 
serving  to  unite.  '  Some  (conjunctions)  are 
conjunctive,  and  some  disjunctive.'  Harris. 
—  Conjunctive  mood,  in  grain,  the  mood 
which  follows  a  conjunction  or  expresses 
some  condition  or  contingency.  It  is  more 
generally  called  Subjunctive. 

Conjunctively  (kon-jungk'tiv-li),  adv.  In  a 
conjunctive  or  combined  manner;  together. 

Of  Strasburg  and  Ulm  I  may  speak  conjunctively. 
/f  'often. 

Conjunctiveness  (kon-jungk'tiv-nes),  n. 

The  quality  of  being  conjunctive.  Johnson. 
Conjunctly  (kon-Jungkt'li),  ado.     In  a  con- 

junct manner;  in  union;  jointly;  together. 

They  must  be  understood  conjunc'ly.  so  as  always 
to  go  together.  Kp.  Bevcridge. 

The  the.iry  of  the  syllogism  in  Depth  (far  less  in 
both  quantities  conjunctly)  was  not  generalized  by 
Aristotle  Sir  It'.  Hamilton. 


I'linjiinrthj  and  severally,  a  term  in  Scots 
law  upplicable  when  two  or  more  persons 
arc  bound  to  the  performance  of  an  obliga- 
tion  in  such  a  manner  that  they  are  each 
liable  for  the  whole,  and  it  is  optional  t" 
exact  performance  either  from  each  of  them 
proportionally  or  to  exact  the  obligation  to 
the  full  extent  against  any  one  of  them, 
leaving  him  to  seek  his  relief  from  the 
others. 

Conjuncture  (kon-jungk'tur).  ».  [Kr.  run- 
juncture.  See  CONJOIN.)  l.t  The  act  of 
joining  or  state  of  being  joined;  a  combi- 
nation ;  union ;  connection.  '  The  conjunc- 
ture of  philosophy  and  divinity.'  Hobbeg.— 
2.  Combination  of  circumstances  or  affairs ; 
especially,  a  critical  time,  proceeding  from 
a  union  of  circumstances;  a  crisis  of  affairs; 
as,  at  that  conjuncture  peace  was  very  de- 
sirable. 

He  (Chesterfield)  had  recently  governed  Ireland, 
at  a  momentous  conjuncture,  with  eminent  firmness, 
wisdom,  and  humanity.  Macaulay. 

Conjuration  (kon-ju-ra'shon),  n.  [In  first 
two  meanings  from  conjure,  in  Sdirectly  from 
L.  conjuratio,  a  conspiracy.  See  CONJURE.) 

1.  The  act  of  calling  on  or  summoning  by 
a  sacred  name ;  the  act  of  imploring  with 
solemnity ;  the  act  of  binding  by  an  oath ; 
adjuration. 

We  charge  you,  in  the  name  of  God.  take  heed  .  .  . 
Under  this  conjuration  speak,  my  lord.         Shak. 

2.  A  magical  form  of  words  with  the  view  of 
evoking  supernatural  aid;  an  incantation;  an 
enchantment ;  a  magic  spell.     '  What  con- 
juration, and  what  mighty  magic,  I  won  his 
daughter  with.'    Shak.— 3. t  A  conspiracy; 
a  plot ;  a  league  for  criminal  ends.     '  The 
conjuration  of  Catiline. '    Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Conjurator  (kon-ju-ra'ter),  71.  In  old  Eng- 
lish law,  one  bound  by  an  oath  with  others ; 
a  conjuror. 

Conjure  (formerly  kon-jur1  or  kon'jur;  for 
present  pron.  see  below),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp. 
conjured;  ppr.  conjuring.  [L.  conjnro,  to 
swear  together,  to  conspire—  con,  with,  and 
juro,  to  swear,  whence  also  jury,  perjure.  ] 

1.  (pron.  kon-jui-'.)    To  call  on  or  summon 
by  a  sacred  name  or  in  a  solemn  manner ; 
to  implore  with  solemnity;  to  adjure. 

I  conjure  you !  let  him  know, 
Whate'erwasdoneagainsthim,  Catodidit.  Addison. 

2.  t  To  bind  conjointly  by  an  oath;  to  engage 
in  a  common  design. 

(He)  in  proud  rebellious  arms 
Drew  after  him  the  third  part  of  heaven's  sons. 
Conjnrd  against  the  Highest.  Milton. 

3.  (pron.  kun'jer.)     To  affect  or  effect  by 
magic  or  enchantment ;  to  bring  about  by 
practising  the  arts  of  a  conjurer.     '  The 
habitation  which  your  prophet  conjured  the 
devil  into.1    Shak.     '  Conjures  the  wander- 
ing stars.'    Shak. — To  conjure  up,  to  raise 
up  or  bring  into  existence  by  conjuring  or 
as  if  by  conjuring ;  as,  to  cotijure  up  a  phan- 
tom. 

You  have  conjured  uf  persons  that  exist  nowhere 
else  but  on  old  coins.  Addison. 

Conjure.i'.t  l.t(kon-jur'.)Toconspire.  'Had 
conjured  among  themselves  and  conspired 
against  the  Englishmen.'  Foxe.—  2  (kun'- 
jer.) To  practise  the  arts  of  a  conjurer;  to 
use  arts  to  engage  the  aid  of  spirits  in  per- 
forming some  extraordinary  act. 

1  conjure  only  but  to  raise  up  him.          Shak. 

Conjurement  (kon-jur'ment),  «.  Adjura- 
tion; solemn  demand  or  entreaty.  'Ear- 
nest intreaties  and  serious  conjurements.' 
Milton. 

Conjurer,  Conjuror  (kon-jiir'er),  n.  1.  One 
who  solemnly  enjoins  or  conjures.— 2.  t  One 
bound  by  a  common  oath;  a  conjurator. 

Conjurer,  Conjuror  ( kun'jer-er ),  n.  An 
enchanter;  one  who  practises  legerdemain; 
a  juggler. 

Though  ants  are  very  knowing,  I  don't  take  them 
to  be  conjurers.  Addison. 

Conn  (kon),  ».(.  See  CON,  to  know,  and 
CON,  CONN,  naut. 

Conn  (kon  or  kun),  n.  Kaut.  the  position 
taken  up  by  the  person  who  cons,  or  directs 
the  steering  of  a  vessel.  'The  quarter- 
master at  the  conn.'  Mich.  Scott. 

Connascence,  Connascency  (kon-nasens, 
kon-nas'en-si).  «.  [  L.  con,  and  nascor,  to 
be  born.]  1.  The  common  birth  of  two  or 
more  at  the  same  time;  production  of  two 
or  more  together.  Sir  T.  Browne.— 
act  of  growing  together  or  at  the  same 
time.  'A  cmnateence,  or  growing  together. 
Wiseman. 

Connascent  (kon-nas'ent),  a.  Produced  to- 
gether or  at  the  same  time. 


Connate  (kon'uat),  a.  [I.  cm,  and  natui, 
born,  (nun  nnicnr,  to  be  INMTI.]  1.  Belong- 
ing to  from  birth  ;  implanted  at  birth:  ap- 
plied chiefly  in  /<A//-v./-Av  t"  i-lrim  or  prin- 
ciples •Thecnnvirtlon  that 
if  we  are  Bent  Into  tin- 
world  with  certain  mnnatr 
l>rinciplr»  of  truth,  those 
prhii-iples  cannot  be  false  ' 
(I.  II.  Letcei .—  2.  In  anat. 
see  under  CONFLUENT.  — 
:i  In  lint,  united  In  nrlirlii: 
growing  from  one  base,  or 
uuitrd  ut  thi-irliiMi;  united 
Connate  Leaves,  into  one  body  ;  as.  Connate 

leaves  or  anthers  4.  In 
med  congenital;  as.  n»tnate  diseases.  Bee 
extract. 

A  difference  has  been  made  by  some;  those 
diseases  or  conditions  which  are  dependent  upon  ori- 
ginal confirmation,  being  called  congenital ;  wliiKi 
the  diseases  or  affections  that  have  supervened  dur- 
ing gestation  or  delivery,  are  termed  contiate. 


Connate -perfoliate  (kon'uat  -i 
a.  In  but.  growing  together  or  connate  at 
their  bases:  a  term  nsi-tl  of  leaves.  Leaves 
of  this  character  surround  the  item. 

Connation  (kon-na'shon),  n.  Connection  by 
birth;  natural  union  I>r  II.  More.  [Rare] 

Connatural  (kon-nat'u-ral),  <i.  [Prefix  con, 
and  natural. ]  1.  Connected  by  nature; 
united  in  nature;  belonging  to  by  nature. 

These  affections  are  connatural  to  us.  and  as  we 
grow  up,  so  do  they.  Sir  K.  I.'listrange. 

2.  Participating  of  the  same  nature.  'And 
mix  with  our  ctmnatural  dust '  Milton. 

Connaturality  (kon-nat'u-rar'l-ti),  n.  Par- 
ticipation of  the  same  nature;  natural  union. 
[Rare.]  'A  congruity  or  connatural!  ty.'  Sir 
M.  Hale. 

Connaturallze  t  (kon-nat'u-ral-Iz),  v.t.  To 
connect  by  nature. 

Connaturally  (kon-nat'u-ral-li),  ado.  In  a 
connatural  manner;  by  the  act  of  nature; 
originally.  Sir  >l.  Hale. 

Connaturalness  (kon-nat'u-ral-nes),n.  Par- 
ticipation of  the  same  nature ;  natural 
union  Kp.  Pearson. 

Connature  (kon-na'tur),  ».  [  Prefix  con,  and 
nuini,  \  Likeness  in  nature;  identity  or 
similarity  of  character. 

Cotmature  was  denned  as  likeness  in  kind  between 
either  two  changes  in  consciousness  or  two  states  of 
consciousness.  it.  Spencer. 

Connaught  Rangers  (kon-naf  ranj-erz), 
n.  pi.  The  USthReglment  of  foot  in  the 
British  army.  It  is  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished of  the  Irish  regiments. 

Conne.tr.  t.    [See  CON.)    To  know. 

Conne.t    To  be  able.    Chaucer.    See  CAN. 

Connect  (kon-nekf),  D.«.  [L.  connecto,  cmi- 
1  luxum—con,  and  necto,  to  bind.]  To  fasten 
together;  to  join  orunite;  to  conjoin;  tocom- 
bine;  to  associate;  as,  to  connect  ideas;  the 
Strait  of  Gibraltar  connects  the  Mediter- 
ranean with  the  Atlantic;  a  treaty  connect* 
two  nations;  the  interests  of  agriculture  are 
connected  with  those  of  commerce;  families 
are  connected  by  marriage  or  by  friendship. 

To  him  no  high,  no  low.  no  great,  no  small ; 
He  tills,  he  bounds,  connects,  and  equals  all. 

Pope. 

[This  word  is  not  of  early  use.  It  does  not 
occur  in  Milton's  poems,  In  Shakspere,  or 
in  the  Bible.) 

Connect  (kon-nekf),  r,i.  To  join,  unite,  or 
cohere;  as,  this  part  will  not  connect  with 
what  goes  before.  Rp  Home. 

Connectedly  (kon-nekt'ed  II),  adv.  By  con- 
nection; in  a  connected  manner;  conjointly 

Connecting-rod  (kon-nekt'ing-rod),  n.  In 
engin  (a)  tile  coupling-rod  which  connects 
the  piston  with  the  crank  of  the  driving- 
wheel  axle  of  locomotive  engines.  (6)  The 
outside  coupling-rod  which  connects  the 
wheels  of  locomotive  engines  (c)  The  rod 
connecting  the  cross-head  of  a  team-engine 
with  that  end  of  the  working-beam  which 
plays  over  the  cylinder. 

Connection,  Connexion  (kon-nek'shon),  n. 
[L.  connexio.  See  CONNECT.]  1.  The  act  of 
connecting  or  state  of  being  connected;  the 
act  of  joining  or  state  of  being  joined; 
union  by  junction,  by  an  intervening  sub- 
stance or  medium,  by  dependence  or  rela- 
tion, or  by  order  in  a  series.  '  Connection 
between  cause  and  effect.'  Wheicell.  'The 
close  connection  between  vicious  theory  and 
vicious  practice.'  Macaulay. 

My  heart,  which  by  a  secret  harmony. 

Still  moves  with  thine,  joined  in  connexion  sweet. 

Millon- 

Each  intermediate  idea  must  be  such  as.  in  the 
whole  chain,  hath  a  visible  connection  with  the  two 
it  is  placed  between.  Locke. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J.job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin;,;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  .rig;    wh,  itAig;    in,  azure.  -See  KBY. 


CONNECTIVE 


558 


CONQUERABLE 


2.  Relationship  by  blood  or  marriage,  but 
more  specifically  by  marriage;  hence,  a  per- 
son connected  with  another  by  this  relation- 
ship. ~3.  Circle  of  persons  with  whom  any 
one  is  brought  into  contact;  as,  a  large 
business  connection.  — 4.  An  association  or 
united  body;  a  religious  sect;  as,  the  Me- 
thodist Connexion. — In  this  connection,  in 
connection  with  what  is  now  under  consi- 
deration; as,  in  thi#  connection  I  may  re- 
mark, &c.,  a  phrase  said  to  be  of  American 
origin,  but  now  freely  used  by  writers  in 
this  country  also.— SYN.  Union,  coherence, 
continuity,  junction,  association,  depend- 
ence, intercourse,  commerce,  communica- 
tion, affinity,  relationship. 

Connective  (kon-nek'tiv),  a.  Having  the 
power  of  connecting;  tending  to  connect; 
connecting.  — Connective  tissue.  Same  as  Cel- 
lular Tissue.  See  under  CELLULAR. 

Connective  (kon-nek'tiv),  n.  That  which 
connects.  Specifically,  (a)  in  gram,  a  word 
that  connects  other  words  and  sentences;  a 
conjunction.  (6)  In  bot.  the  part  that  con- 
nects the  two  lobes  of  an  anther. 

Connectlvely(kon-nek'tiv-li),adp.  In  a  con- 
nective manner;  union  or  conjunction; 
jointly.  Swift. 

Connector  (kon-nek'ter),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  connects.  Specifically,  (a)  in 
chem.  a  small  flexible  tube  for  connecting 
the  ends  of  glass-tubes  in  pneumatic  experi- 
ments. (&)  In  elect,  a  device  for  holding 
two  parts  of  a  conductor  in  intimate  con- 
tact. 

Conner  (kon'er),  n.  A  small  fish  found 
on  the  New  England  coast.  Called  also 
nine  Perch.  [United  States.] 

Conner  (kon'ner),  n.     [See  CON,  to  know.] 

1.  One  who  tests  or  examines;  one  who  has 
a  special  knowledge  of  anything.    See  ALE- 
CONNER.—2.  One  who  directs  the  steersman 
of  a  ship. 

Con  next  (kon-neks'),  v.t.  [L.  connecto,  con- 
ncxum.  See  CONNECT.]  To  link  together; 
to  join;  to  connect.  Sir  M.  Hale. 

Connexion,  n.   See  CONNECTION. 

Connexlona.1  (kon-nek'shon-al),  a.  1.  Per- 
taining to  or  having  the  nature  of  a  con- 
nection.—2.  Pertaining  to  a  connection  in 
the  sense  of  a  religious  sect. 

Connexive  (kon-neks'iv),  a.  Connective. 
'This  connexive  particle,  'therefore."  Mil- 
ton. '  Connexive  particles.'  Watts.  [Rare.] 

Connictation  (kon-nik-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  cow- 
nictatio~con,  and  nicto,  to  wink.]  The  act 
of  winking.  Bailey. 

Conning,  Cunning  (kon'ing,  kun'ing),  n. 
[See  the  verb  CON.]  Among  teamen,  the 
act  or  art  of  directing  the  steersman  to 
guide  the  ship  in  her  proper  course. 

Connivance  (kon-niv'ans),  n.  The  act  of 
conniving;  voluntary  blindness  to  an  act; 
intentional  forbearance  to  see  a  fault  or 
other  act,  generally  implying  consent  to  it. 

It  is  better  to  mitigate  usury  by  declaration  than 
to  suffer  it  to  rage  by  connivance.  fiacon. 

Such  abuses  had  gradually  prevailed  and  pained 
strength  by  connivance.  Hallam. 

Connivancy  (kon-mv'an-si),  n.  Same  as 
Connivance.  See  first  extract  under  CON- 
NIVK.  Also  written  Connivancy. 

Connive  (kon-niv'),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  connived; 
ppr.  conniving.  [L.  conniveo,  to  wink,  to 
wink  at,  to  connive  at  an  error,  Ac.— con, 
together,  ami  niveo,  to  wink,  allied  to  nico, 
to  beckon,  and  nicto,  to  wink.  ]  1. 1  To  wink ; 
to  close  and  open  the  eyelids  rapidly. 

The  artist  is  to  teach  them  how  to  nod  judiciously, 
and  to  connive  with  either  eye.  Spectator, 

2.  Fig.  to  close  the  eyes  upon  a  fault  or  other 
act;  to  pretend  ignorance  or  blindness;  to 
forbear  to  see;  to  overlook  a  fault  or  other 
act  and  suffer  it  to  pass  unnoticed,  uncen- 
sured,  or  unpunished :  followed  by  at;  as, 
the  father  connives  at  the  vices  of  his  son. 

I  have  connived  at  this,  your  friend  and  you. 
But  what  is  got  by  this  connivancy?    Beau.  &•  Fl. 
He  (Charles  II.)   publicly  took  the  sacrament  at 
( txford  as  a  pledge  that  he  never  would  even  connive 
at  Popery.  Macaitlay. 

Connivet  (kon-niv')  v.t.  To  shut  one's  eyes 
to;  to  wink  at.  Milton.  [Rare.] 

Connivency  (kon-niv'en-si),  n.  Connivance 
(which  see).  Ilalex. 

Connivent  (kon-nlv'ent),  a.  [See  CONNIVK.] 
l.t  Shutting  the  eyes;  forbearing  to  see;  wil- 
fully blind;  inattentive.  'Justice  connivent, 
or,  if  I  may  so  say,  oscitant  and  supine.' 
Milton.  —  2.  In  nat.  hint,  having  a  gradually 
inward  direction;  converging;  as,  the  con- 
nivent wings  of  an  insect, or  leaves  of  a  flower. 
—Connivent  valves,  in  anat.  those  wrinkles 
or  folds  of  the  lining  membrane  of  canals 


which  are  so  disposed  as  to  retard,  while  at 
the  same  time  they  permit  the  passage  of 
the  contents  of  such  canals. 
Conniver  (kon-mv'er),  n.  One  who  connives. 

Abettors,  counsellors,  consenters,  commenders, 
conni-vers,  concealers;  each  of  these  will  be  found 
jfiiilty  before  God's  tribunal.  Jnnins. 

Connoisseur  (kou'is-sur),  n.  [O.Fr.  eon- 
noiffseur,  Mod.  Fr.  connaisseur,  from  the 
verb  connoitre,  connaitre,  from  L.  cogmwn, 
to  know.  See  COGNIZANCE.]  A  critical 
judge  of  any  art,  particularly  of  painting 
and  sculpture;  one  competent  to  pass  a  cri- 
tical judgment  upon  anything;  one  that  can 
pick  out  what  is  superior  from  a  number  of 
things. 

Your  lesson  learn'd,  you'll  be  secure 
To  get  the  name  of  connoisseur.  Swift. 

The  connoisseur  is  one  who  knows,  as  opposed  to 
the  dilettant,  who  only  thinks  he  knows.  Fairholt. 

Connoisseurship  (kon'is-sur-ship),  n.  The 
r61e  or  part  of  a  connoisseur. 

Connotate  (kon'6-tat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
notated; ppr.  connotating.  [L.  con,  together, 
and  noto,  notatum,  to  note,  to  mark.]  1.  To 
include  in  the  meaning;  to  connote:  said  of 
a  word. 

Cod's  foreseeing  doth  not  include  or  connotate  pre- 
determining. Hammond. 

2.  To  involve;  to  imply.  'Law  and  punish- 
ment being  relations,  and  mutually  connot- 
ating each  the  other.'  Bp.  Reynolds.  [Rare.] 
Connotation (kon-6-ta'snon),  n.  Thatwhieh 
constitutes  the  meaning  of  a  word;  the  at- 
tributes expressed  by  a  word.  See  extract. 

The  more  usual  mode  of  declaring  the  connotation 
of  a  name  is  by  predicating  two  or  more  connotative 
names  which  make  up  among  them  the  whole  conno~ 
tation  of  the  name  to  be  denned  ;  as,  Man  is  a  cor- 
poreal, organized,  animated,  rational  beinij,  shaped 
so  and  so:  or  we  may  employ  names  which  connote 
several  of  the  attributes  at  once,  as,  Man  is  a  rational 
animal  shaped  so  and  so.  J.  S.  Miil. 

Connotative  (kon-no'ta-tiv),  a.  Connoting; 
significant.  See  CONNOTE  and  CONNOTA- 
TION. 

Proper  names  are  not  connotative;  they  denote  the 
individuals  who  are  called  by  them ;  but  they  do  not 
indicate  or  imply  any  attributes  as  belonging  to  those 
individuals.  J.  S.  Mill. 

Connote  (kon-nof),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  connoted; 
ppr.  connoting.  [L.  con,  and  noto,  to  mark. 
See  NOTE.]  To  include  in  the  meaning;  to 
comprise  among  the  attributes  expressed; 
to  imply. 

Good,  in  the  general  sense  of  it,  connotes  also  a 
certain  suitableness  of  it  to  some  other  thing.  South. 

— Note,  Denote,  Connote.  Note  is  generic, 
and  means  to  mark  in  any  way.  Connote 
and  denote  are  distinguished  in  logic,  the 
former  referring  to  the  qualities  which  a 
word  expresses;  the  latter  to  the  individuals 
or  objects  to  which  it  is  applied.  Thus  the 
word  'horse'  connotes  the  qualities  that  dis- 
tinguish a  horse  from  other  animals,  and 
denotes  the  class  of  animals  which  are  char- 
acterized by  having  these  qualities.  There 
is  a  corresponding  distinction  between  the 
derivates  connotation,  connotative,  and  de- 
notation, denotative.  Thus  proper  names 
have  no  connotation  or  are  not  connotative, 
but  they  are  denotative.  Thames  is  the 
name  of  a  particular  river,  which  is  the 
denotation  of  that  word,  but  as  it  is  not 
given  to  the  river  in  virtue  of  any  attributes, 
that  name  is  not  connotative. 
Connote  (kon-nof),  v.i.  To  have  a  meaning 
or  signification  in  connection  with  another 
word. 

Some  grammarians  have  said  that  an  adjective  only 
connotes,  and  means  nothing  by  itself,  fiorne  Tookt. 

Connubial  (kon-nu'bi-al),  a.  [L.  connubialis, 
from  connubium,  marriage  —con,  and  nubo, 
to  marry.]  Pertaining  to  marriage;  nuptial; 
belonging  to  the  state  of  husband  and  wife. 
' Connubial lo\e.'  Milton.  'Connubial rites.* 
I'ope, 

Connubiality  (kon-nu-bi-al'i-ti),  n.  The 
state  of  being  connubial;  anything  pertain- 
ing to  the  state  of  husband  and  wife.  '  With 
the  view  of  stopping  some  connubialities 
which  had  begun  to  pass.'  Dickenx. 

Connubially  (kon-nu'bi-al-li),  adv.  In  a 
connubial  manner;  as  man  and  wife. 

Connumerate  (kon-nu'mer-at),  v.t.  To 
reckon  or  count  in  with  anything  else. 
'Ought  to  he  connumerated  or  reckoned  to- 
gether.' Cudworth. 

Connumeration  (kon-nu'mer-a"shon),  n. 
A  reckoning  together.  Person. 

Connusance  (kon'u-sans),  n.  [Fr.  connout- 
sance.}  In  tow,  cognizance  (which  see). 

Connusant  (kon'u-sant),  a.  In  law,  know- 
ing; informed;  cognizant. 


Connusor  (kon-u-sor')-     Same  as  Coynizor. 

Connutritious  (kon-nu-tri'shus),  a.  [Prefix 
<•"/(,  together,  ami  nutritious,]  Nutritious 
by  force  of  habit.  Stuart. 

Conocarp(ko'np-karp),n.  [Gr.  kfinog,  a  cone. 
andfcaroofl,  fruit.]  In  bot.  a  fruit  consisting 
of  a  collection  of  carpels  arranged  upon  ;i 
conical  centre,  as  the  strawberry. 

Conodont  (ko'no-dont),n.  [(jr.  kvnos,  a  cone, 
and  odou$,  odontos,  a  tooth.]  In  geol.  the 
name  given  to  certain  minute,  glistening, 
curved,  slender  bodies,  hollow  at  the  base 
and  tapering  to  a  slender  end,  fuund  in 
great  profusion  in  the  Silurian  schists  of 
Russia.  They  are  supposed  to  be  the  spines, 
or  hooklets,  or  denticles  of  naked  molluscs 
and  annelids. 

Conohelix  (ko-no-he'liks),  n.  [Gr.  fro/i..*, 
a  cone,  and  helix,  a  spiral.)  A  genus  of  tur- 
binated  shells,  of  the  family  Muricidic. 

Conoid  (kon'oid),  71.  [Gr.  leonoeidfs—k- 
a  cone,  and  eidos,  form.]  1.  In  geom.  (a)  a 
solid  formed  by  the  revolution  of  a  cnnu 
section  about  its  axis.  If  the  conic  section 
is  a  parabola  the  resulting  solid  is  a  para- 
bolic conoid  or  paraboloid;  if  a  hyperbola. 
the  solid  is  a  hyperbolic  conoid  or  hyprr- 
boloid ;  if  an  ellipse,  an  elliptic  conoid,  a 
spheroid,  or  an  ellipsoid,  (b)  A  skew  surface 
which  may  be  generated  by  a  straight  line 
moving  in  such  a  manner  as  to  touch  a 
straight  Ifne  and  curve,  and  continue  p:n  ;il- 
lel  to  a  given  plane.— 2.  In  anat.  the  pineal 
gland. 

Conoid  (kon'oid),  a.  Having  the  form  of  a 
cone;  conoidal. 

Conoitlal  (ko-noid'al),  a.  Approaching  to  a 
conical  form;  nearly  but  not  exactly  conical. 

Conoidic,  Conoidical  (ko-noid'ik,  ko-imid'- 
ik-al).  a.  Pertaining  to  a  conoid;  having  the 
form  of  a  conoid 

Conominee  (ko-nom'in-e  or  ko-nom'in-e"),n.- 
One  named  or  designated  as  an  associate;  a 
joint  nominee. 

Conoscente  (ko-no-sen'ta),  n.  Same  as  Cog- 
noscente. 

Conquadrate  (kon-kwod'rat),  v.t.  [L.  con, 
together,  and  quadratus,  squared.  See 
QUADRATE.]  To  bring  into  a  square.  Ash. 
[Rare.J 

Conquassate  t  (kon-kwas'sat),  v.t.  pret.  A 
pp.  conquassated;  ppr.  conmtassating.  [L. 
conquasso,  conquaxsatum,  from  con,  toge- 
ther, and  quatio,  quassum,  to  shake.]  To 
shake. 
Vomits  do  violently  coitgitassate  the  lungs.  Harvey. 

Conquassation  t  (kon-kwas-aa'shon),  n. 
Concussion;  agitation.  Bailey. 

Conquer  (kong'ker),  v.t.  [O.Fr.  conquerre, 
conquerrer.  Mod.  Fr.  conquJrir,  from  L.  con- 
quiro,  to  seek  for,  go  in  quest  of,  procure — 
con,  together,  and  qucero,  to  seek,  ask,  gain 
{whence  quest  and  query).]  1.  To  subdue 
in  war;  to  reduce  by  physical  force  till  re- 
sistance is  no  longer  made;  to  bring  under 
one's  power;  to  vanquish;  to  gain  by  force; 
to  gain  dominion  over. 

If  we  be  conquer* d  let  men  conquer  us, 

And  not  these  bastard  Bretons.  Shak. 

And  though  mine  arm  should  cottfitfr  twenty  worlds, 

There's  a  lean  fellow  beats  all  conquerors.    Deki.tr. 

We  conqner'd  France,  but  felt  our  captive's  charms; 

Their  arts  victorious  triumph'd  o'er  our  arms.    Poft. 

2.  To  overcome  or  surmount,  as  obstacles, 
difficulties,  or  anything  that  hinders  pro- 
gress.—3.  To  gain  or  obtain  by  effort. 

It  was  only  after  a  strenuous  opposition  from  these 
bodies  that  ancient  literature  at  last  conquered  it* 
recognition  as  an  element  of  academical  instruction. 
Sir  It'.  Hamilton. 

— Conquer,  Vanquish.  Subdue,  Subjugate, 
Overcome.  These  words  agree  in  the  gene- 
ral idea  expressed  by  overcome,  viz.  that  of 
bringing  under  one's  power  by  the  exertion 
of  force,  of  getting  the  better  of  by  an  effort 
Conquer  IB  wider  and  more  general  than 
vanquish,  denoting  usually  a  succession  of 
struggles  or  conflicts;  while  vanquish  refers 
more  commonly  to  a  single  conflict.  Thus 
Alexander  the  Great  conquered  Asia  in  a 
succession  of  battles,  and  vanquished  Darius 
in  one  decisive  engagement.  Subdue  im- 
plies a  more  gradual  and  continued  pres- 
sure, but  a  surer  and  more  decisive  subjec- 
tion. Subjugate  is  to  bring  completely  umk-r 
the  yoke  of  bondage.— SYN  To  subdue,  van- 
quish, overcome,  overpower,  overthrow,  de- 
feat, rout,  discomfit,  subjugate,  reduce, 
humble,  crush,  surmount,  subject,  master. 

Conquer  (kong'ker),  v  i.  To  overcome;  to 
gain  the  victory.  'Resolv'd  to  conquer  or 
to  die.'  Waller. 

Conquerable  (kong'ker-a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  conquered,  overcome,  or  subdued. 
'Bevenge  . . .  which  jet  we  are  sure  is  wn- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CONQTJERABLEKESS 


559 


CONSCRIPT 


querabla  under  all  the  strongest  temptations 

tn  it.'     Atterbnry. 
Conquerableness  (kong'ker-a-bl-nes),  n.  A 

state  nf  being  conquerable. 
Conqueress  (kong'ker-es),  n.    A  female  who 

conquers;  a  victorious  female. 

o  Truth !  thou  art  a  mighty  conqaeress. 

Heau.  &•  Fl. 

Conqueringly  (kong'kcr-ing-li),  ado.  By 
conquering. 

Conquerment  t ( kong '  kSr-ment ),  n.  Con- 
quest. Jip.  Hall.  [Rare.] 

Conqueror  (kong'ker-er),  n.  One  who  con- 
quers; one  who  gains  a  victory;  one  who 
sulnlues  and  brings  into  subjeetion  or  pos- 
session by  force  or  by  influence. 

This  England  never  did,  nor  never  shall, 

I  ie  at  the  proud  foot  of  a  conqueror, 

But  when  it  first  dill  help  to  wound  itself.      Shak. 

r-The  Conqueror,  an  epithet  applied  to 
William  I.  as  expressing  his  conquest  of 
England  in  100U  As  originally  applied,  how- 
ever, the  name  was  not  exactly  synonymous 
with  conqueror  in  the  modern  sense. 

William,  we  must  always  remember,  did  not  give 
himself  out  as  a  conqueror.  The  name  conqueror, 
conqufestor,  though  applied  with  perfect  truth  in  the 
common  sense,  must  strictly  he  taken  in  the  legal 
meaning  of  fwchaser  or  acquirer.  E.  A.  Freeman. 

Conquest  (kongTuvest),  n.  [O.Fr.  conquest , 
I'r  conquete,  from  conquwtus,  pp.  of  con- 
quiro,  to  procure.  See  CONQUER.]  1.  The 
act  of  conquering;  the  act  of  overcoming  or 
vanquishing  opposition  by  force,  physical 
or  moral;  subjugation;  victory:  followed  by 
o/bef  ore  the  persons  conquered,  or  the  terri- 
tory or  thing  gained  by  conquest;  as,  the 
conquest  of  the  French  by  the  Germans;  the 
conquest  of  India  by  Britain;  a  nation's  con- 
quest of  its  liberty.  '  A  purity  that  has  been 
won  by  struggle  and  conquest.'  Dr.  Caird. 
When  used  absolutely  it  often  means  spe- 
cifically extension  of  territory  by  force  of 
arms. 

Conquest  and  good  husbandry  both  enlarge  the 
king's  dominions ;  the  one  by  the  sword,  making  the 
acres  more  in  number;  the  other  by  the  plough, 
making  the  same  acres  more  in  value.  Fuller. 
In  joys  of  conquest  he  resigns  his  breath.  Addison. 
Three  years  sufficed  for  the  conquest  of  the  conn- 
try.  Preicolt. 

2.  The  act  of  gaining  as  the  result  of  a 
struggle  or  conflict;  as,  the  conquest  of  a 
nation's  liberty. —3.  That  which  is  con- 
quered; possession  gained  byforce,  physical 
or  moral. 

What  conquest  brings  he  home? 
What  tributaries  follow  him  to  Rome  ?       Skat. 

4.  In  feudal  law,  acquest;  acquisition;  the 
acquiring  of  property  by  other  means  than 
by  inheritance,  or  the  acquisition  of  pro- 
perty by  a  number  in  community  or  by  one 
for  all  the  others.— 4.  In  Scots  law,  heritable 
property  acquired  in  any  other  way  than  by 
heritage,  as  by  purchase,  donation,  &c.;  or 
with  reference  to  a  marriage  contract,  herit- 
able property  subsequently  acquired. — The 
Conquest,  by  pre-eminence,  in  Eiig.  hist,  the 
conquest  of  England  by  William,  duke  of 
Normandy  (afterwards  William  I.),  in  108(i. 

Conqulsitiont  ( kong-kwi-zi'shon),  n.  [L. 
conquisilio,  from  conquiro,  to  seek  for.  See 
CONQUER.)  A  gathering  together;  a  seeking 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a  collection. 
'The  coinjuisitwn  of  some  costly  marbles 
and  cedars.'  Ep.  Hall. 

Conquistador  (kong-kwls'ta-dor),  n.  [Sp.] 
A  term  applied  to  the  conquerors  of  Span- 
ish America.  '  The  violence  and  avarice  of 
the  contiuistadors. '  •  Is.  Taylor. 

Consangulneal  (kon-sang-gwin'e-al),  a. 
Consanguineous.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Consanguineous  (kon-sang-gwin'e-us),  a. 
[L.  consangHineus,  related  by  blood.  See 
below.]  Of  the  same  blood;  related  liy  birth; 
descended  from  the  same  parent  or  ancestor. 

Am  not  I  consanguineous,  am  I  not  of  her  blood? 

SAa& 

Consanguinity  (kon-sang-gwin'i-ti),  n.  [L. 
cunmiujuinitcu— prefix  con,  with,  and  san- 
guis,  sanguinis,  blood.  ]  The  relation  of  per- 
sons by  blood;  the  relation  or  connection  of 
persons  descended  from  the  same  stock  or 
common  ancestor,  in  distinction  from  affin- 
ity or  relation  by  marriage.  '  Invoking  aid 
by  the  ties  of  consanguinity  and  a  common 
faith.'  Prescott. 

I  know  no  touch  of  consanguinity; 
No  kin,  no  love,  no  blood. 

Consarclnatlon  t  (kon-sar'si-mV'shon),  n. 
[L.  cunmreiim,  to  sew  or  patch  together] 
The  act  of  patching  together.  Bailey. 

Conscience  (kon'shens),  n.  [Fr,  from  L. 
conscientia,,  from  conscio,  to  know,  to  be 
privy  to—prefix  con,  with,  and  ww,  to  know.  ] 


l.t  Consciousness;  knowledge  of  our  own 
actions  or  thoughts. 

Merit  and  good  works  is  the  end  of  man's  motion  ; 
and  conscience  of  the  same  is  the  accomplishment  of 
man's  rest.  Bacon. 

The  sweetest  cordial  we  receive  at  last, 
Is  conscience  of  our  virtuous  actions  past. 

SirJ.  Itealiain. 

2.  Private  or  inwai'd  thoughts ;  real  senti- 
ments. 

By  my  troth,  I    will  speak  my  conscience  of  the  ' 
king ;  1  think  he  would  not  wish  himself  anywhere 
but  where  he  is.  Vm*. 

Do  you  in  conscience  think— tell  me,  Emilia — 
That  there  be  women  do  abuse  their  husbands 
In  such  gross  kind.  SJta/k. 

3.  The  faculty,  power,  or  principle  within 
us,  which  decides  on  the  Tightness  or  wrong- 
ness  of  our  own  actions  and  affections;  the 
sense  of  right  and  wrong.  — A  bad  conscience, 
a  reproving  conscience.  —  A  good  conscience, 
an  approving  conscience. 

My  conscience  hath  a  thousand  several  tongues, 
And  every  tongue  brings  in  a  several  tale, 
And  every  tale  condemns  me  for  a  villain.    Skat. 
Whatever  creed  be  taught,  or  land  be  trod, 
Man's  conscience  is  the  oracle  of  God.      Kyroii. 
Conscience  is  the  reason  employed  about  questions 
of  right  and  wrong,  and  accompanied  with  the  senti- 
ments of  approbation  and  condemnation.    //  'Imvell. 

4.  Morality;  what  a  good  conscience  would 
approve. 

He  had,  against  right  and  conscience,  by  shameful 
treachery  intruded  himself  into  another  man's  king- 
dom. '  Knollts. 

— In  all  conscience,  to  be  reasonable,  to  keep 
within  the  bounds  of  moderation:  a  form  of 
asseveration.  [Colloq.  ] 

Half  a  dozen  fools  are,  in  all  conscience,  as  many 
as  you  should  require.  Swift. 

—In  conscience.,  with  a  good  conscience,  in 
justice,  in  honesty,  in  truth. 

What  you  require  cannot,  in  conscience,  be  deferred. 

Milton. 

— To  make  conscience,  to  make  a  matter  of 
conscience,  to  act  according  to  the  dictates 
of  conscience;  to  scruple  to  act  contrary  to 
the  dictates  of  conscience. 

Children  are  travellers  newly  arrived  in  a  strange 
country;  we  should  therefore  make  conscience  not  to 
deceive  them.  Locke. 

—  Court  of  conscience,  a  court  established 
for  the  recovery  of  small  debts  in  London 
and  other  trading  cities  and  districts.  — 
Conscience  clause,  a  clause  or  article  in  an 
act  or  law  dealing  more  or  less  with  religious 
matters,  and  which  specially  relieves  per- 
sons who  object  to  engage  in  or  be  present 
during    religious    services   or   acts    there 
enjoined   or   named,    from    conscientious 
scruples,  as  in  taking  judicial  oaths  or  hav- 
ing their  children  present  at  school  during 
the  time  of  religious  instruction  or  service. 

—  Conscience  money,  money  paid  to  relieve 
the  conscience,  as  money  sent  to  the  chan- 
cellor of  the  exchequer  in  payment  of  a  tax 
which  has  previously  been  evaded. 

Conscienced  (kon'shenst),  a.  Haying  con- 
science. 'Young  conKcicnced  casuists.'  Sir 
W.  Daccnaiit.  [Rare.] 

Conscienceless  (kon'shens-les),  a.  Having 
no  conscience.  '  Conscienceless  and  wicked 
patrons,  of  which  sort  the  swarm  are  too 
great  in  England.'  Hooker. 

Conscience-proof  (k<>n'snens-prof),a.  Proof 
against  conscience.  Coleridge. 

Conscience-smitten  (kon'shens-snnt-n),  a. 
Smitten  by  conscience  or  remorse. 

Conscientt  (kon'shi-ent),  a.  Conscious. 
'Conscient  to  himself  that  he  played  his 
part  well.'  Bacon. 

Conscientious  (kon-shi-en'shus),  a.  l.t  Con- 
scious. 

The  heretick,  guilty  and  conscientious  to  himself 
ofrefutaliility.  IfliMock. 

2  Influenced  by  conscience ;  governed  by  a 
strict  regard  to  the  dictates  of  conscience, 
or  by  the  known  or  supposed  rules  of  right 
and  wrong;  as,  a  conscientious   judge.— 

3  Regulated  by  conscience ;  according  to 
the  dictates  of  conscience.     '  Lead  a  life  in 
so  conscientious  a  probity.'     Sir  K.  L  Et- 
trangt.  —  SYN.  Scrupulous,  exact,  faithful. 

Conscientiously  (kon-shi-en'shns-li)  adv. 
In  a  conscientious  manner;  according  to  the 
direction  of  conscience;  with  a  strict  regard 
to  right  and  wrong. 

If  the  conscience  happens  to  be  deluded,  sin  does 
not  therefore  cease  to  be  sin,  because  a  man  com- 
milled  it  conscientiously. 

Conscientiousness  (kon-shi-en'shus-nes),n. 
1  The  state  or  quality  of  being  conscien- 
tious ;  a  scrupulous  regard  to  the  decisions 


of  r<in*rii'lin-  ;   a  V.-IIH*-  of  ju-tire  and  Strict 

iiinf'irmity  t"  it-  dictates. 

There  were  the  In..:.  ^ttti- 

tiousness  such  an  few  kings  .ire  able  or  dare  lo  dll- 
pl.iy  on  the  throne,  which  never  swervc'i   i!  ; 
ambition  or  policy  from  strict  rectitude.      .Milman. 

•2.  In  j, In, 'n    one  of  the  moral  sentiments 
having  a  special  organ.   It  is  classed  ani"iix 
the  sentiments  proper  to  man 
Consclonable  (kmi'slum .a  i,i).  a.    ['An  111- 

rnitii.ii    wnril,  tiled  u  acontiai-tinii  of  ,-,.,i . 

science-able;  the  regular  formation  imiu  n,, 
\i-rl>  <-<'n*>-irc,  to  ue  conscious,  would  !-•• 
contcible,  which  was  probably  thought  to  b« 
too  brief.  Contcionahle  is  a  sort  of  a  com- 
promise between  cinueiblr  and  contcitrut- 
alilc.'  Skeat.]  1.  Governed  by  conscience; 
according  to  conscience;  reasonable;  just 

If  the  minister's  part  be  rightly  discharged  it  ren- 
ders the  people  more  conseionaole,  quiet,  and  easy 
to  be  governed.  Miitoit. 

Let  my  debtors  have  contcionable  satisfaction. 
H'otton. 

2.  t  Endowed  with  a  conscience. 

A  knave,  very  voluble ;   no  further  centcic-tiar-le 

than  in  putting  on  the  mere  form  of  civil  and  Inn 

seeming.  \lt,ii 

Conscionableness  (kon'shon-a-bl-nes).  ». 

The  state  or  quality  of  being  conscionable  ; 

reasonableness;  equity. 
Conscionably  (kon'shon-a-bli),  adv.    In  a 

conscionuble  manner ;  reasonably ;  justly. 

Jer.  Taylor. 
Conscious  (kon'shus),  a.    [L.  consciits— con, 

and  scio,  to  know. }   1.  Possessing  the  faculty 

or  power  of  knowing  what  affects  or  what 

goes  on  in  one's  own  mind. 

Among  substances  some  are  thinking  or  conscious 
beings,  or  have  a  power  of  thought.  Watts. 

2.  Having  direct  knowledge  of  a  thing;  hav- 
ing such  a  knowledge  as  ip  conveyed  by  im- 
mediate sensation  or  perception:  in  this  and 
the  following  sense  now  always  with  of  be- 
fore the  object  of  consciousness,  formerly 
sometimes  with  to,  anil  still  often  with  to 
before  the  reflexive  pronoun. 

Slowly  and  conscious  ijfthe  raging  eye 
That  watch'd  him  .  .  .  went  l.eolin.      Tennyson. 
tineas  only,  conscious  to  the  sign. 
Presaged  the  event.  Drydeti. 

3.  Knowing  from  conscience  or  from  an  in- 
ternal persuasion ;  aware;  sensible.     'As  if 
he  were  conscious  to  himself  that  he  had 
played  his  part  well  upon  the  stage.'  Bacon. 


The  queen  had  been  solicitous  with  the  king  on  his 
behalf,  being  conscious  to  herself  that  he  had  been 
encouragedliy  her.  Clarendon. 

4.  Having  become  the  subject  of  conscious- 
ness; known  to  one's  self;  as,  conscious  guilt. 
'Afresh  with  conscivm  terrors  vex  me  round. ' 
MUton, 

Consciously  (kon'shus-Ii),  arfiv  In  a  con- 
scious manner;  with  knowledge  of  one's 
own  mental  operations  or  actions. 


If  these  percept  ions,  with  their  consciousness.always 
remained  in  the  mind,  the  same  thinking  tiling  would 
be  always  consciously  present.  Locke. 


Consciousness  (kon'shus-nes),  n.  1.  The 
faculty  of  knowing  what  affects  or  what 
goes  on  in  one's  own  mind;  as,  consciousness 
distinguishes  sentient  from  non-sentient 
beings.  —  2.  Immediate  knowledge,  such  as 
is  given  in  sensation  and  perception. 

Consciousness  is  thus,  on  the  one  hand,  the  recog. 
nition  by  the  mind  or  'ego'  of  its  acts  and  affections 
—in  other  words,  the  self-affirmation  that  certain  mo- 
difications are  known  by  me  and  that  these  modifica- 
tions are  mine.  Sir  II'.  Hamilton. 

3.  Internal  persuasion  ;  feeling  ;  as,  he  had 
a  secret  consciousness  that  his  confederate 
would  prove  false  —Double  consciousness,  in 
med  psyehol.  a  somnambulistic  condition 
in  which  the  individual  leads,  as  it  were. 
two  lives;  recollecting  in  each  condition 
what  occurred  in  previous  conditions  of  the 
same  character,  but  knowing  nothing  of  the 
occurrences  in  the  other.  Dnnglison.—  At- 
tention, Consciousness.  See  ATTENTION. 

Consciunclet  (kon-shi-uni,''kl),i>.  [As  if  from 
a  I.  form  consciuncula.  dim.  of  contcwntia, 
conscience:  used  in  contempt.]  A  worth- 
less, trifling  conscience.  Dp.  Ilacket. 

Conscribet  (kon-skrib'),i'.(.  [See  COSSCRIIT.  ] 
To  enrol;  to  enlist;  to  levy. 

The  army  (which  was  not  small),  was  mueHttd, 
and  come  together  at  Harflete.  Hall. 

Conscript  (kon'skript),  a.  [L.  conscriptui. 
from  conscribo,  to  enrol  —  con,  with,  and 
I  scribo  to  write.l  Registered;  enrolled.— 
Conscript  fathers,  the  English  version  of  the 
Latin  t'atres  conscripti,  the  formula  used  in 
addressing  the  senators  of  ancient  Rome. 

Conscript  (kon'skript),  n.    [Jt.  consent 
One  who  is  compulsorily  enrolled  for  mili- 
tary or  naval  service. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loefc;      g,  170;      J.job; 


n,Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin/7;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  tAin;      w,  irig;    wh,  iriVig;    zh. ; 


CONSCRIPTION 


560 


CONSEQUENTIAL 


Conscription  (kon-skrip'shon).  n.  [L.  con- 
scriptio.]  l.t  An  enrolling  or  registering. 
' Conscription  of  men  of  war.'  Bp.  llurm't. 
Specifically— 2.  A  compulsory  enrolment  of 
individuals  of  a  certain  age,  held  liable  to 
be  drafted  for  military  or  naval  service. 
The  system  prevails  in  several  Continental 
countries. 

Conscriptional  (kon-skrip'shon-al),  a.  Per- 
taining to  a  conscription. 

Consecrate  (kon'se-krat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
consecrated;  ppr.  consecrating.  {L.  consecro 
— con,  with,  and  sacro,  to  consecrate,  from 
sacer,  sacred.  See  SACRED.]  1.  To  make  or 
declare  to  be  sacred  with  certain  ceremonies 
or  rites;  to  appropriate  to  sacred  uses;  to 
set  apart,  dedicate,  or  devote  to  the  service 
and  worship  of  God;  as,  to  consecrate  a 
church ;  to  consecrate  the  eucharistic  ele- 
ments. 

Thou  shalt  consecrate  Aaron  and  his  sons. 

Ex.  xxix.  9. 

He  (Christ)  clothed  himself  in  their  affections,  and 
they  admitted  him  to  their  sorrows,  and  his  presence 
consecrated  their  joys.  y.  Martinenu. 

2.  To  enrol  among  deities  or  saints;  to  can- 
onize.—3.  To  dedicate  with  a  certain  degree 
of  solemnity. 

These  to  his  memory 

I  dedicate,  I  consecrate  with  tears— 

These  idyls.  Tennyson. 

4.  To  render  venerable;  to  make  respected; 
to  hallow;  as,  rules  or  principles  conse- 
crated by  time.  —  SYN.  To  sanctify,  devote, 
dedicate,  hallow. 

Consecrate  (kon'se-krat),  a.  Sacred;  con- 
secrated; devoted;  dedicated.  'Assembled 
in  that  consecrate  place.'  Bacon.  'The 
imperial  seat,  to  virtue  consecrate.'  Shak. 
[Obsolescent  or  poetical.] 

Consecratedness  (kon'se-krat-ed-nes),  n. 
State  of  being  consecrated.  Jtev.  It.  Cecil. 
[Rare.] 

Consecration  (kon-se-kra'shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  or  ceremony  of  consecrating  or  separat- 
ing from  a  common  to  a  sacred  use,  or  of 
devoting  and  dedicating  a  person  or  thing 
to  the  service  and  worship  of  God,  by  cer- 
tain rites  or  solemnities;  the  act  of  giving  a 
sacred  character  to ;  as,  the  consecration  of 
the  priests  among  the  Israelites;  the  con- 
secration of  the  vessels  used  in  the  temple; 
the  consecration  of  the  elements  in  the 
eucharist;  the  consecration  of  a  bishop. 

Consecration  makes  not  a  place  sacred,  but  only 
solemnly  declares  it  so.  South. 

Specifically— 2.(«)  In  speaking  of  the  ancient 
Roman  emperors, deification;  the  ceremony 
nf  the  apotheosis  of  an  emperor.  (6)  In  the 
R  Cath.  Ch.  canonization. —3.  The  act  of 
rendering  venerable 

Consecrator  (kon'se-kra-ter),  ?*.  One  who 
consecrates. 

Consecratory  (kon'se-kra-tor-i),  a.  Making 
sacred.  'Consecratory  words.'  Bp.  Morton. 
[Rare.] 

Consectaneous  t  (kon-sek-ta'ne-us),  a.  [L. 
consectaneits,  following  logically.]  Follow- 
ing as  a  matter  of  course.  Blount. 

Consectaryt  (kon'sek-ta-ri),  a.  (L.  consec- 
tarius,  from  consector,  to  follow  eagerly- 
con,  together,  and  sector,  intens.  of  sequor, 
secutus,  to  follow.]  Following;  consequent; 
deducible.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Consectary  t  (kon'sek-ta-ri),  n.  That  which 
follows;  consequence;  deduction  from  pre- 
mises; corollary.  'These  propositions  are 
conaectarieti.'  Woodward. 

Consecutet  (kon'se-kut),  v.t.  To  follow 
closely  after;  to  pursue.  Wolsey. 

Consecution  t  (kon-se-ku'shon),  n.  [L.  con- 
secutio,  from  consequor,  to  follow—  con,  and 
sequor,  to  follow,  whence  sequence,  and 
from  same  root  second.  ]  1.  A  follow- 
ing or  sequel ;  train  of  consequences  from 
premises;  series  of  deductions.  'Consecu- 
tion* evidently  found  in  the  premises.'  Sir 
M.  Hale.  —  2.  Succession;  series  of  things 
that  follow  each  other. 

In  a  quick  consecution  of  colours,  the  impression  of 
every  colour  remains  on  the  sensorium.  Newton, 

—  Consecution  month,  in  a&tron.  the  space 
between  one  conjunction  of  the  moon  with 
the  sun  and  another;  a  lunar  month. 
Consecutive  (  kon  -  sek '  u  -  tiv ),  a.  [  Fr. 
consecutif.  See  CONSECUTION.]  1.  Unin- 
terrupted in  course  or  succession ;  suc- 
ceeding one  another  in  a  regular  order; 
successive.  'Fifty  consecutive  years.'  Ar- 
buthnot. —  2.  Following;  succeeding:  with 
to.  'Comprehending  only  the  actions  of  a 
man,  consecutive  to  volition.'  Locke. —Con- 
secutive chords,  in  music,  a  succession  or 
repetition  of  chords  of  the  same  interval; 
as,  consecutive  octaves,  consecutive  fifths. — 


Consecutive  polex,  in  magnetism,  slight  poles 
formed  at  irregular  points  of  a  magnetic 
bar,  which  tend  to  disturb  the  attraction 
of  the  real  poles.  —  Consecutive  symptoms, 
in  pathol.  symptoms  that  appear  on  the 
cessation,  or  during  the  decline,  of  a  disease, 
but  not  having  direct  or  evident  connection 
with  the  primary  ailment.  —  Consecutive 
combination,  in  chem.  a  term  applied  to  the 
chemical  process  by  which  a  series  of  salts 
are  formed  from  one  another;  thus,  the 
quadroxalate  of  potash  is  derived  in  the 
same  way  from  the  binoxalate  as  the  binox- 
alate  itaelf  is  derived  from  the  neutral  ox- 
alate,  two  atoms  of  water  being  displaced 
by  two  atoms  of  hydrated  oxalic  acid. 

Consecutive  (kon-sek'u-tiv),  n.  In  music, 
one  of  a  series  of  chords  following  each 
other  at  a  like  interval  of  pitch.  The  term 
is  generally  applied  in  the  plural  to  the  for- 
bidden progression  of  fifths  and  octaves. 

Consecutively  (kon-sek'u-tiv-li),  adv.  In 
a  consecutive  manner;  in  regular  succes- 
sion; successively. 

Consecutiveness  (kon-sek'u-tiv-nes),  n. 
State  of  being  consecutive  or  of  following 
in  regular  order. 

Conseil,'  n.     [Fr.]    Counsel.     Chaucer. 

Conseminate t  (kon-sem'i-nat),  v.t.  [L. 
con,  and  semino,  to  sow.]  To  sow  together, 
as  different  sorts  of  seeds.  Bailey. 

Consenescence,  t  Consenescency  t  (kon- 
se-nes'ens,  kon-se-nes'en-si),  n.  [L.  conse- 
nesco,  to  grow  old.  ]  A  growing  old ;  decay 
from  age.  Ray. 

Consenset  (kon'sens),  n.  A  sense  or  feel- 
ing in  conjunction,  or  union,  with  another. 
Cudworth. 

Consensiont  (kon-sen'shon),  n.  [L.  consen- 
nio.  See  CONSENT.]  Agreement;  accord. 
'  One  mind  and  understanding,  and  a  vital 
consension  of  the  whole  body.'  Bentley. 

Consensual  (kon-sen'su-al  or  kon-sen'shu- 
al),  a.  1.  In  Jaw,  formed  or  existing  by 
mere  consent;  as,  a  consensual  marriage.— 
2.  In  physiol.  excited  or  caused  by  sensation 
or  sympathy  and  not  by  conscious  volition. 
—Consensual  motions,  in  physiol.  a  term  ap- 
plied to  two  or  more  simultaneous  motions, 
of  which  the  secondary  or  more  remote 
motions  are  independent  of  the  will.  Thus 
the  iris  contracts  when  the  eye  is  open  to 
admit  the  light. 

Consensus  (kon-sen'sus),  n.  [L  3ee  CON- 
SENT.] Unanimity;  agreement;  concord. 
'  No  such  consensus  can  be  assumed.'  Times 
newspaper. 

Consent  (kon-senf),  v.i.  [L.  consentto,  to 
agree -con,  with,  and  sentio,  to  feel,  per- 
ceive, think.]  1.  To  agree  in  sentiment;  to  be 
of  the  same  mind;  to  accord.  '  Flourishing 
many  years  before  Wycliffe,  and  much  con- 
senting-with  him  in  judgment.'  Fuller.— 

2.  To  yield  to  what  one  has  the  right,  power, 
or  disposition  to  withhold ;  to  yield,  as  to 
persuasion  or  entreaty;  to  comply. 

My  poverty,  but  not  my  will,  consents.       Shak. 

3.  To  agree  to  acknowledge;  to  approve;  to 
assent;  to  concur:  with  to  or  unto. 

I  consent  unto  the  law  that  it  is  good.     Rom.  vii.  16. 

SYN.  To  accede,  yield,  assent,  comply,  agree, 
allow,  concede,  permit,  admit 
Consent  (kon-senf),  n.    [From  the  verb.] 

1.  Voluntary  accordance  with  what  is  done 
or  proposed  to  be  done  by  another;  a  yield- 
ing of  the  mind  or  will  to  that  which  is  pro- 
posed; acquiescence;  concurrence;  compli- 
ance; aa,  a  parent  gives  his  consent  to  the 
marriage  of  his  daughter. 

I  give  consent  to  go  along  with  you.        Sftat. 

2.  Accord  of  minds;  agreement  in  opinion 
or  sentiment;  unity  of  opinion. 

They  flock  together  in  consent  like  so  many  wild 
geese.  Shak. 

3.t  A  preconcerted  design;  concert. 

Here  was  a  consent, 
Knowing  aforehand  of  our  merriment. 
To  dash  it  like  a  Christmas  comedy.       Shak. 

4.  Agreement ;  coherence ;  correspondence 
in  parts,  qualities,  or  operation. 

Such  is  the  world's  great  harmony  that  springs 
From  union,  order, Tull  consent  of  tilings.       Poft. 

5.  In  pathol.  an  agreement  or  sympathy, 
by  which  one  affected  part  of  the  system 
affects  some  distant  part.    See  SYMPATHY. 

6.  In  law,  intelligent  concurrence  in  the 
terms  of  a  contract  or  agreement,  of  such  a 
nature  as  to  bind  the  party  consenting.  Con- 
sent of  parties  is  implied  in  all  legal  and 
binding  documents;  hence  persons  legally 
incapable  of  giving  consent,  as  idiots,  pupils, 
&c. ,  cannot  be  parties  to  a  contract.  Persons 
in  a  state  of  absolute  drunkenness  cannot 


give  legal  consent,  although  a  lesser  degree 
of  intoxication  will  not  afford  a  sufficient 
ground  for  annulling  a  contract.  Consent 
is  null  where  it  proceeds  on  essential  error, 
or  where  obtained  by  fraud,  or  by  force  and 
fear.—  Assent,  Consent.  See  under  ASSKNT 
Consent*  (kon-senf),  v.  t.  To  grant;  to  al  low ; 
to  give  assent  to. 

Interpreters  .  .  .  will  not  consent  it  to  be  «i  true 
1      Story.  Milton. 

Consentaneity  (kon-sen'ta-ne"i-ti),  «. 
Mutual  agreement.  North  Brit.  Jtev.  [Rare.] 

Consentaneous (kon-sen-ta'ne-us),  a.    [L. 

consentaneus.     See  CONSENT.]    Agreeable ; 

accordant;  consistent  with;  suitable.     'A 

i    good   law  and    consentaneous   to  reason." 

|     Howell. 

Consentaneously  (kon-sen-tii'ne-us-li),fldtj. 
;  Agreeably;  consistently;  suitably.  Dr.  Car- 
penter. 

ConsentaneousnessOvon-sen-ta'ne-us-nes), 
n.  Agreement ;  accordance  ;  consistency. 
Dr.  Carpenter. 

Consenter  (kon-sent'er),  n.  One  who  con- 
sents. 'No  party  nor  consent er  to  it  (treu- 
'  son).'  Sir  M.  Hale. 

Consentient  (kon-sen'shi-ent),  a.  [L.  con- 
sentient, consentio.  See  CONSENT.]  Agree- 
ing; accordant;  tending  to  the  same  point; 
unanimous.  'The  consentient  judgment  of 
the  Church.'  Bp.  Pearson. 

Consentingly  (  kon-senf  ing-li),  adv.  In  a 
consenting  or  acquiescent  manner.  Jer. 
Taylor. 

Consequence  (kon'se-kwens),  n.  [L.  const- 
quentia,  from  consequor— con,  and  set/nor, 
to  follow,  from  root  of  second.]  I.  That 
which  follows  from  any  act,  cause,  principle, 
or  series  of  actions ;  an  event  or  effect  pro- 
duced by  some  preceding  act  or  cause. 

Shun  the  bitter  consequence;  for  know 

The  day  thou  eatcst  thereof,  my  sole  command 

Transgressed,  inevitably  thou  shalt  die. 

Milton. 

2.  Conclusion;  inference;  deduction. 

Can  syllogism  set  things  right! 

No — majors  soon  with  minors  fight: 

Or  both  in  friendly  consort  joined, 

The  consequence  limps  false  behind.       Prior. 

3.  Connection  of  cause  and  effect ;  consecu- 
tion. 

I  must  after  thee,  with  this  my  son  ; 

Such  fatal  consequence  unites  us  three.       Milton. 

4.  Importance:  preceded  by  of;  as,  this  is  a 
matter  of  consequence,  or  of  some,  little, 
great,  no  consequence :  as  applied  to  persona, 
importance ;   extensive  influence ;  distinc- 
tion; as,  a  man  of  great  consequence. 

Their  people  are  <^as  little  consequence  as  women 
and  children.  .s  ;*•;// 

— In  consequence  of,  by  means  of ;  as  the 
effect  of;  by  reason  of;  through. 
Consequence*  (kon'se-kwens),  v.i.  To  draw 
inferences;  to  form  deductions. 

Moses  condescends  to  such  a  methodical  and  school- 
like  way  of  defining  and  consequencing.      Milton. 

Consequent  (kon'se-kwent),  a.  [L.  cmine- 
quens^  \.  Following  as  the  natural  effect : 
with  to  or  on. 

The  right  was  consequent  to,  and  built  on,  an  act 
perfectly  personal.  Locke. 

2.  Following  by  necessary  inference  or  ra- 
tional  deduction:  with  to;  as,  a  proposition 
consequent  to  other  propositions. 
Consequent  (kon'se-kwent),  n.  1.  Effect; 
that  which  follows  a  cause.  [Rare  or  ob- 
solete.] 

They  were  ill  governed,  which  is  always  a  conse- 
quent of  \\\  payment.  Sir  J.  Da-vies. 

2.  In  logic,  (a)  that  member  of  a  hypotheti- 
cal proposition  which  contains  the  conclu- 
sion. See  ANTECEDENT,  (b)  The  conclusion  " 
of  a  syllogism.— Consequent  of  a  ratio,  in 
math,  is  the  latter  of  the  two  terms  of  a  ratio, 
or  that  with  which  the  antecedent  is  com- 
pared. Thus,  in  the  ratio  m  :n,  or  m  to  n, 
n  is  the  consequent  and  in  the  antecedent. 
Consequential  (  kon  -  se  -  kwen '  shal ),  a. 
1.  Following  as  the  effect ;  produced  by  the 
connection  of  effects  with  causes. 

We  sometimes  wrangle  when  we  should  debate; 

A  consequential  ill  which  freedom  draws; 

A  bad  effect,  but  from  a  noble  cause.        Prior. 

—Consequential  losses  or  damages,  in  late, 
are  such  losses  or  damages  as  arise  out  of  a 
man's  act,  for  which,  according  to  a  funda- 
mental principle  in  law,  he  is  answerable  if 
he  could  have  avoided  them.— 2. t  Having 
the  consequence  justly  connected  with  the 
premises;  conclusive.  Sir  M.  Hale.—$.  Af- 
fecting airs  of  great  self-importance,  or 
characterized  by  such  affectation;  conceited; 
pompous :  applied  to  persons  and  their 
manners.  'His  stately  and  consequential 
pace.'  Sir  W.  Scott. 


Fate,  far,  fat.  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n&te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CONSEQUENTIALLY 


CONSIDERATE 


Consequentially  (kon  -  se  -  kwen '  shi  -  al  - 11), 
a<tv.  1.  With  jnstdeduction  of  consequences; 
with  right  connection  of  ideas.  '  The  faculty 
of  writing  consequentially.'  Addison.- - 
2  By  consequence;  not  immediately;  even- 
tually. South.— 3.  In  a  regular  series;  in 
the  order  of  cause  and  effect. 

Were  a  man  a  king  in  his  dreams,  and  a  beggar 
awake,  and  dreamt  consequentially,  and  in  continu- 
ous unbroken  schemes,  would  he  be  in  reality  a  king 
or  a  beggar?  Addison. 

4.  With  assumed  importance;  with  conceit; 
pompously. 

Consequentlalness  ( kon-se-kwen'shi-al  - 
nes),  /».  1.  The  quality,  of  being  consequen- 
tial or  consecutive,  as  in  discourse. — 2.  Con- 
ceit; pompousness;  the  assumption  of  dig- 
nity or  importance. 

Consequently  (kon'se-kwent-li),  adv.  By 
consequence;  by  necessary  connection  of 
effects  with  their  causes;  in  consequence  of 
something.  Comp.  THEREFORE. 

Consequentness  t  ( kon'se-kwent-nes ),  n. 
Regular  connection  of  propositions,  follow- 
ing each  other;  consecution  of  discourse. 
'The  cunxequentness  of  the  whole  body  of 
the  doctrine.'  Sir  K.  Ditjby. 

Consertion  (kon-ser'shon),  n.  [L.  consero, 
coimertinn,  to  put  together— con,  together, 
and  sei'o,  sertum,  to  bind.]  Junction;  adap- 
tation. 'Consertion  of  design,  how  exqui- 
site!' Young.  [Rare.] 

Conservable  (kon-serv'a-bl),  a.  [See  CON- 
SERVE.] That  may  be  kept  or  preserved 
from  decay  or  injury. 

Conservancy  (kon-serVan-si),  n.  [L.  comer- 
vans.  See  CONSERVE.  ]  The  act  of  preserv- 
ing; conservation;  preservation.  A  court 
of  conservancy  is  held  by  the  Lord-mayor  of 
London  for  the  preservation  of  the  fishery 
on  the  Thames. 

Conservant  (kon-serv'ant),  a.  Preserving; 
having  the  power  or  quality  of  preserving 
from  decay  or  destruction.  [Rare.  ] 

The  papacy  was  either  the  procreant  or  conservnnt 
cause  of  all  the  ecclesiastical  controversies  in  the 
Christian  world.  Fuller. 

Conservation  (kon-ser-va'shon),  n.  [L. 
comermtio.  See  CONSERVE.]  The  act  of 
preserving,  guarding,  or  protecting;  preser- 
vation from  loss,  decay,  injury,  or  violation; 
the  keeping  of  a  thing  in  a  safe  or  entire 
state;  preservation;  as,  the  conservation  of 
bodies  from  perishing;  the  conservation  of 
the  peace  of  society;  the  conservation  of 
privileges. 

There  may  indeed  be  times  of  pressing  danger, 
when  the  conservation  of  all,  demands  the  sacrifice 
of  the  legal  rights  of  a  few.  Hallamt. 

—Conservation  of  energy.  See  under  EN- 
ERGY, FORCE. 

Conservational  (kon-ser-va'shon-al),  a. 
Tending  to  preserve;  preservative. 

Conservatism  (kon-serv'at-izm),  n.  1.  The 
practice  of  preserving  what  is  established. 
2.  The  political  principles  and  opinions 
maintained  by  Conservatives. 

Conservative  (kon-serv'a-tiv),  a.  1.  Pre- 
servative; having  power  or  tending  to  pre- 
serve in  a  safe  or  entire  state,  or  from  loss, 
waste,  or  injury:  said  of  things.  'The 
spherical  figure  the  most  conservative  of  all. 
Peacham.—  2.  Respecting  old  institutions, 
customs,  and  the  like;  dealing  tenderly 
with  what  is  old  or  established;  not  given 
to  change  merely  for  the  sake  of  change: 
said  of  persons  and  their  principles. 

His  (Alfred's)  character  was  of  that  sterling  conser- 
vative kind  which  bases  itself  upon  old  facts,  but  ac- 
cepts new  facts  as  a  reason  for  change. 

C.  H.  Pearson. 

Hence— 3.  (a)  In  a  political  sense,  having  a 
tendency  to  uphold  and  preserve  entire  the 
institutions  of  the  country,  both  civil  and 
ecclesiastical;  opposed  to  radical  changes 
or  innovations  in  church  and  state. 

The  slow  progress  which  Sweden  has  made  in  in- 
troducing needful  reforms,  is  owing  to  the  conserva- 
tive spirit  of  the  nobility  and  the  priesthood 

Rayard  Taylor.  . 

(b)  Pertaining  to  the  Conservatives  or  their 
principles. 

The  result  of  this  struggle  was  highly  favourable  to 
the  Conservative  party.  Macaitlay. 

See  the  noun. 

Conservative  (kon-serv'a-tiv),  n.  1.  One 
who  aims  to  preserve  from  ruin,  innovation, 
injury,  or  radical  change;  one  who  wishes 
to  maintain  an  institution  or  form  of  gov- 
ernment in  its  present  state;  a  preserver;  a 
guardian. 

The  Holy  Spirit  is  the  great  conservative  of  the 
new  life.  7«-.  Taylor. 

2.  One  of  the  political  party  which  sprang 
up  about  the  time  of  the  passing  of  the 


first  reform  bill ;  a  Tory.  The  professed 
object  of  the  Conservatives,  as  a  |i"litir;ii 
body,  is  to  support  and  preserve  by  every 
constitutional  means  the  existing  insti- 
tutions of  the  country,  both  ccrlrsia^ti- 
cal  and  civil;  and  to  oppose  such  measures 
and  changes  as  they  believe  have  a  tendency 
either  to  destroy  or  to  impair  these  institu- 
tions. 

We  see  that  if  M.  Dumont  had  died  in  1790,  he 
would  have  died,  to  use  the  new  cant  word,  a  decided 
'conservative.'  Macaultty. 

Conservativeness  (kon-serv'a-tiv-nes),  71. 
Tendency  to  preserve;  conservatism. 

Conservatoire  (kod-sar-va  twar),  n.  [Fr., 
from  It.  ctmservatorio.]  A  name  given  to  an 
establishment  for  promoting  the  study  of 
any  special  branch.  The  first  conservatoire 
was  established  at  Naplesin  1537  for  the  study 
of  music  and  declamation;  others  followed  i 
in  Italy,  France,  Germany,  and  Belgium.  Ori-  I 
ginally  these  conservatoires  were  intended 
for  foundlings,  orphans,  and  poor  children, 
and  the  pupils  were  boarded  and  clothed 
and  instructed  gratuitously.  There  are  also 
conservatoires  for  instructions  in  the  me- 
chanical arts. 

Conservator  (kon-ser-va'ter  or  kon'ser-va- 
ter),  n.  1.  A  preserver;  one  who  preserves 
from  injury  or  violation;  specifically,  an 
officer  who  has  the  charge  of  preserving  the 
public  peace,  as  a  judge,  sheriff,  or  the  like; 
also,  an  officer  who  has  the  charge  of  pre- 
serving the  rights  and  privileges  of  a  city, 
corporation,  or  community,  as  in  Catholic 
universities.  It  is  a  word  of  extensive 
application.— 2.  In  Connecticut,  a  person 
appointed  to  superintend  idiots,  lunatics, 
&c.,  manage  their  property,  and  preserve  it 
from  waste.  —Conservators  of  the  peace, 
officers  who,  by  the  common  law  of  Eng- 
land, were  appointed  for  the  preservation 
of  the  public  peace,  before  the  institution 
of  justices  of  the  peace.  Their  powers  were 
far  inferior  to  those  of  modern  justices  of 
the  peace. 

Conservatory  (kon-serVa-tor-i),  a.  Having 
the  quality  of  preserving  from  loss,  decay, 
or  injury. 

Conservatory  (kon-serv'a-tor-i),  n.  l.t  A 
preservative.  'A  conservatory  ol  life.' 
Bacon. 

In  Christ's  law  non  concnpisces  is  the  conservatory 
and  the  last  duty  of  every  commandment. 

2.  A  place  for  preserving  anything  in  a  state 
desired,  as  from  loss,  decay,  waste,  or  in- 
jury; as,  a  fish-pond  for  keeping  fish,  a 
granary  for  corn,  an  ice-house  for  ice  and 
other  things,  a  receptacle  for  water,  <fec.; 
a  repository,  as  of  models.— [Rare.]— 3.  A 
large  greenhouse  for  preserving  exotics  and 
other  tender  plants:  this  is  the  sense  in 
which  the  word  is  most  commonly  used.— 
4.  A  place  of  public  instruction,  designed  to 
promote  the  study  of  some  branch  of  science 
or  art.  See  CONSERVATOIRE. 
Conservatrix  (kon-ser-va'triks),  n.  fern,  of 
conservator, 

Conserve  (kon-servO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  eon- 
served;  ppr.  conurnng.  [L.  comervo—con, 
and  servo,  to  hold,  keep,  or  guard.]  1.  To 
keep  in  a  safe  or  sound  state;  to  save;  to 
preserve  from  loss,  decay,  waste,  or  injury; 
to  defend  from  violation;  as,  to  conserve 
bodies  from  perishing;  to  conserve  the  peace 
of  society.  '  All  things  conserving  safe  til 
his  retreat.'  Chapman.—  2.  To  preserve  with 
sugar,  Ac.,  in  order  to  prevent  decay,  as 
fruits,  roots,  herbs,  &c. 
Conserve  (kon'serv),  n.  1.  That  which  is 
conserved;  specifically,  a  sweetmeat  made 
of  the  inspissated  juice  of  fruit  boiled  with 
sugar  —2  In  phar.  a  form  of  medicine  con- 
trived to  preserve  the  flowers,  herbs,  roots, 
or  fruits  of  simples  as  nearly  as  possible  in 
their  natural  fresh  state.  The  term  is  also 
applied  to  a  mixture  of  fresh  vegetables  and 
sugar  of  the  consistence  of  honey.— 3. t  A 
conservatory.  Evelyn. 
Conserver  (kon-serv'er),  n.  1.  One  who  con- 
serves or  preserves;  one  who  keeps  from 
loss  or  injury;  one  who  lays  up  for  preser- 
vation. 

Priests  have  been  the  conserve  fs  of  knowledge  and 
story. 

2  A  preparer  of  conserves  or  sweetmeats. 
Consessiont  (kon-se'shon), ».  [L.  <*™«Mto. 

See  SESSION.]  A  sitting  together.  Bailey. 
Consessort  (kon-ses'ser),  n.  One  that  sits 

with  others.     Bailey. 
Consider  (kon-sid'er),  v.t.    [L.  cmundero,  to 

vi"w  attentively,  to  consider:  an  augurial 

term— con,  together,  and  sulus,  sidens,  a 


constellation.  Oninp  tmtHtytMn]  1  To 
fix  the  mind  on,  with  a  vi.-w  t<i  a  riin-fnl 
examination;  to  think  on  with  rare;  to  pon- 
der; to  study;  to  meditate  on. 

Know,  therefore,  this  day,  and  consider  It  in  thy 
heart.  Ileut.  jv   f) 

Hast  thou  considered  my  servant  Job?     Job  L  8. 
Consider  the  lilies  of  the  field  how  they  grow. 
Mat.  vi.  98. 

2.  To  view  attentively;  to  utaerre  and  ex- 


The  priest  shall  consider  the  leprosy.      I.ev.  xiii.  ij. 
'  Consider  well,'  the  voice  replied. 
'  His  face  that  two  hours  since  hath  died: 
Wilt  thou  find  passion,  pain,  or  pridcT'    Tennyson. 

3.  To  regard  with  thoughtful  sympathy;  to 
relieve. 

Blessed  is  he  that  considereth  the  poor.      Ps.  xli.  i. 

4.  To  take  Into  consideration;  to  have  re- 
gard or  respect  to;  to  respect. 

Consider,  sir,  the  chance  of  war.  Shak 

England  could  grow  into  a  posture  of  being  more 
united  at  home,  and  more  considered  abroad. 

Temple. 

*.  To  take  into  view  or  account,  or  have  re- 
gard to,  in  examination,  or  in  forming  an 
estimate;  as,  in  adjusting  accounts,  services, 
time,  and  expense  ought  to  be  considered. 
Hence— 6.  To  requite;  to  reward,  particu- 
larly for  gratuitous  services. 

You  that  have  worn  your  eyes  almost  out  in  the 
service,  you  will  be  considered.  Ska*. 

7.  To  regard  in  a  particular  light;  to  judge 
to  be;  to  esteem;  to  reckon;  as,  I  consider 
him  a  rascal. 

Considered  as  plays,  his  (vCschytus'J  works  are 
absurd;  considered  as  choruses,  they  are  above  all 
praise.  Macaulay. 

SYN.    To   ponder,  weigh,    revolve,    study, 
meditate  on,  contemplate,  examine. 
Consider  (kon-sid'er),  v.i.    1.  To  think  seri- 
ously, maturely,  or  carefully;  to  reflect: 
sometimes  with  of. 

In  the  day  of  prosperity  be  joyful,  but  in  the  day  of 
adversity  consider.  Eccl.  vil.  14. 

Consider,  William:  take  a  month  to  think, 
And  let  roe  have  an  answer  to  my  wish; 
Or,  by  the  Lord  that  made  me,  you  shall  pack. 
Tennyson. 

If  it  be  the  desire,  the  general  desire,  of  the  house 
to  adopt  any  method  of  attaining  the  object  which 
the  noble  lord  has  in  view,  we  are  perfectly  ready  to 
consider  <^"and  adopt  that  method.  Gladstone. 

2.  To  doubt;  to  hesitate.  '  The  tears  that 
stood  considering  in  her  eyes.'  l>ryden. 
[Rare.]— SYN.  To  reflect,  ponder,  deliberate 
Considerable  (kon-sid'er-a-bl),  a.  [Fr.  and 
Sp  See  CONSIDER.  ]  1.1  That  may  be  consi- 
dered; that  is  to  be  observed,  remarked,  or 
attended  to. 

It  is  considerable,  that  some  ums  have  had  inscrip- 
tions on  them,  expressing  that  the  lamps  were  burn- 
ing. "  •'*""• 

2  Worthy  of  consideration;  worthy  of  re- 
gard or  attention.  [Obsolescent.  ] 

Eternity  is  infinitely  the  most  considerable  duration. 
Tillotson. 

Hence— 3.  Respectable;  deserving  of  notice; 
of  some  distinction:  applied  to  persons. 
[Obsolescent.  ] 

You  are,  indeed,  a  very  considerable  man.    jFnnius. 

4.  Worthy  of  consideration  on  account  of 
its  amount;  more  than  a  little;  moderately 
large;  somewhat  important  or  valuable;  an, 
a  man  of  considerable  influence;  a  consider- 
able estate.  '  Considerable  sums  of  money. ' 
Clarendon.  •  A  considerable  part  of  the  earth 
is  yet  unknown.'  Sp.  Wilkins.  'A  body  of 
a  very  considerable  thickness.'  T.  Burnet. 
'  We  had  a  considerable  number  on  board. 
Addition. 

Considerableness  (kon-sid'er-a-bl-nes),  n. 
Some  degree  of  importance,  moment,  or  dig- 
nity a  degree  of  value  or  importance  that 
deserves  notice.  [Rare  or  obsolescent.  ] 

We  must  not  always  measure  the  Considerableness 
of  things  by  their  immediate  usefulness.          aoyl 

Considerably  (kon-sid'er-a-bli),  adv.  In  a 
degree  deserving  notice;  in  a  degree  not 
trilling  or  unimportant. 

And  Europe  still  considerably  gains 
Both  by  their  good  examples  and  their  pains. 
Roscotn  tni'ti. 

Considerancet  (kon-sid'er-ans).  n  Consi- 
deration; reflection;  sober  thought 

Considerate  (kon-sid'er-at)  a.  [L.  com, 
atun    See  CONSIDER.]   1.  Given  to  consider- 
ation or  to  sober  reflection;   thoughtful; 
hence,  serious;  circumspect;  careful;  dis- 
creet; prudent;  not  hasty  or  rash;  not  i 

^Eneas  is  patient,  considerate,  and  careful  of  his 
people. 

2.  Having  respect  to;  regardful.    (Rare 
obsolete.) 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go; 
VOL.  I. 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  iing;      IH,  then;  th,  tAin; 


w  wig;    wh,  wMg;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
36 


CONSIDERATELY 


562 


CONSISTENTLY 


Though  they  will  do  nothing  for  virtue,  yet  they 
may  be  presumed  more  considerate  of  praise. 

Dr.  H.  More. 

3.  Deliberate;  calm.    [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

I  went  the  next  day  secretly  to  take  a  considerate 
view.  Sir  H.  Blount. 

4.  Characterized  by  consideration  or  regard 
for  another's  circumstances  and  feelings  ; 
not  rigorous  or  exacting  ;  as,  a  consider- 
ate master;  considerate  treatment.  —  SYN. 
Thoughtful,    reflective,    careful,    discreet, 
indent,  deliberate,  serious. 

Considerately  (kon-sid'ur-at-li),  ado.  With 
deliberation;  with  due  consideration;  calm- 
ly; prudently. 

Considerateness  (kon-sid'er-St-nes),  n. 
1.  Prudence;  calm  deliberation.—  2.  Regard 
for  another's  circumstances  or  feelings. 

Consideration  (kon-sid'er-a"shon).  n.  [L. 
consideratio.  See  CONSIDER.]  1.  The  act  of 
considering;  mental  view;  regard;  notice; 
as,  let  us  take  into  consideration  the  con- 
sequences of  a  hasty  decision.—  2.  Mature 
thought;  serious  deliberation. 

Let  us  think  with  consideration.        Sidney. 
Consideration,  like  an  angel,  came, 
And  whipped  the  offending  Adam  out  of  him. 
Milton. 

3.  Thoughtful,  sympathetic,  appreciative,  or 
due  regard  or  respect:  sometimes  with  fur; 
as,  consideration  for  the  feelings  of  others 
is  the  mark  of  a  gentleman. 

Consideration  for  the  poor  is  a  doctrine  of  the 
church.  Newman. 

The  consideration  with  which  he  (Galileo)  was 
treated. 


. 

The  undersigned  has  the  honour  to  repeat  to 
Mr.  Hulseman  the  assurance  of  his  high  considera- 
tion. T>.  Webster. 

4.  Contemplation;  meditation:  with  of. 

The  love  you  bear  to  Mopsa  hath  brought  you  to 
the  consideration  ofntn  virtues.  Sidney. 

5.  Some  degree  of  importance  ;  claim  to 
notice  or  regard;  a  moderate  degree  of  re- 
spectability. 

Lucan  is  the  only  author  of  consideration  among 
the  Latin  poets  who  was  not  explained  for  the  use  of 
the  Uauj.hin.  Adanan. 

0.  That  which  is  considered;  motive  of  ac- 
tion; influence;  ground  of  conduct. 

He  was  obliged,  antecedent  to  all  other  considera- 
tions, to  search  an  asylum.  Dryden. 

7.  That  which  has  influence,  or  ought  to 
have  influence,  in  coming  to  a  determina- 
tion; ground  of  concluding;  reason. 

The  truth  is,  some  considerations,  which  are  neces- 
sary to  the  forming  of  a  correct  judgment,  seem  to 
have  escaped  the  notice  of  many  writers  of  the  nine- 
teenth century.  Macattlay. 

8.  Recompense  for  trouble,  service  rendered, 
and  the  like;  remuneration.    [Colloq.] 

The  gentleman  shall  not  have  the  trouble  to  put  on 
a  fire.  .  .  .  Til  put  it  on  myself,  for  a  consideration. 
Sir  If.  Scott. 

9.  In  law,  the  reason  which  moves  a  con- 
tracting party  to  enter  into  an  agreement; 
the  material  cause  of  a  contract;  the  price 
or  motive  of  a  stipulation.    In  all  contracts 
each  party  gives  something  in  exchange  for 
what  he  receives.     A  contract  is  an  agree- 
ment upon  sufficient  consideration.     This 
consideration  is  express  or  implied;  express, 
when  the  thing  to  be  given  or  done  is  speci- 
fied; implied,  when  no  specific  consideration 
is  agreed  upon,  but  justice  requires  it  and 
the  law  implies  it;  as,  when  a  man  labours 
for  another  without  stipulating  for  wages 
the  law  infers  that  he  shall  receive  a  rea- 
sonable consideration.     A  good  considera- 
tion is  that  of  blood  or  natural  love  ;  a 
valuable  consideration  is  such  as  money, 
marriage,  &c.      Hence  a  consideration  is 
an  equivalent  or  recompense;  that  which 
is  given  as  of  equal  estimated  value  with 
that  which  is  received.     In  Scots  law,  when 
value  in  money  or  goods  or  services  has 
been  given  in  return  for  a  deed  granted, 
the  consideration  is  said  to  be  onerous;  when 
a  deed  is  granted  without  value,  and  from 
mere  love  and  favour  to  the  grantee,  the 
consideration  is  termeAgratuitota.—  In  con- 
sideration of,  in  respect  or  regard  of;  in  re- 
turn for. 

The  sovereign  is  bound  to  protect  his  subjects,  in 
consideration  ef  their  allegiance  to  him.  Sroufnam. 

Considerativet(kon-sid'er-a-tiv)  o  Taking 

into  consideration;  thoughtful;  careful.    'I 

love  to  be  considerative.  '    B  Jonson 
Considerator  t   (kon-sid-er-a'ter),  n.     One 

who  considers;    a  considered      'Mystical 

considerators.'    Sir  T.  Browne. 
Considerer  (kon-sid'er-er),  n.     A  thinker; 

one  who  considers;  a  man  of  reflection. 
Considering  (kon-sid'er-ing),  prep.    Having 

regard  to  ;  taking  into  account  ;   making 

allowance  for. 


Considering  the  weakness  of  our  nature.    Spectator. 

[In  reality  considering  in  this  use  is  a  parti- 
ciple.] 

Considering  (kon-sid'ir-ing),  n.  The  act  of 
deliberating  or  carefully  attending  to;  hesi- 
tation. [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Many-mazed  considerings  did  throng. 

And  pressed  in  with  this  caution.  Shall. 

Consideringly  (kon-sid'er-ing-li),  adv.  With 

consideration  or  deliberation. 
Consign  (kon-sin'X  v.t.    [L.  cvnsigno,  to  seal 

or  sign— con,  and  signo,  to  seal  or  stamp; 

signutn,  a  sign,  seal,  or  mark.    See  SIGN.] 

1.  To  give,  send,  or  set  over;  to  transfer  or 
deliver  into  the  possession  of  another  or 
into  a  different  state,  with  the  sense  of 
fixedness  in  that  state  or  permanence  of 
possession;  as,  at  death  the  body  is  consigned 
to  the  grave. 

At  the  day  of  general  account,  good  men  are  to  b 
consigned  over  to  another  state.       Bf.  Atterbury. 

2.  To  deliver  or  transfer,  as  a  charge  o 
trust;  to  intrust;  as,  to  consign  goods  to  a 
factor. 

Atrides  parting  for  the  Trojan  war, 

Consigned  the  youthful  consort  to  his  care.    Pope 

3.  To  put  into  a  certain  form  or  commit  for 
permanent  preservation. 

The  four  evangelists  consigned  to  writing  that  his- 
tory. Addison. 

4.  To  set  apart;  to  assign;  to  appropriate. 

The  French  commander  consigned  it  to  the  use  fo: 
which  it  was  intended.  Dryden. 

6.t  To  impress,  as  with  a  stamp  or  seal. 

Consign  my  spirit  with  great  fear.    Jer.  Taylor. 

—  Intrutt,  Commit,  Consign.  See  under 
COMMIT.  —  SYN.  To  deliver,  commit,  intrust, 
resign. 

Consign*  (ken-sin1),  ».«.  1.  To  submit;  sur- 
render one's  self;  to  yield. 

All  lovers  must 
Consign  to  thee  and  come  to  dust.          Shak. 

2.  To  agree,  assent,  or  consent.  'A  hard 
condition  .  .  .  to  consign  to.'  Shak. 

Consignatary  (kon-sigWtar-i),  n.  One  to 
whom  any  trust  or  business  is  consigned. 

Consignation  (kon-sig-na'shon),  ».  1.  The 
act  of  consigning;  the  act  of  delivering  or 
committing  to  another  person,  place,  or 
state. 

Despair  is  a  certain  consignation  to  eternal  ruin. 
Jer.  Taylor. 

[Rare.]  See  CONSIGNMENT.—  2.  In  Scots  law, 
the  depositing  in  the  hands  of  a  third  party 
of  a  sum  of  money  about  which  there  is 
either  a  dispute  or  a  competition.— 3.  t  The 
act  of  confirming,  as  by  signature  or  stamp; 
hence,  an  indication;  an  evidence.  'The 
most  certain  consignations  of  an  excellent 
value.'  Jer.  Tavlor. 

Consignature  (kon-sig'na-tur). ».  Full  sig- 
nature; joint  signing  or  stamping. 

Consign^  (koh-se-nya),  n.  [Kr.]  Milit.  (a) 
order  or  instruction  given  to  a  sentinel;  a 
watchword;  a  countersign,  (b)  A  person 
commanded  to  keep  within  certain  bounds. 

Consignee  (kon-sin-e1),  n.  The  person  to 
whom  goods  or  other  things  are  delivered 
in  trust,  for  sale  or  superintendence ;  a 
factor. 

Consigner,  Consignor  (kon-sin'er,  kon-sin'- 
or),  n.  The  person  who  consigns;  one  who 
sends,  delivers,  or  commits  goods  to  another 
for  sale  or  to  ship  for  superintendence,  bills 
of  lading,  papers,  <tc. 

Conslgniflcant  (kon-sig-nif 'ik-ant),  a.  Ex- 
pressing joint  signification. 

Cousigniflcation  (kon-sig'ni-fl-ka"shon),  n. 
[See  SIONIFY.]  Joint  signification;  conno- 
tation. [Rare.] 

He  calls  the  additional  denoting  of  time  by  a  truly 
philosophic  word,  a  consixntjication.          Harris. 

Consigniflcative   (kon-sig-nif'ik-at-iv),    a. 

[See  SIGNIFY.]    Having  a  like  signification, 

or  jointly  significative. 
Consignify  (kon-sig'ni-fi),  v.t.    To  denote  a 

joint  signification;  to  connote.    [Rare.] 

The  cypher  has  no  value  of  itself,  and  only  serves 
to  connote  and  consignify.  Horne  Toofee. 

Consignment  (kon-sin'ment).  n.  The  act 
of  consigning;  consignation;  the  act  of  send- 
ing or  committing,  as  a  charge  for  safe  keep- 
ing or  management;  the  act  of  depositing 
with,  as  goods  for  sale.  —2.  The  thing  con- 
signed; the  quantity  of  goods  sent  or  de- 
livered to  a  factor  for  sale;  as,  A  received 
a  large  consignment  of  goods  from  B.— 
3.  The  writing  by  which  anything  is  con- 
signed. 

Consiliary  (kon-sil'i-a  ri),  a.  [L.  consttiari- 
us,  counselling.)  Having  the  character  of 
a  counsel.  Jer.  Taylor. 


Consilience  (kon-sil'i-ena),  n.  [L.  con,  to- 
gether, and  salire,  to  leap.]  Coincidence- 
concurrence. 

The  law  of  gravitation  may  be  proved  by  a  con- 
silience of  inductions.  t^itarl.  Kev. 

Consimilar  (kon-si'mi-l«r),  a.  [L.  con,  with, 
and  siiiiilix,  like.]  Having  common  resem- 
blance. [Rare.] 

Consimilitude  (kon-si-mi'li-tud),  n.  Re- 
semblance. [Rare.] 

Consimility  (kon-si-mi'li-ti),  n.  Common 
resemblance.  [Rare.] 

By  which  means,  and  their  consimilitv  of  disposj. 
tion.  there  was  a  very  conjunct  friendship  between 
the  two  brothers  and  him.  Raleigh. 

Consist  (kon-sisf),  ».t.  [L.  consisto— cm, 
and  sisto,  to  stand.  ]  1  To  stand  together; 
to  be  in  a  nxed  or  permanent  state,  as  a 
body  composed  of  parts  in  union  or  con- 
nection; hence,  to  be;  to  exist;  to  subsist; 
to  be  supported  and  maintained. 

He  is  before  all  things,  and  by  him  all  things  con- 

*"'•  Col.  I.  17. 

2.  t  To  remain  coherent,  stable,  or  fixed. 

It  is  against  the  nature  of  water  to  consist  and 
stay  itself.  Brereu'ood. 

3.  To  stand  or  be ;  to  be  comprised  or  con- 
tained: followed  by  in;  as,  the  beauty  of 
epistolary  writing  consists  in  ease  and  free- 
dom.—4.  To  be  composed;  to  be  made  up: 
followed  by  of. 

The  land  would  consist  ^/"plains,  and  valleys,  and 
mountains. 

5.  To  be  compatible,  consistent,  or  harmoni- 
ous; to  be  in  accordance;  to  harmonize;  to 
accord:  now  followed  by  with,  formerly 
used  also  absolutely. 

This  was  a  consisting  story,  which  was  supported 
by  collateral  proofs.  Bp.  Burnet. 

Health  consists  -with  temperance  alone.       Pope. 

—To  consist  together,  to  coexist;  to  have 
being  concurrently. 

Necessity  and  election  cannot  consist  together  in 
the  same  act.  Bramnall. 

Consistence,  Consistency  (kon-sist'ens, 
kon-sist'en-si),  n.  1.  A  standing  together; 
a  being  fixed  in  union,  as  the  parts  of  a 
body;  that  state  of  a  body  in  which  its  com- 
ponent parts  remain  fixed. 

The  consistency  of  bodies  is  divers;  dense,  rare, 
tangible,  pneumatical,  volatile,  &c.  Kacon. 

2.  An  indefinite  degree  of  density  or  viscosity. 

Let  the  juices  or  liquor  be  boiled  into  the  consist- 
ency of  sirup.  ir.'iMiuat. 

S.  Substance;  make;  firmness  of  constitu- 
tion or  character;  as,  resolutions  of  durable 
consistence.  [Rare.] 

His  friendship  is  of  a  noble  make  and  a  lasting 
consistency,  Soutk. 

4.  A  standing  together,  as  the  parts  of  a 
system,  or  of  conduct,  <Sc. ;  agreement  or 
harmony  of  all  parts  of  a  complex  thing 
among  themselves,  or  of  the  same  thing 
with  itself  at  different  times;  congruity: 
uniformity;  as,  the  consistency  of  laws,  re- 
gulations, or  judicial  decisions;  consistency 
of  opinions;  consistency  of  behaviour  or  of 
character. 

There  is  harmony  and  consistency  in  all  God's 
works.  /..  Latkrop. 

5.  A  standing;  a  state  of  rest,  in  which 
things  capable  of  growth  or  decrease  remain 
for  a  time  at  a  stand;  persistence.    [Rare  or 
obsolete.] 

Meditation  will  confirm  resolutions  of  good,  and 
give  them  aMurable  consistence  in  the  soul, 

6.  t  That  which  stands  together  as  a  united 
whole;  a  combination. 

The  church  of  God,  as  meaning  the  whole  consist- 
ence of  orders  and  members.  Milton. 

Consistent  (kon-sist'ent),  a.  [L.  consistent. 
See  CONSIST.]  1.  Fixed;  firm;  not  fluid;  as. 
the  consistent  parts  of  a  body,  distinguished 
from  the  fluid.— 2.  Standing  together  or  in 
agreement;  compatible;  congruous;  uni- 
form; not  contradictory  or  opposed;  as, 
two  opinions  or  schemes  are  consistent;  let 
a  man  be  consistent  with  himself;  the  law 
is  consistent  with  justice  and  policy. 

So  two  consistent  motions  act  the  soul.        Pope. 

Jonsistentes  (kon-sis-tent'ez),  n.  pi.  [L. 
ppr.  of  consisto— eon,  together,  and  sisto, 
to  stand.  ]  The  third  or  highest  order  of 
penitents  in  the  early  church.  They  were 
permitted  to  be  present  at  the  celebration 
of  sacraments,  but  were  not  allowed  either 
to  join  in  making  oblations  or  to  receive  the 
holy  communion.  Called  also  Slanders. 
Consistently  (kon-sist'ent-li),  adv.  In  a 
consistent  manner;  in  agreement;  agreeably; 
as,  to  command  confidence  a  man  must  act 
consistently. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      ndte,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CONSISTING 


503 


Consisting  (kon-sist'ing),  p.  and  a.  Hav- 
ing consistence;  as,  'consisting  bodies.' 
Bacon.—  2.  Consistent:  followed  by  with. 

You  could  not  help  bestowing  more  than  is  con- 
sisting with  the  fortune  of  a  private  mall,  or  with 
the  will  of  any  but  .111  Alexander.  Dryden. 

Consistorial,  Consistory  (kon-sis-to'ri-al, 
kon'sis-tor-i),  a.  [See  CONSISTORY.)  Per- 
tiiMing  or  relating  to  a  consistory,  or  eccle- 
siastical court  of  an  archbishop  or  bishop. 
'  Consixtorial  laws. '  Hooker. 

Every  archbishop  and  bishop  of  a  diocese  hath  a 
consistory  court.  Ency. 

In  Scotland  the  term  consistorial  court  was 
applied  to  the  commissary  court  (now  abol- 
ished), which  came  in  place  of  the  more 
ancient  bishop's  court. 

Consistorian  (kon-sis-to'ri-an),  a.  Relating 
to  unorder  of  presbytcrian  assemblies. 

Consistory  (kon'sis-tor-i),  n.  [L.  consistori- 
u in,  a  place  of  assembly,  a  council.  See 
CONSIST.]  Primarily,  a  place  of  meeting;  a 
council  house  or  place  of  justice.  Hence— 

1.  A  place  of  justice  in  the  spiritual  court, 
or  the  court  itself;    the   court  of   every 
diocesan  bishop,   held  in  their  cathedral 
churches,   for   the    trial  of   ecclesiastical 
causes  arising  within  the  diocese.     In  the 
English  Church,  the  consistory  court  is  held 
by  the  bishop's  chancellor  or  commissary, 
and  by  archdeacons  or  their  officials,  either 
in  the  cathedral  church  or  other  convenient 
place  in  the  diocese,  for  the  hearing  and 
determining  of   matters   of   ecclesiastical 
cognizance  happening  within  that  diocese. 

2.  An  assembly  of  prelates;  the  college  of 
cardinals  at  Rome. 

Pius  was  then  hearing  causes  in  consistory. 

Bacon. 

3.  A  solemn  assembly  or  council. 

In  mid  air 

To  council  summons  all  his  mighty  peers 
A  gloomy  consistory.  Milton. 

4.t  A  place  of  residence.  — 5.  In  the  Re- 
formed churches,  an  assembly  or  council  of 
ministers  and  elders — an  assembly  and  title 
originated  by  Calvin. 

In  some  churches,  as  the  Dutch,  a  consistory  is  the 
lowest  tribunal,  corresponding  to  a  Presbyterian 
church-session ;  and  in  others,  as  the  Reformed 
Church  of  France,  it  is  composed  of  ministers  and 
elders,  corresponding  to  a  presbytery.  Goodrich. 

Consociatet  (kon-so'shi-at),  n.  [L.  consocia- 
tus.  See  the  next  word.]  An  associate;  a 
partner  or  confederate ;  an  accomplice. 
'  Consociates  in  the  conspiracy  of  Somerset.' 
Wayward. 

Consociate  (kon-so'shi-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
consociated;  ppr.  consociating.  [L.  consocia- 
tus.  from  consocio — con,  and  socio,  to  unite; 
nociits,  a  companion.  See  SOCIAL.]  l.f  To 
unite;  to  join;  to  associate. 

Ships  consociate  the  most  remote  rerions  of  the 
earth-  Sir  f.  Htrbtrt. 

The  best  outward  shapes  arc  the  likeliest  to  be 
consociated  with  good  inward  faculties.  lYottan. 

2.t  To  cement  or  hold  in  close  union.  'To 
consociate  severed  words.'  Mallett.—S.  In 
the  United  States,  to  unite  in  an  assembly 
or  convention,  as  pastors  and  messengers  or 
delegates  of  churches. 

Consociate  (kon-so'shi-at),  v.i.  1.  To  unite; 
to  coalesce.  Bentlcy.  [Rare  or  obsolete.  ]— 
2.  In  the  United  States,  to  unite  or  meet  in 
a  body  forming  a  consociation  of  pastors 
and  messengers. 

Consociation  (kon-s6'shi-a"shon),  n.  1.  In- 
timate union  of  persons;  fellowship;  alli- 
ance; companionship;  union  of  things. 
[Rare  or  obsolete,  being  superseded  by  asso- 
ciation. ]  '  A  consociation  of  offices. '  B.  Jon- 
son.  '  By  so  long  consociation  with  a  prince 
of  such  excellent  nature.'  Sir  II.  Wotton.— 
2.  In  the  United  States,  fellowship  or  union 
of  churches  by  their  pastors  and  delegates; 
a  meeting  of  the  pastors  and  delegates  of 
a  number  of  congregational  churches,  for 
aiding  and  supporting  each  other,  and  form- 
ing an  advisory  council  in  ecclesiastical 
affairs. 

Consociational  (kon-so'shi-a"shon-al),  a. 
Pertaining  to  a  consociation. 

Consol  (kon'sol),  n.  [From  consolidate.] 
Consols,  in  England,  are  the  funds  or  stocks 
formed  by  the  consolidation  of  different 
annuities.  See  CONSOLS. 

Consolable  (kon-sol'a-bl),  a.  [See  CONSOLE.] 
That  admits  comfort;  capable  of  receiving 
consolation.  'A  long,  long  weeping,  not 
Consolable.'  Tennyson. 

Consolatet  (kon's6l-at),  v.t.  [See  CONSOLE.] 
To  comfort.  '  To  consulate  thine  ear.'  Shak. 

Consolation  (kon-sol-a'shon),  n.  [L.  con- 
solatia.  See  CONSOLE.]  1.  Comfort;  alle- 


CONSONANCE 


yiation  of  misery  or  distress  of  mind;  re- 
freshmentof  mind  or  spirits;  a  comparative 
degree  of  happiness  in  distress  or  mi!if..rtuni- 
springing  from  anycircumstance  that  abates 
the  evil  or  supports  and  strengthens  the 
mind,  as  hope,  joy,  courage,  and  the  like. 

Against  such  cruelties 
Vv  ith  inward  consolations  recompensed 

Milton. 
We  have  great  joy  and  consolation  in  thy  love. 

2.  That  which  comforts  or  refreshes  the 
spirits;  the  cause  of  comfort. 

Waiting  for  the  consolation  of  Israel.      Lu.  11.  25. 

Consoluto  del  Mare  (kon-so-la'to  del  ma' 
ra),  n.  [It,  lit.  the  consulate  of  the  sea 
A  very  ancient  code  of  maritime  law  sup- 
posed to  be  a  compilation  of  the  law  and 
trading  customs  of  various  Italian  cities  as 
Venice,  Genoa,  Pisa,  and  Amain,  together 
with  those  of  the  cities  with  which  they 
traded,  as  Barcelona,  Marseilles,  Ac  Its 
precise  date  is  unknown,  but  a  Spanish 
edition  of  it  was  published  at  Barcelona  at 
the  end  of  the  thirteenth  or  beginning  of 
the  fourteenth  century.  It  has  formed  the 
basis  of  most  of  the  subsequent  compilations 
of  maritime  laws. 

Consolatort  (kon'sol-at-er),  n.  One  who 
comforts.  '  Officers  termed  contolatora  of 
the  sick. '  Johnson. 

Consolatory  (kon-sol'a-tor-i),  a.  [L.  cm- 
solatorius.]  Tending  to  give  comfort;  re- 
freshing to  the  mind ;  assuaging  grief 
'Letters  narratory,  objurgatory,  consola- 
tory, monitory,  or  congratulatory. '  Howell 

Consolatory!  (kon-sol'a-tor-i),  n.  A  speech 
or  writing  containing  topics  of  comfort. 

Consolatorics  writ  with  studied  argument.     Milton. 

Console  (kon-solO,  »•<•  pret.  &  pp.  consoled; 
ppr.  txmtoUng.  [L.  consolor,  to  console— 
con.andsolor,  to  comfort,  perhaps  contracted 
from  sublevor,  sublevo,  to  lift  up,  encourage, 
console.  ]  To  cheer  the  mind  in  distress  or 
depression;  to  alleviate  grief  and  give  re- 
freshment to  the  mind  or  spirits;  to  give 
contentment  or  moderate  happiness  by  re- 
lieving from  distress;  to  comfort;  to  soothe; 
to  solace. 

We  console  our  friends  when  they  meet  with  afflic- 
'><>»•  Craoo. 

I  am  much  co-isoled  by  the  reflection  that  the  reli- 
gion of  Christ  has  been  attacked  in  vain  by  all  the 
wits  and  philosophers,  and  its  triumph  has  been 
complete.  p.  Henry. 

Console  (kon'sol),  n.  [See  CONSOLE,  v.t.] 
In  arch,  strictly  the  French  term  for  a 
bracket,  or  for  an  ancon,  but  applied  by 
English  writers  to  a  bracket  or  corbel  of 
any  kind  in  classical  architecture.  It  is  a 
projecting  ornament,  having  for  its  contour 
generally  a  curve  of  contrary  flexure,  gene- 
rally employed  to  support  a  cornice,  bust, 


Cornice  supported  by  Consoles,  A  A. 

vase,  or  the  like.  It  is  frequently,  however, 
used  merely  as  an  ornament,  as  on  the  key- 
stone of  an  arch.  See  AXCON. 

Consoler  (kou-sol'er),  n.  One  that  gives 
comfort. 

Console-table  (kon'sol-ta-hl),  n.  A  table 
whose  leaf  or  slab  is  supported  by  a  bracket 
or  console  at  either  end. 

Consolidant  (kon-sol'id-ant),  a.  [See  CON- 
SOLIDATE.] Tending  to  consolidate  or  make 
firm;  specifically,  in  mcd.  having  the  quality 
of  uniting  wounds,  or  forming  new  flesh. 

Consolidant  (kon-sol'id-ant),  n.  A  medi- 
cine designed  to  heal  or  unite  the  parts  of 
wounded  flesh. 

Consolidate  (kon-sol'id-at),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp. 
consolidated;  ppr.  consolidating.  [L.  con- 
solido,  consolidatum,  to  make  firm  or  solid, 
condense — con,  together,  and  solidus,  solid.  ] 
1.  To  make  solid;  to  unite  or  press  together 
loose  or  separate  parts,  and  form  a  compact 
mass;  to  harden  or  make  dense  and  firm. 


He  fi«cd  and  coniotidated  the  earth  above  the 
""•  Kernel. 

2.  To  unite  various  particulars  Into  one 
mass  or  body;  as.  t..  r,,,,f,,n,i,ii,  the  forces 
of  an  army,  sp.viii.  ally („)  In  mrg.  to 
unite  the  parts  of  a  broken  Imne  or  the  UM 
of  a  wood,  by  means  of  applications 
[Now  ,.,,,is  ,,,,d.)  (M  in  hgililalwn,  to 

un'tet" '"""'' •"'•Ni.f  I'liiliiiiu.-ut  in  one 

M  In  law,  to  combine  two  bendl,  ,-i  i,,  ,„„ 
(a)  In  the  /wide,  to  unite  several  items  of 
revenue    into   i.ne      See  under  CONSOLI- 
DATED.-SVN.  To  unite,  combine,  harden. 
compact,  condense,  compress 
Consolidate  (k,,,,-8(,l'id-at),  v.i.    To  grow 
firm  and  hard;  to  unite  and  become  solid 
as,  moist  clay  consolidates  by  drj  im; 

In  hurts  and  ulcers  of  the  head,  dryncu  maketh 
them  more  apt  to  consolidate.  Bacon. 

Consolidate  (kon-sol'id-at),  a.  Formed  Into 
a  solid  mass.  •  Consolidate  iu  mind  and 
frame.'  Tennyson. 

Consolidated  ( kon-sol'ld-at-ed ),  p.  or  a 
Made  solid,  hard,  or  compact;  united  —  COH- 
solidated  funds.  In  181«  the  exchequers  of 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  which  had  pre- 
viously  been  kept  separate,  were  by  act  of 
parliament  consolidated  into  one,  and  an 
act  was  at  the  same  time  passed  consolid- 
ating certain  portions  of  the  joint  revenue 
of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  into  one  fund, 
hence  called  the  consolidated  fund,  and  pro- 
viding for  its  Indiscriminate  application  U. 
the  payment  of  the  public  debts,  civil  llst«. 
and  other  specified  expenses  of  both  king- 
doms. 

Consolidating  (kon-sol'ld-at-ing).  n.  Act 
of  making  solid;  uniting.— Consolidating  of 
action*,  in  law,  the  joining  of  two  or  more 
actions  together  byacourt  ora  judge.  This 
isdonewhentwoor  more  actions  are  brought 
by  the  same  plaintiff,  at  the  same  time, 
against  the  same  defendant,  for  cause  of 
action  which  might  have  been  joined  in  the 
same  action,  the  court  or  the  judge  deeming 
the  proceedings  to  be  oppressive 

Consolidation  (kon-sol/id-a"shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  making  or  process  of  becoming  solid; 
the  act  of  forming  into  a  firm  compact  mass, 
body,  or  system. 

The  consolidation  of  the  marble  did  not  fall  out  at 
random.  Woodward. 

2.  The  act  of  uniting  of  several  particulars, 
details,  or  parts  into  one  body  or  a  whole; 
as,  a  consolidation  of  the  funds. 

The  gradual  establishment  of  law  by  the  consolid- 
ation of  custom  is  the  formation  of  something  fixed 
in  the  midst  of  things  that  are  changing. 

H.  Sfencer. 

3.  t  The  act  of  confirming  or  ratifying;  con- 
firmation; ratification. 

He  first  offered  a  league  to  Henry  VII.,  and  for 
consolidation  thereof  his  daughter  Margaret. 

Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury. 

4.  In  civil  law,  the  uniting  the  possession  or 
profltof  land  with  the  property. -5.  InSroY* 
feudal  law,  the  reunion  of  the  property  with 
the  superiority,  after  tliev  have  been  feudally 
disjoined. — Consolidation  acts,   the  name 
given  to  acts  of  parliament  which  embody 
such  clauses  as  arc  common  to  all  the  par- 
ticular acts  affecting  any  class  of  undertak- 
ings, in  order  to  save  these  clauses  being 
repeated  in  each  individual  act.    Thus  there 
are  The  Railways  Clauses  Consolidation  Act, 
The  Lands  Clauses  Consolidation  Act,  The 
Companies  Clauses  Consolidation  Act,  Ac. 

Cousolidative  (kon-sol'id-at-iv),  a.  Tending 
to  consolidate;  healing. 

Consoling  (kon-sol'ing),  a.  Adapted  to  con- 
sole or  comfort;  as,  consoling  news. 

Consols  (kon'sol?.),  n.  pi.  [Contr.  for  con- 
solidated  annnitiett.]  A  term  used  to  denote 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  public  debt 
of  this  kingdom,  more  correctly  known  as 
the  three  per  cent,  consolidated  annuities. 
There  is  a  similar  description  of  stock  called 
the  'reduced  threes,'  or  three  per  cents. 

Consomme  (kofi-som-nia),  n.  [Fr,  from  L. 
consumo,  to  use  up— con,  intens. ,  and  sumo, 
to  take.)  In  cookery,  a  soup  or  broth  made 
by  boiling  meat  with  vegetables  to  a  jelly; 
jelly-broth. 

Consonance,  Consonancy  ( kon'so-nans, 
kon'so-nan-si),  n.  [Fr.  contoimance,  from  L. 
consonantia,  congonans,  from  consono,  to 
sound  together— con,  ami  gono,  to  sound.  See 
SOUND.]  1.  Accord  or  agreement  of  sounds. 
In  music,  consonance  is  an  accord  of  sounds 
which  produces  an  agreeable  sensation  in 
the  ear,  as  the  third,  fifth,  and  octave.  Con- 
sonances having  two  forms  (major  and 
minor),  as  the  third  and  sixth,  are  called 
imperfect;  those  having  only  one  form,  as 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  si«<7;      m,  (Aen;  th,  (Am;     w,  trig,    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CONSONANT 


504 


CONSPIRINGLY 


the  fifth  and  octave,  are  called  perfect.  See 
CONCORD. 

The  two  principal  consonances  that  most  ravish  the 
car  are.  by  the  consent  of  all  nature,  the  fifth  and  the 
octave.  Sir  H-  H'ottott. 

2.  Agreement;  accord;  congruity;  consist- 
ency; agreeableness;  suitableness;  as,  the 
consonance  of  opinions  among  judges;  the 
consonance  of  a  ritual  to  the  Scriptures. 
'Winds  and  waters  flow'd  in  consonance.' 
Thomson. 

I  have  set  down  this  to  shew  the  perfect  cansonancy 
of  our  persecuted  church  to  Scripture.  Hammond. 

SYN.  Agreement,  accord,  consistency,  unison, 
harmony,  congruity,  suitableness. 
Consonant  (kon'so-nant),  a.  1.  Agreeing; 
according;  congruous;  consistent:  followed 
generally  by  to,  sometimes  by  iritt;  as,  this 
rule  is  consonant  to  Scripture  and  reason. 

That  where  much  is  (riven  there  shall  be  much 
required  is  a  thing  consonant  with  natural  equity. 
Dr.  H.  More. 

2  In  music,  composed  of  consonances;  as, 
consonant  intervals.  —3.  Having  like  sounds. 

Our  bards  hold  agnominations  and  enforcing  of 
consonant  words  ancl  syllables  one  upon  the  other  to 
be  the  greatest  elegance.  HoTvcll. 

4.  Consisting  of  consonants  or  of  many  con- 
sonants; consonantal. 

No  Russian  whose  dissonant  consonant  name. 
Almost  shatters  to  fragments  the  trumpet  Off  fame. 
Moore. 

Consonant  (kon'so-nant),  n.  A  letter,  so 
named  because  it  is  considered  as  being 
sounded  only  in  connection  with  a  vowel. 
But  some  consonants  have  no  sound  even 
when  united  with  a  vowel,  and  others  have 
a  very  imperfect  sound.  The  consonants 
are  better  called  articulations,  as  they  are 
the  names  given  to  the  several  closings  or 
junctions  of  the  organs  of  speech,  which 
precede  and  follow  the  openings  of  the 
organs  with  which  the  vowels  are  uttered. 
These  closings  are  either  perfect,  and  wholly 
intercept  the  voice,  as  in  the  syllables  ek.ep, 
el;  or  imperfect,  and  admitting  some  slight 
sound,  as  in  em,  en.  Hence  some  articula- 
tions are  called  mules,  and  others  semi- 
vowels or  liquids.  The  consonants  begin  or 
end  syllables,  and  their  use  is  to  determine 
the  manner  of  beginning  or  ending  the  vocal 
sounds.  These  closings  or  configurations  of 
the  organs  being  various,  serve  to  diversify 
the  syllables,  as  in  uttering  ba,  da,  pa,  or 
06,  ad,  ap;  and  although  b  and  p  may  be 
considered  as  representing  no  sounds  at  all, 
yet  they  so  modify  the  utterance  of  ab,  ap, 
or  ba,  pa,  that  the  slight  difference  between 
these  articulations  may  be  perceived  as  far 
as  the  human  voice  can  be  distinctly  heard. 
[For  distinction  between  vmcel  and  conso- 
nant see  extract  under  VOWEL.  ] 

Consonants  and  their  sounds  are  divided  into 
liquids,  mutes,  and  sibilants.  The  liquids  are  r,  I, 
tn,  n,  and  the  sound  of  tin  in  sin?.  They  are  so 
called  because  they  flow  on  continuously,  and  are 
therefore  more  like  vowels  than  consonants.  The 
muffs  are  the  larger  number  of  the  consonants. 
They  are  of  various  classes,  according  to  the  part  of 
the  mouth  that  utters  them,  and  according  to  the 
concurrence  of  vocal  sound  from  the  throat.  Those 
littered  by  the  mouth  are  labials,  p,  f,  t>,  ^'.  If  we 
compare  /  and/  with  *  and  f ,  we  find  that  in  uttering 
the  first  two  the  air-tube  is  entirely  closed  and  the 
voice  shut  off.  as  in  uf,  off:  while  with  the  last  two 
the  stoppage  is  but  partial,  and  we  can  still  keep  up 
a  certain  degree  of  sound,  as  in  cob,  love.  This  is  the 
distinction  between  sharp  and  flat  mutes.  Those 
uttered  by  the  teeth  are  dentals;  (sharp)  A  tit,  (flat] 
a,  a/i  (thine}.  Those  uttered  by  the  throat  sac  put- 
tnrals;  (sh.irp)  *.  c/i  (Scotch  loch),  (flat)  f,  eh  (Irish 
tough).  The  sibilants  are  the  hissing  sounds,  s,  sh, 
x.  zh.  Therearetwocompoundsofthesc,^A(chest), 
<b*  (jest).  The  letter  A,  a  softened  form  of  ch  (loch), 
is  called  the  aspirate.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  above 
list  that  our  alphabet  is  deficient  in  characters  for 
expressing  the  consonant  sounds  ng,  sh,  zh,  th,  ah 
It  is  farther  redundant  as  regards  the  letters  c  (repre 
sented  by  s  or  <*•).  y  (for  *«),  and  x  (fcs  or  gs).  Bain 

Consonantal,  Consonantic  (kon-so-nanf 
al,  kon-so-iiiint'ik),  a.  Relating  to  or  par 
taking  of  the  nature  of  a  consonant. 

Consonantic  bases,  or,  of  the  vocalic,  those  which 
end  in  u  (z-),  a  vowel  of  a  decided  Consonantic  Qua- 
lity, are  most  apt  to  preserve  the  inflections  in  their 
unaltered  form.  Chambers'  Ency. 

Consonantly  (kon'so-nant-li),  adv.  Con- 
sistently; in  agreement. 

Consonantness  (kon'so-nant-ues),  H.  Agree- 
ableness;  consistency. 

Consonous  (kon'son-us),  a.  [L.  coneonus.] 
Agreeing  in  sound;  symphonious.  [Rare.] 

Consoplatet  (kon-so'pi-at),  v.t.  To  lull 
asleep. 

Consoplatlont  (kon-s6'pi-a"shon),  w.  A  lull- 
ing asleep. 

A  total  consociation  of  the  senses  is  repose.    Pope. 

Consopitet  (kon'so-pit),  ».t  [L.  consopio.] 
To  compose;  to  lull  to  sleep. 


By  the  same  degree  that  the  higher  powers  are 
invigorated,  the  lower  are  consopitctt  and  abated. 
Gltttrvitle. 

Consopite*  (kon'so-pit),  a.  Calm;  composed. 
'  Its  clamorous  tongue  thus  being  connopite. ' 
Dr.  II.  More. 

Con  sordini  (kon  sor-de'ne).  [It,  with  the 
mutes  or  clampers.]  In  music,  a  direction 
to  perform  a  passage,  if  on  the  pianoforte, 
with  the  soft  pedal  held  down,  and  if  on 
the  violin  and  brass  instruments,  with  the 
mute  on.  It  is  sometimes  abbreviated  into 
C.S. 

Jonsort  (kon'sort),  n.  [L.  cantors— con,  and 
son,  sort,  state,  kind.)  1.  A  companion;  a 
partner,  an  intimate  associate;  particularly, 
a  partner  of  the  bed;  a  wife  or  husband. 

Wise,  just,  moderate,  admirably  pure  of  life,  the 
friend  of  peace  and  of  all  peaceful  arts,  the  consort 
of  the  queen  has  passed  from  this  troubled  sphere  to 
that  serene  one  where  justice  and  peace  reign  eter- 
nal Thackeray. 

it  An  assembly  or  association  of  persons 
convened  for  consultation. 

In  one  consort  there  sat 
Cruel  Revenge,  and  rancorous  Despite. 
Disloyal  Treason,  and  heart-burning  Hate. 

Spenser. 

3.  t  A  group  or  company  of  any  kind. 

Great  boats  which  divide  themselves  into  divers 
companies,  five  or  six  boats  in  a  consort.  Ilatkluyt. 

4.  Union;  conjunction;  concurrence.  '  Work- 
ing in  contort.'    Ilare.     'By  Heaven's  con- 
sort.'   F.  Fuller.—  6. \  A  number  of  instru- 
ments played  together;  a  symphony;  a  con- 
cert.   In  this  sense  concert  is  now  used. 

And  the  waters  murmuring. 

With  such  consort  as  they  Keep. 

Entice  the  dewy-feathered  sleep.     Milton. 

6.  A'atif.  any  vessel  keeping  company  with 
another.  —Queen  cotworf .the  wife  of  a  king, 
as  distinguished  from  a  queen  regnant,  who 
rules  alone,  and  a  queen  dowager,  the  widow 
of  a  king. 

Consort  (kon-sorf),  tii.  To  associate;  to 
unite  in  company;  to  keep  company:  fol- 
lowed by  with. 

Which  of  the  Grecian  chiefs  consorts  with  thee. 
Dryden. 

Consort (kon-sortO.tf.t.  l.Tojoin;  tomarry. 

With  his  consorted  Eve.  Milton. 

2.  To  unite  in  company. 

He  l>egins  to  consort  himself  with  men.     Locke. 

3.  To  unite  in  symphony  or  harmony. 

Consort  both  heart  and  lute,  and  twist  a  song 
Peasant  and  long.  Herbert. 

4.  To  accompany. 

Sweet  health  and  fair  desires  consort  your  graces. 

Shaff. 

[In  all  its  senses  rare  or  obsolete.) 
Consortable   (kon-sort'a-bl),    o.    Suitable. 
[Rare.] 

A  good  conscience  and  a  good  courtier  are  con- 
Sir  tl.  n'otton. 


>  goo 
sortable. 

Consortiont  (kon-sor'shon),  ?i.   Fellowship. 

•Becriticalintliyroiuiortion.'  SirT.  Broicne. 
Consortship  (kon'sort-ship),  n.  Fellowship; 

partnership 
Consound  (kon  sound),  n.    The  name  of 

several  species  of  plants  of  the  genus  Sym- 

phytum;  comfrey. 
Conspeciflc  (kon-spe-sif'ik),  a.    Belonging 

to  the  same  species. 
Conspectablet  (kon-spekt'a-bl),  n.    Easy  to 

l>e  seen.     Bailey. 

Conspectiont  (kon-spek'shou),  n.  A  behold- 
ing.    Cotgrave. 
Conspectulty  t  (kon-spek-tu'i-ti),  n.  1.  Sight; 

view.— 2.  Organ  of  sight;  eye.    [Ludicrous.] 

What  harm  can  your  bisson  consfecttiities  glean 
out  of  this  character.  ShuK. 

Conspectus  (kon-spek'tus).  n.  [L.]  A  view; 
an  abstract,  draught,  or  sketch. 

Conspersiont  (kon-iper'shon),  n.  A  sprink- 
ling. 'The  conspemion  and  washing  the 
door-posts  '  Jer.  Taylor. 

ConspiCUlty  (kon-spi-ku'i-ti),  n.  Conspicu- 
ousness; brightness.  [Rare.] 

Midnight  may  vie  in  conspicuity  with  noon. 

Glamille. 

Conspicuous  (kon-spik'u-us),  a.  [L.  con- 
spicitus,  from  conspicio,  to  look  or  see— con, 
and  specie,  to  see.  See  SPECIES.)  1.  Open 
to  the  view;  obvious  to  the  eye;  easy  to  be 
seen;  manifest. 

It  was  a  rock 

Of  alabaster,  piled  up  to  the  clouds, 
Conspicuous  tar.  Milton. 

2.  Obvious  to  the  mental  eye;  clearly  or  ex- 
tensively known,  perceived,  or  understood; 
hence,  eminent;  famous;  distinguished;  as, 
a  man  of  conspicuous  talents;  a  lady  of  con- 
spicuous virtues. 


A  man  who  holds  a  conspicuous  place  in  the  poli- 
tical, ecclesiastical,  and  literary  history  "f  England. 
.Min'aulay. 

SYN.  Eminent,  faimms.  distinguished,  illus- 
trious, prominent,  celebrut.'il. 

Conspicuously  (kon-spik'u-us-li),  adv.  In 
a  conspicuous  manner;  obviously;  in  a  man- 
ner to  be  clearly  seen;  eminently;  remark 
ably. 

Conspicuousness   ( kon-spik'u-us-nes ),    n, 

1.  Openness  or  exposure  to  the  view;  a  state 
of  being  visible  at  a  distance;  as,  the  con- 
spiciwuttnessof  a  tower. — 2.  Eminence;  faun- 
celebrity;  renown;  a  state  of  being  exten- 
sively known  and  distinguished;   as,  the 
conspicumutness  of  an  author. 

Conspiracy  (kon-spir'a-si),  ».  [L.  COH*II<- 
ratio,  from  comtpiro.  See  CONSl'IKE.]  1  A 
combination  of  men  for  an  evil  purpose;  an 
agreement  between  two  or  more  persons  to 
commit  some  crime  in  concert;  particularly, 
a  combination  to  commit  treason,  or  excite 
sedition  or  insurrection  against  the  govern- 
ment of  a  country;  a  plot;  concerted  treason. 

More  than  forty  had  made  this  conspiracy. 

Acts  xxiii.  13. 

2.  In  law,  an  agreement  between  two  or 
more  persons  to  do  an  unlawful  act  which 
is  injurious  to  individuals  or  to  the  puMir 
Specifically,  an  agreement  between  two  or 
more  persons,  falsely  and  maliciously  to 
indict,  or  procure  to  be  indicted,  an  innocent 
person  of  felony.    Every  act  of  conspiracy 
is  a  misdemeanour  by  the  common  law  of 
England. — 3.  A  concurrence;  a  general  ten- 
dency of  two  or  more  causes  to  one  event. 

When  the  time  now  came  that  misery  was  ripe  for 
him,  there  was  a  conspiracy  in  all  heavenly  and 
earthly  things  ...  to  lead  him  into  it. 

Sir  P.  Sydney. 

SYN.  Combination,  plot,  cabal. 
Conspirant  (kon-spir'ant),  a.    [L.  conspi- 
rans.  ]    Conspiring;  plotting;  engaging  in  a 
plot  to  commit  a  crime. 

Thou  art  a  traitor 
Conspirant  'gainst  this  high  illustrious  prince. 

Conspiration  (kon-spir-a'shon),  «.  Con- 
spiracy; agreement  or  concurrence  of  things 
to  one  end.  [Rare.) 

As  soon  as  it  was  day  certain  Jews  made  a  conspi- 
ration. Udal, 

In  our  natural  body  every  part  has  a  necessary 
sympathy  with  every  other,  and  all  together  form, 
by  their  harmonious  conspiration,  a  healthy  whole. 
Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

Conspirator  (kon-spir'at-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
conspires;  one  who  engages  in  a  plot  to 
commit  a  crime,  particularly  treason. 

Achitophel  is  among  the  conspirators  with  Absalom. 
3  Sam.  xv.  31. 

2  In  law,  one  who  agrees  with  another 
falsely  and  maliciously  to  indict  an  innocent 
person  of  felony.  By  the  British  statute  a 
conspirator  is  denned  to  be  one  who  binds 
himself  by  oath,  covenant,  or  other  alliance, 
to  assist  another  falsely  and  maliciously  to 
indict  a  person,  or  falsely  to  maintain  pleas. 
Conspire  (kon-spuO,  r.t.  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
spired; ppr.  conspiring.  [L.  eonspiro,  to 
plot— eon,  and  spiro,  to  breathe.  Lit.  to 
breathe  together.  ]  1.  To  agree  by  oath, 
covenant,  or  otherwise  to  commit  a  crime; 
to  plot;  to  hat rh  treason. 


The  servants  of  Ammon  conspired 
and  slew  the  king  in  his  own  house.     " 


.gainst  him, 
Li.  xxi.  33. 


They  conspired  against  Joseph  to  slay  him. 

Gen.  xxxui.  18. 

2.  In  law,  to  agree  falsely  and  maliciously 
to  indict  an  innocent  person  of  felony.— 
8.  To  agree;  to  concur  to  one  end;  as,  all 
things  conspire  to  make  us  prosperous. 

The  press,  the  pulpit,  and  the  stage, 
Conspire  to  censure  and  expose  our  age. 

Roscommon. 

SYN.  To  unite,  concur,  combine,  complot, 
confederate. 

Conspire  (kon-spirO,  v.t.  To  plot;  to  plan, 
to  devise;  to  contrive;  to  concur;  to  pro- 
duce. 

That  do  conspire  my  death  with  devilish  plots 
Of  damned  witchcraft.  £*•* 

Angry  clouds  conspire  your  overthrow. 
Envying  at  your  too  disdainful  height.    Bp.  Hall. 

Consplrer  (kon-splr'er),  n.  One  who  con- 
spires or  plots;  a  conspirator. 

Conspiring  (ken-spiring), p  anda.  1.  Agrw 
iug  to  commit  a  crime;  plotting. — 2.Unitini 
or  concurring  tooneend.— Conspiring  powe 
or  forces,  in  mtch.  forces  acting  in  a  direc- 
tion not  opposite  to  one  another;  co-oper- 
ating powers. 

Conspiringly  (kon-spirtng-li),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  a  conspiracy;  by  conspiracy. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc.  ley. 


CON    SPIRITO 


565 


CONSTERNATION 


Con  spirito(kon  spe'ri-to),  ado.  [It,  with 
spirit.)  In  mimic,  spiritedly;  in  a  spirited 
manner. 

Conspissation  (kon-spis-a'shon), ».  [L.  con- 
xjiisMtin,  a  pressing  together,  thickening- 
con,  together,  and  gpwut,  thick,  dense.] 
The  act  of  making  thick  or  viscous;  thick- 
ness. [Rare  or  obsolete.  ] 
Conspurcationl  (kon-sper-ka'shon),  n.  [L. 
finixjiiimi  am,  and  spnrco,  to  defile.]  The 
act  of  deflUng;  defilement;  pollution. 
Constable  (kun'sta-bl),  n.  [O.Fr.  and  Pr. 
t'uni'Hfaftli',  from  L.  comes  stabuli,  count  of 
the  stable.]  1.  An  officer  of  high  rank  in 
several  of  the  medieval  monarchies. — The 
Lord  Ilujh  Constable  of  England  was  an- 
ciently the  seventh  officer  of  the  crown. 
He  had  the  care  of  the  common  peace,  in 
deeds  of  arms,  and  matters  of  war;  being 
a  judge  of  the  court  of  chivalry,  also  called 
the  court  of  honour.  To  this  officer,  and  to 
the  earl-marshal,  belonged  the  cognizance 
«f  contracts,  deeds  of  arms  without  the 
realm,  and  combats  and  blazonry  within  the 
realm.  The  power  of  this  officer  was  so 
great,  and  so  improperly  used,  that  it  was 
(bridged  by  the  13th  Richard  II.,  and  was 
afterwards  forfeited  in  the  person  of  Ed- 
ward Stafford,  duke  of  Buckingham,  in 
1521.  It  lias  never  been  granted  to  any  per- 
son since  that  time,  except  pro  hoc  vice,  or 
on  a  particular  occasion. — Lord  High  Con- 
stable of  Scotland.  The  office  of  Lord  High 
Constable  of  Scotland  is  one  of  great  anti- 
quity and  dignity.  He  had  anciently  the 
command  of  the  king's  armies  while  in  the 
Held,  in  the  absence  of  the  king.  He  was 
likewise  judge  of  all  crimes  or  offences  com- 
mitted within  4  miles  of  the  king's  per- 
son, or  within  the  same  distance  of  the  par- 
liament or  of  the  privy-council,  or  of  any 
general  convention  of  the  states  of  the 
kingdom.  The  office  is  hereditary  in  the 
noble  family  of  Errol,  and  is  expressly  re- 
served in  the  treaty  of  union.— Constable  of 
France.  The  first  officer  of  the  kings  of 
France,  and  till  a  later  period  the  first  mili- 
tary officer  of  the  crown,  who  rose  gradu- 
ally till  he  became  Commander-in-chief  of 
the  army  and  the  highest  judge  in  all  ques- 
tions of  chivalry  and  honour.  This  office 
was  suppressed  in  1627  on  the  death  of  the 
Constable  Lesdiqnieres.  Napoleon  re-estab- 
lished it  iu  favour  of  the  Prince  of  Wagram, 
but  he  had  no  successor.— Constable  of  a 
cattle  was  the  keeper  or  governor  of  a  castle 
belonging  to  the  king  or  a  great  noble. 
These  offices  were  often  hereditary ;  thus 
there  were  constables  or  hereditary  keepers 
of  the  Tower,  of  Normandy,  and  of  the 
castles  of  Windsor,  Dover,  <fcc.  —  2.  An 
officer  of  the  peace.  Constables,  in  the  usual 
acceptation  of  the  term  at  the  present  day, 
are  of  two  kinds;  viz.  constables  of  hun- 
dreds, who  are  still  called  high  constables; 
and  constables  of  mils  or  tithings,  who  are 
called  either  petty  constables  or  tithing-men. 
High  constables  are  now  appointed  either 
at  quarter-sessions  or  by  the  justices  of  the 
hundred  out  of  sessions;  and  petty  con- 
stables are  annually  sworn  into  the  office  at 
quarter-sessions  for  each  parish,  upon  pre- 
sentment of  the  vestry.  The  duties  of  tin- 
high  constable,  respecting  the  preservation 
of  the  peace,  are  now  merely  nominal,  but  he 
is  still  of  use  to  represent  the  hundred  iu 
certain  legal  actions,  and  to  perform  certain 
ministerial  offices  connected  with  the  ad- 
ministration of  justice. — A  petty  constable 
has  authority  to  arrest  all  persons  who 
commit  an  affray,  assault,  or  breach  of  the 
peace  in  his  presence,  and  keep  them  in 
safe  custody  until  they  can  be  brought  be- 
fore a  magistrate;  and  he  is  also  authorized 
to  execute  all  such  warrants  as  are  legal 
and  committed  to  his  hands  by  competent 
authorities.  In  London,  the  police  force 
are  appointed  by  direction  of  the  secretary 
of  state,  and  sworn  in  as  constables  by  the 
commissioners.  Two  or  more  justices  of 
the  peace,  upon  information  that  disturb- 
ances exist  or  are  apprehended,  are  autho- 
rized to  appoint  special  constables;  and 
in  boroughs,  the  magistrates  are  autho- 
rized to  swear  in  as  many  inhabitants  as 
they  think  fit  to  act  as  special  constables 
when  called  upon.  By  2  and  3  Viet.  Ixv., 
xciii. ,  and  other  statutes,  a  county  constabu- 
lary was  constituted  both  in  England  and 
Scotland.  In  the  United  States,  constables 
are  town  or  city  officers  of  the  peace,  with 
powers  similar  to  those  possessed  by  the 
constables  in  Great  Britain.  They  are  in- 
vested also  with  powers  to  execute  civil  as 


well  as  criminal  processes,  and  to  levy  exe- 
cutions. In  New  England,  they  are  elect- 
ed by  the  inhabitants  of  towns  in  legal 
meeting.—  To  outrun  the  countable  (a)  to 
escape  from  the  subject  in  dispute  when 
one  s  arguments  are  exhausted.  lludibras 
(o)  lo  live  beyond  one's  means.  In  this  lat- 
ter sense  written  also  to  mtma  II,,'  ,•„,/ 
stable.  [Colloq.] 

Constablery  (kun'sta-bl-ri),  n.  1.  The  body 
or  jurisdiction  of  constables.— 2.  The  dis- 
trict in  charge  of  a  constable;  a  constable- 
wick;  specifically,  a  ward  or  division  of  a 
castle  under  the  care  of  a  constable 
Chaucer. 

Constableship  (kun'sta-bl-ship),  n.  The 
office  of  a  constable. 

Constabless  t  (kun'sta-bl-es),  n.  A  female 
constable;  the  wife  of  a  constable. 

Dame  Hermegild.  the  c onstabless  of  that  place. 

Cqnstablewick  (kun'sta-bl-wik),  n>  Tin 
district  to  which  a  constable's  power  is 
limited.  [Rare  or  obsolete.) 

Constabulary  ( kon-stab'u-la-ri ),  a.  Per- 
taining to  constables;  consisting  of  con- 
stables; as,  a  constabulary  force. 

Constabulary  (kon-stab'u-la-ri),  n.  The 
body  of  constables  of  a  district,  city,  or 
country. 

Constancy  (kon'stan-si),  n.  [L.  comtantia, 
from  coiu&o—am,  and  sto,  to  stand.)  1.  Fix- 
edness; a  standing  firm;  henee,  applied  to 
God  or  his  works,  immutability;  unalter- 
able continuance;  a  permanent  state.— 
2.  J'ixedness  or  firmness  of  mind;  persever- 
ing resolution;  steady,  unshaken  determi- 
nation; particularly  applicable  to  firmness 
of  mind  under  sufferings,  to  steadiness  in 
attachments,  and  to  perseverance  in  enter- 
prise; stability  in  love  or  friendship.  'Con- 
stancy and  contempt  of  danger.'  Frescott. 

Whispering  tongues  can  poison  truth. 

And  constancy  lives  in  realms  above.      Coleridge. 

3.t  Certainty;  veracity;  reality. 

But  all  the  story  of  that  night  told  over 

More  witnessed!  than  fancy's  images. 

And  grows  to  something  of  great  constancy. 

Sltat. 

—Dllu/ence,  Industry,  Constancy.  See  under 
DILIGENCE.— SYN.  Fixedness,  stability,  firm- 
ness, steadiness,  permanence,  steadfastness, 
resolution. 

Constant  (kon'stant),  a.  [ L.  constant  ] 
1. 1  Fixed;  firm:  opposed  to  fluid. 

To  turn  two  fluid  liquors  into  a  constant  body. 

Boyle. 

2.  Fixed;  not  varied;  unchanged;  perma- 
nent; immutable. 

The  world's  a  scene  of  changes,  and  to  be 
Constant,  in  nature  were  inconstancy.  Caivley. 

3.  Fixed  or  firm  in  mind,  purpose,  or  prin- 
ciple; not  easily  swayed;  unshaken;  steady. 

I  could  be  well  moved,  if  I  were  as  you; 

If  I  could  pray  to  move,  prayers  would  move  me; 

But  lam  constant  as  the  northern  star. 

Of  whose  true-fixed  and  resting  quality 

There  is  no  fellow  in  the  firmament  Shnk. 

4.  Firm  or  unchanging  in  affection  or  duty; 
faithful;  true;  loyal. 

Though  to  myself  forsworn,  to  thee  I'll  constant  prove. 

Shat. 

O  good  old  man!  how  well  in  thee  appears 
The  constant  service  of  the  antique  world. 
When  service  sweat  for  duty  not  for  meed.  Sttak. 

5.t  Consistent;  logical. 

I  am  no  more  mad  than  you  are;  make  the  trial  of 
it  in  any  constant  question.  Shajt. 

6.t  Evident. 

It  is  constant,  without  any  dispute,  that  if  they 
had  fallen  on  these  provinces  in  the  beginning  of  this 
month,  Cliarleroy,  Neville,  Louvaine,  &c.,  would 
have  cost  them  neither  time  nor  danger. 

Sir  n:  Temple. 

—  Constant  quantities,  in  math,  such  as 
remain  invariably  the  same,  while  others 
increase  or  decrease.  The  same  is  to  be 
understood  of  constant  forces  in  mechanics. 
SYN.  Fixed,  steadfast,  unchanging,  perma- 
nent, unalterable,  immutable,  invariable, 
perpetual,  continual,  resolute,  iirm,  un- 
shaken, determined. 

Constant  (kon'stant),  n.  That  which  is  not 
subject  to  change.  Specifically — (a)  In  math. 
a  quantity  which  remains  the  same  through- 
out a  problem.  It  is  frequently  applied  to 
any  remarkable  or  necessary  numl>er  which 
enters  a  question.— Arbitrary  constant,  one 
to  which  any  reasonable  value  may  be  as- 
signed at  pleasure,  as  the  coefficient  of  any 
term  containing  a  variable,  in  an  algebraic 
equation.— Constant  of  aberration,  that  one 
constant  by  the  determination  of  which 
the  aberration  is  obtained  from  its  known 
laws  at  any  given  time.  —  Variation  of  con- 


stant^. A  quantity  which,  upon  one  sup- 
position,  would  remain  con«tant.  liecomes 
variable  by  the  Introduction  of  aii..tln-r  sup- 
position. Thu«,  taking  int.,  account  the 
earth  a  attraction  only,  t!  ,,fthe 

moon  a  node  Is  constant,  but  by  the  attr»c- 
t  on  of  the  sun  and  planeU  Its  place  U 
slowly  changed.  In  this  caw  one  of  the  con- 
stants is  said  to  taru.  (h)  In  phyric,.  thai 
which  remains  un.  h;, „_.,.,!  ,,,  i,,,..,, 
thus,  a  quantity,  force,  law,  Ac.,  «!„•>,  it 
continues  unchanged,  Is  called  a  con*in>,i 
Constantla(kon-stan'Blil.a),...  A  kin,l,,f » in... 
both  white  and  red,  fmni  t),,-  furiim  around 
tonstantia,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  renown,  d 
as  the  best  liqueur  wine  after  Tokay  The 
in  Persia"5  O1'iglnally  bro««ht,  from  Shiraz 

Constantinopolitan  (kon.stau'ti  nft-iMd"- 
li-tan),  o.  [rrom  the  Roman  emperor  <•„„. 
ttantine,  who  transferred  the  «eat  of  empire 
from  Rome  to  Byzantium  (Coiulanliuoule)  ] 
Relating  to  Constantinople,  the  metropolis 
of  Turkey. 

Constantly  ( kon' slant -II),  ade.  Firmly 
steadily;  invariably;  continually;  penerer- 
ingly. 

Rhoda  constantly  affirmed  that  it  wai  even  so. 

Acts  xii.  15. 

These  things  I  will  that  thou  affirm  constantly. 
Tit.  CB.  8. 

Constant  White  (kon'stant  whit),  n.  A 
pigment  prepared  from  the  sulphate  of 
barytes,  useful  in  water-colour  painting.  It 
is  very  poisonous.  Called  also  Permanent 
White. 

Constat  (kon'stat).  n.  [  L. ,  it  appears  ]  1.  In 
England,  a  certificate  given  by  the  auditors 
of  the  exchequer  to  a  person  who  intends 
to  plead  or  move  for  a  discharge  of  anything 
in  that  court.  The  effect  of  it  Is  to  show 
what  appears  upon  the  record  respecting 
the  matter  in  question.  —2.  An  exemplifica- 
tion under  the  great  seal  of  the  enrolment 
of  any  letters  patent. 

Constellate  t  (kon-stellat),  u.i.  pret.  A  pp. 
conxtellated;  ppr.  constellating.  [L.L.  con- 
stellatmt—con,  and  itello,  to  shine,  niello  a 
star.]  To  join  lustre;  to  shine  with  united 
radiance  or  one  general  light. 

The  several  things  which  engage  our  affections 
shine  forth  and  constellate  in  God.  Boyle. 

Constellate  t  (kon-stcl'lat),  u.t  1.  To 
unite  several  shining  bodies  in  one  splen- 
dour. [Rare.  ] 

There  is  extant  in  the  Scripture,  to  them  who 
know  how  to  constellate  those  lights,  a  very  excellent 
body  of  moral  precepts.  Boyle. 

2.  To  adorn  with  constellations  or  stars. 
'The  const ellated  heavens.'  J.  Barlow. 
Constellation  (kon-stel-la'shon),  n.  [L 
conxtellatin,  constellationis,  a  constellation — 
con,  together, and  Stella, a  star.)  1.  A  group 
of  the  fixed  stars  to  which  a  definite  name 
has  been  given.  These  names  have  mostly 
their  origin  in  the  mythology  of  the  Greeks, 
derived  and  modified  from  the  Egyptians 
and  the  East;  and  the  stars  forming  each 
configuration  are  ranged  and  named  in 
order  of  brilliancy  by  letters  of  the  Greek 
alphabet  being  attached  to  them,  e.g.  we 
have  *  Ursa;  Majoris,  /3  Orionis,  Ac.  The 
districts  of  the  heavens  thus  mapped  out 
and  designated  are  entirely  arbitrary,  and 
in  general  correspond  to  no  natural  subdivi- 
sion or  grouping  of  the  stars.  I'rsa  Major, 
the  Great  Bear,  in  the  northern,  and  Orion  in 
the  southern  hemisphere,  are  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  constellations,  and,  taken  as 
starting-points,  will  enable  a  seaman  easily 
to  learn  the  position  of  any  other  group 
wanted.  The  constellations  are  divided  in- 
to northern,  southern,  and  zodiacal.  Of  the 
northern  constellations  there  are,  in  the 
British  catalogue,  34;  of  the  southern,  45; 
and  of  the  zodiacal,  12.  See  ZOIHAC.— 2.  An 
assemblage  of  splendours  or  excellences. 

The  constellation  of  genius  had  already  begun  to 
show  itself  .  .  .  which  was  to  shed  a  glory  over  the 
meridian  and  close  of  Philip's  reign.  Prescott. 

Constert  (kon'ster),  v.t.  To  construe. 
Hooker. 

Consternation  (kon-ster-na'shon),  n.  [L. 
contternatw,  from  comtterno—cvn,  and  sterno, 
to  throw  or  strike  down.]  Astonishment; 
amazement  or  horror  that  confounds  the 
faculties,  and  incapacitates  a  person  for  con- 
sultation and  execution;  excessive  terror, 
wonder,  or  surprise. 

The  ship  struck.  The  shock  threw  us  all  into  the 
utmost  consternation.  Cook. 

—Alarm,  Terror,  Consternation.  See  under 
ALARM.— SYN.  Horror,  amazement,  aston- 
ishment, surprise,  wonder,  perturbation. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      IH,  (Aen;  th,  tfiin;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KET. 


CONSTIPATE 


566 


CONSTRAINT 


Constipate  (kon'sti-pfit),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
constipated;  ppr.  constipating.  [L.  OOnmpOf 
conxtipatu-m,  to  press  or  crowd  closely  to- 
gether— con,  together,  and  stipo,  to  crowd, 
to  cram.  Akin  stuff.  ]  1. 1  To  crowd  or  cram 
into  a  narrow  compass;  to  thicken  or  con- 
dense. 

Of  cold,  the  property  is  to  condense  and  constipate. 

Jt,  t  con. 

2.  To  stop,  by  filling  a  passage,  and  pre- 
venting motion.  '  Constipating  or  shutting 
up  the  capillary  vessels.'  Arbuthnot. — 3.  To 
fill  or  crowd  the  intestinal  canal;  to  make 
costive. 

Constipation  (kon-sti-pa'shon),  n.  l.t  The 
act  of  crowding  anything  into  a  less  com- 
pass; a  pressing  together;  condensation.  'A 
pretty  close  constipation  of  its  particles.' 
Benttey. — 2.  In  med.  a  state  of  the  bowels  in 
which  the  evacuations  do  not  take  place  as 
frequently  as  usual,  or  are  very  hard  and 
expelled  with  difficulty;  costiveuess;  as,  to 
suffer  from  constipation. 

Constituency  (kon-stit'u-en-si),  n.  A  body 
of  constituents  who  appoint  or  elect  persons 
to  any  office  or  employment,  especially  to 
municipal  or  parliamentary  offices;  specifi- 
cally, the  whole  body  of  parliamentary  elec- 
tors belonging  to  a  county  or  borough,  or  to 
the  kingdom  at  large ;  as,  the  constituency 
of  Middlesex  or  London;  the  constituency  of 
(ireat  Britain;  Mr.  A.'s  constituency. 

Constituent  (kon-stit'fi-ent),  a.  [L.  consti- 
tuent, ppr.  of  constituo  —  con,  and  statuo,  to 
set.  See  STATUE,  STATUTE.]  l.  Constituting 
or  existing  as  an  essential  component  or  in- 
gredient; forming,  composing,  or  making  as 
an  essential  part;  component;  elementary; 
as,  oxygen  and  hydrogen  are  the  constituent 
parts  of  water. 

Body,  soul,  and  reason,  are  the  three  constituent 
parts  of  a  man.  Dryden. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  constituting  or  ap- 
pointing. 

A  question  of  right  arises  between  the  constituent 
and  representative  body.  Jitniits. 

—Constituent  Assembly,  in  French  hint,  the 
first  of  the  national  assemblies  of  the  revo- 
lution; elected  in  1788  as  the  States-general, 
and  dissolved  in  1791  after  proclaiming  the 
constitution  of  that  year. 
Constituent  (kon-stit'u-ent),  n.  1.  One  who 
or  that  which  sets,  fixes,  or  forms;  one  who 
or  that  which  establishes  or  determines. 

Their  first  composure  and  origination  requires  a 
higher  and  nobler  constituent  than  chance.  Hale, 

2.  That  which  constitutes  or  composes,  as  a 
part,  or  an  essential  part. 

The  lymph  in  those  glands  is  a  necessary  con- 
stituent of  the  aliment.  Arbuthnot. 

Exactly  in  proportion  to  the  degree  in  which  the 
force  of  sculpture  is  subdued,  will  be  the  importance 


attached  to  colour  as  a  means  of 
tnent  of  beauty. 


: fleet  i 


Ruskin. 

3.  One  who  elects  or  assists  in  electing  an- 
other as  his  representative  in  a  deliberative 
or  administrative  assembly;  tin  elector  for  a 
member  of  parliament,  member  of  a  muni- 
cipal council,  and  the  like. 

An  artifice  sometimes  practised  by  candidates  for 
offices  in  order  to  recommend  themselves  to  tlie  good 
graces  of  their  constituents.  Melmoth. 

4.  One  who  empowers  another  to  transact 
business  for  him;  one  who  appoints  another 
to  an  olfice  in  which  the  person  appointed 
represents  his  principal;  as,  the  agent  said 
he  could  do  nothing  till  he  consulted  his 
oonttitutnt. 

Constitute  (kon'sti-tut),  v.t.  pret.  and  pp. 
constituted;  ppr.  constituting.  [L.  constituo 
— con,  and  stattto,  to  set.  See  STATUE,  STA- 
TUTE.] 1.  To  set;  to  fix;  to  enact;  to  esta- 
blish 

This  theorem,  that  to  purchase  produce  is  not  to 
employ  labour;  that  the  demand  for  labour  is  consti- 
tuted by  the  wages  which  precede  the  production, 
and  not  by  the  demand  which  may  exist  for  the 
commodities  resulting  from  the  production,  is  a  pro- 
position which  greatly  needs  all  tne  illustration  it  can 
receive.  J.  S.  Mill. 

We  must  obey  laws  appointed  and  constituted  by 
lawful  authority,  not  against  the  law  of  God.  Taylor. 

2.  To  form  or  compose;  to  make  up;  to  give 
formal  existence  to;  to  make  a  thing  what 

it  is;  as,  perspicuity  constitutes  the  prime 
excellence  of  style. 

How   Oliver's   parliaments   were   constitutfd,   was 
practically  of  little  moment;    for   he  possessed   the 
means   of   conducting    the    administration    without 
their  support  and  in  defiance  of  their  opposition. 
Macau/ay. 

Truth  and  reason  constitute  that  intellectual  gold 
that  defies  destruction.  Johnson. 

3.  To  appoint,  depute,  or  elect  to  an  office 
or  employment;  to  make  and  empower;  as, 
a  sheriff  is  constituted  a  conservator  of  the 


peace;  A  has  constituted  B  his  attorney  or 
agent. 

Constituted  (kon'sti-tut-ed),  pp.  and  a.  Set; 
fixed;  established;  made;  elected;  appointed. 
—  Constituted  authorities,  the  magistrates  or 
governors  of  a  nation,  people,  municipality, 
&c. 

Constitutor  (kon'sti-tut-er),  n.  One  who 
constitutes  or  appoints. 

Constitution  (kon-sti-tu'shon),  n.  l.  The 
act  of  constituting,  enacting,  establishing,  or 
appointing.  —2.  The  state  of  being;  that  form 
of  being  or  peculiar  structure  and  connec- 
tion of  parts  which  makes  or  characterizes 
a  system  or  body;  natural  condition  or  con- 
formation; as,  the  constitution  of  the  body; 
a  robust,  feeble,  irritable  constitution. 

Beauty  is  nothing  else  but  a  just  accord  and  har- 
mony of  the  members,  animated  by  a  healthful  con- 
stitution. Drydm. 

3.  The  frame  or  temper  of  mind,  affections, 
or  passions. 

He  defended  himself  with  less  passion  than  was 
expected  from  \\\s  constitution.  Lord  Clarendon. 

4.  The  established  form  of  government  in 
a  state,  kingdom,  or  country ;  a  system  of 
fundamental  rules,  principles,  and  ordin- 
ances for  the  government  of  a  state  or 
nation,  either  contained  in  written  docu- 
ments or  established  by  prescriptive  usage. 

The  present  constitution  of  our  country  is,  to  the 
constitution  under  which  she  flourished  500  years 
ago,  what  the  tree  is  to  the  sapling,  what  the  m;m  is 
to  the  boy.  Macaitlay. 

6.  A  particular  law,  ordinance,  or  regula- 
tion made  by  the  authority  of  any  superior, 
civil  or  ecclesiastical;  as,  the  constitutions 
of  Justinian.  '  The  positive  constitutions  of 
our  own  churches.'  Hooker. — 6.  A  system 
of  fundamental  principles  for  the  govern- 
ment of  rational  and  social  beings. 

The  New  Testament  is  the  moral  constitution  of 
modern  society.  Grimke. 

—Apostolic  Constitutions*  an  ancient  code  of 
regulations  respecting  the  doctrine  and  disci- 
pline of  the  church,  pretended  by  some  to 
have  been  promulgated  by  the  apostles  and 
collected  by  Clemens  Rom  an  us.  They  appear 
to  have  been  at  one  time  admitted  into  the 
canon  of  Scripture.  Their  authenticity  has 
been  a  subject  of  much  dispute.  They  have 
been  printed  together  with  the  so-called 
canons  of  the  apostles.  —Constitutions  of 
Clarendon,  in  English  hut.  certain  pro- 
positions defining  the  limits  of  ecclesias- 
tical and  civil  jurisdiction,  drawn  up  at 
the  Council  of  Clarendon,  near  Salisbury, 
held  by  Henry  II.,  A.D.  1104,— Decree  of 
constitution,  in  Scots  law,  any  decree  by 
which  the  extent  of  a  debt  or  obligation  is 
ascertained ;  but  the  term  is  generally  ap- 
plied to  those  decrees  which  are  requisite  to 
found  a  title  in  the  person  of  the  creditor 
in  the  event  of  the  death  of  either  the  debtor 
or  the  original  creditor. 
Constitutional  (kon-sti-tu'shon-al),  a. 
1.  Bred  or  inherent  in  the  constitution, 
or  in  the  natural  frame  of  body  or  mind; 
as,  a  constitutional  infirmity;  constitutional 
ardour  or  dnlness.  —  2.  Consistent  with  the 
constitution ;  authorized  by  the  constitu- 
tion or  fundamental  rules  of  a  government; 
legal.  Only  a  government  in  which  the 
power  of  legislation,  or  that  of  granting  and 
withholding  supplies  to  the  sovereign,  is 
vested  in  the  people,  or  a  body  of  represen- 
tatives elected  by  them,  or  by  a  class  of 
them,  can  properly  be  called  constitutional 
'To  improve  establishments  by  constitu- 
tional means.'  flurd, 

As  we  cannot,  without  the  risk  of  evils  from  which 
the  imagination  recoils,  employ  physical  force  as  a 
check  on  misgovern  me  nt,  it  is  evidently  our  wisdom 
to  keep  all  the  constitutional  checks  on  misgovern- 
ment  in  the  highest  state  of  efficiency.  Macaulay. 

3.  Relating  to  or  arising  from  a  constitution. 
'The  ancient  constitutional  traditions  of  the 
state.'  Macaulay.— 4.  Beneficial  to  or  with 
a  view  to  the  benefit  of  the  constitution;  aa, 
a  constitutional  walk. 

Constitutional  (kon-sti-tu'shon-al),  n.  The 
name  given  to  a  walk  taken  for  health  and 
exercise.  [Colloq.) 

Constitutionalism  ( kon  - sti  -  tu 'shon  - al  - 
izm),  71.  The  theory  or  principle  of  a  con- 
stitution ;  constitutional  rule  or  authority ; 
constitutional  principles;  adherence  to  a 
constitution. 

The  aim  of  this  government  is  to  keep  a  middle 
path,  so  as  to  annihilate  despotism  and  slavery  on 
the  one  hand,  and  on  the  other  to  arrest  the  devel- 
opment of  democratic  ideas.  Such  is  evidently  the 
principle  of  constitutionalism.  S.  Edwards. 

Constitutionalist  (kon-sti-tu'shon-al-ist),n. 
1.  An  adherent  to  the  constitution  of  govern- 


ment—2.  An  innovator  on  or  reformer  of 
old  constitutions;  specifically,  a  fnuurr  m- 
friend  of  the  French  constitution  of  1791. 
'The  revolutionists  mid  constitutionalists  «i 
France.'  Burke. 

Constitutionality  (kon-sti-tu'shon-al"i-ti), 
n.  1.  The  state  of  being  constitutional;  the 
state  of  being  inherent  in  the  natural  frame; 
as,  the  constitutionality  of  disease.—  2.  The 
state  of  being  consistent  with  the  constitu- 
tion or  frame  of  government  or  of  being 
authorized  by  its  provisions. 

In  place  of  that,  you  have  got  into  your  idle  pedan- 
tries, constitittionalities,   bottomless   cavillings   mid 
questionings  about  written  laws  for  my  coming  here. 
CarlyU, 

Constitutionalize  (kon-sti-tu'shon-al-lz), 
v.i.  To  take  a  walk  for  health  and  exercise. 
In  the  English  universities,  where  this  t.-rm 
originated,  the  usual  time  for  cmistitutiou- 
alizing  is  between  2  and  4  o'clock  P.M. 

Constitutionally  ( kon  -  sti  -  tQ '  shon  -  al  - 1  i) , 
adv.  1.  In  consistency  with  the  constitu- 
tion or  frame  of  government;  legally. — 

2.  In  accordance  with  the  natural  frame  or 
constitution  of  mind  or  body;  naturally. 

The  English  were  constitutionally  humane. 

Hatlam. 

3.  With  a  view  to  the  benefit  of  one's  physi- 
cal constitution. 

Every  morning,  the  regular  water-drinkers.  Mr. 
Pickwick  among  the  number,  met  each  other  in  the 
pump  room,  took  their  quarter  of  a.  pint,  and  walked 
constitutionally.  Dickens. 

Constitutionary  (kon-sti-tu'shon-a-ri),  a. 
Constitutional.  [Rare.  ] 

Constitutionlst  ( kon  -  sti  -tu'  shon  -ist),  n. 
One  who  adheres  to  the  constitution  of  the 
country.  '  Constitutionists  and  anti-con. -4  i- 
tutionists.'  Lord  Bulingbroke. 

Constitutive  (kon'sti-tut-iv),  a.  1.  That 
constitutes,  forms,  or  composes;  elemental; 
essential.  'An  intelligent  and  const  it"  tn-,- 
part  of  every  virtue.'  Barrow. — 2.  Having 
power  to  enact  or  establish;  instituting 

3.  In  metaph.  objectively  determining  or 
constituting ;  a  predicate  which  expresses 
that  something  a  priori  determines  how 
something  else  must  be  or  is  to  be:  opposed 
to  regulative  (which  see). 

Constitutiyely  (kon'sti-tut-iv-li),  adv.  In 
a  constitutive  manner. 

Constrain  (kon-stranO.tJ.f.  fO.Fr.  constrain- 
dre,  Fr.  contraindre,  from  L.  const  ringo,  to 
bind  together— con, and  stringotio  strain, to 
bind.  See  STRAIN.]  In  a  general  sense,  to 
strain;  to  press;  to  urge;  to  drive;  to  exert 
force,  physical  or  moral,  either  in  urging  to 
action  or  in  restraining  it.  Hence— 1.  To 
compel  or  force;  to  urge  with  irresistible 
power,  or  with  a  power  sufficient  to  produce 
the  effect;  to  necessitate.  'Cruel  need  con- 
strained us.'  Tennyson. 
I  was  constrained  to  appeal  to  Cxsar.  Acts  xxviii.  19. 

No  one  can  read  the  speeches  of  even  our  greatest 
statesmen,  or  the  novels,  poems,  essays,  articles  that 
pour  forth  with  such  rapidity  from  the  pens  of  our 
most  notable  writers,  without  being  constrained  to 
admit  that  in  comparison  with  the  great  orators  and 
authors  of  the  past  we  have  fallen  on  degenerate 
times.  Dr.  Cairo1. 

2.  To  confine  by  force ;  to  restrain  from  escape 
or  action;  to  repress. 

My  sire  in  caves  constrains  the  winds.     Dryden, 

Hence— 3.  Fig.  to  check;  to  repress;  to  con- 
trol; as,  I  am  constrained  by  your  presence. 

4.  To  hold  by  force;  to  press;  to  couflne. 

How  the  strait  stays  the  slender  waist  constrain.  Gay. 

5.  To  constringe;  to  bind. 

When  winter  frosts  constrain  the  field  with  cold. 
Drydm. 

6.  To  tie  fast;  to  bind;  to  chain;  to  confine. 

He  binds  in  chains 

The  drowsy  prophet,  and  his  limbs  constrains. 
Dryden. 

7.t  To  force;  to  ravish;  to  violate. 

Her  spotless  chastity  you  con  strained  and  forced. 

Sha*. 

8.  To  produce  in  opposition  to  nature;  as,  a 
constrained  voice;  constrained  notes.  '  Con- 
strained blemishes.'  Shak.— SYN.  Tocompel, 
force,  drive,  impel,  urge,  press. 

Constrainable  (kon-stran'a-bl),  a.  That 
may  be  constrained,  forced,  or  repressed; 
liable  to  constraint  or  to  restraint. 

Constrainedly  (kon-stran'ed-li),  adv.  By 
constraint;  by  compulsion. 

Con  strainer  (kou-stran'er),  ».  One  who 
constrains. 

Constraint  (kon-strantf).  n.  [Fr.  contrainte. 
See  CONSTRAIN.]  Irresistible  force  or  its 
effect;  any  force  or  power,  physical  or  moral, 
which  compels  to  act  or  to  forbear  action, 
or  which  urges  so  strongly  as  to  produce 


Fate,  far,  fat.  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ti,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CONSTRAINTIVE 


567 


CONSULT 


its  effect  upon  the  body  or  mind;  compul- 
sion; restraint;  confinement 

Wolby  constraint,  but  by  my  choice,  I  came.  Drytten, 
Feed  tlie  flock  of  God,  taking  the  oversight  thereof, 
not  by  constraint,  but  willingly.  i  Pet.  v.  3. 

SYN.  Compulsion,  violence,  necessity,  ur- 
gency. 

Constraintive  t  (kon-strant'iv),  a.  Having 
power  to  compel.  'Constraining  necessity 
of  a  constraintive  vow.'  Carew. 

Constrict  (kon-strikf),  v.t.  [L.  constringo, 
constriction.  See  CONSTRAIN.]  To  draw 
together;  to  bind;  to  cramp;  to  draw  into  a 
nui-row  compass;  hence,  to  contract  or  cause 
to  shrink.  '  Such  tilings  as  constrict  the 
fibres.'  Arbuthnot. 

Constricted  (kon-strikt'ed),  p.  and  a.  Drawn 
together;  compressed; contracted;  cramped. 
Specifically,  in  bot.  contracted  or  tightened 
so  as  to  1  ie  smaller  in  some  parts  than  others; 
as,  a  cunistricted  pod. 

Constriction  (kon-strik'shon),  n,  A  drawing 
together  or  contraction  by  means  of  some 
inherent  powerorby  spasm,  as  distinguished 
from  compression  or  the  pressure  of  extra- 
neous bodies;  as,  the  constriction  of  a  muscle 
or  fibre.  'A  constriction  of  the  parts  inser- 
vicnt  to  speech.'  Grew. 

Constrictive  (kon-strikt'iv),  a.  Tending  to 
contract  or  compress. 

Constrictor  (kon-strikt'er),  n.  1.  That  which 
draws  together  or  contracts.  Specifically, 
in  anat,  a  muscle  which  draws  together  or 
closes  an  orifice  of  the  body.  'The  constric- 
tor*  of  the  eyelids.'  Arbuthnot. — 2.  A  name 
applied  to  the  larger  class  of  serpents  which 
envelop  and  crush  their  prey  in  their  folds; 
as,  the  boa  constrictor.  See  BOA. 

Constringe  (kon-strinjO,  v.t  pret.  &  pp. 
connti'iiHjed ;  ppr.  comttrinfjiny.  [L.  con- 
stringo.  See  CONSTRAIN.]  To  draw  toge- 
ther; to  strain  into  a  narrow  compass;  to 
contract;  to  force  to  contract  itself;  to  con- 
strict. 

Strong  liquors  eonstringe,  harden  the  fibres,  and 
coagulate  the  fluids.  Arbttfhnot. 

Constringent  (kon-strinj'ent),  a.  Having 
the  quality  of  contracting,  binding,  or  com- 
pressing. 

Construct  (kon-strukf),  v.t.  [L.  construe, 
construction— con,  and  struo,  to  lay,  dispose, 
or  set  in  order.  See  STRUCTURE.]  1.  To  put 
together  the  parts  of  a  thing  in  their  proper 
place  and  order;  to  build;  to  form;  as,  to 
constru-ct  an  edifice;  to  construct  a  ship. — 

2.  To  devise  and  put  into  orderly  arrange- 
ment; to  form  by  the  mind.    '  He  constructed 
a  new  system.'   Johnson. 

The  thought  occurred  to  him  he  iiii^ht  construct  A. 
story,  which  might  probably  be  considered  as  suffi- 
cient to  earn  his  pardon.  Macaulay. 

3.t  To  interpret  or  understand. —SYN.  To 
build,  erect,  form,  make,  originate,  invent. 

Constructor,  Constructor  (kon-strukt'er), 
n.  One  who  constructs  or  frames. 

Construction  (kon-struk'shon),  n.  [L.  cmi- 
Ktructio.]  \.  The  act  of  building  or  of  devis- 
ing and  forming;  fabrication. —  2.  The  form 
of  building;  the  manner  of  putting  together 
the  parts  of  a  building,  a  machine,  or  a  sys- 
tem; structure;  conformation.  'An  astro- 
labe of  peculiar  construction.'  Whewell.— 

3.  In  gram,  syntax,  or  the  arrangement  and 
connection  of  words  in  a  sentence  according 
to  established  usages  or  the    practice  of 
good  writers  and  speakers;  syntactical  ar- 
rangement.—4.  The  manner  of  understand- 
ing the  arrangement  of  words  or  of  explain- 
ing facts;  attributed  sense  or  meaning;  ex- 
planation; interpretation. 

He  shall  find  the  letter:  observe  his  construction  of 
it.  Shak. 

Religion  produces  good-will  and  puts  the  mildest 
construction  upon  every  accident  that  befalls. 

Spectator. 

In  the  construction  for  the  purposes  of  this  Act  of 
the  Acts  hereinafter  incorporated,  the  expression 
•The  special  Act 'shall  mean 'The  Public  Henlth 
Act,  1848.'  Local  Government  Act,  1858. 

6.  The  manner  of  describing  a  figure  or  pro- 
blem in  geometry.  The  drawing  of  such 
lines,  such  figure,  &c.,  as  are  previously 
necessary  for  making  any  demonstration 
appear  more  plain  and  undeniable.— 6.  In 
alg.  the  construction  of  equations  is  the 
method  of  reducing  a  known  equation  into 
lines  and  figures,  in  order  to  a  geometrical 
demonstration.— 7.  Inpolitics,  the  interpre- 
tation of  the  constitution  or  fundamental 
law  of  the  state;  the  declaration  of  its  mean- 
ing in  doubtful  points.— 8.  Naut.  the  method 
of  ascertaining  a  ship's  way  by  means  of 
trigonometrical  problems  and  diagrams. 
Constructional  (kon-struk'shon-al),  a.  Per- 
taining to  construction;  deduced  from  con- 


struction or  interpretation.  'Symbolical 
grants  and  conttructtonal  rnnvr\  -met--, ' 
Waterlund. 

Constructionist  (kon-strukMum-ist),  n. 
One  who  puts  a  construction  upon  the  law, 
a  paper,  or  public  document. 

Constructive  (kon-strukt'iv),  a.  By  con- 
struction; created  or  deduced  by  construe- 
tion  or  mode  of  interpretation;  not  directly 
expressed  but  inferred ;  as,  conxtructice 
treason. 

Stipulations,  expressed  or  implied,  formal  or  con- 
structive. I\itty 
-  Constructive  trusts,  inlaw,  implied  trusts, 
including  those  which  stand  upon  the  pre- 
sumed intention  of  the  parties,  and  those 
which  are  forced  upon  the  conscience  of 
the  party  by  the  mere  operation  of  the  law, 
as  in  cases  of  money  paid  by  accident,  mis- 
take, or  fraud.  It  is  a  rule  in  equity,  that 
all  persona  coming  into  possession  of  trust 
property,  with  notice  of  the  trust,  shall  be 
considered  as  trustees  by  implication,  and 
bound,  with  respect  to  that  special  pro- 
perty, to  execute  the  trust.  See  TRUST.— 
Constructive  total  long,  in  marine  insurance, 
is  when  the  repairs  of  a  ship  damaged  by 
the  perils  of  the  sea  would  cost  more  than 
she  would  be  worth  after  being  repaired. 
There  may  be  likewise  a  constructive  total 
loss  of  a  cargo.  A  right  to  recover  for  a  con- 
structive total  loss  is  secured  by  notice  of 
abandonment  being  given  by  the  owners  to 
the  insurers. 

Constructively  (kon-strukt'iv-li),  adv.  In 
a  constructive  manner;  by  way  of  construc- 
tion or  interpretation;  by  fair  inference. 

A  neutral  must  have  notice  of  a  blockade,  either 
actually  by  a  formal  information,  or  constructively 
by  notice  to  his  government.  Kent. 

Construct! venes s  ( kon-strukt'iv-nes),  n. 
In  phren.  a  faculty  supposed  to  produce  a 
tendency  to  construct  in  general,  but  taking 
its  particular  direction  from  the  other  facul- 
ties. It  is  said  to  be  large  in  painters,  sculp- 
tors, mechanicians,  and  architects. 

Constructure  (kon-strukt'iir),  n.  l.t  Any- 
thing constructed;  a  structure;  a  fabric. 

They  shall  the  earth's  cottstntcturc  closely  bind. 
Rlackmore. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  a  mode  of  industrial  acces- 
sion whereby,  if  a  house  be  repaired  with 
the  materials  of  another,  the  materials  ac- 
crue to  the  owner  of  the  house,  full  repara- 
tion, however,  being  due  to  the  owner  of 
the  materials 

Construe  (kon'stro),  v.t.  pret.  «fc  pp.  con- 
strued; ppr.  construing.  [L.  const  ruo.  See 
CONSTRUCT.]  1.  To  arrange  words  in  their 
natural  order;  to  reduce  from  a  transposed 
to  a  natural  order,  so  as  to  discover  the 
sense  of  a  sentence;  hence,  to  interpret; 
and  when  applied  to  a  foreign  language,  to 
translate;  as,  to  construe  Greek,  Latin,  or 
French. 

Virgil  is  so  very  figurative  that  he  requires,  I  may 
almost  say,  a  grammar  apart  to  construe  him. 

Dry  den. 

2.  To  interpret;  to  explain;  to  show  or  to 
understand  the  meaning. 

I  pray  that  I  may  not  be  so  understood  01  construed. 

Hooker. 

Thus  we  are  put  to  construe  and  paraphrase  our 
own  words.  Stillingfieet. 

Constupratet  (kon'stu-prat),  v.t.  pret.  & 
pp.  constuprated ;  ppr.  constit  prat  ing.  [L. 
constupro — con,  and  ntupro,  to  ravish.]  To 
violate;  to  debauch;  to  deflower.  Burton, 

Constupration  t  {kon-stu-pr:Vshon),n.  The 
act  of  ravishing;  violation;  defilement.  Bp. 
Hall. 

Consubsist  (kon-sub-sisf),  D.I.  To  subsist 
together.  ' Two consubsisting  wills.'  Settrch. 
[Rare.] 

Consubstantlal  (kon-sub-stnn'sln-al),  a. 
[L.  fomtiibittantialii  —  con  and  gubttantia. 
See  SUBSTANCE.  ]  Having  the  same  substance 
or  essence;  co-essential.  'Christ  Jesus  .  .  . 
coetemal  and  oonsubstantial  with  the  Father 
and  with  the  Holie  Ghost.'  Foxe. 

It  contimicth  a  body  eonsubstantial  with  ours  ;  of 
the  same,  both  nature  and  measure,  which  it  had  on 
earth.  Hooker. 

Consubstantialism  (kon-snb-stan'shi-al- 
izm),  n.  The  doctrine  of  consubstantiation. 

C  onsubstantialist  (kon-su  b-  stan'sh  i  -  al  -  is  t ), 
n  One  who  believes  in  consubstantiation. 

Consubstantiality  (kon-sub-stan'shi-al  li 
ti)  ?i  1  The  quality  of  being  consubstan- 
tial-  the  existence  of  more  than  one  in  the 
same  substance;  as,  the  co-eternity  and  con- 
substantiality  ot  the  Son  with  the  Father  — 
2.  Participation  of  the  same  nature. 

Consubstantially  (kon-sub-stan  shi-al-li), 
adv  In  a  cousubstantial  manner. 


Consubstantiate  ik'.n  ,-ui.  -tan'-i,,  .,n,  t.t. 

pl'ft.   .V   pi. 

nanttanaa.    [L.  tun,  an  i,ub- 

st;il|r  *'  !  I  "  n  nil  i  in  .  .nc  i-'  .in  in.. n  §ul>.Htance 
or  nature,  or  regard  as  so  united.  I  Hare  ) 

They  are  dm.-n  t 

rate  Christ  with  element!  ucramental  or  to  tr.insub- 
suntiate  and  < 
so  the  one  to  1m],!  In:: 

u]>  with  the  substance  of  theie  elements— the  <  •• 
hide  him  un.l-  : 
wine,  the  substance  whereof.  M  they  f-lnrinr    U 

Consubstantiate  (kon-nili-iUn'thl-ui  - 

To  profess  consubstantiiitit.il 
Consubstantiate  (kon-rob-ttan'thl-itV  a 

'Hi'-  •» :i-  i:.,,..,,i,..t,i,,i,,,/      /•.  •(/,.,„, 

Consubstantiation  ( k..n  sui.-»tair»hl-»"- 
shon),  n.  Tin-  uui,,n  ..f  t!,.-  !....!>  ,,[  i,Ur 
blessed  Saviour  with  the  sacramental  ele- 
ments; imputation. 

They  (the  Lutherans)  believe  that  the  real  body 
and  blood  of  our  Lord  is  united  in  a  mysterious  man- 
ner, through  the  consecration,  with  the  bread  and 
wine,  and  are  received  with  and  under  them  in  the 
sacrament  of  the  Lord's  supper.  ThU  is  called  eon- 
mMnMtMM.  Haaitr. 

Consuetude  (kon'swS-tud).  n.  [L.  COTIOTM- 
tuilo,  custom,  from  cumtutnc<3,  to  be  accus- 
tomed—con, intens.,  and  wtsco,  to  be  wont  ] 
Custom :  usage.  •  To  observe  this  contut- 
(utfeorlaw.'  Bartifg.  [Kair  | 

Consuetudinal,  Consuetudinary  (knn- 
swe-tud'in-al,  kon-swe-tud'iu-a-riX  a.  Cus- 
tomary.— Conxuetitdinarijvr  customary  late, 
in  contradistinction  to  written  or  statutory 
law,  is  that  law  which  is  derived  by  imme- 
morial custom  from  remote  antiquity.  Such 
is  the  common  law  of  Scotland. 

Consuetudinary  (kon-swe-t  d'in-a-rl),  n. 
Eecle*.  a  ritual  of  devotions  common  to  any 
particular  diocese  or  religious  order.  '  A 
cojwuetud  t  nary  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Edmunds 
Bury.'  Baker.  [Rare.] 

Consul  (kou'sul),  n.  [L.  con,  together,  and 
a  root  seen  also  in  conauto,  consvlere,  to 
consult,  consilium,  counsel,  perhaps  mean- 
ing to  sit ;  or  from  same  root  as  Skr.  gar, 
to  go.  ]  1.  The  chief  magistrate  of  the 
ancient  Roman  republic,  invested  with 
regal  authority  for  one  year.  There  were 
two  consuls  annually  chosen  in  the  Campus 
Martins.  In  the  first  ages  of  Rome  they 
were  elected  from  patrician  families  or 
noblemen,  but  in  the  year  of  Rome  388  the 
people  obtained  the  privilege  of  electing 
one  of  the  consuls  from  their  own  body,  and 
sometimes  both  were  plebeians.  —  2.  In 
French  hist,  the  title  given  to  the  three  su- 
preme magistrates  of  the  French  republic 
after  the  dissolution  of  the  Directory'  in  17D9 
The  first  consul  had  peculiar  functions  and 
authority.  He  promulgated  laws,  named 
members  of  council  of  state,  ministers,  am- 
bassadors, Ac.,  the  second  and  third  consuls 
having  only  a  deliberative  voice.  By  the 
senatus-consultum  of  4th  August,  1802,  the 
consuls  were  named  for  life;  by  that  of 
18th  May,  1804,  consular  government  was 
abolished,  and  Bonaparte,  the  first  consul, 
was  proclaimed  emperor.  -  3.  In  modern 
usage,  a  person  commissioned  by  a  sovereign 
or  state  to  reside  in  a  foreign  country  as  an 
agent  or  representative,  to  protect  the  in- 
terests, rights,  commerce,  merchants,  sea- 
men, and  subjects  generally  of  the  state, 
and  to  aid  the  government  in  any  commer- 
cial transactions  with  such  foreign  country. 
4.  t  A  senator. 

Many  of  the  munis  are  at  the  duke's  already. 

Consulage  (kon'sul-aj),  n.  A  duty  or  tax 
paid  by  merchants  for  the  protection  i,f 
their  commerce  or  the  support  of  their 
affairs  abroad. 

Consular  (kon'sul-cr),  a.  Pertaining  to  a 
consul;  as,  ctmmlar  power;  consular  dig- 
nity or  privileges. 

Consulate  (ktm'sul-at),  n.  IL.  contulatm.] 
1  The  office  of  a  consul.— 2.  The  jurisdic- 
tion or  extent  of  a  consul's  authority.  —  I. The 
dwelling  or  locality  occupied  by  a  consul.— 
4.  Consular  government. 

The  consulate  was  established  after  the  revolution 
of  the  i8lh  Brumaire,  and  lasted  to  the  coronation  of 
Napoleon.  Ckamters 

Consul-general  (kon-sul-jen'er-alX  «•  A 
chief  consul. 

Consulship  (kon'sul-ship).  n.  The  office  of 
a  consul,  or  the  term  of  his  office;  as,  the 
cfDisitlthip  of  Cieero. 

Consult  (kon-sulf), »  >.  [L  cmfilto,  intens. 
from  conrnlo,  to  consult,  to  ask  counsel.) 
1.  To  seek  the  opinion  or  advice  of  another, 
by  a  statement  of  facts  and  suitable  in- 


ch^ain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      ,.  ?o;      Uob;      n,  F,  ton;      ng,  si^';      «,  (ten;  th.  (Un;      w.  «!.;    «h.  *M«;    ^,  azure.- 


CONSULT 


568 


CONTAGION 


quiries,  for  the  purpose  of  directing  one's 
own  judgment:  followed  by  with. 
Rehoboam  consulted  with  the  old  men.     i  Ki.  xii.  6. 

2.  To  take  counsel  together;  to  seek  opinions 
and  advice  by  mutual  statements,  inquiries, 
and  reasonings;  to  deliberate  in  common. 

Let  us  consult  upon  to-morrow's  business.     Sha£. 

Consult  (kon-sulf),  v.t.  1.  To  ask  advice  of; 
to  seek  the  opinion  of  another  as  a  guide  to 
one's  own  judgment;  to  have  recourse  to 
for  information  or  instruction;  as,  to  con- 
sult a  friend,  a  physician,  or  an  author. 
'Consult  your  reason.'  Pope.  'They  were 
content  to  consult  libraries.'  Whewell.— 
2.  To  regard;  to  have  reference  or  respect 
to,  in  judging  or  acting;  to  decide  or  to  act 
in  favour  of. 

We  are  to  consult  the  necessities,  rather  than  mat- 
ters of  ornament  and  delight     Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 
The  senate  owes  its  gratitude  to  Cato, 
Who  with  so  great  a  soul  consults  its  safety. 

Addison. 
Ere  fancy  you  consult,  consult  your  purse. 

Franklin. 

4.f  To  plan,  devise,  or  contrive. 

Thou  hast  consulted  shame  to  thy  house,  by  cutting 
off  many  people.  Hab.  ii.  10. 

Consult!  (kon'sult  or  kon-sulf),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  consulting;  the  effect  of  consultation; 

determination. 

All  their  grave  consults  dissolved  in  smoke. 

Dryden. 

2.  A  meeting  for  consultation  or  delibera- 
tion; a  council. 

A  consult  of  coquets  below 

Was  called  to  rig  him  out  a  beau.        Swift. 

Consul ta  (kon-sulf a),  ».  [Sp.]  A  confer- 
ence; a  meeting  of  several  persons  for  de- 
liberation; a  council. 

Even  here  the  nobles  were  of  little  account  in 
matters  of  real  importance,  which  were  reserved  for 
a  consulta,  consisting,  besides  the  regent,  of  Gran* 
veile.  Count  ISarUimont,  and  the  learned  jurist  Vig- 
Hus.  Prescott. 

Consultary  (kon-sult'a-ri),  a.  Relating  to 
consultation.  —  Consultary  response,  the 
opinion  of  a  court  of  law  on  a  special  case. 

Consultation  (kon-sult-a'shon),  n.  l.  The 
act  of  consulting;  deliberation  of  two  or 
more  persons  with  a  view  to  some  decision. 

Thus  they  tlieir  doubtful  consultations  dark 
Ended.  Milton. 

2.  A  meeting  or  council  of  persons  to  consult 
together;  specifically,  a  meeting  of  experts, 
as  physicians  or  counsel,  to  consult  about  a 
specific  case. 

A  consultation  was  called  wherein  he  advised  a 
salivation.  Wiseman. 

—  Writ  of  consultation,  in  law,  a  writ  where- 
by a  cause,  removed  by  prohibition  from 
the  ecclesiastical  court  to  the  king's  court, 
is  sent  back  to  the  former  court:  so  called 
because  the  judges,  on  consultation  or  de- 
liberation, and  comparison  of  the  libel  with 
the  suggestion  of  the  party  at  whose  instance 
the  removal  is  made,  find  the  suggestion 
false,  and  that  the  cause  has  been  wrong- 
fully removed. 

Consultative  (kon-sult'at-iv),  a.  Having 
the  privilege  of  consulting. 

Consulter  (kon-sulfer),  n.  One  who  con- 
sults or  asks  counsel  or  information;  as,  a 
consulter  with  familiar  spirits. 

Consulting  (kon-sulfing),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  consultation;  specifically,  (a)  giving 
advice;  in  the  practice  of  being  consulted; 
as,  a  consulting  barrister ;  a  consulting 
physician,  (ft)  Used  for  consultation;  as,  a 

Consultive  (kon-sult'iv),  a.  Pertaining  to 
consultation;  determined  by  consultation; 
deliberate. 

He  that  remains  in  the  grace  of  God  sins  not  by 
any  deliberate,  consuttive.  Knowing  act. 

7er.  Taylor. 

Consumable  (kon-sum'a-bl),  a.  [See  CON- 
SUME.] That  may  be  consumed;  possible 
to  be  destroyed,  dissipated,  wasted,  orspent; 
as,  asbestos  is  not  consumable  by  fire. 

The  importation  and  exportation  of  consumable 
commodities.  Locke. 

Consume  (kon-sum'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
sumed;  ppr.  consuming.     [L.  consumo,  to 
take  wholly  or  completely— cow,  intens. ,  and 
sumo,  to  take.]    1.  To  destroy  by  separating 
the  parts  of  a  thing,  by  decomposition,  as 
by  fire,  or  by  eating,  devouring,  and  annihi- 
lating the  form  of  a  substance. 
Where  two  raging  fires  meet  together 
They  do  consume  the  thing  that  feeds  their  fury. 
Shak. 

2.  To  destroy  by  dissipating  or  by  use;  to 
expend;  to  waste;  to  squander;  as,  to  con- 
sume an  estate. 


Ye  ask,  and  receive  not,  because  ye  ask  amiss, 
that  ye  may  consume  it  upon  your  lusts.  Jam.  iv.  3. 

3.  To  spend;  to  cause  to  pass  away,  as  time. 

Thus  in  soft  anguish  she  consumes  the  day. 

Thomson. 

4.  To  cause  to  disappear;  to  waste  slowly. 

His  flesh  is  consumed  away.        Job  xxxiii.  21. 

5.  To  destroy;  to  bring  to  utter  ruin;  to  ex- 
terminate. 

Let  me  alone  .  .  .  that  I  may  consume  them. 
Ex.  xxxii.  10. 

SYN.  To  destroy,  swallow  up,  engulf,  absorb, 
waste,  expend,  squander,  lavish,  dissipate. 
Consume  (kon-sum'),  v.i.     To  waste  away 
slowly;  to  be  exhausted. 

Their  flesh  .  .  .  their  eyes  .  .  .  their  tongue  shall 
consume  away.  Zee.  xiv.  12. 

The  wicked  shall  perish  .  .  .  they  shall  consume. 

Ps.  xxxvii.  30. 

Consumedly  (kon-sum'ed-li),  adv.  [Probably 
a  corruption  for  consummately.]  Greatly; 
hugely;  deucedly. 

I  believe  they  talked  of  me,  for  they  laughed  con- 
sumedly.  Farquhar. 

Consumer  (kon-sum'er),  n.  One  who  con- 
sumes, spends,  wastes,  or  destroys;  that 
which  consumes. 

Consuming  (kon-sum'ing),  p.  and  a.  Burn- 
ing; wasting;  destroying;  expending;  eating; 
devouring. 

The  Lord  thy  God  is  a  consuming  fire.  Deut.  iv.  34. 

Consumingly  (kon-sum 'ing-li),  adv.    In  a 

consuming  manner. 
Consununar  (kon-sum'mar),  n.   In  the  East 

Indies,  a  native  head-servant 
Consummate  (kon'sum-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 

consummated;  ppr.  consummating.    [L.  con- 

summo,   consummatus  —  con,  and  summo, 

from  summa,  sura.    See  SUM.]    1.  To  end; 

to  finish  by  completing  what  was  intended; 

to  perfect;  to  bring  or  carry  to  the  utmost 

point  or  degree. 

He  had  a  mind  to  consummate  the  happiness  of 
the  day.  Tatter. 

That  inheritance  is  indeed  less  than  It  ought  to 
have  been,  and  other  than  it  ought  to  have  been;  for 
before  Titian  and  Tintoret  arose,  the  men  in  whom 
her  work  and  her  glory  should  have  been  together 
consummated,  she  nan  already  ceased  to  lead  her 
sons  in  the  way  of  truth  and  life.  fins/kin. 

2.  In  law,  to  complete,  as  a  marriage,  by 
cohabitation. 

Consummate  (kon-sum'at),  a.  Complete; 
perfect;  carried  to  the  utmost  extent  or  de- 
gree; as,  consummate  greatness  or  felicity. 
'A  man  of  perfect  and  consummate  virtue.' 
Addison. 

The  little  band  held  the  post  with  consummate 
tenacity.  Motley. 

— Consummate  tenant  by  courtesy,  in  law,  a 
husband  who,  upon  his  wife's  death,  becomes 
entitled  to  hold  her  lands  in  fee  simple  or 
fee  tail,  of  which  she  was  seized  during  her 
marriage,  for  his  own  life,  provided  he  has 
had  issue  by  her  capable  of  inheriting. 

Consummately  (kon-sum'at-li),  adv.  Com- 
pletely; ]>erfectly. 

Consummation  (kon-sum -a'shon),  n.  [L. 
00tUttntmaH0.]  1.  Completion;  end;  perfec- 
tion of  a  work,  process,  or  scheme. 

The  just  and  regular  process  from  its  original  to 
its  consummation.  Addison. 

2.  The  end  or  completion  of  the  present 
system  of  things ;  the  end  of  the  world. 
'From  the  beginning  of  the  world  to  its 
consummation.'  Hooker.— $.  Death;  the  end 
of  life. 

Quiet  consummation  have, 

And  renowned  be  thy  grave.          Shot. 

—Consummation  of  marriage,  the  most  in- 
timate union  of  the  sexes  which  completes 
the  connubial  relation. 

Consummative  (kon-sum'at-iv),a.  Pertain- 
ing to  consummation;  consummating;  final. 
'The  final,  the  consummative  procedure  of 
philosophy.'  Sir  If'.  Hamilton. 

Consumpt  (kon-sumf),  n.  Consumption; 
as,  the  produce  of  grain  is  scarcely  equal  to 
the  consumpt.  [Old  English  and  Scotch.] 

Consumption  (kon-sum'shon),  n.  [L.  con- 
sumptio.  See  CONSUME.]  1.  The  act  of 
consuming;  waste;  destruction  by  burning, 
eating,  dissipation,  slow  decay,  or  by  fritter- 
ing away  or  wasting;  as,  the  consumption 
of  fuel,  of  food,  of  commodities  or  estate, 
of  time,  &c. 

Every  new  advance  of  the  price  to  the  consumer 
is  a  new  incentive  to  him  to  retrench  his  consump- 
tion. Burke. 

2.  The  state  of  being  wasted  or  diminished. 

The  mountains  themselves  (Etna  and  Vesuvius) 
have  not  suffered  any  considerable  diminution  or 
consumption.  Woodward. 

3.  In  med.  (a)  a  wasting  of  flesh;  a  gradual 


or  diminution  of  the  body:  a  word 
of  extensive  signification,  (b)  More  specifi- 
cally, the  disease  known  as  phthwi*  pul- 
monalis  or  pulmonic  consumption,  a  disease 
affecting  the  lungs,  and  attended  with  a 
hectic  fever,  cough  Ac.—  4.  In  pol.  econ.  the 
use,  the  expenditure  of  the  products  of 
industry,  or  of  all  things  having  an  ex- 
ohangablfl  value.  Consumption  is  the  end 


The  distinction  of  productive  and  unproductive  is 
applicable  to  consumption  as  well  as  to  labour.  AH 
the  members  of  the  community  are  not  labourers,  but 
all  are  consumers,  and  consume  either  unproductively 
or  productively.  J.  S,  Mill. 

SYN.  Decay,  decline,  waste,  destruction. 
Consumptionalt  (kon-sum'shon-al),  a.  Con- 

sumptive.    Fuller. 
Consumptionary   (kon-sum'shon-a-ri),  a. 

1.  Pertaining  to,  or  of  the  nature  of,  eon- 
sumption.—  2.  Predisposed  to  consumption. 
[In  both  uses  rare  or  obsolete.] 

His  wife  being  consumptionary,  and  so  likely  to 
die  without  child.  Up.  Gauden. 

Consumptive  (kon-sura'tiv),  a.  1.  Destruc- 
tive; wasting;  exhausting;  having  the  quality 
of  consuming  or  dissipating.  '  Consumptive 
of  time.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

A  long  consumptive  war  is  more  likely  to  break 
this  grand  alliance  than  disable  France.  Addison. 

2.  Affected  with  or  having  a  tendency  to  the 
disease  consumption;  as,  a  consumptive  per- 
son ;  a  consumptive  constitution  ;  consumptive 
lungs. 

The  lean  consumptive  wench,  with  coughs  decayed, 
Is  called  a  pretty,  tight,  and  slender  maid.   Dryden. 

Consumptively  (kon-sum'tiv-li),  ado.  In  a 
way  tending  to  consumption. 

Consumptiveness  (kon-sum'tiv-nes),  n.  A 
state  of  Being  consumptive  or  a  tendency  to 
consumption. 

Consutilet  (kon-su'til),  a.  [L.  consutili*, 
sewed  together—  con,  together,  and  suo,  to 
sew.  See  SEW.]  Stitched  together.  Bailey. 

Contabescence  (kon-ta-bes'ens),  n.  [L.  con- 
tabesco,  to  waste  away  gradually.]  Atrophy; 
consumption. 

Contabescent  (kon-ta-bes'ent),  a.  Wasting 
away. 

Contabulatet  (kon-tab'u-lat),  r.  t.  pret.  &  pp. 
confabulated;  ppr.  confabulating.  [L.  con- 
tabulo,  contabulatum,  to  board—  con,  to- 
gether, and  tabula,  a  tablet,  board.]  To 
tioor  with  l)oards.  Bailey. 

Contabulationt  (kon-tab'u-la"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  laying  with  boards  or  of  flooring. 
Ba  tley. 

Contact  (kon'takt),  n.  fL  crnitactus,  from 
contingo,  to  touch—  cow,  and  fa»^o(root  tag\ 
to  touch,  whence  also  E.  tact,  tangent,  *c.]  A 
touching;  touch;  close  union  or  Juncture  of 
bodies.  Two  bodies  come  in  contact  when 
they  meet  without  any  sensible  intervening 
space;  the  parts  that  touch  are  called  the 
points  of  contact.  The  contact  of  two  spher- 
ical bodies,  and  of  a  tangent  with  the  cir- 
cumference of  a  circle,  is  only  in  one  point, 
which  is  called  the  point  of  contact.  —  Contact 
of  the  first  order,  in  math,  contact  of  two 
curves  in  a  point  for  which  they  have  the 
same  coefficient  of  the  first  order.—  Contact 
of  the  second  order,  contact  of  two  curves  in 
a  point  for  which  they  have  the  same  differ- 
ential coefficient  of  the  first  order,  and  the 
same  differential  coefficient  of  the  second 
order—  Angle  of  contact,  the  angle  made  by 
a  curve  line,  and  the  tangent  to  it  at  the 
point  of  contact.  No  such  thing  as  a  per- 
fect or  mathematical  contact  can  take  place 
between  two  material  bodies;  hence,  when 
we  speak  of  the  contact  of  bodies,  or  the 
particles  of  bodies,  such  contact  is  to  in- 
regarded  only  as  physical,  not  mathema- 
tical. 

Contaction*  (kon-tak'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
touching.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Contactual  (kon-tak'tQ-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  contact;  implying  contact.  '  Contagion 
may  be  said  to  be  immediate,  contactual,  or 
remote.'  Popular  Ency. 

Contagion  (Iton-ta'jon),  n.  [L.  contagio, 
fromthe  root  of  contingo,  tango,  primarily 
tago,  to  touch.]  1.  Lit.  a  touch  or  touching. 
Hence,  the  communication  of  a  disease  by 
contact,  direct  or  indirect.  Properly  speak- 
ing, contagion  is  the  communication  of  dis- 
ease strictly  by  contact,  while  infection  is  a 
communication  either  by  actual  contact  or 
by  the  miasmata  or  germs  which  one  body 
gives  out  and  the  other  receives.  This 
distinction,  however,  is  frequently  disre- 
garded, the  two  words  being  confounded.— 
2.  That  excessively  subtle  matter,  in  many 
cases  believed  to  be  germs  of  an  exceed- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abvne;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CONTAGIONED 


5G9 


CONTEMPORISE 


ingly  minute  organism,  which  proceeds  from 
a  diseased  person  or  body,  and  communi- 
cates the  disease  to  another  person;  as  in 
cases  of  small-pox,  scarlet  and  other  fevers, 
&c.  This  contagion  may  proceed  from  the 
breath  of  the  diseased,  from  the  perspira- 
tion, or  from  other  excretions.  —  3.  That 
which  communicates  evil  from  one  to  an- 
other; infection;  that  which  propagates 
mischief;  as,  the  contagion  of  vice  or  of  evil 
example.  'The  scandal  and  contagion  of 
r\;imple.'  Bp.  Gauden.—  4.  Pestilential  in- 
fluence: venomous  exhalations. 

Will  he  steal  out  of  his  wholesome  bed 

To  dare  the  vile  contagion  of  the  night.     Shak. 

Contagioned  (kon-ta'jond),  a.  Affected  by 
contagion. 

Contagionist  (kon-ta'jon-ist),  n.    One  who 

believes  in  the  contagious  character  of  cer- 
tain iliscasrs,  as  rholrra,  typhus,  ,VT. 
Contagious  (kon-ta'jus),  a.  1.  Containing 
or  generating  contagion;  that  may  be  com- 
municated by  contact  or  by  a  subtle  ex- 
creted matter;  catching;  as,  a  contagious 
disease.  -2.  Poisonous;  pestilential;  contain- 
ing contagion;  as,  contagious  air;  contagious 
clothing.  '  Foul,  contagious  darkness  in  the 
air.'  Shak.— 3.  Containing  mischief  that 
may  be  propagated;  as,  contagious  example. 
4.  Spreading  from  one  to  another,  or  excit- 
ing like  affections  in  others. 

His  genius  rendered  his  courage  more  contagious. 

The  rout 

Of  Medes  and  Cassians  carry  to  the  camp 
Contagious  terror.  Glover. 

— Contagious  Diseases  Act,  the  title  given  to 
two  acts  of  parliament  passed  in  I860,  the 
one  to  check  the  propagation  of  venereal 
diseases  in  certain  naval  and  military  sta- 
tions; the  other  to  check  the  spread  of  rin- 
derpest, pleuro-pneumonia,  foot-and-mouth 
disease,  &c.,  in  cattle.    The  latter  act  was 
renewed  and  made  permanent  in  1869. 
Contagiously  (kon-ta'jus-li),  adv.    By  con- 
Contagiousness   (kon-ta'jus-nes),  n.    The 
quality  of  being  contagious. 
Contain  (kon-tan'),  v.t.     [L.  contineo— con, 
and  teneo,  to  hold.     See  TENET,  TENURE.] 

1.  To  hold  within  fixed  limits;  to  compre- 
hend; to  comprise;  to  include;  to  hold. 

What  thy  stores  contain  bring  forth.        Milton. 
Behold  the  heaven,  and  heaven  of  heavens,  cannot 
contain  thee.  I  Ki.  viii.  37. 

2.  To  be  capable  of  holding;  as,  this  vessel 
contains  2  gallons.— 3.  To  comprise,  as  a 
writing;  to  have  for  contents.     'A  sonnet 
containing   her  affection  unto    Benedick.' 
Shak.—  4.tTo  put  constraint  on;  to  restrain; 
to  retain. 

The  king's  person  contains  the  unruly  people  from 
evil  occasions.  Spenser. 

Others,  when  the  bagpipe  sings  i'  the  nose. 
Cannot  contain  their  urine.  Shak. 

[In  this  last  sense  still  used  reflexively;  as, 
he  could  not  contain  himself  for  joy. 

I'ear  not,  my  lord,  we  can  contain  ourselies.  Shak.] 

SYN.  To  comprise,  embrace,  inclose,  include. 
Contain  (kon-tan'),  v.i.     To  restrain  desire 
or  emotion;  specifically,  to  live  in  continence 
or  chastity. 

If  they  cannot  contain,  let  them  marry,  i  Cor.  vii.  9. 

Containable  (kon-tan'a-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  contained  or  comprised. 

Containant  (kon-tan'ant),  n.  One  who,  or 
that  which,  contains;  a  container. 

Container  (kon-tan'er),  n.  He  who,  or  that 
which,  contains. 

Containment*  (kon-tan'ment),  n.  That 
which  is  contained  or  comprised ;  the  extent. 
'The  containment  of  a  rich  man's  estate.' 
Fuller. 

ContaminaWe(kon-tam'in-a-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  being  contaminated. 

Contaminate  (kon-tam'in-at).  v.t.  pret.  &pp. 
contaminated;  ppr.  contaminating.  [L.  con- 
tamino,  contaminatum,  to  blend,  mingle, 
pollute,  from  contamen,  contact,  contamin- 
ation, contr.  for  contagimen,  from  tag, 
the  root  of  tango,  to  touch.]  To  defile;  to 
pollute:  usually  in  a  figurative  sense;  to 
sully;  to  tarnish;  to  taint;  as,  lewdness  con- 
taminates character;  cowardice  contamin- 
ates honour. 

Shall  we  now 
Contaminate  our  fingers  with  base  bribes?     Shak. 

SYN.  To  pollute,  defile,  sully,  taint. 
Contaminate  (kon-tam'in-at),  p.  and  a.  Con- 
taminated; polluted;  defiled;  corrupt.    [Ob- 
solescent. ] 

And  that  this  body  consecrate  to  thee. 

By  ruffian  lust  should  be  contaminate.    Shak. 


Contamination  ( kon  -  tarn '  in  -  i  "  shon ).  n. 
The  act  of  polluting;  pollution;  dcllli-nirnr 
taint. 

Contaminative  ( kon  -tarn'  in  -it  -iv),  a. 
Adapted  to  contaminate. 

Contango  (kon-tang'go),  n.  In  ttock-juVbing, 
a  sum  ofmoney  paid  to  a  seller  for  Meomm  >• 
dating  a  buyer,  by  carrying  the  engagement 
to  pay  the  price  of  shares  bought  over  to 
the  next  account  day.  In  reality  contango 
is  interest  paid  for  the  loan  of  money  for 
fourteen  days,  that  is  for  the  interval  l>e- 
tween  account  days.  See  BACKWARDATION. 

Contankerous  (kon-tang'kcr-us),  a.  Same 
as  Cantankerous.  [Irish.] 

Conteckt  (kon'tek),  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  contek, 
opposition,  contest— possibly  a  corruption 
of  Fr.  contact.]  Quarrel;  contention. 

Conteck  soon  by  concord  might  be  ended.   Spenser. 

Contectiont  (kon-tek'shon),  n.  [L.  contego— 
con,  and  tego,  to  cover.]  A  covering.  'Fig- 
leaves  aptly  formed  for  confection  of  those 
parts. '  Sir  T.  Brmcne. 

Conteke.t  «.  [See  CONTECK.]  Contention. 
'  Contefce  with  bloody  knife  and  sharp  men- 
ace. '  Chaucer. 

Contemerate*  (kon-tcm'er-at),  v.t  [L.  con- 
teinero,  to  defile  -con,  intensive,  and  temero, 
to  treat  rashly,  to  defile.]  To  violate;  to 
pollute.  Bailey. 

Contemn  (kon-tem'),  v.t.  [L.  conlemno,  to 
despise— cmi,  intens. ,  and  temno,  to  despise; 
root  tern,  which  may  be  that  also  of  Or. 
temno,  to  cut  off.]  1.  To  despise;  to  con- 
sider and  treat  as  mean  and  despicable;  to 
scorn. 

Thy  pompous  dedication  I  contemn.        Milton. 

2.  To  slight;  to  neglect  as  unworthy  of  re- 
gard; to  reject  with  disdain. 

Wherefore  do  the  wicked  contemn  God.  Ps.  x.  13. 
They  contemn  the  counsel  of  the  Most  High. 

Ps.  cvii.  n. 

SYN.  To  despise,  scorn,  disdain,  spurn,  defy, 
slight,  neglect,  underrate,  overlook. 

Contemner  (kon-tem'er),  n.  One  who  con- 
temns; a  despiser;  a  scorner. 

Contemningly  (kon-tem'ing-li),  adv.  In  a 
contemptuous  manner;  slightingly. 

Contempert  (kon-tem'per),  v.t.  [L.L.  con- 
teinpero — con,  and  tempero,  to  mix  or  tem- 

§er.    See  TKMPER.]    To  moderate;   to  re- 
uce  to  a  lower  degree  by  mixture  with 
opposite  or  different  qualities;  to  temper. 

The  leaves  qualify  and  contemper  the  heat.     Ray. 

Contemperamentt  (kon-tem'per-a-ment), 
n.  Moderated  or  qualified  degree;  a  degree 
of  any  quality  reduced  to  that  of  another; 
temperament.  '  An  equal  contemperament 
of  the  warmth  of  our  bodies  to  that  of  the 
hottest  part  of  the  atmosphere.'  Derham. 

Contemperatet  (kon-tem'per-at),  v.t.  [See 
CONTEMPER.]  To  temper;  to  reduce  the 
quality  of,  by  mixing  something  opposite  or 
different;  to  moderate. 

The  mighty  Nile  and  Niger  contemferatt  the  air. 
Sir  T.  Krcnvnc. 

Contemperatlont  (kon-tem'p£r-a"shon),  n. 

1.  The  act  of  reducing  a  quality  by  admix- 
ture of  the  contrary;  the  act  of  moderating 
or  tempering. —2.    Proportionate  mixture; 
proportion;  combination. 

Why  this  mntcmpcration  of  light  and  shade,  that 
is  made,  for  example,  by  the  skin  of  a  ripe  cherry! 

Hoyle. 

Contemperature  (kon-tem'ppr-a-tur),  n. 
The  quality  of  being  con  tempered;  tempera- 
ture; temperament.  '  The  different  conlem- 
perature  of  the  elements.'  Stntth. 

Contemplate  (kon-tem'plat).  v.t.  pret.  <t 
pp  contemplated;  ppr.  contemplating.  [L. 
cnntemplor,  contemplates,  to  mark  out  a  tern- 
plum,  to  view  attentively,  contemplate— con, 
and  templvm,  the  space  marked  out  by  the 
au<nir  as  that  within  which  the  omens  should 
be  observed.  See  TEMPLE.)  1.  To  view  or 
consider  with  continued  attention;  to  study; 
to  meditate  on:  said  both  of  the  mental  and 
physical  act.  but  most  frequently  of  the 
former.  '  Contemplate  all  this  work  of  time. 
Tennyson. 

There  is  not  much  difficulty  in  confining  the  mind 
to  contemplate  what  we  have  a  great  desire  *°.*™w' 

2.  To  consider  or  have  in  view  in  reference 
to  a  future  act  or  event;  to  intend. 

There  remain  some  particulars  to  complete  the  in- 
formation contemplated  by  those  resolutions 

Hamilton  s  report. 

If  a  treaty  contains  any  stipulations  which  contem- 
plate a  state  of  future  war. 

SYN  To  study,  ponder,  muse,  meditate  on, 
dwell  on,  consider,  intend,  design,  plan, 
purpose. 


Contemplate  <  k»n  U-m  plat  ,,r  kon'tem- 
plati,  r.i.  Tn  think  studiolllly;  to  ntlld)  ;  t.i 
muse;  to  meditate. 

So  m.my  hours  HUM  I  take  my  rest ; 

So  many  hours  must  I  contemplate       SA<>4 

Contemplation  (k«n  !.,,,  |,1, ,-!,,.],)  „  ;i. 
<-.,„(,  ,„,,/„/,„  |  i  'I!,.-  :ut  <>f  tin-  mind  in 
0,1, -id, Tin-  with  iitti-ntinii;  nifilitiitinii. 
study;  continued  attention  uf  the  mind  to 
a  particular  nibji-i-t. 

Lonlemplntivn  is  keeping  the  idea,  brought  Into 
the  mind,  some  time  actually  in  view.  ZMfc 

Falling  into  a  Mill  delight 
And  luxury  of  contemplation^    Tennyson. 

SpeciflcalIy-2.  Holy  meditation;  atU-ntton 
to  sacred  things. 

I  have  breathed  a  tacred  vow 
To  live  in  prayer  and  contemplation.  ShaJt. 

3.  Act  of  looking  forward  to  or  purpoiing: 
expectation. 

In  contemplation  of  returning  at  an  early  date,  lie 
left,  leaving  his  house  undismantled.  Reid. 

— To  hate  in  contemplation,  to  intend  or 
purpose,  or  to  have  under  consideration. 

Contemplatlst  (kon-tem'plat-ist),  n.  One 
who  contemplates.  Jer.  Taylor.  [Rare.) 

Contemplative  ( kon  -  tern '  plat  n  >.  a. 
1.  Given  to  contemplation,  or  continued 
application  of  the  mind  to  a  subject;  studi- 
ous; thoughtful;  as,  a  contemplative  philo- 
sopher or  mind.  "The  contemplative  pait 
of  mankind.'  Locke.  -2.  Employed  in  study; 
as,  a  contemplative  life. 

My  life  hath  been  rather  contemplative  than  active. 

AMM. 

3.  Having  the  appearance  of  study,  or  a 
studious  habit. 

Fix'd  and  contemplative  their  looks. 

Still  turning  over  nature's  books.     Sir  J.  Denham. 

4.  Having  the  power  of  thought  or  medita- 
tion.    'The  contemplative  faculty  of  man.' 
Kay. 

Contemplative  (kon-tem'plat-iv),  n.  Kcclet. 
a  friar  of  the  order  of  Mary  Magdalene. 

Contemplatively  (kon-tem'plat-iv-li),  adv. 
With  contemplation;  attentively;  thought- 
fully; with  deep  attention. 

Contemplativeness  ( kon-tem'plat-iv-ne»), 
n.  State  of  lieing  contemplative. 

Contemplator  (kon-tem'plat-er),  n.  One 
who  contemplates;  one  employed  in  study 
or  meditation;  an  inquirer  after  knowledge. 

Contemplet  (kon-tem'pl),  i.t.  To  contem- 
plate. 

I  may  at  rest  contemple 
The  starry  arches  of  thy  spacious  temple. 

Syhiester,  Du  Rartas. 

Contemporaneity  (kon-tem'p6-ra-ne"i-ti), 
n.  State  of  being  contemporaneous;  con- 
temporariness.  'The  lines  of  aaitempora- 
neity  in  the  oolitic  system.'  Philip*. 

Contemporaneous  (kon-tem'p6-ra"ne-us), 
a.  [L.  contemporaneut.]  Living  or  being 
at  the  same  time;  contemporary. 

The  great  age  of  Jewish  philosophy  had  been  con- 
tentporaneoits  with  the  latter  Spanish  school  of  Ara- 
bic philosophy. 

Contemporaneously  ( kon  -  tern ' po-  ra"  n«- 
us-li),  adv.  At  the  same  time  with  tome 
other  event. 

Contemporaneousness  (kon-tem'po-ra  ne- 
us-nes),  n.  The  state  or  quality  of  I.eing 
contemporaneous 

Contemporariness  (kon-tem'iio-ra-ri-nes), 
n.  Existence  at  the  same  time.  IJwcU. 
[Rare.] 

Contemporary,  Cotemporary  (kon-tem  - 
po-ra-ri,  ko-tem'po-ra-ri),  (I.  (L.  con,  and 
temporarius,  temporary,  from  fr-nipiM,  tem- 
portt,  time.  ]  Living,  existing,  or  occur- 
ring at  the  same  time:  said  of  persons  and 
things. 

Albert  Durer  was  contemporary  to  Lucas.  Dryden. 
Bring  ages  past  and  future  together  and  make 
them  contemporary.  l-octe. 

2.  Of  the  same  age;  coeval.    [Rare.] 

A  prove  bom  with  himself  he  sees 

And  loves  his  old  contemporary  trees.     Conlcy. 

[The  spelling  Co-  is  against  analogy.  ]-8YN. 
Contemporaneous,  co-existent,  coeval,  c« 

Contemporary.  Cotemporary  (knn-tem'- 
po-ra-ri.  ko-tem'po-ra-ri).  n.  (me  who  lives 
at  the  same  time  with  another. 

From  the  time  of  Boccace  and  of  Petrarch  the 
Italian  has  varied  very  little.  The  BmJM  n  Xhauc 
their  contemporary  is  not  to  be  understood  without 
the  help  of  an  old  dictionary. 

Contemporise,tContemporlzet(kon-tem'- 
po-riz)  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  contemporised;  ppr. 
contemporizing.  To  make  contemporary: 
to  place  in  the  same  age  or  time.  Sir  T. 
Browne. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      e,  go;      j.job; 


ft.Fr.ton;      ng,  ting;      TB,  «en;  th,  (Ata;      w,  trig;    wh,  «**;    ih.  azure.  - 


CONTEMPT 


570 


CONTENTIOUS 


Contempt  (kon-temf),  «.  [L.  contemptus. 
See  CONTEMN.]  1.  The  aet  of  despising;  the 
feeling  that  causes  us  to  consider  and  treat 
something  as  mean,  vile,  and  worthless;  dis- 
dain; scorn  for  what  is  mean.  This  word  is 
one  of  the  strongest  expressions  of  a  mean 
opinion  which  the  language  affords. 

Nothing,  says  Longinus,  can  be  Kreat>  tne  con~ 
tftnft  of  which  is  great.  Addison. 

2.  The  state  of  being  despised;  whence,  in 
a  scriptural  sense,  shame,  disgrace. 

Some  shall  awake  to  everlasting  contempt. 

Dan.  xii.  z. 

3.  In  laic,  disobedience  to  the  rules,  orders, 
or  process  of  a  court  or  legislative  assembly, 
or  a  disturbance  or  interruption  of  its  pro- 
ceedings.     Contempts  committed   out   of 
court  are  punishable  by  attachment,  and 
contempts  done  before  the  court  may  be 
punished  or  repressed  in  a  summary  way, 
by  commitment  or  by  fine.    The  power  of 
enforcing  their  process,  and  of  vindicating 
their  authority  against  open  obstruction  or 
defiance,  is  incident  to  all  superior  courts. 

Both  strangers  ami  members  are  now  severely 
punished  for  contempts  of  the  House  and  its  jurisdic- 
tion. Brougham. 

SYN.    Disdain,    scorn,    derision,    mocker}', 

contumely,  neglect,  disregard,  slight. 
Contemptibllity  ( kon  -  tern '  ti  -  bil "  i  -  ti),  n. 

Quality  of  being  contemptible.    'Contempti- 

hilitif  and  vanity.'    Speed. 
Contemptible  (kon-tem'ti-bl),  a,     [L.  con- 

temptibuis.}     1.  Worthy  of  contempt;  that 

deserves    scorn    or    disdain ;    despicable ; 

mean;  vile:  said  of  persons  and  things. 

No  man  truly  knows  himself  but  he  groweth 
daily  more  contemptible  in  his  own  eyes. 

Jer.  Taylor, 

The  arguments  of  tyranny  are  as  contemptible  as 
its  force  is  dreadful. 

2.  Despised;  neglected. 

There  is  not  so  cantemptibte  a  plant  or  animal  that 
does  not  confound  the  most  enlarged  understanding. 

Locke. 

3.t  Apt  to  despise;  contemptuous. 

He'll  scorn  it,  for  the  man  hath  a  contemptible  vovrA. 

Shak. 

—Contemptible,  Despicable,  Paltry,  Pitiful. 
Contemptible,  deserving  of  scorn,  unworthy 
of  notice;  not  so  strong  as  despicable,  which 
involves  the  idea  of  baseness  as  well  as 
meanness;  worthless  things  are  contempt ib le, 
bad  actions  are  denpicable;  paltry,  pitiful, 
are  applied  to  things  which  from  their 
meanness  one  would  not  wish  to  be  believed 
capable  of  having  any  feeling  about  at  all. 

The  man's  intellect  was  contemptible.        Motley. 

There  are  two  feelings  which  often  prevent  an  un- 
principled layman  from  becoming  utterly  depraved 
and  despicable,  domestic  feeling  and  chivalrous  feel- 
ing. Macaitlay. 
Turn  your  forces  from  thts/<i//rv  siege 
And  stir  them  tip  against  a  mightier  task.  Shak. 

That's  villainous  and  shews  a  most  pitiful  ambition 
in  the  fool  that  uses  it.  SHak,. 

SYN.  Despicable,  abject,  vile,  mean,  base, 
paltry,  worthless,  sorry,  pitiful,  scnrrile. 

Contemptibleness  ( kon  -  tern '  ti  -  hi  -  nes ). 
n.  The  state  of  being  contemptible,  or  of 
being  despised;  despicableness;  meanness; 
vileness. 

Contemptibly  (kon-tem'ti-bli),  adv.  In  a 
contemptible  manner;  meanly;  in  a  manner 
deserving  of  contempt.— SYN.  Meanly,  base- 
ly, abjectly,  vilely,  despicably. 

Contemptuous  (kon-tum'tu-us),  a.  1.  Mani- 
festing or  expressing  contempt  or  disdain; 
scornful:  said  of  things;  as,  contemptu-oit* 
language  or  manner.  'A  proud,  contemptu- 
ous behaviour.'  Hammond. 

Rome  entertained  the  most  contemptuous  opinion 
of  the  Jews.  Rp.  Atterbury. 

2.  Apt  to  despise;  haughty;  insolent:  said 
of  persons;  as,  a  nation,  proud,  severe,  con- 
tempt ous. 

Some  much  averse  I  found,  and  wondrous  harsh, 

Contemptuous,  proud,  set  on  revenge  and  spite. 

Milton. 

SYN.  Scornful,  insolent,  haughty,  disdain- 
ful, cavalier,  supercilious,  insulting,  contu- 
melious, affrontive,  abusive,  fastidious. 
Contemptuously  (kon-tem'tu-us-Ii),  ado. 
In  a  contemptuous  manner;  with  scorn  or 
disdain;  despitefully. 

The  apostles  and  most  eminent  Christians  were 
poor,  and  treated  contemptuously.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Contemptuousness  (kon-tem'tu-us-nes),  n. 
Disposition  to  contempt;  act  of  contempt; 
insolence;  scornfulness;  haughtiness. 

Contenancet  (kon'ten-ans),  n.  [Fr.J  Ap- 
pearance; pretence.  Chaucer. 

Contend  (ton-tend'),  v.i.  [L.  eontendo,  to 
stretch,  strive  after,  contend— con,  intens., 
ami  tendo,  stretch  (E.  tend);  root  ten,  seen  in 


Gr.  teino,  to  stretch.]  1.  To  strive  against; 
to  struggle  in  opposition:  used  absolutely, 
or  with  aijainst  or  with  preceding  the  op- 
ponent or  rival. 

For  never  two  such  kingdoms  did  contend, 

Without  much  fall  of  blood.  Shak. 

In  ambition's  strength  I  did 

Contend  against  thy  valour,  Shak. 

Distress  not  the  Moabites,  nor  contend  tvtth  them 
in  battle.  Deut.  ii.  9. 

2.  To  strive;  to  use  earnest  efforts  to  obtain, 
or  to  defend  and  preserve:  with  for  before 
the  object  striven  after.      '  Contend,  for  the 
faith.'    JudeS. 

You  sit  above,  and  see  vain  men  below 
Contend  for  what  you  only  can  bestow. 

Dryden. 

Two  spirits  of  a  diverse  love, 
Contend  for  loving  masterdom.     Tennyson, 

3.  To  dispute  earnestly;  to  strive  in  debate; 
to  wrangle;  as,  the  parties  contend  about 
trifles. 

They  that  were  of  the  circumcision  contended  -with 
him.  Acts  xl.  2. 

4.  To  reprove  sharply;  to  chide;  to  strive  to 
convince  and  reclaim. 

Then  contended  \  with  the  rulers.    Neh.  xiii.  n 

5.  To  exert  power  in  opposition;  to  punish. 

The  Lord  God  called  to  contend  by  fire. 

Amos  vii.  4. 

SYN.  To  struggle,  vie  with,  strive,  oppose, 
emulate,  contest,  litigate,  dispute,  rebuke, 
debate. 

Contend  (ton-tend7),  v.L  To  dispute;  to 
contest.  [Rare.] 

When  Carthage  shall  contend  the  world  with  Rome. 
Dryden. 

Contendent  (kon -tend 'en t),  n.  An  antago- 
nist or  npitoser. 

Contender  (kon-tend'er),  n.  One  who  con- 
tends; a  combatant;  a  champion. 

Contending(kon-tend'ing),M.  and  a.  1.  Striv- 
ing; struggling  to  oppose;  debating;  urging 
in  argument ;  quarrelling.  —  2.  Clashing  ; 
opposing;  rival;  as,  contending  chums  or 
interests. 

Contending  (kon-tend'ing),  n.  The  act  of 
one  who  contends;  a  striving. 

There  must  be  great  struggling*  and  labour,  with 
earnest  contending*,  if  ever  you  intend  to  be  saved. 
Hopkins. 

Contendress  (kon-ten'dres),  n.  A  female 
contender.  'A  swift  contendress.'  Chap- 
man. [Rare.] 

Con  tenement  (kon-ten'e-meut),  n.  [L.  con 
and  E.  tenement.]  In  law,  that  which  is 
connected  with  a  tenement  or  thing  holden, 
as  a  certain  portion  of  land  adjacent  tu  a 
dwelling  necessary  to  its  reputable  enjoy- 
ment. 

Content  (kon-tenfj,  a.  [L.  eontentvs,  from 
contineor,  to  be  held — con,  and  teneo,  to  hold.  ] 
Lit.  held  or  contained  within  limits;  hence, 
having  the  desires  limited  to  present  enjoy- 
ment; having  a  mind  at  peace;  satisfied,  so 
as  not  to  repine,  object,  or  oppose;  not 
disturbed;  contented;  easy. 

Having  food  and  raiment,  let  us  be  therewith  con- 
tent  i  Tim.  vi.  8. 

1  had  been  content  to  perish,  falling  on  the  foeman's 

ground, 
When  the  ranks  are  rolled  in  vapour,  and  the  winds 

are  laid  with  sound.  Tennyson. 

—  Content  and  non-content,  words  by  which 
assent  and  dissent  are  expressed  in  the 
House  of  Lords,  answering  to  the  ay  and 
no  used  in  the  House  of  Commons. 

Among  the  Whigs  there  was  some  unwillingness 
to  consent  to  a  change.  .  .  .  But  Devonshire-  and 
Portland  declared  themselves  content:  their  autho- 
rity prevailed,  and  the  alteration  was  made. 

Content  (kon-tenf),  v.t  To  satisfy  the 
mind;  to  make  quiet,  so  as  to  stop  complaint 
or  opposition;  to  appease;  to  make  easy  in 
any  situation:  used  chiefly  with  the  recipro- 
cal pronoun. 

Do  not  content  yourself  vi\\.\\  obscure  and  confused 
ideas,  where  clearer  are  to  be  obtained.  Watts. 

Pilate,  willing  to  content  the  people,  released  Bar- 
abbas.  Mar.  xv.  15.  - 

2.  To  please  or  gratify. 

It  doth  much  content  me 
To  hear  him  so  inclined.  Shak. 

Content  (kon-tenf),  »•  1.  Rest  or  quietness 
of  the  mind  in  the  present  condition;  satis- 
faction which  holds  the  mind  in  peace,  re- 
straining complaint,  opposition,  or  further 
desire,  and  often  implying  a  moderate  de- 
gree of  happiness;  contentment. 

Ask  thou  this  heart  for  monument, 

And  mine  shall  be  a  large  content.         T.  Aird. 

There  is  a  jewel  which  no  Indian  mine  can  buy. 

No  chemic  art  can  counterfeit; 

It  makes  men  rich  in  greatest  poverty. 

Makes  water  wine,  turns  wooden  cups  to  gold. 


The  homely  whistle  to  sweet  music's  strain; 
Seldom  it  comes — to  few  from  heaven  sent. 
That  much  in  little — all  in  nought — Content. 

From  ll'ilbye's  Madrigals,  1598. 

2.  Satisfaction  without  examination;  acqui- 
escence; submission.  [Rare.] 

Forced  to  content  but  never  to  obey,  panting  he 
lies.  sXSk. 

The  style  is  excellent; 
The  sense  they  humbly  take  upon  content.       rope. 

3.t  That  which  is  the  condition  of  content- 
ment; desire;  wUh. 

So  will  1  in  England  work  your  grace's  full  ccnttnt 
Stafc 

4.  The  term  used  in  the  House  of  Lords  to 
express  assent  to  a  bill  or  motion;  hence,  a 
peer  who  votes  'content;'  an  assenting  ur 
affirmative  vote. 

Supposing  the  number  of  contents  and  net-contents 
strictly  equal  in  number  and  consequence,  the  pos- 
session, to  avoid  disturbance,  ought  to  carry  it. 

Bacm. 

Content  (kon-tenf  or  kon'tent),  n.  l.  That 
which  is  contained ;  the  thing  or  things  held, 
included,  or  comprehended  within  a  limit 
or  line;  as,  the  contents  of  a  cask  or  bait-, 
of  a  room  or  a  ship. 

I  shall  prove  these  writings  authentic  and  the  con- 
tents true.  Grew. 

2.  In  geom.  the  area  or  quantity  of  matter 
or  space  included  in  certain  lines.     'The 
geometrical  content  of  all  the  lands  of  a 
kingdom.    Graunt.     [In  both  uses  usually 
in  the  plural.] — Linear  content  or  content*, 
length  simply;   mperflcial   content  or  r<m- 
tents,  area  or  surface;  solid  content  or  con- 
tents (in  which  sense  the  word  is  chiefly 
used),  the  number  of  solid  units  contained 
in  a  space;  as,  for  example,  the  number  of 
cubic  inches,  feet,  yards,  <fcc. ;  volume. — 

3.  The  power  of  containing:  capacity;  extent 
within  limits.     *A  ship  of  great  coat.  ,,t  ' 
Bacon.    [In  this  use  rare  or  obsolete  in  the 
singular.  ]— 4.  In  the  customs,  a  paper  de- 
livered to  the  searcher  by  the  master  of  a  ves- 
sel before  she  is  cleared  outwards,  describing 
the  vessel's  destination  and  detailing  the 
goods  shipped,  with  other  particulars.  This 
content  has  to  be  compared  with  the  cockets 
and  the  indorsements  and  clearances  there- 
on.— Table  of  contents,  a  summary  or  index 
of  all  the  matters  treated  in  a  book. 

Contentation  t  (kon-tent-a'shon),  n.  Con- 
tent ;  satisfaction.  '  Great  conte illation.* 
Pope. 

Contented  (knn-tent'ed).  pp.  or  a.  Satisfied; 
quiet;  easy  in  mind;  not  complaining,  op- 
posing, or  demanding  more. 

Desiring  this  man's  art,  and  that  man's  scope. 
With  that  I  most  enjoy  contented  least.        Pope. 

Contentedly  (kon-tent'ed-li),  adv.  In  a 
contented  manner;  quietly;  without  con- 
cern. 

Contentedness  fkon-tenf  ed-nes),  n.  State 
of  resting  in  mind;  quiet;  satisfaction  of 
mind  with  any  condition  or  event 

Contentful!  (kon-tenffnl),  a.  Full  of  con- 
tentment. 'Contentful  submission.'  Barrow. 

Contention  (kon-ten'shon),  n.  (L.  contentio. 
See  CONTEND.]  1.  A  violent  effort  to  obtain 
something,  or  to  resist  a  person,  claim,  or 
injury;  physical  contest,  struggle,  or  strife. 

But  when  your  troubled  country  called  you  forth. 
Your  flaming  courage  and  your  matchless  worth, 
To  fierce  contention  gave  a  prosperous  end. 

//  'alter. 

2.  Strife  in  words  or  debate;  angry  contest; 
quarrel;  controversy. 

Avoid  foolish  questions,  and  genealogies,  and  con- 
tentions, and  strivings  about  the  law.        Tit.  iii.  9. 
A  fool's  lips  enter  into  contention.     Prov.  xviii.  6. 

3.  Strife  or  endeavour  to  excel;  competition; 
emulation.     '  No  quarrel,  but  a  slight  con- 
tention, '    Shak. — 4.  t  Eagerness;    zeal ;    ar- 
dour; vehemence  of  endeavour. 

This  is  an  end  worthy  of  our  utmost  contention  to 
obtain.  Rogers. 

5.  In  law,  what  is  contended  for,  or  the  argu- 
gument  in  support  of  it. — SYN,  Struggle, 
contest,    litigation,    controversy,    quarrel, 
conflict,  feud,  dissension,  variance,  disagree- 
ment, debate,  competition,  emulation,  dis- 
cord. 

Contentious  (kon-ten'shus),  a.  [Fr.  con- 
tentieux;  It.  contenziogo.]  1.  Apt  to  contend; 
given  to  angry  debate;  quarrelsome;  per- 
verse. 

A  continual  dropping  in  a  rainy  day,  and  a  conten- 
tious woman,  are  alike.  Prov.  \v\ii  15. 

2.  Relating  to  or  characterized  by  contention 
or  strife;  involving  contention;  us, 'conten- 
tious crimes.'  Spenser. 

When  we  turn  to  his  opponents,  we  emerge  from 
the  learned  obscurity  of  the  black-letter  precincts  to 
the  more  cheerful,  though  not  less  contentious  regions 
of  political  men.  Brougham. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc  ahtme;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CONTENTIOUSLY 


571 


3.  In  law,  having  power  to  decide  causes 
between  contending  parties;  as,  a  court  of 
contentions  jurisdiction. 

The  lorJ  chief  justices,  and  judges,  have  a  con/en, 
tious  jurisdiction;  but  the  lords  of  the  treasury,  and 
the  commissioners  of  the  customs,  have  none,  being 
merely  judges  of  accounts  and  transactions. 

Chambers. 

SYN.  Quarrelsome,  pugnacious,  dissensions, 
wrangling,  litigious,  perverse,  peevish. 

Contentiously  (kon-ten'shus-li),  adv.  In  a 
contentious  manner;  quarrelsomely;  per- 
versely. 

Contentiousness  (kon-ten'shus-nes),  ?i.  A 
disposition  to  contend;  pi-oneness  to  con- 
test; perversencss;  quarrelsomeness. 

Contentiousness  in  a  feast  of  charity  is  more  scan- 
dal than  any  posture.  O.  Herbert. 

Contentivet  (kon-tent'iv),  a.  Producing  01 
giving  content. 

They  shall  find  it  a  more  contentive  life  than  idle- 
ness or  perpetual  joviality.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Cqntentless(kon-tcnMes),  a.  Discontented; 
dissatistled;  uneasy.  'Our  contentions choice.' 
Beaumont.  [Rare.] 

Contentlyt  (kon-tent'li),  ado.  In  a  con- 
tented way.  'We'll  learn  to  live  contentlu  ' 
Beau.  <l-  Fl. 

Contentment  (kon-tent'ment),  n.  [Fr.  con- 
trntf  mi-Hi.}  1.  Content;  a  resting  or  satis- 
faction of  mind  without  disquiet;  acqui- 
escence. 

Contentment,  without  external  honour,  is  humility. 

The  noblest  mind  the  best  contentment  has. 

Spenser. 

2.  Gratification,  or  means  of  gratification. 

When  you  have  pared  away  all  the  vanity,  what 
solid  and   natural  contentment  does  there  remain, 
which  may  not  be  had  with  ^£500  a  year.       Cowley. 
At  Paris  the  prince  spent  a  day,  to  give  his  mind 
some  contentment.  Sir  H.  ll'otlon. 

—Contentment,  Satisfaction.  Contentment 
.is  passive;  satisfaction  is  active.  The  for- 
mer is  the  feeling  of  one  who  does  not  need- 
lessly pine  after  what  is  beyond  his  reach, 
nor  fret  at  the  hardship  of  his  condition; 
the  latter  describes  the  mental  condition  of 
one  who  has  all  he  desires,  and  feels  plea- 
sure in  the  contemplation  of  his  situation. 
A  needy  man  may  be  contented,  but  can 
hardly  be  satisfied.— Sift.  Content,  repose, 
acquiescence,  gratification. 

Contents  (kon'tents  or  ken-tents'),  n.  pi. 
That  which  is  contained  or  comprised  See 
CONTENT,  n. 

ConterminaWe  (kon-tertnin-a-bl),  a.  [L. 
con  and  terminus.]  Limited  or  terminated 
by  the  same  bounds;  terminating  at  the 
same  point,  whether  of  space  or  time.  [Rare.] 

Love  and  life  are  not  conterminaMe 

Sir  H.  ll'otton. 

Conterminal,  t  Conterminant  t  (kon-ter'- 
niiu-al.  kou-ter'min-ant),  a.  Same  as  Con- 
terminous. 'Suburban  and  contcrminant 
fabrickes.'  Hoicell. 

Conterminate  (kon-tertuin-at),  a.  Having 
the  same  bounds. 

Conterminous  (kon-tertnln-us),  a.  [L.  con- 
terminus— con,  and  terminus,  a  border  ] 
Bordering  upon;  touching  at  the  boundary; 
contiguous. 

This  confirmed  so  many  of  them  as  were  conter- 
minous to  the  colonies  and  garrisons,  to  the  Roman 
laws-  Sir  M.  Hale. 

Conterranean.t  Conterraneoust  (kon-te- 
ra  ne-an,  kon-te  ra'ne-us),  n.  [L.  conterran- 
eus— con,  and  terra,  earth,  country.]  Being 
of  the  same  earth  or  country. 

If  women  were  conterranean  and  mingled  with 
men,  angels  would  descend  and  dwell  among  us. 

Contesserationt  (kon-les'ser-a"shonX  «'  [t. 
contesseratio,  contesserationis,  exchange  of 
hospitable  pledges,  friendship,  from  con- 
tessero,  to  contract  friendship  by  means  of 
tesseras,  square  tablets  which  were  divided 
by  the  friends  in  order  that,  in  after  times, 
they  or  their  descendants  might  recognize 
each  other.]  A  harmonious  assemblage;  a 
friendly  union. 

The  holy  symbols  of  the  eucharist  were  intended 
to  be  a  contestation  and  a  union  of  Christian  so- 
cieties to  God  and  with  each  other  yer.  Taylor. 

Contest  (kon-tesf),  v.t.  [Fr.  contester;  It. 
contestare,  from  L.  contestari,  to  call  to  wit- 
ness, to  enter  on  a  lawsuit  by  calling  wit-  i 
nesses— con,  together,  along  with,  and  U'stis,  ' 
a  witness.  See  TEST.]  1.  To  make  a  subject 
of  emulation,  contention,  or  dispute ;  to 
contend  to  gain;  to  enter  into  a  contest  for; 
to  dispute  for;  as,  to  contest  a  prize;  to  co?t- 
test  a  borough  or  county.— 2.  To  strive  ear- 
nestly to  hold  or  maintain ;  to  struggle  to 
defend;  as,  the  troops  contested  every  inch 


CONTINENT 


of  ground.  -3.  To  argue  in  opposition  to- 
to  controvert;  to  litigate;  to  oppose  to  call' 
in  question;  to  dispute;  as,  the  advocate 
contested  every  point 

cieNn?'p!e?eT  ""'*""  ""  """">«">"  «£%*•» 

fc^CliS?-  "e°  sum''  Fc"  Philosophical  aphorisms 
ta«  Been  more  frequently  repeated,  few  iSnSi 
lestej  than  this,  and  few  assuredly  have  been  so 
little  understood  by  those  who  have  held  up  its  iup! 
posed  fallacy  to  the  greatest  ridicule. 

SYN.  To  dispute,  controvert,  debate,  litigate 
oppose,  argue,  contend 
Contest  (kon-tesf),   v.i.     1.  To  strive;  to 
contend:  followed  by  with. 

The  difficulty  of  an  argument  adds  to  the  pleasure 
of  contesting  -a,ith  it,  when  there  are  hopes  ofvictory. 

2.  To  vie;  to  emulate.     '  Man  who  dares  In 
pomp  with  Jove  contest.'   Pope. 
Contest  (kon'test),  «.    i.  strife;  struggle  for 
victory,  superiority,  or  in  defence;  struggle 
in  arms. 

The  late  battle  had.  in  effect,  been  a  contest  be- 
tween one  usurper  and  another.  HaUam. 

2.  Dispute;  debate;  violent  controversy- 
strife  in  argument. 

Leave  all  noisy  contests,  all  Immodest  clamours 
and  brawling  language.  Watt*.. 

SYN.  Conflict,  combat,  battle,  encounter, 
shock,  struggle,  dispute,  altercation,  debate, 
controversy,  difference,  disagreement,  strife' 

Contestable  (kon-test'a-bl),  o.  That  may 
be  disputed  or  debated;  disputable-  contro- 
vertible.  [Rare.] 

ContestaWeness  (kon-test'a-bl-nes),  n 
Possibility  of  being  contested.  [Rare.] 

Contestant  (kon-test'ant),  n.  One  who  con- 
tests; a  disputant;  a  litigant.  [Rare.] 

Contestation}  (kon-test-a'shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  contesting  or  striving  to  gain  or  over- 
come; emulation;  rivalry;  as,  the  appoint- 
ment was  made  by  public  contestation. 

Never  contention  rise  in  cither's  breast. 
But  contestation  whose  love  shall  be  best. 

Be*,,.  &•  Ft. 

2.  Strife;  dispute. 

After  years  spent  in  domestic  contestations,  she 
found  means  to  withdraw.  Clarendon. 

3.  Testimony;  proof  by  witnesses ;  attesta- 
tion. '  A  solemn  contestation  ratified  on  the 
part  of  God.'  Barrow. 

Contested  (kon-test'ed),  p.  and  a.  Disputed ; 
fought;  litigated;  as,  a  contested  election. 
'  A  contested  case  at  law. '  Worcester. 

Contestingly  (kon-test'iug-li),  ado.  In  a 
contending  manner. 

Contestless  (kon-testles),  a.  Not  to  he  dis- 
puted. 'Truth  contention:. '  A.  Hill.  [Rare.] 

Contex  t  (kou-teks'),  v.  t.  To  weave  together. 
Boylet. 

Context  (kon'tekst),  n.  [L.  contextim,  from 
contexo—con,  and  texo,  to  weave.]  The 
general  series,  composition,  or  connected 
structure  of  a  discourse;  more  particularly, 
the  parts  of  a  discourse  which  precede  or 
follow  a  sentence  quoted;  passages  of  Scrip- 
ture which  are  near  a  text,  either  before  it 
or  after  it. 

The  sense  is  fine,  and  easily  apprehended  by  the 
context.  Hart. 

Context  t  (kon-teksf),  p.  and  a.  Knit  or 
woven  together;  close;  firm.  'The  coats 
are  context  and  callous.'  Dei-ham. 

Context  t  (kou-teksf),  v.  t.  To  knit  together. 

If  the  subject  be  history  or  contexted  fable.  I  hold 
it  better  put  in  prose  or  blanks.  Fettham, 

Contextural  (kon-teks'tur-al),  n.  Pertaining 
to  contexture,  or  to  the  human  frame. 

Contexture  (kon-teks'tur),  n.  1.  The  man- 
ner of  interweaving  several  parts  into  one 
body;  the  disposition  and  union  of  the  con- 
stituent parts  of  a  thing  with  respect  to 
each  other;  composition  of  parts;  constitu- 
tion. '  This  wonderful  contexture  of  all 
created  beings.'  Dryden. 

He  was  not  of  any  delicate  contexture;  his  limbs 
rather  sturdy  than  dainty.  ll'otlon. 

2.  In  Seats  law,  a  mode  of  industrial  acces- 
sion taking  place  when  things  belonging  to 
one  are  wrought  into  another's  cloth,  and 
are  carried  therewith  as  accessory.  In 
principle  it  is  similar  to  constructure  (which 
see). 

Contextured  (kon-teks'turd),  o.  Woven; 
formed  into  texture.  [Rare.]  Carlyle. 

Contignation  t  (kon-tig-mYshon),  n.  [L.cm- 
tignatio-con,  and  tujnum,  a  beam.]  1.  A 
frame  of  beams;  a  story.  '  A  porch  or  clois- 
ter of  one  contignation.'  Sir  If .  WottoH.  — 
2.  The  act  of  framing  together,  or  uniting 
beams  in  a  fabric. 

Their  own  buildings,  linked  by  a  continuation  into 
the  edifice  of  France  Burke. 


. 


-.-,.— ,~o ~-  • •  -tfg'u.at),  a.    Contiguous 

ine  two  extremities  are  eontiatnu.    \,  , 
and  continual*.'    // 
Contiguity  ikon  t,  rtl  n,.  n 

9UOD8  i     1     Actual    contact   ui    uouieB'  a 

touching;  nearness  of  situation  or  n 

hence  a  Unking  together,  as  of  .  sen 

objects;  a  continuity. 

To  me  there  appear  only  three  principles  of  eon. 

neclion  among  ideas,  namely.  mJSbSSTtSiSi. 

tly  in  time  or  place,  and  cause  or  elfea.       '  //»„*,. 
O  for  a  lodge  in  some  vast  wilderness 
aome  boundless  continuity  of  shade.    Cnoper. 

2.  In  inetrtph.  one  of  the  associating  princi- 
ples of  them  nd.  According  to  this  principle, 
when  we  think  of  any  place  which  we  are 
acquainted  with  we  are  apt  to  think  at  the 
same  time  of  the  m-ighb..iirinK  places  and 
PWOBa;  or  when  we  see  any  place  where 
we  have  been  formerly  happy  or  unhappy, 
the  sight  renews  the  agreeable  or  disagree- 
able  ideas  formerly  reali/i-d  there 
Contiguous  (kon-tig'u.UK),  a.  [L  cmtimu, 
—con,  and  tango,  tago,  to  touch.  ]  Touching- 
meeting  or  joining  at  the  surface  or  border' 
close  together;  neighbouring  bordering  or 
adjoining;  as,  two  rnntigiiau*  bodies,  houses 
or  countries:  usually  followed  by  ti,  Con- 
tiguout  angles,  in  geotn.  such  as  have  one 
leg  or  side  common  to  each  angle:  otherwise 
called  Adjoining  or  Adjacent  Angltn.  See 
ANGLE.— Adjacent,  Adjoining,  Con/uruou* 
See  under  ADJACEXT.-SYN.  Adjoining,  ad- 
jacent, near. 

Contiguously  (kon-tig'u-us-li),  ado.  In  a 
manner  to  touch ;  without  intervening 
space. 

Contiguousness  (kon-th/u-tis-nes),  n.  A 
state  of  contact ;  close  union  'of  surfaces 
or  borders.  'ConHovmmut  to  others.' 
fuller. 

Continence,  Continency  (kon'ti-nens,  kon'- 
ti-nen-si),  n.  [L.  continentia,  from  contineo, 
to  hold  or  withhold— eon,  and  temo,  to  hold 
See  TENET.)  1.  In  a  general  sense,  the  re- 
straint which  a  person  imposes  upon  his 
desires  and  passions;  self-command. 

A  harder  lesson  to  learn  continence 

In  joyous  pleasure,  than  in  grievous  paine. 

SfeNier. 

He  knew  .  .  .  when  to  leave  off— a  contmenct 
which  is  practised  by  few  writers.  Dryden. 

2.  Appropriately,  the  restraint  of  the  passion 
for  sexual  enjoyment;  resistance  ofx-oncu- 
piscence;  forbearance  of  lewd  pleasures; 
hence,  chastity. 

Chastity  may  be  the  result  of  natural  disposition 
or  temperament— continence  carries  with  it  the  idea 
of  struggle  and  victory.  Fleming. 

3.  Forbearance  of  lawful  pleasure. 

Content  without  lawful  venery.  is  continence,  with- 
out unlawful,  is  chastity.  IjreTV. 

4.  Moderation  in  the  indulgence  of  sexual 
enjoyment. 

Chastity  is  either  abstinence  or  continence;  abstin- 
ence is  that  of  virgins  or  widows;  continence  that  of 
married  persons.  Jer.  Taylor. 

5.  t  Continuity;  uninterrupted  course. 

Lest  the  continence  of  the  course  should  be  divided 
Ayliffe. 

Continent  (kon'ti-nent),  a.    [L.  continens.  ] 

1.  Refraining  from  unlawful  sexual  com- 
merce; moderate  in  the  indulgence  of  law- 
ful pleasure;  chaste. 

My  past  life 

Hath  been  as  continent,  as  chaste,  as  tnte. 
As  1  am  now  unhappy.  SStaA. 

2.  In  a  general  sense,  restrained;  moderate; 
temperate. 

Have  a  continent  forbearance.  Shalt. 

3.  t  Restraining;  opposing. 

My  desire 

All  continent  impedimenta  would  o'crbear 
That  did  oppose  iny  will.  Shat. 

4.t  Continuous;  connected;  not  interrupted. 
'Continent  land.'  Graf  ton. 

The  north-east  part  of  Asia  is.  if  not  continent  with 
the  west  side  of  America,  yet  certainly  the  least  dis- 
joined by  sea  of  all  that  coast.  Brerewood. 

Continent  (kon'ti-nent).  n.  In  geog  a  great 
extent  of  land  not  disjoined  or  interrupted 
by  sea;  a  connected  tract  of  land  of  great- 
extent;  as,  the  Eastern  and  Western  confi- 
nente.  In  reality  there  is  no  true  continent, 
a  continent  differing  from  an  island  only 
in  extent.  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa  may, 
therefore,  he  regarded  as  one  large  island, 
and  North  and  South  America  another.  On 
the  other  hand,  Australia  may  be  regarded 
as  a  continent,  and  Britain  has  been  called 
a  continent,  as  opposed  to  Anglesey  — 
2.  t  That  which  contains  anything. 

Here's  the  scroll. 
The  continent  and  summary  of  my  fortune.    Shalt. 


ch,  c/iain;      6h,  Sc.  loc/i;      g,  go;      i.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;    zh,  amre.-See  KEY. 


CONTINENTAL 


572 


CONTINUED 


3.  Land,  as  containing,  inclosing,  or  bound- 
ing seas  and  rivers. 

Make  the  continent,  weary  of  solid  firmness,  melt 
itself  into  the  sea.  Skat. 

They  (the  rivers)  have  overborne  their  continents. 
Shak. 

Continental  (kon-ti-nent'al),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing or  relating  to  a  continent;  specifically, 
of  or  belonging  to  the  continent  of  Europe, 
as  distinguished  from  the  adjacent  islands, 
especially  Great  Britain.— 2.  In  Amer.  hist. 
pertaining  to  the  United  States ;  as,  con- 
tinental money,  money  belonging  to  the 
confederated  colonies  collectively,  in  dis- 
tinction from  what  pertains  to  the  separate 
states:  a  word  much  used  during  the  war 
of  independence. 

The  army  before  Boston  was  designated  as  the  ««- 
tinental  army,  in  contradistinction  to  that  under 
General  Gage,  which  was  called  the  ministerial 
army.  W.  Irving. 

—Continental  system,  in  modern  hist,  the 
celebrated  plan  of  the  Emperor  Napoleon 
for  excluding  the  merchandise  of  England 
from  all  parts  of  the  Continent.  It  was 
commenced  by  the  decree  of  Berlin,  issued 
November  21, 1806,  which  declared  the  Brit- 
ish Islands  in  a  state  of  blockade,  and  made 
prisoners  of  war  all  Englishmen  found  in 
the  territories  occupied  by  France  and  her 
allies.  The  blockade,  however,  was  far  from 
complete,  and  means  were  soon  contrived 
for  its  evasion. 

Continental  (kon-ti-uent'al),  ».  1.  A  native 
or  inhabitant  of  a  continent,  specifically  of 
the  continent  of  Europe.— 2.  In  Amer.  hist 
a  soldier  belonging  to  the  army  of  the  con- 
federate states  in  the  war  of  independence. 

Continently  (kon'ti-nent-li),  adv.  In  a  con- 
tinent manner;  chastely;  moderately;  tem- 
perately. 

You  are  not  ignorant  how  Mr.  Boyle  hath  been 
(ridiculed)  for  some  new-made  words,  such  as  ignore 
and  opine.  Cesar,  I  think,  saith  that  '  verbuiu  in- 
solens,  tanquam  scopulus,  fugiendum  est.'  I'll  name 
you  one  or  two — to  apricate,  susccpted,  vesicate,  con- 
iinently,  put  as  opposite  to  incontinently.  Ray, 

Continents  (kon'ti-neuts),  n.  pi.  See  EN- 
CRATITES. 

Continget  (kon-tinj*),  v.i.  [L.  contingo.}  To 
touch;  to  happen.  Bailey. 

Contingency,  Contingence  (kon-tin'jen  si, 
kou-tiu'jeii3),  n.  [  L.  contingent;  contingo, 
to  fall  or  happen  to  —  con,  and  tango,  to 
touch.  See  TACT.]  1.  The  quality  of  being 
contingent;  the  possibility  of  happening  or 
coming  to  pass;  fortuitousness. 

We  are  not  to  build  certain  rules  on  the  contin- 
gency of  human  actions.  South. 

2.  A  casualty;  an  accident;  a  fortuitous  event, 
or  one  which  may  occur. 

The  remarkable  position  of  the  queen  rendering 
her  death  a  most  important  contingency.  Hallam. 

SYN.  Casualty,  accident,  chance. 
Contingent  (kon-tin'jent), a.  (L. contingent. 

See  CONTINGENCY.]  1.  Possibly  occurring; 
liable  to  occur;  not  determinate  by  any 
certain  rule;  accidental;  casual. 

Hazard  naturally  implies  in  it.  first,  something  un- 
certain ;  secondly,  something  contingent.  South. 

2.  Dependent  upon  what  is  undetermined  or 
unknown.  'Uncertain  and  contingent  causes. ' 
Tilloteon. 

If  a  contingent  legacy  be  left  to  any  one  when  he 
attains  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and  he  dies  before 
that  time,  it  is  a  lapsed  legacy.  Blackstone. 

They  would  have  thought  a  contingent  baronet  a 
very  poor  catch,  indeed,  for  them  to  set  their  caps 
at.  Mrs.  Riddtll. 

3.  In  logic,  a  term  applied  to  the  matter  of 
a  proposition  when  the  terms  of  it  in  part 
agree  and   in   part  disagree.  —  Contingent 
truth.    See  TRUTH.— Contingent  remainder. 
See  REMAINDER.—  Accidental,  Casual,  For- 
tuitous, Contingent,  Incidental.    See  under 
ACCIDENTAL.— SYN.  Accidental, casual,  for- 
tuitous, incidental. 

Contingent  (kon-tin'jent),  n.  l.t  A  contin- 
gency ;  a  fortuitous  event ;  something  that 
is  future  and  doubtful. 

His  understanding  could  almost  pierce  into  future 
contingents.  South. 

2.  That  which  falls  to  one  in  a  division  or 
apportionment  among  a  number;  a  quota; 
specifically,  the  share  or  proportion  of  troops 
to  be  furnished  by  one  of  several  contracting 
powers ;  as,  the  Turkish  contingent  in  the 
Crimean  war. 

The  banner  of  the  empire  was  unfurled.  From 
the  Danube  and  its  Hungarian  shores  up  to  the 
Black  Forest,  from  the  Alps  to  the  border  of  Flan- 
ders, contingents  were  required;  200,000  men  were 
in  arms.  Milman. 

Contingently  (kon-tin'jent-li),  adv.  Acci- 
dentally; without  design  or  foresight 


e  eye  is  delighted  by  a  continual  succession  of 
landscapes.  W.  Irving. 


Contingentness  (kon-tin'jent-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  contingent;  fortuitousness. 

Continuable  (kon-tin'u-a-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  continued.  [Rare.] 

Continual  (kon-tin'u-al),  a.  [Fr.  continuel; 
L.  cttntinuus.  See  CONTINUE.]  1.  Proceed- 
ing without  interruption  or  cessation;  not 
intermitting;  unceasing:  used  in  reference 
to  time. 
He  that  hath  a  merry  heart  hath  a  continual  feast. 

Prov.  xv.  15. 

I  have  great  heaviness  and  continual  sorrow  of 
heart.  Rom.  ix.  2. 

2.  Of  frequent  recurrence;  often  repeated; 
very  frequent  ;  incessant  :  said  of  acts  or 
things  occurring  or  presenting  themselves; 
as,  the  charitable  man  has  continual  appli- 
cations for  alms. 

The 

small  land 

—  Continual  fever  or  continued  fever,  a  fever 
that  abates  but  never  entirely  intermits  till 
it  comes  to  a  crisis;  thus  distinguished  from 
remitting  and   intermitting    fever.  —  Con- 
tinual i-t'iiut.  in  /"  "  ,  a  claim  that  is  made 
from  time  to  time  within  every  year  or  day 
to  land  or  other  estate,  the  possession  of 
which  cannot  be  obtained  without  hazard. 

—  Continual  proportionals.    See  under  CON- 
TINUED. —  Continuous,  Incessant,  Perpetual, 
Continual.    See  under  CONTINUOUS.—  SYN. 
Constant,  perpetual,  unceasing,  incessant, 
uninterrupted,  un  intermitted. 

Continually  (kon-tin'u-al-li),  adv.  1.  With- 
out pause  or  cessation;  unceasingly;  as,  the 
ocean  is  continually  rolling  its  waves  on  the 
shore.  —2.  Very  often;  in  repeated  succes- 
sion; from  time  to  time. 

Thou  shall  eat  bread  at  my  table  continually. 
2  Sam.  ix.  7. 

—Continuously,  Continually.  See  under 
CONTINUOUSLY.  —  SYN.  Constantly,  inces- 
santly, perpetually,  always. 

Continualness  (kon-tin'u-al-nes),  n.  Per- 
manence. Hale*.  [Rare.  ] 

Continuance  Ocon-tin'u-ans),  n.  [See  CON- 
TINUE.] 1.  A  holding  on  or  remaining  in  a 
particular  state,  or  in  a  course  or  series; 
permanence,  as  of  habits,  condition,  or 
abode;  a  state  of  lasting;  continuation;  con- 
stancy; perseverance;  duration.  'Patient 
continuance  in  well-doing.'  Rom.  II.  7. 
1  Cloyed  with  long  continuance  in  a  settled 
place.  '  Shak. 

Continuance  of  evil  doth  in  itself  increase  evil. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

You  either  fear  his  humour  or  my  negligence,  that 
you  call  in  question  the  continuance  of  his  love. 

Shak, 

2.  Uninterrupted  succession;  prolongation 
of  existence;  continuation. 

The  brute  immediately  regards  his  own  preserva- 
tion or  the  continuance  of  his  species.  Actttison. 

3.  Progression  of  time. 

In  thy  book  all  my  members  were  written,  which 
In  continuance  were  fashioned.  Ps.  cxxxix.  16. 

4.  In  laic,  (a)  the  deferring  of  a  suit  or  the 
giving  of  a  day  for  the  parties  to  a  suit  to 
appear.     After  issue  or  demurrer  joined,  as 
well  as  in  some  of  the  previous  stages  of 
proceeding,  a  day  is  continually  given  and 
entered  upon  record  for  the  parties  to  ap- 
pear from  time  to  time.    The  giving  of  this 
day  is  called   a  continuance,     (b)  In  the 
United  States,  the  deferring  of  a  trial  or 
suit  from  one  stated  term  of  the  court  to 
another.  —5.  t  Continuity;  resistance  to  a  sep- 
aration of  parts;  a  holding  together. 

Wool,  tow,  cotton,  and  raw  silk  have.  l*side  the 
desire  of  continuance  in  regard  to  the  tenuity  of 
their  thread,  a  greediness  of  moisture.  Racon. 

—  Continuation,    Continuance,    Continuity. 
See  CONTINUATION. 

Continuatet  (kon-tin'u-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 

continuated;    ppr.  continuating.     To  join 

closely  together.     Potter. 
Continuatet  (kon-tin'u-at),  a.    [L.  confimt- 

atim,  ]  1.  Immediately  united;  closely  joined; 

holding  together. 

As  though  our  flesh  and  bones  should  be  made 

continuate  with  his.  Hooker. 

2.  Uninterrupted;  unbroken.  '  Untirable  and 
'•••ntiitiHif'-  goodness.'    Shafc. 
Continuatelyt  (kon-tin'u-at-li),  adv.    With 
continuity;  without  interruption. 

The  water  ascends  by  intermissions,  but  it  falls 
continuately.  Bp.  Wilkins. 

Continuation  Ocon-tin'u-a"shon),n.  [L.  con- 
tinuatio.}  1.  Extension  of  existence  in  a 
series  or  line;  succession  uninterrupted. 

These  things  must  be  works  of  Providence  for  the 
continuation  of  the  species.  Ray. 

2.  Extension  or  carrying  on  to  a  further 
point;  the  thing  continued;  as,  have  you 


read  the  continuation  of  the  story?- -3.  Ex- 
tension in  space;  production;  a  carrying  on 
in  length;  as,  the  continuation  of  a  line  in 
surveying.  — Continuation  of  the  diet.  In 
Scots  law,  the  summons  in  a  civil  process 
authorizes  the  defender  to  be  cited  to  ap- 
pear on  a  certain  day,  with  c<mtttin<itit,n  ,,j 
days,  and  he  may  be  brought  into  court 
either  on  the  day  named  or  later,  as  the 
party  chooses,  unless  it  be  forced  on  by 
protestation. — Continuation,  Continuance, 
Continuity.  These  words  agree  in  signify- 
ing a  holding  together.  Continuation  is 
used  properly  of  space,  continuance  of  time, 
and  continuity  of  substance;  thus  we  speak 
of  the  continuation  of  a  line  of  railway,  the 
continuance  of  suffering,  and  the  contitntiti/ 
of  a  rampart— SYN.  Prolongation,  continu- 
ance, extension,  protraction. 

Continuation-day  (kon-tin'u-a"shon-da),  n. 
In  the  Ktufk  rxchange,  a  day  for  the  settle- 
ment of  interest  ou  speculations. 

Continuative  (kon-tin'u-at-iv),  n.  1.  An  ex- 
pression noting  permanence  or  duration. 

To  these  may  Vie  added  contitittatn'ts :  as,  Rome 
remains  to  this  day;  which  includes  at  least  two  pro- 
positions, viz.  Rome  was  and  Rome  is.  It'atts. 

2.  In  gram,  a  word  that  continues  the  con- 
nection between  clauses  or  sentences;  a 
conjunction.  [In  both  uses  rare  or  obso- 
lete.] 

Continnatives  consolidate  sentences  into  one  con- 
tinuous whole.  Harris. 

Continuative  (kon-tin'u-at-iv),  a.  Continu- 
ing. Watt.  [Rare.] 

Continuator  (kou-tin'u-at-er\  n.  One  who, 
or  that  which,  continues;  as,  the  continuator 
of  an  unfinished  history. 

Continue  (kon-tin'u),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
tinued; ppr.  continuing.  [L.  continue  (of 
space),  to  make  in  a  line  with,  carry  on, 
connect;  (of  time),  to  keep  on,  continue, 
from continwtt, unbroken,  continuous-  am, 
together,  and  tenco,  to  hold.]  1.  To  remain 
in  a  state  or  place;  to  abide  for  any  time  in- 
definitely. 

The  multitude  continue  with  me  now  three  days 
and  have  nothing  to  eat.  Mat.  xv.  32. 

2.  To  last;  to  be  durable;  to  endure;  to  be 
permanent. 

Thy  kingdom  shall  not  continue,      i  Sam  xiil.  14. 

3.  To  persevere;  to  be  steadfast  or  constant 
in  any  course. 

If  ye  continue  in  my  word,  then  are  ye  my  disciples 
indeed.  Jn.  viii.  31. 

Continue  (kon-tin'u),  v.t  1.  To  protract; 
not  to  cease  from  or  to  terminate. 

O  continue  thy  loving-kindness  to  them  that  know 
thee.  Ps.  xxxvi.  10. 

2.  To  extend  from  one  thing  to  another;  to 
produce  or  draw  out  in  length;  as,  continue 
the  line  from  A  to  B;  let  the  line  be  con- 
tinued to  the  boundary.— a  To  persevere  in; 
not  to  cease  to  do  or  use;  as,  to  continue 
the  same  diet. 

You  know  how  to  make  yourself  happy  by  only 
fontinnittf  such  a  life  as  you  have  been  1C 
tomed  to  lead. 


ong  accus- 
Poft. 


continuing  such  a  life  as  you  have  be 
•ad. 

4.  t  To  hold  to  or  unite. 

The  navel  continues  the  infant  to  its  mother. 

Sir  T.  Browne. 

5.  To  suffer  or  cause  to  remain  as  before; 
as,  to  continue  judges  in  their  posts.   Speci- 
fically—at To  suffer  to  live. 


Barnardine  must  die  this  afternoon: 
And  how  shall  we  continue  Claudio. 


Shak. 


Continued  (kon-tin'ud),  p.  and  a.  \.  Drawn 
out;  protracted;  produced;  extended  in 
length;  extended  without  interruption. — 
2.  Extended  in  time  without  intermission; 
proceeding  without  cessation;  unceasing;  as, 
a  continued  fever,  which  abates  but  never 
entirely  intermits. —Continued  or  continual 
proportionals,  a  series  of  three  or  more  quan- 
tities compared  together,  so  that  the  ratio  is 
the  same  between  every  two  adjacent  terms, 
viz.  between  the  first  and  second;  the  second 
and  third;  the  third  and  fourth,  &c.,  as 
1,  2,  4,  8,  16,  Ac.,  where  the  terms  continu- 
ally increase  in  a  double  ratio.  Such  quan- 
tities are  also  said  to  be  in  continued  pro- 
portion, and  a  series  of  continued  propor- 
tionals is  otherwise  called  a  progression. — 
Continued  base  or  bans,  in  »JM*IC,  the  figured 
base  of  a  score  continued  through  the  whole 
piece.  The  term  is  only  to  be  found  in 
old  music. — Continued  fractions,  in  arith. 
a  species  of  fractions  which  have  acquired 
great  value  by  their  application  to  the 
solution  of  numerical  equations  and  of  pro- 
blems in  the  indeterminate  analysis.  A 
continued  fraction  is  one  whose  denomina- 
tor is  an  integer  with  a  fraction,  which 
latter  fraction  has  for  its  denominator  an 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CONT1NUEDLY 


573 


CONTRACT 


integer  with  a  fraction,  and  the  same  for 
this  last  fraction  again,  and  so  on  to  any 
extent.  The  reduction  of  common  frac- 
tions and  ratios  that  are  expressed  in  large 
numbers  to  continued  fractions,  is  no  more 
than  the  common  method  of  finding  the 
greatest  common  measure  of  the  two  terms; 
for  then  the  several  quotients  become  the 
denominators  of  the  fractions,  the  numera- 
tors being  always  1  or  unity.  An  approxi- 
mation may  thus  be  made  to  the  value  of 
a  fraction  whose  numerator  and  denomina- 
tor are  in  too  high  terms,  and  the  farther 
the  division  is  carried  the  nearer  will  the 
approximation  be  to  the  true  value. 

Cpntinuedly  (kon-tin'ud-li),  ado.  Without 
inU-miptiun;  without  ceasing. 

Continue!'  (kon-tin'u-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
continues;  one  that  has  the  power  of  per- 
severance.— 2.  One  who  carries  forward  any- 
thing that  had  been  begun  by  another;  as, 
the  ctmti niter  of  a  history. 

Continuing  (kon-tin'u-ing),  p.  and  n.   I.  Re- 
maining fixed  or  permanent;  abiding;  last- 
ing; enduring;   persevering;  protracting; 
producing  in  length.  —2.  Permanent. 
Here  we  have  no  continuing-  city.      Heb.  xiii.  ,4. 

Coutinuingly  (kon-tin'u-ing-li),  adv.  With- 
out interruption;  continuously.  Fabyan. 

Continuity  (kon-ti-nu'i-ti),  n.  [L.  amtinui- 
tan.]  Connection  uninterrupted;  cohesion; 
close  union  of  parts;  unbroken  texture. 

The  solid  parts  may  be  contracted  by  dis  olving 
their  continuity,  for  a  fibre  cut  through  contracts 
itself.  Arbnthnot. 

— Solution  of  continuity,  in  ined.  any  divi- 
sion of  parts  previously  continuous.  Wounds 
and  fractures  are  thus  solutions  of  conti- 
nuity.—Law  of  continuity,  a  principle  of 
considerable  use  in  investigating  the  laws 
of  motion  and  of  change  in  general,  and 
which  may  be  thus  enunciated:— Nothing 
passes  from  one  state  to  another  without 
passing  through  all  the  intermediate  states. 
—  Continuation,  Continuance,  Continuity. 
See  CONTINUATION. 

Continue  (kon-tin'u-6).  [It.]  In  music, 
continued. 

Continuous  (kon-tin'u-us),  a.  [L.  continuus.  ] 
Joined  without  intervening  space  or  time; 
proceeding  from  something  else  without 
interruption  or  without  apparent  interrup- 
tion; uninterrupted;  unbroken.  'A  continu- 
ous and  unbroken  strain  of  the  martial  airs 
of  England.'  D.  Webster. 

To  whose  dread  expanse, 

Continuous  depth,  and  wondrous  length  of  course. 
Our  floods  are  rills.  Thomson. 

— Continuous  bearings,  chains  of  timber  laid 
under  the  rails  of  a  railway  for  their  sup- 
port, in  place  of 
Btone  sleepers 
fixed  at  certain 
intervals.  The 
chains  of  timber, 
or  longitudinal 
sleepers,  are  se- 
cured to  cross 
transoms  fixed  to 
piles.  —  Continu- 
ous impost,  in 
arch,  the  mould- 
ings of  an  arch 
continued  along 
the  pillar  that 
supports  it  down 
to  the  ground 
without  any 
member  to  mark 
the  impost  point, 
that  is,  the  point 
at  which  the  arch 
and  pillar  meet. 
2.  In  bot.  not  de- 
viating from  uni- 
formity; the  re- 
verse of  articulated.  Thus  a  stem  is  said  to 
be  continuant  which  has  no  joints. —Continu- 
ous, Incessant,  Continual,  Perpetual.  Con- 
tinuous means  unbroken,  and  is  passive;  in- 
ceiimnt,  meaning  unceasing,  is  active.  The 
former  epithet  is  preferable  to  note  dura- 
tion, a  condition,  or  simply  a  result ;  the 
latter  to  describe  the  exertions  by  which 
the  condition  or  result  is  produced.  We 
speak  of  a  continuous  fever,  a  continuous 
strain  of  music,  the  continuous  murmur  of 
a  brook;  but  we  say  an  incessant  attack,  the 
musicians  played,  or  the  brook  murmured 
incessantly.  '  Incessant  toil  of  six  continu- 
ous days.'  Continual  does  not  imply  un- 
ceasing continuity,  but  the  habitual  or 
repeated  renewals  of  an  act,  state,  Ac. ; 
as,  a  continual  succession  of  storms.  Per- 


Continuous  Impost. 


petual  is  continuous  with  the  idea  of  last- 
ingness;  as,  perpetual  motion. 

The  thought  of  our  past  years  in  me  doth  breed 
Perpetual  benediction.  It'orctslvortH. 

Perpetual  is  often  used  in  the  sense  of  con- 
tinual,  but  is  stronger,  as  implying  that  one 
sees  no  end  to  the  series;  as,  I  am  sick  of  the 
perpetual  bickerings  of  churclmn-n 

Continuously  (kon-tin'u-us-li),  adv  In 
continuation;  without  interruption.— Con- 
tinuously.  Continually.  The  former  denotes 
unbroken  continuity,  the  latter  close  succes- 
sion. It  rained  continuously  all  day,  means 
there  was  no  intermission;  but,  it  rained  con- 
tinually  during  the  day,  indicates  that  there 
were  intervals  of  cessation. 

Conttmiousness(kon-tin'u-us-nes),  n.  State 
or  quality  of  being  continuous;  uuiutemip- 
tedness. 

Contline  (kont'lin),  n.  In  ships,  the  space 
between  the  bilges  of  casks  which  are  stowed 
alongside  of  each  other. 

Contorniate,  Contornlato  (kon-tor'ni-at, 
kon-tor/ni-a"t6),  a.  and  n.  [It.  contorno,  cir- 
cuit, circumference— prefix  con,  and  torno  a 
turn.  See  CONTOUR.]  In  muni*,  applied  to 
a  species  of  medal  or  medallion  in  bronze 
having  a  curved  furrow  (contorno)  on  each 
side,  supposed  to  have  been  struck  In  the 
days  of  Constantino  the  Great  and  his  suc- 
cessors, and  to  have  formed  tickets  of  ad- 
mission to  the  public  games  of  the  circus  of 
Rome  and  of  Constantinople. 

Coutorsion,  n.    See  CONTORTION. 

Contort  (kon-torf),  D.t.  (L.  contorotieo,  con- 
tortion, to  twist— con,  intens.,  and  torquco, 
tortum,  to  twist]  To  twist  together;  to 
writhe.  'The  vertebral  arteries  are  vari- 
ously contorted.'  Ray. 

Contorted  (kon-tort'ed),  p.  and  a.  Twisted 
together.  A  contorted  corolla  in  bot.  has  the 
edge  of  one  petal  lying  over  the  next  in  an 
oblique  direction.  —Contorted  strata,  in  ijeol. 
strata  twisted  and  curved  as  if  by  lateral 
pressure  when  they  were  in  a  soft  state. 

Contortion  (kon-tor'shon),  n.  [Fr.  contor- 
tion; L.  contortio.  ]  1.  A  twisting;  a  writhing, 
especially  spasmodic  writhing;  a  wresting; 
a  twist;  wry  motion;  as,  the  contortion  of 
the  muscles  of  the  face. 

When  Croft's  Life  of  Dr.  Young  was  spoken  of  as 
a  good  imitation  of  Dr.  Johnson's  s^yle, '  No.  no,'  said 
he  (Burke),  'it  is  not  a  good  imitation  of  Johnson;  it 
has  all  his  pomp,  without  his  force ;  it  has  all  the 
nodosities  of  the  oak,  without  its  strength;  it  has  all 
the  contortions  of  the  sibyl,  without  the  inspiration.' 
Priors  Life  of  Htirte. 

2.  In  med.  a  twisting  or  wresting  of  a  limb 
or  member  of  the  body  out  of  its  natural 
situation;  the  iliac  passion;  partial  disloca- 
tion. 

Contortionist  (kon-tor'shon-ist),  n.  One 
who  practises  wry  motions  or  twistings  of 
the  body. 

Contortions  (kon-tor'shus),  a.  Affected  by 
contortions;  twisted.  [Rare.] 

Contortlve(kon-tort'iv),  a.  Expressing  con- 
tortion. 

Contortuplicate  (kon-tor-tu'pli-kat).  a. 
[L.  contortus,  entangled,  and  plico,  plicatum, 
to  fold.  ]  In  dot.  turned  back  on  itself. 

Contour  (kon  -  tor"),  n.  [Fr.  contour— con, 
and  t.mr,  a  turn,  revolution,  turner's  lathe, 
from  L.  formes,  Or.  tornos,  a  lathe.  From 
L.  tornus  come  also  Fr.  tourner,  E.  to  turn.] 
The  outline  of  a  figure  or  body;  the  line 
that  defines  or  bounds  a  body,  its  form 
being  determined  by  the  shape  of  the  body; 
the  periphery  considered  as  distinct  from 
tlie  object:  the  word  is  scarcely  used  ex- 
cept when  speaking  of  rounded  or  sinuous 
bodies ;  specifically,  (a)  in  the  fine  arts,  a 
line  or  lines  representing  the  outline  of  any 
figure.  (6)  In  fort,  the  horizontal  outline  of 
works  of  defence.  When  the  conformation 
of  the  ground  or  works  is  described  by  con- 
tours or  horizontal  sections  these  sections 
are  taken  at  some  fixed  vertical  interval 
from  each  other  suited  to  the  scale  of  the 
drawing  or  the  subject  in  hand;  and  the  dis- 
tances of  the  surface,  at  each  interval,  above 
or  below  some  assumed  plane  of  comparison, 
are  given  in  figures  at  the  most  convenient 
places  on  the  plan,  (c)  In  sura,  the  outline 
of  the  surface  of  the  ground  with  regard  to 
its  undulations.  —  Contours,  or  contouring 
lines,  lines  or  levels  carried  along  the  surface 
of  a  country  or  district  at  a  uniform  height 
above  the  sea-level,  and  then  laid  down  on  a 
map  or  plan,  so  that  an  approximately  true 
outline  of  its  contour  is  presented,  the  degree 
of  accuracy  depending  on  the  number  of  lines 
or  levels  taken  between  the  sea-level  and  the 
highest  point  in  the  region.  In  the  Ordnance 


Survey  of  Britain  the  lowest  contouring  lii ..• 
is  at  50  feet  above  the  wa  I,  ••,,  l.u,,.  ,„  u  10... 
the  third  200.  and  »o  on  nt  .  ran  ;id.l.ti..ii.-il 
100  feet  up  to  1000,  alMive  which  the  levels 

^H'1"'"  !'  ever>'  25°  'e<jt      A'  <»"'  '"-I..* 

1000  feet  the  levels  are  taken  by  :i  t). l,,|lte 

or  (pint-level;  above  thnt  by  a  water-level 
It  is  essential  to  the  i •omplcti.noss  of  a  con. 
touring  line  that  it  should  be  carried  on  till 
it  ratanu  to  the  point  whcmr  it  started 
thus  describing  a  sort  of  circle.     The  sea  ij 
a  natural  contouring  line 
Contour  (kim-tor-),  ». t.    To  make  a  contour- 
to  make  an  outline  of  a  figure  or  of  a  conn  In' 
n  the  latter  case  having  reference  only  to 
its  heights  and  depressions. 
Contouring  (kon-tor-ing),  n.     The  act  of 
forming  a  contour.    See  CONTOUR 
Contouring  (kon-tor-ing),  p.  and  a.    Form- 

1  ing  the  contour ;  marking  the  outline  •  u 
contouring 'line.  See  under  the  n.  n... 
Contourne  (kon-tor-na),  pp.  [Fr]  A  term 
in  her.,  used  when  a  beast  Is  represented 
standing,  passant,  courant,  Ac.,  with  Its 
face  to  the  sinister  side  of  the  escutcheon 
Contourniated(kon-tdr'nl.at-ed),  a.  Having 
edges  appearing  as  if  turned  in  a  lathe  •  a 
term  among  antiquaries,  applied  to  medals. 
Contra  (kon'tra).  [From  a  hypothetical  Latin 
adjective,  contents,  on  type  of  extra  from 
extents,  intra  from  interus,  Ac.,  from  a  root 
tar  or  tra  (seen  in  L  trans,  across,  Skr.  tar. 
to  cross),  the  prepositional  element  con,  ex 
inter,  &c.,  giving.  In  each  case,  its  specific 
sense  to  the  relation.  Counter  is  another 
form.]  A  Latin  preposition  signifying  against 

.    in  opposition,  entering  into  the  composition 
of  some  English  words,  as  contraband,  con- 
tradict, contradistinction,   confraiudicate, 
contraposition.  &c. 
Contraband  (kon'tra-band),  a.   [Fr.  contre- 

I  bande  —  contre,  against,  and  bande,  L.L. 
bandiim,  a  flag,  a  standard,  as  the  emblem 
of  authority.  See  BANDON,  BAN  ]  Prohib- 
ited or  excluded  by  proclamation,  law,  or 
treaty.  Contraoand0ooo!#are8ucha8are pro- 
hibited to  be  imported  or  exported,  either 
by  the  laws  of  a  particular  kingdom  or  state, 
or  by  the  law  of  nations,  or  by  special  treaties. 
In  time  of  war  arms  and  munitions  of  war 
are  not  permitted  by  one  belligerent  to  be 
transported  by  neutrals  to  the  other,  but  are 
held  to  be  contraband  and  liable  to  capture 
and  condemnation. 

Contraband  (kon'tra-band),  n.  1.  Illegal  or 
prohibited  traffic.  '  Persons  most  bound  to 
prevent  contraband,'  Burlre.—2.  Articles 
by  law  prohibited  to  be  imported  or  ex- 
ported. 

Contrabandt  (kon'tra -laud),  v.t.  1.  To 
declare  prohibited;  to  forbid. 

The  law  severely  contrabands 

Our  taking  business  otf  men's  hands.     Undibras. 

2.  To  import  illegally,  as  prohibited  goods; 

to  smuggle.     Johnson. 
Contrabandism   (kon'tra-band-izm),   n. 

Trafficking  in  contravention  of  the  customs 

laws;  smuggling. 
Contrabandist  (kon'tra-band-ist),  n.    One 

who  traffics  illegally;  a  smuggler. 

It  was  proved  that  one  of  the  contrabandists  had 
provided  the  vessel  in  which  the  ruffian  O'Brien  had 
carried  Scum  Goodman  over  to  France.  Macajtlay. 

Contrabasso  (kon-tra-bas'so),  n.  [It]  The 
largest  of  the  violin  species  of  instruments, 
of  which  it  forms  the  lowest  bass:  usually 
called  the  double-bass. 

Contra  bonos  mores.  [L.]  Against  good 
morals. 

Contract  (kon-trakf),  r.  t.  [L.  contraho, 
contractual— con,  and  traho,  to  draw ;  Fr. 
contractor.  See  DRAW.)  1.  To  draw  together 
or  nearer;  to  draw  into  a  less  compass,  either 
in  length  or  breadth;  to  shorten;  to  abridge; 
to  narrow;  to  lessen;  as.  to  contract  an  iii- 
closure;  to  contract  the  period  of  life. 

A  government  which  contracts  natural  liberty  less 
than  others  is  that  which  best  coincides  with  the  aims 
attributed  to  rational  creatures.  Brougham. 

In  all  things  dissuctude  doth  contract  and  narrow 
our  faculties.  Dr.  H.  More. 

2.  To  draw  the  parts  together;  to  wrinkle. 

(Thou)  didst  contract  and  purse  thy  brow.    SArt*. 

3.  To  betroth;  to  affiance;  as,  A  contracted 
his  daughter  to  B;  the  lady  was  contracted 
to  a  man  of  merit.  — 4.  To  draw  to;  to  bring 
on;  to  incur;  to  gain;  as,  we  contract  vicious 
habits  by  indulgence;  we  contract  debt  by 
extravagance. 

Each  from  each  contract  new  strength  and  life.  Pofe. 

5.  In  gram,  to  shorten  by  omission  of  a  letter 
or  syllable;  as,  to  contract  a  word. -6.  To 
epitomize;  to  abridge;  as,  to  contract  an 
essay.— SYN.  To  shorten,  abridge,  epitomize, 


ch.cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sina;      TH,  Wen;  th,  tMn;      w,  wig;    wh,  tcAig;    zh,  azure—See  KKT. 


CONTRACT 


574 


CONTRA-HARMONICAL 


narrow,  lessen,  condense,  reduce,  confine, 
incur. 

Contract  (kon-trakf),  v.i.  1.  To  be  drawn 
together;  to  be  reduced  in  compass;  to 
become  shorter  or  narrower ;  to  shrink. 
'Years  contracting  to  a  moment.'  Words- 
worth.— 2.  To  bargain;  to  make  a  mutual 
agreement  as  between  two  or  more  persons; 
as,  to  contract  for  a  load  of  flour;  to  contract 
to  carry  the  mail.— 3.  To  bind  one's  self  by 
promise  of  marriage. 

Although  the  young  folks  can  contract  against  their 
parents'  will,  yet  they  can  be  hindered  from  posses- 
sion, yer.  Taylor. 

Contract!  (kon-trakf),  pp.  Contracted; 
affianced;  betrothed. 

First  was  he  contract  to  I-ady  Lucy; 

Your  mother  lives  a  witness  to  that  vow.      SAaA. 

Contract  (kon'trakt),  n.  1.  An  agreement 
or  covenant  between  two  or  more  persons, 
in  which  each  party  binds  himself  to  dp  or 
forbear  some  act,  and  each  requires  a  right 
to  what  the  other  promises;  a  mutual  pro- 
mise upon  lawful  consideration  or  cause 
which  binds  the  parties  to  a  performance; 
a  bargain;  a  compact.  Contracts  are  execu- 
tory or  executed. 

Of  those  systems  the  most  famous  is  that  which  is 
usually  called  the  doctrine  of  the  'original  contract' 
or  '  compact,'  which  supposes  all  the  citizens  to  have 
at  first  joined  in  forming  a  community,  and  to  have 
made  a  contract,  or  agreement,  or  treatv,  with  each 
other,  and  with  those  whom  they  chose  for  rulers. 
Brougham. 

2.  The  act  by  which  a  man  and  woman  are 
betrothed  each  to  the  other. 

Touch'd  you  the  bastardy  of  Edward's  children? 
I  did,  with  his  contract  with  Lady  Lucy.      Shak. 

3.  The  writing  which  contains  the  agreement 
of  parties  with  the  terms  and  conditions,  and 
which  serves  as  a  proof  of  the  obligation. 
In  law  contracts  are  divided  into  three 
classes:  — (a)  Contracts  of  record,  such  as 
judgments,  recognizances,  and  statutes  of 
staple;  (b)  Specialities,   which   are  under 
seal,  such  as  deeds  and  bonds ;  (c)  Simple 
contract*,   or  contracts   by  parole.      Both 
verbal  and  written  contracts  are  included 
in  the  class  of  verbal  contracts.  —  Nominate 
contracts,  in  Scot*  law,  are  loan,  commodate, 
deposit,  pledge,  sale,  permutation,  location, 
society,  and  mandate.     Contracts  not  dis- 
tinguished  by  special  names  are  termed 
(><tfiiiiit<tf>\   all   of  which   are  obligatory 
on  the  contracting  parties  from  their  date. 
—  Covenant,   Contract.      See  under  COVE- 
NANT.— SYN.  Covenant,  agreement,  compact, 
stipulation,  bargain,  arrangement,  obliga- 
tion. 

Contracted    ( kon  -  trakt '  ed ) ,   p.    and    a. 

1.  Drawn  together,   or  into  a  shorter  or 
narrower  compass;  shrunk.     'To  him  the 
angel    with   contracted    brow.'      Milton.  — 

2.  Bargained  for;  betrothed.  '  The  contracted 
peace. '    Shak. 

Inquire  me  out  contracted  bachelors.         Shak. 

3.  Incurred;  as,  a  debt  improperly  contract- 
ed.— I.  Narrow;  mean;  selfish;  as,  a  man 
of  a  contracted  soul  or  mind. — Contracted 
vein,  in  hydraulics,  a  term  denoting  the 
diminution  which  takes  place  in  the  dia- 
meter of  a  stream  of  water  issuing  from  a 
vessel  at  a  short  distance  from  the  discharg- 
ing aperture  owing  to  the  particles  nearest 
the  periphery  experiencing  greater  attrition 
than  the  rest,  and  being  thus  retarded. 

Contractedly  (kon-trakt'ed-li),  adv.  In  a 
contracted  manner. 

C ontractedness  ( kon  -  trakt '  ed  -  nes ) ,  n. 
1.  The  state  of  being  contracted. —2.  Nar- 
rowness; meanness;  excessive  selfishness. 

Contractibility  (kon-trakt'i-bil"i-ti),  n. 
Possibility  of  being  contracted;  quality  of 
suffering  contraction;  as,  the  contractibUity 
and  dilatability  of  air. 

Contractible  (kon-trakt'i-bl),  a.  Capable 
of  contraction.  'Small  air-bladders  dilat- 
able and  contractible.'  Arbuthnot. 

Contractibleness  (kon-trakt'i-bl-nes),  n. 
The  quality  of  suffering  contraction;  con- 
tractibility. 

Contractile  (kon-trakt'il),  a.  Tending  to 
contract;  having  the  power  of  shortening  or 
of  drawing  into  smaller  dimensions.  'The 
heart's  contractile  force.'  Brookes. 

Contractility  (kon-trakt-il'i-ti),  n.  1.  The 
inherent  quality  or  force  by  which  bodies 
shrink  or  contract.  More  specifically— 2.  In 
physiol.  that  vital  property  which  gives  to 
certain  parts  the  power  of  contracting. 
This  power  may  be  either  voluntary,  that 
is,  dependent  on  the  action  of  the  brain,  or 
involuntary.  The  muscles  of  locomotion 
are  endowed  with  voluntary  contractility, 
those  of  the  stomach,  viscera,  heart,  &c., 


with  involuntary  contractility.  This  term 
is  sometimes  applied  to  the  property  pos- 
sessed by  tissues  of  contracting  on  the  appli- 
cation of  a  stimulus,  but  for  the  sake  of  pre- 
cision it  is  better  designated  irritability. 

Contracting  (kon-trakt'ing),  a.  Making  or 
having  made  a  contract  or  treaty;  stipulat- 
ing; as,  the  contracting  parties  to  a  league. 

Contraction  (kon-trak'shon^),  n.  [L.  con- 
tractio.]  1.  The  act  of  drawing  together  or 
shrinking;  the  act  of  shortening,  narrowing, 
or  lessening  extent  or  dimensions  by  causing 
the  parts  of  a  body  to  approach  nearer  to 
each  other;  the  state  of  being  contracted. 

Oil  of  vitriol  will  throw  the  stomach  into  involuntary 
contractions.  Arbuthnot. 

The  contraction  of  the  heart  is  called  systole.  Gray. 

Some  things  induce  a  contraction  of  the  nerves. 
Bacon. 

2.  The  act  of  shortening,  abridging,  or  re- 
ducing within  a  narrower  compass  by  any 
means;  as,  the  poem  would  be  improved  by 
cotitractions.--3.  An  abbreviation  employed 
with  the  view  of  saving  labour  in  writing, 
and  also  in  former  times  with  the  view  of 
saving  parchment  in  extending  MS.  copies 
of  works,  deeds,  Ac.  Contraction  takes 
place  in  several  modes,  as  by  elision  or  sus- 
pension; writing  a  smaller  letter  above  the 
word  contracted;  running  two  or  more  let- 
ters into  one  character;  by  symbols  repre- 
senting syllables  or  words;  by  initial  letters; 
thus:  reed,  for  received;  <fm  for  qvam;  Mr. 
for  Master;  <£•  for«t;p  for  per;  S. P.Q.It,  for 
Senatus  populusque  Roinanus.  When  the 
contraction  consists  of  the  initial  syllable 
or  syllables  of  a  word,  as  ult,  for  ultimo, 
plenipo.  for  plenipotentiary,  it  is  more  cor- 
rectly termed  an  abbreviation.  Sometimes 
the  contraction  becomes  a  substantive  word 
in  the  language,  as  proxy  for  procuracy, 
proctor  for  procurator,  sheriff  for  shire- 
reeve,  Fr.  btamer  for  blasphemer.  —  4.  In 
gram,  the  shortening  of  a  word  by  the 
omission  of  one  or  more  letters  or  syllables; 
as,  can't  for  can  not;  proxy  for  procuracy; 
control  for  contre-roU.  —  6.  t  A  contract ;  mar- 
riage contract. 

Such  an  act    ...   makes  marriage  vows 
As  false  as  dicers'  oaths;  O.  such  a  deed 
As  from  the  twxiy  of  contraction  plucks 
The  very  soul.  Shak. 

6.  In  surg.  an  abnormal  and  permanent 
alteration  in  the  relative  position  and  forms 
of  parts,  arising  from  various  causes,  as  in 
anchylosis,  distortion,  club-foot,  wry-neck, 
Ac.— 7.  In  physics,  a  decrease  of  volume, 
hulk,  or  dimensions,  the  usual  effect  of  a 
diminution  of  heat.  All  bodies  expand  by 
the  application  of  heat,  and  contract  their 
dimensions  when  heat  is  withdrawn.—  Ab- 
breviation,  Contraction.  See  under  ABBRE- 
VIATION. 

Contractive  (kon-trakt'-iv),  a.  Tending  to 
contract. 

The  heart,  as  said,  from  its  contractive  cave, 
On  the  left  side  ejects  the  bounding  wave. 

RIactinort. 

Contractor  (kon  trakt'er),  n.  1.  One  who 
contracts;  one  of  the  parties  to  a  bargain; 
one  who  covenants  to  do  anything  for 
another. 

All  matches  are  dangerous  and  inconvenient  where 
the  contractors  are  not  equals.  L' Estrange. 

Specifically  —  2.  One  who  contracts  or  cove- 
nants, as  with  a  government  or  other  public 
body,  to  furnish  provisions,  clothing,  or 
other  supplies,  or  to  perform  any  work  or 
service,  at  a  certain  price  or  rate. 

Contra-dance  (kon'tra-dans),  n.  [Fr.  contre- 
danse.  ]  A  dance  in  which  the  partners  are 
arranged  face  to  face  or  in  opposite  lines. 
[Erroneous  for  Country-dance.] 

Contradict  (kon-tra-dikf),  v.t.  [L.  contra- 
dico — contra,  and  dico,  to  speak.]  1.  To  op- 
pose by  words;  to  assert  the  contrary  to 
what  has  been  asserted,  or  to  deny  what  has 
been  affirmed. 

It  is  not  lawful  to  contradict  a  point  of  history 
known  to  all  the  world.  Dryden. 

The  Jews  .  .  .  spake  against  those  things  which 
were  spoken  by  Paul,  contradicting  and  blasphem- 
ing. Acts  xiii.  45. 

2.  To  oppose;  to  be  directly  contrary  to. 

No  truth  can  contradict  another  truth.    Hooker. 

STN.  To  oppose,  gainsay,  deny,  resist,  im- 
pugn, correct,  rectify,  retract,  recall,  recant. 

Contradlctable  (kon-tra-dikt'a-bl),  a.  That 
may  be  contradicted;  deniable;  disputable. 

Contradictor  (kon-tra-dikt'er),  n.  One  who 
contradicts  or  denies;  an  opposer. 

Contradiction  (kon-tra-dik'shon),  n.  [L. 
contradiction  1.  An  assertion  of  the  con- 
trary to  what  has  been  said  or  affirmed; 
denial;  contrary  declaration.— 2.  Opposition, 


whether  by  words,  reproaches,  or  attempts 
to  defeat. 

Consider  him  that  endureth  such  contradiction  of 
sinners  against  himself.  Heb.  xii.  3. 

3.  Direct  opposition  or  repugnancy;  incon- 
sistency with  itself;  Incongruity  or  contra- 
riety of  things,  words,  thoughts,  or  propo- 
sitions; as,  these  theorems  involve  a  contra- 
diction. 

If  we  perceive  truth,  we  thereby  perceive  what- 
ever is  false  in  contradiction  to  it.  Grew. 

4.  Fig.  the  person  who,  or  tiling  that,  con- 
tradicts or  is  inconsistent  with  him,  her,  or 
itself. 

Woman's  at  best  a  contradiction  still.  Ayv. 
—Principle  of  contradiction,  the  principle 
or  axiom  that  a  thing  cannot  be  and  not  be 
at  the  same  time,  or  that  a  thing  must  either 
be  or  not  be,  or  that  the  same  attribute 
cannot  at  the  same  time  be  affirmed  and 
denied  of  the  same  subject.  It  is  one  and 
indivisible,  but  develops  itself  in  three 
specific  forms,  which  have  been  called  the 
three  logical  axioms.  First, 'Ais  A.'  Second, 
'A  is  not  A.'  Third,  'Everything  is  either 
A  or  Not- A.'  This  last  is  sometimes  called 
the  law  of  excluded  middle.  Aristotle  lays 
down  this  principle  as  the  basis  of  all  logic 
and  of  all  metaphysics, 

Contradlctionalt  (kon-tra-dik'shon-al),  a. 
Inconsistent. 

Contradictious    ( kon  -  tra  -  dik '  shus ),   a. 

1.  Filled  with  contradictions;  opposite;  in- 
consistent. *Co?i(radw*i'm<*  inconsistent -i<  -  ' 
Dr.    H.   More.— 2.  Inclined   to  contradict; 
disposed  to  deny  or  cavil    [In  both  uses 
rare  or  obsolete.) 

Rondel   was   argumentative,   contradictious,   and   • 
Irascible.  Kp.  pf  Killala's  Narrative. 

Contradictiqusneas(kon-tra-dik'shus-nes), 
n.  1.  Inconsistency;  contrariety  to  itself. — 

2.  Disposition  to  contradict  or  cavil.    [In 
both  uses  rare.  ] 

Contradictive  (kon-tra-dikt'iv).  a.  r.m- 
taining  contradiction;  contradictory;  incon- 
sistent. 

Though  faith  be  set  on  a  height  beyond  our  human 
perspicience,  I  can  believe  it  rather  super-elevated 
than  contradicttv*  to  our  reason.  Feltham. 

Contradictively  (kon-tra-dikt'iv-li),  adv. 
By  contradiction. 

Contradictorily  (kon-tra-dik'tor-i-li),  adv. 
In  a  contradictory  manner;  in  a  manner  in- 
consistent with  itself  or  opposite  to  others. 

ContradictorineBB  ( kon-tra-dik'tor-i -nes ), 
n.  Direct  opposition;  contrariety  in  asser- 
tion or  effect. 

Contradictorioust  (kon'tra-dik-to"ri-us),  a. 
Contradictory.  'A  contradictorioiut  humour.' 
State  Trial*,  1649. 

Contradictoriouslyt  (kon'tra-dik-t6"ri-us- 
Ji),  adv.  Contradictorily. 

Contradictory  (kon-tra-dik'tor-i),  a.  1.  Af- 
firming the  contrary;  implying  a  denial  of 
what  has  been  asserted;  as,  contradictory 
assertions. — 2.  Inconsistent;  opposite;  con- 
trary; as,  contradictor^/  schemes.  'Schemes 
absurd  and  contradictory  to  common  sense.' 
Add-on.— Contradictory  propositions,  n.  In 
logic,  propositions  which,  having  the  same 
terms,  differ  in  quantity  and  quality.  See 
CONTRARY. 

Contradictory  (kon-tra-dik'tor-i),  n.  A  pro- 
position which  denies  or  opposes  another  in 
all  its  terms;  contrariety;  inconsistency. 

It  is  common  with  princes  to  will  contradictories. 
Kacon. 

Contradistinct(kon'tra-dis-tingkt"\  a.  Dis- 
tinguished by  opposite  qualities.  '  A  contra- 
distinct  term.'  Goodwin.  [Rare.] 

Contradistinction(kon'tra-dis-tinKk"shon). 
n.  [L.  contra  and  E.  distinction.]  Distinction 
by  opposite  qualities. 

We  speak  of  sins  of  infirmity,  in  contradistinction 
to  those  of  presumption.  South. 

Contradistinctive  ( kon'tra-dis-tingkt"iv ), 
a.  1.  Having  the  quality  of,  or  characterized 
by,  contradistinction;  opposite  in  qualities. 
2.  Distinguished  by  opposites.  Harris. 

Contradistinctive  (kpu'tra-dis-tinpkt"iv), 
n.  A  mark  of  contradistinction.  Harris. 

Contradistinguish  ( kon '  tra  -  dis  -  ting  "  - 
pwish),  B.tjL  contra  and  E.  distinmtWi.] 
To  distinguish  not  merely  by  differential  but 
by  opposite  qualities. 

These  are  our  complex  ideas  of  soul  and  body,  as 
contradistinguished.  Locke. 

Contrafissure  (kon-tra-fl'shur),  n.  [L. contra 
and  E.  fissure. }  In  surg.  a  fissure  or  fracture 
in  the  cranium,  on  the  side  opposite  to  that 
which  received  the  blow,  or  at  some  distance 
from  it. 

Contra-harmonical  Proportion  (kon'tra- 
har-mon"ik-al  pro-por'shon),  n.  In  math. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  h6r;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ti,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CONTRAHENT 


575 


CONTRAVENTION 


that  relation  between  three  terms  in  which 
the  difference  between  the  first  and  second 
is  to  the  difference  between  the  second  and 
third  us  the  third  is  to  the  first.  See  HAR- 
MOXICAL. 

Contrahentt  (kcm'tra-hent),  a.  [See  CON- 
TRACT.] Contracting;  covenanting;  agree- 
ing. A  common  word  in  diplomatic  docu- 
ments of  the  time  of  Henry  VIII. 

Contrahent  (kon'tra-hent),  n.  One  who 
enters  into  a  contract,  covenant,  or  agree- 
ment. 

Betwixt  the  king's  highness,  the  emperour,  and  the 
French  king,  as  princes  contrahents.  Stryfe. 

Contralndicant  (kon-tra-in'di-kant),  n.  [L. 
contra,  against,  and  indicans,  indicantw, 
pp.  of  indico,  to  point  out.  See  INDICATE, 
INDEX.  ]  A  symptom  that  forbids  to  treat 
a  subject  or  matter,  as  a  disease,  in  the 
usual  way.  Burke. 

Contralndioate  (kon-tra-in'di-kat),  v.t.  or  i. 
pret.  oV  pp.  cuntraindicated;  ppr.  contrain- 
tl/<'<iti)i'j.  \L.  contra  and  E.  indicate.]  Toin- 
dicate  in  a  direction  opposite  to  what  is  usual 
or  what  might  be  expected.  Specifically,  in 
med.  to  indicate  some  method  of  cure  con- 
trary to  that  which  the  general  tenor  of  the 
disease  requires;  or  to  forbid  that  to  be 
done  which  the  main  scope  of  the  malady 
points  out.  '  Contraindicating  symptoms 
must  be  observed. '  Harvey. 

Contraindication  (kon-tra-in'di-ka"shon), 
n.  In  tned.  an  indication  from  some  peculiar 
symptom  or  fact  that  forbids  the  method  of 
cure  which  the  main  symptoms  or  nature  of 
the  disease  requires.  Arbuthnot. 

Contrairet  (kon-trarO,  v.t.  [Fr.  contrairer.] 
To  cross;  to  thwart;  to  resist;  to  withstand. 
Spenser. 

Contrajerva  (kon-tra-jer'va),  n.    See  CON- 

TKAYKKVA. 

Contralto  (kon-tral'to),  n.  [It.]  1.  In  music, 
the  highest  voice  of  a  male  adult,  or  the 
lowest  of  a  woman  or  a  boy,  called  also  the 
Alto,  or  when  possessed  by  a  man  Counter- 
tenor. It  is  next  below  the  treble  and  above 
the  tenor,  its  easy  range  being  from  tenor 
G  to  treble  C.— 2.  The  person  who  sings  with 
this  voice;  as,  she  is  a  splendid  contralto. 

Contralto  (kon-tral'to),  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  possessed  of  the  quality  of,  contralto;  as, 
a  contralto  voice. 

Contramure  (kon'tra-mur),  n.  An  out  wall. 
See  COUNTERMURE. 

Contranatural  (kon-tra-na'tur-al),  a.  Op- 
posite to  nature.  [Rare.] 

Contranitencyt  (kon-tra-ni'ten-si),  n.  [L. 
contra,  and  nitor,  to  strive.]  Reaction;  re- 
sistance to  force.  Bailey. 

Contraposet  (kon-tra-pos1),  v.t.  To  set  in 
opposition. 

Contraposition  (kon'tra-po-zi"shon),  n. 
[L.  contra  and  E.  position.]  A  placing  over 
against;  opposite  position.  In  logic,  con- 
version, in  particular  negative  propositions, 
effected  by  separating  the  word  not  from 
the  copula  and  attaching  it  to  the  predicate; 
without  which  the  change  would  in  English 
be  impracticable. 

But  it  has  been  already  shown  that  the  conversion 
by  'contraposition'  (by  'negation 'I  will  enable  us  to 
reduce  these  two  moods,  ostensively.  Innately. 

Contrapuntal  (kon-tra-punt'al),  a.  Per- 
taining to  counterpoint. 

Contrapuntist  (kon-tra-punt'ist),  n.  One 
skilled  in  counterpoint. 

Centra-regularity  (kon-tra-re'gu-la"ri-ti), 
n.  [L.  contra  and  K  regularity.]  Contrariety 
to  rule  or  to  regularity.  Xorris.  [Rare  or 
obsolete.] 

Contra  -  remonstrant  ( kon '  tra-re-mon '  - 
strant),  n.  One  who  remonstrates  in  oppo- 
sition or  answer  to  a  remonstrant. 

They  did  the  synod  wrontj  to  make  this  distinction 
of  contra-remonstrants  and  remonstrants.  Hales. 

Contrariant  (kon-tra'ri-ant),  a.  [Fr. ,  from 
contrarier,  to  contradict  or  run  counter.] 
Contradictory ;  opposite ;  inconsistent. 
'  Without  one  hostile  or  contrariant  prepos- 
session.' Southey.  [Rare.] 

Contrariantly  (kon-tra'ri-ant-li),  adv.  Con- 
trarily.  Coleridge.  [Rare.] 

Contrarle,  Contrary  (kon-tra're),  t>.  t.  [Fr.  ] 
(O.E.  and  Sc.]  To  contradict. 

In  all  the  court  ne  was  ther  wif  ne  maide 
Ne  widewe,  that  contraried  that  he  saide. 

Chaucer. 

Contrarient  (kon-tra'ri-ent),  n.  In  English 
hist,  the  name  given  to  Thomas,  earl  of 
Lancaster,  and  the  barons  who  took  part 
with  him  against  King  Edward  II.,  because 
in  respect  of  their  great  power  it  was  not  fit 
to  call  them  rebels  or  traitors. 

Contraries  (kon'tra-riz),  n.  pi.    [See  CON- 


TRARY.] In  logic,  propositions  which  de- 
stroy each  other,  but  of  which  the  falsehood 
of  one  does  not  establish  the  truth  of  the 
other. 

If  two  universal!  differ  in  quality,  they  arc  contra- 
rtrs;  as, every  vine  is  a  tree,  no  vine  is  a  tree.  These 
1  ani  TT"  true  toSetner»  but  they  may  be 

Contrariety  (kon-tra-ri'e-ti),  n.  [L.  cmitra- 
nctas.  See  CONTRARY.]  1.  The  state  or 
quality  of  being  contrary;  opposition  in  fact 
essence,  quality,  or  principle;  repugnance. 

It  principally  failed  by  contrariety  of  weather  at  sea 
Sir  H.  Italian. 

Their  religion  had  more  than  negative  contrariety 
to  vi"ue-  Dr.  H.  More. 

There  is  a  contrariety  between  these  things  that 
conscience  inclines  to,  and  those  that  entertain  the 
senses.  $,„,„, 

2.  Inconsistency;  quality  or  position  de- 
structive of  its  opposite. 

How  can  these  contrarieties  agree?        Sliai. 

3.  In  metaph.  one  of  the  associating  prin- 
ciples of  the  mind.    According  to  this  prin- 
ciple great  cold  is  apt  to  make  us  think  of 
heat;  hunger  and  thirst  of  eating  and  drink- 
ing.— SYN.  Inconsistency,  discrepancy,  re- 
pugnance. 

Cpntrarily  (kon'tra-ri-li),  adv.  In  an  oppo- 
site manner;  in  opposition;  on  the  other 
side;  in  opposite  ways. 

Contrariness  (kon'tra-ri-nes),  n.  Contra- 
riety; opposition. 

Contrarious  (kon-tra'ri-us),  a.  Contrary; 
opposite;  repugnant  [Rare.] 

She  flew  contrarians  in  the  face  of  God 

With  bat-wings  of  her  vices.     E.  B.  Browning. 

Contrariously  (kon-tra'ri-us-li),  adv.  Con- 
trarily;  oppositely.  [Rare.] 

Contrariwise  (kon'tra-ri-wlz),  adv.  (Con- 
trary, and  wise,  manner.]  On  the  contrary; 
oppositely;  on  the  other  hand. 

Not  rendering  evil  for  evil,  nor  railing  for  railing; 
but  contrariwise,  blessing.  i  Pet.  iii.  9. 

Contra-rotatipn  (kon'tra-r6-ta"shon),  n. 
[L.  contra,  against,  and  E.  rotation  (which 
see).]  Circular  motion  in  a  direction  con- 
trary to  some  other  circular  motion. 

Contrary  (kon'tra-ri),  a.  [L.  contranus, 
from  contra,  against;  Fr.  contraire.  ]  1.  Op- 
posite ;  adverse;  moving  against  or  in  an 
opposite  direction;  as,  contrary  winds. 

We  have  lost  our  labour,  they  have  gone  a  con- 
trary way.  Shall. 

2.  Opposite;  contradictory;  not  merely  dif- 
ferent, but  inconsistent  or  repugnant. 

The  flesh  lusteth  against  the  spirit,  and  the  spirit 
against  the  flesh;  ana  these  are  contrary,  the  one  to 
the  other.  Gal.  v.  17. 

3.  Given  to  contradiction  or  resistance;  self- 
willed;  perverse;  froward;  as,  a  contrary 
child.    [Colloq.]— 4.    Different.     'Hath  ap- 
pointed them  contrary  places. '  Shak.  [Rare.  ] 
5.  Opposite  or  opposed  to  what  is  right; 
wrong.  '  Slippers  which  his  nimble  haste  had 
falsely  thrust  upon  contrary  feet.'    Swift. 
[Rare.]— 6.  In  her.  noting  things  that  are 
opposed  or  in  opposition  to  one  another. 
In  this  use  written  also  Contra.   [This  adjec- 
tive, in  many  phrases,  is  to  be  treated  gram- 
matically as  an  adverb,  or  as  an  adjective 
referring  to  a  sentence  or  affirmation;  as. 


lion  or  lacl  ueciareu,  mis  rtappenea;  lor 
contrary  does  not,  like  an  adverb,  express 
the  manner  of  happening,  but  that  the  fact 
itself  was  contrary  to  my  expectation.  Ac- 


nianncr.  j — ittmvraTy   ami    atmerouwwry,   m 

logic,  (<t)two  propositions  are  contrary  when 
the  one  denies  every  possible  case  of  the 
other;  they  are  contradictory  when,  one 
being  universal,  the  other  denies  some  only 
of  the  things  asserted  in  the  first.  (6)  Two 
terms  are  contrary  which,  while  belonging 
to  the  same  class  or  category,  are  the  most 
widely  different  of  all  that  belong  to  the 
class;  as,  good,  bad;  wise,  foolish;  white, 
black. — SYN.  Adverse,  repugnant,  hostile, 
inimical,  discordant,  inconsistent. 
Contrary  (kon'tra-ri),  n.  1.  A  thing  that  is 
contrary  or  of  opposite  qualities. 

No  contraries  hold  more  antipathy 

Than  I  and  such  a  knave.  Skat. 

2.  A  proposition  contrary  to  another.or  afact 
contrary  to  what  is  alleged;  as,  this  is  stated 
to  be  a  fact,  but  I  will  endeavour  to  show 
the  contrary.  Specifically— 3.  In  logic,  see 
CONTRARIES.— 4.  t  An  adversary.  '  whether 
he  or  thou  sle  his  contrary.'  Chaucer.— On 
the  contrary,  in  opposition;  on  the  other 
side.— To  the  contrary,  to  an  opposite  pur- 


pose or  fact;  as,  he  said  it  was  jtut  but  I 
told  him  to  the  contrary. 

They  dill  it,  not  for  warn  of  Instruction  to  the  am- 


Contrary)  (kon'tra-ri).  v.t.    [Kr  . 

I  "  '  I'litnnlict  or  oppose.     'You  imi-t 
trttrit  me.'     Shak. 

Contrary-minded  (kon'tra-ri-mlnd-ed)  a 
Of  a  dilferent  mm.  I  or  opinion. 

Contrast  (kon-tnisf),  i\(.  |Kr.  controller 
from  I,  cuutra,  opposite,  ami  flare,  to  stand  '] 
..To  set  m  oppotlUon  m,,  ,,,-  ,„,,),.  ,,i,j,.,.t, 
Of  a  like  kind,  with  .<  \i<  •»  t,,  sh,m  the  dif- 
ference or  dissimilitude,  nnd  to  manifest  the 
superior  excellence  i  if  u,,-  one  tar  ttw  la 
only  of  the  other,  or  to  exhibit  the  .  v,  |- 
lenceof  the  one  and  the  defects  of  the  other 
in  a  more  striking  view;  a»,  to  contnut  two 
pictures  or  statues.  •  The  generosity  of  one 
person  confronted  with  the  meanness  of 
another.'  Crabb. 

To  contrail  the  goodness  of  God  with  our  rebellion. 
will  tend  to  make  us  humble  and  thankful.  Clark. 

2.  To  exhibit  differences  or  dissiniilitiid.-  in 
painting  and  sculpture,  by  position  or  atti- 
tude, either  of  the  whole  figure  or  of  IU 
members;  or  to  show  to  advantage  by  oppo- 
sition or  difference  of  position. 

The  figures  must  not  be  all  on  one  side,  but  must 
contrast  each  other  by  their  several  positions 

Contrast  (kon-trasf),  v.i.  To  stand  in  con- 
trast or  opposition  to. 

The  joints  which  divide  the  sandstone  contrast 
finely  with  the  divisional  planes  which  separate  the 
basalt  into  pillars.  I.yclt. 

Contrast  (kon'trast),  n.  Opposition  or  dis- 
similitude of  objects,  by  which  the  one  con- 
tributes to  the  visibility  or  effect  of  the 
other;  the  placing  together  in  view  or  In 
juxtaposition  things  belonging  to  the  same 
category  or  class  but  widely  differing  from 
each  other,  in  order  to  render  the  difference 
more  vividly  marked;  comparison  by  con- 
trariety of  qualities;  opposition  of  thing  or 
qualities.  '  The  contrast*  and  resemblances 
of  the  seasons.'  Whewell. 

Contrast  is  applicable  to  things  of  a  similar  kind. 
We  never  speak  of  a  contrast  between  a  man  and  a 
mountain,  or  between  a  dog  and  a  tree;  but  we  ob- 
serve the  contrast  between  an  oak  and  a  shrub,  and 
between  a  palace  and  a  cottage.  tt't!-sler. 

What  a  contrast  between  modesty  and  impudence, 
or  between  a  well-bred  man  and  a  clown  1  Offitvie. 

2.  In  the  fine  arts,  opposition  of  varied 
forms  in  sculpture  or  colours  in  painting, 
which  by  such  juxtaposition  more  vividly 
express  each  other's  peculiarities.  Fairholt. 

Contra-stimulant  (kon-tra-stim'u-lant),  n. 
In  med.  a  medicine  which  tends  to  coun- 
teract the  effect  of  a  stimulant. 

Contrate  (kon'trat),  a.  [L  contra,  against, 
contrary.  )  Having  cogs  or  teeth  placed  con- 
trary to  those  of  common  wheels,  or  pro- 
jecting parallel  to  the  axis  :  used  chiefly  of 
the  wheels  in  clockwork. 

Contra-tenor,  Contra-tenore  (kon'tra- 
ten-er,  kon'tra-ta-no'ra  ),  n.  In  music,  a 
middle  part  between  the  tenor  and  treble  ; 
contralto;  counter-tenor. 

Contrate-wheeKkon'trat  whel),  n.  A  wheel 
having  the  teeth  projecting  perpendicularly 
to  the  plane  of  the  wheel.  See  CONTKATE. 

Contra  vallation,Countervallatlon  (kon'- 
tra-val-la"shon,koiin'ter-val-la"shon),n.  [Kr. 
contrevallation,  from  L.  contra,  against,  and 
vallum,  a  rampart.)  In  fort.  R  chain  of  re- 
doubts and  breastworks  raised  by  the  besieg- 
ers about  a  fortress,  either  unconnected  or 
united  by  a  parapet,  to  prevent  sorties  of  the 
garrison. 

Contravene  (kon-tra-ven'),  v.t.  pret  &  pp. 
contravened;  ppr.  contravening.  [L.  conti-a- 
venio—  contra,  against,  and  venio,  to  come.  ] 
1.  To  come  or  be  in  confiict  with;  to  oppose 
in  principle  or  effect;  to  obstruct  in  opera- 
tion; to  defeat. 

Laws,  that  place  the  subject  in  such  a  state,  con- 
travene the  first  principles  of  the  compact  of  author- 
act obedience  and  yield  no  protection. 


ity  ;  they  exact 


Jokn 


. 

2.  To  act  so  as  to  violate;  to  transgress;  as. 
we  must  not  contravene  the  law.  —SYN.  To 
contradict,  set  aside,  nullify,  defeat,  cross, 
obstruct 

Contravener  (kon-tra-veu'cr),  n.  One  who 
contravenes. 

Contravening  (kon-tra-ven'ing),  11.  Contra- 
vention ;  as,  the  contravening  of  an  act  of 
parliament.  State  Trials. 

Contravention  (kon-tra-ven'shon),n.  1.  The 
act  of  contravening,  violating,  or  transgress- 
ing; violation;  opposition;  as,  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  allies  were  in  contravention  of 
the  treaty.  '  In  contravention  of  all  his  mar- 


ch.cAain;      eh,  Sc.  lock;      g,  go;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin?;      TB,  (Aen;  th,  thin;     w,  .rig;    wh.wAIg;    *h,  azure. -See  KKY. 


CONTRAVERSION 


576 


CONTROVERSAL 


riage speculations.'  Motley.— 2.  InScotslaw, 
any  act  done  in  violation  of  a  legal  condition 
or  obligation  by  which  the  contravener  is 
bound;  especially  applied  to  an  act  done  by 
an  heir  of  entail  in  opposition  to  the  provi- 
sions of  the  deed,  or  to  acts  of  molestation 
or  outrage  committed  by  a  person  in  viola- 
tion of  law-burrows. 

Contra  version  (kon-tra-vfir'shon),  n.  [L. 
r.tmti'it,  and  rersio,  a  turning-]  A  turning 
to  the  opposite  side;  antistrophe.  Cotgrave. 
|  Rare.] 

Contrayerva,  Contrajerva  (kon-tra-yer'- 
va,  kon-tra-jer'va),  n.  [Sp.  contrayerba,  Pg. 
contraherva  —  contra,  and  yerba,  herva,  an 
herb  (L.  herba);  a  counter  herb,  an  antidote 
for  poison,  or,  in  general,  an  antidote.  ]  The 
name  applied  to  an  aromatic  bitterish  root 
which  is  imported  from  tropical  America, 
and  used  as  a  stimulant  and  tonic.  It  is 
the  produce  of  Dorstenia  Contrajerva,  a 
plant  belonging  to  the  nat.  order  Urticaceie. 

Contre  (kofi'tr),  ado.  [Fr]  In  her.  an  ap- 
pellation given  to  several  bearings  on  ac- 
count of  their  cutting  the  shield  contrary 
and  opposite  ways.  Thus  we  meet  with 
contre-bends,  contre-chevron ;  contre-pale, 
&c.,  when  there  are  two  ordinaries  of  the 
same  nature  opposite  to  each  other,  so  as 
colour  may  be  opposed  to  metal  and  metal 
to  colour. 

Contrectatlon  t  (kon-trek-ta'shon),  n.  [L. 
contrecttitio,  contrectationis—con,  and  trac- 
tare,  to  handle.]  A  touching  or  handling. 
F errand. 

Contre-dance  (koh-tr-dans),  n.  [Fr.  contre- 
daiwe.]  A  French  dance;  a  kind  of  quad- 
rille. 

Contrefete,t  v.t.  To  counterfeit.   Chaucer. 

Contre-temps  (kou-tr-tah),  n.  [Fr.J  An 
unexpected  and  untoward  accident;  an  em- 
barrassing conjuncture;  a  hitch. 

Contributable  (kon-trib'ut-a-bl),  a.  That 
can  be  contributed. 

Contributory  (kon-trib'ut-a-ri),  a.  [See 
CONTRIBUTE.]  Paying  tribute  to  the  same 
sovereign ;  contributing  aid  to  the  same 
chief  or  principal ;  adding  something  to  a 
common  stock. 

It  was  situated  on  the  Ganges,  at  the  place  where 
this  river  received  a.  centribntary  stream. 

Trans,  of  IfAnville. 

Contribute  (kon-trib'ut),  v.t.  pret.  <fe  pp. 
contributed;  ppr.  contributing.  [L.  contri- 
btto  — con,  and  tribuo,  to  grant,  assign,  or 
impart.  See  TRIBE,  TRIBUTE.  J  To  give 
or  grant  in  common  with  others ;  to  give  to 
a  common  stock  or  for  a  common  purpose ; 
to  pay  a  share. 

England  contributes  much  more  than  any  other  of 
the  allies.  Addison. 

Contribute  (kon-trib'ut),  v.  i.  To  give  a  part; 
to  lend  a  portion  of  power,  aid,  or  influence; 
to  have  a  share  in  any  act  or  effect. 

There  is  not  a  single  beauty  in  the  piece,  to  which 
the  invention  must  not  contribute.  Pope. 

SYN.  To  impart,  minister,  conduce,  admi- 
nister, promote,  forward. 
Contribution  (kon-tri-bu'shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  giving  to  a  common  stock  or  in  com- 
mon with  others;  the  act  of  lending  a  por- 
tion of  power  or  influence  to  a  common  pur- 
pose ;  the  payment  of  each  man's  share  of 
some  common  expense.  'To  make  a  certaiit 
contribution  for  the  poor  saints.'  Rom.  xv. 
26.  — 2.  That  which  is  given  to  a  common 
stock  or  purpose,  either  by  an  individual  or 
by  many;  the  sum  or  thing  contributed. 

Of  Aristotle's  actual  contributions  to  the  physical 
sciences  I  have  spoken  in  the  history  of  these  sciences. 
ll'hfwtll. 

3.  Milit.  an  imposition  paid  by  a  frontier 
country  to  secure  itself  from  being  plun- 
dered by  the  enemy's  army ;  an  imposition 
upon  a  country  in  the  power  of  an  enemy, 
which  is  levied  under  various  pretences 
and  for  various  purposes,  usually  for  the 
support  of  the  army. — 4.  In  law,  a  payment 
made  by  each  of  several  having  a  common 
interest  of  his  share  in  a  loss  suffered,  or 
in  an  amount  paid,  by  one  of  the  number 
for  the  common  good ;  more  specifically,  a 
payment  levied  on  each  of  the  several  own- 
ers of  a  vessel  for  equalizing  the  loss  arising 
from  sacrifices  made  for  the  common  safety 
in  sea  voyages,  where  the  ship  is  in  danger 
of  being  lost  or  captured.— Suit  for  contri- 
bution, in  law,  a  suit  in  equity  brought  by 
one  of  several  parties  who  has  discharged  a 
liability  common  to  all,  to  compel  the  others 
to  contribute  thereto  proportionally. 

Contributional(kon-tri-bu'shon-al),  a.  Fur- 
nishing contributions. 

Contributive  (kou-trib'ut-iv),  a.    Tending 


to  contribute;  contributing;  having  the 
power  or  quality  of  giving  a  portion  of  aid 
or  influence ;  lending  aid  to  promote,  iii 
concurrence  with  others. 

This  measure  is  contributing  to  the  same  end. 
Taylor. 

Contributor  (kon-trib'ut-er),  n.  One  who 
contributes;  one  who  gives  or  pays  money 
to  a  common  stock  or  fund;  one  who  gives 
aid  to  a  common  purpose  in  conjunction 
with  others. 

Contributory  (kon-trib'u-to-ri),  a.  Contri- 
buting to  the  same  stock  or  purpose;  pro- 
moting the  same  end ;  bringing  assistance 
to  some  joint  design,  or  increase  to  some 
common  stock. 

I  dp  not  pretend  that  no  one  was  contributory  to  a 
subsidy  who  did  not  possess  a  vote.  Hallam. 

Contributory  (kon-trib'u-to-ri),  n.  A  con- 
tributor. '  Lvery  one  to  be  contributors 
according  to  their  goods  and  lands.'  Strype. 

Contristt  (kon-trist'),r.«.  [See  below.]  To 
make  sorrowful;  to  sadden.  'To  deject  and 
contrist  myself.'  Sterne. 

Contristate t  (kon-tris'tat),  v.t.    [L.  con- 
tristo;  tristis,  sad.]    To  make  sorrowful. 
Let  me  never  more  contristate  thy  Holy  Spirit. 
Spiritual  Conquest. 

Contestation  t  (kon-tris-ta'shon),  n.  The 
act  of  making  sad,  or  the  state  of  being  sad. 
'Pangs of  fear  and  contristation.'  Robinson. 

Contrite  (kon'trit),  a.  [L.  contritus,  from 
contero,  to  break  or  bruise— con,  and  tero, 
to  bruise,  rub,  or  wear.  See  TRITE.]  Lit 
worn  or  bruised;  hence,  broken-hearted  for 
sin ;  deeply  affected  with  grief  and  sorrow 
for  having  offended  God;  humble;  penitent; 
as,  a  contrite  sinner. 

A  broken  and  a  contrite  heart,  O  God,  thou  wilt 
not  despise.  Ps.  li.  17. 

Prostrate  my  contrite  heart  I  rend.     Roscommon. 

SYN.  Penitent,  repentant,  humble,  sorrow- 
ful. 

Contrite  (kon'trit),  n.  A  contrite  person; 
a  penitent.  Hooker. 

Contritely  (kon'trit-li),  adv.  In  a  contrite 
manner;  with  penitence. 

Contriteness  (kon'trit-nes),  n.  Deep  sorrow 
and  penitence  for  sin. 

Contrition  (kon-tri'shon),  n.  [L.  contritio. 
See  CONTRITE.]  l.t  The  act  of  grinding  or 
rubbing  to  powder.  '  Reducible  into  powder 
by  contrition.'  Sir  T.  Browne.— 2.  Grief  of 
heart  for  having  offended  God;  deep  sorrow 
for  sin ;  sincere  penitence. 

Fruits  of  more  pleasing  savour,  from  thy  seed. 
Sown  with  contrition  in  his  heart.  Milton. 

SYN.  Repentance,  penitence,  humiliation, 
compunction,  self-reproach,  remorse. 

Con  triturate  (kon-trit'ur-at),  v.t.  To  pul- 
verize or  reduce  to  small  particles. 

Contrivable  (kon-triv'a-bl),  a.  [See  CON- 
TRIVE.] That  may  be  contrived;  capable  of 
being  planned,  invented,  or  devised. 

Perpetual  motion  may  seem  easily  contrrvable. 
trtltins. 

Contrivance  (kon-triv'ans),  n.  [See  CON- 
TRIVE.] l.The  act  of  contriving,  inventing, 
devising,  or  planning  the  disposition  of 
things  for  a  particular  purpose. 

The  machine  we  are  inspecting  demonstrates  by  its 
construction,  contrivance  and  design.  Contrivance 
must  have  had  a  contriver.  Paley. 

Our  bodies  are  made  according  to  the  most  curious 
artifice  and  orderly  contrivance.  Glanville, 

2.  The  thing  contrived,  planned,  or  invented; 

an  artifice;  plot;  scheme;  as,  an  interesting 

mechanical  contrivance. 

Have  I  not  managed  my  contrivance  well, 
To  try  your  love,  and  make  you  doubt  of  mine. 
Dry  den. 
Government  is  a  contrivance  of  human  wisdom  to 

provide  for  human  wants.  Burke. 

SYN.  Device,  plan,  scheme,  invention,  pro- 
ject, design,  machination,  shift. 
Contrive  (kon-triy'),  v.t.  pret.  <fc  pp.  con- 
trived; ppr.  contriving.  [O.K.  controve,ccrn- 
treve,  O.Fr.  controver,  Fr.  controuver,  to  in- 
vent, to  fabricate— con,  and  trouver,  to  find, 
from  L.  turbare,  to  disturb,  hence,  to  rum- 
mage, to  find.]  To  invent;  to  devise;  to  plan. 

Our  poet  has  always  some  beautiful  design,  which 

he  first  establishes,  and  then  contrives  the  means 

which  will  naturally  conduct  him  to  his  end.  Dryden. 

The  chest  contrived  a  double  debt  to  pay, 

A  bed  by  night,  a  chest  of  drawers  by  day. 

Goldsmith. 

SYN.  To  invent,  discover,  plan,  concert,  pro- 
ject, plot,  hatch. 

Contrive  (kon-trivO,  v.  i.  To  form  schemes  or 
designs;  to  plan;  to  scheme.  'With  traitors 
do  contrive.  Skak. 

Contrive*  (kon-trivO,  v.t.  [L.  contero,  pret. 
contrivi,  to  wear  away.  An  extremely  irregu- 
lar formation,  and  opposed  to  all  analogy.] 
To  wear  away;  to  spend. 


Please  ye.  we  may  contrive  this  afternoon,  and 
quaff  carouses  to  our  mistress'  health.  Shut. 

Three  ages  such  as  mortal  men  contrive.     Spenser. 

Contrivement  t  (kon-tiiv'ment),  n.  Con- 
trivance; Invention,  'The  admirable  con- 
trivement  and  artifice  of  this  great  fabrick.' 
Glanville. 

Contriver  (kon-triv'er).  n.  An  inventor; 
one  who  plans  or  devises;  a  schemer. 

Contriving  (kon-trlv'ing),  n.  Act  of  plan- 
ning; forming  in  design;  invention;  machi- 
nation. 

One  that  slept  in  the  contriving  of  lust,  and  waked 
to  do  it.  Shak. 

Control  (kon-trol'),  n.  [Fr.  contrite,  a  contr. 
for  contre,  against,  and  role,  a  roll,  list, 
catalogue.  See  ROLL.  ]  1. 1  Primarily,  a 
book  register  or  account  kept  to  correct  or 
check  another  account  or  register;  a  coun- 
ter register.  Johnson.  Hence — 2.  Check ; 
restraint;  as,  to  speak  or  to  act  without  con- 
trol; the  wind  raged  without  control.  'Equal- 
poised  control.'  Tennyson. 

If  the  sinner  .  .  .  lay  no  restraint  upon  his  lusts,  no 
control  upon  his  appetites,  he  is  certainly  too  stroiii; 
for  the  means  of  grace.  South. 

3.  Power;  authority;  government;  command; 
as,  children  should  be  under  the  control  of 
their  parents. 

Keep  it  ours,  O  God,  from  brute  control; 

O  statesmen,  guard  us,  guard  the  eye.  the  soul 

Of  Europe,  keep  your  England  whole.    Tennyson. 

—Board  of  Control,  a  board  of  six  members 
established  in  1784  by  Mr.  Pitt  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  India.  The  president  of  the 
board  was  a  chief  minister  of  the  crown  and 
member  of  the  ministry.  This  board  was 
abolished  in  1858,  when  the  government  of 
India  was  transferred  to  the  crown. 
Control  ( kon-trol' X  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
trolled; ppr.  controlling,  l.t  To  check  by  a 
counter  register  or  double  account— 2. t  To 
prove  by  counter  statements;  to  confute;  to 
convict. 

This  account  was  controlled  to  be  false.      Fuller. 
The  Duke  of  Milan  and  his  more  braver  daughter 
could  control  thee.  ShaA. 

3.  To  exercise  control  over;  to  hold  in  re- 
straint or  check;  to  subject  to  authority;  to 
regulate;  to  govern;  to  subjugate. 

Give  me  a  staff  of  honour  for  my  age. 

But  not  a  sceptre  to  control  the  world.    Shaik. 

The  self-same  influence 
Controlleth  all  the  soul  and  sense 
Of  passion  gazing  upon  thee.  Tennyson. 

4.  To  have  superior  force  or  authority;  to 
overpower.     [Rare.  J 

A  recital  cannot  control  the  plain  words  in  the 
granting  of  a  deed.  Johnson's  Reports. 

SYN.  To  restrain,  rule,  govern,  direct,  check, 
curb,  overpower,  counteract. 
Controllable  (kon-trol'a-bl),  a.    That  may 
be  controlled,  checked,  or  restrained ;  sub- 
ject to  command. 

Passion  is  the  drunkenness  of  the  mind,  and  not 
always  controllable  by  reason.  South. 

Controller  (kon-trol'er),  n.  1.  One  who  con- 
trols or  restrains ;  one  that  has  the  power 
or  authority  to  govern  or  control ;  one  who 
governs  or  regulates. 

The  great  controller  of  our  fate 

Deign'd  to  be  man,  and  lived  in  low  estate. 

Dryden, 

2.  An  officer  appointed  to  keep  a  counter 
register  of  accounts,  or  to  oversee,  control, 
or  verify  the  accounts  of  other  officers ;  as, 
the  controller  of  the  mint,  customs,  station- 
ery, &c.  In  the  United  States,  the  duty  of 
the  controller  of  the  treasury  is  to  superin- 
tend the  adjustment  and  preservation  of  the 
public  accounts.  This  word  is  also  written 
Comptroller. 

Controllership  (kon-trol'er-ship),  n.  The 
office  of  a  controller.  Sometimes  written 
Com  pt  roller  ship. 

Controlment  (kon-trol'ment),  n.  1.  The 
power  or  act  of  controlling;  the  state  of 
being  restrained;  control;  restraint. 

They  made  war  and  peace  with  one  another,  with- 
out controhnent.  Sir  J.  Davits. 

2.  t  Opposition ;  resistance ;  counteraction ; 
refutation. 

Was  it  reason  that  we  should  suffer  the  same  to 
pass  without  controlmentt  Hooker, 

Controvet  (kon-trovO.w.f.  [Fr.  controuver— 
con,  and  trouver,  to  find  out.  See  first  art. 
CONTRIVE.]  To  invent. 

It  is  sinne  to  controve  thing  that  ts  to  reprove. 
Chaucer. 

Controversal t  (kon-tro-vers'al).  a.  [See 
CONTROVERT.]  1.  Turning  different  ways. 
'The  temple  of  Janus,  with  his  two  contro- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ti,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CONTRO  VERSARY 


venal    faces. '     Milton.  —  2.  Controversial 
1  Controwraal  divinity.'    Hoyle 

Controversary  (kon-tro-vers'a-ri),  a.  Per- 
taining to  controversy;  controversiiil;  dis- 
putatious. 'Cuntnicenari/liaiMs.'  Up  Hull 
[Rare  or  obsolete.) 

Controverset  (kou'tro-vers),  n.  Contro- 
versy. Spenser. 

Controverset  (kmi'tro-vera),  v.t.  To  con- 
trovurl;  to  dltpute.  Hooker. 

Controverser.t  Contro versor  t  (kon'tro- 
vers-er),  n.  A  disputant 

Controversial  (k.m-tro-ver'slii-al),  a.  [See 
CpKTEOVBBT,  COHTBOVBMY.l  Relating  to 
disputes;  as,  a  controversial  discourse 

Controversialist  (kon-trt-ver'ahl-sl-Ut),  » 
One  who  carries  on  a  controversy;  a  disini- 
tant. 

He  (Johnson)  was  both  intellectually  and  morally 
of  the  stuff  of  which  controversialists  are  made. 

Controversially  (kon-tro-vei-'shi-ai'-io'fi'ii' 
In  a  controversial  manner. 

Controversiqnt  (kon-tro-ver'shon),  n.    Act 
of  controverting.     Hooker. 
Contro  versor  t  (kou'tro-vers-er)    n      See 

CONTROVERSER. 

Controversy  (kon'tro-ver-si),  n.  [L.  con- 
troeersia.  See  CONTROVERT.)  1  Dispute- 
debate;  agitation  of  contrary  opinions. 

Without  controversy,  great  U  tile  mystery  of  irod 
Iln«s-  I  Tim"  iii.  Si. 

All  contrffvtrsits  that  can  never  end.  had  bettei 
perhaps  never  begin.  sir  IF.  Tmtf/e. 

2.  A  suit  iii  law;  a  case  in  which  opposing 
parties  contend  for  their  respective  claims 
before  a  tribunal. 


CONVENE 


. 


And  by  their  word  shall  every  controversy  and 
every  stroke  be  tried.  Deut.  xxi.  5. 

3.  Dispute;  opposition  carried  on. 

The  Lord  hath  a  controversy  with  the  nations. 

4.t  Opposition;  resistance.  'And  stemming 
(the  torrent)  with  hearts  of  controversy  ' 
Shak. —Controversy,  Dispute.  A  dispute  is 
commonly  oral,  and  is  generally  of  short  con- 
tinuance. It  may  be  defined  as  a  temporary 
debate,  and  in  its  colloquial  usage  involves 
the  idea  of  heat.  A  controversy  may  be 
oral,  but  is  commonly  in  writing,  and  is  fre- 
quently continued  for  a  long  period  of  time 
many  persons  taking  part  in  it.— SYN.  Dis- 
pute, contest,  debate,  disputation,  wram'le 
strife,  quarrel,  hostility. 
Controvert  (kon'tro-vih-t),  v.t.  [L.  contra, 
against,  and  verto,  versutn,  to  turn.)  To 
dispute;  to  oppose  by  reasoning;  to  contend 
against  in  words  or  writings:  to  deny  and 
attempt  to  disprove  or  confute;  to  agitate 
contrary  opinions;  as,  to  controvert  opinions 
or  principles;  to  controvert  the  justness  of 
a  conclusion. 

Some  controverted  points  had  been  decided  ac- 
cording to  the  sense  of  the  best  jurists.      Mncaitluy. 

Controverter  (kon'tro-vert-er),  n.  One  who 
controverts;  a  controversial  writer. 

Some  controverters  in  divinity  are  like  swaggerers 
in  a  tavern.  jfohnson. 

Controvertible  (kon-tro-vert'i-bl),  a.  That 
may  be  disputed;  disputable;  not  too  evi- 
dent to  exclude  difference  of  opinion;  as 
tins  is  a  Controvertible  point  of  law.  '  Many 
oontrovertible  truths.'  Sir  T.  Browne 

Controvertibly  (kon-tro-vert'i-bli),  ado.  In 
a  Controvertible  manner. 

Controvertist  (kon'tro-vert-ist),  n.  One 
who  controverts;  a  disputant;  a  man  versed 
or  engaged  in  controversy  or  disputation. 

This  mighty  man  of  demonstration,  this  prince  of 
controvertists.  TiUotson. 

Contruslon  (kon-trb'zhon),  n.  [L.  contrudo, 
cmitrueum,  to  press  together  -  con.  together, 
and  trudo,  to  press.]  The  act  of  pressing 
together. 

Contubernalt  (kon-tu'ber-nal),  a.  [L.  con- 
twn'rnalin,  from  contubernium,  companion- 
ship in  a  tent— con,  together,  and  taberna, 
a  tent.  See  TAVERN.]  Pertaining  to  fellow- 
ship in  a  mess  or  lodging;  dwelling  together 

Contubernialt  (kon-tu-bertil-al),  a.  [See 
CONTLBERNAL.]  Dwelling  in  the  same  tent; 
familiar:  contubernal.  Chaucer. 

Contumacious  (kon-tu-ma'ehus),  a.  [L.  con- 
tumax—cm,  and  tumeo,  to  swell.]  1.  Lit. 
swelling  against;  haughty;  hence,  resisting 
legitimate  authority;  disobedient;  as,  a  con- 
tumacious child.  'Most  obstinate  contu- 
macious sinner.'  Hammond. 

Richard  fell  before  the  castle  of  a  contumacious 
vassal.  Miltnnn. 

2.  In  law,  wilfully  disobedient  to  the  orders 
of  a  court.— SYN.  Stubborn,  obstinate,  per- 
verse, unyielding,  inflexible,  proud,  head- 
strong. 


Contumacy  (kon'tu-ma-si),  n     [L    :•<„,!„ 
macta.  See  CONTUMACIOUS  ]    i  Wilful, 

Sn  ""VSiSt;"'-  "'  l^itilMateautl",-    y 

unyielding  obstinacy;   stubborn  perverei 


To  make  death  in  us  live."  JUHtm 

2  In  law,  a  wilful  contempt  and  disobed- 
ience to  any  lawful  summons  or  order  of 
court;  a  refusal  to  appear  in  court  when 
legally  summoned,  or  disobedience  to  its 
lules  and  orders -SYN.  Stubbornness   per. 
verseness,  haughtiness. 
Contumelious  <kon.tu-nie'li-us),  a    [L  con- 
tumelumu.  See  CONTUMELY.)  1.  Indicatint 
or  expressive  of  contumely;  haughtily  re 
proachful;  contemptuous;  abusive;  insolent 
rude  and    sarcastic.      '  Contumelious  lan- 
guage. Sunft.  'Curving  aconti/wHiou*  lip 
Haughty  and  contemptuous; 
disposed   to  utter  reproach,  or  to  insult  • 
insolent;  proudly  rude. 

There  is  yet  another  sono!  contumeli, 
wMo  are  not  chargeable  with  ill  employ! 
for  they  use  none  of  it.  K  br t 

S.t  Reproachful;  shameful;  ignominious. 


that  for,,,  ,,f  infloreKenc*  called 

a  .troinlus  ,,r  ,,„„'.  vUob  ,,  „  ,plkc  "he 

ear',,1,,,,  "hidlll 

and    war  naked  wed,    Smmai  i 

TO  "'in.  with  little  cohesion      ,,  , 

are  »,„,,„.,  ,„„!  ..„,„,,.  ,,ll(i:1,!11_;1  , 
culated  inasg.     8«,.  r,,M.   COKIl 


"8"""').  "      (Kr.  «mno<,. 
n««:  knowledge;  , 


S       S  '"  '!*  h'KhJSt  deKrec 
elious  to  him. 


to  them,  so 
Dr  H  j,,^ 


ContumeUously  (kon-tu-me'li-us-li),  adc 
In  a  contumelious  manner;  with  pride  and 
contempt;  rudely;  insolently. 
Contumeliousness  (kon-tu-me'li-us-nes)  n 
Reproach;  rudeness;  contempt 
Contumely  (kon'tu-me-Ii),  n.  (L.amtumelia, 
from  amtwneo—eon,  and  tumeo,  to  swell  1 
Rudeness  or  reproach  compounded  of 
haughtiness  and  contempt;  contemptuous- 
ness;  insolence;  contemptuous  language 
'The  oppressor's  wrong;  the  proud  man's 
contumely. '  Shalt. 

Contumulatet  (kon-tu'mu-lat),  v.t.  [L.  con- 
tumulo—con, together.and tumulttt, atomb  ] 
lo  lay  or  bury  in  the  same  tomb  or  grave 
'  Contumulate  both  man  and  wife.'  Old 
poem  iiuoted  bi/  Ashmole. 
Contumulation  t  (kon-tu'mu-la"shon),  n 
Act  of  laying  or  burying  in  the  same  tomb 
or  grave. 

Contundt  (kon-tund'),  v.t.  [L.  eontundo- 
con,  mtens.,  and  tundo,  to  beat,  to  bruise 
See  CONTUSION.]  To  beat;  to  bruise  by 
beating. 

His  (Don  Quixote's)  were  so  contundedtt\M  he  was 
not  corpus  mobile.  Gaylon 

Contunet  (kon-tun').  A  form  of  Continue 
employed,  Tyrwhitt  says,  for  the  sake  of 
the  rhyme. 

It  is  of  Love,  as  of  Fortune. 

That  ehaungeth  oft  and  nill  contune       ClMucer. 

Contuse  (kon-tuzOi  »•  *•  Pret.  &  pp.  contused; 
ppr.  contusiny.  [L.  contiuut,  eontundo  See 
CONTUSION.)  To  beat;  to  bruise;  to  injure 
the  llesh  or  substance  of  a  living  being  or 
other  thing  without  breaking  the  skin  or 
substance,  sometimes  with  a  breach  of  the 
skin  or  substance. 

Roots,  barks,  and  seeds  contused  together.     Bacon. 
The  ligature  contuses  the  lips  in  cutting  them 

tr-irrman. 

Contusion  (kon-tu'zhon).  71.  [L.  atntiuio, 
from  eontundo — con,  and  tundo,  to  beat- 
Skr.  hid.]  1.  The  act  of  beating  and  bruis- 
ing, or  the  state  of  being  bruised.  —2.  The 
act  of  reducing  to  powder  or  fine  particles 
by  beating.  —  3.  In  surif.  a  bruise;  a  hurt  or 
injury  to  the  flesh  or  some  part  of  the  body 
without  breach  or  apparent  wound,  as  by 
a  blunt  instrument  or  by  a  fall. 

Conundrum  (ko-nun'drum),  ».  [Uncertain. 
Possibly  from  same  root  as  cunniiuj,  know- 
ledge, skill,  O. E.  conne,  cunne,  to  know.] 
A  sort  of  riddle,  in  which  some  odd  resem- 
blance is  proposed  for  discovery  between 
things  quite  unlike,  the  answer  involving  a 


e 

ConUSOT(k,,,,-,,s,-.r).        6 

Convalesce  (kon-va-leO.  ».».  pret  &  no 
cmmktcxd;  ppr.  tmiAlS^to'JSm 
better  after  sfekne..;  to  recover  healtli 

He  found  tile  queen  somewhat  cmvalaad.     Knot 

Convalescence  Convalescent*  (kon-va- 
Ie»  ens,  kon-va-Wen-si),  ».  [L.  conmUtco 
to  grow  »tronger-co»,  and  mleico,  to  get 
strength,  valeo,  to  be  strong.  See  WKI.L  and 
AVAIL.)  The  gradual  recovery  of  health 
and  strength  after  disease;  the  »tat«ol 
person  renewing  his  vigour  after  sicklies,  or 
weakness. 

«t  quite  fret  from  his 


pun. 

Conus  (ko'nus),  n.  [L.  coiuut.]  1.  In  zonl. 
a  genus  of  gasteropodous  molluscs,  the  type 
of  the  family  Conida.1,  so  named  from  the 
conical  form  of  the  shell.  They  are  found 
in  the  southern  and  tropical  seas.  The 
species  are  very  numerous,  many  of  them 
very  beautiful,  and  some  are  fossil,  appear- 
ing first  in  the  chalk,  and  becoming  more 
abundant  in  the  recent  formations.  This 
genus  forms  part  of  the  Buccinoid  family  of 
the  Pectinibranchiate  order  of  Gastropods 
in  the  system  of  Cuvier.—  2.  In  hot.  a  term 


Convalescent  (kon-va-les'entX  a.    Recover- 
ing health  and  strength  after  sicknew  or 
debility.  -Com-aletcent  hospital,  are  ho»- 
pitals  intermediate  Ijetween  the  ordinary 
hospitals  and  the  homes  of  the  patients 
It  was  found  that  many  patient*  discharged 
in  a  convalescent  state  die-!  on  returning  to 
their  unhealthy  homes.     These  hospitals 
have  been  established  in  several  parts  of  the 
country,  with  the  view  of  developing  con- 
valescence into  perfect  healtli  by  the  influ- 
ences of  pure  air,  gentle  exercise,  and  a 
nourishing  well-regulated  diet. 
Convalescent  (kon-va-les'ent),  n.    One  who 
has  recovered  his  health  after  sickness 
Convalesceutly  (kon-va-les'eut-ll),  adv.  In 
a  convalescent  manner. 
Conyallaria  (kon-val-la'ri-a),  n     [L   am. 
vault,  a  valley.)    A  genus  of  plants,  nat 
order  Liliaceoe.     The  ouly  species  in  the 
genus  is  C.  tnajala,  the  lily  of  the  valley 
a  perennial  stemless  herb,  with  a  creeping 
rootstock,  two  or  three  leaves,  and  a  many- 
flowered  raceme  of  white  drooping  flowers 
It  flowers  in  May,  and  grows  in  woods  and 
on  heaths  throughout  Britain. 
Convection  (kon-vek'shon),  u.  [L.  comectio, 
from  conoeho,  to  convey.  )   The  act  of  carry- 
ing or  conveying  ;  specifically,  the  transfer- 
ence of  heat  by  means  of  the  upward  motions 
of  the  particles  of  a  liquid  or  gas  which  is 
heated  from  beneath.     When  a  portion  of 
water  or  air  is  heated  above  the  surround- 
ing portions,  it  increases  in  volume,  and 
thus  becoming  specifically  lighter  rises  and 
carries  with  it  the  newly-acquired  temper- 
ature, the  cooler  particles  of  the  fluid  rush- 
ing in  from  the  sides  and  falling  down  from 
the  upper  parts  of  the  vessel.     Coimctiou- 
citrrents  are  thus  produced,  and  the  liquid 
or  gas  is  soon  heated  all  through.     Electri- 
city also  is  transferred  or  transmitted  by 
means  of  convection-currents. 
Convectlve  (kon-vekt'iv).  a.  Resulting  from 
or  caused   by  convection;  as,  a  fonvectiee 
discharge  of  electricity.    Faraday. 
Convectively  (kon-vekfiT-U),  oo>.     In  a 
couvective  manner;  bymeansof  convection; 
as,  heat  transferred  cunvectieely. 
Convenable  (kon-ren'a-lil),  a.    Capable  of 

being  conveiu-d  or  assembled. 
Couvenablet(kon've-mvbl),a.  [Fr]  Agree- 
able ;    suitable  ;  consistent  ;  conformable. 
Spenxer. 

Convene  (kon-veu1),  ».i.  pret.  &  pp.  «/«- 
rened;  ppr.  convening.  [L.  conreuio—con, 
and  venio,  to  come.]  1.  To  come  together; 
to  meet;  to  unite,  as  things.  [Rare.] 

The  rays  of  lijjht  converge  and  convene  in   the 
eyes.  XeTvtott. 

2.  To  come  together;  to  meet  ill  the  same 
place;  to  assemble,  as  pen*ons;  as.  Parlia- 
ment will  convene  in  February;  the  citizens 
convened  in  the  city  hall.  —  SYN.  To  meet, 
assemble,  to  congregate. 
Convene  (kon-ven'^,  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  «w- 
pened;  ppr.  convening.  To  cause  to  assem- 
ble; to  call  together;  to  convoke. 

And  now  the  almighty  father  of  the  gods 
Convenes  a  council  in  the  blest  abodes.      i'cfe. 

2.  To  summon  judicially  to  meet  or  appear. 


ch,  cfcain;      ch,  Sc.  locA; 
VOL.  I. 


j.job;      ii,  i'r.  to«;      ng,  sing;      111,  then;  th,  thin; 


w,  wig;    wh,  irAig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KKY. 
37 


CONVENES 


578 


COXVERSABLENESS 


By  the  papal  canon  law,  clerks  can  be  convened 
only  before  an  ecclesiastical  judge.  Ayliffe, 

Convenee  (kon-ve-ue'),  n.  One  convened 
or  summoned  with  others.  [Rare.] 

Convener  (kon-veii'er),'n.  l.  One  who  con- 
venes or  meets  with  others. 

I  do  reverence  the  conveners  (at  the  Synod  of 
Dort)  for  their  worth  and  learning.  Monntagu. 

2.  One  who  convenes  or  calls  a  meeting;  in 
Scotland,  one  appointed  to  call  an  organized 
body  together,  as  a  committee,  of  which  he 
is  generally  chairman. 

Convenience,  Conveniency(kon-ve'ni-ens, 
kon-ve'ni-en-si),  n.  [L.  cunvenientia,  from 
coneenio,  to  convene;  lit.  a  coming  together.] 

1.  The  state  or  quality  of  being  convenient ; 
fitness;  suitableness;  as,  a  great  deal  of  con- 
venience in  the  situation  of  a  place.— 2.  Free- 
dom from  discomfort  or  trouble;  ease;  com- 
fort.   'Rather  intent  upon  the  end  of  God's 
glory  than  our  own  convenience/.'  Jer.  Tay- 
lor.— 3.  That  which  gives  ease  or  comfort; 
accommodation ;  that  which  is  suited  to 
wants  or  necessity. 

A  man  alters  his  mind  as  the  work  proceeds,  and 
will  have  this  or  that  convenience  more,  of  which  he 
had  not  thought  when  he  began.  Dryden. 

4.  Opportune  conjunction  of  affairs;  oppor- 
tunity ;  as,  to  do  it  at  one's  convenience. 
Convenient  (kon-ve'ni-ent),  a.    1.  Fit;  suit- 
able; proper.    'Foolish  talking  nor  jesting, 
which  are  not  convenient.'    Eph.  v.  4. 
Feed  me  with  food  convenient  fnr  me. 

Prov.  xxx.  8. 

Some  arts  are  peculiarly  convenient  to  particular 
nations.  Tiltotson. 

2.  Giving  certain  facilities  or  accommoda- 
tion; as,  a  \eryconvenient  staircase.  —3.  Op- 
portune; as,  ^convenient  season. — 4.  At  hand; 
handy.     [Colloq.] 

Obstinate  heretics  used  to  be  brought  thither  con- 
venient/or burning  hard  by.  Thackeray. 

SYN.  Fit,  suitable,  adapted,  fitted,  suited, 
commodious. 

Conveniently  (kon-ve'ni-ent-li),  adv.  1.  Fit- 
ly; suitably;  with  adaptation  to  the  end  or 
effect;  as,  that  house  is  not  conveniently 
situated  foratradesman.  — 2.  Commodiously; 
with  ease;  without  trouble  or  difficulty;  as, 
he  cannot  conveniently  accept  the  invitation. 

Convening  (kon-ven'ing),  n.  The  act  of 
coming  together;  convention. 

No  man  was  better  pleased  with  the  cotnttttng-  of 
this  parliament  than  myself.  Eikon  Basihke. 

Convent  (kou'vent),  n.  [O.Fr.  convent;  FT. 
co u vent,  from  L.  convent  us,  a  meeting— con, 
together,  and  venio,  ventum,  to  come.]  l.t  A 
meeting  or  assembly.  '  A  usual  ceremony 
at  their  (the  wit  dies')  convents  or  meetings. ' 
BenJonson.~2.  An  association  or  commu- 
nity of  persons  devoted  to  religion;  a  body 
of  monks  or  nuns.  '  One  of  our  convent,  and 
his  (the  duke's)  confessor. '  Shak.  —3.  A  house 
for  persons  devoted  to  religion;  an  abbey; 
a  monastery;  a  nunnery. 

Convent t  (kon-ventj,  v.t.  [L.  conventus, 
convenio.]  1.  To  call  together. 

By  secret  messengers  I  did  convent, 

The  English  cluefetaines  all.    Mir.  for  Ma£s. 

2.  To  call  before  a  judge  or  judicature. 
He  with  his  oath  .  .  .  wilt  make  up  full  clear. 
Whenever  he's  convented.  SM.t*. 

Conventt  (kon-venf),  w.i.  1.  To  meet;  to 
concur.— 2.  To  serve;  to  agree;  to  be  con- 
venient. 

When  that  is  known  and  golden  time  convents, 
A  combination  shall  be  made  of  our  dear  souls. 

Stta*. 

Convented  (kon-venf  ed),  pp.    Summoned. 

Shak. 

Conventical  (kon-vent'ik-al),  a.  Of  or  be- 
longing to  a  convent.  A  convent ical  prior 
was  the  same  as  an  abbot. 

Conventicle  (kon-ven'tl-kl),  n.  [L.  conven- 
tteutum,  dim.  of  conventus.]  1.  An  assembly 
or  gathering,  especially  a  secret  assembly. 

They  are  commanded  to  abstain  from  all  conven- 
ticles of  men  whatsoever.  Ayliffe. 

2.  An  assembly  or  meeting:  usually  applied 
to  a  meeting  of  dissenters  from  the  esta- 
blished church  for  religious  worship.  In 
this  sense  it  is  used  by  English  writers  and 
in  English  statutes.  Hence,  an  assembly, 
in  contempt;  specifically,  it  was  applied  to 
the  secret  meetings  for  religious  worship 
held  by  the  Scottish  Covenanters,  when 
they  were  persecuted  for  their  faith  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II. 

The  first  Christians  would  never  have  had  recourse 
to  nocturnal  or  clandestine  conventicles  till  driven  to 
them  by  the  violence  of  persecutions.  Hammond. 

The  old  haunter  of  conventicles  became  an  intoler- 
able High  Churchman.  Macauiay. 


Conventicle  (kon-ventl-klX  v.i.  pret.  &  pp. 
conventicled;  ppr.  conventicling.  TolKlnii^ 
to  a  conventicle;  to  partake  of  the  nature 
of  a  conventicle.  '  Cbnwnf&tfng  schools 
.  .  .  set  up  and  taught  secretly  by  fanatics.' 
South. 

Conventicler  (kon-ven'ti-kler),  n.  One  who 
Mipports  <>r  frequents  conventicles. 

Convention  (koii-ven'shon),  n.  [L.  conventio. 
See  CONVENE.]  1.  The  act  of  coming  to- 
gether; a  meeting;  an  assembly. 

To-morrow  morn  we  hold  a  great  convention. 

Tennyson. 

2.  Union;  coalition. 

The  conventions  or  associations  of  several  particles 
of  matter  into  bodies.  Boyle. 

3.  A  formal,  recognized,  or  statutory  meet- 
ing or  assembly  of  men  for  civil  or  ecclesi- 
astical purposes;  particularly  an  assembly 
of  delegates  or  representatives  for  consulta- 
tion on  important  concerns,  civil,  political, 
or  ecclesiastical     In  Great  Britain,  conven- 
tion is  the  name  given  to  an  extraordinary 
assembly  of  the  estates  of  the  realm,  held 
without  the  king's  writ;   as  the  assembly 
which  restored  Charles  II.  to  the  throne, 
and  that  which  declared  the  throne  to  be 
abdicated    by    James    II.  —  Convention    of 
estates,  the  meeting  of  the  estates  of  the 
kingdom  of  Scotland,  before    the  Union, 
upon  any  special  occasion  or  emergency. 
These  conventions  consisted  of  any  number 
of  the  estates  that  might  be  suddenly  called 
together  without  the  necessity  of  a  formal 
citation,  such  as  was  required  in  summon- 
ing a  regular  parliament.—  Convention  of 
royal  burghs,  the  yearly  meeting  held  in 
Edinburgh  by  commissioners  from  the  royal 
burghs,  to  treat  of  certain  matters  pertain- 
ing to  the  common  good  of  the  burghs. 
Their  deliberations,  however,  excite  little 
interest,  and  are  in  general  directed  to  mat- 
ters  of   no   public   importance.      In   the 
United  States,  this  name  is  given  to  the 
assembly  of  representatives  which   forms 
a  constitution  of  government,  or  political 
association;  as,  the  convention  which  formed 
the  constitution  of  the  United  States  in 
1787.  —4.    In  diplomacy,  an  agreement  or 
contract  between  two  parties;  an  agreement 
previous  to  a  definitive  treaty;  as,  a  military 
convention,  that  is,  a  treaty  made  between 
the  commanders  of  two  opposing  armies 
concerning  the  terms  on  which  a  temporary 
cessation  of  hostilities  shall  take  place  be- 
tween them.    See  extract. 

And  first  of  all.  it  is  worth  while  to  note  that,  pro- 
perly, the  word  Treaty  is  applied  exclusively  to  poli- 
tical and  commercial  objects;  while  the  less  preten- 
tious though  longer  denomination  of  Convention  is 
bestowed  on  special  agreements  of  all  kind*— as,  for 
instance,  intcrnationararrangemeiits  about  postage, 
telegraphs,  or  literary  rights.  Blitcfrwood's  Mag. 

5.  Conventionality.    [Kare.] 

Now  and  then,  not  often,  lie  (Wordsworth)  bursts 
into  an  open  condemnation  of  worldly  conventions: 
and  when  he  docs,  nut  Milton  himself  is  grander  or 
more  severe.  Lord  Coleridge. 

Dwell  with  these,  and  lose 
Convention,  since  to  look  on  noble  forms 
M.ikt:s  noble  thro'  the  sensuous  organism 
That  wlych  is  higher.  Tennyson. 

— Convention  treaties,  treaties  entered  into 
between  different  states,  under  which  they 
each  bind  themselves  to  observe  certain 
stipulations  contained  in  the  treaty. 
Conventional  ( kon-ven'shon-al ),  a.  [L. 
con  cent wnalix,  pertaining  to  an  agreement, 
from  conventio,  a  coming  together,  meeting, 
agreement — con,  together,  and  venio,  ven- 
tuin,  to  come.]  1.  Stipulated;  formed  by 
agreement;  tacitly  understood.— 2.  Arising 
out  of  custom  or  tacit  agreement;  sanc- 
tioned by  general  concurrence;  depending 
on  general  concurrence;  formal;  as,  a  con- 
ventional use  of  language.  In  the  fine  arts, 
depending  on  accepted  models  or  traditions, 
irrespective  of  the  true  principles  of  art 

Nobody  ever  yet  used  conventional  art  to  decorate 
with,  when  he  could  do  anything  better.  Ruskin. 

— Conventional  obligation*,  obligations  re- 
sulting from  the  special  agreement  of 
parties,  in  contradistinction  to  natural  or 
legal  obligations. 

Conventional  services  reserved  by  tenures  on 
grants,  made  out  of  the  crown  or  knights  service. 

Hale. 

— Conventional  estates,  those  freeholds  not 
of  inheritance  or  estates  for  life,  which  are 
created  by  the  express  acts  of  the  parties,  in 
contradistinction  to  those  which  are  legal, 
and  arise  from  the  operation  and  construc- 
tion of  law. 

Conventionalism  (kon-veu'shon-al-izm),  n. 
That  which  is  received  or  established  by 


convention  or  agreement;  a  conventional 
phrase,  form,  or  ceremony;  anything  de- 
pending oil  conventional  rules  anil  precepts. 

We  must  be  content  with  the  conventionalisms  of 
vile  solid  knots  and  lumps  of  marbli.,  : 
golden  cloud  which  encircles  the  fair  human  face 
with  its  waving  mystery.  JinsA-tn. 

Conventionalist  (kon-ven'shon-al-ist),  ». 
One  \\ho  adheres  to  a  convention  or  trcntv 

Conventionality  ( kon-ven'shon-aT'I-tl ),  «. 
A  conventional  mode  of  living,  acting,  or 
speaking,  as  opposed  to  what  is  natural;  a 
conventional  term,  principle,  or  custom. 

It  is  strong  and  sturdy  writing;  and  breaks  np  ,i 
whole  region  of  conventionalities.  Lamb. 

Conventionalize  (kon-ven'shon-al-!/),  r.t. 
pret.  <fc  pp.  conventionalized;  ppr.  conven- 
tionalizing. 1.  To  render  conventional;  to 
bring  under  the  influence  of  conventional 
rules;  to  render  observant  of  the  conven- 
tional rules  of  society;  as,  to  conventionalist 
a  butcher's  boy.—  2.  In  thejinearts,  to  render 
or  represent  in  accordance  with  convention- 
al rules. 

The  fact  is,  neither  (leaves  nor  figures)  are  ideal- 
ized, but  both  are  conventionalised  on  the  same  prin- 
ciples, and  in  the  same  way.  Ruskin. 

Conventionally  (kon-ven'shon-al-li),  adv. 
In  a  conventional  manner;  by  tacit  agree- 
ment 

Cpnventionary  (kon-ven'shon-a-ri),  a.  Act- 
ing under  contract;  settled  by  stipulation; 
conventional;  as,  convent ionan/  tenants. 

Conventloner  (kon-ven'shon-er),  n.  One 
who  belongs  to  a  convention. 

Conventionist  (kon-veu'shon-ist),  n.  One 
who  makes  a  contract. 

Conventual  (kon-ven'tu-al),  a.  [Fr.  cnnn-n- 
fuel]  Belonging  to  a  convent;  monastic; 
as,  conventual  priors.  '  Conventual  regular- 
ity.' Thackeray.— Conventual  church,  the 
church  attached  or  belonging  to  a  convent 

Conventual  (kon-ven'tu-al),  n.  One  that 
lives  in  a  convent;  a  monk  or  nun.  '  Tin- 
venerable  conventual.'  Addison. 

Converge  (kon-verJO,  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  coti- 
verged;  ppr.  converging.  [L.L.  convergo 
con,  and  vergo,  to  incline.  See  VERGE  |  To 
tend  to  one  point;  to  incline  and  appn<;n  h 
nearer  together,  as  two  lines  which  <••  n- 
tinually  approach  each  other:  opposed  to 
diverge.  Lines  which  converge  in  one  dim  - 
tion  diverge  in  the  other. 

Colours  mingle,  features  join,  and  lines  converge. 

Akenside. 
The  mountains  converge  into  a  single  ridge. 

Jefferson. 

Convergence,  Convergency  (kun-verj'ens, 
kon-verj'en-si),  n.  1.  The  quality  of  converg- 
ing; tendency  to  one  point,  'The  convert 1 1  net 
or  divergence  of  the  rays  falling  on  the 
pupil.'  Berkeleji,~2.  In  math,  the  gradual 
diminution  of  the  terms  of 
an  indefinitely  continued 
series.  See  CONVERGING. 
Convergent  (kon-verj'ent), 
a.  Tending  to  one  point; 
approaching  each  other,  as 
they  proceed  or  are  exteinl- 
ing.~ Convergent-nerved,  in 
bot.  a  term  used  in  describ- 
ing the  venation  of  h -;m ^. 
to  denote  cases  where  the 
ribs  form  a  curve,  and  meet 
at  the  point,  as  in  J'lan- 
tago  lanceolata.  —  Convergent 
series.  See  CONVERGING. 
Converging  (kon-verj'ing),  p.  and  a.  Tend- 
ing to  one  point;  approaching  each  other. 
as  lines  extended.  —  Converging  rays,  in 
optics,  those  rays  of  light  which,  proceeding 
from  different  points  of  an  object,  approach, 
meet,  and  cross,  and  become  diverging  rays. 
—Converging  series,  in  math,  a  series  of 
numbers  proceeding  without  end,  and 
having  terms  which  gradually  diminish 
in  such  a  manner  that  no  number  whatso- 
ever of  them  added  together  will  be  as  great 
as  a  certain  given  number.  But  when  such 
a  number  can  be  added  together  as  will  ex- 
ceed any  given  number,  however  great,  the 
series  is  said  to  be  divergent. 
Conversable  (kon-vers'a-bl).  a.  [It.  conver- 
sabUe;  Fr.  conversable.  See  CONVERGE.] 
Qualified  for  conversation,  or  rather  dis- 
posed to  converse;  ready  or  inclined  to 
mutual  communication  of  thoughts;  sod- 
able;  free  in  discourse. 

Mrs.    Bardell    let    lodgings  to  many  conversable 
single  gentlemen,  with  great  profit,  but  never  brought 
any  more  actions  for  breach  of  promise  of  marriage. 
Dickens. 

Conversableness(kon-vers'a-bl-iie>).  n.  The 
quality  of  being  free  in  conversation 
position  or  readiness  to  converse;  sociability. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  mttve;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      Jl,  Sc.  tey. 


CONVERSABLY 


578 


Conversably  (kon-vi-rs'u-bli),  ado.  In  a 
COXlTenable  manner. 

Conversance,  Conversancy  (k,»n'vers-ans 
k,in'vcrs-an-si),  it.  'I'lii'  stair  .>f  being  con- 
versant; habit  of  familiarity;  familiar  inter- 
course or  acquaintance.  [Rare.J 

Conversant  (kon'vi-rs-aut),  a.  [See  CON- 
VERSE, verb.]  1.  Keeping  company;  having 
frequent  or  customary  intercourse ;  inti- 
mately associating;  familiar  by  fellowship 
or  cohabitation;  acquainted:  followed  by 
iri(/;,  formerly  also  by  among.  •  Thestrangers 
that  were  conversant  among  them  '  Josh 
viii.  35. 

But  the  men  were  very  good  to  us  ...  as  long  as 
we  were  conversant  with  tliem.         i  Sam.  xxv.  15. 
Never  to  be  infected  with  delight. 
Nor  conversant  -with  ease  and  idleness.    Sliak. 

2.  Acquainted  by  familiar  use  or  study:  fol- 
lowed generally  i,y  with;  formerly,  and  yet 
occasionally,  by  in. 

The  learning  and  skill  he  had  by  being  conversant 
in  their  books.  Hooter. 

He  uses  the  different  dialects  as  one  who  had  Keen 
conversant  tuith  them  aU.  1'ope. 

3,  Having  concern  or  relation  to;  concerned 
or  occupied;  followed  by  about. 

Education  is  conversant  about  children.     ffotton. 

Conversant  t  (kon'vers-ant),  n.  One  who 
converses  with  another. 

Conversantly  (kon'vers-ant-li),  adv.  In  a 
conversant  or  familiar  manner. 

Conversation  (kon-ver-sa'shon),  n.  1.  Gene- 
ral course  of  manners;  behaviour;  deport- 
ment, especially  as  it  respects  morals.  (Ob- 
solescent. ] 

Let  your  conversation  be  as  becomcth  the  gospel 

Phil.  t.  27. 
Be  ye  holy  in  all  manner  of  conversation. 

2.  A  keeping  company;  familiar  intercourse; 
intimate  fellowship  or  association;  com- 
merce in  social  life.  '  Conversation  with  the 
best  company.'  Dryden.  [Obsolescent.]— 
3.t  Familiar  intercourse  or  acquaintance 
from  using  or  studying.  'Much  converm- 
tion  in  books.'  Jlacon.—t.  Familiar  dis- 
course; general  intercourse  of  sentiments; 
chat;  unrestrained  talk,  opposed  to  a  for- 
mal conference.  [This  is  now  the  most 
general  use  of  the  word.  ] 

It  is  a  secret  known  but  to  few.  yet  of  no  small  use 
in  the  conduct  of  life,  that  when  you  fall  into  a  man's 
conversation,  the  first  thing  you  should  consider  is 
whether  he  has  a  greater  inclination  to  hear  you  or 
that  you  should  hear  him.  Sterne. 

One  of  the  best  rules  for  conversation  is  never  to 
say  a  thing  which  any  of  the  company  can  reason- 
ably wish  we  had  rather  left  unsaid.  Sterne. 

6.  Carnal  commerce,  legitimate  or  illegiti- 
mate, but  most  usually  the  latter;  as,  crimi- 
nal conversation.—  Conversation  (or  speak- 
ing) tube,  a  pipe  made  of  gutta-percha, 
caoutchouc,  or  metal  for  conveying  sound 
or  for  delivering  messages  from  one  part  of 
a  building  to  another;  also  a  tube  for  enabl- 
ing conversation  to  be  carried  on  easily 
with  deaf  people.— SYN.  Intercourse,  com- 
munion, commerce,  familiarity,  discourse, 
dialogue,  colloquy,  talk,  chat. 

Conversational  (kon-ver-sa'shon-al),  a. 
Pertainhig  to  conversation;  done  in  mutual 
discourse  or  talk. 

Conversationalist  (kon-ver-sa'shou-al-ist), 
n.  One  who  excels  in  conversation. 

Conversationedt  (kon-ver-aa'ahond),  a. 
Having  a  certain  behaviour  or  deportment. 

Till  she  be  better  conversationeet  .  . 

I'll  keep  as  far  from  her  as  the  gallows.  Bean.  &•  Ft. 

Conversationism  (kon-ver-sa'shon-izm),  n. 

A  word  or  phrase  used  in  easy  conversation; 

a  colloquialism. 
Conversationist  (kon-ver-sa'shon-ist),   n. 

One  who  excels  in  conversation. 

I  must  not  quite  omit  the  talking  sage. 

Kit -Cat  the  famous  conversationist.        Byron. 

Conversative  (kon-vers'at-iv),  a.  Relating 
to  an  intercourse  with  men;  social;  opposed 
to  contemplative. 

She  chose  to  endue  him  with  the  Conversative  qua- 
lities of  youth.  Wotton. 

Conversazione  (kon-ver-sa'tsi-6"na),  n.  [It.  ] 
A  meeting  for  conversation,  particularly  on 
literary  subjects. 

Converse  (kon-vers'),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
versed; ppr.  conversing.  [Fr.  convener;  L. 
conversor,  to  associate  with— con,  and  ver- 
sor,  to  be  engaged  in  anything,  live  or  re- 
main in  a  place,  freq.  of  verto,  versum,  to 
turn.]  1.  To  keep  company;  to  associate; 
to  hold  intercourse  and  be  intimately  ac- 
quainted; followed  by  with. 

For  him  who  lonely  loves 

To  seek  the  distant  hills,  and  there  converse  -with 
nature.  Thomson. 


CONVERT 


2.t  To  have  sexual  tououty.  Guardian.- 
8.  lo  talk  familiarly;  to  have  five  Inter- 
course  in  mutualcomi  nut  ii,-ati,,nnf  tlnm-litl 
and  opinions;  to  convey  thought,  , 
cal  y:  fol  owed  by  with  before  the  person 
addressed,  and  on  before  the  subject 

'?,!"'  thee  m">ersinf  I  forget  all  time; 

All  seasons  and  their  change,  all  please  alike. 

So  she  goes  by  him  attended, 

Hears  liim  lovingly  converse.         Tennyson. 

[This  is  now  the  most  general  use  of  the 
word.]— SYN.  To  associate,  commune  dis- 
course, talk,  gpeak. 

Converse  (kon'vers),  ».  [See  above.]  1.  Ac- 
quaintance by  frequent  or  customary  inter- 
course; cohabitation;  familiarity  in  this 
sense  the  word  may  include  discourse  or 
not;  as,  to  hold  convene  with  persons  of 
different  sects;  or  to  hold  converse  with  ter- 
restrial things. 

There  studious  let  me  sit. 
And  hold  high  converse  with  the  mighty  dead. 
Thomson, 
Tis  but  to  hold 
Converse  with  Nature's  charms.          Hyron. 

2.  Conversation;  familiar  discourse  or  talk- 
free  interchange  of  thoughts  or  opinions' 
'Thy  converse  drew  us  with  delight '  Ten- 
nyson. 

Formed  by  thy  converse  happily  to  steer 

From  grave  to  gay,  from  lively  to  severe.     Pofe. 

Converse  (kon'vers),  n.  [L  converto,  con- 
verti,  conversmn,  to  turn  round.]  1.  A  part 
answering  or  corresponding  to  another,  but 
differing  from  it  in  nature  and  required  to 
make  it  complete;  a  reciprocating  part;  the 
complement;  the  counterpart;  as  the  hol- 
lows in  a  mould  in  which  a  medal  has  been 
cast  are  the  converse  of  the  parts  of  the 
medal  in  relief:  used  often  in  the  sense  of 
the  opposite,  the  contrary,  the  reverse. 

-John  Bruce'  was  written  uncompromisingly  in 
every  line  of  his  face,  just  the  converse  of  Forrester 
whom  old  maids  of  rigid  virtue,  after  seeing  him 
twice,  were  irresistibly  impelled  to  speak  of  as 
Charley.  Lawrence. 

2.  In  math,  an  opposite  proposition;  thus, 
after  drawing  a  conclusion  from  something 
supposed,  we  invert  the  order,  making  the 
conclusion  the  supposition  or  premises,  and 
draw  from  it  what  was  first  supposed.  Thus, 
if  two  sides  of  a  triangle  are  equal,  the 
angles  opposite  the  sides  are  equal;  and  the 
converse  is  true:  if  these  angles  are  equal 
the  two  sides  are  equal.— 3.  In  logic,  a'  pro- 
position which  is  formed  from  another  by 
interchanging  the  subject  and  predicate. 
Thus,  'religion  is  the  truest  wisdom,'  is  a 
proposition,  and  its  converse  is,  'the  truest 
wisdom  is  religion.' 

Converse  (kon'vers),  o.  [See  CONVERT.] 
Turned  about;  opposite;  reciprocal. 

Conversely  (kon'vers-li),  adv.  With  change 
of  order;  in  a  contrary  order;  reciprocally. 

As  whatever  of  the  produce  of  the  country  is  de- 
voted to  production  is  capital,  so  conversely,  the 
whole  of  the  capital  of  the  country  is  devoted  to  pro- 
duction, y.  5.  Mill. 

In  math,  by  conversion.     Sec  CONVERSION. 
Conversible  (kon-vers'i-bl),  a.    Capable  of 

being  converted  or  made  converse.     '  This 

conversible  .  .  .  sorites.'    Hammond. 
Conversing  (kon-vers'iiifc'),».  Conversation; 

intercourse;  dealings. 

It  were  very  reasonable  to  propound  to  ourselves 
in  all  our  conversing*  with  others,  that  one  great 
design  of  doing  some  good  to  their  souls.  More. 

Conversion  (kon-ver'shon),  n.  [L.  conversio. 
See  CONVERT.]  1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  turn- 
ing or  change  from  one  state  to  another; 
with  regard  to  substances,  transmutation; 
as,  a  conversion  of  water  into  ice,  or  of  food 
into  chyle  or  blood.— 2.  Milit.  a  change  of 
front,  as  when  a  body  of  troops  is  attacked 
in  the  flank,  and  they  change  their  position 
to  face  the  enemy.  — 3.  In  theol.  a  change  of 
heart  or  disposition,  in  which  the  enmity 
of  the  heart  to  God  and  his  law,  and  the 
obstinacy  of  the  will,  are  subdued,  and  are 
succeeded  by  supreme  love  to  God  and  his 
moral  government,  and  a  reformation  of 
life. — 4.  Change  from  one  side  or  party  to 
another. 

That  conversion  will  be  suspected  that  apparently 
concurs  with  interest.  Johnson. 

5.  A  change  from  one  religion  to  another. 
'The  conversion  of  the  Gentiles.'  Acts  xv.  4. 

6.  In  law,  the  act  of  appropriating  to  private 
use;  as,  in  trover  and  conversion.— 7.  Naut. 
the  reduction  of  a  vessel  by  one  deck,  there- 
by converting  a  line-of-battle  ship  into  a 
frigate,  or  a  crank  three-decker  into  a  good 
two-decker,  or  a  serviceable  vessel  into  a 
hulk. — Conversion  of  equations,  in  alg.  the 
reduction  of  equations  by  multiplication,  or 


the  manner  of  niter-ing  an  i-qiiation  »!„.., 
the  quantity  sought  ,„  any  in,  nib,  r  of  it  IB 
:i  fraction;    th,-  rc-dii.-in«  ,,f   a  t,  , 
equation  into  an  ,• 

of  propontiom,  m  („.,„-,  |g  „  changi, 
tt*  •object  into  the  place  of  th,  pro 
and  still  retaining  the  qualiij  ,,f  Hi,   , 
altion;  as,  -no  rirtnoni  man  is  a  ,,  i,,  i;-  •„,, 
rebel   is  a  virtuous  man  '     All   l.,xi,.,l   con- 
version is  illative,  that  is,  th.-  truth  ,,f  th- 
converse  follows  from  that  ,,f  th-  ,,,ii:ma! 
proi>ositloii.-Ceii««  </,-.,  „„ ,.,, 

is  the  point  in  a  body  about  whir],  n  toni 
as  a  centre,  when  a  force  U  applied  to  any 
part  of  it,  or  unequal  forces  to  its  dinYn-n't 
p-»-N  fnnn-ni,  „  .,  proportion  M,  maO 

!i  W,  th  «  Vr-l"'''l"1"i'"l:'lsit  '•  "'fcrred 
that  the  first  is  to  its  excess  above  the 
second  as  the  third  to  its  excess  above  the 
fourth;  and  the  four  terms,  when  thu» 
arranged,  are  said  to  be  proportionals  by 
conversion. 

Converslve  (kon-vers'iv),  o.     Capable  of 
being  converted  or  changed;  convertilil, 
[Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Conyersive  (kon-vers'iv),  o.  Conversable 
social  [Rare  or  obsolete.) 

To  be  rude  or  foolish  is  the  badge  of  ...  one  de- 
ficient in  the  conversive  quality  of  man.  Feltham. 

Convert  (kon-verf),  v.t.  (L  conttrto.  to  turn 
round,  to  turn  towards  — con,  with  and 
verto,  to  turn.  ]  1. 1  To  cause  to  turn ;  to 
turn.  •  O,  which  way  shall  I  convert  myself  ' 
B.  Jonson. 

Crystals  will  calefie  into  electricity  and  convert  the 
needle  freely  placed.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

2.  To  change  or  turn  into  another  substance 
or  form. 

If  the  whole  atmosphere  was  converted  into  water, 
it  would  make  no  more  than  eleven  yards  water  about 
the  earth.  T.  Burnt!. 

3.  To  change  from  one  state  to  another;  as. 
to  convert  a  barren  waste  into  a  fruitful  Held ; 
to  convert  rude  savages  into  civilized,  man. 

That  still  lessens 
The  sorrow,  and  converts  it  nigh  to  joy.    Milton. 

4.  To  change  or  turn  from  one  religion  to 
another,  or  from  one  party  or  sect  to  an- 
other.    'Augustine  is  converted  by  St.  Am- 
brose's sermon. '    Hammond, 

No  attempt  was  made  to  convertlhc  Moslems 
Pretax/. 

6.  To  turn  from  a  bad  life  to  a  good  one;  to 
change  the  heart  and  mural  character,  from 
enmity  to  God  and  from  vicious  habits,  to 
love  of  God  and  to  a  holy  life. 

Repent  ye  therefore,  and  be  converted,  that  your 
sins  may  be  blotted  out.  Acts  iit.  19. 

He  that  converteth  a  sinner  from  the  error  of  his 
way,  shall  save  a  soul  from  death.  Jam.  v.  ao. 

0.  To  turn  from  one  use  or  destination  to 
another;  as,  to  convert  liberty  into  an  engine 
of  oppression. — 7.  To  divert  from  the  proper 
or  intended  use;  to  change  the  destination 
of;  to  appropriate. 

He  acquitted  himself  not  like  an  honest  man;  for 
he  converted  the  prices  to  liis  own  use.  Arbuthnot. 

8.  To  change  one  proposition  into  another, 
so  that  what  was  the  subject  of  the  flrst 
becomes  the  predicate  of  the  second;  as,  all 
sin  is  a  transgression  of  the  law;  but  every 
transgression  of  the  law  is  sin. — 9.  t  To  turn 
into  another  language.  'Catullus  more  ele- 
gantly converted.'  B.  Jonson. 
Convert  (kon-virf),  v.i.  To  turn  or  be 
changed;  to  undergo  a  change. 

The  love  of  wkkcd  friends  converts  to  fear; 
That  fear,  to  hate.  Mi<i*. 

Convert  (kon'vert),  n.  I.  A  person  who  is 
converted  from  one  opinion  or  practice  to 
another;  a  person  who  renounces  one  creed, 
religious  system,  or  party,  and  embraces 
another:  applied  particularly  to  those  who 
change  their  religious  opinions,  but  appli- 
cable to  political  or  philosophical  sects. — 

2.  In  a  more  strict  sense,  one  who  is  turned 
from  sin  to  holiness. 

Zion  shall  be  redeemed  with  judgment,  and  her 
converts  with  righteousness.  Is.  I.  27. 

3.  In  monasteries,  a  lay  friar  or  brother  ad- 
mitted to  the  service  of  the  house,  without 
orders,  and  not  allowed  to  sing  in  the  choir. 
—  Convert,    Proselyte,    Apostate,    J'enert 
Convert,  one  who  changes  one  opinion  (gene- 
rally in  religion)  for  another:  not  used  in  a 
bad  sense.    Proselyte  is  sometimes  used  as 
a  synonyme  for  convert,  but  is  strictly  con- 
fined to  one  who  changes  his  religion;  and 
proselytism  does  not,  like  conversion,  neces- 
sarily imply  conviction.     A  proselyte  may 
be  made  by  external  influences  brought  to 
bear  on  him.    Apostate,  pervert,  terms  ap- 
plied to  one  who  renounces  what  the  person 


ch,  Main;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  Men;  th,  Ma;     w,  icig;     wh,  mAig;    zh,  azure.— Sec  KKY. 


CONVERTER 


580 


CONVINCE 


using  these  terms  holds  to  be  truth  for 
what  he  holds  to  be  error.  The  latter  term 
is  of  modern  introduction,  and  is  intended 
to  express  the  opposite  of  convert.  It  is  gen- 
erally applied  to  a  person  who  abandons 
the  Church  of  England  or  one  of  the  other 
Protestant  churches  for  the  Roman  Ca- 
tholic Church.  The  term  apostate  is  usually 
applied  to  one  who  has  renounced  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  and  conveys  a  strong  feeling 
of  reprobation.  It  is  also  used  in  a  wider 
sense,  and  as  nearly  equivalent  to  renegade. 
Converter  (kon-vert'er),  n.  One  who  con- 
verts; one  who  makes  converts. 

The  zealous  converters  of  souls  and  labourers  in 
God's  vineyard.  7>r.  Taylor. 

Convertibility  (kon- vert'i-bil"i-ti),n.  [From 
convertible.]  1.  The  condition  or  quality  of 
being  convertible;  the  capability  of  being 
converted  or  changed  from  one  substance, 
form,  or  state  to  another;  as,  the  converti- 
bility of  water  into  oxygen  and  hydrogen. 
'The  mutual  convertibility  of  land  into 
money  and  of  money  into  land.'  Burke. — 
2.  The  quality  of  being  changeable  from  one 
sound  to  another;  as,  the  convertibility  of  m 
with  b,  or  of  d  into  (. 

Convertible  (kon-vert'i-bl),  a.  {L.  converti- 
bilis—con,  and  verto,  to  turn.)  1.  That  may 
be  changed;  susceptible  of  change;  transmu- 
table;  transformable. 

The  labour  of  the  miner,  for  example,  consists  of 
operations  for  digging  out  of  the  earth  substances 
convertible  by  industry  into  various  articles  fitted  for 
human  use.  J.  S.  Milt. 

2.  So  exactly  correspondent  that  one  may 
be  used  for  another;  interchangeable. 

The  law  and  the  opinion  of  the  judge  are  not  always 
convertible  terms.  Blackstone. 

So  long  as  we  are  in  the  region  of  nature,  .  .  .  mira- 
culous and  incredible  may  be  allowed  to  remain  con- 
vertible terms.  Trench. 

3.  That  may  be  changed,  as  one  letter  for 
another;  as,  b,  p,  and/are  convertible  letters. 

Convertibleness  (kon-  vert'i-bl-nes),  n.  Con- 
vertibility. 

Convertibly  (kon-vert'i-bli),  adv.  Recipro- 
cally; with  interchange  of  terms. 

Convertite  t  (kon'vert-it),  n.  A  convert. 
Shak. 

Convex  (kon'veks),  a.    [L.  convexus,  carried 
round,  rounded  off,  vaulted — con,  together, 
and    veho,    vexum,   to    cany. ) 
1.  Rising  or  swelling  into  a  sphe- 
rical  or    rounded   form;  gib- 
bous: opposed  to  concave,  con- 
vex being  applied  to  the  sphe- 
ricity of  an   exterior  surface, 
concave  to  that  of  an  interior 
surface;  as,  a  convex  mirror  or 
lens.    Convexity  and  concavity     Conv__  or 
are  of  particular  importance  in  pjai,o-couvex 
optics,  as   applied  to  mirrors      "  Lens, 
and  lenses.    See  CONCAVO-CON- 
VEX, CONVEXO-CONCAVE,  Ac.— 2.  In  but.  ap- 
plied to  a  leaf  or  receptacle. 

Convex  (kon'veks),  n.    A  convex  body. 

I  lalf  heaven's  convex  glitters  with  the  flame.   Tickeli. 

Convexed  (kon'vekst),  a.  Made  convex;  pro- 
tuberant in  a  spherical  form. 

Convexedly  (kou-veks'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  con- 
vex form. 

Convexity  (kon-veks'i-ti).  n.  [L.  font-can- 
to*.] The  exterior  surface  of  a  convex 
body;  a  gibbous  or  globular  form;  round- 
ness. 

The  very  convexity  of  the  earth.         Bentley. 

Convexly(kon'veks-li),ady.  Inaconvexforiu; 

as,  a  body  convexly  conical. 
Couvexness,     Convexedness 

(kon'veks-nes,  kon-veks'ed-nes), 

71.    Convexity  (which  see). 
Convexo-concave  (kon-veks'd- 

kon-kav),  a.  Convex  on  one  side 

and    concave    on    the    other; 

having  the  hollow  on  the  inside 

corresponding    to    the    convex  Convexo-con- 

surface ;  as,  a  convexo-concave    cave  Lens. 

lens,  in  which  the  two  surfaces 

meet  if  produced,  the  convexity  exceeding 

the  concavity.      It    is  otherwise  called  a 

meniscus,  ana  is  chiefly  used  for 

spectacles.   It  may  be  regarded 

as  a  convex  lens. 
Convexo-convex  (kon-veks'o- 

kon-veks),  a.    Convex  on  both 

sides,    as    a    lens ;    otherwise 

termed  a  double-convex  lens. 
Convexo-plane    (kon  -  veks'6- 

plau),  a.     Convex  on  the  one  Con,exo-con- 

side  and  plane  on  the  other.  Vex  Lens. 

Convey  (kon-va'),  v.t.    [O.Fr. 

conveier,  convoyer,   It.   and  L.L.  condare, 

to  convey,  escort,  attend— L.  con,  with,  and 


via,  away.  Convoy  has  the  same  origin.]  1.  To 
carry,  bear,  or  transport,  either  by  land  or 
water  or  in  air.  *I  will  convey  them  b.'  sea 
in  floats.'  1  Ki.  v.  9.  'Convey  me  to  my  bed, 
then  to  my  grave.'  Shak. 

There  was  one  conveyed  out  of  my  house  yesten  Liy 
in  this  basket.  bhak. 

2.  To  pass  or  cause  to  pass;  to  transmit;  as, 
to  convey  a  right  or  an  estate  from  father 
to  son. 

A  divine  natural  right  could  not  be  fwmowrfdowa, 
without  any  plain,  natural,  or  divine  rule  concerning 
it  Locke. 

3.  In  law,  to  transfer;  to  pass  a  title  to  any- 
thing from  one  person  to  another,  as  by  deed, 
assignment,  or   otherwise ;   as,   to  convey 
lands  by  bargain  and  sale. — 4.  To  cause  to 
pass;  to  transmit;  to  carry  by  any  medium; 
as,  air  conveys  sound;  words  convey  ideas. 

Full  well  the  busy  whisper,  circling  round, 
Convey  d  the  dismal  tidings  when  ne  frown'd. 
Goldsmith. 

5.t  To  manage;  to  cany  on. 

I  will  convey  the  business  as  I  shall  find  means 
Shak. 

0.  To  impart;  to  communicate.  '  To  convey 
our  thoughts  in  ardent  and  intense  phrases.' 
Addison. — 7.t  To  steal:  synonymous  with 
lift  in  the  Scotch  phrase,  to  lift  cattle.  [Old 
slang  ] 

Convey,  the  wise  it  call.  Steal ! — foh,  a  fico  for  the 
phrase.  .VA.i*. 

Convey  t  (kon-va'),  v.i.  To  play  the  thief. 
'  I  will  convey ;  crossbite,  and  cheat  upon 
Simplicius. '  Mansion. 

Conveyable  (kon-va'a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
conveyed  or  transferred. 

Conveyance  (kon-va'ans),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
conveying;  the  act  of  bearing,  carrying,  or 
transporting  by  land  or  water  or  through 
any  medium;  transmission;  transference. 

The  long  journey  was  to  be  performed  on  horse- 
back— the  only  sure  mode  of  convey  a  net.    Prescott. 
Tradition  is  no  infallible  way  of  conveyance. 

tip.  Stilltnpfleet. 

2.  In  /""•.  (a)  the  act  of  transmitting  or 
transferring  property  from  one  person  to 
another,  as  by  'lease  and  release,'  'bargain 
and  sale.'  (6)  The  instrument  or  document 
by  which  property  is  transferred  from  one 
person  to  another  — 3.  The  instrument  or 
means  by  which  anything  is  conveyed;  as.  a 
canal  or  aqueduct  is  a  conveyance  for  water. 
'Bethink  you  of  some  conveyance.'  Shak. 
'These  pipes  and  these  conveyances  of  our 
blood.'  Shak.  —  4.t  The  act  of  removing; 
removal;  conduct;  convoy. 

Tell  her  thou  mad'st  away  her  uncle  Clarence, 
Her  uncle  Rivers;  ay,  and,  for  her  sake, 
M.ul'it  quick  conveyance  of  her  good  aunt  Anne. 
Shak. 

5.t  Management;  artifice;  secret  practices, 

Close  conveyance  and  each  practice  ill 

Of  cosinage  and  knavery.  Sfenser. 

Can  they  not  juggle,  and  with  slight, 

Conveyance  play  with  wrong  and  right.    Hudibras. 

6.  t  Dishonesty. 

Since  Henry's  death  I  fear  there  is  conveyance. 
Shak. 

Conveyancer  (kon-va'nns-er),  n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  draw  conveyances  of  pro- 
perty, deeds,  Ac. 

Conveyancing  (kon-vii'ans-ing),  7*.  The  act 
or  practice  of  drawing  deeds,  leases,  or 
other  writings  for  transferring  the  title  to 
property  from  one  person  to  another,  of  in- 
vestigating the  title  of  the  vendors  and  pur- 
chasers of  property,  and  of  framing  those 
multifarious  deeds  and  contracts  which 
govern  and  denne  the  rights  and  liabilities 
of  families  and  individuals.  In  England, 
the  business  of  conveyancing  is  carried  on 
mainly  by  barristers  and  members  of  the 
Inns  of  Court,  and  in  Scotland  a  great  deal 
of  it  is  performed  by  members  of  the  society 
of  Writers  to  the  Signet,  though  it  is  by  no 
means  exclusively  in  their  hands. 

Conveyer  (kon-va'er),  n.  1.  One  who  con- 
veys; he  or  that  which  conveys,  carries, 
transports,  transmits,  or  transfers  from  one 
person  or  place  to  another— 2. t  A  juggler; 
an  impostor;  a  cheat;  a  thief. 

Oh  good  convey!  conveyers  are  you  all 

That  rise  thus  nimbly  by  a  true  king's  fall.    Shak. 

Convldatet  (kon-vi'shi-at).  v.t.  [L.  convi- 
civr,  conviciatuf,  to  reproach,  to  rail  at,  con- 
vicium,  abuse.]  To  reproach;  to  rail  at;  to 
abuse.  'To  conviciate  instead  of  accusing.' 
Laud. 

Convicinity  t  (kon-vi-sin'i-ti),  n.  [L.  con,  and 
E.  vicinity  (which  see).]  Neighbourhood; 
vicinity.  'The  convicinittj  and  contiguity 
of  the  two  parishes. '  T.  Warton. 

Conyicioust  (kou-vi'shus),  a.  Same  as  Con- 
vitious. 

Convict  (kon-vikf),  v.t.    [L.  convinco,  con- 


victuw  -con,  and  vinco,  to  vanquish  or  sub- 
due. See  CONVINCE.]  1.  To  determine  the 
truth  of  a  charge  against  one;  to  prove  or 
find  guilty  of  a  crime  charged;  to  dctennine 
or  decide  to  be  guilty,  as  by  the  verdict  <>i  ;t 
jury,  by  confession,  or  other  legal  decision; 
as,  the  jury  convicted  the  prisoner  of  felony. 

2.  To  convince  of  sin;  to  prove  or  determine 
to  be  guilty,  as  by  the  conscience. 

They  who  heard  it,  being  convicted  by  their  own 
conscience,  went  out  one  by  one.  Jn.  viii.  9. 

3.t  To  confute;  to  prove  or  show  to  be  false. 

Although  not  only  reason  but  experience  may  well 
convict  it,  yet  will  it  not  by  divers  be  rejected. 

Sir  T.  Brovjtie. 

4.t  To  show  by  proof  or  evidence. 

Imagining  that  these  proofs  will  convict  a  testa- 
ment to  have  that  in  it  which  other  men  can  nowhere 
by  reading  find.  Hooker. 

5.t  To  condemn  to  destruction;  to  doom. 

So,  by  a  roaring  tempest  on  the  flood, 

A  whole  armada  of  convicted  sail 

Is  scattered  and  disjoined  from  fellowship.  Shak. 

Convict  t  (kon-vikf),  pp.  [Abbrev.  of  con- 
victed.] Proved  or  found  guilty. 

Before  I  be  convict  by  course  of  law.          Shak. 

Convict  (kon'vikt),  n.  A  person  proved  «,r 
found  guilty  of  acrime  alleged  against  him, 
either  by  the  verdict  of  a  jury  or  other  leyal 
decision;  in  popular  language,  commonly  a 
person  undergoing  penal  servitude.— SIR. 
Malefactor,  culprit,  felon,  criminal. 

Conviction  (kon-vik'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
a  legal  tribunal  adjudging,  finding,  or  deter- 
mining a  person  to  be  guilty  of  an  offence 
charged  against  him.  Convictions  generally 
proceed  on  the  verdict  of  a  jury,  but  our  law 
also  admits  of  summary  convictions  without 
the  intervention  of  a  jury  in  certain  circum- 
stances, as  in  cases  of  contempt  of  court,  of 
attempt  to  corrupt  or  withhold  evidence,  of 
malversation  hy  persons  intrusted  with  the 
criminal  police  of  the  country,  of  certain 
offences  against  the  revenue  laws,  and  in 
proceedings  before  sheriffs  and  justices  of 
the  peace  for  minor  offences. —2.  The  act  of 
convincing  or  compelling  one  to  admit  the 
truth  of  a  charge  or  the  truth  of  what  is  al- 
leged; the  act  of  convincing  of  error;  confu- 
tation. 

For  all  his  tedious  talk  is  but  vain  boast, 

Or  subtle  shifts  conviction  to  evade.         Milton. 

3.  The  state  of  being  convinced  or  fully  per- 
suaded; strong  belief  on  the  ground  of  satis- 
factory evidence;  settled  persuasion. 

An  act  of  divine  grace  could  alone  work  an  instan- 
taneous change  in  tlie  convictions  of  a  nation. 

Prescott. 

4.  The  state  of  being  convinced  or  convicted, 
as  by  the  admonitions  or  dictates  of  con- 
science; the  state  of  being  convicted  of  sin. 
'To  call  evil  good,  and  good  evil,  against 
the  conviction*  of  conscience.'    Swift. 

The  manner  of  his  conviction  was  designed,  not  as 
a  peculiar  privilege  to  him,  but  as  a  ...  Listing 
argument  for  the  conviction  of  others.  Atterbnry. 

— Persuasion,  Conviction,  Faith,  Opinion, 
Relief.  See  under  PERSUASION. 

Convictism  (kon'vikt-izm),  n.  The  convict 
system;  the  system  of  transporting  convicts 
to  penal  settlements.  '  The  evils  of  con- 
victitnn.'  W.  Howitt. 

ConvlCtlve  (kon-vikt'iv),  «.  Having  the 
power  to  convince  or  convict.  'Coitriftir, 
evidence.'  Glftnvilte.  [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Conyictlvely  (kon-vikt'iv-li),  adv.  In  a  con- 
vincing manner. 

Con vict iveness  (kon-vikt'iv-nes),  n.  Power 
of  convicting. 

Convince  (kon-vins').  v.t  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
vinced; ppr.  convincing.  [L.  convinco— eon, 
and  vinco,  to  vanquish.]  1.  To  persuade  or 
satisfy  the  mind  by  evidence;  to  subdue  the 
opposition  of  the  mind  to  truth  or  to  what 
is  alleged,  and  compel  it  to  yield  its  assent; 
as,  to  convince  a  man  of  his  errors,  or  to 
convince  him  of  the  truth. 

For  he  mightily  convinced  the  Tews,  showing  by 
the  Scriptures  that  Jesus  was  the  Christ. 

Acts  xviii.  so. 

2.t  To  convict;  to  prove  guilty;  to  constrain 
one  to  admit  or  acknowledge  himself  to  be 
guilty. 

If  ye  have  respect  to  persons,  ye  commit  sin,  and 
arc  convinced  of  (by)  the  law  as  trangressors. 

Jam.  ii.  9. 
'Drag  hence 

This  impious  judge,  piecemeal  to  tear  his  limbs 
Before  the  law  convince  him.  Webster. 

3.f  To  evince;  to  demonstrate;  to  prove. 

Yet  this,  sure,  methinks,  convinces  a  power  for  the 
sovereign  to  raise  payments  for  land  forces. 

Quoted  by  Hallam. 

4.t  To  overpower;  to  surmount;  to  van- 
quish. 


Pate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      y,  Sc.  icy. 


CONVINCEMENT 


581 


CONY 


Will  I  with  wine  ami  wassail  so  convince, 
That  memory,  the  warder  of  the  brain, 
Shall  be  a  fume.  sluit. 

6.  To  refute. 

God  never  wrought  miracle  to  convince  atheism, 
because  his  ordinary  works  convince  it.  Kacon. 
— Convince,  Persuade.  To  convince  a  person 
is  to  satisfy  his  understanding  as  to  the 
truth  of  a  certain  statement ;  to  persuade 
him  is  to  influence  his  feelings  or  will. 

Convlncemeut  (kon-vins'meht),  u.  Convic- 
tion. [Rare.] 

Convincible  (kon-vins'i-lil),  a.  1.  Capable 
of  conviction.  [Rare.  ]— 2.  t  Capable  of  being 
disproved  or  refuted.  '  Convincible  falsities.' 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Convincingly  (kon-vins'ing-li),  adv.  In  a 
convincing  manner;  in  a  manner  to  leave 
no  room  to  doubt,  or  to  compel  assent. 

Convincingness  (kon-vins'ing-nes),  n.  The 
imwer  of  convincing. 

Convitiatet  (kou-vi'shi-at),  v.t.  Same  as 
Osiwtoiotf. 

Convitioust  (kon-vi'shus),  a.  [L.  convicior, 
to  reproach.]  Reproachful;  convicious. 
'Convitious  words.'  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Convivalt  (kon-viv'al),  a.  Of  or  belonging 
to  a  feast;  festive;  convivial.  Brourne. 

Convive  t  (kon-vlv'),  v.t.  To  entertain;  to 
feast. 

Go  to  my  tent,  there  in  the  full  convive  we.  Sltak. 

Convivial  (kon-vi'vi-al),  a.  [L.  contioalis, 
from  conviva,  a  guest,  or  convivo,  to  live  or 
eat  and  drink  together — con,  and  vivo,  to 
live.  See  VICTUALS.]  Relating  to  a  feast 
or  entertainment;  festal;  social;  jovial. 
'  Your  social  and  convivial  spirit. '  Dr.  New- 
ton. 

I  was  the  first  who  set  up  festivals; 
Which  feasts,  convivial  meetings  we  did  name. 
Sir  y.  Denham. 

SYN.  Festive,  festal,  jovial,  social. 

Convivialist  (kon-vi'vi-al-ist),  n.  A  person 
of  convivial  habits. 

Conviviality  (kon-vi'vi-al"i-ti),  n.  1.  The 
good  humour  or  mirth  Indulged  at  an  enter- 
tainment.—2.  A  convivial  spirit  or  disposi- 
tion. 

Convivially  (kon-vi'vi-al-li),  adv.  In  a  spirit 
of  conviviality;  in  a  convivial  manner;  fes- 
tively; as,  convivutlly  inclined. 

Convocatet  (kon'vo-kat),  v.  (.  pret.  &  pp.  con- 
socated;  ppr.  convocatina.  [L.  convoco,  to 
convoke— con,  and  coco,  to  call.  See  VOICK. J 
To  convoke;  to  call  or  summon  to  meet;  to 
assemble  by  summons. 

Convocation  (kon-vo-ka'shon),n.  [See  CON- 
VOCATE.  ]  1.  The  act  of  calling  or  assembling 
by  summons.  '  Diophantus,  making  a  gen- 
eral convocation,  spake  in  this  manner.'  Sir 
P.  Sidney.— 1.  An  assembly. 

In  the  first  day  there  shall  be  a  holy  convocation. 
Ex.  xii.  16. 

3.  In  England,  an  assembly  of  the  clergy,  by 
their  representatives,  to  consult  on  ecclesi- 
astical affairs.  There  are,  strictly  speaking, 
two  such  assemblies— one  for  the  archiepis- 
copal  province  of  Canterbury,  the  other  for 
that  of  York,  though  the  former  is  often 
spoken  of  as  the  Convocation,  this  province 
being  by  far  the  more  important.  In  the 
province  of  Canterbury  the  Convocation  con- 
sists of  an  upper  and  a  lower  house.  In  the 
upper  house  sit  the  archbishops  and  bishops; 
in  the  lower  house  the  deans  and  archdea- 
cons and  the  inferior  clergy,  represented 
by  their  proctors.  In  former  times  convoca- 
tions had  the  power  of  enacting  canons,  but 
this  power  was  virtually  abolished  by  the 
statutes  of  Henry  VIII.,  Elizabeth,  and 
Charles  II. ;  since  that  time  the  convocation 
has  had  no  legislative  business  to  transact 
and  it  had  become  customary  to  prorogue 
it  every  year  immediately  upon  its  assem- 
bling. Of  late  years,  however,  there  has 
been  a  disposition  to  revive  its  deliberative 
functions,  and  to  utilize  these  for  the  good 
of  the  church  and  of  religion.  Thus  the 
propriety  of  revising  the  authorized  transla- 
tion of  the  Holy  Scriptures  and  other  cog- 
nate subjects  have  been  discussed  in  its 
meetings. — 4.  House  of  Convocation,  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,  is  the  assembly  which 
enacts, amends, <fcc. ,  lawsand statutes;  elects 
burgesses,  many  professors,  and  other  offi- 
cers,&c.  It  is  composed  of  all  members  of  the  j 
university  who  have  at  any  time  been  regents,  I 
and  who,  if  independent  members,  have  re- 
tained their  names  on  the  books  of  their 
respective  colleges.— SYN.  Meeting,  assem- 
bly, congregation,  congress,  diet,  conven- 
tion, synod,  council, 

Convocational  (kon-vo-ka'shon-al),  a.  Re- 
lating to  a  convocation.  [Rare.] 


Convocationist(kon-vo.k;Yshou-ist)  n  One 
who  supports  convocation;  an  advocate  of 
convocation;  one  favourable  1,.  (!„•  ivvivd 
of  its  powers. 

Convoke (kon-vokO,  v.t.  pret.  A  p .p. convoked- 
ppr.  convoking.  [L.  convoco;  Fr.  c<mn,,,,i,-r. 
bee  VOICE.]  To  call  together;  to  summon 
to  meet;  to  assemble  by  summons. 

From  March,  1629.  to  April.  1640,  the  houses  of  par- 
liament were  not  convotfd.  Never  in  our  hi-ti  .ry  had 
there  been  an  interval  of  eleven  years  between  i,ar. 
hament  and  parliament.  Atacatttay. 

—Call,  Convoke,  Summon.  See  under  CALL 
Convolute,  Convoluted  (kon'v6-lut,  kon'- 
vo-lut-ed),  a.  Rolled  together,  or  one  part 
on  another,  as  the  sides  or  margins  of  nas- 
c;nt  leaves  in  plants,  or  as  the  petals  and 
stigmas  in  crocus.  'Beaks  recurved  and 
convoluted  like  a  ram's  horn.'  J'ennant.— 
Convoluted  bones,  in  anat.  the  upper  and 
lower  turbinated  bones  of  the  nose 
Convolution  (kon-vp-lu'shon),  n.  [L.  con- 
volutio,  convolittionis—con,  together,  and 
volvo,  volutum,  to  turn.)  1.  The  act  of  roll- 
ing or  winding  together,  or  one  thing  on 
another;  a  winding  motion. 

Over  the  calm  sea  in  convolution  swift 

The  feathered  eddy  floats.  Thomson. 

2.  The  state  of  being  rolled  upon  itself  or 
rolled  or  wound  together;  a  turn  or  winding; 
a  fold;  as,  the  convolutions  of  the  brain,  of 
the  intestines,  of  a  vine.  '  The  convolutions 
of  a  smooth-lipped  shell.'  Wordsworth. 

My  head 
which  bears  a  season'd  brain  about, 

Unsubiect  to  confusion, 
Tho'  soak'd  and  saturate,  out  and  out 

Thro'  every  convolution.  Tennyson. 

Convolutive  (kon'vo-lut-iv),  a.  In  bat.  same 
as  Convolute. 

Convolve  (kon-volv7),  v.t.  pret  <t  pp.  con- 
volved; ppr.  convolving.  [L.  convolco — con. 
and  volvo,  to  roll.  See  WALLOW.]  To  roll 
or  wind  together;  to  roll  one  part  on  an- 
other. 

Then  Satan  first  knew  pain, 
And  writhed  him  to  and  fro  convolved.      Milton. 

Convolvulacese  (kon-volv'u-la"8e-e),  n.  [See 
CONVOLVULUS.]  A  nat.  order  of  monope- 
talous  exogens,  consisting  of  herbs  or  shrubs 
usually  twining.  The  leaves  are  opposite, 
and  the  showy  flowers  are  tubular,  bell- 
shaped  or  funnel-shaped.  They  are  often 
purgative,  but  some,  like  the  sweet-potato, 
yield  esculent  roots.  About  a  thousand 
species  have  been  described  from  temperate 
but  chiefly  from  tropical  countries. 

Convqlvulaceous  (kon-volv'u-la"shus),  a. 
Relating  to  the  convolvulus. 

Couvolvulin  (kon-vol'vu-lin),  n.  See 
RBODBOEBTIU. 

Convolvulus  (kon-volv'u-lus),  n.  [L.,  bind- 
weed, from  convolvo,  to  entwine,  in  reference 
to  their  twining  habit.]  Bindweed,  a  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Convolvulacere,  consist- 
ing of  slender 
twining  herbs,  ^% 

with  milky  juice.  *v£~* 

The    flowers    are  .   ^    ~N 

white,  pink,  pur- 

pie,  or  blue,  with  ••^•wlW. 

the  five  stamens 
inserted  at  the 
bottom  of  the  bell- 
shaped  corolla. 
Three  species  are 
indigenous  to  Bri- 
tain,and  are  popu- 
larly known  as 
bindweeds.  Many 
of  the  species  are 
exceedingly  beau- 
tiful. Convolvulus 
Jalapa  was  long 
considered  as 
yielding  the  true 
jalap  of  com- 
merce. This  is  now 
known  to  be  procured  from  Kxagotdum 
Purr/a,  an  allied  plant,  found  on  the  Mexican 
Andes,  and  the  root  is  sent,  under  the  name 
of  Pnrga  di  Jalapa,  to  Vera  Cruz,  whence  it 
reaches  Europe  either  directly  or  through 
New  York.  C.  Scammonia  furnishes  the 
scammony  of  commerce,  which  is  the  con- 
crete juice  of  the  root  of  the  plant,  and  is 
used  as  a  purgative.  It  is  imported  from 
Smyrna,  but  is  seldom  procured  in  an  un- 
adulterated state,  the  chief  adulteration 
being  chalk  and  starch. 

Convoy  (kon-voi'),  v.t.  [Fr.  conveyer— con, 
along  with,  and  toie,  L.  via.  a  way.  See 
CONVEY.]  1.  To  accompany  on  the  way  for 
protection  either  by  sea  or  land;  to  escort; 
as,  ships  of  war  convoyed  the  Jamaica  fleet; 


pa  (the  Jaliip 
Convolvulus). 


the  troops  connyed  the  baggage  waggon*. 

2.  [Scotch,  i 

accompany  him  for  a  pa.  t  or  tl,,.  «h.,lr  ,  i 
the  way  he  hoa  to  go. 

But  hark  1  a  rap  comes  gently  to  the  door ; 
Jenny,  wha  ken*  the  meaning  o'  the  same 

fells  how  a  nelbour  ln.1  cam  o'er  the  moor. 

To  do  some  errand.,  and  comoy  her  tame.  Bum,. 
Convoy  (kon'vol).  n.     \.  A  protecting  fur.  ,• 
•>" '""l-anying  ships  or  |,r,,|,,ily  ,.i,  tl,,,, 
way  from  place  to  place  ,ii!,,r"liy  sea  ,,r 
land.    By  sea,  a  ship  or  ships  of  war  which 
accompany    merchantmen    for   pr.  i 
from  mi  1 1,,-my.    |iy  ],lll(i,  any  body  nf  t : 
which  accompany  provisions,  ammiin 
or  other  property  for  protection      I 
sense  it  is  sometimes  used  as  an  adjective;  a», 
'Convoy  ships  accompany  their  IMIT.  l,;int« ' 
Dryden.-2.  The  ship  or  Heet  conducted  and 
protected;   that  which  1>  conducU-d  by  a 
protecting  force ;  that  which  Is  convoyed 
[The  word   sometimes  includes  both  the 
protecting  and  protected  fleet*]    Clarke. - 

3.  The  act  of  attending  for  defence.     'To 
obtain  the  convoy  of  a  man  of  war. '  Mar  an  la;/ 

Such  fellows  will  learn  you  by  rote  where  services 
were  done,  at  such  a  siege,  at  such  a  convoy.  SJtat. 

4.  t  Conveyance.     'Crowns  for  convoy  put 
into  his  purse.'    Shak. 

Convulse  (kon-vuls"),  v.t.  [L.  cmvetto,  con. 
vulsum,  convulsut—con,  and  vcllo,  to  pull  or 
pluck.  ]  1.  To  draw  or  contract,  as  the  mus- 
cular parts  of  an  animal  body;  to  affect  by 
irregular  spasms;  as,  the  whole  frame  may 
be  convulsed  by  agony.  —  2.  To  shake ;  tit 
affect  by  violent  irregular  action. 

Convuhine  heaven  and  earth.  Thomson. 

SYN.  To  agitate,  disturb,  tear,  rend. 
Convulsion (kon-vul'shon),  n.  [L,  convuhio.} 
l.t  The  act  of  agitating  or  shaking. 

Those  two  massive  pillars 
With  horrible  convulsion  to  and  fro 
He  tugged.  Milton. 

2.  A  violent  and  involuntary  contraction  of 
the  muscular  parts  of  an  animal  body,  with 
alternate  relaxations.  Infants  are  very  fre- 
quently affected  with  convulsions,  In  which 
state  their  body  undergoes  violent,  spas- 
modic  contractions,  feeling  and  voluntary 
motion  ceasing  for  the  time  being.  Such 
attacks  usually  have  their  origin  in  bad 
ventilation  and  injudicious  feeding,  and  are 
frequently  fatal.— 3.  Any  violent  and  Irregu- 
lar motion;  turmoil;  tumult;  commotion; 
as,  a  great  convulsion  of  nature. 

Whether  it  be  that  Providence  at  certain  periods 
sends  great  men  into  the  world  .  .  .  ;  or  that  such 
at  all  times  latently  exist,  and  are  developed  into 
notice  by  national  convulsions,  .  .  .  the  fact  is  unde- 
niable that  the  great  men  who  effected  the  American 
and  French  revolutions  .  .  .  left  behind  them  no 
equals.  If'm.  Ckambert. 

SYN.  Agitation,  commotion,  tumult,  disturb- 
ance, turmoil,  tremor,  perturbation,  throe. 

Convulsional  (kon-vul'shon-al).  a.  Having 
convulsions;  relating  to  convulsions.  [Rare. ) 

Convulsionary  (kon-vul'shon-a -ri),  n.  One 
of  those  fanatics  of  the  last  century  in  France 
who  had  or  affected  to  have  convulsions,  pro- 
duced by  religious  impulses.  The  name  was 
flrst  applied  to  fanatics  who  exhibited  varied 
seizures  at  the  t<>nib  of  a  Jansenist  at  St. 
Medard,  some  jumping,  some  barking,  and 
others  mewing  like  a  cat. 

Convulsionary  (kon-vul'shon-a-ri),  a.  Per- 
taining to  convulsion.  '  Convulsionary  strug- 
gles.' Sir  W.  Scott. 

Convulsive  (kon-vuls'iv),  a.  1.  Producing 
or  tending  to  produce  convulsion.  '  Convul- 
sive rage.'  Dryden.  'Convulsive  sorrow.' 
I'rivr.—'L  Attended  with,  or  characterized 
by,  convulsion  or  spasms.  '  Convulsive  mo- 
tions.' Sir  M.  Hale. 

An  irregular  convnlsivt  movement  may  be  neces- 
sary to  throw  off  an  irregular  convulsive  disease. 

Convulsively  (kon-vuls'iv-ll),  adv.  In  a 
convulsive  manner;  with  convulsion. 

Cony,  Coney  (ko'ni),  n.  [O.K.  coning,  mn- 
nina,  perhaps  from  O.Fr.  conil,  conin,  It. 
cotiiylio,  from  L.  cuniculu*,  a  rabbit;  said 
to  have  been  originally  a  Spanish  word  ; 
comp.  D.  Iconijn,  G.  Ifaninchen,  Sw.  and  Dan. 
kanin,  W.  cwidng,  Gael,  coinean,  Ir.  coinin. 
Manx  connee— rabbit]  1.  A  rabbit;  a  quad- 
ruped of  the  genus  Lepus,  which  has  a  short 
tail  and  naked  ears.— 2.  In  Scrip,  a  species 
of  Hyrax  (H.  syriacus  or  daman),  included 
in  a  special  order  (Hyracoidea)  of  mammals. 
See  DAMAN.— 3.  t  A  simpleton. 

The  system  of  cheating,  or  as  it  is  now  called 
swindling,  was  carried  to  a  great  length  early  in  the 
seventeenth  century;  a  collective  society  of  sharpers 
was  called  a  warren,  and  their  dupes  rabbit  suckers 
(that  is,  young  rabbits)  or  cotties.  JVarex. 


ch,  c/Vain;      eh,  Sc.  \ocft; 


j.job;      u,  Fr.  km;      ng,  sin<7;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w.  irig;    wh,  wMg;    zh.  azure. -See  KEY. 


CONY-BURROW 


582 


CO-OPERATION 


Cony-burrow  (ko'ni-bu-ro),  n.  A  place 
where  rabbits  burrow  in  the  earth. 

Cony-catcht  (ko'ni-kach),  v.i.  [From  cony, 
in  its  old  sense  of  simpleton,  and  catch.] 
In  the  cant  of  thieves,  to  cheat;  to  bite;  to 
trick. 

I  must  coney-catch,  I  must  shift.  Shak. 

Cony-catch*rt  (ko'ni-kach-er),  n.  A  thief; 
a  cheat;  a  sharper. 

Cpny-catchingt  (ko'ni-kach-ing),  n.  Cheat- 
ing. 

Cony-wool  (ko'ni-wul),  n.  The  fur  of 
rabbits,  extensively  used  in  the  hat  manu- 
facture. 

Conyza  (ko-nl'za),  n.  [Gr.  konyza,  dust.] 
Floabane,  a  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Com- 
positie.  The  species,  amounting  to  eighty, 
are  annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs, 
with  inconspicuous  radiate  flowers,  scat- 
tered over  the  wanner  regions  of  the  earth, 
a  few  being  found  in  temperate  countries. 
Xone  possess  properties  of  any  value.  Their 
popular  name  was  given  to  them  because  of 
their  supposed  property,  when  powdered 
and  sprinkled,  of  driving  away  fleas. 

COO  (ko),t>.i.  [Imitativeof  the  noise  of  doves. 
O.  £.  and  Sc.  croo;  like  D.  korren,  Icel.  kurra, 
Fr.  roucouler,  to  coo  like  a  dove.]  1.  To  cry 
or  make  the  characteristic  sound  uttered  by 
pigeons  or  doves. 

The  stock-dove  onty  through  the  forest  cooes 
Mournfully  hoarse.  Thornton, 

2.  To  show  affection,  as  a  man  to  a  woman, 
or  conversely;  to  act  in  a  loving  manner. 

What  are  you  doing  now, 
Oh  Thomas  Moore? 


Sighing  or  suing 
Rhyming  or  woo 
Rilling  or  cooing  m*w. 


g  or  wooing  now, 
ar  cooing  m»w. 
Which,  Thomas  Moore  1 


Byron. 


Cooey,  n.    See  COOIE. 
Coof,  Culf  (kuf,  kiif),  n.    [Icel.  gitfa,  A  slow 
person.]    A  lout;  a  coward.    [Scotch.] 

How  best  o'  chiels  are  whyles  in  want. 

While  coofs  on  countless  thousands  rant.    Bitrtts. 

Coole  (ko'i),  n.  [Imitative]  The  cry  or  call 
of  the  Australian  aborigines. 

Coole  (kb'i),  v.t.  To  cry  or  call  like  the  abor- 
igines of  Australia. 

Cooingly(kb'ing-li),«rfu.  Inacooingmanner 

O  thpu!  for  whose  soul-soothing  quiet,  turtles 
Passion  their  voices  cooiiigly  'niong  myrtles.     Keats, 

Copt  (kuk),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  c6c,  a  cook,  gecOc- 
nian,  to  cook,  borrowed,  like  Dan.  ko<je,  G. 
kochen,  D.  kooktn,  to  boil,  to  cook,  from  L. 
coquo,  to  cook,  coquits,  a  cook.  The  same 
root  is  found  in  Skr.  ]  1.  To  prepare,  as  vic- 
tuals for  the  table,  by  boiling,  roasting,  bak- 
ing, broiling,  Ac. ;  to  dress,  as  meat  or  vege- 
tables, for  eating.  — 2.  To  dress  up  or  give  a 
colour  to  for  some  special  purpose ;  as,  to 
coo*  a  narrative;  specifically,  to  tamper 
with  accounts  which  are  to  be  submitted 
to  other  parties,  as  those  of  a  railway  or 
bank  to  its  shareholders,  so  as  to  give  them 
a  more  favourable  aspect  than  they  ought 
to  have ;  to  garble ;  t«>  falsify. 

The  accounts,  even  if  cooked,  still  exercise  some 
check.  y.  S.  Mill. 

— To  cook  one's  goose,  to  kill  or  ruin  a  person; 
to  do  for  him.  [Colloq.  or  low.] 

Cook  (kuk),  n.  [A.  Sax.  coct  from  L.  coqmis. 
See  verb  ]  One  whose  occupation  is  to  pre- 
pare victuals  for  the  table;  a  man  or  woman 
who  dresses  meat  or  vegetables  for  eating. 

Cook  (kuk),  v.i.  [From  the  sound.]  To  make 
the  noise  of  the  cuckoo. 

Cook,  Couk  (kuk).  v.i.  [See  KEEK.]  To  ap- 
pear for  a  moment  and  then  suddenly  dis- 
appear; to  appear  and  disappear  by  turns ; 
as,  hecooket  round  the  corner.  [Scotch.] 

Cook  (knk).  v.t  To  throw.  'Coo*  me  that 
ball.'  Grotte.  [Obsolete  or  local.] 

Cookee  (knk'e).  u.   A  female  cook.   [Colloq.] 

Cookery  (kuk'er-i),  n.  The  art  or  the  prac- 
tice of  dressing  and  preparing  victuals  for 
the  table. 

Cook-house  (kuk'hous).  n.  An  erection  on 
a  ship's  deck  for  containing  the  caboose  or 
cooking  apparatus;  the  galley. 

Cookie,  Cooky  (kuk'i),  n.  [D.  koekje,  dim.  of 
koek,  a  cake.]  A  kind  of  small  sweet-bread 
for  eating  at  tea;  a  bun.  [Scotch.] 

Cook-maid  (kuk'mad),  n.  A  female  servant 
or  maid  who  dresses  provisions. 

Cook-room  (kuk'rbm),  n.  A  room  for  cook- 
ery; a  kitchen.  On  board  of  ships,  a  galley 
or  caboose. 

Cool  (kbl),  a.  [A.  Sax.  col;  cog.  G.  *uU,cool; 
Icel.  kul,  D.  koe-l,  a  cold  blast.  The  root  is 
seen  also  in  chill,  cold,  Sc.  cat'er,  Icel.  kala, 
to  freeze,  also  in  L.  gelu,  frost,  gelidug] 
1.  Moderately  cold;  being  of  a  temperature 
between  hot  and  cold;  as,  cool  air;  cool 


water— 2.  Not  ardent  or  zealous;  not  angry; 
not  fond;  not  excited  by  passion  of  any  kind; 
indifferent;  a  cool  temper;  a  cooMover.  'Cool  '• 
patience?'  Shak.   'Cooler  blood.'  Maxsiwjer. 
3.  Not  hasty ;  deliberate ;  calm ;  as,  a  cool 
purpose.  —4.  Not  retaining  heat;  light;  as.  I 
a  cool  dress. — 5.  Quietly  impudent  and  self- 
ish: said  of  persons  and  acts.    'That  struck  : 
me  as  rather  cool.'    Punch.     [Colloq.]  — 
(>    Manifesting  coldness,  apathy,  or  dislike  ; 
chilling;  frigid;  as,  a  cool  manner. — SYN.  I 
Calm,   dispassionate,    self-possessed,   com- 
posed.repellant, frigid, alienated, impudent.   ' 

Cool  (kbl),  n.    A  moderate  state  of  cold;  I 
moderate  temperature  of  the  air  between 
hot  and  cold ;  as,  the  cool  of  the  day ;  the  ' 
cool  of  the  morning  or  evening. 

Cool  (kot),t>.  f.  [A.  Sax.  cdlian,  fromtheadjec- 
tive.]  1.  To  allay  heat;  to  make  cool  or  cold; 
to  reduce  the  temperature  of  a  substance ; 
as,  ice  cools  water. 

Send  Lazarus,  that  he  may  dip  the  tip  of  his  finger 
in  water,  and  cool  my  tongue.  Luke  xvi.  24. 

We  talk'd:  the  stream  between  us  ran. 
The  wine-flask  lying  couch'd  in  moss. 
Or  cool'd  within  the  glooming  wave.        Tennyson. 

2.  To  moderate  excitement  of  temper;  to 
allay,  as  passion  of  any  kind;  to  calm,  as 
anger ;  to  abate,  as  love ;  to  moderate,  as 
desire,  zeal,  or  ardour;  to  render  indiffen-nt. 

My  Lord  Northumberland  will  soon  be  cool'd. 
Shak, 

—To  cool  the  heels,  to  wait  in  attendance; 
generally  applied  to  standing  at  a  great 
man's  door. 

I  looked  through  the  key-hole  and  saw  him  knock- 
ing at  the  gate ;  and  I  had  the  conscience  to  let  htm 
coot  his  heels  there.  Dryden. 

Cool  (kol).  v.i.  1.  To  become  less  hot;  to 
lose  heat. 

Come,  who  is  next?  our  liquor  here  cools. 

B.  Jonson. 

2.  To  lose  the  heat  of  excitement,  passion, 
or  emotion ;  to  become  less  ardent,  angry, 
zealous,  ornffectionate;  to  become  more  mo- 
derate. 'My  humour  shall  not  cool.'  Shak, 

Cool-CUp  (kolkup),  n.    A  cooling  beverage. 

Cooler  (koTer),  71.  1.  That  which  cools;  any 
substance  which  abates  heat  or  excitement. 

Acid  things  were  used  only  as  coolers.    Arbitthnot. 

2.  A  vessel  in  which  liquors  or  other  things 
are  cooled.  Various  contrivances  are  adopted 
by  brewers  and  distillers  for  cooling  their 
worts.    In  general,  the  hot  liquor  is  exposed 
in  shallow  wooden  vessels  to  the  air,  and 
cooled  by  stirring  it. 

Cool-headed  (kol'hed-ed),  a.  Having  a  tem- 
per not  easily  excited ;  free  from  passion. 
"The  old,  cool-headed  general.'  Burke. 

Coolie,  Cooly  (kol'i).  n.  In  the  East  Indies, 
a  porter  or  carrier,  originally  the  name  of  a 
Turanian  hill  tribe  (Coles  or  Kolas)  much 
employed  in  Bombay  and  elsewhere  as  por- 
ters and  labourers.  The  term  is  now  ex- 
tended to  emigrant  labourers  from  India, 
China,  and  other  eastern  countries,  who  are 
introduced  into  the  West  India  Islands, 
British  Guiana,  Mauritius,  and  other  Euro- 
pean colonies. 

Cooling  (koTing).  a.  Adapted  to  cool  and 
refresh;  as,  a  cnnling  drink.  'The  cooling 
brook.'  Goldsmith.  — Cooling  card,  a  name 
probably  borrowed  from  primero  or  some 
other  game  in  which  money  was  staked 
upon  a  card,  and  signifying  a  card  so  deci- 
sive as  to  cool  the  courage  of  the  adversary; 
hence,  fig.  something  to  damp  one's  hopes 
or  ardour. 

There  all  is  marr'd  ;  there  lies  a  cooling  card 

Shak. 

These  hot  youths, 
I  fear,  will  find  a  costing  card.       Bean.  5-  Ft. 

Coolish  (kbl'ish).  a.     Somewhat  coot 
Coolly  (kol'li),a</i-.   1.  Withoutheatorsharp 
cold. — 2.  In  a  cool  or  indifferent  manner; 
not  cordially;  without  passion  or  ardour; 
as,  he  was  coolly  received  at  court. 

'No;  there  is  not,'  rejoined  the  guard  coolly. 

Dickens.       | 

3.  Without  haste;  calmly;  deliberately;  as,  ! 
the  design  was  formed  coolly,  and  executed 
with  firmness. 

Coolly  (kol'li),  a.  Cool;  somewhat  cold. 
[Rare. ) 

Keeping  my  sheep  among  the  coolly  shade. 

Spenser. 

Coolness  (kbl'nes),  71.  1.  A  moderate  degree 
of  cold ;  a  temperature  between  cold  and 
heat ;  as,  the  coolness  of  the  summer's  even- 
ing. 'Pac'd  for  coolness  in  the  chapel-yard.' 
Tennyson. — 2.  A  moderate  degree  or  a  want 
of  passion;  want  of  ardour  or  zeal ;  indiffer- 
ence; want  of  affection.  'They  parted  with 
coolness.'  Clarendon.  —  3  Quiet  and  un- 
abashed impudence.  [Colloq.] 


Cool-tankard  (koTtang-kerd),  n.    An  old 

Kn-lisli  beverage  of  various  composition, 
but  usually  made  of  ale,  with  a  little  wine, 
or  wine  and  water,  with  an  ad<  lit  ion  of  ICIHMH- 
juice,  spices,  and  borage,  or  other  savoury 
herbs. 

Cool-wort  (kbl'wert),  n.  In  America,  the 
popular  name  of  a  saxifragaceous  plant, 
Tiarella  coni(folia,  the  properties  of  which 
are  diuretic  and  tonic.  It  is  prepared  by 
the  Shakers. 

Cooly,  n.    See  COOLIE. 

Coom  (kom),  n.  (Perhaps  from  Fr.  ecmnc, 
foam,  dross;  O.G.  sc&m.  ]  Soot;  refuse 
matter;  the  matter  that  works  out  <>f  the 
naves  or  boxes  of  carriage  wheels.  In  Scot- 
land, also  applied  to  the  dust  which  falls 
from  coals. 

Coomb,  Comb  (kbm,  kom),  n.  [A.  Sax .r^»;\ 
a  liquid  measure;  apparently  the  same  word 
as  Dan.  and  G.  Art*  w  we,  a  bowl,  a  basin; 
Prov.  E.  comb,  a  brewing  vat;  D.  kom,  a 
trough,  a  chest.  ]  A  dry  measure  of  4  bushels 
or  half  a  quarter. 

Coomb,  COOmbe  (kbm),  ??.  [W  rwm,  a  hol- 
low.] A  valley  between  hills.  Also  written 
Comb,  Combe.  See  COMB 

Coomie  (kbin'i),  n.  A  large  present,  in 
place  of  customs-duty,  demanded  by  the 
kings  and  chiefs  on  the  Bonny  and  other 
South  African  rivers,  from  supercargoes  of 
ships,  for  permission  to  trade  with  the  na- 
tives. 

Coon  (kbn),  n.  An  American  abbreviation 
of  racoon. — A  gone  coon,  a  person  in  a  very 
bad  way ;one in ahopeless position.  —  A  coon's 
aye,  a  long  time;  as,  I  have  not  seen  you  for 
a  coon's  age. 

Coop(kbp).  n.  [FromL.  cvpa,  a  cask  or  vessel, 
which  appears  also  in  Fr.  cuve,  D.  kuip,  G. 
kufe;  W.  cicbiar,  a  hen-coop.  Akincttp.]  1  A 
box  of  hoards  grated  or  barred  on  one  side  for 
keeping  fowls  in  confinement.  It  is  usually 
applied  to  long  Iwxes  for  keeping  poultry 
for  fattening  or  conveyance  on  board  of 
ships,  as  ••'/;/.'  is  used  for  a  small  box  to  keep 
singing  birds  in  houses.— 2.  A  pen ;  an  in- 
closed place  for  small  animals.— 3  A  barrel 
or  cask  for  the  preservation  of  liquors.— 
4.  A  tumbrel  or  close  cart.  [Scotch.] 

Coop  (kbp),  v.t  1.  To  put  in  a  coop;  to  con- 
fine in  a  coop;  hence,  to  shut  up  or  confine 
in  a  narrow  compass ;  usually  followed  by 
up,  sometimes  by  in  or  within. 

The  Trojans  cooped  within  their  walls.     Dryden. 

They  are  cooped  in  close  by  the  laws  of  the  country. 

Locke. 

2.t  To  work  on  in  the  manner  of  a  cooper 
'Shaken  tubs  ...  be  new  cooped.'  Holland. 
SYN.  To  confine,  imprison,  inclose. 

Coopee  (kb-pe'),  n.     Same  us  Covpee. 

Cooper  (kb'per),  n.  [See  COOP  ]  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  make  barrels,  hogsheads, 
butts,  tubs,  and  casks  of  various  kinds. 

Cooper  (kb'per),  v.  t  and  i.  To  do  the  work  of 
a  cooper;  to  make  barrels,  hogsheads,  casks, 
Ac.;  to  mend  or  put  in  order,  as  a  cooper 
does  casks. 

Cooper  (kb'per),  n.  A  popular  London  bev- 
erage, consisting  of  one-half  stout  and  one- 
half  porter.  The  term  arose  from  the  prac- 
tice at  breweries  of  allowing  the  coopers  a 
daily  portion  of  stout  and  porter.  As  they 
do  not  like  to  drink  porter  after  stout,  they 
mix  the  two  together. 

Cooperage  (kb'per-aj),  «.  1.  The  price  paid 
for  coopers'  work.—  2.  A  place  where  coopers' 
work  is  done.— 3.  The  work  or  business  of  a 
cooper. 

Co-operant  (k6-op'er-ant),  a.  Operating 
together.  'Graces  prevenient,  subsequent, 
or  eo-operant'  Bp.  Nicholson. 

I  see  in  part 

That  all,  as  in  some  piece  of  art. 
Is  toil  eo'operant  to  an  end.      Tennyson. 

Co-operate  (k6-op'er-at),  v  i.  pret.  A  pp.  eo- 
operated;  ppr.  co-operating.  [L,  co  for  c»i>, 
and  opero,  to  work,  from  opjm,  work.]  1.  To 
act  or  operate  jointly  with  another  or  others 
to  the  same  end ;  to  work  or  labour  with 
mutual  efforts  to  promote  the  same  object; 
as,  Russia  co-operated  with  Great  Britain, 
Austria,  and  Prussia  in  reducing  the  power 
of  Bonaparte. 

The  works  of  Milton  cannot  be  comprehended  or 
enjoyed  unless  the  mind  of  the  reader  co-of*ratt 
with  that  of  the  writer.  Macautay. 

2.  To  unite  in  producing  the  same  effect:  as, 
natural  and  moral  events  co-operate  in  illus- 
trating the  wisdom  of  the  Creator.  '  Whate'er 
co-opera tes  to  the  common  mirth.'  CVrt*7«"" 
Co-operation  (ko-op'er-a"shon),  n.  Tin-  art 
of  working  oroperating  together  to  one  end; 


e,  f$r.  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube, 'tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;      v.  Sc. 


CO-OPERATIVE 


583 


C-OPE 


joint  operation;  concurrent  effort  or  labour; 
as,  tlieco-operalionof  the  combined  powers; 
the  co-operation  of  the  understanding  and 
the  will.  The  principle  of  co-operation  in 
the  purchase  of  goods  (see  CO-OPERATIVE 
SOCIETIES),  as  also  in  the  production  of 
manufactured  articles,  has  of  late  received 
wide  development.  In  some  establishments 
the  principle  is  introduced  partially,  so  that 
each  worker  has  a  direct  interest  in  the 
success  of  the  undertaking. 
Co-operative  (ko-op'er-at-iv),  a.  Operating 
jointly  to  the  same  end.—  Co-operative  So- 
<-it'ty,  a  joint-stock,  limited-liability  society, 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  providing  the 
mrmbers  with  genuine  goods  at  prime  cost, 
with  the  simple  cost  of  management  added. 
Such  societies  have  a  shop  or  shops,  the 
profits  of  which  are  divided  among  the 

mliers  in  proportion  to  the  amount  of 

their  purchases.  On  selling  articles  a  ticket 
or  other  check  is  given  to  the  purchaser  with 
the  sum  paid  for  the  goods  stamped  on  it. 
These  tickets  are  called  in  periodically,  and 
a  certain  sum  returned  to  the  holders  ac- 
cording to  the  amount  of  their  purchases. 
Co-operative  societies  are  regulated  by 
13  and  14  Viet,  cxv.,  and  18  and  19  Viet, 
xciii.  By  an  act  passed  in  1S07  they  are 
bound  to  make  a  return  of  their  transactions, 
membership,  &c. 

Co-operator  (ko-op'er-at-er),  n.  One  who 
endeavours  jointly  with  others  to  promote 
the  same  end. 

Coopering  (ko'per-ing),  n.  The  art  of  manu- 
facturing or  repairing  casks,  barrels,  vats, 
and  all  kinds  of  circular  or  elliptic  wooden 
vessels  that  are  bound  together  by  hoops. 
Coopery  (ko'pe-ri), ».  The  trade  of  a  cooper. 
Co-optatet  (ko-op'tat),  v.t.    [L.  cooplo,  to 
receive    or    elect    into   some   body.  ]     To 
choose,  or  choose  with  another.   Cockerani. 
Co-optationt  (ko-op-ta'shoil),  n.    Adoption; 
assumption.     'The  first  election  and  eo-op- 
tation  of  a  friend.'    Howell. 
Co-ordain  (ko-or-dan'),  o.t.    [See  ORDAIN.] 
To  ordain  or  appoint  one  for  some  purpose 
along  with  another  or  others. 

So  must  Christ  be  of  all  the  creatures  appointed 
and  co-ordained  with  him.  Goodwin. 

Co-ordinance  (ko-or'din-ans),  n.  Joint  or- 
dinance. 

Co-ordinate  (ko-orMin-at),  o.  [L.  co  for  con, 
and  ordinatus,  from  o-rdino,  to  regulate.  See 
ORDER.]  Being  of  equal  order,  or  of  the 
same  rank  or  degree;  not  subordinate;  as, 
two  courts  of  co-ordinate  jurisdiction. 

Co-ordinate  (ko-orMin-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
co-ordinated;  ppr.  co-ordinating.  To  make 
co-ordinate;  to  arrange  a  set  of  things 
each  in  its  due  and  relative  order;  to  har- 
monize. 

The  different  parts  of  each  being  must  be  co-ordi- 
tiated  ill  such  a  manner  as  to  render  the  total  being 
possible.  Ifhemlt. 

The  founders  of  Universities  held  the  theory  that 
the  Scriptures  and  Aristotle  taken  togethfr.the  latter 
being  limited  by  the  former,  contained  all  knowledge 
worth  having,  and  that  the  business  of  philosophy 
was  to  interpret  and  co-ordinate  these  two.  thtxley. 

Co-ordinate  (ko-orMin-at),  n.  1.  A  person 
or  thing  of  the  same  rank  with  another 
tiling,  and  working  or  employed  to  the  same 
end.— 2.  pi.  In  geom.  a  term  applied  to  a 
system  of  lines,  to  which  points  under  con- 
sideration are  referred,  and  by  means  of 
which  their  position  is  determined.  Co-or- 
dinates either  determine  the  position  of  a 
point  in  space  or  in  a  plane  which  is  under- 
stood to  contain  all  the  figure  under  consid- 
eration, as  in  the  first  six  books  of  Euclid. 
They  determine  position  by  straight  lines 
only,  or  by  a  straight  line  and  angles;  in 
the  latter  case  they  are  called  polar  co-or- 
dinates. When  co-ordinates  are  at  right 
angles  to  each  other  they  arc  called  rectan- 
gular co-ordinates,  and  when  they  make 
any  other  angle  with  each  other  they  are 
called  oblique  co-ordinates.  In  plane  geom. 
one  of  the  co-ordinates  is  called  the  abscissa, 
and  the  other  the  m-diiia  te.  The  co-ordinates 
of  a  star  are  its  distances  from  the  pole  of 
the  heavens  and  from  the 
meridian  of  the  place  of 
observation,!]) easured  in 
degrees  of  the  respective 
circles.  In  the  fig.  c  D 
and  B  A  are  co-ordinates, 
the  first  being  an  ab-  _ 
scissa,  to  which,  through 
the  point  I>,  is  drawn  the 
ordinate  BA.  In  co-or- 
dinates, the  abscissa  and 
ordinates  may  be  drawn  making  any  angle 
with  each  other. 


Co-ordinately  (ko-orMin-aMi),  «<»».   In  the  ' 
same  order  or  rank;  in  equal  degree;  with- 
out subordination. 

Co-ordlnateness  (ko-nr'din-at-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  co-ordinate;  equality  of  rank 
and  authority. 

Co-ordinatiOU  (k6-or/diu-a"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  making  co-ordinate;  the  act  of  arranu'- 
ing  a  set  of  things,  each  in  its  relative  order; 
the  state  of  being  so  arranged  or  co-ordin- 
ated; the  state  of  holding  equal  rank,  or  of 
standing  in  the  same  relation  to  something 
higher. 

In  the  high  court  of  parliament  there  is  a  rare  co- 
ordination of  power.  HffU'fll. 

Co-ordinative  (kp-or'din-at-iv),a.  Ingram. 
expressing  or  indicating  co-ordination. 
Coosin,'  a.  Related;  cousin.  See  COUSIN,  a. 
Coost  (kiist),  pret.    Cast.    [Scotch.] 

They  reel'd,  they  set,  they  cross'd,  they  cleckit. 

Till  Ilka  carline  swat  and  rcekit. 

And  coost  her  duddies  to  the  wark. 

And  liuket  at  it  in  her  sark.  Burns. 

Coot  (kot),  n.  [Perhaps  from  W.  cwtiar 
(tar=hen),  a  coot,  from  cwta,  short,  bob- 
tailed  ;  which  may  also  be  the  origin  of  D. 
Icoet,  a  coot.  ]  A  grallatorial  bird  of  the  genus 
Fulicaand  family  Rallidte,  frequenting  lakes 
and  ponds.  The  common  coot  ( F.  atra) 
has  a  bald  forehead,  a  black  body,  and  lob- 
ated  toes,  and  is  about  15  inches  in  length. 


Common  Coot  (Fitlica  atra 


The  nests,  which  are  very  large,  strong,  and 
compact,  are  composed  of  reeds  and  rank 
water  herbage,  built  sometimes  near  the 
water's  edge,  and  sometimes  on  small  islets 
at  some  distance  from  the  shore.  Should 
the  nest  be  set  adrift  by  a  rise  of  water,  the 
female  coot  seems  in  nowise  disturbed,  but 
sits  composedly  on  her  eggs  until  it  is 
stranded  The  coot  of  India,  China,  and 
Japan  is  said  to  be  identical  with  that  of 
Europe,  but  the  North  American  coot  is 
now  recognized  as  a  distinct  species,  and 
has  received  the  name  of  F.  Wuiont. 
Cootie  (kiit'i),  o.  An  epithet  applied  to  birds 
whose  legs  are  clad  with  feathers.  [Scotch.  ] 
Ye  cootie  moorcocks !  crously  craw.  Burns. 

Cop  (kop),  11.  [Probably  from  the  Celtic; 
comp  W.  cop,  the  top  of  anything,  copa,  a 
top  a  tuft  or  crest,  Gael,  copan,  the  boss  of 
a  shield.  ]  1.  The  head  or  top  of  a  thing,  es- 
pecially the  top  of  a  hill.  [Old  and  provincial.  ] 
2.  A  tuft  on  the  head  of  birds.— 3.  The  coni- 
cal ball  of  thread  formed  on  the  spindle  of 
a  wheel  or  spinning-frame.  —4.  A  merlon  or 
portion  of  a  battlement. 

Copaiba,  Copaiva  (!;6-p>Vba,  ko-pava),  » 


Copaiba  Plant  (Cofaifera  officinatis). 


[Sp  and  Pg  ]  The  name  of  a  balsam  and 
oil  '  The  balsam  of  copaiba  or  capivi  is  a 
liquid  resinous  juice,  flowing  from  incisions 

i- 


qu  , 

made  in  the  stem  of  a  phint,  Copaifera  oji- 
cinalii,   and  several  other  species  of  the 

See 


plants,  nat  ,,nl,  r  I.,  .iitiiinoMc,  consisting 
of  trees  with  abruptly  pinnate  leaves  and 
small  tvhitisli  flower*.  They  arc  natives  of 
tropical  Amelira  ttillitlie  ,  (caption  "i  two 
>]„  ,  le-  found  ill  tlopi,  al  Afi  I,  a  I 
II,  Id  tile  balsam  of  ropaiba  S,  ,  r,,|-.Ml;A 

Copal  (ko  pal'),  /i  |\lev  copalli,  a  gen- 
eric mi  u-  product 
of  several  different  tropical  trees.  It  is 
hard,  shining,  tian.],ai,-nt.  oltKm  coloured, 
and  odoi -if, Ton-,,  an,l  contains  at  least  five 
distill, -i  ,  ..|,al  mat  I,,-  ,ii--,,l\ed  by 
digestion  in  lm-,-,-,1  oil,  with  a  heat  little 
less  than  snllic  icnl  to  ln.il  orde,  • 
oil.  This  solution  diluted  tilth  spirit  of 
turpentine  forms  a  beautiful  transp .u, -nt 
varnish,  which  when  property  aj,|,li,  ,1,  an, I 
slowly  dried,  is  e\rt ,  dmult  ilmable  and 
hard,  and  is  susceptible  of  a  line  polish. 
This  varnish  is  applied  to  stnilt  boxes,  tea- 
boards,  and  other  utensils.  There  are  vari- 
ous modes  of  preparing  it.  Indian  copal  is 
produced  by  Valeria  indicct;  It  is  known  In 
England  by  the  name  of  \t  Itra- 
iilian  copal  flows  from  several  upecles  of 
Hymentea,  and  from  TYix'/,"/"' 
uii  n  HI,  both  of  the  nat.  order  LeguniinosR. 
Madagascar  copal,  from  llt/mrnfetl  verm- 
coxa.  Zanzibar  copal,  from  Trachylobium 
llttrneinotnniamtm. 

Copalche  Bark  (ko-pal'sho  bark),  n.  The 
bark  so  called  is  obtained  from  two  widely 
different  plants;  the  Mexican  is  the  copalche 
bush,  which  is  Croton  pm-itdo-china,  nat. 
order  Euphorbiacere ;  the  Brazilian  is  the 
copalche  plant,  Strychnot  pteudo-quina. 
nat.  order  Loganiaceie.  It  resembles  cas- 
carilla  bark  in  its  properties. 
Copalin,  Copaline  (ko-;,arin,  ko-palTn),  n 
H  ighgate  resin,  a  fossil  resin  found  in  round- 
ish lumps  in  the  blue  clay  of  Highgate  Hill, 
resembling  copal  resin  in  api>earance  ami 
some  of  its  characteristics.  It  contains  car- 
bon 85'4  per  cent,  hydrogen  11  S,  oxygen 
•27,  and  ash  0  13. 

Coparcenary  (kd-par'sen-a-ii),  ».  [L.  co  for 
con,  and  Norm,  parceitier,  parcenery.  See 
PARCENER]  Partnership  in  inheritance; 
joint  heirship;  joint  right  of  succession  or 
joint  succession  to  an  estate  of  inheritance. 

U  is  not.  as  in  France,  to  the  exclusion  of  females, 
nor,  as  in  I-ngland.  giving  them  the  same  succession 
after  males  as  in  real  estate,  only  excluding  copar- 
cenary. Brougham. 

Coparcener  (kd-par'sen-er),  n.  [L.  co  for  con, 
and  E.  parcener  (which  see).]  A  coheir;  one 
who  has  an  equal  portion  of  the  inheritance 
of  his  or  her  ancestor  with  others. 

All  the  coparceners  together  make  but  one  heir, 
and  have  but  one  estate  among  them.  Blaekttone. 

Coparceners  take  by  descent;  joint  tenants  by 
purchase.  Blackstone. 

Coparceny  (ko  par'se-ni),  n.  An  equal  share 
of  an  inheritance.     See  COPARCENARY. 
Copart  t  (ko-parf),  t'.  (.    To  share. 

l-'nr,  of  all  miseries.  I  hold  that  chief 
Wretched  to  be,  »hen  none  rof.trts  our  grief. 

Webster. 

Copartmentt  (ko-piirt'ment),  n.  A  com- 
partment. Warton. 

Copartner  (ko-part'ner),  n.  [L.  co  for  eon, 
ami  E  partner  (which  sec).  ]  1.  One  who  has 
a  share  in  a  common  stock  for  transacting 
business,  or  who  is  jointly  concerned  with 
one  or  more  persons  in  carrying  on  trade 
or  other  business;  a  partner;  an  associate, 
particularly  in  trade  or  manufactures.  - 
2.  A  sharer;  a  partaker;  as,  copartner!  of 
our  loss. 

So  should  I  have  copartners  in  my  pain: 
And  fellowship  in  woe  doth  woe  assuage. 

Copartnership<ko-part'iier-ship),».  l.Joint 
concern  in  business;  a  state  of  having  a 
joint  share  in  a  common  stock,  or  a  joint 
interest  and  concern  in  business,  particu- 
larly in  trade  and  manufactures. —2 
persons  who  have  a  joint  concern. 

Copartnery  (ko-part'ne-ri),  n.    Copartner- 

Co'p'atain  (ko'pa-tiin),  o.  [L.L.  capitantus, 
from  L  caput,  the  head,  influenced  liyO.fc. 
cou  the  head.]  High-crowned;  pointed  - 
Copatain  hat,  a  hat  of  the  form  of  a  sugnr- 
loaf  '  A  copatain  hat  made  on  a  ilemish 


. 


Copatriot  (ko-pa'tri-ot),  n.    A  joint  patriot. 
Copayva  (ko-pa'va),  «.     The  same  as  O 


i'— •  •  —  • 

fc-S  An  ecclesiastical  vestment  resenv 


branes. 
Copaifera  (ko-pa'fe-ra),  n 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  90;      j,job;      u,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing; 


TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;     w.  wig,    »h,  «Aig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


COPE 


584 


COPPERING 


bling  a  cloak  (which  it  originally  was), 
worn  in  processions,  at  vespers,  ut  bene- 
diction, consecration,  and  other  sacred 
functions.  It  is  semicircular  in  form,  sleeve- 
less, but  furnished  with  a  hood,  and  is 
fastened  across  the  breast  by  a  clasp  called 
;i  morse.  Along  the  straight  edge  of  the 
semicircle  there  runs  an  orphrey,  often  most 
iiiiignittcently  embroidered  with  figures  of 
saints,  heraldic  or  symbolical  devices,  and 
adorned  with  jewels,  pearls,  or  precious 
stones.  The  cope  is  worn  by  the  pope  and 
other  bishops,  as  well  as  by  priests.  As 
distinguished  from  the  chasuble,  it  is  a 
processional  vestment,  while  the  chasuble 


Cope. 

A,  Probably   Dr.    Robert    Langton,  Queen's  Coll. 
Oxon.     ill.  Collar  and  ends  of  amice.     2,  Cope. 
3,  Clasp.    66,  Sleeves  of  the  alb,  with  their  ap- 
parels. 

B,  Figure  from  Pugin's  Glossary.    222.  Cope.     333, 
Stole.     4,  Apparel  of  the  alb.     5,  Collar  or  apparel 
of  the  alb.    6,  Sleeves  of  the  alb,  with  their  ap- 
parels.    7,  Maniple. 

is  eucharistic.  It  is,  however,  worn  at  mass 
by  some  of  the  assistant  clergy.  It  is  one 
of  the  vestments  retained  by  the  clergy  of 
the  Church  of  England  after  the  Reforma- 
tion.— 3.  Anything  spread  or  extended  over 
the  head;  hence,  the  arch  or  concave  of  the 
sky,  the  roof  or  covering  of  a  house,  the  arch 
overadoor;butinarcA.  more  commonly  used 
synonymously  with  coping  for  the  covering 
course  of  a  wall,  parapet,  buttresses,  Ac., 
formed  so  as  to  strengthen  and  protect  it 
from  the  weather.  '  Under  the  cope  of  hea- 
ven.' Dryden.  See  COPING.— 4.  An  ancient 
tribute,  due  to  the  king  or  lord  of  the  soil, 
out  of  the  lead  mines  in  some  part  of  Der- 
byshire.—5.  In  founding,  the  top  part  of  a 
flask. 

Cope  (kop),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  coped;  ppr.  cop- 
ing. In  arch,  to  form  a  cope;  to  bend  as  an 
arch  or  vault.  The  soffit  of  any  projection 
is  said  to  cope  over  when  it  slopes  downward 
from  the  wall.  'Some  bending  down  and 
coping  toward  the  earth.'  Holland. 

Cppe  (kop),  v.  t.  pret.  <t  pp.  coped;  ppr.  cop- 
ing. To  cover  as  with  a  cope. 

A  very  large  bridge,  that  is  all  made  of  wood,  and 
coped  overhead.  Addison. 

Copet  (kop),  v.t.  [Perhaps  from  same  root 
aalcel.  kapp,  contention,  kappi,  a  champion. 
See  CHAMPION.  ]  To  meet,  to  encounter.  '  I 
love  to  cope  him  in  these  sullen  fits.'  Shak. 

Cppe  (kop),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  coped;  ppr.  cop- 
ing. 1.  To  strive  or  contend  on  equal  terms 
or  with  equal  strength;  to  equal  in  combat; 
to  match;  to  oppose  with  success:  followed 
by  with. 

Their  generals  have  not  been  able  to  cope  with  the 
troops  ofAthcns.  Addison. 

Till  Luther  rose,  no  power  could  cope  -with  the 
pope.  D.  A.  Clark. 

He  was  too  open  and  direct  in  his  conduct,  and 
possessed  too  little  management,  to  cope  -with  so  cool 
and  skilful  an  adversary.  St'irt. 

2.  To  contend;  to  strive  or  struggle;  to 
combat. 

Host  cop'd  with  host,  dire  was  the  din  of  war. 

Philips. 

3.  To  encounter;  to  have  to  do  with. 

Horatio,  thou  art  e'en  as  just  a  man 

As  e'er  my  conversation  coped  withal.      Shak. 

Copet  (kop),  v.t.  [Probably  directly  from  D. 
koopen,  to  purchase;  allied  to  A.  Sax.  ceapt 
a  bargain;  E.  c'teap,  chapman,  Sc.  coup.] 


1.  To  bargain  for;  to  buy.— 2.  To  make  re- 
turn for;  to  reward. 

I  and  my  friend 

Have,  by  your  wisdom,  been  this  day  acquitted 
Of  grievous  penalties;  in  lieu  whereof, 
Three  thousand  ducats,  due  unto  the  Jew, 
We  freely  cope  your  courteous  pains  withiil.  S/ttik, 

Copeck  (ko'pek),  n.  A  Russian  coin,  worth 
{£  of  a  penny  sterling,  or  the  hundredth 
part  of  a  silver  rouble,  the  approximate 
value  of  which  is  2s.  lOd.  Also  written 
Kopeck. 

Coped  (kopt),  p.  and  a.  Covered  with  a  cope. 

Copemant  (kop'man),  n.    A  chapman. 

He  would  have  sold  his  part  of  paradise 
For  ready  money  had  he  met  a  coptman. 

Copepoda  (ko-pe'po-da),  n.  pi.  [Or.  kope, 
an  oar,  midpoua,  podott,  a  foot.]  An  order 
of  minute  entomostracous  fresh-water  and 
marine  Crustacea,  so  named  because  their 
five  pairs  of  feet  are  mostly  used  for  swim- 
ming. The  body  is  divided  into  several 
rings,  the  cuirass,  or  carapace,  covers  the 
head  and  thorax,  and  the  mouth  is  furnished 
with  foot-jaws.  The  females  carry  their 
eggs,  when  they  quit  the  ovarium,  in  two 
bags  at  the  base  of  the  tail.  The  young  pre- 
sent a  form  differing  greatly  from  that  of 
the  parents.  Those  species  which  have 
two  eyes  so  closely  set  together  as  to  appear 
one,  form  the  families  Cyclopid0,  Notadel- 
phidic,  and  Harpactidae;  those  which  have 
two  or  more  eyes,  the  families  Poutellidac  and 
Calanidac;  while  those  with  two  very  distinct 
sessile  eyes  constitute  the  family  Coryceida?. 

Copernican  (ko-per'ni-kan),  a.  Pertaining 
to  Copernicus,  a  Prussian  by  birth,  who 
tnught  the  world  the  solar  system  now  re- 
ceived, called  the  Copernican  system.  See 
Solar  System  under  SOLAR. 

Copesmatet  (kops'mat),  n.  [Cope,  to  en- 
counter, to  strive  with,  and  mate.]  One 
who  copes  with  you  in  friendly  offices;  a 
companion  or  friend.  'Mis-shapen  Time, 
copesmate  of  ugly  \ight.'  Shak. 

Copestone  (kop'ston),  n.  [O.E.  cope,  cop, 
the  head,  and  £.  stone.]  Head  or  top  stone. 

Cophinus  (kof'in-us),  n.  [Gr.  kophinos,  a 
basket]  The  name  given  to  curious  organic 
markings  in  the  Silurian  rocks,  of  the  form 
of  an  inverse  pyramid,  and  probably  pro- 
duced by  the  stems  of  encrinites  swaying 
about  in  the  material  of  the  rocka  while  it 
was  only  micaceous  mud. 

Cophosis  (ko-fo'sis),  n.  [Gr.  kophdsix,  from 
fa-phot,  deaf.]  In  ined.  deafness. 

Copht  (koft),  n.    Same  as  Copt  (which  see). 

Copiet  (ko'pi),  n.  [L.  copia.  See  COPIOUS.] 
Copiousness. 

Copter  (ko'pi-er),  n.  One  who  copies;  one 
wno  writes  or  transcribes  from  an  original 
or  form;  a  transcriber;  an  imitator;  also  a 
plagiary. 

Coping (kop'ing),  n.  [See  COPE,  n.]  1.  The  top 
or  cover  of  a  wall,  made  sloping  to  carryon* 
the  water.  1  Ki.  vii.  9.  A  coping  over, 
is  a  projecting  work  bevelling  on  its  under 
side.  Flat  coping  is  called  parallel  coping, 
and  is  used  upon  inclined  surfaces,  as  on 
the  gables  and  parapets  of  houses,  and  also 
on  the  tops  of  garden  and  other  walls. 
Feather-edged  coping  has  one  edge  thinner 
than  the  other.  Saddle -back  coping  is 
thicker  in  the  middle  than  at  the  edges.— 

2.  In  shipbuilding,  the  turning  the  ends  of 
iron  lodging-knees,  so  as  to  hook  into  the 
beams,  and  thus  ease  the  strain  off  the 
necks  of  the  bolts  when  the  vessel  rolls. 

Copious  (ko'pi-us),  a.  [L.  copiosus,  from 
copia,  plenty  — co  for  con,  and  ops,  opis, 
power,  property.]  1.  Abundant;  plentiful; 
in  great  quantities. 

The  tender  heart  is  peace. 
And  kindly  pours  its  copious  treasures  forth 
In  various  converse.  Thomson. 

2.  Furnishing  abundant  matter;  not  barren; 
rich  in  supplies:  as,  the  redemption  of  man 
is  a  copious  subject  of  contemplation. 

Hail.  Son  of  God,  Saviour  of  men  1  thy  name 
Shall  be  the  copious  matter  of  my  song.    Milton. 

— Ample,    Copious,   Plenteous.     See  under 

AMPLE.— STN.  Ample,  plenteous,  rich,  full, 

exuberant,  overflowing. 
Copiously  (ko'pi- us-li),  adv.   1.  Abundantly;  ' 

plentifully;  in  large  quantities. — 2.  Largely; 

fully;  amply;  diffusely. 

The  remains  of  antiquity  have    been  copiously 
described  by  travellers.  Addison. 

Copiousness  (kd'pi-us-nes),  n.  1.  Abund- 
ance; plenty;  great  quantity;  full  supply. — 
2.  Di  ff  usiveness  of  style  or  manner  of  treating 
a  subject.  'The  copiousness  of  Homer.' 
.Driyrfew.-SYN.  Richness,  exuberance,  diffu- 
sion, amplitude. 


Copistt  (ko'pist).  n.     A  copier.     'A  copi*« 

after  nature.'    Shaftesbury. 
Copland  (kop'land),  n.     A  piece  of  ground 

terminating  in  a  cop  or  acute  angle. 
Coplantt  (ko-plantO,  v.t.    To  plant  together 

<>r  ut  the  same  time.    Howell. 
Coportiont  (ko-por'shon),  n.     Equal  share. 
Coppe.t  n.    [See  COP.]  The  top  of  anything; 

thu  head.     Chaucer. 
Copped.Coppled  (kopt,  kop'ld),;>.  and  «. [See 

COP.]    Rising  to  a  point  or  head;  conical. 
CV>//?t/like  a  sugar-loaf.  ll'iseman. 

Coppel  (kop'pel).    See  CUPKL. 

Copper  (kop'per),  n.  [L.L.  cuprum,  from 
cyprium  (cos),  Cyprian  brass,  from  Cw'"-v. 
an  island  in  the  Mediterranean  whence  the 
Romans  got  their  best  copper.  The  D.  ko- 
per,  G.  kupfer.ha.ve  the  same  origin.]  1.  Svm. 
Cu.  At.  wt.  03-2.  A  metal  of  a  pale  red 
colour,  tinged  with  yellow.  Next  to  gold, 
silver,  and  platinum,  it  is  the  most  ductile 
and  malleable  of  the  metals,  and  it  is  nmrc 
elastic  than  any  metal  except  steel,  and  the 
most  sonorous  of  all  the  metals  except 
aluminium.  It  is  found  native  in  lamina; 
or  fibres,  in  a  gangue  almost  always  quartz- 
ose;  it  is  also  found  crystallized,  and  in 
grains  or  superficial  laminae  on  stones  or 
iron.  It  is  not  altered  by  water,  but  is 
tarnished  by  exposure  to  the  air,  and  is  at 
last  covered  with  a  green  carbonate.  Cop- 
per in  sheets  is  much  used  for  covci-in^ 
the  bottoms  of  ships,  for  boilers  and  other 
utensils;  mixed  with  tin  and  zinc,  it  is  ust-d 
in  enamel  painting,  dyeing,  Ac.;  mixed  with 
tin,  it  forms  bell-metal;  with  a  smaller  pro- 
portion, bronze;  and  with  zinc,  it  forms 
brass,  pinchbeck,  <fcc.  When  taken  into  the 
body  it  operates  as  a  violent  emetic,  and  all 
its  preparations  are  violent  poisons.  In 
mineral,  the  genus  copper  includes  about 
thirteen  different  species,  and  each  of  these 
contains  a  great  many  varieties.  It  occurs 
combined  with  sulphur,  but  principally 
with  sulphur  and  iron,  forming  a  double 
sulphide  commonly  called  copper  pyrites, 
or  yellow  copper  ore.  It  is  found  also  com- 
bined with  oxygen,  forming  the  ruby  copper 
ore.  It  occurs  also  in  a  state  of  combination 
with  some  acids. — 2.  A  vessel  made  of  cop- 
per, particularly  a  large  boiler.— 3.  Copper 
money;  small  change. 

My  friends  filled  my  pocket  with  coppers. 

Franklin. 

4.  pi  The  cast-iron  apparatus  used  on  board 
ship  for  cooking,  and  erected  in  the  cook- 
house or  galley:  called  also  Ship's  Coppers. 
Copper  (kop'per),  a.  Consisting  of  or  re- 
sembling copper. 

All  in  a  hot  and  copper  sky 

The  bloody  sun  at  noon 

Right  up  above  the  mast  did  stand, 

No  bigger  than  the  moon.  Coleridge. 

Copper  (kop'per),  ».  t  To  cover  or  sheathe 
with  sheets  of  copper;  as,  to  copper  a  ship. 

Copperas(kop'per-aa),n.  [FromLeuprirosa, 
rose  of  copper,  which  appears  In  It.  copparosa, 
Sp.  Pg.  caparrosa,  Fr.  couperotte.  ]  Sulphate 
of  iron  or  green  vitriol  (FeSO4.  7H2O),  a  salt 
of  a  peculiar  astringent  taste  and  of  various 
colours,  green,  gray,  yellowish,  or  whitish. 
but  more  usually  green.  It  is  much  used  in 
dyeing  black  and  in  making  ink,  and  in 
medicine  as  a  tonic.  The  copperas  of  com- 
merce is  usually  made  by  the  decomposition 
of  iron  pyrites.  The  term  copperas  was  for- 
merly synonymous  with  vitriol,  and  included 
the  green,  blue,  and  white  vitriols,  or  the 
sulphates  of  iron,  copper,  and  zinc. 

Copper-belly  (kop'per-bel-li),  n.  An  Ame- 
rican serpent,  the  Coluber  erythrogaxter. 

Copper-bottomed  (kop'per-bot-tomd),  a. 
Having  a  bottom  sheathed  with  copper;  ap- 
plied to  ships. 

Copper-captain  (kop'per-kap-tan),  n.  One 
who  calls  himself  a  captain  without  any 
right  to  the  title. 

To  this  copper-captain  was  confided  the  command 
of  the  troops.  W.  Irving. 

Copper-fastened  (kop'per-fas-nd),  a.  Fas- 
tened with  copper  bolts,  as  the  planking  of 
a  vessel. 

Copper-head  (kop'per-hed),  n.  [From  its 
colour.]  1.  A  poisonous  American  serpent, 
the  Trigonocephalug  contortrix,  the  B"" 
tortrix  of  Linnteus,  which  gives  no  warning 
of  its  attack.  Hence  — 2.  A  secret  foe:  a 
name  given  during  the  civil  war  of  tin- 
United  States  by  the  Federals  to  the  peace 
party.  [United  States.] 

Coppering  (kop'per-ing),  n.     1.  The  act  <  f 
covering  with  copper,  as  the  bottom  of  a 
ship. — 2.  The  covering  itself;  as,  the  003 
ing  of  a  ship's  bottom. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtme;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


COPPERISH 


585 


COPYINO-MACHINK 


Copperlsll    (kop'per-ish),    a.      Containing 
copper;  like  copper  or  partaking  of  it. 
Copper -nickel   (kop'per-nik-el),  n.      See 

KUl'FKHMCKI.1.. 

Copper-nose  (kop'per-uoz),  ».  A  red  nose. 
Sndk. 

Copper-plate  (kop'per-plat),  n.  1.  A  plate  of 
polished  copper,  on  which  concave  lines  are 
engraved  or  corroded,  according  to  some 
del  incatcc  I  figure  i  ir  design.  This  plate,  when 
rh;u\'cd  with  any  coloured  fluid,  imparts  an 
impression  of  the  figure  or  design  to  paper 
or  parchment.  —2.  A  print  or  impression  on 
ixiprr,  ttc  ,  from  a  copper-plate. 
Copper-plate  (kop'per-plat),  a.  Relating 
to  engraving  on  copper  or  printing  from  a 
copper-plate. 

Copper-smith  (kop'per-smith),n.  One  whose 
occupation  is  to  manufacture  copper  utensils. 
Copper-work  (kop'per-werk),  n.  I.  Work 
executed  in  copper,  or  the  part  of  any  struc- 
ture wrought  in  copper. — 2.  A  place  where 
copper  is  wrought  or  manufactured.  In 
this  sense  written  also  Copper-marks. 
Copper-worm  (kop'per-werm),  n.  A  worm- 
like  mollusc,  the  Teredo  naoalis,  or  ship- 
worm.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  a  moth 
that  frets  garments,  and  to  a  worm  that 
breeds  in  one's  hand. 

Coppery  (kop'per-i),  a.  I.  Mixed  with,  or 
containing,  copper. — 2.  Made  of  copper. — 
3.  Like  copper  in  taste,  smell,  or  colour; 
brownish-red,  with  a  metallic  lustre. 
Coppice,  Copse  (kop'pis,  kops),  n.  [O.Fr. 
coupiez,  wood  newly  cut,  from  Fr.  couper, 
to  cut,  to  give  a  blow  by  a  cutting  instru- 
ment, from  coup,  a  blow;  L.  L.  colputt,  L. 
colaphus,  Gr.  kotaphos,  a  blow.  ]  A  wood  of 
small  growth,  or  consisting  of  underwood 
or  brushwood;  a  wood  cut  at  certain  times 
for  fuel.  The  most  common  trees  planted 
or  used  for  this  purpose  are  the  oak,  the 
chestnut,  the  maple,  the  birch,  the  ash,  and 
the  willow.  When  coppice-wood  is  cut 
<lown,  new  plants  shoot  up  from  the  roots 
and  form  the  next  crop. 

The  rate  of  coppice  lands  will  fall  on  the  discovery 
of  coal-mines.  Locke. 

Coppln  (kop'pin),  n.  The  cone  of  thread 
arranged  upon  a  spindle  in  spinning.  Also 
written  Cop. 

Copple- crown  (kop'pl-kroun),  n.  A  tuft 
of  feathers  on  the  head  of  a  fowl.  'The 
copplc-cromn  the  lapwing  has.'  Randolph. 

Coppled  (kop'pld),  a.    See  COPPED. 

Cppple-dust  (kop'pl-dust),  n.  Powder  used 
in  purifying  metals.  See  CUPEL-DUST. 

Copple-stone  (kop'pl-ston),  ».  The  same 
as  Cobble  or  Cobble-stone,  See  COBBLE. 

Copra  (kop'ra),  n.  The  dried  kernel  of  the 
cocoa-nut,  from  which  the  oil  has  been  ex- 
pressed. It  is  a  considerable  article  of 
Indian  commerce  as  an  ingredient  of  curry. 

Co-presbyter  (ko-pres'bi-ter),  n.  A  clerical 
member  of  the  same  church  presbytery  with 
another. 

Copridse  (kop'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [From  Gr.  kop- 
rox,  dung,  and  eidos.  resemblance.]  A  family 
of  coleopterous  insects,  which  are  found  in 
dung,  and  so  called  from  the  typical  genus 
Copris.  The  males  have  projections  on  the 
head  and  thorax.  Some  of  the  African  anil 
Indian  species  are  of  large  size. 

Coprqlite  (kop'ro-llt),  n.  [Gr.  iopros,  dung, 
and  lithox,  a  stone.  ]  The  petrified  fsccal  mat- 
ter chiefly  of  extinct  lizards  or  sauroid  lishes. 
In  variety  of  size  and  external  form,  the 
coprolites  resemble  oblong  pebbles  or  kid- 
ney potatoes.  They,  for  the  most  part,  vary 
from  2  to  4  inches  in  length,  and  from  1  to 
2  inches  in  diameter;  but  some  few  are 
much  larger,  as  those  of  the  Ichthyosauri, 
within  whose  ribs  masses  have  been  found 
in  ntu.  They  are  found  chiefly  in  the  lias 
and  coal  measures.  They  contain  in  many 
cases  undigested  portions  of  the  prey  of  the 
animals  which  have  voided  them,  as  frag- 
ments of  scales,  shells,  &c. 

Coprolitic  (kop-rol-it'ik),  a.  Composed  of 
coprolites;  resembling  coprolites;  contain- 
ing coprolites. 

Coprophagl,  Coprophagans  (ko-prof'a-ji, 
ko-prof'a-ganz),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  kopros,  dung,  and 
phar/d,  to  eat.]  A  section  of  lamellicom 
beetles,  which  live  in  and  upon  the  dung  of 
animals.  It  contains  the  scarabteus  of  the 
ancients,  and  the  'shard-borne  beetles'  of 
this  country. 

Coprophagous  (ko-prof'a-gus),  a.  Feeding 
upon  dung  or  filth :  a  term  particularly 
applied  to  certain  insects. 

Copse  (kops),  n.  See  COPPICE.  '  Near  yon- 
der mpse  where  once  the  garden  smiled.' 
Goldsmith. 


Copse  (kops),  r.t.  pret.  A  pp.  coated-  ppr 
copimy  i.  To  cut  or  trim,  us  tffuSnrood 
tufts  of  gross,  and  the  like. 

By  copsinz  the  starvelings  in  the  places  where  thev 
are  new  sown  (you  may)  cause  them  sometimes  tj 
overtake  even  their  untouched  contemporaries 

2.  To  plant  or  preserve  underwoods. '*"" 

The  neglect  of  eoftlng  wood  cut  down  hath  been 
Of  Mfjrevil  consequence.  Suift. 

3.  To  inclose,  as  a  copse.    [In  all  its  uses 
rare. J 

Nature  itself  hath  copied and  bounded  us  In. 

f-arindon. 

Copse-wood  (kops'wud),  n.  A  growth  of 
shrubs  and  bushes;  wood  treated  as  coppice 
and  cut  down  at  certain  periods  See  COP- 
PICE. 

Cop-spinner  (kop'spin-er),  n.  In  mamif 
an  American  invention,  combining  the  quali- 
ties of  the  throstle  and  mule  in  one  frame. 
It  is  said  to  be  capable  of  spinning  double 
the  quantity  of  the  flyer  spindle  with  one- 
half  the  power. 

Copsy  (kops'i),  a.  Having  copses.  'Among 
the  reeds  and  copsy  banks.'  Dyer 
Copt  (kopt),  n.  [Ar.  kibti,  probably  from 
the  same  root  as  gijpt  in  Eyyjit.  ]  A  descen- 
dant of  the  ancient  Egyptian  race,  belonging 
to  the  Jacobite  sect  of  Monophysite  Chris- 
tians, who  have  for  eleven  centuries  been 
in  possession  of  the  patriarchal  chair  of 
Alexandria.  Their  church  is  allied  with 
that  of  Abyssinia.  Sometimes  written  also 
CopM. 

Coptic  (kop'tik),  n.  Pertaining  to  the  Copts, 
as  distinct  from  the  Arabians  and  other  in- 
habitants of  modern  Egypt.  See  the  noun 
Coptic  (kop'tik),  n.  The  language  of  the 
Copts,  an  ancient  Ilamitic  tongue,  used  in 
Egypt  till  within  the  last  three  or  four  cen- 
turies, but  now  superseded  as  a  living  lan- 
guage by  Arabic.  It  is  still  used  by  the 
Copts  in  their  religious  services,  but  after 
being  read  is  explained  in  Arabic.  There  is 
a  tolerably  abundant  Coptic  Christian  liter- 
ature. 

Coptls  (kop'tis),  n.  [Gr.  kopto,  to  cut,  in 
reference  to  the  division  of  the  leaves.  ]  A 
small  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Ranuncu- 
lacea;,  consisting  of  low  smooth  perennials 
with  divided  root-leaves  and  small  white 
flowers  on  scapes,  natives  of  the  north 
temperate  zone.  A  decoction  of  the  leaves 
and  stalks  of  C.  trifolia  (gold-thread),  found 
in  Canada  and  the  northern  parts  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  is  used  by  the 
Indians  for  giving  a  yellow  colour  to  cloth 
and  skins.  The  rhizomes,  which  are  bitter, 
when  administered  in  medicine  act  in  the 
same  way  as  quassia,  gentian,  and  other 
bitters. 

Copula  (kop'u-la),  n.  [L.  copula,  a  band, 
a  link  (E.  couple),  from  co  for  con,  and  root 
ap,  seen  in  aptus,  apt,  and  in  Skr.  dp,  to 
arrive  at.  ]  1.  In  logic,  the  word  which 
unites  the  subject  and  predicate  of  a  pro- 
position; as,  religion  it  indispensable  to 
happiness —where  is  is  the  copula  Joining 
religion,  the  subject,  with  indispensable  to 
happiness,  the  predicate. —2.  In  music,  the 
stop  which  connects  the  manuals,  or  the 
manuals  with  the  pedals.  More  usually 
called  Coupler  (which  see). 
Copulatet  (kop'ii-lat),  a.  Joined.  Bacon. 
Copulatet  (kop'ii-lat),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  copu- 
lated: ppr.  copulating.  [L.  copula,  to  couple. 
See  COUPLE.]  To  unite;  to  Join  in  pairs;  to 
conjoin. 

Copulate  (kop'u-lat),  v.  i.  To  unite  in  sexual 
embrace. 

Not  only  the  persons  so  copulating  are  infected, 
but  also  their  children.  It'iietnan. 

Copulation  (kop-u-la'shon),  n.  [L.  copu- 
latio.]  1.  The  act  of  coupling;  conjunction; 
union.  'Copulation of  monosyllables.'  Put- 
teiiliam.—2.  The  embrace  of  the  sexes  in  the 
act  of  generation;  coition. 

Sundry  kinds  of  conjugal  copulation  are  prohibited 
as  unhonest.  Hooter. 

Copulative  (kop'ii-lat-iv),  a.  That  unites  or 
couples. — Copulative  conjunction,  in  gram,  a 
conjunction  which  connects  two  or  more 
subjects  or  predicates  in  an  affirmative  or 
negative  proposition;  as,  riches  and  honours 
are  temptations  to  pride;  the  Romans  con- 
quered Spain  and  Gaul  and  Britain.— Copu-  \ 
latioe  propositions,  in  logic,  propositions  , 
where  the  subject  and  predicate  are  linked 
together  by  copulative  conjunctions,  that 
they  may  be  all  severally  affirmed  or  denied 
one  of  another. 

Copulative  (kop'u-lat-iv),  n.  1.  A  copula- 
tive conjunction.  'The  copvlatine  'and.  { 


Bp    I'utnck.      2.1   r,.nni-rtioii.      •  A    fourth 
wife^  which  makes  more  tlmn  in 

Ml  tin-  rilli-  of  liMMI.. 

Copulatlvely  <k.ip'u-i,a  iv-ii),  ,<,/,-.     i,,  ., 
copulative  in;in>.,-r     //«,„ 

Copulatory  <k.,|.'u  In  t,,-ri),  a.    i.  Rcb,i.,,; 
tocupiiliitioii.>p,-<  ill,  ally,  i,,  -„„;  :i|,|,i,. 
the  accessory  generative  ,,m;u,*     •_• 
.     ing;  copula! 

Copy  (ko'pi),  n.  [Fr.  tuple;  I'r.  enpia,  fr.nn 
L.  copia,  plenty,  oppoitunitv  ,,t  ,i,,jrli.  iim 
thinir,  IIC-MIU-,,  .....  ,  whi-ni-c  the  sense  of  per- 
minion  I"  n  Mir.  from  r,,n  with 

and  ops,  opi»,  riches,  power  J     1  i  Oop 
ness;  abundance. 

She  was  blessed  with  no  more  copy  of  wll.  hot  ti> 
serve  the  humour  thus.  B. 


. 

2.  A  writing  like  anotherwriting;  a  transcript 
from  an  original;  or  a  book  printed  accord- 
ing to  the  original;  hence,  any  document. 
book,  or  set  of  books  containing  a  com  ; 
tlon  resembling  the  original  work;  as,  the 
cnpn  of  a  deed  or  of  a  bond;  a  copy  of  tin- 
Scriptures. 

Books  were  few  and  costly.  The  art  of  printing 
was  unknown.  Copies  of  the  Bible,  inferior  in  beauty 
and  clearness  to  tfiose  which  every  cottager  may  now 
command,  sold  for  prices  which  many  prints  could 
not  afford  to  give.  Matauia\. 

8.  A  thing  mode  in  imitation  of  another; 
specifically,  in  the  fine  art*,  the  Imltaium 
or  likeness  of  any  picture,  statue,  figure, 
draught,  or  the  like. 

Originals  and  copiit  much  the  same. 
The  picture's  value  is  the  painter's  name. 

ftranuton. 

4.  An  original  work;  that  which  is  to  1* 
imitated,  as  in  writing;  a  pattern;  a  model: 
an  archetype;  a  rule.     '  Let  him  first  learn 
to  write  after  a  copy.  '  Holder. 

He  was  the  mark  and  glass,  copy  and  book  that 
fashioned  others.  SAat. 

It  was  the  copy  of  our  conference.        Sfiat. 

5.  In  printing,  written  or  printed  matter 
given  to  the  printer  to  be  put  in  type.  - 
(i.  t  A  copyhold  tenure,  or  simply  tenure. 
'  But  in  them  nature's  copy  is  not  eterne.1 
Shak. 

Copy  (ko'pi),  t.t.  pret.  &  pp.  copied;  ppr. 
copying.  1.  To  write,  print,  engrave,  con- 
struct, draw,  paint.  &c.,  according  to  an 
original;  to  model  after,  as  a  work  or  com- 
position, by  drawing,  painting,  writing, 
printing,  engraving,  and  the  like  ;  to  tran- 
scribe ;  to  imitate  :  sometimes  followed  by 
out 

These  are  also  proverbs  of  Solomon,  which  the 
men  of  Hezekiah.  king  of  judah,  copied  out. 

Prov.  xxv.  i. 

2.  To  imitate  or  attempt  to  resemble,  as  in 
behaviour;  to  follow  an  original  or  pattern, 
as  in  manners  or  course  of  life;  to  be  a  copy 
of;  to  resemble. 

To  copy  her  few  nymphs  aspired, 
Her  virtues  fewer  swains  admired.          Stvi/l. 
My  future  will  not  copy  my  fair  past. 

E.  R.  Brovminf. 

Copy  (ko'pi),  !>.(.  To  imitate  or  endeavour 
to  be  like;  to  do  anything  in  imitation  c.f 
something  else. 

They  never  fail,  when  they  copy,  to  follow  the  bad 
as  well  as  the  good.  Dryden. 

Copy-book  (ko'pi-buk),  «.  A  book  in  which 
copies  are  written  or  printed  for  learners  to 
imitate. 

Copyer  (ko'pi-er),  ».  One  who  copies  or 
transcribes;  a  copier. 

What  cof-yer  would  have  stifled  these  passages. 
Retitley. 

Copyhold  (ko'pi-hold),  n.  1.  In  England,  a 
tenure  of  estate  by  copy  of  court  roll;  or  a 
tenure  for  which  the  tenant  has  nothing  to 
show  except  the  rolls  made  by  the  steward 
of  the  lord's  court,  which  rolls  contain  spe- 
cial entries  and  memoranda  of  the  admis- 
sion of  the  tenant,  his  surrender  to  the  use 
of  another,  or  alienation,  his  death,  and  the 
claim  and  admission  of  the  heir  or  devisee 
There  are  two  sorts  of  copyhold;  the  first 
is  styled  ancient  demesne,  or  a  customary 
freehold;  nud  the  second  a  base  tenure,  or 
mere  copyhold.  Copyhold  property  can- 
not be  now  created,  for  the  foundation  on 
which  it  rests  is,  that  the  property  has  been 
possessed  time  out  of  mind  by  copy  of 
court  roll,  and  that  the  tenements  are  within 
the  manor.  Copyholds  now  descend  to  the 
heir-at-law,  according  to  the  rules  that 
regulate  the  descent  of  all  other  kinds  of 
land.  —2.  Land  held  in  copyhold. 

Copyholder  iko'pi-hold-cr),  n.  One  who  is 
possessed  of  land  in  copyhold. 

Copying-machine  (ko'pi-ing-ma-she  ),  n. 
A  machine  for  copying  any  piece  of  writing 
with  perfect  accuracy,  or  for  producing 


ch,  chain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  *i»g;      IH.  tten;  th,  fAin;      w.  trig;    wh,  icAig;    Zb,  aaire.-See  KKY. 


COPYING-PRESS 


586 


CORALLUM 


duplicates  of  letters,  invoices,  and  other 
manuscripts.  There  are  several  varieties, 
Init  generally  the  original  document  is  writ- 
ten with  a  special  kind  of  ink,  and  an  im- 
pression obtained  from  it  by  means  of  pres- 
sure. Called  also  a  Copy  ing -press. 

Copying-press  (ko'jn-lnf-prw),  n.  See 
COPYING-MACHINE. 

Copyist  (ko'pi-ist),  71.  A  copier;  a  tran- 
scriber; an  imitator. 

No  original  writer  ever  remained  so  unrivalled  by 
succeeding  copyists  as  this  Sicilian  master  (Theocri- 
tus), tl'arton. 

Copy-money  (ko'pi-nmn-ne),  n.  Money  paid 
for  copy,  or  for  literary  work.  Bomoell. 

Copyright  (ko'pi-rit),  n.  The  exclusive  pri- 
vilege which  the  law  allows  an  author  (or 
his  assignee)  of  printing,  reprinting,  pub- 
lishing, and  selling  his  own  original  work. 
By  acts  of  parliament  5  and  6  Viet.  xlv.  the 
copyright  of  every  book  published  in  the 
lifetime  of  its  author  endures  for  his  life 
and  for  seven  years  after  his  death;  or,  if 
these  seven  years  expire  before  the  end  of 
forty-two  years  from  the  date  of  the  first 
publication  of  the  work,  then  the  copyright 
endures  for  forty-two  years  from  that  date. 
The  copyright  in  a  book  published  after 
the  death  of  its  author  endures  for  forty-two 
years,  and  belongs  to  the  proprietor  of  the 
manuscript.  The  property  in  designs,  prints, 
engravings,  and  photographs  is  guaranteed 
for  the  term  of  twenty-eight  years  from 
date  of  first  publication.  Copyright  in  dram- 
atic works  and  musical  compositions  is  also 
protected  for  a  term  of  twenty-eight  years 
after  date  of  first  publication,  no  person  hav- 
ing a  right  to  give  public  performances  of  the 
protected  works  under  a  penalty  of  not  less 
than  40s.  Copyright  in  sculptures,  models,  or 
casts,  extends  for  fourteen  years  when  duly 
registered.  The  right  in  designs  for  articles  <>f 
manufacture  is  granted  for  various  periods 
from  nine  months  to  three  years  according 
to  the  class  of  manufacture. — International 

X right,  an  international  arrangement  by  , 
:h  the  copyright  of  an  author  residing 
in  one  country  is  protected  in  such  countries 
as  are  parties  to  the  arrangement.  Such  an 
agreement  exists  between  Britain  and  seve- 
ral foreign  countries. 

Copyright  (ko'pi-rit),  v.t.  To  secure  by 
copyright,  as  a  book. 

Coquelicot,  Coquellco  (kokli-ko),  n.  [Fr.J 
Wild  poppy;  corn  rose;  hence,  the  colour  of 
wild  poppy;  a  colour  nearly  red,  or  red 
mixed  with  orange. 

Coquet  (ko-kef),  v.  t.  pret  &  pp.  coquetted; 
Ppr.  coquetting.  [See  COV.UKTTE.]  To  attempt, 
out  of  vanity,  to  attract  the  notice,  admira- 
tion, or  love  of  any  person;  to  entertain 
with  compliments  and  amorous  tattle;  to 
treat  with  an  appearance  of  amorous  tender- 
ness. 

You  .ire  coquetting  a  maid  of  honour.        Swift. 

Coquet  (ko-kcf),  v.i.  To  trifle  in  love;  to 
act  the  lover  from  vanity;  to  endeavour  to 
gain  admirers. 

Coquetry  (ko'ket-ri),  n.  [Fr.  coqwiterie.} 
Attempts  to  attract  admiration,  notice,  or 
love,  from  vanity;  affectation  of  amorous 
advances;  trifling  in  love.  '  Women  without 
a  dash  of  coquetry.'  Addition. 

Coquette  (ko-ker).  n.  [Fr.  coqueter,  in  the 
sixteenth  century,  had  the  sense  of  crying 
like  a  cock,  hence,  to  demean  one's  sen*  as  a 
cock  amongst  hens,  to  swagger,  to  strut. 
Hence  coquet,  a  beau,  coquettish,  and  the 
feminine  coquette.  Coq,  a  cock,  is  Iwliered 
to  be  of  onomatopoetic  origin.]  One  who 
lays  herself  out  for  the  admiration  of  the 
male  sex;  a  vain,  airy,  trifling  girl,  who  en- 
deavours to  attract  admiration  and  ad- 
vances in  love,  from  a  desire  to  gratify  vanity ; 
a  jilt. 

The  slight  coquette,  she  cannot  love.     Tennyson. 

Coquettish  (ko-ket'ish),  a.  Of  or  per- 
tumiug  to  coquetry;  characterized  by  co- 
quetry; practising  coquetry.  'A  coquettish 
manner.  Swinburne. 

She  meant  to  weave  me  a  snare 

Of  some  coquettish  deceit.  TennysoM. 

Coquettishly  (ko-ket'ish-li),  adv.  In  a 
coquettish  manner. 

Coquilla-nut  (ko-kwiria-nut),  n.  The  seed 
of  the  palm  Attalea  funifera,  one  of  the 
cocoa-nut  group,  a  native  of  Brazil.  The 
nuts  are  3  or  4  inches  long,  oval,  of  a 
rich  brown  colour  and  very  hard.  Hence 
they  are  extensively  used  in  turnery,  and 
especially  for  making  umbrella-handles. 
See  FIACABA. 

Coquito  (ko'ke-to),  «.  The  Jnbcea  upectabtli^, 
a  very  beautiful  palm  of  Chili,  allied  to  the  , 


cocoa-nut,  growing  to  the  height  of  40  or  50 
feet.  If  the  top  is  cut  off,  the  sap  flows 
abundantly  for  months,  and  this,  when 
boiled,  becomes  a  sweet  syrup,  which,  under 
the  name  of  palm-honey  (miel  de  palma),  is 
highly  esteemed  in  the  domestic  economy 
of  the  Chilians. 

Cor  (kor),  n,  [Heb.]  A  Hebrew  measure  of 
capacity  containing  10  baths  or  11£  bushels; 
a  homer. 

CoraciacUe  (kcVra-si'n-de),  n.pl.  The  rollers, 
afamilyof  fissirnstral  bi rds, order  In sessores, 
including  the  sub-families  Coracianse,  Todi- 
nae,  Eurylaiminre,  and  Momotimc.  The  genus 
Coracias  is  the  type.  See  CORACIAS. 

Coracias  (ko-ra'si-as),  n.  [L.  corax,  a  crow. 
Onomatopoetic.]  A  genus  of  birds,  allied 
to  the  crows,  containing  the  rollers,  one 
species  of  which  (C.  aarrula)  is  a  rare  visitant 
of  the  British  Islands. 

Coracina  (ko-ra-si'na),  n.  [L.  corax,  a  crow.] 
A  genus  of  birds  separated  from  the  crows 
by  Vieillot,  and  by  him  divided  into  four 
sections.  The  first  comprises  those  species 
which  have  the  bill  furnished  at  its  base 
with  velvety  feathers;  the  second,  those 
whose  nostrils  are  covered  with  setaceous 
feathers,  directed  forwards,  and  whose  upper 
mandible  is  notched  toward  the  end;  the 
third,  those  whose  bill  is  naked  at  the  base, 
and  notched 
at  the  point; 
and  the  fourth, 
that  curious 
species  on 
which  Geoffroy 
founded  his 
genus  Cephal- 
opterus.  These 
birds  are  chiefly 
found  in  South 
America. 

Coracle  (ko'ra- 
kl),  n.  [W. 
cwrwyl,  from 
cierwg,  any- 
thing round.  ] 
A  boat  used  in 
Wales  and  on 
many  parts  of 
the  Irish  coast 

by      fishermen,  Fisherman  with  Coracle. 

made   by    cov- 
ering a  wicker  frame  with  leather  or  oil- 
cloth. 

Coracoid  (ko'ra-koid),  a.  [Or.  borax,  kora- 
kox,  a  crow,  and  eidon,  resemblance.  ]  Shaped 
like  a  crow's  beak.  —  Coracoid  procetta,  in 
<tn"t  a  small  sharp  process  of  the  scapula, 
in  mammals,  especially  in-  man  and  apes, 
shaped  like  a  crow's  beak.  — Coracoid  bone, 
a  large  flattened  bone,  passing  from  the 
shoulder-joint  to  the  stenmm,  in  birds, 
reptiles,  and  monotremes,  so  named  from  the 
idea  that  this  bone  corresponds  anatomi- 
cally with  the  more  slightly  developed  cora- 
coid  process  of  mammals. 

Coraget  (kor'aj).  n.    Courage;  heart;  mind. 

And  small  foules  maken  melodic. 

That  slepen  alle  night  with  open  eye, 

So  priketli  hem  nature  in  hir  carafes.    Chaucer. 

Corah  (ko'ra),  n.  An  Indian-pattern  silk 
handkerchief. 

Coral  (ko'ral),  n.  [L.  corattium  or  corallum; 
Gr.  koralliun;  Fr.  corailorcf>raf.}  1.  A  general 
term  for  the  hard  calcareous  skeleton  secre- 
ted by  the  marine  coelenterate  polypes  for 
their  support  and  habitation  (polypidom). 
The  coral-producing  zoophytes  are  usually 
compound  animals,  young  buds  sprouting 
from  the  body  of  the  parent  polype  and  re- 
maining connected  with  it  on  the  same  spot 


Red  Coral  (Coralliitm  rubrittri). 

even  after  it  is  dead;  so  that  a  piece  of  coral 
may  be  regarded  as  the  abode  either  of  one 
compound  animal  or  of  a  multitude  of  in- 
dividuals. The  coralline  structure  some- 
times branches  like  a  shrub,  sometimes 
spreads  like  a  fan,  or  assumes  the  appear- 
ance of  a  brain,  a  flower,  a  mushroom,  AT. 
These  structures  ^  unetimes,  as  in  the  Pacific 
and  southern  parts  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 


form  reefs  from  20  yards  to  several  milis 
in  breadth,  trending  for  hundreds  of  miles 
along  the  coasts,  and  also  the  peculiar 
coral  islands  known  as  atnllx.  (See  ATOLL.) 
The  more  abundant  reef -builders,  at  the 
more  moderate  depths,  are  the  madre- 
pores, astrseas,  porites,  and  im-andrina1; 
and  the  millepores  and  seriatopm-cs,  at 
depths  from  15  to  20  fathoms,  the  great 
field  of  coral  development  thus  lying  be- 
tween low  water  and  *20  fathoms.  Coral  is 
nearly  a  pure  carbonate  of  lime,  mixed  with 
more  or  less  horny  or  gelatinous  matter. 
The  fine  red  coral  of  commerce,  so  much 
used  for  ornaments,  is  a  sclerobagic  coral, 
in  appearance  somewhat  it •.•M'inMin<c  a  inv 
deprived  of  its  leaves  and  twigs.  It  is  found 
chiefly  in  the  Mediterranean,  where  several 
coral  fisheries  exist,  as  off  the  eoa-t  nf  i'm- 
vence,  Sardinia,  <tc.  —  2.  A  toy  or  plaything 
for  an  infant  made  of  coral,  ivory,  .tc. 

Her  infant  grandame's  coral  next  it  grew, 

The  bells  she  jingled  and  the  whistle  blew.    pope. 

Coral  (ko'ral),  a.  I.  Made  of  coral;  resem- 
bling coral  — 2.  Coloured  like  red  coral; 
scarlet. 

In  ancient  times  the  juggler,  when  he  threw  nffhi* 
mantle,  appeared  in  a  tight  scarlet  or  coral  dress. 
Brewer. 

Corallacepus  (ko-ral-a'shus),  a.  Like  coral. 
or  partaking  01  its  qualities. 

Coralled  (ko'rald),  a.  Furnished  with  coral; 
covered  with  coral. 

Corallidae(ko  ral'i-de),  n.pl.  A  family  of  com- 
pound polyps,  yielding  the  substance  called 
coral.  [Not  now  used.] 

Coralliferous  (ko-ral-if'er-us),  a.  [L.  coral- 
l"in,  rural,  and  fero,  to  bear]  Containing 
or  consisting  of  coral;  producing  coral. 

Coralliform(Ko'rai-i-foim),  <r  \\.  ,•,.,„//»/,*, 
and/onna,  form.  ]  Resembling  coral;  forked 
and  crooked. 

Coralligenous  (ko-ral-ij'en-us),  a.  Produc- 
ing coral;  as,  corattigenvus  zoophytes. 

Coralligerous  (ko-ral-ij'er-us),  a.  {L.  coral- 
lum,  and  gtro,  to  produce.]  Coralliferous. 

Corallina  (ko-ral-i  na),  n.  1.  A  genus  of  rose- 
spored  algse  with  calcareous  jointed  fronds. 
The  spores  are  borne  in  urn-shaped  eon- 
ceptacles.  The  common  species,  Coral- 
Una  f'jficinalix,  grows  everywhere  within 
tide-mark,  and  forms  an  object  of  great 
beauty  in  our  rock-pools  from  its  graceful 
structure  and  beautiful  hues.  —  2.  A  term 
also  applied  to  indicate  many  of  the  zoo- 
phytes and  Polyzoa,  and  thus  used  in  an 
Indiscriminateaml  popular  manner.— 3.  The 
polypidom  of  the  corallines. 

Corallinacese  (ko'ral -in-a"se-e),  n.pl.  An 
order  of  algae,  of  which  the  genus  Coral  Una 
is  the  type.  See  CORALLINE,  n.  l. 

Coralline  (ko'ral-In),  a.  Consisting  of  coral; 
like  coral ;  containing  coral.  —  Coralline 
deposits,  in  geol.  a  term  applied  to  those 
recent  or  alluvial  strata  which  consist  of 
the  marine  banks,  shoals,  and  islands  entire- 
ly composed  of  coral;  and  thence  extended 
to  the  lower  pliocene  deposits  of  Suffolk, 
the  white  or  coralline  crag. 

Coralline  (ko'ral-in),  n.  I.  A  name  popularly 
applied  to  the  sea-weeds  with  rigid  calcare- 
ous fronds,  from  their  resemblance  to  coral. 
See  CORALLIXA.l.  —2.  An  animal  belonging  to 
the  zoophytesorPolyzoa.  (See  CORALLINA,  2.) 
'Kllis's  beautiful  and  classical  work  on  Cor- 
allines.' Prof.  Owen.  —  3.  An  orange  red 
colour  prepared  by  the  action  of  ammonia 
at  about  300"  Fahr.  upon  rosolic  acid. 

CoraUinlte  (ko'ral-In-it),  n,  A  fossil  poly- 
pidom of  the  corallines. 

Corallite  (ko'ral-it),  n.  [Coral,  and  Gr.  lithot, 
a  stone.]  1.  A  mineral  substance  or  petrifac- 
tion in  the  form  of  coral.  —2.  The  hard  skele- 
ton secreted  by  a  single  polype,  or  by  an  in- 
dividual polype  of  a  composite  coral  mass. 

CoraUoid,  Coralloidal  (ko'ral  oid,  ko'ral- 
oid-al),  a.  [Coral,  and  Gr.  eidw,  form  ] 
Having  the  form  of  coral;  branching  like 
coral. 

CorallOid(ko'ral-oid),n.  1.  A  name  formerly 
given  to  several  of  the  Polyzua.— 2.  Coral- 
rag  (which  see). 

Corallorhiza  (ko'ral-lo-rTza),  n.  [Coral,  and 
Gr.  rhiza,  a  root]  A  small  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Orchidaceae,  consisting  of  brown 
or  yellowish  leafless  herbs,  parasitic  on  roots. 
and  found  in  shady  woods  in  the  northern 
hemisphere.  C.  innate  (coral-root)  is  a 
Britifeh  plant,  having  thick  fleshy  roots. 
with  much-branched  fibres.  The  t!. 
are  seated  on  a  spike,  and  are  of  ayellowtan 
colour.  It  is  found  in  mountainous  v. 
in  Scotland,  but  is  a  rare  plant. 

Corallum  (ko-ral'lum),  n.    [L.,  red  coral] 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  uot,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;        u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CORAL-RAG 


587 


CORDELIER 


In  zonl.  the  hard  structure  deposited  in  or 
liy  the  tissues  of  an  aetinozoon — commonly 
called  a  coral.  Nicholson, 

Coral-rag  (ko'ral-rag),  n.  A  provincial  term 
for  the  highest  member  of  the  middle 
oolitic  series— a  variety  of  limestone  con- 
taining an  abundance  of  petrified  corals. 

Coral-reef,  Coral-island  (ko'ral-ref,  ko'nil- 
l-lauil),  11.  Islands  or  reefs  of  coral,  which 
are  formations  produced  by  the  operation 
of  species  of  polypes.  See  CORAL. 

Coral-root  (fco'ral-rot),  n.  A  plant  of  the 
mntu Corallorhlza.  Sec  CI>HAU,OKHI/,A. 

Coral-tree  (ko'ral-trS),  n.  A  genus  of  legu- 
minous plants.  Krythrina,  of  several  species, 
natives  of  Africa  and  America.  They  are 
shrubs  or  trees  with  trifoliolate  leaves,  anil 
scarlet  spikes  of  papilionaceous  Bowers. 

Coral-WOOd  (ko'ral-wud),  n.  A  fine  hard 
cabinet  wood,  susceptible  of  a  fine  polish. 
"When  first  cut  it  is  yellow,  hut  soon  changes 
to  a  beautiful  red  or  superb  coral. 

Coral-wort  (k,,'ral-wert),  n.  1.  The  popular 
name  of  Dmtttrfa  bnlbifera,  a  cruciferous 
plant  found  in  woods  and  copses  in  the 
south-east  of  England.  Called  also  Tooth- 
wort  or  Ti>{ttk-vioh'f,—2.  Same  as  Coral-root. 

Coram  judice  (ko'ram  ju'di-se).  [L.]  Before 
the  judge. 

Coram  nobis  (kc"/ ram  no'bis).  [L.]  Before 
us:  a  law  term. 

Coram  non  Judlce  (ko'ram  non  ju'di-se). 
[L.]  Before  one  not  a  judge;  before  one  who 
has  not  jurisdiction. 

Coranich  (kor'an-ich),  n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.]  A 
dirge;  a  lamentation  for  the  dead.  See 
CORONArn. 

Corant.t  Corantot  (ko-ranf,  ko-ran'to),  n. 
[Fr.  courant,  running,  courir,  to  run ;  L. 
turn.]  1.  A  lofty  sprightly  dance.  'Danc- 
ing a  coranto  with  him  upon  the  heath. ' 
Macanlay. 

After  the  Bransles,  then  to  a  coratit,  and  now  and 
then  a  French  dance ;  but  that  so  rare  that  the 
corants  grew  tiresome  that  I  wished  it  done. 

Pepys  Diary. 

2.  A  newsletter,  the  prototype  of  the  modern 
newspaper:  in  this  use  now  written  only 
Courant.  '  Corants,  avisos,  correspondences.1 
B.  Jomon. 

Corax  (ko'raks),  n.  A  genus  of  minute  tri- 
angular sharks'  teeth  found  in  the  chalk 
formations,  differing  from  recent  teeth  in 
being  solid. 

Corb  (korb),  n.  [L.  eorbis,  a  basket.]  1.  A 
basket  used  in  coaleries.  See  CORF.— 2.  In 
arch,  a  corbel. 

Corb  (korb),  n.  An  abbreviation  of  corban, 
an  alms-basket.  See  next  article. 

Corban  (kor'ban),  n.  [Heb.  korbiln,  an  offer- 
ing, sacrifice,  from  fcarab,  to  approach, 
bring,  offer.  Rus.  konnln,  a  church  box  or 
chest,  a  treasury,  is  probably  derived  from 
this.]  1.  In  Jewish  antiq.  a  solemn  conse- 
cration of  anything  to  God,  as  of  one's  self, 
one's  services,  or  possessions.  Our  Lord 
(Mark  vii.  11)  severely  censures  the  Jews  of 
his  day  for  a  gross  violation  of  filial  duty, 
because,  under  pretext  that  themselves  or 
their  goods  were  wrban,  and  no  longer  to 
be  devoted  to  human  uses,  they  refused 
subsistence  to  their  parents.— 2.  An  inter- 
diction of  one's  self  from  giving  or  receiving 
some  particular  thing,  as  some  article  of 
food,  clothing,  shelter,  &c. ,  as  if  it  were 
corban. — 3.  An  alms-basket;  a  vessel  to  re- 
ceive gifts  of  charity;  a  gift;  an  alms;  a 
treasury  of  the  church  where  offerings  are 
deposited.  Written  also  Corb. 

Corbet  (korb),  a.  [Fr.  courbe.]  Crooked. 
'On  thy  corlie  shoulder  it  leans  amiss.' 
Spenser. 

Corbe  t  (korb),  n.     A  corbel.     Spenser. 

Corbeil  (kor'bel).  n.  [Fr.  corbeille,  from  L. 
corbicitla,  dim.  of  L.  corbis,  a  basket.  ]  1.  In 

fort,  a  little  basket,  to  be  filled  with  earth 
and  set  upon  a  parapet,  to  shelter  men  from 
the  fire  of  besiegers. — 2.  lu  arch,  a  carved 
basket  with  sculp- 

V 

JL 


forming  the  supports  of  the  beams  of  floors 
and  of  roofs,  the  machicolations  of  a  for- 
tress, the  labels 

of     doors     and  i 

windows,      Ac.       -3«BB.i~— L-- 
Written       also 
i  •:„•!,;/ . 

The  corbels  that 
ribbed  each  mas- 
sive aisle, 

Were  a  fleur-de-lis 
or  a  quatre- 
fcuille. 

Sir  If.  Scclt. 

2.  A  niche  left  in 
a  wall  for  an  im- 
age, statue,  or 
figure:  in  this 
use  written  also 
Corbet.— 3.  The  vase  or  tambour  of  the  Cor- 
inthian column,  so  called  from  its  resem- 
blance to  a  basket.  Written  also  Corbil. 

Corbel  (kor^bel),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  corbelled- 
ppr.  corbelling.  1.  To  support  on  corbels  — 
2.  To  dilate  by  projecting  every  member  of 
a  series  beyond  the  one  under  it.  Any  con- 
struction which  is  carried  by  corbels  so  as 
to  stand  beyond  the  face  of  the  wall  is  said 
to  be  corbflled  out.  Glossary  of  A  rchitecture 

Corbel-steps  (kortrel-steps),  n.  Steps  into 
which  the  sides  of  gables  from  the  eaves  to 
the  apex  are  broken.  Sometimes  called 


Corbel.  Castor  Church, 
Northamptonshire. 


Corbel-steps. 

Corbie-steps.  Corbie,  though  evidently 
merely  a  vulgarization  of  corbel,  being  the 
Scotch  for  a  crow,  has  given  rise  to  the 
term  erne-steps,  and  to  the  absurd  reason 
for  the  term,  viz.  '  that  crows  are  observed 
to  be  fond  of  sitting  on  them.' 
Corbel-table  (kor'bel-ta-bl),  n.  A  project- 
ing course;  a  parapet;  a  tier  of  windows; 


tured  flowers  and 
fruits. 

Corbel  (kor'bel),  n. 
[See  the  preceding 
words.]  1.  In  arch. 
a   piece  of  stone, 
wood,  or  iron  pro- 
jecting   from    the 
vertical  face  of  a 
wall     to     support 
some   superincnm-  Corbel,  stone  Church,  Kent, 
bent  object.     Cor- 
bels are  of  a  great  variety  of  forms,  and 
are  ornamented  in  many  ways.    They  are  of 
iivijuentoccurrencein  pointed  architecture, 


Corbel-table. 

an  arcade:  an  entablature:  or  other  archi- 
tectural arrangement  which  requires  the 
support  of  numerous  corbels. 

Corbet,  Corbett  (kor'bet),  ?i.  A  niche  for 
an  image.  Written  also  Corbel. 

Corbie-steps  (koi-'bi-steps),  n.  pi.  See  COR- 
BEL-STEPS. 

Corbil  (kor'bil).  n.     A  corbel  (which  see). 

Corby,  Corbie  (korOu),  n.  [Fr.  eorbeau.  L. 
comts.l  A  raven.  '  Corbies  '11  no  pluck  out 
corbies'  e'en,'  a  Scotch  proverb,  implying 
that  persons  of  the  same  profession,  or  in 
the  same  line  of  life,  will  generally  back 
each  other  up. — Corbie-oats,  a  species  of 
black  oats. — Corbie-messenger,  a  messenger 
who  either  returns  not  at  all  or  too  late:  in 
allusion  to  the  raven  sent  out  of  the  ark  by 
Noah,  which  did  not  return.  [Scotch.] 

Corcnorus  (kor'ko-rus),  n.  A  genus  of  tro- 
pical plants,  nat.  order  Tiliacere.  They  are 
herbs  or  small  shrubs  with  serrated  leaves 
and  small  yellow  flowers.  There  are  several 
species,  of  which  the  most  remarkable  and 
most  widely  diffused  is  C.  olitorins,  which 
is  cultivated  in  Egypt  as  a  pot-herb.  It  is 
sold  by  the  Jews  about  Aleppo,  and  hence 
it  is  sometimes  called  Jew's  Mallow.  This 
and  a  closely  allied  species  (C.  capmilans, 
Chinese  hemp)  are  much  cultivated  in  India, 
and  yield  the  most  part  of  the  jute  of  com- 
merce, which  is  the  fibre  of  the  inner  bark. 
C  olitorius  is  an  annual  with  a  smooth 
branching  stem,  varying  in  height  from  2  to 

Corcule,  Corcle  (kor'kul,  korlsl),  n.    [L.  cor- 


n/him, a  dim  ,.f .  in  iml  t|lt. 

heart  of  the  seed  or  rudiment  ..f  :l  imiii,- 
plant,  attached  (r.  and  invi.lv,-, I  in  Hi. 
ledons.    It  consists  of  tin-  plum 
ing  part,  and    the  rostcl  ,,,    ra.licli-    th- 
simple  descending  part 
Cord  (kord).   /,      |  Kr   rorilr ;    IT    and    It 
'""'".  from    I.    el,,,r:l,i;  Or    rl,,,nlf   a  tiring 

of  gut,  the  string  of  a  lyre  ]    1    Iftdngoi 

small  in,,,-  minimised  of  several  strands 
twisted  together. 

She  (Rahak)  1«  them  down  by  a  rtrj  throiiL-h  the 
window. 

2.  A  quantity  of  wood  or  other  material 
"ngnndly  measured  with  a  <-,,id  or  line 
Inecnnl  is  a  pile  containing  ]•>  ,  ul,i 
orapileSfeet  long,  4  f<-H  high,  uul 
broad.  -3.  fig.  any  moral  agent  which  binds 
restrains,  draws,  or  otherwise  liy  its  a, 
suggests  an  analogy  to  the  physical  a. 
of  a  cord. 

Lower'd  softly  with  the  threefold  cord  of  lore 
Down  to  the  silent  Krave.  TttiHyson. 

4  A  musical  string.  See  CHORD  -  In  Scrip. 
the  cords  of  the  wicked  are  the  snares 
with  which  the  wicked  catch  the  unwary 
Ps.  cxxix.  4.  The  cordi  of  tin  are  bad  habits, 
or  the  consequences  of  sin.  Prov.  v.  24. 
The  cord*  of  a  man  are  the  fair,  gentle,  or 
natural  means  of  alluring  men  to  obedience. 
Hos  xi.  4.  The  cord*  of  vanity  are  worldly 
vanities  and  pleasures,  profit,  or  prefer- 
ment; or  vain  and  deceitful  arguments  and 
pretences,  which  draw  men  to  sin.  Is.  v.  18. 
To  stretch  a  line  or  cord  about  a  city.  Is  to 
level  it  or  utterly  to  destroy  it.  Lara.  U.  8. 
The  cords  of  a  tent  denote  stability.  To 
loosen  or  break  the  cordi.  Is  to  weaken  or 
destroy;  to  lengthen  the  c,rrds,  is  to  enlarge 
Job  xxx.  11;  Is.  Hv.  2. 

Cord  (kord),  v.t.  1.  To  bind  with  a  cord  or 
rope;  to  fasten  with  cords.-  2.  To  pile  up, 
as  wood  or  other  material,  for  measurement 
and  sale  by  the  cord. 

Cord,t  v.i.    To  accord. 

If  a  painter  would  paint  a  pike 

With  asses'  feet  and  headed  like  an  ape. 

It  cordtth  not.  Caaucer. 

Cordage   (kord'aj),  n.     [From  cord;  same 
form  in  Sp.  and  Fr.]   Ropes  or  cords:  used 
collectively;  hence,  anything  made  of  rope 
or  cord,  as  the  running  rigging  of  a  ship. 
Cordal  (kord'al).  n.    In  her.  a  string  of 
the  mantle  or  robe  of  estate,  made  of  silk 
and   gold    threads   inter- 
woven like  a  cord,  with 
tassels  at  the  ends. 
Cordate,  Cordated  (kor1- 
dat,  korMat-ed).  n    [L.  cor, 
cordi*,  the  heart.]  Having 
the  form  of  a  heart;  heart- 
shaped  :  a  term  used  by 
naturalists ;  as,  a  cordate 
leaf  In  botany,  resembling 
the  longitudinal  section  of 
the    heart.      Hence    cor- 
Cordate  Leaf.         date-oblong,  heart-shaped 
lengthened;    cordate-lan- 
ceolate,  heart -shaped,  gradually  tapering 
toward  the  extremity,  like  the  head  of  a 
lance;  cordate-  sagittate,  heart-shajH-'d,  but 
resembling  the  head  of  an  arrow. 
Cordately  (korMat-li),  adv.    In  a  cordate 
form. 

Corded  (kord'ed),  p.  and  n.  1.  Bound  or  fas- 
tened with  cords. —2.  Piled  in  a  form  for 
measurement  by  the  cord.  —  3.  Made  of 
cords;  furnished  with  cords. 

This  ni^ht  he  mcaneth  with  a 
cordra  ladder 

Tu  climb  celestial  Silvia's  cham- 
ber-window. Shalt. 

4.  Striped  or  furrowed,  as. 
by  cords;  as,  corded  cloth; 
a  corded  pattern.  —  5.  In 
her  represented  as  luund 
about,  or  wound  with  cords, 
as  the  cross  in  the  accom- 
Corded  pauving  flgnre.  Bales,  Ac., 

when  bandaged  or  bound 
with  cords,  are  blazoned  corded. 
Cordelier  (kord'el-er),  n.  [Fr  ,  from  O  Fr. 
cordel  Fr.  cordrau,  from  corde.  a  girdle  or 
cord  worn  by  the  order.]  1.  The  nam  -  ap- 
plied in  France  to  the  strictest  branch  of 
Franciscan  friars,  on  account  of  their  wear- 
ing a  girdle  of  knotted  cord.  The  Cordeliers 
wear  besides  a  thick  gray  cloth  cloak,  a 
little  cowl,  and  a  chaperon.  See  FRAN- 
CISCAN.—2  The  name  assumed  by  one  of 
the  Parisian  political  clubs  in  the  time  of 
the  revolution,  which  numlwrcd  Danton 
and  Marat  among  its  chief  members,  from 


ch,  c/iain;      6h,Sc.locA;      g,  go;      J,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton:      ng.  si-n0;      TH,  then:  th,  «Mn:     w,  wig;     wh,  K»ig;    zh,  arure.-See  KEY. 


CORBELING 


588 


CORINTHIAC 


their  holding  their  sittings  in  an  old  con- 
vent of  the  Cordeliers. 

Cordelingt  (kor'del-iiii,r),  a.  [Fr.  cordeler,  to 
twist.  See  CORDELIER.]  Twisting.  Written 
also  Cordellina. 

Cordelle  (kord-el'),  n.  [Fr. ,  dim.  of  corde,  a 
cord. |  1.  A  twisted  cord;  a  tassel.— 2.  A 
tow-line  for  a  barge  or  keel-boat. 

The  propelling  power  of  the  keel-boat  is  hy  oars, 
sails,  setting-poles,  the  cardfile,  &c.  Flint. 

Cordewane,t  n.    Cord  wain.     Chaucer. 

Cord-grass  (kord'gras),  71.  A  genus  of  plants, 
Spartina  (which  see). 

Cordia  (korMi-a),  n.  A  large  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Boraginacece,  consisting  of  some 
200  species  scattered  over  the  warm  regions 
of  the  world,  especially  in  America.  They 
are  trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  simple 
leaves.  The  fruit  is  drupaceous,  and  that 
of  some  species,  as  Sebesten,  is  eaten.  Some 
species  yield  a  good  timber. 

Cordial  (korVU-al),  a.    [Fr.  and  Sp.  cordial, 
It.  cordiale,  from  L.  cor,  the  heart.]    1.  Pro- 
ceeding from  Ihe  heart;  hearty;  sincere; 
not  hypocritical ;  warm ;  affectionate ;  as, 
we  give  our  friends  a  cordial  reception. 
'  With  looks  of  cordial  love.'    Milton. 
That  comely  face,  that  cluster'd  brow. 
That  cordial  hand,  that  bearing  free, 
I  see  them  yet.  Matt.  Arnold. 

2.  Reviving  the  spirits;  cheering;  invigorat- 
ing; giving  strength  or  spirits. 

The  cordial  nectar  of  the  bowl 

Swell'd  his  old  veins,  and  cheer'd  his  soul. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

—  Hearty,  Cordial,  Sincere.  See  under 
HKARTY. 

Cordial  (kor'di-al),  n.  1.  Anything  that 
strengthens,  comforts,  gladdens,  or  exhila- 
rates. '  Charms  to  my  sight  and  cordials  to 
my  mind.'  Dryden.~1.  In  med.  that  which 
suddenly  excites  the  system  and  increases 
the  action  of  the  heart  or  circulation  when 
languid ;  any  medicine  which  increases 
strength,  raises  the  spirits,  and  gives  life 
and  cheerfulness  to  a  person  when  weak 
and  depressed. 

Gold  in  phisike  is  a  cordial.  Chaucer. 

3.  In  coin,  aromatized  and  sweetened  spirit 
employed  as  a  beverage. 

Cordiality  (kor-di-al'i-ti),  n.  1. t  Relation  to 
the  heart.  '  Cordiality  or  reference  unto 
the  heart.'  Sir  T.  Browne.— 2.  Sincere  affec- 
tion and  kindness;  genial  sincerity;  hearty 
warmth  of  heart;  heartiness. 

The  ill  fated  gentlemen  had  been  received  with 
apparent  cordiality.  Motley 

Cordialize  (korMl-al-tz),  c.(.  pret.  &  pp.  cor- 
dializfd;  ppr.  cordializing.  1.  To  render 
cordial;  to  reconcile;  to  render  harmonious. 
2.  To  make  into  a  cordial ;  to  render  like  a 
cordial.  [Rare  in  both  senses.] 

Cordialize  (korMi-al-iz),  v.i.  To  become 
cordial;  to  feel  or  express  cordiality;  to 
harmonize.  [Rare.] 

Cordially  (korMi-al-li),  adv.  Heartily;  sin- 
cerely; without  hypocrisy;  with  real  affec- 
tion; as,  the  Christian  cordially  receives  the 
doctrines  of  grace.  'The  only  music  she 
could  cordially  relish.'  Beaumont. 

Cordlalness  (koi'di-al-nes),  «.  Cordiality ; 
hearty  good-will. 

CardlcepsCkor-di-seps),  n.   A  genus  of  fungi, 
some  of  which  are  found  on  dead  leaves  and 
branches,  while  others  are  remarkable  for 
crowing  on  the  larva;  of  insects.   The  spores 
enter  the  breathing  openings  of  the  larva,  ; 
anil  the  mycelium  grows  until  it  fills  the  ; 
interior  and  kills  the  insect.     A  species  of 
cordiceps  occurs  on  wasps  in  the  West  In-  | 
dies.     The  wasps  thus  attacked  arc  called 
cjufpes  v'getanlet,  or  vegetating  wasps. 

Cordlerite  (korMer-it),  n.  The  mineral  called 
otherwise  iolite  and  dichroite. 

Cordlform  (kord'1-fonn),  a.  [L.  cor,  the 
heart,  and  forma,  form.]  Heart-shaped; 
having  the  form  of  the  human  heart. 

Cordllere.t  n.  A  Cordelier  (which  see). 
Chaucer. 

Cordillera  (kor-dil-le'ra;  Sp.  pron.  kor-del- 
ya'ra),  n.  [Sp. ,  a  chain  or  ridge  of  moun- 
tains, a  long,  straight,  elevated  tract  of  land, 
from  mrdiila,  gut,  intestines,  cordel,  a  rope, 
from  L.  chorda,  a  string.  See  CORD.  ]  A  name 
sometimes  given  to  the  mountain  range  of 
the  Andes  in  South  America,  but  properly 
applicable  only  to  the  innermost  and  highest 
ridge  of  the  mass. 

Cordlnert  (kord'in-er),  n.  A  cordwainer 
(which  see). 

Cordon  (korMon),  n.  [Fr.  and  Sp.  cordon. 
See  CORD.]  1.  In  fort,  a  row  of  stones  jut- 
ting before  the  rampart  and  the  basis  of  the 
parapet;  or  a  row  of  stones  between  the 


wall  of  a  fortress  which  lies  aslope,  and  the 
parapet  which  is  perpendicular;  serving  as 
an  ornament,  and  used  only  in  fortifications 
of  stone- work.— 2.  MiUt.  a.  line  or  series  of 
military  posts  or  sentinels,  inclosing  or 
guarding  any  particular  place,  to  prevent 
the  passage  of  persons  other  than  those  en- 
titled to  pass.  Specifically— Cordon-mni- 
ttiirr,  a  line  of  troops  or  military  posts  on 
the  borders  of  a  district  of  country  infected 
with  disease,  to  cut  off  communication,  and 
thus  prevent  the  disease  from  spreading. — 
3.  In  arch,  the  edge  of  a  stone  on  the  out- 
side of  a  building.— 4.  In  her.  a  baldrick  or 
ribbon  worn  across  the  breast  by  knights  of 
the  first  class  of  an  order. 

The  grand  yellow  cordott  of  St.  Michael  of  Pum- 
pernickel. Thackeray. 

5.  A  tasselled  lace  or  string  of  a  mantle  on 
state  and  installation  robes. 

Cordovan  (kor'do-van),  n.  [See  CoRDWAIS.  ] 
Spanish  leather. 

Corduroy  (kor-du-roi'),  n.  (Fr.  corde  du 
roy,  the  king's  cord.]  A  thick  cotton  stuff 
corded  or  ribbed  on  the  surface— Corduroy 
road,  in  North  America,  a  road  constructed 
with  logs  laid  together  over  swamps  or 
marshy  places  for  carriages  to  pass  over. 
They  derive  their  name  from  their  ribbed 
appearance,  resembling  corduroy. 

Cordwain  (kord'wan),  n.  [O.Fr.  cordouan, 
Sp.  cordnban,  leather,  from  Cordova  or  Cor- 
doba in  Spain,  where  it  is  largely  manufac- 
tured.] Spanish  leather;  goat-skin  tanned 
and  dressed. 

Buskins  he  wore  of  costliest  cordwain.     Spettser. 

Cordwainer  (kord'wan-ert,  n.  [From  cord- 
wain.]  A  worker  in  cordwain  or  Cordovan 
leather;  a  shoemaker.  [Obsolete  form  Cm- 
diner.  ] 

Cord-wood  (kord'wud),  n.  Wood  cut  and 
piled  for  sale  bythecord, in  distinction  from 
long  wood ;  properly,  wood  cut  to  the  length 
of  4  feet;  but  in  this  respect  the  practice  is 
not  uniform.  In  Scotland,  cord-wood  is  wood 
conveyed  to  market  on  board  of  vessels,  in 
opposition  to  that  which  is  floated. 

Core  (kor),  n.  [Fr.  cexur.  Norm,  core,  from 
L.  cor,  the  heart;  akin  to  Gr.  leear,  heart, 
and  E.  heart  (which  see).]  1.  The  heart 
or  inner  part  of  a  thing;  particularly  the 
central  part  of  fruit  containing  the  kernels 
or  seeds;  as,  the  core  of  an  apple  or  quince. 

Whose  core 
Stands  sound  and  great  within  him.     Chapman. 

2.  t  The  centre  or  innermost  part  of  any  open 
space. 

In  the  core  of  the  square  she  raised  a  tower  of  a 
furlnng  high.  Sir  II'.  Kaleifli. 

3.  In  arcA.  the  interior  part  of  a  wall  or 
column.  — 4.  The  inner  part  of  an  ulcer  or 
boil  —5.  A  disorder  of  sheep  occasioned  by 
worms  in  the  liver— 0.  Among  f minders, 
the  internal  mould  which  forms  a  hollow  in 
the  casting  of  metals,  as  the  bore  of  a  tube 
or  pipe.  —7.  Fig.  the  deepest  or  most  essen- 
tial part  of  anything;  as,  the  core  of  a  ques- 
tion. 

This  obscure  belief  lies  at  the  very  core  of  our 
spiritual  nature,  and  it  is  called  fate  or  it  is  called 
predestination  according  as  it  is  regarded  pantheis- 
ticaliy  as  a  necessary  condition  of  the  universe,  or  as 
the  decree  of  a  self.ronscious  being.  J.  A.  Froiide. 

Core  (kor),  t>.(.  1.  To  remove  the  core  of. 
as  of  an  apple  or  other  fruit. —  2.  To  roll 
herrings  in  salt  and  prepare  them  for  dn- 
ing. 

Core  (kor),  n.  [A  form  of  chore,  char,  a  job 
done  by  the  day.]  In  mining,  the  number 
of  hours,  generally  from  six  to  eight,  each 
party  of  miners  works  at  a  time  before  being 
relieved.  The  miner's  day  is  thus  usually 
divided  into  three  or  four  'cores.' 

Corel  (kor),  n.  [Fr.  corps,  a  body.)  1.  A 
body.— 2.  A  body  of  persons;  a  party;  a 
crew.  Bacon. 

Co-regent  (ko-re'jent),  n.  A  joint  regent  or 
ruler. 

Coregonus  (ko-reg'on-us),  n.  A  genus  of 
fish,  separated  from  the  salmons  by  having 
the  first  dorsal  fin  further  forward  than  the 
ventrals,  the  scales  large,  and  the  teeth 
either  minute  or  wanting.  To  this  genus 
belong  the  vendace  (C.  WUlugiibii)  of  Loch- 
maben,  thegwyniad  (C.  Pennantii)ol  Wales, 
the  powan  or  fresh-water  herring  (C.  cepedei) 
of  Lochlomond,  the  pollan  (C.  Pollan)  of 
the  lakes  of  Ireland,  and  the  white-fish  (C. 
sapidus)oi  North  America,  by  some  regarded 
as  the  finest  of  all  fish.  The  vendace  is 
fished  for  in  Lochmaben  Loch  only  on  the 
1st  August. 

Coreidae  (ko-re'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of  he- 
mipterous  insects,  section  Heteroptera, 


abounding  chiefly  in  tropical  regions,  jv- 
markablefortheirsizeand  grotesque  f-lni"  - 
The Diact(jr(Aniso8celin)bilineattt>i<.ti  lii-axil 
has  hind  legs  with  singular  leaf-like  appen- 
dages  to  the  tibial  joints.  There  are  a  ft  w 
British  species  of  a  brown  colour.  Also 
written  CorixifK. 

Co-relation  (ko-re-la'shon),  n.  Correspond- 
ing relation. 

Co-relative   (ko-rel'at-iv).    See  CORHEI.A- 

T1VK. 

Coreopsis  (ko-re-ops'is),  n.  [Or.  Ituri*,  ;\ 
bug,  and  opm'x,  resemblance,  in  allusion  to 
the  form  of  the  seed,  which  has  two  linle 
horns  at  the  end,  giving  it  the  appearance 
of  an  insect.]  A  genus  of  plants,  n;it 
order  Composita;.  Host  of  the  species  are 
herbaceous  perennials,  with  opposite  K-:ivr> 
and  yellow  or  party-coloured  rays.  The 
fruit  is  an  achene  flat  on  one  side  and  con- 
vex on  the  other,  slightly  winged,  and  with 
two  awns.  The  species  are  natives  of  North 
America  and  South  Africa.  Many  of  the 
species  are  in  our  gardens. 
Coreses  (kor'es-ez),  n.  pi.  In  bol.  dark  red, 
broad,  discoid  bodies,  found  beneath  tlie 
epicarp  of  grapes. 

Co-respondent  (ko-re-spond'ent),   n.    [L. 
con,  together,  and  rettpondeo,  to  answer.  ] 
In  law,  a  joint-respondent,  or  one  oppns.  d. 
along  with  another  or  others,  to  the  pluin- 
!  i  n .  a  man  charged  with  adultery,  and  made 
a  party  to  a  suit  for  dissolution  of  marriage. 
Corf  (korf),  n     A  corb;  a  corve;  a  basket  for 
carrying  minerals  in  mines.    See  CORB. 
Corf-house  (korf'hous),  n.     In  Scotland,  a 
temporary  shed  where  the  nets  and  other 
material  used  in  salmon-fishing  are  stored, 
and  where  the  fish  are  cured  and  packed. 
Corflote,  Corfute  (kor'n-ot,  kor'fut),  n.    A 
native  or  inhabitant  of  Corfu. 
Cor  Hydrse  (kor  hi'dre),  n.   [L.]   The  heart 
of  the  Hydra:  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude 
in  the  southern  constellation  Hydra. 
Coriaceous  (ko-ri-a'shus),  a.    [L.  coriaceus, 
from   curium,   leather.]    1.    Consisting   of 
leather,  or  resembling  leather;  tough;  as, 
coriaceous  concretions.— 2.  In  bot.  stiff,  like 
leather  or  parchment:  applied  to  a  leaf, 
a  calyx,  capsule, 
Ac. 

Coriander  (ko-ri- 
an'der), ».  [Lco- 
riandntm,  from 
Gr.  ktrriannon, 
coriander,  from 
korif,  a  bug,  from 
the  smell  of  its 
leaves.]  The  po- 
pular name  of 
Coriandntin  «t- 
timttn,  nat.  order 
rmbellifera:.TIie 
seeds  have  a 
strong  smell,  and 
in  medicine  are 
stomachic  and 
carminative. 
They  are  used  in 
sweetmeats,  in 
certain  stomachic  liqueurs,  and  in  some 
countries  in  cookery. 

Coriandrum  (ko-ri-an'drum),  n.  A  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Umbellifera,  containing 
two  species.  They  are  slender  annual  herbs 
with  white  flowers,  natives  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean region.  C.  mtivum,  the  officinal 
coriander,  is  cultivated  on  account  of  its 
seeds,  or  rather  fruits.  See  CORIANDER. 
Coriarieje  (k6'ri-a-ri"e-e),n.  pi.  [L.  curium, 
a  hide,  from  the  crustaceous  covering  of  the 
fruit]  A  very  small  nat  order  of  pol\j>e- 
talous  exogens,  consisting  of  six  known  spe- 
cies of  shrubs  included  in  a  single  genus, 
Coriaria.  The  best  known  species  is  C.  myrti- 
folia,  a  shrub  inhabiting  the  south  of  Europe, 
and  employed  by  dyers  for  staining  black. 
It  is  used  also  by  tanners,  and  hence  it  has 
been  called  tanner's  sumach.  Its  leaves  are 
used  in  the  adulteration  of  senna,  and  its 
fruit  is  poisonous.  A  New  Zealand  species, 
C.  sarmentosa,  is  the  wine  berry  shrub  of 
the  settlers;  from  the  red  juice  of  its  berries 
a  wine  like  that  from  elder-berries  is  made. 
Corin,  Corine  (korlu),  n.  A  species  of  ga- 
zelle. 

Corlndon  (ko-rin'dou),  «.  See  CORUNUfM. 
Corinth!  (to'rinth),  n.  [From  Corinth,  a 
famous  city  of  Greece  near  which  the  fruit 
grows.]  A  small  dried  grape;  a  currant. 

The  chief  riches  ol  Zame  consist  in  corintfts. 
Sir  T.  Krou  ne. 

Corintlliac  (ko-rin'thi-ak),  a.  Pertaining  to 
Corinth. 


Coriander  (Corimtdrttnt 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fftll;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc  abtme;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CORINTHIAN 


589 


CORNAOE 


Corinthian  (ko-rin'tlii-an),  a.  1.  Pertain;n_' 
t.»  <  'orinth,  a  celebrated  city  of  Greece,  noted 
for  the  magnifi- 
cence of  its  archi-  • 
lecture,  as  also 
for  its  luxury 
and  licentious- 
ness ;  as,  Corin- 
thian column ; 
Corinthian  or- 
der ;  Corinthian 
brass.  — 2.  Licen- 
tious. 'All  her 
young  Corinthi- 
an laity.'  Mil- 
ton. The  Corin- 
thian order,  in 
arch,  is  the  most 
delicate  of  all  the 
orders,  and  en- 
riched with  a 
profusion  of  or- 
naments. The  ca- 
pital is  usually 
adorned  with 
olive  leaves  or 
acanthus. 

Corinthian  (ko- 
rin'thi-an),  n.  1. 
An  Inhabitant  of 
Corinth.  —2.  A 
gay  licentious 


Corinthian  Order. 


person;  a  spirited  fellow.  [ Old  slang. ]  'A 
Corinthian,  a  lad  of  mettle.'  S/m*.— 3.  A 
member  of  the  aristocracy;  specifically,  a 
gentleman  who  steers  his  own  yacht  or  rides 
his  own  horses.  [Slang.  ]— 4.  pi.  Two  epistles 
written  by  St.  Paul  to  the  Church  of  Co- 
rinth, about  A.D.  57  or  58.  From  1  Cor.  v.  9 
it  has  been  conjectured  that  a  previous 
epistle  is  lost. 

Coris  (ko'ris),  n.  A  genus  of  plants,  nat. 
order  Primulacerc.  There  is  only  one  spe- 
cies, the  blue  maritime  coris,  which  grows 
in  the  Mediterranean  region.  It  is  a  thyme- 
like  plant,  witli  a 
dense  terminal  ra- 
ceme of  purplish 
flowers. 

Corium(k6'ri-nm), 
n.  [L.,  leather.] 
1.  Leathern  body- 
armour,  formed  of 
overlapping  leaves 
or  scales,  worn  by 
the  Roman  sol- 
diers and  other 
nations  of  anti- 
quity. In  this 
country  it  con- 
tinued in  use  till 
the  reign  of  Ed- 
ward I.,  the  scales 
Iteing  sometimes  Roman  Corium. 

tinted  of  different 

colours. — 2.  The  innermost  layer  of  the  skin 
in  mammals,  the  cutis  vera  or  true  skin. 

Co-rival  (ko-rl'val),  n.  [L.  con,  and  E.  rival, 
from  L.  rivalis.  See  RIVAL.  ]  A  rival  or  fel- 
low-rival; a  competitor;  a  corrival.  'A  com- 
petitor and  co-rival  with  the  king.'  Bacon. 

Co-rival,  though  used  as  synonymous  with  rival 
and  corrival,  is  a  different  word.     Two  persons  or 
more  rivalling  another  are  the  only  true  co-rtvals. 
Dr.  Latham. 

Co-rivalt  (ko-ri'val),  t>.(.  To  rival;  to  pre- 
ttfnd  to  equal. 

Co-rivalry,  Co-riyalship  (ko-ri'val-ri,  ko- 
ri'val-ship),  n.  Joint  rivalry;  competition. 

Cork  (kork),  n.  [G.,  Dan.,  and  Sw.  kork,  p. 
kurk,  Sp.  corcho,  from  L.  cortex,  genit.corfi'cwt, 
bark.]  1.  A  specie*  of  oak,  Qimrcus  Suber, 
growing  in  the  south  of  Europe  (especially 
in  Spain  and  Portugal)  and  in  the  north  of 
Africa,  having  a  thick,  rough  bark,  for  which 
alone  it  is  often  planted.  It  grows  to  the 
height  of  20  to  40  feet,  and  yields  bark  every 
six  or  eight  years  for  150  years.  —2.  The  outer 
bark  of  the  tree  or  epiphloenm,  of  which 
stopples  for  bottles  and  casks  are  made. 
This  outer  bark  is  taken  off,  and  a  new  epi- 
phkeum  isformed,  which  in  six  or  seven  years 
becomes  fit  for  use.  This  bark  is  also  burned 
to  make  a  kiudof  light  black  called  Spanish 
black.  When  oxidized  cork  yields  oxalic, 
suberic,  and  eerie  acids;  it  is  chiefly  com- 
posed of  a  modification  of  cellulose  called 
*"Vrm. — 3.  A  stopple  for  a  bottle  or  cask 
cut  out  of  cork.—  Mountain  cork,  a  variety 
of  asbestos. 

Cork  (kork),  n.  [A  corruption  for  calk,  calker.  ] 
In  the  United  States,  a  nail  or  series  of  nails 
driven  into  the  shoes  of  horses  to  prevent 
them  from  falling  upon  the  ice;  a  frost-nail. 


Cork  (kork),  r.t.  ]  To  stop  bottle*  ,„•  .-ask, 
with  corks;  to  confine  or  make  fasl  with  a 
cork.- -2.  Tn  fit  or  raise  on  cork 

Cork,  Korker  (k.,rk.  korkVr),  «  The  name 
IJi  vi-n  m  the  Highlands  of  Scotland  t..  a  I  i.'li. -i  i 
Lfcanora  tartarea  (see  CUDHKAK),  from 
which  a  domestic  crimson  or  purple  dye  is 
made.  It  is  with  this  that  home-made  tar- 
tans are  dyed. 

Cork-cutter  (kork'kut-er),  n.  One  whose 
trade  is  to  make  corks. 

Corked  (korkt),  p.  and  a.  1  Stopped  with 
a  cork.-2.  Fitted  with  or  raised  on  cork. 
' A  corked  shoe  or  slipper.'  Uuloet. 

And  tread  on  corked  stilts  a  prisoner's  pace 

Kf.  Hall. 

3.  Having  acquired  the  taste  of  cork-  as 
corked  wine. 

Cork-fossil  (kork'fos-sil),  n.  A  kind  of  min- 
eral. It  is  a  species  of  Amianthus,  resemb- 
ling vegetable  cork.  It  is  the  lightest  of  all 
minerals. 

Corking-pint  (kork'ing-pin).  n.  A  pin  of  a 
large  size,  such  as  are  said  to  have  been 
formerly  used  for  fixing  a  lady's  head-dress 
to  a  cork  mould. 

She  took  a  large  corking. fin  out  of  her  sleeve,  and 
with  the  point  directed  towards  her.  pinned  the  plaits 
all  fast  together  a  little  alx>ve  the  hem.  Sterne. 

Cork-Jacket  (kork'jak-et),  n.  A  contrivance 
in  the  form  of  a  jacket  without  sleeves 
padded  with  pieces  of  cork,  designed  to  aid 
in  swimming,  or  to  buoy  up  a  person  who 
cannot  swim. 

Cork-leg  (kork'leg),  n.  An  artificial  leg,  in 
the  formation  of  which  cork  is  used. 

Cork-screw  (kork'skro),  n.  A  screw  to  draw 
corks  from  bottles. 

Cork-screw  (kork'skro),  v.t.  To  direct  or 
follow  out  in  a  spiral  or  twisting  way;  to 
wriggle  forward. 

Catching  sight  of  him,  Mr.  Bantam  cork-screwed 
his  way  through  the  crowd,  and  welcomed  him  with 
ecstasy.  Dickens. 

Cork-tree  (kork'tre),  n.  The  Quercus  Suber, 
from  the  outer  bark  of  which  corks  are 
made.  See  CORK. 

Corky  (kork'i),  a.  1.  Consisting  of  cork;  re- 
sembling cork;  hence,  shrivelled;  withered. 
'Bind  fast  his  corki/  arms.'  Shak.—  2.  Tast- 
ing of  cork;  as,  a  corky  flavour. 

Cor  Leonis  (kor  le-6'nis), ?i.  [L]  The  Lion's 
Heart;  another  name  for  Regulus,  a  star  of 
the  first  magnitude  in  the  constellation  Leo. 

Conn  (korm),  n.     See  CORMCS. 

Cormogenae,  Cormogens  (kor-mo'jen-e, 
kortno-jenz),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  kormos,  the  trunk 
of  a  tree,  and  ginomai,  to  be  produced.]  Tn 
bot.  a  term  applied  to  a  class  of  acrogens, 
in  which  there  is  a  distinct  axis  of  growth, 
or  stem  ami  root  symmetrically  clothed 
with  leaves.  In  these  we  find  a  trace  of 
something  equivalent  to  the  sexes  of  exo- 
gens  and  endogens.  They  comprise  the 
ferns,  mosses,  equisetums,  &c. 

Cormorant  (kormo-rant),  n.  [Fr.  cormoran, 
It.  corvo  marino,  for  L.  coreux  marinun,  sea 
raven.  Comp.  Brit,  morvran,  sea-crow — W. 
mor,  the  sea,  and  bran,  a  crow.  ]  1.  A  large 
web-footed  bird  of  the  pelican  family.  The 
common  cormorant,  f'lialacrocorax  carlo, 
has  the  head  and  neck  black;  the  coverts  of 
the  wings,  the  scapulars,  and  the  back  of  a 
deep  green,  edged  with  black,  and  glossed 
witli  blue.  The  base  of  the  lower  mandible 
is  covered  witli  a  naked  yellow  skin,  which 


Common  Cormorant  (Ptlau 


extends  under  the  chin  and  forms  a  sort  of 
pouch.  The  bird  occupies  the  cliffs  by  the 
sea,  feeds  on  fish,  and  is  extremely  voracious. 
Its  nest  is  composed  entirely  of  a  mass  of 
sea-weed,  frequently  heaped  up  to  the  height 
of  2  feet,  in  which  are  deposited  from  three 


Cormus  of  Croats 


pe 
fro 


t<>  flyeegjrs,  of  a  pal,'  l,liii»b.»],,t,.   • 
rough  surf.-i,-..      it  ,1,,,.,  ,,,,t  ,;,!,,,  „,,,  . 
rUrtng   when   ,,n   win-,    but    |,,n-u,  ,    it   by 
swimming  and  .linn-,  d. 
a  wonderful  depth      A  cormorant  has  !»-,  „ 
tUU  in  a  crab-pot  fastt-ni'd    1".,  t.  ,  I  u 

«at.-i-     BMUM  iii.    common   ...in,..n,Mi 
there  is  another  Britinh  »p.  ,  i.  -   th. 
cormorant  or  shag  (/•  araeultui  Th. 
moii  cormorant,  which  f»  the  larger,  isaliout 
33  inches  long.    A  specie*  of  cormor.. 
trained  and  used  by  the  Chinese  to  aid  th.  m 
in  fishing.  —2.  A  greedy  fellow;  a  ghat,.  n 

itseil*1"  """y.'nsaluuerormora/./.Kxai  preys  upon 

Cormorant  (kor/m6-rant),  a.     Having.  th.- 
qualities  of  a  cormorant;  greedy  rapa. 
1  Cormorant,  devouring  time.'    Shalt. 

If  thoii  be  still  human  and  no!  cormorant.    Carlyb 

Cormus,  Corm  (Winus,  korm),  ,,. 

barman,  the  trunk  .1  i 
tree.]  In  Imt.  (a)  the 
stalk  or  stem  of  any 
plant.  ('.)  A  solid  bull'.. 
the  dilated  base  of  the 
stems  of  some  plants 
Conns  are  generally  up- 
right, producing  leaves 
"d  buds  on  their  up- 

er  surface  and  roots 
rom  their  lower.  They 
occur  in  many  plants,  as  the  crocus,  cycla- 
men, &c. 

Corn  (korn),  n.  (Sax  .corn.  Similar  forms  are 
found  throughout  the  Teutonic  languages, 
and  the  same  root  appears  in  L.  grit, 
grain.  Akin  kernel,  grain.}  \.  A  single  seed 
of  certain  plants,  especially  of  cereal  plant*. 
as  wheat,  rye,  barley,  and  maize  ;  n  grain. 
[In  this  sense  it  has  a  plural;  as,  three  bar- 
ley -corns  make  an  inch.) 

Except  a  corn  of  wheat  fall  into  the  ground,  and 
die,  it  abideth  alone.  Jn.  xil  25. 

2.  The  seeds  of  cereal  plants  In  general,  in 
hulk  or  quantity;  as,  corn  is  dear  or  scarce. 
In  this  sense  the  word  comprehends  all  the 
kinds  of  grain  which  constitute  the  food  of 
men  or  horses,  but  in  Great  Britain  it  is 
generally  applied  to  wheat,  rye,  oats,  ami 
barley,  and  in  Scotland  it  Is  generally  re- 
stricted to  oats.  In  the  United  States  It 
has  the  same  general  sense,  but  by  custom 
it  is  appropriated  to  maize,  and  accordingly 
it  is  usual  to  say  the  crop  of  wheat  is  good, 
but  the  com  is  bad;  it  is  a  good  year  for 
wheat  and  rye,  but  bad  for  rorii.  [In  this 
sense  corn  has  no  plural.]—  3.  The  plants 
which  produce  corn  when  growing  in  the 
field;  the  stalks  and  ears,  or  the  stalks,  ears, 
and  seeds  after  reaping  and  before  thrash- 
ing. We  say  a  field  of  corn;  a  sheaf  or  a 
shock  of  corn;  a  load  of  corn.  The  plants 
or  stalks  are  included  in  the  term  corn  until 
the  seed  is  separated  from  the  ears. 

In  one  night,  ere  glimpse  of  morn, 

His  shadowy  flail  had  thrashed  the  corn.    Milieu. 

4.  A  small  hard  particle;  a  grain.  'Not  a 
corn  of  powder  left  to  bless  us.  '  Beau,  <r  Fl. 
[Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Corn  (korn),  v.t.  1.  To  preserve  and  season 
with  salt  in  grains;  to  sprinkle  with  salt;  as, 
to  corn  beef.—  2.  To  granulate;  to  form  into 
small  grains.  '  A  snia'l  sieve  of  parchment 
to  corn  it  '  Dumpier.  —3.  To  feed  with  oats, 
as  a  horse.  [Scotch.] 

We  took  the  road  aye  like  a  swallow.        ftunit 

4.  To  render  intoxicated  •  The  lads  are  wecl 
corned.'  Jainieson.  [  Provincial  and  Scotch.  ] 

Corn  (korn),  71.  [L  cornu,  a  horn.]  In  miry. 
a  hard  excrescence  or  induration  of  the  skin 
on  the  toes  or  some  other  part  of  the  feet, 
occasioned  by  the  pressure  of  the  shoes 

Cornaceae  (kor-na'se-e),  n.  pi.  [See  CoR.srs  ] 
A  nut.  order  of  polypetalous  exogens,  con- 
sisting of  about  100  species,  grouped  in 
twelve  genera  of  shrubs  or  trees,  nearly 
allied  to  the  monopetalous  order  Caprifoli- 
acea;.  Two  species  of  the  order  are  found 
in  Britain,  Cormts  iniecica,  a  lowly  alpine 
plant,  and  C.  sangitinea  (the  common  dog- 
wood, dogberry,  cornel,  or  prickwood),  the 
hard  wood  of  which  is  used  for  skewers,  ami 
is  also  burned  into  charcoal  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  gunpowder  Benthamia  and  Allcilba 
belong  to  this  order.  Cornaceous  plant*  are 
of  importance  in  medicine.  American  physi- 
cians esteem  the  bark  of  Cornut  Jtorida  and 
itericta  as  a  good  febrifuge. 

Cornaceous  (kor-na'shus),  o.  Relating  to 
the  cornus  or  cornel-shrub. 

Cornage  (koni'aj),  n.  [From  Fr.  corne.  I 
cornti,  a  horn.]  An  ancient  North  English 


eh,  cAain;      Ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  to»;      ng,  siny;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  Ma;      w.  trig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KLY. 


CORNAMUTE 


!>90 


CORNIFORM 


tenure  of  lands,  which  obliged  the  tenant 
to  Hive  notice  of  an  invasion  of  the  Scots 
liy  blowing  a  horn.  By  this  tenure  many 
persons  held  their  lands  in  the  district 
adjoining  the  Picts'  wall.  This  old  service 
was  afterwards  paid  in  money,  and  the 
sheriffs  accounted  for  it  under  the  title  of 
cornagiutn. 

Cornamute  (kor'na-mut),  n.  See  CORNE- 
Ml'sK.  Draijtun. 

Corn-badger  (kornTja-jer),  n.   A  dealer  in 

corn.      See   I1A1KJEK. 

Corn-beef,  Corned-beef  (korn'bef,  kornd'- 
lief),  n.  Beef  preserved  and  seasoned  with 
salt  in  grains;  beef  cured  by  salting. 

Corn-beetle  (korn'be-tl),  n.  The  Cucujus 
textaceus,  a  minute  beetle,  the  larva  of 
which  is  often  very  destructive  to  the  stores, 
particularly  of  wheat,  in  granaries.  The 
larva  is  ochre-coloured,  with  a  forked  tail; 
the  perfect  animal  of  a  bright  tawny  colour. 

Cornblnd  (korn'bmd),  n.  Climbing  buck- 
wheat. [Local.] 

Cornbrash  (kornTjrash),  n.  A  local  name 
for  a  rubbly  limestone,  forming  a  soil  exten- 
sively cultivated  in  Wiltshire  for  the  growth 
of  corn.  The  term  is  used  by  geologists  to 
indicate  the  strata  which  yield  the  soil,  the 
highest  member  of  the  lower  oolite. 

Corn-bread  (korn'bred),  n.  A  kind  of  bread- 
cake  made  from  Indian -corn.  [United  States.  ] 

Corn-chandler  (korn'chand-ler),  71.  A 
dealer  in  corn.  See  CHANDLER. 

Corn-cockle  (korn'kok-1),  n.  The  common 
name  of  a  British  plan  t,A<jro8teiniiM(jitJiago. 
See  AOKOSTKMMA 

Corncrake  (korn'krak),  n.  [Corn,  and  crake 
(which  see),  from  the  cry  of  the  animal.] 
The  crake  or  land-rail  (Crex  pratensis),  a 


Corncrake  (Crex  frutensis). 

bird  of  the  rail  family,  noted  for  its  strange 
harsh  cry.  It  frequents  cornfields,  and  sel- 
dom allows  itself  to  be  seen.  See  CRAKE. 

Com  Crow -foot  (korn'kro-fnt),  n.  Thti 
common  name  of  Jtanunculujt  arvetisis,  a 
plant  frequently  met  with  in  our  corn- 
fields. 

Corn-CUtter(kom'kut-er),  n.  [Com  and  cut.  ] 
One  who  cuts  corns  or  induratiousof  the  skin ; 
a  cheiropodist. 

Corn-cutter  (koru'kut-er).  ?i.  A  machine 
for  reaping  corn,  or  for  cutting  up  stalks  of 
corn  for  food  of  cattle. 

Corn-dodger  (koru'doj-er),  n.  A  kind  of 
cake  made  of  the  meal  of  Indian-corn  ami 
baked  very  hard  by  being  wrapped  in  an 
envelope  of  husks  or  pa]>er  and  thrust  under 
the  embers.  [Tinted  States.] 

Corn-drill  (korn'dril),  ?».  A  machine  for 
sowing  corn  in  drills. 

Cornea(kor'ne-a), ».  [From  L.  conm.  ahorn.  ] 
The  transparent  membrane  in  the  fore  part 
of  the  eye  through  which  the  rays  of  light 
pass,  situated  in  the  sclerotica,  and  consid- 
ered by  some  as  a  portion  of  it.  It  is  a 
horny  substance,  and  hence  its  name.  It 
has  a  greater  convexity  than  the  rest  of  the 
eye,  being  a  portion  of  a  smaller  sphere 
than  the  body  of  the  eye. 

Corned-beef,  »    See  CORN-BEEF. 

Cornel,  Cornel-tree  (kortiel,  kortiel-tre),  71. 
[L.  cormts,  from  coraw,  ahorn.  from  the  hard- 
ness of  the  wood.  ]  The  cornelian  cherry  or 
dogwood,  the  popular  name  of  a  species  of 
Cornus,  C.  inascula,  nat.  order  Cornacea). 
The  cornel-tree,  which  is  found  in  Europe 
and  Northern  Asia,  but  is  not  a  native  of 
Britain  though  common  in  shrubberies,  has 
a  stem  20  feet  high,  branching  and  forming 
a  large  head,  with  oblong  leaves  and  small 
umbels  of  yellowish-green  flowers,  succeed- 
ed by  small,  red,  acid,  eatable,  cherry-like 
fruit.  Written  also  Cornelian-tree. 

Cornelian  (kor-ne'li-an),  ?>.  Same  as  Car- 
ttrlian  (which  see). 

Cornelian-cherry  (kor-neli-an-cher'ri),  „ 
The  edible  fruit  of  Cornus  inascula.  See 
CORNEL. 

Cornelian-tree  (kor-neli-an-tre),  n.  See 
CORNEL. 

Cornemuse,  t  Cornamute  t  (korn'muz, 
korn'a-raut),  n.  [Fr.  come,  horn,  and  O.Fr. 


muse,  Pr.  mum,  a  pipe.  Lit.  a  horn-pipe.  ] 
A  bagpipe.  Draytan. 

Corneo-calcareous  (kor'ne-6-kal-ka"re-ns). 
a.  [L.  furtieux,  horny,  and  E.  ootauvfUA  I 
In  zooL  formed  of  a  mixture  of  horny  ami 
calcareous  substances,  as  some  shells;  horny 
on  one  side  or  part  and  calcareous  on  the 
other. 

Corneous  (kor'ne-us),  ft.  [L.  coracus,  from 
conm,  a  horn.  See  HORN.)  Horny;  like 
horn;  consisting  of  a  horny  substance,  or  a 
substance  resembling  horn;  hard. 

Corner  (kor'ner),  71.  [Fr.  corniere;  L.  cornu, 
a  horn,  projection.  Cog.  (Celt.)  W.  corm-t, 
a  comer,  from  corn,  a  bom,  projection:  Ir. 
cearn,  cearna,  a  corner.  See  HORN.]  1.  The 
point  where  two  converging  lines  or  surf  aces 
meet ;  an  angle,  whether  internal  or  exter- 
nal; as,  we  met  at  the  corner  of  the  court- 
house, or  at  the  corner  of  two  streets. 

They  (hypocrites)  love  to  pray  standing  in  the  .  .  . 
earners  of  the  streets,  that  they  may  be  seen  of  men. 
Mat.  vi.  5. 

2.  The  space  between  two  converging  lines 
or  walls  which  meet  in  a  point.     Hence— 

3.  An  inclosed  place;  a  secret  or  retired 
place. 

This  thing  was  not  done  in  a  corner.    Acts  zxvi.  26. 

4.  Indefinitely,  any  part;  a  part;  as,  they 
searched  every  corner  of  the  forest 

I  turned  and  try'd  each  corner  of  my  bed. 
To  nnd  if  sleep  were  there,  but  sleep  was  lost. 
Drydm. 

5.  The  end,  extremity,   or  limit,    as,  the 
corners  of  the  head  or  beard.    Lev.  xxi.  5; 
xix.  27.— The  Corner,  among  sporting  men, 
Tatersall's  famous  horse  repository  and  bet- 
ting rooms  in  London,  so  called  from  its 
situation,  which  is  at  Hyde  Park  Corner. 

Corner  (kor'ner),  e.t  1.  To  drive  or  force 
into  a  corner,  or  into  a  place  whence  there 
is  no  escape.  Hence— 2.  To  drive  or  force 
into  a  position  of  great  difficulty  or  neces- 
sary surrender;  as,  to  corner  a  person  in  an 
argument.  [An  Americanism  now  intro- 
duced into  this  country.] 

Corner-cap  t  (kor'ner-kap),  7».  The  chief 
embellishment  or  ornament.  A/«i/. . 

Corner -drill  (kor'uer-dril),  71.  Same  as 
Angle-brace,  (b). 

Cornered  (kornerd),  a.  Having  corners; 
having  three  or  more  angles. 

Corner-stone  (kor'ner-ston),  n.  The  stone 
which  lies  at  the  corner  of  two  walls,  and 
unites  them;  the  principal  stone,  and  espe- 
cially the  stone  which  forms  the  corner  of 
the  foundation  of  an  edifice.  Hence,  that 
which  is  of  the  greatest  importance:  that 
which  is  indispensable;  that  on  which  any 
system  is  founded. 

Who  laid  the  cornerstone  thereof.     Job  xxxviii.  6 
Christ  himself  bcinu  the  chief  come r-ilone. 

I  ph.  ii.  so. 
This  is  the  corner-stone  of  the  feudal  system. 

Brougham. 

Corner-tooth  (kor'ncr-tbth),  n.  One  of  the 
outer  of  the  incisor  teeth  in  either  jaw  of  a 
horse.  There  are  two  above  and  two  below, 
and  they  shoot  when  the  horse  is  four  and  a 
half  years  old. 

Corner- wise  (kor'ner- wiz),  adv.  Diagonally; 
with  the  corner  in  front;  not  parallel. 

Cornet  (kor'net),  ».  [Fr. ,  dim.  of  corne,  L 
cornu,  a  horn.]  1.  In  music,  (a)  a  wind  in- 
strument, blown  with  the  mouth,  originally 
curvilinear  or  serpentine  in  form,  and  in- 
creasing in  diameter  from  the  mouth-piece 
to  the  lower  end.  (b)  A  cornet-a-pistons 
(which  see),  (c)  A  stop  or  series  of  pipes  in 
an  organ,  intended  to  imitate  the  tone  of 
the  old  cornet. 

David  played  before  the  Lord  on  cornets. 

a  Sam.  vi.  5. 

2  MUit.  (a)  a  company  of  cavalry;  a  troop 
of  horse:  said  to  be  so  called  because  each 
company  had  a  cornet-player.  '  A  body  of 
five  cornets  of  horse. '  clarendon.  (6)t  The 
nag  or  standard  of  such  a  company. 

In  his  white  cornet  Verdon  doth  display 

A  fret  of  gules.  Draytoa. 

(c)  The  former  title  of  the  officer  who  carries 
the  ensign  or  colours  in  a  troop  of  horse. 
For  this  title  that  of  second  lieutenant  has 
now  been  substituted.— 3.  A  little  cap  of 
paper  twisted  at  the  end,  in  which  retailers 
inclose  small  wares. — 4.  In  costume,  (a)  the 
square  cap  of  a  doctor  of  divinity.  (6)  A 
portion  of  the  head-dress  of  ladies  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII. ,  called  afterwards  the 
upper  pinner.  'Her  cornet  black.'  Surrey. 
— The  cornet  or  coronet  of  a  horse,  the  lowest 
part  of  his  pastern,  that  runs  round  the 
coffin  and  is  distinguished  by  the  hair  that 
joins  and  covers  the  upper  part  of  the 
hoof. 


Cornet-a-Pistons. 

I,  Ordinary  shape.     2,  Circular 

shape. 


Cornet-a-pistons,  Cornet-a-plston  (W- 

net-a-pis"tonz,  koi-/uet-a-pis"ton),  n.  |Fr.  ] 
A  l.rass  wind 
musical  instru- 
ment, like  the 
French  -  horn, 
lint  capable  of 
producing  the 
notes  of  tlie 
chromatic  ftcalfl 

from  the  \ahcs 

and  pistons 
with  whii  h  it 
is  funii>In  il. 
whence  the 
name. 

Cornetcy  (kor1- 
net-si),  n.  The 
commission  or 
rankof  a  cornet. 
Corneter  (k»i'- 
net-er),  n.  One 
who  blows  a 
cornet. 

Cornet-stop  (kortiet-stop),  n.  In  tiiinir. 
an  imitative  solo  stop,  consisting  of  five 
ranks  of  pipes,  in  old  organs  on  a  large  scale. 
The  harsh  effects  of  this  stop  have  now  led 
to  its  disuse. 

Cornette  (kor-nef),  n.  In  metal,  the  little 
tube  of  gold  left  when  the  alloy  of  silv- r 
and  gold  taken  from  the  cupel  is  rolled  and 
boiled  hi  nitric  acid  to  remove  the  former 
metal. 

Corneule  (kortie-ul),  n.  [Dim.  of  L.L.  cor- 
nea, the  cornea.]  In  entom.  a  term  applied 
to  the  minute  transparent  segments  of 
which  the  compound  eyes  of  insects  are 
composed. 

Com- exchange  (korn'eks-chanj),  71.  A 
place  where  grain  is  sold  or  bartered,  and 
samples  shown  and  examined. 

Corn-factor  (korn'fak-ter),  n.  One  who 
traffics  in  grain  by  wholesale,  or  as  an  agent 

Cornfield  (korn'feld),  71.  A  field  in  which 
corn  is  growing. 

Cornflag  (korn'llag),  n.  The  popular  name 
of  the  plants  of  the  genus  Gladiolus,  bearing 
red  or  white  flowers,  and  much  cultivated 
as  ornamental  plants. 

Corn-floor  (korn'flor),  n.  A  floor  for  corn, 
or  for  thrashing  com.  Is.  xxi.  10. 

Corn-flour  (korn'flour),  71.  The  finely-ground 
meal  of  Indian  corn. 

Corn-flower  (koro'flou-er),  «.  A  flower  or 
plant  growing  among  com,  as  the  blue- 
bottle, wild  poppy,  &c. 

Corn-fly  (korn'fli),  «.  A  name  common  to 
several  insects  of  the  genera  Chlorops  and 
Oscinis,  family  Muscidae,  from  the  injury 
they  inflict  on  growing  crops.  Chloropi 
tttnioputt,  the  most  destructive  of  British 
corn-flies,  is  about  H  line  in  length,  and 
of  a  yellow  colour  striped  with  Mack. 
It  deposits  its  eggs  between  the  leaves  of 
wheat  and  barley  plants,  and  its  larva-,  by 
extracting  the  juices,  produce  the  disease 
called  gout,  from  the  swelling  of  the  joints 
of  the  plants. 

Corn-growing  (korn'gro-ing),  a.  Producing 
com;  as,  a  corn-tjrowintj  country. 

Corn -husking,  Corn -shucking  (korn'- 
husk-iug,  konPshnk-ing),  n.  An  assemblage 
of  friends  and  neighbours  at  the  house  of  a 
farmer  to  assist  him  in  stripping  the  husks 
or  shucks  from  his  Indian  corn.  [United 
States.] 

Cornice  (kortiisV  7t.  [O.Fr.  cornice,  It.  cor- 
nice, from  Or.  koronis,  a  summit,  finish  or 
completion  of  anything,  from  Or.  korone,  a 
crown.  See  CROWN.]  In  arch,  any  mould- 
ed projection  which  crowns  or  finishes  the 
part  to  which  it  is  affixed;  specifically,  the 
highest  part  of  an  entablature  resting  on 
the  frieze.  (See  COLUMN.)  When  the  crown- 
ing course  of  a  wall  is  plain  it  is  called  a 
coping.  — Cornice-ring,  the  ring  in  a  cannon 
next  behind  the  muzzle-ring. 

Corniced  (kor'nist),  a.    Having  a  cornice. 

Cornicle  (kor'ni-kl),  n.  [L.  corniculum,  from 
cornu,  a  horn.  ]  A  little  horn.  Sir  T.  Browne. 
[Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Corniculate  (kor-nik'u.lat).  a.    [L.  < 
a  horn. )    1.  Horned;  having  horns.— 2.  In 
/'«'.  producing  horned  pods;  bearing  a  little 
spur  or  horn. 

Cornlculere,t  »>•  (L.  cornimlarius,  a  soldier 
who  led  the  wing  of  a  small  division  nf 
troops.]  1.  A  lieutenant  or  assistant  of  a 
superior  officer.— 2.  The  secretary  or  assist- 
ant of  a  magistrate. 

Cornlflc  (kor-nif'ik),  a.  [L.  cornu,  a  horn, 
and/rt<n'o,  to  make.]  Producing  horns. 

Cornlform  (kor'ni-form),  a.  [L.  corni/onnit 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ft». 


COENIGEROUS 


591 


COROLLIFLOILE 


—cornu,  a  horn,  and/orinn,  shape.]    Horn- 
shaped  :  applied  to  the  nectary  of  plants. 
Cornigerous  (kor-nij'er-us),  «.    [L.  corniger 
—cornu,  a  horn,  ami  ijem,  to  bear.]   Horned; 
havin"  horns;  as,  corniiieruus  animals. 
Cornine  (koi'nin),  «.  A  principle  discovered 
in  the  bark  of  Cornus  Jtarida,  having  pro- 
perties resembling  those  of  quinine. 
Corning-house  (korn'ing-hous),  n.    A  house 
or  place  where  powder  is  granulated. 
Cornish  (korn'ish),  a.     Pertaining  to  Corn- 
wall, in  England.   -Coi-nidi  engine,  a  single- 
acting    steam -engine    used    for    pumping 
water.    The  pump-rods  appended  to  one 
end  of  the  beam  are  loaded  so  as  by  their 
"i-avity  to  have  sufficient  force  to  raise  the 
water,  and  the  down  stroke  of  the  steam 
piston  at  the  other  end  of  the  beam  is  used 
to  raise  them.    The  steam  is  generally  em- 
ployed  at    a   considerable    pressure,    and 
worked  very  expansively.— Cornish  moiiey- 
«•«•(,  a  plant  of  the  genus  Limosella,  L. 
aiiuatica     Called  also  Mudwort. 
Cornish  (korn'ish),  n.  The  ancient  language 
of  Cornwall,  a  dialect  of  the  Celtic.    It  be- 
came extinct  as  a  spoken  language  about 
the  beginning  of  the  present  century. 
Cornished  (koru'isht),  pp.    In  her.  adorned 
with  a  cornice  or  moulding. 
Cornist  (korn'ist),  n.    A  performer  on  the 
cornet  or  horn. 

Corn-Juice  (korn'jus),  n.  Whisky.  [United 
States.] 

Corn-land  (kornland),  n.  Land  appropri- 
ated or  suitable  to  the  production  of  corn 
or  grain. 

Corn-laws  (korn'laz),  n.  Legislative  enact- 
ments and  restrictions  relating  to  the  ex- 
portation and  importation  of  grain.  The 
corn-laws  of  this  country  were  repealed  in 
1848,  and  foreign  grain  admitted  on  payment 
of  a  nominal  duty,  which  was  repealed  in 
1S09. 

Cornless  (korn'les),  a.     Destitute  of  corn; 
as,  cornlests  dwelling-places. 
Corn-lift  (korn'lift),  n.     A  contrivance  for 
raising  sacks  of  grain  to  the  upper  floors  of 
a  granary. 

Corn-loft  (korn'loft),  n.  An  apartment  for 
corn;  a  granary. 

Corn-marigold  (korn'ma-ri-gold),  n.    The 
popular  name  of  Chrysanthemum  segetum, 
a  common  weed  in  cultivated  fields. 
Corn-mastert  (korn'mas-ter),  n.    One  who 
cultivates  corn  for  sale. 

I  knew  a  nobleman,  ...  a  great  grasier,  a  great 
sheep-master,  a  great  timber-man,  a  great  collier,  a 
great  corn-master,  and  a  great  leadiimn.  Bacon. 

Corn-meter  (korn'met-6r), ».  One  who  mea- 
sures corn. 

Corn-mill  (korn'mil),  n.  A  mill  for  grinding 
corn.  More  generally  called  a  Grust-inill. 
Corn-mint  (korn'miut),  n.  The  common 
name  of  Mentha  arvensis,  a  plant  abundant 
in  cultivated  fields  and  waste  places. 
Corn-moth  (korn'moth),  n.  A  small  moth, 
the  Tinea  r/ranella,  exceedingly  destructive 
to  corn-sheaves  in  the  field,  and  to  stored 
grain,  among  which  it  lays  its  eggs.  The 
larva,  which,  from  its  voracity,  is  called  the 
wolf  eats  into  the  grains  of  corn,  and  joins 
them  together  by  a  web.  Salt,  frequent 
turning,  and  many  expedients  are  employed 
to  destroy  the  eggs. 

Cornmudglnt  (korn'muj-in),  n.    [Supposed 
to  be  a  corruption  of  corn-merchant.}    A 
corn-merchant;  a  mean,  churlish  fellow;  a 
curmudgeon  (which  is  itself  a  corruption  of 
tarnmuagiri). 
Cornmuse,t  n. 
see).     Chaucer. 
Cornopean  (kor-no'pe-an),  n.     A  kind  of 
horn;  the  cornet-a-pistons  (which  see). 
Corn-parsley  (korn'pars-li),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  Sison  Amomum,  an  umbelliferous 
plant  found   in  moist  places  and  hedge- 
banks.     It  is  also  called  Stone-parsley. 
Corn-pipe  (korn'pip),  n.     A  pipe  made  by 
slitting  the  joint  of  a  green  stalk  of  corn. 
'The  shrill  corn-pipes.'    Tickell. 
Corn-plaster  (korn'plas-ter),  n.    A  plaster 
to  cure  corns. 

Corn-poppy  (korn'pop-pi),  n.  Red  poppy 
(I'apaver  Rhaeas),  a  troublesome  weed  in 
corn-fields. 

Corn-rent  (korn'rent),  n.  A  rent  paid  in 
corn  instead  of  money,  varying  in  amount 
according  to  the  fluctuations  of  the  price  of 
corn.  In  many  parts  of  Scotland  corn-rents 
are  paid  according  to  the  flar  prices  of  corn. 
Corn-rose  (korn'roz),  n.  Corn-poppy  (which 

Corn-salad  (korn'sal-ad),  n.  The  common 
name  of  f'edia  or  Valerianella  olitona,  a 


plant  eaten  as  a  salad  and  found  in  corn- 
fields. 

Corn-sawfly  (kom'sn-fli),  n.  A  species  of 
sawfly  (which  see),  the  Ct'i'lntx  jiifit/tii'i'*. 
exceedingly  injurious  to  uheat  and  rye,  the 
female  depositing  her  eggs  in  the  stalk, 
which  the  larva  destroys.  It  is  about  J  inch 

Corn-stone  (korn'ston),  n.  A  local  name  for 
an  impure,  concretionary  red  limestone, 
forming  subordinate  beds  in  the  old  red 
sandstone  group. 

"ilom-thrips  (korn'thrins),  n.  A  minute 
species  of  thrips  (which  see),  the  Thrips 
cerealiuM,  which  does  much  mischief  to 
grain  crops,  particularly  late-sown  wheat, 
insinuating  itself  between  the  chaff  and  the 
unripe  seed,  and  causing  the  latter  to  shrivel 
by  sucking  the  juice.  It  is  barely  a  tine  long. 
Cornu (kor'nu), ».  pi.  Cornua(kor'nu-a).  [L.] 
A  horn;  a  term  applied  to  warts  from  their 
horny  hardness;  and  in  anat.  to  parts  resem- 
bling a  horn  in  form.  In  zool.  horns  are  of 
two  kinds:  cornua  solida,  solid  deciduous 
horns  like  those  of  deer,  and  comua  cam, 
hollow  permanent  horns  like  those  of  oxen, 
sheep,  &c. 

Cornu-ammonis(kor'nu-am-m6"nis),n.  [L] 
A  shell  like  a  ram's  horn;  a  name  sometimes 
applied  to  the  fossil  shells  called  ammon- 
ites, from  their  resemblance  to  a  rani's  horn, 
the  famous  symbol  of  Jupiter  Ammon. 
Comubianite  (kor-nu'bi-an-it),  n.  A  slaty 
rock,  abundant  in  the  western  part  of  Corn- 
wall in  contact  with  granite.  It  is  of  a 
dark  blue  or  purple  colour,  hard  and  lami- 
nated. 

Cornucopia  (kor-nu-ko'pi-a),  n.  [L.  cornu, 
a  horn,  and  copia,  plenty,  lit.  the  horn  of 
plenty.  ]  1.  In  class,  antiq.  a  wreathed  horn, 
filled  to  overflowing  with  richest  fruit, 
flowers,  and  grain,  and  the  symbol  of  plenty, 
peace,  and  concord,  generally  placed  in  the 
hands  of  emblematical  figures  of  Plenty, 
Liberality,  &c. ,  and  still  much  used  as  an 
ornament  in  architecture,  sculpture,  and 
heraldry.  —2.  A  genus  of  grasses  whose  spikes 
resemble  the  cornucopia  in  form. 
Cornus  (koi'nus),  n.  [L.,  the  dog-wood  tree, 
from  cornu,  a  horn,  from  the  horny  hardness 
of  the  wood.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Cornacea;,  consisting  of  shrubs,  trees,  or 
rarely  herbs,  with  small  white  or  yellowish 
flowers  and  ovoid  dmpes.  Two  species  are 
found  native  in  Britain,  C.  tanguinea  (the 


about  fonr-llftbs  of  their  length  with  ., 

of  matting  I  oof. 

Corody,  Corrodyiko'io  .li),  ».  1 1 
eor  !«i  eon,  to-rth.  i . . 

to  eat  1     All  allow. i.  I, .  ,,r 

clothing,  anciently  due  lo  the  kin-  IM.III  ,.u 
iibljcy  or  other  religions  lion-e.  |.,r  tli. 
tenaneeof  such  of  mMTTADtlU  lie  tin  plight 
good  to  phl'-e  there  f(,r  mainteli,!  ' 

dies  wen-  .,!.-,,  re!, lined  I.J    I  lie  ].ll\.lle  f,.|lli- 

ders  of  religious  houses  and  -yen  granted  to 
liencfaetors,  and   counted  in  the  right  of 
sending  a  eel-tain  nuniKer  of  peison-,  to  In- 
boarded  at  an  abbey.     The   king  wus  also 
entitled  to  a  eorody  out  of  eye]  \  lo-ho],]  n  . 
that   is,  to  send  one  of  his  chaplain-*  ' 
maintained  !•>  tie  u-h.-ji,  m  t»  h.i\> 
sion  allowed  till  the  bishop  promoted  him 
to  a  bendii  e. 

Corolla,  CproHko-iol'la,  ko'rol),  n.  [L.  co- 
rolla, a  little  wreath,  dim.  of  corona,  a 
wreath,  a  gurhunl.  a  ei  »w  n  ;  In  but.  leaves 
of  the  flower  inside  the  calyx.  The  corolla 
surrounds  the  parts  of  fructification  and  i« 
composed  of  leaves  called  petals.  When 


Same  as  Cornemuse  (which 


do"-wood  or  cornel-tree)  and  C.  suecicn. 
Cornute   Cornuted  (kor-nuf,  kor-nut'ed), 

a.  1.  Furnished  with  horns;  horned.— 2.  In 

hot.  horn-shaped. 
Cornutet  (kor-nuf), ».  <-  pret.  *  pp.  cornuted; 

ppr.  cornuting.   [L.  aarmttas,  from  cornu,  a 

horn.]  To  bestow  horns;  to  horn;  to  cuckold. 

Hut  why  does  he  not  name  others?  As  if  the  horn 
ert-w  on  nobody's  head  but  mine.  I  hope  he  cannot 
Say  that  my  being  cammed  hat  raised  the  price  of 
posthorns.  Sff  JK.  f*  MttfttMft, 

CornutOt  (kor-nu'to),  n.  [It]  A  man  that 
wears  the  horns;  a  cuckold.  'The  peaked 
coryntto  her  husband.'  Shak. 

Cornutort  (kor-nut'cr),  n.  A  cuckold- 
maker.  Jordan. 

Corn-van  (korn'yan),  n.  [For  corn-fan.] 
A  machine  for  winnowing  com.  Pope. 

Corn-violet  (korn'vi-6-let).  n.  The  popular 
name  of  Campanula  hybrida,  a  plant  found 
in  cornfields. 

Corn-wain  (korn'wan),  ».  A  waggon  that 
carries  corn. 

Corn-weevil  (korn'we-vil),  n.  The  Calanr 
dm  granaria,  an  insect  very  injurious  to 
grain.  See  CALANDKA. 

Corny (kor/ni),u.  [L.  coniu.ahorn.]  Horny; 
strong,  stiff,  or  hard  like  a  horn;  resembling 
horn.  '  Upstood  the  corny  reed  embattled. 

Corny'(korn'i),  a.  [From  corn.]  1.  Of  the 
nature  of  or  furnished  with  grains  of  corn. 
'Theconiuear.'  Prior. -2.  Producing  com; 
abounding  with  corn;  as,  a  corny  field ;. 
corny  crop. -3.  Containing  corn  'Corny 


tipsy.    [Colloq.  or  vulgar.] 
Corocore  (kor-o-kor),  n.    A  boat  of  the  In- 
dian Archipelago  of  various  form, 
used  in  Celebes  is  propelled  by  oars,  and  has 
a  curious  apparatus  projecting  beyond 
gunwale,   and  also  beyond   the  stern,  on 
which  a  second  row  of  rowers  is  place,!     It 
is  often  manned  with  sixty  men.    Others, 
as  those  used  in  the  Moluccas,  are  masted 
vessels    broad    with   narrow   extremities 
50  to  05  feet  long,  and  covered  throug 


a  a.  Many  petaled  or  leaved  Corollas.     »  ».  Single 
petaled  or  leaved  Corollas, 

there  are  several  free  leaves  it  is  called  a 
polypetalous  corolla,  as  in  the  roue,  hut 
when  the  petals  are  united  by  the  margins 
into  a  continuous  structure  it  is  called 
inonopetaloitti,  or  more  correctly  gamoveta- 
Ions  It  may  generally  be  distinguished 
from  the  calyx  by  the  fineness  of  its  texture 
and  the  gayness  of  its  colours;  but  there  are 
many  exceptions.  It  is  sometimes  inaccu- 
rately called  blossom  and  flower. 
Corollaceous  (ko-rol-a'shus),  a.  Pertaining 
to  a  corol;  inclosing  and  protecting  like  a 
wreath  '  A  corollaceoits  covering. '  Lft. 
Corollary  (ko'rol-la-ri),  >».  [Fr.  cmMaire, 
fromL  coru//«,dim.  of  corono.acrown.froni, 
it  is  said,  the  shape  of  the  sign  which  indi- 
cated the  corollary  of  a  proposition,  which 
sign,  however,  was  probably  adopted  in 
allusion  to  the  phrase,  finii  connat  ojmt, 
the  completion  crowns  the  work.]  1.  In 
math  that  which  follows  over  and  alKive 
what  is  directly  demonstrated  in  a  proposi- 
tion- any  consequence  necessarily  concur- 
rent with  or  following  from  the  main  one; 
a  deduction;  an  inference;  a  conclusion; 
thus  if  it  is  demonstrated  that  a  triangle 
which  has  equal  sides  has  also  equal  angles, 
it  follows  as  n  corollary  that  a  triangle  which 
has  three  equal  sides  has  its  three  angles 
equal. 

A  corollary  is  an  inference  from  a  preceding  pro- 
position. 

2.  t  A  surplus. 

Now  come  my  Ariel !  bring  a  corollary 
Kathcr  than  want  a  spirit. 


SMai. 


[As  used  iii  this  sense  some  etymologists  de- 
rive the  word  immediately  from  L.  corol- 
larium,  a  garland  of  flowers,  a  present,  and 
explain  it  as  meaning  something  given  IK- 
yond  what  is  due,  and  hence  something 
added,  or  superfluous.] 
CoroUate,  Corollated  (ko'rol-at,  ko  rol-a  - 
ed),  a.  I"  tot-  like  a  corolla;  having  corol- 

Corollet  (kor-ol-let),  n.  [A  dim.  from  Fr. 
corolle  a  corolla.  See  COROLLA.]  In  lot. 
one  of  the  partial  flowers  which  make  a 
compound  one;  the  floret  in  an  aggregate 

CorolliflorSB  (ko'rol-li-flo"re),  n.  pi.  One  of 
the  great  subdivisions  of  exogenous  plants. 


oh,  c/iain; 


COROLLINE 


592 


CORONET 


Corolline(kor'ol-lln),  a.  In  bat.  of  or  belong- 
ing to  a  corolla. 

Corollist  (ko-rol'list),  n.  One  who  classifies 
plants  liy  their  corollas.  Reex'  Cyc. 

Coromandel-wood  (ko-r6-m»tt'del-w^dX  n. 
A  beautiful  brown  wood  from  the  coast  of 
'  •Hn>m;tiiilrl 

Corona  (ko-ro'na),  n.  [L.  See  CROWN.)  1.  In 
arch,  a  member  of  a  cornice,  situated  be- 
tween the  bed  moulding  and  the  cymatium. 
It  consists  of  a  broad  vertical  face,  usually 
of  considerable  projection.  Its  soffit  is 
generally  recessed  upwards  to  facilitate  the 
fall  of  rain  from  its  face,  thus  sheltering  the 
wall  below.  Among  workmen  it  is  called 
the  drip,  by  the  French  larmier,  and  this 
lust  term  is  often  used  by  English  writers. 
See  COLUMN.— 2.  In  anat.  a  term  used  to 
designate  certain  parts  supposed  to  resemble 
a  crown;  also,  the  upper  portion  of  the  molar 
teeth  or  grinders. — Corona  ciliaris,  the  cili- 
ary ligament.—  Corona  glandiv,  the  margin 
of  the  glana  penis. — 3.  In  bot.  (a)  the  cir- 
cumference or  margin  of  a  radiated  compo- 
site flower.  (&)  An  appendage  of  the  corolla 
or  petals  of  a  flower  proceeding  from  the 
base  of  the  limb,  (c)  The  appendage  to  the 
top  of  seeds,  which  enables  them  to  dis- 
perse. —  4.  In  astron.  a  halo  or  luminous 
circle  around  one  of  the  heavenly  bodies; 
specifically,  the  portion  of  the  aureola,  ob- 
served during  total  eclipses  of  the  sun, 
which  lies  outside  the  chromosphere,  or 
region  of  coloured  prominences.  —5.  A  crown 
or  circlet  suspended  from  the  roof  or  vault- 
ing of  churches  to  hold  tapers  lighted  on 


Corona  Lucis, 

solemn  occasions:  called  also  Corona  Luct*: 
Sometimes  they  are  formed  of  double  or 
triple  circlets,  arranged  pyramidieally.-- 
0.  Among  the  Romans,  a  crown  bestowed  as 
a  reward  for  distinguished  military  service. 
The  corona;  were  of  various  kinds,  as  the  co- 
rona cu'icu.of  oak  leaves,  bestowed  mi  him 
who  had  saved  the  life  of  a  citizen;  imallari# 
or  castrenxin,  of  gold,  on  him  who  first 
mounted  the  rampart  or  entered  the  camp  of 
the  enemy;  nutralix,  on  him  who  first  scaled 
the  walls  of  a  city;  ttttr<tli<,<t\\  him  who  first 
boarded  the  ship  of  an  enemy;  obxitlv/twli*, 
i >n  him  who  freed  an  army  from  a  blockade, 
and  made  of  grass  growing  on  the  place.— 
7.  A  peculiar  phase  of  the  aurora  borealis, 
formed  by  the  concentration  or  convergence 
of  luminous  beams  around  the  point  in  the 
heavens  indicated  by  the  direction  of  the 
dipping  needle.  Goodrich.  —Corona  borealix, 
the  Northern  Crown,  a  constellation  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  containing  twenty- 
one  stars.  —Coro>ia  attstralis,  the  Southern 
Crown,  a  constellation  of  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere, containing  twelve  stars. 
Coronach,  Coranich  ( kor'o-nach,  kor'a- 
nii''li),  n.  [Gael,  and  lr  .  a  dirge,  an  Irish 
funeral  cry  -cotnh  (  =  L.  con),  and  ranaich, 
a  roaring,  from  ran,  a  shriek.]  A  dirge;  a 
lamentation  for  the  dead.  The  custom  of 
sinking  dirges  at  funerals  was  anciently 
prevalent  in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  and  is 
still,  or  was  till  lately,  practised  in  some 
remote  Celtic  districts. 

The  village  maids  and  matrons  round 

Tht!  dismal  coronafh  resound.  Scott. 

Coronal  (ko-ro'nal),  a.     1.  Belonging  to  the 
crown  or  to  coronation.    [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

The  law  and  his  coronal  oath  require  his  undeni- 
able assent  to  what  laws  the  parliament  agree  on. 
Milton. 

2.   Belonging  to  the  crown  or  top  of  the 
head;  as,  the  coronal  suture. 


Coronal  (ko-ro'nal),  n.  1.  A  crown;  wreath; 
garland.  '  Brows  begirt  with  youthful  coro- 
nals.' Fletcher.— "2.  The  first  suture  of  the 
skull. 

Coronally  (koro'nal-li),  adv.  In  a  coronal 
or  circular  manner.  [Rare.] 

As  the  oil  was  poured  coronally  or  circularly  upon 
the  head  of  kings,  so  the  high-priest  was  anointed 
decussatively,  or  in  the  form  of  a  X- 

Sir  T.  Kroivne. 

Coronamen  (ko-ro-n;Vmen),  7i.  In  zool.  the 
superior  margin  of  a  hoof,  called,  in  vete- 
rinary surg.  the  coronet. 

Coronary  (ko'ro-na-ri),  a.  1.  Relating  to  a 
crown;  seated  on  the  top  of  the  head,  or 
placed  as  a  crown.  'The  coronary  thorns 
did  pierce  his  tender  and  sacred  temples.' 
Bp.  Pearson.  —2.  In  anat.  resembling  a 
crown  or  circlet. — Coronary  vessels,  in  anat. 
certain  vessels  which  furnish  the  substance 
of  the  heart  with  blood.  — Coronary  arteries, 
two  arteries  which  spring  from  the  aorta 
before  it  leaves  the  pericardium,  and  supply 
the  substance  of  the  heart  with  blood.— 
Coronary  vein,  a  vein  diffused  over  the  ex- 
terior surface  of  the  heart,  receiving  the 
blood  from  the  heart. — Stomachic  coronary 
vein,  a  vein  inserted  into  the  trunk  of  the 
splenic  vein,  which,  by  uniting  with  the 
mesenteric,  forms  the  vena  porta. 

Coronary  (ko'ro-na-ri),  n.  A  small  bone  in 
the  foot  of  a  horse. 

Coronate,  Coronated  (ko'ro-nat,  ko'ro-nat- 
ed),  a.  [L.  coronatwt,  from  corona,  a  crown.) 
Having  or  wearing  a  crown  or  something 
like  one;  specifically,  (a)  in  bot.  an  epithet 
applied  to  a  petal  which  has  little  crown- 
like  eminences.  (6)  In  conch,  a  term  applied 
to  spiral  shells  which  have  their  whorls 
more  or  less  surmounted  by  a  row  of  spines 
or  tubercles,  aa  in  several  volutes,  cones, 
mitres,  AT. 

Coronation  (ko-rd-na'shon),  7*.  [From 
L.  corotui,  a  crown.  ]  1.  The  act  or  solemnity 
of  crowning  a  king  or  emperor;  the  act  of 
investing  a  prince  with  the  insignia  of  royalty 
on  his  succeeding  to  the  sovereignty. —2.  The 
pomp  of  or  assembly  attending  at  a  corona- 
tion. 

In  pensive  thought  recall  the  fancied  scene. 
See  ct>runtttti»ts  rise  on  every  green.          P&pt. 

— Coronation-oath,  the  oath  taken  by  a  king 
at  his  coronation.  —  Coronation-tttone.  See 
I .  i  A  FAIL. 

Corone  (ko-ro'neX  n.  [Or.  kor&ni,  a  crow.] 
The  acute  process  of  the  lower  jaw-bone:  so 
named  from  its  supposed  resemblance  to  a 
crow's  bill. 

Corone,  *  Coroune,*  ».  A  crown  or  gar- 
land Sometimes  written  Corowne.  Chaucer. 

Coronelt  (ker'nel),  n.  [See  COLONEL.)  A 
colonel.  '  The  coronel  named  Don  Sebas- 
tian.' Spenser. 

Coronel  (ker'on-el),  n.  [Dim.  from  L.  corona, 
a  crown  ]  The  upper  part  of  a  jousting 
lance,  constructed  to  unhorse  but  not  to 
wound  a  knight.  It  was  properly  of  iron,  but 
where  mere  exercise  or  spurt  was  the  object 
it  might  be  of  wood,  having  a  socket  for  the 
end  of  the  shaft  of  the  lance  to  go  into,  and 
terminating  in  three  points  so  as  somewhat 
to  resemble  a  little  crown,  whence  the  name. 
The  name  was  sometimes  used  as  synony- 
mous with  tilting  lance  or  spenr.  Written 
also  Cornall,  Cronel,  and  sometimes  Coronet 
and  Crone  t.  '  Speris  garneste,  that  is,  cor- 
nail,  vamplate,  and  grapers.'  Quoted  by 
Fosbrolee.  See  TOURNAMENT. 

Cpronellidse  (ko-ro-nel'i-de),  n.  pi.    [Dim., 
formed  from  L.  corona,  a  crown,  and  Or. 
eitlox,  likeness.]    A  subfamily  of  ophidian 
reptiles,  family  Culubrida*,  characterized  by 
a  fiat  belly,  broad  back,  a  ratlier  fiat  head, 
and  by  having  the  shields  of  the  head  regu- 
lar.    It  includes  several  genera,  as  Psam- 
mophylax,  confined  to  South  Africa,  and 
Coronella,  found  in  most  parts  of  the  world.  I 
To  the  former  belongs  the  schaap-sticker  ' 
of  South  Africa,  a  handsome,  lively  reptile 
about  2  feet  long.     The  C.  auntriacaf  of  | 
about  the  same  size  and  resembling  the 
viper,  is  common  on  the  Continent  and  has  \ 
been  found  in  England.     They  feed  on  in- 
sects,  lizards,  Ac. 

Coroner  (ku'ro-ner),  n.  [L.L.  conma  for,  from 
corona,  a  crown.]  The  title  of  an  office  estab- 
lished in  Anglo-Saxon  times,  of  which  the 
holder  was,  as  his  name  indicates,  in  a  pecu- 
liar manner  the  officer  of  the  crown,  whose 
private  rights  of  property,  whetherarising  by 
escheat,  wardship,  or  consisting  in  demesne, 
it  was  his  business  to  maintain  and  superin- 
tend in  the  county  for  which  he  acted.  The 
principal  function  which  the  coroner  now 
exercises  is  that  of  holding  inquests  on  the 


bodies  of  such  as  either  die,  or  are  supposed  to 

die,  a  violent  death.  For  tlii.s  purpose  he  is 
to  go  to  the  place  where  any  person  is  slain  or 
has  died  suddenly,  and  by  his  warrant  to  the 
bailiffs  or  constables  of  the  place  summon 
a  jury  out  of  the  neighbouring  pliu 
towns  to  make  inquiry  upon  view  of  the 
body;  and  he  and  the  jury  are  to  inquire 
into  the  manner  of  killing,  and  all  circum- 
stances that  occasioned  the  party's  death; 
who  were  present,  whether  the  dead  person 
was  known,  where  he  lay  the  night  before, 
&c.,  and  to  examine  the  body  for  six  us  of 
violence.  He  is  also  empowered  to  summon 
witnesses,  and  take  their  evidence  in  writ- 
ing. When  the  jury  have  brought  in  their 
verdict  the  coroner  is  to  return  the  inquisi- 
tion to  the  next  assizes  or  commission  of 
jail  delivery  in  the  county,  where  the 
murderer  or  murderers  may  be  proee^h-.l 
against.  The  duty  of  a  coroner  is  limited 
to  a  county  or  a  division  of  a  county.  Most 
commonly  there  are  three  or  four  coroners 
in  each  county  in  England,  but  the  nunilnir 
varies,  there  being  in  some  six  or  seven. 
The  council  of  every  borough  to  which  a 
separate  court  of  quarter-sessions  has  IXTU 
granted  is  empowered  to  appoint  a  coroner 
for  the  borough.  By  the  act  7  and  8  Viet. 
xcii.  coroners  may  be  appointed  for  districts 
within  counties,  instead  of  the  counties  at 
large.  Coroners  of  counties  are  elected  for 
life,  under  the  direction  of  stat.  2$  Ed.  III. 
vi.,  by  the  freeholders.  There  are  no  coro- 
ners in  Scotland,  but  somewhat  similar 
duties  are  performed  by  the  procurators- 
fiscal. — The  coroner  of  the  royal  household 
is  an  officer  appointed  to  take  inquisition* 
upon  the  bodies  of  all  persons  slain  in  the 
palace  or  in  any  house  where  the  sovereign 
may  happen  to  be.  He  lias  exclusive  juris- 
diction of  the  county  coroner.  See  IK  QUEST, 
INQUISITION. 

Coroner's  -court  (ko'ro-nerz-kort),  n.  A 
tribunal  of  record,  where  the  coroner  holds 
his  inquiries. 

Coronet  (ko'ro-net),  n.  lFr.,dim.of  couronne, 
L.  corona,  a  crown.)  An  inferior  crown 
worn  by  princes  and  noblemen.  The  coro- 
net of  the  Prince  of  Wales  is  composed  of  a 
circle  or  fillet  of  gold;  on  the  edge  four 
crosses  pat  tee  between  as  many  fleurs-de-lis, 
and  from  the  two  centre  crosses  an  arch 


i.  Coronet  of  Prince  of  Wales. 

2,  Coronet  of  Princes  and  Princesses— younger  chil- 
dren of  the  Queen. 

surmounted  with  a  mound  and  cross.  The 
coronet  of  a  duke  is  adorned  with  straw- 
berry leaves;  that  of  a  marquis  has  leaves 
with  |>earls  interposed;  that  of  an  earl  raises. 


3,  Coronet  of  a  Duke.  4.  Do.  of  a  Marquis.  5,  Do. 
•of  an  Earl.  6,  Do.  of  a  Viscount.  7.  Do.  of  a. 
Baron. 

the  pearls  above  the  leaves ;  that  of  a  viscount 
is  surrounded  with  pearls  only;  that  of  a 
baron  has  only  six  pearls. 

Kind  hearts  are  more  than  coronets, 

And  simple  faith  than  Norman  blood.   Tennyson. 

2.  t  An  ornamental  head-dress. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  ttfb,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ti,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CORONET 


Under  a  coronet  his  flowing  hair 

In  curls,  0:1  either  cheek  played.        Milton. 

3  The  head  of  a  tilting-spear.    Written  also 
Comtcl  Cro^l,  and  Srowt.-Coronct  of  a 
hone.    See  CORNET. 
Coronet  (ko'ro-uet),  v.t.    To  adorn,  as  with 

The  simple  lily  braid. 
That  coronets  her  temples.  Sir  If  Scott 

Coroneted  (ko'ro-net-ed),  a.     Wearum  or 

entitled  to  wear  a  coronet. 
Coroniform  (ko-ron'i-furm),  a.    [L.  corona, 

<i  uovyi,  and  jorina,  form.]     Having 

Coronilla  (ko-r6-nina),«.  A  genus  of  plants 
nat.  order  Leguminosa;,  consisting  of  an- 
nual ,,r  perennial  plants  with  stalked  urn- 
bels  of  yellow  flowers.  C.  erne  rut  (scor- 
pion-senna) is  a  common  plant  all  over  the 
south  of  Europe.  It  has  bright  yellow 
flmvers,  and  its  leaves  act  as  a  catha  tk 
like  those  of  senna.  The  leaves  of  another 
species  (C.  rarfa)  have  a  diuretic  action  on 
the  system,  and  also  purge.  The  species  of 
tins  genus  are  numerous,  and  all  adapted 
for  ornamental  cultivation 

Coronoid  (ko'ron-oid),   a.     [Gr.   korotte    a 
-nv,  and  eidos,  form.]     Resembling  the 

K  or  11  crou"   «iu'i-i(l,.iii-i.  ;,, 


---  ^«*vo,    luiiu.  j       JMlBfnQDUZlff    till' 

peak  of  a  crow;  specifically,  in  aiuit.  applied 
to  t  he  upper  and  anterior  process  of  the  end 
of  the  ower  jaw,  the  coronoid  process;  also 
to  the  lower  extremity  of  the  ulna 
Coronule  (ko'ron-ul),  «.     [Dim.  'from  L 
corona,  a  crown.)    In  hot.  a  coronet  or  little 
crown  of  a  seed;  the  downy  tuft  on  seeds 
Coroune.t  Corowne.t  ».    See  CORONE 
Corozo-nuts  (ko-ro'zo-nuts), n.  pi.  The  seeds 
of  a  tropical  American  palm,  the  I'htttele- 
phas  macrocarpa,  whose  hardened  albumen 
under  the  name  of  vegetable  ivory,  is  used 
for  small  articles  of  turnery-ware 
Corporal  (kor'po-ral),  n.    [Fr.  caporal-  It 
«V«'-«fe,  from  capo,  L.  caput,   the  head! 
Oui  orthography  is  a  corruption  ]    i  The 
lowest  non-commissioned  officer  of  a  com- 
pany of  infantry,  next  below  a  sergeant    He 
has  charge  over  one  of  the  divisions,  places 
and  relieves  sentinels,  &c.-2.  In  ships-of 
war   formerly,  a  petty  officer  under  the 
master-at-arms,   employed    to    teach  the 
sailors  the  use  of  small-arms,  to  attend  at 
the  gangways  on  entering  ports  and  see  that 
lospintuous  liquors  were  brought  on  board 
without  leave,  to  extinguish  fire  and  can- 
dles, &e    Ihe  ship's  corporal  of  the  present 
day  is  the  superior  of  the  first-class  working 
petty  officers,  and  solely  attends  to  police 
matters  under  the  master-at-arms  or  super- 
mtendent-in-chief. 

Corporal  (kor'po-ral),  a.  [L.  corporate, 
from  corpus,  body.]  i.  Belonging  or  relat- 

KenM.       y;  "•  C0rp0ml  Paiu:  opposea 

The  poor  beetle  that  we  tread  upon 

%%££$£%£ fillds  a  »""*  -  ^ 

2.  Material;  not  spiritual;  corporeal  'A 
corporal  heaven  where  the  stars  are.'  Lati- 
mer  [Rare  or  obsolete.  ^Corporeal,  Cor- 
poral.  Bodily.  See  under  BODILY 

'Corporal,  Corporate  (kor'po-ral,  kor'po- 
ral),  n  [L.L.  corporale  (pallium,  a  coverlet 
or  pall,  understood),  from  L.  eorporali, 
from  corpus,  corpons,  the  body,  from  its 
rhrigt  rga,rd,ed  M  covering  the  body  of 
Christ.]  Eccles.  a  flue  linen  cloth  used  to 
cover  the  sacred  elements  in  the  eucharist. 
or  in  which  the  sacrament  is  put.— Corporal 
oath,  a  solemn  oath,  so  called  from  the 
ancient  usage  of  touching  the  corporale  or 
cloth  that  covered  the  consecrated  elements 

Corporallty t  (kor-po-ral'i-ti),«.  i.The  state 
r  iritwir*  y  °r  embotliea;  opposed  to 

and  DulV'8'"  '1Mh  a"y  carf'"''lily.  it  is  most  subtle 
Kaleigh. 

2.  Corporation;  confraternity 
'Corporally  (kor'po-ral-li),  adv.     Bodily;  in 

sent'      "1<!  b°dy;  a8'  to  be  mrP°rally  Pre- 
'Cowralty  t  (kor-po-ral-ti),  n.    A  body;  a 

Corporast  (kor-po-ras),  n.  The  corporal  or 
communion-cloth.  •  Ornaments,  as  copes 
mrporasses,  chesibles.'  Bale 

'Corporate  (koi'po-rat),  a.  [L.  corporatus 
trom  corporor,  to  be  shaped  into  a  body 
from  corpus,  body.]  i.  United  in  a  bodv  or 
community,  as  a  number  of  individuals  who 
ire  empowered  to  transact  business  as  an 
individual;  formed  into  a  body;  as,  a  corpo- 
rate assembly  or  society;  a  corporate  town 
United;  general;  collectively  one. 

They  answer  in  a  joint  and  corporate  voice.     Sltat. 


<*  be"« 

The  „„,  a,,,,buted  ml  v 


—  ~~..j  mi  puiiite. 

Scro^0wporate°fonnh0n)'  "'   L  A  '""^ 


by  lawto 


tne  death  of  all  its  members,  by  surrende 
of  its  charter  or  franchises,  or  by  forfeft  -c 
Such  corporations  are  the  mayor  ami  i 
E  °,hdt!e8'  "le  heai1  1""1  Wlows  oTa  col- 
chmV,  r!eaU,aIi'J.  "'•"Pterof  a  cathedral 
tliuich,  the  stockholders  of  a  bank  or  in 
surance  company,  &c.  A  corporatim  sole 
consists  of  one  person  only  and  UtmoeMk 
•ore,  as  a  king  or  a  bishop.  Corporations 

STfaMh'T  i8he"  "'to  "SsSffl 

ana  toy,  of  the  former  of  which  narsom 
bishops,  deans,  and  chapters  are  ins  ances 
La,,  corporation  are  subdivided  TntoS 

a  et^'"J"a"J-mu»i«P*1  corporations 
and  trading  companies  being  examples  of 

m,Uriver'  """  hosP"al8.  ™"eges  in  the 
universities,  &c.,of  the  latter.  Corporations 
a:en,.,U8Ua"y  erecte"   by  letters-patent^ 
cliaiters  of  corporation  from  the  sovereign 
unless  as  m  the  case  of  bishops,  parsons' 
*c.,  they  may  be  held  to  exist  by  force  of 
n°"nmon  w.  or  in  the  cases  of  somye  andent 
municipal  corporations,  as  that  of  London, 
by  immemorial  prescription.    Lately,  howl 
ever,  the  necessities  of  trade  have  compelled 
the  passing  of  several  enactments,  in  virtue 
of  which  any  body  of  persons  united  for  the 
purposes  of  trade  may  acquire  for  them- 
selves a  corporate  character.    See  JOINT- 
STOCK,  LIMITED  LIABILITY.  MUNICIPAL'  - 
Corporation  and  Test  Acts.   The  Corporation 
Act,  passed  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.   pre- 
vented any  person  from   being   regularly 
elected  to  any  office  belonging  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  any  city  or  corporation  in  Eric- 
land  unless  he  had,  within  twelve  months 
preceding,  received  the  sacrament  of  the 
Lord  s  supper  according  to  the  rites  of  the 
Church  of  England.     The  Test  Act,  passed 
in  the  same  reign,  required  all  officers  civil 
and  military,  to  take  the  oaths  and  make 
the  declaration  against  transubstantiation 
in  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  or  Chancery 
within  six  months  after  their  admission/ 
and  also  within  the  same  time  to  receive' 
the  sacrament  according  to  the  usage  of  the 
Church  of  England  in  some  public  church 
In  1828  both  these  acts  were  repealed  — 
2.  The  body,  generally  large,  of  a  man  or 
animal.    [Colloq.  and  humorous.] 
Corporator  (kor'no-rftt-er),  n.    A  member 
of  a  corporation.     (Rare.] 
Corpprature  t  (kor'po-rat-nrX  n.  The  stat 
of  being  embodied.     Dr.  II.  More 


e.    T*     arrnyi  ; 

uy  a  body  of  men  ou  watch,  also  the  1* 
which  occupies  it.  -Corp,  cfe'r7«rT«r  a  to 
viwT,"  ,kepi  out  °'  the  **ton    w&  „ 
Kl'i  Mi     *  b.rou«ht  'or«ard  If  their  aid 
should  be  required.  -Cory.  diplmMlim, 

£?,,   V  m'ni«t«™  or  diplofnat^  X: 
acter8.-Corp,  Lraulati/,  the  lower  house 

H.I,    M  Pre"*nt  *rench  '"gl'lature,  e.Ub- 
lished  by  senatw-comulu  of  1857    ]  t«  me 
bers  are  elected  for  six  yearsin  the  m 
portion  of  1  to  36,000 


Women    and    maids   shall    particularly 


2.  A  carcass;  a  dead  body.  See  CORPSE.- 
3  Lccleg.  the  land  with  which  a  prebend  or 
other  ecclesiastical  office  is  endowed 


. 

Corpse  (korps),  n.    [O.E.  carp,,  Fr. 
from      «,»,,„  abody.j    1.  TK  dead  body 

in  OSffioS  UVl 


'h,  c/(ain; 
.VOL.  L 


*  •  »cu.     ut.  n.  More. 

Corporeal  (kor-po're-al),  a.  Of  or  pertain 
ing  to  a  body;  having  a  body;  consisting  o 
a  material  body;  material:  opposed  to  spi 
ritual  or  immaterial;  as,  our  corporea 
frame;  corporeal  substance.  '  The  perfect 
loveliness  of  corporeal  form.'  Z>r.  Caird. 

His  omnipotence. 

That  to  corporeal  substances  could  afld 
Speed  almost  spiritual.  Milton. 

—Corporeal  rights,  in  law,  such  as  fall  under 
the  senses  and  may  be  seen  and  handled, 
in  contradistinction  to  incorporeal  rights, 
which  are  not  subject  to  the  senses,  as  ob- 
J    ligations  of  all  kinds.  —Corporeal,  Corporal, 
Bodily.    See  under  BODILY. 
Corpqrealism  (kor-po're-al-izm),   n.    The 
principles  of  a  corporealist;  materialism. 

The  Atheists  pretend,  .  .  .  from  the  principles  of 
corporetttisnt  itself,  to  evince  that  there  can  be  no 
corporeal  deity  after  this  manner.  CttdTuorth. 

Corporealist  (kor-po're-al-ist).  ji.    One  who 
I    denies  the  existence  of  spiritual  substances 
Corporeality  (kor-po're-al"i-ti), «.  The  state 

of  being  corporeal. 
Corporeally  (kor-po're-al-li),  adv.  In  body; 

in  a  bodily  form  or  manner. 
Corporeity  (kor-po-re'i-ti),  n.    The  state  of 


To  stuff  this  m»w,  this  vast  unhide-bound  corfi, 

H«  ,     *     Cr°[<S  "umbn.es;  Mraight  bereaves"" 
Her  corf,,  of  sense,  ^  a,c  ^,\a  ^^  recdv(.s 

SYN.  Body,  corse,  carcass,  remains"0"*™' 
Corpse-candle  (korps'kan-dl),  n.     1   A 
candle  used  at  ceremonious  watching  of  a 
corpse  before  its  interment.    A  candle  used 
often  to  be  set  upon  the  corpse  itself  —2  A 
local  name  for  will-o'-the-wisp,  or  iffnu 
fatwus,  from  its  being  supposed  to  portend 
death,  and  to  indicate  by  its  course  the  road 
the  corpse  will  be  borne. 
Corpse-gate  (korps'gat),  n.  A  covered  gate- 
way at  the  entrance  to  church-yards    in- 
tended to  shelter  the  burial  procession  from 
rain.    Called  also  Lich-gate  (which  see) 
Corpulence,  Corpulency  (kor'pu-Iens,  kor'- 
pu-len-si),  n.    [L.  corpulentia,  from  cormu 
a  body.]    1.   Fleshiness;  excessive  fatness: 
a  state  of  being  loaded  with  ttesh    as  the 
body  of  a  human  being.—  2.  t  Density  or  so- 
lidity of  matter.     'The  heaviness  and  cor- 
pulency of  the  water  requiring  a  great  force 
to  divide  it.  '    Hay. 
Corpulent  (kor-pu-lent),  a.   [L.  corpulentu* 
from  corpus,  a  body.]    1.  Having  a  great 
bulk  of  body;  stout;  fat. 

They  provided  me  always  a  strong  horse,  because 
I  was  corpultnt  and  heavy.  Hackluyt. 

2.  t  Solid;  dense;  opaque.  "The  overmuch 
perspicuity  of  the  stone  may  seem  more  cor- 
pulent.' Holland.  —  SYN.  Fleshy,  stout 
bulky,  fat,  pursy,  obese. 
Corpulently  (kor'pu-lent-li),  adv.  In  a  cor- 
pulent manner. 

Corpus  (kor'pus).  n.  pi.  Corpora  (kor'po- 
ra).  [L.]  Lit.  a  body;  matter  of  whatever 
kind.  In  atMt.  a  term  applied  to  several 
parts  of  the  animal  structure,  as  corpus 
callosum  (firm  body),  the  great  band  of  ner- 
vous matter  which  unites  the  two  hemi- 
spheres of  the  cerebrum  in  mammals.  — 
Corpus  Chriiti  [lit  body  of  Christ],  a  festival 
of  the  Church  of  Rome,  kept  on  the  next 
Thursday  after  Trinity  Sunday,  in  honour  of 
the  eucharist. 

In  deep  contrition  scourged  himself  in  Lent. 
Walked  in  processions  with  his  head  down  bent, 
At  plays  of  Corpus  Chrtsti  oft  was  seen. 
And  on  Palm  Sunday  bore  his  bow  of  green. 


ch,  Se.  locA;      g,  go;     j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  siwjr;      TH,  Men;  th,  (Ain; 


w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    ih,  azure. -See  KKY. 
38 


CORFU  SANCE 


594 


CORRESPOND 


— Corpus  delicti  [L.],  in  the  criminal  law  of 
Scotland,  the  substance  or  body  of  the  crime 
or  offence  charged,  with  the  various  circum- 
stiincrs  attending  its  commission,  as  speci- 
fied in  the  libel.  —  Corpus  juris  canonici 
[L.],  the  body  or  code  of  canon  law. — Coi'jnta 
jurat  civiiis  [L.],  the  body  of  civil  law. 

Corpusance  (kur'pu-sans),  n.  Same  as  C&r- 
pnxant. 

Corpuscle  (kor'pus-l),  n.  [L.  corpuscnlum, 
dim.  of  corpus,  body.]  1.  A  minute  particle, 
molecule,  or  atom  of  matter. 

It  will  add  much  to  our  satisfaction,  if  these  cor- 
puscUs  can  be  discovered  by  microscopes.  Newton. 

2.  In  physiol.  a  minute  animal  cell  generally 
inclosing  granular  matter,  and  sometimes 
a  spheroidal  body  called  a  nucleus ;  as, 
blood  corpuscles,  chyle  corpuscles. 

The  exerior  of  each  (red)  corpuscle  is  denser  than 
its  interior,  which  contains  a  semi-fluid,  or  quite  fluid 
matter,  of  a  red  colour,  called  haemoglobin.  By 
proper  processes  this  may  be  resolved  into  an  albu- 
minous substance  termed  globulin,  and  a  peculiar 
colouring  matter,  which  is  called  Hamatin.  .  .  .  The 
sac-like  colourless  corpuscle,  with  its  nucleus,  is  what 
is  called  a  nucleated  ceil.  HuxUy. 

Corpuscular  (kor-pus'ku-ler),  a.  Relating 
to  corpuscles  or  small  particles,  supposed  to 
be  the  constituent  materials  of  all  large 
bodies.  —  Corpuscular  forces,  those  forces 
which  modify  and  regulate  the  sensible 
forms  and  mechanical  relations  of  tangible 
matter,  and  which  exert  their  action  on  the 
particles  of  bodies ;  corpuscular  force,  or 
corpuscular  action,  is  the  same  as  cohesive 
force.  —Corpuscular  philosophy,  that  system 
of  philosophy  which  attempts  to  account 
for  the  phenomena  of  nature  by  the  motion, 
figure,  rest,  position,  AT.,  of  the  minute 
particles  of  matter.  It  is  otherwise  known 
by  the  name  of  the  Atomic  Philosophy,— 
Corpuscular  theory,  a  theory  for  explaining 
the  nature  of  light.  According  to  this 
theory  the  sun  and  all  other  luminous  bodies 
have  the  property  of  emitting  exceedingly 
minute  particles  of  their  substance  with 
prodigious  velocity,  and  these  particles  en- 
tering the  eye  produce  the  sensation  of 
vision.  It  has  also  been  termed  the  /,'mtV- 
swn  Theory.  See  LIGHT  and  UNIU'LATORY. 

Corpuscularlan  ( kor-pus'ku-la"ri-au ),  a. 
Corpuscular.  [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Corpuscularian  (  kor-pus'ku-la"ri-an  ),  n. 
An  advocate  for  the  corpuscular  philosophy, 
or  corpuscular  theory  of  light. 

Corpuscularity  (kor-pus'ku-la"ri-ti),  n. 
State  of  l>eiug  corpuscular.  [Rare.] 

Corpuscule  (kor-pus'kul),  n.  Same  as  Cor- 
vitHcle. 

Corracle  (ko'ra-kl),  n.     Same  as  Coracle. 

Corradet  (ko-rad),  o.t.  pret.  &  pp.  corraded; 
ppr.  cor rading.  [L  cor  for  eon,  and  rado, 
to  rub.l  To  gnaw  into;  to  wear  away;  to 
fret.  '  Wealth  cor  railed  by  corruption.'  Dr. 
It.  Clarke. 

Corradial  (ko-ra'di-al),  a.  [L.  cor  for  con, 
together,  and  radius,  a  ray.]  Radiating 
from  or  to  the  same  centre  or  point.  Cole- 
ridge. [Rare.] 

Corradiate  (ko-ra'di-at),  v.t.  [L.  cor  tor  eon, 
and  radio,  radiatum,  to  beam.  See  RADI- 
ATE, RAY.J  To  concentrate  to  one  point, 
as  light  or  rays. 

Corradiation  (ko-nVdi-a"shou),  ?t.  [L.  con 
and  radiatio.  See  RAV.]  A  conjunction  of 
rays  in  one  point. 

Corral  (kor-ral'),  n.  [Sp.,  from  corro,  a 
circle.]  1.  A  pen  or  inclosure  for  horses  or 
cattle.  [Common  in  Spanish  America  and 
parts  of  the  United  States.  ]— 2.  An  inclosure 
formed  of  waggons  employed  by  emigrants 
when  on  their  way  to  the  far  west  of 
America  as  a  means  of  defence  against  In* 
diuns.  —3.  A  strong  stockade  or  inclosure  for 
capturing  wild  elephants  in  Ceylon.  [In 
last  seme  probably  from  Pg.  curral,  a  cattle 
pen.]  See  verb. 

Corral  (kor-ral'),  v.t.  pret.  <t  pp.  a/rraUed 
or  corraled;  ppr.  corralling  or  coraling.  To 
form  into  a  corral;  to  form  a  corral  or  iu- 
closure  by  means  of.  See  extract. 

They  corral  the  waggons;  that  is  to  say,  they  set 
them  in  the  form  of  an  ellipse,  open  only  at  one  end, 
for  safety;  each  waggon  locked  against  its  neighbour, 
overlapping  it  by  a  third  of  the  length,  like  scales  in 
plate  armour;  this  ellipse  being  the  form  of  defence 
against  Indian  attack  which  long  experience  in  fron- 
tier warfare  had  proved  to  the  old  Mexican  traders 
in  these  regions  to  be  the  most  effective  shield. 
When  the  waggons  are  corralled  the  oxen  are  turned 
loose  to  graze.  W.  H.  Dixon. 

Correccioun, t  n.    Correction.    Chaucer. 

Correct  (ko-rekf),  a.  [L.  correctus,  from 
corrigo — con,  and  regn,  to  set  right;  rectus, 
right,  straight.  See  RIGHT.]  Sot  right,  or 
made  straight;  in  accordance  with  a  certain 


standard;  conformable  tu  truth,  rectitude, 
or  propriety;  not  faulty;  free  from  error; 
as.  correct  behaviour;  coi-rcct  principles; 
correct  views.  'Always  the  most  correct 
editions.'  Felton.  'Sallust  the  most  ele- 
gant and  correct  of  all  the  Latin  historians.' 
Addison.. —  SYN.  Right,  accurate,  precise, 
exact,  regular,  faultless. 
Correct  (ko-rekf),  v.t.  [L.  correctus,  cor- 
rigo—con  and  rego.  See  RIGHT.]  1.  To 
make  right;  to  bring  into  accordance  with 
a  certain  standard;  to  bring  to  the  standard 
of  truth,  justice,  or  propriety;  to  remove  »n- 
amend  moral  error  or  defect;  as,  to  correct 
manners  or  principles. 

This  is  a  defect  in  the  make  of  some  men's  minds 
which  can  scarce  ever  be  corrected  afterwards. 

Burnt!. 

2.  In  a  physical  or  literary  sense,  to  remove 
or  retrench  faults  or  errors;  to  set  right;  to 
amend;  as,  to  correct,  a  proof  for  the  press. — 

3.  To  punish  for  faults  or  deviations  from 
moral  rectitude;  to  chastise;  to  discipline; 
as,  a  child  should  be  corrected  for  lying: 
said  of  persons. 

Correct  thy  *on,  and  he  shall  give  thee  rest. 

Prov.  xxix.  17. 

4  To  obviate  or  remove  whatever  is  wrong 
or  inconvenient;  to  reduce  or  change  the 
qualities  of  anything  by  mixture,  or  other 
application;  to  counteract  whatever  is  in- 
jurious; as,  to  correct  the  acidity  of  the 
stomach  by  alkaline  preparations. 

Water  Is  the  proper  drink:  its  quality  of  relaxing 
may  be  corrected  by  boiling  it.  Arbitthtiot. 

—Correcting  plate.  See  MAGNETIC  COMPEN- 
SATOR.—SYN.  To  rectify,  amend,  emend, 
reform,  improve,  chastise,  punish,  discip- 
line, chasten. 

Correctable,  Correctible  (ko-rekt'a-M. 
ko-rekt'i-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being  corrected; 
that  may  be  corrected.  Fuller. 

Correctifyt  (ko-rekt'i-fl),  v.t.  To  correct; 
to  set  right. 

It  is  not  to  be  a  justice  of  peace. 
To  pick  natural  philosophy  out  of  bawdry, 
When  your  worship's  pleased  to  correctify  a  lady. 
Beati.  <S-  Ft. 

Correction  (ko-rek'shon),  n.    [L.  correctio.] 

1.  The  act  of  correcting;  the  act  of  bringing 
to  a  just  standard,  either  moral  or  physical; 
the  removal  of  faults  or  errors;  as,  the  cor- 
rection of  opinions  or  manners;  the  correc- 
tion of  a  book  or  of  the  press.    Specifically, 
in  print  iny,  the  pointing  out,  or  discovering 
the  errors  in  a  printed  sheet,  in  order  that 
they  may  be  amended  by  the  compositor 
before  the  sheet  Is  printed  off.    The  correc- 
tions are  placed  on  the  margin  of  every 
page,  against  the  line  in  which  the  faults 
are  found;  and  there  are  different  charac- 
ters used  to  express  different  corrections. — 

2.  That  which  is  substituted  in  the  place  of 
what  is  wrong;  as,  the  corrections  on  the 
proof  are  too  numerous.— 3.  That  which  is 
intended  to  rectify  or  to  cure  faults;  pun- 
ishment ;   discipline ;    chastisement ;    that 
which  corrects. 

Wilt  thou,  pupil-like. 

Take  thy  correction  mildly,  kiss  the  rod?  Skat. 
My  sun,  despise  not  the  chastening  of  the  Lord, 
nor  be  weary  of  his  correction.  Prov.  Ui.  it. 

4.  Critical  notice;  animadversion. — 6.  Abate- 
ment of  noxious  qualities;  the  counterac- 
tion of  what  is  inconvenient  or  hurtful  in 
its  effects;  as,  the  correction  of  acidity  in 
the  stomach.—  House  of  correction,  a  house 
where  disorderly  persons  are  confined ;  n 
bridewell. 

Correctional  (ko-rek'shon-al),  a.  Tending 
to  or  intended  for  correction. 

Correctionert  (ko-rek'shon-er).  n.  One  who 
is,  or  has  been,  in  the  house  of  correction. 
'  You  filthy,  famished  correct  toner.1  Shak. 

Corrective  (ko-rekt'iv),  a.  Having  the 
power  to  correct;  having  the  quality  of 
removing  or  obviating  what  is  wrong  or  in- 
jurious; tending  to  rectify;  as,  corrective 
penalties. 

Mulberries  are  pectoral,  corrective  of  bilious  alkali. 
Arbuthnot. 

Corrective  (ko-rekt'iv),  n.  1.  That  which 
has  the  power  of  correcting;  that  which  has 
the  quality  of  altering  or  obviating  what  is 
wrong  or  injurious;  as,  alkalies  are  correc- 
tive* of  acids;  penalties  are  correctives  of 
immoral  conduct. 

Some  corrective  to  its  evil  the  French  monarchy 
must  have  received.  Burike. 

2.t  Limitation;  restriction.  'With  certain 
correctives  and  exceptions. '  Sir  M.  Hale. 
Correctly  (ko-rekt'li),  adv.  In  a  correct 
manner;  in  conformity  with  truth,  justice, 
rectitude,  or  propriety;  according  to  a  stan- 
dard; in  conformity  with  a  copy  or  original;  \ 


exactly;  accurately;  without  fault  or  error; 
as,  to  behave  correctly;  tit  writr.  ^peak,  <>r 
think  correctly;  to  judge  correctly. 

Correctness  (ko-rekt'nes),  7*.  i.  Conformity 
to  truth,  justice,  or  propriety;  as,  the  cor- 
rectness of  opinions,  of  judgment,  or  of 
manners.— 2.  Conformity  to  settled  usages 
or  rules;  as,  correctness  in  writing  IT  speak- 
ing.-3.  Conformity  to  a  copy  or  original 
'Those pieces  have  never  before  been  printed 
with.  .  .  correctness.'  Swift.  —  4.  Conformity 
to  established  rules  of  taste  or  proportion; 
as,  the  correctness  of  design  in  painting, 
sculpture,  or  architecture.  'CW/v  i-tni'**  nf 
design  in  this  statue.'  Addisoii.—S\s.  Ac- 
curacy, exactness,  regularity,  precision,  pro- 
priety. 

Corrector  (ko-rekt'er),  «.  1.  One  who  cor- 
rects; one  who  amends  faults,  retrenches 
error,  and  renders  conformable  to  truth  or 
propriety,  or  to  any  standard;  as,  aeon-  ctor 
of  the  press;  &  correct  or  of  abuses.— 2.  One 
who  punishes  for  correction  ;  one  win  > 
amends  or  reforms  by  chastisement ,  reproof, 
or  instruction. 

O  great  corrector  of  enormous  times! 
Shaker  of  o'er-rank  states,  that  healest  with  blood 
The  earth  when  it  is  sick,  and  curest  the  world 
O'  the  plurUy  of  people.  Beau.  &•  Fl, 

3.  That  winch  corrects;  that  which  abates 
or  removes  what  is  noxious  or  incon- 
venient; an  ingredient  in  a  composition 
which  abates  or  counteracts  the  force  of 
another;  as,  an  alkali  is  a  corrector  of  ;u  :<i  - 

Turpentine  is  a  corrector  of  quicksilver.    Qtiincey. 

Correctory  (ko-rek'tor-i),  a.  Containing  or 
making  correction;  corrective. 

Correctoryt  (ko-rek'tor-i),  n.    A  corrective. 

Corregidor  (ko-re'ji-dor),  n.  [Sp.,  a  cor- 
rector, from  corregtr,  to  correct]  In  Spain, 
the  chief  magistrate  of  a  town.  In  Portu- 
gal, a  magistrate  possessing  administrative, 
but  no  go  venting,  power. 

Correi,  Corrl  (korVi),  n.  [Gael.]  The  hol- 
low side  of  a  hill,  where  game  usually  lies. 
See  CORK  IE. 

Fleet  fool  on  the  correi.  Sir  /*'.  Scoff. 

Correlate  (ko're-lat),  n.  [L.  con  and  rela- 
tus.  See  RELATE.  ]  One  who,  or  that 
which,  stands  in  a  reciprocal  relation  to 
something  else,  as  father  and  son. 

Whatever  amount  of  power  an  organism  expends 
in  any  shape,  is  the  correlate  and  equivalent  of  a 
power  tli.it  was  taken  into  it  from  without. 

Herbert  Spencer. 

Correlate  (ko're-lat},  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  corre- 
lated; ppr.  correlating.  To  have  a  recipro- 
cal relation;  to  be  reciprocally  related,  as 
father  and  son. 

Correlate  (ko're-lat),  v.t.  To  place  in  recip- 
rocal relation;  to  institute  a  comparison  or 
parallelism  between;  to  determine  the  rela- 
tions between,  as  between  several  objects 
or  phenomena  which  bear  a  resemblance  to 
one  another. 

Correlation  (ko-re-la'shon),  n.  Reciprocal 
relation;  corresponding  similarity  or  paral- 
lelism of  relation  or  law. — Correlation  <f 
forces.  See  under  FORCE. 

Correlative  (ko-rel'at-iv),  a.  [L.  con  ami 
i-intu-ii.  gee  RKLATE  and  RELATIVE  1 
Having  a  reciprocal  relation,  so  that  tin- 
existence  of  one  in  a  certain  state  depends 
on  the  existence  of  another;  reciprocal. 

Man  and  woman,  master  and  servant,  father  and 
son,  prince  and  subject,  are  correlative  terms.  Hnme. 

The  rational  foundation  then  of  all  government,  ami 
the  origin  of  a  right  to  govern,  and  a  correlative  duty 
to  obey  is  this  .  .  .  Jtrougkam. 

Correlative  (ko-rel'at-iv).  n.  l.  That  which 
is  opposed  to  something  else  in  a  certain 
relation. 

The  son  is  the  correlative  of  his  father;  darkness 
and  light  are  correlatives;  rest  is  the  correlative  of 
motion.  Ogiivie. 

2.  In  gram,  the  antecedent  to  a  pronoun. 
Correlatively  (ko-rel'at-lv-U),  adv.     In  a 

correlative  relation. 
Correlativeness  (ko-rel'at-iv-nes),  «.    The 

state  of  being  correlative. 
Correligionist  (ko-re-li'jon-istX  ".    ° 

the  same  religious  persuasion  as  another; 

one  belonging  to  the  same  branch  of  the 

Church. 

I  n  that  event  the  various  religious  persuasions  would 
strain  every  effort  to  secure  an  election  to  the  council 
of  their  cor  religionists.  Sir  tf.  Hamilton. 

Correption  t  (ko-rep'shon),  n.  [L.  co;  / 
from  corripio,  correptum,  to  seize  up"ii,  t<> 
reproach— con,  together,  and  rapio,  to  seize.  1 
Chiding;  reproof;  reprimand.  'Fraternal 
correption.'  Up.  Fell.  'Angry,  passionate 
correption.'  Hammond. 

Correspond  (ko-re-spond'),  v.i.  (Fr.  corre- 
spondre,  from  L.  cor  for  con,  mutually,  and 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       nOte,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  f«y. 


CORRESPONDENCE 


.V.I.-, 


rmimndeo,  to  answer.  See  RESPOND.]  1.  To 
be  correspondent  or  congruous;  to  be  adapted 
to;  to  be  suitable  to;  to  be  adequate  or  pro- 
portionate to;  to  agree;  to  fit:  used  abso- 
lutely or  followed  by  with  or  to;  as,  his 
words  and  actions  <lo  not  correspond;  levity 
of  manners  does  not  correspmul  icitli  the 
clerical  character. 

Words  being  but  empty  sounds,  any  further  than 
they  are  signs  of  our  ideas,  we  cannot  but  assent  to 
them,  as  they  correspond  to  these  ideas.  Locke. 

2.  To  communicate  by  letters  sent  and  re- 
ceived; to  hold  intercourse  with  a  person 
at  a  distance   by  sending    and   reccivin" 
letters. 

Aii  ullicer  rose  up  and  read  the  statutes; 

Not  for  three  years  to  correspond  with  home  .  .  . 

Not  for  three  years  to  speak  with  any  men.  Tennyson. 

3.  t  To  hold  communion. 

Self-knowing  and  from  thence 
Magnanimous  to  correspond  with  heaven.    Milton. 

SYN.  To  suit,  agree,  fit,  answer. 
Correspondence  (ko-re-spond'ens),«.  1.  Re- 
lation; congruity;  mutual  adaptation  of  one 
thill),'  to  another.  'The  correspondence  of 
an  event  to  a  prediction.'  Worcester. — 2.  In- 
tercourse between  persons  at  a  distance 
by  means  of  letters  sent  and  answers  re- 
ceived; as,  the  ministers  of  the  two  courts 
have  had  a  correspondence  on  the  subject  of 
commerce. 

To  facilitate  correspondence  between  one  part  of 
London  and  another,  was  not  originally  one  of  the 
objects  of  the  post-office.  Macattlay. 

Hence — 3.  The  letters  which  pass  between 
correspondents;  as,  the  corropondence  of 
the  ministers  is  published.  —4.  Friendly  in- 
tercourse; reciprocal  exchange  of  offices  or 
civilities;  connection. 

Let  military  persons  hold  good  correspondence  with 
the  other  great  men  in  the  state.  Bacon. 

5.  In  the  ./we  arts,  the  adaptation  of  the  parts 
of  a  design  to  one  another. 
Correspondency  (ko-re-spond'en-si),  n.  Cor- 
respondence (in  sense  of  relation,  congruity, 
adaptation  of  one  thing  to  another,  friendly 
intercourse,  connection).  [Obsolescent.  ] 

The  correspondencies  of  types  and  antitypes  .  .  . 
may  he  reasonable  confirmations  of  the  foreknowledge 
of  God.  Clark. 

Their  proceedings,  examinations  and  votes  there- 
upon had  and  made,  as  a  breach  of  the  privileges  of 
the  House  of  Peers,  and  contrary  to  the  fair  corre- 
spondency which  ought  to  be  between  the  two  Houses 
of  Parliament.  Hallatn. 

Correspondent  (ko-re-spond'ent),  a.  1.  Suit- 
able; lit;  congruous;  agreeable;  answerable; 
adapted;  as,  let  behaviour  be  correspondent 
to  profession,  and  both  be  correspondent  to 
good  morals.— 2.t  Obedient;  conformable  in 
behaviour. 

I  will  be  correspondent  to  command 

And  do  my  spiriting  gently.  Shak. 

Correspondent  (ko-re-spond'ent),  n.  One 
who  corresponds;  one  with  whom  an  inter- 
course is  carried  on  by  letters  or  messages; 
a  person  who  sends  regular  communications 
to  a  newspaper  from  a  distance.  '  A  negli- 
gent correspondent. '  Melmoth.  —Special  cor- 
respondent, a  person,  generally  a  man  of 
some  literary  reputation,  commissioned  by 
the  proprietor  or  proprietors  of  a  newspaper, 
to  record  and  transmit  the  details  of  some 
great  event  taking  place,  as  a  war. 

Correspondently  (ko-re-spond'ent-li),  adv. 
In  a  corresponding  manner. 

Corresponding  (ko-re-spond'ing),  p.  and  a. 

1.  Carrying  on  intercourse   by   letters.— 

2.  Answering ;   agreeing ;   suiting.  —  Corre- 
sponding meinber  of  a  xociety,  one  residing 
at  a  distance  who  corresponds  with  it  on  its 
special  subject,  but  generally  has  no  deliber- 
ative voice  in  its  administration. 

Correspondingly  (ko-re-spond'iug-li),  culc. 
In  a  corresponding  manner. 

Corresponslve  (ko-re-spons'iv),  a.  Answer- 
able; adapted.  Shak. 

Corresponsiyely  (ko-re-spons'iv-li),  adv.  In 
a  corresponding  manner. 

Corridor  (ko'ri-dor),  n.  [From  It.  corridore, 
from  correre,  L.  currere,  to  run.  ]  1.  In 
arch,  a  gallery  or  passage  in  a  building  lead- 
ing to  several  chambers  at  a  distance  from 
each  other. —2.  In  fort,  the  covered  way 
lying  round  the  whole  compass  of  the  forti- 
fications of  a  place. 

Corrie  (kort-i),  n.  [Gael,  corrach,  steep.  ]  A 
steep  hollow  in  a  hill.  See  extract. 

A  remarkable  feature  of  the  granite  hills  of  Arran 
is  the  carries.  .  .  .  They  generally  present  the 
appearance  of  a  volcanic  crater,  part  of  one  side  of 
which  has  disappeared.  For  obvious  reasons  it  will 
be  evident  to  the  most  inexperienced  observer  that 
there  is  no  analogy  between  the  carries  and  modern 
volcanic  craters;  and  it  is  probable  that  they  owe 


CORRUGATE 


X?r£T     !  I,  kV?"  "alure  and  "'»«  decay  of 
the  rock,  with  which  at  remote  periods  th. 
even  have  been  nearly  filled.  Prof.  Ramsay 

Corrige,t  «...    |Kr.)    To  correct.    Cbram 

Corrigendum  (ko-ri-jen'dum),  n  pi  Corri- 
genda (ko-ri-jell'da).  A  thing  or  word  to 
be  corrected  or  altered. 

Corrigent  (ko'ri-jent),  a.  [1.  corrigmt  cor- 
rigentis,  pp.  of  corrigo,  to  correct.  See  COR- 
RWT.  ]  In  meil.  corrective. 

Corrigent  (ko'ri-jent),  H.  In  mtd.  a  cornv- 
tive. 

Corrigibility  (ko'ri-ji-bil"i-ti),  ».     Corrigi- 

lilrness. 

Corrigible  (ko'ri-ji-bl),  a.  [Fr.,  from  L.  cor- 
rigo, to  correct.]  1.  That  may  be  set  right 
or  amended;  as,  a  corrigible  defect.  —  2.  That 
may  be  reformed;  as,  the  young  man  may  be 
corrigible.- 3.  Punishable;  that  may  be  chas- 
tised for  correction. 

He  was  adjudged  corrigible  for  such  presumptuous 
language.  "  Hwell. 

4.t  Having  power  to  correct;  corrective. 

The  power  and  corrigible  authority  of  this  lies  in 

Corrlgibleness  (ko'ri-ji-bl-nes),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  corrigible. 

Corrigiola(ko-ri-ji'o-la),  n.  A  genus  of  annual 
or  perennial  prostrate  plants,  nat.  order  Ille-  ' 
eebracese.  ThereisonlyoneBritishspecies  C 
littoralin  (strapwort).  The  species  are  abund- 
ant in  the  countries  bordering  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea. 

Corrival  (ko-ri'val),  n.  [L.  cor  for  con,  to- 
gether, and  E.  rival,  L.  rivalis.  See  RIVAL.] 

1.  Lit.  a  fellow-rival;  hence,  a  rival;  a  com- 
petitor.    'The  Geraldines  and  Butlers,  ad- 
versaries and  corrivalu  one  against  the  other. ' 
Spenser.— 2.  A  companion;  a  co-rival.   '  And 
many  moe  corrivals  and  dear  men  of  estima- 
tion. '  Shak.   [In  both  uses  rare  or  obsolete.  ] 
For  Dr.  Latham's  distinction  between  this 
word  and  co  -  rival  see  extract  under  CO- 
RIVAL. 

Corrival  (ko-ri'val),  i>.  t.    See  CO-RIVAL. 

Corrivalt  (ko-ri'val),  a.  Having  contending 
claims;  emulous.  '  A  power  equal  and  cor- 
rival  with  that  of  Ood.'  Fleetwood. 

Cprrivalry,  Corrivalship  (ko-ri'val-ri,  ko- 
ri'val-ship),  n.  Competition;  joint  rivalry*. 
'  Corrimlry  and  opposition  to  Christ. '  Bp. 
Hall. 

Cqrrivatet  (ko'ri-vat),  v.t.  [L.  corrico,  cor- 
rivatuin—con,  and  rivo,  to  draw  off,  from 
rinti,  a  brook.  ]  To  draw  water  out  of 
several  streams  into  one.  '  Hare  devices  to 
corrivate  waters.'  Burton. 

Cqrrivatlont  (ko-ri-va'shon),  n.  The  run- 
ning of  different  streams  into  one. 

Corroborant  (ko-rob'6-raut),  a.  [See 
CORROBORATE.]  Strengthening;  having  the 
power  or  quality  of  giving  strength ;  as,  a 
corroborant  medicine. 

Corroborant  (ko-rob'6-rant),  n.  A  medicine 
that  strengthens  the  human  body  when 
weak;  a  tonic. 

Corroborate  (ko-rob'6-rat),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp. 
corroborated;  ppr.  corroborating.  [L.  corro- 
boro — con,  and  roboro,  to  strengthen,  from 
robur,  strength.]  1.  To  strengthen:  to  make 
strong,  or  to  give  additional  strength  to;  as, 
to  corroborate  the  judgment,  authority,  or 
habits.  [Obsolescent.] 

The  nerves  are  corroborated  thereby.         ll'atts. 

2.  To  confirm ;  to  make  more  certain ;  to 
establish;  to  give  additional  assurance;  as, 
the  news  was  doubtful,  but  is  corroborated 
by  recent  advices. 

"When  the  truth  of  a  person's  assertions  is  called  in 
question,  it  is  fortunate  for  him  if  he  have  respectable 
friends  to  corroborate  his  testimony.  Crabb. 

Corroborate  t  (ko-rob'6-rat),  a.  Corrobo- 
rated; strengthened;  confirmed.  'Except 
they  be  corroborate  by  custom.'  Bacon. 

Corroboration  (ko-rob'6-ra"shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  strengthening  or  confirming;  addition 
of  strength,  assurance,  or  security ;  con-  j 
firmation;  as,  the  corroboration  of  an  argu- 
ment or  of  intelligence.— 2.  That  which  cor- 
roborates. 

Corroborative  (ko-rob'o-rat-iv),  a.  Having 
the  power  of  giving  strength  or  additional 
strength;  tending  to  confirm. 

Corroborative  (ko-rob'6-rat-iv),  n.  A  medi- 
cine that  strengthens;  a  corroborant. 

Corroboratory  (ko-rob'6-ra-tor-i),  a.  Tend- 
ing to  strengthen;  corroborative. 

Corroboree,  Corrobory  (kor-rot/6-re",  k 
rob'p-ri),  n.  The  native  name  of  the  A 
tralian  war-dance. 

Corrode  (ko-rodO,  ».  t.  pret.  &  pp.  corroded; 
ppr.  corroding.  [L.  corrodo — cor  for  con,  and 
rodo,  to  gnaw.]  1.  To  eat  away  by  degrees; 
to  wear  away  or  diminish  by  gradually  separ- 


.kor- 

!   AUS- 


atiii','  small    ;  ,,„,   iL   |X,,|V    |M   I|M. 

MK.imrr  an  ,,,m,,al  „,,;,»„  ., 

anno  MM  <•"<•/••„;,„  ,.,,,, | ,.,.      ._,    .,-,,  WMr 

:'":L>   ''-1  '''-'"  '  -    '"  l'".v  ii|«.ii,  to  impair 
t»  consum, •  i,j  ,],,»  degree. 
111:111  is  n  vH-tim  to  corroding  <  i 
envenom  or  embitter;  to|,,,i,,,,,.  ,,,  i.i^h, 

Should 

Corroding  every  thought,  an  ! 

»UwM. 

SYN.  T,,  ranker,  gnaw,  waste,  wear  »w«y. 

Corrodent  <ki>.ro,r,.,,t),  a.     Having  1 1,, 

I'lV",!,'  "'  """"''"K  or  wasting  by  degree*. 

Corrodent  (ko-rod'nit).  «.    Any  substance 

or  me.liciiiB  that  con 
Corrodlatet  (ku-ro'di-iit).   r.i.    IN,,.  i,,K. 

i'"HK  !    T"  mi  awav  In  degree*. 
Corrodibillty  (ko-i,Mi''i.i,ii"i.ti),  ,,.    n,, 

quality  of  being  corrodible. 
Corrodible  (ko-rod'i  1,1),  „.    That  may  be 

OOnOdM. 

Corrody(ko'iodi),  «.    SeeCoRoor 
Corroslbility  (ku-rus'l-bin-U).  n.    Corrodl- 

Corrbsible  (ko-ras'1-bl),  a.    Corro.lll.lc 
Corrosibleness  (ko-rds'i-bl-nes),  11.    The 
quality  of  being  c.irrosinle. 
Corrosion  (ko -ro'/hon),  n.    [From  corrodt. ) 

1.  The  action  of  eating  or  wearing  away  by 
slow  degreeo,  aa  by  the  action  of  aciiU  oil 
metals,  by  which  the  substance  is  gradually 
changed. 

Corrosion  Ij  a  particular  species  of  dissolution  of 
bodies,  cither  by  an  acid  or  a  saline  menstruum. 

2.  Fig.  the  act  of  eating  into,  impairing,  or 
wearing  away ;  the  act  of  fretting,  vexing 
envenoming,  or  blighting. 

Though  it  (peevishness)  breaks  not  out  in  paroxyuns 
of  outrage,  it  wears  out  happiness  by  slow  corrosion. 

Corrosive  (ko-ros'iv),  a.  1.  Hating? weiring 
away;  having  the  power  of  gradually  wear- 
ing, consuming,  or  impairing ;  as.  corrotire 
sublimate;  a  corrosive  ulcer.  'Those  cor- 
rosive fires.'  Milton.— 2.  Ilaving  the  quality 
of  fretting  or  vexing,  enveuomiug  or  blight- 
ing. 

The  sacred  sons  of  vengeance,  on  whose  course 
Corrosive  famine  waits.  Thomson. 

—Corrosive  sublimate,  the  bichloride  of 
mercury  (HgCy,  prepared  by  subliming  an 
intimate  mixture  of  equal  parta  of  common 
salt  and  mercuric  sulphate;  it  is  a  whitr 
crystalline  solid,  and  is  an  acrid  poison  uf 
great  virulence:  the  stomach-pump  ami 
emetics  are  the  surest  preventives  of  it  - 
deleterious  effects  when  accidentally  swal 
lowed;  white  of  egg  has  also  been  found 
serviceable  in  allaying  its  poisonous  influ- 
ence upon  the  stomach.  It  requires  20  parts 
of  cold  water  but  only  2  of  boiling  water  for 
its  solution.  It  is  used  in  medicine  in  doses 
of  ^th  to  ^th  of  a  grain.  Corrosive  subli- 
mate is  a  powerful  antiseptic,  and  hence  is 
employed  to  preserve  anatomical  prepara- 
tions. Wood,  cordage,  canvas,  <frc.,  also, 
when  soaked  in  a  solution  of  it,  are  found 
to  be  tetter  able  to  resist  decay  when  ex- 
posed to  the  combined  destructive  influence 
of  .-in  and  moisture. 

Corrosive  (ko-ros'iv),  n.  1.  That  which  has 
the  quality  of  eating  or  wearing  gradually; 
a  corroding  substance. 

Corrosives  are  substances  which,  when  placed  in 
contact  with  living  parts,  gradually  disorganize  them. 
Dunglison. 

2.  Morally,  anything  which  irritates,  preys 
upon  one,  or  frets. 

Away;  though  parting  be  a  fretful  corrosive, 
It  is  applied  to  a  deauiful  wound.  Skat. 

Corrosively  (ko-ros'iv-Ii),  adv.  Like  a  cor- 
rosive; with  the  power  of  corrosion;  in  a 
corrosive  manner. 

Corroslveuess(ko-ros'iv-nes), n.  Thequality 
of  corroding,  eating  away,  or  wearing;  acri- 
mony. 

Corrosivity  (ko-ro-siv'i-ti),  n.  Corrosive- 
ness.  [Rare.] 

Cornigant  (ko'ru-gant),  a.  [See  CORRU- 
GATED Having  the  power  of  contracting 
into  wrinkles. 

Corrugate  (ko'ru-gat),  »•*•  Pret.  A  pp.  cor- 
rugated; ppr.  corrugating.  [L.  corrttgo,  cor- 
rugatum—cor  for  con,  and  ittgo,  to  wrinkle.  ] 
To  wrinkle;  to  draw  or  contract  into  folds; 
as,  to  corrugate  the  skin. 

Corrugate  (ko'ru-gat),  a.  1.  Wrinkled;  con- 
tracted. 

Extended  views  a  narrow  mind  extend. 

Push  out  its  corrugate,  expansive  make.     Young. 

2.  In  zoo?,  and  bot.  applied  to  a  surface 
which  rises  and  falls  in  parallel  angles  more 
or  less  acute. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  170;      j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  <Aen;  th,  Min;      w,  wig;    wh,  wWg;    zh,  azure. -See  KEV. 


CORRUGATED 


59(5 


CORTICAL 


Coirugated(ko'ru.-gat-ed),p.  anda.  Wrinkled. 
-Corrugated  iron,  common  sheet  iron  or 
'galvanized'  iron,  which  has  been  bent  into 
folds  or  wrinkled  by  being  passed  between 
two  powerful  rollers,  the  ridges  of  the  one 
corresponding  to  the  grooves  of  the  other, 
or  by  hydrostatic  pressure  upon  a  movable 
upper  block  driven  upon  a  lower  one.  Iron 
thus  treated  will  resist  a  much  greater  strain 
than  flat  iron,  each  groove  representing  a 
half  tube.  A  single  sheet,  so  thin  as  to  be 
unable  to  stand  without  bending  when 
placed  vertically,  will,  after  corrugation, 
sustain  700  Ibs.  without  bending.  Walls  and 
roofs  of  temporary  buildings,  railway  sheds 
and  bridges,  emigrants'  houses,  churches, 
sheds  for  dock-yards,  &c.,  are  now  exten- 
sively made  of  iron  thus  treated.  From  its 
great  lightness  and  power  of  resisting  vio- 
lent shocks,  light  boats  have  been  made  of 
it.  and  it  has  been  proposed  as  the  best 
material  for  lifeboats. 

Corrugation  (ko-ru-ga'shon\  n.  A  wrinkl- 
ing; contraction  into  wrinkles. 

Corrugator  (ko'ru-gat-erV  n.  In  anat.  a 
muscle,  the  office  of  which  is  to  contract 
into  wrinkles  the  part  it  acts  on;  as,  the  cor- 
rugator  supercilii,  a  small  muscle  situated 
on  each  side  of  the  forehead,  which  con- 
tracts or  knits  the  brows. 

Corrugent  (ko-ru'jent),  a.  In  anat.  drawing 
together;  contracting.  —Corrugent  muscle. 
Same  as  Corrugator. 

Corrumpablet  (ko-rump'a-bl),  a.  [Fr]  Cor- 
ruptible. Chaucer. 

Cornunpet  (ko-rump'),  v.t.  To  corrupt. 
' The  clotered  blood  corrumpeth.'  Chaucer. 

Corrupt  (ko-rupf),  v.t.  [L.  corruinpo,  cor- 
ruptujn  —  con,  and  rvmpo  for  rupo,  to 
break.]  1.  To  change  from  a  sound  to  a 
putrid  or  putrescent  state;  to  separate  the 
component  parts  of  a  body,  as  by  a  natural 
process,  accompanied  by  a  fetid  smell;  to 
change  from  a  good  to  a  bad  physical  con- 
dition in  any  way. 

Lay  not  up  for  yourselves  treasures  on  earth, 
where  moth  and  rust  doth  corrupt.  Mat.  vi.  19. 

2.  To  vitiate  or  deprave,  in  a  moral  sense; 
to  change  from  good  to  bad;  to  pervert;  to 
impair;  to  debase. 

Evil  communications  corrupt  good  manners. 

3.  To  defile,  pollute,  or  infect. 

Thrice  is  he  arm'd  that  hath  his  quarrel  just; 
And  he  but  naked,  though  lock'd  up  in  steel. 
Whose  conscience  with  injustice  is  corrupted. 
SHak 

4.  To  pervert  or  vitiate  the  integrity  of;  to 
entice  from  a  good  to  an  evil  course  of  con- 
duct; to  bribe. 

Heaven  is  above  all  yet;  there  sits  a  Judge 
That  no  king  can  corrupt.  Shak, 

5.  To  debase  or  render  impure  by  altera- 
tions or  innovations;  to  infect  with  imper- 
fections or  errors;  to  falsify;  as,  to  corrupt 
language;  to  corrupt  the  sacred  text. 

Plenty  corrupts  the  melody 

That  made  thee  famous  once  when  young. 

Tennyson. 

Corrupt  (ko-ruptO,  v.i.  1.  To  become  putrid; 
to  putrefy;  to  rot. 

The  aptness  of  air  or  water  to  corrupt  or  putrefy. 
Bacon. 

2.  To  become  vitiated;  to  lose  purity. 
Corrupt  (ko-rupf),  a.     [L.   corruptu*,  pp. 

of  corrumpo.  See  the  verb.]  1.  Changed 
from  a  sound  to  a  putrid  state,  as  by  natu- 
ral decomposition;  spoiled;  tainted;  vitiated; 
unsound.  'Corrupt  and  pestilent  bread.' 
K  nolle  a.  —  2.  Changed  from  the  state  of 
being  correct,  pure,  or  true  to  a  worse  state; 
depraved;  vitiated;  perverted. 

At  what  ease 

Might  corrupt  minds  procure  knaves  as  corrupt 
To  swear  against  you.  SHak. 

They  are  corrupt;  they  have  done  abominable 
works.  Ps.  xiv.  i. 

3.  Debased;  rendered  impure;  changed  to  a 
worse  state;  as,  corrupt  language.— 4.  Ready 
to  be  influenced  by  a  bribe;  as,  a  corrupt 
judge;  a  corrupt  constituency. — 6.  Not  gen- 
uine; infected  with  errors  or  mistakes;  as, 
the  text  is  corrupt. 

Corrupter  (ko-rupt'er),  'n.  One  who  or  that 
which  corrupts.  See  CORRUPT. 

Corruptful  (ko-rupt'ful),  a.  Full  of  corrup- 
tion; corrupt;  corrupting. 

Boasting  of  this  honourable  borough  to  support  its 
own  dignity  and  independency  against  all  corrupfful 
encroachments.  y.  Baillie. 

Corruptibility  (ko-rupt'i-bil"i-ti),  n.  The 
possibility  of  being  corrupted. 

Corruptible  (ko-rupt'i-bl),  a.  [Fr.  corrup- 
tible; It.  corruttible.]  1.  That  may  be  cor- 
rupted; that  may  become  putrid;  subject 


to  decay  and  destruction;  as,  our  bodies  are 
corruptible.  —  2.  That  may  be  vitiated  in 
qualities  or  principles ;  susceptible  of  de- 
pravation; as,  manners  are  corruptible  by  evil 
example. 

Corruptible  (ko-rupt'i-bl),  n.  That  which 
may  decay  and  perish;  the  human  body. 

This  corruptible  must  put  on  incorruption. 

i  Cor.  xv.  53. 

Corruptibleness  (ko-rupt'i-bl -nee),  n.  Sus- 
ceptibility of  corruption;  corruptibility. 

Corruptibly  (ko-rupt'i-bli),  adv.  In  such  a 
manner  as  to  be  corrupted  or  vitiated. 

Corrupting  (ko-rupt'ing),  n.  Act  of  vitiat- 
ing or  destroying  the  integrity  of. 

Besides    their    innumerable   corrupting*   of  the 
Fathers*  writings.  jfer.  Taylor. 

Corrupting  (ko-rupt'ing),  a.   Fitted  or  tend- 
ing to  deprave. 
Corruption  (ko-rup'shon),  n.  [L.  corrupt™.} 

1.  The  act  of  corrupting,  or  state  of  being 
corrupt  or  putrid ;  the  destruction  of  the 
natural  form  of  bodies  by  the  separation  of 
the  component  parts  or  by  disorganization 
in  the  process  of  putrefaction;  physical  de- 
terioration, however  produced. 

Thou  wilt  not  suffer  thy  Holy  One  to  see  corrup- 
tion. Ps.  xvi,  10. 

2.  Putrid  matter;  pus. — 3.  Depravity;  wicked- 
ness; perversion  or  deterioration  of  moral 
principles;  loss  of  purity  or  integrity. 

Having  escaped  the  corruption  that  is  in  the  world 
through  lust.  3  Pet.  L  4. 

4.  Debasement,   taint,    or   tendency  to  a 
worse  state. 

After  my  death  I  wish  no  other  herald, 
To  keep  mine  honour  from  corruption, 
But  such  an  honest  chronicler  as  Griffith.  Shak. 

5.  Impurity;  depravation;  debasement;  as, 
a  corruption  of  language.— 6.  A  perverting 
or  vitiating  influence ;    more   specifically, 
bribery. 

Blest  paper  credit !  last  and  best  supply  I 
That  lends  corruption  lighter  wings  to  fly.     Pope. 
Corruption  in  elections  is  the  great  enemy  of  free- 
dom. J.  Adams, 

7.  In  law,  taint ;  impurity  of  blood  In  con- 
sequence of  an  act  of  attainder  of  treason  or 
felony,  by  which  a  person  is  disabled  from 
inheriting  lands  from  an  ancestor,  and  can 
neither  retain  those  In  his  possession  nor 
transmit  them  by  descent  to  nis  heirs. 

Corruption  of  blood  can  be  removed  only  by  act 
of  parliament.  Blacxstone . 

SYN.  Putrescence,  putrefaction,  pollution, 
defilement,  contamination,  depravation,  de- 
basement, adulteration,  depravity,  taint, 
bribery. 

CorruptionlBt  (ko-mp'shon-ist),  n.  A  de- 
fender of  corruption  or  wickedness.  Sidney 
Smith. 

Corruptlve  (ko-nipt'iv),  a.  Having  the 
power  of  corrupting,  tainting,  or  vitiating. 

It  should  be  endued  with  sonic  corruptivt  quality, 

Ray. 

Corruptless  (ko-rupt'les),  a.  Not  suscep- 
tible of  corruption  or  decay.  '  CorruptUta 
myrrh.'  Dryden. 

Corruptly  (ko-rupt'li),  adv.  1.  In  a  corrupt 
manner;  with  corruption;  viciously;  wick- 
edly; without  integrity. 

We  have  dealt  very  corruptly  against  thee. 

Neh.  I.  7. 

2.  Through  perverting  influences;  specifi- 
cally, by  bribery  or  corruption;  as,  a  judg- 
ment corruptly  obtained. 

Corruptness  (ko-rupt'nes),  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  corrupt;  putrid  state,  or  putres- 
cence.—2.  A  state  of  moral  impurity;  as, 
the  corruptness  of  a  judge.— 3.  A  vicious 
state;  debasement;  impurity;  as,  the  cor- 
ruptness of  language. 

Corruptress  (ko-rupt'res),  n.  A  female  that 
corrupts. 

Peace,  thou  rude  bawd  I 

Thou  studied  old  corruptress,  tye  thy  tongue  up. 
Beau.  &  fl. 

Cors,t  n.    A  curse.     Chaucer. 

Corsair  (kor'sar),  n.  [Fr  corsaire,  from  It. 
corsare  or  Pr.  corsari,  a  corsair,  from  Fr. 
and  It.  corsa,  a  course,  a  cruise,  from  L. 
cursus,  a  course,  from  curro,  to  run.]  1.  A 
pirate;  one  who  cruises  or  scours  the  ocean 
with  an  armed  vessel,  without  a  commission 
from  any  sovereign  or  state,  seizing  and 
plundering  merchant  vessels  or  making 
booty  on  land. 

He  left  a  corsair's  name  to  other  times 
Linked  with  one  virtue  and  a  thousand  crimes. 
Byron, 

2.  A  piratical  vessel 

Barbary  corsairs  infested  the  coast  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean. Prtscott. 

Corsak,  Corsac  (kor'sak),  n.  A  species  of 
yellowish  fox  or  dog  found  in  Tartary  and 


. 

the  thighs  (r). 


India,  the  rulpeii,  Canis,  or  Cynalopexcoreac. 

It  is  gregarious,  prowls  by  day,  burrows, 

and  lives  on  birds  and  eggs. 
Cor  Scorpionis  (kor  skor-pi-6'nis),  n.    [L  , 

the  heart  of  the  scorpion.]    Another  name 

for  Antares,  a  star  of  the  first  magnitude  in 

the  zodiacal  constellation  Scorpio. 
Corse  (kors),  n.  [Fr.  corps;!,,  corpus,  a  body.) 

1. 1  The  living  body;  bodily  frame. 

For  he  was  strong,  and  of  so  mighty  corse, 

As  ever  wielded  spear  in  warlike  hand.  Spenser. 

2.  A  corpse;  the  dead  body  of  a  human 
being:  a  poetical  word. 

'Twas  not  those  souls  that  fled  in  pain 

Which  to  their  corses  came  again.        Coleridft, 

Corse, t  v.t.    To  curse.     Chaucer. 
Corselnt.t  Coreaynt.t  n.  [L.  corpus,  body, 
and    sanctus,    holy.  ] 
A  holy  body;  a  saint. 
Chaucer. 

Corselet  (korsaet),  »i. 
[Fr.,  a  double  dim.  of 
O.Fr.  cora,  L.  corpim. 
the  body]  1  A  small 
cuirass,  or  armour  to 
cover  and  protect  the 
body,  worn  formerly 
by  pikemen.  In  Knp- 
land  it  was  enacted 
in  1558  that  all  per 
sons  having  estates  of 
£1000  or  upwards 
should,  alon^  witli 
other  descriptions  of 
armour,  keep  forty 
corselets.  —  2.  That 
part  of  a  winged  in- 
sect to  which  the 
wings  and  legs  are 

Co™ie_t_!?!:,™ll,I?or_i?;    attached;  the  thorax. 
Corselet,       Corslet 
(kors'let),    v.t.     To 
encircle  with,  or  a» 
with,  a  corselet.    'Her  arms  shall  corslet 
thee.'  Beau,  it  Fl.  [Rare.] 
Corse-present  (kors'pre-zent),  n.    A  mor- 
tuary or  present  paid  at  the  interment  of  a 
dead  body,  which  usually  consisted  of  the 
best  or  second  best  beast  belonging  to  the 
deceased,  and  which  was  carried  along  with 
the  corpse  and  presented  to  the  priest. 
Corset  (kor'set),  n.    [Dim.  of  O.Fr.  cort,  L 
corpus,  the  body.  ]    Something  worn  to  give 
shape  to  the  body;  a  bodice;  stays:  used 
chiefly  by  women.     It  usually  consists  of  a 
sort  of  jacket  fitting  closely  to  the  body, 
stiffened  by  strips  of  steel,  whalebone,  or 
other  means,  and  tightened  by  a  lace. 
Corset  (kor'set).  v.t.    To  inclose  in  corsets. 
Corslvet  (kors'iv),  n.    A  corrosive. 

That  same  bitter  conive  which  did  eat 
His  tender  heart.  Spenser. 

Corslet*  (kors'let),  v.t.    See  CORSELET. 

Corsned,  Corsnsed  (kor-sned'), ».  (A.  Sax. 
corsnoed,  probably  (like  O.  Fris.  korbita)  from 
root  of  choose,  a  becoming  r,  as  in  A.  Sax. 
ceosan,  to  choose,  we  curon,  we  chose  (romp. 
G.  kiiren,  to  choose),  and  tnard.  a  mouthful, 
a  piece,  a  bit.  Called  also  ned-bredd,  need- 
bread,  bread  of  necessity. )  The  morsel  of 
choosing  or  selection;  anciently,  a  piece  of 
bread  consecrated  by  exorcism  and  to  be 
swallowed  by  a  suspected  person  as  a  trial  of 
his  innocence.  If  guilty,  it  was  supposed  that 
the  bread  would,  in  accordance  with  the 
prayer  of  the  exorcism,  produce  convulsions 
and  paleness,  and  find  no  passage.  If  the  per- 
son were  innocent,  it  would  cause  no  harm. 

Cortege  (kor-tazh),  n.  [Fr.,  from  the  It.  cor- 
teggio.ltom  carte, court.]  A  train  of  attend- 
ants. 

Cortes (kortez),  n. pi.  [From  Sp.  corte,  court] 
The  Spanish  and  Portuguese  name  of  the 
states  of  the  kingdom,  composed  of  nobility, 
clergy,  and  representatives  of  cities;  the 
assembly  of  the  states,  answering,  in  some 
measure,  to  the  parliament  of  Great  Britain. 

Cortex (kor'teks), n.  [L.]  1.  Bark,  asof  atrce; 
hence,  an  outer  covering.  The  cortex  in 
plants  consists  of  an  inner  fibrous  layer 
called  the  liber  or  endophlceum,  a  middle 
cellular  layer  usually  containing  the  colour- 
ing matter — the  nusophlaeum,  and  an  outer 
corky  layer— the  cpiphl&um,  on  the  exterior 
of  which  is  the  epidermis  or  cuticle. — 2.  In 
med.  Peruvian  bark. — 3.  In  anat.  a  mem- 
brane forming  a  covering  or  envelope  for 
any  part  of  the  body.  —  Cortex  cerebri,  the 
cortical  substance  or  external  part  of  the 
brain. 

Cortical  (kortik-al),  a.  [From  L.  cutter, 
bark.  ]  Belonging  to,  or  consisting  of  bark 
or  rind;  resembling  bark  or  rind;  external; 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fa.ll;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  Icy. 


CORTICATA 


597 


CORYZA 


belonging  to  the  external  coverijig;  as,  the 
cortical  layer  of  the  brain.  —  Cortical  sub-  j 
stance,  the  exterior  part  of  the  brain  and  of 
the  kidney,  so  named  from  its  bark-like 
situation.  The  sume  name  is  given  to  the 
bony-like  substance  which  covers  the  fang 
of  a  tooth. 

Corticata  (korUi-ka-ta),  n.  pi.  [See  CORTI- 
CATE. 1  The  barked  corals,  a  family  of  corals 
iuhabitinga  fixed, branching  polypary, whose 
fleshy  substance  is  spread  like  the  branch  of 
a  tree  over  a  central  solid,  calcareous,  or 
corneous  axis.  It  includes  the  polypes 
forming  the  red  coral  of  commerce,  so  much 
used  for  necklaces,  <tc.  The  species  propa- 
gate by  buds  and  eggs.  Otherwise  called 
Alciionaria  or  Sclerooanc  Zoantharia. 
Corticate,  Corticated  (kor'tik-it,  kortik- 
at-ed),  a.  [L.  oortiotttua,  from  cortex,  bark.] 
Resembling  the  bark  or  rind  of  a  tree,  an 
epithet,  in  bot.  for  a  capsule,  in  which  the 
outer  hard  part  is  lined  by  an  inner  soft 
layer;  or  where  the  outer  spongy  or  cork- 
like  part  covers  the  proper  crust  of  the  cap- 
sule. 

Corticifer  (kor-tis'i-fer),  ».  [L.  cortex,  cor- 
ticis,  bark,  and  fero,  to  bear.]  One  of  the 
Cortiuata. 

Corticiferous  (kor-ti-sif'er-us),  a.  [See 
CORTICIFKK.  ]  Producing  bark,  or  that 
which  resembles  it. 

Corticiform  (kor-tis'i-form),  a.  [L.  cortex, 
corticis,  bark,  and  forma,  shape.]  Resem- 
bling  bark. 

Corticine  (kortis-in),  n.  An  alkaloid  found 
in  the  bark  of  the  Populus  tremula. 
Corticose,Corticous(kor/tik-6z,kor'tik-us), 
a.  Barky;  full  of  bark:  applied  in  hot.  to 
hard  woody  pods,  as  those  of  the  Cassia  fis- 
tula. 

Cortile  (kort'i-la),  n.  [It.]  1.  In  arch,  a  small 
court,  inclosed  by  the  divisions  or  appur- 
tenances of  a  building.  The  cortile  was  an 
important  adjunct  to  the  early  churches  or 
basilicas,  and  was  usually  of  a  square  form, 
and  in  Italy  at  the  present  day  it  is  often  em- 
bellished with  columns  and  statues.— 2.  The 
area  or  courtyard  of  a  dwelling-house.  [In 
this  sense  more  often  pronounced  kort'il.  ] 
Cortina  (kor-ti'na),  n.  [L. ,  a  caldron.  ]  A 
term  used,  in  describing  fungi,  to  denote 
that  portion  of  the  veil  which  adheres  to 
the  margin  of  the  pileus  in  fragments. 
Cortinate.  Cortinarious  (kor-ti'nat  or  kor'- 
ti-nat,  kor-ti-na'ri-us),  a.  [See  CORTINA.]  In 
hot.  having  a  cobweb-like  structure. 
Cortusa  (kor-tu'sa),  n.  [After  Cortusus,  an 
Italian  botanist.  ]  Bear's-ear  sauicle,  a  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Primulacese,  containing 
a  single  species  found  in  the  alpine  districts 
of  the  Old  World.  It  is  a  low,  flowering, 
herbaceous  perennial,  with  monopetalous 
campanulate  flowers  of  a  flue  red  colour. 
Corundum  (ko-run'dum), ».  [Hind,  kurand, 
corundum.]  The  earth  alumina,  as  found 
native  in  a  crystalline  state.  It  is  octahed- 
ral, rhomboidal,  or  prismatic.  In  hardness 
it  is  next  to  the  diamond ;  the  amethyst,  ruby, 
sapphire,  and  topaz  are  considered  as  varie- 
ties of  this  mineral,  differing  from  one  an- 
other chiefly  in  colour.  It  is  found  in  India 
and  China,  and  is  most  usually  in  the 
form  of  a  six-sided  prism  or  six-sided  pyra- 
mid. It  is  nearly  pure  anhydrous  alumina 
(Als  O3),  and  its  specific  gravity  is  nearly  four 
times  that  of  water.  Its  colour  is  various- 
green,  blue,  or  red,  inclining  to  gray,  due  to 
traces  of  iron,  copper,  &c.  Emery  is  a  variety 
of  corundum.  When  corundum  is  slightly 
coloured  it  is  known  as  sapphire  ruby,  ori- 
ental topaz,  &c. 

Coruscant  (ko-rus'kant),  a.  [See  CORUS- 
CATE.] Flashing;  glittering  by  flashes.  'Co- 
ruscant  beams. '  Howell.  [Rare.  ] 
Coruscate  (ko-rus'kat),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  co- 
ruscated; ppr.  coruscating.  [L.  coritxco,  to 
flash.]  To  flash;  to  lighten;  to  glitter. 
'Flaming  fire  more  comtscatimj  than  anj 
other  matter. '  Oreenhitt. 
Coruscation  (ko-rus-ka'shon),  n.  [L.  corus- 
catio.]  1.  A  flash;  a  sudden  burst  of  light 
in  the  clouds  or  atmosphere,  such  as  that 
produced  by  electricity  in  the  higher  regions 
of  the  atmosphere  during  night,  or  by  the 
aurora  borealis.  'Lightnings  and  corusca- 
tions.' Bacon.  '  Watching  the  gentle  corus- 
cations of  declining  day.'  Johnson.— 2.  A 
flash  of  intellectual  brilliancy. 

•Love's  Labour  Lost1  is  generally  placed  at  the 
bottom  of  the  list.  There  is.  indeed,  little  interest  in 
the  fable,  but  there  are  beautiful  coruscations  of 
fancy.  Hallam. 

SYN.  Flash,  glitter,  blaze,  radiation. 
Corve  (korv),  n.    Same  as  Corf. 


Corvee  (kor-va'),  n.  [Fr..  L.L.  cormda,  cro- 
ata,  for  L.  corrogata—cor  for  con,  inti'iis  , 
and  royo,  to  ask,  prescribe.  Coirogata  opera, 
forced  or  commanded  labour.]  In  /,  m/,// 
law,  an  obligation  on  the  inhabitants  of  a 
district  to  perform  certain  services,  as  the 
repair  of  roads,  &c. ,  for  the  sovereign  or  the 
feudal  lord. 

3orven,t  pp.  [From  carve.]  Cut;  carved. 
C  fiance  r. 

Corvette,  Corvet  (kor-vef,  kor'vet),  n.  [Fr. 
corvette,  from  L.  corbita,  a  slow-sailing  ship 
of  burden,  from  corbis,  a  wicker  basket.]  A 
flush-decked  vessel,  ship-rigged,  but  with- 
out a  quarter-deck,  and  having  only  one 
tier  of  guns. 

Corvette  (kor-vet'to).  In  the  mairfye,  a 
curvet  (which  see). 

3orvidse  (kor'vi-de).  n.pl.  [L.  corvus,  a  crow, 
and  Or.  eidos,  resemblance.  ]  The  crows,  a 
family  of  conirostral  birds,  in  which  the  bill 
is  strong,  of  conical  shape,  more  or  less 
compressed,  and  the  gape  straight.  The 
nostrils  are  covered  with  stiff  bristle-like 
feathers  directed  forwards.  The  family  in- 
cludes the  common  crow,  rook,  raven,  mag- 
pie, jay,  jackdaw,  nut-cracker,  Cornish 
chough,  &c. 

Corvine  (kor'vin),  a.    [L.  cortme,  a  crow.] 
Pertaining  to  the  crow. 
Corvorant  t  (kor'vo-rant),  n.  Same  as  Cormo- 
rant. 

Corvus  (korVus),  n.  [L.  corvus,  a  raven.] 
1.  In  astron.  a  constellation  of  the  southern 
hemisphere  containing  nine  stars.— 2.  The 
name  given  to  several  ancient  military  war 
engines,  from  their  supposed  resemblance 
to  the  beak  of  a  crow.  One  used  in  marine 
warfare,  consisted  of  a  strong  piece  of  iron, 
with  a  spike  at  the  end,  which  by  means  of 
convenient  apparatus  was  raised  to  a  certain 
height,  projected  out  from  the  vessel's  side, 
and  then  allowed  to  fall  upon  the  first  hos- 
tile vessel  that  came  within  its  range.  By 
this  means  the  vessel  was  cither  seriously 
damaged,  or  grappled  with  so  that  the  fight 
became  hand  to  hand.  Another  kind,  cormts 
demolitor,  was  used  for  pulling  down  walls. 
3.  In  zool.  a  genus  of  conirostral  birds,  in- 
cluding the  crow,  jackdaw,  raven,  and  rook. 
Corybant  (ko'ri-bant).  n.  pi  Corybants 
(ko'ri-bants).  The  L.  pi.  Corybantes  (ko- 
ri-bant'ez),  however,  is  much  more  fre- 
quently used.  A  priest  of  Cybele  who  cele- 
brated the  mysteries  with  mad  dances  to 
the  sound  of  drum  and  cymbal. 
Corybantic  (ko-ri-ban'tik).  a.  Madly  agi- 
tated; inflamed  like  the  Corybantes,  the 
frantic  priests  of  Cybele. 
Corydalina,  Corydaline  (ko'rid-a-H"na,  k5- 
ridra-lin),  n.  A  vegetable  base  which  is 
found  in  the  root  of  the  plants  Cort/dalii 
bulbosa  and  C.  fabacea.  Called  also  Cory- 
dalia. 

Corydalis  (ko-rid'a-lis),  n.  [Gr.  konjdattis, 
a  lark,  the  spur  of  the  flower  resembling 
that  of  the  lark.  ]  A  genus  of  dicotyledonous 
plants,  nat.  order  Fumariacen:.  The  species 
are  mostly  small  glaucous  herbs, with  ternate 
or  pinnated  leaves,  and  fusiform  tuberous 
or  fibrous  roots.  Upwards  of  eighty  species 
have  been  described,  several  of  which  have 
been  naturalized  in  Britain  under  the  name 
of  fumitory,  but  C.  clavicula,  a  somewhat 
elegant  climbing  plant,  is  the  only  native. 
The  species  are  all  natives  of  temperate 
regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  except 
four  found  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  They 
were  formerly  referred  to  the  genus  Fumaria 
(Linn.),  but  differ  from  that  genus  as  now 
constituted  by  having  a  pod  with  several 
seeds.  Many  of  the  species  are  well  adapted 
for  flower-borders  and  rock-work. 
Corylacese  (ko-ril-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  [See  CORY- 
i,us]  A  highly  important  nat.  order  of 
apetalous  or  incomplete  exogens,  consisting 
of  trees  or  shrubs,  chiefly  natives  of  the 
colder  parts  of  the  world,  and  valuable  either 
for  the  nuts  they  bear  or  the  timber  they 
produce  The  oak,  the  beech,  the  hazel,  the 
hornbeam,  and  the  sweet  chestnut  all  belong 
to  this  order.  By  some  botanists  the  Cory- 
lacerc  are  regarded  as  a  sub-order  of  the 
Amentaceffi.  The  order  is  frequently  called 
Cupnliferce  and  Quercinetf. 
Corylu's  (ko'ril-us),  n.  [L. ,  from  Or.  korys, 
a  helmet  in  reference  to  the  calyx  covering 
the  nut.]  The  hazel,  a  genus  of  shrubs  or 
small  trees,  nat.  order  Corylacerc.  of  which 
there  are  seven  species  natives  of  the  te 
perate  regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
One  species,  the  common  hazel  (C.  -4m- 
lana),  is  common  in  copses  and  hedges 
throughout  Britain.  It  yields  a  valuable 


Corymb. 


timber,  and  from  the  nut  i»  obtained  an 
abundance  of  bland  oil. 

Corymb  (ko'rimb),  n.  [L. 
"<;  Or.  IcorumlwM, 
tii.'  nppiTiiii.st  point,  a 
cluster  of  fruit  or  flower*, 
from  *•"/•;/«,  a  helmet  1  In 
but.  that  form  of  intli.i 
escencc  in  which  tin- 
flowers,  each  on  its  own  pe- 
dicel of  different  lengths. 
are  so  arranged  along  a 
common  axil  as  to  form 
a  flat  broad  mass  of  flowers 
with  a  convex  or  level  top, 
as  in  the  hawthorn  and  candy  tuft 
Corymbiate,  Corymbiated  (k<>  rim'hl-at, 
ko-i  im'bi-at-ed),  a.  In  '•«'  adorned  with 
clusters  of  berries  or  blossoms  In  the  form 
of  corymbs. 

CprymbiferaB  (ko-rim-bif  er-e),  n.  pi.  A  sec- 
tion of  the  great  nat.  order  Composite, 
having  their  flowers  In  a  con  nib. 
Corymbiferous  (ko  rim-bif  ;r-us),  a.  [L. 
corytnb(fer—curymbu9,  and  /fro,  to  bear.] 
In  hot.  producing  corymbs;  bearing  fruit  or 
berries  in  clusters,  or  producing  flowers  in 
corymbose  clusters. 

Corymbose  (ko-rim/b6z),  a.  In  bot.  relating 
to  or  like  a  corymb. 

Corymbosely  (ko-rimljoz-ll),  adv.  In  a 
mrymbose  manner;  in  the  shape  of  acorymb; 
in  corymbs. 

CorymboUB  (kd-rim'bus),  a.  Consisting  of 
corymbs;  in  clusters. 

Corymbulous,  Corymbulose  (ko-rlmTjO- 
lus,  ko-rim'bu-ldz),  a.  Having  or  consisting 
of  little  corymbs. 

Corymbus  (ko-rim'bus),  r;.  A  corymb  (which 
see). 

Corynidse  (ko-ri'ni-de),  n.  pi.  [Or.  korynf,  a 
club-like  bud  or  shoot,  and  eidog,  resem- 
blance. ]  A  family  of  hydroid  ccelenterates. 
The  body  consists  either  of  a  single  polyplte. 
or  of  several  united  by  a  crenosarc,  wnkh 
usually  develops  a  firm  outer  layer  or  poly- 
pary. 

Corypha  (ko'ri-fa),  n.  [Or.  Itoryphl,  the 
summit;  in  reference  to  the  leaves  growing 
in  tufts  on  the  top  of  this  palm.]  A  genus 
of  palms  with  gigantic  fan-shaped  leaves, 
natives  of  tropical  Asia.  The  principal  spe- 
cies are  C  Taiiera  of  Bengal,  and  C.  umkra- 
culifera,  the  Taliput-palm  of  Ceylon.  The 
leaves  of  the  former  are  used  by  the  natives 
to  write  upon,  and  of  the  pith  of  the  latter 
a  sort  of  bread  is  made.  See  FAN-PALM, 
TALIPUT-PALM 

Coryphsena,  Coryphene  (ko-rl-fe'na,  ko'ri- 
fen),  n.  [Gr  korys,  a  helmet,  and  phaino, 
to  shine;  in  reference  to  the  metallic  play 
of  colours  in  the  animal.]  A  genus  of  tele- 
ostean  fishes,  family  Scombcridaj,  to  which 
the  name  dolphin  (properly  belonging  to  a 
genus  of  Cetacea)  has  been  popularly  trans 
ferred.  The  body  is  elongated,  compressed . 
covered  with  small  scales,  and  the  dorsal 
fin  extends  the  whole  length  of  the  back  or 
nearly  so.  The  dolphin  of  the  ancients  is 
the  C.  hipjntris.  All  the  species,  natives  of 
the  seas  of  warm  climates,  are  very  rapid 
in  their  motions,  and  very  voracious.  They 
are  of  brilliant  colours,  and  are  objects  of 
admiration  to  every  voyager.  By  some  na- 
turalists this  genus  has  been  raised  to  the 
rank  of  a  family  under  the  name  Coryphoo- 

Coryphsenldffl  (ko-ri-fcnl-de),  n.  pi.    See 

CORVl'H/ENA. 

Corypnee  (ko-re-fa),  n.  [Fr.  See  CORY- 
FUEL'S  ]  A  ballet-dancer. 

Corypheus  (ko-ri-fe'us),  n.  [L.,  Or.  tconi- 
phaiot  the  leader  of  the  chorus  in  the  Attic 
drama,  from  korypht,  the  head.]  The  chief 
of  a  chorus;  the  chief  of  a  company. 

Coryphodon,  Corypnodont  (ko-nfo-don 
ko-riT6-dont),  n.  [Gr.  koryphf,  a  point,  and 
odous.  odontos,  a  tooth.]  A  genus  of  extinct 
Ungulata  forming  a  link  between  the  ele- 
phants and  tapirs,  so  named  because  the 
ridges  of  its  molar  teeth  are  developed  into 
points;  found  in  the  Eocene  formations  of 
England  and  France. 

Corystes  (ko-ris'tez),  n.  A  genus  of  brachy- 
urous  or  short-tailed  crustaceans,  found  on 
the  coasts  of  England  and  France. 

Corystldffl  (ko-rist'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
short-tailed  crustaceans  or  crabs,  of  wlncii 
the  genus  Corystes  is  the  type. 

Corvza  (ko-ri'za),  n.  [Or.  kuryza,  an  illness 
arising  from  cold  in  the  head,  from  koryt,  a 
helmet.]  In  med.  inflammation  of  the  rnu- 
cons  membrane  of  the  nostrils,  eyes,  «c., 
usually  arising  from  cold. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loc/i;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  to)»;      ng,  sin?; 


TH,  then;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  u>Mg; 


COSCINODISCUS 


598 


COSMOS 


Coscinodiscus  (kos-sin-6-dis'kus),  n.  [<Jr. 
koxkinan,  a  sieve,  and  dufcos,  a  round  plate, 
a  quoit]  A  genus  of  minute  diatom aceous 
algae,  with  simple  disc- shaped  frustules, 
remarkable  for  the  extreme  beauty  of  the 
markings  on  their  surface.  Some  fifty  spe- 
cies have  been  described,  chiefly  inhabitants 
of  the  sea,  but  some  found  in  the  fossil 
deposits  at  Virginia,  the  Bermudas,  and 
other  localities. 

Coscinomancy  (kos-sin-6-man'si),  n.  [Gr. 
koskinon,  a  sieve,  and  manteia,  divination.] 
An  ancient  mode  of  divination,  by  suspend- 
ing a  sieve,  or  by  fixing  it  to  the  point  of  a 
pair  of  shears,  then  repeating  a  formula  of 
words  and  the  names  of  persons  suspected. 
If  the  sieve  moved  when  any  name  was  re- 
peated, the  person  was  deemed  guilty. 

Co-secant  (ko-seTcant),  n.  [Abbrev.  of  L. 
c&mpleinenti  secane,  secant  of  the  comple- 
ment. See  SE- 
CANT.] In  geom. 
the  secant  of  arc 
which  is  the  com- 
plement of  an- 
other to  90°;  or 
the  co-secant  of 
an  arc  or  angle 
is  the  secant  of 
its  complement, 
and  vice  versa. 
(See  COMPLE- 
MENT.) Thus  in  the  figure  let  A  c  B  be  an 
angle  measured  by  the  arc  A  B,  and  let  BCD 
1)6  its  complement,  measured  by  the  arc 
BO;  then  CL,  which  is  the  secant  of  the 
complement  BCD  or  BD,  is  the  co-secant  of 
A  c  B  or  A  B.  In  like  manner  c  1 1 .  the  secant 
of  A  c  B  or  A  B,  is  the  co-secant  of  the  com- 
plement BCD  or  BD. 

Cosen,  v,t.    Same  as  Cozen  (which  see). 

Cosenage  (kuz'n-aj),  n.  Same  aa  Cotdnage 
(which  see). 

Cosening  (knz'n-ing),  n.  In  old  English  law, 
an  offence  consisting  in  doing  anything  de- 
ceitfully; cheating;  defrauding. 

Cosentient  (ko-sen'shi-ent),  a.  [L.  co  for 
con,  together,  and  E.  sentient.]  I'ercetving 
together. 

Cosey,  Cosy  (ko'zi),  a.  [From  the  same 
root  as  Sc.  cosh,  snug,  and  probably  cognate 
with  Icel.  kios,  a  small  place  well  fenced.] 
Well  sheltered;  snug;  comfortable;  warm; 
social.  Written  also  CosietCozie,Coz^i.  'How 
cozy  and  pleasant  it  is  here.'  Harper's 
Monthly.  [Colloq.  and  Scotch.  ] 

Some  are  cozit  i'  the  neuk. 

And  forming  assignations.  Burns. 

After  Mr.  Dob  Sawyer  had  informed  him  that  he 
meant  to  be  very  cosey,  and  that  his  friend  Ben  was 
to  be  one  of  the  party,  they  shook  hands  and  sepa- 
rated. Dtctens. 

Cosey,  Cosy  (ko'zi),  n.  A  kind  of  padded 
covering  or  cap,  put  over  a  teapot  to  keep 
in  the  heat  after  the  tea  has  been  infused. 

Cosher  (kosh'er),  v.t.  To  levy  exactions,  as 
formerly  Irish  landlords  did  on  their  ten- 
ants. See  COSHERING. 

Cosher  (kosher),  p.  t.  [Allied  to  coney,  cosy.} 
To  treat  with  dainties;  to  feed  with  delica- 
cies; to  treat  kindly  and  fondly;  to  fondle; 
to  pet.  [Colloq.] 

Thus  she  coshered  up  Eleanor  with  cold  fowl  and 
port  wine.  Trollopc. 

Cosherer  (kosh'er-er),  n.  One  who  practised 
coshering.  [Irish.] 

Commissioners  were  scattered  profusely  amotijj 
idle  coshererx,  who  claimed  lo  be  descended  from 
good  Irish  families.  Macaulay. 

Coshering  (kosh'er-ing),  n.  In  Ireland,  an 
old  feudal  custom  whereby  the  lord  of  the 
soil  was  entitled  to  lie  and  feast  himself  and 
his  followers  at  a  tenant's  house.  This  tri- 
bute or  exaction  was  afterwards  commuted 
for  chief -rent.  See  extract 


Coshering*  were  visitations  and  progresses  made 
by  the  lord  and  his  followers  among  his  tenants: 
wnerein  he  did  eat  them  out  of  houbi;  .iml  hi 


Sir  y.  fravi's. 

Coshery  (kosh'e-ri),  n.     Coshering  (which 

seeV 
Cosier,  t  Cozier  t  (ko'zhi-er),  n.    [Pr.  co&er; 

Fr.  coudre,  pp.  cottstt— L.  con,  together,  and 

suo,  to  sew.]     A  botcher;  a  cobbler.     'Ye 

squeak  out  your  cozier's  catches. '  Sftak. 
Co  -  significative   (ko-sig-nif'i-kat-iv),    a. 

Having  the  same  signification. 
Cp-signitary  (ko-sig'ni-ta-ri),  n.    One  who 

signs  a  treaty  or  other  agreement  along 

with  another  or  others. 

Her  Majesty's  Government  would  not  have  refused 
to  examine  the  question  in  concert  with  the  eo-signi' 
tariff  to  the  treaty.  Scotsman  newspaper. 

Co-signitary  (ko-sig'ni-ta-ri),  a.     Signing 
or  having  signed  a  treaty  or  other  agree- 


ment along  with  another  or  others;  as,  the 
i'"-.--':mitary  powers. 

Cosily  (ko'zi-li),  adv.  In  a  cosey  manner; 
snugly;  comfortably. 

Cosin,1  n.     A  cousin  or  kinsman. 

Cosin.t  a.     Allied;  related.     Chai"-»: 

Cosinage  (kn/'in-aj),  n.  [Fr.  conttina<jc.,  kin- 
drcil.  .See  COUSIN.]  In  law,\(a)  collateral 
relationship  or  kindred  by  blood;  consan- 
guinity. Burrill.  (ft)  A  writ  to  recover  pos- 
session of  an  estate  in  lands  when  a  stranger 
has  entered  and  abated,  after  the  death  <'f 
the  tresail,  or  the  grandfather's  grandfather, 
or  other  collateral  relation. 

Co-sine  (ko'sin),  n.     [Complement  and  sine. 
See  CO-SECANT.  ]   In  gcom.  the  sine  of  an  arc 
which  is  the  com- 
plement  of    an-  TJ 
other  to  90°;  or 
the  co-sine  of  any 
arc   or  angle   is 
the   sine   of    its 
complement,  and 
vice  versa.    Thus, 
let  DCB,  or  the 
arc   i>  B,  l>e  the 
complement  of  ACB  or  AB;  then  KB,  which 
is  the  sine  of  D  c  B  or  D  B,  is  the  co-sine  of  A  c  B 
or  AB.     Also  PB,  the  sine  of  ACB  or  AB,  is 
the  co-sine  of  DCB  or  DB. 

Cos  Lettuce  (kos  let'us),  n.  A  variety  of  let- 
tuce introduced  to  us  from  the  island  of 
COB. 

To  Cos  we  are  indebted  in  England  for  the  Cos- 
lettuce.  Knight. 

Cosmetic,  Cosmetical  (koz-met'ik,  koz- 
met'ik-al),  a.  [Gr.  kosinetikoit,  from  Tcosmos, 
order,  beauty.  ]  Beautifying ;  improving 
beauty,  particularly  the  beauty  of  the  com- 
plexion. 

Cosmetic  (koz-met'ik),  n.  Any  preparation 
that  renders  the  skin  soft,  pure,  and  white, 
or  helps  to  beautify  and  improve  the  com- 
plexion. 

Barber  no  more — a  gay  perfumer  comes, 

On  whose  soft  cheek  his  own  cosmetic  blooms. 

Craf>t>e. 

Cosmic,  Cosmlcal  (koz'mik,  koz'mik-al),  a. 
[Gr.  koxtiiikim,  from  komiiox,  the  universe, 
order,  as  of  the  universe.  ]  1.  Relating  to  the 
universe  and  to  the  laws  by  which  its  order 
is  maintained. 

According1  to  the  universal  fosmical  theory,  the 
earth,  the  round  and  level  earth,  was  the  centre  of 
the  whole  system.  Miiman. 

Hence— 2.  Harmonious,  as  the  universe;  or- 
derly. 

How  can  Dryasdust  interpret  such  things,  the  dark 
chaotic  dullard,  who  knows  the  meaning  of  nothing 
cosmic  or  noble,  nor  ever  will  know.  Cartyle. 

3.  Pertaining  to  the  solar  system  as  a  whole, 
and  not  to  the  earth  alone.  — 4.  In  astron. 
rising  or  setting  with  the  sun:  the  opposite 
of  acronycal.  -5.  Of  inconceivably  great  or 
rolonged  duration;  immensely  protracted, 
ike  the  periods  of  time  required  for  the  de- 
velopment of  great  cosmical  changes, 

The  human  understanding,  for  example  —  that 
faculty  which  Mr.  Spencer  has  turned  so  skilfully 
round  upon  its  own  antecedents — is  itself  a  result  of 
the  play  between  organism  and  environment  through 
cosmic  ranges  I'ftime.  Tynciall. 

—Cosmic  ftp^ed,  that  inconceivably  rapid 
rate  of  speed  at  which  cosmical  bodies  move 
in  their  orbits. 

CosmicaUy  (koz'mik-al- li),  adv.  With  the 
sun  at  rising  or  setting;  as,  a  star  is  said  to 
rise  or  set  comically  when  it  rises  or  sets 
with  the  sun. 

Cosmogonal(koz-mog/on-al),a.  Cosmogonic. 

Cosmogonic,  Cosmogonical  (koz-mo-gon'- 
ik,  koz-mo-gon'ik-al),  a.  Belonging  to  cos- 
mogony. 

Cosmogonist  (koz-mog'on-ist),  n.  One  who 
treats  of  the  origin  or  formation  of  the  uni- 
verse; one  versed  in  cosmogony. 

Cosmogony  (koz-mog'on-i),  n.  [Gr.  kosino- 
gonia — kosmos,  world,  and  the  root  gen,  to 
bring  forth;  Skr.  Jan.]  The  generation,  ori- 
gin, or  creation  of  the  world  or  universe; 
the  doctrine  or  science  of  the  origin  or  for- 
mation of  the  universe. 

Cosmogony,  the  origin  of  the  world,  .  .  .  has  been 
a  favourite  study  both  of  ancient  and  modern  times. 
Whnvetl. 

All  religious  theories,  schemes,  and  systems,  which 
embrace  notions  of  cosmogony,  or  which  otherwise 
reach  into  its  domain,  must,  in  so  far  as  they  do  this, 
submit  to  the  control  of  science,  and  relinquish  all 
thought  of  controlling  it.  Tynttalt. 

Cosmographer  (koz-mog'ra-fer),  n.  One 
who  describes  the  world  or  universe,  includ- 
ing the  heavens  and  the  earth;  one  versed 
in  cosmography. 

Cosmographic,  CoamographicaKkoz-rno- 
graf'ik,  koz-mo-graf'ik-al),  a.  Relating  to 


cosmography,  or  the  general  description  of 
the  universe. 
Cosmographically    (koz-mo-grafik-al-U), 

I  adv.  In  a  manner  relating  to  tne  science  of 
describing  the  universe,  or  corresponding 
to  cosmography. 

Cosmography  (kox-mog'ra-n),  n.  [Gr.  kos- 
ino'irtifthia—kosHioit,  the  world,  ami  <ji-itfih<~,. 
to  describe.]  A  description  of  tin-  wm-M  nr 
universe;  or  the  science  which  teaches  the 
construction  of  the  whole  system  of  worlds, 
or  the  figure,  disposition,  and  relation  of  all 
its  parts,  ami  the  manner  of  representing 
them  graphically. 

Cosmolabe  (koe'mo-lab),  n.  [Gr.  konmot, 
the  world,  and  lab,  root  of  tom&cnto,  totuku.  ] 
An  ancient  instrument,  much  the  same  as 
the  astrolabe,  formerly  used  for  measuring 
tlit-  angles  between  heavenly  bodies.  Called 
also  I*antaco#m. 

Cosmolatry  (koi-mol'a-tri),  «.  [Gr.  kosmos, 
world,  and  latreia,  divine  worship.]  The 
worship  paid  to  the  world  or  its  parts  by 
the  heathens. 

Cosmological   (koz-mo-loj'ik-al),    a.      [See 
COSMOLOGY.]    Pertaining  to  cosmology;  re- 
lating to  a  discourse  or  treatise  of  the  world, 
or  to  the  science  of  the  universe. 
Co  sinologist  (koz-mol'o-jist),  n.    One  who 

I    describes  the  universe;  one  versed  in  cos- 

I    mology. 
Cosmology  (koz-mol'o-ji),  n.     [Gr.  konmo- 

|     logia—kovmoit,  the  universe,  and  logon,  dis- 

!  course.]  The  science  of  the  world  or  uni- 
verse; or  a  theory  relating  to  the  structure 
and  parts  of  the  system  of  creation,  the 
elements  of  bodies,  the  modifications  of 
material  things,  the  laws  of  motion,  and  the 

|    order  and  course  of  nature. 
Cosmometry  (koz-mom'et-ri),  n.    [Gr.  kos- 
mos, the  world,  and  metron,  a  measure.] 
The  art  of  measuring  the  world  by  degrees 
and  minutes. 

CosmoplastiC  (koz-mo-plas'tik),  a.  [Gr.  kos- 
mos, world,  and  plasso,  to  form-]  World- 
forming;  pertaining  to  the  formation  of  the 
world.  'Seneca,  a  cosmoplastic  atheist' 
Hallywell. 

Cosmopolitan,  Cosmopolite  (koz-mo-pol'- 
i-tan,  koz-mop  o-Ht),  «.  [Gr.  kosmos,  world, 
and  polites,  a  citizen.]  A  person  who  has 
no  fixed  residence;  one  who  is  nowhere  a 
stranger,  or  who  is  at  home  in  every  place; 
a  citizen  of  the  world. 

I  came  tumbling  into  the  world  a  pure  cadet,  a  true 
cosmopolite;  not  born  to  land,  lease,  house,  or  office. 


I! 


. 

Cosmopolitan,  Cosmopolite  (koz-mo-poT- 
i  tan.  koz-mop'o-Ht),a.  Free  from  local,  pro- 
vincial, or  national  prejudices  or  attach* 
ments;  having  the  feelings  of  a  cosmopo- 
lite; capable  of  making  one's  self  at  home 
all  over  the  world;  common  to  all  the  world. 

Capital  is  becoming  more  and  more  cosmopolitan. 

y.  $.  Miti. 

The  Cheiroptera  are  cosmopolitan.    FrvJ.  Owen. 
In  other  countries  taste  is  perhaps  too  exclusive!/ 
national:  in  Germany  it  is  certainly  too  cosmopolite. 
Sir  W,  Hamilton. 

Cosmopolitanism  (koz-mo-pol'i-tan-izm), 
n.  CosnmiHilitifem  (which  see). 

Cosmo  political  (  koz'mo-p6-lit"ik-al  ),  a. 
Pertaining  to,  or  having  the  character  of,  a 
cosmopolite. 

Cosmopolitism  (koz-mop'o-Ht-izm),  n.  The 
state  of  being  a  cosmopolite;  the  qualities 
or  character  of  a  cosmopolite;  disregard  nf 
local  or  national  prejudices,  attachment*, 
or  peculiarities;  state  of  being  a  citizen  of 
the  world. 

The  cosmopolitism  of  Germany,  the  contemptuous 
nationality  of  the  Englishman,  and  the  ostentatious 
and  boastful  nationality  of  the  Frenchman. 


. 

Cosmorama  (koz-mo-ra'ma,  koz-mo-ra'ma), 
n.  [Gr.  kosinoit,  the  world,  and  horaina,  a 
view.]  A  view  or  series  of  views  of  the 
world  ;  a  comprehensive  painting  ;  specifi- 
cally, an  exhibition,  through  a  lens  or  lenses, 
of  a  number  of  drawings  or  paintings  of 
cities,  buildings,  landscapes,  and  the  like, 
in  different  parts  of  the  world,  with  suitable 
arrangements  for  illumination,  so  as  in  some 
degree  to  produce  the  effect  of  actual  vision 
of  the  objects. 

Cosmorainic  (koz-mo-ram'ik),  a.  Relating 
to  a  cosmorama. 

Cosmos  (koz'mos),  n.  [Gr.  kosinos,  order, 
ornament,  and  hence  the  universe  as  an 
orderly  and  beautiful  system.]  1.  Order; 
harmony. 

Hail,  brave  Henry:  across  the  Nine  dim  Centuries. 
we  salute  thee,  still  visible  as  a  valiant  Son  of  Cosmo* 
and  Son  of  Heaven,  beneficently  sent  us;  as  a  man 
who  did  in  grim  earnest  'serve  God'  in  his  day,  and 
whose  works  accordingly  bear  fruit  to  our  day,  ana 
to  all  days!  CarlyU. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtme;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


COSMOSPHERE 


599 


COSTUME 


Hence— 2.  The  universe  as  an  embodiment 
of  order  and  harmony ;  the  system  of  order 
and  harmony  combined  in  the  universe. 

The  fabric  of  the  external  universe  first  received 
the  title  of  'cosmos?  or  'beautiful  order.'  Trench. 

3.  The  doctrine  or  description  of  the  uni- 
verse as  an  orderly  and  beautiful  system; 
as,  Hnmboldt's  Cosmos. 

Cosmosphere  (koz'mo-sfer),  n.  [Gr.  kostnos, 
world,  and  Hphaira,  a  sphere.]  An  appara- 
tus for  showing  the  position  of  the  earth,  at 
any  given  time,  with  respect  to  the  fixed 
stars.  It  consists  of  a  hollow  glass  globe, 
on  which  are  depicted  the  stars  forming  the 
constellations,  and  within  which  is  a  terres- 
trial globe. 

Cosmothetic  (koz-mo-thet'ik),  a.  Believing 
in  the  real  and  substantial  existence  of 
matter,  but  denying  that  the  phenomenal 
world  of  which  we  are  directly  conscious 
lias  any  existence  external  to  our  minds. 

The  absurdity  of  this  supposition  has  accordingly 
constrained  the  profoundest  Cosmothetic  idealists, 
notwithstanding  their  rational  abhorrence  of  a  super- 
natural assumption,  to  embrace  the  second  alterna- 
tive. Sir  iy.  Hamilton. 

Co-sovereign  (ko-so've-rin), »..  A  joint-sove- 
reign; a  king  or  queen  consort. 

Peter  being  then  only  a  boy,  Sophia.  Ivan's  sister 
of  the  whole  blood,  was  joined  with  them  as  regent, 
imdtjr  the  title  of  co-sn'ereigit.  Brougham. 

Coss  (kos),  ?».  In  India,  a  road-measure  of 
variable  extent,  ranging  between  \\  mile  and 
2  miles. 

Coss  (kos),  n.  A  word  used  only  in  the 
phrase  Rule  of  Coss,  an  early  name  for 
algebra.  See  Cossic. 

Cossack  (kos'sak),  n.  [Rus.  kasak;  Turk. 
baztik,  a  robber.]  One  of  a  warlike  people, 
very  expert  on  horseback,  inhabiting  the 
steppes  in  the  south  of  Russia,  about  the 
Don,  Ac.  They  became  united  to  Russia  in 
1654,  and  now  form  a  valuable  portion  of 
its  army,  being  especially  useful  as  light 
horsemen. 

Cossas  (kos'saz),  n.  pi.  Plain  India  muslins, 
of  various  qualities  and  breadths. 

Cosset  (kos'set),  n.  •[Etym.  uncertain.  Pos- 
sibly from  old  coss,  a  kits,  Icel.  *oss,  the 
original  meaning  being  that  of  petting.  In 
Walloon  cosset  means  a  sucking  pig.]  1.  A 
lamb  brought  up  by  hand  or  without  the 
aid  of  the  dam. 

Much  greater  gifts  for  guerdon  thou  shatt  gain 
Than  kid  or  cosset.  Denser. 

2.  A  pet  of  any  kind.  B.  Jonson.  [In  both 
uses  old  or  provincial.] 

Cosset  (kos'set),  v.  t.  To  fondle ;  to  make  a 
pet  of.  [Old  or  provincial  ] 

Cossic,  t  Cosslcal  t  ( kos'ik,  kos'ik-al ).  a. 
[Ride  of  coss  was  an  early  name  for  algebra, 
from  It.  regola  di  cosa,  lit.  the  rule  of  the 
thing— cosa  being  the  unknown  quantity.] 
Relating  to  algebra.  '  Art  of  numbers  cosai- 
cai:  Diffges,  1579  (quoted  by  IlalliiaeU). 

Cossonus  (kos-so'nus).  ?i.  A  genus  of  coleop- 
terous insects,  of  the  family  Curculionidax 
of  which  there  are  several  species.  One  of 
these,  C.  linearis,  the  type  of  the  genus,  is 
found  in  England  in  fungi  and  old  trees;  it 
is  about  J  inch  in  length,  of  a  narrow  elon- 
gated form,  and  of  black  or  brown  colour. 

Cossus  (kos 'BUS),  n. 
[L.,  a  kind  of  larvae  ] 
A  genus  of  moths  of 
the  family  Hepialidie 
of  Stephens,  the  Xylo- 
tropha  or  woodborers 
of  other  authors.  One 
species  (the  C.  ligni- 
perda)  is  one  of  the 
largest  of  the  British 
moths.  The  larva  or 
caterpillar  emits  a  ... 

very  strong  and  disa- 
greeable odour.     It  is  called  the  goat-moth 
in  the  south  of  England. 

'Cossyphus  (kos'si-fus),  n.  [Gr.  kossi/phos.] 
A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  of  the  sec- 
tion Heteromera,  chiefly  characterized  by 
dilated  and  flattened  sides  to  the  thorax 
and  elytra.  The  species  inhabit  the  south 
of  Europe  and  the  northern  parts  of  Africa 
and  India. 

Cost  (kost),  n.  [O.Fr.  cost,  from  coster,  couster 
(Fr.  coHter).  to  cost,  from  L.  eoiutare,  to  stand 
together,  to  stand  one  in,  to  cost— con,  to- 
gether, and  stare,  to  stand.]  1.  The  price, 
value,  or  equivalent  of  a  thing  purchased: 
the  amount  in  value  paid,  charged,  or  en- 
gaged to  be  paid  for  anything  bought  or 
taken  in  barter;  as,  the  cost  of  a  suit  of 
clothes;  the  cos(  of  a  house  or  farm.  —2.  Ex- 
pense ;  amount  in  value  expended  or  to  be 


^  W 

Goat-moth  (Ccssiis 


expanded;  charge;  that  which  is  given  or  to 
be  given  for  another  thing. 

Have  we  eaten  at  all  at  the  king's  cat. 

3.  In  law,  the  sum  fixed  by  law  or  allowed 
by  the  court  for  charges  of  a  suit  awarded 
against  the  party  losing  in  favour  of  the 
party  prevailing,  &c.;  as,  the  jury  find  that 
the  plaintiff  recover  of  the  defendant  .CIO 
with  easts  of  suit,  or  with  his  met.— 4.  Out- 
lay, expense,  or  loss  of  any  kind,  as  of  time 
labour,  trouble,  or  the  like;  detriment;  pain- 
suffering. 

What  they  had  fondly  wished,  proved  afterwards 

to  their  costs,  over  true.  A'«.v/«.   ' 

Who  say.  '  I  care  not.'  these  I  give  for  lost 

And  to  instruct  them,  'twill  not  <|uit  the  cost. 

t^et>.  Herbert. 

5.  sumptuousness;  great  expense. 

Let  foreign  princes  vainly  boast 

The  rude  clfects  of  pride  and  cost.     If 'after. 

Cost  (kost),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cost;  ppr.  costing. 
[See  noun.]  1.  To  require  to  be  given  or  ex- 
pended in  barter  or  purchase;  to  be  bought 
for;  as,  this  book  coat  a  crown. 

There,  there  1  a  diamond  gone,  cost  me  two  thou- 
sand ducats  in  Frankfort  1  Shalt. 

2.  To  require  to  be  undergone,  borne,  or  suf- 
fered; as,  Johnson's  Dictionary  cost  him 
seven  years'  labour. 

I  remember  a  quarrel  I  had  with  your  father,  my  dear. 
All  for  a  slanderous  story,  that  cost  me  many  a  tear 
I  mean  your  grandfather,  Annie ;  it  cost  me  a  world 

of  woe. 

Seventy  years  ago,  my  darling,  seventy  years  ago. 
I'cnnyson. 

—lo  cost  dear,  to  require  a  great  outlay,  or 
much  trouble  or  suffering  to  be  borne 

Cost  (kost),  n.  [L.  costa,  a  rib.)  l.t  A  rib 
or  side.  'Betwixt  the  costs  of  a  ship.'  B. 
Jonson.  —  2.  In  her.  a  subdivision  of  the 
bend.  See  COTTISE. 

Costa  (kos'ta),  n.  [L.,arib.]  1.  Inanat.the 
rib  of  an  animal —2.  In  bat.  the  midrib  of 
a  leaf.— 3.  In  cntom.  the  rib  nearest  the  an- 
terior margin  of  each  wing  in  insects.— 4.  In 
conch,  (a)  the  ridge  of  a  shell,  (b)  A  trans- 
verse segment  of  a  trilobite. 

Costaget  (kost'aj),  n.  Cost;  expense.  Chau- 
cer. 

Costal  (kost'al),  a.  [L.  costa,  a  rib.]  Per- 
taining to  the  side  of  the  body  or  the  ribs; 
as,  costal  nerves. 

Costardt  (kost'ard),  n.  [Perhaps  originally 
an  apple  for  custards.  ]  1.  An  apple. — 2.  A 
head.  [Humorous.] 

Take  him  over  the  costard  with  the  hilt  of  thy 
sword,  and  then  throw  him  into  the  malmsey  butt  in 
the  next  room.  Shak, 

Costard-mquger,  Coster-monger  (kosf- 
ard-mung-ger,  kost'6r-mung-ger),  n.  Origin- 
ally, an  apple  seller;  now  a  hawker  who  sells 
any  kind  of  fruit  or  vegetables. 

Costated,  Costate  (kost'at-ed,  kost'at),  a. 
Ribbed.  Specifically— (a)  In  hot.  applied  to 
leaves  which  have  elevated  lines,  extending 
from  the  base  to  the  point.  (6)  In  zool.  ap- 
plied to  the  surface  of  the  whole  or  part  of 
an  animal  when  it  has  several  broad  ele- 
vated lines. 

Costato-venose  (kos-ta'td-ve"iioz),  a.  [L. 
costatus,  ribbed,  and  venosus,  having  veins.] 
In  bot.  applied  to  a  feather-veined  leaf  whose 
parallel  side -veins  are  much  stouter  than 
those  which  intervene. 

Cost-book  (kost'bnk),  n.  [Costean  (which 
see)  and  book.]  In  mining,  a  book  contain- 
ing the  names  of  all  the  joint  adventurers 
in  a  mine,  with  the  number  of  shares  each 
holds.  A  shareholder  who  wishes  to  leave 
the  company  can  do  so  by  getting  his  name 
written  off  the  cost-book.  The  main  distinc- 
tion of  the  system  appears  to  be  the  facili- 
ties it  affords  the  shareholders  of  ascertain- 
ing and  determining  their  liabilities. 

Costean  (kos'te-an),  v.i.  [Corn,  cotlias, 
dropped,  and  titean,  tin.]  In  mining,  to 
seek  for  a  lode  by  sinking  small  pits. 

Costeaning  (kos'te-an-ing),  n.  In  wining, 
the  process  of  sinking  small  pits  to  discover 
a  lode.  The  pits  penetrate  through  the 
superficial  strata  some  distance  into  the 
solid  rock,  and  passages  are  then  driven 
from  one  pit  to  another  across  the  direction 
of  the  veins,  so  as  to  cross  all  the  veins  be- 
tween any  two.  The  practice  is  confined 
chiefly  to  the  tin  districts  nf  Cornwall. 

COStean-plt  (kos'te-an-pit).  n.  In  mining, 
a  shallow  pit  sunk  into  the  solid  rock  in 
order  to  trace  or  find  tin  by  costeaning. 

Costeie.t  v.i.    To  go  by  the  coast.    C/iau- 

Costellate  (kost-el'at),  a.  [From  an  assumed 
L.  dim.  ciitteUa,  from  casta,  a  rib.]  In  bot. 
finely  ribbtd  or  costated. 


Coster,  Coster-monger  (  kott'er.  Icoit'er- 

"•*" 


Costive  (kos'tiv).  n.    [,v,,ltr  from  It.  coMti- 
jMlir:,.  friiiM  I    .    ,    •.,..,.  to  cram,  to  stuff 
con,  ami  itipo.  to  cram  ]    1    SunVrini;  from 
a  morbid  retention  ,,f  f,.,  ;,i  ,„..„,,.,.  ,„  „., 
bowels,  in  a  lianl  and  dry  mate.  h;mi. 

excrements  obstructed,  or  tin-  1,  ,,,ii,in,,f  the 
bowels  too  »low.  ,  .  ,  i,,.  .„„, 

hard.    'Clay  In  dry  seas.,,;  Xor. 

timer.—  3.)  Notglvingfortheasilyorfrankh  ; 
close;  reserved;  cold;  stiff;  formal;  r,  n,  ,  m 
'Costive  of  belief.'  B.  J<,,. 

ri<Su  Th"  ^  f'"nkl  '""  "'""""  '"<i«"«i<»>;  and 

close,  without  being  ctslax.        Lord  Chesterfield. 

Costlvely  (k<»'tlv.ll),adv.  With  coitiveneu 
Cpstiveness  (kos'tiv-nes).  n.  1.  A  morbid 
detention  of  fecal  matter  in  the  bowels  with 
hardness  and  dryneii;  an  obstruction  or 
morbid  slowness  of  evacuation^  from  the 
bowels.  Hence  —  2.  t  Difficulty  In  giving 
forth,  in  a  general  sense  ;  specifically,  want 
of  freedom  of  expression. 

fn  the  literary  and  philosophical  society  at  Man- 
chester was  once  a  reverend  disputant  of  the  wme 
costiveness  in  publick  elocution  with  myself 

MUipMC 

3.  t  Reservtdness;  coldness  of  manner;  stiff- 

ness. 

Costless  (kostles).  a.    Costing  nothing. 
Costlew.t  a.    Costly.    Chaucer. 
Costliness  (kost'li-nesX  n.     Character  of 

being  costly;  expensiveness:  great  cost  or 

expense;  sumptuousne;:,.    Rev  xviii  19 
Costly  (kost'li),  a.   [From  «>*«.]  1.  Of  a  high 

price;  costing  much;  expensive;  occasioning 

much  expense  or  labour;  as,  a  cottly  habit; 

costly  furniture;  costly  vices. 

Mary  took  a  pound  of  spikenard,  very  costly 

John  xii.  t 

\  ersification  in  a  dead  language  is  an  exotic,  a  tar- 
fetched,  costly,  sickly  imitation  of  that  which  else- 
where  may  be  found  in  healthful  and  spontaneous 
perfection.  Macanlay. 

2.  Sumptuous;  gorgeous.    Stialc. 

Costmary  (kost'ma-ri).  n.  [L.  cottut,  Gr. 
knxtos,  an  aromatic  plant:  from  Ar.  kost,  and 
Mary  (the  Virgin).)  Balnamita  vitlyaris,  a 
perennial  plant  of  thenat.  orderCompositos, 
a  native  of  the  south  of  Europe,  which  has 
long  been  cultivated  in  gardens  in  Britain 
for  the  agreeable  fragrance  of  the  leaves. 

Costrel,  Costrell  (kos'trel),  n.  [\v.,  from 
kostr,  what  is  consumed.  ]  1.  A  small  vessel 


i    Ancient,  of  earthenware,    a.  Ancient,  of  leather. 
'  3,  Modern  (W.  of  England),  of  earthenware. 

of  leather,  wood,  or  earthenware,  generally 
with  ears  so  as  to  be  suspended  by  the  side, 
used  by  labourers  in  harvest  time;  a  vessel 
for  holding  wine. 

A  youth  that  following  with  a  costret  bore 
Tlie  means  of  goodly  welcome,  flesh  and  wine. 
Tennyson. 

•2.  An  ancient  drinking  cup,  generally  of 
wood.  Chaucer. 

Cost-Sheet  (kost'shet),  n.  A  statement 
showing  the  expense  of  any  undertaking. 

Costume  (kos'tum),  «.  [Fr.  amtntne,  cus- 
tom. See  Ci'STOM.)  1.  An  established  mode 
"f  dress:  the  style  of  dress  peculiar  to  a 
people  or  nation,  to  a  particular  period,  or 
a  particular  class  of  people;  as,  the  Roman 
costume;  a  theatrical  cmtume;  a  court  cot- 
tame.  Hence— 2.  In  literature  and  the/n« 
arts,  the  mode  in  which  persons  are  repre- 
sented as  respects  dress,  and  the  general 
conformity  in  other  things  to  character, 
time,  and  place. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,;ob; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin?;      Til,  Men;  th,  <Ain;     w,  icig;    wh,  u-Aig;    zh,  azure.-S«e  KKV. 


COSTUMED 


000 


COTTON 


I  began  last  night  to  read  Walter  Scott's  l.tiy  of 
the  Last  Minstrel.  1  was  extremely  delighted  with 
the  poetical  beauty  of  some  parts.  The  costume,  too, 
is  admirable.  Sir  y.  Mackintosh. 

Costumed  (kos'tumd),  a.  Wearing  a  cos- 
tume; dressed:  used  in  composition. 

Costumer  (kos'tum-er),  n.  One  who  pre- 
pares or  adjusts  costumes,  as  for  theatres, 
fancy-balls,  Jtc. ;  one  who  deals  in  cos- 
tumes. 

Co-supreme  (ko-su-prem'),  n.  A  partaker 
of  supremacy. 

The  phoenix  and  the  dove, 

Co-snfremes  and  stars  of  love.  Shak. 

Co-surety  (ko-shur'ti),  n.  One  who  is  surety 
with  another. 

Cosy,  Cosie  (ko'zi),  a.  Same  as  Cosey  (which 
see). 

Cosyn,t  n.     Cousin.     Chaucer. 

Cosyn.  ^  a.     Allied.     Chaucer. 

Cot  (kot),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cote  (also  cytt,  and  in 
Northumbrian  cott),  a  cot,  a  den,  a  chamber, 
a  bed  or  couch;  cog.  Icel.  and  D.  kot,  a  cot 
a  hut,  G.  kot,  koth,  kote,  a  hut;  cote  is  the 
same  word  with  slightly  different  meaning, 
so  also  is  W.  cwt,  cut,  a  hovel,  a  stye.  From 
this  comes  cottage.  ]  1.  A  small  house;  a  hut; 
a  mean  habitation. 

Behold  the  coil  where  thrives  the  industrious  swain, 
Source  of  his  pride,  his  pleasure,  and  his  gain. 

Crabbe 

Mine  be  a  cot  beside  the  hill ; 
A  bee-hive's  hum  shall  soothe  my  ear. 

Rogers. 

2.  A  leathern  cover  for  a  sore  finger— 3.  A 
small  bed  or  crib  for  a  child  to  sleep  in  — 
4.  Naut.  a  sort  of  bed  frame  suspended  from 
the  beams.  Written  also  Cott 

Cot  (kot),  ?i.  [Ir.  cot,  a  small  boat.]  A  little 
boat.  [Irish.] 

Cot  (kot),  n.  [Abbrev.  from  eofyueon.]  An 
effeminate  pel-son. 

Some  may  think  it  below  our  hero  to  stoop  to  such 
a  mean  employment,  as  the  poet  has  here  enjoined 
him.  of  holding  the  candle;  and  that  it  looks  too 
much  like  a  citizen,  or  a  cot,  as  the  women  call  it 
Hist,  of  Tom  Thumb. 

Co-tabulate  (k6-tab'u-lat),  v.t.  Same  as 
Confabulate. 

Co-tangent  (k6-tan'jent),  n.  [Complement 
and  tangent.  ] 
The  tangent  of  an 
arc  which  is  the 
complement  of 
another  to  90" ; 
or  the  tangent 
of  the  comple- 
ment of  any  arc 
or  angle.  Thus, 
let  DCB,  or  the 
arc  DB,  be  the 
complement  of 

ACB  or  AB;  then  DL,  the  tangent  of  ncB 
or  DB,  is  the  co-tangent  of  ACB  or  AB  ;  also 
AH,  the  tangent  of  ACB  or  A  B,  is  the  co- 
tangent of  DCB  or  DB 

Cote  (kot X  n.  [See  Cor.]  1.  A  sheepfold. 
'Cofe*  for  flocks.1  2  Chr.  xxxii.  28.  'The 
folded  flock  penn'd  in  their  wattled  cotes.' 
Milton.— 2.  t  A  cottage;  a  hut.  'Albeit  a  cote 
in  our  language  is  a  little  slight  built  coun- 
try habitation.'  Verstegan. 

'Mongst  which  Cymochles  of  her  questioned 
'l?'n  what  •»•  w»s  and  what  that  usage  meant. 
Which  in  her  cote  she  daily  practised.      S^tnitr. 

Cote.t  n.  A  coat,  whether  of  a  man  or 
woman. — Cote-armure,  coat-armour.  Chau- 
cer. 

Cotet  (kot),  v.t.  [Fr.  cotoyer,  to  go  by  the 
side  of;  O.Fr.  costoyer,  from  L.  costa,  a  rib, 
side.  Comp.  coast.]  To  pass  the  side  of 
another;  to  pass  by  and  turn  before. 

We  coted  them  on  the  way,  and  hither  are  they 
coining.  Shak. 

Cotet  (kot),  v.t.    To  quote.    Shak. 

The  text  is  throughout  coted  in  the  margin.       I'dall. 

Cotelette  (kotlet),  n.   [Fr.)  Same  as  Cutlet. 
Cotemporaneous  (ko-tem'po-ra"ne-us),  a. 

[See  COTEMPORAUY,  o.]    Living  or  being  at 

the  same  time. 
Cotemporaneously(k6-tem'po-ra"ne-us-liX 

adv.    At  the  same  time  with  some  other 

event. 
Cotemporary  (ko-tem'po-ra-ri),  a.  Another 

form  of  Contemporary  (which  see). 
Cotemporary  (ko-tem'po-ra-ri),  n.  One  who 

lives  at  the  same  time  with  another.    See 

CONTEMTORARY. 

Co-tenant  (ko-ten'ant),  n.      A  tenant  in 

common. 
Coterie  (ko'te-re),  n.    [Fr.;  L.L.  coteria,  an 

association  of  villagers  to  hold  any  heritage 

from  a  superior,  from  L.  L.  cota,  a  cottage. 

See  COT.  ]  A  set  or  circle  of  friends  who  are  i 


in  the  habit  of  meeting  for  social  or  literary 
Interoonna  or  other  purposes;  a  clique. 

I  have  seen  a  virtuous  woman  put  down  quite 
By  tile  mere  combination  of  a  coterie.        Hyran. 

Coterminous  (ku-term'in-us),  o.  [See  CON- 
TERMINOUS.] Bordering  upon;  adjacent  in 
territory. 

Cothurn  (ko'thern),  n.  A  buskin.  Same  as 
Ootkunwt, 

The  moment  had  arrived  when  it  was  thought  that 
the  mask  and  the  cotlmrn  might  be  assumed  with 
effect.  .Motlty. 

Cothurnate,  Cothurnated  (ko-thern'at, 
ko-thern'at-ed),  o.  1.  Buskined.— 2.  Tragi- 
cal; solemn  and  elevated:  applied  to  style. 

Desist,  O  blest  man.  thy  cothurtiatc  style, 
And  from  these  forced  iambics  fail  awhile. 

Heytvood. 

Cothurnus (ko-thern'us), n.  [L.]  Auuskin, 
a  kind  of  shoe,  laced  high, 
such  as  Diana  and  her 
nymphs  are  represented  as 
wearing.  They  are  still  worn 
by  hunters  in  Italy.  The 
tragic  actors  also  wore 
them;  hence,  cothurnus  is 
sometimes  figuratively  useil 
for  tragedy. 

Coticular  (ko-tik'u-ler),  a. 
[L.  coticula,  dim.  of  cos,  cotitt, 
a  whetstone.  ]  Pertaining 
to  whetstones;  like  or  suit- 
able for  whetstones. 

Cotidal  (ko-tid'al),  a.  Mark- 
ing an  equality  of  tides.— 
Cotidal  lines,  imaginary 
lines  on  the  surface  of  the 
ocean,  throughout  which 
high-water  takes  place  at  the  same  instant. 

Cotidien,*  n.    [Fr.]    Daily.     Chaucer. 

Cotillon,  Cotillion  (ko-tel-yon,  ko-til'li-on), 
n.  [Fr.  cotillon,  a  petticoat,  dim.  of  cotte,  a 
petticoat.  ]  1.  A  brisk  dance,  performed  by 
eight  persons  together.— 2.  A  tune  which 
regulates  the  dance. 

Cotlse,  n.     In  her.  same  as  Cottisc. 

Gotland  (kot'laud),  n.  Land  appendant  to 
a  cottage. 

Cotoneaster  (ko-td'ne-as"t«r),  n.  [L  con- 
tonta,  a  quince,  for  cydonia,  from  Cydonia, 
a  town  in  Crete,  and  outer,  a  contraction  for 
ad  instar,  like— lit.  quince-like.]  A  genus 
of  small  trees  or  trailing  shrubs,  nat.  order 
Rosaceae.  C.  vutgaris  is  a  British  species, 
having  rose-coloured  petals,  and  the  margins 
of  the  calyx  downy.  The  other  species  are 
natives  of  the  south  of  Europe  and  the  moun- 
tains of  India.  They  are  all  adapted  for 
shrubberies. 

Cotquean  (kotTcwen),  n.  [Perhaps  for 
cockquean,  that  is,  a  male  quean  or  woman 
— cock,  and  quean,  woman.]  1.  A  man  who 
busies  himself  with  the  affairs  which  pro- 
perly belong  to  women. 

Go.  go.  you  cotouean,  go  I 

Get  you  to  bed.  Shale. 

2.  A  coarse  masculine  woman;  a  bold  hussy. 

Scold  like  a  cotqucan,  that's  your  profession.    Ford. 

Cotqueanlty  (kot-kwen'i-ti),  n.  The  quali- 
ties, conduct,  or  appearance  of  a  cotquean. 

We  tell  thee  thou  angerest  us.  Cotquean,  and  we 
will  thunder  thee  in  piece*  for  thy  cotqueanity. 

K.  youson. 

Co-trustee  (ko  trus-te'),  n.   A  joint  trustee. 

Cotset,t  n.  A  word  often  used  in  Domesday 
Book  to  design  the  lowest  class  of  bondsmen 
bound  to  work  for  their  feudal  lord. 

Cotswold  (kots'wold),  n.  [Sax.  cote,  a  sheep- 
fold,  and  wold,  a  forest,  a  weald;  but  now 
signifying  a  plain,  a  down.  ]  A  wold  where 
there  are  sheepcotes;  the  name  of  a  range 
of  hills  In  Gloucestershire.— Cotswold  sheep, 
a  breed  of  sheep  remarkable  for  the  length 
of  their  wool,  formerly  peculiar  to  the  coun- 
ties of  Gloucester,  Hereford,  and  Worcester. 

Cott,  Cot  (kot),  n.  [Sax.  cote,  a  bed.]  A 
small  bed  or  a  particular  kind  of  bed  frame. 
See  COT,  3  and  4. 

Cotta  (kot'ta),  n.  An  African  measure  con- 
taining 12,000  cowries. 

Cot  tabus  (kot'ta-bus),  n.  [L.,  from  Gr.  kot- 
taboi.  ]  An  ancient  Greek  game,  which  con- 
sisted in  throwing  wine  from  cups,  without 
spilling,  into  little  basins  of  metal,  sus- 
pended in  a  particular  manner  or  floating 
in  water. 

Cottage  (kot'taj),  n.  [From  cot.}  1.  A  cot; 
a  hut;  a  small  mean  habitation. 

The  sea  coast  shall  be  dwellings  and  cotta£ts  for 
shepherds.  Zeph.  ii.  6. 

2.  A  small  country  residence  or  detached 
suburban  house,  adapted  to  a  moderate 
scale  of  living,  yet  with  all  due  attention  to 
neatness,  comfort,  and  refinement  To  the 


particular  style  in  which  these  cottages  are 
built  the  name  cottage  architecture  has  been 
given. 

He  passed  a  cottage  with  a  double  coach-house, 
A  cottage  of  gentility. 

And  he  owned  with  a  grin. 

That  his  favourite  sin 
Is  pride  that  apes  humility.          Sonthey. 

—Cottage  allotments,  portions  of  ground 
which  are  allotted  to  the  dwellings  of  ri 'mi- 
try  labourers  for  the  purpose  of  lieinjj  culti- 
vated by  them  as  gardens.  Sometimes  these 
allotments  arc  attached  to  the  dwellings, 
and  at  other  times  they  are  apart  from 
them.  See  Allotment  System,  under  ALLOT- 
MENT. 

Cottaged  (kot'tajd),  o.  Set  or  covered  with 
cottages.  'Humble  Harting's cottaaed  vale.' 
CoUint. 

Cottagelyt  (kot'taj-Ii),  a.  Eustic;  suitable 
to  a  cottage. 

They  envy  others  whatever  they  enjoy  of  estates, 
houses,  or  ornaments  of  life,  beyond  their  tenuity  or 
cottagely  obscurity.  yer.  Taylor. 

Cottage-piano  (kot'taj-pi-a-no),  n.  A  small 
upright  piano. 

Cottager  (kot'taj-cr),  n.  1.  One  who  lives 
in  a  hut  or  cottage.— 2.  In  law,  one  who 
lives  on  the  common  without  paying  any 
rent,  or  having  Land  of  his  own.  '.Mm- 
i-nttayers  which  are  but  housed  beggars.' 
Bacon. 

Cotter,  Cottier  (kot'ter,  kot'ti-er),  n.  A 
cottager;  in  Scotland,  one  who  inhabits  a 
cot  or  cottage,  dependent  upon  a  farm: 
sometimes  a  piece  of  land  is  attached  to  the 
cot.  Written  also  Cottar,  and  formerly 
Cotyer.  '  Cottiers,  rustic,  clownish. '  War- 
burton. 

Himself  goes  patched,  like  some  bare  cotyer 

Bf.  Ir'arburtott. 

— Cottier  tenure,  a  system  of  tenure  accord- 
ing to  which  labourers  rent  portions  of  land 
directly  from  the  owner,  and  where  the 
conditions  of  the  contract,  especially  the 
amount  of  rent,  are  determined  not  by  cus- 
tom but  by  competition.  This  system  was 
at  one  time  characteristic  of  Ireland.  The 
tenancy  was  annual,  and  the  privilege  of 
occupancy  was  put  up  to  auction,  the  con- 
sequence being  excessive  competition  and 
exorbitant  rents.  In  an  act  passed  in  1  -u> 
to  consolidate  and  amend  the  law  of  land- 
lord and  tenant  in  Ireland,  cottier  tenancies 
are  defined  to  be  cottages  with  not  more 
than  half  an  acre  of  land,  rented  by  the 
month  at  not  more  than  £5  a  year. 
Cotter  (kot'ter),  n.  A  wedge-shaped  piece 
of  wood  or  iron  for  fastening  or  tightening, 
belngdriven  into  an  open- 
ing like  a  wedge.  In  the 
adjoining  figure  a  is  a 
cotter  connecting  the  end 
of  the  rod  b  with  the  pin 
or  stud  c,  by  means  of  a 
wrought -iron  strap  dd, 
and  adjustable  bushes; 
thetaperedcottera,  pass- 
ing through  correspond- 
ing mortices  both  in  the 
l>utt  6  and  the  strap  dd. 
serves  at  once  to  attach 
them  together  and  to  ad- 
just the  bushes  to  the 
proper  distance  from  each  other. 
Cotterell  (kot'ter-el),  n.  Same  as  Cotter 
(second  article). 

Cottidae  (kot'ti-de).  n.  pi.  [From  genus  Cot- 
(»*.]  A  family  of  fishes,  including  the  bull- 
heads. 

Cottier  (kot'ti-er),  n.    See  COTTER. 
COttleiism  (kot'ti-er-izm),  n.     The  cottier 
system.    See  Cottier  Tenure  under  COTTER. 

Long  leases  are  in  no  way  to  be  relied  on  for  get- 
ting rid  of  cottierism.  y.  S.  Mill. 

Cottise,  Cost  (kot'tis,  kost),  n.  [Fr.  cfite;  L. 
nixta.  a  rib.  ]  In  her.  a  di- 
minution of  the  bend,  con- 
taining in  breadth  one  half 
of  the  bendlet,  and  when 
borne  alone  always  termed 
a  cost  by  English  heralds, 
but  when  borne  in  pairs 
cnttittes. 

Cottised  (kot'tisd),  pp.  In 
her.  a  term  applied  to  bends. 
Cottised.          f esses,  Ac.,  when  borne  be- 
tween two  cottises. 

Cottle  (kot'tl),  n.  A  part  of  a  mould  used 
by  pewterers  in  the  formation  of  their  wares. 
Cotton  (kot'tn),  n.  [Fr.  coton;  from  Ar.  70(071, 
or  with  the  article,  al-qoton,  cotton.]  1.  A 
soft  downy  substance  resembling  fine  wool, 
growing  in  the  capsules  or  pods  of  Gossy- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


COTTON 


001 


pium,  the  ration-plant  (which  see).  II  is  the 
material  of  a  large  proportion  of  clolh  for 
apparel  and  furniture.— 2.  Clolh  made  of 
cotton. — Lavender  cotton,  the  popular  name 
of  Kantolina  Chninircijparussua,  or  Auru- 
tnnmn  fcemina,  female  southernwood  or 
brotany,  an  erect  branching  bush,  1  or  2 
feet  high,  the  stems  and  leaves  of  which 
are  covered  with  a  hoary  putrescence.  I 
is  a  composite  plant.—  J'hiloxophic  cottot 
flowers  of  zinc,  which  resemble  cotton. 

Cotton  (kot'ln),  a.  Pertaining  lo  colton 
made  of  cotton;  consisting  of  cotlon;  a; 
cotton  cloth;  cotton  Blockings. 

Cotton  (kot'ln),  ».».  i.  To  rise  with  a  nap 
as  collon  does. 

It  cottons  well;  it  cannot  choose  but  bear 
A  pretty  nap.  Family  of  Lffve. 

2.  To  cement;  to  unite  with;  to  lake  a  liking 
or  fancy  to;  to  associale  with:  generally  foi 
lowed  by  to.     [Slang.] 

A  quarrel  will  end  in  one  of  you  being  turned  off  i 
which  case  it  will  not  be  easy  to  cotton  with  another 

Cottonade  (kot'ln-ad),  n.  A  slout.  Thick 
fabric  of  cotlon. 

Cottonaryt  (kol'ln-a-ri),  a.  Pertaining  to, 
or  made  of,  cotlon.  'Cottonary  and  wooll' 
pillows.'  Sir  T.  Browne. 
Cotton-gin  (kot'tn-jin),  n.  A  machine  to 
separale  Ihe  seeds  from  collon,  of  which 
there  are  several  kinds,  as  the  saw-gin  in 
venled  by  Ell  Whilney,  Ihe  Indian  churk; 
or  fool-roller,  Ihe  hand-gin,  &c. 
Cotton-grass  (kol'ln-gras),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  a  genus  of  planls,  Ihe  Eriophorum, 
nal.  order  Cyperacere.  Several  species  are 
found  in  Britain,  and  Iheir  while  cottony 
spikes  are  well  known  in  onr  moors  and 
bogs.  The  collony  substance  has  been  used 
for  stuffing  pillows,  making  candle-wicks, 
Ac. 

Cottonlan  (kot-lon'i-an),  a.  The  name  given 
to  a  famous  library,  founded  by  Sir  Koberl 
Collon  early  in  Ihe  sevenleenlh  century, 
and  added  to  by  his  son  and  grandson,  and 
then  handed  over  to  trustees  for  the  benefit 
of  the  British  nation.  II  is  now  in  Hi 
Brilish  Museum. 
Cotton-lord  (kol'tn-lord),  n.  A  rich  cotton 
manufacturer,  rivalling  a  real  lord  in  wealth 
equipage,  and  style  of  living;  as,  cotton-lords 
and  railway-kings. 

Cotton-machine  (kot'ln-ma-shen),  n.  A 
machine  for  carding  or  spinning  colton. 


ing,  spinning,  and  weaving  cotlon,  by  Ihe 
forge  of  water  or  sleam. 

Cottonocracy  (kol-ln-ok'ra-si),  n.  Persons 
Interested  in  Ihe  collon  trade;  the  collon- 
lords  colleclively;  the  cotlon-planling  or 
collon-manufacluring  interest.  [Cant.] 

Cottonous  (kol'ln-us),  a.    Same  as  Cottony. 

Cotton-plant,  Cotton-shrub  (kol'tn-plant, 
kot'tn-snrub),  n.  The  popular  name  of  several 
species  of  Gossypium,  nat.  order  Malvaceae, 
from  which  Ihe  well-known  lexlile  sub- 
stance cotlou  is  oblained.  The  genus  is  indi- 
genous to  both  the  Old  and  the  New  World; 


COUCH 


Herbaceous  Cotton  Plant  (Gossypium  hcrbttceitm). 


but  the  plants  are  now  cultivated  all  over 
the  world  within  the  limils  of  30°  north  and 
south  of  the  equalor.  All  Ihe  species  are 
perennial  shrubs,  Ihough  in  cultivation  Ihey 
are  somelimes  Ireated  as  if  they  were  an- 
nuals. They  have  allernale  stalked  and 
lobed  leaves,  large  yellow  flowers,  and  a 


three  or  live  celled  capsuk-,  v,l,i,-l,  liurats 
open  when  ripe  through  11,,'  mi.l.ll,,  „  u  e 
cell,  liberating  the  numerous  blark  n«S 

cottTn  $\  "H  ,'"*""""  «'a'»'-"t<" 
collon  Ihe  North  American  cotton  is  pro- 
duced by  Oomypium  barbmlc,,^,  :ln,|  ',„,, 
well-marked  varieties  are  cultivated,  the 
long-staple  cotlon.  grown  chiefly  in  tl 
coast  districts,  which  has  a  fine  soft  silky 
staple  nearly  2  inches  long,  and  the  short- 
staple  cotlon,  grown  in  the  upland  and  i,,. 
land  districts,  which  has  a  staple  little  over 
1  inch  long  adhering  closely  to  the  seed 
1  his  species  of  cotlon  plant  is  cultivated 
widely  over  the  world.  The  cotlon  grown 
in  Soulh  America  is  oblained  from  0  pern- 
manum,  called  also  kidney-cotton  The 
indigenous  Indian  species  is  O.  herbaceum 
which  yields  a  short-stapled  cotton  It  is 
grown  throughout  the  Mediterranean  region 
as  well  as  in  Asia. 

Cotton-press  (kot'ln-pres),  n.    A  machine 
for  pressing  cotton  into  bales.    Bramah's 
press  is  generally  used  for  this  purpose 
Cotton-rose  (kol'ln-roz),  n.  A  name  for  the 
plants  of  Ihe  genus  Filago,  from  their  being 
covered  with  fine  threads 
Cotton-shrub  (kot'tn-shrub),  n.    See  COT- 
TON-PLANT. 

Cotton-thistle  (kol'ln-lhis-1),  n.  The  popu- 
lar name  of  Onopordon  Acanthium,  a  slout 
hoary  Ihislle  found  in  the  south  of  England 
It  is  so  called  from  its  cottony  white  stem 
and  leaves. 

Cotton-weed  (kot'ln-wed),  n.  The  common 
name  of  the  British  planls  of  Ihe  genera 
Gnaphalium  and  Filago,  from  Ihe  soft  white 
pubescence  lhal  covers  Ihem. 
Cotton-wood  (kol'ln-wvid),  n.  A  tree  of  the 
poplar  kind,  the  Populus  moniiyera,  a  na- 
tive of  North  America.    The  '  cotlon '  from 
the  seeds  has  been  used  in  France  and  Ger- 
many for  making  clolh  hats  and  paper,  but 
the  experiment  was  found  unprofitable. 
Cotton-wool  (kot'tn-wnl),  n.  A  name  some- 
times given  to  raw  cotlon. 
Cottony  (kol'ln-i),   a.     1.   Downy;   nappy- 
covered  with  hairs  or  pubescence  like  cot- 
ton.—2.  Soft  like  cotlon. 
Cottown,  Cottar-town  (kol'loun,  kot'tiir- 
loun),  n.    In  Scotland,  a  small  village  or 
hamlet  occupied  by  cotlers,  dependent  on 
a  considerable  farm. 

Sottrel  (kol'rel),  n.  A  Irammel  lo  support 
a  pol  over  a  fire. 

Jottus  (kol'tus),  n.  [L.]  A  genus  of  teleos- 
lean  fishes,  including  Ihe  bull-head  or  mil- 
ler's-lhumb,  Ihe  sea-scorpion,  and  father- 
lasher. 

Joturnix  (ko-ter'uiks),  n.  [L.,  a  quail.]  In 
Cuvier's  arrangement  the  generic  name  of 
Ihe  quails,  separated  from  Ihe  partridges 
on  accounl  of  Iheir  smaller  size  and  the 
males  wauling  spurs.  [See  QUAIL.] 
Co-tutor  (ko-lu'lor),  n.  A  joinl  lulor;  one 
joined  wilh  anolher  or  olhers  in  Ihe  guar- 
dianship or  educalion  of  a  child. 

If  every  means  be  ineffectual,  a  special  tutor  or 
co-tutor  is  assigned  to  watch  over  the  education  of 
the  children.  Sir  IV.  Hamilton. 

Cotyle,  Cotyla  (kol'i-le,  kot'i-la),  n.  [Or. 
kotyll,  a  hollow,  cavity.]  1.  In  anat.  the 
cavity  of  a  bone  which  receives  the  end  of 
another  in  articulalion. — 2.  In  zoo/,  one  of 
the  suctorial  cups  or  disks  of  Ihe  arms  of  a 
culUe-nsh,  by  means  of  which  il  allaches 
ilself  to  any  object,  on  the  principle  of  a 
boy's  sucker. 

lotyledon  (kot-il-e'don),  n.  [Or.  totylfdin. 
from  kotiile,  a  hollow  or  cavily.  ]  1.  In  hot. 
Ihe  seed-leaf;  Ihe  flrsl  leaf  or  leaves  of  the 


embryo   plant  of   the  Coiiif,-,,,.   h 

I  .    hn-e     (.,     U,.|V..,    ,„,„,,,.„„.;„„, 

'"•''''•"'."'••''""«"••      ih, 


Cotyledons. 

,  Monocotyledon  (seed  of  ,-trum  mctcitlnturn).  y,  Di- 
cotyk-don  t  seed  of  Ptipnrer  Rhtrjs).  3,  Polycoly- 
ledon  (seed  etPtniu  sylvestris). 

embryo  planl,  forming,  logether  with  the 
radicle  and  plumule,  the  embryo,  which 
exists  in  every  seed  capable  of  germinalion. 
Some  planls  have  only  one  colyledon,  and 
are  accordingly  termed  monacal i/ledonmtt; 
olhers  have  Iwo,  and  are  dicotyledonous. 
These  differences  are  accompanied  by  re- 
markable differences  in  the  slructure  of 
;he  stems,  leaves,  and  blossoms,  which 
'orm  the  basis  for  Ihe  division  of  flower- 
ing plants  into  two  great  classes.  The 


.o 

plant.  In  some  plants  the  store  ii 
n-ry  large,  and  in  K<  niMMiition  the  seed- 
caves  remain  under  tin-  ground,  an  in  the 
pea  and  oak;  In  others  the  store  Is  not  *. 
large,  and  the  seed-leaves  appear  »bovr 
ground  and  perform  the  functions  of  true 
leaves;  while  there  i.  a  large  claw  of  IMdl 
where  the  embryo  I.  very  small,  andthe 
toot  is  stored  ,,p  around  it.  as  In  wheat  and 
tho  >"«'•'"  ,,H  of  plant,,  navel. 

wort  or  penny-wort,  of  several  species,  nat 
order  Crassulaceaj.  There  are  about  sixty 
species,  of  which  one  (C.  uinMUnu)  Is  a 
native  of  Britain.  -3.  In  «„„(.  a  tuft  of  i* 
sels  adhering  to  the  chorlon  of  some  ani- 
mals. See  PLACENTA 

Cotyledonal  (kot-il-e'don-al),  a.  In  hot  of 
or  belonging  to  the  cotyledon;  resembling 
a  cotyledon. 

Cotyledonary  (kol-il-eMon-a-ri),  o.  In  toot. 
urted;  as,  Hie  cotyledonary  placenta  of  the 

Cotyledonous  (kot-11-e'don-us),  a  Pertain- 
ing to  cotyledons;  having  a  seed-lobe-  as. 
ciitylfdonoui  plants. 

Cotylifonn  (ko-til'i-form),  a.  [Or  ItotyU  a 
cavity  or  cup,  and  £  /onn.J  In  ph«M 
having  the  form  of  a  cotyle;  shaped  like  a 
cup,  with  a  tube  at  the  bane. 
Cotyloid  (kot'il-oid),  a.  [Or.  totyll,  a  cavity 
and  eidos.  resemblance.)  In  anat.  a  tcnii 
applied  to  the  acetabulum,  or  Ihe  cavily  of 
the  hip,  which  receives  the  head  of  the 
thigh-bone. 

Cotylophora  (kot-il-of  -6-ra),  n.  [Or.  kotylf 
a  cup,  and  phero,  bear.]  A  name  applied 
to  all  bovine  and  cervine  animals  (except 
Tragulus  and  the  camels),  the  placenta  in 
them  being  cotyledonary. 
Couch  (kouch),  u.i.  [Fr.  couchtr,  O.Fr.  col- 
cher,  Pr.  colcar.  It.  colcare,  to  lie  down, 
from  L.  collocare,  to  lay,  to  place—  col  for 
con,  and  locare,  to  place.)  1.  To  lie  down, 
as  on  a  bed  or  place  of  repoae. 

When  Love's  fair  goddess 
Couched  with  her  husband  in  his  golden  bed.    Stiti*. 

The  doubtful  dusk  reveal'd 
The  knolls  once  more,  where  couch"  J  at  ease 
The  white  kine  glimmer'd.  Tennyson. 

2.  To  lie  down  on  the  knees;  to  stoop  and 
recline  on  the  knees,  as  a  beast. 

Fierce  tigers  couched  around.  Dryden. 

3.  To  lie  down  in  secret,  or  in  ambush;  to 
lie  close  and  concealed. 

The  Earl  of  Angus  couched  in  a  furrow.    Hiiyward. 

I  saw  a  bright  green  snake,  ... 
Green  as  the  herbs  in  which  it  couched, 
Close  by  the  dove's  its  head  it  crouched.   Coleridge. 

4.  To  lie,  as  in  a  bed  or  stratum. 

Blessed  of  the  Lord  be  his  land,  for  the  ...  dew. 
and  for  the  deep  that  coucheth  beneath. 

Deut.  \x\iii   13. 

5.  To  stoop;  to  bend  the  body  or  back;  to 
lower  in  reverence,  or  to  bend  under  labour, 
pain,  or  a  burden. 

Issachar  is  a  strong  ass,  couching  down  between 
two  burdens.  Gen.  xltx.  14. 

An  aged  squire 

That  seemed  to  ccuth  under  his  shield  three-square. 
Spenser. 

Couch  (konch),  v.l.  1.  To  lay  down;  to  re- 
pose on  a  bed  or  place  of  rest. 

\Vhere  unbruised  youth,  with  unstufTed  brain. 
Doth  couch  his  limbs.  Slta*. 

2.  To  lay  down;  to  spread  on  a  bed  or  floor; 
as,  to  couch  malt.  —  3.  To  lay  close,  or  in  a 
stratum;  to  make  to  stoop  and  lie  close. 

The  waters  cone  h  themselves,  as  close  as  may  be, 
to  the  centre  of  the  globe.  Burner. 

A  falcon  towering  in  the  skies  coucheth  the  fowl 
below  with  his  wings'  shade.  Skalr. 

4.  To  hide;  to  lay  close,  or  in  another  body. 

It  is  in  use  at  this  day.  to  couch  vessels  in  walls,  to 
gather  the  wind  from  the  top,  and  pass  it  down  in 
spouts  into  rooms.  Bacon. 

5.  To  include  secretly;  to  hide;  or  to  express 
if  obscure  terms,  that  imply  what  is  to  be 
understood:  with  under. 

All  this,  and  more,  lies  couched  under  this  allegory. 
L'Kttrangt. 

Hence—  8.  To  involve;  to  comprise;  to  ex- 
press. '  Ignominious  words  though  clerkly 
couched.'  Shot. 

This  great  argument  for  a  future  state,  which  St. 
Paul  hath  couched  in  the  words  read.  Kf.  Atttrbury. 

7.  To  fix,  as  a  spear,  in  the  rest  in  the  posture 
of  attack.  'Cotich'd  their  spears  and  prick'd 
their  steeds.  '  Tennyson. 

Stout  Deloralne  nor  sigh'd,  nor  pray'd, 

Nor  saint,  nor  ladye,  c.iUM  to  aid  : 

But  he  stoop'd  his  head,  and  nwrAWhis  spear, 

And  spun-'  a  his  steed  to  full  career.  Str  II'.  .SVu.'A 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinj»;      TH,  «Aen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


COUCH 


602 


COUNCIL 


8.  To  remove  cataract  by  entering  :i  needle 
through  the  coats  of  the  eye  ami  pushing 
the  lens,  which  the  cataract  has  rendered 
opaque,  downwards  to  the  bottom  of  the 
vitreous  humour,  so  as  to  be  out  of  the  axis 
of  vision.  The  true  phrase  is,  to  couch  a 
cataract ;  but  we  say,  to  conch  the  eye  or 
the  patient. 

Couch  (kouch),  n.  1.  A  bed ;  a  place  for 
rest  or  sleep. 

Approach  thy  grave 

Kike  one  that  wraps  the  drapery  of  his  couch. 
About  him  and  lies  down  to  pleasant  dreams. 

Bryant. 

2.  A  seat  of  repose;  a  place  for  rest  and 
ease,  on  which  it  is  common  to  lie  down 
undressed.  '  Rolling  on  theirpurple  couches. ' 
Tennyson.— 3.  Any  place  for  repose,  as  the 
lair  of  a  wild  beast,  &c. 

The  beastes  that  ronneastraye.seketh  their  accus- 
tomed couches.  Bale. 

4.  A  layer,  coating,  or  stratum;  specifically, 
(a)  in  malting^  heap  of  steeped  barley  spread 
out  on  a  floor  to  allow  germination  to  take 
place,  and  so  convert  the  grain  into  malt. 
(6)  In  painting,  a  ground  or  coat  of  colour, 
varnish,  or  size,  covering  the  canvas,  wall,  or 
other  surface,  (c)  A  coat  of  gold  or  silver  leaf 
laid  on  any  substance  to  beicilderi  or  silvered. 

Couch  (kouch),  v.t  [See  COUCH-GRASS.]  In 
ayri.  to  clear,  as  land,  from  couch-grass. 

Couchancy  (koueh'an-si),  n.  Act  of  repose 
by  lying  down.  [Rare.] 

Couchant  (koucb'ant),  a.    [Fr.    See  COUCH.] 

1.  Lying  down;  squatting. 

His  nephew  ever  like  a  subtle  beast 

Lay  couchant  with  his  eyes  upon  the  throne, 

Ready  to  spring.  Tennyson. 

2.  In  her.  lying  down  with  the  head  raised, 
which    distinguishes    the 

posture  of  couchant  from 
that  of  dormant  or  sleep- 


ing :  applied  to  a  lion  or 
other  beast.—  Leva nt  and 


Couchant. 


coit chant,  in  law,  rising  up 

and    lying  down :  applied 

to  beasts,  and  indicating 

that  they  have  been  long 

enough  on   land   nut    be- 
longing to  their  owner  to 

lie  down   and  rise  tip  to 

feed,  or  for  a  day  i.n<l  night  at  least. 
Couche  (ko-sha),  a.     In  her.  a  term  applied 

to  anything   lying  along; 

thus,  a  shield  <'<»i,-ln'  is  a 

shield  lying  on  its  right 

side.  —  Chevron   couche,    a 

chevron  where  the  top  i-. 

turned  to  the  right  or  left 

Bide    of    the    shield,    the 

chevron     lying     side  wise 

with  the  two  ends  on  one 

side  of  the  shield. 
COUChe'e  (kosh-a),  n.    [Fr.]  Chevrons  couche". 

Bed-time;    hence,    a  visit 

received  about  bed-time:  opposed  to  levee. 

The  duke's  levies  and  conchies  were  so  crowded 
that  the  antechambers  were  full.  Burnet. 

Coucher  (kouch'er),  n.  One  who  couches 
cataracts. 

Cou chert  (kouch'er),  n.  [From  eolleetarha. 
See  following  entry.]  In  old  English  stat- 
ute*, a  factor;  a  resident  in  a  country  for 
traffle. 

Couchert  (kouch'er),  n.  [L.  collectarium, 
from  colWjo,  collectum,  to  collect— con,  to- 
gether, and  lego,  to  gather.  Collectarium 
seems  to  have  passed  through  the  following 
stages  of  contraction  and  decay:— Collectier, 
colctier,  coulctitr,  couctier,co\tchier,coucher.  ] 
Eccleft.  (a)  a  book  of  collects  or  short  prayers. 
(fr)  A  book  in  which  a  religious  house  regis- 
ter their  acts. 

Couch  -  fellow  (  kouch'fel-16 ),  n.  A  bed- 
fellow; a  companion  in  lodging. 

I    have  grated  upon  my  good   friends   for  three 
reprieve!)  for  you  and  your  couch-fellow.  Mini.  SfiaA. 

Couch-grass  (kouch'gras),  n.  [A  corrup- 
tion of  quitch  or  quick  grass.  See  QUITCH.] 
The  popular  name  of  Triticum  repcns,  a 
species  of  grass  which  infests  arable  land. 
It  is  perennial,  and  propagated  both  by 
seed  and  by  its  creeping  rootatock,  which 
is  long  and  jointed.  It  spreads  over  a  field 
with  great  rapidity. 

Couching  (kouch'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  stoop- 
ing or  bowing. 

These  caucftttifs  and  these  lowly  courtesies. 

SHat. 

2.  In  surg.  one  of  the  operations  to  restore 
vision  in  cases  of  cataract. — 3.  In  malting, 
the  spreading  of  malt  to  dry.  See  COUCH,  v.  t. 
Couching  (kouch'ing).  n.  In  agri.  the  oper- 
ation of  clearing  land  from  couch-grass. 


Couchless  (koucli'les),  a.  Having  no  couch 
or  bed. 

Cougar  (ko'gar),  n.  [An  abbreviation  of 
the  native  name  cuguaciiarana  or  cugv- 
acuara.  ]  A  voracious  quadruped  of  the 
cat  kind,  inhabiting  most  parts  of  Amer- 
ica. It  is  by  some  called  the  puma  or 
red  tiger,  and  is  one  of  the  most  destruc- 


Coujfar  (Fflu  concolor). 

tive  of  all  the  animals  of  America,  particu- 
larly In  the  warmer  climates,  where  it 
plunders  the  houses,  carrying  off  fowls, 
dogs,  cats,  and  other  domestic  animals.  It 
frequently  encounters  the  alligator.  Writ- 
ten also  Cuguar. 

Cough  (kof),  n.  [Imitative  of  the  sound;  like 
I),  icuch,  a  cough;  G.  keichen,  keuchen,  to 
pant,  cough.]  A  violent  effort  of  the  lungs 
to  throw  off  irritating  matter;  a  violent, 
sometimes  involuntary,  and  sonorous  expir- 
ation, suddenly  expelling  the  air  through 
the  glottis.  The  violent  action  of  the  mus- 
cles serving  for  expiration  gives  great  force 
to  the  air,  while  the  contraction  of  the 
glottis  produces  the  sound.  The  air  forced 
violently  carries  along  with  it  the  phlegm 
or  irritating  matter  which  causes  the  effort 
of  the  muscles. 

Adepts  in  the  speaking  trade 

Keep  a  cough  by  them  ready  made.    Churchill. 

Cough  (kof),  v.i.  To  make  a  violent  effort, 
accompanied  with  noise,  to  exj>el  the  air 
from  the  lungs,  and  force  out  any  matter 
that  irritates  the  parts  or  renders  respira- 
tion difficult. 

Cough  (kof),  v.t.  To  expel  from  the  lungs 
by  a  violent  effort  with  noise;  to  expectorate : 
followed  by  up;  as,  to  cough  up  phlegm. — 
To  cough  down,  to  put  down  an  unpopular 
»r  too  lengthy  speaker  by  simulated  cougbs. 

Cougher  (kof'er),  n.     One  that  coughs. 

Coughing  (kofingV  n.  A  violent  effort  with 
noise  to  expel  the  air  from  the  lungs. 
'  Coughing  drowns  the  parson's  saw.*  Shair. 

Cougnar  (kbg'nar),  n.  A  three-masted  Malay 


Cougnar. 

boat,  rigged  with  square  sails.  It  is  broad, 
sits  low  in  the  water,  is  decked  or  not  ac- 
cording to  fancy,  sails  well,  and  carrier  a 
large  cargo. 

Couguar  (ko'gu-ar),  n.    Same  as  Cougar. 

Co  image  (kou'aj),  n.    See  COWHAGE. 

Coul  (koul),  n.    A  vessel  or  tub.    See  COWL. 

Could  (kud),  v.  [Sax.  cuthe,  past  tense  of 
citnnan,  to  know,  to  l>e  able.  L  has  been 
improperly  introduced  into  this  word  on 
the  type  of  would  from  will  and  should  from 
shall.  The  true  orthography  is  cottd.]  Was 
able,  capable,  or  susceptible.  See  CAN. 

Coulee  (kb-la),  n.  [Fr.  couler,  to  flow,  from 
L.  colare.  See  COULOIR.]  In  geol.  a  stream 
of  lava,  whether  flowing  or  consolidated. 

Couleur-de-rose  (kb-ler-de-roz),  n.  [Fr.] 
Lit.  a  rose-colour;  hence,  an  aspect  of 
beauty  and  attractiveness;  as,  to  see  every- 
thing couleur-de-rose. 


Coulisse  (ko-les),  n.  [Fr.,  from  couler,  to 
flow,  to  glide.]  1.  Cullis,  a  piece  of  timber 
with  a  channel  or  groove  in  it,  as  the  slides 
in  which  the  side  scenes  of  a  theatre  run, 
the  upright  posts  of  a  floodgate  or  sluice,  Arc. 
2.  One  of  the  side  scenes  of  the  stage  in  a 
theatre,  or  the  space  included  between  the 
side  scenes. 

Capable  of  nothing  higher  than  coulisses  and  t  i^.ir-., 
private  theatricals  and  white  kid  gloves. 

C.  KiHffstry. 

Couloir  (ko-lwar),  n.  [Fr.,  a  filter,  a  strainer, 
from  couler,  to  flow,  to  strain,  from  L.  i-olm-f, 
to  filter  or  strain.]  A  dredge  for  excavating 
canals.  The  following  extract  describes  tlie 
kind  of  couloir  employed  in  the  excavati"n 
of  the  Suez  Canal. 

The  couloirs  consist  of  a  long,  broad,  flat-bottomed 
barge,  on  which  there  stands  a  framework  of  wood 
supporting  an  endless  chain  of  heavy  iron  biuki_-ts. 
The  chain  is  turned  by  steam,  and  the  height  of  the 
axle  is  shifted  from  time  to  time,  so  that  the  empty 
buckets  as  they  revolve  shall  always  strike  the  \ 
of  the  canal  at  a  fixed  angle,  scooping  up  mud,  sand, 
and  water.  As  each  bucket  reaches  its  highest  j.i.int 
it  discharges  its  contents  into  a  long,  open,  iron  ].i|"'. 
which  runs  out  at  right  angles  to  the  barge.  The 
further  extremity  of  this  pipe  reaches  beyond  the 
bank  of  the  canal,  and,  therefore,  when  the  dredg- 
ing is  going  on,  there  is  a  constant  stream  of  liquid 
mud  pouring  from  the  pipe's  mouth  upon  the  sliore, 
and  thus  raising  the  height  of  the  embankment.  In 
a  smaller  variety  the  mud  raised  by  their  agency  is 
not  poured  on  snore  by  pipes,  but  is  emptied  in  the 
first  instance  into  large  barges.  tinman. 

Coulpe.t  Culpe,t  n.  [Fr.  coulpe,  from  L. 
culpa,  a  fault.]  A  fault;  a  sin.  Chaucer. 

Coulter  (kol'ter),  n.  [A.  Sax.  culter,  bor- 
rowed from  L.  culter,  a  knife,  a  coulter.  ]  An 
iron  blade  or  knife  inserted  into  the  beam 
of  a  plough  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  the 
ground  and  facilitating  the  separation  of  the 
furrow-slice  by  the  ploughshare. 

Coulter-neb  (kolt'6r-neb),  n.  A  popular 
name  for  the  sea-bird  otherwise  known  as 
the  puffin  (Fratercula  arctica),  the  name 
being  given  from  the  shape  of  its  beak. 

Coumarine  (kb'ma-ren),  n.  [Fr.,  from  cou- 
maron,  a  tree  of  Guiana.]  (C9HBO3.)  A 
vegetable  proximate  principle,  obtained 
from  the  Dipterix  odorata  or  Tonka  bean. 
It  Is  used  in  medicine,  and  it  gives  flavour 
to  the  Swiss  cheese  called  schabzieger. 

Coumaron  (ko-ma-ron'),  n.  The  natm- 
name  of  the  tree  (Dipterix  odorata)  which 
yields  the  sweet-scented  Tonga  or  Tonka 
bean  of  the  perfumers.  It  is  a  native  of 
French  Guiana,  where  it  forms  a  large  forest 
tree.  It  belongs  to  the  nat.  order  Legumi- 
noste.  See  COUMARINE. 

Council  (koun'sil),  n.  [Fr.  conctte;  L.  con- 
cilium—con, together,  and  root  cal,  to  call. 
This  word  is  often  Improperly  confounded 
with  counsel.]  1.  An  assembly  of  men  sum- 
moned or  convened  for  consultation,  deli- 
beration, and  advice;  specifically, (a) a  ]><>dy 
of  men  specially  designated  to  advise  a  chief 
magistrate  in  the  administration  of  the 
government,  as  in  Great  Britain;  the  body 
of  privy -councillors;  as,  the  president  of  the 
council.  (6)  In  some  of  the  American  states, 
a  branch  of  the  legislature,  corresponding 
with  the  senate  in  other  states,  and  called 
legislative  council,  (c)  An  assembly  of  pre- 
lates and  theologians,  convened  for 
regulating  matters  of  doctrine  and 
I  discipline  in  the  Church. 

The  chief  priests  and  all   the  council 
£y^H      sought  false  witness.  Mat.  xxvi.  59. 

^^^^  An  unlearned  council.  .  .  .  Never  more 

^n£T        heads  nor  less  wit.  Auckland. 

Without  the  knowledge 
Hither  of  king  or  council,  you  made  bold 
To  carry  into  Flanders  the  great  seal. 

Slltlk. 

2.  Act  of  deliberation;  consultation, 
as  of  a  council. 

In  council  'tis  good  to  see  dangers;  in  execution 
not  to  see  them  unless  they  are  very  near.    Bacon, 

—Common  council,  the  council  of  a  city  or 
corporate  town,  empowered  to  make  bye- 
laws  for  the  government  of  the  citizens. — 
(Ecumenical  or  ecumenical  council,  in  <•/<"  /' 
hijtt  a  general  council  or  assembly  of  pre- 
lates and  divines,  representing  the  whole 
Church;  as,  the  Council  of  Nice.  —Privy- 
council,  a  select  council  for  advising  the 
sovereign  in  the  administration  of  the  gov- 
ernment. See  PRIVY -COUNCIL.— Lords  qf 
Council  and  Session,  the  name  given  to  the 

'  judges  or  senators  of  the  College  of  Justice  in 
Edinburgh.— Books  ofCouncttand  Se». 
the  records  belonging  to  the  College  of  Jus- 
tice, in  which  deeds  and  other  writs  are  in- 
serted.— General  council  of  a  university,  in 
Scotch  universities,  a  body  consisting  of  the 

|    chancellor,  the  members  of  the  university 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc  abtme;      y,  Sc. 


COUNCIL-BOARD 


003 


COUNTENANCE 


court  (that  is,  the  rector,  principal,  and  four 
assessors),  the  professors,  masters  of  arts, 
iln(-t<>rs  of  medicine,  itc.  The  council  meets 
twice  a  year,  and  its  duties  are  to  deliberate 
upon  any  question  affecting  the  university,  j 
and  make  representations  regarding  it  to 
tin.-  university  court.  -Aulic  Council.  See 
A i  \.iv.~Cottncil  of  war.  an  assembly  of  offi- 
cers of  liiuh  rank  called  to  consult  with  the 
coiiimander-iu-chief  of  an  army  or  admiral 
of  a  fleet  on  matters  of  supreme  importance. 
SVN.  Assembly,  meeting,  congress,  diet, 
(•Hiiveiition,  convocation. 

Council-board.  (koun'sil-bord),*i..  1.  Council- 
table;  the  table  round  which  a  council  holds 
consultation. 

He  hath  commanded 

To-morrow  morniiiy  at  the  council-board 
He  be  convened.  Shak. 

2.  The  council  itself  in  deliberation  or  ses- 
sion. 

Council-book  (koun'sil-buk),  n.  The  book 
in  which  the  names  of  privy-councillors  are 
entered. 

Halifax  was  informed  that  his  services  were  no 
lomjer  needed,  and  his  name  was  struck  out  of  the 
council-book.  Macatilay. 

Council- chamber  ( koun'sil-cham-ber),  n. 
An  apartment  occupied  by  a  council,  or  ap- 
propriated to  deliberations  on  government. 

Councilist  t  (koun'sil-ist),  n.  A  member  of 
a  council;  hence,  one  who  gives  an  opinion. 

I  will  be  in  three  months  an  expert  councilist. 

Milton. 

Councillor  (koun'sil-er),  n.  The  member  of 
a  council;  specifically,  a  member  of  a  com- 
mon council  or  of  the  privy-council.— 
Councillor  of  a  burgh,  in  Scotland,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  governing  body  of  a  burgh,  not  a 
magistrate.  See  TOWN  -COUNCIL.  —  Privy- 
cov.iicillor,  a  member  of  the  privy-council. 
Council-man  (koun'sil-mau),  n.  A  member 
of  a  city  common  council. 
Council-table  (koun'sil-ta-bl),  n.  Council- 
board. 

Co-unet  (ko-iin'),  v.t.      [L.  co  for  con,  and 

iiimtt,  one.]    To  combine  or  join  into  one. 

(They)  are  in  man  one  and  co-itned  together. 

Feltham. 

Co-unite  t  (ko-u-mf),  v.t.  To  unite.  Dr.  II. 
More. 

Counsel  (koun'sel),  n.  [  Fr.  conseil;  L.  con- 
KiUuni,  an  advice,  from  comtulo,  from  the 
same  root  as  coiuful,  and  literally  meaning, 
to  sit  together,  and  hence  to  deliberate. 
See  COUNCIL.]  1.  Advice;  opinion,  or  in- 
struction, given  upon  request  or  otherwise, 
for  directing  the  judgment  or  conduct  of 
another;  opinion  given  upon  deliberation 
or  consultation.  'Ill  counsel  had  misled  the 
girl.'  Tennyson. 

There  is  as  much  difference  between  the  counsel 
that  a  friend  giveth.  and  that  a  man  dveth  himself, 
as  there  is  between  the  counsel  of  a  friend  and  of  a 
flatterer.  Bacon. 

2.  Consultation;  interchange  of  opinions. 

We  took  sweet  counsel  together.  Ps.  Iv.  14. 

.3.  Deliberation ;  examination  of  conse- 
quences. 

They  all  confess  that  in  the  working  of  that  first 
cause,  counsel  is  used,  reason  followed,  and  a  way 
observed.  Hooker. 

4.  Prudence;  deliberate  opinion  or  judg- 
ment, or  the  faculty  or  habit  of  judging 
with  caution. 

O  how  comely  is  the  wisdom  of  old  men,  and  un- 
derstanding and  counsel  to  men  of  honour. 

licclns.  xxv.  5. 

The  law  shall  perish  from  the  priest,  and  cotnise, 
from  the  ancients.  Ezek.  vii.  26. 

&.  Deliberate  purpose ;  design ;  intent ; 
scheme;  plan. 

The  counsel  of  the  fro  ward  is  carried  headlong. 
Job  v.  ,3. 
To  show  the  immutability  of  his  counsel.  Heb.  vi.  17. 

6.  Secrecy;  the  secrets  intrusted  in  consul- 
tation; secret  opinions  or  purposes;  as,  let 
a  man  keep  his  own  counsel. — 7.  In  Scrip. 
directions  of  God's  word;  the  revealed  will 
of  God,  or  his  truth  and  doctrines  concern- 
ing the  way  of  salvation. 

Tiiou  shall  guide  me  by  thy  counsel.  Ps.  Ixxiii.  24. 
I  have  not  shunned  to  declare  to  you  all  the  coun- 
sel of  God.  Acts  xx.  27. 

8.  One  who  gives  counsel,  especially  in  mat- 
ters of  law ;  any  counsellor  or  advocate 
engaged  in  the  trial  or  management  of  a 
cause  in  court,  or  any  number  of  counsellors, 
barristers,  or  sergeants  united  in  the  man- 
agement of  a  case;  as,  the  plaintiff's  counsel, 
or  the  defendant's  cwmuiL  [In  this  sense 
the  word  has  no  plural;  but  in  the  singu- 
lar number  is  applicable  to  one  or  more 
persons.]—  Qmen't  counsel  (or  kiiuje  coun- 


sel), barristers  appointed  counsel  to  the 
crown,  on  the  nomination  of  the  lonl-i  h:uj 
cellor,  and  taking  precedence  over  ordinary 
barristers.  They  have  the  privilege  of  «i  :u  - 
ing  a  silk  gown  as  their  professional  robe, 
that  of  other  barristers  bcin-  «>t  -t  nil 
Counsel  (kullll'sel),  v.t.  pret.  A'  pp.  ,v,i/«- 
selled;  ppr.  counxeUinij.  [L.  consilujr.  ]  1.  To 
give  advice  or  deliberate  opinion  to,  for  the 
government  of  conduct;  to  advise,  exhort, 
warn,  admonish,  or  instruct. 

I  counsel  thee  to  buy  of  me  Hold  trie,|  jn  the  (ire. 
Rev.  iii.  18. 

They  that  will  not  be  OMMMJMCUMI  be  helped. 
Franklin. 

2.  To  advise  or  recommend. 

Say  they  who  counsel  war,  We  are  decreed. 
Reserved  and  destined  to  eternal  woe.    Milton. 

Counsel-keeper  (koun'scl-kep-er),  «.    One 

who  can  keep  a  secret 
Counsel-keeping  (koun'sel-kep-ing),  a. 

Keeping  secrets;  preserving  secrecy.    '  Cur- 

tain'd  with  a  citunsel-tceepiiiy  cave.'    Shak. 
Counsellable  (koun'sel-a-bl),  a.    1.  Willing 

to  receive  counsel;  disposed  to  follow  the  ! 

advice  or  opinions  of  others. 
Very  few  men  of  so  great  parts  were  more  counsel' 

ladle  than  he.  Lord  Clarendon. 

2.  Suitable  to  be  counselled  or  advised; 
wise;  expedient. 

He  did  not  believe  it  Counsellable.    Clarendon. 

Counsellor  (koun'sel-er),  n.  1.  Any  person 
who  gives  counsel  or  advice;  as,  in  Great 
Britain,  the  peers  of  the  realm  are  heredi- 
tary counsellors  of  the  crown. 

His  mother  was  his  counsellor  to  do  wickedly. 

3  Clir.  xxii.  3. 

Thomas  Wentworth.  Earl  of  Strafford.  a  man  of 
(Treat  abilities,  eloquence,  and  courage,  but  of  a  cruel 
and  imperious  nature,  was  the  counsellor  most 
trusted  in  political  and  military  affairs.  Macaulay. 

2.  A  member  of  a  council;  a  councillor. 

The  distinction  between  councillor,  a  member  of 
a  council,  and  counsellor,  one  who  gives  counsel, 
was  not  formerly  made,  but  is  now  very  generally 
recognized  and  observed.  tjoodrich. 

3.  One  who  is  consulted  by  a  client  in  a 
law  case;  one  who  gives  advice  in  relation 
to  a  question  of  law;  one  whose  profession 
is  to  give  advice  in  law,  and  manage  causes 
for  clients;  a  barrister. 

Counsellorship  (kouu'sel-er-ship),  n.  The 
olttce  of  a  counsellor. 

Count  (kouut),  v.t  [Fi-.  center,  compter; 
It.  and  L  coinputare,  to  sum  up,  reckon, 
compute.  See  COMPUTE.]  1.  To  number; 
to  tell  or  name  one  by  one,  or  by  small 
numbers,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  whole 
number  of  units  in  a  collection;  to  reckon; 
to  compute;  as,  to  count  the  years,  days, 
and  hours  of  a  man's  life;  to  count  the  stars. 
Who  can  countthe  dust  of  Jacob  Num.  xxiii.  10. 
We  live  in  deeds,  not  years;  in  thoughts,  not  breaths; 
We  should  count  time  by  heart-throbs. 

P.  y.  Bailey. 

Some  tribes  of  rude  nations  count  their  years  by 
the  coming  of  certain  birds  among  them  at  certain 
seasons,  and  leaving  them  at  others.  Locke. 

2.  To  reckon;  to  place  to  an  account;   to 
ascribe  or  impute;  to  consider  or  esteem  as 
belonging. 

Abraham  believed  in  God.  and  he  counted  it  to  him 
for  righteousness.  Gen.  xv.  6. 

3.  To  esteem;    to  account;   to  reckon;   to 
think,  judge,  or  consider. 

I  count  them  my  enemies.  Ps.  cxxxix.  22. 

Neither  count  I  my  life  dear  to  myself.  Acts.  xx.  24. 

I  count  the  gray  barbarian  lower  than  the  Chris- 
tian child.  Tennyson. 

-To  count  tin,  to  reckon  up  or  trace  rela- 
tionship. 

No  knight  in  Cumberland  so  good 
But  William  may  count  with  him  Am  anil  blood. 
.Vir  //'.  Scott. 

—To  count  out,  in  the  British  House  of 
Commons,  for  the  speaker  to  count  the  num- 
ber of  members  in  the  house,  and,  there 
being  found  to  be  fewer  than  forty,  to  inti- 
mate that  there  is  not  a  quorum,  when  the 
sitting  stands  adjourned;  as,  the  house  was 
aiunttd  out  last  night  at  nine  o'clock.— 
j  SYN.  To  number,  reckon,  calculate,  com- 
pute, enumerate. 

Count  (kount),t>.i.  1.  To  becounted;  toswell 
the  number:  to  add  to  the  strength  or  in- 
fluence as  of  a  party  or  interest;  as.  each 
additional  one  counts.—  i.  To  found  an  ac- 
count or  scheme;  to  reckon;  to  rely:  with 


m—  that    of 
r  to  the  palac<:;«nd 


on  or  upon. 

One   name   excited    considerable   al 
Michael  Arnold.     He  was  bre 
it  was  apprehended  that  the  gonaaamt^cmxU^l 

3  In  law,  to  plead  orally;  to  argue  a  matter 
in  court;  to  recite  a  count—  To  count  o/,t 


1"  take  iii.ii-  in-  heed  .'l  t..  |i:i>  .,it.  muni  to. 
'  No  man  cnunis  <//  her  beauty.'  ShaJt. 

COUnt    (kollllt).      II.         |    Kr.      flint,',     rnu.pU.  ] 

1  Keekiminu';  tin;  act  nf  numbering;  an. 
tliU  is  tin-  niinilii'r  according  to  mv  r.,»»r 
1  Number,  -(if  hlcuwl  saint*  for  t.i  in 
create  the  count.'  Nhak.  :',.  Account;  e»U- 
ination,  value. 

Soul,-  i.th.-rs  tli,, i  iii  hard  avuiei 

Were  towards  known.  »nd  little  tfuM  did  hold. 
Sftnter. 

4.  In  lain,  a  particular  charge  In  an  null,  i 
nielit,  or  narration  in  pleading,  setting 
forth  the  cause  of  complaint  There  may 
be  different  count*  in  the  lame  declaration 
— Count  and  reckoning,  the  technical  name 
given  to  a  form  of  proceu  In  Scot*  law.  by 
which  one  party  may  compel  another  to  ac- 
count with  him,  and  to  pay  the  balance 
which  may  appear  to  lie  due  Count-out. 
in  the  llritiih  House  of  Commons,  the  act 
of  the  speaker  uhen  he  counts  the  number 
of  members  present,  and,  not  finding  forty, 
intimates  that  there  is  not  a  quorum,  v.  lu-n 
the  sitting  stands  adjourned. 
Count  (koiint),  ».  I  Kr.  cointf,  from  L 
comet,  comitit,  a  companion,  ipeciflcally,  in 
later  times,  of  the  emperor  or  king 
for  con,  with,  and  i,  root  of  eo,  itwn,  to  go. 
See  CONSTABLE.]  A  title  of  foreign  nobil- 
ity, equivalent  to  the  English  earl,  and 
whose  domain  is  a  county. 

Comet,  the  Count  of  the  Francs,  is  the  earl  of  tbe 

shire.  hlactstone. 

— Count  palatine,  (a)  formerly  the  proprietor 
of  a  county,  who  exercised  regal  prerogatives 
within  his  county,  in  virtue  of  which  he  had 
his  own  courts  of  law,  appointed  judges  and 
law  officers,  and  could  pardon  murders, 
treasons,  and  felonies.  All  writs  and  judi- 
cial processes  proceeded  in  his  name,  while 
the  king's  writs  were  of  no  avail  within  tbe 
palatinate.  The  Earl  of  Chester,  the  Bishop 
of  Durham,  and  the  Duke  of  Lancaster 
were  the  Counts  1'alatiue  of  England.  The 
queen  is  now  Duchess  and  Countess  Pala- 
tine of  Lancaster.  The  earldom  palatinate 
of  Chester,  similarly  restricted,  is  vested  in 
the  eldest  son  of  the  monarch,  or  In  the 
monarch  himself  when  there  is  no  Prince 
of  Wales.  Durham  became  a  palatinate  in 
the  time  of  William  the  Conqueror,  and 
continued  in  connection  with  the  bishopric 
till  1836,  when  it  was  vested  in  the  crown. 
As  count  palatine,  the  bishop  enjoyed  the 
secular  title  of  Earl  of  Sadberge.  (i)  Origin- 
ally, the  judge  and  highest  officer  of  the 
German  kings,  afterwards  of  the  German 
emperors  and  archdukes:  at  a  later  date, 
an  officer  delegated  by  the  German  emperors 
to  exercise  certain  imperial  privileges.  See 
Countti  Palatine  under  COUNTY. 
Countable  (kount'a-bl),  o.  That  may  be 
numbered. 

They  are  countable  by  the  thousand  and  the  mil- 
lion,  who  have  suffered  cruel  wrong.  Carlyle. 

Countenance  (koun'ten-ans),  n.  [Fr.  con- 
tenance,  from  contenant,  containing,  from 
contenir,  to  contain;  L.  contineo — con.  and 
teneo,  to  hold.]  1.  The  face;  the  whole  form 
of  the  face,  the  features  considered  as  a 
whole;  visage.  'In  countenance  somewhat 
doth  resemble  you.'  SAa*.  'Her  counttn- 
an«  all  over  pale  again.'  TViinj/non.— i  Air: 
look;  aspect;  appearance  or  expression  of 
the  face. 

Be  not,  as  the  hypocrites,  of  a  sad  countenance. 
Mat.  vi.  16. 

We  will  not  make  your  countenance  to  fall  by  the 
answer  ye  shall  receive.  Bacon. 

And  down  the  river's  dim  expanse— 
With  a  glassy  countenance 
Did  she  look  to  Camelot.  Tennyson. 

3.  Favour;  good-will;  encouragement;  sup. 
port;  patronage;  kindness. 

Thou  hast  made  him  glad  with  thy  countenance. 
Ps.  xxi.  6. 

That  which  would  appear  offence  to  us,  hi*  coun- 
tenance would  change  to  virtue.  SJut*. 

It  is  the  province  of  the  magistrate,  to  give  counte- 
nance to  piety  and  virtue.  />>.  Atlerbnry. 

I    4.t  Show:  pretence;  superficial  appearance. 

The  election  being  done,  he  made  countenance  of 
great  discontent  thereat.  AstHam. 

b  In  law.  credit  or  estimation.  — To  Imp 
the  countenance,  to  preserve  a  calm,  com- 
posed or  natural  look,  unruffled  by  passion: 
to  refrain  from  expressing  sorrow.  Joy. 
i  anger,  or  other  passion,  by  an  unchanged 
countenance. 

Ev'n  kept  her  countenance,  when  the  lid  removed. 

Disclosed  the  heart  unfortunately  loved.    Dryfat, 
!    —  In  countenance,  in  an  assured  condition 
or  aspect;  in  favour;  in  estimation;  free 
from  shame  or  dismay. 


ch,  chum;      ch,  Sc.  lo<*;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing; 


TH,  then;  th,  tAin;     w,  wig,    wh,  tr/dg;    zh,  anire.-See  KKY. 


COUNTENANCE 


C04 


COUNTER-EXTENSION 


If  the  profession  of  religion  were  *'«  cottnlfnnnce 
among  men  of  distinction,  it  would  have  ;i  li.ip;<y 
effect  on  society.  Ogiline. 

It  puts  the  learned  in  countenance,  and  gives  them 
a  place  among  the  fashionable  part  of  mankind. 

Addison. 

-Out  of  countenance,  confounded;  abashed; 
with  the  countenance  cast  down;  not  bold 
or  assured. 

Countenance  (koun'ten-ans),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp. 
countenanced;  ppr.  countenancing.  1.  To 
favour;  to  encourage;  to  aid;  to  support;  to 
abet. 

Neither  shall  thou  countenance  a  poor  man  in  his 
cause.  Ex.  xxiii.  3. 

Error  supports  custom,  custom  countenances  error. 

Mi/ton, 

He  did  countenance  the  landing  in  his  long-boat. 
llfotlon. 

2.  t  To  make  a  show  of;  to  pretend. 

Each  to  these  ladies  love  did  countenance,  Spenser. 

3.  t  To  keep  an  appearance  of;  to  act  suitably 
to;  to  be  in  keeping  with. 

Malcolm  t  Banquo! 

As  from  your  graves  rise  up,  and  walk  like  sprites 
To  countenance  this  honour.  SHak. 

Countenancer  (koun'ten-ans-er),  n.  One 
who  countenances,  favours,  or  supports. 

Counter-  (koun 'ter).  A  frequent  prefix  in 
compound  words,  from  L.  contra,  through 
Norm,  countre,  and  signifying  counteraction 
or  opposition.  (See  below,  COUNTER,  ado.) 
It  may  be  prefixed  to  any  noun,  adjective, 
or  verb  implying  action,  power,  or  influence; 
hence  its  use  is  practically  unlimited. 

Counter  (kount'er),  adv.  [Fr.  contre;  L. 
contra  —  a  compound  of  can  and  tra,  like 
intra,  extra,  citra,  ultra.  See  CONTRA.  ] 

1.  Contrary;  in  opposition;  in  an  opposite 
direction:  used  chiefly  with  run  or  go;  as, 
to  run  counter  to  the  rules  of  virtue;  he 
went  counter  to  his  own  interest. 

The  House  of  Commons  had  come  to  a  vote  which 
ran  counter  to  the  contemplated  exercise  of  the  pre- 
rogative. Disraeli. 

2.  In  the  wrong  way;  contrary  to  the  right 
course;  contrariwise. 

Hounds  are  said  to  hunt  counter  when  they  hunt 
backward  the  way  the  chase  came.  llallntitll. 

8.t  In  the  face  or  at  the  face. 

They  hit  one  another  with  darts,  .  .  .  which  they 
never  throw  counter,  but  at  the  back  of  the  flyer. 
G.  Sandys. 

Counter  (koun'ter),  a.  Adverse;  opposite; 
opposing;  antagonistic. 

Innumerable  facts  attesting  the  counter  principle. 
Is.  Taylor. 

Counter  (kount'er),  n.  [Fr.  centre,  L. 
contra,  against  ]  1.  A  term  in  music,  for- 
merly given  to  an  under  part,  to  serve  for 
contrast  to  a  principal  part,  but  now  used 
as  equivalent  to  counter-tenor.—  2.  That  part 
of  a  horse's  forehand  which  lies  between  the 
shoulders  and  under  the  neck.— 3.  In  nahip, 
an  arched  space  in  the  stern  between  the 
bottom  of  the  stern  and  the  wing- transoms 
and  buttock.  — The  counter-timbers  are  short 


Frame  of  Ship  inside  of  Stem. 

I  I.  Pointers.  a  a.  Quarter-timbers.  33.  Counter- 
timbers.  4,  Counter-timber  knee.  5,  Main 
transom. 

timbers  in  the  stern,  put  in  for  the  purpose 
of  strengthening  the  counter.  —4.  The  back 
leather,  or  heel  part,  of  a  boot. 
Counter  (kount'er),  n.  1  One  who  counts 
or  reckons;  an  auditor. —2.  That  which  in- 
dicates a  number;  that  which  is  used  to 
keep  an  account  or  reckoning,  as  in  games; 
specifically,  a  plate  of  metal,  ivory,  wood, 
or  the  like,  used  for  this  purpose. 

What  comes  the  wool  to!     I   can  do  it   without 
HtmHrt.  s/ia*. 

3.  Money,  in  contempt. 

When  Marcus  Brutus  grows  so  covetous. 
To  lock  such  rascal  counters  from  his  friends. 
Be  ready,  gods !  with  all  your  thunderbolts. 
Dash  him  to  pieces.  Shak. 

4.  A  table  or  board  on  which  money  is 
counted;  a  table  on  which  goods  iu  a  shop 


are  laid  for  examination  by  purchasers. — 
!>.  The  name  of  two  former  prisons  in  the 
city  of  London  and  of  one  which  formerly 
existed  in  Southwark. 

I  appeale  from  Newgate  or  any  of  the  two  wor- 
shipful Counters.  Play  of  Sir  Thomas  More. 
Five  jayles  or  prisons  are  in  Southwark  placed, 
The  Coiittttr  (once  St.  Margret's  church)  defaced. 
Taylor. 

6.  A  tell-tale;  a  contrivance  in  an  engine  or 
carriage  to  tell  numbers,  as  of  strokes  or 
revolutions. 

Counter  t  (kount'er),  n.  [Abbrev.  of  en- 
counter. ]  Encounter.  '  Kindly  counter 
under  mimick  shade ! '  Spenxer. 

Counter  (kount'er),  v.i.  In  boxing,  to  give 
a  return  blow  while  receiving  or  parrying 
the  blow  of  an  antagonist.  '  His  left  hand 
countered  provokingly. '  C.  Kingnley. 

Counteract  (kount-er-akf),  i>.(.  To  act  in 
opposition  to;  to  hinder,  defeat,  or  frustrate 
by  contrary  agency. 

Good  precepts  wjll  sometimes  counteract  the  effects 
of  evil  example;  but  more  generally  good  preceptsare 
counteracted  by  bad  examples.  Of  it-vie. 

STN.  To  hinder,  oppose,  contravene,  resist, 
withstand,  impede,  defeat,  frustrate. 
Counteraction    ( koun '  ter -ak-shon),     n. 
Action  in  opposition;  hindrance;  resistance. 

A  power  capable  of  resisting  and  conquering  the 
counteraction  of  an  animal  nature.  Sir  If.  Hamilton. 

Counteractive  (koun'ter-akt-iv),  a.  Tend- 
ing to  counteract. 

Counteractive  (koun'ter-akt-iv),  n.  One 
who  or  that  which  counteracts. 

Counteractively  (koun'ter-akt-iv-li),  ado. 
By  counteraction. 

Counter-agent  (koun'ter-a-jent),  n.  Any- 
thing which  counteracts  or  acts  in  opposi- 
tion; an  opposing  agent. 

The  unexpected  development  of  genius  has  no  such 
counter^tgent  to  the  admiration  which  it  naturally 
excites.  Broufham. 

Counter-approach  (konn'ter-ap-pr6ch),  n. 
In  fort,  a  work  consisting  of  lines  and 
trem  hes  thrown  up  by  the  besieged  in  order 
to  attack  the  works  of  the  besiegers  or  to 
hinder  their  approaches. — Line  of  counter- 
approach,  a  trench  which  the  besieged  make 
from  their  covered  way  to  the  right  and  left 
of  the  attacks  in  order  to  scour  the  enemy's 
works. 

Counter-attired  (kount'er-at-tird),  pp.  In 
her.  a  term  applied  to  the  double  horns  of 
animals  when  borne  two  one  way  and  the 
other  two  in  a  contrary  direction. 

Counter  -  attraction  ( koun  t ' er  -  at  -  trak  "  - 
shon),  n.  Opposite  attraction. 

Counter-attractive  (koun'ter  at-trakt-iv), 
a.  Attracting  in  an  opposite  way. 

Counterbalance  (koun -ter -bar  ana),  v.  t. 
pret.  &  pp.  counterbalanced;  ppr.  counter- 
balancing To  weigh  against;  to  weigh 
against  with  an  equal  weight;  to  act  against 
with  equal  power  or  effect;  to  countervail. 

There  was  so  much  air  drawn  out  of  the  vessel, 
that  the  remaining  air  was  not  able  to  counterbalance 
the  mercurial  cylinder.  Boyle. 

The  study  of  mind  is  necessary  to  counterbalance 
and  correct  the  influence  of  the  study  of  nature. 

Sir  tf.  Hamilton. 

Counterbalance   ( koun ' ter -hal- ans).    n. 

1.  Equal  weight,  power,  or  agency  acting  in 
opposition  to  anything. 

Money  is  the  counterbalance  of  all  things  purchas- 
able. Locte. 

2.  A  weight  applied  to  balance  the  vibrating 
parts  of  machinery  upon  their  axis  so  as  to 
cause  them  to  turn  freely  and  to  require 
little  power  to  put  them  in  motion;  also, 
a  weight  by  which  a  lever  acted  upon  by 
an  intermitting  force  is  returned  to  its  posi- 
tion, as  in  the  case  of  the  beam  of  a  single- 
acting  steam-engine. 

Counter -battery  (koun'ter-bat-er-i),  n. 
MUit.  a  battery  raised  to  play  on  another. 

Counterbond  (koun'ter-bond),  n.  A  bond 
to  secure  from  loss  one  who  has  given  bond 
for  another;  a  bond  of  indemnification. 

Counterbrace  (koun'ter-bras),  n.  Naut. 
the  lee  brace  of  the  foretop-sail  yard. 

Counterbrace  (koun-ter-bras'),  'v.t.  Naut. 
to  brace  in  opposite  directions;  as,  to  Coun- 
terbrace the  yards,  that  is,  to  brace  the 
head-yards  one  way  and  the  after-yards 
another. 

Counterbuff  (kouu-ter-buf),  ». «.  To  strike 
back  or  In  an  opposite  direction;  to  drive 
back:  to  stop  by  a  blow  or  impulse  in  front. 

Counterbuff  (koun'ter-buf),  n.  A  blow  in 
an  opposite  direction;  a  stroke  that  stops 
motion  or  causes  a  recoil. 

Countercastt  (koun'ter-kast),  n.  Delusive 
contrivance;  contrary  cast. 


He  can  devise  this  cotintercast  of  slight, 
To  give  fair  colour  to  that  ladies  cause  in  siylit. 
Sfcnscr. 

Countercastert  (koun'Wr-knst-er),  »i.  A 
caster  of  accounts;  a  reckoner;  a  book- 
keeper: used  in  contempt.  Shak. 

Counterchange  (kom/ter-chanj),  M.  Ex- 
change; reciprocation.  'The  covnterdutnM 
is  severally  in  all.'  Shak. 

Counterchange  (koun-ter-chinJO,  r  t.  pret. 
&pp.  ctjuntercl(an<jfd;^\tr.  coitntercttan<m»i 
To  give  and  receive,  or  to  cause  to  cti:u!-.- 
places;  to  cause  to  change  from  one  st;itf 
to  its  opposite;  to  cause  to  make  alternate 
changes;  to  alternate. 

A  sudden  splendour  from  behind 

Flush'd  all  the  leaves  with  rich  gold-green. 

And,  flowing  rapidly  between 

Their  interspaces,  coitnterchangett 

The  level  lake  with  diamond-plots 

Of  dark  and  bright.  Tennyson. 

Counterchanged  (koun-ter-chanjd'),  ;>/>. 

^  -  1.  Exchanged.—  2.  In  //./•. 
a  term  implying  that  the 
field  is  of  two  tinctures, 
metal  and  colour,  and  that 
the  charge  upon  it  par- 
takes of  both,  the  charge, 
or  part  of  the  chanre. 
which  lies  in  the  nutal. 
being  of  colour,  mi'' 

S  Countercharge     (k,,,,,,'- 

counterchanged.        ter  -  charj  )  ,    n.   An    i  »|  >  ]  m  - 

site  charge. 
Countercharm     (  koun  '  ter  -  charm  )  ,     n. 

That  which  has  the  power  of  dissolving  or 

opposing  the  effect  of  a  charm. 
Countercharm  (koun-ter-charmO,  v.t.    To- 

destroy  the  effect  of  a  charm. 
Countercheck     (koun-ter-chek'),      v.  t. 

To  oppose  or  stop  by  some  obstacle;  to 

check. 
Countercheck  (koun'ter-chek),  n.     Check; 

stop;  rebuke;  or  a  censure  to  check  a  re- 

prover. 

Many  tilings  perplex 
With  motions,  checks,  and  counterchecks.  Tennyson. 

Counter-cheyrony(koun- 
ter-shev'ron-i),  n.  In  her,  a 
division  of  the  field  chev- 
ron wise. 

Count  er-compony, 
Counter-compone 
(koun'ter-kom-p6"ne),  a. 
In  her.  an  epithet  for  a 
border,  bend,  or  other  or- 
dinary,    which    is     com- 
pounded of  two  ranks  of 
panes,  or  rows  of  checkers, 
of  alternate  metals  and  colours. 
Counter  -  couchant    (koun-ter-kouch'ant), 
n.    In  her.  applied  to  ani- 
*   mala  borne  couchant,  and 
having  their  heads  in  con- 
trary  directions. 
Counter-courant  (koun'- 
ter-ko-rant"),a.  Inker,  ap- 
plied   to    animals    borne 
running  in  contrary  direc- 
tions. 

Countercurrent  (koun'- 
t*r-ku-rent),  a.    Running 
in  an  opposite  direction. 
Countercurrent  (koun'ter-ku-rent),  n.    A 
current  in  an  opposite  direction. 
Counterdeed  (koun'ter-ded),  n.     A  secret 
writing,  either  before  a  notary  or  under  a 
private  seal,  which  destroys,  invalidates,  or 
alters  a  public  deed. 

Counterdistinctlon  (koun'ter-dis-tingk"- 
shon),  n.  Contradistinction. 
Counterdrain  (koun'ter-dran),  n.  A  drain 
run  alongside  of  a  canal  or  embanked  water- 
way, to  intercept  and  convey  to  a  culvert 
or  receptacle  the  water  which  may  soak 
through. 

CounterdrawCkoun-ter-draO.i'.*.  pretcotm- 
terdrew;  pp.  counterdrawn;  ppr  counter- 
drawing.     In  painting,  to  copy,  as  a  design 
or  'painting,  by  means  of  a  fine  linen  cloth. 
an  oiled  paper,  or  other  transparent  sub- 
stance, through  which 
the  strokes  appear  and 
are  traced  with  a  pencil. 
Counter  -  embattled 
(koun'ter-em  -  bat-tM). 
a.     In  her.  an  epithet 
for  an  ordinary  embat- 
tled on  both  sides. 
Counter-evidence  (koun'ter-ev-i-dens),  n. 
Opposite  evidence;  evidence  or  testimony 
which  opposes  other  evidence. 
Counter  -  extension   (  koun'  ter  -eks  -  1\-\\"- 
shon),  n.     In  surg.  a  means  of  reducing  a 


A  bend  counter- 
compony. 


Counter-courant. 


Counter-embattled. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y.  Sc.  ley. 


COUNTERFAISANCE 


605 


fracture  !»y  making  extension  in  the  oppo- 
site direction.  See  EXTENSION. 

Counterfaisance,  n.  See  COUNTERFESANCE. 

Counterfeit  (koun't<Jr-fit),  v.t.  [Fr.  con- 
tivfaire,  contrefait—contre,  and  faire,  to 
make;  L.  contra  and  facia.}  1.  To  copy 
or  imitate,  without  authority  or  right,  and 
with  a  view  to  deceive  or  defraud,  by  pass- 
ing the  copy  or  thing  forged  for  that  which 
is  original  or  genuine;  to  make  a  likeness  or 
resemblance  of  with  a  view  to  defraud;  as, 
to  counterfeit  coin,  bank-notes,  a  seal,  a 
bond,  a  deed  or  other  instrument  in  writing, 
the  handwriting  or  signature  of  another, 
Ac.;  to  forge.— 2.  To  imitate;  to  copy;  to 
make  or  put  on  a  semblance  of;  aa,  to  coun- 
ter ff  it  the  voice  of  another  person;  to  coun~ 
terfeit  piety. 

Full  well  they  laughed  with  counterfeited  glee 

At  all  his  jokes,  for  many  a.  joke  had  he.  Goldsmith. 

Counterfeit  (koim'ter-fit),  v.i.    To  feign;  to 
dissemble;  to  carry  on  a  fiction  or  deception. 
How  ill  agrees  it  with  your  gravity, 
To  counterfeit  thus  grossly  with  your  slave.  Shak. 

Counterfeit  (koun'ter-nt),  a.  1.  Made  in 
imitation  of  something  else,  with  a  view 
to  defraud  by  passing  the  false  copy  for 
genuine  or  original;  as,  counterfeit  coin;  a 
counterfeit  bond  or  deed;  a  counterfeit  bill 
of  exchange. — 2.  Assuming  the  appearance 
of  something;  false;  spurious;  hypocritical; 
as,  a  counterfeit  friend.— 3.  Having  resem- 
blance to;  representating  by  imitation  or 
likeness. 

Look  here  upon  this  picture,  and  on  this — 

The  counter/tit  presentment  of  two  brothers.  Shak. 

SYN.  Forged,  fictitious,  false,  spurious,  sup- 
posititious, hypocritical. 
Counterfeit  (koun'ter-fit),  n.  1.  A  cheat;  a 
deceitful  person;  one  who  pretends  to  be 
what  he  is  not;  one  who  personates  an- 
other; an  impostor. 

I  am  no  counterfeit;  to  die  is  to  be  a  counterfeit; 
for  he  is  but  the  counterfeit  ot  a  man,  who  hath  not 
the  life  of  a  man.  Sha&. 

•2.  In  law,  one  who  obtains  money  or  goods 
\»y  counterfeit  letters  or  false  tokens.  — 
3.  That  which  is  made  in  imitation  of  some- 
thing, but  without  lawful  authority,  and 
with  a  view  to  defraud  by  passing  the  false 
for  the  true. 

There  would  be  no  counterfeits  but  for  the  sake  of 
something  real.  Tillotson. 

4.f  Likeness  or  counterpart;  portrait. 

What  find  I  here! 
Fair  Portia's  counterfeit.  Shak. 

Counterfeiter  (koun'ter-flt-er),  n.  1.  One 
who  counterfeits;  one  who  copies  or  imi- 
tates; specifically,  one  who  copies  or  forges 
bank-notes  or  coin;  a  forger.— 2.  One  who 
assumes  a  false  appearance,  or  who  makes 
false  pretences.  '  Counterfeiters  of  devotion. ' 
Sherwood. 

Counterfeitly  (koun'ter-fit-li),  adv.  By 
forgery;  falsely;  fictitiously. 

Counterferment  (koun'ter-fer-meut),  n. 
Ferment  opposed  to  ferment. 

Counterfesance.t        Counterfaisance  t 
(koun-ter-fe'zans,  koun-ter-fa'zans),  n.    [Fr. 
contrefaisance.}  1,  The  act 
of  forging;  forgery.— 2.  A 
counterfeiting;  dissimula- 
tion. 

The  outward  expression  and 
Counterfaisance  of  all  these  is 
the  form  of  godliness. 

Bp.  Hall. 

Counter-flory,  Counter- 
fieur6  (koun '  ter  -  flo  -  ri, 
koun'ter-fiu-re),  a.  In  her.  A  double  treasure 
an  epithet  denoting  that 
the  flowers  with  which 
an  ordinary  is  adorned 
stand  opposite  to  each  other  alternately. 

Counterfoil  (koun'ter-foil),  n.  1.  That  part 
of  a  tally  formerly  struck  in  the  exchequer, 
which  was  kept  by  an  officer  in  that  court, 
the  other,  called  the  stock,  being  delivered  to 
the  person  who  had  lent  the  king  money 
on  the  account.  Called  also  Counterstock. 
2.  A  kind  of  complementary  and  easily  de- 
tached portion  of  a  document,  such  as  a 
bank  cheque  or  draft,  which  is  retained  by 
the  person  giving  the  document,  and  on 
which  is  written  a  memorandum  of  the  main 
particulars  contained  in  the  principal  docu- 
ment. 

Counterforce  (koun'ter-fors),  n.  An  oppos- 
ing or  counteracting  force. 

Agricultural  improvement  may  thus  be  considered 
to  be,  not  so  much  a  counlerforce  conflicting  with 
increase  of  population,  as  a  partial  relaxation  of  the 
bonds  which  confine  that  increase.  J.  S.  Mill. 

Counterfort  (koun'ter-fort),  n.    1.  In  fort,  a 


COUNTERPASSANT 


flory  and  counter* 
flory. 


buttress,  spur,  or  pillar  sen-ing  t<>  sin,j,,,it 
a  wall  or  terrace  subject  to  bulge.  Hence  - 

2.  A  spur  or  projecting  portion  of  a  nmun- 
tain. 

Countergauge  (koun'ter-gaj),  n.  In  ™,v, 
a  method  used  to  measure  joints,  by  trans- 
femng  the  breadth  of  the  mortise  to  the 
place  where  the  tenon  is  to  be  made  in 
order  to  make  them  tit  each  other. 

Counterguard  (koun'ter-gard),  n.  In  fort. 
a  small  rampart  or  work  raised  before  the 
point  of  a  bastion,  consisting  of  two  long 
faces  parallel  to  the  faces  of  the  bastion, 
making  a  salient  angle  to  preserve  the  bas-  I 
tion.  It  is  sometimes  of  a  different  shape 
or  differently  situated. 

Counter-influence  (koun-ter-in'flu-ens), ».  (. 
pret.  &  pp.  counterinflitenced ;  ppr.  coun- 
teriiyluencing.  To  hinder  by  opposing  in- 
fluence. 

Their  wickedness  tends  to  effeminate  them:  and 
will  certainly  do  it  if  it  be  not  strongly  counter-influ- 
enced by  the  vigour  of  their  bodily  temper.  Scott. 

Counter-irritant  (koun'ter-i-rit-ant),  n.  In 
rued,  a  substance  employed  to  produce  an 
artificial  or  secondary  disease,  in  order  to  re- 
lieve another  or  primary  one.  The  term  is 
more  specifically  applied  to  such  irritating 
substances  as,  when  applied  to  the  skin,  red- 
den or  blister  it,  or  produce  pustules,  puru- 
lent issues,  Ac.  The  commonest  counter-irri- 
tants are  mustard,  turpentine,  cantharides 
or  Spanish  Hies,  croton-oil,  tartar  emetic, 
setons,  pea-issues,  and  the  actual  cautery. 

Counter -Irritate  (koun-ter-i'rit-at),  v.t. 
In  med.  to  produce  an  artificial  or  second- 
ary disease  in  order  to  relieve  another  or 
primary  one. 

Counter-irritation  (koun'ter-i-rit-a"shon), 
n.  In  med.  the  production  of  an  artificial 
or  secondary  disease  in  order  to  relieve  an- 
other or  primary  one.  The  practice  is  also 
called  Derivation  and  Revulsion. 

Counter-jumper  (kount'er-jump-er),  n.  A 
salesman  in  a  shop,  especially  in  a  draper's 
shop:  used  in  contempt. 

Counterlath  (koun'ter-lath),  n.  In  carp. 
a  lath  in  tiling  placed  between  every  two 
gauged  ones,  so  as  to  make  equal  inter- 
vals. 

Counterlight  (koun'ter-lit),  n.  A  light  op- 
posite to  anything,  which  makes  it  appear 
to  disadvantage:  a  term  used  in  painting. 

Counterman  (koun'ter-man),  n.  A  man 
who  attends  at  a  counter  to  sell  goods:  used 
for  instance  in  opposition  to  celtannan. 

Countermand  (koun-ter-mandO,  v.t.  [Fr. 
contrematider—contre,  and  wander,  L.  man- 
do,  to  command.]  1.  To  revoke,  as  a  former 
command;  to  order  or  direct  in  opposition 
to  an  order  before  given,  thereby  annulling 
it  and  forbidding  its  execution:  as,  to  coun- 
termand orders. — 2.  To  oppose;  to  contradict 
the  orders  of. 

My  heart  shall  never  countermand  my  eyes.   Shak. 

3.  t  To  prohibit;  to  forbid. 

Avicen  countermands  letting  blood  in  choleric  cases. 
Harvey. 

Countermand  (koun'ter-mand),  n.  A  con- 
trary order;  revocation  of  a  fonner  order  or 
command. 

Have  you  no  countermand  for  Claudio  yet. 
But  he  must  die  to-morrow?  Snak. 

Countermandable  (koun-ter-maml'a-bl),  a. 
That  may  be  countermanded. 

Countermarch  (koun'ter-miirclv"),  v.i.  To 
march  back. 

Countermarch  (koun'ter-march),  n.  1.  A 
marching  back;  a  returning.  '  Marches  and 
countermarches.'  Collier.—  2.  ililit.  a  change 
of  the  wings  or  face  of  a  battalion,  so  as  to 
bring  the  right  to  the  left  or  the  front  into 
the  rear.— 3.  A  change  of  measures;  altera- 
tion of  conduct.  Btirnet. 

Countermark  (koun'ter-mark),  n.  (Coun- 
ter and  ilia;*.]  1.  A  mark  or  token  added 
to  a  mark  or  marks  already  existing  for 
greater  security  or  more  sure  identification, 
as  a  second  or  third  mark  put  on  a  bale  of 
goods  belonging  to  several  merchants,  that 
it  may  not  be  opened  but  in  the  presence 
of  all  the  owners ;  the  mark  of  the  Gold- 
smiths' Company,  to  show  the  metal  to  be 
standard,  added  to  that  of  the  artificer.— 
2.  A  figure  or  inscription  stamped  on  ancient 
coins  after  they  have  been  struck,  either 
pointing  to  a  change  of  value  or  showing 
that  the  money  had  been  taken  from  an 
enemy  —3.  An  artificial  cavity  made  in  the 
teeth  of  horses  that  have  outgrown  their 
natural  mark,  to  disguise  their  age. 
Countermark  (koun-ter-mark'),  v.t.  To 
add  a  countermark  to,  as  to  the  teeth  of 
horses. 


Countermine  (k.mn'M-r.mm).  /i     i    M,r,i 
ii    L'iillrry  sunk    in    tl.r  .-;irth   :md    rm 
underground  in  scan  h  nf  flu-  i-iii-niy'»  ,,,ii,,. 
<>r  till   it  mei-ti  it.  to  defeat  its 

-    Mi-.-ms  of  M|,i,,,,itj •  <.>mit,-r., 

stratagem  or  project  to  frustrate  any  con- 
trivance. 

He  knowing  no  countermine  against  contempt  but 
terror,  began  to  let  nothing  pass  without  iharp  pun- 
ishment. Sidney. 
ThMMAmftM  wai  only  an  act  of  seir.preservation. 

Countermine  (koun-ter-minO,r.  t  pret &*pp. 

'•"iiittrnninrrl;  ppr.  coun>.  1     To 

sink  a  well  and  gallery  in  the  earth  in  tean-li 
of  an  enemy's  mine,  to  frustrate  hi*  designs 

2.  To  counterwork;  to  frustrate  by  secret 
and  opposite  measures. 

Thus  infallibly  it  must  be,  U  God  do  not  miracn 
lously  countermine  us.  and  do  more  for  us  than  we 
can  do  against  ourselves.  tXcety  oj  Puty. 

Countermine  (koun-ter-mhV), «.  i.  To  make 
a  countermine;  to  counterplot;  to  work 
against  one  secretly. 

Tis  hard  for  man  to  countermine  with  Cod, 
Cftafman. 

Countermotion  (koun'ter-m6-«hon),  n. 
An  opposite  motion;  a  motion  counteract- 
ing another. 

Counter-motive  (koun't*r-mot-Iv),  n.  An 
opposite  motive. 

Counter-move  (kouu'ter-mov),  «.  A  conn- 
termovemeut. 

Countermove  (koun-ter-mov/),  v.t.  or  i. 
To  move  in  a  contrary  direction,  or  in  op- 
position to. 

Counter-movement  (koun'ter-mov-mentX 
"  A  movement  in  opposition  to  another. 

Countermure  (koun'ter-mur),  n.  [Kr.  con- 
trenutr — contre,  and  tnur,  L.  munw,  a  wall. ) 
A  wall  raised  behind  another  to  supply  its 
place  when  a  breach  is  made.  [Rare.] 

Countermure  (koun'ter-mur),  v.t.  pret  * 
pp.  countennured;  ppr.  countennuring.  To 
fortify  with  a  wall  behind  another.  [Rare  ] 

Counter -natural  (koun'ter-na-tur-al),  a. 
Contrary-  to  nature. 

Counter-negotiation  (koun'ter-ne-go-shl- 
a-shon),  n.  Negotiation  in  opposition  to 
other  negotiation. 

Counterpoise  (koun'ter-noiz),  n.  A  noise 
or  sound  by  which  another  noise  or  sound 
is  overpowered. 

Counter -opening  (koun'tir-6-pn-ing),  n. 
An  aperture  or  vent  on  the  opposite  side, 
or  in  a  different  place;  specifically,  in  tntrg. 
an  opening  made  in  a  second  part  of  an 
abscess  opposite  to  a  first. 

Counterpace  (koun'ter-pas),  n.  A  step  or 
measure  in  opposition  to  another;  contrary 
measure  or  attempt.  Swift.  [Rare.] 

Counter-paled  (koun'ter-pald),  a.  In  her. 
a  term  applied  to  an  escutcheon  which  is 
divided  into  an  equal  number  of  pieces  pale- 
wise  by  a  line  fesswise,  the  two  tinctures 
above  and  below  the  fess  line  being  coun- 
terchanged. 

Counterpane  ( konn'ter-pan ),  n.  A  bed- 
cover ;  a  coverlet  for  a  bed ;  a  quilt.  See 
COUNTERPOINT. 

Counterpanet  (koun'ter-pan),  n.  [Counter, 
and  pane,  a  compartment,  a  square.]  One 
part  of  an  indenture;  a  counterpart 

Read,  scribe:  give  roe  the  counterpane.   B.  jfonton. 

Counterparole  (koun'ter-pa-rol),  n.  Stilit. 
a  word  in  addition  to  the  pass-word,  which 
is  given  in  any  time  of  alarm  as  a  signal. 

Counterpart  (koun'U'r-part),  »i.  1.  The  cor- 
respondent part;  the  part  that  answers  to 
another,  as  the  several  parts  or  copies  of 
an  indenture  corresponding  to  the  original; 
a  copy;  a  duplicate. —  2.  A  person  exactly 
resembling  or  corresponding  to  another  in 
character,  position,  influence,  and  the  like; 
a  representative;  a  match;  a  fellow. 

In  the  vigour  of  his  physique  and  an  almost  bois- 
terous capacity  for  enjoyment,  he  (Peacock)  was  an 
English  counterpart  of  the  Scotch  Christopher  North. 
Eatn.  Rrt' 

3.  The  part  which  fits  another,  aa  the  key 
of  a  cipher,  or  a  seal  to  its  impression; 
hence,  a  thing  that  supplements  another 
thing  or  completes  it;  a  complement;  hence, 
a  person  having  qualities  wanting  in  an- 
other, and  such  as  make  him  or  her  com- 
plete. 

Oh  counterfort 

Of  our  soft  sex;  well  are  you  made  our  lords; 
So  bold,  so  great,  so  god-like  arc  you  formed. 
How  can  you  love  so  silly  things  as  women? 

DrytUn. 

4.  In  miwn'f ,  the  part  to  be  arranged  or  used 
in  connection  with  another;  as,  the  bass  is 
the  counterpart  to  the  treble. 

Counterpassant  (kouu'ter-pas-sant),  a. 
In  tier,  a  term  applied  to  two  animals  in  a 


ch.«taln;     fth.Sc.locA;     g,  go;     ],job;     t,  Fr.  ton;     ng, 


TH,  *Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w. 


wh,  *Mg;    zh.  azure.-See  KET. 


COUNTERPEISE 


606 


COUNTERVAIL 


coat  of  arms  represented  as  going  contrary 
ways. 
Counterpoise,  t    n.     [  Fr.  ]     Counterpoise. 

Clta '«;•,: 

Counterplea  (koun'ter-ple),  n.    In  laic,  a 
replication  to  a  plea  or  request. 
Counterplead(koun-ter-pled'),  v.t.  To  plead 
thr  contrary  of;  to  contradict;  to  deny. 
Counterplete.t  v.t.  [Fr.]  To  plead  against. 

Let  be  thine  arguing. 
For  love  ne  wol  not  coitnlerpteted  be.      Chaucer. 

Counterplot  (koun-ter-plof),  v.t.  pret.  .V  pp. 
countcrpti>(t''il;  ppr.  <:ottnt>Tf 'lotting.  To  op- 
pose or  frustrate  by  another  plot  or  stra- 
tagem. 

Every  wile  had  proved  abortive,  every  plot  had 
been  counterplotted.  De  Quincey. 

Counterplot  (koun'ter-plot),  n.  A  plot  or 
artifice  opposed  to  another. 
Counterpoint  t  (koun'ter-point),  n.  [O.Fr. 
contrepointe,  coutrepointe,  for  coultepointf, 
from  L.L.  culcita  puncta,  stitched  quilt  or 
mattress.  See  QUILT  and  POINT.  The  form 
counterpane  has  arisen  from  coverlets  often 
showing  panes  or  squares.]  A  coverlet;  a 
counterpane.  'Embroidered  coverlets  or 
counterpoints.'  Jforth. 

In  ivory  coffers  I  have  stuffed  my  crowns; 
In  cypress  chests  my  arras,  counterpoints, 
Costly  apparel,  tents,  and  canopies,  Shak. 

Counterpoint  (koun'ter-point),  n.  [Fr.  con- 
t>-t'!»>int.  It.  contra-punto,  from  L.  contra, 
against,  &n<\  punctum,  a  point]  l.f  An  op- 
posite point.— 2.  t  Opposite  position  or  stand- 
point. 

Affecting  in  themselves  and  their  followers  a  cer- 
tain angelical  purity,  (theyf  fell  suddenly  into  the  very 
counterpoint  of  justifying  bestiality.  Sandys. 

3.  In  music,  a  term  used  in  two  different 
significations  by  musical  authorities:  (1)  as 
an  equivalent  of  harmony;  (2)  as  meaning 
the  art  of  musical  composition  generally. 
It  is  preferable,  however,  to  apply  this  term 
to  that  branch  of  the  art  which,  a  musical 
thought  being  given,  teaches  the  develop- 
ment of  it,  according  to  the  laws  of  the  art, 
by  extension  or  embellishment,  by  transpo- 
sition, repetition,  or  imitation  throughout 
the  different  parts.  [In  former  times  musical 
sounds  were  represented  by  dots  or  points 
placed  on  the  lines,  and  the  added  part  or 
parts  were  written  by  placing  the  proper 
points  under  or  against  each  other— punc- 
tutn  contra  punctittn,  point  against  point.] 
Counterpoint  is  divided  into  simple,  florid 
or  Jig u rate,  and  double.  Simple  counter- 
point is  a  composition  in  two  or  more  parts, 
the  notes  of  each  part  being  equal  in  value 
to  those  of  the  corresponding  part  or  parts 
and  concords.  In  florid  counterpoint,  two 
or  more  notes  are  written  against  each  note 
of  the  subject,  or  canto-femio,  and  discords 
are  admissible.  Double  counterpoint  is  an 
inversion  of  the  parts,  so  that  the  base  may 
become  the  subject,  and 
the  subject  the  base,  <frc. , 
thus  producing  new  melo- 
dies and  new  harmonies. 

Counter- pointe,  a.  In 
her.  a  term  used  when  two 
chevrons  meet  with  their 
points  in  the  centre  of  the 
escutcheon. 

Counterpoise  (koun'ter- 

poiz),  V.t.  pret.  &  pp.  CQUn-      counter-point^. 
terpoined ;    ppr.    cottntar- 
poittiny.     [Counter  and  poise.     See  POISE.] 
1.  To  counterbalance ;  to  weigh  against  with 
equal  weight;  to  be  equiponderant  to;  to 
equal  in  weight 

The  force  and  distance  of  wi 
each  lit  In 


o  chevrons 


Force  and  distance  of  weights  counterpoising 
her  ought  to  be  reciprocal.  Digby. 


The  heaviness  of  bodies  must  be  counterpoised  by 
a  plummet  fastened  about  the  pulley  to  the  axis. 
Wilkins, 

2.  To  act  against  with  equal  power  or  effect; 
to  balance. 

So  many  freeholders  of  English   will   be  able  to 
be.irtl  ami  counterpoise  the  rest.  Spenser. 

Counterpoise  (koun't£r-poiz),  n.  1.  A  weight 
equal  to  and  acting  in  opposition  to  another 
weight;  a  weight  sufficient  to  balance  an- 
other in  the  opposite  scale  of  a  balance. 

Fixing  that  to  our  exact  balance,  we  put  a  metal- 
line counterpoise  into  the  opposite  scale.        Boyle. 

2.  Equal  power  or  force  acting  in  opposi- 
tion; a  force  sufficient  to  balance  another 
force;  equipollence. 

The  second  nobles  are  a  counterpoise  to  the  higher 
notiility.  Bacon. 

3.  State  of  being  in  equilibrium  by  being 
balanced  by  another  weight  or  force. 

The  pendulous  round  earth,  with  balanced  air 
In  counterpoise.  Milton. 


4.  In  the  manage,  a  position  of  the  rider  in 

which  bis  body  is  duly  balanced  in  his  seat, 

not  inclined  more  to  one  side  than  the 

other. 
Counter/poison  (koun't£r-poi-zn),  n.     One 

poison  that  destroys  the  effect  of  another; 

an  antidote  to  a  poison. 
Counter-ponderate  (koun-tt-r-ponMer-at), 

v.t.     To  counterbalance;  to  weigh  against 
Counterpractice    ( konn'ter-prak-tis),    n. 

I'vactice  in  opposition  to  another. 
Counterpressure   (koun'ter-pre-shur),  n. 

Opposing  pressure;  a  force  or  pressure  that 

acts  in  a  contrary  direction. 
Counterproject   (koun'UT-pro-jekt),   n. 

A  project,  scheme,  orproposal  of  one  party, 

given  in  opposition  to  another,  as  in  the 

negotiation  of  a  treaty. 

Wildman  then  brought   forward  a  connterproject 
prepared  by  himself.  Macanlay. 

Counterproof  (koun'ter- prof),  n.  In  engr. 
an  impression  yielded  by  a  newly-printed 
proof  of  an  engraved  plate,  by  passing  the 
proof  again  through  the  press  with  a  fresh 
sheet  of  paper,  on  which  the  ink  is  thrown 
off.  Such  proofs  were  formerly  used  as  a 
means  of  comparing  the  plate  with  the  im- 
pression without  the  aid  of  a  reversing 
mirror. 

Connterprove  (koun-ter-provO,  v.t.  pret  & 

?p.    counterproved ;    ppr.    counterproving. 
o  take  a  counter-proof  of.     See  COUNTER- 
PROOF. 

Counter-quartered  ( koun'ter-kwar-terd ), 
pp.  In  her.  a  term  applied  to  denote  that 
the  escutcheon,  after  being  quartered,  has 
each  quarter  again  divided  into  two. 

Counter  -  revolution  ( koun '  ter-  rev-6-lu  - 
shon),  n.  A  revolution  opposed  to  a  former 
one,  and  restoring  a  former  state  of  things. 

Counter-revolutionary  (koun' ter- rev -6-lu- 
shon-a-ri),  a.  Pertaining  to  a  counter-re  vo- 
lution. 

Counter-revolutionist  (koun'ter-rev-6-lu- 
shon-ist),  n.  One  engaged  in  or  befriending 
a  counter-revolution. 

Counter/roll  (koun'ter-rol),  n.  In  old  English 
late,  a  counterpart  or  copy  of  the  rolls  relat- 
ing to  appeals,  inquests,  Ac.,  kept  by  an 
officer  as  a  check  upon  another  officer's  roll. 

Counterrolment  (koun  'ter-r61  -men  t),  n.  A 
counter  account 

Counterround  (koun'ter- round),  n.  Afilit. 
a  body  of  officers  going  to  visit  and  inspect 
the  rounds  or  sentinels. 

Countersalient  (koun't£r-sa-li-ent),  a.  In 
her.  a  tenn  applied  to  two  beasts  borne  in  a 
coat  leaping  from  each  other. 

Counterscarf  (kouu'ter-sJcarf),  n.  Same  as 
Counterscarp. 

Counterscarp  (kouu'ter-skarp),  n.  In  fort. 
the  exterior  talua  or  slope  of  the  ditch,  or 
the  talus  that  supports  the  earth  of  the 
covered  way.  It  often  signifies  the  whole 
covered  way,  with  its  parapet  and  glacis; 
as  when  it  is  said,  the  enemy  have  lodged 
themselves  on  the  counterscarp. 

Counterscuffle  (kouu'ter-skui-tt),  n.  Oppo- 
site scuffle;  contest.  'A  terrible  counter- 
xriyW«  between  them  and  their  lusts. '  llewyt. 

Countersea  (koun'ter-se),  n.  The  disturbed 
state  of  the  sea  after  a  gale,  when,  the  wind 
having  changed,  the  sea  still  runs  in  its  old 
direction. 

Counterseal(kouu-ter-ser),  v.  t.  To  seal  with 
another  or  others. 

You  shall  bear 

A  better  witness  back  than  words,  which  we. 
On  like  conditions,  will  have  counter  seal' d.  Shak. 

Counter  -  secure  (koun'ter-se-kur"),  v.t. 
To  give  additional  security  to  or  for. 

What  have  the  regicides  promised  you  in  return 
.  .  .  whilst  you  are  giving  that  pledge  from  the 
throne,  and  engaging  parliament  to  counter-secure  it! 
Junta 

Counter-security  (koun't6r-se-kur"i-ti),  n. 
Security  given  to  one  who  has  entered  into 
bonds  or  become  surety  for  another. 

Countersense  (koun'ter-sens),  n.  Opposite 
meaning.  UoweU.  [Rare.] 

Countersign  (koun-ter-sin'i.t'.f.  Lit.  to  sign 
on  the  opposite  side  of  an  instrument  or 
writing;  hence,  to  sign,  as  secretary  or  other 
subordinate  officer,  a  writing  signed  by  a 
principal  or  superior  to  attest  the  authen- 
ticity of  the  writing;  as,  charters  signed  by 
a  king  are  countersigned  by  a  secretary. 

Countersign  (koun'ter-sin),  n.  1.  A  private 
signal,  word,  or  phrase  given  to  soldiers  on 
guard,  wi  tli  orders  to  let  no  man  pass  unless 
he  first  give  that  sign;  a  military  watchword. 
2.  The  signature  of  a  secretary  or  other  sub- 
ordinate officer  to  a  writing  signed  by  the 
principal  or  superior,  to  attest  its  authen- 
ticity. 


Countersignal  (koun'ter-aig-nal),  n.  A  M-- 

nal  to  answer  or  correspond  tu  another. 
Countersignature  (koun'ter-aig-na-tflr),  n. 
The  name  of  a  secretary  or  other  subordinate 
officer  countersigned  to  a  writing. 

Below  the  Imperial  name  is  commonly  a  counter- 
signature  of  one  of  the  c;it>int:t  ministers'  Tooke. 

Countersink  (koun-ter-singk'),  v.t.  pr*-t  A 
pp.  countersunk;  ppr.  countersinking,  l.  To 
form  by  drilling  or  turning,  as  a  cavity  in 
timber  or  other  materials  for  the  reception 
of  the  head  of  a  bolt  or  screw,  a  plate  of  iron, 
&c.,  below  the  surface,  either  wholly  or  in 
part;  as,  to  countersink  a  bole  for  a  screw. 
2.  To  cause  to  sink  in  any  other  body  so  as 
to  be  even  with  or  below  its  surface;  as,  to 
countersink  a  screw  or  bolt  by  making  a 
depression  for  its  head. 

Countersink  (koun'ter-singk),  n.  1.  A  drill 
or  brace-bit  for  countersinking,  variously 
made  according  as  it  is  to  be  used  on  wood, 
iron,  brass,  Ac. — 2.  The  cavity  or  depression 
for  receiving  the  head  of  a  screw  or  bolt. 
so  that  it  may  not  be  above  the  general  level 
of  the  surface. 

Counterslope  (koun'ter-alOp).  n.  An  over- 
banging  slope;  as,  a  wall  with  a  countri-- 
tilope.  Maban. 

Counterstatement  (koun'ter-Btat-mentX  n. 
A  statement  made  in  opposition  to  another; 
a  denial;  a  refutation. 

Counterstatute  (koun'ter-sta-tut),  n.  A 
contrary  statute  or  ordinance. 

Cqunterstep  (konn'ter-step),  n.  An  oppo- 
site step  or  procedure. 

Counterstroke  (koun'ter-strok),  n.  A  con- 
trary stroke;  a  stroke  returned. 

Countersunk  (kouu'ter-sungk),  n.  Same  as 
Countersink,  2. 

Countersurety  (koun'ter-shur-ti),  n.  A 
counterbond  or  a  surety  to  secure  one  that 
has  given  security. 

Counter  -  swallowtail  ( koun'ter-swol-16  - 
tal),  n.  In  fort,  an  outwork  in  form  of  a 
single  tenaille,  wider  at  the  gorge  than  at 
the  head. 

Countersway  (kouu'ter-swa),  7*.  Contrary 
sway;  opposite  influence. 

CountertalLy  (koun'Wr-tal-li),  n.  A  tally 
corresponding  to  another. 

Countertaste  (koun'ter-tast),  n.  Opposite 
or  false  taste.  [Rare.] 

There  is  a  kind  of  countertaste  founded  on  surprise 
and  curiosity,  which  maintains  a  sort  of  rivnUhip 
with  the  true.  Shenstone. 

Countertenor(koun'ter-ten-er),n.  In  {mimic, 
one  of  the  middle  parts  between  the  tenor 
and  the  treble;  high  tenor.  It  is  the  highest 
male  adult  voice,  having  its  easy  compass 
from  tenor  Q  to  treble  C,  and  music  for  it 
is  written  on  the  alto  or  C  clef  on  the  middle 
line  of  the  staff.  The  lowest  voices  of  fe- 
males and  boys  have  about  the  same  regis- 
ter, and  are  sometimes  inaccurately  called 
countertenor.  The  correct  term  is  alto  or 
contralto. 

Countertide  (koun'ter-tid),  n.  Contrary  tide. 

Countertime  (koun 'ter- tim),  n.  1.  In  the 
manage,  the  defence  or  resistance  of  a  horse 
that  interrupts  his  cadence  and  the  mea- 
sure of  his  manage,  occasioned  by  a  bad 
horseman  or  the  bad  temper  of  the  horse.— 
2.  Resistance;  opposition.  'Give  not  thus 
the  countertime  to  fate.'  Dryden. 

Countertrench   (koun'ter-trensh),  n.     In 

fort,  a  trench  made  against  that  of  the  be- 
siegers. 

Counter  -  trippant,  Counter  -  tripping 
(koun' ter- trip- ant,  koun'ter- trip-ing),  p.  and 
a.  In  her.  an  epithet  applied  to  two  ani- 
mals in  an  escutcheon,  tripping  in  opposite 
directions. 

Counterturn  (koun'ter-tern).n.  The  height 
of  a  play  which  puts  an  end  to  expectation. 

The  catastasis  called  by  the  Romans  status,  the 
height  and  full  growth  of  the  play,  we  may  call  pro- 
perly the  counterturn.  which  destroys  that  expecta- 
tion, embroils  the  action  in  new  difficulties,  and 
leaves  you  far  distant  from  that  hope  in  which  it 
found  you.  Dryden. 

Countertype  (koun'ter-tlp),  n.  Correspond-        | 
ing  type. 

Almost  all  the  vernacular  poetry  of  the  middle 
ages  has  its  Latin  countertype.  Mitman, 

Countervail  (koun-ter-var),  v.t.  [Counter 
and  avail  See  AVAIL.]  To  act  against 
with  equal  force  or  power;  to  equal;  to  act 
with  equivalent  effect  against  anything;  to 
balance;  to  compensate;  as,  the  profit  will 
hardly  countervail  the  inconveniences. 

Although  the  enemy  could  not  countervail  the 
king's  damage.  Est.  vii.  4. 

Countervail  (koun'ter-val),  n.  Equal  weight 
or  strength;  power  or  value  sufficient  to 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


COUNTERVAILING 


CUT 


^—7 ' 


obviate  any  effect;  equal  weight  or  value; 
compensation;  requital. 

Surely  the  present  pleasure  of  a  sinful  act  is  a  poor 
countervail  for  the  bitterness  of  the  review,  which 
begins  where  the  action  ends,  and  lasts  for  ever. 

South. 

Countervailing  (koun-tsr-viil'ing),  p-  ami  a. 
Kqualizing;  compensating.— CounJeTeaiZino 

<l«ti<'K,  duties  imposed  on  articles  imported 
f ri 'in  the  Isle  of  Man  and  other  specified 
places,  wlini  they  are  brought  to  Britain,  to 
equalize  tile  charges  imposed  on  them  with 
those  imposed  on  articles  manufactured  at 
home  or  imported  from  abroad.  Another 
such  duty  is  the  duty  of  17«.  an  ounce  on 
gold  plate  imported  from  abroad,  and  Is.  Gd. 
on  silver  plate,  to  counter- 
vail the  charge  made  by 
the  Goldsmiths'  Hall  for 
stamping  these  metals. 

Counter-vair,  Couuter- 
vairy  ( koun '  ter  -  var, 
koun'ter-var-i),  «.  In  her. 
a  variety  of  vair  (one  of 
the  furs),  differing  from  it 
in  having  the  bells  or 
cups  arranged  base  against  Counter-vairy. 
base  and  point  against 
point.  The  tinctures  are  or  and  azure. 

Countervallation, ».    See  CONTRAVAI.LA- 

TION. 

Counterylew  (koun'ter-yu),  n.  An  opposite 
or  opposing  view;  opposition;  a  posture  in 
which  two  persons  front  each  other. 

M.  Peisse  has  ably  advocated  the  couutervieTu'm 
his  preface  and  appendix.  Sir  I'/.  Hamilton. 

2.  Contrast;  a  position  in  which  two  dis- 
similar tilings  illustrate  each  other  by  op- 
position. 

I  have  drawn  some  lines  of  Linker's  character,  on 
purpose  to  place  it  in  countcrview  or  contrast  with 
that  of  the  other  company.  S-wi/t. 

Countervote  (koun-ter-vof),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
amntervotod;  ppr.  countervotvng.  To  vote 
in  opposition  to;  to  outvote.  [Rare.] 

The  law  in  our  minds  being  countervoted  by  the 
law  in  our  members.  Scott. 

Counterwait.t  v.t.  To  watch  against. 
Cha  ucer. 

Counterweigh  (koun-ter-waO,  v.t.  [See 
WKIOH.)  To  weigh  against;  to  counter- 
balance. 

Counterweight  (koun'ter-wat),  n.  A  weight 
in  the  opposite  scale;  a  counterpoise. 

Counterwheel  (koun-ter-whel),  v.t.  To 
cause  to  wheel  in  an  opposite  direction. 

Counterwind  (kouu'ter-wind),  n.  Contrary 
wind. 

Like  as  a  ship  .  .  . 

Is  met  with  many  a  countenuinde  and  tyde. 

Spotter. 

Counterwork  (konn-ter-werk'),  v.  t.  pret.  & 
pp.  counterworked,  counterwrought;  ppr. 
counterworking.  To  work  iu  opposition  to; 
to  counteract;  to  hinder  any  effect  by  con- 
trary operations. 

That  counterworks  each  folly  and  caprice.     Pope. 

Counterwork  (konnt'er-werk),  n.  A  work 
in  opposition  or  in  answer  to  another. 

Strauss  applied  a  more  formidable  solvent  to  the 
framework  of  Christianity  in  the  mythical  theory  of 
his  Leben  Jesu.  And  this,  a  few  years  later,  called 
for  the  counterwork  of  Neander.  Quart.  Rev. 

Countess  (kount'es),  n.  [Fr.  comtesse;  It. 
eontesm.  See  COUNT.]  The  wife  of  an  earl 
or  count,  or  a  lady  possessed  of  the  same 
dignity  in  her  own  right. 

Counting-house,  Counting-room  (kounf- 
ing-hous,  kount'ing-rbm),  n.  The  house  or 
room  appropriated  by  merchants,  traders, 
and  manufacturers,  to  the  business  of  keep- 
ing their  books,  accounts,  letters,  and 
papers. 

Countless  (kount'les),  a.  That  which  can- 
not be  counted;  not  having  the  number 
ascertained.nor  ascertainable;  innumerable. 

Man's  inhumanity  to  man 

Makes  countless  thousands  mourn.       Bums. 

Countour,t  n.  [From  count,  to  compute.] 
1.  An  accountant;  an  auditor;  a  treasurer, 
&c.— 2.  A  counting-house.  Chaucer. 

Countretaille,  t «.  A  tally  answering  exactly 
to  another;  correspondence.  Chaucer. 

Countrify,  Countryfy(kun'tri-f  1),  v.t.  pret. 
it  pp.  countrified,  countryjied;  ppr.  countn- 
fijing,  country fying.  To  conform  to  the 
country;  to  make  rustic. 

As  being  one  who  had  no  pride 

And  was  a  deal  too  countrified.          Lloyd. 

Country  (kun'tri).  n.  [Fr.  contree;  Pr.  and 
It.  contrada;  L.  L.  contrata,  contratmn,  from 
L.  contra.  Country  thus  literally  means  the 
land  opposite  to,  or  before  us.  Comp.  G. 
gegend,  country,  from  gegen,  opposite  to.] 


1.  A  tract  of  land;  a  region;  a  kingdom- 
a  state:  as  distinguished  from  am  other 
region,  and  with  a  personal  pronoun,  one's 
n&tiTe  land  or  place  of  permanent  residence. 

'His   country's   war-songs   thrill   his   curs.' 

Tennyaon. 

France  at  our  doors,  he  sees  no  danger  nigh, 
Hut  heaves  for  Turkey's  woes  th'  ImpBtbUIUriu 


A  steady  patriot  of  tile  world  alone. 
And  friend  of  every  country  save  his  own. 

QMM!V. 

2.  Rural  parts  of  a  region,  as  opposed  to 
cities  or  towns. 

I  see  them  hurry  from  country  to  town,  and  then 
from  the  town  back  again  into  the  country. 

Spectator. 

God  made  the  country  and  man  made  the  town. 
Cowper. 

-3.  Land,  as  opposed  to  water;  inhabited 
territory. 

The  shipmen  deemed  that  they  drew  near  to  some 
country.  Acts  xxvii.  37. 

4.  The  inhabitants  of  a  region;  the  people; 
the  public;  the  parliamentary  electors  of  a 
state,  or  the  constituencies  of  a  state,  col- 
lectively; as,  the  government  appealed  to 
the  country  on  the  question  of  the  Permis- 
sive Bill. 

All  the  country,  in  a  general  voice, 
Cried  hate  upon  him.  Sftat. 

All  the  country  wept  with  a  loud  voice. 

3  Sam.  xv.  23. 

5.  A  jury,  as  representing  the  citizens  of  a 
country.—  fl.  A  place  of  residence;  a  region 
of  permanent  habitation. 

They  declare  plainly  that  they  seek  a  country. 

Heb.  xi.  14. 
They  desire  a  better  country,  that  is.  an  heavenly. 

lieb.  xi.  16. 

7.  In  mining,  the  strata  or  rocks  through 
which  a  vein  runs. 

Country  (kun'tri),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to  the 
country  or  to  a  district  at  a  distance  from  a 
city;  rural  ;  rustic;  as,  a  country  seat;  a 
country  squire;  a  country  life;  the  country 
party,  as  opposed  to  city  party.  —  2.  Pertain- 
ing or  peculiar  to  one's  own  country. 

He  spoke  in  his  country  language.        Maccabees. 

3.  Rude;  unpolished;  destitute  of  refinement; 
as,  country  manners. 

Country-base  (kun'tri-bas),  n.  Game  of 
prison-bars  or  pri°nn-bnse.  Shak. 

Country-dance  (knn'tri-dans),  n.  [Country 
and  dance;  not  from  Fr.  contre-danse,  which 
is  a  kind  of  quadrille.]  A  dance  in  which 
the  partners  are  arranged  opposite  to  each 
other  in  lines. 

Countryfy,  v.t    See  COUNTRIFY. 

Country-gentleman  (konu'tri-jent-1-man), 
n.  A  gentleman  resident  and  having  con- 
siderable property  in  the  country. 

Countryman  (koun'tri-man),  n.  1.  One 
born  in  the  same  country  with  another. 

In  journeyings  often,  in  perils  of  waters,  in  perils 
of  robbers,  in  perils  by  mine  own  countrymen. 

2  Cor.  xi.  26. 

2.  One  who  dwells  in  the  country,  as  op- 
posed to  a  citizen;  a  rustic;  a  farmer  or 
husbandman.  'A  simple  cottntri/man  that 
bought  her  figs.'  Shak.—  3.  An  inhabitant  or 
native  of  a  region. 

What  countryman,  I  pray!    Of  Mantua.        Sfiat. 

Country-seat  (koun'tri-set),  n.  A  dwelling 
in  the  country;  a  country  mansion:  often 
used  in  contradistiuction  to  a  town  resi- 
dence. 

Countrywoman  (kun'tri-wmn-un),  n.  1.  A 
woman  belonging  to  the  country,  asopposed 
to  the  town.—  2.  A  woman  bom  in  the  same 
country.—  3.  A  female  inhabitant  or  native 
of  a  region. 

Count-  Wheel  (kount'whel),  ».  The  wheel 
in  a  clock  which  causes  it  to  strike  the 
hours  correctly. 

County  (koun'ti),  n.  [Xorm.  counU,  rr. 
cointe.lt.  wiiMn.fromL.  comes.  See  COUNT.] 
1.  Originally,  the  district  or  territory  of  a 
count  or  earl.  Now,  a  district  or  particular 
portion  of  a  state  or  kingdom,  separated 
from  the  rest  of  the  territory  for  certain 
purposes  in  the  administration  of  justice. 
Called  also  a  Shire.  (See  SHIRK.)  Each 
county  has  its  sheriff  and  its  court,  with 
other  officers  employed  in  the  administration 
of  justice  and  the  execution  of  the  laws. 
In  England  and  Wales  there  are  fifty-two 
counties,  and  in  each  is  a  lord-lieutenant, 
who  has  command  of  the  militia.  In  Scot- 
land there  are  thirty-three  counties,  and  in 
Ireland  thirty-two.  The  several  states  of 
America  are  divided  by  law  into  counties, 
in  each  of  which  is  a  county  court  of  inferior 
jurisdiction;  and  in  each  the  supreme  court 
of  the  state  holds  stated  sessions.—. 
count;  auearl  or  lord.  'Thegallantyoung  and 


-i  nil. •iniiii.  the  County  Purls.'    Shot 
—County  I'liliitu,,-.  in   Kimiand    i 
county  di-tni^ui.-ii'  ill;, r    privi- 

leges; so  railed  il  t«t\ntu-,  fic.m  ||,,    j, 
MO1IM      the     owner     had     on._-inalh      ! 
]>"»(  T.s.or  till-  salllc  powers  III  till' Hdllillllstn- 

tinn of  justice  as  the  kin-  had  in  hi- p..: 
but  these  powers  arc  nc.u   vi-tnl   in  tin- 

'•">"ii    Tin intles  palatine  In  I  i 

Lancaster,  Cheiiter,  an. 1  Durham. »l.n  1 

no  doubt  made  separate  regain . 

ruiiiit  of  thc-ii  n  -IMC  in,  i.,ro.\iinitv  toWales, 

and  lh.it  turlilili-m  Vd  I  liilliit.nal]  pun 
uhieh  could  In'  accounted  a  portion  neithi  I 
of  England  nor  of  Scotland.-  Ci-tuitn  car- 
wrote  is  a  cit)  or  toy,  u  possessing  tin-  pii.i 
lege  of  being  governed  by  Its  0! 
and  other  magistrates,  irrespective  uf  the 
counties  in  whieh  it  in  situated,  as  London. 
York,  Bristol,  &c. 

County  (koun'ti),  a.  Pertaining  to  a  c.  .imtv 
—County  court*,  courts  established  tin  < 
out  England  in  1846,  chiefly  with  tin 
of  affording  a  speedy  and  cheap  mode  ,  f 
recovering  debt  sunder  tifiO,  where  the  action 
is  not  for  ejectment,  libel,  seduction,  or  a» 
to  heritable  property,  Ac.  Such  action-. 
however,  as  well  as  actions  for  minis 
£50,  may,  by  consent  of  parties,  be  tried  In 
these  courts.  The  judges  are  apitoiutcd  by 
the  lord-chancellor,  and  in  the  case  of  Lan- 
caster by  the  chancellor  of  the  duchy;  and 
are  removable  by  the  lords  of  the  treasury 
on  cause  shown. — County  rates,  rates  which 
are  levied  upon  the  county,  and  collected 
by  the  boards  of  guardians,  for  the  purpiww 
of  defraying  the  expenses  to  which  comities 
are  liable,  as  repairing  bridges,  jails,  houses 
of  correction,  AT. — County-getum/tu,  the  gen- 
eral quarter-sessions  of  the  peace  for  each 
county,  held  four  times  a  year. — County- 
town,  the  chief  town  of  a  county;  that  town 
where  the  various  courts  of  a  county  are 
held. 

County-court  (koun'ti-kort),  n.    See  under 

COUNTY. 

Coup,  Cowp  (koup),  v.t.  [A  word  allied  to 
Sw.  yuppa,  to  tilt  up;  G.  kippen,  to  fall  or 
turnover.)  [Scotch.]  To  discharge  the  con- 
tents of,  by  turning  the  vessel  up  or  over;  to 
turn  upside  down;  to  overturn;  as  to  coup 
the  cart.  '  Stooks  are  coupet  wi'  the  blast. ' 
Xuntt.  —  To  coup  the  cram,  to  be  over- 
turned, subverted,  overthrown.  —  To  cmip 
the  creels,  (a)  to  tumble  heels  over  head. 
(d)  To  die. 

Coup,  Cowp  (koup),  v.  i.  To  fall  or  tumble 
over;  to  be  overturned.  '  The  brig  brak  and 
the  cart  caupit. '  E.  Hamilton.  [Scotch.) 

I  drew  my  scythe  in  sic  a  fury, 

I  near -hand  coupit  wi'  my  hurry.    Burns. 

Coup,  Cowp  (koup),  n.  [Scotch.]  The  act 
of  overturning  or  state  of  being  overturned ; 
the  act  of  discharging  the  contents  of;  a 
tumble;  a  fall.— Free  coup,  the  liberty  of 
shooting  earth  or  rubbish  in  any  place  with- 
out the  privilege  being  paid  for;  or  the  place 
where  the  rubbish  is  shot. 

Coup  (koup),  v.t.  or  i.  [From  same  original 
as  D.  koop,  a  bargain;  O.Sw.  koepa,  to  bar- 
ter; L'.  chapman,  Ac.  ]  To  barter;  to  buy  and 
sell  horses  or  cattle.  [Scotch.] 

Coup  (kb),  n.  1.  A  French  term  for  stroke  or 
blow,  and  used  in  various  connections,  to 
convey  the  idea  of  promptness  and  force.-- 
2.t  Trick;  snare. 

With  much  pain  he  (David)  could  quit  himself  from 
the  wretched  tout  that  the  devil  had  i-ncc  brought 
him  good  luck  of.  Bf.  Hoofer. 

—Coup  d'etat,  a  sudden  decisive  blow  In 
politics;  a  stroke  of  policy;  specifically,  an 
exertion  of  prerogative  to  alter  the  laws  or 
the  constitution  of  a  country  without  the 
consent  or  concurrence  of  the  jxeople,  ex- 
pressed through  their  representatives,  espe- 
cially when  such  exertion  is  supported  by 
aimed  force.— Coup  de  grace,  the  finishing 
stroke  —Coup  de  main,  a  sudden  attack  IT 
enterprise. -Cm/p  d'ceil,  (a)  general  view; 
glance  of  the  eye.  Speciflcally-W  3liM. 
that  talent  for  rapid  observation  and  gene- 
ralization by  which  an  officer  in  command 
is  enabled  by  a  glance  to  estimate  the  ad- 
vantages and  disadvantages  of  a  neld  M 
battle  for  attack  and  defence,  and  thus  to 
post  his  troops  without  delay  so  as  to  make 
the  most  of  it— Cowp  de  toleU,  a  stroke  of 
the  sun.  See  SUNSTROKE. 
Coupe  (ko-pa),  ...  (Fr.)  1.  The  front  seats 
of  a  French  diligence;  the  front  compart- 
ment of  a  first-class  railway  carriage,  gener- 
ally seated  for  three. —  2.  A  four- wheeled 
carriage  carrying  two  inside,  with  a  seat  for 
the  driver  on  the  outside. 


ch,  cAain;      Ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job; 


n,Fr.to»;     ng,  si^;     IB,  (Aen;  th,  (Wn;     ir,  wig;    wh.  irtig;    ib.  anire.- 


COUPED 


008 


COURSE 


Couped  (kupt),  pp.    In  her. 

ss  that  the  head  or  any  limb  of  an 


nc-  <r 
di-  ) 
or  I 


to  expre 

animal  is  cut  off  from  the 
trunk  :  in  contradistinc- 
tion to  erased,  which  in 
catcs  that  the  head 
limb  is  torn  off. 
Couple  (kb-pa),  n.  [Fr. 
iv»/»;  ;  cmtper,  to  cut.)  A 
motion  in  dancing,  when 
one  leg  is  a  little  bent  and 
raised  from  the  ground, 
and  with  the  other  a  mo- 
tion is  made  forward. 


term  used 


Couped. 


Coupe -gorge  (kbp-gorzh),  n.  [Fr,  cut- 
throat. ]  ililit.  a  position  affording  an 
enemy  so  many  advantages  that  the  troops 
who  occupy  it  must  either  surrender  or  be 
cut  to  pieces. 

Couplable  (ku'pl-a-bl),  o.  Fit  to  be  coupled. 

Couple  (ku'pl),  n.  [Fr.  couple;  L.  copula, 
a  hand,  bond,  connection.  See  COPULA.  ] 

1.  Two  of  the  same  class  or   kind,  con- 
nected or  considered  together ;  as,  a  couple 
of  oranges.    '  A  conple  of  shepherds.'   Sir  P. 
Sidney.    'A  couple  of  Ford's  knaves.'  Shak. 
'  A  couple  of  dogs  were  already  in  the  leash.' 
Hook.     •  A  garden  he  had  a  couple  of  miles 
or  so  out  of  town.'    Dickens.    [We  cannot 
call  a  horse  and  an  ox  a  couple,  unless  we 
add  a  generic  term.  Of  a  horse  and  ox  feed- 
ing in  a  pasture  we  should  say,  a  couple  of 
animals.     In  regard  to  some  things,  brace 
is  used  for  couple;  as,  a  brace  of  dncks;  a 
brace  of  pistols.    Couple  differs  from  pair, 
which  implies  strictly  not  only  things  of 
the  same  kind,  bnt  likeness,  equality,  or 
customary  association.    A  pair  is  a  couple, 
but  a  couple  may  or  may  not  be  a  pair.] — 

2.  A  male  and  female  connected  by  marriage, 
betrothed,  or  otherwise  allied ;  as,  a  married 
ample;  a  young  couple.     'A  couple  fair  as 
ever  painter  painted. '    Tennyson.— 3.  That 
which  links  or  connects  two  things  together. 

I'll  go  In  couples  with  her.'    Shale. 

It  is  of  some  sort  with  friends,  as  with  dogs  in 
couples;  they  should  be  of  the  same  size  and  humour. 
L' KstrtiHfe. 

4.  In  tiu'ch.  two  equal  and  parallel  forces 
acting  in  opposite  directions.  The  theore- 
tical investigation  of  the  nature  and  effects 
of  such  pairs  of  forces  or  couples  is  termed 
the  theory  of  couples.  —  5.  In  gale,  one  of 
the  pairs  of  plates  of  two  metals  which  com- 
pose a  battery,  called  a  galvanic  or  voltaic 
conple.  — 6.  One  of  a  pair  of  opposite  rafters 
in  a  roof,  nailed  at  the  top  where  they  meet, 
and  connected  by  a  tie  at  or  near  their  lower 
ends. 

Couple  (ku'pl),  r.  (.  pret.  &  pp.  coupled;  ppr. 
coupling.  [Fr.  coupler;  L.  copulo.  See  the 
noun.)  1.  To  link,  chain,  or  connect  one 
thing  with  another;  to  sew  or  otherwise 
fasten  together. 

The  five  curtains  shall  be  coupled  together  one  to 
another.  Ex.  xxvi.  3. 

Huntsman,  I  charge  thee,  tender  well  my  hounds: 
And  couple  Chowder  with  the  dccp-mouth'd  Brach. 
Skat. 

2.  To  marry;  to  wed;  to  unite,  as  husband 
and  wife.  '  A  parson  who  couples  all  our 
beggars.'  Swift. 

Couple  (ku'pl),  v.i.  To  embrace,  as  the  sexes; 
to  copulate. 

Thou  with  thy  lusty  crew 

Cast  wanton  eyes  on  the  daughters  of  men. 
And  coupled  with  them.  Milton. 

Couple-beggar  (ku'pl-beg-ger),n.  One  who 
makes  it  his  business  to  marry  beggars  to 
each  other;  a  hedge-priest. 

No  coufle-freggar  in  the  land. 

E'er  join'd  such  members  hand  in  hand. 

Couple-close(ku'pl-klos). 
n.  1.  In  arch,  a  pair  of 
spars  for  a  roof ;  couples. 
See  COUPLE,  6. —2.  In 
her.  the  fourth  of  a  che- 
vron, never  borne  but  in 
pairs  except  there  is  a 
chevron  between  them. 
Written  also  Couple-dost. 

Coupled  (ku'pld),  pp. 
United,  as  two  tilings; 
linked;  married. — Coupl- 
ed columns,  in  arch. 


A  chevron  between 
two  couple-closes. 


columns  disposed  in  pairs  half  a  diameter 
apart. 

Complement  (ku'pl-ment),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
coupling;  union.  'Allide  with  bands  of 
mutuall  couplement.'  Spenser.— 2.  A  pair. 
[In  both  uses  rare.] 

Anon  two  female  forms  before  our  view 
Came  side  by  side,  a  beauteous  cattflemfnt. 

Southcy. 

Coupler (ku'pl-er),  n.  One  who,  orthat  which, 


couples;  specifically,  in  an  organ,  the  mech- 
anism by  which  any  two  of  the  ranks  of 
keys,  or  keys  and  pedals,  are  connected  to- 
gether, so  as  to  act  together  when  the  in- 
strument is  played  upon. 
Couplet  (kup'let),  n.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  couple.] 
I.  Two  verses  or  lines  of  poetry,  especially 
two  that  rhyme  together;  a  pair  of  rhymes. 

Thoughtless  of  ill,  and  to  the  future  blind, 
A  sudaen  couplet  rushes  on  your  mind, 
Here  you  may  nameless  print  your  idle  rhymes. 
Craeee. 

2.t  One  of  a  pair. 

Anon,  as  patient  as  the  female  dove, 

When  that  her  golden  couplets  arc  disclosed. 

His  silence  will  sit  drooping.  iVi4i.fr. 

Coupling  (ku'pl-ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  unit- 
ing, emuracing,  or  copulating.  — 2.  That 
which  couples  or  connects :  generally  used 
in  the  plural. 

Even  to  the  artificers  and  builders  gave  they  it  to 
buy  hewn  stone  and  timber  for  couplings. 

a  Chr.  xxxiv.  u. 

3.  An  organ  register  by  which  two  or  more 
rows  of  keys  can  be  connected  by  a  mechan- 
ism, so  that  they  can  be  played  together. — 

4.  In  tnach.  a  contrivance  for  connecting 
one  portion  of  a  system  of  shafting  with 
another,  and  of    which    there    are    three 
kinds :— (a)  Permanent  coupling,  employed 
for  connecting  two  or  more  lengths  of  shaft- 
ing longitudinally  into  one  continuous  line, 
usually  by  means  of  a  bush  or  box  of  metal 
called  a  coupling-box,  which  Is  made  to 
hold  together  the  two  contiguous  ends  of 
the  lengths  of  shaft  to  be  connected.  There 
are  several  varieties,  of  which  the  most 
common  are  the  thinible,  square,  half-lap, 
and  disc  couplings.     See  COUPLING  -  BOX. 
(6)  Shifting  coupling,  a  contrivance  adopted 
when  the  object  to  be  attained  is  the  en- 
gagement and  disengagement  at  pleasure  of 
certain  parts  of  the  gearing  without  inter- 
ruption to  the  other  parts,    (c)  Slip-coupl- 
ings, which  are  interposed  for  the  purpose 
of  modifying  the  injuriouseffects  consequent 
on  sudden  variations  of  the  working  resist- 
ance.   The  chief  varieties  of  the  but  two 
kinds  are  the  disengaging  or  clutch  coupling, 
the  friction-cone  coupling,  the  differential  or 
tram  coupling,  the  bayonet-clutch,  the/ric- 
tion-cmipling,  lock-pulley,  mA  friction-wheel 
(see  these  terms).— Railway-couplings,  the 
chains  or  rods  which 

connect  the  different 
parts  of  a  train. 

Coupling-box  ( ku'pl- 
ing-boks).!.  ln»uicA. 
the  box  or  ring  of 
metal  connecting  the 
contiguous  ends  of 
two  lengths  of  shaft 
permanently  coupl- 
ed. See  COUPLING. 

Coupling-pin  (ku'pl-lng-pln).  n.  A  pin  used 
for  coupling  or  joining  railway  carriages 
and  other  machinery. 

Coupon  (ko'poh),  n.  [Fr,  from  cmtper,  to 
cut.  ]  1.  An  interest  certificate  printed  at  the 
bottom  of  transferable  bonds  (state  bonds, 
railway  bonds,  &c. ),  given  for  a  term  of 
years.  There  are  as  many  of  these  certifi- 
cates as  there  are  payments  to  be  made. 
At  each  time  of  payment  one  is  cut  off,  and 
presented  for  payment ;  hence  its  name, 
coupon,  or  cut-tiff.  In  Britain  coupons  re- 
quire to  be  stamped.— 2.  In  a  wider  sense 
one  of  a  series  of  tickets  which  binds  the 
issuer  to  make  certain  payments,  perform 
some  service,  or  give  value  for  certain 
amounts  at  different  periods,  in  considera- 
tion of  money  received.  At  the  settlement 
of  each  claim  a  coupon  is  given  up. 

Coupure  (kb-pur1).  n.  [Fr.,  from  couper,  to 
cut. )  ililit.  an  entrenchment  or  fosse,  made 
behind  a  breach  by  the  besieged,  with  a 
view  to  defence. 

Courage  (ku'rij),  n.  [Fr.  courage;  Pr. 
coratge;  It.  coraggio,  from  a  provincial  L. 
form  coraticum,  formed  from  cor,  the  heart.  ] 
I.  Bravery;  Intrepidity;  that  quality  of  mind 
which  enables  men  to  encounter  danger  and 
difficulties  with  firmness,  or  without  fear  or 
depression  of  spirits;  valour;  boldness;  reso- 
lution. It  is  a  constituent  part  of  fortitude; 
but  fortitude  implies  patience  to  bear  con- 
tinued suffering. 

Courage  that  grows  from  constitution,  often  for- 
sakes  a  man  when  he  has  occasion  for  it ;  courage 
which  arises  from  a  sense  of  duty,  acts  in  a  uniform 
manner.  Addison. 

Man  is  by  nature  a  cowardly  animal,  and  moral 
courage  shines  out  as  the  most  rare  and  the  most 
noble  of  virtues.  Prof.  Blackie. 

The  plural  is  used  by  Shakspere,  Bacon, 
Dryden,  Ac.,  thus:  — 


Disc  Coupling  .box. 


•la 

ol 

Courant. 


Their  discipline. 

Now  mingled  with  their  courage*,  A  ill  make  known 
To  their  approvers  they  are  people  such 
That  menu  upon  the  world.  Stiak. 

If  number  English  courages  could  quell, 
We  should  at  nrst  have  shunned  not  met  our  foes. 

2.t  Frame  of  mind;  disposition;  tendency. 

I'd  such  a  courage  to  do  him  good.  Shalt. 
My  lord,  cheer  up  your  spirits ;  our  foes  are  niyh, 
And  this  soft  courage  makes  your  followers  faint 

-SA.i*. 

SYN.  Bravery,  intrepidity,  valour,  boldness, 
resolution,  fortitude,  firmness,  fearlessness, 
daring,  enterprise,  hardihood. 
Courageous  (ku-ra'jus),  a.  Possessing  or 
characterized  by  courage;  brave;  bold;  dar- 
ing; intrepid. 

Be  strong  and  courageous ;  be  not  afraid  nor  dis- 
mayed for  the  king  of  Assyria.  a  Chr.  xxxii.  7. 

— Gallant,  Courageous,  Brave.    See  under 
BRAVE. 

Courageously  (ku-ra'j»s-li),  nrfu.  With 
courage;  bravely;  boldly;  stoutly. 

Here  standeth  Thomas  Mowbray.  Duke  of  Norfolk, 

Courageously  and  with  a  free  desire 

Attending  but  the  signal  to  begin.  Shak. 

Courageousness  (ku-ra'jus-nes),  n.    Cou- 

rage;  boldness;  bravery; 

^    •*     r          f      intrepidity;  spirit;  val- 
our. 

Courant  (ko-ranf),  ppr. 
[Fr. ,  running,  courir,  to 
run.  ]  A  term  in  her.  for 
a  horse,  hound,  or  other 
beast  represented  run- 
ning. 

Courant  (ko-ranf),  n. 
[Sft.courante.  See  above.) 

1.  A  piece  of  music  in  triple  time;  also,  a  kind 
of  dance,  consisting  of  a  time,  a  step,  a  bal- 
ance, and  a  coupee.  Written  also  Curranto, 
Coranto,  Couranto. — 2.  A  circulating  gazette; 
anewsletterornewspaper;  the  titleof  a  news- 
paper.   'The  weekly  courants.'    B.  Jonsan. 

Courap  (ko-rap'),  n.  A  distemper  in  the  East 
Indies,  in  which  there  is  perpetual  irritation 
of  the  surface  and  eruption,  especially  on 
the  groin,  face,  breast,  and  arm-pits. 

Courbarll  (kor'ba-ril),  n.  [From  South  Ame- 
rican name.]  Anime,  a  resinous  substance 
which  flows  from  a  tree  of  South  America, 
used  for  varnishing.  See  ANIME. 

Coure.t  t.t.  Tocover;  to  protect;  to  cherish. 

He  cour'd  it  tenderly 
As  chicken  newly  hatched.        Spenser. 

Courier  (ko're-er),  n.  [Fr.  courrier,  from 
courir,  L.  curro,  to  run.)  1.  A  messenger 
sent  express  with  letters  or  despatches. 

I  attend 

To  hear  the  ridings  of  my  friend 
Which  erery  hour  his  couriers  bring.    Tennyson. 

2.  A  travelling  servant,  attached  to  a  faniily 
or  Individual  of  rank  or  consideration,  while 
abroad  making  a  tour,  whose  especial  duty 
Is  to  make  all  arrangements  at  hotels  and 
on  the  Journey.  — 3.  A  frequent  title  of  a 
newspaper,  in  allusion  to  the  rapidity  with 
which  U  circulates;  as,  the  London  Courier. 

Couronne-des-tasses  ( ko-ron-da-tas ),  n. 
[Fr.,  a  crown  or  circle  of  cups.)  A  simple 
kind  of  voltaic  battery  invented  by  Volta, 
long  since  superseded  by  more  powerful 
apparatus.  It  consists  of  a  series  of  cups 
arranged  in  a  circle,  and  each  containing 
salt  water  or  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  with  a 
plate  of  silver  or  copper  and  a  plate  of  zinc 
immersed  in  it,  the  silver  or  copper  of  each 
cup  being  connected  with  the  zinc  of  the 
next,  and  so  on.  When  a  wire  Is  led  from 
the  silver  or  copper  of  the  last  to  the  zinc 
of  the  first,  a  current  of  electricity  passes 
through  the  circuit.  This  was  the  first 
liquid  battery  invented. 

Course  (kors),  11.  [Fr.  cours,  also  nurse,  • 
course,  a  race,  a  direction, way,  &c. ;  from  L. 
cursus,  L.  L.  also  cursa,  from  curro,  cursuin, 
to  run  (whence  current,  incur,  recur,  Ac.) 

1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  moving  or  motion  for- 
ward in  any  direction :  a  continuous  pro- 
gression or  advance.    'When  his  fair  course 
is  not  hindered.'  Shall.   'Thither  his  count 
he  bends.'  Milton. 

Then  let  me  go  and  hinder  not  my  course  ; 

I'll  be  as  patient  as  a  gentle  stream. 

And  make  a  pastime  of  each  weary  step.    Ska*. 

2.  The  direction  of  motion ;  the  line  in  which 
a  body  moves;  as,  what  course  shall  the  pilot 
steer?  the  course  of  a  projectile  through  the 
air. — 3.  In  pedestrianism  and  horse-racing, 
the  ground  or  distance  walked  or  run  over ; 
as,  there  being  no  opponents,  he  walked  over 
the  course. 

The  same  horse  (Childers)  has  also  run  the  round 
course  of  Newmarket  (which  is  but  400  yards  ]es» 
than  4  miles)  in  6  minutes  and  40  seconds.  Pennant. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


COURSE 


600 


COURTEPY 


4.  The  charge  of  one  mounted   knight  or 
champion   against  another  in   the  lists. 

5.  The  period  occupied  by  a  revolution  of 
the  moon,  or  of  the  earth  round  the  sun, 
thus  marking  a  month  or  a  year. 

A  man  so  various  that  he  seemed  to  be 
Not  one,  but  all  mankind's  epitome; 
Stiff  in  opinions,  always  in  tlic  wrong. 
Was  everything  by  turns,  and  nothing  long; 
But  in  the  course  of  one  revolving  moon 
Was  chymist,  fiddler,  statesman,  and  buffoon. 
Dryrfen, 

6.  The  continual    or  gradual   advance   or 
progress  of  anything;  as,  the  course  of  an 
argument  or  a  debate;  a  course  of  thought 
or  reflection. 

The  course  of  true  love  never  did  run  smooth.  Shu£. 
Time  rolls  his  ceaseless  course.       Sir  W.  Scott. 

7.  Order;  sequence;  turn;  succession  of  one 
to  another  in  office,  property,  dignity,  &c. 

He  (Solomon)  appointed  .  .  .  the  courses  of  the 
priests.  a  Chr.  vili.  14. 

8.  Methodical  or  regulated  motion  or  pro- 
cedure; customary  or  established  sequence 
of  events;  recurrence  of  events  according  to 
certain  laws. 

Day  and  night. 

Seed  time  and  harvest,  heat  and  hoary  frost 
Shall  hold  their  course.  Milton. 

The  guilt  thereof  (sin)  and  punishment  to  all, 
By  course  of  nature  and  of  law  doth  pass.    Da-vies. 

9.  Series  of  successive  and  methodical  pro- 
ceedings; a  succession  of  acts  intended  to 
bring  about  a  certain  result;  as,  a  course  of 
medicine  administered.     '  A  course  of  the 
waters. '     Thackeray.  — 10.  A  systematized 
order  in  arts  or  sciences  for  illustration  or 
instruction;  as,  a  course  of  lectures;  a  course 
of  studies  in  law  or  physics.     'A  courte  of 
learning  and  ingenious  studies.'     Shak. — 

11.  Manner  of  proceeding;  way  of  life  or  con- 
duct; personal  behaviour;  career;  proced- 
ure in  a  certain  line  of  thought  or  action. 
'You  held  your  course  without  remorse.' 
Tennyson, 

•  Yet  fervent  had  her  longing  been,  through  all 
Her  course,  for  home  at  last,  and  burial 
With  her  own  husband.  Matt.  Arnold. 

12.  The  part  of  a  meal  served  at  one  time; 
as,  the  dinner  consisted  of  four  courses.— 

13.  In  arch,  a  continued  range  of  stones  or 
bricks  of  the  same  height  throughout  the 
face  or  faces  of  a  building. — 14.  Naut.  one 
of  the  sails  that  hang  from  a  ship's  lower 
yards;  as,  the  main-sail,  fore-sail,  and  miz- 
zen.    Sometimes  the  name  is  given  to  the 
stay-sails  on  the  lower  masts,  also  to  the 
main-stay  sails  of  all  brigs  and  schooners. — 
15.  pi.  The  menstrual   flux;    catamenia.— 
Of  course,  by  consequence;  in  regular  or 
natural  order;  in  the  common  manner  of 
proceeding ;    without  special  direction  or 
provision;  as,  this  effect  will  follow  of  course. 
— Course  of  crops,  the  rotation  or  succes- 
sion in  which  crops  follow  one  another  in  a 
prescribed  course  of  cropping.  — Cowrse  of 
exchange,  in  com.  the  price  or  rate  at  which 
the  currency  of  one  country  is  exchanged 
for  that  of  another,  supposing  the  currency 
of  both  to  be  of  the  precise  weight  and 
purity  fixed  by  their  respective  mints.— 
Course  of  the  face  of  an  arch,  in  arch,  the 
face  of  the  arch  stones  which  have  their 
joints  radiating  to  the  centre.— Course  of  a 
plinth,  its  continuity  in  the  face  of  the  wall. 
SYN.  Way,  road,  route,  passage,  race,  series, 
succession,   rotation,    procedure,    manner, 
method,  mode. 

Course  (kors),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  coursed;  ppr. 
coursing.     1.  To  hunt;  to  pursue;  to  chase. 
We  coursed  him  at  the  heels.  Shaft. 

2.  To  cause  to  run;  to  force  to  move  witli 
speed. 

Course  them  oft,  and  tire  them  in  the  heat.    May. 

3.  To  run  through  or  over;  as,  the  blood 
courses  the  winding  arteries. 

The  bounding  steed  courses  the  dusty  plain.     Pope. 

Course  (kors),  v.i.  To  run;  to  move  with 
speed;  to  run  or  move  about;  as,  the  blood 
courses. 

Swift  as  quicksilver,  it  course?  through 

The  natural  gates  and  alleys  of  the  body.  Shak. 

Coursed  (korst),  pp.  or  a.  1.  Hunted; 
chased.— 2.  Arranged  in  courses. — Coursed 
masonry,  that  kind  of  masonry  in  which  the 
stones  are  laid  in  courses.  See  COURSE,  n. 
13. 

Courser  (kors'er),  n.  [L.  cursor,  a  runner, 
from  curro,  to  run.]  1.  A  swift  horse;  a 
runner;  a  war-horse:  used  chiefly  in  poetry. 
The  impatient  courser  pants  in  every  vein.  Pope. 

2.  One  who  hunts;  one  who  pursues  the 
sport  of  coursing  hares. 


3.  t  A  discourse!-;  a  disputant. 

.l5.V7?  •1c™'"?";l1  »  """-''I  ^''I'liKtcr.  .mil  remark. 
ablccourser  in  the  public  schools.  A.  Wood. 

4  (o)  One  of  a  KUDUS  of  grallatorial  birds 
(Cursorius),  the  sub-family  ( 'ursorimc  of  3.  .me 
naturalists,  belonging  to  the  plover  trite 
Uianadriadae,  one  species  of  which,  the 
cream-coloured  courser  (Curmriut  igabel- 
liimx),  has  been  met  with  in  Britain  See 
CURSORIUS.  ((.)  One  of  the  order  ..f  birds 
called  Cursores  or  runners.  See  CURSORED 

Coursey  (koVse),  n.  Naut.  a  part  of  the 
hatches  in  a  galley. 

Coursing-Joint  (kors'ing-joint),  n.  A  Joint 
between  two  courses  of  masonry. 

Court  (kort),  n.  [Norm.  Fr.  cimrt,  Fr  emir 
Pr.  cort,  Sp.  Pg.  and  It.  corte,  from  L  con, 
cortis  or  chow,  chortle,  a  contracted  form 
of  cohon,  cohortis,  a  yard,  a  place  walled 
round,  a  court— a>  for  am,  and  hor,  a  root 
seen  in  hortus,  a  garden.  Aktngardtn,  garth, 
yard.]  1.  A  place  in  front  of  a  house,  in- 
closed by  a  wall  or  fence;  an  uncovered  area 
whether  behind  or  in  front  of  a  house,  or 
surrounded  by  buildings;  a  court-yard. 

And  round  the  cool  ereen  courts  there  ran  a  row 
Of  cloisters  branch? d  like  miyhty  woods. 

Tennyson. 

2.  A  palace:  the  place  of  residence  of  a  king 
or  sovereign  prince. 

But  sure  he  is  the  prince  of  the  world,  let  his  no- 
bility remain  in's  court.  Skait. 
This  our  court,  infected  with  their  manners, 
Shows  like  a  riotous  inn.  Shut. 

3.  All  the  surroundings  of  a  sovereign  in  his 
regal  state;  specifically,  the  collective  body 
of  persons  who  compose  the  retinue  or  coun- 
cil of  a  king  or  emperor. 

Love  rules  the  court,  the  camp,  the  grove. 

Sir  If.  Scott. 

Her  court  was  pure;  her  life  serene; 
God  gave  her  peace;  her  land  reposed; 
A  thousand  claims  to  reverence  closed 
In  her  as  Mother,  Wife,  and  Queen.   Tennyson. 

4.  The  hall,  chamber,  or  place  where  jus- 
tice is  administered.  —  5.  The  persons  or 
judges  assembled  for  hearing  and  deciding 
causes,  civil,  criminal,  military,  naval,  or 
ecclesiastical,  as  distinguished   from    the 
counsel  or  jury;  as,  a  court  of  law;  a  court  of 
chancery;  a  court  martial;  a  court  of  admir- 
alty; an  ecclesiastical  court;  court  baron,  Ac. 
In  England  courts  are  divided  into  courts 
of  record,  and  not  of  record;  the  first  being 
those   the  judicial  proceedings  of  which 
are  enrolled  for  a  perpetual  memorial  ami 
testimony,  and  which  have  power  to  fine  or 
imprison;  the  second  do  not  fine  or  impri- 
son, and  their  proceedings  are  not  recorded. 
The  several  species  of  courts  of  justice  in 
England  may  be  classed  thus:—  First. General 
jurisdiction,    comprehending    the    court- 
baron,  the  hundred-court,  the  county-courts; 
the  courts  of  exchequer,  of  common  pleas, 
ofQueen's  Bench, of  Chancery.of  probate,  of 
divorce,  and  of  assize  and  nisi  prius,  all  of 
which,  since  the  passing  of  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Judicature  Act,  now  form  parts  of 
the  high  court  of  justice;  the  court  of  ex- 
chequer chamber,  of  appeal  in  chancery, 
both  now  merged  in  the  court  of  appeal;  the 
court  of  bankruptcy,  etc.— Second.  Ecclesi- 
astical, military,  and  maritime  courts,  in- 
cluding the  archdeacons'  court,  the  court  of 
arches,  the  consistory  court,  and  the  court 
of  admiralty,  which  is  now  part  of  the  high 
court  of  justice.— Third.  Courts  of  special 
jurisdiction,  as  the  forest  courts,  the  court 
of  sewers,  the  stannary  courts,  <tc.—  6.  Any 
jurisdiction,  civil,  military,  or  ecclesiastical. 

The  archbishop  .  .  . 
Held  a  late  court  at  Dunstable.          SA/i*. 

7.  The  sitting  of  a  judicial  assembly.— 8.  The 
meeting  of  a  corporation  or  the  principal 
members  of  a  corporation;  as,  the  court  of 
directors;  the  court  of  aldermen.— 9.  Atten- 
tion directed  to  a  person  in  power;  the  art 
of  pleasing;  the  art  of  insinuation;  civility; 
flattery;  address  to  gain  favour;  as,  to  make, 
court,  that  is,  to  attempt  to  please  by  flat- 
tery and  address. 

Him  the  prince  with  gentle  court  did  board.  Spenser. 
Flatter  me,  make  thy  court.  Drydeti. 

—Court  of  Session,  the  supreme  civil  court  of 
Scotland,  consisting  of  the  president  and 
senators  of  the  College  of  Justice,  thirteen 
in  number  altogether,  eight  forming  the 
inner  house,  which  sits  in  two  divisions, 
and  five  the  outer  house. — Court  of  Enquiry, 
(a)  milit.  a  court,  distinct  from  a  court- 
martial,  held  under  the  crown's  preroga- 
tive, to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of  mili- 
tary or  naval  officers  in  special  cases.  The 


most  celebrated  hav.  I*.,.,,  t|,,,,(.  ,„,  tm.  ,.,,„ 
ycnlioii  .,f  cintrt  and  the  HrMoI  riot,  ,,f 
ssi.    (0) Among  eouattttn,  n  comt 
ng  of  tin-  captain*  an.)  I  M  |,,.. 

longing  to  the  battalion-  ,„,„. 

moned  by  tin-  lord-lleatenut,  to  Inqnin 
into  the  conduct  of  an  officer,  or  ai  t 
matter  of  dbclpUne   Th.-y  i-.-|,,.,  • 
•ion  to  the  lord-lk-uu-nant,  win.,  in  tuin 
oommimlottM  it  for  approval  orotherwiw 
to  the  secretary  of  war     Thr  .• 
Lord,  the  temple  at  Jerusalem ;  hence,  a 
church  or  public  place  of  worship.     (Jeneral 
Court,  in  America,  the  liirinlatnreof  a  »tat<-; 
""'„  j    <Jenerttl  C'mrt  of  MamachllMtU,  MI 
called  from  having  hail  in  the  o|,i  oolooUl 

days  judicial  power.  —  Court  ofuuiir:!  (n  i  tin- 

guard-room  of  a  fort  where  soldier*  lie 

Through  narrow  loop  and  casement  h..r,   I. 
The  sunbeams  sought  the  court  t/fttartl. 

(6)  The  soldiers  composing  the  guard/  ;A 
court  of  guard  about  her.'  farthenria 
Sacra,  less. 

Court  (kort),  c.t  1.  To  endeavour  to  gnin 
the  favour  of  or  win  over  by  attention  an. I 
address;  to  ingratiate  one's  self  with-  to 
flatter;  a  use  of  the  word  derived  from  the 
manners  of  a  court. 

When  the  king  was  thus  foartinf  his  old  adver. 
sarles,  the  friends  of  the  church  were  not  leu  active. 

2.  To  seek  the  affections  or  love  of -"to  woo; 
to  solicit  for  marriage. 

A  thousand  court  you.  though  they  court  in  win. 

3.  To  attempt  to  gain  by  address;  to  ioUcit; 
to  seek;  as,  to  court  commendation  or  ap- 
plause: said  of  things  as  the  object 

They  might  almost  seem  to  have  courted  the  crown 
of  martyrdom.  Preicott. 

4.  To  hold  out  inducements  to;  to  invite. 

We  reach'd  a  meadow  slanting  to  the  North: 
Down  which  a  well-worn  pathway  cmrlett  us 
To  one  green  wicket  in  a  privet  hedge.  TetiKyson. 

Court  (kdrt),  r.i.  1.  To  act  the  courtier;  to 
imitate  the  manners  of  the  court. -2.  To 
pay  one's  addresses;  to  woo;  as,  he  Is  court- 
ing at  present. 

Court-amour  (kort'a-mar),  n.  An  amour 
between  courtiers;  a  fashionable  intrigue. 
Milton. 

Court-baron  (kerfba-run),  n.  A  baron's 
court;  a  court  incident  to  a  manor.  It  was 
composed  of  the  freeholders  of  the  manor, 
presided  over  by  the  lord  of  the  manor  or 
his  steward.  These  courts,  from  the  infe- 
riority of  their  judges  and  from  the  defecU 
of  their  jurisdiction,  which  a  party  might 
defeat  by  removal  to  a  higher  court,  have 
long  fallen  into  disuse  except  in  manors  of 
ancient  demesne,  and  manors  containing 
land  of  copyhold  or  customary  tenure. 

Court-bred  (kort'bred),  a.  [See  BREEK] 
Bred  at  court. 

Court-breeding  (kort'bred-ing),  n.  Educa- 
tion at  a  court. 

Court-card  (korfkard),  n.  A  corruption  of 
coat-card  (which  see). 

Court-Chaplain  (kort'chap-lan),  n.  A  chap- 
lain to  a  king  or  prince. 

Court-craft  (kort'kraft),  n.  Political  arti- 
fice. 

Court-cupboard  (kort'kup-bord),  n.  The 
sideboard  of  former  times. 

Away  with  the  joint-stools,  remove  the  court-ftif- 
boards,  look  to  the  plate.  5A.»*. 

Court-day  (kort'da),  n.  A  day  in  which  a 
court  r-its  to  administer  justice. 

Court-dress  (kort'dres),  n.  A  dress  suit- 
able for  an  appearance  at  court  or  levee. 

Court-dresser  (kort'dres-er),  n.  A  flatterer. 
Locke.  [Rare.  ] 

Court-element  (kort'e-le-ment),  n.  The 
court  party,  the  body  of  courtkrs  favour- 
able to  the  court.  Milton. 

Courteous  (kort'e-us),  a.  [From  court;  Fr. 
courtois.]  Having  court-like  or  elegant  man- 
ners ;  using  or  characterized  by  courtesy : 
well  bred;  polite:  applied  to  persons  or 
things:  as,  a  amrtemt  gentleman;  courttoui 
words;  a  courteous  manner  of  address. 

Sure  I  was  courteous,  every  phrase  was  oil'd. 

—Civil,  Polite,  Courteoui.  See  POLITE.— 
SYN.  Civil,  obliging,  condescending,  urbane, 
affable,  conciliating,  attentive,  respectful 

Courteously  (kort'e-us-li),  ado.  In  a  court- 
eous manner;  with  obliging  civility  and 
condescension;  complaisantly. 

Courteousness  (kort'e-us-nes),  n.  Civility 
of  manners;  obliging  condescension;  com- 
plaisance. 

Courtepy.t  n.  [Teut.)  A  short  cloak  or 
gown.  Chaucer. 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     J,  job; 

VOL.  I. 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  tiny;     in,  then;  th,  (Am; 


w,  wig;    wh,  u-Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 
39 


COURTER 


610 


COVE 


Courter  (kort'er),  n.   1.  One  who  endeavours 

to   gain    favour.     '  Queen    Elizabeth,    the 

greatest  courier  of  her  people. '  An  A nswer 

to  Baxter.—  2.  One  who  woos;  a  wooer.     'A 

r<  urtt'r  of  wenches/    Sherwood. 

Courtesan  (kort'e-zan),  n.   See  COURTEZAN. 

Courtesanship  (kort'e-zan-ship),  n.    See 

CODRTXZAKSHIP. 

Courtesy  (kort'e-si),  n.  [Fr.  courtoisie.  See 
COURTEOUS.]  1.  Elegance  or  politeness  of 
manners ;  especially,  politeness  connected 
with  kindness;  civility;  complaisance;  as, 
the  gentleman  shows  great  courtesy  to 
strangers;  he  treats  his  friends  with  great 
courtesy. 

Usefulness  comes  by  labour,  wit  by  ease; 
Canrttsie  grows  in  courts,  news  in  the  citie. 
Get  a  good  stock  of  these.  Ceo.  Herbert. 

2.  An  act  of  civility  or  respect;  an  act  of 
kindness  or  favour  performed  with  polite- 
ness. 

Make  them  know 

That  outward  courtesies  would  fain  proclaim 
Favours  that  keep  within.  Shak. 

3.  A  movement  of  reverence,  civility,  or  re- 
spect, now  only  applied  to  a  kind  of  bow 
made  by  a  woman,  consisting  In  a  sinking 
or  inclination  of  the  body  with  bending  of 
the  knees.      'These  coachings  and   these 
lowly  courtesies  (of  Metellus  Cimber). '  Shafc. 
'  Some  country  girl  scarce  to  a  court 'sy  bred. ' 
Dryden. 

With  blushing  cheek  and  courtesy  fine 

She  turned  her  from  Sir  Leoline.      Coleridge. 

[The  word  in  this  sense  is  pronounced  kert'- 
si,  and  Wedgwood  thinks  it  is  not  derived 
from  court.  See  CURTS  v.  1—4.  Favour;  indul- 
gence, in  contradistinction  to  right.  —  Cour- 
tesy title,  a  title  assumed  by  an  individual  or 
given  to  him  by  popular  consent,  to  which  he 
haa  no  valid  claim.  When  a  nobleman  has 
several  titles  it  is  usual  to  give  one  of  his 
inferior  titles  to  his  eldest  son.  Thus  the 
eldest  son  of  the  Duke  of  Bedford  is  Marquis 
of  Tavistock,  and  the  Duke  of  Buccleuch's 
eldest  son  is  Earl  of  Dalkeith.  The  younger 
sons  of  noblemen  have  the  courtesy  title 
of  Lord  prefixed  to  their  names,  as  Lord 
William  Lennox.  In  Scotland,  the  eldest  son 
of  a  viscount  or  baron  has  the  courtesy  title 
of  Master,  as  the  Master  of  Lovat,  eldest  son 
of  Lord  Lovat.  —  Courtesy  (or  curtesy)ot  Eng- 
land, the  title  of  a  husband  to  enjoy  for  life, 
after  hts  wife's  decease,  hereditaments  of  the 
wife  held  by  her  for  an  estate  of  inheritance, 
of  which  there  was  seizure  during  the  wife's 
life,  and  to  which  issue  of  the  marriage  is 
born,  which  by  possibility  may  inherit. 
Such  a  holding  is  called  tenure  by  courtesy. 
The  courtesy  of  Scotland  is  of  a  similar 
kind,  and  is  called  curialitas  Scotue.  See 
Consummate  tenant  by  courtesy  under  CON- 
SUMMATE, a.—  SYN.  Urbanity,  civility,  com- 
plaisance, condescension,  affability,  cour- 
teousness,  elegance,  good -breed  ing. 
Courtesy  (kort'e-si),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  courte- 
sied;  ppr.  courtesyinff.  To  make  a  rever- 
ence or  obeisance:  formerly  said  of  both 
sexes,  but  now  specifically  to  make  a  cour- 
tesy or  curtsy,  and  used  only  of  women.  '  The 
petty  traffickers,  that  court'tty  to  them,  do 
them  reverence.'  Shale. 

Lowty  touted  the  boys,  and  lowly  the  maidens  all 
courtesied.  Longfellotv. 

Courtesy  (k&rt'e-si),  v.t.  To  treat  with 
courtesy  or  civility.  [Rare.] 

The  prince  politely  courtesied  him  with  all  favours. 
Sir  Jf.  H'iUiamt. 

Courtezan,  Courtesan  (kort'e-zan),  n.  [Fr. 
cour tisane,  a  courtezan,  from  caurttttan,  a 
courtier,  from  court]  l.t  A  courtier,  male 
or  female.— 2.  A  prostitute;  a  woman  who 
prostitutes  herself  for  hire.  *  Lasciviously 
decked  like  a  courtesan.'  Wotton. 

Courtezanship  ( k&rt'e-zan-slup ),  n.  The 
character  or  practice  of  a  courtezan. 

Court-fashion (kort'fa-shon).n.  The  fashion 
of  a  court. 

Court-favour  (kort'fa-ver),  n.  A  favour  or 
benefit  liestnwed  by  a  court  or  prince. 

Court-fool  (kort'fol),  n.  A  buffoon  or  jester, 
formerly  kept  by  kings,  nobles,  Ac.,  for 
amusement. 

Court-guide  (kOrt'gid),  n.  A  directory  or 
book  containing  the  addresses  of  the  nobil- 
ity and  gentry. 

Court-hand  (korfhand),  n.  The  old  Gothic 
or  Saxon  hand  or  manner  of  writing  used  in 
records  and  judicial  proceedings. 

He  can  make  obligations,  and  write  conrt-hatid. 
Sha*. 

Court-house  (korfhous),  n.  A  house  in 
which  established  courts  are  held,  or  a 
house  appropriated  to  courts  and  public 

meetings. 


Courtier  (kort'i-er),  n.  [From  court]  1.  A 
man  who  attends  or  frequents  the  courts  of 
princes. 

You  know  I  am  no  courtier,  nor  versed  in  state 
affairs.  Bacon. 

2.  One  who  courts  or  solicits  the  favour  of 
another;  one  who  Hatters  to  please;  one  who 
possesses  the  art  of  gaining  favour  by  ad- 
dress and  complaisance. 

There  was  not  among  all  our  princes  a  greater 
courtier  of  the  people  than  Richard  III.  Suckling. 

Courtleryt  (kort'i-er-i),  n.  The  manners  of 
a  courtier.  B.  Jonson. 

Court-lady  (kort'la-di),  n.  A  lady  who  at- 
tends or  is  conversant  in  court.  '  Some  great 
court-lady. '  Tennyson. 

Court-lands  (kort'landz),  n.  pi.  In  law,  a 
demesne,  or  land  kept  in  the  lord's  hands 
to  serve  his  family;  a  home-farm. 

Court-leet  (kort'let),  n.  A  court  of  record 
held  once  a  year,  in  a  particular  hundred, 
lordship,  or  manor,  before  the  steward  of 
the  leet. 

Courtlike  (kort'Hk),  a.  Courtly;  polite; 
elegant  Courtlike  as  the  French,'  Cam- 
dew. 

Courtliness  (korfli-nes),  n.  The  quality  of 
being  courtly ;  elegance  of  manners ;  grace 
of  mien;  civility;  complaisance  with  dignity. 

Courtlingt  (kort'ling),  n.  A  courtier;  a  re- 
tainer to  a  court. 

Ceurtling,  I  rather  thou  should'st  utterly 
Dispraise  my  work,  than  praise  it  frostily. 

B.  Jonson. 

Courtly  (kdrtli),  a.  1.  Relating  to  a  court 
or  to  courts ;  belonging  to  courts. 

To  promise  is  most  courtly  and  fashionable.    Shan. 

2  Elegant;  polite;  refined  and  dignified; 
courteous.  '  Courtly  accents  fine.  *  Coleridge. 

3  Disposed  to  court  the  great ;  somewhat 
obsequious;  flattering.     Macaulay. 

Courtly  (kdrtli),  adv.  In  the  manner  of 
courts;  elegantly;  in  a  flattering  manner. 

Court-man  t  (kdrt'man),  n.  A  courtier. 
Chaucer. 

Court-marshal  (kort-miir'shal),  n.  One 
who  acts  as  marshal  at  a  court. 

Court-martial  (kort-mar'shalX  ».  pi. 
Courts-rnartial  (korts-nmr'shal).  A  court 
consisting  of  military  or  naval  officers,  for  the 
trial  of  military  or  naval  offences.  Courts- 
martial  derive  their  authority  from  the  an- 
nual mutiny  act,  which  empowers  the  crown 
to  issue  commissions  to  commanding  officers 
to  convene  such  courts.  They  are  of  three 
kinds:  general,  district  or  garrison,  and 
regimental.  The  first  is  the  only  one  of  the 
three  empowered  to  award  the  punishment 
of  death  or  penal  servitude  for  life.  In  all 
the  courts  the  members  act  both  as  judge 
and  jury- 

Court-mournin£(k6rt'm6rn-ing),».  Mourn- 
ing worn  for  the  death  of  a  prince  or  one  of 
the  royal  family  or  their  relations. 

Court-party  (kort'par-ti),  n.  A  party  at- 
tached to  the  court. 

Court-plaster  (k6rt'plas-ter),  n.  [So  called 
because  originally  applied  by  ladies  of  the 
court  as  patches  on  the  face.]  Black,  flesh- 
coloured,  or  transparent  silk  varnished  over 
with  a  solution  of  isinglass,  which  is  often 
perfumed  with  benzoin,  used  for  covering 
slight  wounds. 

Court-rolls  (k&rt'rolz),  n.  pi.  The  records 
of  a  court.  See  ROLL. 

Court-Shift  (kort'shift),  n.  A  political  arti- 
fice. Milton. 

Courtship  (kort'ship),  n.  1.  Court  or  atten- 
tion to  exalted  persons,  especially  for  the 
purpose  of  gaining  favours.  [Rare.] 

He  paid  his  courtship  with  the  crowd, 

As  far  as  modest  pride  allow'd.  Swift. 

2.  The  act  of  wooing  in  love;  solicitation  of 
a  woman  to  marriage. 

There  is  something  excessively  fair  and  open  in 
this  method  of  courtship;  by  this  both  sides  are  pre- 
pared for  all  the  matrimonial  adventures  that  are  to 
follow.  Goldsmith. 

3  t  Courtly  behaviour;  civility;  elegance  of 
manners.  Fuller.  — 4.  t  Political  artifice; 
court  policy;  finesse. 

(The  queen)  being  composed  of  courtship  and 
Popery,  this  her  unperformed  promise  was  the  first 
court  holy  water  which  she  sprinkled  among  the 
people.  Fuller. 

Court-sword  (kort'sord),  n.  A  slight  dress 
sword  worn  at  levees 

Court-yard  (kort'yard),  n.  A  court  or  in- 
closure  round  a  house  or  adjacent  to  it. 

Coury  (kou'ri),  n.  A  superior  kind  of  catechu 
made  in  Southern  India  by  evaporating  a 
decoction  of  the  nuts  of  Areca  Catechu. 

Cous-cous.  Couz-couz  (kbz'koz),  n.  A 
favourite  West  African  dish  consisting  of 
millet  flour,  flesh,  and  the  leaves  of  the 


Adansonia  diyitata,  or  baobab;  called  also 
by  the  natives  Lalo.  Written  also  Koux-kdiix. 

COUSCOUSOU  (koz'koz-o),  n.  A  kind  of  dish 
used  in  K:irl»ary  similar  to  the  cous-cous  of 
West  Africa.  See  COUS-COUS. 

Cousin  (kuz'n),  n.  [Fr.  cousin;  L.L.  cosinus, 
for  L.  cniiKohfintm,  a  cousin-german— con, 
and  sobrinus,  contracted  tor tororinut,  from 
sorer,  a  sister]  1.  In  a  general  sense,  one 
collaterally  related  more  remotely  than  a 
brother  or  sister;  a  relative;  a  kinsman  or 
kinswoman.  Shakspere  uses  it  of  a  nephew, 
uncle,  grandchild,  Ac.  Specifically— 2.  The 
son  or  daughter  of  an  uncle  or  aunt.  The 
children  of  brothers  and  sisters  are  usually 
denominated  cousins  or  cousins- fferman.  In 
the  second  generation  they  are  called  second 
cousins.  —  3.  A  title  given  by  a  king  to  a 
nobleman,  particularly  to  those  of  the  coun- 
cil. 'My  noble  lords  and  cousins,  all,  good- 
morrow.'  Shak. 

Cousin,  t  Coosen,  t  a.  Allied;  kindred. 
'  Coosen  passions. '  Spenser. 

Cousin-german  (kuz'n-Jer-man),  n.  [See 
COUSIN  and  GERMAN.]  A  cousin  in  the  first 
generation;  a  first  cousin. 

Cousinhood  (kuz'n-hud),  n.  1.  Relationship. 

Promotion  proceeds  not  by  merit,  but  by  cash  and 
cousinhoctt.  Daily  \f7fs. 

2.  The  individuals  connected  with  a  family 
regarded  collectively. 

There  were  times  when  the  cousfuhoott,  as  it  (the 
Temple  connection)  was  nicknamed,  would  of  itself 
have  furnished  all  the  materials  necessary  for  the 
construction  of  an  efficient  cabinet.  Macaulay. 

Cousinly  (kuz'n-li),  a.  Like  or  becoming  a 
cousin. 

No  one^finds  any  harm,  Tom, 

In  a  quiet  cousinly  walk.  Praed. 

Cousiny  (kuz'n-i),  a.  Pertaining  to  cousins. 

As  for  this  paper,  with  these  cotisiny  names, 

I — 'tis  my  will — commit  it  to  the  flames.      Crabbe. 

Coussinet  (kos'si-net),  n.  [Fr,  a  cushion.) 
In  arch,  (a)  the  crowning  stone  of  a  pier,  or 
that  which  lies  on  the  capital  of  the  impost 
and  under  the  sweep.  (6)  The  ornament  in 
the  Ionic  capital  between  the  abacus  and 
the  echinus. 

Couteau,  Coutel  (kb-t6',  kb-telO,  n.  [Fr. 
from  L.  cultellus,  dim.  of  cutter,  a  knife.]  A 
short  knife  or  daggeriu  use  during  the  middle 
ages;  a  hanger. 

Couth,  t  Couthe.t  pret.  &  pp.  of  A.  Sax. 
cunna  n.to  know,  to  be  able.  (SeeCAN.)  Knew: 
was  able;  known. 

Above  all  other  one  Daniel 

He  lovelh.  for  he  couth  well 

Divine,  what  none  other  couth; 

Tp  htm  were  all  things  couth.          Goner. 

Couthie,  Couthy  (koth'i),  o.  [No  doubt 
from  the  above  word;  like  Icel.JHi(Ar,  known, 
hence,  familiar,  neighbourly.  ]  Kindly ; 
neighbourly;  familiar.  [Scotch.] 

Fu'  wed  can  they  ding  dool  away 
Wi'  comrades  fouthie.  FerfussoH. 

Couthie,  Couthy  (koth'i),  adc.  In  a  kindly 
manner;  lovingly.  [Scotch.] 

Couvade  (ko-vad),  n.  [Kr  ]  A  singular  cut- 
torn  prevalent  in  ancient  as  well  as  modem 
times  among  some  of  the  primitive  races  in 
all  parts  of  the  world.  After  the  birth  of  a 
child  the  father  takes  to  bed,  and  receives 
the  food  and  compliments  usually  given 
elsewhere  to  (he  mother.  The  custom  was 
observed,  according  to  Diodorus,  among  the 
Corsicans ;  and  Strabo  notices  it  among  the 
Spanish  Basques,  by  whom,  as  well  as  by 
the  Gascons,  it  is  still  to  some  extent  prac- 
tised. Travellers  from  Marco  Polo  down- 
wards have  met  with  a  somewhat  similar 
rustom  among  the  Chinese,  the  Dyaks  of 
Borneo,  the  negroes,  the  aboriginal  tribes 
of  North  and  South  America,  <tc. 

Cove  (k6v),  11.  [A.  Sax.  cofa,  a  chamber,  a 
cave;  Sc.  cove,  a  cave;  allied  to  Icel.  kofi,  a 
hut;  Sw.  JTO/KXI,  Sw.  dial,  iore,  a  hut.]  1.  A 
small  inlet,  creek,  or  bay ;  a  recess  in  the 
sea-shore,  where  vessels  and  boats  may  some- 
times be  sheltered  from  the  winds  and 
waves.  •  Waves  that  up  a  quiet  cone  rolling. ' 
Tennyson. 

At  length  I  spied  a  little  fffve  on  the  right  shore  of 
the  creek,  to  which  with  great  pain  and  difficulty  I 
guided  my  raft.  De/ot. 

2.  In  areh.  any  kind  of  concave  moulding; 
the  concavity  of  a  vault.  The  term  is  com- 
monly applied  to  the  curve  which  is  some- 
times used  to  connect  the  ceiling  of  a  room 
with  the  walls,  and  which  springs  from 
above  the  cornice.  See  under  COVED.  — 
Cove  bracketing,  the  wooden  skeleton  form- 
ing acove:  chiefly  applied  to  the  bracketing 
for  the  cove  of  a  ceiling. 
Cove  (kov),  r.(.  pret.  *  pp.  coved;  ppr.  cot- 
ing.  1.  To  arch  over.  'Domes  and  cmxd 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


COVE 


Cll 


roofs.'  H.  Swinburne.—  2.t  [O.Fr.  cover;  Fr. 
couver,  to  hatch.  ]  To  brood, cover.or  sit  over. 

Not  being  able  to  cove  or  sit  upon  them  (eggs),  she 
bcstoweth  them  in  the  gravel.  Holland. 

Cove,  Covey  (kov,  kov'i),  n.  [Gypsy  COM,  a 
thing,  covo,  that  man,  covi,  that  woman. 
'  It  (com),'  says  Pott,  •  has  a  far  wider  appli- 
cation than  the  Latin  ren.  There  is  no  ex- 
pression more  frequent  in  a  Gypsy's  month.'] 
A  man;  a  person;  a  fellow:  often  preceded 
by  some  adjective;  as,  a  rum  cove;  a  (lash 
com;  Ac. 

There's  a  gentry  cove  here. 

lyit's  Recreations,  1654. 

Now  loole  to  it,  covts,  that  ail  the  beef  and  drink 
Be  not  niched  from  us.  E.  B.  Browning. 

In  old  slang  of  the  time  of  Henry  VII.  writ- 
ten Cafe,  whence  Cujftn.    [Slang.] 
Coved  (kovd).  pp.  and  a.    Forming  an  arch; 
arched ;  curving.  —  Cooed  ceiling,  a  ceiling 


COVER-POrNT 


Coved  Ceiling,  Staircase  of  Palazzo  Braschi,  Rome. 

formed  in  a  coved  or  arched  manner  at  its 
junction  with  the  side  walls.  Such  ceilings 
are  frequently  highly  ornamented  with 
panels  enriched  with  mouldings  or  carvings, 
according  as  they  are  formed  of  plaster  or 
wood. 

Covelllne  (kov'el-en),  n.  Same  as  Indigo- 
copper. 

Covenable,  t  a.  [O.Fr.]  Fit;  suitable. 
Chaucer. 

Covenably,t  adv.  Fitly;  suitably;  properly. 

Covenant  (kuv'en-ant),  71.  [O.Fr.  covenant, 
for  convenant;  Fr.  convenant,  ppr.  of  con- 
venir;  L.  conmnire,  to  agree  — con,  with, 
together  with,  and  venio,  to  come.]  1.  A 
mutual  consent  or  agreement  of  two  or 
more  persons  to  do  or  to  forbear  some  act 
or  thing;  a  contract;  a  compact.  Covenants 
are  of  many  different  kinds;  as,  in  fact  and 
in  law,  implied  or  express,  real  or  per- 
sonal.—  2.  A  writing  containing  the  terms 
of  agreement  or  contract  between  parties; 
or  the  clause  of  agreement  in  a  deed  con- 
taining the  covenant. — Action  of  covenant, 
a  form  of  action  which  lies  where  a  party 
claims  damages  for  breach  of  covenant  or 
contract  under  seal. — 3.  In  theol.  the  pro- 
mises of  God  as  revealed  in  the  Scriptures, 
conditional  on  certain  terms  on  the  part  of 
man,  as  obedience,  repentance,  faith,  &c. 
The  covenant  of  works  is  that  implied  in  the 
commands,  prohibitions,  and  promises  of 
God;  the  promise  of  God  to  man.  that  man's 
perfect  obedience  should  entitle  him  to  hap- 
piness. '  This  do,  and  live;  that  do,  and  die. ' 
The  covenant  of  redemption  is  the  mutual 
agreement  between  the  Father  and  Son 
respecting  the  redemption  of  sinners  by 
Christ.  The  covenant  of  grace  is  that  by 
which  God  engages  to  bestow  salvation  on 
man,  upon  the  condition  that  man  shall 
believe  in  Christ  and  yield  obedience  to  the 
terms  of  the  gospel.  —  4.  Eccles.  a  solemn 
agreement  between  the  members  of  a  church, 
that  they  will  act  together  in  harmony  with 
the  precepts  of  the  gospel.  Specifically,  in 
Scotland,  the  name  given  to  the  first  bond 
or  oath  drawn  up  by  the  Scottish  reform- 
ers, and  signed  in  1557,  and  to  the  similar 
document  or  Confession  of  Faith  drawn  up 
in  1581,  in  which  all  the  errors  of  Popery 
were  explicitly  abjured.  It  was  subscribed 
by  James  VI.  and  his  council,  and  all  his  sub- 
jects were  required  to  attach  their  subscrip- 
tion to  it.  It  was  again  subscribed  in  1590 
and  1596.  The  subscription  was  renewed 
in  1638,  and  the  subscribers  engaged  by 
oath  to  maintain  religion  in  the  same  state 
as  it  was  in  15SO,  and  to  reject  all  innova- 
tions introduced  since  that  time.  The 
oath,  annexed  to  the  Confession  of  Faith, 
received  the  name  of  the  Covenant. — Solemn 
League  and  Covenant,  a  solemn  contract 
entered  into  between  the  General  Assem- 
bly of  the  Church  of  Scotland  and  com- 
missioners from  the  English  parliament  in 
1643,  having  for  its  object  a  uniformity  of 


doctrine,  worship,  and  discipline  Uinm-h- 
put  Scotland,  England,  and  Ireland,  ;i,-,-,,i,i 
ing  to  the  word  of  God  and  the  example  ,,( 
the bestreformed churches.— Covenant  Con- 
tract. Covenant,  aa  now  used  (apart  from 
its  legal  meaning),  carries  with  it  the  idea 
of  solemnity,  and  is  generally  used  of  reli- 
gious  matters,  no  civil  penalty  necessarily 
following  the  infraction  of  it,  while  contract 
has  a  much  wider  sense  as  applied  to  some 
agreement  between  two  or  more.  As  law 
terms  covenant  is  generally  an  agreement  in 
writing,  signed  and  sealed,  whereas  contract 
refers  more  especially  to  verbal  agreements 
or  such  as  are  not  signed  and  sealed.— SYN. 
Agreement,  contract,  compact,  bargain,  ar- 
rangement, stipulation. 
Covenant  (kuv'en-ant),  v.i.  To  enter  into 
a  formal  agreement;  to  contract;  to  bind 
one's  self  by  contract;  as,  A  covenants  with 
B  to  convey  to  him  a  certain  estate.  When 
the  terms  are  expressed  it  often  has  for  be- 
fore the  thing  or  price. 

They  covenanted  with  him/or  thirty  pieces  of  silver. 

Mat.  xxvi.  15. 

Jupiter  covenanted  with  him  that  it  should  be  hot 
or  cold,  wet  or  dry  ...  as  the  tenant  should  direct. 
Sir  R.  L' Estrange. 

SYN.  To  agree,  contract,  bargain,  stipulate 
Covenant  (kuv'en-ant),  v.t.  To  grant  or 
promise  by  covenant. 

According  to  the  word  that  I  covenanted  with  you. 
H.ig.  It  5. 

Covenant-breaker  (kuv'en-ant-brak-er),  n. 
One  who  violates  a  covenant.  Milton. 

Covenantee  (kuv'en-ant-e"),  n.  The  person 
to  whom  a  covenant  is  made. 

Covenanter  (kuv'en-ant-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
makes  a  covenant.— 2.  A  term  specially  ap- 
plied to  those  who  joined  in  the  Solemn 
League  and  Covenant  in  Scotland,  and  in 
particular  those  who  resisted  the  govern- 
ment of  Charles  II.,  and  fought  and  suffered 
for  adherence  to  their  own  form  of  worship. 
See  COVENANT. 

Covenanting  (kuv'en-ant-ing),  p.  and  a.  Of 
or  belonging  to  a  covenant;  specifically, 
belonging  to  the  extreme  party  of  Scotch 
Presbyterians  known  as  Covenanters. 

Strike  this  day  as  if  the  anvil 
Lay  beneath  your  blows  the  while, 

Be  they  covenanting  traitors. 
Or  the  brood  of  false  Argyle.  Aytc-un. 

Covenantor  (kuv'en-ant-or"),  n.  The  person 
who  makes  a  covenant  and  subjects  himself 
to  the  penalty  of  its  breach. 

Covenous  t  ( kuv'en-us ),  a.  Same  as  Cov- 
inous. 

Covent, t  n.  [O.Fr.  covent  for  convent.]  A 
convent  or  monastery;  hence  Covent  Garden, 
in  London,  the  garden  attached  to  a  con- 
vent or  monastery. 

The  abbot  sayd  to  his  covent, 

There  he  stood  on  ground. 
This  day  twelve  month  came  there  a  knight 

And  borrowed  four  hundred  pound.      Old  ballad. 

Coventry  (ko'ven-tri),  n.  A  town  in  the 
county  of  Warwick,  England. — To  send  to 
Coventry,  a  phrase  which  originated  among 
military  men,  signifying  to  exclude  from 
the  society  of  the  mess ;  to  shut  out  from 
all  social  intercourse  for  conduct  regarded 
as  mean  or  unsentlemanly.  [The  origin  of 
this  well-known  figurative  threat  has  been 
variously  explained,  but  is  still  uncertain. 
It  may,  however,  have  arisen  from  Falstaff's 
contemptuous  description  of  his  soldiery: 
'No  eye  hath  seen  such  scare-crows.  I'll 
not  march  through  Coventry  with  them, 
that's  flat.'] 

Coventry-blue  ( ko'ven-tri-blu ),  re.  Blue 
thread  of  a  superior  dye  made  at  Coventry, 
and  used  for  embroidery. 

Cover  (kuv'er), v.t.  [Fr.  couvrir,  O.fr.covrir; 
It.  coprire;  L.  cooperire  —  con,  intens. ,  and 
operire,  to  cover,  to  shut.  ]  1.  To  overspread 
the  surface  of  with  another  substance;  to 
lay  or  set  over ;  as,  to  cover  a  table  with  a 
cloth,  or  a  floor  with  a  carpet. 

The  valleys  are  covered  with  corn.      Ps.  Ixv.  13. 
The  locusts  shall  cover  the  face  of  the  earth. 
Ex.  x.  5. 

2.  To  hide ;  to  conceal  by  something  over- 
spread. 

If  I  sav  Surely  the  darkness  shall  cover  me. 

Ps.  cxxxix.  IT. 

3.  To  conceal  by  some  intervening  object; 
as  the  enemy  was  covered  from  our  sight 
by  a  forest. -4.  To  clothe ;  as,  to  cover  with 
a  robe  or  mantle ;  to  cover  nakedness.     1 
Sam.  xxviii.  14;  Ex.  xxviii.  42.    Hence - 
5  Fig.  and  with  the  reciprocal  pronoun,  to 
invest  one's  self  with ;  to  bring  upon  one  s 
self ;  as,  he  covered  himself  with  glory. 

In  the  whole  proceedings  of  the  powers  that  covered 
themselves  with  everlasting  infamy  by  the  partition 


of  Poland,  there  i«  none  more  marked  for  telnth  pr~ 


6.  To  overwhelm. 

The  waters  enured  the  chariots  »nd  horsemen 
Let  them  !>e  covered  with  reproach.     i\ 

7.  To  conceal  from  notice  or  punishment 

Charity  shall  tntr  the  multitude  of  lini.    i  Pet.  iv.  8. 

8.  To  conceal ;  to  refrain  from  disclosing  or 
confessing. 

He  that  eevtreth  his  sin  shall  not  prosper. 

Prov.  xxviii.  13. 

0.  To  pardon  or  remit 

Blessed  is  he  whose  sin  is  covered.    P..  mil.  i. 

10.  To  put  on  the  usual  head-covering-  t" 
wear  or  resume  the  hat  1  Cor.  xi  (i  •  V,y 
pray  be  covered.'  SAoi.— 11.  To  wrap,  Infold! 
or  envelop;  as,  to  cover  a  package  of  goods. 

12.  To  shelter ;  to  protect :  to  defend ;  as,  a 
squadron  of  horse  covered  the  troops  on  the 
retreat;  to  cover  one's  retreat. 

And  the  soft  wings  of  peace  rover  him  around. 

13.  To  brood  or  set  on:  as,  a  hen  covering  her 
eggs.  A  ddison. — 1 4.  To  copulate  with :  said  of 
the  male.— 15.  To  equal  or  be  of  equal  extent 
with;  to  be  co-extensive  with;  to  be  equiva- 
lent to ;  to  be  the  full  value  of ;  as,  the  re- 
ceipts do  not  cover  the  expenses ;  the  land 
is  covered  by  a  mortgage:  a  mercantile  use  of 
the  word.— 18.  To  include,  embrace,  or  com- 
prehend ;  as,  an  offence  not  covered  by  any 
statute.  —  SVN.  To  shelter,  screen,  shield, 
hide,  overspread. 

Cover  (killer),  n.  1.  Anything  which  Is  laid, 
set,  or  spread  over  another  thing ;  as,  the 
cover  of  a  vessel;  the  cover  of  a  bed. — 2.  Any- 
thing which  veils  or  conceals;  a  screen:  dis- 
guise; superficial  appearance;  as,  he  assumed 
the  disguise  of  a  merchant  as  a  cover  for  his 
design.  'A  handsome  cover  for  imperfec- 
tions.' Collier.  —  3.  Shelter;  defence;  pro- 
tection; as,  the  troops  fought  under  carer  of 
the  batteries.  —  4.  Concealment  and  protec- 
tion. 'Compelled  to  lodge  in  the  field, which 
grew  now  to  be  very  cold,  whilst  his  army 
was  under  cover.'  Lord  Clarendon.  'The 
main  body  retired  under  cover  of  the  night.' 
Hay.  —  5.  Shrubbery,  woods,  underbrush. 
Ac.,  which  shelter  and  conceal  game;  as,  to 
beatacotxr;  to  ride  to  coper.  '  Hazel  coven.' 
Tennyson.— 6.  Inrcwyini/.that  part  of  a  slate, 
tile,  or  shingle  which  is  covered  by  the  over- 
lap of  the  course  above. — 7.  [Directly  from 
Fr.  convert,  with  same  sense.]  The  table 
furniture  for  the  use  of  one  person,  such  as 
plate,  spoon,  knife  and  fork,  napkin,  glass, 
*c. ;  as,  covers  were  laid  for  ten. 

Coverchief,  t  n.  A  covering  for  the  head;  a 
kerchief. 

Her  cn-erchiffs  weren  ful  fine 

That  on  the  Sonday  wer  upon  her  head.     Chaucer. 

Covercle.t  n.  [Fr .couverde.]  A  small  cover; 
a  lid;  an  operculum.  'The  covercle  of  a 
shell-fish.'  Sir  T  Browne. 

Covered-way,  Covert-way  (kuv'erd-wa, 
kuv'ert-wa),  n.  1.  In  fort,  a  space  of  ground 
level  with  the  fleld,  on  the  edge  of  the 
ditch,  3  or  4  fathoms  broad,  ranging  quite 
round  the  half -moons  or  other  works  to- 
ward the  country.  It  has  a  parapet  raised 
on  a  level,  together  with  its  banquets  and 
glacis.  It  is  called  also  the  Corridor,  and 
sometimes  the  Countertcarp,  because  it  is 
on  the  edge  of  the  scarp.— 2.  In  arch,  the 
recess  left  in  a  brick  or  stone  wall  to  receive 
the  roofing. 

Coverer  ( kuv'er-er ),  n.  He  who  or  that 
which  covers. 

Covering  (kuVer-ing),  n.  1.  That  which  cov- 
ers, as  a  lid  ;  anything  spread  or  laid  over 
another,  whether  for  security  or  conceal- 
ment. 

Noah  removed  the  cn'frinf  of  the  ark.   Gen.viii.i} 
He  spread  a  cloud  for  a  covering.        Ps.  cv.  30. 
And  every  open  vessel,  which  hath  no  covering 

bound  upon  it.  IS  unclean.  Num.  xix.  15. 

2.  Clothing;  raiment;  garments;  dress. 

They  cause  the  naked  to  lodge  without  clothing, 
that  they  have  no  covering  in  the  cold.    Job  xxiv.  7. 

SVN.  Envelope,  wrapper,  integument,  case, 
lid,  cover,  clothing,  raiment,  vesture,  gar- 
ments, dress,  bedclothes. 

Coverlet  ( kuv'er-let ),  n.  [Fr.  convre-lit,  a 
bed-cover — coitvrir,  to  cover,  and  lit,  L.  lec- 
tnn  a  bed  ]  The  upper  covering  of  a  bed. 

Coverlid  (kuv'er-lid),  n.  A  coverlet  'All 
the  coverlid  was  cloth  of  gold.'  Tennyton. 

The  silk  star-hroider'd  cm-erlid 

Unto  her  limbs  itself  doth  mould.     Tennyson. 

Cover-point  (kuv'er-point),  n.  A  fielder  in 
the  game  of  cricket,  who  stands  a  little  to 


ch,  chain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  i 


j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  siny; 


ill,  then;     th,  thin;    w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CO-VERSED  SINE 


612 


COW-BUNTING 


the  right  of  and  behind  point,  and  whose 
duty  is  to  stop  any  balls  that  may  pass  him. 

Co-versed  Sine  (ko-verst  sin),  n.  [Comple- 
ment and  verged. ] 
The  sine  of  the 
complement  of 
an  arc  or  anirlf. 
Thus,  let  DCB  or 
the  arc  1)  B  he  the 
complement  «if 
ACB  or  AB;  then 
UK,  which  is  the 
versed  sine  of 

DCB  or  DB,  is  the  co-versed  sine  of  ACB  or 
AB;  also  FA,  the  versed  sine  of  ACB  or 
AB,  is  the  co-versed  sine  of  PCB  or  DB. 

Cover-shame  t  (kuv'er-sham),  7».  Some- 
thing used  to  conceal  infamy. 

Does  he  put  on  holy  garments  for  a  cover-shame 
oflewdnessT  Dryden. 

Cover-slutt  (kuv'er-slut),  n.    Something  to 

hide  sluttishness.    '  Rags  and  cover-tints  of 

infamy.'    Burke. 
Covert  (kuv'ert),  o.    [Fr.  convert,  part,  of 

couvrir,  to  cover.]  1.  Covered;  hid;  private; 

secret;  concealed;  disguised. 

Whether  of  open  war  or  covert  guile.       Milton. 

2.  Sheltered;  not  open  or  exposed;  as,  a 
covert  alley  or  place. —3.  In  fair,  under  cover, 
authority,  or  protection;  as,  a  feine-covcrt, 
a  married  woman  who  is  considered  as  being 
under  the  influence  and  protection  of  her 
husband. 

Covert  (kuv'ert),  n.  1.  A  covering  or  cover- 
ing place;  a  place  which  covers  and  shelters; 
a  shelter;  a  defence. 

A  tabernacle  ...  for  a  covert  from  storm  and  rain. 

Is.  iv.  5. 

I  will  mist  in  the  covert  of  thy  wings.     Ps.  Ixi.  4. 

2.  A  thicket;  a  shady  place  or  a  hiding- 
place.     1  Sam.  xxv.  20;  Job  xxxviii.  40. 

Enforc't  to  seeke  some  covert  nigh  at  hand, 

A  shady  grove  not  farrc  away  they  spide, 

That  pronust  ayde  the  tempest  to  withstand. 

Spenser,  Faerie  Queen. 

3.  pi.   Feathers  covering  the  bases  of  the 
quills  of  the  wing  or  tail  of  birds. 

Covert-baron  (kuv'ert-ba-ron),  n.  (That  is 
under  the  protection  of  the  baron  or  hus- 
band.] Same  as  Ftme-cm-ert.  See  COVERT,  o. 

Covertly  (kuv^rt-li),  adv.  Secretly;  closely; 
in  private;  insidiously. 

Among  the  poets,  Persius  covertly  strikes  at  Nero. 
Dryden. 

Covertness  (kuv'ert-nes),  ».  Secrecy;  pri- 
vacy. 

Coverture  (kuv'trt-ur),  ».  1.  Covering; 
shelter;  defence. 

He  saw  their  shame,  that  sought  vain  covertures. 
HOUn. 

Far  off.  and  where  the  lemon  grove 
In  closest  Ctrverture  upsprung. 
The  living  .iirs  of  middle  night 
Died  round  the  bulbil!  as  he  sung.    Tennyson. 

2.  In  lam,  the  state  of  a  married  woman, 
who  is  considered  as  under  the  cover  or 
power  of  her  husband,  and  therefore  called 
&  feme-covert  orfenune-couvert.  The  cover- 
ture of  a  woman  disables  her  from  making 
contracts  to  the  prejudice  of  herself  or  hus- 
band without  his  allowance  or  confirma- 
tion. 

Covert-way.    See  COVERED-WAT. 

Covet  (kuv'et),  n.f.  [From  O.Fr.  comiter 
(Mod.  Fr.  convniter,  with  intercalation  of  »), 
Pr.  cobeitar.  It.  cubitare,  from  L.  cupidut, 
desirous,  cttpio,  to  desire;  allied  to  Skr.  kup, 
to  be  angry-  ]  1.  To  desire  or  wish  for  with 
eagerness;  to  desire  earnestly  to  obtain  or 
possess:  in  a  good  sense. 

Covet  earnestly  the  best  gifts.         I  Cor.  xii.  31. 

2.  To  desire  inordinately;  to  desire  that 
which  it  is  unlawful  to  obtain  or  possess:  in 
a  bad  sense. 

Thou  shalt  not  covet  thy  neighbour's  house  .  .  .  wife 
.  .  .  servant.  Ex.  xx.  17. 

8YN.  To  long  for,  desire,  wish,  lust  after, 
hanker  after. 

Covet  (kuv'et),  t>.».  To  have  or  indulge  in- 
ordinate desire. 

The  love  of  money  is  the  root  of  all  evil,  which 
while  some  coveted  after,  they  have  erred  from  the 
faith.  i  Tim.  vi.  10. 

Covetable  (kuv'et  a-M),  a.  That  may  be 
coveted. 

Coveter  (kuv'et-er),  n.    One  who  covets. 

Covetlngly  (kuv'et-ing-li),  adv.  With  eager 
desire  to  possess. 

Covetise.t  n.     Avarice.     S;)Cii«r. 

Covetlveness  (kuv'et-iy-nes),  n.  In  phren. 
a  name  sometimes  applied  to  the  organ  gen- 
erally known  as  Acquisitiveness. 

Covetous  (kuv'et-us),  a.  [Fr.  convoiteux, 
O.Fr.  covoiteus.  See  COVET,  v.t.]  1.  Very 


desirous;  eager  to  obtain:  in  a  good  sense; 
as,  covetous  of  wisdom,  virtue,  or  learning. 

He  was  almost  jealous  of  the  lute,  for  Bruno  loved 
the  boy  with  a  covetous  love  and  a  strong  love. 

Ouida. 

2.  Inordinately  desirous;  excessively  eager 
to  obtain  and  possess;  avaricious. 

A  bishop  then  must  be  .  .  .  patient,  not  a  brawler, 
not  covetous.  I  Tim.  iii.  2.  3. 

Covetously  (kuv'et-us-li),  adv.  With  a 
strong  or  inordinate  desire  to  obtain  ami 
possess;  eagerly;  avariciously 

Covetousness  (kuv'et-us-nes),  n.  1.  A  strong 
or  inordinate  desire  of  obtaining  and  pos- 
sessing some  supposed  good :  usually  in  a 
bad  sense,  and  applied  to  an  inordinate  de- 
sire of  wealth  or  avarice. 

Out  of  the  heart  of  men  proceed  evil  thoughts  .  .  . 
covetousftess.  M.irk  vii.  -jt,  22. 

Covetousness.  by  a  greed  of  getting  more,  deprives 
itself  of  the  true  enci  of  getting— the  enjoyment  of 
what  it  has  got.  Sfrat. 

2.t  Strong  desire;  eagerness. 

When  workmen  strive  to  do  better  than  well. 
They  do  confound  their  skill  in  covetoitsncss.  SHak. 

STN.  Avarice,  cupidity,  greediness,  craving, 
eagerness. 

Covey  (kuv'e),  n.  [Fr.  cowee,  a  brood;  cou- 
vtr,  to  sit  on  or  brood,  to  lurk  or  lie  hid; 
L.  cubare,  to  lie  down,  incubare,  to  hrood.] 
1.  A  brood  or  hatch  of  birds;  an  old  fowl 
with  her  brood  of  young;  hence,  a  small 
flock  or  numlwr  of  fowls  together;  as,  a  covey 
of  partridges.  —2.  A  company;  a  set. 

There  would  be  no  walking  in  a  shady  wood  with- 
out springing  a  covey  of  toasts.  Addison. 

Covln,  Covlne  (kuv'in),  n.  [Fr  cnuvine, 
0.  FT.  covint,  from  L.  convenire,  to  come  to- 
gether. In  Norm.  Fr.  covyne  is  a  secret 
§lace  or  meeting.]  In  law,  a  collusive  or 
eceitful  agreement  between  two  or  more 
to  prejudice  a  third  person;  deceitful  con- 
trivance. '  The  lawes  overlashed  by  covine 
and  craft.'  Mir.  for  Magi. 

Coving  (kov'lng),  n.  [See  COVE.)  In  build- 
ing, an  arch  or  arched  projecture,  as  when 
houses  are  built  so  aa  to  project  over  the 
ground  plot,  and  the  turned  projecture  is 
arched  with  Umber,  lathed  and  plastered  — 
Covings  of  a  fire-place,  the  vertical  sides 
which  connect  the  jambs  with  the  breast. 

Covlnous  (kuv'in-us),  a.  (SeeCovm.)  De- 
ceitful; collusive;  fraudulent. 

Cow  (kou),  n  pi.  Cows  (kouz),  old  pi.  Kine 
(kin).  [A.  Sax.  cu,  pi  eft,  eye  (comp.  the  So. 
kye).  Kine  is  a  double  plural,  the  en  form 
as  in  oxen  being  added  to  the  older  form. 
The  same  word  is  found  in  the  other  Teutonic 
languages,  as  G.  /."/',  D.  and  Dan.  koe,  Icel. 
*U;  the  same  root  appears  In  Skr  go,  nom. 
gaus,  a  cow,  an  ox.  Onomatopoetic  from  the 
low  of  the  animal.  ]  The  general  term  ap- 
plied to  the  females  of  the  genus  Bos  or  ox, 
the  most  valuable  to  man  of  all  the  rumin- 
ating animals.  Among  the  best  breeds  of 
dairy  cows  In  this  country  are  the  Devon- 
shire, the  Ayrshire,  the  short-horn,  the 
polled  Angus  or  Alterdeenshire,  and  the 
Alderney  breeds.  —  Sea-cow,  the  Manatus, 
a  genus  of  herbivorous  cetaceans.  See  SEA- 
COW. 

Cow  (kou).  n.  The  top  of  a  chimney  which  is 
made  to  move  with  the  wind;  properly  a  cowl. 

Cow  (kou),  v.t.  [Possibly  from  Dan.  Ime,  Sw. 
Mma,  to  depress,  subdue,  keep  under.  See 
COWARD.]  To  depress  with  fear;  to  sink 
the  spirits  or  courage  of;  to  oppress  with 
habitual  timidity. 

Accursed  be  that  tongue  that  tells  me  so; 

For  it  hath  covjed  my  better  part  of  man.  Sftfti. 

SYN.  To  discourage,  dishearten,  abash,  inti- 
midate, overawe. 

Cow  (kou),  n.  In  mining,  a  wedge  placed 
behind  a  crab  or  gin-start  to  prevent  it  from 
revolving. 

Cowage  (kou'aj),  n.    Same  as  Cowhage. 

Coward  (kou'crd),  n.  (It  is  almost  impos- 
sible not  to  believe  that  cow,  to  depress  with 
fear,  and  coward,  have  the  same  origin, 
either  cow  being  a  contraction  from  coward. 
or  coward  formed  from  com,  on  type  of 
braggart,  dotard,  wizard.  Coward,  however, 
appears  to  come  to  us  immediately  from  Fr. 
covard;  It.  codardo,  which  is  referred  to 
L.  cauda.  a  tail,  from  the  attitude  assumed 
by  cowed  dogs,  or  from  the  fact  that  timid 
animals  turn  tail  and  flee.  Wedgwood  says 
that  it  is  a  metaphor  from  the  timidity  of 
the  hare,  which  was  called  ctmard  from  its 
short  tail.  ]  1.  A  person  who  wants  courage 
to  meet  danger;  a  poltroon;  a  timid  or 
pusillanimous  man. 

The  faith,  the  vigour,  bold  to  dwell 
On  doubts  that  drive  the  covjard  back.    Tennyson. 


Where's  the  coward  that  would  not  dare 
To  fight  for  such  a  land.  J>(>  /*'.  Scott. 

When  all  the  blandishments  of  life  are  gone. 
The  coward  sneaks  to  death,  the  brave  live  on. 
Dr.  G.  Sftvcll. 

2.  In  her.  a  term  given  to  an  animal  !«>nie 
in  the  escutcheon  with  his  tail  between  his 
legs.  —  Citu-ard,  1'oltroun,  Craven,  Dastard. 
\  >->i!fnrd  is,  in  a  general  sense,  one  who  is 
afraid  to  meet  danger  real  or  imaginary;  a 
poltroon  is  a  mean-spirited  and  contemptible 
coward;  a  craven  is  one  who  shrinks  h;u  k 
at  the  approach  of  danger;  a  dastard  is  a 
vile  and  despicable  coward. 
Coward  (kou'crd),  a.  1.  Destitute  of  cour- 
age; timid;  base;  as,  a  coward  wretch. 

O,  anvard  conscience,  how  dost  thou  afflict  me. 
Shak. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  coward;  proceeding 
from  or  expressive  of  fear  or  timidity;  as, 
coward  cry;  coward  joy. 

He  had  no  painful  pressure  from  without. 
That  made  nim  turn  aside  from  wretchedness. 
With  covjard  fears.  Wordsu-orth. 

Cowardt  (kou'erd),  v.  t.  To  make  timorous. 
•  Which  towardeth  a  man's  heart.'  Fox. 

Cowardice  (kou'erd-is),  n.  [Fr.  coitardise, 
fromcouard.  SeeCoWARD.]  Want  of  courage 
to  face  danger;  timidity;  pusillanimity;  fear 
of  exposing  one's  person  to  danger.  •  Full 
of  cowardice  and  guilty  shame.'  Tennyson. 
Cowardice  alone  is  loss  of  fame.  Dryden. 

Cowardle.t  n.    Cowardice.     Chaucer. 
Cowardlze  (kou'erd-iz).  r.  (.    To  render  cow- 
ardly.   [Obsolete  or  obsolescent  ] 

Wickedness  naturally  tends  to  dishearten  and  cow- 
ardite  men.  Scott.  Sermon,  1680. 

Cowardlike  (kou'erd -Ilk),  o.  Resembling 
a  coward;  mean. 

Cowardliness  (kou'erd-li-nes),  n.  Want  of 
courage;  timidity;  cowardice. 

Cowardly  (kou'erd-ll),  a.  1.  Wanting  cour- 
age to  face  danger ;  timid ;  timorous ;  fear- 
ful; pusillanimous. 

Man  is  by  nature  a  cowardly  animal.  Prof.  Blackit. 

2  Proceeding  from  fear  of  danger;  mean; 
base;  befitting  a  coward;  as,  a  cowardly 
action  'Cowardly  silence.'  SowtA.— SYS. 
Timid,  fearful,  timorous,  dastardly,  pusil- 
lanimous, recreant,  craven,  faint-hearted, 
chicken-hearted,  mean,  base. 
Cowardly  (kmi'i-rd-li),  arfc.  In  the  manner 
of  a  coward;  meanly;  basely. 

He  sharply  reproved  them  as  men  of  no  courage, 
who  had  most  cowardly  turned  their  backs  upon  their 
enemies.  A  nolles. 

Cowardoust  (kou'erd-u«),  a.  Cowardly. 
Barret. 

Cowardree.t  »     Cowardice.    Spenser. 
Cowardshlpt  (kou'erd-shlp),  n.    Cowardice. 

A  very  paltry  boy,  and  more  a  coward  than  a  hare; 
his  dishonesty  appears  in  leaving  his  friend  here  in 
necessity  ana  denying  him;  and  for  his  coTvardship, 
ask  Fabian.  Shat, 

Cow-bane  (kouTjan),  n.  A  popular  name  of 
the  Cicvta  virosa,  from  its  supposed  injuri- 
ous effect  upon  cows.  See  Cirt'TA. 

Cow-berry  (kou'be-ri),  n.  Red  whortle- 
berry, a  plant,  Vaccinium  Vita  idem.  See 
VACCINIUM. 

Cow-blakes  (kouldaks),  n.  pi.  Dried  cow- 
dung  used  as  fuel. 

Cow-boy  (kouTx)!),  n.  1.  A  boy  who  takes 
.•haree  of  cows.  —2.  p(.  The  name  given  to  a 
band  of  marauders  during  the  American  re- 
volution, chiefly  refugees  belonging  to  the 
British  side,  who  infested  the  neutral  ground 
between  the  British  and  American  lines,  and 
plundered  the  revolutionists. 

Cow-bunting  (koulmnt-ing),  n.    The  Mo- 


Young  Cow-bunting  fed  by  female  Yellow-throat. 


lothntt  jKcoris  of  Swainson,  an  Ameiir.ni 
bird,  about  the  size  of  the  European  sky- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abwne;      }',  Sc.  fey. 


COW-CALF 

lark  ami  belongin.r  to  the  family  Sturnidic 
or  starling  tribe;  forming  one  of  the  many 
connecting  links  between  that  family  anil 
the  FringOUdta  or  (inches;  but  it  is  M  very 
peculiar  and  remarkable  in  its  habits  and 
history  that  it  cannot  exactly  be  classed  in 
the  same  division  with  any  other  known 
species.     Ihe  most  remarkable  trait  in  its 
character  is  the  practice  it  has  of  drooping 
its  eggs  into  the  nests  of  other  birds  to  be" 
hatched  by  them,  and  abandoning  its  pro 
geny  to  the  care  of  strangers.     It  has  never 
been  known  to  drop  more  than  one  egg  into 
the  same  nest.     It  is  migratory,  spending 
its  winters  regularly  in  the  lower  parts  of 
North  and  South  Carolina  and  (Jcmvia  and 
appearing  in  Pennsylvania  about  the '-'5th 
of  March     These  birds  often  frequent  corn 
and  rice  fields  in  company  with  the  red 
winged  troopials,  but  are  more  commonly 
found  accompanying  the  cattle,  feeding  on 
th,;  seeds,  worms,  &c.,  which  they  pick  up 
amongst  the  fodder,  and  from  the  excre 
menu  of  the  cattle,  which  they  scratch  up 
for  this  purpose. 

Cow-calf  (k,  .u'kaf),  n.  A  female  calf 
Cow-catcher  (kou'kach-er),  n  In  rail  a 
strong  frame  in  front  of  locomotives  for  re- 
moving obstructions,  such  as  strayed  cattle 
and  the  like,  from  the  rails.  It  is  gener- 
ally made  of  wrought  iron  in  the  form  of  i 
coned  wedge,  having  a  flat  wedge-shaped 


Bare 

Cowish  (kou'ish),  n.    A  plant  found  in  the 
valley  of  the  Oregon.     The  root  is  o 

°      Wn 


Cow-itch,  11     See  COWIIAQE. 
Cow-keeper  (kou'kep-er),  n.    One  whose 

business  is  to  keep  cows;  a  dairyman 
Cowl(koul),,t    [A.Sax.  ciyfe,  Icel  kujt  k,,H 

a  hood,  a  cowl;  thisword  would  blend  i,  to 

O.ir  coule,  from  L.  eueuUiu  a  cowl  1    1  A 

hood,  especially  a  monk's  hood 

What  differ  more,  you  cry,  than  crown  and  emvll 


• 
8U"I>orted  on 


>l  its  large  ovate 
iunds( 


Locomotive  with  Cow-catcher 


bottom  bar  placed  a  few  inches  above  the 
rails  and  extending  across  and  a  little  be- 
yond the  rails.  It  is  very  generally  used 
where  the  lines  are  unfenced,  and  can  safely 
remove  cattle  with  the  train  going  at  30 
miles  an  hour. 

Cow-chervil,  Cow-parsley  (kou'cher-vil 
kou  pars-le).  n.     The  popular  names  of  An- 
CArweiu  sylnestris,  an  umbelliferous  plant 
found  in  hedge  banks  and  woods  and  said 
to  be  eaten  by  cattle.     See  CHERVIL 
Cowdie-pine.    Same  as  Cowrie-pine 
Cow-doctor  (kou'dok-ter),  n.    See  Cow- 
Cower  (kou'er),  v.i.   [Same  word  as  Sc  curr 
to  squat ;  Icel.  kura,  Dan.  kure.  Sw  kura 
to  doze,  to  lie  quiet,  to  rest;  comp  also  G 
kauern,  to  cower.]    To  sink  by  bending  the 
knees;  to  crouch;  to  squat;  to  stoop  or  sink 
downward. 

Our  dame  sits  cowtrins  o'er  a  kitchen  fire. 

Cowering  (kou'er-ing),  ppr.  or  a.   'Bending 
down;  crouching;  timorous. 

Wee  sleekit,  arufrinz,  timorous  beastie. 
Oh,  what  a  panic's  in  thy  breastie          Kurns. 

Cow-feeder  (kou'fed-er),  n.    One  who  feeds 
cows;  a  dairyman;  a  cow-herd 

Cow-fish  (kou'flsh), ».  1.  The  sea-cow  (which 
see).— 2.  South  African  name  for  a  dolphin 

Cow-grass  (kou'gras),  n     A  cultivated  clo- 
ver, the  Infulwm  medium.     See  COW-PEA 

Cowhage,  Cow-itch  (kou'iij,  kou'ich),  « 
[Hind.  iiwancA.cowhage.)  The  hairs  of  the 
pods  of  a  leguminous  plant,  Mvcuna  pruri- 
ent. The  pod  is  covered  with  a  thick  coat- 
ing of  short,  stiff,  brittle,  brown  hairs  the 
points  of  which  are  finely  serrated  They 
easily  penetrate  the  skin,  and  produce  an 
itolerable  itching.  They  are  employed 
medicinally  as  a  mechanical  vermifuge 

Cowheardt(kouTierd),o.  Coward.  Spenser 

Cow-heel  (kou'hel),  n.   The  foot  of  a  cow  or 
calf  boiled  into  gelatine. 

Cow-herb  (kou'erb),  n.    A  plant,  the  Sapo- 


Hence-2.  A  monk.    Tennyson.     Btetrao. 
cov'e°rinUnfe''  BLUFF'  a'~3  A  cowl-shaped 
turns  withthe  vrtnd.-4  A  w'iTcap'or'cagl! 
on  the  top  of  an  engine  funnel 
Cowl  (koul)  n.    [O.Fr.  cuuei,  dim.  of  cuve  n 
tub,  from  L  cupa.    See  Cur.]    A  vessel  t 
be  earned  on  a  pole  betwixt  two  persons, 
for  the  conveyance  of  water 
Cowled  (kould)    a.     :.  Wearing  a  cowl; 
hooded    -Cowled  bigots.'  Shenstune  -2  In 
shape  of  a  cowl;  as,  a  cowled  leaf 
Cowled-leaved  (kould'levd).  a.  In  bat  hav- 
ing leaves  like  a  cowl;  cucullate 
Cow-leech  (kou'lech),  n.   [See  LEECH.  1  One 
who  professes  to  heal  the  diseases  of  cows 
Cow-leeching  (kou'lech-iug),  n.    The  act  or 
ai  t  of  healing  the  distempers  of  cows 
Cow-lick  (kou'lik),  it    A  reversed  tuft  of 
hair  on  the  human-  forehead,  so  named  from 
its  resemblance  to  hair  licked  by  a  cow  out 
of  its  natural  position. 
Cow-like  (kou'lik),  a.    Resembling  a  cow 
With  cuui-like  udders,  and  with  ox-like 
eyes.'    Pope. 

Cowl-staff  (koul'staf),  n.    A  staff  or  pole  on 
which  a  vessel  or  other  weight  is  supported 
between  two  persons.    SAa*. 
Co-work  (ko-werk"),  v.i.    To  work  jointly 
to  co-operate. 

Co:worker  (ko-werk'er),  n.  One  that  works 
with  another ;  a  co-operator.  •  Co-workers 
with  God.  South. 

Cowp  (koup),  v.t.,  v.i.  and  n.    See  Coup 
Cow-parsley  (kou'pars-11),  n.     See   Cow- 
CIIERVIL. 

Cow-parsnep  (kou'pars-nip),  n.  A  wild 
umbelliferous  plant,  Hcradeuin  Spltondi/- 
Imm,  found  in  moist  woods  and  meadow's. 
It  is  used  in  some  parts  of  England  for  fat- 
tening hogs.  A  Siberian  species  has  been 
recommended  for  the  great  quantity  of 
herbage  it  yields  early  in  the  season  Called 
also  Ilag-mcd. 

Cow-pea,  Cow-grass  (kou'pe,  kou'gras),  n. 
A  kind  of  clover  (Trifoliiini  medium)  culti- 
vated instead  of  the  common  red  clover  (71 
prateim).  Its  flowers,  of  a  bright  red,  are 
larger  than  in  T.  prateiuie,  and  form  a  less 
compact  head,  placed  on  a  stalk  at  some 
little  distance  from  the  floral  leaves.  It  is 
but  little  cultivated  out  of  England,  for, 
although  of  longer  duration  and  better  suited 
to  some  soils  than  the  common  red  clover, 
its  produce  is  universally  reckoned  as  much 
less  in  quantity,  as  well  as  harsher,  and  not 
so  sweet  or  nutritive. 

Cowper's-glands  (kou'p^rz-glandz),  n.  pi. 
In  aiiat.  the  two  small  muciparous  glands, 
each  about  the  size  of  a  pea,  placed  parallel 
to  each  other  in  the  urethra  before  the  pros- 
tate gland. 

Cow-pock  (kou'pok),  n.  One  of  the  pustules 
of  cow-pox. 

Cow-pox  (kou'poks),  n.  The  vaccine  disease 
which  appeai-s  on  the  teats  of  the  cow,  in 
the  form  of  vesicles  of  a  blue  colour,  ap- 
proaching to  livid.  These  vesicles  are  ele- 
vated at  the  margin  and  depressed  at  the 
centre;  they  are  surrounded  with  inflamma- 
tion and  contain  a  limpid  fluid.  This  fluid 
or  virus  is  capable  of  communicating  genuine 
cow-pox  to  the  human  subject,  and  of  con- 
ferring, in  a  great  majority  of  instances,  a 
complete  and  permanent  security  against 
small-pox.  The  discovery  of  this  great  boon 


and  n  many  parts  of  Southern  Asia.  The 
beauty  of  the  cowry-shells  has  procured 
them  a  place  among  the  ornaments  of  our 
chimney-piece»,  anil  they  have  been  in  de- 
mand among  civilized  and  uncivilized  na- 
tions time  out  of  memory.  The  shells  used 
as  currency  occur  principally  in  the  I'hilip. 
pine  Islands.  They  vary  in  value  in  dinVr- 
ent  localities.  In  India  (iOOO  to  "Ooo  aro 
equal  to  a  rupee  or  2..  ,  while  in  the  interior 
of  Africa  200  are  worth  W.  The  name  is 
»,'*'  J-iveu  to  other  shells  of  the  genus 

Cowslip,  Cow's-lip  (kou'slip.  kouz'lip),  „ 
Ihe  popular  name  of  several  varieties  of 
/  rimula  writ,  a  favourite  wild-fl,1Wer  found 
in  our  pastures  and  hedge-banks  It  has 
umbels  of  small,  buff-yellow,  scented  flowers 
on  short  pedicels.  Its  flowers  have  been 
used  as  an  anodyne.—  Coumlip  wine  is  made 
by  fermenting  cowslips  with  sugar,  and  is 
used  as  a  domestic  soporific.  The  American 
cowslip  belongs  to  the  genus  Dodecatheou- 
the  Jerusalem  and  mountain  cowslip  to  the 
genus  Pulmonaria. 

Cowsllpped  (kou'slipt),  a.  Adorned  with 
cowslips. 

From  rushes  jrcen,  and  brakes.  «nd  con'sltfttd 
lawns.  3E3ST 

Cow's-lungwort  (kouz'lung-w«rt),  n.  A 
common  name  for  VerbatciiM  Tliapnw  the 
densely  woolly  leaves  of  which  were  thought 
to  be  a  cure  for  pneumonia  in  cows. 

Cow-stone  (kou'ston),  n.  A  local  term  for 
boulders  of  the  green-sand. 

Cowt,  Cowte  (kout),  n.    A  colt.    [Scotch.] 

Yet  afl  a  ragged  cnvli's  l*eu  known 
To  make  a  noble  aiver.  Burns. 

Cpw-tree  (kon'tre),  «.  [Sp.  palo  de  mm.] 
Jsronmum  GatactuJeiidron.  a  South  Ameri- 
can tree.  nat.  order  Artocarpacea;,  from 
which,  when  wounded,  a  rich  milky  nutri- 
tious juice  is  discharged  in  such  abundance 


Cow-tree  (Erosimum  Gatactodendron). 


as  to  render  it  an  important  article  of  food 
to  the  natives  of  the  places  where  it  grows. 
It  resembles  in  appearance  and  quality  the 
milk  of  the  cow. 

Cow-troopial  (kou'trb-pi-al),  n.    Same  as 
Cow-buiding. 

Cow-weed  (kou'wed).  n.    Cow-cherviL 
Cow-wheat    (kou'whet),  n.    The   popular 
name  of  plants  of  the  genus  llelampyruin, 
uat.   order   Scrophulariacea?,   with  a  two- 
celled  capsule  containing  seeds  resembling 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  jo\>;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sinjr;      IB,  (Aen;  th,  t/iiu;     w,  wig;     wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.— See  KJ5V. 


cox 


614 


('HACK 


wheat.  It  is  said  to  be  fattening  to  cattle, 
and  to  give  a  rich  yellow  tinge  and  fine 
flavour  to  butter. 

Cox  (kuks),  ii.  [Abbrev.  from  coxcomb.  ]  A 
coxcomb. 

Go:  you're  a  brainless  cox,  a  toy,  a  fop.    Beau.  &  Ft, 

Coxa  (kok'sa),  n.  [L.]  1.  In  anat.  the  hip, 
haunch,  or  hip-joint,  also  the  os  coccygis. — 
•J.  In  >  iit"in.  the  joint  of  au  insect's  limb 
which  is  next  the  body. 

Coxalgia  (kok-sal'ji-a),  n.  [L.  coxa,  the  hip, 
andGr.  algotf,  pain.]  Paiu  of  the  hip  or 
haunch. 

Coxcomb (koks'k6m),n.  [Cock's comb.]  l.The 
comb  resembling  that  of  a  cock  which 
licensed  fools  wore  formerly  in  their  caps: 
hence  used  often  for  the  cap  itself. 

There,  take  my  coxcomb:  why.  this  fellow  has 
banished  two  of  his  daughters  and  did  the  third  a 
blessing  against  Ins  will ;  if  thou  follow  him,  thou 
must  needs  wear  my  coxcomb.  Shak. 

2.  The  top  of  the  head,  or  the  head  itself. 

We  will  belabour  you  a  little  better. 
And  beat  a  little  more  care  into  your  coxcombs. 
Stan.  <&•  Fl. 

3.  A  fop;  a  vain  showy  fellow;  a  superficial 

pretender  to  knowledge  or  accomplishments. 

I  scorn,  quoth  she.  thou  coxcomb  silly, 
Quarter  or  council  from  a  foe.          Hudibras. 

4.  The  name  given  to  a  fasciated  variety  of 
Celosia  cristata  extensively  hi  cultivation. 

Coxcombical,  Coxcomical  ( koks-kom'ik- 
al),  a.  Like  or  indicating  a  coxcomb ;  con- 
ceited ;  foppish.  '  A  coxcomical  senseless 
cabal.'  Dennis. 

Studded  all  over  in  coxcombical  fashion  with  little 
brass  nails.  lr",  Irving. 

Coxcombically,  Coxcomically(koks-kom'- 
ik-al-li).  '"/'•  After  the  manner  of  a  cox- 
comb; foppishly.  Byrom. 

Coxcombly  t  (koks'kom-li),  a.  Like  a  cox- 
comb. 

Coxcombry  (koks'kom-ri),  n.  The  manners 
of  a  coxcomb;  foppishness. 

Coxcomicality  (koks-kom'ik-aV'i-ti),  n.  The 
characteristic  quality  of  a  coxcomb;  cox- 
combry. Sir  J.  Mackintosh. 

Coxendlx  (kok-seu'diks),  n.  [L.]  The  hip; 
the  haunch. 

Coxswain  (kok'swan,  colloquially  kok'sn), 
n,  [See  COCKS  WAIN.]  The  person  who  steers 
a  boat ;  the  captain  of  a  boat. 

Coy  (koi),  a.  [O  Fr.  cot,  coy.  coit,  from  L. 
quietus,  quiet.  See  QUIET.)  1.  Shrinking 
irom  familiarity;  shy;  modest;  reserved. 
'Coy  looks.'  Shak. 

Nor  the  coy  maid,  half  willing  to  be  pressed. 
Shall  kiss  the  tup  to  pass  it  to  the  rest. 

Goldsmith. 

2.  Disdainful.  Shak.—  SYN.  Shrinking,  shy, 
distant,  reserved, modest,  bashful,  back  ward. 

Coy  (koi),  v.i.  1.  To  behave  with  coyness  or 
bashfulness;  to  shrink  from  familiarity: 
with  an  indefinite  it. 

One  kiss — nay,  damsel !  coy  it  not.  Sir  //'.  Scott. 
2  To  make  difficulty;  not  freely  to  conde- 
scend. Shak.  [Rare.] 

Coy.t  v.t.  1.  To  quiet;  to  soothe.  Chaucer. 
2.  To  caress  with  the  hand;  to  stroke. 

Come  sit  thee  down  upon  this  flowery  bed 
While  I  thy  amiable  cheeks  do  coy.          S/iatt. 

Coyt  (koi),u.(.  [Abbrev.  of  decoy.]  To  decoy. 

There  sprung  up  a  wiser  generation,  who  have  the 
art  to  coy  the  fonder  sort  into  their  nets,  and  who 
nave  reduced  gaming  to  a  science.  Bf.  Rainboiu, 

Coylsh(koi'ish),  a.  Somewhat  coy  or  re- 
served. 

Coyly  (koi'li),  adv.  In  a  coy  manner;  with 
disinclination  to  familiarity. 

As  she  coyly  bound  it  round  his  neck. 
And  made  him  promise  silence.     Coleridge. 

Coyne,  Coynle,  n.    See  COIONE. 

Coyness  (koi'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
coy;  bashfulness;  unwillingness  to  become 
familiar;  disposition  to  avoid  free  inter- 
course by  silence  or  retirement 

When  the  kind  nymph  would  coyness  feign. 
And  hides  but  to  be  found  again.  Dryden. 

SYN.  Reserve,  shrinking,  shyness,  backward- 
ness, modesty,  bashfulness. 

Coyote  (koi-ot/,  koi-6'ta),n.  [Sp.  coyote,  from 
Mexican  cvyoti  ]  The  American  prairie  wolf 
(Canis  ochropus  or  Lyciscus  la  trait*). 

Coypou,  Coypu  (koi'po),  n.  The  native 
name  of  a  South  American  rodent  mammal, 
the  Myopotamu*  coypus.  Its  head  is  large 
and  depressed,  its  neck  short  and  stout,  its 
limbs  short,  its  tail  long  and  round,  and  it 
swims  with  great  ease.  It  is  valued  for  its 
fur,  which  was  formerly  used  largely  in  the 
manufacture  of  hats.  The  length  of  a  full- 
grown  coypou  is  about  2  feet  Q  inches. 

CoystreL,  Coystril  (kois'trel,  kois'tril),  n. 


[See  COISTRIL.]  A  mean,  cowardly,  paltry 
fellow. 

He's  a  coward  and  a  coystril  that  will  not  drink  to 
my  niece.  Shak. 

Coz  (kuz),  n.  A  familiar  or  fond  contraction 
of  COUHUI.  '  Fair  coz.'  Shak.  '  Sly  dearest 
coz.'  Shak. 

Cozen  (kuz'n),  v.  t.  [Probably  merely  another 
form  of  cousin,  the  original  meaning  being 
to  deceive  through  pretext  of  relationship; 
comp.  Fr.  cousiner,  to  sponge  upon  people, 
from  cousin,  a  cousin.]  1.  To  cheat;  to  de- 
fraud. 

He  that  suffersa  government  to  be  abused  by  care- 
lessness and  neglect,  does  the  same  thing  with  him 
that  corruptly  sets  himself  to  cozen  it.  L  Estrange. 

2.  To  deceive;  to  beguile. 

Children  may  be  cosened  into  a  knowledge  of  the 
letters.  Locke, 

Cozen  (kuz'n),  v.i.  To  cheat;  to  act  deceit- 
fully. 'Some  cogging  oumJMftftpt.'  Shak. 

Cozenage  (kuz'n-aj),  n.  Tnckery;  fraud; 
deceit;  artifice;  the  practice  of  cheating. 

This  town  is  full  of  cozenage.  Shak. 

Cozener  (kuz'n-er),  n.   One  who  cozens;  one 

who  cheats  or  defrauds. 

There  are  cozeners  abroad.  Shak. 

Coziert  (ko'zhi-er),  n.  A  botcher.  Shak.  See 
COSIER. 

Cozily  (ko'zi-li),  adv.  Snugly;  warmly;  com- 
fortably. 

Cozy,  a.  Snug ;  warm ;  comfortable.  See 
CosEY. 

Crab  (krnb),  n.  [A.  Sax.  crabba.  The  same 
word  occurs  also  in  the  other  Teutonic  lan- 
guages, as  O.  krabbe  (also  krebx),  D.  krab, 
Icel.  krabbi,  Sw.  krabba,  a  crab;  all  borrowed 
perhaps  from  L.  carabus,  Ur.  karabos,  a  kind 
of  sea-crab.  Comp.  W.  era/,  claws  or  talons, 
era/it,  to  scratch,  crafanc,  a  crab.  The  Fr. 
cra.be  seems  borrowed  from  the  German.] 
1.  A  popular  name  for  all  the  ten-footed, 
short -tailed  crustaceans  constituting  the 
sub-order  Brachyura,  order  Decapoda,  com- 
prising many  genera,  distinguished  from  the 
lobster  and  other  macruroua  or  long-tailed 
decapods  by  the  shortness  of  their  tall, 
which  is  folded  under  the  body.  The  two 
fore-feet  are  not  useil  for  locomotion,  but 
are  furnished  witli  strong  claws  or  pincers; 
and  their  eyes  are  compound,  with  hex- 
agonal facets,  and  are  pedunculated,  elon- 
gated, and  movable.  Like  most  individuals 
of  the  class,  they  easily  lose  their  claws, 
which  are  as  readily  renewed.  Of  the  short- 
tailed  Crustacea  several  species  are  highly 
esteemed  as  an  article  of  food,  and  the  fishery 
constitutes  an  important  trade  on  many  of 
our  coasts.  The  common  large  edible  crab 
l>elongs  to  the  genus  Cancer;  the  small  ed- 
ible crab  to  the  genus  Carcinus;  the  long- 
armed  crab  to  the  genus  Cory  b  tea;  the  her- 
mit-crab to  the  genus  Pagunis,  and  the  land- 
crab  to  the  genus  Gecarcinus. — 2.  Cancer,  a 
sign  in  the  zodiac.  See  CANCER.— 3.  A  name 
given  to  various  machines;  as.  (a)  an  engine 
with  three  claws  for  launching  ships  and 
heaving  them  in  the  dock.  (?>)  A  pillar  used 
sometimes  for  the  same  purpose  as  a  cap- 
stan. It  is  an  upright  shaft,  having  several 
holes  at  the  top,  through  which  long  levers 
are  thrust,  (c)  A  kind  of  portable  windlass 
or  machine  for  raising  weights,  AT  Crabs 
are  much  used  in  building  operations  for 
raising  stones  or  other  weights,  and  in  load- 
ing and  discharging  vessels.  They  are  also 
applied  in  raising  the  weights  or  rammers 
of  pile-driving  engines,  (d)  A  machine 
used  iti  rope-works  for  stretching  the  yarn 
to  its  fullest  extent  before  it  is  worked  into 
strands. — Crab's  claws,  in  the  materia  ine- 
dica,  the  tips  of  the  claws  of  the  common 
crab;  formerly  used  as  absorbents.  —  Crab's 
eye*,  in  niateria  me  d  tea,  concretions  formed 
in  the  stomach  of  the  crayfish,  formerly 
when  powdered  in  much  repute  as  antacids. 
—  To  catch  a  crab,  in  rowing,  to  miss  a  stroke 
and  fall  backwards. 

Crab  (krab),  n.  [Sw.  krabbdple,  a  crab-apple; 
origin  doubtful;  perhaps  from  crab,  the 
animal,  in  allusion  to  its  pinching  or  astrin- 
gent juice.]  1.  A  small,  wild,  very  sour 
apple.  'Harsh  as  crabs.'  Tennyson.  —  2.  The 
tree  producing  the  fruit,  Pyrus  Mains. — 

3.  A  sour-tempered,  peevish,  morose  person. 
Johnson. 

Crab  (krab).  a.    {See  above.]    Sour;  rough; 

austere.     'Crab  wine.'    Bp.  Hall. 
Crab  (krab),  v.t.    To  render  harsh,  sour,  or 

peevish;  to  make  crabbed.    'Sickness  sours 

or  crabs  our  nature.'    Glanvtile, 
Crab-apple  (krah'ap-1),  n.    A  wild  apple. 

See  CRAB,  the  apple. 
Crabbed  (krab'ed),a.  [Fromcrafr,  theapple.] 


1.  Rough;  harsh;  austere;  sour;   peevi.-h; 
morose;  cynical:  applied  to  persons,  their 
temper,  disposition,  &c. 

Crabbed age  and  youth  cannot  live  together.  Shak. 

2.  Characterized  by  harshness  or  roughness; 
rough;  harsh:  applied  to  things;  as,  a .crabbed 
taste.— 3.  Difficult;  perplexing;  uninviting; 
as,  a  crabbed  author  or  subject. 

Whate'er  the  crabbecTst  author  hath. 

He  understood  b'  implicit  faith.    Hudibras. 
How  charming  is  divine  philosophyl 
Not  harsh  and  crabbed  as,  dull  fools  suppose. 
But  musical  as  is  Apollo's  lute.  Milton. 

4.  Very  intricate  or  irregular;  as,  crabbed 
handwriting;  crabbed  characters. 

Crabbedly  (krab'ed-li).  adv.  Peevishly; 
roughly;  morosely;  with  perplexity. 

Crabbedness  (krab'ed-nes),?t.  1.  Roughness; 
harshness,  as  of  taste.—  2.  Sourness;  peevish- 
ness; asperity;  moroseness.  '  Crabbed nesx^t 
visage.'  Holland. — 3.  Difficulty;  perplexity. 
' The  mathematics  with  their  crabbedness.' 
Howell 

Crabbit  (kral/hit),  a.  The  Scotch  form  <,f 
the  English  adjective  crabbed  (which  see). 

Crabby  t  (krab'i),  a.  Difficult;  perplexing; 
crabbed. 

Persius  is  crabby  because  ancient.         Marstoti. 

Crab-catcher  (krab'kach-er),  n.  A  richly- 
coloured  species  of  bittern,  the  Herodias 
virescens,  indigenous  to  Jamaica,  so  called 
from  the  Crustacea  on  which  it  feeds. 

Crab-eater  (krab'et*er),  n.  A  name  given  to 
two  small  species  of  herons  (Ardea  ininutu 
and  Ardea  danubialis)  found  in  the  moun- 
tainous districts  of  France. 

Craber  (kra'ber),  n.  The  water-rat.  Izaak 
Walton. 

Crab-faced  (krab'fast),  a.  Having  a  sour, 
peevish  face.  'A  crab -faced  mistress.' 
Beau.  &  Fl. 

Crab-grasB(krab'gras),n.  A  genus  of  plants, 
Digitaria,  called  also  Finger-grass. 

Crabite  (krab'it),  n.  A  name  sometimes 
given  to  a  fossil  crab  or  crawfish. 

Crab-louse  (krab'lousX  n.  A  species  of 
body  louse,  the  J'hthiriits  inyit inaliis  of  mo- 
dern authors. 

CralM)!!  (krab'ofl),  n.  [For  Carap-oil.]  Oil 
obtained  from  Carapa  guianensis. 

Crabro  (kra'br&),  n.  [L.,  a  hornet]  A  genus 
of  hymenopterous  insects  belonging  to  the 
sub-section  Fossores;  also  sometimes  em- 
ployed as  the  specific  name  of  an  allied 
hymenopterous  insect  belonging  to  the  wasp 
family,  the  hornet,  or  Vespa  crabro,  other- 
wise called  Crabro  vulgaris. 

Crabronidffl  (kra-bro'ni-de),  n.pl.  [L.  crabro, 
crabronti,  a  hornet,  and  Gr.  eido*,  resem- 
blance.] A  family  of  hymenopterous  insects 
of  the  section  Aculeata,  and  sub-section 
Fossores  or  false  wasps,  having  a  large  head* 
and  appearing  almost  square  when  viewed 
from  above.  They  burrow  in  sand  or  decayed 
wood,  and  the  sting  of  some  of  them  Is  very 
painful.  It  includes  several  genera,  the  type 
genus  being  Crahro  (which  see). 

Crabs  (.krabz),  n.pl.  The  lowest  cast  at  hazard. 

I  ...  threw  deuce-ace ;  upon  which  the  monster 
in  the  chair  bellowed  out  'Crabs,'  and  made  no  more 
ado,  but  swept  away  all  my  stakes.  Tkfodare  Hock. 

Crabstick  (krab'stik),  n.  A  walking-stick 
made  of  the  wood  of  the  crab-tree ;  hence, 
a  stick  of  any  kind. 

Adams,  brandishing  his  crabstick,  said  he  despised 
death  as  much  as  any  man.  Fteldittf. 

Crab-tree  (krab'tre),  n.  The  tree  that  bears- 
crabs;  the  wild  apple-tree  (Pyrus  Malm-) 

Crab-wood  (krab'wud),n.  [For Carap-wood.\ 
The  wood  of  Carapa  gttianensis. 

Crab-yaws  (krab'yaz),  n.  The  name  of  a 
disease  in  the  West  Indies,  being  a  kind  of 
ulcer  on  the  soles  of  the  feet,  with  bard 
callous  lips. 

Cracchyng.t  n.    Scratching.    Chaucer. 

Cracldas  (kras'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  krazo,  to- 
croak  or  crow,  and  cidos,  resemblance.]  The 
curassows,  a  family  of  gallinaceous  birds, 
which  connect  the  Insessores  with  the  Ra- 
sores.  They  have  three  toes  before  and  one 
behind,  the  head  feathered  and  generally 
crested.  There  are  several  genera,  natives 
of  the  warm  parts  of  South  America.  Their 
flesh  is  said  to  excel  that  of  the  guinea-fowl 
or  pheasant  in  delicacy  of  flavour;  and  it 
has  been  proposed  that  they  should  be  added 
to  our  farm-yards  as  a  new  breed  of  poultry. 
The  typical  genus  is  Crax  (which  see). 

Crack  (krak),  v.  t.  [An  imitative  word;  A.Sax. 
ceardan,  to  crack;  comp. G.krachen,  to  crack; 
D.  krak,  a  crack ;  Gael,  knac,  a  crack,  as  of 
a  whip,  &c.]  1.  To  rend,  break,  or  burst 
into  chinks;  to  break  partially;  to  break 
without  an  entire  severance  of  the  parts  ; 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;      oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abuiie;       y,  Sc.  ley. 


CRACK 


615 


as.  to  crack  glass  or  ice.      '  Cracked  the 

helmet  through.'     Tennyson. 
Honour  is  like  that  glassy  bubble. 
That  finds  philosophers  such  trouble; 
Whose  least  part  cracked,  the  whole  does  fly 

Hudttras. 

2.  To  break  in  pieces.     '  Thou  wilt  quarrel 
witli  a  man  for  cracking  nuts.'     Shak  — 

3.  To  break  with  grief;  to  affect  deeply  to 
pain ;  to  torture.     [Rare  or  obsolete,  rend 
or  break  being  now  used.  ] 

O  madam,  my  old  heart  is  cracked.          Shak. 

4.  To  open  and  drink;  as,  to  crack  a  bottle 
of  wine. 

By  the  mass  we'll  crack  a  quart  together.     Shak. 

6.  To  throw  out  or  utter  with  smartness 
as,  to  crack  a  joke.  'Or  crack  out  bawdy 
speechesorunclean.'  B.  Jonson. — 6.  Tosnap 
to  cause  to  make  a  sharp  sudden  noise;  as 
to  crack  a  whip.— 7.  To  break  or  destroy. 

In  cities,  mutinies;  in  countries,  discord;  in  palaces 
treason;  and  the  bond  cracked  "twixt  son  and  father 

8.  To  impair  the  intellectual  faculties  of;  to 
disorder;  to  make  crazy. 

He  thought  none  poets  till  their  brains  were  crack't. 
Roscomtnon. 

—To  crack  a  crib,  to  break  into  a  house-  to 
commit  burglary.  [Thieves'  slang  ]-. To 
crack  up,  to  cry  up;  to  extol;  to  puff 
[Low.] 

Crack  (krak),  v.i.  1.  To  break  into  pieces 
with  a  sharp  sound;  to  be  shattered  or 
shivered.  'Splinter'd  spear-shafts  crack  and 
fly.'  Tennyson.  — 2.  To  burst;  to  open  in 
chinks;  to  be  fractured  without  quite  separ- 
ating into  different  parts. —  3.  To  fall  to 
ruin,  or  to  be  impaired.  [Colloq.] 

The  credit  of  the  exchequer  cracks  when  little 
comes  in  and  much  goes  out.  Dryden. 

4.  To  utter  a  loud  or  sharp  sudden  sound; 

as,  the  clouds  crack;   the  whip  cracks. 

6.  To  boast;  to  brag— that  is,  to  utter  vain, 
pompous,  blustering  words:  with  of. 

The  Ethiops  ./their  sweet  complexion  crack   Shak 

6.  To  chat;  to  talk  freely  and  familiarly. 
[Scotch.] 

Gae  warm  ye  and  crack  with  our  dame.    Ratnsay. 

Crack  (krak),  H.  [See  the  verb.]  1.  A 
disruption;  a  chink  or  fissure;  a  narrow 
breach;  a  crevice;  a  partial  separation  of 
the  parts  of  a  substance,  with  or  without 
an  opening;  as,  a  crack  in  timber,  in  a  wall, 
or  in  glass. — 2.  A  burst  of  sound;  a  sharp  or 
loud  sound  uttered  suddenly  or  with  vehe- 
mence; the  sound  of  anything  suddenly  rent; 
a  violent  report;  as,  a  loud  crack  of  thun- 
der; the  crack  of  a  whip.— 3.  The  tone  of 
voice  when  changed  at  puberty. 

Though  now  our  voices 
Have  got  the  mannish  crack.  Shak. 

4.  Craziness  of  intellect;  lunacy;  insanity; 
as,  he  has  a  crack.  —  5.  A  crazy  person. 
[Rare  or  obsolete.  ] 

I  cannot  get  the  parliament  to  listen  to  me  who 
look  upon  me  as  a  crack.  AddisoH, 

6.  A  boast.  'Cracks  and  brags.'  Burton. 
[Rare  or  obsolete.]— 7.  A  boaster.  'Vain- 
glorious cracks. '  Spenser.  [Rare  or  obsolete.  ] 

8.  t  A  breach  of  chastity. 

I  cannot 
Believe  this  crack  in  my  dread  mistress.      Shak. 

9.  t  A  prostitute.      Johnson. — 10.  t  A  boy, 
generally  a  pert,  lively  boy. 

When  he  was  a  crack  not  this  high.          Shak. 

11.  An  instant;  as.  I'll  be  with  you  in  a  crack, 
[Old  English  and  Scotch.]— 12.  Free  familiar 
conversation;  a  comfortable  chat.  (Scotch.  ] 

What  is  crac k  in  English?  A  chat.  The  synonym 
is  as  perfect  as  possible;  yet  the  words  are  subtly 
distinguished  by  a  whole  hemisphere  of  feeling.  A 
chat,  by  comparison  '  wf  a  crack,'  is  a  poor,  frivolous, 
shallow,  altogether  heartless  business.  A  crack  is  ... 
a  chat  with  a  good,  kindly  human  heart  in  it. 

P.  P.  Alexander. 

Crack  (krak),  a.  Excellent;  first-rate;  having 
qualities  to  be  proud  of.  [Colloq.  ] 

Like  that  of  the  soldiers  in  a  crack  regiment.  Ruskin. 

Crack-brained  (krak'brand),  a.     Having 

au  impaired  intellect;  crazy. 
Cracked  (krakt),  p.  and  a.    1.  Burst  or  split; 

rent ;    broken  ;    partially   severed ;    hence, 

blemished  in  reputation. 

The  reputation  of  an  intrigue  with  such  a  cracked 
pitcher  does  me  no  honour  at  all.  Smollett. 

2.  Impaired;  crazy. 

I  was  ever  of  opinion  that  the  philosopher's  stone, 
and  an  holy  war,  were  but  the  rendezvous  of  cracked 
brains.  Bacon. 

Cracker  (krak'er),  n.  1.  A  noisy,  boasting 
fellow.  [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

What  cracker  is  this  same  that  deafs  our  ears.  Shak. 

2.  A  small    kind   of   firework  filled  with 


CRAFTILY 


powder  or  combustible  matter,  which  ex- 
plodes W1th  a  smart  crack  or  with  a  Bcries 
of  sharp  noises  at  short  intervals  -8  That 
which  i .'racks  anything;  hence,  a  tooth  i  \ 


Crack  :  hemp,  Crack -rope  (krak'h,  •mi, 
krak  rop),  n.  A  wretch  fated  to  On-  emllowi 
one  who  deserves  to  1,,.-  hiinp-d.  Xluik, 

Crackle  (krak'l),  D.I.  pret.  <fc  pp.  crackled- 
ppr  crackling.  [Dim.  of  crack.  ]  To  make 
slight  cracks;  to  make  small  abrupt  noises 
rapidly  or  frequently  repeated;  todeorepT 
tate;  as,  burning  thorns  crackle. 

The  tempest  cradles  on  the  leads.       Tennys. 

Crackling  (krak'1-ing),  n.  1.  The  making  of 
small  abrupt  cracks  or  reports  frequently 
repeated.  -The  crackling  of  thorns  under 
a  pot.  Eccl.  vii.  6. -2.  The  browned  skin  of 
roast  pig. 

For  the  first  time  in  his  life  (in  the  world's  life  indeedl 
he  tasted  crackling:.  Lamb. 

3.  A  kind  of  cake  used  for  dogs'  food,  made 

from  the  refuse  of  tallow-melting 
Cracknel  (krak'nel),  n.    A  hard  brittle  cake 

or  biscuit.    1  Kl.xiv.  3. 
Crack-rope,  n.    See  CRACK-HEMP. 
Crack-skull  (krak'skul),  n.  A  person  whose 

intellect  is  disordered ;  a  hare-brained  fellow 
Cracksman  (kraks'man),  n.  A  burglar 

[Slang.] 

Cracovlan  (kra-ko'vi-an),  n.  A  person  be- 
longing to  Cracow  in  Poland 

Cracovlan  (kra-ko'vi-an),  a.  Of  or  belong- 
ing to  Cracow. 

Cracovlenne  (kra-ko-ve- 
enO,  n.  The  favourite 
dance  of  the  Polish  pea- 
santry around  Cracow. 
The  music  for  the  dance 
is  written  in  \  time. 

Cracowes  t  ( kra '  koz ), 
».  pi.  Long-toed  boots 
or  shoes,  introduced  in 
1384:  named  from  the 
city  of  Cracow,  whence 
the  fashion  is  suppos- 
ed to  have  been  im- 
ported. 

Cradle  (kra'dl),?i.  [A.  Sax 
cradel,  cradol.  Allied  to 
L.  craticula,  a  small  hur- 
dle, from  crates,  wicker- 
work;  Dan.  krat,  copse; 
G.  kriitze,  a  basket;  Gael. 
creathach,  underwood ; 
creathall,  a  grate,  a  cra- 
dle.] 1.  A  movable  ma- 
chine of  various  con-  , 

Structions,     for    rocking    Cracowes,  from  the 

children  or  infirm  per-       Harieian  MS. 
sons  to  sleep,  for  alle- 
viating pain,  or  giving  moderate  exercise. 

Me  let  the  tender  office  long  engage, 

To  rock  the  cradle  of  reposing  age.        Pope. 

Hence— 2.  The  place  where  any  person  or 
thing  is  nurtured  in  the  earlier  stage  of 
existence;  as,  Asia  the  cradle  of  the  human 
race. — 3.  Infancy  or  a  state  of  infancy:  with 
the  definite  article  or  a  possessive  pronoun 
prefixed. 

They  should  scarcely  depart  from  a  form  of  wor- 
ship in  which  they  had  been  educated  from  the 
cradle.  Clarendon. 

4.  That  part  of  the  stock  of  a  cross-bow 
where  the  missile  is  put.— 5.  In  surg.  (a)  a 
case  in  which  a  broken  leg  is  laitl  after  being 
set.  (b)  A  semicircular  case  of  thin  wood,  or 
strips  of  wood,  used  for  preventing  the  con- 
tact of  the  bed-clothes  with  the  injured  part, 
in  cases  of  wounds,  fractures.  &c.— 6.  In 
ship-building,  a  frame  placed  under  the 
bottom  of  a  ship  for  launching.  It  supports 
the  ship,  and  slides  down  the  timbers  or 
passage  called  the  ways.  —  7.  A  standing 
bedstead  for  wounded  seamen.  —8.  In  engr. 
a  tool  consisting  of  a  steel  plate  with  a  tang 
and  handle,  and  having  angular  grooves 
on  its  under  surface,  so  that  when  the 
rounded  end  is  obliquely  ground,  it  will 
form  a  row  of  points,  by  which  numerous 
burs  can  be  raised  on  the  plate  to  be  en- 
graved.—9.  In  agri.  a  frame  of  wood  with 
long  bending  teeth,  fastened  to  a  scythe, 
for  laying  oats  and  other  cereal  grasses 
in  a  swathe  as  they  are  cut. — 10.  In  arch. 
&  name  sometimes  given  to  a  center- 
ing of  ribs  latticed  with  spars,  used  for 
building  culverts. —  11.  An  ancient  play 
among  children,  still  practised  in  Britain; 
it  is  said  to  have  originated  in  the  wish  to  re- 

8 resent,  by  apiece  of  string  woven  together, 
le  creche  or  cradle  of  our  Saviour.    Called 


more  properly  Ciif.,,,  <-,,,t,  I,  r,.,.,: 
large  wooden  frame  In  which  a  canal-boat 
or  barge  may  be  floated  lu  order  U,  l,e  e..n- 
veyed  by  jmll.-yH.  without  the  alii  of  u,,- 
usual  locks.-13.  A  machine  In  whirl,  u-ol.l 
«  washed  from  the  earth.  Ac.,  containing 
it:  so  named  from  Its  being  r,,,k,,i  i,,  t|,u 
process  of  washing  as  a  child's  . 
14.  In  mining,  a  suspended  »,  atiol.l  u»ed  in 
snafta.-15.  In  carp,  the  rough  framework 
>r  bracketing  forn,iii«  nl.bm-  i,,i 
ceilings  and  arches  Inti-ndi-il 
wth  plaster. -18.  The  vessel  or  basket  in 
which,  when  a  line  has  Iwen  attached  to  a 
w i vi-ked  ship  from  the  shore,  the  people  are 
got  off  the  ship.-Oactt*  .../,;„, 

a  printing-machine  in  which  il 
has  only  a  half  revolution,  which  gives  It  a 
rocking  or  cradle  lik,  , ,,„!,,„, 
Cradle  (kra'dl),  ».«.  pret.  &  pp.  cradled;  ppr. 
cradling.    1.  To  lay  in  a  cradle;  to  rock  ii  a 
cradle;  to  compose  or  quiet 

It  cradles  their  fears  to  sleep.        />.  A.  Clark. 

2  To  nurse  in  infancy:  used  figuratively  in 
the  following  extract:— 

Most  wretched  men 
Are  cradled  into  poetry  by  wrong.        Shelley 

3.  To  cut  and  lay  with  a  cradle,  as  grain 
Cradle  (kra'dl),  ».  i.    To  lie  or  lodge,  as  in  a 
cradle. 

Withered  roots  and  husks. 
W  herein  the  acorn  cradled.  Shat. 

Cradle-scythe  (kra'dl-siTH),  n.  A  scythe 
made  broader  than  an  ordinary  one  to  be 
used  with  a  cradle  for  cutting  grain 

Cradle-vault  (kra'dl-valt),  n.  An  improper 
term  for  a  cylindrical  vault 

Cradling  (kra'dl-ingX  n  1.  The  bringing 
up  in  a  cradle;  hence,  the  time  of  being  so 
brought  up;  infancy. 

From  his  cradling 
Begin  his  service's  first  reckoning.    Otia  Sacra. 

2.  In  carp,  (a)  timber  framing  for  sustain- 
ing the  lath  and  plaster  of  vaulted  ceil- 
ings.   (6)  The  frame-work  to  which  the  en- 
tablature of  a  wooden  shop  front  is  attached 

3.  In  coopering,  the  cutting  a  cask  In  two 
lengthwise,  so  as  to  enable  it  to  pass  through 
a  narrow  place,  the  pieces  being  afterwards 
united. 

Crseme,  Krame  (krani),  n.  [D.  kraam,  Dan. 
krambod,  a  booth,  a  stall;  G.  krainer,  a 
retail  shop-keeper;  kramen,  to  put  here  and 
there,  rummage,  to  carry  on  a  retail  trade. ) 
A  warehouse  where  goods  are  crammed  or 
packed;  range  of  booths  for  the  sale  of 
goods;  as,theirr<i»ii<-«of  Edinburgh.  (Scotch.) 

Craft  (kraft),  n.  [A.  Sax.  craft,  art,  cunning, 
power,  force,  also  a  trading  vessel,  a  bark 
a  craft:  cog  G.  Sw.  and  Dan.  kraft,  Icel. 
kraptr,  kraftr,  D.  kracht,  might,  power, 
faculty;  derived  from  a  Teutonic  root  krap. 
of  which  cramp  is  a  nasalized  form,  and 
which  Is  akin  to  Skr.  grabh,  to  grasp,  to 
seize.]  1.  Art;  ability;  dexterity;  skill. 

1'oesy  is  the  poet's  skill  or  craft  of  making. 

B.  Jonton. 

Trained  for  either  camp  or  court. 
Skilful  in  each  manly  sport. 


Art  of  warfare,  craft  of  chases. 

Swimming,  skating,  snow-shoe  races.  Longfellow. 

2.  Cunning,  art,  or  skill,  in  a  bad  sense  or 
applied  to  bad  purposes ;  artifice ;  guile : 
skill  or  dexterity  employed  to  effect  pur- 
poses by  deceit. 

The  chief  priests  and  scribes  sought  how  they 
might  take  him  by  craft,  and  put  him  to  death. 

Mark  xiv.  i. 

3.  Art;  skill;  dexterity  in  a  particular  manual 
occupation;  hence,  the  occupation  or  em- 
ployment itself;  manual  art;  trade;  specifi- 
cally (with  the  definite  article),  free  mason- 
ry; as,  brothers  of  the  craft. 

Ye  know  that  by  this  craft  we  have  our  wealth. 
Acts  xix.  25. 

4.  The  members  of  a  trade  collectively.— 
6.  Naut.  a  vessel;  as,  she  is  a  tidy  craft: 
generally  used  in  a  collective  sense  for  ves- 
sels of  any  kind. 

He  spent  the  afternoon  observing  the  evolutions  of 
the  numerous  tiny  craft  moving  over  the  lake. 

— Small  craft,  a  term  given  to  small  ves- 
sels of  all  kinds,  as  sloops,  schooners,  cut- 
ters, Ac. 

Craft  t  (kraft),  D.i.    To  play  tricks.     'You 
have  crafted  fair.'    Shak. 
Craft  (kraft),  n,    A  croft.    [Scotch.] 

I  fear  that  with  the  geese 
I  shortly  boost  to  pasture 

I'  the  craft  some  day.      Burns. 

Craftily  (kraf'ti-li),  adv.  With  craft,  cun- 
ning, or  guile;  artfully;  cunningly;  with 
more  art  than  honesty. 


ch,  cAain;      Ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      III,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  trig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


CRAFTINESS 


616 


CRAMP-IRON 


Craftiness  (kraf'ti-nes),  n.  Artfulness;  dex- 
terity in  devising  and  effecting  a  purpose; 
cunning;  artifice;  stratagem. 

He  taketh  the  wise  in  their  own  craftiness, 

Job  v.  13. 

Not  walking  in  craftiness,  nor  handling  the  word 
of  God  deceitfully.  a  Cor.  iv.  2, 

Craftless  (krafttes),  a.  Free  from  craft  or 
cunning. 

Covetousness  .  .  .  undoes  those  who  specially  be- 
l<mg  to  God's  protection,  helpless,  craftless,  and 
innocent  people.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Craftsman  (krafts'man),  n.  An  artificer;  a 
mechanic;  one  skilled  in  a  manual  occupa- 
tion. 

Craftsmanship  (krafts'man-ship),  n.  The 
skilled  work  of  a  craftsman. 

Effective  religious  art,  therefore,  has  always  Iain, 
and  I  believe  must  always  lie,  between  the  two  ex- 
tremes— of  barbarous  idol -fashioning  on  one  side,  and 
magnificent  craftsmanship  on  the  other.  Rttskin. 

Craf tsmaster  ( kraf ts'mas-ter ),  n.  One 
skilled  in  his  craft  or  trade. 

Crafty  (kraf'ti),  a.  1.  Cunning;  artful;  skilful 
in  devising  and  pursuing  a  scheme  by  de- 
ceiving others,  or  by  taking  advantage  of 
their  ignorance;  wily;  gly;  fraudulent. 

He  disappointeth  the  devices  of  the  crafty, 

Job  v.  12. 

2.  Artful;  cunning,  In  a  good  sense  or  in  a 
laudable  pursuit;  dexterous;  skilful.  —3.  t  Ap- 
plied to  things,  indicating  skill.  'Crafty 
work.'  Piers  Plowman.—*.  Characterized 
by  deceit;  as,  crafty  wiles.— SYN.  Cunning, 
artful, wily,  sly,  fraudulent,  deceitful,  subtle. 

Craftys-man,t  n.     A  craftsman.    Chaucer. 

Crag  (krag),  n.  [Gael,  creag,  Ir.  craig,  W. 
careg,  a  rock,  atone.]  1.  A  steep,  rugged 
rock;  a  rough  broken  rock,  or  point  of  a 
rock.  '  Splintered  cragx  that  wall  the  delL' 
Tennyson. — 2.  In  geol.  shelly  deposits  in 
Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  usually  of  gravel  and 
sand,  of  the  older  pliocene  period,  subdi- 
vided Into  three  members— viz.  the  upper 
or  mammaliferouii  crag,  the  red  crag,  and 
the  lower  or  coralline  crag. —Crag  aiid  tail, 
Craig  and  tail,  in  geol.  a  name  applied  to  a 
form  of  secondary  nills,  common  in  Britain, 
in  which  a  bold  and  precipitous  front  is 
presented  to  the  west  or  north-west,  while 
the  opposite  side  is  formed  of  a  sloping 
declivity.  The  rock  on  which  Edinburgh 
Castle  stands,  with  its  'tail'  gradually  slop- 
ing down  to  Holyrood,  presents  a  fine  ex- 
ample. This  phenomenon  is  due  probably 
to  the  currents  of  the  'drift'  or  glacial 
epoch. 

Crag  (krag),  n.  [D  kraag,  G.  tcragen,  the 
throat  or  neck;  A.  Sax  hracca,  Sc.  craig, 
the  neck,  the  throat.  Akincraw.J  Thenecfc; 
the  throat. 

They  looken  big,  as  bulls  that  have  been  bate. 

And  bearen  the  crafge  so  stiflfc  and  so  state. 

As  cocke  on  his  dunghill  crowing  cranclc.     Spenser. 

Cragged  (krag'ed),  a.  Full  of  crags  or 
broken  rocks ;  rough  ;  rugged ;  abounding 
with  prominences,  points,  and  inequalities. 

Must  oft  into  its  crag-fed  rents  descend 
The  higher  but  to  mount.  y.  Baillie. 

Craggedness  (krag'ed-nes),  n.    The  state  of 

abounding  with  crags  or  broken  pointed 

rocks. 
Cragglness  (krag'i-nes),   n.     The  state  of 

being  craggy. 
Craggy  (kragl),  a.   Full  of  crags;  abounding 

witn  broken  rocks;  rugged  with  projecting 

points  of  rocks. 

Mountaineers  that  from  Severus  came, 

And  from  the  craggy  din's  of  Tetrica.    Dryden, 

Cragsman,  n.    See  CRAIOHMAN. 
Craig  (krag),  n.    A  crag;  a  rock.    [Scotch.] 
Craig  (krag),  n.    [See  CRAG.  ]   The  neck;  the 
throat.    [Scotch.  ] 

The  knife  that  nicket  Abel's  eraig- 

He'll  prove  you  fully, 
It  was  a  faulding  joctelev;.  Burns. 

Cratget  (krag'et),  a.     Necked ;  as,  a  lang- 

craiget  heron.    [Scotch.] 
Craigle  (krag'i),  n.     A  diminutive  of  craig, 

the  throat. 

If  e'er  you  want,  or  meet  wi'  scant, 
May  I  ne'er  weet  my  craigie.  Burns. 

Craigsraan,  Cragsman  (kragz'man,  kragz'- 
11  mil),  n.  One  wb<»  is  dexterous  in  climbing 
rocks;  specifically,  one  who  climbs  cliffs 
overhanging  the  sea  to  procure  sea-fowls  or 
their  eggs.  [Scotch  ] 

Crail  (kral),  n.    Same  as  Creel. 

Crake  (krak),  n.  A  boast.  [See  CRACK.] 
Spenser. 

Crake  (krak),  n.  [Evidently  onomatopoetic, 
like  croak,  creak;  comp.  L.  crext  Gr.  krex,  a 
landrail;  Icel.  krdka,  to  croak,  <tec.]  Crex,  ft 
genus  of  migratory  grallatorial  birds  of  the 


family  Ralliihe.  The  best  known  species  is 
the  corncrake  or  landrail  (Crex  pratcnm',*), 
whose  singular  note,  'crek,'  'crek,'  is  heard 
from  fields  of  rye-grass  or  corn  in  the  early 
?>ummer,  although  it  is  so  shy,  swift,  and 
nimble  in  threading  its  way  among  the  grass- 
stems  that  multitudes  have  heard  it  who 
have  never  seen  it.  The  cry  may  be  so  exactly 
imitated  by  drawing  the  blade  of  a  knife 
across  an  indented  bone,  or  the  thumb  over 
a  small-toothed  comb,  that  by  these  means 
it  may  be  decoyed  within  sight  It  is  a 
pretty  bird,  the  upper  part  of  the  body 
being  elegantly  mottled  with  darkish  brown, 
ashen,  and  warm  chestnut  tints.  It  weighs 
about  6  oz.,  and  is  10  inches  long.  These 
birds  make  their  appearance  in  England, 
Scotland,  and  Ireland  in  the  month  of  April, 
and  take  their  departure  to  warmer  climates 
before  the  approach  of  winter. 

Crake  (krak),  v.i.  [From  the  noun.]  To  cry 
like  a  crake ;  to  utter  the  harsh  cry  of  the 
corn-crake. 

Crake, t  v.i.  pret.  <t  pp.  craked;  ppr.  craking. 
To  crack;  to  boast. 

Then  she.  is  mortal  born,  how  so  ye  crake.  Spenser. 

Crake.t  v.t.  To  utter  loudly  or  boastingly; 
to  boast. 

To  whom  the  boaster  .  .  . 

.  .  .  did  unseemly  speeches  crake.      S fewer. 

Crake-berry  (krak'be-ri),  n.  A  species  of 
Empetrum  or  berry -bearing  heath;  the 
crowberry  (E.  nigrum). 

Crakel ,  t  v.  i.  To  crackle ;  to  quaver  hoarsely 
in  singing.  Chaucer. 

Craker.t  n.  [That  ia,  cracker.}  A  boaster; 
a  braggart.  'Great  crakert  were  never  yet 
great  fighters.'  Old  play. 

Crakys,t  n.  pi.  [^ crack*.}  An  old  term  for 
great  guns.  —  Crakyg  of  war,  the  name  given 
to  cannons  in  the  time  of  Edward  III. 

Cram  (kram),  v  t.  pret.  «v  pp.  crammed', 
ppr.  cramming.  [A. Sax.  cramntian,  to  cram; 
cog.  Dan.  Irramme,  to  crush,  Sw.  Arrawm,  to 
press  or  crush.]  1.  To  press  or  drive,  par- 
ticularly in  filling  or  thrusting  one  thing 
into  another;  to  stuff;  to  crowd;  to  fill  to 
superfluity ;  aa,  to  cram  anything  into  a 
basket  or  bag;  to  cram  a  room  with  people. 
'Cram  our  eara  with  wool.'  Tennytton. 
'  Storehouaea  crammed  with  grain.'  Shak. 

2.  To  fill  with  food  beyond  satiety;  to  stuff. 

Children  would  be  more  free  from  diseases,  If  they 
were  not  crammed  so  much  by  fond  mothers,  Locke. 

3.  To  thrust  in  by  force;  to  crowd, 

Being  thus  trammed  into  the  basket,  a  couple  of 
Ford's  knaves  were  called.  Shak, 

Fate  has  crammed  us  all  into  one  lease.    Dryden. 

4.  /•'/;/   to  endeavour  to  qualify  a  pupil  for 
an  examination,  in  a  comparatively  short 
time,  by  storing  his  memory  with  informa- 
tion, not  so  much  with  the  view  of  his  gain- 
ing real  acquaintance  with  the  subjects  aa 
to  his  passing  the  ordeal ;  to  grind ;   to 
coach. 

I  can  imagine  some  impertinent  inspector,  having 
crammed  the  children,  .  .  .  to  put  us  old  people  out 
to  show  our  grammatical  paces.  Black-wood's  Mag. 

6.  To  tell  lies  to;  to  fill  up  with  false  stories. 
[Slang.] 

Cram  (kram),  v.i,  1.  To  eat  greedily  or  be- 
yuiid  satiety;  to  stuff. 

Swinish  gluttony  .  .  . 
Crams,  and  blasphemes  his  leader.        Milton. 

2.  To  endeavour  to  prepare  for  an  examina- 
tion by  forced  study-  especially  by  storing 
the  memory  with  facts  to  the  neglect  of 
principles;  to  grind;  as,  he  is  cramming  tor 
the  competition. 

Cram  (kram),  n  1.  In  weaving,  a  warp  hav- 
ing more  than  two  threads  in  each  dent  or 
split  of  the  reed.— 2.  Matters  of  fact,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  principles,  committed  to 
memory  with  a  view  to  immediate  use;  in- 
formation got  up  hurriedly  for  an  examina- 
tion or  other  special  purpose. — 3.  A  lie. 
[Slang.] 

Crambe  (kranVbe),  n.  [L.  and  Or.  crambe,  & 
kind  of  cabbage.]  A  genus  of  cruciferous 
plants,  natives  of  Europe  and  Asia.  They 
are  perennial  herbs,  with  stout  branched 
stems  and  broad  leaves.  One  species,  C. 
am /> !ii/in  (sea-kale),  is  a  native  of  the  sandy 
and  shingly  coasts  of  Britain.  The  wild 
plant  was  formerly  eaten,  but  for  two  hun- 
dred years  it  haa  been  cultivated  in  this 
country,  and  has  been  introduced  into  the 
Continent. 

Crambo  (kramljo),  n.  [L.  crambe.  a  cab- 
bage. '  Crambe  repetita,'  cabbage  re-boiled 
and  presented  for  a  second  time ;  hence, 
tedious  repetition.]  1.  A  game  in  which  one 
person  gives  a  word,  to  which  another  finds 
a  rhyme. 


I  saw  in  one  corner  ...  a  cluster  of  men  and 
women,  diverting  themselves  with  a  game  at  crambo, 
I  heard  several  double  rhymes  .  .  .  which  raised  a 
great  deal  of  mirth.  Adaison. 

2.  A  word  rhyming  with  another.     'Every 
crambo  he  could  find.'    Sicift. 
Crambo-Clink  (kriun'bo-klingk),  n.   Rhyme. 
[Scutch.  ] 

A'  ye  wha  live  by  sowps  o*  drink, 
A'  ye  wha  live  by  crambo-clink, 

Come  mourn  wi'  me.        Burns. 

Crambus  (kram'bus),  n.  (Gr.  krambog,  dry. 
parched,  shrivelled.]  A  genus  of  moths  of 
the  family  Tineidee.  In  crossing  dry  mea- 
dows in  the  summer-time  we  observe  nu- 
merous little  moths  fly  from  the  grass  at 
every  step  we  take;  such  are  the  insert^ 
which  constitute  the  genus  Crambus,  and 
of  which  there  are  about  forty  species  in 
this  country.  They  are  called  in  Eiijjl;m<l 
the  veneers,  and  sometimes  grass-moths. 

Crameria,  Krameria  (kram-e'ri-a),  n.  A 
genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Polygalacea. 

C.  triandria  is  a  1'eruvian  tree,  the  root  of 
which  is  called  rhatany,  a  substance  that 
has  been  long  known  to  the  producers  of 
port  wine.     It  is  a  powerful  astringent. 

Crammer  (kram'er).  n.  l.  A  teacher  who 
crania  or  prepares  students  for  special  ex- 
aminations. 

Old  Daddie  Long-legs  couldn't  say  his  grammar; 
Put  him  to  the  treadmill,  and  then  to  the  crammer. 
Blackivood's  Magazine, 

2.  A  lie.     [Slang.] 

Cramoisie.t  Cramoisy  t  (kra-moi'zi),  a. 
[See  CRIMSON.]  Crimson. 

A  splendid  seignior,  magnificent  in  cramoisy  velvet. 
Motley. 

Cramoisie,t  Cramoisy.tn.   Crimson  doth. 

Spelled   also    Cram  nietry.      '  In    era  nt  n<  r*y 

clede.'    Gawain  Douglan. 
Cramp  (kramp),  n.     [This  word  appears  in 

D.  kramp,   cramp,   spasm,   also   kram,  a 
cramp-iron;  Dan.  krampe,  cramp,  a  cramp- 
iron;  Sw.  kramp,  cramp,  Arampa.a  cramp- 
iron;  G.  krampf,  cramp,  krampe,  a  cramp- 
iron  ;  according  to  Skeat  from  Teutonic  root 
kramp,  seen  also  in  cram,  clamp,  crimp, 
crumple.}  L  Spasm;  the  contraction  of  a  limb 
or  aome  muscle  of  the  body,  attended  with 
pain,  and  sometimes  with  convulsions  or 
numbness.— 2.  Restraint;  confinement;  that 
which  hinders  from  motion  or  expansion. 

A  narrow  fortune  is  a  cramp  to  a  great  mind. 
ISJSftntnft, 

3.  A  piece  of  iron  bent  at  the  ends,  serving 
t"  hold  together  pieces  of  timber,  stones, 
Ac. ;  a  cramp-iron.-  4    A  portable  kind  of 
iron  press,  having  a  screw  at  one  end  and 
a  movable  shoulder  at  the  other,  employed 
by  carpenters  and  joiners  for  closely  com- 
pressing the  joints  of  framework.  —5.  A  piece 
of  wood  having  a  curve  corresponding  to 
that  of  the  upper  part  of  the  instep,  on 
which  the  upper  leather  of  a  boot  ia  stretched 
to  give  it  the  requisite  shape. 

Cramp  (kramp),  v.t.  1.  To  pain  or  affect 
with  spasms  or  cramps. 

1  can  laugh,  heartily  laugh. 

When  the  gout  tramps  my  joints.  Ford. 

2.  To  confine;  to  restrain;  to  hinder  from 
action  or  expansion;  as,  to  cramp  the  exer- 
tiona  of  a  nation;  to  cramp  the  geniua. 

The  mind  may  be  as  much  cramped  by  too  much 
knowledge  as  by  ignorance.  Layard. 

3.  To  fasten,  confine,  or  hold  with  a  cramp 
or  cramp-iron.— 4.  To  fashion  or  shape  on  a 
cramp;  aa,  to  cramp  boot  legs. 

Cramp  (kramp),  a.  Difficult;  knotty.  [Rare.] 
*  Care  being  taken  not  to  add  any  cramp 
reasons  for  this  opinion.'  Coleridge. 

Cramp-bark  (kramp'bark),  n.  In  the  United 
States,  the  popular  name  of  the  Viburnum 
Oxycoccun,  a  medicinal  plant  having  anti- 
spasmodical  properties. 

Cramp-bone  (kramp'bdn),  n.  The  patella  of 
a  sheep,  so  named  because  it  was  considered 
a  charm  against  cramp. 

He  could  turn  cramf-bonei  into  chess-men.  Dickens. 

Cramp-fish  (kramp'flah),  n.  The  torpedo  or 
electric  ray,  which  in  common  with  other 
fishes  (the  electric  eel  for  instance)  ia  cap- 
able of  giving  severe  electric  shocks.  See 
TORPEDO. 

Cramp-iron  (krampl-ern),  n.  [See  CRAMP.] 
A  piece  of  metal,  usually  iron,  bent  at  each 
end,  and  let  into  the  upper  surface  of  two 
pieces  of  stone,  when  their  perpendicular 
faces  are  joined  together.  Cramp-irons  are 
commonly  employed  in  works  requiring 
great  solidity,  for  the  purpose  of  fastening 
the  stones  securely  together.  In  common 
works  they  are  applied  chiefly  to  the  stones 
of  copings  and  cornices,  and  generally  in 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc,  iey. 


CRAMPISH 


any  external  work  upon  the  upper  surface 
or  between  the  beds  of  the  stones.  Called 
also  Ct'dnijt. 

Grampian  t  (kramp'ish),  v.t.  To  contract;  to 
cramp.     Chaucer. 
Crampit  (kram'pit),  n.    1.  A  piece  of  metal 

at  the  end  of  the  scabbard  of  a  sword 

2.  [Scotch.]  (a)  A  cramp-iron,  (6)  A  piece  of 
iron  made  to  lit  the  sole  of  the  shoe,  with 
small  spikes  in  it,  for  keeping  the  foot  firm 
on  ice  or  slippery  ground. 
Cramponee  (kramp-o-ne'),  n.  [Fr.  cram- 
punne,  pp.  of  cramjmnner,  to  affix  witli  a 
cramp.]  In  her.  applied  to  a  cross,  having 
a  cramp  or  square  piece  at  each  end. 
Crampon  (kram'pon),  n.  In  bat.  an  adventi- 
tious root  which  serves  as  a  fulcrum  or  sup- 
port, as  in  the  ivy. 

Crampoou  (kram'pon),  n.  1.  An  iron  instru- 
ment fastened  to  the  shoes  of  a  storming 
party,  to  assist  them  in  climbing  a  rampart. 
2.  In  arch,  an  apparatus  used  in  the  raising 
of  timber  or  stones,  consisting  of  two  hooked 
pieces  of  iron  hinged  together  somewhat 
like  double  callipers. 

Cramp-ring  (kramp'ring),  n.  A  ring  of  gold 
or  silver,  which,  after  being  blessed  by  the 
English  sovereign,  was  formerly  believed  to 
cure  cramp  and  falling-sickness.  The  custom 

of  blessing  great  numbers  on  (i 1  Friday 

continued  down  to  the  time  of  Queen  Mary 
Crampy  (kramp'i),  a.  1.  Afflicted  witli 
cramp.— 2.  Inducing  cramp  or  abounding 
in  cramp.  'This  crampy  country. '  Uuwitt 
Cran,  Crane  (kran,  kran),  n.  [Gael,  crann, 
a  measure  of  fresh  herrings,  as  many  as  flli 
a  barrel.]  In  Scotland,  a  measure  of  capa- 
city for  fresh  herrings,  as  taken  out  of  the 
net.  A  cran  contains  37!  imperial  gallons 
and  a  barrel  2«jj  gallons;  but,  after  they 
have  been  properly  cured,  it  is  reckoned 
that  nearly  as  many  flsh  can  be  packed  into 
a  barrel  as  are  contained  in  a  cran.  The 
average  number  of  herrings  to  the  crau 
may  be  roughly  set  down  at  750. 
Cranage  (kran'aj),  n.  [From  crane.]  The 
liberty  of  using  a  crane  at  a  wharf  for  raising 
wares  from  a  vessel;  also,  the  money  or  price 
paid  for  the  use  of  a  crane. 
Cranberry  (kran'be-ri),  n.  [Crane  nnd  berry, 
from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  its  long 
slender  stalks  to  the  legs  of  a  crane;  or  be- 
cause the  berries  are  eaten  by  cranes.  ]  The 
fruit  of  Oxijcoccus  palustris,  nat.  order 
Vacciniacece.  It  is  also  called  Moss-berry  or 
Muor-berry,  as  it  grows  only  on  peat-bogs  or 
swampy  land, usually  among  masses  of  sphag- 
num. The  berry,  when  ripe,  is  globose  and 
dark  red,  and  a  little  more  than  J  inch  in 
diameter.  These  berries  form  a  sauce  of 
exquisite  flavour,  and  are  used  for  tarts 
The  cranberry  of  the  United  States  is  the 
0.  macrocarpus.  Vaccinium  Vita  idrza  is 
often  called  the  cranberry  in  Scotland. 
Crance  (krans),  n.  flaut.  any  boom  iron, 
but  particularly  an  iron  cap  attached  to  the 
outer  end  of  the  bowsprit,  through  which 
the  jib-boom  passes. 
Cranch  (kranch).  See  CRAUNCH 
Cranck.t  Crankt  (krank),  a.  [Perhaps  allied 
to  rank,  luxuriant;  A.  Sax.  ranc,  proud.) 
Lusty;  stout;  sprightly;  lively;  courageous. 

For  I  was  a  brisk  wit,  a  crank  young  boy. 

Dr.  H.  More. 

Used  adverbially  by  Spenser.    See  extract 
under  CRAG,  the  throat. 
Crane  (kran),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cran;  cog.  D.  kraan, 
I*,  krahn,  kmnich,  Icel.  Irani,  Dan.  trane 
(both  witii  tr  for  kr).  Armor,  karan,  W.  ,ja- 


Crowned  Crane  (Balearica pavonina). 

»?"ii**r  fferanas<  I>  grus,  according  to  Max 
Aluller,  Pott,  &c.,  from  a  root  gar,  seen  in  , 


617 

L  garrio,  Gr.  gen/a,  to  call.]  i.  A  moratory 
crallatonul  or  wading  bird  of  the  genus 
Grus,  family  Gniulic.    The  bill  is  straight 
sharp,  and  long,  with  a  furrow  from  the  ,,  £ 
trils  toward  the  point;  thenostrils  are  linear 
and  the  feet  have  four  toes.  These  fowls  have 
long  legs  and  a  long  neck,  being  destined  t 
wade  and  seek  their  food  among  grii  and 
reeds  in  marshy  ground*     The  comm  u 
crane  IB  about ,4  feet  in  length,  of  a  si, ,„!, 
body.     It  is  the  O    cinerea;  the  Siberian 
crane  is  the  ft  gigantea.  and  the  brown 
crane  the  G.   caitadensu.     The   crowned 
crane,  by  some  classed  in  a  separate  genus 
(Balearica),  is  about  the  size  of  the  common 
crane.    It  receives  its  common  name  from 
having  the  occiput  crowned  with  a  tuft  of 
slender  yellow  feathers. -2.  A  machine  for 
raising  great  weights,  and  depositing  them 
at  some  distance  from  their  original  place- 
for  example,  raising  bales  from  the  hold  of 
a  ship,  and  depositing  them  on  the  quay 
Cranes  are  generally  constructed  on  the 
principle  of  the  wheel  and  axle,  cog-wheel 
or  wheel  and  pinion.    The  most  common  of 
the  many  varied  forms  consists  of  a  vertical 
revolving  shaft,  witli  an  arm  or  jib,  project- 
mg  upwards  at  an  angle  of  from  40°  to  50' 
from  the  shaft.    At  the  upper  extremity  of 
the  jib  is  a  fixed  pulley,  over  which  is  passed 
one  end  of  the  rope  or  chain  to  receive  the 
weight,  the  other  end  being  made  fast  to  a 
cylinder  fitted  with  a  wheel  and  pinion  by 
means  of  which  the  weight  can  be  raised  to 
the  required  height.    By  the  revolving  mo- 
tion of  the  vertical  shaft  the  weight  can  be 
placed  in  any  spot  within  the  sweep  of  the 
jib.  VV  here  the  objects  to  be  raised  are  of  con- 
siderable weight,  cranes  are  generally  turned 
by  a  steam-engine;  in  other  cases  by  human 
force.    A  double  crane  is  a  crane  with  two 
jibs,  one  of  which  is  employed  in  raising  a 
load  while  the  other  deposits  its  load  in  posi- 
tion.    A  travelling  crane  is  a  crane  mounted 
on  a  carriage  or  frame  travelling  on  a  wide- 
gauge  railroad.    It  is  in  extensive  use  where 
heavy  loads,  as  timber,  stone,  or  iron,  have 
to  be  moved  to  some  distance.  —3.  A  machine 
for  weighing  goods  on  the  principle  of  the 
crane  for  lifting  weights.    Such  machines 
are  common  in  market  towns  in  Ireland. 
See  CRANER.— 4.  An  iron  arm  or  beam  at- 
tached to  the  back  or  side  of  a  fire-place  and 
movable  horizontally,  used  for  supporting  a 
pot  or  kettle  over  a  fire.  —5.  pi.  A'aut.  pieces 
of  iron  or  timber  at  a  vessel's  side  for  stow- 
ing boats  or  spars  upon.— 6.  A  siphon  or 
crooked  pipe  for  drawing  liquors  out  of  a 
cask. 

3rane  (kran),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  craned;  ppr. 
craning.  To  stretch  out  one's  neck  like  a 
crane;  hence,  in  hunting,  to  look  before 
one  leaps;  to  pull  up  at  a  dangerous  jump. 

But  where  was  he,  the  hero  of  our  tale?  Fencing! 
CrttHitipl  Hitting!  Missing!  Is  he  over,  or  is  he 
under!  Has  lie  killed,  or  is  he  killed!  Disraeli. 

Crane  (kran),  r>.  t.  To  cause  to  rise  as  by  a 
crane:  followed  by  up.  [Rare.) 

An  upstart  craned  up  to  the  height  he  has. 

Massineer. 

Crane-fly  (kran'fli),  n.  A  genus  of  insects 
(Tipula),  belonging  to  the  family  Tipulidic. 
The  mouth  is  a  prolongation  of  the  head; 
the  upper  jaw  is  arched;  the  palpi  are  two, 
curved,  and  longer  than  the  head;  the 
proboscis  short;  the  wings  lanceolate  and 
spreading,  and  tile  legs  very  long.  T.  oler- 
acea  is  the  well-known  daddy-long-legs. 

Craner  (kran'er),  n.  1.  One  who  cranes  at  a 
fence;  one  who  flinches  before  difficulty  or 
danger;  a  coward.— 2.  An  official  in  charge 
of  a  public  crane  for  weighing. 

Stnne  country  towns  of  Ireland  have  in  the  market- 
place a  cr-ine  for  the  weighing  of  goods,  produce. 
&c.  An  pflicial,  popularly  the  trailer,  has  charge  of 
the  machine,  who  gives  a  certificate  of  weight  to  all 
concerned,  a  dictum  uncontrovertible.  This  is  called 
the  trailer's  note,  and  when  any  one  makes  an  asser- 
tion of  the  'long-bow'  nature,  a  sceptic  auditor  will 
say,  '  Very  nice;  but  I  should  like  the  trailer's  note 
for  that.'  Xotts  and  Queries. 

Crane's-bill  (kranzTjil),  n.  1.  The  popular 
name  given  to  the  species  of  Geranium,  from 
the  long  slender  beak  of  their  fruit.  They 
are  herbs  or  sometimes  shrubs  found  in 
temperate  regions.  Eleven  species  are 
found  in  Britain.  Some  of  the  species  have 
beautiful  flowers  and  a  fragrant  odour,  and 
several  of  them  are  valued  for  their  astrin- 
gent properties.  See  GERANIUM.  —2.  A  pair 
of  long-nosed  pincers  used  by  surgeons. 

Crang  (krang),  n.  [D.  kreng,  a  carcass.]  The 
carcass  of  a  whale. 

Crangon  (krang'gon),  n.  The  shrimp,  a  genus 
of  macrurous  or  long -tailed  crustaceans. 


ru  • 


•  mon  .hrimp  it  the  Crangw 

SSSSMSS  in  the  ""*'  • 

Crangonlda  (krang  .K,in-j  ,1.  •).  „  ,,;   A  family 
•  rfmamir,,,,,,,,.!,,,,...  ,,,,,,.,  I,  ,„',.„,;,„,  „, 

c  IUN!  <  v'  "''"""  r';"'-'""  '-  ''•• 


Cranlldaj  (kr«.nn-de),  „  pt.  A  famll).  „, 
in  »i-hio,«,d  r.^,,1  „„,!  r  t  ,  n  h 

actcruc.l  by  U,,.  alMwm*  of  a  hinge  and 
i^er'valve'""'"1""  bel"«  •«•*«»»  »• 

Craniofaclal  (kra"ni-6-fa'»hal),  a.  (L.  L  era- 
"""".  the  skull,  and  L.  facie,,  the  face! 
Pertaining  to  the  cranium  ami  face.  Oa/.io- 
facutl  angle.  Same  as  facial  A  ngle  (which 
see  under  FACIAL) 

Cranipgnomy  (kra-ni-og'no-ml).  n.  [Or 
kmnwn,  the  skull,  and  Or  gnimt.  jiidgl 
nient  ]  The  doctrine  or  science  which  treaU 
skull  ""  aud  °"ler  cuara<;terl»Uci  ot  the 

Cranlologlcal  (kra'ni-o-loJ"ik-alX  o  Per- 
taming  to  craniology 

Craniologist  (kra-ni-ol'o-jiat),  n.  One  who 
treats  of  craniology,  or  one  who  U  versed  in 
the  science  of  the  cranium 
Cranlolpgy(kra.ni-ol'o-Ji),  n.  [Gr.  Iranian, 
the  skull,  and  (opiw,  discourse.)  A  discourse 
or  treatise  on  the  cranium  or  skull  the 
science  which  investigates  the  structure 
and  uses  of  the  skulls  in  various  animals; 
the  art  of  determining  the  intellectual  and 
moral  peculiarities  of  Individual!  by  the 
shape  of  their  skulls.  See  FHKBXuLoar. 
Craniometer  (kra-ni-om'et-6r)  n  [Or 
kraniun,  the  skull,  and  Metron,  measure  I 
An  instrument  for  measuring  the  skulls  of 
animals.  . 

Craniometrical  (kra'ni-o-met"rik-alX  o 

I'ertaining  to  craniometry. 
Craniometry  (kra-ni-om'et-ri),  n.    The  art 

of  measuring  the  cranium  or  skulls  of  ani- 

mals, for  discovering  their  specific  differ- 

ences. 
Cranioscopist  (kri-ni-osTtop-Ut),  n.    One 

skilled  or  professing  belief  in  cranioscopy 

a  phrenologist. 

It  was  found  of  equal  dimensions  in  a  literary  man 
whose  skull  pulled  the  cranusitpuu.      CtSrSS. 

Cranioscopy  (kra-ni-osTto-pi).  ».  [Or  kra- 
nion,  the  skull,  and  ikopeu,  to  view.)  An 
examination  of  the  skull  with  the  view  of 
discovering  the  relative  prominence  and  size 
of  the  different  organs  of  the  brain,  sup- 
posed to  indicate  the  strength  of  particular 
passions  and  faculties;  phrenology 

Cranium  (kra'ni-um),  n.  [Gr.  Iranian.  ]  The 
skull  of  an  animal;  the  assemblage  of  bones 
which  inclose  the  brain. 

Crank  (krangk).  n.  [Allied  to  cringle. 
crinkle,  crankle;  D.  krinkel,  something  bend- 
ing, a  curve,  krinkelen,  to  twist,  bend; 
also  to  the  adjective  crank,  A.  Sax.  crane 
Icel.  krankr,  G.  krank,  sick  ]  1.  An  iron 
axis  with  the  end  bent  like  an  elbow, 
serving  as  a  handle  for  communicating 
circular  motion;  as,  the  crank  of  a  grind- 
stone; or  for  changing  circular  into  recipro- 
cating motion,  as  in  a  saw-mill,  or  recipro- 
cating into  circular  motion,  as  in  a  steam- 
engine.  Tile  single  crank  (1)  can  only  be 
used  on  the  end  of  an  axis.  The  double 
crank  (2)  is  employed  when  it  is  necessary 


i,  Single  Crank,    i.  Double  Crank.    3,  Bell  Crank. 

that  the  axis  should  be  extended  on  both 
sides  of  the  point  at  which  the  reciprocat- 
ing motion  is  applied  An  exemplification 
of  this  arrangement  is  afforded  by  the  ma- 
chinery of  steam-boats.  The  bell-crank 
(3),  so  called  from  its  being  much  used  in 
bell-hanging,  is  for  a  totally  different  pur- 
pose to  the  others,  being  used  merely  to 
change  the  direction  of  a  reciprocating 
motion,  as  from  a  horizontal  to  a  vertical 
line.—  2.  Any  bend,  turn,  winding,  or  in- 
volution. 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  tang;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  trig;    wh,  uhig;    zh,  azure.— See  KKY. 


CRANK 


Through  the  cranks  and  offices  of  man. 
The  strongest  nerves,  .ind  sin. ill  inferior  veins, 
From  me  receive  that  ii.iuir.il  competency, 
Whereby  they  live.  Shak 

3.  A  twisting  or  turning  in  speech;  a  con- 
ceit which  consists  iu  a  change  of  the  form 
or  meaning  of  a  word. 

Quips,  and  crunks,  and  wanton  wiles.     Milton. 

4.  An  iron  brace  for  various  purposes;  such 
as  the  braces  which  support  the  lanterns  on 
the  poop-quarters  of  vessels. — 5.  An  instru- 
ment of  prison  discipline,  consisting  of  a 
small  wheel,  like  the  paddle-wheel  of  a 
steam  vessel,  which  on  the  prisoner  turning 
a  handle  outside  revolves  in  a  box  partially 
filled  with  gravel.    The  labour  in  turning 
it  is  more  or  less  severe  according  fo  the 
quantity  of  gravel. 

Crank  ( kraugk ).  a.  [A.  Sax.  crane,  weak, 
sick ;  D.  and  G.  krank,  Icel.  krankr,  sick, 
ill.  See  the  noun.]  l.t  Sick;  ill.  Howell.— 
2.  Naut.  liable  to  be  overset,  as  a  ship  when 
she  is  too  narrow,  or  has  not  sufficient  bal- 
last to  carry  full  sail. —  3.  In  a  shaky  or 
crazy  condition;  loose;  disjointed. 

For  the  machinery  of  laughter  took  some  time  to 
get  in  motion,  and  seemed  crank  and  slack. 

Carlyle. 

4.t  Over-confident;  giddy;  sprightly.    See 
CHANCK. 
Crank  t  (krangk),  n.    A  sick  person. 

Thou  art  a  counterfeit  crank,  a  cheater.    Burton. 

Crank  ( krangk ),  r.i.  [See  CRANK,  n.  and 
CRINKLE.]  To  run  in  a  winding  course; 
to  bend,  wind,  and  turn.  '  (The  hare)  cranks 
and  crosses  with  a  thousand  doubles.'  Shak. 

See  how  this  river  comes  me  cranking  in, 
And  cuts  me  from  the  best  of  all  my  land, 
A  huge  half-moon,  a  monstrous  cantlc  out.  Shak. 

Crank-bird  (krangkT>erd),  n.  The  name  of 
the  lesser  spotted  wood -pecker  (Picui 
minor). 

Cranked  (krangkt),  a.  Having  a  bend  or 
crank;  as,  a  cranked  axle. 

Crank  -  hatches  ( krangk'hach-ez ),  n.  pi. 
Hatches  on  the  deck  of  a  steam-vessel, raised 
to  a  proper  elevation,  for  covering  the 
cranks  of  the  engines. 

Crank -hook  ( krnngk'huk ),  n.  In  a  turn- 
ing-lathe, the  rod  connecting  the  treadle 
and  fly. 

Crankle  (krangk'l),r.(.  pret  &  pp.  crankled; 
ppr.  crankling.  [Dim.  of  CRANK,  v.i.  See 
CRANK.)  To  break  into  bends,  turns,  or 
angles;  to  crinkle. 

Old  Vaga'^stream  .  .  .  her  wonted  track 
Forsook,  and  drew  her  humid  train  aslope, 
Cranklittg  her  banks.  y.  Philifs. 

Crankle  (krangk'l),  r.i.  To  bend,  wind,  or 
turn.  '  Along  the crankling  path.'  Drayton. 

Crankle  ( krangk'l ),  n.  A  bend  or  turn ;  a 
crinkle;  an  angular  prominence. 

Crankness  (krmnglr/net),  n.  The  condition 
or  property  of  being  crank. 

Crankous  (krangk'us),  a.  Irritated;  irrit- 
able. [Scotch.] 

Crank-pin  (krangk'pin),  n.  In  a  steam  en- 
gine, the  cylindrical  piece  joining  the  ends 
of  the  crank  arms,  and  attached  to  the  con- 
necting-rod, or,  in  vibrating  engines,  to  the 
piston-rod. 

Cranky  ( krangk'i ),  a.  1.  Xaut.  same  as 
Crank.— 2.  Full  of  crotchets  or  whims;  not 
to  be  depended  on;  unsteady;  crazy.  [Colloq.  J 

Crannied  (knin'nid),«.  [.SeeCUASNY.]  Hav- 
ing rents,  chinks,  or  fissures;  as,  a  crannied 
wall. 

Crannog,  Crannoge  (kran'og,  kran'oj).  n. 
[Ir,  from  cran,  Gael,  crann,  a  tree,  a  mast. 
a  pile.]  The  name  given  in  Ireland  and 
Scotland  to  the  fortified  islands  in  lakes,  or 
platforms  supported  by  piles,  which  were 
in  use  as  dwelling-places  and  places  of 
refuge  among  the  old  Celts.  See  Lacustrine 
or  Lake  Dwelling*,  under  LACUSTRINE. 

Cranny  (kran'ni),  n.  [Apparently of  the  same 
origin  as  Fr.  cran,  a  notch,  a  nick;  G.  krinne, 
a  rent,  from  L.  crena.  a  notch.  ]  1.  Properly, 
a  rent;  but  commonly,  any  small  narrow 
opening,  fissure,  crevice,  or  chink,  as  in  a 
wall  or  other  substance. 

In  a  firm  building,  the  cavities  ought  to  be  filled 
with  brick  or  stone,  fitted  to  the  crannies.    Dryaen. 

2.  A  hole;  a  secret  retired  place. 

He  peeped  into  every  cranny.  Artuthnot. 

3.  In  glass-making,  an  iron  instrument  for 
forming  the  necks  of  glasses. 

Cranny  (krau'ni),  a.  Pleasant;  brisk;  jovial. 
(Local.) 

Cranny  (kran'ni),  D.I.  1.  To  become  inter- 
sected with  or  penetrated  by  crannies  or 
clefts. 

The  ground  did  cranny  everywhere. 

And  light  did  pierce  the  hell.         A.  Golding. 


618 

2.  To  enter  by  crannies;  to  haunt  crannies. 

All  tenantless  save  by  the  crannying  wind.     Shak. 

Cranreuch  (kran-ruch),  n.  [Gael,  cra.nn.tn. 
rack.]  Hoar-frost.  [Scotch.] 

And  infant  frosts  begin  to  bite. 

In  hoary  cranreuch  drest.  Burns. 

Crantara(kran-t;Vra),n.  [Gael,  crean-tariyh, 
cross  of  shame.]  The  fiery  cross  which 
formed  the  rallying  symbol  in  the  Highlands 
of  Scotland  on  any  sudden  emergency,  so 
called  because  disobedience  to  what  the 
symbol  implied  inferred  infamy. 

Crantst  (krants),  ».  A  garland  carried  be- 
fore the  bier  of  a  maiden  and  hung  over  her 
!  grave.  '  Yet  here  she  is  allow'd  her  virgin 
crantn.'  Shak.  [The  use  of  the  word  here 
is  unique.  It  is  evidently  the  same  word  as 
the  G.  tram,  D.  Icel.  and  Sw.  trant,  gar- 
land.] 

Crap  (krap),  n.  [See  CROP.]  The  top  of  any- 
thing; the  craw  of  a  fowl:  used  ludicrously 
for  a  man's  stomach.  [Scotch.  ]  '  He  has  a 
crap  for  a'  corn.'  Proverb. 

Crap  (krap},  n.  Buckwheat  (Polygonum 
Fayopyrum).  [Local.] 

Crapaudine  (krap'ad-in),  a.  In  arch,  turn- 
ing on  pivots  at  top  and  bottom:  said  of 
doors. 

Crapaudine  (krap'ad-ln),  n.  In  farriery, 
an  ulcer  on  the  coronet  of  a  horse. 

Crape  (krap),  n.  [Fr.  crepe;  O.Fr.  creupe,  a 
silk  tissue  curled  into  minute  wrinkles, 
from  crtper,  to  curl,  to  frizzle;  L.  crinpare, 
from  crutpug,  curled.  See  CRISP.  ]  A  thin 
transparent  stuff,  made  of  raw  silk  gummed 
and  twisted  on  the  mill,  woven  without 
crossing,  and  much  used  in  mourning. 
Crape  is  also  used  for  gowns,  and  the  dress 
of  the  clergy. 

A  saint  in  craft  is  twice  a  taint  in  lawn.      rope. 

Crape  (krap),  r.(.    pret.  &  pp.  craped;  ppr. 

craping.    To  curl;  to  form  into  ringlet*;  as, 

to  crape  the  hair. 
Crape-fish  (krap'flsh),  n.     Cod-fish  salted 

anu  pressed  to  hardness. 
Craple  (krap'l),  n.   [See  GRAPPLE.  ]  A  claw. 
Grapnel  (krap'nel),  n.    [See  GRAPNEL.)    A 

hook  or  drag. 
Crappit-head(krup'pit-hed),  n.  A  haddock's 

head  stinted  with  the  roe,  oatmeal,  <Sc. 

[Scotch.] 

I  expected  him  sac  faithfully,  that  I  gae  a  look  to 
making  the  friar's  chicken  mysell,  and  the  craffit- 
heads  too.  Sir  IV,  Scott. 

Crapula.t  Crapulet  (krap'u-la,  krap'ul),  11. 
[  I.  I  The  same  as  Crapulence.  Cotton. 

Crapulence  t  (krap'u-lens),  n.  [L.  crapula, 
intoxication,  from  Gr.  kraipale.)  Drunken- 
ness; a  surfeit,  or  the  sickness  occasioned 
by  intemperance. 

Crapulent,  Crapulous  (krap'u-lent,  krap'- 
u-lus),  o.  1.  Drunk;  surcharged  with  liquor; 
sick  by  intemperance. — 2.  Connected  or  as- 
sociated with  drunkenness.  '  The  crapul&un 
residence  of  his  father.'  Brougham.  [In 
both  uses  rare.  ] 

Crapy  (kriip'i),  o.    Like  crape. 

Crare.t  Crayert  (krar,  kra'er),  n.  [O.Fr. 
crater;  L.L.  craiera,  a  kind  of  ship  employed 
by  the  Scandinavians.]  A  slow  unwieldy 
trading  vessel  of  old  times.  'The  owner  of 
every  vessel,  ship,  or  crare.'  Stat.  2  Jac.  I. 
xxxii. 

What  coast  thy  sluggish  crare 
Might  easiliest  harbour  in.  Shut. 

Crase,  r.  I.  and  n.    Same  as  Craze. 

Crased.  (o.  [  FT.  ecrase,  broken.)  Broken; 
bruised;  crushed.  Chaucer. 

Crash,  (krash), ».(.  [Purely  imitative.  Comp. 
dash,  crush,  Ac.]  To  break  to  pieces  vio- 
lently; to  dash  with  tumult  and  violence. 
[Rare.] 

Crash  (krash),  v.i.  To  make  the  loud,  clat- 
tering, multifarious  sound  of  many  things 
falling  and  breaking  at  once. 

When  convulsions  cleave  the  lab'ring  earth. 
Before  the  dismal  yawn  appears,  the  ground 
Trembles  and  heaves,  the  nodding  houses  crash. 
Smith. 

Crash  (krash),  n.  1.  The  loud  mingled  sound 
of  many  things  falling  and  breaking  at  once, 
as  the  sound  of  a  large  tree  falling  and  its 
branches  breaMng,  or  the  sound  of  a  falling 
house. 

Thou  (the  soul)  shalt  flourish  in  immortal  youth 
Unhurt  amidst  the  war  of  elements. 
The  wreck  of  matter,  and  the  crash  of  worlds. 

Ad4iscm. 

2.  The  collapse  of  a  commercial  undertaking; 
open  inability  to  meet  engagements;  bank- 
ruptcy; failure;  as,  'At  last  the  crash  came, 
and  B  and  his  family  were  ruined. ' 
Crash  (krashX  n.  [L.  cratsus,  thick.]  A 
coarse  kind  of  linen  cloth,  mostly  used  for 
towels. 


CRATER 

Crashing  (krash'ing),  n.  The  sound  of  many 
things  falling  and  breaking  at  once. 

There  shall  be  a  great  crashing  from  the  hills. 
Zeph.  i.  10. 

Crasis  (kra'sis),  n.  [Gr.  krasti,  a  mixing.] 
1.  In  ined.  the  mixture  of  the  constituents 
of  a  fluid,  as  the  blood;  hence,  temperament; 
constitution.— 2.  In  gram,  a  figure  by  which 
two  different  letters  are  contracted  int"  nnc 
long  letter  or  into  a  diphthong ;  as,  alelhea 
into  aletlie,  teicheox  into  teichuits.  It  is  other- 
wise called  Sutueresii. 

Craspedota  (kras-pe-do'ta),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  krat- 
pcdoo,  to  surround  with  a  membrane.  ]  The 
naked-eyed  medusa;. 

Crass  (kras),  a.  [L.  crassus,  the  same  as 
gram  (which  see).]  1.  Gross;  thick;  ci«i>r; 
not  thin,  nor  fine:  applied  to  fluids  and 
solids.  'Crass  and  fumid  exhalations.'  Sir 
T.  Browne.— 2.  Gross;  stupid;  obtuse;  as, 
crass  ignorance. 

A  cloud  of  folly  darkens  the  soul,  and  makes  it 
crass  and  material.  Jer.  Taylor. 

Crassament  (kras'a -ment),  n.  [L.  crassa- 
mentum,  from  craisus,  thick.]  The  thick 
red  part  of  the  blood,  as  distinct  from  the 
serum  or  aqueous  part;  the  clot. 

Crasslment  t  ( kras'i-ment ),  n  Thickness. 
•The  other  solid  parts  of  the  body  of  the 
same  craxgiment.'  Smith. 

Crassitude  (kras'i-tud),  n.    [L.  crauitvitn.  ] 
Crossness;  coarseness;  thickness:  applied 
to  liquids  or  solids.   "The  greater  CTOM.'"  i 
and  gravity  of  sea-water. '  Woodward.  [Rare.  ] 

Crassness  (kras'nes),  n.    Crossness. 

The  ethereal  body  contracts  crassness,  as  the  im- 
material faculties  abate  in  their  exercise. 

Glanville. 

Crassula  (kras'su-la),  n.  [A  dim.  of  L 
crasiue,  thick,  and  hence  succulent,  in 
reference  to  their  leaves.]  A  genus  of  plants, 
nat.  order  Crassulaceee.  It  consists  of  suc- 
culent herbs  and  shrubs,  chiefly  natives  <  •! 
South  Africa.  Various  species  are  culti- 
vated for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers. 

Crassulacese  (kras-u-la'se-e),  n.  pi.  [See 
CRASSULA.]  The  house-leek  family,  a  nat 
orderof  polypetalous exogens.  Itconsistsof 
succulent  plants,  with  herbaceous  or  shrubl  ty 
stems,  and  annual  or  perennial  roots,  grow- 
ing in  hot,  dry,  exposed  places  in  the  more 
temperate  parts  of  the  world,  but  chiefly 
South  Africa.  Many  species  of  Crassula, 
Rochea,  bempervivum,  Sedum,  <fec. ,  are  cul- 
tivated in  our  green-houses  for  the  beauty  of 
their  flowers.  The  flora. of  Britain  contains 
about  a  dozen  species  belonging  to  four 
genera, 

Crastination t  (kras-ti-na'shon),  n.  [L. 
craetinug,  from  crag,  to-morrow.  J  Procras- 
tination; delay. 

Crataegus  (kra-te'gus),  n.  (Gr.  krataigos,  a 
kind  of  flowering  thorn.]  An  extensive 
genus  of  hardy  trees  and  bushes,  nat.  order 
Rosacete.  The  species  are  natives  of  the 
northern  hemisphere,  and  are  all  able  to 
ripen  their  fruit  in  England.  They  have  cut 
or  entire  leaves,  white  fragrant  flowers,  and 
small  red  or  black  drupaceous  fruits  It 
comprehends  the  hawthorns,oriental  thorns, 
evergreen  thorns,  small-leaved  thorns,  Ac. 

Crataeva  (kra-te'va),  n.  [After  Krateuat,  a 
Greek  herbalist.  ]  A  genus  of  East  and  West 
Indian  plants,  nat.  orderCapparidacere.  The 
fruit  of  C.  gynandra  has  a  peculiar  alliace- 
ous odour,  whence  it  has  received  the  name 
of  the  garlic-pear. 

Cratch  t  (krach),  n.  [Fr.  creche,  Pr.  crepia, 
crepcha,  O.  Sax.  cribbia;  the  word  is  there- 
fore of  Germanic  origin,  and  allied  to  E. 
crib.  1  A  rack;  a  grated  crib  or  manger. 

I  waslaidinthefrtirVA,  1  was  wrapped  in  swaddling- 
deaths.  Hatfwill. 

Cratch  t  (krach),  n.t.    To  scratch. 

Cratch-cradle  (krach'kra-dl),  n.  See  CAT'S- 
CRADLE. 

Cratches  (krach'ez),  n.  pi.  [Comp.  G.  krdtze, 
the  itch,  cratches;  kratzen,  to  scratch.]  In 
the  manage,  a  swelling  on  the  pastern,  under 
the  fetlock,  and  sometimes  under  the  hoof 
of  a  horse. 

Cratching.t  n.     A  scratching.    Chaucer. 

Crate  (krat).  n.  [L.  crate*,  wicker-work.]  A 
kind  of  basket  or  hamper  of  wicker-work, 
used  for  the  transportation  of  china,  glass, 
crockery,  and  similar  wares. 

Crater  (kra'ter),  n.  [L  crater,  from  Gr. 
krater,  a  great  cup,  a  mixing  vessel,  from 
kerannymi,  to  mix.)  1.  The  orifice  or  mouth 
of  a  volcano.  Craters  may  be  central  or 
lateral,  and  there  may  be  several  subsidiary 
ones,  which*  may  shift  their  places,  or  be- 
come merged  by  subsidence  into  other*. 
Craters  are  generally  lower  on  one  side 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  8c.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CRATERA 

owin"  to  the  influence  of  the  prevailing 
winds.— 2.  A  constellation  of  the  southern 


Crater  of  Antuco,  South  America. 

hemisphere,   containing    thirty-one    stare, 

called  also  the  Ctip 
Cratera  (kra-te'ra),  «.     [L.,  a  cup.)    In  oof. 

the  cup-shaped  receptacle  of  certain  lichens 

anil  fungi. 
Crateiiform  (kra-terl-form),  a.   In  lot.  hav- 

in"  the  form  of  a  crater;  shaped  like  a  goblet. 
Craterous  (kra'ter-us),  a.    Belonging  to  or 

like  a  crater.     K.  Browning.     [Rare.  ] 
Craunch  (kransh),  v.t.     [Imitative,  same  as 

crunch,  scranch (which  see).]   To  crush  with 

the  teeth;  to  crunch. 

She  would  crannch  the  wings  of  a  lark,  bones  ai 
all,  between  her  teeth.  Swift. 

Cravat  (kra-vaf),  n.  [Fr.  Cravate,  a  Croat, 
because  this  piece  of  dress  was  adopted  ii 
the  seventeenth  century  from  the  Croats 
who  entered  the  French  service.]  A  neck- 
cloth; an  article  of  muslin,  silk,  or  other 
material  worn  by  men  about  the  neck. 

Cravatted  (kra-vat'ed),  o.  Wearing  a  cra- 
vat. 

The  young  man  faultlessly  appointed,  handsomely 
cravatted.  Thackeray. 

Crave  (krav),  ».(.  pret.  &  pp.  erased;  ppr. 
craving.  [A.  Sax.  crajian,  to  ask;  cog.  Icel. 
krefja  Sw.  krdfva,  Dan.  krceve,  to  crave,  to 
ask,  to  demand.]  1.  To  ask  with  earnest- 
ness or  importunity;  to  beseech;  to  implore; 
to  ask  with  submission  or  humility,  as  a  de- 
pendant; to  beg;  to  entreat. 

As  for  my  nobler  friends,  1  crave  their  pardons. 
Srtak. 

Joseph  went  in  boldly  to  Pilate,  and  craved 

the  body  of  Jesus.  Mark  xv.  43. 

2.  To  call  for,  as  a  gratification;  to  long  for; 
to  require  or  demand,  as  a  passion  or  appe- 
tite; as,  the  stomach  or  appetite  craves 
food.  —  3.  Sometimes  with  for  before  the 
thing  sought;  as,  I  crave  for  mercy.  'Once 
onemay  crane  for  love.'  Sir  J.  Suckling.— 
SYN.  To  ask,  seek,  beg,  beseech,  implore, 
entreat,  solicit. 

Craven  (kra'vn),  ».  [Etym.  doubtful;  pro- 
bably from  O.Fr.  craoanter,  to  overthrow; 
some  say  from  creanter,  and  connect  it  there- 
fore wlthrecreant,  both  being  from  L.  credo; 
others  say  that  craven  is  one  who  has  craned 
or  craven  his  life  at  the  enemy's  hands,  but 
the  old  form  cravant  is  against  this.]  1.  A 
word  of  obloquy  used  formerly  by  one  van- 
quished in  trial  by  battle,  and  yielding  to 
the  conqueror;  hence,  a  recreant;  a  coward 
a  weak-hearted,  spiritless  fellow. 

Is  it  fit  this  soldier  keep  his  oath? 

He  is  a  craven  and  a  villain  else.  Snat. 

2.  A  vanquished,  dispirited  cock. 

No  cock  of  mine;  you  crow  too  like  a  craven. 

Craven  (kra'vn),  a.    Cowardly;  base. 

The  poor  craven  bridegroom  said  never  a  word. 

In  his  mind  all  other  feelings  had  given  place  to 
craven  fear  for  his  life. 

Craven  (kra'vn),  v.t.  To  make  recreant 
weak  or  cowardly.  'Dejected  souls  era 
vened  with  their  own  distrusts.'  Quarles. 

Craver  (krav'er),  n.  One  who  craves  o 
begs 

Craving  (krav'ing),  p.  and  o.  1.  Asking  wit 


619 

Cravlngness  (krav'ing-nes),  n.  The  state  of 
craving. 

Craw  (kra),  n  [Of  same  origin  as  Dan. 
kro,  D.  kraag,  G.  kragen,  the  throat,  craw. 
Akin  crag.  ]  1.  The  crop  or  first  stomach  of 
fowls.  Hence  —  2.  Stomach,  in  a  general 
sense.  'As  tigers  combat  with  an  empty 
craw.'  Byron. — 3.  Comb  or  wattles  of  poul- 
try; a  use  of  doubtful  propriety. 

She  fluttered  up  to  Clive  with  such  an  agitation  of 
plumage,  redness  of  craw,  and  anger  of  manner,  as 
a  maternal  hen  shows  if  she  has  reason  to  think  you 
menace  her  chickens.  Thackeray. 

Craw  (kra),  v.i.  To  crow  like  a  cock;  to 
boast.  'The  cock  may  craw. '  Jlunu.  [Scotch.] 

Crawfish,  «    See  CRAYFISH. 

Crawl  (kral),  v.i.  [Of  same  origin  as  Sw. 
kriila,  Dan.  kravle,  O.  krabbeln,  to  crawl. 
Comp.  scrawl  and  scrabble.]  1.  To  creep;  to 
move  slowly  by  thrusting  or  drawing  the 
body  along  the  ground,  as  a  worm;  or  to 
move  slowly  on  the  hands  and  knees  or 
feet,  as  a  human  being. 

A  worm  finds  what  it  searches  after  only  by  feel- 
ing, as  it  crawls  from  one  thing  to  another.  Greitt. 

2.  To  move  or  walk  weakly,  slowly,  or  timo- 
rously. 

He  was  hardly  able  to  crawl  about  the  room. 

Arbuthtiot. 

3.  To  creep;  to  advance  slowly  and  slily;  to 
insinuate  one's  self;  to  gain  favour  by  ob- 
sequious conduct. 

One 
Hath  crawled  into  the  favour  of  the  king.    Shak. 

4.  To  move  about;  to  move  in  any  direction: 
used  in  contempt. 

Absurd  opinions  cra-wt  about  the  world.       South. 

5.  To  have  the  sensation  of  insects  creeping 
about  the  body;  as,  the  flesh  crawls. 

Crawl  (kral),  n.  The  act  of  crawling;  slow 
creeping  motion;  as,  his  walk  is  little  better 
;han  a  crawl. 

rawl  (kral),  n.  [D.  kraal,  an  inclosure,  a 
cattle-pen.]  A  pen  or  inclosure  of  stakes 
and  hurdles  on  the  sea-coast  for  containing 

irawler  (kral'er),  n.  He  who  or  that  which 
crawls;  a  creeper;  a  reptile. 

Crawlingly  (krsl'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  crawling 
manner. 

Crax  (kraks),  n.  [Gr.  krazi),  kraxd,  to 
croak  as  a  raven.]  Curassow,  a  genus  of 
gallinaceous  birds,  family  Cracida;,  distin- 
guished by  having  the  base  of  the  bill  of 
each  mandible  covered  with  a  case,  and  the 
head  adorned  with  a  kind  of  feathery  crown 
inclining  backwards.  They  inhabit  the 
warmer  parts  of  America. 

Craver  t  n.    See  CRAKE. 

Crayfish,  Crawfish  (kra'nsh,  kra'flsh),  n. 
[A  curious  corruption  of  comparatively 
modern  origin.  O.E.  crevcy*.  from  O.Fr.  cre- 
vice 0  H  G  kiebiz,  G.  krebs  =  crab.  See 
CRAB.  ]  Astacagjludatilis,  the  river  lobster, 
a  macrurous,  ten-footed  crustacean,  found 


CREAM 


8w.  krata,  to  cnuli,  l>n-ak,  Dan  J.ni».-.  !•• 
crackle.  From  sound  <>f  nn-liirig  Akin 
cnah.  enuA,  Ac  1  l.t  Tu  break  in  plecet; 
to  grind  tu  powder;  to  cruah;  an,  to  crtut 
tin. 

God  looking  forth  will  trouble  all  l.i.  bo«. 

And  crate  their  chariot  wheel,.  ilittm. 

'I.  To  put  out  of  order;  to  confute;  to  weaken  ; 
to  Impair  the  natural  force  or  energy  <>r 
'Grief  hath  crazed  my  wits.'  Shalt. 

Till  length  of  yean, 
And  Mdentary  numbneu.  crate  my  limb*. 

KliUatt. 

3.  To  derange  the  intellect  of;  to  render 
insane. 

Every  sinner  docs  wilder  and  more  extravagant 
things  than  any  man  can  do  that  aerated  and  out  of 
his  wits.  JMottm. 

Craze  (kraz),  ».i  To  become  crazy  or  In- 
sane; to  become  shattered;  to  break  down. 

For  my  tortured  brain  begins  to  crtut, 

Be  thou  my  mine.  Ktatt. 

Craze  (kraz),  n.  1.  Insanity;  crailnen  — 
2.  An  Inordinate  desire  or  longing;  a  passion. 

It  was  quite  a  crate  with  him  (Burns)  to  have  hi* 
Jean  dressed  genteelly.  Prcf.  Ifilioa. 

Crazed  (krazd  or  krai'ed),  a.  Broken  down; 
impaired;  decrepit;  crazy. 

O!  they  had  all  been  saved  but  crated  eld 
Annulld  my  vigorous  cravings.  Keats. 

Crazedness  (kraz'ed-nes),  n.  A  broken  state; 
decrepitude;  an  Impaired  state  of  the  in 

Craze-mill,  Crazing-mlll  (kraz'mU,  kraz'- 
ing-mil),  n.  A  mill  resembling  a  grist-mill, 
used  for  grinding  tin. 

Crazily  (kraz'i-li),  adv.  [See  CRAZE.)  In  a 
broken  or  crazy  manner. 

Crazlness  (kraz'i-nes),   n.    [See   CRAZE] 

1.  The  state  of  being  broken  or  weakened; 
as  the  craziness  of  a  ship  or  of  the  limbs.— 

2.  The  state  of  being  broken  in  mind;  imbe- 
cility or  weakness  of  intellect;  derangement. 

Crazy  (kraz'i).  a.  [See  CRAZK.]  1.  Broken; 
decrepit;  weak;  feeble:  applied  to  the  body 
or  constitution,  or  any  structure;  as,  a  crazy 
body.  'One  of  great  riches,  but  a  crazy 
constitution.'  Additon. 

They  with  difficulty  got  a  craty  boat  to  carry  them 
to  the  island.  7'frey. 

2  Broken,  weakened,  or  disordered  in  in- 
tellect; deranged,  weakened,  or  shattered 
in  mind.  'Over  moist  and  crazy  brains. 
Hudibras. 

Creablet  (kre'a-bl),  a.  That  may  be  created. 
Wart*. 

Creach,  Creagh  (krach),  n.  [Gael.]  A 
Highland  foray;  a  plundering  excursion. 

Creaght,t  n.    [lr.]    A  herd  of  cattle. 

Creaght.t  r.i.    To  graze  on  lands. 

Creak  (krek),  c.i.  [Imitative  of  a  more  acute 
and  prolonged  sound  than  crack.  Cog.  Fr. 
criquer,  to  creak;  W.  crecian,  to  scream; 
A  Sax.  cearaa?i,  to  creak.]  To  make  a  sharp 
harsh  grating  sound  of  some  continuance, 
as  by  the  friction  of  hard  substances;  as, 
the  shoe  creaks.  '  Doors  upon  their  hinges 
create.'  Tennyson. 

Creak  (krek),  r.  t.  To  cause  to  make  a  harsh 
protracted  noise.  [Rare.] 

tvSS  ymyCshoes  on  the  plain  masonry.    «*». 

Creak  (krek),  n.  A  sharp,  harsh  grating 
sound,  as  that  produced  by  the  friction  of 


Crayfish  (AstacusJIuviatitis). 


in  streams.    It  resembles  the  lobster,  but 
is  smaller.    It  is  esteemed  as  food. 
Crayon  (kra'on),  n.    [Fr.  crayon,  from  craie, 
L  mla,  chalk,  whence  E.  cretaceous    Said 
to  be  from  Creta,  Crete,  .is  signifying  Cretan 
earth  ]    1  A  pencil  or  cylinder  of  coloured 
pipe-clay,  chalk,  or  charcoal,  used  in  draw- 
' 


hard  substances. 


and  a.    Making  a 


Creaking  (krek'ing),  p.  and  a 
harbhgrating  sound;  as,  creaking  lunges  o 


shoes. 

The  creaking  locusts  » 


ith  my  voice  conspire. 

rjryden. 


gratini 

Craving  (krav'ing),  n.  Vehement  or  urgent 
desire,  or  calling  for;  a  longing  for.  A 
regular  vicissitude  and  succession  of  crav- 
inqs  and  satiety. '  L' Estrange. 

Cravingly  (krav'ing-li),  adv.    In  an  ea 
or  craving  manner. 

ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g.go;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  ton; 


plptJ-Ciav.  tutmvj  "*  MUM*-*-— i 

in''  upon  paper.  Crayons  may  be  obtained 
from  certain  mineral  substances  in  their 
natural  state  (such  as  red  or  black  chalk  , 
but  are  more  commonly  manufactured  from 
a  line  paste  of  chalk  or  pipe-clay  coloured 
with  various  pigments,  and  consolidated  by 
means  of  gum,  wax,  soap,  Ac,  -2.  A  compo- 
rition  pencil  niade  of  soap,  resin,  wax  and 
lamp-black,  used  for  drawing  upon  utho- 

Crayon  "(Son),  v.t.  1.  To  sketch  with  a 
commit  toIp1ape7one's0flrst  tho'ughts. 

He  afterwards  composed  that  discc.-" 
able  to  the  plan  he  had  crayoned  out. 


A  harsh  grating 

,  or  stc"^P'("^,  c 


Creaking  (krek'ing),  n. 
sound. 

Their  black  and  neat  slippe 
creattns,  allureth  young  men. 


rt'lyo"  'Romance'  origin,  the  c  being  pre- 


that  separat 

lects  on  the  surface 


ng,  zing;     IB,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain; 


w.ioig;     wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEV. 


CREAM 


620 


of  a  thing;  the  choice  part;  as,  the  cream 
of  a  jest  or  story. 

Welcome.  O  flower  and  cream  of  knights-errant 
Skclton. 

3.  A  sweetmeat  or  kind  of  viand  prepared 
from  cream;  as,  au  iced  cream. 

The  remnants  of  a  devoured  feast — fragments  of 
dissected  fowls— ends  of  well-notched  tongues— 
creams  half  demolished.  Hook. 

4.  A  name  common  to  the  finest  liqueurs, 
as  rosoglio,  maraschino,  &c. — Cream  uf  the 
cream  [Fr.  creme  de  la  creme],  the  highest 
or  most  select  portion  of  society.— Creamof 
lime,  the  scum  of  lime  water,  or  that  part 
of  lime  which,  after  being  dissolved  in  its 
caustic  state,  separates  from  the  water  in 
the  mild  state  of   chalk  or   limestone.— 
Cream  of  tartar,  the  scum  of  a  boiling  solu- 
tion of  tartar.    The  purified  and  crystal- 
lized supertartrate  of  potash.     Cream  of 
tartar  exists  in  grapes  and  tamarinds,  and 
also  in  the  dregs  of  wine.     Mixed  with  bor- 
acic  acid  or  borate  of  soda,  it  is  rendered 
much  more  soluble,  and  is  then  called  solu- 
ble cream  of  tartar.    It  is  frequently  em- 
ployed in  medicine.— Cream-of -tartar  tree, 
a  North  Australian  tree,  Adansonia   Ore- 
gurii,  so  named  from  the  pulp  of  the  fruit 
having  an  agreeable  cream-of-tartar  taste. 
The  largest  tree  seen  in  Gregory's  expedition 
was  85  feet  in  girth  2  feet  from  the  ground. 
The  cream-of-tartar  tree  is  known  also  as 
Sour-gourd.  —  Cream  of  the   valley,  a  fine 
kind  of  English  gin. 

Cream  (krem),  v.t.  1.  To  skim;  to  take  the 
cream  off  by  skimming;  as,  to  cream  milk. 
•2  To  take  off  the  quintessence  or  best  part 
of. 

Such  a  man.  truly  wise,  creams  off  nature,  leaving 
the  sour  and  dregs  for  philosophy  and  reason  to  lap 
up.  S-aiift. 

Cream  (krera),  v.i.  To  gather  cream;  to 
gather  a  covering  on  the  surface;  to  flower 
or  mantle. 

There  are  a  sort  of  men.  whose  visages 
Do  cream  and  mantle,  like  a  standing  pond. 
Skak. 

Cream-cake  (Itrem'kak),  n.  A  cake  filled 
with  custard  made  of  eggs,  cream.  &c. 
Cream-Cheese  (krem'ehez),  n.  A  kind  of 
cheese  prepared  from  curd  made  with  new 
milk  to  which  a  certain  quantity  of  cream 
is  added,  the  curd  being  placed  in  a  cloth 
and  allowed  to  drain  without  the  assistance 
of  pressure;  also  cheese  in  general  made  from 
unskimmed  milk  to  which  cream  has  been 
added. 

Cream-coloured  (kremlsul-erd),  a.  Having 
or  resembling  the  colour  of  cream.  '  Crauii- 
culoured  horses.'  Ilazlitt. 
Creamery  (krom'er-i),  n.  An  establishment 
for  buying  the  cream  of  the  cows  of  a  dis- 
trict, and  manufacturing  it  into  butter  and 
cheese.  Such  establishments  are  common 
in  the  United  States. 

Cream-faced  (krem'fast),  a.  White:  pale; 
having  a  coward  look.  '  Cream-faced  loon.' 
Shak. 

Cream-fruit  (krem'frot),  n.  A  kind  of 
edible  cream-like  juicy  fruit  found  at  Sierra 

Leone,  said  to  be  produced  by  some  apo- 

cynaceous  plant.  It  is  incorrectly  supposed 

to  be  the  fruit  of  Koupellia  grata. 
Creaminesa  (krem'i-nes),  n.    The  state  or 

quality  of  being  creamy. 
Creaming -pan.  Cream -pan  (krem'infr- 

pan,  krem'pan),  ».     A  dairy  vessel  for  milk 

to  stand  in  till  the  cream  rises  to  the  top. 
Cream-laid  (kremlad),  a.  A  term  applied 

to  laid  paper  of  a  cream  colour.  See  LAID. 
Cream-nut  (krem'nut),  n.  The  fruit  of  the 

Ilertholletui  excelxa  of  South  America,  com 

mouly  called  llrazil-nut. 
Cream-pot  (kreui'pot),  n.  A  vessel  for  hold 

ing  cream. 
Cream-slice  (krem'slis).  n.  A  sort  of  wooden 

knife  with  a  blade  12  or  14  inches  long,  used 

for  skimming  cream  from  milk. 
Cream-white   (krem'whit),    a.      Cream 

coloured. 

Her  cream.Ttihitt  mule  his  pastern  set.     Tennyson 

Cream-wove  (krem'wov),  a.  A  term  ap 
plied  to  wove  paper  of  a  cream  colour.  See 
WOVE. 

Creamy  (krem'i),  a.     1.  Full  of  cream. 

There  each  trim  lass,  that  skims  the  milky  store, 
To  the  swart  tribes  their  creamy  bowls  allot. 

Collins. 

2.  Like  cream;  having  the  nature  of  cream; 
luscious;  unctuous.  '  Creamy  spray.'  Ten- 
nyson. 'Your  creamy  words  but  cozen.' 
Beau.  <t  Fl. 

Creance  (kre'ans),  n.  [Fr.,  from  LL.  cre- 
dentia,  belief.  See  CREDENCE.]  l.t  Faith; 
belief.  Chaucer.  —2.  In  falconry,  a  flue 


small  line  fastened  to  a  hawk's  leash  when 
it  is  first  lured. 

Creance, t  v.t.  [Fr.]  To  borrow  money. 
Chaucer. 

Creant  (kre'ant),  o.  [L.  cream,  eraanw, 
ppr.  of  crco,  to  create.]  Formative;  crea- 
tive. [Rare.] 

We 

Sprang  very  beauteous  from  the  cremtt  word 
Which  thrilled  around  us.         B.  B.  BroviniHS. 

Crease  (kres),  n.  [Wedgwood  gives  itaCelt. 
origin,  the  same  as  Armor.  Icriz,  a  wrinkle, 
a  plait.  It  seems  allied  to  Sc.  creis,  Q.  krau- 
:•  n.  to  crisp,  curl;  L.  crisput,  crisp,  curled.] 
A  line  or  mark  made  by  folding  or  doubling 
anything;  hence,  a  similar  mark,  however 
produced;  specifically,  the  name  given  to 
certain  lines  necessary  in  the  game  of 
cricket ;  as,  bowling-crease,  a  line  6  feet 
8  inches  in  length,  drawn  upon  the  ground 
at  each  wicket,  so  that  the  stumps  stand  in 
the  centre;  return-create,  two  short  lines 
drawn  at  either  end  of  the  bowling-crease, 
within  which  the  bowler  must  be  standing 
when  he  delivers  his  ball;  puppiiia-creaxe, 
a  line  4  feet  in  front  of  the  wicket,  and 
parallel  with  the  bowling -crease,  and  at 
least  of  the  same  length.  The  space  between 
the  popping  and  the  bowling  creases  is  the 
batsman's  proper  ground,  passing  out  of 
which  he  risks  being  put  out  of  the  game  by 
a  touch  of  the  ball  by  one  of  the  opposite 
side.— 2.  A  creasing-tool  (which  see). 

Crease  (kres),  «.  t.  pret.  <fe  pp.  creased;  ppr. 
creating.  To  make  a  crease  or  mark  in, 
as  by  folding  or  doubling. 

Crease  (kres),  n.  [Malay  law,  kres.]  A 
M  alay  dagger.  '  The  curseu  Malayan  crease. ' 
Tennyson. 

Creasing  (kres'ing),  n.  lu  arch,  same  as 
Tile-creasing  (which  see). 
;reasing-tool  (kres'iug-tol),  n.  A  tool  used 
by  workers  in  sheet -metals  in  producing 
tubes  and  cylindrical  mouldings.  It  con- 
sists of  a  stake  or  small  anvil,  with  grooves 
of  different  sizes  across  its  surface.  The 
metal  is  laid  over  these,  and  by  means  of  a 
wire,  or  cylinder  of  metal  corresponding  to 
the  inner  dimensions  of  the  curve  required, 
is  driven  into  the  concavity  of  the  proper 

Creasote,  Creosote  (kre'a-Bot,  kre'6-«ot),  n. 
[Or.  kreas,  flesh,  and  sotir,  preserver.]  A 
substance  discovered  liy  Reichenbach  about 
1831  in  wood-tar,  from  which  it  is  separated 
by  a  tedious  process,  consisting  in  repeated 
solution  in  potash,  treatment  with  acid,  and 
distillation.  It  is  generally  obtained,  how- 
ever, from  the  products  of  the  destructive 
distillation  of  wood.  Creasote,  in  a  pure 
state,  is  oily,  heavy,  colourless,  refracting 
light  powerfully,  having  a  sweetish  burning 
taste  and  a  strong  smell  of  peat  smoke  or 
smoked  meat.  It  is  so  powerful  an  anti- 
septic that  if  meat  l>e  plunged  into  a  solu- 
tion of  1  per  cent,  of  creasote,  it  does  not 
putrefy.  Wood  treated  with  it  is  not  sub- 
ject to  dry  rot  or  other  disease.  It  has  been 
used  in  surgery  and  medicine  with  great 
success,  and  it  is  often  an  effectual  cure  for 
toothache  arising  from  caries.  It  is  often 
fraudulently  added  to  whisky,  to  give  it 
the  peat-reek  flavour.  Written  also  Krea- 

Creastedt  (krest'ed),  a.  Crested;  tufted; 
plumed.  Spenser. 

Creasy  (kres'i),  a.  Full  of  creases;  charac- 
terized by  creases.  'To  tempt  the  babe 
who  rear'd  his  many  arms. '  Tennyson. 

Creat  (kre'at),  n.  [Fr  ]  In  the  manage,  an 
usher  to  a  riding  master. 

Creatable  (kre-at'a-bl),  o.  That  may  be 
created. 

Create  (kre-af).  r.f.  pret.  &  pp.  created; 
ppr.  creating.  [L.  crco,  creatum,  to  create; 
f rom  same  root  as  Skr.  *ri,  to  make.]  1.  To 
produce  from  nothing;  to  bring  into  being; 
to  cause  to  exist. 

In  the  beginning,  God  created  the  heaven  and  the 
earth.  Gen.  '•  '• 

2.  To  make  or  form,  by  investing  with  a 
new  character;  to  constitute;  to  appoint; 
as,  to  create  one  a  peer  or  baron;  to  create 
a  manor. 

I  create  you 
Companions  to  our  person.  Shat. 

S.  To  be  the  occasion  of;  to  bring  about;  to 
cause;  to  produce. 

Long  abstinence  is  troublesome  by  the  uneasiness 
it  creates  in  the  stomach.  Arttuthnot. 

4.  To  beget;  to  generate;  to  bring  forth. 

This  shall  be  written  for  the  generation  to  come: 
and  the  people  which  shall  be  created,  shall  praise 
the  Lord  Ps.  cu.  18. 


CREATURE 

Create  t  (kre-af),  a.  Begotten  ;  composed  ; 
created. 

With  hearts  create  of  dirty  and  of  zeal.       Shak. 

CreatiC  (kre-at'ik),  a.    [Gr.  kreat,  Icn-ni:.  . 
flesh.]    Relating  to  flesh  or  animal  food.  - 
Creatic  nausea,  or  abhorrence  of  flesh  food, 
is  a  symptom  of  some  diseases.   Spelled  also 
Kreatic. 

Creatine  (kre'a-tin),  n.  [Or.  kreas,  flesh.] 
(C4H,NSOS.)  A  crystallizable  organic  sub- 
stance obtained  from  muscular  rilirc. 

Creatinine  (kre-at'in-in),  n.  (C,H7N30) 
An  alkaline,  crystallizable  substance  ob- 
tained by  the  action  of  acids  on  creatine, 
and  found  in  the  juice  of  muscular  flesh. 
See  extract. 

This  substance  (creatinine),  which  also  forms  pris- 
matic crystals,  moderately  soluble  in  water,  differs 
considerably  from  creatine  in  its  chemical  relations. 
.  .  .  The  relation  of  these  two  substances,  both  chemi- 
cal and  physiological,  pretty  clearly  indicate  that 
creatinine  is  to  be  regarded  as  a  derivative  from 


whilst  the  latter  predominates  in  the 
the  exclusion  of  the  former. 


creatine;  fi 

juice  of  flesh,  almost  to  _ 

the  former  predominates  ill  the  urine  almost  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  latter.  Carpenter. 

Creation  (kre-a'shon).  n.  1.  The  act  of 
creating;  the  act  of  producing  or  causing 
to  exist;  and  especially,  the  act  of  bringing 
this  world  into  existence;  as,  the  enatimi 
of  man  and  other  animals,  of  plants,  mine- 
rals, Ac. 

Chaos  heard  his  voice;  him  all  his  train 
Followed  in  bright  succession  to  behold 
Creation,  and  die  wonders  of  his  might.  Milton. 

2.  The  act  of  investing  with  a  new  charac- 
ter; appointment;  formation;  as,  the  crea- 
tion of  peers  in  England. 

They  (the  Puritans)  esteemed  themselves  rich  in  a 
more  precious  treasure,  and  eloquent  in  a  more  sub- 
lime language,  nobles  by  the  right  of  an  earlier  crea- 
tion and  priests  by  the  imposition  of  a  mightier 
hand.  Macautay. 

3.  The  things  created;  that  which  is  pro- 
duced or  caused  to  exist;  creatures;  the 
world;  the  universe. 

As  subjects  then  the  whole  creation  came. 

Denham. 
A  false  creation, 

Proceeding  from  the  heat-oppressed  brain.  Ska*. 
Choice  pictures  and  creations  of  curious  art. 

Disraeli. 

Creatlonal  (kre-a'shon-al),  o.  Pertaining 
to  creation. 

Creationlsm  (kre-a'shon-izm),  n.  The  doc- 
trine that  asoul  is  specially  created  for  each 
human  foetus  as  soon  as  it  is  formed  in  the 
womb:  opposed  to  Traducianium  and  Jn- 
fusionisin. 

Creative  (krc-at'iv),  o.  Having  the  power 
to  create,  or  exerting  the  act  of  creation; 
as,  creative  fancy.  'The  divine  creative 
power.'  Dr.  Caird. 

Or  from  the  power  of  a  peculiar  eye. 
Or  by  creative  feeling  overborne. 
Even  in  their  fix'd  and  steady  lineaments 
He  traced  au  ebbing  and  a  flowing^  mmd. 

Creativeness  (kre-at'iv-nes),  n.  State  of 
lieing  creative. 

Creator  (kre-at'cr),  n.  [L.]  1.  One  who 
creates,  produces,  or  constitutes;  distinc- 
tively, the  almighty  Maker  of  all  things; 
the  Being  that  bestows  existence  or  forms 
without  any  preceding  matter. 

Remember  thy  Creator  in  the  days  of  thy  youth. 
Eccl.  xn.  I. 

It  is  the  poets  and  artists  of  Greece  who  are  at  the 
same  time  its  prophets,  the  creators  of  its  divinities, 
and  the  revealers  of  its  theological  beliefs. 

Dr.  Caird. 

2.   The   thing  that  creates,    produces,  or 

causes 
Creatorship  (kre-at'er-shlp),  n.    The  state 

or  condition  of  a  creator. 
Creatress  (kre-at'res),  n.    She  who  creates, 

produces,  or  constitutes. 
Creatural  (kre'tur-al),  a.    Belonging  to  a 

creature;  having  the  qualities  of  a  creature. 
Creature  (kre'tur),  «.  [O.  Fr.  creature,  L.L. 

creatura.    See  CREATE  ]    l.t  That  which  is 

created;   a  thing.     'Water,  a  creature  so 

common  and  needful.'    Fuller. 

God's  first  creature  was  light.  Bacon. 

2.  A  created  being;  any  living  being. 

Yet  crime  in  her  could  never  creature  find.  Sfeitser. 

For  so  work  the  honey-bees, 
Creatures,  that  by  a  rule  in  nature  teach 
The  act  of  order  to  a  peopled  kingdom.    Sttaf. 
Millions  of  spiritual  creatures  walk  the  earth 
Unseen  both  when  we  wake  and  when  we  sleep. 
Milton. 

3.  A  human  being,  in  contempt  or  endear- 
ment; as,  an  idle  creature;  what  a  crea- 
ture! a  pretty  creature;  a  sweet  creature. 
'  Poor  creature. '    Johnson. 

The  world  hath  not  a  sweeter  creature.     Stoi. 


rate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc.  Icy. 


CREATURE 


3.  A  person  who  owes  his  rise  and  fortune 
to  another;  one  who  is  subject  to  the  will 
or  influence  of  another;  an  instrument-  a 
tool. 

Great  princes  thus,  when  favourites  they  raise 
To  justify  their  grace,  their  creatures  praise. 

Drydett, 
Both  Charles  himself  and  his  creature  Laud 

Macattloy. 

Creature  (kre'tur),  a.    Of  or  belonging  t 
the  body;  as,  creature  comforts. 
Creaturelesst  (kre'tur-les),  a.    Alone-  sol 
tary;  without  the  companionship  of  crei 
tures. 

God  was  alone 
And  creaturelgss  at  first.  Donne. 

Creaturely  (kre'tur-li),  a.  Of  or  pertainiii 
to  the  creature;  having  the  qualities  of  o 
resembling  a  creature.  [Rare.  ] 

Christianity  rested  on  the  belief  that  God  made  a 
things  very  good,  and  that  the  evil  in  tile  world  w-i 
due  to  sin— to  the  perversity  of  the  creatttrely  will 
Pro/.  Flint. 

Creatureship  (kre'tur-ship),  n.    The  state 

of  a  creature.     [Rare.] 
Creaturizet  (kre'tur-iz),  v.t.     To  render  o 

the  nature  of  a  creature;  to  animalize. 

This  sisterly  relation  and  consanguinity  .  .  .  woul( 
.  .  .  degrade  and  creatiti  ize  that  mundane  soul. 
Ciidtvorttt. 

Creaze  (krez),  n.     In  mining,  the  tin  in  the 
middle  part  of  the  washing  pit. 
CrebriCOState(kre-bri-kost7it),!i.  [L  creber 
crchri,  close,  and  costa,  a  rib.)    In  conch 
marked  with  closely  set  ribs  or  ridges 
Crebrisulcate(kre-bri-sul'kat),fi.  [L.c'reber 
crebri,   close,   and  sulcus,  a  furrow  ]     Ir 
conch,  marked  with  closely-set  transverse 
furrows. 

Crebritudet  (kre'bri-tiid),  n.      [L    crebri. 
tudu,  from  creber,  close.)    Frequentness 
Crebroust  (kre'brus),  a.    [L.  creber   close 
frequent.]    Frequent. 

Creche  (krash),  n.  [Fr.  See  CRATCH.]  A 
public  nursery  for  the  children  of  poor 
women  who  have  to  work  out  durin"  the 
day,  where,  for  a  small  payment,  they  are 
nursed,  and,  if  the  parents  do  not  supply 
food,  for  a  small  extra  payment  fed  durini- 
the  day.  The  children  remain  with  their 
parents  at  night. 

Credence  (kre  dens),  n.  [L.L.  credentia,  be- 
lief, from  L.  credens,  credentis,  pp  of  credit 
to  believe.)  1.  Belief;  credit;  reliance  of 
the  mind  on  evidence  of  facts  derived  from 
other  sources  than  personal  knowledge,  as 
from  the  testimony  of  others. 

The  ground  of  credence  was  the  same  in  both: 
namely,  that  the  doctrines  taught  were  worthy  of 
G°d-  ll'tlrbitrton. 

2.  That  which  gives  a  claim  to  credit,  be- 
lief, or  confidence;  credentials;  as,  a  letter 
of  credence,  which  is  intended  to  commend 
the  bearer  to  the  confidence  of  a  third  per- 
son. 

He  left  his  credence  to  make  good  the  rest. 

Tyndate. 

8.  Ecclea.  the  small  table  by  the  side  of  the 
altar  or  communion  table,  on  which  the 


Credent  (kre'dent).  a.    i.  Believing- 

' 


Credence  Table,  St.  Cross,  near  Winchester. 

bread  and  wine  are  placed  before  they  are 
consecrated. —4.  In  mrdireval  times,  a  sort 
of  buffet  or  sideboard  where  the  meats  were 
tasted  before  they  were  served  to  the  guests, 
as  a  precaution  against  poisoning.  — SYN. 
Belief,  credit,  confidence,  trust,  faith. 

Credencet  (kre'dens),  v.  t.  To  give  credence 
to;  to  believe.  'In  credencinn  his  tales.' 
Stilton. 

Credend  (kre-dend'),  n.  Same  as  Creden- 
dutn. 

Credendum  (kre -den Mum),  n.  pi  Cre- 
denda  (kre-den'da).  [L.]  In  theol.  some- 
thing to  be  believed;  an  article  of  faith,  as 
distinguished  from  agendum,  a  thing  to  be 
done,  or  a  practical  duty. 


My  authority  bears  a  credent  bulk 

1  hat  no  particular  scandal  once  can  touch  Shat 

Credential  (kre-den'shi-al),  a. 

^•^lH'Cm'"'tM^ 
Credential  (kre-den'shi-al),  ,1     i    Tha 

winch  .gives  credit;  that  which  gives'  a  tit? 

or  claim  to  confidence.    [Rare  in  singular 

F%f'.'is  Brcat  d°niinion  here 

Which  over  other  beasts  we  claim 
Reason  our  best  credential  doth  appear. 
-  Kitctingkamshire. 

2.  pi.  Testimonials  or  certificates  given  to 
person  as  the  warrant  on  which  belief  credit 
or  authority  is  claimed   for   him'amon 
strangers;  as  the  letters  of  commendation 
and  power  given  by  a  government  to  an 


Trench. 

Credibility  (kred-i-bil'i-ti),  n.  [Fr.  credi 
biliU .fromL.  credibility  Credibleness;  be 
Iievableiiess  both  of  persons  and  things;  the 
qua  ity  or  state  of  a  circumstance  which 
renders  it  possible  to  be  believed  or  which 
admits  belief  on  rational  principles-  the 
quality  or  state  of  a  thing  which  involves 
no  contradiction  or  absurdity.  •  The  credi- 
bility of  facts.'  Middleton.  •  The  credibility, 
of  witnesses.'  Middleton. 

Credible  (kred'i-bl),  re.  [L.  credibila  ]  1  That 
may  be  believed;  worthy  of  credit:  applied 
to  persons  and  things;  as,  a  credible  person 
is  one  of  known  veracity  and  integrity  or 
whose  veracity  may  fairly  be  deduced  from 
circumstances:  a  thing  is  credible  when  it 
is  known  to  be  possible,  or  when  it  involves 
no  contradiction  or  absurdity,  but  it  is  more 
credible  when  it  is  known  to  come  within 
the  ordinary  laws  or  operations  of  nature. 

No  one  can  demonstrate  to  me  that  there  is  such 
an  island  of  Jamaica :  yet.  upon  the  testimony  of 
credible  persons,  I  am  free  from  doubt. 

Abp.  Tillotson. 

Things  are  made  credible  either  by  the  known 
condition  and  quality  of  the  utterer,  or  by  the  man), 
fest  likelihood  of  truth  in  themselves.  Hooker. 

Sredibleness  (kred'i-bl-nes),  n.  Credibility; 
worthiness  of  belief;  just  claim  to  credit. 
'  The  Credibleness  of  these  narratives. '  Bacon 
[Rare.] 

Credibly  (kred'i-bli),  adv.  In  a  manner  that 
deserves  belief;  with  good  authority  to  sup- 
port belief. 

Credit  (kred'it),  ».  [Fr.  credit;  L.  creditum 
See  CUBED.)  1.  Belief;  faith;  a  reliance  or 
resting  of  the  mind  on  the  truth  of  some- 
thing said  or  done:  used  both  subjectively 
and  objectively,  as  in  the  following  two 
extracts. 

What  though  no  credit  doubting  wits  may  give! 

The  fair  and  innocent  shall  still  believe,      l^pe. 
There  is  no  composition  in  these  news 
That  gives  them  credit.  Shafc. 

2.  Reputation  derived  from  the  confidence 
of  others;  esteem;  estimation;  honour:  good 
opinion  founded  on  a  belief  of  a  man's  ver- 
acity, integrity,  abilities,  and  virtue ;  as,  a 
physician  in  high  credit  with  his  brethren. 

Yes,  while  I  live  no  rich  or  noble  knave 

Shall  walk  the  world  in  credit  to  his  grave.    Pope. 

3.  That  which  procures  or  is  entitled  to 
belief  or  confidence;  authority  derived  from 
character  or  reputation;  as,  we  believe  a 
story  on  the  credit  of  the  narrator. 

We  are  content  to  take  this  on  your  credit 

Hooter, 

Influence  derived  from  the  reputation 
for  veracity  or  integrity,  or  from  the  good 
opinion  or  confidence  of  others;  interest; 
power  derived  from  weight  of  character, 
from  friendship,  fidelity,  or  other  cause;  as. 
;he  minister  has  credit  with  the  prince;  us.' 
•our  credit  with  your  friend  in  my  favour. 

with  the  judge 
mi  the  manacles  of  law. 
S/tai. 

5.  In  com.  trust;  transfer  of  goods  in  confi- 
dence of  future  payment.  When  the  mer- 
chant gives  a  credit  he  sells  his  wares  on  an 
expressed  or  implied  promise  that  the  pur- 
chaser will  pay  for  them  at  a  future  time. 
The  seller  believes  in  the  solvability  and 
probity  of  the  purchaser,  and  delivers  his 
goods  on  that  belief  or  trust;  or  he  delivers 
them  on  the  credit  or  reputation  of  the  pur- 
chaser. The  purchaser  takes  what  Is  sold 
on  credit.  In  like  manner,  money  is  lent 
on  the  credit  of  the  borrower. 


Whose  credit 
Could  fetch  your  brother  fro 


were  rude •"•mil  almo«  unknown. 
:  a.  won  «,«,«,*,„ 

.l/.n.l  «/,!>. 

'I     1"  III."     till, I,  ,1,      ,,r     ||,g 

-..Me^aman^';:'?,,;1:;;',1";;''^;;^,' 

turcrs,  but  that  one  has  nom>  "7  '!',',' 

1,'mmntl         i *     V  *"  a<-':'"""    ' 
p.i>  mutt  isentered:  opposed  to  debit  •  as  thi. 
article  is  carried  to  one's  credit  and  that  to 
8.  The  note.  ,„•  bill,  » hid,  are 

issued  b}  the  K<.v,.r D  tor  by  corporations 

or  individuals,  win,  1,  ,„,  olaCe  on  the  c,'n 

•I,-,,,.  ,,f  ,,„.„  n,,|,,.;,|,ihu 
i"    hose  »!,„,-,„,  ,!,,„,  „,  „.,,,.,.„',    , 
Ihey  are  sometimes  call,,,!  bill,  „/  ,-f,,i,, 

The  time  riven  for  payment' f.,, 
or  goods  sol,!  on  trust"  a.,  a  long  cm, 
or  a  short  credii-io.  A  sum  of  money  due 
to  any  person ;   anything  valuable  stand- 
ing on  the  creditor  side  of  an  account; 
as.  A  has  a  credit  on  the  books  of  B  •  the 
credits  are  more  than  balanced  by  the  debits 
In  this  sense  the  word  has  th,-  plan]  „,,,,": 
oer.)—  Letter  of  credit,  an  order  given  by 
bankers  or  others  at  one  place  to  enable  a 
person  to  receive  money  from  their  agenta 
at  another  place.    A  letter  of  credit  to  not 
transferable. -Public  credit,  the  confidence 
which  men  entertain  in  the  ability  and  dis- 
position of  a  nation  to  make  good  its  engage- 
ments with  its  creditor.;  or  the  estimation 
in  which  individuals  hold  the  public  pro- 
mises of  payment,  whether  such  promises 
are  expressed  or  implied.    The  term  Is  also 
applied  to  the  general  credit  of  Individuals 
in  a  nation;  when  merchants  and  other,  are 
wealthy  and  punctual  in  fulfilling  engage- 
ments; or  when  they  transact  business  with 
honour  and  fidelity;  or  when  transfer,  of 
property  are  made  with  ease  for  ready  pay- 
ment.    So  we  speak  of  the  credit  of  a  bank 
when  general  confidence  is  placed  In  its 
ability  to  redeem  its  notes;  and  the  credit 
of  a  mercantile  house  rests  on  its  supposed 
ability  and  probity,  which  Induce  men  to 
trust  to  its  engagements.    When  the  public 
credit  is  questionable  it  raise,  the  premium 
on  loans.-SYN.  Belief,  faith,  trust   confi- 
dence, favour,  influence,  name,  character, 
reputation,  honour. 

Credit  (kred'itXt.e.  1.  To  believe;  to  confide 
in  the  truth  of;  as,  to  credit  a  report  or  the 
man  who  tells  it. 

Now  I  change  my  mind. 
And  partly  credit  things  that  do  presage.     Shak. 

2.  To  trust;  to  sell,  or  lend  in  confidence  of 
future  payment ;  as,  to  credit  goods  or  money 
3  To  procure  credit  or  honour  to;  to  Jo 
credit;  to  give  reputation  or  honour  to. 

I  call  them  forth  to  credit  her.  Stiat. 

May  here  her  monument  stand  so, 
To  credit  this  rude  age.  ti'aller. 

4.  To  enter  upon  the  credit  side  of  an  account; 
to  give  credit  for;  as,  to  credit  the  amount 
paid;  to  credit  to  a  man  the  interest  paid  on 
a  bond. 

Ireditabillty  (kred'it-a-bir'i-ti),  n.  The 
HUality  of  being  creditable. 
Creditable  (kred'it-a-bl).  a.  i.f  Worthy  of 
belief;  credible.  'Creditable  witnesses.' 
Ludlow.—2  Reputable;  that  may  be  enjoyed 
or  exercised  with  reputation  or  esteem;  ,s- 
timable.  '  A  creditable  way  of  living.'  Ar- 
bvthnot. 

redltableness  (kred'it-a-bl-nes),  n.  Repu- 
tation; estimation. 

reditably  (kred'it-a-bli).  adv.     Reputably; 
with  credit;  without  disgrace. 
Yedit  Foncier  (kra  de  fofi-sya),  n.    (Fr.)  A 
icculiar  mode  of  raising  money  on  land  in 
Prance,  the  peculiarity  of  which  is  that  the 
repayment  of  the  loan  is  by  an  annuity 
terminable  at  a  certain  date, 
redit   Moblller  (kra-de  m«-be-lya),  ". 
FT.  ]   A' scheme  which  originated  in  France 
n  1852,  its  objects  being  to  undertake  trad- 
ing enterprises  of  all  kinds  on  the  principle 
of   limited    liability,  to    buy  up   existing 
trading   companies,  and    to  carry  on  the 
business  of  bankers  and  stock-jobbers. 
Creditor  (kred'it-er),  ».     [L    See  CREED  ] 

1.  A  person  to  whom  a  sura  of  money  or 
other  thing  is  due  by  obligation,  promise,  or 
in  law ;  properly,  one  who  gives  credit  in 
commerce;  but  in  a  general  sense,  one  who 
has  a  just  claim  for  money:  correlative  to 
debtor. 

Creditors  have  better  memories  than  debtors. 
FraiMfH. 

2.  t  One  who  believes.     '  The  easy  creditor* 
of  novelties.'     Daniel.  —  Creditor'*  MB,  In 
law,  a  bill  in  equity,  filed  by  one  or  more 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loc/V;      g,  go;      i,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  siny;      IH,  then;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  tcAig;    zh,  azure. —See  KEY. 


CREDITRESS 


622 


CRENATURE 


creditors,  by  and  in  behalf  of  him  or  them- 
selves, and  all  other  creditors  who  shall 
come  in  under  the  decree,  for  an  account 
of  the  assets  and  a  due  settlement  of  the 
estate. 

Creditress  (kred'it-res),  n.  Same  as 
Creditrix, 

Creditrix  ( kred '  it  -  riks ) ,  n.  A  female 
creditor. 

Credo  (kre'do),  n.  [L.  See  CRKKD.]  The 
creed,  as  said  or  sung  in  the  service  of  the 
Unman  Catholic  Church. 

Credulity  (kru-duli-ti),  n.  [Fr.  credulitt; 
L.  creditlitas,  from  credulus.  See  CREDU- 
LOUS.] Easiness  of  belief;  a  weakness  of 
mind  by  which  a  person  is  disposed  to  be- 
lieve or  yield  his  assent  to  a  declaration  or 
proposition  without  sufficient  evidence  of 
the  truth  of  what  is  said  or  proposed;  a  dis- 
position to  believe  on  slight  evidence  or  no 
evidence  at  all. 

To  believe  in  Christianity,  without  knowing  why  we 
believe  it,  is  not  Christian  faith,  but  blind  credulity, 
II  'hatfly. 

Credulous  (kred'u-lus),  a.  [L.  credulus, 
from  credo,  to  believe.]  1.  Apt  to  believe 
without  sufficient  evidence ;  unsuspecting ; 
easily  deceived. 

A  credulous  father,  and  a  brother  noble. 
Whose  nature  is  so  far  from  doing  harm 
That  he  suspects  none.  Shak. 

2.t  Believed  too  readily. 

'Twas  he  possessed  me  with  your  credulous  death. 
Heau.  &•  Ft, 

—  Superstitious,  Credulous,  Bigoted.  See 
under  SUPERSTITIOUS. 

Credulously  (kred'u-lus -li),  adv.  With 
credulity. 

Credulousness  (kred'u-lus-nes),  n.  Credu- 
lity; easiness  of  belief;  readiness  to  believe 
without  sufficient  evidence. 

Beyond  all  credulity  is  the  credutottsness  of  atheists, 
who  believe  that  chance  could  make  the  world  when 
it  cannot  build  a  house.  S.  Clarke. 

Creed  (kred),  n.  [A.  Sax.  creda;  Fr.  It.  and 
Sp.  credo,  from  L.  credo,  I  believe,  the  first 
word  of  the  Apostles'  Creed.]  1.  A  brief 
summary  of  the  articles  of  Christian  faith; 
as,  the  Apostolic  Creed.  The  English  Church 
adopts,  as  '  thoroughly  to  be  received  and 
believed/  the  three  ancient  creeds,  called 
the  Apostles'  Creed,  the  Athanasian  Creed, 
and  the  Nicene  Creed,  but  does  not  consider 
any  of  them  to  be  inspired  The  Church  of 
Rome  adopts,  along  with  these,  the  creed 
of  the  Council  of  Constantinople.  The  creed 
of  the  Church  of  Scotland  is  contained  in  her 
Confession  of  Faith.  Besides  these  creeds, 
there  are  numerous  Confessions  of  Faith, 
which  have  been  adopted  by  different 
churches  and  sects. 

Perplext  in  faith,  but  pure  in  deeds, 

At  last  he  beat  his  music  out. 

There  lives  more  faith  in  honest  doubt, 
Believe  me,  than  in  half  the  creeds.       Tennyson. 

2.  Any  system  of  principles  which  arc  believed 
or  professed. 

Creed,  t  Credet  (kred),  v.t.  To  credit;  to 
believe. 

I  marvelled,  when  as  I,  in  a  subject  so  new  to  this 
age,  concealed  not  my  name,  why  this  author  defend- 
ing that  part  which  is  so  creeded  by  the  people  would 
conceal  his.  Milton. 

Creek  (krek),  n.  [A.  Sax.  crecca,  a  creek,  a 
bay;  cog.  D.  kreek,  whence  Fr.  critjue,  an 
inlet;  Icel.fcrifci,  a  crack,  a  corner;  Sw.  dial. 
krik,  a  corner,  a  creek,  a  cove;  perhaps  also 
W.  critj,  a  crack,  crigyll,  a  creek,  and  E. 
crook.]  1.  A  small  inlet,  bay,  or  cove;  a  re- 
cess in  the  shore  of  the  sea  or  of  a  river. 

They  discovered  a  certain  creek  with  a  "shore. 
Acts  xxvii.  39. 

2.  Any  turn  or  winding.     'The  passage  of 
alleys,  creekx,  and  narrow  lands.'    Skak. — 

3.  A  small  river;  a  rivulet.     '  Lesser  streams 
and  rivulets  are  denominated  creeks'  Gold- 
smith.    (The  word  is  often  used  in  this  last 
sense  in  the  United  States  and  Australia, 
but  rarely  in  England.] 

Creeky  (krek'i),  a.  Containing  creeks;  full 
of  creeks;  winding.  'The  creeky  shore.' 
Spenser. 

Creel  (krel),  n.  [Gael.  craidJileag;  same  root 
as  cradle.]  An  osier  basket  or  pannier; 
specifically,  a  basket  for  carrying  on  the 
back;  as,  a  fish- wife's  creel;  an  angler's  creel. 
—To  be  in  a  creel,  or  to  have  ones  wits  in  a 
creel,  to  labour  under  some  temporary  con- 
fusion or  stupefaction  of  mind.  [Scotch.] 

Creep  (krep),  v.  i.  pret  &  pp.  crept;  ppr.  creep- 
ing. [A.  Sax.  crefipan,  to  creep,  to  crawl ; 
cog.  D.  kruipen,  L.G.  kritpen,  Icel.  krjupa, 
Sw.  kri/pa,  Dan.  krybe,  all  meaning  to  creep 
or  crawl;  perhaps  from  root  of  cramp.] 
1.  To  move  with  the  belly  on  the  ground 
or  the  surface  of  any  other  body,  as  a  worm 


or  serpent  without  legs,  or  as  niany  insects 
with  feet  and  very  short  legs;  to  crawl.— 

2.  To  move  along  the  ground,  or  on  the  sur- 
face of  any  other  body,  in  growth,  as  a  vine; 
to  grow  along. 

Oh,  a  dainty  plant  is  the  ivy  creen, 

Th.it  creepeth  o'er  ruins  old.  Dickens. 

3.  To  move  slowly,  feebly,  or  timorously;  as, 
an  old  or  infirm  man,  who  creep*  about  his 
chamber. 

The  whining  schoolboy  .  .  .  creeping  like  snail 
Unwillingly  to  school.  SJi,it. 

\Ve  took  a  little  boat  to  creep  along  the  sea-shore 
as  far  as  Genoa.  Addixon. 

4.  To  move  slowly  and  insensibly,  as  time. 
To-morrow,  and  to-morrow,  and  to-morrow, 
Creeps  in  this  petty  pace  from  day  to  day.     Shak. 

5.  To  move  secretly;  to  move  so  as  to  escape 
detection  or  prevent  suspicion;  to  enter  un- 
observed.   'The  sophistry  which  creeps  into 
most  of  the  books  of  argument.'  Locke. 

Of  this  sort  are  they  who  creep  into  houses  and  lead 
captive  silly  women.  2  Tim.  iii.  6. 

Such  as  for  their  bellies'  sake 
Creep  and  intrude,  and  climb  into  the  fold.    Milton, 

6.  To  move  or  behave  with  extreme  servility 
or  humility;  to  move  as  if  affected  with  a 
sense  of  extreme  humiliation  or  terror.    'A 
creeping  sycophant. '    Gtootlrich. 

Like  a  guilty  thing  I  creep.        Tennyson. 

7.  To  have  a  sensation  such  as  might  be 
caused  by  worms  or  insects  creeping  on  the 
skin  of  the  body;  as,  the  sight  made  my 
flesh  creep. 

Creep  (krep),  n.  In  mining,  a  sinking  down 
of  the  strata  overlying  a  working,  the  floor 
being  at  the  same  time  pushed  up:  so  culled 
because  it  takes  place  very  gradually.  This 
happens  when  the  pillars  of  the  workings 
are  too  small,  or  the  strata  on  which  they 
rest  are  soft. 

Creeper  (krep'er),n.  l.  One  who  creeps;  that 
which  creeps;  a  reptile. — 2.  In  hot.  a  creeping 
plant,  which  moves  along  the  surface  of  the 
earth,  or  attaches  itself  to  some  other  body, 
as  ivy.  '  Winders  or  creepers,  as  ivy,  briony, 
and  woodbine.'  Bacon. — 3.  An  iron  used  to 
slide  along  the  grate  in  kitchens.— 4.  A  kind 
of  patten  or  clog  worn  by  women;  also,  an 
appliance  with  iron  points  flxed  on  a  shoe  to 
prevent  slipping.— 6.  An  instrument  of  iron 
with  hooks  or  claws  for  dragging  the  bottom 
of  a  well,  river,  or  harbour,  and  bringing  up 
what  may  be  there.  [In  this  sense  used  often 
in  the  plural.  ] — 6.  pt.  The  popular  name  of 
a  family  of  birds  (Certhiadaej  which  strongly 
resemble  the  woodpeckers  in  their  habit  of 
creeping  on  the  stems  of  trees,  supporting 
themselves  on  the  strong  quills  projecting 
from  the  tail- feathers,  and  of  securing  their 
food  by  an  exsertile  tongue.  The  common 
creeper  (Certhia,  familiaru)  is  European, 
but  is  represented  by  American  species.  It 
is  one  of  our  smallest  birds;  the  slender 
curved  bill  is  as  large  as  the  head;  the  tail 
coverts  are  stiff  and  pointed  at  the  extre- 
mities, and  the  hind  toe  is  larger  than  the 
middle  one.  The  wall-creeper  (Tichodroma 
mitraria)  of  Southern  Europe  searches  for 
its  insect  prey  on  walls  and  rocks.  The 
family  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  the 
Polynesian  Islands  possessing  in  the  Ortho- 
nyx  a  very  close  analogue  to  the  woodpeckers, 
while  the  Brazilian  Dendrocolaptea  resem- 
bles, not  merely  in  its  greatly- curved  bill, 
but  also  in  the  arrangement  and  brilliant 
colour  of  its  feathers,  the  small  humming- 
birds among  which  it  lives.— 7.  One  of  a 
breed  of  fowls  with  legs  so  short  that  they 
jump  rather  than  walk. 

Creephole  (krepliol),  n.  l.  A  hole  into 
which  an  animal  may  creep  to  escape  notice 
or  danger.— 2.  A  subterfuge;  an  excuse. 

Creeping  Crowfoot  (krep'ing-kro-fut),  n. 
The  popular  name  of  Jtanunculmt  repenx,  a 
buttercup  with  long  runners  which  grows 
in  meadows  and  pastures. 

Creepin^ly  (krep'ing-li),  ado.  By  creeping; 
slowly-in  the  manner  of  a  reptile. 

Creeplet  (kre'pl),  n.  1.  A  creeping  animal; 
a  reptile;  a  serpent  or  viper. 


There  is  one  creeping  beast,  or  long  creeple  (as  the 
name  is  in  Devonshire),  that  hath  a  rattle  at  his  tail 
that  doth  discover  his  age.  Morton, 

2.  A  cripple. 

Thou  knowest  how  lame  a  creeple  the  world  is. 
Donne. 

Creese  (kres),  n.    A  Malay  dagger;  a  crease. 

Creesn,  Creish  (kresh),  n.  [See  GREASE.] 
Grease;  tallow.  [Scotch.] 

Creesn,  Creish  (kresh),  v.t.  To  grease. 
[Scotch.]— 7V»  creesh  one's  loof,  lit.  to  grease 
one's  palm;  to  give  one  a  consideration  for 


some  benefit  conferred  or  expected;  to  bribe 
one. 

Creeshie,  Creeshy  (kresh'i),  a.  Greasy. 
[Scotch.] 

Kilm.irnock  wabsters,  fidge  and  claw. 

An*  pour  your  creeshie  nations.  .  .  . 

Switn  to  the  Laigh  Kirk  ane  an'  a*.       Burns. 

Creish,  »-  and  v.t.     See  CKKJ>II. 

Cremaillere  (kre-mal-yar'),  n.  [Fr.]  In  fort. 
a  defensive  line  of  circumvallntion  traml 
in  the  form  of  a  saw,  with  the  view  of  de- 
livering both  oblique  and  cross  fires. 

Cremate  (kre'mat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cremated; 
ppr.  cremating.  [L.  cremo,  crciitntinn,  \n 
bum.]  To  burn;  to  dispose  of,  as  a  human 
body,  by  burning  instead  of  interring. 

Cremation  (kre-ma'shon),  ?).  [L.  <•>;•, ,uiti<>, 
from  creino,  to  burn.]  The  act  or  custom  of 
cremating;  a  burning,  as  of  the  burning  of 
the  dead.  This  practice  was  frequent  in 
ancient  times,  instead  of  burial,  and  in  our 
own  times  it  has  been  advocated  by  many 
scientific  men  in  Europe  and  America. 
Various  methods  of  cremation  have  been 
proposed,  the  great  difficulty  being  to  cnn- 
fcume  the  body  without  permitting  the 
escape  of  noxious  exhalations,  and  without 
mingling  the  ashes  with  foreign  substances. 
With  W.  Siemens's  apparatus(a  modification 
of  the  plan  of  Sir  Henry  Thompson)  the  body 
is  exposed  to  the  combined  action  of  highly 
heated  air  and  combustible  gases,  so  as  to 
be  entirely  consumed  without  mixing  any 
foreign  substance  with  the  ashes,  while  the 
furnace  is  so  constructed  that  no  noxious 
effluvium  escapes  from  it. 

Cremationist  (kre-ma'shon-ist),  n.  One 
who  advocates  or  favours  the  practice  of 
cremation,  that  is  of  burning  the  bodies  of 
the  dead  instead  of  interring  them. 

Crematory  (kre'ma-to-ri),  a.  Connected 
with  or  employed  incremation;  as,  a  ct  r  uni- 
tary furnace. 

Cremocarp  (kre'mo-karp),  n.  [Gr.  Jm'H"t--. 
I  hang,  and  karpos,  fruit.]  A  fruit,  as  that 
of  umbellifers,  consisting  of  two  or  more 
indehiscent,  inferior,  one-seeded  carpels, 
adhering  round  a  distinct  and  separable 
axis. 

Cremona  (kre-mo'na),  n.  A  general  name 
given  to  violins  made  at  Cremona,  the  capi- 
tal of  Milan,  in  the  seventeenth  century,  by 
the  Amati  family,  and  by  Straduarius  at 
the  commencement  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. These  instruments  excel  all  others, 
and  are  therefore  highly  prized. 

Cremona  (kre-m&'na),  n.  A  name  given  to 
a  stop  in  the  organ,  being  an  English  cor- 
ruption of  krunnnhorn,  an  ancient  wind- 
instrument  which  the  stop  was  originally 
designed  to  imitate.  SeeCROMORNA.KRUMM- 

HORN. 

Cremor  (kre'mor),  n.  [L.  See  CREAM.] 
Cream;  any  expressed  juice  of  grain;  yeast; 
scum;  asubstance  resembling  cream.  'Chyle 
or  cremor.'  Hay. 

Cremosin,t  Cremosinet  (krem'O-rin),  n. 
See  CRIMSON. 

Crems,  n.    See  KREMS. 

Crenate,  Crenated  (kre'nat,  kre'nat-ed),  a. 
[L.crena,  a  notch,  whence  crenatus,  notched.] 
Notched;  indented;  scalloped.  In  hot.  a 
crenate  leaf  has  its  margin  cut  into  even 


Crenate  Leaf. 


Doubly-crcnate  Leaf. 


and  rounded  notches  or  scallops.  When 
the  scallops  have  smaller  ones  upon  them, 
aleaf  issaidtobedtm&fy-erenate.— Inentowi. 
a  crenate  margin  is  a  margin  with  inden- 
tations, not  sufficient  to  be  called  teeth,  the 
exterior  of  which  is  rounded. 

CrenatO^dentate  (kre'na-to-den'tat),  a.  In 
bot.  applied  to  a  leaf  divided  at  the  edge 
into  triangular  notches. 

Crenatula  (kre-nat'u-la),  n.  A  genus  of  bi- 
valve shells  of  the  mussel  and  pearl-oyster 
family.  The  hinge  shows  a  row  of  roundish 
or  oval  pits,  making  it  appear  as  if  creim- 
lated.  This  shell  is  found  in  sponges,  and 
moored  to  corallines. 

Crenature  (kre'na-tur),  n.  A  tooth  of  a  cre- 
nate leaf,  or  any  other  part  that  is  crenate. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CRENCLE 


023 


*  I:K>T 


Crencle.t  v.i.    To  crinkle.     'The  house  is  j 
creiided  to  and  fro.'    Chaucer, 

Crencle(krengk'l),H.  Xaut.  a  cringle  (which  : 
see). 

Crenel,!  n.  [O.Fr.  crenel,  Fr.  creneau,  from 
L.  crena,  a  notch.]  The  peak  at  the  top  of 
a  helmet. 

Crenellate  (kre'nel-liit),  v.  t.  To  furnish,  as  a 
parapt-t  or  breastwork,  with  crenelles  or  in- 
dentations for  the  garrison  to  tire  through;  ! 
to  indent;  to  notch. 

Crenellated  (kre'nel-lat-ed),  p.  and  a.  Fur- 
nished with  cren- 
elles, as  a  parapet  or 
breast  -  work  ;  em- 
battled ;  indented ; 
notched;  specifical- 
ly, in  arch,  applied 
to  a  kind  of  em-  Crenellated  or  Embattled 

battled  or  indented  Moulding, 

mouldings    of    fre- 
quent occurrence  in  buildings  of  the  Nor- 
man style. 

Crenellation  (krS-nel-l&'shon),  n.  i.  The 
act  of  forming  crenelles.— 2.  The  state  or 
condition  of  being  crenellated.— 3.  A  notch 
or  indentation. 

Crenelle  (kra-nel),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  crena, 
a  notch.]  One  of  a  POW  of  embrasures  in  an 
embattled  parapet  or  breastwork,  originally 
designed  for  archers  to  shoot  through;  an 
indentation;  a  notch. 

Crenelled,  (kre'neld),  a.  The  same  as  Cre- 
nated. 

Crengle,  Crenkle  fkrang'gl,  krengTd),  n. 
A  cringle  (which  see). 

Crenic  (kren'ik),  a.  [Gr.  kreiie,  a  spring.] 
The  term  applied  to  anorganic,  pale-yellow, 
uncrystallizable  acid  discovered  byBerzelius 
in  vegetable  mould  and  in  the  ochreous 
deposits  of  ferruginous  waters. 

Crenllabrus  (kre-ni-la'brus),  n.  [L.  crena, 
a  slit,  and  labrum,  a  lip.  ]  A  genus  of  fishes, 
of  the  section  Aeanthopterygii  and  family 
Lahridic,  to  which  the  gilt-head  or  golden 
maid,  and  thegoldfinny orgoldsinny,  belong. 

Crenulate,  Crenulated  (kre'nu-lat,  kre'nu- 
lat-ed),  a.  1.  In  bot.  having  the  edge  cut 
into  very  small  scallops,  as  a  leaf.— 2.  In 
conch,  a  term  applied  to  the  indented  mar- 
gin of  a  shell.  The  fine  saw-like  edge  of  the 
shell  of  the  cockle  which  fits  so  nicely  into 
the  opposite  shell  is  a  familiar  example. 

Creole  (kre'61),  n.  [Fr.  Creole,  Sp.  criollo: 
said  to  be  of  Negro  origin.]  1.  In  the  West 
Indies  and  Spanish  America,  a  native  of 
those  countries  descended  from  European 
ancestors. — 2.  A  native  of  the  West  Indies 
and  Spanish  America  of  any  colour,  but  not 
of  indigenous  blood.  [This  is  now  the  gen- 
eral meaning.] 

The  word  creole  means  a  native  of  a  West  Indian 
colony,  whether  he  be  black,  white,  or  of  the  coloured 

population .  Cartnichael. 

Creolean  (kre-61'e-an),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
resembling  Creoles. 

Creosote  (kre'6-sot),  n.     See  CREASOTE. 

Crepance,  Crepane  (kre'pans.  kre'pan),  n. 
[L.  crepo,  to  burst.]  A  wound  in  a  horse's 
leg,  caused  by  the  shoe  of  one  hind-foot 
crossing  and  striking  the  other  hind-foot. 
It  sometimes  degenerates  into  an  ulcer. 

Crepil,t  n.     [Sax.]    A  cripple.     Chaucer. 

Crepls  (kre'pis),  n.  [L. ;  Gr.  krepis.  ]  Hawk's- 
beard,  a  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Compo- 
sitic,  containing  numerous  species  of  her- 
baceous annuals  with  milky  juice,  natives 
of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  rising  to  the  height 
of  1  or  1J  foot.  The  leaves  are  radical,  and 
the  flowers  numerous,  small,  yellow,  or 
purplish,  with  the  corollas  all  ligulate. 

Crepitant  (krep'it-ant),  a.  Relating  to  the 
sound  of  the  lungs  in  pneumonia;  crackling. 

Crepitate  (krep'it-at).v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  crepit- 
ated; ppr.  crepitating.  [L.  crepito,  crepit- 
atum,  freq.  from  crepo,  to  crackle  (whence 
crevice);  probably  from  same  root  as  A.  Sax. 
hreQpan,  Icel.  hrtfpa,  O.H.G.  hruefan,  to 
call;  E.  croup.]  To  crackle;  to  snap;  to 
burst  with  a  small  sharp  abrupt  sound 
rapidly  repeated,  as  salt  in  fire  or  during 
calcination.  It  "differs  from  detonate,  which 
signifies  to  burst  with  a  single  loud  report. 

Crepitation  (krep-it-a'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  bursting  with  a  frequent  repetition  of 
sharp  sounds,  the  noise  of  some  salts  in  cal- 
cination; crackling.— 2.  The  noise  of  frac- 
tured bones  when  moved  by  a  surgeon  to 
ascertain  a  fracture.  —3.  The  crackling  noise 
produced  by  pressure  upon  a  cellular  mem- 
brane when  it  contains  air.— 4.  A  term  for 
one  of  the  sounds  detected  in  the  lungs  by 
auscultation;  the  peculiar  rattle  of  pneu- 
monia. 


The  dry  smmds  thus  proceeding  from  the  air-pas- 
sages  I  willtall  rhontliub  .  .  ,  and  the  m-. 
crepitations.  l>,-.  /-.  j/.  Latham. 

Crepltus  (kre'pi-tus),  n.  The  Latin  equiva- 
lent of  Crepitation  (which  see). 

Crepon  (kre'pon),  n.  [Fr.]  A  lint' stuff,  made 
either  of  fine  wool  or  of  wool  and  silk,  <.f 
which  the  warp  is  twisted  much  harder  Umn 
the  weft.  The  crepoms  of  Naples  consist 
altogether  of  silk. 

Crept  (krept),  pret.  tt  pp.  of  creep 

Crepuscle.t  Crepusculet  (kre-piu'al,  kre- 
pus'kul),  n.  [L.  crepusctihtin,  a  dim.  from 
creper,  dusky,  obscure,  which  is  uaid  to  be 
asabine  word.]  Twilight;  the  light  of  the 
morning  from  the  first  dawn  to  sunrise,  and 
of  the  evening  from  sunset  to  darkness. 

Crepuscular  (kre-pus'kul-er),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  twilight;  glimmering.— 2.  In  zool.  fly- 
ing or  appearing  in  the  twilight  or  evening, 
or  before  sunrise:  thus  certain  insects  are 
called  crepuscular  Lepidoptera. 

Crepuscularia  (kre-pus'ku-la"ri-a),  n.  A 
section  of  lepidopterous  insects  which  fly 
in  the  evening,  occupying  an  intermediate 
station  between  the  butterflies  and  mothe. 

Crepusculinet  (kre-pusTiul  In),  a.  Crepus- 
cular. 

Crepusculous  (kre-pus'kul-us),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  twilight;  glimmering;  imperfectly 
clear  or  luminous. 

The  beginnings  of  philosophy  were  in  a  erepnscu~ 
Ions  obscurity,  and  it  is  yet  scarce  past  the  dawn. 
Gfan-vilie. 

Crescendo  (kre-sheu'do).  [It.]  In  mutsic,  a 
term  signifying  that  the  notes  of  the  pas- 
sage over  which  it  is  placed  are  to  be  grad- 
ually swelled.  It  is  usually  written  Cre». , 
and  marked  thus  <;. 

Crescent  (kres'ent),  a.  [L.  crexcens,  crescen- 
tin,  from  cresco,  to  increase.]  Increasing; 
growing.  'Astarte,  queen  of  heaven,  with 
crescent  horns.'  Milton. 

There  is  many  a  youth 
Now  crescent,  who  will  come  to  all  I  am 
And  overcome  it.  Tennyson. 

Crescent  (kres'ent),  n.  1.  The  increasing  or 
new  nuion,  which,  when  receding  from  the 
sun,  shows  a  curving  rim  of  light  terminating 
in  points  or  horns.  It  is  applied  to  the  old 
or  decreasing  moon,  in  a  like  state,  but  less 
properly.— 2.  The  figure  or  likeness  of  the 
new  moon,  as  that  borne  in  the  Turkish 
flag  or  national  standard;  the  standard  it- 
self, and  figuratively,  the  Turkish  power. 
'The  crescent  is  tossed  in  the  wind.1  B.  W. 
Procter. 

The  cross  of  our  faith  is  replanted. 

The  pale,  dying  crescent  is  daunted.  Campbell. 

3.  In  her.  a  bearing  in  the 

form  of  a  young  or  new  ^~ 
moon.  —  4.  The  name  of 
three  orders  of  knight- 
hood, from  the  symbol  or 
badge  being  a  crescent  — 
the  first  instituted  by 
diaries  I.  of  Naples  and 
Sicily  in  1268;  the  second 
instituted  at  Anglers  in 
1404  by  Rend  of  Anjmi, 
being  a  revival  of  the  for- 


Crescent. 


mer;  and  the  third  instituted  by  Selim,  sul- 
tan of  Turkey,  in  1801,  in  honour  of  Lord 
Nelson. — 5.  A  Turkish  military  musical  in- 
strument with  bells  or  jingles. — 6.  In  arch. 
a  range  of  buildings  in  the  form  of  a  cres- 
cent or  half-moon. 

Crescent  (kres'ent),  v.t.  To  form  into  a  cres- 
cent; to  border  with  crescents.  [Rare.] 

A  dark  wood  crescents  more  than  half  tlie  lawn. 
Sfit'ttra. 

Crescented  (kres'ent-ed),  a.  1.  Adorned 
with  a  crescent— 2.  Shaped  like  a  crescent. 

Phoebe  bent  towards  him  crtscetttett.         fCeats. 

Crescentia  (kres-en'shi-a),  n.  [After  Cres- 
a'titi,  an  old  writer  on  botany.)  A  genus 
of  plants,  family  Crescentiacea:,  Including 
the  calabash-treesof  tropical  America.  They 
are  all  trees.  The  flowers  are  produced  on 
the  stems.  The  large  round  fruits  have 
numerous  seeds  in  a  pulp,  and  surrounded 
by  a  hard  woody  shell  or  rind,  which  is 
made  into  drinking  cups  and  other  utensils. 

Crescentlacese  (kres'en-Bhi-a"se-e),  n  pi  A 
small  family  of  corollifloral  dicotyledons, 
closely  allied  to  the  Bignoniacerc,  and  often 
associated  with  them  as  a  tribe  or  sub- 
order of  which  the  genus  Crescentia,  the 
calabash-tree,  is  the  type.  See  CALABASH- 
TREE. 

Crescentic(kres-ent'ik),  a.  Crescent-shaped. 

Prof.  Owen. 
Crescent-shaped  (kres'ent-shapt),  a..  In 


'«•'   lunate;  lunatcd;  nhaiied  like  a  crescent 

as  a  ].-.,t 

Crescent-wlse(kn-s',nt  wizj.adr  In •  cres- 
cent form. 

Cresdvet  (krw'iv).  a.  [L  mm,  to  grow.] 
Increasing;  growing. 

The  prince 
Crew  like  Ihe  summer  gran,  futett  by  nl«l«. 

I ^nsccn,  yet  c reifrvt.  aha*. 

Cresol.  Cresyl-alcohol  (krf'sol.  kre'.il  «!'- 
k..-h.,l),  ,i.  (f-ll.o  )  A  liquid,  which  Mis  at 
""M  i',  |>rrparvd  frmii  mal-tar,  creasote, 
and  from  various  other  sources.  There  are 
three  modifications  of  this  Inxly,  called  re- 
spectively orOtocretol,  metamiol,  and  para- 
crenot. 

Cresg  (kres),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cant,  cent,  enaa; 
I),  ken,  km;  O.  krettt;  Sw.  Iranc.  Akin 
grata;  Sc.  gine,  grass.  The  Fr.  crewon.  It. 
mscione,  are  probably  from  the  Teutoni*  j 
The  name  of  several  anecies  of  plants,  most 
of  them  of  the  nat.  order  Cruclfem.  Water- 
cress, or  Xanttirtiuiii  ojRcinalf,  is  used  as 
a  salad,  and  is  valued  in  medicine  for  Its 
antiscorbutic  qualities  The  leaves  have  a 
moderately  pungent  taste.  It  grows  on  the 
brinks  of  rivulets  and  in  moist  grounds. 
Common  garden  cress  is  the  Upidmm  tali- 
vuin;  Normandy  cress,  Dar/xirra  prang; 
Indian  cress,  Tropaolum  inajut. 

Cresselle  (kres -el').  ».  A  wooden  rattle 
used  in  the  Romish  Church  during  1'aaslon 
\Veek  instead  of  bells,  to  give  notice  of 
divine  worship. 

Cresset  (kres'et),  n.  [A  wont  of  uncertain 
etymol.  It  is  no  doubt  of  the  same  origin 
as  Fr.  cretitct,  O.  Fr.  crustet,  crauet;  hut 
whether  the  root  is  L.  mix,  a  cross,  or 
a  Teutonic  root  akin  to  E.  cniK,  O.  krute. 


a  jar  or  pitcher,  is  doubtful. 1  1.  A  name 
which  appears  to  have  been  given  in  the 
middle  ages  and  later  indifferently  to  the 
fixed  candlesticks  in  great  hulls  and 
churches,  to  the  great  lights  used  as  l>eacons 
and  otherwise,  and  to  lumps  or  fire-pans  sus- 
pended on  pivots  and  earned  on  poles  in  pro- 
cessionsyninnicipal  and  mill  tan  watches.Ac. 
The  portable  cresset  was  usually  a  hollow 
vessel,  which  held  a  coil  of  rope  steeped  in 
tar  or  rosin,  or  other  flaming  combustibles. 

From  the  arched  roof. 
Pendent  by  subtle  magic,  niany  a  row 
Of  starry  lamps  and  blazing  cressets,  fed 
With  naphtha  and  asphalt  us.  yielded  liyht.  Milton. 
As  a  cresset  true  that  darts  its  length 
Of  beamy  lustre  from  a  tower  of  strength. 

Wordsworth. 

2.  An  iron  frame  used  by  coopers  in  heating 
barrels.— 3.  A  kitchen  utensil  for  setting  a 
pot  over  the  fire.     [Local.] 
Cresset-light  (kres'et-lit),  n,  A  light  or  lan- 
tern fixed  on  a  pole. 

Cress-rocket  (kres'rok-et),  n.  The  popular 
name  of  Vdla  Pgeitdo-cytuui,  a  cruciferous 
plant  with  yellow  flowers,  found  in  our 

Hardens. 

Cressy(kres'i),a.  Aboun- 
ding in  cresses.  'The 
crtssy  islets  white  ill 
flower.'  Tennj/non. 
Crest  (krest),  n.  [Sax. 
crcesta,  from  L.  CTutd,  a 
tuft  ou  the  head  of  ani- 
mals,] 1.  A  tuft,  or 
other  excrescence,  grow- 
ing upon  the  top  of  an 
animal's  head,  as  the 
comb  of  a  cock,  the 
swelling  on  the  head  of 
a  serpent,  <£c. 

With  stnnes,  and  brands, 

and  lire 

Attack  his  rising  crest  and 
drive  the  serpent  back. 

„_ .  PHI. 

Crest  on  a  helmet.      2.  Anything  resembling, 
suggestive  of,  or   occu- 
pying the  same  relative  position  as  a  crest; 
as,  (a)  in  anc.  armour,  the  plume  or  tuft 


ch,  c/iain;      6h,  Sc.  lot*;      g,  go; 


Uob;     fc.ft.ton;     ng,  si,,,,;     TH,  Wen;  th,  toin;     w.  irig;    wh,  »Aig;    zh,  azure.- 


CREST 


(>24 


CRICETtJS 


of  feathers,  bunch  of  horse -hair,  or  the 
like,  affixed  to  the  top  of  the  helmet;  hence, 
the  helmet  itself.  See  the  larger  figure, 
which  represents  the  helmet  and  crest  of 
Sir  Edward  de  Thorpe. 

His  stature  reach'd  the  sky,  and  on  his  crest 
Sat  horror  plumed.  Milton. 

She  stood  upon  the  castle  wall, 
She  watched  my  fr«/ among  them  all, 
She  saw  me  fijjht,  she  heard  me  call.      Tennyson. 

(6)  In  her.  a  figure  originally  intended  to 
represent  the  ornament  of 
the  helmet,  but  now  gener- 
ally denoting  a  figure  placed 
upon  a  wreath,  coronet,  or 
cap  of  maintenance  (as  in 
the  smaller  figure),  above 
both  helmet  and  shield. 
The  crest  is  considered  a 
greater  criterion  of  nobility 

than  the  armour  itself,  and  Crest  on  a  wreath. 

it  is  now  commonly  a  piece 
of  the  arms.  From  the  circumstance  that  the 
crest  occupied  the  highest  place  on  the  hel- 
met, and  by  it  the  wearer  was  most  easily  dis- 
tinguished in  battle,  it  is  to  the  crest  properly 
that  in  heraldry  the  name  cogniza  nee  is  given, 
(c)  The  foamy,  feather-like  top  of  a  wave.  '  A 
wild  wave  in  the  wide  North  Sea  with  all  its 
giant  crests.'  Tennyson,  (rf)  The  highest 
part  or  summit  of  a  hill  or  mountain-range. 
(e)  In  fort,  the  top  line  of  a  slope.  (/)  In 
arch,  the  ornamental  finishing  which  sur- 
mounts a  wall,  screen,  canopy,  or  other 
similar  subordinate  portion  of  a  building, 
whether  a  battlement,  open  carved  work,  or 
other  enrichment;  the  coping  on  the  parapet 
and  other  similar  parts  of  a  Gothic  building. 
The  name  is  also  sometimes  given  to  the 
flnials  of  gables  and  pinnacles.  :t.  The  rising 
part  of  a  horse's  neck.  '  Throwing  the  base 
thong  from  his  bending  crest.'  Shot. — 4.  Fig. 
typifying  pride,  high  spirit,  courage,  daring. 

This  U  his  uncle's  teaching  .  .  . 

Which  makes  him  plume  himself  ant]  bristle  up 

The  f  rest  of  youth  against  your  dignity.     Skat, 

Crest  (krest),  v.  t.  1.  To  furnish  with  a  crest; 
to  serve  as  a  crest  for.  'Hia  rear'd  arm 
crested  the  world. '  Shale.  '  'Mid  groves  of 
clouds  that  crest  the  mountain's  brow.' 
Wordsworth.  —2.  To  mark  with  long  streaks 
like  the  plumes  of  a  helmet;  to  adorn  as 
with  a  plume  or  crest. 

Like  as  the  shining  sky,  in  summer's  night 

Is  crested  &\\  with  fines  of  fiery  light.          Sftnstr. 

Crested  (krest'ed),  a.  1.  Wearing  or  having 
a  crest;  adorned  with  a  crest  or  plume;  as,  a 
created  helmet.  '  The  created  cock.'  Milton. 
2.  In  but.  having  a  tuft  or  elevated  append- 
age like  a  crest. 

A  stamen  is  crested  wlieii  the  filament  projects  be- 
yond the  anther.  London. 

Crest-fallen  (krest'faln),  a.  1.  Dejected; 
sunk;  bowed;  dispirited;  spiritless.  'As 
crest-fallen  as  a  dried  pear.'  Shak.~Z.  In  the 
mnii'-'ji'.  having  the  upper  part  of  the  neck 
hanging  to  one  side:  said  of  a  horse. 

Crestless(krest'les),a.  Without  a  crest;  not 
dignified  with  coat-armour;  not  of  an  emi- 
nent family;  of  low  birth.  'Crestless  yeo- 
men.' Shak. 

CreBt-tile(krest't!l),n.  I.  A  tile  on  the  ridge 
of  a  building,  sometimes  formed  with  a 
row  of  ornaments  rising  above;  called  also 
Ridge-tile.— 2  In  Goth.  arch,  crest-tiles  are 
those  decorated  with  leaves,  which  run  up 
the  sides  of  a  gable  or  ornamented  canopy 

Cretaceous  (kre-ta'shus),  a.  [L.  cntacsux. 
trvmcreta,  chalk.  See  CRAYON.)  Chalky; 
having  the  qualities  of  chalk;  like  chalk; 
abounding  with  chalk.  —  Ore tace ousgroitp, in 
aeol.  the  upper  strata  of  the  secondary  series, 
immediately  below  the  tertiary  series,  and 
superincumbent  on  the  oolite  system.  This 
group  is  common  to  Europe,  and  also  to  a 
part  of  Asia.  It  consists  of  chalk  resting 
upon  arenaceous  and  argillaceous  deposits, 
which  are  also  regarded  as  part  of  the  sys- 
tem. It  has  been  divided  into  two  parts— 
the  Upper,  consisting  entirely  of  chalk  or 
marl,  and  subdivided  into  the  upper  or  soft 
chalk,  containing  many  flint  and  chert 
nodules;  the  lower  or  harder  chalk,  with 
fewer  flints;  and  the  chalk  marl:  and  the 
Lower y  consisting  of  sands  and  clay,  and  sub- 
divided into  the  upper  greensand;  gault,  a 
bluish  tenacious  clay;  and  the  lower  green- 
xand.  Palaeontologists  have  suggested  an- 
other division  founded  on  the  fossil  remains 
found  in  the  system,  in  accordance  witb 
which  the  upper  greensand  and  gault  are 
transferred  to  the  upper  series,  and  the 
lower  greensand  and  Weahlen  beds  and 
Hastings  sands  constitute  the  lower. 


Cretaceously  (kre -ta'shus-li),  adv.  In  man- 
ner like  chalk;  as  chalk. 

Cretan  (kret'an),  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant 
of  the  island  of  Crete.  In  the  N'ew  Testa- 
ment the  form  Crctians  occurs.  Tit.  i.  12. 

Cretan  (kret'an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
island  of  Crete. 

Cretated  (kre-tat'ed).a.  Rubbed  with  chalk. 

CretiC  (kret'ik),  n.  [L.  Creticus  (pes),  <ir. 
Ki-'-tikuK  (poiis),  a  Cretan  foot.]  In  Greek 
and  Latin  pros,  a  poetic  foot  of  three  syl- 
lables, one  short  between  two  long  syllables 

Cretlc  (kret'ik),  a.  A  term  applied  to  a 
variety  of  foot  in  Greek  and  Latin  poetry 
known  as  Cretic.  See  the  noun. 

Creticism  (kret'i-sizm),  n.  A  falsehood ;  a 
cretism  (which  see). 

Cretin  (kre'tin),  n.  [Fr.  erf  tin.]  A  name  given 
to  certain  deformed  and  helpless  idiots  in 
the  valleys  of  the  Alps.  See  CRETINISM. 

Cretinism  (kre'tin-izm),  n.  The  state  of  a 
cretin;  a  peculiar  endemic  disease  common 
in  Switzerland,  and  found  also  in  some  other 
mountainous  countries.  It  resembles  rickets 
in  its  general  symptoms,  but  it  is  accom- 
panied by  mental  imbecility  from  the  first. 

Cretism  (kret'izm),n.  A  falsehood;  a  Cretan 
practice.  The  word  is  derived  from  the 
name  of  the  island  Crete,  the  inhabitants 
of  which  in  ancient  times  were  so  much  given 
to  mendacity,  that  a  Cretan  and  a  liar  were 
considered  synonymous. 

Cretonne  (kre-tonO,  n.  [Fr.,  originally  the 
name  of  a  strong  white  fabric,  from  the 
name  of  the  first  maker.  ]  A  cotton  cloth 
with  various  textures  of  surface  printed  on 
one  side  with  pictorial  and  other  patterns, 
and  used  for  curtains, covering  furniture,  Ac. 

Cretose  (kre'tos),  a.    Chalky. 

Creutzer  (kroit'ser),  n.  A  German  coin.  See 
KREUTZER. 

Creux(krb),  n.  [Fr., hollow.]  In  ieulp.  the 
reverse  of  relief.  To  engrave  en  erevx  is  to 
cut  below  the  surface. 

Crevasse  (kre-vas'),  n.  [Fr.  crevasse.  See 
CREVICE.]  I.t  A  crevice;  a  chink.  'Gan 
out  crepe  at  some  crevasse.1  Chaucer.— 
2.  A  rent  across  a  glacier,  frequently  very 


Crevasse  in  a  Glacier. 

broad,  and  always  as  deep  as  the  glacier  Is 
thick.— 3.  In  the  I'nited  States,  a  breach  in 
the  embankment  or  lev.'e  of  a  river,  occa- 
sioned by  a  pressure  of  the  water,  as  in  the 
Lower  Mississippi. 

Crevet  (krev'et), ».  [See  CRUET.]  A  melting- 
pot  used  by  goldsmiths. 

Crevice  (kre 'vis),  n.  [Fr.  crevasse,  from 
crever.L.  crepo,to  burst,  to  crack.]  A  crack; 
a  cleft;  a  fissure;  a  rent;  an  opening;  as,  a 
crevice  in  a  wall,  rock,  &c.  '  Fretful  as  the 
wind  pent  in  a  crevice.'  Tennyson. 

I  pried  me  through  the  crevice  of  a  wall.   Ska*. 

STN.  Crack,  cleft,  rent,  fissure,  cranny. 

Crevice  (kre'vis),  v  t.    To  crack;  to  flaw. 

Crevis,t  Crevyst  (kre'vis),  n.  The  crayfl-h. 

Crew  (krb),  n.  [Old  spelling  crve.  Proba- 
bly of  Scandinavian  origin,  from  O.  Icel.  kru, 
a  multitude;  perhaps  from  same  root  as 
crowd.]  1.  A  company  of  people  associated 
together;  an  assemblage;  a  crowd. 

There  a  noble  crew 

Of  lords  and  ladies  stood  on  every  side.     ShaJt. 
Faithful  to  whom?  to  thy  rebellious  fretvt 
Army  of  fiends,  fit  body  to  fit  head.      Milton, 


2.  The  company  of  seamen  who  man  a  ship, 
vessel,  or  boat;  the  company  belonging  to 
a  vessel ;  also,  the  company  or  gang  of  a 
carpenter,  gunner,  boatswain,  <fcc.  It  is 
generally  appropriated  to  the  common 
sailors;  but  strictly  it  comprises  all  the 
officers  and  men  on  board  ship,  borne  on 
the  books,  whether  in  the  royal  navy  or  in 
the  merchant  service.  —  SYN.  B;ind,  ^;ini:f 
herd,  mob,  company,  horde,  party,  throng. 

Crew  (kro),  pret.  of  crow. 

Crewel  (kro'el),  n.  [Probably  a  diminutive 
of  clew,  a  ball  of  thread.  Comp.  G.  km'niff; 
D.  klevel,  a  clew.]  A  kind  of  fine  worsted 
or  thread  of  silk  or  wool,  used  in  embroid- 
ery and  fancy  work. 

Crewels  (krb'elz),  n.  pi.  [Corrupted  from 
the  Fr.  Scrouelles.}  Scrofula.  [Scotch.] 

Crewet  (krb'et),  n.    Same  as  Cruet. 

Crex(kreks),  ?i.  A  genus  of  birds.  See  CRAKE. 

Criande.t  ppr.  from  cry.    Crying.    Chaucer, 

Crib  (krib),  n.  [A.  Sax.  crib,  cribb,  D.  kribb?, 
Dan.  krybbe,lce}.  and  Sw.  krubba,  G.  ki *'/'/"'. 
a  crib.]  1.  A  small  habitation  or  cottage;  a 
hovel. 

Why  rather.  Sleep,  liest  thou  in  smoky  cries, 
Than  in  the  perfumed  chambers  of  the  great!  Shtifc. 

2.  The  manger  or  rack  of  a  stable  or  house 
for  cattle;  a  feeding-place  for  cattle. 

The  steer  and  lion  at  one  crib  shall  meet.     Pope. 

3.  A  stall  for  oxen  or  other  cattle. 

Where  no  oxen  are.  the  crib  is  clean.    Prov.  xiv.  4. 

4.  A  small  frame  or  bed  for  a  child  to  sleep 
in.— 5.  A  box  or  bin  for  storing  salt,  grain, 
Ac. — 6.  A  lock-up  house.     Ualliwell.—l.  A 
theft,  or  the  thing  stolen;  specifically,  any- 
thing copied  from  an  author  and  not  ac- 
knowledged; also,  a  literal  translation  of  a 
classic  author   for   the    use   of   students. 
[Colloq.]— 8.  In  the  game  of  cribbage,  a  set 
of  cards  made  up  of  two  thrown  from  the 
hand  of  each  player. 

Crib  (krib),  v.t.  pret.  «fr  pp.  cribbed;  ppr.  crib- 
bing. 1.  To  shut  or  confine  in  a  narrow 
habitation  ;  to  cage.  '  Cabined,  cribbedf 
confined.'  Shak.^2.  To  pilfer;  to  purloin. 
[Colloq.] 

Child  being  fond  of  toys  cribbed  the  necklace. 
Dickens. 

Crib  (krib),  v.i.  To  be  confined  in  or  to  a 
crib.  '  To  make  .  .  .  bishops  to  crib  to  a 
Presbyterian  trundle-bed.'  Bp.  Qauden. 

Crib  (krib),  n.     A  cribble  (which  see). 

Cribbage  (krib'aj).n.  A  game  at  cards  played 
with  the  whole  pack  by  two,  three,  or  four 
persons,  each  player  receiving  five,  or  in  an 
inferior  variety  of  the  game,  six  cards.  In  five- 
hand  cribbage  for  two  each  player  throw* 
out  two  cards  face  downwards  to  form  the 
crib,  which  belongs  to  the  dealer,  the  non- 
dealer  throwing  first.  In  reckoning  for  the 
game  the  dealer  counts  not  only  the  points 
in  hfs  own  hand  and  those  made  in  the 
course  of  play,  but  also  those  in  the  crib,— 
Cribbage-board,  a  board  used  for  marking 
in  the  game  of  cribbage. 

Crib-biter  (kribm-er),  n.  A  horse  addicted 
to  crib-biting.  See  CRIB-BITING. 

Crib-biting,  Cribbing  (krib'bit-ing,  krib'- 
ing),  n.  A  bad  habit  frequently  met  with 
in  horses  which  are  much  in  the  stable,  con- 
sisting in  the  animal  seizing  with  its  teeth 
the  manger,  rack,  or  other  object,  and  at 
the  same  time  drawing  in  the  breath  with  a 
peculiar  noise,  known  as  wind-sucking. 

Cribble  (krib'bl),  n.  [L.  cribellum,*  dim.  of 
cribrvin,  a  sieve.  Root  in  Skr.  kri,  to  sepa- 
rate, to  know.]  1.  A  corn-sieve  or  riddle.-- 
2.  Coarse  flour  or  meal. 

Cribble  (krib'bl),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  criblled; 
ppr.  cribbling.  To  sift :  to  cause  to  pass 
through  a  sieve  or  riddle. 

Cribble  (krib'bl),  a.  Coarse;  as,  cr&fefe bread. 

Cribrate  (kri'brat),  a.   Cribrose  (which  see), 

Cribration  (kri-bra'shon).  n.  [See  CRIBBLE  ] 
The  act  of  sifting  or  riddling:  used  in  phar- 
macy. 

Cribratores(kri-bra-t6'rez),n.pZ.  Sifters;  Dr. 
Macgillivray's  name  for  the  order  of  swim- 
ming birds  which  contains  the  geese  and 
ducks,  from  their  mode  of  taking  their  fon.i. 

Cribriform  (kri'bri-form).  a.  [L.  cribntm,  a 
sieve,  and/orma,  form.]  Resembling  a  sieve 
or  riddle;  pierced  with  holes;  as,  the  cribri- 
form plate  of  the  ethmoid  bone,  through 
which  the  fibres  of  the  olfactory  nerve  pass 
to  the  nose. 

Cribrose  (kri'br&s),  a.  [L.  eribntm,  a  sieve  J 
Perforated  like  a  sieve. 

Cricetus  (kri-se'tus),n.  The  hamster,  a  genus 
of  rodent  animals,  with  teeth  like  those  of 
the  rat.  The  tail  is  short  and  hairy,  and  the 
two  sides  of  the  mouth  are  hollowed  into 
sacks  or  cheek-pouches,  in  which  these  anl- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  tey. 


CRICHTONITE 


G25 


mala  transport  the  grain  they  collect  to  their 
subterranean  abodes.  The  common  hamster, 
C.  vulgaris  ()Ius  cricctus,  Linn.),  is  common 
in  all  the  samly  regions  that  extend  from 
the  uortli  of  Germany  to  Siberia,  and  is  very 
destructive  to  grain.  ,Seu  IlA.MM'KK. 

Crichtonite  (kri'ton-it),  n.  A.  variety  of 
titaniferous  iron  found  in  Duuphine  so 
.-allr.l  from  Dr.  Crichtun,  physician  to  the 
Kmpuror  of  Russia.  It  has  a  velvet  black 
colour,  and  crystallizes  in  very  acute  small 
rhomboids.  It  occurs  in  primitive  rocks 
with  octaliedrite. 

Crick (krik),  n.  [See  CREAK.]  l.t  The  creak- 
ing of  a  door.— 2.  A  spasmodic  affection  of 
some  part  of  the  body,  as  of  the  neck  or  back; 
making  motion  of  the  part  difficult. 

They  Iiave  gotten  such  a  crick  in  their  neck  they 
cannut  louk  backward  on  what  was  behind  them 
Fuller. 

Cricket  (krik'et),  ».  [O.Fr.  criquet,  from  its 
sharp  creaking  sound ;  D.  krick,  a  cricket 
kricken,  to  chirp;  W.  cricell,  a  cricket' 
cricetlu,  to  chirp.)  An  insect  of  the  genus 
Gryllus,  or  Acheta  of  some  naturalists,  be- 
longing to  the  order  Orthoptera.  There  are 
several  species.  The  house-cricket  is  the 
Acheta  (Gryllus)  domestica;  the  field-cricket 
is  the  Acheta  (Gryllus)  campestris;  the  mole- 
cricket  is  the  GryWitalpavulijaris;  the  New 
Zealand  grand  cricket  is  the  Dcinacruln 
heteracantha. 

Cricket  (krik'et),  n.  [A.  Sax.  eric,  a  staff, 
crutch. )  A  favourite  open-air  game  played 
with  bats,  balls,  and  wickets,  loiig  peculiar 
to  England,  but  now  popular  throughout 
the  British  Empire  and  in  the  United  States. 
It  is  played  generally  by  two  opposite  sets  or 
sides  of  players,  generally  numbering  eleven 
players  each.  Two  wickets  of  three  stumps 
each  are  pitched  fronting  each  other  at  a  dis- 
tance of  about  22  yards  apart.  On  the  top 
of  each  set  of  stumps  are  placed  two  small 
pieces  of  wood  called  bails.  After  the  rival 
sides  have  tossed  for  the  choice  of  either  tak- 
ing the  bat  or  fielding, two  men  are  sent  to  the 
wickets  bat  in  hand.  The  opposite  or  field- 
ing side  are  all  simultaneously  engaged;  one 
(the  bowler)  being  stationed  behind  one 
wicket  for  the  purpose  of  bowling  his  ball 
against  the  opposite  wicket,  where  his  coad- 
jutor (the  wicket-keeper)  stands  ready  to 
catch  the  ball  should  it  pass  near  him;  the 
other  fielders  are  placed  in  such  parts  of  the 
field  as  is  judged  most  favourable  for  stop- 
ping the  ball  after  it  has  been  struck  by  the 
batsman  or  missed  by  the  wicket-keeper.  It  is 
the  object  of  the  batsman  to  prevent  the  ball 
delivered  by  the  bowler  reaching  his  wicket 
either  by  merely  stopping  it  with  his  bat 
or  by  driving  it  away  to  a  distant  part  of 
the  field.  Should  the  ball  be  driven  any 
distance  the  two  batsmen  run  across  and 
exchange  wickets,  and  continue  to  do  so 
as  long  as  there  is  no  risk  in  being  '  run  out,' 
that  is,  of  having  the  stumps  struck  by  the 
ball  while  they  are  out  of  their  position 
near  the  wickets.  Each  time  the  batsmen  run 
between  the  wickets  is  counted  as  a  'run,' 
and  is  marked  to  the  credit  of  the  striker 
of  the  ball.  If  the  batsman  allows  the  ball 
to  carry  away  a  bail  or  a  stump,  if  he  knocks 
down  any  part  of  his  own  wicket,  if  any  part 
of  his  person  stops  a  ball  that  would  have 
otherwise  reached  his  wicket,  or  if  he  strikes 
a  ball  so  that  it  is  caught  by  one  of  the  op- 
posite party  before  it  reaches  the  ground, 
he  is  'out,'  that  is,  he  gives  up  his  bat  to 
one  of  his  own  side,  and  so  the  game  goes 
on  until  all  the  men  have  played  and  been 
put  out.  This  constitutes  what  is  called  an 
'  innings. '  The  off-side  now  become  the  on- 
side  and  try  to  defend  their  wickets  and 
make  runs  as  their  rivals  did.  Generally 
after  two  innings  each  have  been  played  by 
the  contestants  the  game  comes  to  an  end, 
that  side  being  the  victors  who  can  score 
the  greatest  number  of  runs.  A  rude  form 
of  the  game  is  known  to  have  been  played 
in  the  fourteenth  century;  in  1817  it  had  so 
developed  that  very  little  alteration  has 
been  since  introduced. 
Cricket-ball  (krik'et-bal),  n.  The  ball  used 
in  playing  cricket. 

Cricket-bat  (krik'et-bat),  n.    A  bat  used  in 
the  game  of  cricket. 

Cricket-bird  (krik'et-berd),  n.  The  grass- 
hopper warbler  (Sylvia  locustella),  so  called 
from  its  note  resembling  that  of  a  cricket. 
Cricket-club  (krik'et-klub),  n.  An  associa- 
tion organized  for  the  purpose  of  playing 
the  game  of  cricket. 

Cricketer  (krik'et-er),  n.    One  who  plays  at 
cricket. 


CRIMPAOE 


Cricold  (kri'koid),  a.  [Or.  krikos,  a  rina  and 
<•«'.«,  appearance.  |  ^-like:' JoSSd  tj 

£i'2Xn    ?1'!8"likc  "Ttilage  of  the  lama 
Cried  (knd),  ],n  I    and  ,„„•(.  utcrti 
Crier,  Cryer  (kri'er). ,,.  [See  oSl  On,-  „  ]„, 
cries;  one  who  makes  a  public  proclamation- 
especially,  a,,  ,,tti,-er  whose  duty  i,  to    „!,.' 
claim  the  orders  or  commands  of  a  court 
to  open  or  adjourn  the  court  keen  silem-e' 
*c. 

Crim.  Con.  (krim  kon).  An  abbreviation  for 
cri«umiJami,ersaei'u;i<whichseeundcrCKiji. 

INAL,  a.). 

Crime  (krim),  n.  [L.  crimen,  a  judicial  de- 
cision, an  accusation,  a  crime;  allied  to  L 
cerno,  to  sift  or  separate,  cribrum,  a  sieve'- 
Or  loins,  to  separate,  judge,  condemn;  Hkr' 
krt,  to  separate,  to  know.]  1.  A  violation  of 
a  law  whether  human  or  divine;  the  omis- 
sion to  perform  an  act  enjoined  by  law,  or 
the  performance  of  an  act  forbidden  l.v  law 
specifically,  a  gross  violation  of  law,  as  ills-' 
tingmshed  from  a  misdemeanour,  trespass 
or  other  slight  offence.— 2.  Any  great  wick- 
edness; iniquity;  wrong. 

No  crime  was  thine,  if  'tis  no  crime  to  love.  Pope. 

3.  t  Reproach. 

That  error  now  which  is  become  my  crime.  Milieu. 

-Capital  crime,  a  crime  punishable  with 
death.— SYN.  Iniquity,  sin,  offence,  wrong 
vice. 

Crimefult  (krim'ful),  a.  Criminal;  wicked- 
partaking  of  wrong;  contrary  to  law  riuht 
or  duty. 

Why  you  proceeded  not  against  these  feats 
So  cnmeful.  Shak 

Crimeless  t  (krim'les),  a.  Free  from  crime- 
innocent. 

Criminal  (krim'in-al),  a.  1.  Guilty  of  a  crime: 
applied  to  persons.  — 2.  Partaking  of  the 
nature  of  a  crime;  involving  a  crime-  that 
violates  public  law,  divine  or  human;  as 
theft  is  a  criminal  act. 

Foppish  and  fantastic  ornaments  are  only  Indica- 
tions of  vice,  not  criminal  in  themselves.  Addison. 

3.  Relating  to  crime :  opposed  to  civil;  as, 
a  criminal  code;  criminal  law. 

The  privileges  of  that  order  were  forfeited  either 
in  consequence  of  a  criminal  sentence,  or  by  engag- 
ing in  some  mean  trade,  and  entering  into  domestic 
service.  Broufham. 

—Criminal  conversation,  in  law,  adultery; 
illicit  intercourse  with  a  married  woman; 
usually  abbreviated  into  crim.  con.  An 
action  for  damages  for  crim.  con.  was  formerly 
competent  to  the  injured  husband,  but  this 
was  abolished  by  20  and  21  Viet  Ixxxv.  59. 
The  husband  may,  however,  in  suing  for  a 
divorce,  claim  damages  from  the  adulterer 
—  Criminal  prosecution,  a  term  in  the  law 
of  Scotland,  which  includes  the  whole  form 
of  process  by  which  a  person  accused  of  a 
crime  is  brought  to  trial  —  Criminal  letter* , 
a  form  of  criminal  prosecution  in  Scotland, 
corresponding  to  a  criminal  i"<  rmation  in 
England,  drawn  in  the  form  of  a  summons, 
and  in  the  supreme  court  running  in  name 
of  the  sovereign,  in  the  sheriff-court  in  that 
of  the  sheriff. — Criminal  information,  in 
law,  a  proceeding  in  the  Court  of  Queen's 
Bench  either  at  the  instance  of  the  attorney- 
general  ex  officio,  or  of  a  private  prosecutor 
in  the  name  of  the  crown.  A  criminal  infor- 
mation lies  for  misdemeanours,  riots,  bat- 
tery, libel,  and  the  like. — Criminal  law,  the 
law  which  relates  to  crimes.  This  division 
of  English  jurisprudence  comprehends  not 
only  the  general  criminal  law  administered 
throughout  the  kingdom,  but  also  the  crown 
law  as  administered  by  the  Queen's  Bench 
division  of  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  con- 
sisting principally  of  a  sort  of  quasi  criminal 
law,  as  indictments  for  nuisances,  repair  of 
roads,  bridges,  &c.,  informations,  the  judi- 
cial decisions  of  questions  concerning  the 
poor-laws,  etc. —  Criminal,  Sin.ful,  Wicked, 
Immoral,  Depraved.  Criminal  notes  such 
transgressions  of  the  laws  of  one's  country 
as  involve  penal  consequences;  sinful,  not- 
ing transgressions  of  divine  laws,  is  far  more 
extended  in  its  meaning,  having  reference  to 
thoughts,  emotions,  etc  ,  as  well  as  acts.  All 
men  are  sinful,  but  all  men  are  not  criminal. 
Wicked  is  far  stronger  than  sinful,  and  de- 
signs one  who  sins  wilfully  and  designedly. 
It  refers  both  to  persons  and  acts,  as 
well  as  to  thoughts  tending  to  result  in 
acts.  A  wicked  man  commits  mischief,  be- 
cause he  takes  pleasure  in  doing  ill,  as  in 
injuring  his  neighbour.  An  immoral  man, 
on  the  contrary,  may  be  the  slave  of  his 
passions  or  depraved  cravings,  and  yet  have 


generous  sentiment.  »nd  aspirations  after 

>•> '  ..nnat,,,,,.    AyniMd  Implies  a  fall  fro,,, 
ii  totter  state,  and  involve,  not  ,mlv 
wi,k,-,l,,,;;,».l,1,t, .,„„,,  i,.,,.  n.,,,,,1  ,,,„,•,,,,,„,„ 

»».       .Udl.v,    r,,l|,..l,|,      «i,k,.,|.    i, 

M.'f'tn'i"       V1"11"""-"-  i.'fam,,,,-,   MolikMia, 
Criminal  (krim'in al),  n.    A  person  who  has 
committed  «n  offence  ;„•  U»-  u 

violater  of  law,  divi,,,-  ,„    buna;    more 

u'!!'. ''  V; 

"ithapubh.  ,.ll,,,,,.  and  one  who  I,  f.,,,,,,1 
guilty    by  verdict,  i-mifessio,,,  ,,r  ,,r,,,,f 
SIN.  Culprit,  malefurtoi.  etll-dotr,  train- 
gressor,  felon,  convict 

Criminalist  (krim'in-aMst),  „.  An  mlt,,,,r. 
jtjMii  criminal  law;  one  versed  In  criminal 

Criminality  (krim-in  :,n-ti).  »  T),,-  quality 
or  state  of  Vm«  criminal;  that  »hi,-l,  c.,i,. 
stitutes  a  crime;  guiltiness. 

^ThU  is  by  no  meant  the  only  criterion  of  criminal. 

Criminally  (krim'in-al  II),  adu.  In  violation 
)i  law;  wickedly;  In  a  wrong  or  Iniquitous 
manner. 

CrirninalneBS(krim'iu-al-nesXn.    Criml- 

Crlminate  (krim'in-at),  t../.  pret  ft  pp 
criminated;  ppr.  criminating.  [L.  eriminor 
mminatui.}  1.  To  accuse  or  charge  with  a 
crime. 

To  criminate  with  the  heavy  and  ungrounded 
charge  of  disloyalty  and  disaffection  an  Incorrupt, 
independent,  and  reforming  Parliament.  Burke. 

2.  To  involve  in  a  crime  or  the  consequences 
of  a  crime. 

Our  municipal  laws  do  not  requii 
plead  guilty  or  criminate  hiini^lf. 

Crimination  (krim-in-a'shon),  n.  [L.  erimi- 
tuitw]  The  act  of  criminating;  accusation; 
charge. 

Criminative,  Criminatory  (krim'in-it-lv. 
krim  m-a-to-ri),  a.  Relating  to  or  involving 
crimination  or  accusation;  accusing. 

Criminoust  (krim'in-usl  a.  Very  wicked: 
heinous;  involving  great  crime.  'Criminoii* 
imputations.'  Holland. 

Criminously  t  ( krim'in-us-li  \  ode.  Crimi- 
nally; heinously;  enormously. 

Criminousuesst  (krim'in-ns-nes),  >i.  Wick- 
edness; guilt;  criminality. 

Crime-sin,  t  n.  or  a.  Crimson.  Tpon  her 
head  a  crimoein  coronet.'  Spenser 

Crimp  (krimp),  n.  [Probably  allied  to  crumb 
and  to  the  following  verb.  ]  1  Easily  crum- 
bled; friable;  brittle.  (Rare.) 

The  fowler  .  .  .  treads  the  crimp  earth.  J.Pkilif,. 

2.  Not  consistent;  contradictory. 

The  evidence  is  crimf,  the  witnesses  swear  back- 
wards  and  forwards,  and  contradict  themselves. 

Arbuthnot. 

Crimp  (knmp),  v.t.  [From  same  root  as 
cramp,  of  which  it  may  be  regarded  as  a 
lighter  form.  The  root  sense  seems  to  be 
that  of  contracting  or  drawing  together ; 
comp.  crimp,  criinple,  crumple;  D.  trimpen, 
to  shrink,  to  shrivel:  I)an.  krumpc,  0.  trim- 
pen,  to  shrink;  W.  crimpiaie,  to  pinch, 
crimp,  from  crimp,  a  sharp  edge.  ]  1.  To  curl 
or  crisp,  as  the  hair;  to  flute;  to  crlmple. 
'The  comely  hostess  in  a  crimped  cap.'  W. 
Irving.  •  To  crimp  the  little  frill  that  bor- 
dered his  shirt  collar.'  Dickent.  —  2.  To 
pinch  and  hold;  to  seize.  Hence  — a  To 
decoy,  as  for  the  army  or  navy.  See  the 
noun.  —  4.  In  cookery,  to  crimple  or  cause 
to  contract,  as  the  flesh  of  a  live  fish,  by 
gashing  it  with  a  knife,  to  give  it  greater 
hardness  and  make  it  more  crisp. 

My  brother  Temple,  although  he  is  fond  of  fish, 
will  never  taste  anything  that  has  been  crimped 
alive.  Dr.  J.  il«fe. 

Crimp  (krimp).  n.  [See  above  verb.)  1.  One 
who  decoys  another  into  the  naval  or  mili- 
tary service ;  one  who,  for  a  commission, 
supplies  ships  with  seamen  just  before 
Bailing ;  one  who  decoys  sailors  by  treating, 
advancing  money,  giving  goods  on  credit, 
etc.,  by  which  the  dupes  get  deep  into  debt, 
and  when  well  plied  with  liquor  are  induced 
to  sign  articles,  and  are  shipped  off,  discover- 
ing when  too  late  that  they  have  been  robbed 
of  all  they  possessed.  Crimps  frequently 
induce  sailors  to  desert  their  ships.  By 
the  Merchant  Shipping  Act.  1854,  237,  this 
practice  has  been  rendered  highly  penal. 
Crimps  also  entrap  emigrants,  taking  them 
to  low  lodging-houses,  where  they  are 
cheated  by  provision  merchants  and  others, 
who  pay  the  crimps  a  commission  on  their 
custom. — 2,t  A  game  at  cards.  E.  Jonton. 

Crimpage  (krimp'aj),  n.  The  act  of  crimp- 
ing. Maunder. 


ch, 


VOL.  I. 


6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     j,  job;      n,  FT.  ton;      ng,  sing,     IB,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain; 


w,  wig;    wh,  itAig;    ih,  azure.— See  KEY. 
40 


CRIMPING-HOTTSE 


626 


CRISPER 


Crimptng-liouse  (krimp'lng-hous),  n.  A  low 
houemen  persons  are  decoyed  into  the 
army,  navy,  or  merchant  service.  See  CRIMP, 
n.  2. 

Crimplng-iron  (krimp'ing-5-ern),  n.  An 
iron  for  curling  the  hair. 

Crimping-machiue  (krinip'ing-ma-shen),  n. 
A  machine  for  formlnz  a  kind  of  plaiting  or 
fluting  on  frills  or  ruffles. 

Crimple  (krim'pl),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  crimpled; 
ppr.  crimpling.  [Dim.  of  crimp  (which  see).] 
To  contract  or  draw  together;  to  cause  to 
shrink;  to  curl. 

He  passed  the  cautery  through  them  and  accord- 
ingly crimpled  them  up.  Wiseman. 

Crimson  ( krim'zn  X  ».  [O.K.  creinasine, 
crimosyn,  Fr.  cramoim,  It.  cremise,  creme- 
gino,  Turk,  kirmizi,  from  Ar.  kertnez,  the 
insect  (a  species  of  cochineal  insect)  yielding 
the  dye,  and  the  dye  itself;  ultimately 
from  Skr.  krimi,  a  worm.  Cog.  L.  verinis.} 
A  deep  red  colour;  a  red  slightly  tinged 
with  blue;  also,  a  red  colour  in  general. 
'  A  maid  yet  rosed  over  with  the  virgin  crim- 
son of  modesty.'  Shak. 

Crimson  (krim'zn),  a.  Of  a  deep  red  colour. 

The  crimson  stream  distain'd  his  arms.    Dryden. 

Beauty's  ensign  yet 
Is  crimson  in  thy  lips  and  in  thy  cheeks.      Shak. 

Crimson  (krim'zn),  t>.  (.  To  dye  with  crim- 
son; to  dye  of  a  deep  red  colour;  to  make 
red. 

I  felt  my  blood 

Glow  with  the  glow  that  slowly  crimsoned  all 
Thy  presence.  Tennyson. 

Crimson  (krim'zn),  v.i.  To  become  of  a  deep 
red  colour;  to  be  tinged  with  red;  to  blush; 
as,  her  cheeks  crimsoned  at  the  entrance  of 
her  lover. 

Ancient  towers   .    .    .    beeinninp  to  crimson  with 
the  radiant  lustre  of  a  cloudfcss  July  morning. 

De  Quincey. 

Crimson-warm  (krlm'zn-warm),  a.  Warm 
to  redness. 

Crlnal  (krin'al),  a.  [L.  crinis,  hair.]  Be- 
longing to  hair. 

Crinated  (krin'at-ed),  o.  Having  hair; 
hairy. 

Crlnatory(krin'a-to-ri),a.  Crinitory  (which 
see). 

Crlncumt  (kringk'um),  n.  A  cramp;  a  con- 
traction; a  turn  or  bend;  a  whim.  [Vulgar.] 

Jealousy  is  but  a  kind 
Of  clap  and  crincum  01  the  mind.       Hudibras. 

Crlned  (krind),  a.  [L.  crinit,  hair.  ]  In  her. 
an  epithet  for  the  hair  of  the  head  of  man 
or  woman,  the  mane  of  a  horse,  unicorn, 
ilfcc. ,  when  it  is  home  of  a  different  tincture. 
It  is  then  said  to  be  crined  of  such  a  metal 
or  colour. 

Crtnel,  Crlnet  (krin'el,  krin'et),  n.  A  very 
fine  hair-like  feather.  Booth. 

Cringe  (krinj),  r  t.  [A.  Sax.  cringan,  crincan, 
to  cringe,  to  succumb,  from  root  of  crank, 
crinkle,  &c.]  To  bend  or  crouch  with  ser- 
vility; to  fawn;  to  make  court  by  mean 
compliances. 

Who  more  than  thou 

Once  fawn'd  and  cringed,  and  servilely  adored 
Heaven's  awful  monarch?  Aliiton. 

Cringe  (krinj),  n.  A  mean  or  fawning  obeis- 
ance. '  With  cringe  and  shrug,  and  bow  ob- 
sequious.' Cowper. 

Cringe  (krinj),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cringed;  ppr. 
cringing.  To  contract;  to  draw  together; 
to  distort.  (Rare.) 

Whip  him.  fellows. 

Till  like  a  boy  you  see  him  cringe  his  face, 
And  whine  aloud  for  mercy.  SHab. 

Cringeling  (krinj'ling),  n.  One  who  cringes 
meanly.  [Rare.] 

Clinger  (krinj 'er),  n.  One  who 
cringes  or  bows  and  flatters  with 
servility. 

Crlngingly  (krinj'ing-li),  adv.  In  a 
cringing  manner. 

Cringle  (kring'gl),  n.     [D.  kring, 
kriiikel,  a  curl,  bend,  ring;  Icel. 
kringla,   an    orb,   from  kringr,  a 
circle;  A.  Sax.  hring,  a  ring.   Akin 
ring,  cringe.  ]    1.  A  withe  for  fas- 
tening a  gate.  [Local.]— 2.  Naut.  an 
iron  ring,  or  a  short  rope  worked 
into  the  bolt-rope  of  a  sail  so  as  to  Cringle, 
form  a  ring  or  eye,  for  the  purpose 
of  receiving  the  ends  of  the  ropes  by  which 
the  sail  is  drawn  up  to  its  yard,  or  in  order  to 
extend  the  leech  by  the  bow-line  bridles. 
Cringles  are  named  after  the  ropes  to  which 
they  are  attached;    as,  bowline,  buntline, 
earing,  reef-pendant,  and  reef-tackle  pen- 
dant. 

Crinlcultural(krin-i-kul'tur-al\  a.  Relating 
to  the  growth  of  hair.  [Rare.] 


Crinigerous  (krin-ij'er-us),  a.  [L.  criniger 
—crinin,  hair,  and  yero,  to  wear.]  Hairy; 
overgrown  with  hair.  [Rare.  ] 

Crinlte  (krinlt),  a.  [L.  arinitut,  from  crinit, 
hair.]  1.  Having  the  appearance  of  a  tuft 
of  hair.  'Cunate,  crinite,  caudate  stars.' 
Fairfax.—  2.  In  hot.  bearded  with  long  hairs, 
or  having  tufts  of  long  weak  hairs  on  the 
surface. 

Crinitory  (krin'i-to-ri),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
consisting  of  hair. 

When  in  the  morning  he  anxiously  removed  the 
cap,  away  came  every  vestige  of  its  crinitory  cover- 
ing. Theodore  Hook. 

Crinkle  (kring'kl),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  crinkled; 
ppr.  crinkling.  [The  same  in  form  and 
meaning  with  D.  krinkelen,  to  turn  or 
wind.  See  CRINGLE.]  To  turn  or  wind;  to 
bend;  to  wrinkle;  to  run  in  and  out  in  little 
or  short  bends  or  turns;  to  curl;  as,  the 
lightning  crinkles. 

And  all  the  rooms 
Were  full  of  crinkling  silks.      E.  B.  Browning. 

Crinkle  (kring'kl),  v.t.  To  form  with  short 
turns  or  wrinkles;  to  make  with  many  flex- 
ures; to  mould  into  inequalities. 

The  flames  through  all  the  casements  pushing  forth. 
Like  red-hot  devils  crinkled  into  snakes 

E .  B.  BroivniHf. 

Crinkle  (kringTtl),  n.  A  wrinkle;  a  winding 
or  turn;  sinuosity.  "The  crinkles  in  this 
glass  making  object*  appear  double. '  Search. 

Crinkum  -  crankum  (kringk '  um  -  krangk'- 
uiii ),  n.  A  sinuous  or  winding  line  or  course; 
a  zigzag.  Colman  and  Garrick. 

Crino  (krin'6),  n.  pi.  Crinones  (krin'6-nez). 
[L.  crinis,  the  hair.  ]  1.  A  cuticular  disease 
supposed  to  arise  from  the  insinuation  of  a 
hair-worm  under  the  skin  of  infants.— 2.  A 
genus  of  entozoa,  found  chiefly  in  horses 
and  dogs. 

Crinold  (krin'oid),  n.  [Or.  krinon,  a  lily, 
and  eidos,  likeness]  A  fossil  lily-shaped 
animal;  an  encrinite. 

Crinold,  Crinoidal  (krin'oid,  krin'oid-al),  a. 
Containing  or  consisting  of  the  fossil  remains 
of  Crinoidea. 

Crinoidea  (krin-oid'e-a),  n.pl.  [Or.  krinon, 
a  lily,  and  eidos,  appearance.]  The  encrin- 
ites,  lily-stars,  or  sea-lilies,  an  order  of 
the  Echinodennata,  chiefly  fossil,  allied  to 
the  comatulas  or  feather-stars;  so  named 
from  the  resemblance  their  rayed  bodies, 
supported  by  a  long,  slender,  calcareous, 
jointed  stem,  have,  when  closed,  to  a  tulip 
or  lily.  They  are  attached,  during  the 
whole  or  a  portion  of  their  lives,  by  this 
stem  or  peduncle  to  some  solid  body.  Their 
skeletons  are  found  in  abundance  in  the 
limestones  of  the  Carboniferous  series  and 
subsequent  formations.  See  ENCRINITE. 

Crinoidean  (krin-oid'e-an),  n.  One  of  the 
Crinoidea. 

Crinoline  (krin'o-lin  or  krin'6-le'n),  n.  An 
article  of  female  attire,  consisting  of  an  ex- 
pansive skirt,  stiffened  in  any  way,  as  by 
horse-hair,  starch,  hoops,  &c. 

Crinose  (krin'os),  a.     Hairy.    [Rare.] 

Criuosity(krin-os'i-ti),ii.  Hairiness.  [Rare.] 

Crinum  (krin'um),  n.  [Gr.  krinon,  a  lily.] 
A  genus  of  bulbous-stemmed  plants,  nat. 
order  Amaryllidacetc,  of  which  there  are 
many  species.  They  are  very  beautiful  green- 
house plants,  with  strap-shaped  leaves,  and 
a  solid  scape  bearing  an  umbel  of  many 
scented  flowers.  The  poison-bulb  (C.  ajtia.- 
t icum),  a  native  of  the  East,  has  a  bulb  above 
ground,  which  is  a  powerful  emetic,  and  is 
often  used  by  the  natives  to  produce  vomit- 
ing after  poison  has  been  taken. 

Crioceridae  (kri-6-se'ri-de),  n.  pi.  [Or.  krioe, 
a  ram,  keras,  a  horn,  and  eidos,  likeness.  ]  A 
family  of  coleopterous  insects  of  the  section 
Tetramem  The  type  of  this  family  is  the 
Crioceris,  about  eight  species  of  which  have 
been  found  in  England,  but  the  most  com- 
mon species  is  the  asparagus-beetle  found 
on  asparagus  plants. 

Crio-sphinx  (kri'o-sflngks),  n.  [Gr.  krios,  a 
ram,  and  sphinx.  ]  One  of  the  three  varieties 
of  the  Egyptian  sphinx,  characterized  by 


Crio-sphinx. 

having  the  head  of  a  ram,  as  distinguished 
from  the  andro-sphinx,  with  the  head  of  a 


human  being,  and  hieraco-xphinx  or  hawk- 
headed  sphinx.  See  SPHINX. 
Cripple  (krip'pl),  n.  [The  root -meaning 
seems  to  be  'one  who  has  to  creep,'  the  root 
being  seen  in  A.  Sax.  creopan,  to  creep 
(whence  crepel,  a  little  creeper,  a  cray-flsh); 
G.  kruppel,  L.G.  kropel,  D.  kreupel,  Wedg- 
wood thinks  the  original  meaning  is  crook- 
back  or  humpback,  as  in  Icel.  kryppa,  a 
hump,  whence  kryppill,  a  humpbacked  or 
lame  man.]  One  who  creeps,  halts,  or  limps; 
one  who  has  lost  or  never  enjoyed  the  use  of 
his  limbs;  a  lame  person.  Acts  xiv.  8. 

Among  all  honest  Christian  people, 
Whoe  er  breaks  limbs  maintains  the  cripple. 
Prior. 

Cripple  (krip'pl),  a.     Lame.     'Chide  the 

crippli-  tardy-gaited  night.'  Skak. 
Cripple  (krip'pl),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  crippled; 
ppr.  crippling.  1.  To  lame;  to  disable  by 
injuring  the  limbs;  to  deprive  of  the  use  of 
the  limbs,  particularly  of  the  legs  and  feet. 
'Chalk  is  in  his  crippled  fingers  found.' 
Dryden.—2.  To  disable;  to  deprive  of  the 
power  of  exertion;  as,  the  fleet  was  crippled 
in  the  engagement. 

More  serious  embarrassments  of  a  different  de- 
scription were  crippling  the  energy  of  the  settlement 
in  the  Bay,  Palfrey. 

Crippleness  (krip'pl-nes),  n.    Lameness. 

Crippling  (krip'pling),  n.  One  of  a  set  of 
spars  or  timbers  set  up  as  supports  against 
the  sides  of  a  building. 

Crips,  t  a.    Crisp.     Chaucer. 

Cris  (kres),  n.  See  CREASE,  a  Malay  weapon. 

Crisis  (kri'sis),  n.  pi.  Crises  (kri'sez).  [Gr. 
krisis,  L.  crisis,  from  the  root  of  krino,  to 
separate,  to  determine,  to  decide.  3ee 
CRIME.]  1.  In  med.  the  change  of  a  disease 
which  indicates  its  evenl;  that  change  which 
indicates  recovery  or  death.  It  is  some- 
times also  used  to  designate  the  symptoms 
accompanying  the  crisis. — 2.  The  decisive 
state  of  things,  or  the  point  of  time  when 
an  affair  has  reached  its  height,  and  must 
soon  terminate  or  suffer  a  material  change; 
turning-point. 

This  hour's  the  very  crisis  of  your  fate,     Dryden. 

Nor  is  it  unlikely  that  the  very  occasions  on  which 
such  defects  are  shown,  may  be  the  most  important 
of  all — the  very  times  of  crisis  for  the  fate  of  the 
country.  Brougham. 

Crisp  (krisp),  a.  [A.  Sax.  crisp,  cripg,  cirpit; 
borrowed  directly  from  L.  crispus,  curled, 
crisp;  root  meaning  doubtful.]  1.  Curling 
in  small  stiff  or  firm  curia. 

His  hair  is  crisp,  and  black,  and  long, 
His  face  is  like  the  tan.  Longfellow. 

2.  Indented;  winding. 

Ye  Nymphs,  called  Naiads,  of  the  wandering 

brooks,  .  .  . 
Leave  your  crisp  channels.  Shak. 

5.  Brittle;  friable;  easily  broken  or  crumbled. 

The  cakes  at  tea  ate  short  and  crisp.    Goldsmith. 

4.  Possessing  a  certain  degree  of  firmness 
and  freshness;  fresh;  having  a  fresh  appear- 
ance. 

It  (laurel)  has  been  plucked  nine  months,  and  yet 
looks  as  hale  and  crisp  as  if  it  would  last  ninety  years. 
Leigh  nnnt. 

6.  Cheerful;  brisk;  lively.    "The  snug  small 
home  and  the  crisp  fire.'  Dickens.— Q.  Effer- 
vescing or  foaming,  as  liquors;  sparkling; 
brisk.  '  Your  neat  crisp  claret.    Beau.  &  PI. 

7.  In  bot.  applied  to  a  leaf  when  the  border 
is  so  much  more  dilated  than  the  disk,  that 
it  necessarily  becomes  curled  and  twisted. 

Crisp  (krisp),  v.t.  1.  To  curl;  to  twist;  to 
contract  or  form  into  ringlets,  as  the  hair; 
to  wreathe  or  interweave,  as  the  branches 
of  trees.  'His  crisped  tresses.'  Drayton. 
'  The  crisped  shades  and  bower*. '  Milton.— 
2.  To  wrinkle  or  curl  into  little  undulations; 
to  ripple. 

From  that  sapphire  fount  the  crisped  brooks. 
Rolling  on  orient  pearl  and  sands  of  gold, 
Ran  nectar,  visiting  each  plant  Milton. 

Crisp  (krisp),  v.i.  To  form  little  curls  or 
undulations;  to  curl. 

The  bubbling  runnel  crispeth.       Tennyson. 

Crispate,  Crispated  (krisp'at,  krisp'at-ed), 
a.  Having  a  crisped  appearance. 

Crispation  (krisp-a'shon),  n.  l.t  The  act  of 
curling,  or  state  of  being  curled. 

Heat  causeth  pilosity  and  crispation.       Paeon. 

2.  In  surg.  a  term  applied  to  a  slight  morbid 

or  natural  contraction  of  any  part,  aa  that 

of  the  minute  arteries  of  a  cut  wound  when 

they  retract.  Mayne. 
Crispature  (krisp'at-ur),  n,  A  curling;  the 

state  of  being  curled. 
Crisper  (krisp'er),  n.  He  who  or  that 

which  crisps  or  curls;   an  instrument  for 

friezing  or  crisping  cloth. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  mttve;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CRISPIN 

Crispin  (kris'pin),  n.  A  familiar  name  for 
a  shoemaker,  frum  Ci'it^iiti  or  Cruipinus,  the 
patn  >n  saint  of  the  craft. 

Crisping-iron,  Crisping-pln  (krisp'ing-i- 
ern,  krisp'ing-pin),  71.  A  eurling-iron. 

Crlspisulcantt  (kris'pi-sul-kant),  a.  Wavy 
or  undulating,  as  lightning  is  represented 

Crisply  (krisp'li),  ado.  With  crispness;  in  a 
crisp  manner. 

Crispness  (krisp'nes),  n.  State  of  being 
crisp,  curled,  or  brittle. 

Crispy  (krisp'i),  a.  I.  Curled;  formed  into 
ringlets.  'Those  crispy  snaky  locks.'  Sliak. 
'2.  Brittle;  dried  so  as  to  break  short;  as,  a 
r/V.v/yy  cake. 

Criss-cross  (kris'kros),  n.  [Corrupted  from 
flirted  erott.]  I.  A  mark  or  cross,  as  the 
signature  of  one  who  cannot  write. — 2.  A 
game  played  on  slates  by  children  at  school 
[United  States.] 

Criss-cross  (kris'kros),  adv.  1.  In  opposite 
directions,  as  the  arms  of  a  cross. — 2.  Inhar- 
moniously;  unpleasiugly;  as,  things  are  go- 
ing criss-cross. 

Crisscross-row  (kris'kros-ro),  n.  An  old 
name  for  the  alphabet.  See  CIIRISTCROSS- 
ROW. 

Cristate,  Cristated  (krist'at,  krist'at-ed),  a. 
[L.  cristat-its,  from  crista,  a  crest.]  In  bot. 
crested;  tufted;  having  an  appendage  like  a 
crest  or  tuft,  as  some  anthers  and  flowers. 

Crlstatp-rugose  (kris-ta'td-rn-gos),  a.  In 
bot.  noting  a  surface  with  deep  and  sharp- 
edged  wrinkles. 

Criterion  (kri-te'ri-on),  n.  pi.  Criteria  (kri- 
te'ri-a).  [Gr.  kriterion,  from  the  root  of 
krino,  to  judge.  See  CHIME.]  A  standard 
of  judging;  any  established  law,  rule,  prin- 
ciple, or  fact  by  which  facts,  propositions, 
opinions,  conduct,  and  the  like,  are  com- 
pared in  order  to  discover  their  truth  or 
falsehood,  or  by  which  a  correct  judgment 
may  be  formed. 

For  example,  the  expediency  of  a  new  legislative 
proposal  must  be  judged  by  very  different  criteria 
in  England  and  in  Hindustan.  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis. 

SYN.  Standard,  measure,  rule. 

Criteripnal  (kri-te'ri-uu-al),  a.  Relating  to 
or  serving  as  a  criterion.  Coleridge.  [Rare.  ] 

Crith  (krith),  n.  [Gr.  krithe,  a  barley-corn.] 
A  name  given  by  Hoffmann  to  the  weight 
of  1  litre  of  hydrogen  weighed  at  0'  C.  and 
700  millimetres  pressure.  As  the  atomic 
weights  of  the  simple  gases  express  also  their 
densities  relatively  to  hydrogen,  and  as  the 
densities  of  compound  gases,  referred  to 
the  same  unit,  are  half  of  their  molecular 
weights,  it  becomes  a  very  simple  matter, 
by  remembering  the  weight  of  the  crith,  to 
calculate  the  exact  weight  of  any  gaseous 
chemical  substance. 

Crithmum  (krith'mum),  n.  [Gr.  krithmon, 
occasional  form  for  krcthmis,  samphire.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Umbellifenc, 
containing  a  single  species,  C.  maritimum 
(samphire  or  sea-fennel).  It  is  a  low  perennial 
plant,  and  grows  on  maritime  rocks  from 
Ayrshire  southwards,  and  on  the  Continent. 
It  has  a  spicy  aromatic  flavour,  and  when 
pickled  with  vinegar  and  spice  makes  an 
excellent  condiment. 

Crithomancy  (krith'6-man-si),  n.  [Gr. 
krithe.  barley,  and  manteia,  divination.]  A 
kind  of  divination  by  means  of  the  dough  of 
cakes,  and  the  meal  strewed  over  the  victims, 
in  ancient  sacrifices. 

Critic  (kri'tik),  n.  [L.  criticiis,  Gr.  kritikos, 
from  krites,  a  judge  or  discerner,  from  the 
root  of  krino,  to  judge,  to  separate,  to  dis- 
tinguish. See  CRIME.  ]  1.  A  person  skilled 
in  judging  of  the  merit  of  literary  works; 
one  who  is  able  to  discern  and  distinguish 
the  beauties  and  faults  in  literature  and 
art;  one  who  estimates  the  value  of  works  of 
literature  and  art  ill  magazines,  reviews.&c. 

'To-morrow,' he  said,  ' the  critics  will  commence. 
You  know  who  the  critics  are?  The  men  who  have 
failed  in  literature  and  art.'  Disraeli. 

2.  One  who  judges  with  severity;  one  who 
censures  or  finds  fault. 

When  an  author  has  many  beauties  consistent  with 
virtue,  piety,  and  truth,  let  not  little  crifics  exalt 
themselves,  and  shower  down  their  ill-nature.  Watts. 

3.t  The  art  of  criticism;  critique. 

If  ideas  and  words  were  distinctly  weighed,  and 
duly  considered,  they  would  afford  us  another  sort 
of  logic  and  critic.  Locke. 

4.t  An  act  of  criticism;  a  critique. 

Make  each  day  a  critic  on  the  last.  Pope. 

Critic  (kri'tik),  a.  Relating  to  criticism, 
or  the  art  of  judging  of  the  merit  of  a  literary 
performance  or  discourse,  or  of  any  work  in 
the  fine  arts. 

Critic  learning  flourished  most  in  France.     Pofe. 


627 


OBOl  K 


.I 

Critical  (kri'tik-al),  a.  [L.  criticut;  Or 
knhko*  from  Icrit.-K,  a  judge.  See  CRITIC,  n.  ] 
1.  Relating  to  criticism  ;  belonging  to  the 
art  of  a  critic;  as,  a  critical  dissertation  on 
Homer.—  2.  Having  the  skill  or  ability  to 
pass  accurate  judgment  upon  literary  and 
artistic  matters. 

It  is  submitted  to  the  judtrment  of  more  critical 
ears  to  direct  and  determine  what  is  graceful  and 
what  is  not.  •  HMtr_ 

3.  Inclined  to  make  nice  distinctions;  care- 
ful in  selection;  nicely  judicious;  exact-  fas- 
tidious; scrupulous. 

Virgil  was  so  critical  in  the  rites  of  religion,  that  he 
would  never  have  brought  in  such  prayers  as  these 
if  they  had  not  been  agreeable  to  the  Roman  c 
toms- 


. 

4.  Inclined  to  find  fault  or  to  judge  with 
severity.  'I  am  nothing,  if  not  critical.' 
A/iak.  —  Critical  philosophy,  a  name  gome- 
times  given  to  the  metaphysical  system  of 
Kant.from  his  famous  work  entitled  Critiime 
of  Pure  Reason.  [The  remaining  meanings 
are  from  krino  in  the  sense  of  decide  settle 
See  CRISIS.]—  5.  In  med.  pertaining  to  the 
crisis  or  turning-point  of  a  disease;  as,  cri- 
tical days,  or  critical  symptoms.  —6.  Decisive; 
applied  to  a  time  or  state  on  which  the  issue 
of  things  depends;  important,  as  regards 
consequences;  as,  a  critical  time  or  moment: 
a  critical  juncture. 

Every  step  you  take  is  decisive  —  every  action  you 
perform  is  critical—  every  idea  you  form  is  likely  to 
become  a  principle,  influencing  your  future  destiny. 
Fletcher 

7.  Formed  or  situated  to  determine  or  decide, 
or  having  the  crisis  at  command;  important 
or  essential  for  determining;  as,  a  critical 
post—  8.  In  a  condition  of  extreme  doubt  or 
danger;  attended  with  danger  or  risk;  dan- 
gerous; hazardous;  as,  a  critical  under- 
taking. 

Our  circumstances  are  indeed  critical;  but  then 
they  are  the  critical  circumstances  of  a  strong  and 
mighty  nation.  Kurte. 

SYN.  Exact,  accurate,  nice,  discriminating, 
captious,  fault-finding,  decisive,  important, 
momentous. 

Critically  (krit'ik-al-li),  adv.  1.  In  a  critical 
manner;  with  nice  discernment  of  truth  or 
falsehood,  propriety  or  impropriety;  with 
nice  scrutiny;  accurately;  exactly;  as,  to 
examine  evidence  critically.  '  Critically  to 
discern  good  writers  from  bad.'  Dryden.  — 

2.  At  the  crisis;  at  the  exact  time. 

Coming  critically  the  night  before  the  session. 
Unmet. 

3.  In  a  critical  situation,  place,  or  condition, 
so  as  to  command  the  crisis  ;  as,  a  town 
critically  situated. 

Critic-illness  (kri'tik-al-nes),  n.  1.  The  state 
of  being  critical;  incidence  at  a  particular 
point  of  time.  —  2.  Exactness  ;  accuracy  ; 
nicety;  minute  care  in  examination. 

Criticaster  (kri'tik-as-ter),  «.  A  small  or 
inferior  critic. 

Criticisable,  Critlclzalile  (kri'ti-siz-a-bl), 
a.  Capable  of  being  criticised. 

Criticise,  Criticize  (kri'ti-siz),  v.i.  pret.  &pp. 
criticised  or  criticized;  ppr.  criticising  or 
criticizing.  To  judge  critically,  estimating 
beauties  and  defects;  specifically,  to  examine 
works  of  literature  or  art,  in  order  to  esti- 
mate their  merits;  to  animadvert;  to  utter 
censure;  as,  to  criticise  on  a  man's  manners 
or  his  expenses. 

But,  spite  of  all  the  criticising  elves, 

Those  who  would  make  us  feel  —  must  feel  themselves. 

Churchill. 

Nor  would  I  have  his  father  look  so  narrowly  into 
these  accounts,  as  to  take  occasion  from  thence  to 
criticise  on  his  expenses.  Locke. 

Criticise,  Criticize  (kri'ti-siz),  v.t.  To  exa- 
mine or  judge  critically;  to  notice  beauties 
and  blemishes  or  faults  in;  to  utter  or  write 
remarks  on;  to  pass  judgment  on  with  re- 
spect to  merit  or  blame;  to  animadvert  upon; 
as,  to  criticise  an  author;  to  criticise  the 
works  of  Milton;  to  criticise  conduct. 

Criticiser,  Critlclzer  (kri'ti-siz-er),  n.  One 
who  criticises;  a  critic. 

Criticism  (kri'ti-sizm),  n.  1.  The  art  of 
judging  with  propriety  of  the  beauties  and 
faults  of  a  literary  performance  or  of  any 
production  in  the  flue  arts;  as,  the  rules  of 
criticism. 

In  the  vast  field  of  criticism  on  which  we  arc 
entering  innumerable  reapers  have  already  put  their 
sickles.  Macaulay. 

2.  The  act  of  judging  on  the  merit  of  any 
performance.—  3.  A  critical  judgment;  a  de- 
tailed critical  examination;  a  critique.  'The 
style  of  his  criticisms.'  Addison. 


Critique  (krl-U-k').  n.    [Fr.  criliqw.]    i   i 

i-lltn;il  .van,  n,  .1,.,,,  ,,[  i|,,.  „„.,,[,  ,,,    , 

formance,  especially  of  a  lit.  rai 
poformuce;  a  critical  examination  of  urn 

subject;  as,  Addisou'i  crit,,/,,,'  ,,„  /-,,, 
A'..-'.-    Kant's  CriOyu  ,.i   Pure  Rcaaon.- 

i    >'-,,.,„.,.  of  cvitiriMii.   .Inli.limli.rnilrinf 

judging  of  the  merit  of  performai 
3.  t  A  critic. 


Critique  t  (kri-tik1),  r.  t.    To  paw  Judgment 

on;  to  milk.-  ivmarknon. 
Crtzzel  ,  Crizzellng  (krizl.  krizling),  »      \ 

kind  of  roughnew  on  the  lurface  of  idau 


o  iau 

which  clouds  its  transparency.  Written  aim 
Lrizzle. 

Cro  t  (kr6)n.  [Gael,  and  Ir.  m,  blood,  death  ] 
In  old  Scott  law,  the  satUfactlon  or  compen- 
sation for  the  slaughter  of  a  man  according 
t"  his  rank. 

Croak  (krok),  r.i.  (Purely  Imitative.  Comp. 
M.H.O.  krochzen,  (3.  krachirn,  Kr.  croaiter 
L.  crocin,  crocitan.  Or.  krouin,  to  croak  a» 
a  raven.]  1.  To  make  a  low,  hoane  noi»e  In 
the  throat,  as  a  frog,  a  raven,  or  crow. 

Loud  thunder  to  its  bottom  shook  the  hoc 
And  the  hoarse  nation  croak'd.  Foft. 

2.  To  make  any  low,  hoarse  sound  resem- 
bling that  of  a  frog  or  raven;  as,  their  dellim 
croak.—  3.  To  speak  with  a  low,  hollow  v.,i,-, 
to  cry  dismally;  to  forebode  evil;  to  com- 
plain; to  grumble. 

Marat  Croats  with  such  reasonableness,  air  of  sin- 
cerity, that  repentant  pity  smothers  anger.  Carlyle 

4.  To  die  :  from  the  gurgling  sound  in  the 
throat  of  a  dying  person.    (.Slang  ] 
Croak  (krflk),  v.t.    1.  To  utter  in  a  low,  hol- 
low voice;  to  murmur  out    [Rare.] 

Marat  will  not  drown:  he  speaks  and  creaks  ex. 
planation.  Carlfle. 

2.  To  announce  or  herald  by  croaking. 

The  raven  himself  is  hoarse 
That  Croats  the  fatal  entrance  of  Duncan.    Sfiajl. 

Croak  (kr6k),  n.  The  low,  harsh  sound 
uttered  by  a  frog  or  a  raven,  or  a  like 
sound- 

Was  that  a  raven's  Croat  or  my  son's  voice.     Let. 

Croaker  (krok'er),  n.  1.  One  that  croaks, 
murmurs,  or  grumbles;  one  who  complains 
unreasonably;  one  who  takes  a  desponding 
view  of  everything;  an  alarmist.  —  2.  A 
corpse.  [Slang.  ] 

Croaking  (krok'ing),  p.  and  a.    1.  Uttering  a 
low,  harsh  sound  from  the  throat,  or  other 
similar  sound.  —  2.  Foreboding  evil;  gnitnb- 
ling.—  Croaking  lizard,  a  species  of  geckn. 
common  in  Jamaica,  so  called  from  the 
noise  it  makes.     It  is  a  nocturnal  lizard. 
the  Thecadactylus  kfvis  of  naturalists. 
Croat  (kro'at),  n.    [See  CRAVAT.  ]    A  native 
of  Croatia,  especially  a  soldier  of  that  dis- 
trict in  the  Austrian  sen-ice. 
Croce.t  n.    A  cross.    Chaucer. 
CroceoUB  t  (kro'shus),  a.     [L  croceus,  from 
crocutt,  saffron.]    Like  saffron;  yellow;  con- 
sisting of  saffron. 

Creche  (kroch).  n.  [Apparently  a  softened 
form  of  O.  E.  crok,  croke,  a  crook,  a  hook;  Fr. 
croc,  a  hook,  grapnel;  comp.  also  Gael,  croic, 
a  deer's  horn.]  A  little  knob  about  the  top 
of  a  deer's  horn. 

Crochet  (kro'sha),  71.  [Fr.,  dim.  of  croc,  a 
hook.  See  CROCHE.J  A  kind  of  ladica' 
work;  a  species  of  knitting  performed  by 
means  of  a  small  hook,  the  material  being 
fancy  worsted,  cotton,  or  silk.  In  this  way 
a  variety  of  fancy  articles  are  wrought,  such 
as  collars,  doyleys,  covers  for  pin-cushions, 
anti-macassars,  <fcc. 

Crochet  (kro'sha).  v.t.  To  knit  in  the  style 
of  knitting  called  crochet;  as,  to  crochet  a 
shawl. 

Crociary  (kro'shi-a-ri),  n.  [See  CROZIEE.] 
Ecclea.  the  official  who  carries  the  cross 
before  an  archbishop. 

Crocidolite  (  kro-sid'ol-it  ),  n.  [Gr.  krokit. 
knkidos,  nap  on  cloth,  and  lithos,  a  stone.) 
A  mineral,  consisting  principally  of  silicate 
of  iron,  occurring  in  asbestos  -like  fibres, 
also  massive,  in  Griqualand,  South  Africa, 
and  in  the  Vosges.  A  somewhat  similar 
mineral  is  found  at  Stavern,  Norway. 
Crocltation  t  (kro-sit-a'shon),  n.  [L.  crocitv. 
crocitatutii.  to  croak.  SeeCEOAK.]  A  croak- 
ing. Bailey. 

Crock  (krok),  n.  [A.  Sax.  crocca,  a  crock  ; 
cog.  D.  kruik,  Icel.  krukka,  Dan.  krukkt,  G 
knig,  an  earthen  vessel,  pitcher;  also  W. 
krochan,  a  pot;  Gael,  crock,  a  pitcher]  An 
earthen  vessel;  a  pot  or  pitcher;  a  cup. 
Crock  (krok),  n.  A  low  seat;  a  stooL 

I  seated  her  upon  a  little  crock  at  my  left  hand.  Taller. 


ch,  cftain;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;     j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      IH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig,    wh,  irAig;    ih,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CROCK 


628 


('HOOK 


Crock  (krok),  n.  Soot,  or  the  black  matter 
collected  from  combustion  on  pots  and  ket- 
tles or  iu  a  chimney.  [Colloq.  ] 

Crock  (krok),  v.t.  To  black  with  soot  or 
other  matter  collected  from  combustion,  or 
to  black  with  the  colouring  matter  of  cloth. 
[Colloq.] 

L>0  you  think,  ma'am— that  I  was  very  fond  of  such 
dirt  beneath  my  feet.as  I  couldn't  condescend  to  touch 
with  kitchen-tongs,  without  blacking  and  crocking 
myicif  by  the  contact.  Dicketis. 

Crock  (krok),  ».  t.  To  give 
off  crock  or  smut. 

Crock  (krok),  n.  An  old 
sheep.  [Scotch.] 

Crockery  (krok'e-ri),  «. 
[See  CROCK,  an  earthen 
vessel.]  Earthenware; ves- 
sels formed  of  clay,  glazed 
and  baked. 

Crocket  (krok'et),  n.  [Fr. 
cnc.crochet.  SeeCROCUE.J 
1.  In  Gothic  arch,  an  orna- 
ment, usually  in  imitation 
of  curved  and  bent  foliage, 
placed  on  the  angles  of 
the  inclined  sides  of  pin- 
nacles, canopies,  gables, 
and  other  members.  Some- 
times crockets  assume  the 
forms  of  animals.— 2.  One 
of  the  terminal  snags  on  a 
stag's  horn. — 3.t  A  large 
roll  of  hair  formerly  worn. 

Crocketed  (krok'et-ed),  a. 
In  arch,  furnished  with 
crockets ;  ornamented 
with  crockets. 

Crocky  (krok'i),  a.  Smut- 
ty; sooty. 

Crocodile  (kro'ko-dil),  ».  [L.  ci-ocodilut,  Gr. 
kmkodeiios,  a  kind  of  lizard,  acrocodile.  ]  1.  A 
genus  of  saurians,  the  type  of  the  family  Cro- 
codilidec,comprisiug  the  largest  living  forms 
of  reptiles,  some  species  attaining  a  length 
of  30  feet.  They  have  a  long  and  powerful 
tail  flattened  at  the  sides,  which  serves 
as  an  oar  or  rudder,  five  anterior  and 
four  posterior  toes,  the  latter  more  or  less 
webbed.  Their  bodies  are  covered  with 
square  bony  plates  instead  of  the  scales  of 
other  saurians.  Their  jaws  are  long  and 
their  gape  of  enormous  width.  The  nostrils 
are  at  the  extremity  of  the  snout,  and  cap- 
able of  being  closed  to  prevent  ingress  of 
water.  They  are  very  ferocious,  seizing  their 
prey  and  drowning  it  in  water,  but  retiring 
to  land  to  devour  it.  In  internal  structure 
they  bear  a  strong  resemblance  to  mammi- 
ferous  quadrupeds,  the  heart  having  two 
ventricles  and  two  auricles.  Their  eggs, 
which  are  not  larger  than  those  of  a  goose, 
are  deposited  in  the  sand  and  hatched  by 
the  heat  of  the  sun.  The  best  known  species 


. 


Pinnacle  decorated 
with  Crockets. 


Crocodile  (Crocodilus  ttileticus  or  vittfaris). 

is  the  crocodile  of  the  Kile  ICroeodilui  vul- 
garii).  Another  species  (C.  paluntris)  is 
met  with  in  South  Asia,  Sunda,  and  the  Mo- 
luccas.— 2.  In  rhet.  a  captious  and  sophis- 
tical argument  contrived  to  draw  one  into 
a  snare. 

Crocodile  (kro'ko-dil),  a  Of  or  pertaining  to 
or  like  a  crocodile.  —  Crocodile  tears,  false  or 
affected  tears.  This  term  contains  an  allu- 
sion to  the  fictions  of  old  travellers,  that 
crocodiles  shed  teal's  over  those  they  de- 
vour. 

Crocodilean,  Crocodilian  (kro-ko-dil'e-an, 
kro-ko-dil'i-an),  a.  Relating  to  the  croco- 
dile. 

Crocodilia  (kro-ko-dil'1-a),  n.  pi.  An  order 
of  saurian  reptiles,  found  in  the  Old  and  New 
Worlds.  The  following  are  the  character- 
istics of  the  order: — Skin  covered  with  bony 
plates;  tail  long  and  compressed  laterally; 
four  short  feeble  legs,  the  fore-feet  with 
live  and  the  hind-feet  with  four  toes;  ver- 
tebras concave  anteriorly  or  posteriorly, 
or  at  both  ends;  jaws  with  many  similar 


teeth  in  distinct  sockets;  heart  bilateral; 
nasal  orifice  single;  tympanum  covered  with 
a  fold  of  skin;  penis  single  and  lodged  in 
the  cloaca.  The  order  ranges  from  the 
oolite  strata  to  the  present  time,  and  com- 
prises the  three  families  Crocodilidic,  Alli- 
(•atoridre,  and  Gavialidse,  of  which  the  cro- 
codile of  the  Nile,  the  American  alligator, 
and  the  Indian  gavial  are  respectively  the 
best  known  members. 

Crocodilian  (kro-ko-dil'i-an),  n.  A  member 
of  the  order  Crocodilia. 

Crocodilidae  ( kro-ko-dil'i-de),  n.  pi.  One  of 
the  families  into  which  the  order  Crocoililia 
is  divided,  comprising  the  crocodile  of  the 
Nile.  See  CROCODILE,  CROCODIUA. 

Crocodility  (kru-ko-dil'i-ti),  n.  In  logic,  a 
captious  or  sophistical  mode  of  arguing. 
[Hare.] 

Crocolsite  (kro-koi'zit),  n.  (Or.  krokoein,  of 
a  saffron  colour.]  A  mineral,  native  chro- 
mate  of  lead  or  red-lead  ore.  It  is  used  as 
a  pigment. 

Croconate  (kroTcon-at),  «.  A  yellow  salt 
formed  by  the  union  of  croconic  acid  with 
a  base. 

Croconic  (kro-kon'ik),  n.  [Gr.  krokos,  saf- 
fron.] Of  or  pertaining  to  saffron;  yellow. — 
Croconic  acid,  an  acid  (C5H,04)  prepared 
by  adding  hydrotiuosilicic  aciu  to  a  solution 
of  croconate  of  potassium,  and  evaporating 
to  dryness.  It  is  yellow,  and  tastes  and 
reacts  strongly  acid. 

Crocus  (krolms),  n.  (L.  crocus;  Gr.  krokot, 
saffron,  also  the  crocu*,  from  its  colour. 
Cog.  Gael,  crock,  red.)  1.  A  beautiful  genus 
of  iridaceous  plants,  consisting  of  many 
hardy  species,  some  of  which  are  amongst 
the  commonest  ornaments  of  gardens. 
They  are  dwarf  herbs  with  fibrous-coated 
conns,  and  grass-like  leaves  appearing 
after  the  flowers.  Crocuses  are  chiefly  found 
in  the  middle  and  southern  parts  of  Europe 
and  the  Levant.  Some  of  the  species  are 
vernal,  others  autumnal.  One  species  is  a 
native  of  Britain,  C.  nudiftuna  (the  autumn 
crocus  of  the  meadows  in  the  centre  and 
south  of  England);  C.  satieus  (saffron)  is 
cultivated  at  Saffron  Walden  for  the  saf- 
fron of  the  shops,  which  consists  of  the  deep 
orange  stigmas  of  the  flowers;  C.  bijtorus  is 
the  Scotch  crocus.— 2.  In  chem.  a  yellow 
powder;  any  metal  calcined  to  a  red  or  deep 
vellow  colour. 

Croft  (kroft),  n.  [A.  Sax.  croft,  a  field;  D. 
kruft,  a  hillock;  O.D.  krocht,  a  field;  cog. 
Gael,  i-niii,  a  croft.]  A  small  piece  of  in- 
closed ground  adjoining  a  dwelling-house, 
and  used  for  pasture,  tillage,  or  other  pur- 
poses; any  small  tract  of  laud;  a  very  small 
farm. 

Tending  my  flocks  hard  by  in  the  hilly  crofts 
That  brow  this  bottom  ^l.r !.  .l//.'/c«. 

Crofter  (kroft'er),  n.    One  who  cultivates  a 

croft. 

CrolS,  t  H.     A  cross.     Chaucer. 
Croisade,  i  Croisado,  *  ».    [Fr.  croisade,  a 

crusade,  O.  Fr.  crow,  Mod.  Fr.  croix,  a  cross.  ] 

A  crusade. 

A  pope  of  that  name  (Urban)  did  first  institute  the 
crviiaao.  Mittou. 

The  ct-oiiatif  was  not  appointed  by  Pope  Urban 
alone,  but  by  the  council  of  Clement.  jfortitt 

Croiset  (kroi'se),  n.  [Fr.  croM,  a  crusader, 
from  O  Fr.  croi*,  a  cross.]  A  soldier  or  pil- 
grim engaged  in  a  crusade  and  wearing  the 
badge  of  it;  a  crusader.  '  The  necessity  and 
weakness  of  the  croisfS.'  Burke.  An  old 
plural  was  croitez.  •  To  instruct  the  croitez, 
to  comfort  them,  to  administer  the  sacra- 
ments to  them.'  Jortin. 

Crokard,  n.  A  counterfeit  coin  of  the  reign 
of  Edward  I.,  worth  about  a  halfpenny, 
coined  abroad  and  introduced  surrepti- 
tiously into  England. 

Croker  t  (kro'ker),  n.  One  who  cultivates  or 
deals  in  saffron  (crocus).  Uotinshed. 

Croma,  Crome  (kro'ma,  krom),  n.  [It.,  Fr.] 
In  music,  a  quaver. 

Crombie  (krora'i),  n.    Same  as  Crummie. 

Crome,  t  n.    A  crumb.    Chaucer. 

Cromeruach,  n.  The  name  of  the  chief 
idol  of  the  Irish  before  their  conversion  by 
St.  Patrick.  It  was  a  gold  or  silver  image, 
surrounded  by  twelve  little  brazen  ones. 

Cromlech  (kromlek,  n.  [W.  cromlech—  crom, 
bent,  concave,  and  llech,  a  flat  stone.]  In 
archaol.  large  flat  stones  laid  across  others 
in  an  upright  position;  very  commonly  found 
in  parts  of  Wales,  in  Devonshire  and  Corn- 
wall, and  other  districts  of  England;  as 
well  as  in  Scotland,  Ireland,  Brittany,  Ger- 
many, Spain,  and  Denmark;  and  in  Asia 
and  America.  From  cromlechs  having  been 
found  in  the  heart  of  burial  mounds  or 


barrows,  with  their  rude  chamlwrs  filled 
with  sepulchral  remains,  as  skeletons  or 


Cromlech  at  Lanyon,  Cornwall. 

urns,  they  are  supposed  to  have  been  sepul- 
chral monuments.  In  France  they  ore  called 
dolmens. 

Cromorna  (kro-mor'na),  n.  [Fr.  cromornt; 
G.  kniniitihorn,  crooked  horn.]  A  reed- 
stop  in  the  organ,  voiced  like  the  oboe,  but 
of  A  different  quality ;  bearing  the  same 
relation  to  the  oboe  as  the  stopped  diapason 
to  the  open.  Corruptly  written  Cremona. 
See  KKt.MMHORN. 

Cromwellian  (krom-wel'li-an),  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Cromwell. 

Cromwellian  (krom-weni-an),  n.  An  ad- 
herent of  Oliver  Cromwell;  a  soldier  who 
fought  in  the  service  of  Cromwell. 

Cronach  (kro'nach),  n.    Same  as  Coronach. 

Crone  (kron),  n.  [In  the  sense  of  an  old 
woman  may  be  derived  from  or  connected 
with  Ir.  and  Gael,  criona,  old,  crion,  dry, 
withered ;  W.  crina,  to  wither.  Cog.  Sc. 
crine,  to  wither,  shrink.  Or  from  Gael. 
cronan,  a  low  dull  sound;  Sc.  croon,  from 
the  dull  continuous  sound  of  a  garrulous 
old  woman's  tongue.  In  the  sense  of  a  ewe, 
Wedgwood  derives  it  from  D.  kronit,  Fr. 
charoyiie.  It.  carogtia,  a  carcass  or  carrion. 
See  CARRION.)  1.  An  old  woman.  'The 
crooked  crone.'  Gascoigne.—2.  An  old  ewe. 

Fresh  herrings  plenty  Michael  brings, 

With  fatted  cranes,  and  such  old  things.    Tusstr. 

Hence — 3.  An  old  man  who  twaddles  and 
conducts  himself  as  an  old  woman.  •  A  few 
old  battered  crones  of  office.'  Disraeli. 

Cronel,  Cronet  (kro'nel,  kro'net),  n.  Con- 
tractions for  coronel,  coronet,  iu  the  sense 
of  the  pointless  head  of  a  tiltiug-spear.  See 
CORONKL. 

Cronet  (kro'net),  n.  [Contr.  from  coronet.  J 
The  hair  which  grows  over  the  top  of  a 
horse's  hoof. 

Cronian  (krd'ni-an),  a.  [An  epithet  men- 
tioned by  Pliny.]  A  term  applied  to  the 
north  polar  sea.  [Rare.  ] 

As  when  two  polar  winds,  blowing  adverse 
Upon  the  Croniatt  sea.  Milton. 

Crony  (kro'nix  n.  [See  CRONE,  with  which 
this  word  was  originally  identical.]  l.t  A 
crone. 

Marry  not  an  old  crony  or  a  fool  for  money. 

Burton. 

2.  An  intimate  companion ;  an  associate ;  a 
familiar  friend. 

To  oblige  your  crony  Swift, 

bring  our  dame  a  New-year's  gift.         S-wift. 

Cronycal  (kron'ik-al), o.  Same  &»  Acronycal. 
Crood  (krod),  r.  t.  [An  imitative  word;  comp. 

crow,    croakt   <fec.)     To   coo;   to    croodle. 

[Scotch.] 

Thro'  the  braes  the  cushat  croods 

Wi'  wailfu'  cry.  Burnt. 

Croodle  (kro'dl),  t.i  [In  first  sense  perhaps 
a  form  of  cuddle;  in  second,  a  dim.  of  crood.j 

1.  To  cower ;  to  crouch  ;  to  brood ;  to  lie 
close  and  snug.     '  As  a  dove  to  fly  home  to 
her  nest  and  croodle  there.'    C.  Kingitley. 
[  Local.  ]—2.  To  coo  like  a  dove ;  and  hence, 
to  fawu  or  coax.    [Scotch.] 

Crook  (krok),  n.  [Icel.  kriikr,  Sw.  krok,  a 
hook,  a  bend ;  Dan.  /./•'.;/,  a  hook,  a  crook ; 
D.  kruk,  a  crutch ;  the  word  is  also  Celtic : 
W.  cricy,  Gael,  crocan,  a  crook,  a  hook ; 
nlV  croc.  Akin  crutch,  crouch.]  1.  Any 
bend,  turn,  or  curve;  curvature;  flexure;  as, 
a  ciwk  in  a  river,  &c. 

These  sapphire-coloured  brooks. 
Which,  conduit-like,  with  curious  crooks, 
Sweet  islands  make.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  Any  bent  or  curved  instrument ;  espe- 
i    cially,  a  shepherd's  staff,  curving  at  the  end; 

a  pastoral  staff. 

He  left  his  crook,  he  left  his  nocks.        Prior. 

Specifically— 3  The  pastoral  staff  of  a  bishop 
or  abbot,  fashioned  in  the  form  of  a  shep- 
herd's staff,  as  a  symbol  of  his  sway  over  and 
care  for  his  flock.  Such  staves  are  generally 
gilt,  ornamented  with  jewels,  and  enriched 
by  carving,  Ac. — 4.  The  iron  chain,  with  its 
appropriate  hooks,  by  which  pots,  &c.,  are 
hung  over  the  fire;  a  pot-hook.  [Scotch.] — 
6.t  A  gibbet. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     mite,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u>  Sc-  a0""6; 


***• 


-  liyluiok  or  crook,  by  one  means  or  another 
by  fair  means  or  foul. 

They  will  have  it  by  hook  or  by  crook.        M,de 

Crook  (krok),  v.t     1.  To  bend;  to  turn  from 
i  straight  line;  to  make  a  curve  or  hook 

2.  To  turn  from  rectitude;  to  pervert. 

Whatsoever  affairs  pass  such  a  man's  hands    he 
crookelh  them  to  his  own  ends.  Bacon 

3.  t  To  thwart.— To  crook  (Ac  mou',  to  distort 
the  mouth,  as  if  about  to  cry  or  as  imlic-it 
ing  anger  or  displeasure.    [Scotch] 

Crook  (krok),  v.i.     To  bend  or  be' bent-  to 
IMS  turned  from  a  right  line;  to  curve!  to 

The  eagle's  upper  beak  craatrtlt  in  time  over  thi- 
lower,  and  so  she  faileth  not  with  age  but  hunger 

Crook-back  (krok'bak),  n.  A  crookeTback- 
one  who  has  a  crooked  back  or  round  shoul- 

Ay,  crook-back,  here  I  stand  to  answer  thee.    Shak. 

Crooked  (krok'ed),/)p.  or  a.  1.  Bent-curved- 
curving;  winding.  '  From  the  crook'd  worm' 
to  man's  imperial  form.'  Lamb  —  2  Oblique 
in  moral  conduct;  devious;  froward  •  per 
verse;  going  out  of  the  patli  of  rectitude. 

They  are  a  perverse  and  crooked  generation. 

SYN.  Curved,  incnrvated,  curving  'winding 
bowed,  awry,  oblique,  wry,  deformed  per- 
verse, deceitful,  devious,  froward 

Crookedly  (krok'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  crooked 
curved,  or  perverse  manner. 

Crookedness  (krok'ed-nes),  «.  i  A  wind 
tag,  bending,  or  turning;  curvity;  curvature- 
inflection.— 2.  Perverseness;  untowardness' 
deviation  from  rectitude;  iniquity;  obliquity 
of  conduct. 

My  will  hath  been  used  to  crookedness  and  peevish 
morosity  in  all  virtuous  employments.  Jcr.  Taylor. 

3.  Physical  deformity.  'A  severe  search  to 
see  if  there  were  any  crookedness  or  spot 
any  nut-leanness  or  deformity,  in  their  sacri- 
fice.' Jer.  Taylor. 

Crookent  (krbk'n),  v.  t.  To  make  crooked- 
to  pervert. 

Images  be  of  more  force  to  crookei,  an  unhappy 
soul,  than  to  teach  and  instruct  it. 

Homilies  against  Idolatry. 

Crook-rafter  (krok'raft-er),  n.    See  KNEE- 

RAFTER. 

Croon  (kron),  n.  A  low,  hollow,  continued 
moan.  [Scotch.] 

The  deil,  or  else  an  outler  quey 

Gat  up  an'  gae  a  croon.  Ritrns. 

Croon  ( kron ),  v.  t.  [Onomatopoetic ;  allied 
to  D  kreunen,  to  groan,  to  lament ;  Icel 
krunka,  to  croak.]  1.  To  sing  in  a  low  hum- 
ming tone ;  to  hum.  •  Whiles  crooning  o"  r 
some  auld  Scots  sonnet.'  Burns  —2  To 
bring  into  a  particular  state  by  crooning 
(the  state  being  indicated  by  an  adjective 
following,  as  asleep  awake,  etc.,  without 
which  the  meaning  is  incomplete). 

The  fragment  of  the  childish  hymn  with  which  he 
sung  and  crooned  himself  asleep.  Dickens. 

Croon  (kron),  v.i.  To  utter  a  low  continued 
sound  approaching  a  moan,  as  cattle  when 
in  pain;  to  sing  softly  to  one's  self;  to  hum. 


Um^X^'ppr.  £^p*  ''YZf  rf'  8°me 


A  Jd^k!Pth1ChMt!  **  cnf'  thc  """"r  <<**• 

licks  the  hand  just  raised  to  shed  his  blood. 

falls'0  PlUCk'  ""  IrUit;   to  gather  beforf'i 

While  force  our  youth,  like  fruits,  untimely  crop, 
D    „,  rtrnham. 

S.  io  cause  to  bear  a  crop-    to  flll  with 
crops;  to  raise  crops  on;  as,  to  c?opa  fleYd 

roZ,eL°iXr''     T°  yiel<t  harvest    **<•*• 
[Obsolete.  ]—  To  crop  out,  (a)  in  nenl  in  a 

pear  on  the  surface!  as  a'layer,  iS  or  strS: 
turn  underlying  another,  but  projecting  its 

tallv  a'T  bT"th-  ,((1)  To  Wear  indden 
tally  and  undesignedly;  to  come  to  light- 
as  his  peculiarities  crop  out  in  his  wS-k; 
the  truth  cropped  out  in  spite  of  him  The 
T  -T  "p  is  als"  "sclt  in  "™s  sense 
}'  "'  top  °'  "" 


CroPe,^Cropen,t  pp.  of  Sax.  crepe.    Crept. 

Crop-ear  (krop'er),  ?i.   [Crop  and  ear.]  1  A 

horse  whose  cars  are  cropped. 

I'll  lay  a  thousand  pounds  upon  my  crop-ear. 

Keau.  &FI. 

a  croT6011  °SC  ear8  Ilave  been  cr°PP*11; 
Crop-eared  (krop'erd),  a.  Having  the  ears 
cropped.  'A  crop-ear'd  scrivener  this.' 

And  K. 

Crop-full  (krop'ful),  a.     Having  a  full  crop 

or  belly;  satiated.     Milton 
Crop-ore  (krop'or),  n.    In  mining,  the  best 

ore  of  a  parcel. 
Crop-out  (krop-ouf),  n.    A  term  used  by 

miners  to  express  the  rising  up  at  the  sur 

face  of  one  or  more  strata.    Written  more 

commonly  Out-crop. 
Cropper  (krop'er),  ».    1.  A  breed  of  pigeons 

with  a  large  crop.    See  POUTER.  -2  A  fall 

as  from  horseback;  hence,  failure  in  an  un- 

dertaking.   [Slang.] 
Cropping  (krop-tag),  n.    1.  The  act  of  cut- 

ting off.    2.  The  raising  of  crops 
Croppy  (krop'i),  n.    1.  A  person  whose  ears 

had  been  cut  off,  especially  for  treason-  an 

Irish  rebel. 


Croslet,  Crotilet  (kros'. 

';•'>.  »  1 1'»".  from  «««,.) 
A  small  cross.  -Cnu  cruu- 
>'•'.  in  hrr.  a  crosa  having 

III''       tllll'C       ll|,|K.r       |»,j|H, 

i-ndinij  in  little  croawa. 

Crosg  <kr.,-j,,     i, IK.  crou 
•  "it  Fr 
i  cross 

''"'     •  '  •  '       .  IN  i.  .-,-, 
%.*?*»•  »  hook;  Ir.  croch- 


Here  an  old  grandmother  was  croonine  over  a  sick 
child,  and  rocking  it  to  and  fro.  Dickens 

c,r?°ner  (kron'er),  n.  The  gray  guniard 
(rriyla  gurnardwi),  so  called  in  Scotland 
from  the  noise  it  makes  when  taken  out  of 
the  water. 

Crooning  (kron'ing),  ».  The  act  of  one  who 
croons;  a  low  humming  ormurmuring sound. 

Her  dainty  ear  a  fiddle  charms, 

A  bagpipe's  her  delight ; 
But  for  the  mmiinfs  o'  her  wheel 

bhe  disna'  care  a  mite.  y.  Baillie 

Croop,  n.    See  CROUP. 

Crop  (krop),  n.  [A.  Sax.  crop,  top,  bunch 
craw  of  a  bird ;  cog.  D.  krop,  Q.  kropf,  a 
birds  crop;  Icel.  kroppr,  a  hump,  bunch 
Ine  original  meaning  is  probably  that  of  a 
uamental  meaning  is  probably  that  of  a 
rounded  projecting  or  prominent  mass.] 
1.  Ihe  first  stomach  of  a  fowl;  the  craw. 

I"  birds  there  is  no  mastication  of  the  meat:  but 
...  it  is  immediately  swallowed  into  the  crop  or  craw. 

2.t  The  top  or  highest  part  of  a  thing;  the 
;nd  'Crop  and  root.'  Chaucer.— 3.  That 
which  is  cropped,  cut,  or  gathered  from  a 


They  sent  up  the  hillside  three  shouts  over  the  dc- 
inohuoii  of  the  croppy's  dwelling.  Ktinini. 

2.  A  Roundhead.—  3.  One  who  has  had  his 
hair  cropped  in  prison.     [Slang  ] 
Crop-Sick  (krop'sik),  a.    Sick  or  indisposed 
from  a  surcharged  stomach;  sick  with  ex- 
cess in  eating  or  drinking.     [Rare.  ] 
Crop-sickness  (krop'sik-nes),  n.    Sickness 
from  repletion  of  the  stomach.     [Rare.] 
Croquet  (kro'ka),  n.  [Fr.  croqucr,  to  crack  ] 
1.  An  open-air  game  played  with  a  mallet, 
balls,  pegs  or  posts,  and  a  series  of  iron 
hoops  or  arches.     It  can  be  played  by  two 
or  more,  and,  in  the  case  of  several  playing, 
they  may  either  be  divided  into  two  parties' 
or  play  each  for  their  own  hand.    The  ob- 
ject of  the  players  is  to  drive  the  balls  be- 
longing to  their  own  side  through  the  hoops 
and  against  the  pegs  in  a  certain  order,  and 
to  prevent  their  opponents'  balls  from  com- 
pleting the  journey  before  their  own,  by 
playing  them  against  those  of  the  enemy, 
and  driving  them  as  far  as  possible  from 
the  hoop  or  post  they  have  to  be  played  for. 
2.  When  one  ball  has  roqueted  or  been  made 
to  strike  another,  the  act  of  the  player 
driving  to  a  distance  the  ball  that  has  been 
roqueted  by  a  blow  of  the  mallet  upon  his 
own  ball. 

Croquet  (kro'ka),  v.t.  In  the  game  of  cro- 
quet, to  drive  a  hall  which  is  in  contact  with 
one's  own  to  a  distance  with  a  blow  of  the 
mallet  upon  one's  own  ball. 
Croquette  (kro-ket),  n.  [Fr.  croquer.  to 
crunch.]  A  fried,  force-meat  ball,  made  of 


Forins  of  Crosses. 

,?£?££&?'••  CWM**!!* 


SJWfSiftraaB  sags1  10,^,! 

fe 


--  ------ 

Andrew.  8.  Papal  C  rots.  9.  Cross  noay  ouadr,! 
io.  Maltese  Cross,  formed  of  four  arrow-hi/d"  mect- 

T^eiX1"""'^  'V  V"S'C  °f  ""  kniShts  °<  M'^ 
I  lie  e  ght  points  of  this  Torm  of  cross  are  said  to 
symbolize  tlie  eight  beatitudes  (Mat.  v  )  ,,  Croi, 
JourcHee.  11,  Cross  formy  or  'former.  13.  Crois 
<±  "'  7":"'"'''"  C""-  The  four  conjoined 
^f  ,h  J,?IMT  '  '"  ^  sV'"'l>ol'cal  of  'he  displacement 
of  the  Old  Testament  by  the  Cross.  ,"  Cross 
&  at'iK  endl  a'S°  Crm-"""y.  from  the  flours  de 

our  Saviour  suffered  is  represented  on  coins 
and  other  monuments  to  have  been  of  the 
form  in  flgs.  1  and  2.  -a  The  ensign  of  the 
Christian  religion  ;  and  hence,  fa  the  re- 
ligion itself. 

She  (the  Church  of  England)  yet  shocked  many 
rigid  Protestants  by  marking  the  infant  just  sprinkled 
from  the  font  with  the  sign  of  the  cross.  Macau/:,y. 

3.  An  ornament  in  the  form  of  a  cross  used 
chiefly  in  buildings  devoted    to  religious 
purposes;  a  monument  with  a  cross  upon  it 
to  excite  devotion,  such  as  were  anciently 
set  in  market-places. 

Dunedin's  cross,  a  pillared  stone. 

Rose  on  a  turret  octagon.      Sir  IT.  Sfarf. 

4.  Anything  in  the  form  of  a  cross  or  giblieL 

5.  A  line  drawn  through  another.—  0.  Any- 
thing that  thwarts,  obstructs,  or  perplexes- 
hindrance;  vexation;  misfortune;  opposi- 
tion ;  trial  of  patience. 

Heaven  prepares  good  men  with  crosses.  £.  Joason. 

7.  Money  or  coin  stamped  with  the  figure  of 

a  cross. 

The  devil  sleeps  in  my  pocket,  I  have  no  cross  to 
drive  him  from  it.  Massnifer. 

S.  The  right  side  or  face  of  a  coin,  stamped 
with  a  cross.—  9.  The  mark  of  a  cross,  in- 
stead of  a  signature,  on  a  deed  or  other 
document,  impressed  by  those  who  cannot 
write.—  10.  t  Church  lands  in  Ireland.  —  11.  In 
theol.  the  sufferings  of  Christ  by  crucifixion. 

That  he  might  reconcile  both  to  God  in  one  body 
by  the  croft.  Eph.  ii.  ifc 

12.  Tlie  doctrine  of  Christ's  sufferings  anil 
of  the  atonement,  or  of  salvation  by  Christ. 

The  preaching  of  the  cross  is  to  them  that  perish 
foolishness.  i  Cor.  i.  18. 


cb,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  toij      ng,  siny;      TH,  Wen;  th,  Min;      w,  trig;    wh,  irtog;    ih,  azure. -See  KIT. 


CKOSS 


630 


CROSS-COURSE 


„ 


Cross. 


13.  In  sporting,  a  contest  decided  dishonestly, 
through  one  of  the  parties  allowing  himself 
to  be  beaten,  for  the  sake  of  gaining  money 
by  betting  or  bribery;  as,  the  buttle  was  a 
cross. — 14.  In  her.  an  ordinary,  composed 
of  four  lines,  two  parallel 
lines  perpendicular,  and 
two  transverse.  The  con- 
tentsof  the  cross,  when  not 
charged  with  any  other 
1  Hairing, should  be  one-fifth 
part  of  the  field,  but  when 
charged,  one-third  of  its 
surface.  Crosses  are  very 
common  bearings  in  her- 
aldry, and  are  variously 
formed,  with  different  ap- 
pellations. The  crosses  most  commonly 
worn  in  bearings  are  those  figured  5,  7, 
10,  IS,  14  in  the  cut  entitled  Forms  of 
Crosses.  The  cross  is  held  by  several  au- 
thors to  be  the  most  honourable  charge 
in  all  heraldry.  — 15.  A  mixing  of  breeds 
in  producing  animals;  an  animal  of  a  cross- 
breed. —  Crowes,  in  architectural  antvj. 
are  of  various  descriptions,  according  to 
the  occasion  or  purpose  of  their  erection. 
1*  reaching  crosses  are  generally  quadrangu- 
lar or  hexagonal,  open  on  one  or  both  sides, 
and  raised  on  steps.  They  were  used  for 
the  delivery  of  sermons  in  the  open  air. 
(See  PREACHING  CROSS.)  Market  crooM 
are  well  known.  The  original  form  was  a 
long  shaft  surmounted  with  a  cross,  and 
raised  on  a  series  of  steps.  Subsequently 
an  arched  or  vaulted  structure  supported 
on  pillars  was  erected  round  the  central 
shaft.  (See  MARKET  CROSS.)  Weeping 
crosses  were  so  called  because  penances 
were  finished  before  them.  Crosses  of  ine- 
mortal  were  raised  on  various  occasions,  as, 
for  example,  in  attestation  of  some  miracle 
said  to  have  been  performed  on  the  spot. 
Another  class  is  the  monumental  or  sepul- 
chral cross,  erected  over  a  grave,  or  where  a 
corpse  was  set  down  in  the  way  to  burial, 


Monumental  Cross,  Eyam,  Derbyshire. 

like  those  erected  by  King  Edward  I.  at  the 
several  places  where  the  corpse  of  his 
queen,  Eleanor,  rested  in  its  progress  from 
Herdeby  in  Lincolnshire  to  the  place  of  in- 
terment in  Westminster.  The  palm  cross, 
too,  was  a  monumental  cross,  decorated 
with  palm  branches  on  Palm  Sunday.  Boun- 
dary crosses  were  erected  as  landmarks,  but 
were  in  few  instances  entitled  to  be  called 
architectural.  —Cross  and  pile,  a  play  with 
money,  at  which  it  was  put  to  chance  whe- 
ther a  coin  should  full  with  that  side  up 
which  bears  the  cross,  or  the  other,  which 
is  called  pile,  or  reverse:  equivalent  to  the 
heads  and  tails  of  our  times.  — To  live  on 
the  cross,  to  live  by  stealing,  as  opposed  to 
living  on  the  square.  [Thieves'  slang. J—  To 
take  up  the  cross,  is  to  submit  to  troubles 
and  afflictions  from  love  to  Christ. 
Cross  (kros),  a.  1.  Transverse;  oblique; 
passing  from  side  to  side;  falling  athwart; 
as,  a  cross  beam.  '  The  erw*x  refraction  of  a 
second  prism.'  Se  it-ton.—  2.  Adverse;  op- 
posed; thwarting;  obstructing;  untoward: 
sometimes  with  to;  as,  an  event  cross  to 
our  inclinations.  '  Fate  so  cross.'  Dryden. 


Behold  the  cross  and  unlucky  issue  of  my  design. 
Glan-vilte, 

3.  Perverse ;  intractable.     "The  cross  cir- 
cumstances of  a  man's  temper.'    South.— 

4.  Peevish;  fretful;  ill-humoured  :  applinl  t<> 
persons  or  things ;  as,  a  cross  woman  or 
husband.    '  A  cross  answer. '    Jer.  Taylor.— 

5.  Contrary;contradictory;perplexing.  'Con- 
tradictions that  seem  to  lie  cross  and  un- 
couth.'  South.— 6.  Interchanged;  as,  a  enm 
marriage,  when  a  brother  and  sister  inter- 
many  with  two  persons  who  have  the  same 
relation  to  each  other. 

Cross  marriages  between  the  king's  'son  and  the 
archduke's  daughter,  and  again  between  the  arch- 
duke's son  and  the  king's  daughter.  Bacon. 

7.  Noting  what  belongs  to  an  adverse  party; 
as,  a  cross  interrogatory. —8.  Cross-bred;  as. 
a  cross  ox.— Fretful,  Peevish,  Cross.  See 
under  FRETFUL. 

Cross  (kros),  v.t.  1.  To  draw  or  run  a  line 
or  lay  a  body  across  another;  aa,  to  cross  the 
letter  (;  to  cross  the  arms;  to  cross  swords. 

2.  To  erase  by  marking  crosses  on  or  over; 
to  cancel;  as,  to  cross  an  account. 

It  was  their  (the  Crusaders')  very  judgment  that 
hereby  they  did  both  merit  and  supererogate;  and 
by  dying  for  the  cross,  crass  the  score  of  their  own 
sins,  score  up  God  as  their  debtor.  Fuller 

3.  To  make  the  sign  of  the  cross  upon,  as 
Catholics  in  devotion. 

They  cwss'd  themselves  for  fear.         Tennyson, 

4.  To  pass  from  side  to  side;  to  pass  or  move 
over;  as,  to  cross  a  road;  to  cross  a  river  or 
the  ocean.      '  No  narrow  frith  he  had  to 
cross.'    Milton.— b.  To  thwart;  to  obstruct; 
to  hinder;  to  embarrass;  to  contradict;  to 
counteract;  to  clash  with;  to  be  inconsistent 
with;  to  stop. 

An  oyster  may  be  crossed  in  love.        Sheridan. 

6.  To  debar  or  preclude.    "To  cross  me  from 
the  golden  time  I  look  for.'   Shak.    [Rare 
or  obsolete.]— 7.  To  cause  to  interbreed;  to 
mix  the  breed  of. — To  cross  one's  path,  to 
thwart,  obstruct,  oppose,  or  hinder  one's 
interest,  purpose,  designs,  and  the  like;  to 
stand  in  one's  way. 

Yet  such  was  his  (Cromwell's)  genius  and  resolution 
that  he  was  able  to  overpower  and  crush  everything 
that  crossed  his  path.  Macaulay 

— To  cross  cudgels,  to  lay  the  cudgels  down, 
as  in  piling  arms,  in  token  of  giving  up  the 
combat;  to  give  in  to;  to  aubmit;  to  yield. 

He  forced  the  stuttborn'st  for  the  cause, 

To  crass  the  cudgels  to  the  taws.      Hudibras. 

Cross  (kros).  v.i.  1.  To  lie  or  be  athwart.— 
2.  To  move  or  pass  laterally  or  from  one 
side  toward  the  other,  or  from  place  to 
place,  either  at  right  angles  or  obliquely.— 
3. t  To  IK-  inconsistent 

Men's  actions  do  not  always  cross  with  reason. 
Sydney. 

4.  To  interbreed,  as  cattle;  to  mix  breeds. 

If  two  individuals  of  distinct  races  cross,  a  third  is 
invariably  produced  different  from  either.  Coleridge. 

Cross  (kros).  prep.  [An  abbrev.  of  across.  ] 
Athwart;  transversely;  over;  from  side  to 
side;  so  as  to  intersect.  [Poetical.] 

And  cross  their  limits  cut  a  sloping  way.     Dryd&t. 

Cross-action  (kros'ak-shon),  n.  In  law,  a 
case  in  which  A  ,  having  brought  an  action 
against  IV,  IV  also  brings  another  action 
against  A.,  arising  out  of  the  same  transac- 
tion. 

Cross-aisle  (krosin.n  The  lateral  divisions 
of  a  church  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 

Cross-armed  (krus'nrmd),  a.  1  With  arms 
across. —2.  In  hot.  having  branches  in  pairs, 
each  of  which  is  at  right  angles  with  the 
next  pair  above  or  below. 

Cross-arrow  (kros'a-ro),  n.  The  arrow  of  a 
cross-bow. 

Cross-banded  (kros'baml-ed),  a.  In  arch,  a 
term  applied  to  hand-railing,  when  a  veneer 
is  laid  upon  its  upper  side,  with  the  grain 
of  the  wood  crossing  that  of  the  rail,  and 
the  extension  of  the  veneer  in  the  direction 
of  its  fibres  is  less  than  the  breadth  of  the 
rail. 

Cross-bar  (kros'bar),  n.  A  transverse  bar; 
a  bar  laid  or  fixed  across  another;  a  round 
bar  of  iron  bent  at  each  end,  used  as  a  lever 
to  turn  the  shanks  of  an  anchor. 

Cross-barred  (kros'bard),  a.  Secured  by 
transverse  bars. 

Some  rich  burgher,  whose  substantial  doors, 
Cross-barred  SMA  bolted  fast,  fear  no  assault. 
Milton. 

Crossbar-shot  (krosTiar-shot),  n.  A  shot  so 
•    constructed  that  when  it  left  the  gun  it  ex- 
panded into  the  form  of  a  cross  with  four 
quarters  of  the  ball  at  its  radial  points.    It 
was  formerly  used  In  naval  actions  for  cut- 


ting  the  enemy's  rising  or  destroying  his 
men. 

Cross-beak  (krosltek),  n.  A  genus  of  birds. 
Same  as  Cross-hill  (which  see). 

Cross-beam  (krWbuni).  n.  In  arch,  a  large 
lifinn  goin<r  from  wall  to  wall,  or  a  yirder 
that  holds  the  sides  of  the  house  tuyvthrr; 
any  beam  that  crosses  another. 

Cross-bearer  (kms'imr-er),-«.  In  tin-  i^nnxh 
Church,  (r()  the  chaplain  of  an  archbishop 
ur  primate,  who  bears  a  cross  befnru  him 
on  solemn  occasions.  (6)  A  certain  officer  in 
the  Inquisition,  who  made  a  vow  before  the 
inquisitors  to  defend  the  Catholic  faith, 
though  with  the  loss  of  fortune  ami  life. 

Cross-bill  (kros'bil),  n.  A  bill,  not  original, 
filed  in  chancery  »y  a  defendant  in  a  suit 
;t-;iinst  the  plaintiff  in  the  same  suit,  or 
against  other  defendants  in  the  same  suit, 
or  against  both,  touching  the  matters  in 
question  in  the  original  bill. 

Cross-bill  (kros'bil),  n.  The  name  of  the 
birds  belonging  to  the  genus  Loxia,  family 
Fringillidre  and  order  Passeres,  the  man- 
dibles of  whose  bill  curve  opposite  ways  and 
cross  each  other.  The  common  cross-bill 
is  Loxia  curvirostra.  See  LOXIA. 

Cross-birth  (kros'berth),  n.  A  birth  in 
which  the  child  lies  transversely  within  the 
uterus. 

Cross  -  bite  t  (kros'bit),  n.  A  deception ;  a 
cheat;  a  trick;  a  hoax. 

The  fox.  .  .  .  without  so  much  as  dreaming  of  a 
cross-bite  from  so  silly  an  animal,  fell  himself  into  the 
pit  that  he  had  digged  for  another. 

SirR.  L'Estr<wre, 

Cross- bite  t  (kros'bit),  v.t.  pret.  cross-oil; 
pp.  cross-bit  tau\  cross-bitten;  ppr.  cross-bit- 
ing.  To  cheat;  to  swindle;  to  deceive;  to 
gull;  to  trick;  to  trip  up;  to  annoy. 

The  next  day  his  camcrades  told  him  all  the  plot, 
and  how  they  cross-bit  him.  Aubrey. 

Cross-bitt,  n.  See  CROSS-PIECE. 
Cross-bow  (kros'bo),  n.  In  archery,  a  mis- 
sive weapon  formed  by  placing  a  bow- 
athwart  a  stock.  There  were  several  kinds 
of  cross-bows,  some  of  the  larger  being 
furnished  with  implements  for  bending 
the  bow.  Thus  there  were  the  cross-bow 
with  windlass 
(see  cut);  the. 
German  cross- 
>>•>»'.  with  a 
wheel  attached; 
the  barrelled 
cross-boio,  in 
which  the 

groove  through 
which  the  quar- 
rell  slips  is  cov- 
ered by  a  half 
tube;  the  Chi- 
nese cross-bow, 
some  of  which 
are  furnished 
with  a  slide  en- 
abling them  to 
discharge  twen- 
ty arrows  in  suc- 
cession. Gener- 
ally cross-bows 
threw  square- 
headed  bolts  or 
quarrells,  but  some  shot  leaden  balls  or 
stones.  The  cross-bow  was  much  used  by 
the  Italians,  especially  by  the  Genoese,  as 
well  as  by  the  Germans.the  Swiss.and  French; 
but  in  England  it  was  at  an  early  period 
almost  superseded  by  the  far  more  deadly 
long-bow,  which  discharged  twelve  arrows 
a  minute,  while  the  cross-bow  could  launch 
three  bolts  only.  The  loss  of  the  battle 
of  Crecy  was  attributed,  in  part  at  least, 
to  the  inferiority  of  the  latter  weapon. 
Cross-bower,  Crossbow-man  (kros'bo- 
er,  kros'bo -man),  n.  One  who  uses  a  cross- 
bow. 

Cross-bred  (kros'bred),  a.  A  term  applied 
to  an  animal  produced  from  a  male  and 
female  of  different  breeds;  of  a  cross  breed; 
mongrel. 

Cross-breed  (kros'bred),  n.    A  breed  pro- 
duced from  parents  of  different  breeds. 
Cross-breeding  (kros'bred-ing),  n.     The 
system  of  breeding  animals,  such  as  horses. 
I    cattle,  dogs,  and  sheep,  from  individuals  of 
two  different  strains  or  varieties. 
Cross-bun  (kros'bun),  n.    A  cake  indented 
with  a  cross. 

Cross-chock  (kros'chok),  n.  A  piece  of 
timber  laid  across  the  dead-wood  in  mid- 
ships, to  make  good  the  deficiency  of  the 
lower  heels  of  the  futtock. 
Cross-course  (krosltors),  n.  In  mining,  a 
vein  or  lode  that  crosses  or  intersects  the 


Cross-bow  with  Windlass. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abtme;      >',  Sc.  iey. 


CROSS-COUESE  SPAR 


631 


CROSS-WORT 


heaves  or  throws  the  lode  out  of  regular 
course. 

Cross-course  Spar  (kros'kors  spiir),  n.  In 
iitiiiinii,  radiated  quartz. 

Cross-cut  (kros'kut),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cross- 
cut; ppr.  cross-cut  tiny.  To  eut  across 

Cross-cut  (kros'kut),  n.  1.  A  short  cut 
acre iss.  —-2.  In  ininimj,  a  level  driven  out  from 
a  regular  level  in  search  of  other  lodes. 

Crosscut-saw  (kros'ktit-sa),  n,  A  saw  ad- 
apted for  cutting  timber  across  the  grain 
The  ordinary  crosscut-saw  has  a  handle  at 
each  end  and  cuts  each  way.  Circular  saws 
driven  by  machinery  are  now  extensively 
used  for  this  purpose. 

Cross-days  (kros'daz),  n.  pi.  Eccles.  the 
three  days  preceding  the  feast  of  the  Ascen- 
sion. 

Crosse  (kros),  n.  The  implement  used  in 
the  game  of  lacrosse.  It  consists  of  a  hick- 
ory shank  about  5  feet  long,  with  a  shallow 
net-like  arrangement  of  cat-gut  at  the  ex- 
tremity, on  which  the  ball  is  caught  and 
carried  off  by  the  player,  or  tossed  either 
to  one  of  his  own  side  or  towards  the  goal 
See  LACROSSE. 

Crossed  (krost),  p.  and  a.  1.  Having  a  Hue 
drawn  over;  cancelled;  erased.  Specifically— 

2.  In  her.  a  term  applied  to  charges,  &c., 
borne  crosswise  or  in  cross;  forming  a  cross. 

3.  Thwarted;   opposed;   obstructed;  coun- 
teracted. —  Crossed   cheque,  an   order   for 
payment  of  money  on  demand  having  the 
name  of   a  banker  or   banking   company 
written  between   two  lines  drawn  across 
its  back.     It  is  the  rule  that  the  amount 
for  which  crossed  cheques  are  drawn  out 
should  be  lodged  to  the  account  of  the 
payee  at  his  banker's  on  presentation  by 
him,  but  it  is  the  practice  to  cash  them  if 
desired,  should  the  payee  be  well  known 
and  trustworthy. 

Cross-elbowed  ( kros'el-bod ),  a.  A  word 
which  apparently  means  with  the  arms 
crossed  on  the  table  before  one. 

And  oft,  cross-elbo-v'd,  o'er  his  nightly  bowl, 
The  jolly  toper  to  his  comrade  tells.     J.  Bnillie. 

Crosselet.t  n.  A  crucible.  Chaucer.  See 
CKOSSLET. 

Crossett  (kros-sef),  n.   [Fr. ,  dim.  of  crosse,  a 
crosier,  the  butt-end  of  a  musket.]  Inarch, 
(a)  the  return  on  the 
corners  of  door-cases 
or        window  -  frames. 
Called    also    an    Ear, 
Elbow,  Ancon,    Tntxx, 
or    Console,      (b)    The        cccc,  Crossetts. 
small  projecting  piece 
in  arch  stones  which  hangs  upon  the  adja- 
cent stones. 

Cross  -  examination  (kros '  ujjz  -  am  -  in  -  a- 
shon),  n.  The  examination  or  interrogation 
of  a  witness  called  by  one  party,  by  the  op- 
posite party  or  his  counsel. 

Cross-examine  (kros'egz-am-in),  v.t.  pret. 
&  pp.  cross-examined;  ppr.  cross-examining. 
To  examine  a  witness  of  one  party  by  the 
opposite  party  or  his  counsel,  as  the  witness 
for  the  plaintiff  by  the  defendant,  and  vice 
versa. 

The  opportunity  to  cross-exatninc  the  witnesses  has 
been  expressly  waived. 

Cross-examiner  (kros'egs-am-in-er),  n. 
who  cross-examines. 

Cross-eye  (kros'i),  ».  That  sort  of  squint 
by  which  both  eyes  turn  towards  the  nose, 
so  that  the  rays  of  light,  in  passing  tj  the 
eyes,  cross  each  other;  strabismus. 

Cross-eyed  (kros'id),  a.    Squinting. 

Cross-fertilisation  (kros"fer-til-iz-a'shon), 
n.  In  bot.  the  fertilisation  of  the  ovules  of 
one  plant  by  the  pollen  of  another;  the 
fecundation  of  a  pistiliferous  plant  by  a 
staminiferous  one.  Cross -fertilisation  is 
effected  by  the  agency  of  insects,  the  action 
of  the  wind,  water,  &c. 

Cross-fire  (kros'fir),  n.  Milit.  a  term  used 
to  denote  that  the  lines  of  fire  from  two  or 
more  parts  of  a  work  cross  one  another. 

Cross-flookan  (kros'flok-an),  n.  A  Cornish 
miner's  term  for  a  vein  of  stony  matter  run- 
ning north  and  south. 

Cross-flow  (kros'flo),  v.i.  To  flow  across. 
'The  flood  with  his  craw-flowing  course.' 
Milton.  [Rare.] 

Cross-furrow  (kros'fu-ro),  n.  A  furrow  or 
trench  cut  across  other  furrows,  to  intercept 
the  water  which  runs  along  them,  in  order 
to  convey  it  to  the  margin  of  the  field. 

Cross-garnet  (kros'gar-net),  n.  A  kind  of 
hinge  having  a  long  strap  fixed  close  to  the 
aperture,  and  also  a  cross  part  on  the  other 
side  of  the  knuckle,  which  is  fastened  to 


'"  Scotll4nd  Cross-tailed 


the  joim 
Ilinye. 

Cross-garter  (kros'gar-ter),  v.t.  To  cross 
the  garters  on  the  leg. 

,wie, """  co'"e  '  '  '  """"-Cartcrid,  a  fashion  the 
letests-  Skat. 

Cross-grained  (kros'grand),  o  i  Havinz 
the  grain  or  fibres  transverse  or  irregular  -is 
timber.— 2.  Perverse;  uutractable;  not  con- 
descending. 

Cross-head  (kroslied),  «.    A  burn  or  nd 

stretching  across  the  top  of  anything-  as 
the  cross-head  of  the  cylinder  of  a  steam- 
engine. 

Crossing  (kros'ing),  n.  1.  Act  of  crossing 
or  passing  across;  as,  the  crossing  of  the 
Atlantic.— 2.  Intersection;  as,  the  croieiiut 
of  bars  in  lattice- work.  —  3.  The  place  of 
crossing;  as,  the  crossings  of  streets.— 4.  The 
act  of  making  the  sign  of  the  cross;  as,  with 
many  prostrations  and  crossings.  —5  In  rail- 
ways, the  necessary  arrangement  of  rails  to 
form  a  communication  from  one  trackway 
to  the  other.— Level  crossing,  the  place  at 
which  a  road  crosses  a  railway  on  the  level 
which,  by  statute,  is  required  to  be  protected 
by  gates  in  charge  of  a  keeper.  These  gates 
generally  open  towards  the  railway,  extend- 
ing across  it,  and  must  be  closed  a  specified 
time  before  the  approach  of  a  train 

Cross-Jack  (kros'jak,  by  sailors  kro'jek),  n 
A  large  square  sail  extended  on  the  lower 
yard  of  the  mizzeu-mast  or  cross- jack  yard 
—Cross-jade  yard,  Cross-jack  tree,  a  yard 
hoisted  on  a  sloop's  mast,  or  on  the  fore- 
mast of  a  fore-and-aft  rigged  schooner  upon 
which  the  square  sail  called  the  cross-jack 
is  set  when  the  vessel  is  going  before  the 
wind. 

Cross-legged  (kros'legd),  o.  Having  the 
legs  crossed. 

Crosslet  (kroslet),  n.  A  little  cross.  See 
CROSLET. 

Crosslet,  t  Crosselet  t  (kros'let),  ».  A  cru- 
cible. 

The  coles  rijjht  anon  weren  yset. 
And  this  canon  took  out  a  (rosstltt.     Chaucer. 
Your  crosslets,  crucibles,  and  cucurbites.  B.  Jonson. 

Cross-lode  (kroslod),  n.  In  mining,  a  vein 
intersecting  the  true  lode. 

Crossly  (kros'li),  ado.  1.  Athwart;  so  as  to 
intersect  something  else.— 2.  Adversely;  in 
opposition ;  unfortunately.  —  3.  Peevishly ; 
fretfully. 

Cross-multiplication  (kros"nml-ti-pli-ka'- 
shon),  n.  See  DUODECIMALS. 

Crossness  (kros'nes),  n.  1.  Transverseness; 
intersection. — 2.  Peevishness;  fretfulness; 
ill  humour;  perverseness. 

Crossopterygidae  (ki-os-op'ter-ij"i-de),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  Jtrossui,  a  fringe,  ptert/x,  pterygos,  a 
fin,  and  eidos,  resemblance.]  A  sub-order 
of  ganoid  fossil  and  recent  fishes,  so  called 
from  the  fin-rays  of  the  paired  flns  being 
arranged  so  as  to  form  a  fringe  round  a 
central  lobe.  By  far  the  greater  number 
of  the  old  red  sandstone  fishes  belong  to 
this  sub-order,  while  the  living  genus  Polyp- 
terns,  also  belonging  to  it,  inhabits  the  Nile 
and  other  African  rivers.  The  tail  of  the 
recent  fishes  is  more  symmetrical  than  that 
of  the  fossil  fishes  most  nearly  allied  to 
them. 

Cross-patch  (kros'poch),  n.  An  ill-natured 
pel-son.  [Vulgar.  ] 

Cross-pawl  (kros'pnl),  ».  In  ship-carp,  one 
of  the  pieces  of  timber  which  keep  the  ship 
together  whilst  in  her  frame. 

Cross-piece,  Cross-bitt  (kros'pes,  kros'- 
bit),  n.  Xaiit.  (a)  a  rail  of  timber  extending 
over  the  windlass  of  a  ship,  furnished  with 
pins  with  which  to  fasten  the  rigging,  as 
occasion  requires,  (b)  A  piece  of  timber 
bolted  across  two  bitts,  for  the  purpose  of 
fastening  ropes. 

Cross-pollination  (kros"pol-li-im'shon),  n. 
Same  as  Croxs-/<-'rtitixati<m, 

Cross-purpose  (kros'per-pus),  n.  1.  A  con- 
trary purpose;  contradictory  system;  an 
inconsistency. 

To  allow  benefit  of  clergy,  and  to  restrain  the 
press,  seems  to  have  something  otfrvfs-fltrfutia  it. 

Sfqftattny. 

2.  pi.  A  sort  of  conversational  game;  an 
enigma;  a  riddle. 

The  preceding  sport  was  probably  of  the  same 
stamp  with  our  modern  cross-piirfosti.        li'hallry. 

— To  be  at  cross-purposes,  to  misunderstand 
each  other,  and  so  to  act  counter  without 
intending  it:  said  of  two  pel-sons. 
Cross-quarters  (kros'kwar-terz),  n.  In  arch. 


an  ornament  of  tracery  representing  the 
four  leave«  of  a  cruciform  down 
Cross-question  (kroa'kwe»-tjon),  c  (    To 

1  !'<  >••-   'AiLMHlH 

Cross-reading  (kros'red-ing),  n.  The  read- 
mgof  thelinesof  anewsp  ,,  ,  ,h 

across  the  page  through  tin-  adj.,,,,,,,: 
columns,  thus  confounding  the  sense,  and 
ofiJe  Producing  a  ludicrous  combination 

Cross-road  (kros'rod),  „.  1.  A  way  or  road 
that  crosses  another,  especially  a  principal 
or  main  road,  or  the  place  where  one  road 
ntersects  another.  [In  thlssense  often  used 


Cross-row  (kro.'r«),  n.  The  alphabet,  to 
named  because  a  cross  was  formerly  printed 
at  the  beginning.  Called  also  Chruleraa- 
row  or  Cruwcrou-row. 

He  hearkens  after  propheciei  and  <lre.ua. 

And  from  the  crajt-nm  pluck,  the  tetter  G.    Sliat. 

Cross-sea  (kros'se),  n.  Waves  running  across 
others;  a  swell  in  which  the  waves  run  In 
different  directions,  owing  to  a  suddrii 
change  of  wind,  or  to  the  opposing  effect  of 
winds  and  currents. 

Cross-set  (kros'setX  a.  Directed  across  any 
line  or  course;  running  across. 

A  fresr-set  current  bore  them  from  the  track 

Cross-sill  (kros'sil),  n.  A  block  of  stone'or 
wood,  laid  in  broken  stone-filling,  which 
supports  a  sleeper. 

Cross-spale  (kros'spal).  n.  See  CROSS-PAWL. 
Cross-springer  (kros'sprlng-er).  n.  In 
groined  vaulting,  the  rib  which  extends 
diagonally  from  the  one  pier  to  the  other. 
Cross-staff  (kros'staf),  u.  1.  An  instrument 
formerly  used  to  take  the  altitude  of  the 
sun  or  stars.  —  2.  In  sun.  an  instrument 
consisting  of  a  staff  carrying  a  brass  circle. 
divided  Into  four  equal  parts  or  quadrants, 
by  two  lines  intersecting  each  other  at  the 
centre.  At  the  extremity  of  each  line  per- 
pendicular sights  are  fixed,  with  holes  below 
each  slit  for  the  better  discovery  of  distant 
objects.  It  is  used  for  taking  offsets. 
Cross-stone  (kros'ston),  n.  A  mineral  called 
also  Ifartnotome  and  Staurolite.  It  is  almost 
always  in  crystals.  Its  single  crystals  are 
rectangular,  four-sided  prisms,  broad  or 
compressed,  and  terminated  by  four-sided 
pyramids,  with  rhombic  faces,  which  stand 
on  the  lateral  edges.  But  this  mineral  is 
generally  found  in  double  crystals,  com- 
posed of  two  of  the  preceding  crystals,  so 
intersecting  each  other  that  the  two  broader 
planes  of  one  prism  are  iwrpendicular  to 
the  broader  planes  of  the  other  throughout 
their  whole  length  Its  colour  is  a  grayish- 
white  or  milk-white,  sometimes  with  a 
shade  of  yellow  or  red. 
Cross-tall  (kros'tal),  n.  In  a  marine  steam 
engine,  a  strong  iron  liar  connecting  the  side 
lever  with  the  piston-rod. 
Cross-tie  (kros'ti),  n.  A  sleeper  connecting 
the  rails  on  a  railway. 
Cross-tining  (kros'  tin- 
ing),  n.  In  atfri.  a  mode 
of  harrowing  crosswise. 
or  in  a  direction  across 
the  ridges. 

Cross-tree  (kros'tre),  w. 
Hatit.  one  of  certain 
pieces  of  timber,  sup- 
ported by  the  cheeksand 
trestle  -  trees,  at  the 
upper  ends  of  the  lower 
and  top  masts,  athwart 
which  they  are  laid,  to 
sustain  the  frame  of  the 
tops  in  the  one,  and 
extend  the  topgallant 
shrouds  on  the  other. 
They  are  let  in  and 
bolted  to  the  trestle- 
trees. 

Cross  -vaulting  (kros'- 
v:dt  ing).  n.  Vaulting 
formed  by  the  Intel-section  of  two  or  more 
simple  vaults.  When  the  vaults  spring 
at  the  same  level,  and  rise  to  the  same 
height,  the  cross  vault  is  termed  a  groin. 
Cross-way  (kros'wa),  n.  Same  as  Crost- 
road. 

Cross-wind  (kros'wind),  n.  A  side  wind;  an 
unfavourable  wind. 

Crosswise  (kros'wiz),  adv.  1.  Across.—  2.  In 
the  form  of  a  cross. 

The  church  is  built  crosrtvitt,  with  a  fine  spire. 
Johnson. 

Cross-wort  (kros'wert),  n.  A  name  given  to 
plants  of  various  genera,  particularly  to 


A  A.  Cross-trees. 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  So.  locA;      g,  go;      j,job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      IH,  Men;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY 


CROTALARIA 


C32 


<T,u\V 


li'ilinm  rrueiatum  (see  GALIUM),  to  Eupa- 
tmium  !,-'t\i>iUiititm,  and  to  plants  of  the 
genus  Crucianella,  many  species  of  which 
were  introduced  from  France,  Egypt,  Spain. 
Persia,  etc. 

Crotalaria  (kro-ta-lii'ri-a),  n.  [Gr.  krotalon, 
a  rattle,  because  the  seeds  rattle  in  the  pod 
if  shaken.]  Rattlewort.  a  very  extensive 
genus  of  plants  of  the  nat.  order  Legunii- 
nosiu,  containing  several  hundred  known 
species.  The  species  are  all  natives  of  warm 
clim  ites,  but  have  been  long  cultivated  in 
our  hot-houses.  A  kind  of  hemp  is  made 
from  the  inner  bark  of  C.  juncea,  which  is 
called  sunn-hemp,  &c. ;  other  species  yield 
useful  fibres. 

Crotalidffl  (kro-tal'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
venomous  serpents,  order  Ophidia,  differing 
chiefly  from  the  Viperidre  by  having  a  large 
pit  on  each  side  of  the  face,  between  the 
eye  and  nostril,  comprehending  most  of 
the  dangerous  snakes  of  tropical  Asia  and 
America.  The  family  is  divided  into  seven 
genera  (sometimes  into  more),  of  which 
C'rotalus  and  Trigonocephalus  are  the  two 
principal  ones. 

Crotalinse  (kro-ta-li'ne),  n.  pi.  The  rattle- 
snakes, a  sub-family  of  the  Crotalidre,  char- 
acterized by  having  the  tail  ending  in  a 
rattle.  See  CROTALID^E,  RATTLESNAKE. 

Crptalo(kro'ta-16),  n.  [Or.  krotalon,  a  rattle.  ] 
A  Turkish  musical  instrument,  correspond- 
ing with  the  ancient  cymbalum. 

Crotalus  (kro'ta-lus),  n.  The  rattlesnake,  a 
genus  of  poisonous  serpents.  See  RATTLE- 
SNAKE. 

Crotch  (kroch),  n.    [See  CROCHE,  CRUTCH.] 

1.  A  fork  or  forking;  the  parting  of  two  legs 
or  branches ;  as,  the  crotch  of  a  tree.  — 

2.  Naut.  same  as  Crutch  (which  see). 
Crotched  (krocht),  a.     1.  Having  a  crotch  ; 

forked.  — 2.  Peevish;  cross;  crochety. 
[Local.] 

Crotchet  (kroch'et),  n  [Fr.  crochet,  dim. 
from  croc,  a  hook,  a  large  hook,  a  grapnel. 
See  CROCHET,  CROOK.]  1.  In  printing,  a 
hook  including  words,  a  sentence  or  a  pass- 
age distinguished  from  the  rest:  used  in  pairs 
thus  [  ].  —  2.  In  music,  a  note  or  charac- 
ter, thus  ^,  equal  in  time  to  half  a  minim, 

and  the  double  of  a  quaver,  marked  with  a 
hook,  the  stem  of  which  may  be  turned  up 
or  down  according  to  ita  position  on  the 
staff. — 3.  A  piece  of  wood  resembling  a  fork, 
used  as  a  support  in  building. 

The  crotchets  of  their  cot  in  columns  rise. 

Dryden. 

4.  ItHii.  a  peculiar  arrangement  of  troops 
by  which  they  are  drawn  up  in  a  line  nearly 
perpendicular  to  the  line  of  battle.— S.  In 
fort  an  indentation  in  the  glacis  of  the 
covered  way  at  a  point  where  a  traverse  is 
placed.— «.  A  curved  surgical  instrument 
with  a  sharp  hook,  used  to  extract  the  foetus, 
in  the  operation  of  embryotomy.  —7.  A  pecu- 
liar turn  of  the  mind;  a  whim  or  fancy;  a 
perverse  conceit. 

AH  the  devices  and  crotchets  of  new  inventions. 
Howll, 

He  ruined  himself  and  all  that  trusted  in  him  by 
crotchets  that  he  could  never  explain  to  any  rational 
man.  De  Quinceji. 

Crotchet  (kroch'et),  v.i.  In  music,  to  play  in 
a  measured  time. 

Drawing  his  breath  as  thick  and  short  as  can 
The  nimblest  crotchettng  musician.  Donne. 

Crotcheted  (kroch'et-ed),  a.  Marked  or 
measured  by  crotchets. 

Crotchety  (kroch'et-i),  a.  Full  of  conceits 
or  crotchets ;  whimsical ;  fanciful ;  odd. 
This  will  please  the  crotchetii  radicals  ' 
.S'af.  Re  o. 

Croton  (kro'ton),  n.  [Gr.  krotdn,  a  tick,  from 
the  appearance  of  the  seeds  ]  A  genus  of 
euphorbUceoni  plants,  comprehending  a 
large  number  of  species,  many  of  which 
possess  important  medical  properties. 
Croton  Tiglium  is  a  native  of  several  parts 
of  the  East  Indies.  It  possesses  most  active 
and  dangerous  purgative  properties;  every 
part— wood,  leaves,  and  fruit  — seems  to 
participate  equally  in  the  energy.  Croton- 
oil  is  extracted  from  the  seeds  of  this  species, 
which  are  about  the  size  and  shape  of  tleld- 
beans.  (See  CROTON-OIL.)  C.  Cascarilla.  or 
Kleutheria,  yields  cascarilla  bark,  a  valuable 
aromatic  tonic.  (See  CASCARILLA.)  C.  lacci- 

.fenim,  a  native  of  the  East  Indies,  is  said 
to  furnish  the  finest  of  all  the  sorts  of  lac. 
C.  Draco,  a  Mexican  plant,  yields,  when 
wounded,  a  resinous  substance  of  a  deep 
red  colour,  resembling  dragon's-blood,  and 
used  in  making  varnish.  Several  species 


are  merely  aromatic,  as  C.  balnamifemm, 
C.    aiiniMticum,   and   C.    thurifentiii.      C. 


Croton  Tiglium. 


pseudo- china  is  the  copalche  plant,  and 
yields  copalche  bark. 

Crotonate  (kro'ton-at),  n.  In  chem.  a  salt 
formed  by  the  union  of  crotonic  acid  with 
abase. 

Crotonic  (kro-ton'ik).  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
the  croton  plant. — Crotonic  acid,  an  acid 
(CjHjOj,)  discovered  by  Pelletier  and  Caven- 
ton  in  the  seeds  of  the  plant  Croton  Tiglium, 
and  which  may  be  obtained  from  croton-oil. 
It  has  a  pungent  and  nauseous  smell,  a  burn- 
ing taste,  and  is  very  poisonous.  Its  salts 
are  termed  crotonateg. 

Crotonln  (kro'ton-in),  n.  A  vegeto-alkali 
found  in  the  seeds  of  Croton  Tiglium. 

Croton-otl  (kro'ton-oil),  n.  A  vegetable  oil 
expressed  from  the  seeds  of  the  Croton  Tig- 
lium. (See  CROTON.)  It  is  a  valuable  article 
of  the  materia  medica,  and  is  so  strongly 
purgative  that  one  drop  is  a  full  dose. 
\Vhen  applied  externally  it  causes  irritation 
and  suppuration.  It  is  found  to  be  of  great 
service  in  cases  where  other  purgatives  fail. 

Crotophaga(kro-tof'a-ga),  n.  [Or.  kroton, 
a  tick,  and  phago,  to  eat.)  The  horn-bill 
cuckoos,  a  genus  of  birds  of  the  order  Scan- 
sores  and  family  Cuculidae,  having  a  short 
bill,  very  much  compressed,  arched,  ele- 
vated, and  surmounted  by  a  vertical  and 
trenchant  crest.  They  are  found  chiefly  in 
South  America,  and  live  in  flocks.  C.  Am, 
or  the  Savanna  blackbird,  often  perches  on 
the  backs  of  horses  and  cattle,  or  clings  to 
the  cows'  tails  to  feed  on  ticks. 

CrottleB  (krot'tlz),  n.  pi.  A  name  given,  in 
Scotland,  and  in  some  parts  of  England,  to 
various  species  of  lichens,  collected  for  dye- 
ing purposes,  which  are  distinguished  under 
the  names  of  black,  brown,  trA  ite,  Ac.  crottles. 
I  inlcr  this  name  are  included  Fannelia 
phiitodet,  P.  caperata,  P.  taxatilit,  Sticta 
pulinonarul;  Lecanora  pallesccns. 

Crouch(krouch),  v.i.  [O. E. crooch,  asouthern 
English  form  of  crook,  with  modification  of 
meaning.  Cog.  Icrl.  krokinn,  bowed  down; 
W.  cmcan,  to  tend.)  1.  To  bend  down;  to 
stoop  low;  to  lie  close  to  the  ground,  as  an 
animal;  as,  a  dog  crouched  to  his  master;  a 
lion  crouches  in  the  thicket. 

You  know  the  voice,  and  now  crouch  like  a  cur, 
Ta'en  worrying  sheep.  Keau.  Gr  Ft. 

2.  To  bend  servilely;  to  stoop  meanly;  to 
fawn;  to  cringe. 

Every  one  that  is  left  in  thy  house  shall  come  and 
crouch  to  him  for  a  piece  of  bread.  i  Sam.  ii.  36. 

Everywhere  it  was  remembered  how  when  he 
(Cromwell)  ruled,  all  foreign  powers  had  trembled  at 
the  name  of  England,  how  ine  States  General,  now 
so  haughty,  had  crouched  at  his  feet.  Macattlay. 

Crouch  (krouch),  r.r  To  bend  or  cause  to 
bend  lowly,  as  if  with  the  object  of  conceal- 
ing or  in  fear  or  humility. 

She  folded  her  arms  across  her  chest. 

And  crouched  \ier  head  upon  her  breast. 

And  looked  askance  at  Christabel.          Coleridge. 

Croucht  (krouch),  ti.t  [See  CROSS.]  To  sign 
with  the  cross;  to  bless. 

I  crouche  thee  from  elves  and  from  wightes. 

Lhaucer. 

Crouch-back  (krouch  'bak),  n.  Same  as 
j  Crook-back. 

Crouched  t  (kroucht),  a.  [FromO.E.  crouch, 
|  across.]  Marked  with,  bearing,  or  wearing 
the  sign  of  the  cross. — Crouched  friars.  See 
CRCTCHED  FRIARS 

Crouchle  (krouch'i),  a.  Having  a  hump- 
back. •  Crouchie  Merran  Humphie.'  Burns. 
[Scotch.] 

Croudt  (kroud),  n.    See  CRWTH.    Spenter. 


Croude.t  Crowde*  (kroud),  n.  The  crypt 
of  a  rhurcll. 

Crouke.t  n.  [Sax.]  An  earthen  vessel;  a 
(Turk.  Clttnicer. 

Croup  (krop).  11.  [Fr  fi-Mijte,  the  rump, 
croup.  The  fundamental  meaning  of  the 
root,  common  to  Ger.  Scaild.  and  Celt, 
tongues,  is  a  I'n'tnlM-ranrr.  ,Sv  rKu}'.|  The 
rump  or  buttocks  of  certain  animal.- 
cially  of  a  horse;  hence,  the  place  behind 
the  saddle. 

So  light  to  the  croup  the  fair  lady  he  swung. 
So  light  to  the  saddle  before  her  he  sprung. 

-V;'-  //'.  Scott. 

Croup,  Croop  (krop).  n.  [Sc.  crimp,  , 
hoarseness;  allied  to  Goth,  hropjn/i.  to  • 
to  call;  A.  Sax.  hrenpan,  tocull. )  Thedi><-a  < 
rallrtl  technically  ojnatiche  t  raahealis,  an 
inflammatory  affection  of  the  trachea,  or 
larynx  and  trachea,  accompanied  with  ,i 
hoarse  voice  and  a  short  constant  barking 
cough  and  difficult  respiration,  and  towards 
the  close  of  thediseasefrequentlyexpectora- 
tion  of  membranous,  glutinous,  or  viscous 
substances.  It  mostly  attacks  infants,  and 
sometimes  prevails  epidemically.  It  is  gene- 
rally brought  on  by  exposure  to  cold,  and 
hence  it  occurs  more  frequently  in  the  win- 
ter and  spring  than  in  the  other  seasons. 
It  frequently  proves  fatal  by  suffocation. 

Croupade  (kro-pad'),  n.  [Fr.  croupe,  the 
haunch.)  In  the  mamtgt,  a  leap  in  which 
the  horse  pulls  up  his  hind  legs,  as  if  draw- 
ing them  up  to  his  belly. 

Grouper  (krOp'er),  n.     Same  as  Crupper. 

Croupier  (kro'pe-er),  n.  [Fr.  croupier,  a 
partner,  an  assistant  at  gaming  tables,  from 
Fr.  croupe,  the  rump  or  hinder  part,  the 
principal  taking  the  croupier,  as  it  were, 
behind  him.]  1.  One  who  superintends  and 
collects  the  money  at  a  gaming-table. 
2.  One  who  at  a  public  dinner  party  sits 
at  the  lower  end  of  the  table,  as  assistant- 
chairman. 

Sir  Tames  Mackintosh  presided;  Cranstoun  was 
croupier.  Lord  Cocktmrn. 

Croupiere,  n.     Armour  for  the  croup  or 
buttocks  of  a  horse.    See  BARBE. 
Grouse  (kriis),  a.     Brisk;  full  of  heart;  cou- 
rageous-like;  self-satisfied;  self-complacent. 
[Scotch.] 

Now,  they're  crouse  and  cantie  baith  \ 

Ha,  ha,  the  wooing  o't.  Burns 

In  eronse,  the  sub-insinuation  is  of  a  certain  good- 
humoured  self-assertion  and  complacency. 

P.  P.  Alexander. 

Crousely,  Crously  (kms'li),  ode.  In  a 
crouse  manner;  sell-sufficiently;  self-asser- 
tively;  self-satisfiedly ;  proudly;  boldly. 
[Scotch.] 

Ye,  cootie  moor.cocks!  Crousely  craw.      Burtis. 

Crow  (kr6),  n.  [Directly  from  the  cry.  A. 
Sax.  crow,  CTOIW,  a  crow,  craiean,  to  crow 
or  croak;  like  G.  krdhe,  a  crow,  krtihen,  to 
crow;  Goth,  kruk,  a  croaking;  L.  crocio,  Gr. 
krazo,  to  croak.  Comp.  crake,  croak.  ]  1.  A 
general  name  for  members  of  the  genus 
Corvus,  the  type  of  the  family  Corvidce.  The 
beak  is  conical  and  somewhat  convex,  the 
nostrils  are  covered  with  bristly  feathers, 
the  tongue  is  forked  and  cartilaginous.  The 
common  or  carrion  crow  is  the  Corvus  cor- 
one;  the  raven  is  the  Corvus  corax;  the 
hooded  crow,  Coma  cornix;  the  rook,  Cor- 
I'M*  frvaileguft;  the  jackdaw,  Corvug  mone- 
dula.  The  carrion  and  hooded  crows  are 
voracious  birds,  feeding  on  carrion,  eggs, 
and  even  on  small  mammals.  The  rook 
feeds  chiefly  on  worms,  grubs,  Ac.  It 


Hooded  Crow. 


Carrion  Crow. 


sometimes  does  mischief  in  grain  fields,  but 
it  pulls  up  grass  and  grain  probably  chieKy 
for  slugs  and  insects.  Many  of  the  (iou- 
kind  are  endowed  largely  with  the  faculty 
of  imitation,  by  which  means  they  are  fre- 
quently taught  to  repeat  short  sentences.  — 
2.  The  cry  of  the  cock.  — 3.  A  crow-bar 
(which  see).— 4.  The  mesentery  or  ruffle  of 
a  l>east:  so  called  by  butchers.  —  5.  One  who 
watches  while  another  commits  a  theft;  a 
confederate  in  a  robbery.  [Thieves'  slang.] 
— Ax  the  crow  jlies,  in  a  direction  straight 
forward,  resembling  the  flight  of  the  crow. 
—To  have  a  crow  to  pluck  with  one,  to  have 
something  demanding  explanation  from  out; 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CROW 


CROWN-ANTLER 


to  have  some  fault  to  find  with  one;  to  have 
a  disagreeable  matter  to  settle. 
Crow  (km),  V.i.  pret.  <fc  pp.  crowed;  formerly 
pret.  crew;  ppr.  crowing.     [A.  Sax.  crawnn. 
See  the  noun.  ]    1.  To  cry  or  make  a  noise  as 
a  cock,  in  joy,  gaiety,  or  defiance. 
But  even  then  the  morning  cock  crciv  loud.    Shak, 

2.  To  boast  in  triumph;  to  vaunt;  to  vapour; 
to  swagger. 

Selby  is  crowing,  and,  though  always  defeated  by 
his  wife,  still  crowing  on.  Richardson. 

3.  To  utter  a  sound  expressive  of  pleasure, 
as  a  child. 

The  mother  of  the  sweetest  little  maid 

That  ever  crowed  for  kisses.  Tennyson, 

Crowfcar  (kro 'bar),  n.  A  bar  of  iron  with 
a  bent  and  sometimes  forked  end,  used  as 
a  lever  for  forcing  open  doors  or  raising 
weights. 

Crow-berry  (kro'be-ri),  n.  The  fruit  of 
Empi'tfiun.  nigrutn,  so  called  from  its  black 
colour.  The  name  is  also  applied  to  the 
plant  itself,  a  heath-like  evergreen  shrub 
common  on  heaths  in  Scotland  and  north  of 
England. 

Crowd  (kroud),  n.  [A.  Sax.  croda,  qecrod,  a 
crowd,  creddan,  to  press;  allied  tow.  cried, 
around  lump.  Possibly  connected  with  curd, 
curdle,  Sc.  c ruddle.]  1.  A  collection;  a  multi- 
tude; a  number  of  things  collected  or  closely 
pressed  together;  a  number  of  things  lying 
near  each  other.  l  Crowd  of  islands?'  Pope,  \ 
'A  crowd  of  hopes.'  Tennyson.—  2.  A  number 
of  persons  congregated  and  pressed  together, 
or  collected  into  a  close  body  without  order; 
a  throng.  '  Crowd*  that  stream  from  yawn- 
ing doors.'  Tennyson. — 3.  The  lower  orders 
of  people;  the  populace;  the  vulgar.  'To 
fool  the  crowd  with  glorious  lies.'  Tennynon. 
The  crowd  turned  away  in  disgust  from  words 
which  presented  no  inuige  to  their  minds. 

Afacaiilay. 

SYN.  Concourse,  confluence,  gathering,  as- 
sembly, assemblage,  throng,  group,  swarm, 
shoal,  mob. 

Crowd  (kroud),  v.t.  1.  To  press  close;  to 
drive  together. 

The  time  misorder'd,  doth  in  common  sense, 
Crowd  us  and  crush  us  to  this  monstrous  form. 
Shak. 

2.  To  fill  by  pressing  numbers  togetherwith- 
out  order;  to  fill  to  excess;  as,  the  room  was 
crowded  with  guests. 

The  balconies  and  verandas  were  crowded  with 
spectators.  Prescott. 

This  little  interval,  this  pause  of  life. 
With  all  the  virtues  we  can  crowd  into  it. 

Addison. 

3.  To  throng  about;  to  press  upon;  as,  we 
were  most  uncomfortably  crowded. — 4.  To 
encumber  or  annoy  by  multitudes  or  excess 
of  numbers. 

Why  will  vain  courtiers  toil 
And  crowd  &  vainer  monarch  for  a  smile? 

Granviile. 

6.  To  urge;  to  press  by  solicitation;  to  dun. 
[American  and  colloq.]— To  crowd  out,  to 
press  out;  specifically,  not  to  insert  in  a 
newspaper  owing  to  a  pressure  of  more  im- 
portant matter;  as,  your  letter  was  this 
morning  crowded  out  of  our  columns.  'Ac- 
cording as  the  sea  can  make  its  way  into  all 
those  subterranean  cavities,  and  crowd  the 
air  out  of  them.'  T.  Burnct.— To  crowd  sail, 
to  carry  an  extraordinary  force  of  sail,  with 
a  view  to  accelerate  the  course  of  a  ship,  as 
in  chasing  or  escaping  from  an  enemy;  to 
carry  a  press  of  sail. 

Crowd  (kroud),  v.i.  1.  To  press  in  num- 
bers; to  swarm;  as,  the  multitude  crowded 
through  the  gate  or  into  the  room. 

The  whole  company  crowded  about  the  fire. 

Addison. 

Images  came  crowding  on  his  mind  faster  than  he 
could  put  them  into  words.  Macaiday. 

2.  To  press  or  urge  forward;  as,  the  man 
crowded  into  the  room. 
Crowd,  Growth  (kroud,  krouth),  n.    The 
crwth  (which  see). 

Let  them  freely  sing  and  dance,  have  their  poppet- 
plays,  hobby-horses,  tabers,  crowds,  bag-pipes.  &c. 
Burton. 

Crowd  t  (kroud),  v.i.  To  play  ou  a  crwth 
or  fiddle. 

Fiddlers,  crcnvd  on,  crowd  on;  let  no  man  lay  a 
block  in  your  way.  JfamHgir. 

Crowder  (kroud'er),  n.  A  fiddler;  one  who 
plays  on  a  crwth.  (See  CRWTH.)  'Chevy- 
Chase  sung  by  a  blind  crowder.'  Sir  ]'. 
Sidney. 

Crowdie,  Crowdy  (krou'di).  n.  Meal  and 
water  in  a  cold  state  stirred  together,  so  as 
to  form  a  thick  gruel,  sometimes  mixed 
with  milk.  It  is  frequently  used  in  Scot- 


land as  a  designation  fur  food  of  the  porridge 
kind  in  general. 

My  MstLT  Kate  (Mtrl1  :lp  the  Rate, 

Wi'  croitrfit  unto  me,  man.  Rural. 

Crowdie-tlme  (krou'di-tim),  n.  lireakfii-t- 
time.  ttiinut.  [Scotch.] 

Crow-flower  (kro'flou-er),  n.  A  common 
name  for  the  buttercup.  (See  CROWFOOT.) 
The  older  authors  applied  it  to  ragged  robin. 

Crowfoot  (kro'fut),  n.  i.Xnm  (,n  a  rom]i]i 
cation  of  small  cords  spreading  out  from  a 
long  block;  used  to  suspend  the  awuim:-.  in- 
to keep  the  top-sails  from  striking  and  fret- 
ting against  the  tops.  (&)  In  a  ship  of  war, 
an  iron  stand  nxed  at  one  end  to  n  table, 
and  hooked  at  the  other  to  a  beam  above,  I 
on  which  the  mess-kids,  &c. ,  are  hung.— 
2.  In  but,  the  name  of  the  species  of  Ranun- 
culus or  buttercup,  from  the  leaf  being 
supposed  to  be  in  shape  like  the  foot  of  a 
crow.  See  RANUNCULUS. 

Crow-keepert  (kro'kep-er),  n.  1.  A  pel-son 
employed  to  keep  crows  from  a  field. 

Practise  thy  quiver,  and  turn  crow-keeftr. 

brayton. 

2.  A  stuffed  figure  set  up  as  a  scarecrow. 

Scaring  the  ladies  like  a  crmv-kerper.        Shak. 

Crown  (kroun),  n.  [O.E.  carmt,  Fr.  cm«- 
mnne,  L.  corona— crav/n;  Or.  karont,  any- 
thing curved,  a  crown.  Cog.  Gael,  cntn,  the 
boss  of  a  shield.  Primary  meaning  seen  in 
W.  cnvn,  Ir.  cruin,  round.  ]  1.  An  ornament 
for  the  head,  originally  in  the  form  of  a 
wreath  or  garland,  and  worn  by  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  on  special  occasions.  Crowns, 
made  at  first  of  grass,  flowers,  twigs  of  laurel, 
oak,  olive,  &c.,  but  latterly  of  gold,  were 
awarded  to  the  victors  in  the  public  games, 
and  to  citizens  who  had  done  the  state  some 
marked  service.  (See  CORONA.)  As  a  badge 
of  sovereignty  in  modern  states  the  crown 
seems  to  have  originated  rather  from  the 
diadem  (which  see)  than  the  classic  corona. 
They  were  of  very  varied  forms,  till  heralds 
devised  a  regular  series 
to  mark  the  grades  of 
rank,  from  the  imperial 
crown  to  the  barons 
coronet.  (SeeCORONET.) 
The  crown  of  England 
is  a  gold  circle,  adorned 
with  pearls  and  pre- 
cious stones,  having  al- 
ternately four  Maltese 
crosses  and  four  fleurs- 
de-lis.  From  the  top 
of  the  crosses  rise  im- 
perial arches,  closing 
under  a  mound  and 
cross.  The  whole  covers 
a  crimson  velvet  cap  with  an  ermine  border. 
The  crown  of  Charlemagne,  which  is  pre- 
served In  the  imperial  treasury  of  Vienna,  is 
composed  of  eight  plates  of  gold,  four  large 
and  four  small,  connected  by  hinges.  The 
large  plates  are  studded  with  precious 
stones,  the  front  one  being  surmounted 
with  a  cross;  the  smaller  ones,  placed 
alternately  with  these,  are  ornamented 


3  4 

I   Imperial  Crown  (Charlemagne's).     3.  Austrian 
Crown.    3,  Russian  Crown.    4,  French  Crown. 

with  enamels  representing  Solomon,  David, 
Hezekiah,  and  Isaiah,  and  Christ  seated 
between  two  flaming  seraphim.  The  Aus- 
trian crown  is  a  sort  of  cleft  tiara,  having 
in  the  middle  a  semicircle  of  gold  sup- 
porting a  mound  and  cross;  the  tiara 
rests  on  a  circle  with  pendants  like  those  of 
a  mitre.  The  royal  crown  of  France  is  a 
circle  ornamented  with  eight  fleurs-de-lis, 
from  which  rise  as  many  quarter-circles 
closing  under  a  double  fleur-de-lis, 
triple  crown  of  the  popes  is  more  commonly 


called  the  tiara  (which  see).  2.  A  wreath 
or  garland. 

Last  May  we  made  a  eron  n  of  flowers.     Trttnyian. 

8.  Fig.  regal  power;  royalty   kingly  govern- 

Mviitivc  aiitlionty 

There  is  a  power  behind  the  trown  greater  tli..n 
MOTHMfeMC  Jui, 

4.  The  wearer  of  a  crown;  the  sovereign,  at 

head  of   the  state.       -lioni    all    n.  i.-lii...nr 

cruums  alliame.'     ; 

dMiiiii'tion;  reward.    Dryden.-  <;    Ho,, 

splendour;  dignity. 

A  virtuous  woman  Is  a  crown  to  her  hn 

•:l.   4. 

7.  The  top  part  of  anything,  ai  of  the  head. 
or  of  a  rovcring  for  tin-  he.vl,  of  a  nionn 
tain  or  other  elevated  object;   tin-  end  of 
the  shank  of  an  anchor,  or  the  point  from 
which  the  arms  proceed;  the  part  when-  Hi. 
arms  are  joined  to  the  shank.     •  The  sleepy 
crown  of  the  bare  mountains.'    Dryden. 

8.  A  coin  anciently  stamped  with  the  figure 
of  a  crown;  as,  the  English  crmm.  which  i- 
worth  5*.  sterling.-  9.  Completion;  acconi- 
plishment;  highest  or  mo.-t  perfect  state; 
acme. 

Tills  is  truth  the  poet  sings. 

That  a  sorrow's  crown  of  sorrow  is  reincmlterlntf 
happier  things.  'len'<. 

10.  Clerical  tonsure  in  a  circular  form;  a 
little  circle  shaved  on  the  top  of  the  head, 
as  a  mark  of  ecclesiastical  office  or  distinc- 
tion.— 11.  Among  jewellers,  the  UPJH.T  work 
of  a  rose  diamond  which  centres  in  a  point 
at  the  top.  — 12.  That  portion  of  a  t<>»tli 
which  appears  above  the  gum. 

The  teeth  of  reptiles,  with  few  exceptions,  present 
a  simple  conical  form,  with  the  crown  more  or  less 
curved.  OMH. 

13.  In  geom.  the  area  inclosed  Iwtween  two 
concentric  circles.  — 14.  In  hot.  the  long 
downy  appendage  at  the  top  of  the  claw  of 
some  petals;  a  corona.  — 15.  In  A«r.  the  re- 
presentation of  a  crown  in  the  mantling  of 
an  armorial  bearing,  to  express  the  dignity 
of  the  person  who  bears  it.— 16.  In  arcA. 
the  uppermost  member  of  the  cornice;  the 
corona  or  larmier.  — 17.  Paper  of  a  particu- 
lar size  (15  by  20  inches),  so  called  from  for- 
merly having  the  water-mark  of  a  crown.  - 
CVoirn  oj  an  arch,  in  orcA.  the  vertex  or 
highest  point— Pleas  of  the  crown.  See 
Capital  felonies  under  CAPITAL.  —  Crown 
af  the  caiuey,  the  middle  of  the  street. 
(Scotch.) 

Crown  (kroun),  v.t.  1.  To  cover,  decorate, 
or  invest  with,  or  as  if  with,  a  crown ;  hence, 
to  invest  with  regal  dignity  and  power. 

I  left  thee  supping  with  PeiManax. 

With  thy  head!  full  of  wine,  and  thy  hair  croTrn'tt. 

Matt.  Arnold. 

If  you  will  elect  by  my  advice. 
Crown  him,  and  say,  '  Long  live  our  Emperor. 
Snak. 

2.  To  confer  upon,  as  a  mark  of  honour, 
reward,  or  dignity;  to  honour;  to  reward; 
to  recompense;  to  dignify;  to  adorn. 

Thou  hast  crmtmtct  him  with  glory  and  honour. 
Ps.viii.  5. 
She'll  frown  a  grateful  and  a  constant  flame. 

3.  To  form  the  topmost  or  finishing  part  of; 
to  terminate  or  finish;    to   complete;   to 
consummate;  to  perfect.    '  Crown'd  a  happy 
life  with  a  fair  death.'    Tennywn. 

To  crtnvn  the  whole,  came  a  proposition  embody, 
ing  the  three  requests. 

4.  ililit..  to  effect  a  lodgment  upon,  as  upon 
the  covered  way,  in  a  siege,  by  sapping  upon 
a  glacis  near  the  crest,  (ioodrich.  —  To  crown 
a  knot  (nmit.).  to  finish  a  knot  by  passing 
the  strands  of  the  rope  over  and  under  each 

Crown  (kroun),  n.  Relating  tn,  pertaining 
to  or  connected  with,  the  crown ;  as,  the 
crown  jewels.  —  Crown  or  demesne  land*. 
The  lands,  estate,  or  other  real  property  Iw- 
longing  to  the  crown  or  sovereign.  The 
lands  belonging  to  the  British  crown  are 
now  usually  surrendered  to  the  country  at 
the  beginning  of  every  sovereign's  reign,  in 
return  for  an  allowance  fixed  at  a  certain 
amount  for  the  reign  by  parliament .  They 
are  placed  under  commissioners,  and  the 
revenue  derived  from  them  becomes  part 
of  the  consolidated  fund  -Crown- debt,  a 
debt  due  to  the  crown,  whose  claim  ranks 
before  that  of  all  other  creditors,  and  may 
be  enforced  by  a  summary  process  called  an 

Crown-agent  (kroun'a-jent),  n.     In  Scot- 
land the  agent  or  solicitor  who,  undei  t 
lord-advocate,  takes  charge  of  criminal  pro- 

CCrownSnUer  (kroun'ant-ler),  n.    The  top- 


ch,  cAain;      fth,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j.job;      h,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing; 


TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  irAig:    ih.  azii 


CROWN-COURT 


G34 


CRUCIBLE 


most  branch  or  antler  of  the  horn  of  a  stag. 
See  ANTLER. 

Crown-court  (krmm'kurt),  ?i.  In  law,  the 
court  in  which  the  crown  or  criminal  busi- 
iir--.  i if  an  assize  is  transacted. 

Crowned  (kround),  p.  and  a.  1.  Invested 
with  a  cruwn  or  with  regal  power  and  dig- 
nity; honoured;  dignified;  rewarded  with 
a  crown,  wreath,  garland,  or  distinction; 
recompensed;  terminated;  completed;  per- 
fected. —2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  a  sovereign; 
sovereign;  consummate. 

Min  herte,  to  pitous  and  to  nice. 

All  innocent  of  his  crowned  malice  .  ,  . 

Granted  him  love.  Chaucer. 

—Crowned  cup,  (a)  a  cup  surmounted  by 
a  garland.  (6)  A  bumper;  a  cup  so  full  of 
liquor  that  the  contents  rise  above  the  sur- 
face like  a  crown. 

He  shall,  unpledged,  carouze  one  crowned  cup 
To  all  these  ladies'  health.  Old  play, 

Crowner  (kroun'er),  n.  He  who  or  that 
which  crowns  or  completes. 

O  thou  mother  of  delights; — 

Crowner  of  all  happy  nights.  Beau.  &  Fl. 

Crowner  t  (kroun'er),  n.  Corruption  of 
coroner. 

The  cronvner  hath  set  on  her,  and  finds  it  Christian 
burial.  Shak. 

Crow-net  (kro'net),  n.     In  England,  a  net 
for  catching  wild  fowls. 
Crownet  t  (kroun'et),  n.    1.  A  coronet. 

Though  cro-wnets,  Pulteney,  blazon  on  thy  plate. 

Adds  the  base  mark  one  scruple  to  their  weight? 

Whitehead. 

2.  The  chief  end;  result;  ultimate  reward. 

Whose  bosom  was  my  crow/net,  my  chief  end.  Shak. 

Crown-glass  (kroun'glas),  n.  The  finest 
sort  of  common  window-glass.  It  is  used 
in  connection  with  flint-glass  for  dioptric 
instruments  in  order  to  destroy  the  disagree- 
able effect  of  the  aberration  of  colours. 

Crown-imperial  (kroun-fm-pe'ri-al),  n.  A 
British  liliaceous  plant,  Frititlaria  imperi- 
alix,  cultivated  for  its  beautiful  flowers. 
Called  also  Crown-thistle. 

Crowning  (kroun'ing),  p.  and  a.  Investing 
with  a  crown ;  adorning;  rewarding;  complet- 
ing; perfecting.  '  A  crowning  mewy.'  Crom- 
well. 'The  crowning  act  of  a  long  career.' 
Buckle. 

Crowning  (kroun'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
investing  with  a  crown  or  regal  dignity; 
the  state  of  being  so  invested;  coronation. 

I  mean  your  voice  for  crowning  of  the  king.  Shak. 

The  first  of  all  his  knights 
Knighted  by  Arthur  at  his  crowning.      Tennyson. 

2.  In  arch,  the  finishing  of  a  member  or  any 
ornamental  work. —3.  Sattt.  the  finishing 
part  of  a  knot  or  interweaving  of  the  strands. 

Crown-law  (kroun'la),  n.    That  part  of  the  \ 
common-law  of  England  which  is  applicable 
ta  criminal  mutters. 

Crown-lawyer  (krounla-yer),  n.  A  lawyer 
in  the  service  of  the  crown;  a  lawyer  who 
takes  cognizance  of  criminal  cases. 

Crownless  (kroun'les),  a.  Destitute  of  a 
crown. 

Crownlet  (kroun'iet),  n.  A  small  crown. 
Sir  »'.  Scott. 

Crown-net  (kroun'net),  n.  A  particular 
variety  of  fishing  net. 

Crown-offlce  (kroun'of-fls),  n.  In  England, 
a  department  of  the  Queen's  Bench  division 
of  the  High  Court  of  Justice.  It  takes  cog- 
nizance of  criminal  causes,  from  high  trea- 
son down  to  trivial  misdemeanours  and 
breaches  of  the  peace.  The  office  is  com- 
monly called  the  crown-side  of  the  Court  of 
Queen's  Bench. 

Crown-paper  (kroun'pa-per),  n.  See  CROWN, 
M.  17. 

Crown-piece  (krouu'pes),  »•  A  British  coin 
worth  5x. ;  a  crown. 

Crown-post  (krnun'post),  n.  In  building, 
a  post  which  stands  upright  in  the  middle 
between  two  principal  rafters,  and  from 
which  proceed  struts  or  braces  to  the  middle 
of  each  rafter.  It  is  otherwise  called  a  King- 
pnst.,  or  King's-piece,  or  Joggle-pifce. 

Crown-prince  (kmun'prins),  ».  The  prince- 
royal  who  is  apparently  successor  to  the 
crown. 

Crown-property  (kroun'pro-per-ti), «.  Pro- 
perty belonging  to  the  sovereign  in  virtue  of 
his  or  her  office.  See  CROWN,  a. 

Crown-saw  (kroun'sa),  ».  A  species  of 
circular  saw  formed  by  cutting  the  teeth 
round  the  edge  of  a  cylinder,  as  the  sur- 
geon's trepan. 

Crown-scab  (kroun'skab),  n.  A  cancerous 
and  painful  sore  formed  round  the  corners 


and  pa 

of  a  ho: 


rse's  hoof. 


Crown-side  (kroun'sid),  n.  See  CROWN- 
OFFICE. 

Crown- solicit  or  (kroun'so-li-sit-er),  71.  In 
state  prosecutions,  the  solicitor  whi)  prepares 
the  prosecution.  In  England  this  is  done 
by  the  solicitor  to  the  treasury.  In  Ireland, 
a  solicitor  is  attached  to  each  circuit,  who 
gets  up  every  case  for  the 
crown  in  criminal  prose- 
cutions. 

Crown-thistle  (kroun'- 
this-1),  n.  See  CROWN-IM- 
PERIAL. 

Crown  -wheel  ( kroun'- 
whel),  n.  A  wheel  with 
cogs  or  teeth  set  at  right 
angles  with  its  plane,  as 
in  certain  watches  the 
wheel  that  is  next  the 
crown  and  drives  the  bal- 
ance. It  is  also  called  a  Contrate-icheel  or 
Face -wheel. 

Crown-work  (kroun'werk),  n.  In  fort,  an 
outwork  running  into  the  field,  consisting 
of  two  demi-bastions  (a  a)  at  the  extremes, 


Crown-wheel  of 
watch. 


and  an  entire  bastion  (6)  in  the  middle,  with 
curtains  (c  c).  It  is  designed  to  gain  some 
hill  or  advantageous  post  and  cover  the 
other  works. 

Crow-quill  (kroTcwil),  n.  A  crow's  feather 
made  into  a  pen,  and  used  where  fine  writ- 
Ing  is  required,  as  in  lithography,  tracing, 
Ac. 

Crow's-blll  (kroz'bil),  n.  In  turg.  a  kind 
of  forceps  for  extracting  bullets  and  other 
things  from  wounds. 

Crow's-feet  (kroz'fet),  n.  pi.  The  wrinkles 
brought  on  by  age  under  and  around  the 
outer  corners  of  the  eyes. 

Crow's-foot  (kroz'fut),  n.  ttHit.  a  caltrop 
(which  see). 

Crow-silk  (krt'silk),  n.  The  common  name 
of  several  aquatic  plants  of  the  genus  Con- 
ferva, as  the  C.  fracta,  C.  crUpata,  and  C. 
rimdfiri*.  They  are  so  named  from  their 
fine  thread-like  filaments. 

Crow's-nest  (kroz'nest),  n.  A  barrel  or  box 
fitted  up  on  the  main-topmast  cross-trees  or 


est.  H  M.  ship  Alert.  1875. 


main-topgallant  cross-trees  of  an  arctic  ves- 
sel for  the  shelter  of  the  look-out  man. 

Crowstone  (kro'ston),  n.  1.  The  topstone  of 
the  gable  end  of  a  house.  —2.  A  local  term  for 
a  sandstone  in  the  Yorkshire  and  Derbyshire 
coal-fields. 

Crowth  (krouth),  n.    See  CRWTH. 

Crow-toe  (kro'to),  n.  A  British  plant,  of 
the  genus  Ranunculus,  called  also  Crow- 

foot  (which  see). 

Bring  the  rathe  primrose  that  forsaken  dies: 
The  tufted  crew-foe,  and  pale  jessamine.    Milton. 

Crozier,  Crosier  (kro'zhi-er),  n.    [0.  E.  croi- 
sier,  croygier,  from  crvys,  Fr.  crou,  croix,  a 
cross,    see  CROSS.]    1.  A  staff  about  5  feet  \ 
long,  surmounted  by  a  floriated  cross  or 


of  Archbishop  Warha: 
Canterbury.        2,    From 
drawing  in  British  Mus. 


crucifix,  borne  by  or  before  an  archbishop 
on  solemn  occasions.  The  staff  is  hollow, 
commonly  gilt,  and 
highly  ornamented. 
The  early  croziers 
were  exceedingly 
simple,  having  a  )!.. 
riated  cross  as  tl mil- 
only  ornament.  Thu 
crozier  is  often  con- 
founded by  modern 
writers  with  the  bish- 
op's pastoral  stnir, 
which  is  quite  dissi- 
milar, being  made  in 
the  form  of  a  crook. 
Properly  the  word 
crozier  denotes  only 
the  cross  at  the  top 
of  the  archbishop's 
staff. — 2.  In  a* t fon.  -,\ 
southern  constella- 
tion, consisting  of 

Ooziers.  —  r.  From  tomb  four  stars  in  the  form 
of  a  cross;  the  South- 
ern Cross. 

Crozlered,  Crosier- 
ed  (kro'zhi-erd),  a.  Bearing  a  crozier;  as, 
croziered  prelates. 

Crozophora  (kro-zof'o-ra),  n.  A  genus  of 
low -growing  annual  or  perennial  plants, 
nat.  order  Euphorbiacese.  The  best-known 
species  Is  C.  tinctoria,  a  small  prostrate, 
hoary  annual,  with  slender  cylindrical  stems, 
and  drooping  fruit,  composed  of  three  black- 
ish rough  cells.  It  is  a  native  of  warm  places 
over  the  south  of  Europe,  and  produces  a 
deep  purple  dye  called  turnsole.  Its  pro- 
perties are  acrid,  emetic,  corrosive,  and 
drastic. 

Cruched  -  friar  (krucht'fri-er),  n.  See 
CRUTCHED-FRIAR. 

Crucial  (krb'shi-al),  a.  [Fr.  emciale,  from 
L.  crux,  a  cross.)  1.  Relating  to  or  like 
a  cross;  transverse;  intersecting;  as,  a  crn- 
cial  incision. — 2.  Severe;  trying  or  search- 
ing, as  if  bringing  to  the  cross;  decisive; 
as,  a  crucial  experiment. 

And  from  the  imagination's  crucial  heat 
Catch  up  their  men  and  women  all  a -flame 
For  action.  £,  B.  Browning. 

3.  In  anat.  applied  to  some  parts  disposed 
in  the  manner  of  a  cross ;  as,  the  crucial 
ligaments  of  the  knee-joint 

Crucian  (kro'shi-an),  n.  [O.  karausche,  Sw. 
kantsna.]  A  short,  thick,  broad  fish,  of  a 
deep  yellow  colour,  the  Cyprinus  carasttitu, 
or  German  carp,  family  Cyprinidce,  differing 
from  the  common  carp  in  having  no  bai -htiU-s 
at  its  mouth,  inhabiting  lakes,  ponds,  ami 
sluggish  rivers  in  the  north  of  Europe  and 
Asia.  It  has  been  found  in  the  Thames* 
between  Hammersmith  and  Windsor,  it 
forms  an  excellent  article  of  food.  It  has 
been  confounded  with  C.  gibelio,  or  Prussian 
carp. 

Cruciate  (kro'shi-at),  v.t.  [L.  cruciot  to  tor- 
ture, from  crux,  a  cross.]  To  torture;  to 
torment ;  to  afflict  with  extreme  pain  or  dis- 
tress. [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

They  vexed,  tormented,  and 
eructated  the  wcake  conscien- 
ccs  of  men.  "  Bale. 

Cruciate  (krb'shi-at),  a. 

1.  Tormented.      [Rare.]  — 

2.  In   '•<•(    an   epithet   ap- 
plied to  leaves,  Howers.&c., 
when  four  parts  are  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  resemble  the 
arms  of  a  cross;  cruciform. 

Cruciate  Flower.  Cmclatlon  t  (  kro  -  slit  -  a  '- 
slum),  «.  The  act  of  tor- 
turing; torment,  lip  Hall. 
Crucible  (krb'si-bl),  n.  [L.L.  crucibuhim,  a 
lamp,  a  pot  for  melting  metals,  from  the 
Teut  root  seen  in  G.  kruite,  E.  crust ,  D.  kroes, 
pitcher,  cup,  crucible,  though  the  L.L.  word 
is  formed  as  if  from  crux,  a  cross.  See 
CRESSET.]  1.  A  chemical  vessel  or  melting- 
pot,  made  of  earth,  and  so  tempered  and 


Various  forms  of  Crucibles. 

baked  as  to  endure  extreme  heat  without 
fusing.  It  is  used  for  melting  ores,  metals, 
&c.  Crucibles  are  sometimes  made  of  other 
materials,  as  black-lead,  platina,  &c.  Glass- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;        oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J>,  Sc.  ley. 


CRTJCIFER 

maker's  crucibles  are  usually  made  of  stour- 
bridge  clay.  Platina  crucibles  are  princi- 
pally employed  fen-  chemical  uses  — »  A 
hollow  place  at  the  bottom  of  a  chemical 
furnace.— 3.  In  a  mural  sense,  sometimes 
used  with  the  meaning  of  a  severe  or  search- 
ing test;  as,  his  probity  was  tried  in  the 
arucible  of  temptation,  poverty,  suffering 
Ac. 

With  all  thy  being  re-arranged 
Pass'd  through  the  crucible  of  time. 

Mutt.  Arnold 

Crucifer  (kro'si-fer),  n.    In  lot.  a  plant  of 
the  order  Cruciferro. 

Cruciferae  (kro-sif'er-e),  n.  pi.  [L.  crux 
arums,  a  cross,  and  fen,  to  bear,  from  the 
cross-like  arrangement  of  the  petals.]  A 
very  extensive  nat.  order  of  dicotyledonous 
plants.  It  consists  of  herbs  with  a  pun- 
gent or  acrid  watery  juice.  They  have  all 
flowers  with  six  stamens,  two  of  which  are 
short,  and  four  sepals  and  petals,  the  spread- 
ing limits  of  which  form  a  .Maltese  cross 
whence  their  name.  The  fruit  is  a  pod  witli 
a  membranous  placenta  dividing  it  into  two 
cells.  It  is  called  a  silique  when  much 
longer  than  it  is  broad,  and  a  silicic  when 
short.  The  mustard,  water-cress,  turnip 
cabbage,  scurvy-grass,  radish,  horse-radish' 
&c. ,  belong  to  this  family.  They  have  nearly 
all  a  volatile  acridity  dispersed  through  every 
part,  from  which  they  have  their  peculiar 
odour  and  sharp  taste,  and  their  stimu- 
lant and  antiscorbutic  qualities.  None  are 
really  poisonous.  Some  are  found  in  our 
gardens  because  of  their  beauty  or  fragrance 
as  the  wall-flower,  stock,  Ac. 

Cruciferous  (kro-sif'er-us),  a.  [L.  crucifer 
—crux,  a  cross,  and/ero,  to  bear.]  1.  Bear- 
ing the  cross;  resembling  a  cross.— 2.  In  bol 
noting  plants  whose  four  petals  are  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  resemble  a  cross.  See  CRUCI- 
FER.E. 

Cru,cifler  (kro'si-fi-er),  n.  A  person  who 
crucifies;  one  who  puts  another  to  death  on 
a  cross. 

Visible  judgments  were  executed  on  Christ's  crn- 
"'fiers.  Hammond. 

Crucifix  (kro'si-flks),  n.  [L.  crucifims,  from 
crucifiyo,  to  fix  to  a  cross— crux,  a  cross,  and 
figo,  to  fix.]  1.  A  cross,  or  representation  of 
a  cross,  with  the  figure  of  Christ  crucified 
upon  it. 

There  stands  at  the  upper  end  of  it  a  large  crucifiv 
very  much  esteemed.  The  figure  of  our  Saviour  re- 
presents him  in  his  last  agonies  of  death.  Addison. 

2.  The  cross  of  Christ ;   fiy.  the  religion  of 
Christ.    Jer.  Taylor.     [Rare.] 

Crucifixt  (kro'si-flks),  v.t  To  crucify. 
'Mock'd,  beat,  banisht,  crucifixt,  for  our 
foule  sins.'  Sylvester,  Du  Bartas. 

Crucifixion  (kro-si-flk'shon),  «.  [See  CRU- 
CIFIX.] 1.  The  act  of  nailing  or  fastening  a 
person  to  a  cross,  for  the  purpose  of  putting 
him  to  death.— 2.  The  state  of  being  nailed 
or  fastened  to  a  cross;  death  upon  a  cross.  — 

3.  Intense  suffering  or  affliction;  great  men- 
tal trial. 

Cruciform  (kro'si-form),  a.  [L.  crux,  a 
cross,  and  .forma,  form.]  1.  Cross-shaped. 
2.  In  bat.  disposed  in  the  form  of  a  cross. 

Crucify  (krb'si-fi),  v.t.  pret.  *  pp.  crucified: 
ppr.  crucifying.  [L.  crucifigo— crust,  cross, 
and  figo,  to  fix;  Fr.  crucifier.]  1.  To  nail  to 
a  cross;  to  put  to  death  by  nailing  the  hands 
and  feet  to  a  cross  or  gibbet,  sometimes 
anciently  by  fastening  a  criminal  to  a  true 
with  cords. 

But  they  cried.  Crucify  him,  crucify  him. 

Luke  xxiii.  21. 

They  crucify  to  themselves  the  Son  of  God  afresh. 
Heb.  vi.  6. 

2.  In  Scrip,  to  subdue;  to  mortify;  to  de- 
stroy the  power  or  ruling  influence  of. 

They  that  are  Christ's  have  crucified  the  flesh, 
with  the  affections  and  lusts.  Gal.  v.  24. 

8.  t  To  vex  or  torment. 

It  does  me  good  to  think  how  I  shall  conjure  him. 
And  crucify  his  crabbedness.  Bean.  &  Fl. 

Crucigerous  (kro-sij'er-us),  a.     [L.  crux. 

cruets,  a  cross,  and  gero,  to  carry.  ]  Bearing 

the  cross. 
Cruelly,  Crusily  (kros'il-i),  a.     [L.  crux, 

crucis,  a  cross.]    In  her.  a  term  applied  to 

a    field    or   charge    strewn    with   crosses. 

Written  also  Crusuly. 
Crud  (krml),  n.    Curd.    See  CURD. 
Cruddle  (krud'dl),  v.i.    l.t  To  curdle. 

See  how  thy  blood  cruddles  at  this.     Beau.  &•  Fl. 
2.  To  crowd;  to  huddle.     [Prov.] 
Crude  (krbd),  n.    [L.  crudu$,  bloody,  raw, 
unripe,  unfeeling,  rough,  from  root  am,  as 
in  cruor,  blood ;    cog.   W.  craur    Ir.  cru, 
blood;  Lith.  kra-ujas,  blood.    See  also  under 


(XT. 


CRUMMABLE 


JAW.]    1.  Raw;  not  cooked  or  prepared 

e    et;  in  its  tural  "^iSSS 


I  come  to  pluck  your  berries  harsh  anil  ,r,«l,. 

Ot  We" 


£f  ^^n^  stuS1  ±#o 
tier  It,  whereby  it  holdeth  fast  the  first  form  or  con 
sistence,  it  is  crude  and  inconcoct.  Kacon 

fnm?,'?  brou«ht ,'°  Perfection;  nnnnlshcd 
immature;  as,  the  crude  materials  of  the 
earth. -8.  Wanting  experienceorwisdomga 
thered  from  ifc  having  undigested  notions 

Deep  versed  in  books,  and  shallow  in  himself- 
L  rude,  or  intoxicate,  collecting  toys.       Milton. 

7.  Undigested;  not  matured ;  not  well  formed 
arranged,  or  prepared  in  the  intellect-  as 
crude  notions;  a  crude  plan;  a  crude 
theory.  'Absurd  expressions,  crude,  abor 
live thoughts.'  Jio»common.-S.  Inpaintim, 
applied  to  a  picture  when  the  colours  are 
rudely  laid  on,  and  do  not  blend  or  har- 
monize. 

Crudely  (krbdli),  adv.  Without  due  pre- 
paration; without  form  or  arrangement 
without  maturity  or  digestion 

Crudeness  (krod'nes),  71.  1.  Rawness;  un- 
ripeness; an  undigested  or  unprepared 
state;  as,  the  crudeness  of  flesh  or  plants 
or  of  any  body  in  its  natural  state  —2  A 
state  of  being  unformed  or  undigested;  im- 
matureness;  as,  the  crudeness  of  a  theory 

Crudity  (krod'i-ti),  n.  [L.  cntditas  ]  1  Raw- 
ness;  crudcness.-2.  That  which  is  crude 
or  ni  an  undigested  state. 

They  are  oppressed  with  learning  as  a  stomach 
with  crudities.  Hammond. 

Crudle  t  (krudl),  v.t.    To  curdle. 
Crudyt  (krud'i),  a.    Concreted;  coagulated 

See  CURD.     'His  cruel  wounds  with  crudy 

blood  congealed.'    Spenser 
Crudyt  (krod'i),  a.    [See  CRUDE.]    Crude; 

raw;  chill. 

Sherris  sack  .  .  .  ascends  me  into  the  brain  and 
dries  me  there  all  the  foolish,  dull,  and  crudy  vapours 
that  environ  it.  Shak. 

Crue-herring  (krolie-ring),  n.  The  pil- 
chard. [Scotch.  ] 

Cruel  (krb'el),  a.  [Fr.  cruel;  I,  cmdelis 
See  CRUDE.]  1.  Disposed  to  give  pain  to 
others,  in  body  or  mind;  willing  or  pleased 
to  torment,  vex,  or  afflict;  destitute  of  pity, 
compassion,  or  kindness;  hard-hearted: 
applied  to  persons.  'Cruel  as  death,  and 
hungry  as  the  grave.'  Thomson. 

They  are  cruel,  and  have  no  mercy.  Jer.  vi.  23. 
2.  Exhibiting  or  proceeding  from  cruelty: 
inhuman;  causing  pain,  grief,  or  distress; 
exerted  in  tormenting,  vexing,  or  afflicting ; 
said  of  disposition,  mood,  manner,  act, 
words,  and  the  like.  '  This  most  cruel  usage 
of  our  queen.'  Sliak.  'Cruel  seem'd  the 
captain's  mood.'  Tennyson. 

The  tender  mercies  of  the  wicked  are  cruet. 

Prov.  xii.  10. 

SYN.  Inhuman,  barbarous,  merciless,  piti- 
less, savage,  ferocious,  brutal,  brutish,  un- 
merciful, inexorable,  unrelenting,  fell,  se- 
vere, unfeeling,  hiird-hearted,  flinty. 
Cruelly  (kro'el-li),  adv.  1.  In  a  cruel  man- 
ner; with  cruelty;  inhumanly;  barbarously. 

Because  he  cruelly  oppressed,  he  shall  die  in  his 
iniquity.  Ezek.  xviii.  18. 

2.  Painfully;  with  severe  pain  or  torture. 

The  Scottish  arrows  being  sharp  and  slender  enter 
into  a  man  or  horse  most  cruelly.  Spfnser. 

3.  Extremely.  [Colloq.]  '  Which  shows  how 
cruelly  the  country  arc  led  astray  in  follow- 
ing the  town.'    Spectator. 

Cruelness  (kro'el-nes),  n.  Inhumanity; 
cruelty. 

She  shames  not  to  be  with  guiltless  blood  defiled, 
But  taketh  glory  in  her  crudnesse       Spenser. 

Cruels  (kro'elz),  n.    See  CREWELS. 

Cruelty  (krb'el-ti),  n.  [(>.  Kr.  crueltf  (Fr. 
cniaittf),  L.  crudi'lita*.]  1.  A  savage  or  bar- 
barous disposition  or  temper,  which  is  grati 


I'l'ini -iti.,11.'  ilacanla». -Srx.  Inhumanity, 

rnotaUcrVd-S'     SfejF' 

'"''''-K;.--  «S?£ 

from  cruor,  blood. ]    l!l,»,dv, , ni,-ntat«    'A 
niel  and   munteu,  civil  w;    J 

Cruet  (krovt )!,•,.    ,,,,,,1,    ,,-..„.  i, 
mkt  ]     A°  vlaTo"'  "  piu'ller     Akl"  er<xlr> 


,,/>.». 


..  . 

Cruise  (kroz),  c.i    pret.  &   pp    cruited- 
ppr    cruuiHg.     [D.  *ruwm.  u>  croiTt.', 


__  "-  ••  —  •  —'  —-»».»,  w  crou,  MJ 
T  "  i,,"1  *""*.  a  cross,  gee  CROSS.  ] 
To  sail  liither  and  thither,  or  to  rove  onthe 
ocean  n  search  of  an  enemy',  .hip.  for  c.pi 
ture,  for  protecting  commerce,  for  plea- 
sure,  or  any  other  purpose;  a.,  the  admiral 
cruued  between  the  Bahama  Islands  and 
tuba;  a  pirate  was  cruiting  in  the  Gulf  of 
fllexico. 

Cruise  (kroz),  n.  A  voyage  made  In  variou. 
courses;  a  sailing  to  aud  fro,  as  in  March  of 
an  enemy's  ships,  or  for  pleasure 
Cruiser  (kroz'er),  n.  A  person  or  a  .hip  that 
cruise.;  usually  an  armed  .hip  that  nil.  to 
and  fro  for  capturing  an  enemy'.  ship.,  for 
protecting  the  commerce  of  the  country  or 
for  plunder. 
!ruithne,  n.    [Gael.]    A  Pict. 

The  word  •  cruilkneachd'  in  Gaelic  me.ni  vkeal 
and  it  has  been  argued  that  the  Cruilhnc  were  agri- 
culturists, as  distinguished  from  the  Scon  who  Wire 
hunters  and  shepherds.  Rev.  Dr.  M LaucMan 

Cniiye  (krtiv),  n.  [Gael  en.  a  hovel,  a 
wattled  fold]  1.  A  sty;  a  mean  hovel  - 
2.  A  sort  of  hedge  formed  by  stake,  on  a 
tidal  river  or  the  sea-beach  for  catching 
fish.  When  the  tide  flows  the  fishes  «wim 
over  the  wattles,  but  are  left  by  the  ebbing 
of  the  tide  (Scotch  in  both  sense.  I 
3rull,t  a.  Curled.  Chaucer. 
Cruller  (krul'ler),  71.  See  KRDLLER 
Orumb,  Crum  (krum),  n.  [A.  Sax.  cnmt. 
cruma,  a  crumb;  cog.  D.  kruim,  L.G.  krauine, 
krome,  Dan.  krumme,  Q.  krume,  a  crumb: 
from  root  of  crimp.  See  CRIMP.]  1.  A 
small  fragment  or  piece ;  usually,  a  .mall 
piece  of  bread  or  other  food,  broken  or  cut 
off. 


Lazarus  .  .  .  desiring  to  be  fed  with  the  crumbs 
which  fell  from  the  rich  man's  table.    Luke  xvi  31. 

2.  The  soft  part  of  bread. 

Dust  unto  dust,  what  must  t»e,  must; 

If  you  can't  get  crumb,  you'd  best  eat  crust. 

Old  tone. 

Crumb  (krum),  v.t.  1.  To  break  into  small 
pieces  with  the  fingers;  as,  to  crumb  bread 
into  milk.—  2.  In  covkery.  to  cover  meat, 
etc.,  with  bread-crumlis. 
rumb-brush  (krum'lirush),  n.  A  brush 
for  sweeping  crumbs  otf  the  table. 
rumb-cloth  (krumliloth),  n.  A  cloth  to 
be  laid  under  a  table  to  receive  falling  frag- 
ments, and  keep  the  carpet  or  floor  clean. 
It  is  often  made  to  extend  over  the  greater 
part  of  a  dining-room  floor,  for  the  better 
protection  of  the  carpet. 

Crumble(krum'bl),  c  t.  pret.  &  pp.  crumbled; 
ppr.  crumbling.  [A  dim.  form  from  cnnitb; 
like  D.  kruimflen,  G.  krutncln,  to  crumble. 
See  CRUMB,  CRIMP]  To  break  into  small 
pieces;  to  divide  into  minute  parts. 

Me  with  his  bare  wand  can  unthread  thy  joints, 
And  crumble  all  thy  sinews.  Miltcn. 

Crumble  (kriimlil),  r  i.  1.  To  fall  into 
small  pieces;  to  break  or  part  iuto  small 
fragments. 

If  a  stone  is  brittle,  it  will  crumble  into  gravel. 
Arbitlknol. 

2.  To  fall  to  decay;  to  become  frittered 
away;  to  perish. 

One  hundred   and    forty    thousand    pounds   had 
crMjffMn/away  in  the  most  imperceptible  manner. 
Disraeli. 

Crumble  (krum'bl),  n.    A  small  crumb;  a 

fragment.    [Local.J 
Crumbly  (kmm'bli),  a.    Apt  to  crumble: 

brittle;  friable;  as,  a  cmmbly  stone;  crumbly 

bread.   Tnllupe.   '  The  crumbly  soil.'  Uait- 

thorne. 


fled  in  giving  unnecessary  pain  or  distress  |    '•"'  _      r-i,.'M«v 

to  others:  applied  to  persons;  as,  the  cruell,,    Crumby,  a.    See  CRl  MMY. 

of  savages;  the  cruelty  and  envy  of  the     Crum-ClOth.  n.    Same  as  Crumb-cloth. 

people.— 2.  Barbarous  deed;  any  act  which  \  Cnimenal  (kro'me-nal),  n.     |L.  crumena. 


. . 

inflicts  unnecessary  pain;  any  act  intended 
to  torment,  vex,  or  afflict,  or  which  actually 
torments  or  afflicts,  without  necessity;  a 
wrong;  an  act  of  injustice  or  oppression. 
'Cruelties  worthy  of  the  dungeons  of  the 


, 

a  small  money-purse.)  A  purae.  '  Thus  cram 
they  their  wide-gaping  erumtual.'  Dr.  H. 
More. 

Crummable  (knim'a-bl),  a.    That  may  be 
broken  into  small  pieces  or  crumbs. 


ch,  c7iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,job;      fi,  Fr.  ton;      ng.  sing;      in,  then;  th,  Ma;      w,  wig;    wh,  irnig;    zh,  azure.— See  KKT. 


CRUMMIE 


636 


CRUSTY 


Crummle  (knim'i),  n.  [From  a  Teutonic 
and  Celtic  root  krum,  kram.  crooked.  See 
CRUMP.]  A  name  for  a  cow  that  has  crooked 
horns.  [Scotch.] 

Crummock  (krum'ok),  n.  (See  ahove.]  A 
staff  with  a  crooked  head  for  leaning  on. 
Called  also  a  Crummie  Stick.  [Scotch.] 

Crummy,  Crumby  (knim'i),  a.  1.  Full  of 
crumbs.— 2.  Soft,  as  the  crumb  of  bread  is; 
not  crusty;  as,  a  crumby  loaf. 

Crumpt  (krump),  ft.  [A.  Sax.  crump,  crooked, 
from  root  seen  in  Dan.  krum,  G.  krumm, 
D.  krom,  crooked ;  also  in  W.  crom,  cnam, 
bending,  concave ;  Ir.  and  Gael,  crom, 
crooked.]  Crooked;  bent.  'Crooked  backs 
and  crump  shoulders.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Crump  (knimp),  a.  [Perhaps  imitative  of 
soundmade in eating;comp, crunch. ]  Brittle; 
crusty;  dry-baked;  crisp.  [Provincial  Eng- 
lish and  Scotch.  ] 

Crumpet  (krum'pet),  n.  A  sort  of  muffin 
or  tea-cake,  very  light  and  spongy. 

Crumple  (krum'pl),  v.t.  pret.  tfcpp.crujwpfcrf; 
ppr.  crumpling.  [A  dim.  form  closely  allied 
to  crimp  and  cramp;  comp.  also  rumple.] 
To  draw  or  press  into  wrinkle*  or  folds ;  to 
rumple. 

Plague  on  him,  how  he  has  crntnpltd  our  bands  1 
Afttssinjfer. 

My  friend  Sir  Roger  alighted  from  his  horse,  and 
exposing  his  palm  to  two  or  three  that  stood  by  him, 
they  crumpled  it  into  all  shapes,  and  diligently 
scanned  every  wrinkle  that  could  be  made  in  it. 

jtddisoii. 

Crumple  (krum'pl),  v.i.  To  contract;  to 
shrink;  to  shrivel. 

Crumpling  (krum'pling),  n.  A  small  de- 
generate apple.  Johnson. 

Crumpy  (krump'i),<i.  Easily  broken;  brittle;  ; 
crisp;  crump. 

Crunch  (krunsh),  v.t.  [SeeCRAUNCH.]  To 
crush  with  the  teeth;  to  chew  with  violence 
and  noise;  as,  to  crunch  a  biscuit. 

Crunch  (krunsh),  c.t.  1.  To  craunch.— 2.  To 
press  with  force  and  noise  through  a  brittle 
obstacle  by  crushing  it  to  small  pieces.  'The 
ship  crunched  through  the  ice.'  Kane. 

Crune  (kron),  ti.t.  To  bellow,  to  roar.  [North 
of  England.  ]  See  CROON. 

'Thou  hear'st  that  lordly  Bull  of  mine, 
Neighbour,'  quoth  Brunskill  then; 

'  How  loudly  to  the  hills  he  crimes, 

That  crune  to  him  again.'  Scuthey. 

Crunk,*  Crunklet  (krungk.  krungkl),  D.i. 
[Imitative:  comp.  Icel.  kritnk,  a  raven's 
croak,  krunka,  to  croak.]  To  cry  like  a 
crane. 

Cruor  (kro'or),  n.    [L.    See  CRUDE.]    Gore. 

Cruortn  (kro'or-in),  n.  [See  above. ]  The 
red  colouring  matter  of  blood  corpuscles. 
It  exists  in  distinct  particles  or  globules, 
and  may  be  obtained  in  the  form  of  a  lirick- 
red  powder.  It  is  an  organic  substance, 
containing  carbon,  hydrogen, nitrogen,  phos- 
phorus, sulphur,  iron,  and  oxygen.  Called 
also  H cetnoglftbin. 

Crup  (krup),  n.    The  croup;  the  buttocks. 

Crup  (krup),  a.  [For  crump,  brittle,  with  the 
common  loss  of  the  nasal  letter]  1.  Short; 
brittle.  ' Cmp  cake.'  Todrf.  - 2  Snappish; 
testy.  'A  cntp  answer.'  Todd.  [In  both 
uses  provincial.] 

Crupper  (krup'per),  n.  [Fr.  enuptirt,  from 
croupe, the  buttocks  of  a  horse.  See  CROUP.] 
1.  The  buttocks  of  a  horse;  the  rump. — 2.  A 
strap  of  leather  which  is  buckled  to  a  saddle, 
and  passing  under  a  horse's  tail  prevents 
the  saddle  from  being  cast  forward  on  to 
the  horse's  neck 

Crupper  (krup'per),  v.  t.  To  put  a  crupper 
on;  as,  to  crupper  a  horse. 

Cruppln  (krup  pn),  pp.    Crept.    [Scotch.] 

Crural  (kror'al),  n.  [L.  cruralis,  from  cru#, 
cruris,  the  leg.  ]  1.  Belonging  to  the  leg:  as, 
the  crural  artery,  which  conveys  blood  to 
the  legs,  and  the  crural  vein,  which  returns 
it.  — 2.  Shaped  like  a  leg  or  root.— Crural 
arch,  the  ligament  of  the  thigh:  also  called 
Inguinal  Arch,  Ligament  of  Poupart,  &c. 

Crusade  (kni-sad'),  n.  [Fr.  croisade,  from 
L.  crux,  a  cross.]  1.  A  military  expedition 
under  the  banner  of  the  cross,  undertaken 
by  Christians  in  the  eleventh,  twelfth,  and 
thirteenth  centuries,  for  the  recovery  of  the 
Holy  Land  from  the  power  of  infidels  or 
Mohammedans. — 2.  Any  enterprise  under- 
taken through  enthusiasm;  as,  a  crusade 
against  intemperance.  —  3.  A  Portuguese 
coin;  a  crusado  (which  see). 

Crusade  (krn.-sa<r),  v.i.  pret.  A  pp.  crusaded; 
ppr. crusading.  To  engage  in  a  crusade;  to 
support  or  oppose  any  cause  with  zeal;  as, 
'C«ase  crusading  against  common  sense.' 
Green. 

Crusader  (kru-sad'er),  n.  A  person  engaged 
in  a  crusade. 


Crusading  (kru-sad'ing),  a.  Engaged  in  or 
relating  to  the  Crusades.  'Some  grey  cru- 
sailinrj  knight.'  Matt.  Arnold. 

CrusadO  (kru-sa'do),  n.  1. 1  A  military  cru- 
sade. Swinburne. — 2.  A  Portuguese  coin  of 
the  value  of  2*.  9d.,  so  called  from  having 
the  cross  stamped  on  it.  '  I  had  rather  lost 
my  purse  full  of  crusadoes.'  Shak. 

Cruse  (kros),  n.  [D.  kroes.  See  CRUCIBLE.] 
A  small  cup;  a  bottle  or  cruet. 

Take  with  thee  a  cruse  of  honey.        i  Ki.  xiv.  3. 

Cruset  (krbs'et),  7i.  [Fr.  creuzet.  See  CRES- 
SET, CRUCIBLE.]  A  goldsmith's  crucible  or 
melting-pot. 

Crush  (krush),  v. t.  [From  O.Fr.  cruinir, 
cioissir,  to  crack  or  crash,  which  itself  is 
from  the  Teutonic ;  comp.  Dan.  kryste,  Sw. 
krysta,  Icel.  kreista,  kreysta,  to  squeeze,  to 
press ;  Goth,  kriustan,  to  gnash.  ]  1.  To 
press  and  bruise  between  two  hard  bodies ; 
to  squeeze  so  as  to  force  out  of  its  natural  \ 
shape;  to  bruise  by  pressure. 

The  ass  .  .  .  crushed  Balaam's  foot  against  the  wall. 
Num.  xxii.  C5. 

2.  To  press  with  violence;  to  force  together 
into  a  mass. 

When  loud  winds  from  dilTreiit  quarters  rush, 
Vast  clouds  encount'ring,  one  another  crush. 
trailer. 

3.  To  overwhelm  by  pressure;  to  beat  or 
force  down,  by  an  incumbent  weight,  with 
breaking   or   bruising;   as,   the   man   was 
crushed  by  the  fall  of  a  tree. 

To  crush  the  pillars  which  the  pile  sustain.  Drycttn. 

4.  To  overwhelm  by  power;  to  subdue;  to 
conquer  beyond   resistance ;  as,  to  crush 
one's  enemies.     'Speedily  overtaking  and 
crushing  the  rebels.'    Sir  W.  Scott.— 5.  To 
oppress  grievously. 

Thou  shalt  be  only  oppressed  and  crushed  always. 
Deut.  xxviii.  33. 

C.  To  bruise  and  break  into  fine  particles  by 
Iwating  or  grinding ;  to  comminute;  as,  to 
crush  quartz. — To  crush  grapes  or  apples, 
to  squeeze  them  till  braised  and  broken,  so 
that  the  juice  escapes.— To  crush,  out,  to 
force  out  by  pressure. 

Bacchus  that  first  from  out  the  purple  grape 
Crushed  the  sweet  poison  of  misused  wine.    Milton. 

—  To  crush  a  cup,  to  drink  together ;  to 
crack  a  bottle. 

If  you  be  not  of  the  house  of  Montagues, 

I  pray,  come  and  crush  a  cup  of  wine.     Shak. 

SYN.  To  break,  bruise,  pound,  subdue,  over- 
power, prostrate,  conquer,  oppress. 

Crush  (krush),  p.i.  To  be  pressed  into  a 
smaller  compass  by  external  weight  or  force. 

Crush  (krusn),  n.  1.  A  violent  collision  or 
rushing  together;  a  fall  that  breaks  or 
braises  into  a  confused  mass;  as,  the  crush 
of  a  large  tree  or  of  a  building.  —2.  Violent 
pressure  caused  by  a  crowd;  mass  of  sepa- 
rate objects  crowtled  together. 

Strove  who  should  be  smothered  deepest  in 
h'resh  crush  of  leaves.  A'mrj. 

Crushed  (krusht),  p.  and  a.  Pressed  or 
squee/ed  so  as  to  be  broken  or  bruised; 
overwhelmed  or  subdued  by  power;  broken 
or  bruised  by  a  fall;  grievously  oppressed; 
broken  or  bruised  to  powder;  comminuted. 

Crusher  (krush'cr),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  crushes.— 2.  [Slang.]  A  policeman. 

Crush-hat  (krush'hat),  n.  A  soft  hat  which 
may  be  carried  under  the  arm  without  hav- 
ing its  shape  destroyed. 

Crushing  (krush'iug),  a.  Having  the  power 
to  crush;  overwhelming. 

The  blow  must  be  quick  and  crushing.    Macaulay. 

Crush-room  (knish'rom),  n.  A  large  saloon 
in  a  theatre,  opera-house,  &c. ,  in  which  the 
audience  may  promenade  between  the  acts 
or  during  the  intervals  of  an  entertainment. 

Crusian(kro'/hi-an),  n.  Crucian  (which  see). 

Crusily,  Crusuly,  a.  In  her.  same  as  Cru- 
cil'J. 

Crust  (krust),  n.  [L.  crusta,  through  O.Fr. 
crouste.]  1.  A  hard  or  comparatively  hard 
external  coat  or  covering:  as,  the  crust  of 
bread;  the  crust  of  snow;  the  crust  of  a  pie. 

I  have  seen  the  statue  of  an  emperor  quite  hid 
under  a  crust  of  dross.  Aadison. 

2.  A  collection  of  matter  into  a  hard  body; 
an  incrustation;  specifically,  a  deposit  from 
wine,  as  it  ripens,  collected  on  the  interior 
of  bottles,  &c. ,  and  consisting  of  tartar  and 
colouring  matter— 3.  A  piece  of  crust;  a 
waste  piece  of  bread. 

Give  me  again  a  hollow  tree, 

A  crust  ofbread  and  liberty.  Pope. 

4.  A  shell,  as  the  hard  covering  of  a  crab 
and  some  other  animals.— 5.  The  solid  por- 
tion of  our  globe  which  is  accessible  to  our 
inspection  and  observation. 


Crust  (krust),  v.t.  1.  To  cnver  with  a  hard 
case  or  coat:  to  spread  over  the  surface  a 
substance  harder  than  the  matter  covered; 
to  incrust;  to  envclo]i;  as,  to  crust  a  tiling 
with  clay;  to  crust  cake  with  sugar. 

Their  legs,  and  breasts,  and  bodies  stood  cru^cii 
with  bark.  .IttdiiaH. 

With  blackest  moss  the  flower-pots 
Were  thickly  crusted,  one  and  all.    Tennyson. 

2.  To  line  with  concretions.      'Foul  and 
crusted  bottles.'    Swift. 
Crust  (krust),  v.i.    To  gather  or  contract 
into  a  hard  covering;  to  concrete  or  freeze, 
as  superficial  matter. 

The  place  that  was  burned  crusted  and  healed. 
Sir  li:  Temple. 

Crusta  (krus'ta),  n.     [L.]    In  gem  scnli*.  a 

gem  engraved  for  inlaying  a  vase  or  other 

object.— 2.  In  bot.  a  term  applied  to  the 

brittle  crustaceous  thallus  of  lichens.-  :;  In 

zool.  the  bony  covering  of  the  crab,  lolisti T. 

<fec.— 4.   In  auat.   the    layer  of  true    bone 

(crusta  petrosa  =  stony  crust)  which  covers 
the  fang  of  a  tooth,  as  enamel  covers  the 
exposed  crown.  In  the  teeth  of  elephants 
and  rodents  this  substance,  under  the  name 
of  cement,  appears  in  the  crown,  foniiinu 
the  softer  grooves  between  the  hard  enamel 
ridges  of  the  grinding  surface. 

Crustacea  (krus-ta'she-a),  n.  pi.  One  of  the 
three  primary  divisions  or  classes  into  whirh 
annulose  animals  provided  with  articulated 
limbs  are  divided.  The  body  is  divided 
into  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen,  of  which 
the  two  former  are  united  into  a  single 
mass,  cephalothorax,  covered  witli  a  shield 
or  carapace,  and  the  abdomen  usually  pre- 
sents the  appearance  of  a  tail.  In  some — 
the  sandhopper,  woodlouse,  &c. — the  head 
is  partially  distinct  from  the  thorax.  The 
Crustacea  breathe  by  branchiae  or  gills,  or  by 
membranous  vesicles,  or  by  the  general  sur- 
face; and  the  body  is  composed  of  a  series 
of  rings  more  or  lessdistinct.  Theypossess 
the  faculty  of  reproducing  lost  parts  in  an 
eminent  degree.  They  have  a  tegumentary 
or  outward,  calcareous  skeleton,  in  natuie 
obviously  different  from  the  internal  one  of 
the  vertebrata;  it  consists  of  a  great  num- 
ber of  distinct  pieces  connected  together  by 
portions  of  the  epidermic  envelope,  just  as 
among  the  higher  animals  certain  bones  are 
connected  together  by  cartilages.  Several 
species,  if  not  all,  moult  or  cast  these  outer 
skeletons  or  shells  in  the  progress  of  growth; 
this  is  the  case  with  crabs,  crayfish,  Ar. 
They  are  divided  into  sections,  the  Podoph- 
thalmata  or  stalked-eyed,  the  Edriophthal- 
matii  or  sessile-eyed,  the  Cirripedia,  Cope- 
poda,  Ostracoda,  Phyllopoda,  Xiphosura. 

Crustacean  (krus-ta'she-an),  n.  An  animal 
belonging  to  the  Crustacea. 

Crustacean  (krus-ta'she-an),  o.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Crustacea. 

Crustaceologlcal  (krus-ta'she-6-loj"ik-al), 
a.  Pertaining  to  crustaceology. 

Crustaceologlst  (krus-ta'she-ol"o-jist),  ». 
One  versed  in  crustaceology. 

Crustaceology,  Crustalogy  (krus-ta'she- 
ol"o-ji,  krus-tal'o-ji),  n.  [L,  crusta,  a  shell, 
and  Gr.  logos,  discourse.]  That  branch  of 
zoology  which  treats  of  crustaceous  animals. 

Crustaceous  (krus-ta'shus),  a.  [L.  crutta, 
a  shell.)  1.  Pertaining  to  crust;  like  crust; 
of  the  nature  of  crust  or  shell— 2.  Havinc  a 
crust-like  shell;  belonging  to  the  Crustacea; 
crustacean. 

Crustaceousness  (krus-ta'shus-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  having  a  crust-like  jointed  shell 

Crustal (krust'al),  a.    Crusty.    [Rare.] 

Crustalogical  (kras-tal-oj'ik-al),  a.  Same 
as  Cruxtacei>loyical  (which  see). 

Crustaloglst  (krus-tal'oj-ist),  n.  Same  us 
Crustaceologiist  (which  see). 

Crustalogy  (krus-tal'o-ji),  n.  Same  as  Ci -<i«- 
taceology  (which  see). 

Crustated  (krust'at-ed),  o.  Covered  with  a 
crust;  as,  cntstated  basalt. 

Crustation  (krust-a'shon),  n.  An  adherent 
crust;  incrustation. 

CrustifiC  (krust-if'ik),  a.  Producing  a  crust 
or  skin.  [Rare.] 

Crustily (krust'i-li),  adv.  Peevishly;  harshly; 
morosely. 

Crustiness  (krust'i-nes),  n.  1.  The  quality 
of  crust;  hardness.— 2.  Peevishness;  snap- 
pishness;  surliness. 

Crusty  (krust'i),  a.  Like  crust;  of  the  nature 
of  crust;  pertaining  to  a  hard  covering; 
hard;  as,  a  crusty  coat;  a  crusty  surface  or 
substance.— 2.  Peevish;  snappish;  surly. 

How  now,  thou  core  of  envy? 
Thou  crusty  batch  of  nature,  what's  the  news! 
ShaA. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      nOte,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;      ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CRUT 


637 


CRYPTOOAMIA 


Crut  (krut),  n.  [Perhaps  Fr.  crotite,  crust.] 
The  rough  shaggy  part  of  oak  bark. 

Crutch  (krudi),  ».  [O.E.  crucehe;  there  is 
alao  a  form  croteA,  almost  identical  in  mean- 
ing: both  closely  connected  with  A.  S:ix. 
eryee,  cricc,  a  staff,  a  crutch;  D.  kruk.  (',. 
Icnicke,  Dan  /.T//HY,  Sw.  kri/cka,  all  sicni- 
fying  a  crutch.  The  root  is  the  same  as  that 
of  crook,  \vhence  also  L.  L.  croca,  a  crook, 
crucia,  a  crutch.]  1.  A  stall  with  a  curving 
cross  piece  at  the  head,  to  be  placed  under 
the  arm  or  shoulder  to  support  the  lame 
in  walking. 

The  broken  soldier,  kindly  bade  to  stay, 

Shouldered  his  crutch,  and  showed  how  fields  were 
won.  Goldsmith. 

He  (liuripides)  substituted  crutches  for  stilts,  bad 
sermons  for  good  odes.  Macaitlay. 

2.  Fi/j.  old  age.     [Rare  and  poetical.] 

Heauty  doth  varnish  age,  as  if  new  born. 

And  gives  the  crutch  the  cradle's  infancy.    Shalt. 

3.  Any  fixture  or  adjustment  with  a  head  or 
top  like  that  of  a  crutch;  as,  (a)  a  forked 
rest  for  the  leg  on  a  lady's  saddle,     (b)  A 
forked  support  for  the  main -boom  of  a 
sloop,  brig,  or  cutter,  &c.,  and  for  the  driver 
boom  of  a  ship,  when  their  respective  sails 
are  stowed,     (c)  A  piece  of  knee -timber 
placed  withinside  a  ship,  for  the  security  of 
the  heels  of  the  cant-timbers  abaft,    (d)  A 
stanchion  of  wood  or  iron  in  a  ship,  the 
upper  part  of  which  is  forked  to  receive  a 
rail,  spar,  mast,  yard,  &c.,  when  not  in  use. 

Crutch(kruch),  v.  t.  To  support  on  crutches; 
to  prop  or  sustain  with  miserable  helps. 

Two  fools  that  crutch  their  feeble  sense  on  verse. 
Drydett. 

Cnvtclied  (krucht),  p.  and  a.  1.  Supported 
with  crutches. — 2.  Crossed;  badged  with  a 
cross.—  Cm tched  Friars,  an  order  of  friars 
founded  at  Bologna  in  1161),  so  named  from 
their  adopting  the  cross  as  their  special 
symbol.  It  originally  formed  the  head  of 
tlieir  distinctive  staff:  afterwards  they  wore 
it  in  red  cloth  on  their  back  and  breast. 
Their  habit  was  blue.  A  well-known  dis- 
trict in  London  has  its  name  from  its  being 
the  locality  of  their  monastery.  Called  also 
Crouched  Friars,  Groused  Friars,  and  in 
Latin  Cruciati. 

Crux  (kruks),  n.  [L.  crux,  a  cross.  ]  1.  The 
Cross,  a  southern  constellation,  consisting 
of  four  bright  stars,  situated  close  to  the 
hinder-less  and  under  the  body  of  Centaurus. 
2.  [From  crux,  a  means  of  torture.]  Any- 
thing that  puzzles  or  vexes  in  a  high  degree. 

Dear  dean,  since  in  cruxes  and  puns  you  and  I  deal, 
Pray,  why  is  a  woman  a  sieve  and  a  riddle? 

Dr.  Sheridan. 

—  Crux  criticorum,  the  greatest  difficulty 

that  can  occur  to  critics; 

an  extremely  hard  nut 

for  the  critics  to  crack, 

as  a  passage  in  a  Greek 

author. 

Crwth  (kruth),  n.  [W., 
Ir.  cruit,  a  crwth.)  A 
kind  of  violin  witli  six 
strings,  formerly  much 
used  in  Wales.  Four  of 
the  strings  were  played 
on  by  a  bow,  and  two 
were  struck  or  twitched 
by  the  thumb.  Its  gene- 
ral length  was  22  inches, 
and  its  thickness  1J 
inch. 

Cry(kri),».;.  pret.  &  pp. 
cried;  f  ft. crying.  [From  Crwth.— Carl  Engel's 
Fr.  crier,  referred  by  Musical  instruments. 
Diez  and  others  to  L. 
qniritare,  to  cry,  whence  It.  gridare,  O.Sp. 
cridar,  Sp.  gritar.  Wedgwood  and  others 
believe  it  is  onomatopoetic  in  origin,  and 
compare  it  with  G.  schreien;  D.  schreii, 
a  cry,  weeping;  W.  criaw,  to  cry,  to  weep; 
A.  Sax.  grcetan,  Sc.  greet,  to  weep.  ]  1.  To  utter 
a  loud  voice;  to  speak,  call,  or  exclaim  with 
vehemence:  in  a  very  general  sense.  'Call 
to  each  other,  and  whoop,  and  cry.'  Ten- 
nyson.—2.  To  call  importunately;  to  utter 
a  loud  voice  by  way  of  earnest  request  or 
prayer. 

The  people  cried  to  Pharaoh  for  bread.  Gen.  xli.  55. 
The  people  cried  to  Moses,  and  he  prayed. 

3.  To  utter  a  loud  voice  in  weeping;  to  utter 
the  voice  of  sorrow;  to  lament. 

But  ye  shall  cry  for  sorrow  of  heart.     Is.  Ixv.  14. 
Esau  cried  with  a  great  and  bitter  cry. 

Gen.  xxvn.  34. 

4.  To  weep  or  shed  tears. 

Her  who  still  weeps  with  spungy  eyes, 
And  her  who  is  dry  cork,  and  never  cries. 

Donne. 


ft.  To  utter  a  loud  voice  in  giving  public 
notice. 

Go  and  cry  in  the  ears  of  Jerusalem.      Jer.  ii.  2. 
The  voice  of  him  that  crieth  in  the  wil.l 

6.  To  utter  a  loud  inarticulate  sound'  as  a 
dog  or  other  animal. 

In  a  cowslip's  bell  I  lie; 

There  I  crouch  when  owls  do  cry.       Shall. 

7.  To  call  for  vengeance  or  punishment. 

The  hire  of  the  labourers,  who  have  reaped  down 
your  fields,  which  is  of  you  kept  back  l,y  fraud. 
crieth.  Jam.  v.  4, 

— To  cry  against,  to  exclaim  or  utter  a  loud 
voice  by  way  of  reproof,  threatening,  or 
censure. 

Arise,  go  to  Nineveh,  and  cry  against  it.    Jon.  i.  2. 

— To  cry  out,  (a)  to  exclaim;  to  vociferate; 
to  clamour;  to  utter  a  loud  voice. 

And  to  a  spirit  taketh  him,  and  ne  suddenly  crieth 
olft.  Luke  ix.  39. 

(ft)  To  complain  loudly;  to  utter  lamenta- 
tions. 

When  any  evil  has  been  upon  philosophers,  they 
groan  as  pitifully,  and  cry  out  as  loud,  as  other  men. 
Tillotsmi. 

— To  cry  out  against,  to  complain  loudly 
against,  with  a  view  to  censure;  to  blame; 
to  utter  censure. — I  cry  you  mercy,  fl  beg 
pardon. 

Cry  (kri),  v.t.  To  utter  loudly;  to  sound 
abroad;  to  proclaim;  to  name  loudly  and 
publicly,  so  as  to  give  notice  regarding;  to 
advertise  by  crying;  as,  to  cry  goods;  to  cry 
a  lost  child. 

All,  all  cry  shame  against  ye.  5Aa£. 

Then,  of  their  session  ended,  they  bid  cry, 
With  trumpet's  regal  sound,  the  great  result. 

Milton. 

—To  cry  down,  («)  to  decry;  to  depreciate  by 
words  or  iu  writing ;  to  dispraise ;  to  con- 
demn. 

Men  of  dissolute  lives  cry  dtntin  religion,  because 
they  would  not  be  under  the  restraints  of  it. 

TiUotson. 

(b)  To  overbear. 

Cry  cfirwtt  this  fellow's  insolence.         SfiaA. 

—To  crjl  up,  (a)  to  praise;  to  applaud;  to 
extol ;  as,  to  cry  up  a  man's  talents  or 
patriotism,  or  a  woman's  beauty;  to  cry  up 
the  administration.  (d)t  To  raise  the  price 
of  by  proclamation;  as,  to  cry  up  certain 
coins.— To  cry  aim,  t  to  encourage.  SeeAlM. 
Cry  (kri),  n.  1.  In  a  general  sense,  a  loud 
sound  articulate  or  inarticulate  uttered  by 
the  mouth  of  an  animal:  applicable  to  the 
voice  of  man  or  beast.  'One  deep  cry  of 
great  wild  beasts.'  Tenmjmn.—  2.  A  loud  or 
vehement  sound  uttered  in  weeping  or 
lamentation. 

And  there  shall  be  a  great  cry  in  all  the  land  of 
Egypt.  Ex.  xi.  6. 

He  forgetteth  not  the  cry  of  the  humble.     Ps.  ix.  12. 

3.  Clamour;  outcry. 

The  cry  is  still.  '  They  come.'  Shat. 

4  Exclamation  of  triumph,  of  wonder,  or 
the  like.— 5.  Proclamation,  as  by  hawkers, 
of  their  wares;  public  notice  or  advertise- 
ment by  outcry. 

At  midnight  there  was  a  cry  made.     Mat.  xxv.  6. 

6.  Acclamation;  expression  of  popular  favour. 

The  cry  went  once  for  thee.  Shak. 

7.  Public  reports  or  complaints;  noise;  fame. 

Because  the  cry  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrah  is  great. 
...  I  will  go  down,  and  see  whether  they  have  none 
altogether  according  to  the  cry  of  it.  Gen.  xviii.  21. 

8.  Bitter  complaints  of  oppression  and  in- 
justice. 

He  looked  for  righteousness,  and  behold  a  cry. 

9  The  sound  or  voice  of  irrational  animals, 
as  of  fowls,  dogs,  &c.;  expression  of  joy, 
fright,  alarm,  or  want— 10.  A  pack  of  dogs. 

A  cry  of  hell-hounds  never  ceasing  barked.    Milton. 

Hence— 11.  In  contempt,  a  pack  or  company 
of  persons. 

Would  not  this  ...  get  me  fellowship  in  a  cry  of 
players. 

12  An  object  for  which  a  political  party 
professes  great  earnestness  for  electioneer- 
ing purposes;  a  political  catchword. 

•And  to  manage  them  (a  constituency)  von  must 
have  a  good  oyflOA  Taper.  •  All  depends  upon  a 
good  cry.' 

Cryal  t  (kri'al),  n.    [W.  cregyr,  a  screamer. 

Cryer  Tki-i'er),  «.  One  who  cries  or  makes 
proclamation;  a  crier  (which  see). 

Cryer  (krt'er),  n.  The  female  or  young  of 
the  goshawk  (Aitur  palumlianui),  called 
falcon-gentle. 


Crying  (kri'inir),  n.  Calling  f..i-  vengeance 
and  piinishiiH  lit;  n.it. . i  i.  in*. »-.. mm.  >n;  great. 

Heinous  offences  are  called  crying  sin».     l.tnvlli. 

Crying  (ki-i'ing).  n.  1.  Importunate  call; 
clamour;  out.iy. 

There  is  a  crying  tot  wine  in  the    • 

2.  The  act  of  weeping;  lamentation 

And  there  shall  be  no  more  death,  neither  *orrow, 

norrrnn...  Ke».  x.i  4 

Cryolite  (kri'o-lit),  i>.  [Or.  kryot,  cold,  and 
litlua,  stone-ice-stone. ]  (3  NaK.  AUK,.)  A 
fluoride  of  sodium  and  aluminium  found  in 
Greenland,  where  it  forms  a  bed  80  feet 
thick  and  300  feet  long,  of  a  pale  grayish 
white,  snow  white,  or  yellowish  brown  It 
occurs  iu  masses  of  a  foliated  strut-tun-  It 
has  a  glistening  vitreous  lustre.  It  has  !«•- 
c  .mi.  important  as  the  source  of  11,.  im-Ul 
aluminium.  Cryolite  has  also  been  discov- 
ered at  Miask,  iu  the  Ural. 

Cryophorus  (kri-ofo-rus),  n.  [Or.  krym, 
frost,  and  phoreo,  to  bear.)  An  in^tiiim.  nt 
for  showing  the  diminution  <>f  ft-iuix-iatui.- 
in  water  by  evaporation.  One  form  consists 


s 


Cryoplloru*. 


of  two  glass  glolMjs  united  by  a  tube.  Water 
is  poured  into  one  globe  and  Iwiled  to  expel 
the  air,  and  while  boiling  the  apparatus  is 
hermetically  sealed.  When  cool  the  pres- 
sure of  the  included  steam  is  reduced  I.. 
that  due  to  the  temperature-  of  the  surround- 
ing atmosphere.  The  empty  glolw  is  then 
surrounded  by  a  freezing  mixture,  and  rapid 
evaporation  takes  place  from  the  other 
globe,  which  Is  soon  frozen  by  the  rapid 
lowering  of  its  temperature. 

Crypt  (kript),  n.  [Gr.  krypto,  to  hide.)  1.  A 
subterranean  cell  or  cave,  especially  one 
constructed  for  the  interment  of  bodies.  - 
2.  That  part  of  an  ecclesiastical  building,  as 
a  cathedral,  church,  etc.,  below  the  floor, 
set  apart  for  monumental  pun>ose8,  and 
sometimes  used  as  a  chapel. — 3.  In  bot.  a 
round  receptacle  for  secretion  present  In 
the  leaves  of  some  plants,  as  in  the  orange 
and  myrtle. — t.  In  anat.  a  little  rounded 
excrescence,  in  which  the  minute  ramifica- 
tions of  the  arteries  terminate  in  the  corti- 
cal part  of  the  kidneys.  In  the  two  last 
sentences  written  also  Cryjtta. 

Cryptal  (kript'al),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
nected with  a  crypt. 

The  use  of  the  cry  flat  or  follicular  secretion,  b  to 
keep  the  parts  on  which  it  is  poured  supple  and 
moist,  and  to  preserve  them  from  the  action  of  irritat- 
ing bodies  with  which  they  have  to  come  in  contact 
D««tH*>»- 

Cryptic,  Cryptlcal  (kript'ik,  kript'ik-al),  a. 
Hidden;  secret;  occult.  "Cryptic  ways  of 
working.'  Gtanville.  [Rare.] 

Cryptically  (kript'ik-al-li),  adv.    Secretly. 

Cryptobranchlata  (krip't6.brangk'i-a"ta). 
n.  [Gr.  kryptos,  concealed,  and  oiancnin, 
gills.]  A  term  applied  to  animals  which 
have  no  conspicuous  gills. 

Cryptobranchlate  (krip-to.brangk'i-at).  a. 
[Gr.  kryptos,  concealed,  and  branrnia,  gills.  ] 
In  mil.  having  concealed  gills;  destitute  of 
distinct  gills. 

Cryptocepnalusflirin-to-sef'al-us),  n.  [Or. 
kryptiu.  concealed,  and  kephali.  the  head.  ] 
A  genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  of  the 
family  Chrysomelidic,  having  the  head 
deeply  inserted  in  the  thorax,  whence  the 
name.  There  are  upwards  of  twenty  species 
in  this  country,  but  the  most  abundant 
species  is  the  C.  sericeui,  a  little  beetle  <if 
a  brilliant  golden  green  colour,  and  about 
i  inch  in  length. 

Cryptogam  (krip'to-gam).  ».  [See  CRYPTO- 
GA.MV  ]  A  plant  of  the  class  Cryptoganna 
(which  see) 

Cryptogamia  ( krip-to-ga'mi-a ),  «.  pi.  [See 
CiiviToGAMY.]  The  name  given  by  Linna-us 
to  the  large  division  of  the  vegetable  king- 
dom containing  plants  which  do  not  DMT 
true  flowers  consisting  of  stamens  and  pis- 
tils. They  do  not  produce  true  seeds  contain- 
ing an  embryo,  but  grow  from  spores,  which 
are  cells  with  one  or  two  membranes  inclos- 
ing a  uniform  granular  substance.  It  was 
thought  that  the  spores  were  asexual,  but 
Linmeus  appears  to  have  anticipated,  when 
he  gave  the  name,  the  recent  discoveries  of 
two  sets  of  organs  corresponding  in  their 
functions  to  the  stamens  and  pistils  in  Bower- 


ch,  c7(ain;      th,  Sc.  locft;      g,  go;     j.job; 


«H.  Wen;  th,  (Ala;     w,  «*;    wh,  »Ug;    ih.  MB*- 


CRYPTOGAMIAJf 


638 


CRYSTALLOTYPE 


ing  plants.  The  Cryptogamia  are  divided 
into  cellular  and  vascular  cryptogams.  The 
first  group  includes  the  aigie,  fungi,  lichens, 
charas,  liverworts,  and  mosses;  and  the 
second  group  the  ferns,  horse-tails,  moon- 
worts,  rhizocarps,  and  lycopmls. 
Cryptogamian,  Cryptogamic,  Crypto- 
gamous  (krip-to-ga'mi-an,  krip-to-gam'ik, 
Hrip-tog'a-nius),  a.  Pertaining  to  plants  of 
the  class  Cryptogamia,  including  ferns, 
mosses,  sea-weeds,  mushrooms,  &c. 

Cryptogamist(krip-tojf'a-mist),  n.  One  who 
is  skilled  in  eryptogamic  botany. 

Cryptogamy  (krip-tog'a-mi),  n.  (Gr.  kryp- 
ton, concealed,  and  gamox,  marriage.)  Ob- 
scure fructification,  a  term  applied  to  plants 
of  the  class  Cryptogamia.  See  CRYPTO- 
C.AMIA. 

Cryptograph  (kiip'to-graf),  «  fGr.  kryptos, 
concealed,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  Some- 
thing written  in  secret  characters  or  cipher, 
as  a  message;  a  system  of  secret  writing. 

Cryptographer  (krip-tog'ra-fer),  n.  One 
wlio  writes  in  secret  characters. 

Cryptographic,  Cryptographical  (krip- 
to-graf'ik,  krip-to-graf'ik-al),  a.  Written  in 
secret  characters  or  in  cipher,  or  with  sym- 
pathetic ink. 

Cryptography  (krip-tog'ra-fl),  n.  [Gr.  kryp- 
tos, hidden,  and  grapho,  to  write.]  The  act 
or  art  of  writing  in  secret  characters;  also, 
secret  characters  or  cipher. 

Cryptology  (krip-tol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  kryptos, 
secret,  and  logos,  discourse.]  Secret  or  enig- 
matical language. 

CryptonemlacesB  (krip  -  to  -  ne  'mi  -  a"se  -  e), 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  krypton,  concealed,  and  iifina,  a 
spider's  thread.]  One  of  the  largest  natural 
orders  of  rose-spored  sea- weeds.  They  are  of 
a  purplish  or  rose-red  colour,  with  generally 
a  filiform,  gelatinous,  or  cartilaginous  frond, 
composed  wholly  or  in  part  of  cylindrical 
cells  connected  together  into  filaments. 
The  capsules  are  immersed,  and  are  some- 
times compound,  and  the  spores  congre- 
gated without  order.  The  genera  and 
species  are  numerous,  and  occur  in  all 
climates.  Some  of  those  abounding  most 
in  gelatine  are  used  for  domestic  purposes. 

Cryptopentamera  (krip't6-pen-ta"me-ra), 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  krypton,  hidden,  pente,  five,  and 
tneros,  a  part.]  A  section  of  coleopterous 
insects,  having  five  tarsi  to  all  the  legs,  the 
fifth  tarsus  being,  however,  concealed. 

Cryptophagua  (krip-tof'a-gus),  ».  [Gr. 
kryptos,  concealed,  and  phago,  to  eat:  so 
named  from  feeding  on  cryptogams.)  A 
genus  of  coleopterous  insects,  of  the  family 
Engidie.  They  are  minute  beetles,  which 
are  found  in  fungi  and  in  flowers. 

Cryptorhynchldes  (krip.  to-ringk'i-dez), 
n.  pi.  (Gr.  krypton,  concealed,  rhynchos,  a 
snout,  muzzle,  and  eidott,  resemblance.]  A 
sub-family  of  the  Curculionidse,  the  species 
of  which  are  chiefly  distinguished  by  their 
possessing  a  groove  in  the  chest,  into  which 
the  rostrum  is  received  when  at  rest. 

Cryptostomata  (krip-to-stom'a-ta),  n.  pi. 
[Gr.  krypton,  concealed,  and  stoina,  stotnatos, 
a  mouth.]  Little  circular  nuclei  found  on 
the  surface  of  some  algrc. 

Cryptotetramera  (krip'to-te-tra'me-raX 
n.  pi.  [Gr.  krypton,  hidden,  telra,  a  prefix 
signifying  four,  and  ineros,  a  part.  ]  A  sec- 
tion of  coleopterous  insects  having  flve  tarsi 
to  all  the  legs,  the  fourth  and  fifth  being, 
however,  concealed. 

CrypturlnsB  (krip-tu-ri'ne),  n  pi.  [Gr.  kryp- 
tog,  concealed,  and  oura,  a  tail:  the  tail  in 
all  the  species  is  short,  and  in  some  rudi- 
mentary ]  A  small  sub-family  of  South 
American  gallinaceous  birds,  the  tinamous. 
Most  of  them  are  about  the  size  of  a  part- 
ridge or  wood-cock,  and  usually  of  a  red 
bronze  or  gray  brown  colour. 

Crystal  (kris'tal),  n.  [L.  crystallus,  Gr.  kryt- 
tallon,  from  kryon,  frost]  1.  In  chein.  and 
mineral,  an  inorganic  body,  which,  by  the 
operation  of  affinity,  has  assumed  the  form 
of  a  regular  solid,  terminated  by  a  certain 
number  of  plane  and  smooth  surfaces.  The 
chemist  procures  crystals  either  by  fusing 
the  bodies  by  heat,  and  allowing  them  gradu- 
ally to  cool,  or  by  dissolving  them  in  a  fluid, 
and  then  abstracting  the  fluid  by  slow  eva- 
poration.—2.  A  species  of  glass  more  perfect 
in  its  composition  and  manufacture  than 
common  glass.  The  best  kind  is  the  Venice 
crystal.  Hence,  in  a  collective  sense,  all 
articles,  as  decanters,  cruets,  Ac. ,  made  of 
this  material. — 3.  The  glass  of  a  watch-case. 
4.  A  body  resembling  crystal  in  its  qualities, 
as  of  clearness,  transparency,  or  purity,  as 
water  or  other  liquid.  'Down  the  liquid 


crystal  dropt.'  Tennyson.—  Rock  crystal, 
or  mountain  crystal,  a  general  name  for  all 
the  transparent  crystals  of  quartz,  particu- 
larly of  limpid  or  colourless  quartz.  —Ice- 
land crtfKtal,  a  variety  of  calcareous  spar. 
or  crystallized  carbonate  of  lime,  brought 
from  Iceland.  It  occurs  in  laminated 
masses,  easily  divisible  into  rhombs,  and  is 
remarkable  for  its  double  refraction. 
Crystal  (kris'tal),  a.  Consisting  of  crystal, 
or  like  crystal;  clear;  transparent;  pellucid. 
By  crystal  streams  that  murmur  through  the  meads. 
Drydtn. 

—Crystal  Palace,  a  name  used  for  the  first 
time  to  designate  the  gigantic  structure  In 
Hyde  Park,  reared  in  1861,  for  the  exhihi- 
tion  of  the  best  specimens  of  the  arts,  manu- 
factures, &c.,  of  the  British  and  other  na- 
tions, and  subsequently  re-erected  at  Syden- 
ham.  The  name  has  since  been  applied  to 
other  similar  structures. 

Crystallin  (kris'tal-in),  n.  An  albuminous 
substance  contained  in  the  crystalline  lens 
of  the  eye,  and  supposed  by  Berzelius  to  be 
identical  with  globulin. 

Crystalline  (kris'tal-in),  a.  (L  crystallimis; 
Gr.  krystallinos.}  1.  Consisting  of  crystal. 
'Mount,  eagle,  to  my  palace  crystalline.' 
Shak.—2.  Relating  or  pertaining  to  crystals 
or  crystallography. 

Snow  being  apparently  frozen  cloud  or  vapour, 
ted  by  a  confused  action  of  crystalline  laws. 


Whctmll. 

3.  Formed  by  crystallization. 

The  most  definite  of  the  properties  of  perfect 
chemical  compounds  is  their  crystaltint  structure. 
Ifkratll. 

4.  Resembling  crystal;  pure;  clear;  trans- 
parent;  pellucid.      "The  crystalline  sky.' 
Milton.  —  Crystalline  heavens,  in  anc.  astron. 
two  spheres  imagined  between  the  primam 
mobile,  or  outer  circle  of  the  heavens,  which 
by  its  motion  was  supposed  to  carry  round 
all  within  it,  and  the  firmament,  in  the 
Ptolemaic  system,  which  supposed  the  hea- 
vens to  be  solid  and  only  susceptible  of  a 
single  motion.  —  Crystalline  humour,  or  crys- 
talline lent,  a  lentiform  pellucid  body,  com- 
posed of  a  very  white,  transparent,  firm  sub- 
stance, inclosed  in  a  membranous  capsule, 
and  situated  in  a  depression  in  the  anterior 
part  of  the  vitreous  humour  of  the  eye.    It 
is  doubly  convex,  but  the  posterior  segment 
which  is  received  into  the  vitreous  humour, 
is  more  convex  than  the  anterior.    The  cen- 
tral part  is  more  dense  and  firm  than  the 
exterior  parts,  and  is  made  up  of  concentric 
lamellae.     It  is  of  high  refracting  power, 
and  serves  to  produce  that  refraction  of  the 
rays  of  light  which  is  necessary  to  cause 
them  to  meet  in  the  retina,  and  form  a  per- 
fect image  there. 

Crystalline  (kris'tal-in),  n.  1.  A  crystallized 
rock,  or  one  only  partially  crystallized,  as 
granite.—  2.  In  chem.  an  old  name  for  ani- 
line. 

Crystallite  (kris'tal-H),  n.  [Crystal,  and 
Or.  lithun,  a  stone.)  A  name  given  to  whin- 
stone,  cooled  slowly  after  fusion. 

Crystallizable  (kris'tal-iz-a-bl),  a.  That 
may  be  crystallized  ;  that  may  form  or  be 
formed  into  crystals. 

Crystallization  (kris  tal-iz-a/'shon),  n. 
1.  The  act  or  process  by  which  the  parts 
of  a  solid  body,  separated  by  the  inter- 
vention of  a  fluid  or  by  fusion,  again 
coalesce  or  unite,  and  form  a  solid  body. 
If  the  process  is  slow  and  undisturbed,  the 
particles  assume  a  regular  arrangement, 
each  substance  taking  a  determinate  and 
regular  form,  according  to  its  natural  laws; 
but  if  the  process  is  rapid  or  disturbed,  the 
substance  takes  an  irregular  form.  This 
process  is  the  effect  of  refrigeration  or  eva- 
poration.— 2.  The  mass  or  body  formed  by 
the  process  of  crystallizing.  —  Alte  mate  crys- 
tallisation, a  speuies  of  crystallization  which 
takes  place  when  several  crystallizable  sub- 
stances, which  have  little  affinity  for  each 
other,  are  present  in  the  same  solution. 
The  substance  which  is  largest  in  quantity, 
and  least  soluble,  crystallizes  first,  in  part; 
the  least  soluble  substance  next  in  quantity 
then  begins  to  crystallize;  and  thus  different 
substances,  as  salts,  are  often  deposited  in 
successive  layers  from  the  same  solution.  — 
Water  of  crystallization.  See  under  WATER. 

Crystallize  (kris'tal-iz),  ti.t  pret  &  pp. 
crystallised;  ppr.  crystallizing.  To  cause  to 
form  crystals;  as,  common  salt  is  crystallized 
by  the  evaporation  of  sea-water. 

Crystallize  (kris'tal-iz),  v.i.  To  be  converted 
into  a  crystal;  to  unite,  as  the  separate  par- 
ticles of  a  substance,  and  form  a  deter- 
minate and  regular  solid. 


h.ich  species  of  salt  crystallizes  in  a  peculiar  form. 
Lat/titttr, 

Crystallogenic,  Crystallogenical  (kris'- 
tal-6-jcn"ik,  luis'tal-o-jen"ik-al),  a.  Relating 
to  i-r>  stallogeny:  crystal-producing;  as,  cnjs- 
l<ifl":/>'in'<-  attraction. 

Crystallogeny  (kris-tal-oj'e-ni),  n.  [Gr. 
kryxtaWtx,  crystal,  and  gennav,  to  produce  ] 
In  crystal,  that  department  of  science  which 
treats  of  the  production  of  crystals. 

Crystallographer  (kris-tal-og'ra-fer),  n. 
[See  CRYSTALLOGRAPHY.)  One  who  describes 
crystals  or  the  manner  of  their  forma- 
tion. 

Crystallograpliic,  Crystallographlcal 
(kris'tal-6-gral"ik,  kris'tal-o-graPik-al),  a. 
Pertaining  to  crystallography. 

Crystallographically  ( kris ' tal-o-graf " ik- 
al-li),  aitc.  In  the  manner  of  crystallography; 
by  crystallization. 

Crystallography  (kris-tal-og-ra-fl),  n.  [Gr. 
kri/stallos,  crystal,  and  graphe,  description.] 
1.  The  doctrine  or  science  of  crystallization, 
teaching  the  principles  of  the  process,  and 
the  forms  and  structure  of  crystals.  The 
form  of  any  solid  may  be  determined  by 
referring  it  to  three  rectilineal  axes,  inter- 
secting one  another  in  a  single  point.  In 
some  systems  of  crystallography,  ho\v<  \-  r. 
it  is  found  more  convenient  to  refer  the 
forms  of  the  crystals  to  four  axes.  The  fol- 
lowing are  the  generally  adopted  systems:— 


(a)  Monometric,  three  rectangular  axes  all  of 
equal  length.  (6)  Dimetric,  three  rectangu- 
lar axcg,  two  of  equal,  the  third  of  different 
length,  (c)  Hexagonal,  four  axes,  three  of 
equal  length,  in  the  same  plane,  and  in- 
clined to  each  other  at  an  angle  of  60*;  the 
fourth  of  different  length,  and  at  right  angles 
to  the  plane  of  the  other  three,  (d)  Trimetric 
or  rhombic,  three  retangular  axes  of  unequal 
lengths,  (e)  Monoclinic,  three  axes,  two  at 
right  angles  to  each  other,  the  third  per- 
pendicular to  one  and  oblique  to  the  other. 
(/)  Diclinic,  three  axes,  two  at  right  angles, 
the  third  oblique  to  both,  (g)  Triclinic, 
three  axes,  all  oblique  to  each  other.  The 
study  of  crystallography  is  of  great  impor- 
tance to  the  chemist  and  mineralogist,  as 
the  nature  of  many  substances  may  be 
ascertained  from  an  inspection  of  the  forms 
of  their  crystals.— 2.  A  discourse  or  treatise 
on  crystallization. 

Crystalloid  (kris'tal-oid),  a.  [Gr.  krystallua, 
crystal,  and  eidon,  resemblance.)  Resem- 
bling a  crystal.  '  The  grouping  ...  of  a 
number  of  smaller  crystalloid  molecules.' 
Herbert  Spencer. 

Crystalloid  (kris'tal-oid),  n.  The  name 
given  by  Professor  Graham  to  a  class  of 
bodies  which  have  the  power,  when  in 
solution,  of  passing  through  membranes,  ai 
parchment-paper,  easily.  These  he  found 
to  be  of  a  crystalline  character,  and  for 
that  reason  assigned  them  this  name.  Me- 
tallic salts  and  organic  ixtdies,  as  sugar, 
morphia,  and  oxalic  acid,  are  crystalloids. 
They  are  opposed  to  colloids,  which  have 
not  this  permeating  power.  See  COLLOID. 

Crystallomancy (kris"tal-16-man'si),  n.  [Gr. 
kryntallon,  crystal, and  manteia,  divination.) 
A  mode  of  divining  by  means  of  a  transparent 
body,  as  a  precious  stone,  crystal  globe,  Ac  , 
formerly  in  high  esteem.  The  operator  first 
muttered  over  it  certain  formulas  of  prayer, 
and  then  gave  the  crystal  (a  beryl  was  pre- 
ferred) into  the  lianas  of  a  young  man  or 
virgin,  who  thereupon,  by  oral  communica- 
tion from  spirits  in  the  crystal,  or  by  written 
characters  seen  in  it,  received  the  informa- 
tion required. 

Crystallometry  (kris-tal-om'et-ri),  n.  [Gr. 
krystallos,  crystal,  and  metron,  a  measure.) 
The  art  or  process  of  measuring  the  forms  of 
crystals. 

Crystallffmttry  was  early  recognized  as  an  autho- 
rized test  of  the  difference  of  the  substances  which 
nearly  resembled  each  other.  Wluwll. 


picture  on  glass. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       ndte,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CRYSTALLURGY 


039 


CUCKOO 


Crvstallurgy  (kris'tal-i-r-ji),  n.     [Or.  knjs- 
tnllui  and  ciyon,  work.]    Crystallization. 
Crystalology  (kris-tal-ol'o.ji),  n.    [Gr.  Jrnw- 
fcifi'iu',  and  (w/us,  discourse.]  Crystallography 
(which  see). 

Ctenobranchiata  (tcn-o-bransk-iVta),  n. 
pi  [Gr  itets,  ktenox,  a  comb,  and  &«m- 
cliia  Kills.]  Van  der  Hoeven's  tenth  family 
of  molluscs,  characterized  by  spiral  shells, 
and  by  having  the  branchial  cavity  (in  which 
there  are  sometimes  three  branchiae,  some- 
times two,  and  sometimes  only  one)  com- 
posed of  numerous  leaves  like  the  teeth  of 
a  comb,  and  contained  in  the  last  turn  of 
the  shell.  They  have  two  tentacles  and  two 
eyes,  the  latter  often  pediculate.  The 
whelk  is  the  best  known  member  of  this 
family.  The  sexes  are  separate,  and  the 
external  organs  of  generation  are  distinct. 
Some  species  are  fresh-water  and  some  salt. 
Ctenodactylus  (ten-6-dak'til-us),  ».  [Or. 
kteis,  ktenos,  a  comb,  and  daktylos,  a  finger 
or  toe.  ]  A  genus  of  rodent  animals,  of  the 
family  Octodontina,  or  those  possessing  four 
mi  'lars  in  each  jaw.  Each  foot  has  four  toes 
only  and  an  obsolete  clawless  wart  in  place 
of  a  thumb.  The  tail  is  very  short  and 
hairy.  One  species,  termed  the  comb-rat, 
is  a  native  of  the  north  of  Africa. 
Ctenoid  (ten'oid),  a.  [Gr.  kteis,  ktenos,  a 
comb,  and  eidos,  form.]  1.  Comb-shaped.— 
2.  Belonging  to  the  order  Ctenoidei.— Ctenoid 
scale.  See  SCALE. 

Ctenoidei  (ten-oid'e-i),  n.  pi.  The  third 
order  of  fossil  fishes,  according  to  the  classi- 
fication of  Agassiz,  having  scales  jagged  or 
pectinated  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb.  The 
perch,  flounder,  and  turbot  have  scales  of 
this  kind.  The  mode  of  classifying  fishes 
into  four  orders— Ganoidei,  Placoidei,  Cten- 
oidei, and  Cycloidei— from  regard  to  their 
scales,  though  convenient  and  very  simple, 
is  now  partly  abandoned,  as  fishes  are  found 
to  combine  the  characteristics  of  different 
orders. 

Ctenoidian  (ten-oid'i-an),  o.  Belonging  to 
the  order  Ctenoidei. 

Ctenomys  (ten'6-mis),  n.  [Gr.  kteis,  ktenos. 
a  comb,  and  mys,  a  mouse.  ]  A  genus  of  rat- 
like  rodent  animals  in  South  America,  with 
the  habits  of  the  mole.  The  Chilian  tucu. 
tucu  is  the  best  known  species.  See  Tucu 

TUCU. 

Ctenophora  (ten-of'6-ra),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  kteis 
ktenox,  a  comb,  and  pheru,  to  bear.  ]  An  order 
of  acalephs,  of  which  the  genus  Beroe  may 
be  taken  as  the  type.  The  Ctenophora  are 
free-swimming  ocean  forms  which  never 
develop  a  coral.  They  are  gelatinous-likf 
bodies,  spherical  in  form,  very  delicate,  am 
transparent.  Eight  bands  covered  will 
cilia  run  from  pole  to  pole,  by  the  motion 
of  which  cilia  the  animal  moves  along 
The  trace  of  a  nervous  system  has  been  dis 
covered  in  some  forms.  See  BEROE. 
Cub  (kub),  n.  [Etymology unknown.]  1.  Th 
young  of  certain  quadrupeds,  as  of  the  dog 
lion,  bear,  or  fox;  apuppy,  a  whelp.  Walle 
applies  it  to  the  yonng  of  the  whale.— 2. 
young  boy  or  girl:  in  contempt. 

O  thou  dissembling  cub  I    What  wilt  thou  be. 
When  time  hath  sown  a  grizzle  on  thy  case.    S/u 

Cub  (kub),  v.t.  pret.  <t  pp.  cubbed;  ppi 
cubbing.  1.  To  bring  forth;  as,  a  cub  or  cubs 
2.  In  contempt,  to  bring  forth  young,  as 
woman.  '  Cubb'd  in  a  cabin,  on  a  mattres 
laid.'  Dryden. 

Cub  (kub),  n.     [A  form  of  coop.  ]    1.  A  sta 
for  cattle. 

I  would  rather  have  such  in  nib  or  kennel  than 
my  closet  or  at  my  table.  Landor. 

2.  A  cupboard.    Abp.  Laud. 
Cub t  (kub),  v.t.    [See  COOP.]    To  shut  up  o 
confine. 

To  be  cubbed  up  on  a  sudden,  how  shall  he  b 

perplexed,  what  shall  become  of  him?         Burton. 
Cubationt  (ku-ba'shon),  n.   [L.  mbatio,  fro: 

cubo,  to  lie  down.]    The  act  of  lying  dow: 

a  reclining. 
Cubatoryt  (kulia-to-ri),  a.     Lying  dow: 

reclining;  incumbent. 
Cubature  (ku'ba-tur),  n.    [From  cube.  ]  The 

finding  exactly  the  solid  or  cubic  contents 

of  a  body. 
Cubbridge-head  (kub'brij-hed),  n.    Naut. 

a  partition  made  of  boards,  &c.,  across  the 

forecastle  and  half -deck  of  a  ship. 
Cubby,  Cubby-hole  (kub'bi,  kubTri-hol),  n. 

A  snug,  confined  place. 
Cub-drawn  (kub'dran),  a.  Drawn  or  sucked 

by  cubs     'The  cub-drawn  bear.'    Shak. 
Cube  (kub),  n.     [Fr.   cube;   L.  cubus;  Gr. 

kybos,  a  cube,  a  cubical  die.]    1.  Ingcom.  a 

regular  solid  body  with  six  equal  sides,  all 

ch,  cAain;      eh,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go; 


Cube. 


squares,  and  i-nntniiiiii^  ri|iial  angles;  a 
wtangnlar  parallelepiped,  which  hog  all  its 
>ix  sides  squares.  The  cube  is 
ised  as  the  measuring  unit  of 
solid  content,  as  the  square  is 
iiat  of  superficial  conU-nt  or 
area.  Cubes  of  different  sides 
are  to  one  another  as  the  third 
powers  of  the  number  of  units 
n  their  sides.— 2.  In  arith.  the 
>roduct  of  a  number  multiplied  into  itself, 
unl  that  product  multiplied  into  the  same 
number;  the  multiplication  of  any  number 
;wice  by  Itself;  as,  4x4=16,  and  16x4  =  64, 
the  cube  of  4. 

The  law  of  the  planets  is,  that  the  squares  of  the 
times  of  their  revolutions  are  proportional  to  the 
cubes  of  their  mean  distances.  Grew. 

3.  In  alg.  the  third  power  in  a  series  of 
geometrical  proportionals  continued;  as  a 
is  the  root,  a  a  or  a2  the  square,  and  a  a  a 
or  a3  the  cube.—  Cube  root  is  the  number  or 
quantity  which,  multiplied  into  itself,  and 
then  into  the  product,  produces  the  cube ; 
or  which  twice  multiplied  into  itself,  pro- 
duces the  number  of  which  it  is  the  root; 
thus,  3  is  the  cube  root  or  side  of  27,  for 
3x3  =  9,  and  3x9=27.— Duplication  of  the 
cube.  See  DUPLICATION. 
ube  (kub),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  cubed;  ppr. 
cubing.  To  raise  to  the  cube  or  third  power, 
by  multiplying  a  number  or  quantity  into 
itself  twice. 

Cubeb  (ku'beb),  n.  [Ar.  kababan;  Indian 
kebaba.]  The  small  spicy  berry  of  ike  Piper 
Cubeba,  from  Java  and  the  other  East  India 
Isles.  It  resembles  a  grain  of  pepper,  but 
is  somewhat  longer.  In  aromatic  warmth 
and  pungency  cubebs  are  far  inferior  to 
pepper;  but  they  are  much  valued  for  their 
use  in  diseases  of  the  urinary  system.  Some- 
times called  Cubeb-pepper. 
Cubeba  (ku'bc-ba),  n.  The  name  of  a  genus 
of  piperaceous  shrubs,  the  distinguishing 
features  of  which  are  the  dioecious  flowers, 
partially  covered  by  sessile  bracts,  and  the 
fruit  which  is  placed  on  what  appears  to 
be  a  stalk,  but  which  is  only  a  contraction 
of  the  base  of  the  fruit  itself.  They  are 
natives  of  Asia  and  Africa,  and  many  of  them 
are  climbing  plants.  Cubeba  o/icinalis  yields 
the  cubebs  of  commerce.  See  CUBEB. 
Cube-ore  (kub'or),  n.  Hexahedral  olivenite 
or  arseniate  of  iron,  a  mineral  of  a  greenish 
colour. 

Cube-spar  (kiib'spar),  n.     An  anhydrous 
sulphate  of  lime. 

Cubic  Cubical  (kub'ik,  kub'ik-al),  a.  [L 
cubicm,  from  cubus.  See  CUBE.]  Having 
the  form  or  properties  of  a  cube;  that  may 
be  or  is  contained  within  a  cube.  A  cubic 
foot  of  water  is  the  water  that  may  be  con 
tained  within  six  equal  sides,  each  a  foo 
square.— Cubic  number,  same  as  Cube  2.— 
Cubic  quantity, same  as  Cube  3.— Cubic  eijua 
turn,  in  alg.  is  an  equation  in  which  the  high 
est  power  of  the  unknown  quantity  is  a  cube 
Cubica  (kuTji-ka),  n.  A  very  flne  kind  o 
shalloon. 

Cubically  (kub'ik-al-li),  ado.    In  a  cubical 
method. 

Cubicalness  (kub'ik-al-nes),  n.    The  stat 

or  quality  of  being  cubical. 

Cubicular  (kiib-ik'u-ler),  a.    [L.  euMcuiva 

a  sleeping-room.]    Belonging  to  a  chambei 

'  The   inseparable    cubicular    companion 

llowcll. 

[L.  cvom 


Cubiculary  (kub-ik'u-la-ri),  a.    [L. 

lum,  a  bed-room.]    Fitted  for  the  postur 

of  lying  down.    [Rare.] 
Cubiculet  (ku-bi-kul),  n.    [L-  mbiculum,  a 

lied-chiimber.]  Abed-chamber;  a  chamber. 
Cubiculot  (ku-bik'u-16),  «.  A  bed-chamber; 

a  chamber. 

Where  shall  I  find  you!    We'll  call  at  the  "ficuto. 
Shak. 

Cubiform  (kub'i-form),  a.  Having  the  form 
of  a  cube. 

Cubile  (ku-bile),  n.  [L.,  a  couch,  a  bed,  the 
bed  of  a  stone.]  In  arch,  the  ground-work, 
or  lowest  course  of  stones  in  a  building. 

Cubit  (kuljit),  «.  [L.  eubitva.  the  e  bow, 
an  ell  From  a  root  cud,  signifying  to  bend, 
seen  in  Gael,  cubach,  bent,  and  L.  cubare. 
to  lie  down.  ]  1.  In  anat  the  fore-arm;  the 
ulna,  a  bone  of  the  arm  from  the  elbow  to 
the  wrist. -2.  A  lineal  measure  being  the 
length  of  a  man's  arm  from  the  elbow  to  the 
Semity  of  the  middle  finger .The :  cubit 


'ubital  (ku'blt-al),  a.    1  Of  the  length  or 
'  Cubital  tt»tun  '    sir 

T.  Browite.  -  2.  Pertaining  to  the  cubit  or 

ulna;  as,  the  -•«',<'-.•  .inl  artery; 

cubital  muscle.  —Cubital  r.  .  the 

inner  or  posterior  vein  or  ncrvure  of  the 

wings  "f  i'i-rt»iii  insect*. 

ubital  (ku'bit-al),  n.    A  sleeve  for  the  arm 

from  the  I-HK.W  to  tin-  liiinil. 
Cublted  (ku'bit-i-d),  a.   Having  the  measure 

of  a  cubit. 
CubitUB  (ku'bit-us),  n.    (L.]    In  anat.  the 

fore-arm  from  the  i-lbuw  to  tin-  wrist 
Cuba-cube  (kub'6-kub),  ri.     In  math,  the 

sixth  power  of  a  minilx-r,  the  square  ot  the 

cube;  thus,  64  is  the  culm-cube  of  2. 
Cubo-cubo-cube  (kub-6-ktlb'6.kul>),  n.    In 

math,  the  ninth  power  of  a  number;  the 

cube  of  the  cube;  thus,  512  Is  the  cubo-cubo- 

cube  of  2. 
Cubo-dodecahedral  (  kub-6-d6'de-ka-he"- 

dral),  a.     Presenting  the  two  forms,  a  cube 

and  a  dodoethedmL 
Cuboid,  Cuboidal  (kub'oi.l.  kub-old'al),  n. 

[Gr.  kybux,   a  cube,  and  eidot,  likeness.  ] 

1.  Having  the  form  of  a  cube,  or  differing 
little  from  it  ;  as  the  cuboid  bone  of  the 
tarsus  or  ankle  of  man  and  other  vertebral*. 

2.  In  paUeon.  an  epithet  applied  to  the  mid- 
dle bone  of  the  first  tarsal  row,  in  the  hind 
paddle  of  an  Ichthyosaurus  or  plesiosaurui. 

Cubo-octahedral  (kub-o-ok'ta-he"dral),  a. 
Presenting  a  combination  of  the  two  forms. 
a  cube  and  an  octahedron. 

Cucking-stool  (kuk'ing-stol),n,  [O  E.  entire, 
coke,  I  eel.  kuka,  to  ease  one's  self;  IceL 
kukr,  dung,  ordure;  from  the  construction 
of  the  chair.]  A  chair  In  which  an  offender, 
as  a  refractory  woman  or  defaulting  brewer 
or  baker,  was  placed,  usually  before  her  or 
his  own  door,  to  be  hooted  at  or  pelted  by 
the  mob.  The  cucking-stool  has  been  fre- 
quently confounded  with  the  ducking-stool; 
but  the  former  did  not  of  itself  admit  of  the 
ducking  of  its  occupant,  although  in  con- 
junction with  the  tumbrel  it  was  sometimes 
used  for  that  purpose. 

These,  mounted  in  a  chair-curule. 

Which  moderns  call  a  cucting-ilool, 

March  proudly  to  the  river  side.      [tudibras. 

Cuckold  (kuk'old).  n.  (Lit  one  who  is 
cuckooed,  from  O.Fr.  (hypothetical)  coucoul 
=  Fr.  coucou;  L.  CHCWUS,  a  cuckoo;  the  op- 
probrium in  the  term  is  derived  from  the 
cuckoo's  habit  of  depositing  her  eggs  in  the 
nests  of  other  birds.]  A  man  whose  wife  is 
false  to  his  bed;  thehusband  of  an  adulteress. 

Cuckold  (kuk'old),  r.(.  1.  To  make  a  man  a 
cuckold  by  criminal  conversation  with  his 
wife. 

If  thou  can'st  cuckold  him,  thou  dost  thyself  a  plea- 
sure, and  me  a  sport.  Sttai. 

2.  To  make  a  husband  a  cuckold  by  crimi- 
nal conversation  with  another  man. 

But  suffer  not  thy  wife  abroad  to  roam, 

Nor  strut  in  streets  with  Amazonian  pace; 

For  that's  to  cuckold  thee  before  thy  face.    Dryden. 

Cuckoldlze  (kuk'old-iz),  r.t     To  make  a 

cuckold  of;  to  cuckold. 
Cuckoldly  (kuk'old-li),  a.   Having  the  quali- 

ties of  a  cuckold;  mean;  sneaking.    'Poor 

cuckdldly  knave.'    Shak. 
Cuckold-maker  (kuk'old-mak-er).  n     One 

who  has  criminal  conversation  with  another 

man's  wife;  one  who  makes  a  cuckold. 
Cuckoldom  (kuk'old-um),  n.     The  act  of 

adultery;  the  state  of  a  cuckold. 

She  is  conspiring  cuttoldom  against  me.      Drydeti. 

Cuckoldry  (kuk'old-rl),  n.  The  system  nf 
debauching  other  men's  wives;  the  state  of 
being  made  a  cuckold. 

How  would  certain  topics,  as  aldermanity.  cuckolit* 
rv  have  sounded  to  a  Tcrentian  auditory,  thouch 
tercnce  himself  had  been  aliv 


ueiiiiiv  ui  tut  uuwuv  r—erz;         .  ,        f>, 

aiaart-tf^Wag 
^ss&s&f^S£ 

a  inches,  and  the  English  cubit  at  18  inches. 


ami 
states 


e  to  translate  t 


Cuckold's-knot,  Cuckold's-neck  (kuk'. 
oldz-not,  kuk'oldz-nek),  n.  taut,  a  knot 
securing  a  rope  to  a  spar,  the  two  parts 
being  crossed  and  seized  together. 

CuCkOO,  CuckOW  (ku'KO  ku'ko)  n. 
t  Directly  from  Fr.  coucou.  L.  cuculu*  ; 
comp  G  kukuJc.  D.  koekoek,  Gr.  kokkux, 
gkr/toMfl.]  1.  A  scansorial  or  climb  ng 
bird'  of  the  genus  Cuculus,  the  type  of  the 
family  Cuculidffi.  The  note  is  a  call  to  love, 
and  continued  only  during  the  amorous  set 
son  It  belongs  to  the  zygodactylous  or  yoke- 
footed  tribe  of  birds,  or  those  which  have 
the  toes  situated  two  before  and  two  behind. 
so  that  the  feet  are  adapted  rather  Ml"") 
ing  branches  than  for  climbing.  The  true 
cuckoos  to  which  the  typical  appellation 
Cuculus  isnowre8tricted,aremostlyconfln( 
to  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  chiefly 
India  and  Africa,  though  some  are  summer 


CUCKOO-BUD 


640 


CUE 


visitants  of  the  colder  climates.  The  com- 
mon European  cuckoo  (Citcu.hu  catinrun)  is 
a  bird  about  the  size  of  a  small  i>i;,'enri,  or 
rather  appearing  of  that  size,  from  the  great 
abundance  of  its  plumage.  The  well-known 
vernal  call-note  of  this  species  is  generally 
first  heard,  in  the  south  of  England,  about 
the  middle  of  April.  This  bird,  like  the  cow- 
liuiiting,  deposits  its  eggs  in  the  nest  of 
some  other  species,  generally  in  that  of  the 
hedge-sparrow,  mea-li  >w-pij>it,  orpied  water- 
wagtail.  The  yi  uiiig  cuckoo  ejects  from  the 


Cuclcoo  (CHCiilus  canorus). 

nest  its  young  companions  as  soon  as  they 
are  hatched.  The  old  cuckoos  leave  this 
country  in  the  first  week  of  July,  retiring 
southward;  but  the  young  cuckoos  remain 
till  September.  Where  the  mass  of  them 
spend  the  winter  is  not  well  ascertained.  — 
2.  Used  of  persons  in  jest  or  contempt,  equi- 
valent to  the  Scotch  gouk. 

Prince.  Why,  what  a  rascal  art  thou  then,  to 
praise  him  so  for  running! — Falstnff.  A-horscback, 
ye  cuckoo;  but  a  foot,  he  will  not  budge  a  foot. 

Shak. 

Cuckoo-bud  (kn'ko-bud),  ii.  A  plant  of  the 
genus  Ranunculus,  the  11.  bulboeus:  called 
also  Butter-cup. 

Cuckoo-flower  (kuTto-flou-er).  n  Carda- 
viine  pratenxis,  a  native  wild  flower;  also, 
a  name  given  to  the  Lychnis  flus-cuculi. 

Cuckoo-pint  (ku'ko-pint),  n.  A  native  plant, 
the  Arum  iiuiculatum:  called  also  Wake- 
robin.  See  ARCM. 

Cuckoo's-mate,  Cuckoo's-maid  (ku'ko/.- 
mat,  ku'koz-mad),  n.  A  name  given  in  many 
parts  of  England  to  the  wry-neck  or  I'unx 
torquiUa,  from  its  appearing  about  the 
same  time  as  the  cuckoo. 

Cuckoo-spit,  Cuckoo-spittle  (ku'ko-spit, 
ku'ko-snit-1),  n.  A  froth  or  spume  found  on 
plants,  being  a  secretion  formed  by  the  larva 
of  a  small  homopterous  Insect  (Apftrophora 
Hpunifti'iay. 

Cucqueant  (kuk'kwen),  n.  [From  the  first 
syllable  of  cuckold,  and  quean,  a  woman  ) 
A  woman  whose  husband  is  false  to  her. 

I  heard  him  say.  should  he  be  married. 
He'd  make  his  wife  a  cucyitean.        titywovd. 

Cucubalus  (ku-kulm-lus),  n.     A  genus  of 

!>lants,  nat.  order  Caryophyllaceae,  contain- 
ng  a  single  species  with  trailing  stems,  op- 
posite leaves,  and  white  flowers  followed  by 
a  black  berry.  It  is  found  in  Europe  and 
Asia,  and  established  iUelf  for  some  time 
near  London. 

C.iculidae  (ku-kii'li-de),  n.  pi.  [L.  cuculti*. 
the  cuckoo,  anil  Or.  eidos,  resemblance.  ] 
The  systematic  name  for  the  cuckoo  tril>e,  a 
family  of  scansorial  birds,  placed  by  Cnvler 
next  to  the  wry-necks,  characterized  by  a 
slightly  arched  compressed  heak,  a  long 
rounded  tail,  long  wings,  ami  feet  rather 
adapted  for  grasping  a  perch  than  for  climb- 
ing.  See  CUCKOO. 

Cuculinae  (ku-ku-li'ne),  71.  pi.  [L.  cuculus, 
a  cuckoo.  ]  1.  A  sub-family  of  bees,  which  are 
destitute  oMhe  femoral  plates  for  transport- 
ing the  pollen  of  flowers,  and  resort  to  the 
combs  of  other  bees  to  deposit  their  eggs, 
as  the  cuckoo  does  in  the  nests  of  other 
birds.  —  2  A  sub-family  of  the  Cuculidie,  con- 
taining the  genuine  cuckoos. 

Cucullaris  (ku-kul-la'ris),  n.  [L. ,  from  cu- 
cullu*,  a  hood.]  In  anat.  a  broad  hood-like 
muscle  of  the  scapula:  called  also  Traprziwi 

Cucullate,  Cucullated  (ku'kul-at,  ku'kul- 
at-ed),  a.  [L.  cucttllatus,  from  cucullus,  a 
hood,  a  cowl.]  1.  Hooded;  cowled;  covered 
as  with  a  hood.  —2.  Having  the  shape  or  re- 
semblance of  a  hood;  or  wide  at  the  top  and 
drawn  to  a  point  below,  in  shape  of  a  conical 
roll  of  paper;  as,  a  cucullate  leaf  or  nectary. 
3.  Applied  to  the  prothorax  of  insects  when 
it  is  elevated  into  a  kind  of  hood  which  re- 
ceives the  head. 

Cucullus  (ku-kul'us).  n.    [L]    1.  A  cowl  or 


hood  worn  by  the  ancient  Romans  and  by 
monks.— 2.  In  but.  a  hood  or  terminal  hollow. 

Cuculus  (kiYkii-lus),  n.  The  cuckoo,  a  genus 
of  scansorial  birds.  See  CUCKOO. 

Cucumber  (ku'kum-ber),  n.  [Fr.  concombre, 
'•"/'••nitibre,  from  cncumerem,  ace.  sing,  of  L. 
cucumin,  a  cucumber.  ]  The  name  of  a  plant, 
Cucumis  iatiaut;  applied  also  to  its  fruit, 
which  is  edible,  and  in  an  unripe  state  is 
used  in  pickles.  See  CI'CIMH.  >yi/i7/m/  HI- 
*<[uirtinfj  cucumber,  the  Ecballiuni  atjrcntc. 

See  KCBALLICM. 

Cucumber-tree  (kii'kum-ber-tre),  ».  The 
Mtt'ini'lia  m-i/i/iiii'itti.  a  ticautiful  American 
tree  abounding  along  the  whole  mountainous 
tract  of  the  Alleghanies.  See  MAGNOUA. 

Cucumifonn  (ku-ku'mi-fonn),  a.  [L.  cucu- 
mis,  cucumber,  aud/orma,  shape.]  Shaped 
like  a  cucumber;  cylindrical  and  tapering 
towards  the  ends,  and  either  straight  or 
curved. 

CucumiS  (kuTjum-is),  n.  [L.,  a  cucumber.] 
A  genns  of  plants,  nat.  order  Cucurbitaceso, 
containing  about  thirty  species  found  in 
tropical  countries.  They  are  annual  herbs 
from  a  perennial  root,  with  hairy  stems  and 
leaves,  spreading  over  the  ground  or  climb- 
ing. They  have  yellow  flowers,  and  a  round- 
ish, cylindrical,  or  angular  fleshy  fruit.  The 
best  known  species  is  C.  satims  (the  cu- 
cumber), a  native  of  the  Levant,  but  in- 
troduced into  England  in  1573,  and  now 
extensively  cultivated  and  prized  as  an  escu- 
lent. When  young  they  are  pickled  under 
tlie  name  of  gherkins.  The  melon  is  C.  M elo, 
a  native  jierhaps  of  the  Caspian  region,  but 
cultivated  from  the  earliest  times  in  Europe. 
C.  Citrullus  is  the  water  melon,  more  valued 
as  an  esculent  abroad  than  with  us.  C.  Co- 
locunthis  (the  bitter  apple  or  bitter  cucum- 
ber) is  a  native  of  Turkey  and  Nubia.  The 
fruit  is  about  the  size  of  an  orange.  The 
pulp  of  the  fruit  yields  the  colocynth  of  the 
shops. 

Cucurbit,  Cucurbite  (ku'ker-bit,  kuTcer- 
bit),  n.  [Fr.  cucurbite,  L.  cucurbita,  a  gourd.  ] 
A  chemical  vessel  originally  in  the  shape  of 
a  gourd,  but  sometimes  shallow,  with  a  wide 
mouth  It  may  be  made  of  copper,  glass,  tin, 
or  stoneware,  and  is  used  in  distillation. 
This  vessel,  with  its  head  or  cover,  consti- 
tutes the  alembic. 

Cucurbite  (ku-ker'uit-a),  n.  [L,  a  gourd.] 
A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Cucurbitacere. 
There  are  about  a  dozen  species  inhabiting 
the  warmer  regions  of  the  world.  They  are 
creeping  annuals,  with  lobed,  cordate  leaves, 
large  yellow  flowers,  and  fleshy,  generally 
very  large  fruiU.  The  pompiou  or  pumpkin 
gourd  is  C.  Pepo.  There  are  many  varieties 
of  this  species,  one  of  them  being  the  well- 
known  vegetable  marrow.  C.  maxima  (the 
melon-pumpkin)  has  a  very  large  fruit.  A 
specimen  in  England  weighed  no  less  than 
245  Ibs. 

Cucurbitaceae  (ku-ker'bit-a'se-e).  n.pl.  [See 
CUCURBIT  A.]  Anat.  order  of  polypetalous 
dicotyledonous  plants,  with  the  petals  more 
or  less  united  Into  a  monopetalous  corolla, 
consisting  of  climbing  or  trailing  species 
with  unisexual  flowers,  scabrous  stems  and 
leaves,  and  a  more  or  less  pulpy  fruit  An 
acrid  principle  pervades  tne  order;  when 
this  principle  is  greatly  diffused  the  fruits 
are  edible,  often  delicious,  but  when  con- 
centrated they  are  dangerous  or  actively 
poisonous,  as  in  the  colocyuth  and  bryony. 
The  order  comprehends  the  melon,  gourd, 
cucumber,  colocynth,  and  bryony. 

Cucurbltaceous  (ku-ker/bit-a"shus),  o.  Re- 
sembling a  gourd;  as, cticurbitaceou*  plants, 
such  as  the  melon  and  pumpkin  or  pompion. 

Cucurbital  (ku-kerljit-al),  a.  In  hot.  noting 
one  of  the  alliances  of  Dr.  Lindley,  including 
the  gourds. 

Cucurbitive  (ku-kerTjit-iv).  a.  Shaped  like 
the  seeds  of  a  gourd:  said  specifically  of  cer- 
tain small  words. 

Cud  (kud),  n.  [Sax.  cud,  the  cud,  what  is 
chewed,  from  ceowan,  to  chew.  ]  1.  The  food 
which  ruminating  animals  chew  at  leisure, 
when  not  grazing  or  eating;  or  that  portion 
of  it  which  is  brought  from  the  first  stomach 
and  chewed  at  once.  —2.  A  portion  of  tobacco 
held  in  the  mouth  and  chewed;  a  quid  (which 
see). — To  chew  the  cud  (fig.\  to  ponder;  to 
reflect;  to  ruminate.  '  Chewing  the  cud  of 
sweet  and  bitter  fancy.'  Shak. 

Cudbear  (kud'bar),  n.  [After  Dr.  Cuthbert 
Gordon,  who  first  brought  it  into  notice.] 
A  purple  or  violet-coloured  powder,  used  in 
dyeing  violet,  purple,  and  crimson,  prepared 
from  various  species  of  lichens,  especially 
from  Lecanora  tartarea,  growing  on  rocks 


in  Sweden,  Scotland,  the  north  of  England, 
&c.  It  is  partially  soluble  in  boiling  water, 
being  red  with  acids, 
and  violet  blue  with 
alkalies.  It  is  pre- 
pared nearly  in  the 
same  way  as  archil 
The  colour  obtained 
from  cudbear  is  some- 
what fugitive,  and  in 
this  country  it  is 
used  chiefly  to  give 

strength  and  brilliancy  to  the  blues  Used 
with  indigo. 
Cudden  t  (kud'dn).  n.  [Probably  meaning 
originally  an  effeminate  person,  and  of  same 
origin  as  coddle  (which  see).]  A  clown;  a 
low  rustic;  a  dolt.  'The  slavering  cudden 
propped  upon  his  staff.'  Dryden. 
Cuddle  (kud'dl),  ».i.  pret.  &  pp.  cuddled; 
ppr.  cuddling.  [Perhaps  from  Prov.  E. 
crewdle,  croodle,  to  cower,  crouch,  ruddle, 
with  loss  of  r;  comp.  in  this  respect  E.  1,1  ",'„ 
Sc.  bew,  E.  speckle,  Sc.  spreckle.  Skeat  takes 
it  from  couth  in  uncouth.]  1.  To  retire  from 
sight  into  a  close  place;  to  lie  close  or  snug; 
to  squat. 

She  cttddlfs  low  beneath  the  brake.        Prior. 

2.  To  join  in  an  embrace.    [Provincial  Eng- 
lish and  Scotch.  ] 

Cuddle  (kud'dl),  v.t.  To  hug;  to  fondle;  to 
press  close,  so  as  to  keep  warm.  [Provincial 
English  and  Scotch.) 

He'll  mak'  mickle  o'  you.  and  dandle  and  cuddle 
you  like  ane  of  his  ain  OBWdMi  Teunatit. 

Cuddle  (kud'dl).  71.  A  hug;  an  embrace. 
[Provincial  English  and  Scotch.] 

Cuddy  (kud'di),  71.  [Probably  a  word  of  Kant 
Indian  origin.]  Naut.  a  room  or  cabin 
abaft  and  under  the  poop-deck,  in  which 
the  officers  and  cabin-passengers  take  their 
meals;  also  a  sort  of  cabin  or  cook-room  in 
lighters,  barges,  Ac. 

Cuddy  (kud'di).  n.  [Perhaps  abbrev.  of 
Cuthbert.  See  NEDDY.  ]  [Provincial  English 
and  Scotch.)  1.  An  ass;  a  donkey.— 2.  A 
stupid  fellow;  a  silly  fellow;  a  clown.— 3.  A 
three-legged  stand  used  as  a  fulcrum  in 
lifting  or  laying  railroad  blocks. 

Cuddy  (kud'di),  n.  [Sc.  cuddin,  cuth.  Comp. 
cod.]  A  fish  of  the  cod  family,  Corfu*  car- 
bonariiu,  called  also  the  Coal-fsh  (which 
see). 

Cudgel  (kuj'el).  71.  [W.  cogel,  a  cudgel,  from 
cog,  a  lump  or  short  piece  of  wood.)  A  short 
thick  stick;  a  club. 

Do  not  provoke  the  raee  of  stones 

And  cuageis  to  thy  hide  and  bones.       Htidibras. 

—To  cross  the  cudgels,  to  forbear  the  contest; 
to  own  one's  self  beaten.  Sec  under  CROSS. 
— To  take  up  the  cudgels  for  one,  to  stand 
lx>ldly  forth  in  defence  of  one. 
Cudgel  (kuj'el).  ».«.  pret.  &  pp.  cudgelled; 
ppr.  cudgelling.  To  beat  with  a  cudgel  or 
thick  stick;  to  beat  in  general. 

If  he  were  here,  1  would  cudgel  him  like  a  dog. 
SHak. 

—  To  mdgel  one's  brains,  to  labour  intellec- 
tually to  solve  a  difficulty;  to  reflect  deeply 
and  laboriously. 

Cudgel  thy  brains  no  more  about  it;  for  your  dull 
ass  win  not  mend  his  pace  with  beating.  Shak. 

Cudgeller  (kuj'el-er),  n.  One  who  beat* 
with  a  cudgel. 

Cudgelling  (kuj'el-lng),  n.  A  beating  with 
a  cudgel;  as,  I  gave  him  a  cudgelling. 

Cudgel-play  (kuj'el-pla),  n.  A  sham  or  real 
contest  with  sticks. 

Cudgel-proof  (kuj'el-prof)."-   Able  to  resist 
a  cudgel;  not  to  be  hurt  by  beating.   //< 
bras. 

Cudweed  (kud'wed),  ?i.  [Probablycorruptcd 
from  Cotton-weed.]  The  popular  name  of 
the  British  species  of  Gnaphalium,  Filago, 
and  Antennaria,  all  of  which  are  covered 
with  a  soft  cottony  pubescence. 

Cue  (ku),  n.  [Fr.  queue,  L.  cauda,  the  tail 
Wedgwood,  however,  asserts  that  in  its  the- 
atrical uses  it  is  derived  from  <i  (the  flrst 
letter  of  L.  (/uoTido, when),  which  wasmiirked 
on  the  actors'  copies  of  the  plays,  to  show 
when  they  were  to  enter  and  speak.  ]  1.  The 
tail;  the  end  of  a  thing,  as  the  long  curl  of 
a  wig.  or  a  long  roll  of  hair;  queue.— S 
last  words  of  a  speech  which  a  player,  who 
is  to  answer,  catches  and  regards  as  an  inti- 
mation to  begin;  a  hint  given  to  an  actor  on 
the  stage  what  or  when  to  speak. 
When  my  cue  comes,  call  me,  and  I  will  ans*€r: 

3.  A  hint;  an  intimation;  a  short  direction. 

•  The  Whig  papers  are  very  subdued.'  continued 
Mr  Rigby.  'Ah!  they  have  not  the  cue  yet.  said 
Lord  liskdale  Disraeli. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc.  ley. 


CT7E 


641 


CULMINATE 


4.  The  part  which  any  man  is  to  play  in  his 
turn. 

Were  it  my  cue  to  fight.  Shak. 

The  flexible  conclave,  finding  they  had  mistaken 
their  cue,  promptly  answered  in  the  negative. 

Prescott. 

5.  Humour;  turn  or  temper  of  mind. 

My  uncle  (was)  in  thoroughly  good  cue.    Dickens. 
When  they  work  one  m  a  proper  cue, 
What  they  forbid  one  takes  delight  to  do.      Crabbc. 

fi.  The  straight,  tapering  roil  used  in  playing 
billiards. — 7.  A  support  for  a  lance;  a  lance- 
rest. 

Cuet  (kii),  v.t.     To  tie  into  a  cue  or  tail. 

Cuet  (ku),  11.  [From  </,  the  initial  letter  of  L. 
ouo4raw= farthing.]  i.  A  farthing.  Wittier. 
2.  A  farthing's  worth;  the  quantity  bought 
with  a  farthing,  as  a  small  quantity  of  bread 
or  beer.  Nares  says  that  the  term  was  for- 
merly current  in  the  English  universities, 
the  letter  q  being  the  mark  in  the  buttery 
books  to  denote  such  a  portion. 

You  are  fain 

To  size  your  belly  out  with  shoulder  fees, 
Witli  rumps,  and  kidneys,  and  cuts  of  single  beer. 
Bean.  &•  Fl. 

Cuerpo  (kwer'po),  n.  [Sp.  cuerpo,  L.  corpus, 
the  body.]  The  body.—  In  cuerpo,  a  phrase 
borrowed  from  Spanish,  for  being  without 
a  cloak  or  upper  garment,  or  without  the 
formalities  of  a  full  dress,  so  that  the  shape 
of  the  body  is  exposed;  hence,  fig.  naked 
or  unprotected.  '  Exposed  in  cuerpo  to  their 
rage.'  Hudibras. 

Cuff  (kuf),  n.  [From  a  root  that  appears  in 
Sw.  kuf  a,,  to  thrust,  to  push,  to  cuff;  Ham- 
burg dialect,  kvffen,  to  box  the  ears.]  1.  A 
blow  with  the  fist;  a  stroke;  a  box. 

The  mad-brained  bridegroom  took  him  such  a  cuff 
That  down  fell  priest  and  book.  Shak. 

2.  A  blow  or  stroke  in  general.  '  With  wound- 
ing c«if  of  cannon's  fiery  ball.'  Mir.  for  Mags 

Cuff  (kuf),  v.t  1.  To  strike  with  the  flat,  as 
a  man;  or  with  talons  or  wings,  as  a  fowl.— 
'Cuff  him  soundly,  but  never  draw  thy 
sword.'  Shak. — 2.  To  buffet  in  any  way. 
'  Cuffed  by  the  gale.'  Tennyson. 

Cliff  (kuf),  v.i.     To  fight;  to  scuffle. 

The  peers  cujfto  make  the  rabble  sport.     Dryden. 

Cuff  (kuf),  n.  [Perhaps  from  Fr.  cot/e,  It. 
cujfta,  a  covering  for  the  head,  a  coif,  hence 
a  covering  for  the  hand.]  1.  The  fold  at  the 
end  of  a  sleeve;  the  part  of  a  sleeve  turned 
back  from  the  hand.  'Band,  short  cuffs, 
and  a  peaked  beard.'  Arbuthnot, — 2.  Any- 
thing occupying  the  place  of  such  a  fold,  as 
a  loose  band  worn  over  the  wristband  of  a 
shirt. 

CufiC  (ku'flk),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  Cufa, 
in  the  province  of  Bagdad,  which  contained 
the  most  expert  and  numerous  copyists  of 
the  Koran;  specifically  applied  to  the  char- 
acters of  the  Arabic  alphabet  used  in  the 
time  of  Mohammed,  and  in  which  the  Koran 
was  written;  Kufic. 

Cuguar  (kb'gar),  n.     Same  as  Cougar. 

Cui  bono  (ki  bo'no).  [L.]  For  whose  bene- 
fit? Popularly,  for  what  use  or  end?  It  is 
a  contraction  for  Cui  est  bunu?  lit.  to  whom 
is  it  for  a  benefit? 

Cuif  (kuf),  ?i.     Same  as  Coo/. 

Cuinage  (kwin'aj),  n.  [A  corruption  of 
coinage.]  The  making  up  of  tin  into  pigs, 
Ac.,  for  carriage. 

Cuirass  (kwi-ras'),  n.  [Fr.  cuiraxtie,  from 
cuir,  leather,  hide;  L.  coriutn,  the  skin.  The 
cuirass  was  originally  made  of  buff  leather.  ] 
A  breastplate;  a  piece  of  defensive  armour 
made  of  iron  plate,  well  hammered,  and 
covering  the  body  from  the  neck  to  the 
girdle.  The  cuirass  seems  to  have  been  first 
adopted  in  England  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
L,  when  the  light  cavalry  were  armed  with 
Luff  coats,  having  the  breast  and  back 
covered  with  steel  plates.  Subsequently 
this  piece  of  armour  fell  into  disuse,  and 
was  only  re-assumed  after  Waterloo.  The 
1st  and  2d  Life  Guards  and  Royal  Horse 
Guards  Blue  are  now  the  only  cuirassiers  in 
the  British  army. 

Cuirassier  (kwi-ras-ser'),  n.  A  soldier  armed 
with  a  cuirass  or  breastplate.  '  Cuirassiers, 
all  in  steel,  for  standing  fight.'  Milton, 

Cuir-bouilly,  Cuir-bouilli  (kwer-bo-il-li, 
kwer-bo-el-lye),  n.  [Fr.  ]  Leather  softened  by 
boiling,   then  impressed  with  ornaments, 
used   for  shields,   girdles,    sword-sheaths,  | 
small  boxes  or  coffers,  pen-cases,  purses,  j 
shoes,  and  many  other  articles;  also,  in  the  i 
sixteenth  century,  for  hangings  for  rooms  | 
gilded  and  painted,  and,  when  heightened  . 
by  gold  or  silver,  known  as  cuir  dor£  or  cuir  \ 
argent^.     Specimens  in  this  latter  use  are  ; 
still  to  be  seen  at  Chatsworth. 


Cuish,  Cuisse  (kwia),  n.  [Fr.  ctmse-  Pr 
cueuum;  It.  cousin,  from  L.  cuxa,  tin-  hii,  l 
Defeiisiye  armour  for  the  thighs,  originally 
of  buff  leather,  which  was  gradually  sup,.,, 
seded  by  plate  iron  or  steel.  ruMi, •<  u,-iv 
introduced  Into  England  about  tin-  mi, Mi, 
of  the  fourteenth  century.  See  cut  under 

ARMOUR. 

I  saw  young  Harry  with  his  beaver  on, 
(is  cinches  on  his  thigh,  gallantly  armed. 
Kise  from  the  ground  like  feathered  Mercury. 

Cuisine  (kwe-zen'),  "•  [Fr.;  It.  cuciua  from 
L.  cotjuma,  art  of  cooking,  a  kitchen,  from 
Mjuo.tooook  See  COOK.)  1.  A  kitchen;  the 
cooking  department.— 2.  Manner  or  style  of 
cooking;  cookery. 

Cuisse  (kwis),  n.    [Fr.]  See  CUISH. 

Cuisshyn,t  »i.  [O.Fr.  euun'n.]  A  cushion 
Chaucer. 

Cuitikins  (kiit'i-kinz),  n.  [Dim.  from  Sc 
cuit,  the  ankle.)  Gaiters.  (Scotch! 

Cuitle,  Cuittle (kiit'l), ». (.  [Probably  another 
form  of  O.E.  and  Sc.  kittle,  to  tickle-  G 
Htzeln.]  [Scotch.]  1.  To  tickle. 

And  mony  a  weary  cast  I  made, 

To  cuittle  the  moor-fowl's  tail.      Sir  It'.  Scott. 

2.  To  wheedle. 

Sir  William  might  just  stitch  your  auld  barony  to 
her  gown  sleeve,  and  he  wad  sune  cuitle  another  out 
o  somebody  else.  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Culdee  (kul'de),  n.  [Gael,  ceile,  servant,  and 
De,  God,  afterwards  Latinized  into  cultrjr 
Dei,  worshipper  of  God.  ]  One  of  an  ancient 
order  of  monks  who  formerly  lived  in  Scot- 
land, Ireland,  and  Wales,  and  are  supposed 
to  have  been  originated  in  the  sixth  century 
by  St.  Columba,  who  evangelized  the  western 
parts  of  Scotland,  and  founded  the  famed 
monastery  in  lona. 

Cul-de-sac  (kul'de-sak),  n.  [Fr,  lit.  the 
bottom  of  a  bag.]  1.  A  street  which  is  not 
open  at  both  ends;  a  place  that  has  no 
thoroughfare;  a  blind  alley.— 2.  ililit.  the 
situation  in  which  an  army  finds  itself  when 
it  is  hemmed  in  behind  and  at  the  sides, 
and  has  no  exit  but  by  the  front.— 3.  In  nat. 
hist,  any  natural  cavity  or  bag,  or  tubular 
vessel,  open  only  at  one  end.— 4.  Fig.  an 
inconclusive  argument. 

Culerage  (kul'er-aj),  n.  [Fr.  ml,  L  culm, 
the  posteriors.  ]  A  plant,  Polyrjunum  hydro- 
piper.  Called  also  Smart-weed  and  Arse- 
smart.  See  SMART-WEED. 

Culettes  (leu-lets').  11.  pi.  [Dim.  of  Fr.  cut. 
the  posteriors.]  In  anc.  armour,  the  over- 
lapping plates  from  the  waist  to  the  hip 
which  protected  the  back  of  the  knight. 

Culex  (ku'leks),  n.  [L  ,  a  gnat.  ]  A  genus  of 
insects,  including  the  common  gnat  (C. 
pipieiw),  the  type  of  the  sub-familyCulicidie. 

Culicidae  (ku-lis'i-de).  n.  pi.  A  sub-family  of 
dipterous  insects,  family  Tipulidae.  The 
genus  Culex  comprehends  the  common  gnat 
and  the  mosquito. 

Cuneiform  (ku-lis'i-form),  n.  [L.  culex, 
ctilicis,  a  gnat  or  ilea,  and  forma,  form.] 
Of  the  form  or  shape  of  a  gnat  or  flea. 

Culilawan  Bark  (ku-lil'a-wan  bark),  n.  A 
valuable  aromatic,  pungent  bark,  the  pro- 
duce of  Cinnamotitttm  Culilawan.  a  tree  of 
the  Moluccas,  useful  in  indigestion,  iliar- 
rluea,  itc.  It  conies  to  market  covered  with 
a  white  epidermis,  but  is  reddish  yellow 
inside.  Called  also  Clone-bark. 

Culinarily  (ku'lin-a-ri-li),  arfc.  In  the  man- 
ner of  a  kitchen  or  cookery;  in  connection 


from  citna,  ..  cona  conr.  or  cotjtt- 
ina),  a  kitchen.  ]  Kelating  to  the  kitchen,  or 
to  the  art  of  cookery;  used  in  kitchens;  as, 
a  culinary  fire;  a  culinary  vessel;  culinary 
herbs. 

Cull  (kul),  v.t.  [Fr.  cueillir;  Pr.  coillir;  It. 
coyliere,  from  L.  cofligere,  to  collect—  col  for 
con,  together,  and  legere,  to  gather.]  1.  To 
pick  out;  to  separate  one  or  more  things 
from  others;  to  select  from  many;  as,  to 
cull  flowers. 

One  rose,  but  one,  by  those  fair  finge 
Were  worth  a  hundred  kisses. 

2.  To  gather;  to  pick  up;  to  collect. 


lled 
Tennyson. 


And  much  of  wild  and  wonderful 

In  these  rude  isles  might  fancy  cull.      Sir  IP.  Scott. 
In  mine  own  lady-palm  I  ratfWthe  spring 
That  gather'd  trickling  drop-wise  from  the  cleft, 
And  made  a  pretty  cup  of  both  my  hands. 

Tennyson. 

Cull  (kul),  n.   [Contr.  of  cully  (which  see).] 
A  fool;  a  dupe. 
Cullender  (kul'en-der),  ».    A  strainer.   See 


COLANUEK. 


Culler  (ktil'er),  n.  One  who  picks  or  choosei 

from  iii.ni\ 
Culletikui  ,,,),,.„ 

glass  brought  to  the  glass-noun  .  i,,r  tb, 

purpose   of    being    melt.-il    up    with   fresh 

material!, 
CullibUltyt  (kul-l-bin-ti).  ».    |Kr..mcu«v.] 

l  iv.luhty;  easiness  of  belief. 

>  e  never  derigned  Gay  to  be  above  two 

an  J  twenty,  |.y  hu  IhoughUeuiMH  and  cuUiMItt,. 


Gullible  (kul'i  bl),  a.  Gullible;  easily  cheat- 
ed. [Rare.  ] 

Culling  (kul'ing),  n.  Anything  selected  or 
separated  from  a  mass;  refuse;  specifically 

.1     :•    •    IMIli     m/.cil     II)  nil     ! 

Culllont  (kul'yun),  n.  [O.Fr.  couiUtm.  It 
cogliont,  a  testicle,  from  L.  cofeiu,  cuU\u 
the  scrotum.]  1.  A  testicle.  Cotgrute  - 

2.  A  mean  wretch;  a  base  fellow;  a  poltroon 
or  dastard. 

Away,  base  tuition,.  ska*. 

3.  A  round  or  bulbous  root;  an  orchis. 
Cullionly  t  (kul'yun-U),  a.    Mean;  base. 

You  whoreson,  cuttwnly  barber-monger,  draw. 

Culllst  (kiil'ls),  ii.  [Fr.  eoulit,  from  antler. 
to  strain.]  Broth  of  boiled  meat  strained, 
a  savoury  kind  of  jelly. 

He  that  melteth  in  a  consumption  is  to  be  recured 
by  entities,  not  conceits.  l*yty, 

Cullls(kuris),n.  [fr.cmttitK,  a  groove,  from 
cottier,  to  run.]  In  arch,  a  gutter  In  a  roof 

Culllsen.t  Cullizant  (kuri-sun,  kul'i-zan),n 
An  ancient  corruption  of  cognizance,  or 
badge  of  arms. 

A  blue  coat  without  a  cutlitan  will  be  like  hab- 
berdine  without  mustard.  OivUi  Almanack,  1618 

Culls  (kulz),  n.  pi.  Tlv  name  given  In 
Canada  to  second-class  timber,  from  which 
the  best  has  been  selected. 

Cullumbinet  (kul'um-bin),  n.  Columbine. 
Spenser. 

Cully  OiUlli),  n.  [Sp.  Gypsy  chulai,  a  man; 
Turk.  Gypsy  Ichulai,  a  gentleman  — 'a  dis- 
tinction (that  of  meaning  gentleman)  which 
the  word  cully  often  preserves  in  England, 
even  when  used  in  a  derogatory  sense,  as  of 
a  dupe.'  Leland.]  A  man  or  boy;  specifi- 
cally, a  person  who  is  meanly  deceived, 
tricked,  or  imposed  on,  as  by  a  sharper,  jilt, 
or  strumpet;  a  mean  dupe. 

I  have  learned  that  this  fine  lady  does  not  live  far 
from  Covent  Garden,  and  that  I  am  not  the  first 
cully  whom  she  has  passed  upon  for  a  countess. 

AddisoH. 

Cully  (kulli),  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  cullied;  ppr. 
cuUying.    [See  the  noun.]    To  de- 

\ceive;  to  trick,  cheat,  or  impose  on; 
to  JUt.   '  Trick  to  cully  fools. '  fom- 
I       fret. 
CuUyism  (kulli-izm),  n.   The  state 
J       of  being  a  cully.    Spectator. 

Culm  (kulm),  ii.   (L.  cufmu«,  a  stalk. 
The  same  root  is  seen  in  L  calamu*. 
Gr.kalamoa,  a  reed;  E.  haulm.]   In 
liot.  the  jointed  and  usually  hollow 
stem  of  grasses,  which  is  herba- 
ceous in  most  grasses,  but  woody 
and  tree-like  in  the  bamboo. 
Culm  (kulm),  n.     [Perhaps  another 
spelling  of  coom;  or  akin  to  coal.  ] 
Anthracite  shale,  an  impure  shaly 
kind  of  coal.    The  anthracite  shales 
of    North    Devon    are    sometimes 
Culm,     treated  of  in  geological  works  under 
the  name  of  culm  measure*  as  a 
lower  carboniferous  group. 
Culmen  (kul'inen),  n.    [L]    Top;  summit. 
'  At  the  ci((m«ii  or  top  was  a  chapel.'    Sir 
T.  Herbert, 

Culmlferous  (kulm-if  'er-us),  a.  (L.  culmtu, 
a  stalk,  and/era,  to  bear.]  Bearing  culms. 
Clllmiferous  plants  have  a  smooth  jointed 
stalk,  usually  hollow,  and  wrapped  about  at 
each  joint  with  single,  narrow.sharp-pointed 
leaves,  as  wheat,  rye.  oats,  and  barley. 
Culmiferous  (knm-if  'er-us),  a.  [Culm,  an- 
thracite, and/ero,  to  bear.]  Abounding  in 
culm. 

Culminant  (kul'min-ant),  a.  Being  vertical, 
or  at  the  highest  point  of  altitude;  hence, 
predominating. 

Culminate  (kul'min-at),  c.i  pret.  &  pp. 
culminated;  ppr.  culminating.  [L.  culmen, 
a  top  or  ridge.]  1.  To  1*  vertical;  to  come 
or  be  in  the  meridian;  to  be  In  the  liighest 
point  of  altitude,  as  a  planet 

As  when  his  beams  at  noon 
Culminate  from  the  equator.  Milton. 

2.  To  reach  the  highest  point,  as  of  rank, 
power,  size,  numbers,  or  quality. 

The  house  of  Burgundy  was  rapidly  nilminatiur. 
and  as  rapidly  curtailing  the  political  privileges  i  I 
the  Netherlands  Motley. 


ch,  cVmin;      ch,  Sc.  lorfi; 
VOL.  I. 


8,30; 


j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;      TH,  Men;  th,  Ma; 


w  trig;    wh,  u-Aig;    zh.  azure.— See  KEY. 
41 


CULMINATE 


642 


CUMBRANCE 


Culminate  (kul'min-at),  a.  Growing  up- 
ward, us  distinguished  from  a  lateral  gro \vtli: 
applied  to  the  growth  of  corals.  Dana. 

Culminating   ^knl'min-at-ing),    p.   or  a. 

1.  Being  at  the  meridian;  having  its  highest 
elevation. — 2.  Being  at  its  highest  point,  as 
of  rank,  power,  size,  numbers,  or  quality. 

This  Madonna,  with  the  sculpture  round  her,  re- 
presents the  culminating  power  of  Gothic  art  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  Ruskin. 

Culmination  (kul-min-a'shon),  n.  1.  The 
transit  of  a  planet  over  the  meridian,  or 
highest  point  of  altitude  for  the  day. — 

2.  Top;  crown. — 3.  Fig.  the  condition  of 
any  person  or  thing  arrived  at  the  most 
brilliant  or  important  point  of  his  or  its 
progress. 

Culpability  (knlp-a-lnl'i-ti),  n.  [See  CULP- 
ABLE. J  Blamableness;  culpableness. 

Culpable  (kulp'a-bl),  a.  [L.  eulpabttis,  from 
culpa,  a  fault.  ]  1.  Deserving  censure;  blam- 
able;  blameworthy;  immoral;  faulty:  said 
of  persons  or  their  conduct 

If  he  (man)  acts  according  to  the  best  reason  he 
hath,  he  is  not  culpable  though  he  be  mistaken  in 
his  measures.  Sharp. 

All  such  ignorance  is  voluntary  and  therefore  culp- 
able. South. 

2.t  Guilty. 

These  being  perhaps  culpable  of  this  crime. 

Sfenser. 

SYN.  Blamable,  blameworthy,  censurable, 
faulty,  wrong,  criminal,  immoral,  sinful. 

Culpableness  (kulp'a-bl-nes),  n.  Blamable- 
ness;  guilt;  the  quality  of  deserving  blame. 

Culpably  (kulp'a-bli),  adv.  Blamably;  in 
a  faulty  manner;  in  a  manner  to  merit  cen- 
sure. 

Culpatpry  (kulp'a-to-ri),  a.  Inculpatory; 
censuring;  reprehensory. 

Adjectives  .  .  .  commonly  used  by  Latin  authors 
in  a  c'nlpatory  sense.  ll',ti'f,>le. 

Culpon, *  ».  [Fr.  coupon,  a  part.]  A  shred; 
a  log.  'Culpons  wel  arraied  for  to  breuue.' 
Cha  ueer. 

Culprit  (kul'prit),  n.  [Probably  for  culpat, 
from  old  law  Latin  culpatus,  one  accused, 
from  L.  culpo,  to  blame,  accuse.]  1.  A  per- 
son arraigned  in  court  for  a  crime. 

Neither  the  culprit  nor  his  advocates  attracted  so 
much  notice  as  the  accusers.  Maeautay. 

2.  A  criminal;  a  malefactor. 

The  culprit  by  escape  grown  bold 

Pilfers  alike  from  young  and  old.  Moore. 

Cult  Ocult),  »  [Fr.  culte,  from  L.  cultus, 
cultivation,  worship,  from  colo,  cultum,  to 
till,  tend,  reverence,  worship.]  1.  Homage; 
worship. 

Every  man  is  convinced  of  the  reality  of  a  better 
self,  and  of  the  cult  or  homage  which  is'due  to  it. 
Siiaftesbury. 

2.  A  system  of  religious  belief  and  worship, 
especially  the  rites  and    ceremonies   em- 
ployed in  worship. 

That  which  was  the  religion  of  Moses  is  the  cere- 
monial or  cult  of  the  religion  of  Christ.  Coleridge. 

Cultch  (kulch),  n.     The  spawn  of  the  oyster. 

Cultelt  (kul'tel),  n.  [L.  cidtellu*.  dim.  of 
cidttr,  a  knife.  ]  A  long  knife  carried  by  a 
knight's  attendant. 

Culter  (kul'ter),  n.  [L.]  A  coulter  (which 
see). 

Cultivable(kul'ti-va-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being 
tilled  or  cultivated. 

Cultivatable(kul'ti-vat-a-bl),rt.  Cultivable,. 

Cultivate  (kul'ti-vat),  r.t.  pret.  &  pp.  culti- 
vated; ppr.  cultivating.  [L.L.  ctdtivare, 
cultit'fitum,  from  citltmt,  pp.  of  colo,  cultum, 
to  till.]  1.  To  till;  to  prepare  for  crops;  to 
manure,  plough,  dress,  sow,  and  reap;  to 
labour  or  manage  and  improve  in  hus- 
bandry; as.  to  cultivate  land;  to  cidtieate  a 
farm.—  2.  To  improve  by  labour  or  study;  to 
advance  the  growth  of;  to  refine  and  im- 
prove by  correction  of  faults  and  enlarge- 
ment of  powers  or  good  qualities;  to  labour 
to  promote  and  increase;  to  cherish;  to 
foster;  as,  to  cult  ivate  talents;  to  cultivate 
a  taste  for  poetry. 

The  king  was.  moreover,  always  reading  to  reward 
them;  he  was  a  man  of  cnltii>attd  t.istt-s,  and  he  de- 
lighted to  be  thought  the  patron  of  literature. 

Buckle. 

3.  To  direct  special  attention  to;  to  devote 
study,  labour,  or  care  to;  to  study ;  to  foster; 
to  endeavour  to  propitiate;  as,  to  cultivate 
acquaintance.  '  Leisure  to  cultivate  general 
literature. '    Wordsworth. 

I  ever  looked  on  Lord  Keppel  as  one  of  the  great- 
est and  best  men  of  his  age;  and  I  loved  and  culti- 
vated him  accordingly.  Burke. 

4.  To  improve;  to  meliorate  or  to  labour  to 
make  better;  to  correct ;  to  civilize.     '  To 
ctdtioate  the  wild  licentious  savage.'  Addi- 


son.— ft.  To  raise  or  produce  by  tillage;  as, 
tit  atifir/tti'  corn  or  grass. 
Cultivation  (kul-ti-va'shou),  n.    1.  Hie  act 
or  in-iir  tire  of  tilling  and  preparing  for  crops;  ; 
husbandry;  the  management  of  land;  as, 
laud  is  improved  by  judicious  cultivation.  \ 

2.  Study,  care,  anil  practice  directed  to  im-  ; 
provement,  correction,  enlargement,  or  in- 
crease ;    the    application  of  the  means  of  j 
improvement,  correction,  enlargement,  or  , 
increase;  as,  men  may  grow  wiser  by  the  1 
cultivation  of  talents;  they  may  grow  better  j 
by  the  cultivation  of  the  mind,  of  virtue, 
and  of  piety.  —3.  The  act  or  process  of  pro-  ; 
ducing  by  tillage;  as,  the  cultivation  of  corn  , 
or  grass. —4.  The  state  of  being  cultivated 
or  refined;  culture;  refinement. 

Italy  .  .  .  was  but  imperfectly  reduced  to  culti- 
vation, l>efur<j  the  irruption  of  the  barbarians. 

//,(//,!  OT. 

SYN.  Husbandry,  culture,  civilization,  re- 
finement, melioration,  advancement. 
Cultivator  (kuTti-vat-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
tills  or  prepares  land  for  crops;  one  who 
manages  a  farm,  or  carries  on  the  operations 
of  husbandry  in  general;  a  farmer;  a  hus- 
bandman; an  agriculturist— 2.  One  who 
studies  or  labours  to  improve,  to  promote, 
and  advance  in  good  qualities,  or  ingrowth. 

The  most  successful  cultivators  of  physical  science. 
Buckle. 

3.  An  agricultural  implement,  sometimes  in 
the  form  of  a  small  harrow,  used  in  the 
tillage  of  growing  crops  for  the  purpose  of 
loosening  the  earth  about  the  roots  of  the 

Cuitrated,  Cultrate  (kul'trat-ed,  kul'trat), 
a.  1 1.  cultratus,  from  culter,  a  plough- 
share or  pruning  knife.)  Sharp-edged  and 
pointed;  coulter-shaped  or  shaped  like  a 
pruning  knife,  as  when  a  body  is  straight  on 
one  side  and  curved  on  the  other;  as,  the 
beak  of  a  bird  is  convex  and  cultrated. 

Cultriform  (kul'tri-form),  a.  Cultrated 
(which  see). 

Cultrirostral  (kul  tri-ros'tral),  a.  Having 
a  bill  shaped  like  the  coulter  of  a  plough, 
or  like  a  knife,  as  the  heron.  See  CULTRI- 
ROSTRES. 

Cultrirostres  (kul-tri-ros'trez),  n.  pi.  [L. 
culter,  a  ploughshare,  and  rostrum,  a  beak.] 
Qrallatorial  birds  distinguished  by  a  bill 
which  is  large,  long,  and  strong,  and  most 
frequently  pointed,  such  as  cranes,  herons, 
storks,  AC. 

Cultrivorous  (kul-tri'v6-rus),  a.  [L.  cutter, 
cultri,  a  knife,  and  voro,  to  swallow.]  Swal- 
lowing, or  seeming  to  swallow,  knives. 
Dunglison. 

Cultural  (kul'tur-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  cul- 
ture; specifically,  pertaining  to  mental  cul- 
ture or  discipline;  educational;  promoting 
refinement  or  education. 

Culture  (kul'tur),  n.  [L.  cultura,  from  colo, 
cnltum,  to  till.]  1.  The  act  of  tilling  and 
preparing  the  earth  for  crops;  cultivation; 
the  application  of  labour  or  other  means 
of  improvement. 

We  ought  to  blame  the  culture,  and  not  the  soil. 

Pope. 

2.  The  application  of  lal>our  or  other  means 
to  improve  good  qualities  or  growth;  spe- 
cifically, any  training  or  discipline  by  which 
man's  moral  and  intellectual  nature  is  ele- 
vated; the  result  of  such  training;  enlighten- 
ment; civilization;  refinement;  as,  the  cul- 
ture of  the  mind;  the  culture  of  virtue;  a 
man  of  culture. 

The  word  citlture  has  made  its  way  among  us  from 
Germany  mainly  through  the  influence  of  that  very 
Goethe  who  has  just  been  referred  to.  ...  We 
speak  now  of  the  culture,  whether  of  a  nation  or 
individual,  as  a  kind  of  collective  noun  for  all  that 
refers  to  the  higher  life.  Macmillan's  Afaf. 

The  power  of  the  preacher  was  a  main  factor  in 
the  early  stages  of  the  culture  of  Christendom. 

Rev.  J.  Bald-win  Brown. 

Culture  (kul'tur),  v.t.  pret.  «fc  pp.  cultured; 

ppr.   culturing.     To  cultivate.      '  Cultured 

rales. '    Shemstone. 
Cultured  (kul'turd),  a.      Having  culture; 

refined. 

The  sense  of  beauty  in  nature,  even  among  cul- 
tured people,  is  less  often  met  with  than  other  mental 
endowments.  Is.  Taylor. 

Cultureless  (kul'tur-les),  a.     Having  no 

culture. 
Culturist  (kul'tur- 1st),  n.  A  cultivator. 

[Rare.] 
Culver  (kul'ver),  «.  [Sax.  cul/er,  cidfra; 

perhaps  from  L.  columba,  a  dove.]    A  dove; 

a  pigeon. 

Had  he  so  done,  he  had  him  snatched  away 

More  light  than  culver  in  the  faulcon's  fist.  Spenser. 

Culver  (kul'ver),  n.    A  culrerin  (which  see). 


Falcon  and  culver,  on  each  tower. 
Stood  prompt  their  deadly  hail  to  shower. 

Sir  IT.  Scott. 

Culver -houset  (kul'ver-hous),  n.  A  dove- 
cote. 

Culverin  (kuWer-inX  n.  [Fr.  ctmli-tn-nm-, 
from  L  combrimus,  from  coluber,  a  serpent.) 
Along,  sluiider  piece  of  ordnance  or  artillery, 
serving  to  carry  a  ball  to  a  great  distance; 
so  named,  either  because  it  was  long  ami 
slender  like  a  serpent,  or  because  it  was 
antamented  with  sculptured  serpents.  It 
was  generally  an  18-pounder. 

I  lurrah  !  the  foes  are  moving !   Hark  to  the  mingled  din 

Of  fife,  anil  steed,  and  trump,  and  drum,  aim  roaring 

culverin,  Macau  lay. 

Culverkey  (ktil'ver-ke),  n.  1.  A  bunch  of 
tin-  pods  of  the  ash-tree.  Goodrich. — 2.  A 
flower,  the  columbine.  '  A  girl  cropping 
<•"/»•  rfceyti  and  cowslips  to  make  a  garland." 
Wntion. 

Culvert  (kul'vert),  n.  [O.Fr.  culvert;  Fr. 
couvert,  a  covert,  a  covered  walk,  from 
couvrir,  to  cover.  See  COVER.]  An  arched 
drain  of  brickwork  or  masonry  carried  under 
a  road,  railway,  canal,  &c.,  for  the  passage 
of  water. 

Culvertail  (kul'ver -tal),  n.  [Culver,  a  dove, 
and  tail.}  In  joinery  and  carp,  a  dove-tail 
joint,  as  the  fastening  of  a  snip's  carl  ings 
into  the  beam. 

Culvertailed  (kul'ver-tald),  a.  I'nited  or 
fastened,  as  pieces  of  timber,  by  a  dove-tailed 
joint:  a  term  used  by  shipwrights. 

Cumarin  (ku'ma-rin),  n.  Same  as  Cou- 
mariite. 

Cumas  (ku'mas),  n.    Quamash  (which  see). 

Cum  bent  t  (kum1>ent),  a.  [L.  cumbo.]  Lying 
down.  '  Cumbent  sheep.'  Dyer. 

Cumber  (kum'ber),  v.t.  [Fr.  encombrer,  to 
encumber;  L.  L.  incombrare,  to  impede, 
from  eoffifrrtur,  cwnbnu,  a  mass,  as  of  cut 
wood,  (orcumblus,  from  L.  cumulus,  a  heap 
(whence  also  cumulate),  by  insertion  of  b 
(comp.  number)  and  change  of  I  to  r.J  1  To 
overload;  to  overburden. 

A   variety   of  frivolous   arguments    cumbers  the 
memory  to  no  purpose.  Locke, 

2.  To  check,  stop,  or  retard,  as  by  a  load  or 
weight;  to  make  motion  difficult;  to  obstruct. 

Why  asks  he  what  avails  him  not  in  fight, 

Ana  would  but  cumber  and  retard  his  night.  Dryden. 

3.  To  perplex  or  embarrass ;  to  distract  or 
trouble. 

1  pray  you,  O  excellent  wife,  not  to  cumber  your- 
self and  me  to  get  a  rich  dinner  for  this  man  or  this 
woman  who  has  alighted  at  our  gate.     Emerson. 
Domestic  fury,  and  fierce  civil  strife, 
Shall  cumber  all  the  parts  of  Italy.     Shak. 

4.  To  trouble;  to  be  troublesome  to;  to 
cause  trouble  or  obstruction  in,  as  anything 
useless ;  as,  brambles  cumber  a  garden  or 
field. 

Cumber  (kum'ber),  «.  Hindrance;  obstruc- 
tion; burdensomeness;  embarrassment;  dis- 
turbance ;  distress.  [Obsolescent.  ] 

Thus  fade  thy  helps,  and  thus  thy  cumbers  spring. 
Spenser. 
Fleet  foot  on  the  correi, 

Sage  counsel  in  cumber, 
Red  hand  in  the  foray. 
How  sound  is  thy  slumber.  Sir  tf.  Sevtt. 

Cumberless  (kum'ber-les),  a.  Free  from 
care,  distress,  or  incumbrance. 

Bird  of  the  wilderness. 

Blithesome  and  cumbcrless.  Ho££- 

Cumbersome  (kum'ber-sum), «  1.  Trouble- 
some; burdensome;  embarrassing;  vexatious. 
'  Cumbersome  obedience.'  Sidney.—  2.  l"n- 
wieldy;  unmanageable;  not  easily  borne  or 
managed;  as,  a  cumbersome  load;  a  cumber~ 
gotne  machine. 

Cumbersomely  (kum'ber- sum -li),  adc.  In 
a  manner  to  encumber. 

Cumbersomeness  (kum'ber-sum-nes),  n. 
Burdensomeness;  the  quality  of  being  cum- 
bersome and  troublesome. 

Cumber-world  t  (kum'ber-werld),  n.  Any- 
thing or  any  person  that  encumbers  the 
world  without  being  useful. 

A  cumber-world,  yet  in  the  world  am  left, 
i      A  fruitless  plot  with  brambles  overgrown.  Drayton. 

Cumbi,  n.  A  superior  kind  of  cloth  made 
I  in  Peru  and  Bolivia  from  the  wool  of  the 
1  alpaca. 

Cumbrance  (kum'brans),  n.     That  which 

'    cumbers  or  encumbers;  an  encumbrance; 

j    that  which  renders  motion  or  action  difli- 

1    cult  and  toilsome ;  hindrance ;  oppressive 

load;  embarrassment. 

By  due  proportion  measuring  every  pace, 
T  avoid  the  cumbrance  of  each  hindering  doubt 
Draytox. 

STN.  Burden,  load,  encumbrance,  hindrance,, 
obstruction,  embarrassment. 


Tate,  far,  fat.  fall;       me,  met.  her;       pine,  pin;      nfite,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  tey 


CUMBRIAN 


643 


CUP-BEARER 


Cumbrian  (kum'bri-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  Cumberland.— Cumbrian  system,  Cum- 
brian group,  in  fjenl.  Sedgwick's  name  for 
the  lowest  slaty  and  partly  fossiliferous  beds 
in  Cumberland  and  Westmoreland,  as  being 
older  than  the  system  designated  by  Mur- 
chison  the  Silurian.  The  base  of  the  group 
was  regarded  by  Sedgwick  as  of  Cambrian 
age. 

Cumbrous  (kum'brus),  a.  1.  Burdensome; 
troublesome;  rendering  action  difficult  or 
toilsome;  oppressive.  '  He  sunk  beneath  the 
cumbrous weight.'  Swift.  — 2.  Givingtrouble; 
vexatious.  '  A  cloud  of  cumbrous  gnats. ' 
Spenser.  — 3.  Obstructing  or  clogging,  as 
things  confusedly  mingled  ;  confused  ;  jum- 
bled; unwieldy;  ungainly. 

Swift  to  their  several  quarters  hasted  then 
The  cumbrous  elements,  earth,  flood,  air,  fire.  Miltvn. 
The  cumbrous  and  unwieldy  style  which  disfigures 
English  composition  so  extensively.      De  Quincey. 

Cumbrously  (kum'brus-li),  adv.  In  a  cum- 
brous manner. 

Cumbrousness  (kum'brus-nes),  n.  State  of 
being  cumbrous. 

Cumfrey  (kum'fri),  n.  Comfrey  (which  see). 
Cumin  (kum'in),  n.  [L.  cwminum,  Gr.  kyin- 
intut,  Heb.  kamon,  cumin.]  A  fennel-like 
umbelliferous  plant,  Cuminum  Cyminum. 
It  is  an  annual,  found  wild  in  Egypt  and 
Syria,  and  cultivated  time  out  of  mind  for 
the  sake  of  its  agreeable  aromatic  fruit, 
which,  like  that  of  caraway,  dill,  anise,  &c., 
possesses  well-marked  stimulating  and  car- 
minative properties.  —Oil  of  cumin,  an  oxy- 
genated essential  oil  obtained  from  the  seeds 
of  cumin.  See  CUMINOL.— Essence  of  cumin, 
a  substance  obtained  from  cumin  seeds.  It 
contains  two  oils,  viz.  cuminol  and  cymcuc, 
a  hydrocarbon  (C1(,H14). 

Cuminol  (kum'in-ol), ».  (C,0H,20.)  A  colour- 
less oil,  a  hydrate  of  cumyl,  obtained  from 
the  seeds  of  cumin.  It  has  a  burning  taste, 
is  lighter  than  water,  and  boils  at  a  tem- 
perature of  about  430°  F. 
Cummer  (kum'mer),  n.  [See  COMMERE.]  A 
midwife;  a  gossip.  [Scotch.]  Written  also 
Kimmer  (which  see). 

Cummer-bund,  Kamar-band  (kum'er- 
bund),  H.  [Hind,  kainar,  the  loins,  the  waist, 
and  bandluM,  to  tie.]  A  girdle  or  waist- 
band worn  in  Hindustan,  consisting  of  a 
long  piece  of  cloth  girt  round  the  loins, 
sometimes  embroidered  and  ornamented 
with  lace  and  pearls. 

Cummin  (kum'in).  n.    Cumin  (which  see). 
Cumshaw  (kum'sha),  n.   [Chinese  Itam-ttw.] 
In  the  East,  a  present  or  bonus:  originally 
applied  to  that  paid  on  ships  which  entered 
the  port  of  Canton. 

Cumshaw  (kum'sha),  v.t.  In  the  East,  to 
give  a  present  to. 

Cumulate  (ku'mu-lat),  v.t  pret.  &pp.  CH»IH- 
lated;  ppr.  cumulating,  [t.  cumulo,  cuinii- 
latum,  to  heap  up,  from  cumulus,  a  heap 
(whence  also  E.  cumber),  from  an  Indo- 
European  root  ku,  to  swell,  to  contain.]  To 
gather  or  throw  into  a  heap;  to  form  a  heap 
of ;  to  heap  together;  to  accumulate. 

A  man  that  beholds  the  mighty  shoals  of  shells 
bedded  and  cumulated  heap  upon  heap  among  earth 
will  scarcely  conceive  which  way  these  could  ever 
live.  U'oodu'ard. 

Cumulation  (ku-mu-lii'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  heaping  together;  an  accumulation;  a 
heap. 

Cumulatist  (ku'nnl-li*'-ist).  "•  One  wl'° 
accumulates  or  collects.  [Rare.] 

Cumulative  (ku'mu-hit-iv),  a.  1.  Composed 
of  parts  in  a  heap;  forming  a  mass;  aggre- 
gated. '  Knowledge  .  .  .  cumulative,  not 
original.'  Bacon.—  2.  Increasing  by  succes- 
sive additions;  as.  a  cumulative  argument, 
that  is,  an  argument  that  increases  in  force 
as  the  statement  proceeds.  — 3.  In  lair, 
(a)  that  augments  or  tends  to  establish  the 
same  point,  a  5  evidence.  (6)  Applied  to  a 
legacy  when  a  legatee  is  more  than  once 
provided  for  in  the  same  testament. —Cumu- 
lative giiitem,  in  elections,  that  system  by 
which  each  voter  has  the  same  number  of 
votes  as  there  are  persons  to  be  elected,  and 
can  give  them  all  to  one  candidate  or  dis- 
tribute them  as  he  pleases. 

Cumulo  -  cirro  -  stratus  (ku '  mfi-16  -  sir"ro- 
stra-tus),  n.  A  form  of  cloud.  See  CLOUD. 

Cumulose  (ku'mu-los),  «.    Full  of  heaps. 

Cvunulo-stratus  (ku'mu-16-stra-tus),  n.  A 
species  of  cloud.  See  CLOUD. 

Cumulus  (ku'mu-lus),  n.  A  species  of  cloud. 
See  CLOUD. 

Cumyl  (ku'mil),  n.  The  hypothetical  radical 
(CuHuO)  of  a  series  of  compounds  procured 
from  the  seeds  of  the  Cuminum  Cyminum. 


Cuneate  Leaf. 


Cunt(kun),  v .«.    1.  To  know.  Secdix.     u.  T.. 

direct  the  course  of  a  ship.    See  COSH 
Cunctationt  (kungk-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  cunctor 

to  delay.  ]    Delay. 

FfsCina  lente— celerityshould  be  contempcred  with 
cnnctation.  Sir  T.  BnnvHt. 

Cunctative  t  (kungk'ta-tiv),  a.    Cautiously 
slow;  dilatory. 

Cunctatpr  (kungk-tat'er),  n.    One  who  de- 
lays or  lingers.    [Kare.) 

Cund  (kiind),  v.t.    1.  To  give  notice;  specifi- 
cally, to  give  notice  which  way  a  shoal  of 
fish  has  gone.  —2.  To  pilot,  as 
a  ship.    See  COND. 

Cuneal(ku'ne-al),  a.  [L.  cu- 
neus,  a  wedge.  See  COIN.] 
Having  the  form  of  a  wedge. 

Cuneate,  Cuneated  (ku'ne- 
at,  ku'ne-at-ed),  a.  Wedge- 
shaped  ;  as,  a  cuneate  leaf, 
that  is,  a  leaf  which  termin- 
ates abruptly  with  a  blunted 
point  and  tapers  gradually 
downwards  or  towards  the 
foot-stalk. 

Cuneatic  (ku-ne-at'ik),  a.    Cuneate  (which 
see). 

Cuneiform,  Cuniform  (ku-ne'i-form,  ku'ni- 
fonn),  «.  [L.  cttneug,  a  wedge,  and  forma, 
form.]  1.  Having  the  shape  or  form  of  a 
wedge;  specifically,  the  epithet  applied  to 
the  inscriptions  found  on  old  Babylonian 
and  Persian  monuments,  from  the  characters 
resembling  a  wedge.  This  style  of  writing 
was  used  for  monumental  records,  and  was 
either  carved  on  rocks  and  sculptures  or 
impressed  on  bricks.  It  appears  to  have 
been  first  used  in  Assyria  and  Media  so  far 
back  as  2000  years  before  Christ,  and  to  have 
thence  spread  over  the  whole  portion  of 
Asia  which  formed  the  vast  Persian  Empire. 
See  ARROW  -  HEADED.  —  2.  Versed  in  the 
wedge-shaped  characters,  or  the  inscriptions 
written  in  them.  '  A  cuneiform  scholar. '  Sir 
II.  Itawlinson.  —  Cuneiform  bones,  in  anat. 
the  name  given  to  three  bones  of  the  foot 
from  their  wedge-like  shape,  viz.  the  inner, 
middle,  and  outer  cuneiform  bones.  They 
are  situated  at  the  fore-part  of  the  tarsus  and 
inner  side  of  the  cuboidal  bone.and  are  fitted 
to  each  other  like  the  s;ones  of  an  arch. 
Cunette  (k\i-nef),  n.  [Fr.]  In  fort,  a  deep 
trench  sunk  along  the  middle  of  a  dry  moat, 
to  make  the  passage  more  difficult. 
Cuniculate  (ku-nik'n-lat),  a.  [L.  cuniculus, 
a  passage  underground,  a  cavity.]  In  bot. 
traversed  by  a  long  passage  open  at  one 
end,  as  the  peduncle  of  Tropteolum. 
CuniculOUS  (ku-nik'u-lus),  a.  [L.  amicvlug, 
a  rabbit.  ]  Relating  to  rabbits.  [Rare.] 
Cuniform, «.  See  CUNEIFORM. 
Gunner  (knn'ner),  n.  See  CONNER. 
Cunning  (kun'ing),  a.  [O.E.  eamumd,taaa 
A. Sax.  eunnan,  Icel.  ktinna,  Goth,  Imnnan, 
to  know,  to  be  skilful,  from  a  root  common 
to  the  Teutonic  tongues,  seen  also  in  can, 
ken,  kiwio.]  1.  Having  skill  or  dexterity; 
having  knowledge  acquired  by  experience; 
skilful ;  experienced  ;  well  instructed.  •  A 
cunning  workman.'  Ex.  xxviii.  23.  'His 
statue  graven  by  a  funning  hand.'  J/ac- 
uulay.  [Now  antiquated  or  poetical.) 

Hsau  was  a  cunning  hunter.        Gen.  xxv.  27. 
I  will  take  away  the  cunning  artificer.     Is.  in.  3. 

2.  Wrought  with  skill;  curious;  ingenious. 

All  the  more  (In  I  admire 

Joints  of  CMHHIHJ- workmanship.      Tennyson. 

3.  Artful;  shrewd;  sly;  crafty;  astute;  de- 
signing; subtle;  as,  a  cunning  fellow. 

Accounting  his  integrity  to  be  but  a  niuiiiiir  face 
of  falsehood. 

They  are  resolved  to  tafiniiiiaf;  let  others  run 
the  hazard  of  being  sincere. 

—Cunning.  Artful,  Sly.  Cunning,  lit.  know- 
ing formerly  used  as  descriptive  of  skill, 
generally  manual  skill,  now  for  the  most 
part  implies  a  mean  turn  of  mind  with  no 
great  amount  of  ability ;  artful  indicates 
"reater  ingenuity  and  more  invention;  sly 
has  the  idea  of  double-dealing  and  conceal- 
ment. 

She  guides  the  r»««t'".r  artist's  hand.         P«fe. 

Arlftd  in  speech,  in  action,  and  in  mind.    Pcfe. 

Envy  works  in  a  sly  imperceptible  manner,     ll'affs. 

Cunning  (knn'ing),  n.  l.t  Knowledge;  art; 
skill;  dexterity. 

Let  my  right  hand  forget  her  ™"™'£,u  ? 

"  Art  •  artifice ;  artfulness ;  craft ;  shrewd- 
ness- the  faculty  or  act  of  using  stratagem 
to  accomplish  a  purpose;  hence  m  a  bad 
sense,  deceitfuluess  or  deceit ;  fraudulent 
skill  or  dexterity. 


Discourage  cunuiHf  In  >  child;  cu*m<nf  U  the  »pe 

'  *    "  l.atJtf 

We  take  amHtnf  for  •  tinkler  or  crooked  wtxkxa; 
•nd  certainly  there  u  great  difference  between  * 
cunning  man  and  a  wi>c  man.  not  only  In  point  at 
honesty,  but  in  point  of  ability.  &Kftt. 

STO.  Art,  artifice,  craft,  craftincM,  shrewd- 
ness,  subtlety,  wile,  ruse,  guile,  stratagem, 

tlnc.ise,  duplicity. 

Cunnlngalre,  Cuningar.  «.  |Sw.  Ironing- 
aard.]  A  warren  for  rabbits.  (Si-oti  h  | 

The  whole  isle  Is  but  as  one  rich  cttnitifarot  coney. 
warrcn.  Brant. 

Cunninghamia  (kiin-liur-hani'l-aX  n.  [In 
honour  of  two  brothers,  J.  and  A.  Cunning 

IIIKU.      \u.li:ili:,n     lH,tallisU  ]        A    gCHUS    uf 

rnnifi -r.nis  plants  having  the  appearance  of 
an  araucarfa,  but  more  closely  related  t» 
the  pine  In  the  structure  of  its  fruit.  Only 
one  species  U  known,  C.  n'nr-ruu,  (nun  South- 
ern China.  It  has  narrow,  oval,  lanceolate, 
stiff,  pungent  leaves. 

Cunningly  (kuiriiig.llXodr.  1.  Artfully;  craf- 
tily; with  subtlety;  with  fraudulent  con- 
trivance. 

We  have  not  followed  cunningly  devised  fable*. 
a  Pet.  L  16. 
2.  Skilfully;  artistically. 

A  stately  palace  built  of  squared  bricke 

Which  cunningly  was  without  mortar  laid.  Sftnier. 

Cunning-man  (kun'ing-man),  n.  A  man 
who  pretends  to  tell  fortunes,  or  teach  how 
to  recover  stolen  or  lost  goods. 

Cunningnesa  (kun'ing-nes),  n.  Cunning; 
craft;  deeeitfulness. 

Cunning-woman  (kun'!ng-wum-»n).  n.  A 
female  fortune-teller.  See  Cl'SMSO  MAN. 

Cunonla  (ku-no'ni-aX  n.  [In  honour  of  J.  C 
('into,  of  Amsterdam. 1  A  small  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Saxifragacerc.  One  species 
Is  found  in  South  Africa  and  five  in  New 
Caledonia.  They  are  small  trees  or  shrubs 
with  compound  leaves,  and  dense  racemes 
of  small  white  flowers.  The  bark  Is  used 
for  tanning  purposes. 

Cup  (kup),  n.  [A  Sax.  mppe,  cuppa,  a  cup, 
from  L  cupa,  a  tub,  a  cask,  in  later  tiroes 
a  drinking  vessel,  a  cup,  whence  also  Kr. 
coupe  (which  would  no  doubt  be  introduced 
into  England  and  combine  with  O.E.  or 
A.  Sax.  cuppe).  It.  coppa,  Sp.  copa,  U.  and 
Dan.  kop,  Sw.  «•»;>;>.]  1.  A  vessel  of  small 
capacity,  used  commonly  to  drink  from ;  a 
chalice. 

Look  not  thou  upon  the  wine  when  It  is  red,  when 
it  givcth  his  colour  in  the  cuf.  Prov.  xxiii.  31. 

2.  The  contents  of  a  cup;  the  liquor  con- 
tained in  a  cup,  or  that  it  may  contain;  as, 
a  cup  of  beer. 

Tis  a  little  thing 
To  give  a  i «/  of  water;  yet  its  draught 

May  give  a  shock  of  pleasure  to  the  frame 
More  exquisite  than  when  Ncctarcan  juice 
Renews  the  life  of  joy  in  happiest  hours.  Talfovrd. 

3  That  which  is  to  be  received  or  endured; 
that  which  falls  to  one's  lot,  whether  good 
or  evil;  portion. 

O  my  Father,  if  it  be  possible,  let  this  cuf  pass  from 
me.  Mat.  xxvi.  39. 

4  Anything  formed  like  a  cup;  as,  the  cup 
of  an  acorn,  of  a  flower,  and  the  like. 

The  cowslip's  golden  cuf  no  more  I  see.  SAfntrcnr. 

f,.  A  cupping-glass  (which  sec).  —8.  pi.  Social 
entertainment;  a  drinking-bout.  'Thence 
from  nips  to  civil  broils.'  Milton.— Cup 
andean,  familiar  companions;  the  can  lieing 
the  large  vessel  out  of  which  the  cup  is 
filled,  and  thus  the  two  being  constantly 
associated.— Jn  AM  cupe.  intoxicated;  tipsy 
— Many  a  flip  betireen  the  cup  and  tht  lip, 
a  proverb  suggesting  that  many  accidents 
Intervene  to  prevent  the  realization  of  hopes 
and  intentions. 

Cup  (kup).  v.i.  pret.  &  pp  cupi>ed;  ppr 
cupping.  In  surg.  to  perform  the  operation 
of  cupping. 

Cup  t  (kup),  f.f.  1.  To  supply  with  cups,  as 
uf  liquor.  'Plumpy  Bacchus,  .  cup  us 
till  the  world  go  round.'  Shat.-2.  To  bleed 
by  means  of  cupping-glasses;  to  perform  the 
operation  of  cupping  upon. 

Him  the  damn'd  doctors  and  his  friends  immurd; 
They  bled,  they  »//'rf,  they  purg'd;  In  •****£** 

Cup-and-saucer  Limpet,  n.   The  popular 

name  of  shells  of  the  genus  Calyptrrca,  so 
called  from  their  limpet-like  shell  having  a 
half-cup-like  process  In  the  interior. 
CUP-bekrer  (kup'bar-er),,,.  1.  Anatten. lant 
'    at  a  feast  who  conveys  wine  or  other  liquors 
to  the  guests.-2.  In  antiq.  an  officer  of   t 
household  of  a  prince  or  noble,  who  tasted 
the  wine  before  handing  it  to  his  mastei 


ch,  c/min;      ch,  Sc.  loc/i;      g,  go;      i,  job; 


TH,  rAen;  th,  Mn;     w. 


wh,  *Mg;    «b.  azure.- 


CUPBOARD 


644 


CURASSOW 


Cupboard  (kub'berd),  n.  Originally,  a  board 
nr  shelf  for  cups  to  stand  on:  now,  a  small 
case  or  inclosure  in  a  room  with  shelves  to 
receive  cups,  plates,  dishes,  and  the  like. 

Cupboard  t  (kub'berd),  v.  t.  To  collect,  as  into 
a  cupboard;  to  hoard. 

Only  like  a  gulf  it  (the  belly)  did  remain 
I'  the  midst  <>'  the  body,  idle  and  imaclive, 
Still  cupboarding  the  viand.  Shak. 

Cupel  (ku'pel),  n.  [L.  cupella,  dim.  of  cupa, 
a  tub.]  A  small  shallow,  porous,  cup-like 
vessel  used  in  refining  metals.  It  retains 
them  while  in  a  metallic  state,  but  when 
changed  by  fire  into  a  fluid  scoria  it  ab- 
sorbs the  coarser  metals.  Thus,  when  a 
mixture  of  lead  with  gold  or  silver  is  heated 
in  a  strong  fire  the  lead  is  oxidated  and 
vitrified,  and  sinks  into  the  substance  of  the 
cupel,  while  the  gold  or  silver  remains 
pure.  This  kind  of  vessel  is  made  usually 
of  phosphate  of  lime  or  the  residue  of  burned 
bones  rammed  into  a  mould,  which  gives  it 
its  figure. 

Cupel-dust  (ku'pel-dust),  n.  Powder  used 
in  purifying  metals. 

Cupellation  (ku-pel-la'shon),  n.  The  re- 
fining of  gold  or  silver  by  a  cupel  or  by 
scoriflcation. 

Cupful  (kup'ful),  ?i.  As  much  as  a  cup  holds. 

Cup-gall  (kup'gal),  n.  A  singular  kind  of 
gall  found  on  the 
leaves  of  the  oak 
and  some  other 
trees,  of  the  figure 
of  a  cup,  or  drink- 
ing-glass  without 
its  foot,  adhering 
by  its  point  or 
apex  to  the  leaf, 
and  containing 
the  larva  of  a 
Hmall  fly. 

Cupid  (ku'pid),  n. 
[L.  Cupido,  from 
cupido,  desire, 
from  cupio,  to  de- 
sire.] The  Roman 
name  of  the  Gre- 
cian god  of  love 
Eros,  the  sou  of 
HermesfMercury) 
and  Aphrodite 
(Venus').  He  is 
generally  repre- 
sented a  -  a  beau- 
tiful child  with 
wings,  blind,  and 


Cupid,  Townley  Marbles, 
liritish  Museum. 


arrying  a  bow  and  quiver  of  arrows,  with 
which  he  transpierced  the  hearts  of  lovers, 
inflaming  them  with  desire. 
Cupidity  fliu-pid'i-ti),  n.  [L.  cupiditas,  from 
cupidus,  from  cupio,  to  desire,  to  covet.] 
An  eager  desire  to  possess  something;  an 
ardent  wishing  or  longing;  inordinate  or  un- 
lawful desire,  especially  of  wealth  or  power. 

No    property  is  secure  when    it    becomes    large 
enough  to  tempt  the  cupidity  of  indigent  power. 

Burke. 

STN.Hankering.avarice.covetousness,  grasp- 
ing. 

Cup-moss  (kup'mos),  n.  The  common  name 
of  a  lichen,  Scyphophoruf  pyxidatua,  so 
called  from  the  cup-like  shape  of  its  erect 
frond. 

Cupola  (ku'po-la),  n.  fit.  cupola,  dim.  of 
L.  cupa,  a  cup.  See  CUP.]  1.  In  arch,  a 


Cupola,  Kadclyffe  Library,  Oxford. 

spherical  vault  on  the  top  of  an  edifice;  a 
dome,  or  the  round  top  of  a  dome.    The 


Italian  word  signifies  a  hemispherical  roof 
which  covers  a  circular  building,  like  the 
Pantheon  at  Koine  or  the  temple  of  Vesta 
at  Tivoli.  The  greater  part  of  modern 
cupolas  are  semi-elliptical,  cut  through 
their  shortest  diameter,  and  constructed  of 
timber;  but  the  ancient  cupolas  were  nearly 
hemispherical,  and  constructed  of  stone. 
2.  The  round  top  of  any  structure,  as  of  a 
furnace;  the  furnace  itself. —3.  In  anat.  the 
dome -like  extremity  of  the  canal  of  the 
cochlea. 

Cupolaedt  (ku'po-l.id),  a.    Having  a  cupola. 

Cupola-furnace  (ku'po-la-fer-nas),  n,  A  fur- 
nace for  melting  iron,  so  called  from  the 
cupola  or  dome  leading  to  the  chimney, 
which  is  now,  however,  frequently  omitted. 

Cuppa  (kup'pa),  n.  In  her.  one  of  the  furs 
composed  of  any  metal  and  colour.  Called 
also  Potent  Counter-potent. 

Cupper  (kup'er),  n.  One  who  applies  a  cup- 
ping-glass; a  scarifier. 

Cupping  (kup'ing),  n.  In  sura,  the  applica- 
tion of  the  cupping-glass.  There  are  two 
kinds  of  cupping;  one  in  which  the  part  is 
scarified  and  some  blood  taken  away,  gene- 
rally simply  termed  cupping;  the  other 
where  there  is  no  scarification  and  no  blood 
is  abstracted,  which  is  accordingly  termed 
dry-cupping,  the  object  of  the  cupping 
being  either  to  excite  action  in  the  part  or 
to  abstract  pus. 

Cupping-glass  (kup'ing-glas),  n.  A  glass 
vessel  like  a  cup,  to  be  applied  to  the  skin 
in  the  operation  of  cupping.  The  cupping- 
glass  is  first  held  over  the  flame  of  a  spirit 
lamp,  by  which  means  the  included  air  is 
rarefied.  In  this  state  it  is  applied  to  the 
skin,  and  as  the  heated  air  cook,  it  contracts 
and  produces  a  partial  vacuum,  so  that  the 
skin  and  integuments  are  drawn  up  into 
the  glass  and  become  swollen.  In  some 
forms  of  cupping-glasses  the  air  is  exhausted 
by  a  syringe. 

Cupreous  (ku'pre-us),  a.  [L.  cupreux,  from 
cuprum,  copper.]  Coppery;  consisting  of 
copper;  resembling  copper  or  partaking  of 
its  qualities. 

Cupressin»  (ku-pres-st'nel  n.  pi.  The  cy- 
press tribe,  a  sub-order  of  dicotyledonous 
plants,  nat.  order  Coniferte,  of  which  the 
genus  Cupressus  is  the  type.  See  CUPRES- 
sus. 

Cupressite  (ku-preslt),  n.  A  name  given 
to  coniferous  fossil  plants  occurring  in  the 
trias,  lias,  oolite,  and  Wealden,  which  are 
supposed  to  be  allied  to  the  existing  cypress. 

Cupressus  (ku-pres'us),  n.  The  cypress,  a 
genus  of  coniferous  plants  having  small, 
scale-like,  adpressed  or  spreading  acute 
leaves,  as  in  the  junipers,  and  cones  formed 
of  a  small  number  of  peltate  woody  scales, 
with  the  seeds  very  small,  angular,  and 
several  to  each  bract.  The  common  cypress 
is  C.  setnpervirens,  a  native  of  the  East. 
The  true,  with  erect  adpressed  branches, 
having  a  slender  pyramidal  form,  so  fre- 
quently planted  in  Mohammedan  burying 
grounds,  is  a  variety  of  this  species.  Several 
species  have  been  introduced  from  India, 
*  'hiti. i.  and  California  into  our  shrubberies. 
See  CYPRES3. 

Cupric,  Cuprous  (ku'prik,  ku'prus),  a.  Of 
or  belonging  to  copper;  as,  cupric  or  cuprous 
acid. 

Cupriferous  (ku-i>rif"er-us),  a.  [L.  cuprum, 
copper,  and  /fro,  to  bear.  ]  I*roducmg  or 
affording  copper;  as,  cupriferous  silver. 

Cuprite  (ku'prit),  n.  The  red  oxide  of  cop- 
per; red  copper  ore. 

Cuproid  (ku'proid),  a.  (L.  cuprum,  copper, 
and  Gr.  eidos,  resemblance.]  \i\crystal.  a 
solid  related  to  a  tetrahedron,  and  contained 
under  twelve  equal  triangles. 

Cuproplumbite  (ku-pro-plum'bit),  n.  A 
sulphide  of  copper  and  lead  from  Chili, 
occurring  in  forms  of  the  regular  system, 
with  cubic  cleavage.  It  contains  a  small 
percentage  of  silver. 

Cup-rose  (kup'roz),  n.    The  poppy. 

Cupula,  Cupule  (ku'pu-la,  ku'pul),  n.  [See 
CUPOLA,  Cup.]  Inbot.  a  form  of  involucrum, 
occurring  in  the  oak,  the  beech,  and  the 
hazel,  and  consisting  of  bracts,  not  much 
developed,  till  after  flowering,  when  they 
cohere  by  their  bases,  and  form  a  kind  of  cup. 

Cupuliferse  (ku-pu-lif e-re),  n.  pi.  [L.  cupula, 
and/ero,  to  bear.]  The  oak  family,  so  named 
from  the  peculiar  husk  or  cup  (cupule)  in 
which  the  fruit  is  inclosed:  a  nat.  order  of 
apetalous  dicotyledonous  plants,  with  mon- 
oecious flowers,  the  sterile  flowers  being  in 
catkins,  and  the  fertile  solitary,  two  or  three 
together  or  in  clusters,  furnished  with  an 


involucre  which  incloses  the  fruit  or  forms 
the  cupule  at  its  base.  They  are  trees  or 
shrubs,  inhabiting  chiefly  the  temperate 
parts.of  the  northern  hemisphere.  They  are 
common  in  Europe,  AM:I.  ami  N' nth  America. 
This  order  furnishes  many  trees,  which  are 
highly  valued  on  account  of  their  timber. 
The  chief  genera  are  Quorcus  or  oak,  Casta- 
nt'u  or  chestnut,  Fugus  or  beech,  ami  Corylus 
or  hazel.  The  astringent  bark  of  the  oak 
abounds  in  tannin,  gallic  ;iri.i. 
and  quercine,  and  is  used  in 
tanning  and  dyeing.  Galls  are 
swellings  on  the  leaf-stalks, 
&c.,  of  oaks  when  wounded  by 
iiiM-cts.  Cork  is  the  outer 
layer  of  the  bark  of  the  Span- 
ish oak.  See  OAK. 
Cupuliferous  (kii-pu-lif'er- 
us),  a.  In  lot  bearing  cu- 
pules. 

Cup-valve  (kup'valv),  n.     A 
valve,   the  seat  of  which  is 
made  to  fit  a  cover  in  the 
form  of  a  vase,  or  of  the  por- 
tion of  a  sphere. 

Cur  (ker),  n.  [From  root  of  Icel.  Inirra,  to 
grumble  or  mutter.  Cog.  D.  korre,  a  small 
uog.  Others  regard  the  word  as  an  abbrevi- 
ation of  curtail,  a  dog  whose  tail  was  cut  off 
to  disqualify  it  for  the  chase.]  1.  A  degene- 
rate dog. 

They,  .  .  .  like  to  village  ettrs, 

Baric  when  their  fellows  do.  Shak. 

2.  A  worthless  man:  in  contempt. 

Your  judgments,  my  grave  lords. 
Must  give  this  cur  the  lie.  SHaJt. 

Curability  (kur-a-bil'i-UX  n.  Quality  of 
being  curable. 

Curable  (kur'a-bl),  a.  [See  CURE.]  That 
may  be  healed  or  cured;  admitting  a  remedy; 
as,  a  curable  wound  or  disease:  a  curable 
evil 

Curableness  (kur'a-bl-nes),  n.  Possibility 
of  being  cured,  healed,  or  remedied. 

Cura9oa  (ko-ra-soO,  n.  A  liqueur  or  cordial 
flavoured  with  orange-peel,  cinnamon,  and 
mace:  so  named  from  the  island  of  Curacoa, 
where  it  was  first  made. 

Curacy,  Curateship  (ku'ra-si,  ku'rat-shlp), 
H.  [See  CURE  and  CURATE.]  The  office  or 
employment  of  a  curate;  the  employment 
of  a  clergyman  who  represents  the  incum- 
bent or  beneficiary  of  a  church,  parson,  or 
vicar,  and  officiates  in  his  stead. 

Curarl,  Curara  (ku'ra-re,  ku'ra-ra),  n.  A 
brown-black,  shining,  brittle,  resinous  sub- 
stance, consisting  of  the  aqueous  extract  of 
Strychnos  toxtfera,  used  by  the  South  Ame- 
rican Indians  for  poisoning  their  arrows, 
especially  the  small  arrows  shot  from  the 
blow-pipe.  Curari  may,  except  in  very  large 
doses.be  introduced  with  impunity  into  the 
alimentary  canal,  but  if  introduced  into  a 
puncture  of  the  skin  so  as  to  mix  with  the 
blood,  the  effects  are  instantly  fatal.  It 
acts  chiefly  on  the  motor  nerves,  and  causes 
death  by  paralysis  of  the  nerves  of  the  re- 
spiratory organs.  The  great  use  of  curari  is 
for  the  chase,  the  animals  killed  by  it  being 
quite  wholesome.  It  is  variously  written 
Ourari,  Urari,  Woorara,  Woorali,  Wourali. 

Curarine  (ku'ra-rin^,  n.  An  alkaloid  ex- 
tracted from  curari,  forming  a  yellowish 
amorphous  bitter  mass,  more  poiBonotu  than 
the  curari  which  yields  it,  0'05  gramme  in- 
troduced into  the  skin  of  a  rabbit  killing  it 
in  a  short  time. 

Curassow  (ku-ras'so),  n.    The  name  given 


Crested  Curassow  (Crax  alertor). 

to  birds  of  the  genus  Crax,  natives  of  the 
warm  parts  of  America.   The  crested  curas- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me.. met,  her;        pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwue;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CURAT 


645 


CUKFEW 


sow  is  the  Crax  alector,  a  native  of  Gui;uia, 
Mexico,  and  Bra/il;  the  red  curassow  is  the 
Crax  r ubra,  about  the  size  of  a  turkey,  an 
inhabitant  of  South  America.  Thecushew- 
binl  (Urax  paitxi)  is  called  the  guleated 
c.urassow.  See  CRACID.K,  CRAX. 

Curat.t  Curiet.t  n.    A  cuirass.    Spenser. 

Curate  (ku'rat),  H.  [L.L.  curatug,  one  in- 
trusted with  the  cure  of  souls,  from  L.  citra, 
care.]  Lit.  one  who  has  the  cure  of  souls, 
in  which  sense  it  is  used  in  the  Church  of 
England  prayer -hook,  'all  bishops  and 
curates;1  specifically,  a  clergyman  in  Epis- 
copal churches,  who  is  employed  to  perform 
divine  service  in  the  place  of  the  incumbent, 
parson,  or  vicar.  He  must  be  licensed  by  the 
bishop  or  ordinary.  In  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land there  are  two  kinds  of  curates,  stipendi- 
ary and  perpetual.  A  stipendiary  curate  is 
one  who  is  hired  by  the  rector  or  vicar  to 
serve  for  him,  and  may  be  removed  at  plea- 
sure; a  perpetual  curate  is  one  who  is  not 
dependent  on  the  rector,  but  is  supported 
by  a  part  of  the  tithes  or  otherwise. 

Curateship  (kii'rat-ship),  n.    See  CURACY. 

duration,  t  n.     Cure;  healing.    Chaucer. 

Curative  (ku'ra-tiv),  a.  Relating  to  the  cure 
of  diseases;_  tending  to  cure. 

Curator  (ku-rat'er),  n.  [L.,  from  euro,  cura- 
ttini,  to  take  care  of,  from  citra,  care.]  1.  One 
who  has  the  care  and  superintendence  of 
anything,  as  a  university,  public  library, 
museum,  flue  art  collection,  or  the  like. 

Seeing  the  above-mentioned  strangers  are  like  to 
continue  here  yet  awhile,  at  the  least  some  of  them, 
the  society  shall  much  stand  in  need  of  a  curator  of 
experiments.  Boyle. 

(By  the  Universities  Act  of  1858)  the  patronage  of 
the  chairs  (of  the  University  of  Edinburgh)  was 
transferred  to  seven  curators,  three  of  whom  are 
nominated  by  the  university  court  and  four  by  the 
town  council.  Chambers'*  Ency. 

2.  In  Scots  law,  a  guardian ;  one  appointed 
to  administer  the  estate  of  any  person  who 
is  not  legally  competent  to  manage  his  pro- 
perty, as  a  minor  who  has  attained  the  age 
of  fourteen,  or  a  lunatic. 

Curatorship  (kii-rat'er-ship),  n.  The  office 
of  a  curator. 

Curatrix  (ku-rat'riks)f  n.  1.  She  that  cures 
or  heals. — 2.  A  female  superintendent  or 
u'linrdian.  Richardson. 

Curb  (kerb),  v.t.  [From  Fr.  comber,  to  bend 
or  crook,  from  L.  curvare,  to  bend  or  curve, 
from  citrous,  crooked,  curved;  same  root  as 
L.  circua,  a  circle,  Gr.  kurtos,  crooked.] 
l.t  To  bend  or  curve.  'Crooked and  curbed 
lines.'  Holland. — 2.  To  bend  to  one's  will; 
to  check;  to  restrain;  to  hold  back;  to  con- 
fine; to  keep  in  subjection;  as,  to  curb  the 
passions.  '  And  wisely  learn  to  curb  thy 
sorrows  wild.'  Milton. 

So  is  the  will  of  a  living  daughter  curbed  by  the 
will  of  a  dead  father.  Shak, 

Curb  then,  O  youth:  these  raptures  as  they  rise. 
Crabbe. 

3.  To  restrain  with  a  curb ;  to  guide  and 
manage  by  the  reins. 

Part  curb  their  fiery  steeds.  Milton, 

4.  To  strengthen  or  defend  by  a  curb;  as,  to 
curb  a  well  or  a  bank  of  earth. 

Curbt  (kerb),  v.i.  To  bend;  to  truckle, 
[Rare.] 

Virtue  itself  of  vice  must  pardon  beg, 

Yea,  curb  and  woo,  for  leave  to  do  him  good. 

Shtt& 

Curb  (kerb),  n.  1.  "VVhat  checks,  restrains, 
or  holds  back;  restraint;  check;  hinderance; 
as,  public  opinion  is  to  many  a  curb  upon 
licentiousness. 

Wild  natures  need  wise  curbs.        Tennyson. 

2.  A  chain  or  strap  attached  to  the  branches 
of  the  bit  of  a  bridle,  and  passing  under  the 
horse's  lower  jaw,  against  which  it  is  made 
to  press  tightly  when  the  rein  is  pulled. 

He  that  before  ran  in  the  pastures  wild 

Felt  the  KtffowA  control  his  angry  jaws.    Dray  ton. 

3.  The  edge-stone  of  a  side  walk  or  pave- 
ment; a  curb-stone. —  4.  A  breast- wall  or 
retaining  wall  to  support  a  bank  of  earth. 
The  word  is  used  also  with  various  other 
technical  meanings ;  as,  a  casing  of  stone, 
wood,  brick,  or  iron  inside  a  well  that  is 
being  sunk;  a  boarded  structure  to  contain 
concrete;  the  wall-plate  at  the  springing  of 
a  dome. 

Curb  (kerb),  n.  [Fr.  courbe,  It.  corba,  from 
L.  corbis,  a  basket,  from  form  of  swelling.] 
The  general  term  for  a  hard  and  callous 
swelling  on  various  parts  of  a  horse's  leg,  as 
the  hinder  part  of  the  hock,  the  inside  of 
the  hoof,  beneath  the  elbow  of  the  hoof,  &c. 

Curba  (ker'ba),  n.  An  African  measure  of 
capacity,  varying  at  different  places  from 
7J  to  18  gallons,  used  by  the  negroes  in  the 


LJJ 


sale  of  palm-oil,  grain,  pulse,  Ac.  It  may 
lie  either  a  tuli,  a  basket,  or  mi  .-m-Uiei!  «£ 

Curbable  (kerb'a-bl),  a.  Capable  of  bttaa 
curbed  or  restrained.  (Rare.] 

Curbless  (kerl/lcs),  a.  llaving  no  curb  or 
restraint. 

Curb-plate  (ki-rb'plat),  n.  A  circular 
continued  plate,  designed  to  support  or 
restrain  some  part,  as  the  wall-plate  of  a 
circularly  or  elliptically  ribbi-d  d»mr  th, 
horizontal  rib  on  the  top  of  such  a  dome 
In  which  the  vertical  ribs  terminate;  the 
plate  of  a  skylight;  the  plate  In  a  curb-roof 
which  receives  the  feet  of  the  upper  rafters; 
the  circular  frame  round  a  well 

Curb -roof  (kerb'rof),  n.  [Fr.  courier,  to 
bend.]  In  arch,  n  roof  in  which  the  raf- 
ters, instead  of  continuing 
straight  down  from  the 
ridge  to  the  walls,  are  at  a 
given  height  received  on 
plates,  which  in  their  turn 
are  supported  by  rafters 
less  inclined  to  the  horl-  Curb-roof. 
zon,  whose  bearing  is  di- 
rectly on  the  walls,  so  that  this  kind  of  roof 
presents  a  bent  appearance,  whence  its 
name.  Called  also  a  Mansard  Hoof,  from 
the  name  of  its  inventor. 

Curb-sender  (kerl/send-er),  n.  An  auto- 
matic signalling  apparatus  invented  by  Sir 
\V.  Thomson  of  Glasgow  and  Prof.  1'leeming 
Jenkin  of  Edinburgh,  and  used  in  subma- 
rine telegraphy.  The  message  is  punched 
on  a  paper-ribbon,  which  is  then  passed 
through  the  transmitting  apparatus  by 
clock-work.  The  name  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  when  a  current  of  one  kind  of  electri- 
city is  sent  by  the  instrument  another  of  the 
opposite  kind  is  sent  immediately  after  to 
curb  the  first,  the  effect  of  the  second  trans- 
mission lieing  to  make  the  indication  pro- 
duced by  the  first  sharp  and  distinct,  instead 
of  slow  and  uncertain. 

Curb-stone  (kerb'ston),  n.  A  stone  placed 
against  earth  or  stonework  to  hold  the  work 
together;  the  outer  edge  of  a  foot  pavement. 

Curcas  (ker'kas),  n.  A  genus  of  euphorbi- 
aceous  plants,  containing  a  single  species, 
Curcas  puryaiu  (the  physic-nut),  the  seeds 
and  oil  of  which  are  used  in  medicine.  It 
is  indigenous  to  tropical  America,  but  is 
cultivated  in  all  tropical  countries. 

Curcb.(kurch),n.  [Abbrev.  of  kerchief,  O.Fr. 
cottvre-c/ic/.acovering  for  the  heiul— couerir, 
to  cover,  and  chef,  the  head.]  A  kerchief; 
a  woman's  covering  for  the  head;  an  inner 
linen  cap.  'Her  house  so  bien,  her  curch 
so  clean.'  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Curchie  (knr'chi),  n.  A  curtsey.  'Wi*  a 
cnrclite  low  did  stoop.'  Burns.  [Scotch.] 

Curculio  (ker-ku'li-6),  n.  [L.,  a  corn-worm, 
weevil.)  A  Linmean  genus  of  coleopterous 
insects,  now  raised  into  the  family  Curcu- 
limiida;,  in  which  no  genus  of  this  name  is 
retained. 

Curculiouidse  (ker'ku-li-on"i-de),  n.  pi.  The 
weevils  or  snout-beetles,  one  of  the  most 
extensive  families  of  coleopterous  insects. 
About  8000  species  are  described,  all  of 
which  are  distinguished  by  their  head  being 
prolonged  into  a  beak  or  snout,  furnished 
at  the  tip  with  a  minute  pair  of  sharp  hori- 
zontal jaws,  which  appendage  is  used  by  the 
animal  in  depositing  its  eggs,  generally  in 
the  kernel  of  some  fruit.  They  form  numer- 
ous genera,  all  found  on  plants. 

Curcuma  (ker'ku-ma),  n.  [L.L.,  a  halter, 
muz/le.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Zingiberacetc.  They  have  perennial  tuber- 
ous roots  ami  annual  stems;  the  flowers  are 
in  spikes  with  concave  bracts.  Some  with 
bright-coloured  reddish  or  yellow  flowers 
are  found  In  our  hothouses.  C.  Zerumbct 
and  C.  Zedoaria  furnish  the  zedoary  of  the 
shops.  C.  rubetcens  is  a  native  of  Bengal ; 
it  is  an  aromatic  plant,  and  its  pendulous 
tubers,  as  well  as  those  of  several  other 
species,  yield  starch,  and  are  employed  by 
the  natives  for  preparing  arrow-root.  C. 
Ainada  (mango-ginger),  a  native  of  Bengal, 
is  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  ginger.  C 
lomja  yields  turmeric,  a  mild  aromatic  sub- 
stance, employed  medicinally,  and  forming 
an  ingredient  in  the  composition  of  curry- 
powder.  See  TURMERIC. 
Curcuma  -  paper  (ker'ku-ma-pa-per).  n. 
1'iiper  stained  with  a  decoction  of  turmeric 
acid  and  used  by  chemists  as  a  test  of  free 
alkali,  by  the  action  of  which  it  is  stained 
brown. 

Curcumlne  (ker'ku-min),  ?i.    The  colouring 
matter  of  turmeric. 
Curd  (kerd),  n.    [Sc.  and  O.K.  cmd.    Pro- 


bably connected  with  W.  crvd,  a  round 
lump,  and  perhaps  with  croud  ,     \    -\  I,. 
OMgnbtedorttdoMMd  jiiirto!  milk,  vtlu.i, 
is  formed  into  cheeae,  or,  In  Bomi  • 
eaten  as  common  food.     '  Cunt*  and  cream 
the  llowrr  of  country  fare. '  Drydrn    Gene- 
rally used  in  the  plural  form     '2.  The  coag- 
ulated part  of  any  liquid. 
Curd  (kcril).  c.f.    To  cause  to  coagulate;  to 
turn  to  curd;  to  curdle;  to  congeal. 

•  '•••'  thy  blood 
To  «ay  I  am  thy  mother!  Stai. 

Curd  (kerd),  v.i.     To  become  curdled 
coagulated;  to  Income  curd. 

It  doll)  pOH«t 
And  curt!,  like  e.ijjer  droppings  Into  milk.    SA*t 

Curdlness  (kerd'i-uei),  n.  State  of  being 
curdy. 

Curdle  (ki-rdTl,  c.  i.  pret  A  pp.  curdled;  ppr 
curdling.  [Dim  of  curd,  v.i.}  1.  To  coag- 
ulate or  concrete;  to  thicken  or  change  into 
curd. 

Powder  of  mint  and  powder  of  red  roses  keep  the 
milk  from  curdling  in  the  stomach.  Ha<o». 

2.  To  run  slow  with  terror;  to  freeze;  to 
congeal;  as,  the  blood  curdlei  In  the  reins. 

Curdle  (kerd'l),  ».f.  1.  To  change  into  curd; 
to  cause  to  thicken ;  to  coagulate  or  con- 
crete; as,  rennet  curdlei  milk.— i  To  con- 
geal or  make  run  slow.  •  My  chilled  blood 
l»  curdled  In  my  veins.'  Dryden. 

Curdog  (kiVdog),  H.    A  cur 

Curdy  (kerd'i),  a.  Like  curd ;  full  of  curd ; 
coagulated. 

Cure  (kur),  n.  [O.Fr.  mire,  L.  euro,  care.) 
l.t  Care;  concern;  attention;  charge. 

Of  study  took  he  most  curt  and  heed.      CHanttr 

Cranmer  had  declared,  in  emphatic  terms,  that  God 

had  immediately  committed  to  Christian  prince*  the 

whole  Hire  of  all  their  subjects,  as  well  concerning 

the  administration  of  God's  word  for  the  ciucof  v.nK. 

as  concerning  the  administration  of  things  political. 

Macaufav. 

2.  A  spiritual  charge ;  care  of  the  spiritual 
welfare  of  people;  the  employment  or  office 
of  a  curate;  curacy.     'A  young  clergyman, 
when  he  is  confined  to  a  country  cure. '    K. 
A'elsoH. 

These  did  not  always  hold  ther  curet  as  honour* 
and  appendages  to  their  Italian  dignities.    .I/I/W.MI 

3.  Remedial  treatment  of  disease ;  method 
of  medical  treatment;  as,  to  try  the  cold- 
water  cure.  —4.  Remedy  for  disease;  restor- 
ative; that  which  heals;  as,  laudanum  Is 
used  as  a  cure  for  toothache.— 5.  A  healing; 
restoratlou  to  health  from  disease  and  to 
soundness  from  a  wound;  as,  the  medicine 
will  effect  a  cure. 

Cure  (kur),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  cured;  ppr.  cur- 
ing. ^ .  To  restore  to  health  or  to  a  Bound 
state;  to  heal. 

The  child  was  cured  horn  that  very  hour. 

Mat  irii.  18. 

2.  To  remove  or  put  an  end  to  by  remedial 
means;  to  heal,  as  a  disease;  to  remedy. 

Then  he  called  his  twelve  disciples  together  and 
guve  them  power  ...  to  cure  diseases.    Luke  it  i. 

When  the  person  and  the  cause  of  the  Ill- 
ness are  both  mentioned,  cure  is  followed  by 
nf  before  the  latter;  as.  the  physician  cured 
the  man  of  his  fever. —  3.  To  prepare  for 
preservation,  as  by  drying,  salting,  Ac. ;  as, 
to  cure  hay;  to  cure  fish  or  beef. 
Cure  (kur),  n.i.  l.t  To  care.  Chaucer.— 

2.  To  effect  a  cure. 

Like  Achilles'  spear. 
So  able  with  the  change  to  kill  and  cure.    SJiai. 

3.  To  become  well;  to  be  cured. 

One  desperate  grief  CM  res  with  another's  languish. 

Cur4  (kii-ra),  n.    [Fr.  ]    A  curate;  a  parson. 

Cureless  (kur'les),  o.  That  cannot  Iw  cured 
or  healed ;  incurable ;  not  admitting  of  a 
remedy;  as,  a  cureless  disorder.  '  A  cureless 
ill.'  Dryden. 

Curer  (kurtr),  n.  1.  A  physician;  one  who 
heals. — 2.  One  who  preserves  provisions.  a» 
beef,  fish,  and  the  like,  from  speedy  putre- 
faction by  means  of  salt,  or  in  any  other 
manner. 

Curette  (ku-ret),  n.  [Fr  ]  In  tury  a  scoop- 
shaped  instrument  for  removing  the  matter 
that  may  be  left  in  the  eye  after  operating 
for  cataract. 

Curfew  (kertu),  n.  [Fr.  couvre-feti.  cover- 
Ore  from  L.  cooperire,  to  cover,  and  focut, 
hearth,  tire-place.)  1.  A  bell  rung  in  the 
evening  as  a  signal  to  the  inhabitants  to 
rake  up  their  flres  and  retire  to  rest  This 
practice  was  introduced  into  England  from 
the  Continent  by  William  the  Conqueror, 
and  is  believed  to  have  originated  as  a  pre- 
caution against  the  outbreak  of  fires.— 14 
bell  still  rung  in  some  parts  in  continuation 
of  this  old  custom. 

The  cur/fw  tolls  the  knell  of  parting  day.     Gray. 


ch,  cAain;      en,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin<,;      TH,  their,  th,  thm;      w.  trig;    wh,  iaMg;    zh,  azure. -See  KKT. 


CURFUFFLE 


646 


CURRACH 


8.  t  A  cover  for  a  flre;  a  flre-plate.    Such 
covers  were  sometimes  highly  ornamented 


Curfew  for  fire.— Demmin's  Encyc.  des  Beaux  Arts. 

and  were  no  mean  works  of  art.    '  Pots,  pans, 

curfews,  and  the  like. '    Bacon. 
Curfuffle  (kur-fuf'fl),  v.t.    To  disorder;  to 

ruffle;  to  dishevel;  as,  her  hair  was  a'  cur- 

f ii fled.     [Scotch.] 
Curfuffle  (kur-fuf'fl),  n.    The  state  of  being 

disordered  or  ruffled;  agitation;  tremor. 

My  lord  maun  be  turned  feel  outright,  an'  he  puts 
hiinsel'  into  sic  a  cur/ujfle  for  onytning  you  could 
bring  him,  Edie.  Sir  It'.  Sfott. 

Curia  fku'ri-a),  n.  pi.  Curiffl  (ku'ri-e).    [L] 

1.  In  Ram.  antiq.  (a)  one  of  the  thirty  divi- 
sions made   by  Romulus    of   the    Roman 
people.    (6)  A  building  in  which  the  curia: 
met  for  the  celebration  of  divine  worship. 
<r)  The  building  in  which  the  senate  held  Its 
deliberations. — 2.  In  law,  a  court  of  justice. 
3.  The  Roman  see  in  its  temporal  aspect, 
including  the  pope,  cardinals,  Ac. 

Curiallstlc  (ku'r!-al-i6"tik),  o.  [L.  mrialis.) 
Pertaining  to  a  court. 

Curialltyt  (ku-ri-al'i-ti),  n.  [L.  mrialii, 
from  curia,  a  court.  ]  The  privileges,  pre- 
rogatives, or  retinue  of  a  court. 

Curlet,t  n.    See  CURAT. 

Curing-house  (kur'ing-hous),  n.  A  build- 
ing in  which  anything  is  cured;  specifically, 
in  the  West  Indies,  a  house  wherein  sugar 
is  drained  and  dried. 

CuriolOglC  (ku'ri-o-loj"ik),  a.  [Or.  Iryrio- 
ItirrUi,  propriety  of  speaking.]  Designating 
a  rude  kind  of  hieroglyphics,  in  which  a 
thing  is  represented  by  its  picture. 

Curiosity  (ku-ri-os'i-ti),  n.  [L.  mriosita*. 
See  CURIOUS.]  1.  A  strong  desire  to  see 
something  novel  or  to  discover  something 
unknown,  either  by  research  or  inquiry;  a 
desire  to  gratify  the  senses  with  a  sight  of 
what  is  new  or  unusual,  or  to  gratify  the 
mind  with  new  discoveries;  inquisitiveness. 
'Curiasity,  inquisitive,  importune  of  secrete. ' 
Milton. 

Desire  to  know  why  and  how— furiosity:  man  is 
distinguished  not  only  by  hie  reason,  but  also  by  this 
singular  passion  from  all  other  animals.  Hobbes. 

2.  t  Nicety;  delicacy;  fastidiousness. 

When  thou  wast  in  thy  gilt  and  thy  perfumes,  they 
mockt  thee  for  too  much  curiosity.  Shak. 

3.  Accuracy;  exactness;  nice  performance; 
curiousncss.      'The  curiosity  of  the  work- 
manship of  nature.'    Ray.—  4.t  A  nice  ex- 
periment. 

There  hath  been  practised  a  curiosity,  to  set  a  tree 
•on  the  north  side  of  a  w.ill.  and  at  a  little  height  to 
draw  it  through  the  wall,  Ac.  Bacon. 

S.  An  object  of  curiosity;  that  which  excites 
a  desire  of  seeing  or  deserves  to  be  seen,  as 
novel  and  extraordinary. 

We  took  a  ramble  together  to  see  the  curiositiesof 
this  great  town.  Addison. 

tThe  first  and  the  last  senses  are  those  in 
which  the  word  is  now  chiefly  used.  ] 

Curloso  (ku-ri-o'so),  n.  [It.]  A  curious  per- 
son; a  virtuoso. 

Curious  (ku'ri-us),  a.  [L.  cvriomm,  from 
ciira,  care.  See  CURE.)  1.  Strongly  desirous 
to  discover  what  is  novel  or  unknown;  soli- 
citous to  see  or  to  know;  inquisitive. 

Be  not  curious  in  unnecessary  matters. 

Ecclus.  iii.  23. 

2.  Habitually  inquisitive;  addicted  to  re- 
search or  inquiry;  as,  a  man  of  a  curious 
turn  of  mind:  sometimes  followed  by  after 
and  sometimes  by  of.  •  Curious  after  things 
elegant  and  beautiful. '  Woodward.  'Curi- 
ous of  antiquities.'  Dryden. — 3.  Accurate; 
careful  not  to  mistake;  solicitous  to  be  cor- 
rect. 

Men  were  not  curious  what  syllables  or  particles 
they  used.  Hooter. 

4.  Careful;  nice;  solicitous  in  selection;  diffi- 
cult to  please. 

A  temperate  man  is  not  curious  of  fancies  and  de- 
liciousness;  for  he  thinks  not  much,  and  speaks  not 
often  of  meat  and  drink.  7er.  Taylor. 


5.  Made  with  care;  nice;  exact;  subtle. 

Both  these  senses  embrace  their  objects  .  .  .  with  a 
more  curious  discrimination.  Holder. 

6.  Artful;  nicely  diligent. 

Each  ornament  about  her  seemly  lies. 
By  curious  chance,  or  careless  art,  composed. 
Fairfax. 

7.  Wrought  with  care  and  art;  elegant;  neat; 
finished;  as,  a  curious  work.     'The  curious 
girdle  of  the  ephod. '    Ex.  xxviii.  8.     •  Curi- 
ous lace-work  of  a  highly  polished  literary 
style.'     Prof.  Blaclrie.  —  8.  Requiring  care 
and  nicety;  as,  curious  arts.    Acts  xix.  19.— 

9.  Rigid;  severe;  particular.    [Rare.] 

For  curious  I  cannot  be  with  you, 
Signor  Baptista,  of  whom  I  hear  so  well.   Shalt. 

10.  Rare;  singular;  exciting  curiosity  or  sur- 
prise ;  awakening  curiosity ;  as,  a  curious 
fact.  — 11.  Ridiculously  odd  or  strange. — 
Curious  in,  curious  about,  having  a  passion, 
taste,  or  liking  for;  studious  of;  solicitous 
about. 

These  things  if  they  are  curious  in,  they  can  get 
for  a  dollar  in  the  next  village.  Emerson. 

—  Wonderful,  Strange,  Surprising,  Curious. 
See  under  WONBBRFCL. 
Curiously  (ku'ri-us-li),  ado.  1.  With  nice  in- 
spection; inquisitively;  attentively. 

I  saw  nothing  at  first,  but  observing  it  more  curi- 
ously, the  spots  appeared.  Xeivton. 

2.  With  nice  care  and  art;  exactly:  neatly; 
elegantly.  Ps.  cxxxix.  15.— 3.  In  a  singular 
manner;  unusually. 

Curiousness  (ku'rl-us-nes),  n.  1.  Careful- 
ness; painstaking;  nicety;  exactness. 

My  father's  care 
With  curiousntss  and  care  did  train  me  up. 

Massinftr. 

2.  Fitness  to  excite  curiosity;  exactness  of 
workmanship.      Smith.  —  3.    Singularity  of 
contrivance. — 1  Curiosity;  inquisitiveness. 

Ah  !  curiousntss,  first  cause  of  all  our  ill, 
And  yet  the  plague  which  most  torments  us  still 
Sir  If.  Alexander. 

Curl  (kerl),  v.t.  [Formerly  written  CruU. 
Cog.  D.  krullen,  Dan.  krijlle,  to  curl]  1.  To 
turn,  bend,  or  form  into  ringlete;  to  crisp, 
as  the  hair.—  2.  To  writhe;  to  twist;  to  coil, 
as  a  serpent. 

I  sooner  will  find  out  the  beds  of  snakes. 
Letting  them  curl  themselves  about  my  limbs. 
Beau.  6-  Ft. 

3.  To  dress  with,  or  as  with,  curls. 

The  snaky  locks 
That  curled  Megwra.  Milton. 

4.  To  raise  in  waves  or  undulations;  to 
ripple. 

Seas  would  be  pools,  without  the  brushing  air 
To  curl  the  waves.  Dryden. 

Curl  (kerl),  t>.t.  1.  To  bend  or  contract  into 
curls  or  ringlets,  as  hair.— 2.  To  move  In 
curves  or  spirals;  to  ri«c  in  waves  or  nn- 
dulatious;  to  ripple. 

Curfittf  smokes  from  village  tops  are  seen.     Pope. 
Gayly  curl  the  waves  before  each  dashing  prow. 
Byron 

3.  To  writhe;  to  twist  itself. 

Then  round  her  slender  waist  he  curled.  Dryden. 

4.  To  shrink;  to  shrink  back;  to  bend  and 
sink;  as,  he  curled  down  into  a  corner.  —6.  To 
play  at  the  game  called  curling.     [Scotch.] 

Curl  (kerl),  n.  1.  A  ringlet  of  hair  or  any- 
thing of  a  like  form. 

Shakes  his  ambrosial  curls,  and  (rives  the  nod; 
The  stamp  of  fate,  and  sanction  of  the  god.  Pope. 

2.  Undulation;  a  waving;  sinuosity;  flexure. 
•Waves  or  curl*  which  usually  arise  from 
sand-holes.'  Sir  I.  Keicton.—  3.  A  winding 
In  the  grain  of  wood.— 4.  A  disorder  which 
affects  potato  crops,  and  by  which  their  tops 
Iwcome  shrivelled. 

Curl-cloud  (kerlldoud),  n.  A  name  given 
by  some  meteorologists  to  the  cloud  known 
as  Cirrus. 

He  (Mr.  Howard)  had  proposed,  as  names  for  the 
kinds  of  clouds,  the  following:  Cirrus.  Cirro-cumulus, 
Cirro-stratus,  Ciimu!o.stratus.Cumulus,  Nimbus.  Stra- 
tus. In  an  abridgment  of  his  views,  given  in  the 
Supplement  to  the  Encyclopedia.  Rritanrtica,  English 
names  were  proposed  as  the  eiuivalents  of  these; 
Curf.cloud,  Sonder-cloud.  Wane-cloud,  Twain-cloud, 
Stacken-cloud,  Rain-cloud,  Fall-cloud.  Whetoell. 

Curled  (kerld),  p.  and  a.  Having  the  hair 
curled;  curly. 

So  opposite  to  marriage,  that  she  shunn'd 

The  wealthy  furled  darlings  of  our  nation.    Shat. 

Curledness  (kerld'nes),  »>.    State  of  being 

curled.    [Rare.] 
Curled-pate  (kerld'pat),  a.    Having  curled 

hair.     'Curled-pate  rufflans.'    Shak. 
Curler  (kerl'er),  n.      1.  He  who  or   that 

which  curls.— 2.  One  who  engages  in  the 

amusement  of  curling.    See  CURLING. 
Curlew  (kerlu),  n.     [Imitative  of  the  cry 


of  the  bird.  Fr.  eintrlis.]  1.  Numenius,  a 
genus  of  grallatorial  birds  of  the  same  family 
(Scolopacidie)  as  the  snipe  and  woodcock, 
characterized  by  a  long,  slender,  curved  bill, 
tall,  and  partly  naked  legs,  and  a  short  tail. 
The  wings  of  the  larger  species,  when 
spread,  measure  more  than  3  feet  from  tip 
to  tip.  The  common  curlew  (the  wha-up  of 
Scotland)  is  the  Numenius  arquata,  which 
is  met  with  in  most  parts  of  Kurope.  In 
Britain  during  the  summer  the  curlews  fre- 
quent the  large  heathy  and  boggy  moors, 
and  in  autumn  and  winter  they  depart  to 
the  sea-side  in  great  numbers.  This  bird  is 


Common  Curlew  (Numenius  arguata). 

of  an  ash-colour  diversified  by  black.  The 
lesser  curlew,  or  whimbrel,  is  the  Numenius 
phfeoput. 

Curliewurlie  (kurli-wur-li),  n.  A  fantastic 
circular  ornament.  [Scotch.  ] 

Ah !  it's  a  brave  kirk — nane  o'  yer  whigmaleeries 
and  curlteTvurlies  and  open-sleek  hems  about  it. 
Sir  II'.  ScM. 

Curllness  (kerl'i-nes),  n.  State  of  being 
curly. 

Curling  (kerl'ing),  n.  [See  CDRL.  The 
sense  of  curling,  twisting,  is  intimately  asso- 
ciated with  that  of  a  rolling  vibratory  mo- 
tion, such  as  the  early  ill-formed  stones 
doubtlessly  had.  ]  A  winter  amusement  on 
the  ice,  in  which  contending  parties  slide 
large  smooth  stones  of  a  circular  form  from 
one  mark,  called  the  tee,  to  another.  The 
chief  object  of  the  player  is  to  hurl  his  stone 
along  the  Ice  towards  the  tee  with  proper 
strength  and  precision;  and  on  the  skill 
displayed  by  the  players  in  placing  their 
own  stones  in  favpurahle  positions,  or  In 
driving  rival  stones  out  of  favourable  posi- 
tions, depends  the  chief  interestof  thegame. 

Curllng-lrons,  Curling-tongs  (kerl'ing-i- 
ernz,  kerl'ing-tongz),  n.  An  instrument  for 
curling  the  hair. 

Curling-stone  (kcrl'ing-st6n\  n.  The  stone 
used  in  the  game  of  curling.  In  shape  it 
resembles  a  small  cheese,  with  a  handle  in 
the  upper  side. 

Curling-Stuff  (kerl'ing-stuf).  ".  Timber  in 
which  the  fibres  wind  or  curl  at  the  places 
where  branches  have  shot  out  from  the 
trunk  of  the  tree. 

Curly  (kerl'i),  a.  Having  curls;  tending  to 
curl;  full  of  ripples. 

Curly-headed,  Curly-pated  (kerl'i-hed-ed, 
kern-pat-ed),  a.  Having  curling  hair. 

Curmudgeon  (ker-muj'on),  n.  [Said  to  bo 
from  corn-inudffin,  a  dealer  in  corn  —  corn- 
dealers  being  reckoned,  in  old  times,  the 
most  llinty-hearted  and  avaricious  of  men. 
'  Being  but  a  rich  corne-mudgin,  that  with  a 
quart  (or  measure  of  come  of  two  pounds) 
had  bought  the  freedom  of  his  fellow- 
citizens.'  Holland.]  An  avaricious  churlish 
fellow;  a  miser;  a  niggard;  a  churl.  'A 
penurious  curmudgeon.'  Locke. 

Curmudgeonly  ( ker-muj'on-li ),  a.  Avari- 
cious; covetous;  niggardly;  churlish. 

Curmurriug  (kur-mur'ring),  n.  [Imitative.] 

1.  A  low  rumbling  sound. —2.  The  motion  in 
the  bowels  produced  by  a  slight  attack  of 
the  gripes.     '  Some  eunnumV  in  his  guts.' 
Burns.     [Scotch.] 

Curn  (kurn),  n.  A  quantity;  an  indefinite 
number.  [Scotch.  ] 

Ane's  nane,  twa's  some,  three's  a  cum,  and  four's 
a  pun.  Scotch  nursery  rhyme. 

Curpin  (kurp'in),  n.  The  rump  of  a  fowl: 
often  applied  in  a  ludicrous  sense  to  the 
posteriors  of  man;  a  crupper.  [Scotch.] 

Curple  (kur'pl),  n.  The  crupper;  the  but- 
tocks. '  My  hap,  douce  hingin'  owre  my 
curple.'  Bunts.  [Scotch.] 

Currach,  Currack  (kurYach,  kur'rak),  n. 
[Scotch.]  1.  A  coracle,  or  small  skiff;  a 
boat  of  wicker-work,  covered  with  hides.— 

2.  A  small  cart  made  of  twigs. 

The  fuel  was  carried  in  creels,  and  the  corns  in 
curracks.  Statistical  Account  o/ Scotland. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fa.ll;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n«te,  not,  mSve;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J',  So.  ley. 


CURRANT 


047 


CURSEDNESS 


Currant(kn'rant),  n.  [From  Corinth,  whence 
it  was  probably  first  Introduced.]  i.  A 

small  kind  of  dricil  grape,  imported  from 
the  Levant,  chielly  from  Xante  and  <Vph;i- 
lonia,  used  in  cookery.— 2.  The  name  given 
to  the  fruit  as  well  as  the  shrubs  of  several 
species  of  Ribes,  nat.  order  Grussulariacea*, 
from  the  berries  resembling  in  size  the 
small  grapes  from  the  Levant.  The  red  cur- 
rant is  Ji.  ruhrinn,  of  which  the  white  cur- 
rant is  a  variety;  the  black  currant  is  the 
R.  ntffmmj  and  the  flowering  currant  the 
R.  santjuineum,  the  berries  of  which  are  in- 
sipid, but  not,  as  popularly  supposed,  poi- 
sonous. 

Currant,  Current  (kur'rant,  km'rent),  a. 
In  her.  same  as  Cmirant  (which  see). 

Currant-jelly  (ku'rant-jel-li),  n.  Jelly  made 
of  the  juice  of  currants. 

Curranto  (ku-ran'tO),  n.    See  COURANT. 

Currant-wine  (ku'rant-win),  n.  Wine  made 
from  the  juice  of  currants. 

Currency  (ku'ren-si),  n.  [See  CURRENT.] 
1.  Lit.  a  flowing,  running,  or  passing;  a 
continued  or  uninterrupted  course  like  that 
of  a  stream.  'The  currency  of  time.1  Ay- 
li/e.—2.  A  continued  course  in  public  opi- 
nion, belief,  or  reception;  a  passing  from 
person  to  person,  or  from  age  to  age;  as,  a 
report  has  had  a  long  or  general  currency. 

It  cannot  be  too  often  repeated,    line  upon   line, 
precept  upon  precept,   until   it  comes  into  the  cur- 
rency of  a  proverb — To  innovate  is  not  to  reform. 
Burke, 

3.  A  continual  passing  from  hand  to  hand, 
as  coin  or  bills  of  credit;  circulation;  as,  the 
currency  of  pounds,  shillings,  and  pence; 
the  currency  of  bank-bills  or  of  treasury 
notes..— 4.  Fluency;  readiness  of  utterance. 


[Rare  or  obsolete.]— 5.  General  estimation; 

the  rate  at  which 

valued. 


anything   is  generally 


He  takes  greatness  of  kingdom!  according  to  their 
bulk  and  currency,  and  not  after  intrinsic  value. 

Bacon, 

G.  That  which  is  current  or  in  circulation 
as  a  medium  of  trade;  that  which  is  in  cir- 
culation, or  is  given  and  taken  as  having 
value,  or  as  representing  property;  as,  the 
currency  of  a  country.—  Metallic  currency, 
the  gold,  silver,  and  copper  in  ch  dilution 
in  any  country.  — Paper  currency,  that  which 
passes  current  as  a  substitute  for  money  or 
a  representative  of  it.  Paper  currency  may 
be  divided  into  bank  currency,  as  the  notes 
of  the  Bank  of  England,  and  the  notes  of 
other  banks,  whether  private  or  joint-stock; 
and  private  paper  currency,  which  consists 
of  bills  of  exchange  and  cheques  upon 
bankers. 

Current  (ku'rent),  a.  [L.  cttrrens,  currentis, 
ppr.  of  curro,  to  run.]  1.  Running  or  mov- 
ing rapidly.  'Still  eyes  the  current  stream/ 
Milton.  'To  chase  a  creature  that  was  cur- 
rent then  in  those  wild  woods.'  Tennyson. 
Hence— 2.  Passing  from  person  to  person, 
or  from  hand  to  hand;  circulating;  common, 
general,  or  fashionable;  generally  received; 
popular;  as,  the  current  notions  of  the  day 
or  age. 

All  the  current  political  opinions  have  been  dis- 
cussed in  the  daily  and  weekly  papers  with  ^reat 
ability.  Sir  G.  C.  Lewis. 

3.  Established  by  common  estimation;  gene- 
rally received;  as,  the  current  value  of  coin. 

4.  That  may  be  allowed  or  admitted;  fitted 
for  general  acceptance  or  circulation;  au- 
thentic; genuine;  passable. 

Ah,  Buckingham,  now  do  I  play  the  touch 

To  try  if  thou  he  current  gQ\<\  indeed.          Shafc. 

Thou  canst  make 
No  excuse  current,  but  io  h.mg  thyself.     Shak. 

5.  Xow  passing;  present  in  its  course;  as, 
the  current  month  or  year.—  Current  coin, 
coin  in  general  circulation. 

Current  (ku'rent),  n.  1.  A  flowing  or  pass- 
ing; a  stream:  applied  to  fluids;  as,  a  cur- 
rent of  water  or  of  air.— 2.  A  body  of  water 
or  air  moving  in  a  certain  direction;  as,  the 
Gulf-stream  is  a  remarkable  current  in  the 
Atlantic.  The  set  of  a  current  is  that  point 
of  the  compass  toward  which  the  waters 
run;  and  the  drift  of  a  current  is  the  rate 
at  which  it  runs.—  Electric  current,  the  pas- 
sage of  electricity  from  one  pole  of  an  ap- 
paratus to  the  other.  See  ELECTRICITY.— 
Atmospheric  current*,  disturbances  of  the 
atmospheric  mass  from  regular  or  acci- 
dental causes,  and  which  constitute  winds. 
2.  Course;  progressive  motion  or  movement; 
continuation;  as,  the  current  of  time.— 3.  A 
connected  series;  successive  course;  as,  the 
current  of  events. —4.  General  or  main 
course;  as,  the  current  of  opinion.  [In  such 
expressions  as  6th  current  (or  curt.),  current 


is  really  an  adjective,  the  expression  being 
short  tar  current  month.] 
Currente  calamo  (ku-ren'tf  kala-mo)  [L 
it  with  the  pen  running.]  Ulfhaml;  rapidly 
with  no  stop. 

Currently  (ku'rent-li),  ado.  In  constant  mo- 
tion ;  with  continued  progression ;   hence 
commonly;  generally;  popularly;  with  gene- 
ral acceptance;   as,  the  story  is  cu,, 
reported. 

Currentness  (kn'rent-nes),  n.  1.  Currency 
circulation;  general  reception. -2.  Fluency' 
easiness  of  pronunciation.  [Rare  or  obso- 
lete.  ] 

When  substantlalness  combineth  with  delightful- 
ness  and  currentiuss  with  staydncss,  how  can  the 
language  sound  other  than  most  full  of  sweetness. 

Curricle  (ku'ri-kl),  n.  [L.  mrriculu™  from 
curro,  to  run.]  1.  A  chaise  or  carriage  with 
two  wheels,  drawn  by  two  horses  abreast. 

The  splendid  carriage  of  the  wealthier  guest. 
The  ready  chaise  and  driver  smartly  dress'd; 
Whiskeys  and  gigs  and  curricles  arc  there, 
And  high-fed  pranccrs  many  a  raw-boned  pair 
Cr ibbe 

2.  t  A  small  or  short  course. 

Upon  a  curricle  in  this  world  depends  a  Ions 
course  of  the  next.  Sir  T.  Brcruitte. 

Curriculum  (ku-rik'u-Ium),  n.  [L.]  1.  A 
race-course;  a  place  for  running,  <Sc.— 

2.  A  specified  fixed  course  of  study  in  a  uni- 
versity, academy,  school,  or  the  like;  as,  the 
arts  curriculum;  the  medical  curriculum. 

Currie  (ku'ri),  n.    Same  as  Curry. 

Currier  (ku'ri-er),  n.  (L.  coriarius;  Fr. 
corroyeur.  See  CCRRY,  v.t.  ].]  A  man 
who  dresses  and  colours  leather  after  it  is 
tanned. 

Curriery  (ku'ri-e-ri),  n.  1.  The  trade  of  a 
currier.  --2.  The  place  where  the  trade  of  a 
currier  is  carried  on. 

Currish  (kertsh),  o.  [See  CUE.]  Like  a  cur; 
having  the  qualities  of  a  cur;  snappish; 
snarling;  churlish;  intractable;  quarrel- 
some; brutal;  malignant.  'The  curruh.  Jew.' 
Shak.  '  Thy  currish  spirit  governed  a  wolf. ' 
Shak. 

Currishly  (kertsh-li),  adv.  Like  a  cur;  in  a 
brutal  manner. 

Currishness  (kertsh-nes),  n.  Snappishness; 
snarling  disposition;  churlishness. 

Diogenes  ...  by  his  currishncss  got  him  the 
name  of  dog.  Felthctm. 

Curry  (ku'ri),  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  curried;  ppr. 
currying.  [Fr.  corroyer,  to  curry;  O. Fr. 
airier,  a  skinner,  currier,  from  L.  curium,  a 
hide.]  1.  To  dress  leather  after  it  is  tanned; 
to  soak,  pare,  or  scrape,  cleanse,  beat,  and 
colour  tanned  hides,  ami  prepare  them  for 
use. — 2.  To  rub  and  clean  with  a  comb. 

Your  short  horse  is  soon  curried.       Beau.  &  Fl. 

3.  To  beat;  to  drub;  to  thrash;  as,  to  curry 
one's  hide. 

By  setting  brother  against  brother, 

To  claw  and  curry  one  another.         Kufler. 

— To  curry  favour,  to  seek  favour  by  offi- 
eiousness,  kindness,  flattery,  caresses,  and 
the  like. 

This  humour  succeeded  so  with  the  puppy,  that  an 
ass  would  go  the  same  way  to  work  to  curvy  favour 
for  himself?  L'Estraugt. 

[The  phrase  to  curry  favour  is  said  to  be  a 
corruption  for  'curry  favel,'  Fr.  'Mriller 
fauceau.'  to  curry  the  chestnut  horse.  Shak- 
spere,  Hen.  IV.  part  ii.  v.  1,  uses  curry  in 
this  sense  without  appending  favour. 

If  I  had  a  suit  to  Master  Shallow,  I  would  humour 
his  men;  if  to  his  meu,  I  would  curry  with  Master 
Shallow.  5/r.t.c. 

The  form  to  curry  favcl  was  used  by  old 
authors. 

Neither  yet  let  any  man  furry  fwcl  with  himself 
after  this  wise.  l'd,il.\ 

Curry  (ku'ri),  n.  [Per.  khunli,  juice,  broth.] 

1.  A  Kind  of  sauce  much  used  in  India,  con- 
taining cayenne-pepper,  garlic,   turmeric, 
coriander  seed,  ginger,  and  other   strong 
spices.    It  is  poured  on  the  food,  which  is 
hence  spoken  of  as  curried  rice,  fowl,  <fec. 

2.  A  stew  of  fish,  fowl,  etc.,  cooked  with 
curry-sauce. 

Curry  (ku'ri),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  curried;  ppr. 
currying.  To  flavour  with  curry. 

Curry-comb  (ku'ri-kom),  n.  [See  COMB.] 
An  iron  instrument  or  comb  with  very  short 
teeth,  for  combing  and  cleaning  horses. 

Curry-comb  (ku'ri-kom),  v.t.  To  rub  down 
or  comb  with  a  curry-comb. 

Currying  (ku'ri-ing),  n.  1.  The  act  of  rub- 
bing down  a  horse.— 2.  The  art  of  dressing 
skins  after  they  are  tanned,  for  the  pur- 
poses of  the  shoemaker,  saddler,  coach  and 
harness  maker,  etc  ,  or  of  giving  them  the 


necessary  smoothness,  lustre,  colour  and 
"upiiluneu. 

Curry-powder  (ku'ri -pmi-d.-r).  n.  A  eon- 
'liim-nt  used  for  making  .-ut  i 
turmeric,  coriander  seed,  ginger  and  cay- 
ennc-pepper,  to  which  unit.  cloves,  carda- 
moms, pnundcd  cinnamon,  onion*  garlic 
ami  scraped  cocoa-nut  may  be  added  at 

Curse  (ken),  r.l.  pret.  &  pp  curud  or  cunt; 
ppr.  eurnng.  (A.  Sax.  cunian,  eariw 
curse,  perhaps  lit.  to  execrate  by  the  sign  of 
the  cross,  by  metathesis  from  cn,u  (which 
see).  But  it  i>  doubtful  if  A  Sax.  cort  cur. 
a  curse,  has  any  cinnicctic.n  »ith  rron  \ 

1.  To  utter  a  wish  of  evil  against  ..n,    t,, 
imprecate  evil  upon;  t<>  call  for  mischief 
or  Injury  to  fall  upon;  to  execrate. 

Thou  shall  not  mm  the  ruler  of  thy  people. 

Cum  me  this  people,  for  they  are  too  im^my  for  riie. 

Num.  xiii.  o. 

Hence— 2.  To  bring  a  curse  on  by  wishing,  or 
imprecating  evil  to  or  upon;  to  blast-  to 
blight. 

Sure  some  fell  fiend  has  cur  ted  our  line. 

That  coward  should  be  son  of  mine.      Sir  II'.  Saul. 

3.  To  injure;  to  subject  to  evil;  to  vex, 
harass,  or  torment  with  great  calamities. 

On  impious  realms  and  barbarous  klngt  impose 
Thy  plagues,  and  runt  'em  with  such  sons  as  those. 

nft 

Curse  (kcrs),  c.t.    To  utter  imprecations;  'to 
affirm  or  deny  with  imprecatloni  of  divine 
vengeance;  to  use  blasphemous  or  profane 
language;  to  swear. 
Then  began  he  to  curse  and  to  swear.    Mat  xxvL  74. 

Curse  (kers),  n.  1.  Malediction:  the  expres- 
sion of  a  wish  of  evil  to  another;  imprecation 
of  eviL 

Shiinei .  .  .  who  cursed  me  with  a  grievous  curst. 
I  Kl.  ii.  8. 
They  entered  into  a  curse,  and  into  an  oath. 

2.  Evil  solemnly  or  in  passion  invoked  upon 
one. 

The  priest  shall  write  all  these  curses  in  a  book. 
Num.  v   .•}. 

3.  That  which  brings  evil  or  severe  afflic- 
tion; torment;  great  vexation.     'The  com- 
mon curse  of  mankind,  folly  and  ignorance.' 
Shalt. 

I  will  make  this  city  a  curse  to  all  nations.  Jer.  xxri.  6. 

4.  Condemnation;  sentence  of  divine  ven- 
geance on  sinners. 

Christ  hath  redeemed  its  from  the  curse  of  the  law. 
Gal.  ill    iv 

— Curse  of  Scotland,  in  card-playing,  the  nine 
of  diamonds.  Various  hypotheses  nave  been 
set  up  as  to  the  origin  of  this  phrase;  as, 
that  it  was  the  card  on  which  the  •  Butcher 
Duke*  wrote  a  cruel  order  after Cullodeu; 
but  the  phrase  was  in  use  before;  that 
it  is  a  corruption  of  crow  of  Scotland, 
the  nine  diamonds  being  arranged  some- 
what like  a  St.  Andrew's  cross;  that,  in 
the  game  of  Pope  Joan,  the  nine  of  dia- 
monds is  the  rope,  of  whom  the  Scotch  have 
an  especial  horror;  that  a  cross  of  lozenges, 
like  the  nine  of  diamonds,  formed  the  anus  of 
Colonel  Parker,  who  commanded  with  great 
severity  in  Scotland,  after  the  death  of 
Charles  I. ;  also  (and  this  is  most  probably 
the  true  explanation),  that  it  represented 
the  heraldic  bearings  of  the  Earl  of  Htair, 
who  was  detested  for  his  share  in  the  mas- 
sacre of  Glencoe.  — Svx.  Malediction,  exe- 
cration, ban,  anathema,  excommunication, 
affliction,  torment. 

Curse  (kers),  n.  [A  form  of  0.  E.  kene,  a  cress, 
A.  Sax.  rerse.  'Wisdom  and  wit  now  is 
not  worth  a  kersc'  I'iera  J'ltjtruian.]  A 
word  only  used  in  the  phrase,  '  I  don't  care 
a  curie.'  It  is  unnecessary  to  say  that  the 
meaning  now  attached  to  the  phrase  is 
much  coarser. 

Cursed  (kers'ed),  p.  and  a.  1.  Execrated; 
afflicted;  vexed;  tormented;  blasted  by  a 
curse. 

Let  us  fly  this  cursed  place.  Miltyt. 

2.  Deserving  a  curse;  execrable;  hateful; 
detestable ;  abominable;  wicked.  '  Cuneil 
thoughts.  'Shak.  —3.  Vexatious;  troublesome 
•This  cursed  quarrel.'  Dryden.  'Wounding 
thorns  and  curxed  thistles.'  Prior. 

Cursedly  (kers'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  cursed  man- 
ner; enormously;  miserably;  in  amauner  to 
l>e  cursed  or  detested. 

Cursedness  (kers'ed-nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  under  a  curse,  or  of  being  doomed  to 
execration  or  to  evil. -2.  t  Blasphemous, 
profane,  or  evil  speech;  cursing. 

His  mouth  is  full  of  cursetftieff, 
Of  fraud,  deceit,  and  guile. 

Old  metrical  \trsion  tif  Psalms. 


ch,  cAain;      th,  Sc.  locA;      g.  0o; 


Uob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;     TH,  (/ten;  th,  thin;     w,  trig;    wh,  icWg;    zh,  azure. -See  KEY. 


CURSER 


648 


CURULE 


Curser  (kirs'ir),  ».  One  who  curses  or  utters 
a  curse. 

Curshlpt  (kiVship),  71.  [See  CUR.]  A  ludi- 
crous title  of  address  (on  type  of  lardahip, 
worship),  as  indicating  the  currish,  snarl- 
ing, or  mean  disposition  of  the  person  ad- 
dressed. 

How  durst  th',  I  say.  oppose  thy  ntrship 
'Gainst  amis,  authority,  and  worship!    Hn<iibras. 

Cursing (k£rs'ing),  n.  Execration;  the  utter- 
ing of  a  curse;  a  dooming  to  vexation  or 
misery. 

God  in  cursing  gives  us  better  gifts 

Than  men  in  blessing.         E.  B.  Browning. 

Cursltor  (ker'si-ter),  n.  [From  the  L.  mreo, 
cursito,  to  run.]  1.  In  England,  a  clerk  in  the 
Court  of  Chancery,  whose  business  was  to 
make  out  original  writs.  The  office  was 
abolished  by  5  and  6  Win.  IV.  Ixxxii.  The 
office  of  cursitor  baron,  who  administered 
oaths  to  sheriffs,  bailiffs,  functionaries  of 
the  customs,  &c.,  was  abolished  by  19  and 
20Vict.  Ixxxvi.— 2  t  A  courier  or  runner. 
•  Cursitors  to  and  fro.'  Holland. 

Cursive  (ker'siv),  a.  [It.  corsivo,  running. 
See  COURSE  and  CURRENT.)  Running;  flow- 
ing.— Cursive  hand,  in  writing,  a  running 
hand. 

Cursively  (k6r'siv-li),  adv.  In  a  running 
manner;  fluently. 

Cursor  (ker'ser),  n.  [L. ,  a  runner.  ]  Any  part 
of  a  mathematical  instrument  that  slides 
backward  and  forward  upon  another  part, 
as  the  piece  in  an  equinoctial  ring-dial  that 
slides  to  the  day  of  the  month,  or  the  point 
that  slides  along  a  beam-compass,  Ac. 

Cursoraryt  (ker'so-ra-ri),  a.  Cursory;  hasty; 
running  rapidly  over.  '  With  a  mrtorary 
eye.'  Shak. 

Ciirsores  (ker-so'rez),  n.vl.    [L.,  runners.] 

1.  The  runners,  an  onlerof  birds(correspond- 
Ing  to  the  family  Stmthionidte  of  most  or- 
nithologists, the  order  Ratitic  of  others),  so 
named  from  their  remarkable  velocity  in 
running.     The  wings  are  but  little  deve- 
loped, and  are  totally  incapable  of  raising 
the  birds  from  the  ground,  and  the  breast- 
bone is  flat  and  not  keeled  as  in  other  birds. 
Hence  the  name  Ratitrc  (L.  ratin,  a  raft). 
The  utmost  that  the  wings  can  accomplish 
is   to  assist    the  powerful    run,  which  is 
effected  by  the  strong  and  highly  developed 
legs.    The  order  comprises  the  ostrich,  the 
cassowary,  the  emu,  rhea,  and  the  apteryx. 

2.  A  name  given  to  those  spiders  which 
make  no  webs,  but  catch  their  prey  by  swift 
pursuit,  such  as  the  wolf-spider  (Lycosa). 

CurspriaKker-so'ri-al),  o.    1.  Adapted  for 

running;  as,  the  legs  of  a  dog  are  cursorial. 

2.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  Cursores;  as,  the 

cursorial  order  of  birds. 
Cursorily  (kcr'so-ri-li),  ado.  [See  CURSORY.] 

In  a  running  or  hasty  manner;  slightly; 

hastily;  without  attention;  as,  I  read  the 

paper  cursorily 
Cursoriness  (ker'so-ri-nes),  n.    Slight  view 

or  attention. 
Cursorius  (ker-so'ri-us),  n.  A  genus  of  gral- 

latorial  birds,  forming  the  sub-family  Curso- 

rinie  of  some  naturalists,  belonging  to  the 


Brazen-winged  Courser  (C.  chalcopterus) 


plover  tribe,  including  those  birds  which, 
from  the  limited  development  of  their  wings, 
are  unable  to  fly,  but  which  from  the  size 
and  strength  of  their  legs  possess  superior 
powers  of  running.  The  bill  is  long,  as  also 
the  legs;  and  the  mandibles  are  arched  and 
compressed  towards  their  extremities.  To 
this  genus  belong  the  black-bellied  courier, 
the  brazen-  winged  courser,  and  the  cream- 
coloured  courser  or  swift-foot.  These  birds 
chiefly  inhabit  Africa, 

Cursory  (ker'so-ri),  a.  [L.  curttoriu^,  from 
curitus.  See  COURSE.]  1.  Running;  hasty; 


slight;  superficial;  careless;  not  exercising 
close  attention;  as,  a  cursory  reader;  a  cur- 
sory view. 

The  regard  I  have  ever  borne  in  my  mind  towards 
men  of  eminence  .  .  .  led  me  at  my  leisure  to  make 
cursory  collections  out  of  my  books  of  their  lives  and 
actions.  Strype. 

Truth  or  reality  is  not  that  which  lies  on  the  surface 
nf  things  and  can  be  perceived  by  every  cursory  ob- 
server. Dr,  Cairo". 

2.t  Running  about;  not  stationary.  'Their 
citrsonf  men.'  Proceedings  against  Garnet. 
SYN.  rtasty,  superficial,  slight,  careless,  de- 
sultory, inattentive. 

Curst(kerst),ft.  [  Probably  from  curse.  Wedg- 
wood refers  it  to  the  O.K.  cms,  wrathful, 
and  connects  it  with  Fr.  courroux,  wrath.  ] 
Froward;  peevish;  snarling;  ill-tempered; 
crusty. 

They  are  never  curst  but  when  they  are  hungry. 

Skat. 

Though  his  mind 
Be  ne'er  so  curst,  his  tongue  is  kind.      Crashenv. 

Curstfttlt  (kerst'ful),  a.  Crusty;  peevish;  ill- 
natured. 

Curstfullyt  (kerst'ful-li),  adv.  Crustily; 
peevishly;  ill-naturedly.  '  Curgtfully  mad.' 
Marston. 

Curstiy  (kerstli),  adv.  Crustily;  maliciously. 

With  hate  the  wise,  with  scorne  the  saints. 
Evermore  are  curstly  crost.    Sylvester,  Dn  Bartas. 

Curstness  (kerst'nes),  n.  Peevishness;  ma- 
lignity; frowardness;  crabljedness;  surliness. 
'  The  curstness  of  a  shrew.'  Dryden. 

Curt.  Contraction  for  current,  used  in  cor- 
respondence, &c.,  to  signify  the  present 
month. 

Curt  (kert),  a.  [L.  curttig.]  1.  Short;  concise. 

In  Homer  we  find  not  a  few  of  these  sagacious  curt 
sentences,  into  which  men  unaccustomed  with  books 
are  fond  of  compressing  their  experience  of  human 
life.  Prof.  Blackie. 

2.  Short  and  dry;  tart. 

'  I  know  what  you  are  going  to  say,'  observed  the 
gentleman  in  a  curt,  grumsh  voice.  Disratlt. 

Curtail  (ker-talO,  v.t.  [Fr.  cmtrt,  short,  and 
tattler,  to  cut.]  To  cut  off  the  end  or  a  part 
of;  to  dock;  as,  to  curtail  words;  hence,  in  a 
more  general  sense,  to  shorten  in  any  man- 
ner; to  abridge;  to  diminish:  sometimes  fol- 
lowed by  of,  in  which  case  there  is  a  remote 
object  to  the  verb. 

Then  why  should  we  ourselves  abridge. 
And  curtail  our  own  privilege!       Hudibras, 
I  that  am  curtailed  of  &\\  fair  proportion. 
Deformed,  unfinished.  Shak. 

Curtail,  Curtall-dOg  (ker'tar.  ker'tal-dog), 
n.  [O.Fr.  courtault,  courtaut —  Fr.  court, 
short,  and  modified  termination  ard,  as  in 
dastard,  drunkard.]  1.  A  dog  whose  tail  is 
cut  off,  according  to  the  forest  laws,  its 
owner  being  hindered  from  coursing.— 2.  In 
later  u-gaqe,  a  common  dog  not  meant  for 
sport ;  a  dog  that  has  missed  his  game. 

Hope  is  a  curtail  (fog  in  some  affairs.         Shak. 

Curtailer  (ker-tal'er),  n.  One  who  curtails; 
one  who  cuts  off  or  shortens  anything. 

Curtailment  (ker-tal'nient),  n,  A  cutting 
off;  a  shortening;  a  diminution;  retrench- 
ment; as,  the  people  demand  a  curtailment 
of  the  expenditure. 

Curtall-step  (ktVtal-stepY  n.  The  first  or 
bottom  step  of  a  stair,  when  it  is  finished 
at  its  outer  end,  or  end  farthest  from  the 
wall,  in  the  form  of  a  scroll. 

Curtain  (ker'tin),  ».  [Fr.  covrtine;  It.  cor- 
tina;  L.L.  cortina,  a  little  court;  L.  cortina, 
a  circle,  as  of  a  theatre,  from  car*,  cortis,  a 
court.  See  COURT.  Comp.  L.  au&eum,  a 
curtain,  from  avlti,  a  hall  or  court.]  1.  A 
hanging  cloth  screen  which  may  be  con- 
tracted or  expanded  at  pleasure  so  as  to 
admit  or  exclude  the  light,  conceal  or  dis- 
cover anything,  as  a  cloth  hanging  round 
a  bed  or  before  a  window ;  the  movable 
screen  in  a  theatre  or  like  place  serving 
to  conceal  the  stage  from  the  spectators. — 

3.  In  fort,  that  part  of  a  rampart  which  is 
between  the  flanks  of  two  bastions,  or  be- 
tween two  gates,  bordered  with  a  parapet, 
behind  which  the  soldiers  stand  to  fire  on 
the  covered  way,  and  into  the  moat    See 
BASTION  for  both  definition  and  cut. — 4.  In 
Scrip,  a  tent;  a  habitation.    Hab.  iii.  7. — 
To  drop  the  curtain,  to  close  the  scene,  to 
end;  the  curtain  falls,  the  play  comes  to  an 
end;  the  scene  closes;  to  raise  the  curtain, 
the  fiirt, i  in  rises,  to  open  the  play  or  scene, 
the  play  or  scene  opens. 

Truly  and  beautifully  has  Scott  said  of  Swift,  'the 
stage  darkened  ere  the  curtain  fell.' 

Chambers' s  Ency.  ffff.it. 

—To  draw  the  curtain,  to  conceal  an  object; 
to  refrain  from  exhibiting,  describing,  or 
descanting  on;  as,  we  dratP  the  curtain  over 


his  failings.—  Behind  the  curtain,  in  con- 
cealment; in  secret. 

Curtain  (ker'tin),  v.t.  To  inclose  with,  or 
as  with,  curtains;  to  furnish  with  curtains. 

Whose  eyelids  curtained  up  their  jewels  dim.  Keats. 

Curtain-lecture  (ker'tin-lek-tur),  n.  A 
lecture  or  reproof  given  behind  the  curtains 
or  in  bed  by  a  wife  to  her  husband. 

What  endless  brawls  by  wives  are  bred  ! 
The  curtain-ifcturemakfAA  mournful  bed. 

Drydtn. 

Curtal  (ker'tal),  n.  A  horse  or  dog  with  a 
docked  tail. 

I'd  give  bay  curtal  and  his  furniture. 
My  mouth  no  more  were  broken  than  these  boys'. 
Shak. 

Curtal  (ker'tal),  a.    Short;  abridged;  brief. 

Curtal-ax  (ker'tal-aks),  n.  Same  ns  Curtlax. 

Curtal-friar  (ker'tal-fri-er),  n.  [For  curtil- 
friar—curtilage.  a  court-yard,  and/rtar] 
The  brother  who  acted  as  porter  at  the 
court-gate  of  a  monastery. 

Who  hath  seen  our  chaplain!  Where  is  our  curtal- 
friarl  Sir  If.  Scott. 

Curtail -dog  ( kert  'al-  dog),  n.  Same  && 
Curtail,  n. 

Curtate (kert'at), a.  [L.  curtatun,  from  cwrfo, 
to  shorten.  ]  Shortened ;  reduced.  —  Cur- 
tate distance  (ot  a  planet),  in  astrun.  the  dis- 
tance between  the  sun  or  earth  and  that 
point  where  a  perpendicular  let  fall  from 
the  planet  meets  the  plane  of  the  ecliptic. 

Curtation  (kert-a'shon),  n.  {Set-  CURTATE.  I 
In  antron.  the  difference  between  a  planet's 
true  distance  from  the  sun  and  the  curtate 
distance. 

Curtein,  Curtana  (ker-tan',  ker-ta'na),  n. 
[From  being  apparently  curtailed.]  The 
pointless  sword,  carried  before  the  kings  of 
England  at  their  coronation,  and  eiul.k 
matically  considered  as  the  sword  of  mercy. 
It  is  also  called  the  sword  of  Edward  the 
Confessor. 

Curtei8,t  a,    [Fr.]   Courteous.     Chaucer. 

Curtelasse  t  (ker'tel-as),  n.  Same  as  Curtlax. 

Curtesy  (kert'e-si),  n.  Same  as  Curtsy  (which 
see). 

Curtilage  (ker'til-aj),  n.  [O.Fr.  courtilage, 
from  court il,  a  court-yard,  from  L.corg,  cortis, 
a  court.]  In  law,  a  court-yard,  backside,  or 
piece  of  ground,  lying  near  and  belonging 
to  a  dwelling-house;  the  limit  of  the  pre- 
mises within  which  housebreaking  can  be 
committed. 

Curtlax,  Curtleax  (ker'tl-aks), «.  [See  CUT- 
LASS.] One  of  the  forms  given  to  the  French 
coutelas,  properly  signifying  a  short  crooked 
sword;  but  acquiring  in  England  some  refer- 
ence to  a  short  axe.  as  if  curtal  axe. 

Curtly  (kerfli),  adv.    Briefly. 

Curtness  (kert'nes),  n.  Shortness;  concise- 
ness; tartness,  as  of  manner. 

Curtsy  (kert'si).  n.  [Wedgwood  thinks 
that  this  word  is  not  simply  a  modification 
of  courtesy,  but  that  it  conies  through  Prov. 
E.  curchy,  curch,  crutch,  a  curtsy,  from  I, 
crux,  a  cross,  the  fundamental  meaning 
being  to  put  one's  self  Into  the  revemit 
attitude  of  one  who  makes  the  sign  of  the 
cross.  The  Italian  phrase,  far  croce,  to 
cross  the  arms  on  the  breast,  often  joined 
with  bowing  or  kneeling,  supports  this.]  A 
courtesy  or  gesture  of  respect  or  civility  f « >r- 
merly  performed  by  women.  See  COURTESY. 

Curtsy  (kert'si),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  curttitd; 
ppr.  curtsying.  To  drop  or  make  a  curtsy. 

The  bird  of  paradise  curtsied,  as  if  she  shrunk; 
under  the  overwhelming  greeting.  Disraeli. 

Curucui,  n.  The  native  name  of  a  Brazilian* 
bird  of  the  woodpecker  kind,  Trogon  Curu- 
cui. It  is  about  10}  inches  in  length,  of 
very  solitary  habits,  being  found  only  in  the 
deepest  forests,  and  has  its  name  from  the 
melancholy  note  the  male  utters  at  pairing 
time.  See  TROGON. 

Curule  (ku'rol),  a.  [L.  curulig,  pertaining  to 
a  chariot,  belonging  to  the  Roman  chair  of" 
state,  usually  derived  from  cumin,  a  chariot. 
Pott  suggests  its 
connection  with 
currus,  crooked.  T 
1.  Belonging  to  a 
chariot. —2.  Pri- 
vileged to  sit  in 
a  curule  chair ; 
as,  the  curule  ma- 
gistrates. —  CM- 
rule  chairoTteat, 
among  the  Ro- 
mans, a  sort  of 
raised  embel- 
lished chair 


Curule  Chair,  from  drawing 
found  in  Pompeii. 


seat  of  ivory,  jjold,  Ac.,  placed  in  a  chariot, 
wherein  the  cnief  officers  of  Rome  were 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc,  abwne;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


CURURLET 


wont  to  be  carried  into  council  It  was 
also  a  mark  of  distinction  for  dictators 
consuls,  prajtors,  censors,  and  ediles  who 
were  from  this  circumstance  called  curule 
magistrates.  Curule  chairs  were  of  various 
shapes,  but  the  one  generally  used  was  a 
stool  without  a  back,  so  made  as  to  be  folded 
up  and  opened  again  in  the  manner  of  a 
camp-stool. 
Cururlet  (ku-rer-let),  n.  A  sort  of  plover. 

Curvant,  Curval  (kerv'ant,  kerv'al),  a     In 

her.  curved  or  bowed. 
Curvate,  Curvated  (kerv'at,  kCrv'at-ed)  a 

[See  CURVE.]     Curved;  bent  in  a  regular 

Curvatlon  (kerv-a'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
bending  or  curving. 

Curvative  (kerv'a-tiv),  a.  In  bot.  bavin- 
leaves  whose  margins  are  slightly  turned  u!> 
or  down  without  any  sensible  bending  in- 
wards. 

Curvature  (k6rv'a-tur),  n.  [L.  curvatura 
See  CURVE.]  A  bending  in  a  regular  form- 
the  continual  bending  of  a  line  from  a  rec- 
tilineal direction.  The  curvature  of  a  line  is 
the  peculiar  manner  of  its  bending  or  flexure 
by  which  it  becomes  a  curve  of  such  and  such 
peculiar  properties.  Thus  thecurvature  of  a 
circle  is  such,  that  every  point  in  the  circum- 
ference is  equally  distant  from  a  point  within 
called  the  centre,  and  so  the  curvature  of 
the  same  circle  is  everywhere  the  same;  but 
the  curvature  in  all  other  curves  is  continu- 
ally varying.—  Circle  of  curvature,  or  circle 
of  the  same  curvature,  a  circle  which  touches 
a  curve  in  a  point,  so  that  no  other  circle 
touching  it  in  the  same  point  can  pass  be- 
tween it  and  the  curve.  —  Radim  of  curva- 
ture, the  radius  of  the  circle  of  curvature 
—Double  curvature,  a  term  applied  to  the 
curvature  of  a  line  which  twists  so  that  all 
the  parts  of  it  do  not  lie  in  the  same  plane 
as  the  rhomb  line  or  the  loxodromic  curve  ' 
Curve  (kerv),  a.  [L  curvo,  to  bend,  from 
curvus,  crooked.  See  CURB.]  Bending- 
crooked;  inflected  in  a  regular  form  and 
without  angles;  as,  acurve  line,  which  may  he 
cut  by  a  right  line  in  more  points  than  one. 

A  curve  line  is  that  which  is  neither  a  straight  line 
nor  composed  of  straight  lines.  O^ilvie. 

Curve  (kerv),  n.     1.  A  bending  in  a  regular 
form  and   without  angles;    that  which  is 
bent  without  angles;  a  flexure.— 2.  Ingeom 
a  line  which  may  be  cut  by  a  right  line 
in  more  points   than  one;    a  line  which 
changes  its  direction  at  every  point;  a  line 
in  which  no  three  consecutive  points  lie  in 
the  same  direction.     The  doctrine  of  curves 
and  of  the  figures  and  solids  generated  from 
them  constitutes  what  is  called  the  higher 
geometry,  and  forms  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting and  important  branches  of  mathe- 
matical science.      Curve  lines  are  distin- 
guished into  algebraical  or  geometrical,  and 
transcendental  or  mechanical.    The  varie- 
ties of  curves  are  innumerable;  that  is  they 
have  different  degrees  of  bending  or  curva- 
ture.    The  curves  most  generally  referred 
to,  besides  the  circle,  are  the  ellipse,  the 
parabola,  and  the  hyperbola,  to  which  may 
be  added    the  cycloid.—  Algebraic  curves 
those  in  which  the  relation  between  the 
abscissa  and  the  ordinate  is  expressed  by  an 
algebraic  equation,  called  the  equation  of 
the  curve.—  Transcendental  curves,  those  in 
which  the  relation  between  the  abscissa  and 
the  ordinate  is  not  expressed  by  an  alge- 
braic, but  by  a  differential  equation.  —  A  Igc- 
bra  ic  curves  of  the  first  order,  those  of  which 
the  equation  consists  of  two  dimensions,  as 
the  circle,  ellipse,  parabola,  and  hyperbola. 
—Algebraic  curves  of  the  second  order,  those 
whose  equation  rises  to  the  third  degree, 
and  so  on.     Curves  are  said  to  be  of  the 
same  species,  in  which  the  motion  of  the 
describing  point  is  regulated  by  the  same 
mathematical  law.  —  Mechanical  curves  are 
such  as  do  not  admit  of  being  expressed 
analytically,   and  which   have  no    known 
equation. — Anticlinal  and  synclinal  curves, 
in  geol.  terms  applied  to  the  elevations  and 
depressions  of  undulating  surfaces  of  strata. 
See  ANTICLINAL  and  SYNCLINAL. 
Curve  (kerv),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  curved;  ppr. 
curving.     [See  the  adjective.]    To  bend;  to 
crook;  to  inflect.     'The  tongue  is  drawn 
back  or  curved.'    Holder. 
Curve  (kerv),  v.i.    To  have  a  curved  or  bent 
form;  as,  to  curve  inwards. 

Out  again  I  curve  and  flow.  Tennyson. 

Curved  (kervd),  pp.  or  o.  Bent;  regularly 
inflected;  formed  into  a  curve. — SYN.  Crook- 
ed, incurvated,  awry. 


'SSSS'SR**'****  "•    The  .tate  ol 


Anon  he  rears  upright,  mrntt,  and  leaps    Shak 

2.  To  leap  and  frisk 

unseasonably.'0  thy  t°"K"''  '  I"'*"'";  "  ™"»« 

Curvet  (ker-yetO,  ».«.  pret.  &  pp.  m^tud; 
ppr.  curvetting.  To  cause  to  make  a  cur- 
yet;  to  cause  to  make  an  upward  spring. 
Ihe  upright  leaden  spout  curvetting  its 
liquid  filament  into  it.'  Landor 

Curvlcaudate  (ker-vi-ka'dat),<i.  '[L.  mm, 

or'  crou'k'ed't'iH1  '"'"'  "  '""'  '  Having  "  curve(i 
Curvlcostate(ker-vi-kos'tat),o.  [L  eunu,, 

Si  beW'ribs"'8'0'  8  rib']    Marked  wit" 

Cunridentate  (ker-vi-den'tat),  a.    (L.  cur- 

KM,   crooked,  and  dew,  deittis.  a  tooth  1 

Having  curved  teeth. 
Curvlfoliate  (ker-vi-fo'li-at),  a.    [L.  cunus, 

crooked,  and  folium,  a  leaf.)    Having  re^ 
1    fleeted  leaves. 

Curvlform  (kerv'i-form),   a.     [L  eurms, 
i    crooked,  and  forma,  a  form.)    Having  a 

curved  form. 
CurvOlnead  (k6rv-i-lin'e-ad),  n.    [See  CUR- 

VILINEAR.]   An  instrument  for  describing 

curves. 
Curvilinear,  CurvtUneal  (keir-i-lin'e-er 

kerv-i-lm'e-al),  a.     [L   curvut,   bent,  and 

(men,  a  line.]    Having  a  curve  line-  consist- 

ing of  curve  lines;  bounded  by  curve  lines- 

as,  a  curvilinear  figure. 
CurvUlnearlty(keiT-i.lin'e-ar"i-ti)  n    The 

state  of  being  curvilinear,  or  of  consisting 

in  curve  lines. 
Curvillnearly  (kerv-i-lin'e-cr-li),  adv.    In  a 

curvilinear  manner. 
Curvluervate,  Curvlnerved  (kcr-vi-uerv'- 

at,  ker-vi-uervd'),  a.     [L.  curvu*,  crooked 

and  ncrvus,  a  nerve.]    Having  the  veins  or 
nervures  curved. 

Curving  (kerv'ing),  n.    A  curve;  a  winding 
form. 

Curvlrostral(kerv-i-ros'tral),  a.  [L.curvus, 
crooked,  and  rostrum,  a  beak.]  In  ornith. 
having  a  crooked  beak,  as  the  cross-bills 
Curvlty  (kerv'i-ti),  n.  [I.,  curvitas,  from 
curvus,  crooked.]  A  bending  in  a  regular 
form;  crookedness. 

Curvograph  (k6rv'o-graf),  n.  (L.  ctirmis, 
crooked,  and  <3r.  grapho,  to  write.]  An 
arcograph  (which  see). 
Cusco-chlna,  Cusco-bark  (kuyko-chi-na, 
kus'ko-bark),  n.  The  bark  of  Cinchona 
pubexceits,  which  comes  from  Cuzco  in  the 
southern  parts  of  Lower  Peru,  and  is  ex- 
ported from  Arequipa.  It  contains  a  pecu- 
liar alkaloid  called  cusco-cinchonia  or  cus- 
conine,  which  resembles  cinchonine  in  its 
physical  qualities,  but  differs  from  it  in  its 
chemical  properties.  It  is  synonymous  with 
ch  se 


,11m'        f         i  -.*  h>f|1 

aim.  of  L.  eulnta,  a  .IM,,,,, 

ba^!u,?''V''r;  * 

bag  Muffed  with  w. 


,"   '"  l""''"  ""•"•'•• 
)  A  bag  of  leathei  mi.-d»iih 

ut1       sly.  e"«raver«  »»  oui'lH-rt  the 
plate,    (i.)  A  slutting  of  flue  tow  or  wo.,1 
covered  with  leathe?.  on  a  tart  uaed  by 
gilders  for  receiving  the  leave,  of  pUAon 
the  laper,  in  order  to  Its  being  cut  in 
proper  MM,  and  figure,.    «•)  The  rub  H", 
an  electrical  machine   See  RUBBER.  (,/, 
padded  side  or  edge  of  a  billlard-tablc 
k  ml  of  dance  formerly  very  common  »t  wed- 
dings,  in  which  a  |  cushion  played  an  ln 
- 


. 

aricina  (which  see).  When  applied  medicin- 
ally it  excites  warmth  in  the  system,  and  is 
therefore  recommended  to  be  given  in  cold 
intennittents  and  low  typhoid  states  of  the 
system. 

Cusco-cinchqnlne,  Cusconlne  (kusTio-sin- 
ko-nill,  kus'ko-nin),  11.  An  alkaloid  obtained 
from  the  bark  of  Cinchona  pubescent.  See 
CUSCO-CHISA. 

Cuscus  (kus'kus),  7i.  A  genus  of  marsupial 
quadrupeds  found  in  Australia,  now  referred 
to  Phalangista. 

Cuscuta  (kus'ku-ta  or  kus-ku'ta),  n.  [From 
kechout,  its  Arabic  name.  ]  Dodder,  a  genus 
of  parasitic  plants,  nat.  orderConvolvulaceoo. 
They  are  slender,  branched,  leafless,  twining, 
annual  parasites,  with  small  flowers  in  com- 
pact heads.  About  forty  species  are  known 
from  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Two 
species  are  natives  of  England,  C.  europea, 
found  on  nettles,  vetches,  and  other  plants, 
and  C.  Jipithymum.on  furze,  thyme,  heather, 
clover,  &c.  Several  exotic  species  have  been 
introduced  with  cultivated  seeds,  as  flax 
and  clover. 

Cushat  (kush'at),  ».  [Sax.  msceote.]  The 
ring-dove  or  wood-pigeon  (Columba  palmn- 
bus). 


Norman  Cus.li 


H  RpCClCS  ui  oumuc. 

Cushion  (kush'on),  r .1.  1.  To  seat  on  or 
as  on  a  cushion.  •  Cushioned  up  in  thrones,  • 
*>*W»n*j.-i  To  furnlah  with  <-H,|,i,,m- 
as,  to  cushion  a  seat;  to  cuthiou  a  chaise.—' 
8.  To  cover  or 
conceal  with  or 
as  with  a  cu- 
shion. 

Cushion  -  capi- 
tal (kuah'uii- 
kap-it-al).  ».  In 
arch,  a  capital 
so  sculptured  a* 
to  appear  like  a 
cushion  pressed 
upon  by  the 
weight  of  its  en- 
tablature, very 
common  in  In- 
dian building; 
also  applied  to 
the  Xonnan  ca- 
pital, consisting 
of  a  cube  rounded  off  at  its  lower  extremi- 
ties. 

Cushion-dance  (k«sh'on-dans),  n.  Same  as 

Cushion,  3. 

Cushlonet  (kush'on-et),  n.   A  little  cushion 
Cushion-rafter  (kush'on-raft-er),  n.     In 

arc*,  a  principal  brace  (which  see   under 

PRINCIPAL,  a.). 
Cushiony  (knsh'on-i),  a.     Cushion-shaned 

and  soft. 

A  bow-legged  character  with  a  flat  and  fHthit»iy 
"os<!  Dicteut. 

Cusk  (kusk),  n.  A  northern  British  fish  of  the 
cod  family,  the  tusk  or  torsk.  See  TORSK 
CuskinHkus'kiii),  n.  A  kind  of  drinking-cup 
Cusp  (kusp).  11.  [L.  ctifpis,  u  point  ]  1.  In 
outran,  the  iKjint  or  horn  of  the  crescent 
moon  or  other  crescent-shaped  luminary. 
2.  In  astral,  the  beginning  or  first  entrance 
of  any  house  in  the  calculations  of  nativi- 
ties.—3.  In  math,  a  term  used  for  the  point 
or  corner  formed  by  two  branches  of  the 
same  or  different  curves  meeting  and  ter- 
minating there.— 4.  In  arch,  a  term  applied 


Cusps. 


i.  Monument  of  Edw.  III.,  Westminster  Abbey  (brass), 
a.  Henry  VII. 's  Chapel.  3,  Monument  of  Sir 
tames  Doogta,  Douglas  Church.  4,  Beauchamu 
Chapel,  Warwick. 

to  the  points  of  the  small  arcs  or  foliations 
terminating  the  internal  curves  of  the  tre- 


ch,  cAain;      t\\,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,.?ob;      ft,  Fr.  to«;      ng,  sing;     TH,  Men;  th,  thin;     w,  icig,    wh,  u-Aig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 


CUSPARIA-BARK 


650 


CUT 


foiled,  cinque-foiled,  Ac.,  heads  of  Gothic 
windows  and  panels;  also,  the  pendant  of  a 
pointed  arch.-  f>.  In  zoul.  the  prominence 
on  the  molar  teeth. 

Cusparia-bark  (kusp-u'ri-a-lmrk),  n.  An- 
aonun-bufc  (which  see). 

Cusparin,  Cusparine  (kusp'a-rin,  kusp'a- 
rin),  n.  A  non-a/otized  crystallizable  sub- 
stance obtained  from  the  bark  of  the  true 
angostura  (Cuttparia  febrifuga).  It  is  sol- 
uble in  alcohol,  and  slightly  so  in  water. 

Cuspated  (kusp'at-ed),  a.  Ending  in  a  cusp 
or  point;  pointed.  [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Cusped  (kuapt),  n.  Furnished  with  a  cusp; 
cusp-shaped. 

Cuspidal  (kusp'id-al),  a.   Ending  in  a  point. 

Cuspidate*  (kusp'id-at),  v.t.  To  make  cusp- 
idate or  pointed;  to  sharpen. 

Cuspidate,  Cuspidated  (kusp'id-at,  kusp'- 
id-at-ed),  a.  [L.  cutpidattts,  from  cuspix,  a 
point. ]  H aviii'j  a  sharp  end,  like  the  point 
of  a  spear;  terminating  in  a  bristly  point: 
applied  to  leaves  which  are  tipped  with  a 
spine,  aa  in  thistles. 

Cuspls  (kus'pis),  n.     [L.]    A  point. 

Cuss(kus),  n.  An  Americanism,  said  by  some 
to  be  a  contraction  of  customer,  in  the  sense 
of  a  person  that  one  has  to  deal  with;  by 
others,  with  more  probability,  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  curve,  a  person  devoted  to  or  de- 
serving damnation;  as,  a  darned  cuss. 

Cusser,  Cursour  (kus'ser,  kur'ser),  n.  A 
stallion.  [Scotch.] 

Then  lie  rampauged  and  drew  his  sword — for  ye 
ken  a  fey  man  and  a  cnsser  fears  na  the  deil. 

Sir  tt'.  Scott. 

Custard  (kus'terd),  n.  [Probably  a  corrup- 
tion of  O.  E.  crustade,  a  kind  of  stew  served 
up  in  a  raised  crust]  A  composition  of 
milk  and  eggs,  sweetened,  and  baked  or 
boiled,  forming  an  agreeable  kind  of  food. 

Custard-apple  (kus'terd-ap-pl),  n.  (From 
custard,  from  the  yellowish  pulp.  J  The  fruit 
of  \itniHt  reticulata,  a  native  of  the  West 
Indies,  but  cultivated  in  all  tropical  coun- 
tries. It  is  a  large,  dark-brown,  roundish 
fruit,  sometimes  called  bullock's  heart,  from 
its  size  and  appearance. 

Custard-coffin  (kus'terd-kof-in),  n.  A  term 
used  by  Shakspere  for  a  piece  of  raised 
pastry,  or  upper  crust,  which  covers  (coffins) 
a  custard. 

It  is  a  paltry  can, 
A  custard-coffin,  a  bauble,  a  silken  pie.     Shak. 

Custock  (kust'ok),  n.  The  pith  or  core  of 
a  cabbage  or  colewort ;  a  cabbage  stalk. 
Written  also  Caatock.  [Scotch.] 

An'  eif  the  custocA's  sweet  or  sour. 
\Vi  joctelejfs  they  taste  them.         Burns, 

Custodee  (kus-to-de').  n.  In  law,  one  who 
has  the  custody  or  guardianship  of  any- 
thing; a  custodian. 

CustOdia  (kus-to'di-a),  «  [L  ]  1.  The  shrine 
of  precious  metal,  in  the  shape  of  a  cathedral, 
in  which  the  host  is  carried  in  procession  on 
certain  solemn  occasions.  1.  The  proces- 
sional shrine  containing  the  relics  of  a  saint. 

Custodial  (kus-to'di-al),  a.  Relating  t«  cus- 
tody or  guardianship. 

Custodlam,  Custodlam  Lease  (kus-to'- 
di-am,  kus-to'di-am  les),  n.  A  lease  from  the 
i-rown  under  the  seal  of  the  exchequer,  by 
which  the  custody  of  lands,  <tc  ,  seized  into 
the  king's  hands,  is  demised  or  committed 
to  some  person  as  ctistodee  or  lessee  thereof. 
Tomltn. 

Custodian  (kus-td'di-an),  n.  One  who  has 
the  care  or  custody  of  anything,  as  of  a 
library,  some  public  building,  <fec. 

Custodianship  (kus-to'di-an-ship),  n.  The 
office  or  duty  of  a  custodian. 

Custodier  (kus-to'di-er),  H.  A  keeper;  a 
guardian;  one  who  has  the  care  or  custody 
of  anything. 

Custody  (kus'to-di),  n.  [L.  custodia,  from 
cuntos,  custodis,  a  watchman,  a  keeper.  ] 
1.  A  keeping;  a  guarding;  care,  watch,  in- 
spection, for  keeping,  preservation,  or  secu- 
rity; as,  the  prisoner  was  committed  to  the 
custody  of  the  sheriff. 

Under  \\\e  custody  nnA  charge  of  the  sons  of  Merari 
shall  be  the  boards  of  the  tat  icrnaclc      Num.  iii.  36. 

Hence  — 2.  Restraint  of  liberty;  confine- 
ment; imprisonment. 

What  peace  will  be  given 
To  us  enslaved  hut  custody  severe. 
And  stripes,  and  arbitrary  punishment.     Milton. 

3.  Defence  from  a  foe;  preservation;  secu- 
rity. [Rare  or  obsolete.] 

There  was  prepared  a  fleet  of  thirty  ships  for  the 
custody  of  the  narrow  seas.  Bacon. 

Custom  (kus'tum),  n.  [Pr.  costuma,  cos- 
dumiut,  from  consuetudinem,  ace.  of  L.  con- 
#11  efutio,  custom— con,  with,  and  #uio,*uitiim. 


to  be  wont  or  accustomed.]  1.  Frequent  or 
common  use  or  practice;  a  frequent  repeti- 
tion of  the  same  act;  hence,  way;  established 
manner;  habitual  practice. 

Custom  diflcreth  from  use  as  the  cause  from  the 
effect,  in  that  custom  is  by  use  and  experience  estab- 
lished into  a  law.  Raleigh. 

The  gradual  consolidation  of  law  by  the  consolida- 
tion txcHttom  is  the  formation  of  something  fixed  in 
the  midst  of  things  that  are  changing. 

Herbert  Spencer. 

2.  A  buying  of  goods;  practice  of  frequent- 
ing, as  a  shop,  manufactory,  <frc.,  and  pur- 
chasing or  giving  orders;  as,  the  shopkeeper 
has  extensive  custom,  or  a  good  run  of  cus- 
tom; a  mill  or  a  manufacturer  has  extensive 
custom  or  little  custom. 

Let  him  have  your  custom,  but  not  your  votes. 

3.  Habitual  practice  or  usage,  or  the  estab- 
lished and  general  mode  of  action,  which 
obtains  in  a  community.  Customs  are  either 
general  or  local.    General  customs  are  those 
which  have  prevailed  in  England  from  time 
immemorial,  and  form  that  common  law, 
or  lex  non  scripta,  which  is  the  chief  foun- 
dation of  English  jurisprudence.   To  similar 
immemorial  usage  is  to  be  ascribed  also  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  civil  and  canon  law.    Local 
customs  are  those  usages  which  exist  in  par- 
ticular districts.—  The  custom  of  the  country 
means  the  custom  of  all  parts  of  the  coun- 
try to  which  it  can  in  its  nature  be  applied. 
— The  custom  of  merchants,  or  lex  mercato- 
t  in .  comprehends  the  laws  relating  to  bills 
of  exchange,  mercantile  contracts,  sale,  pur- 
chase, and  barter  of  goods,  freight,  insur- 
ance, <fec.  —  Custom,  Habit.     Custom  is  the 
frequent  repetition  of  the  same  act,  habit 
l>eing  a  custom  continued  so  long  as  to  de- 
velop a  tendency  or  inclination  to  perform 
the  customary  ,  ct. 

I  dare  not  shock  my  readers  with  the  description 
of  the  customs  and  manners  of  these  barbarians. 

All  habits  gather  by  unseen  degrees; 

As  brooks  make  rivers,  rivers  run  to  seas.  Dryden. 

SYN.  Habit,  manner,  fashion,  prescription. 
Custom  t  (kus'tum),  v.t.    1.  To  make  fami- 
liar; to  accustom.— 2.  To  give  custom  to;  to 
supply  with  customers. 

If  a  shoemaker  should  have  no  shoes  in  his  shop, 
but  only  work  as  he  is  bespoken,  he  would  be  weakly 
customed.  Bacon. 

Custom  (kus'tum),  v.t.  To  accustom  one's 
self  to;  to  be  in  the  habit  of. 

On  a  bridge  he  custometh  to  fight.        Spenser. 

Custom  (kus'tum),  H.  (Fr.  coutume,  perhaps 
in  this  sense  from  couter,  for  counter,  to  cost; 
L.  constare.}  1.  Tribute,  toll,  or  tax. 

Render  custom  to  whom  custom  is  due.  Rom.  xiU.  7. 

Specifically— 2.  pi.  The  duties  imposed  by 
law  on  merchandise  imported  or  exported. 
Customs,  in  the  1'niteu  Kingdom,  almost 
entirely  consist  of  taxes  or  duties  charged  on 
the  importation  for  consumption  of  foreign 
and  colonial  merchandise.  The  manage- 
ment of  the  customs,  which  was  formerly 
distributed  among  boards  throughout  the 
country,  is  now  vested  in  one  central  de- 
partment of  the  government  in  London, 
consisting  of  a  chairman,  deputy -chairman, 
four  commissioners,  a  secretary,  assistant- 
secretary,  and  other  subordinate  officers. 

Custoxnt  (kus'tum),  v.t.  To  pay  duty  for  at 
the  custom-house.  'Goods  .  .  .  not  law- 
fully cuxtotned.'  Hackluyt. 

Customable  t  (kus'tum-a'-bl),  a.  Common; 
habitual;  customary. 

They  use  the  customable  adornings  of  the  country. 
yer.  Taylor. 

Customable  (kus'tum-a-bl),  a.  Subject  to 
the  payment  of  the  duties  called  customs. 

Customableness  (kus'tum-a-bl-nes),n.  Fre- 
quency; conformity  to  custom.  [Rare.] 

Customably  (kus'tum-a-bli),  adv.  Accord- 
ing to  custom;  in  a  customary  manner. 

Customarily  (kus'tum -a-ri-li),  adv.  [See 
CUSTOMARY.]  Habitually;  commonly. 

Customariness  (kus'tum-a-ri-nes),  n.  Fre- 
quency; commonness;  habitual  use  or  prac- 
tice. 

Customary  (kus'tum-a-ri),  a.  [Fr.  coutu- 
mier.]  1.  According  to  custom  or  to  estab- 
lished or  common  usage;  wonted;  usual; 
as,  a  customary  dress;  customary  compli- 
ments. 

I  have  here  the  customary  gown.  Shak. 

2.  Habitual;  in  common  practice;  as,  cus- 
tomary vices. 

We  should  avoid  the  profane  and  irreverent  use  of 
God's  name,  by  cursing  or  customary  swearing. 

sity.  Tillotson. 

3.  In  law,  (a)  holding  by  the  custom  of  the 
manor;  as,  customary  tenants,  who  are  copy- 


holders.  (6)  Held  by  the  custom  of  the 
manor;  as,  a  customary  freehold.  —  O/.v/ci- 
mary  freehold,  a  superior  kind  of  copyhold. 
the  tenant  (who  is  called  a  e»>>Y"/, /</,-,/  >, ,, 
ant)  holding,  as  it  is  expressed,  by  cnpy  <>f 
court-roll,  but  not  at  the  will  of  tin-  Inrd. 
SYN.  Habitual,  usual,  ordinary,  wonted, 
common,  accustomed, 

Customary,  Custumary  (kus'tum-a-ri),  n. 
A  book  containing  an  account  of  the  customs 
and  municipal  rights  of  a  city,  province, 
&c. ;  as,  the  customary  of  Normandy. 

It  was  drawn  from  the  old  Germanic  or  Cothick 
eustumary,  from  feudal  institutions  which  must  lie 
considered  as  an  emanation  from  that  eustumary. 
Kurke. 

Customed  (kus'tumd),o.  Customary;  usual; 
i  'minion ;  to  which  we  are  accustomed. 
[Rare.]  See  ACCUSTOMED. 

No  common  wind,  no  cuslomed  event.        Shak. 
One  morn  I  missed  him  on  the  customed  \\i\\.     Gray. 

Customed  (kus'tumd),  a.  Furnished  with 
customers. 

Customer  (kus'tum-er),  n.  l.t  A  toll-ga- 
therer. 'Customers  of  the  small  or  petty 
customs  and  of  the  subsidy.'  Hacklnnt. 
2.  One  who  frequents  any  place  of  sale  for 
the  sake  of  purchasing  or  ordering  goods;  a 
purchaser;  a  buyer;  a  dealer 

If  you  love  yourselves  be  you  custcmers  at  this 
Shop  of  heaven;  buy  the  truth.  Bp.  Hall. 

3.t  A  common  or  lewd  woman. 

I  marry  her  I  what?  a  customer!  Shak. 

4.  One  that  a  person  has  to  deal  with,  or  one 
that  comes  across  a  person;  a  fellow;  as.  a 
queer  customer.  *  Proving  himself  an  ugly 
customer.'  Dickens.  'Customer  for  you; 
rum  customer  too.'  Lord  Lytton.  [Colloq.] 
Customer  (kus'tum-er),  a.  1.  Being  a  cus- 
tomer or  customers;  dealing  with  by  way  of 
purchase;  buying. 

Such  must  be  her  relation  with  the  customer  coun- 
try in  respect  to  the  demand  for  each  other's  pro- 
ducts, y.  s.  MM. 

2.  Applied  to  goods  made  to  special  order, 
as  opposed  to  ready-made  articles;  in  Scot- 
land, used  particularly  of  work  brought 
by  country  customers,  in  contradistinction 
to  work  furnished  by  manufacturers,  and 
specifically  applied  to  work  given  to  a 
country  hand-loom  weaver;  as,  it's  customer 
wark. 

Custom-house  (kus'tum-hous),  n.  l.  The 
house  where  vessels  enter  and  clear,  and 
where  the  customs  are  paid  or  secured  to  1  »• 
paid. — 2.  In  common  language,  the  whole 
establishment  by  means  of  which  the  cus- 
toms revenue  is  collected  and  its  regula- 
tions enforced.  —Custom-house  broker,  a  per- 
son authorized  by  the  commissioners  of 
customs  to  act  for  parties  in  the  entry  or 
clearance  of  ships  and  the  transaction  of 
general  business. 

Custommere,  t  a.  Customary;  accustomed. 
Chaucer. 

Customs-duty  (kus'tumz-du-ti).  n.  The 
tax  levied  on  goods  and  produce  brought 
for  consumption  from  foreign  countries,  nr 
on  exports.  See  CUSTOM,  n.  2. 

Custom-shrunk  t  ( kus '  tum-shrungk ),  a. 
Having  a  diminished  number  of  customers. 

Thus,  what  with  the  war,  what  with  the  sweat, 
what  with  the  gallows,  and  what  with  poverty,  I  am 
ctistt>m~shruttk.  Shak. 

CustOB  (kus'tos),  H.  [L.]  A  keeper;  as,  ats- 
tos  brevium,  the  principal  clerk  of  the  com- 
mon pleas,  abolished  by  the  act  1  Wm.  IV. 
Iviii.  —  Gustos  rotulorum,  the  chief  civil 
officer  of  the  county,  who  is  the  keeper 
of  the  records  or  rolls  of  the  session.  He 
must  always  be  a  justice  of  the  peace  and 
quorum  in  the  county  for  which  he  is  ap- 
pointed. 

Custrelt  (kus'trel),  n.  [O.Fr.  coustttlitr, 
from  coustille,  a  long  poniard;  L.  cultellu*, 
dim.  of  cutter,  a  knife.]  A  buckler- bearer. 

Every  one  had  an  archer,  a  demi-lance,  and  a  cut- 
tret,  ...  or  servant  pertaining  to  him. 

Lord  Herbert  of  Cherbury 

Custrel  t  (kus'trel),  n.  A  vessel  for  holding 
wine,  &c.  See  COSTREL. 

Custumaryi  n-    See  CUSTOMARY,  n. 

Cut  (kut),  v.t.  pret.  <fe  pp.  cut;  ppr.  cutting. 
[Deriv.  doubtful.  Ir.  cutaich,  to  curtail;  W. 
cteff,  a  little  piece.  Comp.  L.  ccedo,  to  cut. 
cudo,  to  strike.  Comp.  also  Fr.  couteaii; 
O.Fr.  coultel,  from  L.  cuttellns,  a  knife  ] 
1.  To  separate  or  divide  the  parts  of  by  pn 
edged  instrument:  to  notch  with  an  edged 
tool;  to  make  an  incision  in;  to  wound;  to 
sever.  '  You  must  cut  this  flesh  from  off  his 
breast.'  Shak.  —  2.  To  divide  or  pass  through 
by  means  of  something  resembling  an  ed^t-d 
instrument,  or  as  an  edged  instrument  does. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtme;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CUT 


651 


The  pleasantest  angling  is  to  see  the  fish 

Cut  with  her  golden  oars  the  silver  stream.    Shak. 

Far  on  a  rocky  knoll  descried, 

Saint  Michael's  chapel  cuts  the  sky.    Matt  Arnold, 

3.  To  sever  and  cause  to  fall  for  the  purpose 
of  removing;  to  hew,  as  wood;  to  mow  or 
reap,  as  corn;  to  sever  and  remove,  as  the 
nails  or  hair. 

Thy  servants  can  skill  to  cut  timber  in  Lebanon. 

4.  To  fashion  by,  or  as  by,  cutting  or  carv- 
ing; to  hew  out;  to  carve.     '  His  grandsire 
cut  in  alabaster.'    Shak. 

I,  tired  out 
With  cutting  eights  that  day  upon  the  pond. 

5.  To  wound  the  sensibilities  of;  'to""aifect 
deeply. 

The  man  was  cut  to  the  heart  with  these  consola- 
tions. Addison. 

6.  To  divide,  as  a  pack  of  cards.  —7.  To  in- 
tersect; to  cross;  as,  one  line  cuts  another 
at  right  angles;  the  ecliptic  cuts  the  equa- 
tor.—8.  To  castrate;  as,  to  mt  a  horse.— 
9.  To  give  up;  to  have  nothing  to  do  with; 
to  quit. 

He  swore  that  he  would  cut  the  service.    Marryat. 

—To  cut  asunder,  to  cut  into  pieces;  to  di- 
vide; to  sever. 

He  hath  cut  asunder  the  cords  of  the  wicked 

Ps.  cxxix.'4. 

—  To  cut  down,  (a)  to  fell;  to  cause  to  fall 
by  severing. 

Ye  shall  cut  down  their  groves.      Ex.  xxxiv.  13. 

(f>)  To  humble:  to  shame. 

So  great  is  his  natural   eloquence  that  he  cuts 
ttcnvn  the  finest  orator.  Addison. 

<c)  To  retrench;  to  curtail ;  as,  to  mt  down 
the  expenses,  (d)  Naut.  to  take  a  deck  off, 
as  for  the  purpose  of  converting  a  line-of- 
battle  ship  into  a  frigate,  &c.  —  To  cut  off, 

(a)  to  separate  from  the  other  parts;  as,  to 
cut  off  a  finger  or  an  arm;  to  cut  off  a  letter 
or  syllable,    (b)  To  destroy;  to  extirpate;  to 
put  to  death  untimely. 

Jezebel  cut  ^the  prophets  of  the  Lord. 

I  Ki.  xviii.  4. 
Evil  doers  shall  be  cutoff'.  Fs.  xxxvii.  9. 

(<•)  To  separate;  to  remove  to  a  distance  or 
to  prevent  all  intercourse  with ;  as,  a  man 
in  another  country  or  in  prison  is  cut  off 
from  his  country  or  his  friends. 

I  was  cut  oyTYrom  hope  in  that  sad  place. 
Which  yet  to  name  my  spirit  loathes  and  fears. 
Tennyson 

(d)  To  interrupt;  to  stop;  as,  to  cut  off  com- 
munication. 

The  judge  cut  off  the  council  very  short.    Bacon. 

(?)  To  intercept;  to  hinder  from  return  or 
union;  as,  the  troops  were  cut  off  from  the 
ships.  (/)To  end;  to  finish;  as,  to  cut  off 
all  controversy.  —  To  cut  out,  (a)  to  remove 
by  cutting  or  carving;  as,  to  cut  nut  a  piece 
from  a  board;  to  cut  out  the  tongue.  Hence, 

(b)  To  shape  or  form  by,  or  as  by,  cutting; 
to  fashion;  to  adapt;  as,  to  cut  out  a  gar- 
ment; to  cut  out  an  image;  he  is  not  cut 
out  for  an  author.     'A  large  forest  cut  out 
into  walks.'  Addison.   Hence,  (c) To  scheme; 
to  contrive;  to  prepare;  as,  to  cut  out  work 
for  another  day.    (d)t  To  debar. 

I  am  cut  out  from  anything  but  common  acknow- 
ledgments, or  common  discourse.  Popt. 

(e)  To  take  the  preference  or  precedence  of; 
as,  to  cut  out  a  prior  judgment  creditor. 
(/)  Saut.  to  seize  and  carry  off,  as  a  vessel 
from  a  harbour  or  from  under  the  guns  of 
the  enemy.— To  cut  short,  (a)  to  hinder  from 
proceeding  by  sudden  interruption. 

Achilles  cut  him  short.  Dryden. 

(b)  To  shorten;  to  abridge;  as,  to  cut  the 
matter  short,  (c)  To  withhold  from  a  per- 
son part  of  what  is  due. 

The  soldiers  were  cut  short  of  their  pay.    Johnson. 

— To  cut  up,  (a)  to  cut  in  pieces;  as,  to 
cut  up  beef,  (b)  To  eradicate;  to  cut  off; 
as,  to  cut  up  shrubs,  (c)  To  criticise  se- 
verely; to  censure;  as.  the  work  was  terribly 
cut  up  by  the  reviewer,  (rf)  To  wound  the 
feelings  deeply;  to  affect  greatly;  as,  his 
wife's  death  cut  him  up  terribly.  — To  cut  a 
feather,  among  seamen,  a  phrase  applied  to 
a  well-bowed  ship,  to  denote  that  she  passes 
so  swiftly  through  the  water  that  it  foams 
before  her.— To  cut  and  mil,  to  cut  the 
cable  and  set  sail  immediately;  to  be  off; 
to  be  gone.— To  cut  the  sail,  to  unfurl  it, 
and  to  let  it  fall  down.  — To  cut  one  off  with 
a  shilling,  to  bequeath  one's  natural  heir  a 
Shilling:  a  practice  adopted  by  a  person  dis- 
satisfied with  his  heir,  as  a  proof  that  the 
disinheritance  was  designed  and  not  the 
result  of  neglect,  and  also  from  the  notion 


CUTLERIACE.* 


that  it  was  necessary  to  leave  II,,.  )„•!, -  :,t 
least  a  shilling  to  make  a  will  valid 

cut  a  person,  a  familiar  f,,rm  ,,f  si, •!, 

meaning  to  avoid  accosting  or  Mot  ac- 
costed by  one  whom  it  is  inconvenient  or 
dtomeeable  to  meet  or  recognize:  often  in- 
tensified with  dead.  'She  cut  me  as  dead 
as  a  stone.'  Thackeray.-To  cut  capert  to 
leap  or  dance  in  a  frolicsome  manner;  to 
frisk  about.  -  To  cut  a  dash  orjigure,t<>  make 
a  display.-ro  cut  a  joke,  to  joke;  to  crack 
a  jest. 

And>*«  shall  be  cut  in  the  House  of  Lords 
And  throats  in  the  county  Kerry.  Praed. 

—To  cut  a  knot,  to  take  short  measures  with 
anything;  to  effect  an  object  by  powerful 
and  speedy  means. 

Decision  by  a  majority  is  a  mode  of  cuttinr  a  knot 
that  cannot  be  untied.  Sir  C.  C.  Ltuv. 

—To  cut  one's  stick,  to  move  off;  to  be  off 
at  once.  [Slang.]— To  cut  the  teeth,  to  have 
the  teeth  pierce  the  gums.  —  To  cut  one's 
eye-teeth,  to  become  knowing,  or  '  wide- 
awake.' [Slang.]— Cut  and  come  again,tske 
as  much  as  you  please  and  come  back  for 
more:  used  generally  as  a  noun,  for  abun- 
dance, profusion,  no  lack. 
Cut  (kut),  u.i.  1.  To  do  the  work  of  an  edge 
tool;  to  serve  in  dividing  or  gashing-  as  the 
knife  cuts  well.— 2.  To  be  severed  by  a  cut- 
ting instrument ;  to  admit  of  incision  or 
severance;  as,  this  fruit  cuts  easy  or  smooth. 

3.  To  divide  by  passing  through. 

When  the  teeth  are  ready  to  cut  the  upper  part  is 
rubbed  with  hard  substances.  Arbutnnot. 

4.  To  use  a  knife  or  edge-tool,  as  in  surgical 
operations.    '  His  manner  of  cutting  for  the 
stone.'    Pope.—b.  To  strike  the  inner  and 
lower  part  of  the  fetlock  with  the  other  foot: 
said  of  a  horse.  — (i.  To  divide  a  pack  of  cards, 
to  determine  the  deal  or  for  any  other  pur- 
pose. —7.  To  move  off:  frequently  followed 
by  it;  as,  whenever  we  hailed  them  they 
cut  it.    [Slang.] — To  cut.  across,  to  pass  over 
or  through  in  the  most  direct  way;  as,  he 
cut  across  the  common.  —To  cut  in,  (a)  to 
divide  or  turn  a  card,  for  determining  who 
are  to  play,    (b)  To  join  in  suddenly  and 
unceremoniously. 

1  You  think,  then.'  said  Lord  Eskdale.  rutting  in 
before  Rigby,  •  that  the  Reform  Bill  has  done  us  no 
harm.'  Disraeli. 

—  To  cut  on,  to  make  haste  forward;  to 
move  on  with  speed.  —  To  cut  up,  to  be 
worth  when  cut  up;  to  turn  out:  a  butcher's 
phrase. 

The  only  question  of  their  Legendre.  or  some 
other  of  their  legislative  butchers,  will  be.  how  he 
cuts  uf.  Burii. 

—To  cut  up  rough,  to  become  quarrelsome 
or  obstreperous ;  to  become  dangerous. 
[Slang.] 

Cut  (kut),  p.  and  a.  1.  Gashed;  divided; 
hewn;  carved;  intersected;  pierced;  deeply 
affected;  castrated.  —2.  Tipsy ;  drunk.  [Slang.  ] 

Rove  not  from  pole  to  pole — the  man  lives  here 
Whose  razor's  only  equall'd  by  liis  beer; 
And  where,  in  either  sense,  the  cockney  put 
May,  if  he  pleases,  get  confounded  cut. 

Sir  II'.  Scott. 

—Cut  and  dry,  or  cut  and  dried,  prepared 
for  use:  a  metaphor  from  hewn  timber. 

Can  ready  compliments  supply, 

On  all  occasions  cut  and  dry.  Swift. 

—  Cut  and  long  tail,  people  of  all  kinds  or 
ranks;  lit.  dogs  with  cut  tails  and  dogs  with 
long  tails. 

Shallow.  He  will  maintain  you  like  a  gentleman. 
Slmdtr,  Ay.  that  I   will,  come  cut  and  Ions  tail, 
under  the  degree  of  a  squire.  Shak. 

—  Cut  glass,  glass  having  the  surface  shaped 
or  ornamented  by  grinding  and  polishing.— 
Cut  nail,  a  nail  manufactured  by  being  cut 
from  a  rolled  plate  of  iron  by  machinery,  in 
distinction   from  a  wrought  nail,  or  one 
made  by  hand. 

Cut  (kut),  n.  1.  The  opening  made  by  an 
edged  instrument,  distinguished  by  its  length 
from  that  made  by  perforation  with  a 
pointed  instrument;  a  cleft;  a  gash;  a  notch; 
a  wound — 2.  A  stroke  or  blow  as  with  an 
edged  instrument:  a  smart  stroke  or  blow, 
as  with  a  whip.— 3.  Anything  that  wounds 
one's  feelings  deeply,  as  a  sarcasm,  criticism, 
or  act  of  discourtesy. 

This  was  the  most  unkindest  cut  of  all.      SttaA. 

4.  A  channel  made  by  cutting  or  digging;  a 
ditch;  a  groove;  a  furrow;  a  canal. 

This  great  cut  or  ditch  Sesostris  .  .  .  purposed  to 
have  made  a  great  deal  wider  and  deeper. 

KiuUa. 

5.  A  part  cut  off  from  the  rest;  a  division; 
as,  a  good  mt  of  beef;  a  cut  of  timber. 


It  should  be  undentood.  moreover t! 

groups  are  not  aibitrarjr  cut,,  but  natural  gn  _,. 
yp^  •  If.tH.t 

8.  A  lot  made  by  cutting  a  stick,  p:,,,, , 
straw,  or  the  like;  as.  to  draw  cut,  7  !lh. 
surface  left  by  a  cut;  as,  a  MI 
cMl-8.  A  near  passage,  by  whirl,  .,„  a,,-!,. 
is  cut  off;  as,  a  shorter  ml 
on  which  a  picture  U  carved.  »n,l  l,v  which 
It  is  impressed;  also,  the  Inipreaslon  from 
such  a  stamp;  as,  a  book  Illustrated  with 
wood.etito.-10.  The  act  or  right  ..f  di<  Ming 
a  pack  of  cards;  as,  whose  .-,''1-  it  n 
ner  in  which  a  thing  Is  cut;  form;  unai* 
fashion;  as,  the  cut  of  a  gartn.-nt  rj  In 
cricket,  the  technical  nanu-f.. ra.tr, >kc  (jiv.-n 
0  the  batsman  to  the  bull,  by  whirh  tl,. 
ball  is  sent  out  in  front  of  the  striker  and 
at  right  angles  to  his  wicket — IS.  t  A  gelding. 

The  collier's  cut  the  courtier's  itecd  » . 

14.  The  act  of  passing  a  person  w'ithoutre- 
cognizing  him,  or  of  avoiding  him  so  as  not 
to  be  recognized  by  him  -To  draw  mt*  to 
draw  lots,  as  of  paper,  Ac.,  cut  of  unequal 
lengths. -TOe  mt  of  one'i  lib,  the  foim  ..t 
one  s  profile,  the  cast  of  his  countenance: 
as,  I  knew  him  by  the  cut  <,/  hit  jib  [Ori- 
ginally a  nautical  phrase  ] 

Cutaneous  (ku-ta'ne-us),  a.  (See  CUTICLE  1 
Belonging  to  the  skin  or  cutis;  existing  on 
or  affecting  the  skin;  as,  ncutaiuoui  disease; 
cutanemttt  eruption. 

Cutch  (kuch),  u.    Catechu  (which  see). 

Cutch  (kuch),  n.    The  spawn  of  the  oyster 

Cutchery  (kuch'e-ri),  n.  In  the  East  Indies, 
a  court  of  justice  or  public  office. 

Constant  dinners,  ic.,  and  the  labours  of  CMtchrry 
had  their  effect  upon  Waterloo  Sedley. 

Thackeray. 

Cute  (kut),  a.  (An  abbrev.  of  acute.  I  Acute: 
clever;  sharp.  (Colloq.] 

I'm  goin1  to  show  you  about  as  cult  a  thing  as 
you've  seen  in  many  a  day. 

Major  rttrtvniHe's  I.rtttrt. 

Cutgrass  (kut'gras),  n.  A  kind  of  grass 
having  very  rough  leaves,  which,  when 
drawn  sharply  through  the  hand,  inflict  a 
cut;  spear-grass. 

Cuttt  (kuth).  A  Saxon  word-element  signl- 
nifying  known  or  /awioiin;  as,  CtKAwin,  a 
famous  conqueror;  CtiMred,  a  famous  or 
knowing  counsellor;  CtjfAbert,  known  bright 
or  famous  for  skill. 

Cuticle  (ku'ti-kl),  n.  (L.  rtiHeala.  dim.  <  f 
cut  if,  skin.]  1.  In  anat  the  outermost  thin 
transparent  skin  which  covers  all  the  sur- 
face of  the  body,  except  the  parts  which 
correspond  to  the  nails:  the  epidermis  or 
scarf-skin.— 2.  In  but.  the  thin  external 
covering  of  the  bark  of  a  plant;  the  outer 
pellicle  of  the  epidermis.  --3.  A  thin  skin 
formed  on  the  surface  of  liquor. 

Cutlcular  (ku-tik'u-ler),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  cuticle  or  external  coat  of  the  skin. 

Cuticulartse,  Cuticularize  (ku-tik'u-ler- 
iz),  v.t.  To  render  cutlcular;  to  give  the 
character,  nature,  or  composition  of  the 
cuticle  to. 

The  outermost  lamella  of  the  epidermis-cells  is 
always  cutintlarised.  and  usually  to  the  extent  that 
cellulose  is  not  at  all,  or  only  with  difficulty,  to  be 
detected  in  it.  Rtnnet. 

Cutin  (ku'tin),  ».  (L.  en  tin,  the  skin.)  A 
peculiar  modification  of  cellulose,  contained, 

according  to  Fremy,  in  the  epidermis  of 
leaves,  petals,  and  fruits,  together  with  ordi- 
nary cellulose,  albumin,  pectous  substances, 
and  fat.  Cutin  exhibits  under  the  micro- 
scope the  aspect  of  an  amorphous  perforated 
film.  In  its  composition  it  approaches  the 
fats. 

Cutis  (ku'tis),  n.  [L]  In  anat.  a  dense 
resisting  membrane,  of  a  flexible  and  exten- 
sible nature,  which  forms  the  general  enve- 
lope of  the  body:  it  is  next  Mow  the  cuticle, 
and  is  often  called  the  true  ttkin. 

Cutlass  (kutlas),  n.  [Fr.  coutelat,  aug.  from 
O.  Fr.  coutfl;  Fr.  cou  tea  u,  a  knife;  from  L. 
cultellui,  dim.  of  culler,  a  knife.]  A  broad 
curving  sword  used  by  cavalry;  a  hanger, 
used  by  seamen  when  boarding  an  enemy's 
ship. 

Cutler  (kutler),  n.  [Fr.  cmtttUer,  from  L. 
culler,  a  knife  ]  1  One  whose  occupation 
is  to  make  or  deal  in  knives  and  other  cut- 
ting instruments.— 2.  One  who  sharpens  or 
repairs  cutlery;  a  knife-grinder. 

Cutleriaceaj(kut-le-rl-a'se-e),  n.  pi.  A  family 
of  fucoid  algte,  represented  by  the  genus 
Cutleria.  C.  multirida  is  a  British  species, 
with  a  Tooting.' "fan-shaped,  irregularly 
laciniated  frond  from  2  to  S  inches  long, 
the  lacinia  being  riblKm-like,  olive-coloured, 
with  scattered  spri,  bearing  In  some  plants 
antheridia,  and  in  others  oosporanges. 


eh,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;     j,;ob;      n,  Fr  ton;      ng,  sinr;;      TH,  f/ien;  th.  f*in;     w,  irfg;     wh,  wAig;    zh,  anire.-Ste  KKY 


CUTLERY 


052 


CYANOGEN 


Cutlery  (kut'le-ri),  n.  1.  The  business  of  a 
cutler.  — 2.  Edged  or  cutting  instruments 
collectively. 

Cutlet  (kutlet),  ».  [Fr.  cotelette,  a.  little 
side  or  rib;  c6U,  side.)  A  piece  of  meat, 
especially  veal  or  mutton,  cut  fur  Booking; 
generally  a  part  of  the  rib  with  the  meat 
belonging  to  it. 

Culling  t  (kut'ling),  n.  The  art  of  cutlery. 
Milton. 

Cut-lugged  (kut'lugd),  a.  Crop-eared. 
[Scotch.  ] 

Cut-Off  (kut'of),  n.  1.  That  which  cuts  off 
or  shortens,  as  a  nearer  passage  or  road ; 
specifically,  in  steam  engines,  a  contrivance 
for  cutting  off  the  steam  from  the  steam- 
chest  to  the  cylinder,  when  the  piston  has 
made  a  part  of  its  stroke,  leaving  the  rest 
of  the  stroke  to  be  accomplished  by  the  ex- 
pansive force  of  the  steam  already  in  the 
cylinder.  It  economizes  steam,  and  thus 
saves  fuel. — 2.  That  which  is  cut  off. 

Cutpurse  (kut'pers),  n.  [Cut  and  purse.] 
One  who  cuts  purses  for  the  sake  of  stealing 
them  or  their  contents:  a  practice  said  to 
have  been  common  when  men  wore  purses 
at  their  girdles;  one  who  steals  from  the 
person;  a  thief;  a  robber. 

A  cutpurse  of  the  empire  and  the  rule. 
That  from  a  shelf  the  precious  diadem  stole 
And  put  it  in  his  pocket.  Sftat. 

Cutte.t  ».  A  lot;  a  straw  cut  into  short  and 
long  lengths,  to  draw  lots  with.  Chaucer. 

Cutter  (kut'er),  n.  1.  One  who  cuts  or  hews; 
specifically,  in  tailoring,  one  who  cuts  out 
cloth  for  garments  according  to  measure- 


Armed  Cutter. 

ments.—  2.  An  instrument  that  cuts:  as,  a 
ttravr -cutter;  the  cutters  of  a  Imring  ma- 
chine.—  3.  A  fore-tooth  that  cuts,  as  dis- 
tinguished from  a  grinder;  an  incisor. — 
4.  Xaut.  (a)  a  small  boat  used  by  ships  of 
war.  (ft)  A  vessel  rigged  nearly  like  a  sloop, 
with  one  mast  and  a  straight  running  bow- 
sprit.  which  may  be  run  in  ni>on  deck. — 
Revenue  cutter,  an  armed  vessel  of  this 
description  employed  for  the  prevention  of 
smuggling  and  the  enforcement  of  the  cus- 
tom-house regulations. — 5.  An  officer  in  the 
exchequer  whose  office  it  was  to  provide 
wood  for  the  tallies,  and  to  cut  on  them  the 
sums  paid.  See  TALLY.— 6.  A  soft,  yellow 
malm-brick,  used  for  face  work,  from  the 
facility  with  which  it  can  be  cut  or  rubbed 
down.  --7.  In  mining,  a  term  applied  to 
cracks  or  fissures  cutting  across  the  strata; 
hence  the  geological  phrase,  '  backs  and 
cutters.'  for  jointed  structure.  —  8.  In 
mineral,  a  crack  in  the  substance  of  a  crys- 
tal, thus  destroying  or  greatly  lessening  its 
value,  if  a  lapidary's  stone.— 9.t  A  ruffian;  a 
bravo;  a  daapermoo. 

He's  out  of  cash,  and  thou  know'st  by  ditto's  law 
we  are  bound  to  relieve  one  another.         Old  flay. 

10.  A  small  light  sleigh.  [United  states.]— 
Cutter-of,  a  destroyer. 

Indeed,  there  is  fortune  too  hard  for  nature, 
When  fortune  makes  nature's  natural  the 
Cutttr-otfot  nature's  wit.  StiaA. 

Cutter-bar  (kut'er-bar),  n.  In  mech.  the  bar 
of  a  iMiring  machine,  in  which  the  cutters  or 
cutting  tools  are  fixed,  corresponding  to  the 
boring- bar  of  the  boring -mill,  for  boring 
steam  cylinders,  <tc.  The  cutters  are  fixed 
directly  in  re- 
cesses made  in 
the  cutter-bar, 
as  represented 
by  the  figure,  in 
which  a  is  the 
cutter  fixed  in 
its  place  by  the 
key  6.  In  the  case  of  the  boring-bar  the  cut- 
ters are  fixed  round  the  circumference  of  a 


boring-block,  which  is  carried  along  the  bar 

by  a  parallel  screw. 
Cut-throat  (kut'throt),  n.     A  murderer;  an 

assassin ;  a  ruffian. 
Cut -throat  (kut'throt),  a.     Murderous; 

cruel;  barbarous. 

You  call  me  misbeliever,  cut-throat  dog, 

And  spit  upon  my  Jewish  gaberdine.         Shak. 

Cutting  (kut'ing),  a.  1.  Penetrating  or  divid- 
ing by  the  edge;  serving  to  penetrate  or 
divide;  sharp;  as,  a  cutting  tool;  the  cuttinii 
teeth.— 2.  Piercing  the  heart;  wounding  the 
feelings;  deeply  affecting  with  shame  or 
remorse;  pungent;  piquant;  satirical;  severe; 
as,  a  cutting  reflection:  applied  to  persons 
or  things. 

But  he  always  smiled:  and  audacious,  cool,  and 
cutting,  and  very  easy,  he  thoroughly  despised  man- 
kind. Disraeli. 

He  (Sedley)  was  prosecuted  for  a  misdemeanour, 
was  sentenced  to  a  heavy  tine,  and  was  reprimanded 
by  the  Court  of  King's  Bench  in  the  most  cu/ti>t£ 
terms.  Macaitlay. 

3.t  Thieving. 

Wherefore  have  I  such  a  companie  of  cutting 
knaves  to  wait  upon  me.  Friar  Bacon. 

—Cutting-damn  line,  in  shipbuilding,  a  curve 
in  the  sheer-draught  corresponding  to  the 
upper  surface  of  the  throats  of  the  Doors 
amidships,  and  to  the  under  side  of  the 
keelson. 

Cutting  (kut'ing),  n.  1.  The  act  or  operation 
of  making  an  incision,  of  severing,  felling, 
hewing,  shaping,  and  the  like. 

Ye  shall  not  make  any  citttitifs  in  your  flesh. 

Lev.  xix.  28. 

2.  A  piece  cut  off;  a  slip;  a  portion  of  a 
plant  from  which  a  new  individual  is  pro- 
pagated when  placed  in  the  earth. — 3.  An 
excavation  made  through  a  hill  or  rising 
ground,  in  constructing  a  road,  railway, 
canal,  <fcc. — 4.  The  action  of  a  horse  when 
he  strikes  the  Inner  and  lower  part  of  the 
fetlock-joint  with  his  hoof  while  travelling. 
5.  Division,  as  of  a  pack  of  cards.— fl.  Caper; 
curvet;  as,  •  changes,  cutting*,  turnings,  and 
agitations  of  the  body.'  fforis. 
Cuttingly  (kut'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  cutting 

Cuttle;'  Cuttle-fish  (kut'tl,  kut'tl-flsh),  n. 
[A.  Sax.  cudete,  a  cuttle-fish;  O.  kuttel-fitch.] 
A  name  for  any  of  the  Cephalopoda,  more 
strictly  applied  to  those  of  the  genus  Sepia 
and  family  Sepiadio.  dibranchiate  cephalo- 
podous  molluscs,  with  a  depressed  body,  in- 
closed in  a  sac.  The  shorter  arms  or  feet, 
eight  in  numl>er,  covered  with  four  rows 
of  raised  discs  or  suckers,  are  arranged 
around  the  mouth,  and  from  the  midst 
of  them  extend  two  long  tentacula,  also 
furnished  with  discs.  These  members  the 


i,  Cuttle-fish  (Sepia  qfiifiHalis):  a  a.  Arms  with  suck- 
ers: f>b.  tentacles  with  suckers  on  the  ends,  z.  End 
of  one  of  the  tentacles,  showing  the  suckers. 
3.  Cuttle-fish  bone— the  interior  shell.  4,  Upper 
view  of  central  part  of  animal,  showing  the  mouth 
1<1.  arms  (a  a),  tentacles  (*£).  5,  The  beak  or 
mouth.  6,  One  of  the  suckers. 

animal  uses  in  walking,  swimming,  for 
attaching  itself  to  objects,  and  for  seizing 
its  prey.  A  tube  or  funnel  exists  below  the 
head  and  leads  from  the  gills;  through  this 
funnel  the  water  admitted  to  these  organs 
isexpelled;  and  the  creature,  by  ejecting  the 
water  with  force,  can  dart  backwards  with 
amazing  velocity.  In  a  sac  on  the  back  of  the 
mantle  there  is  a  light,  porous,  calcareous 
shell  formed  of  thin  plates.  The  cuttle-fish 
has  the  power  of  ejecting  a  black  ink-like 


fluid— the  sepia  of  artists  (sue  SKI-IA)-  from 
a  bag  or  sac,  so  as  to  darken  the  water  and 
conceal  it  from  pursuit.  The  species  which 
frequents  our  coasts  is  5.  ojficittaliti,  and  is 
often  found  a  foot  Ions;. 

Cuttle  t  (kut'tl),  n.  [O.Fr.  coultel;  Fr.  cou- 
teau,  from  L.  cultellus,  a  knife;  or  possibly 
cut,  on  type  of  whittle,  a  knife,  from  white, 
to  pare.  ]  The  knife  used  by  a  thief  in  cut- 
ting purses. 

Cuttle -bone  (kut'tl-bon),  n.  The  dorsal 
plate  of  Sepia  officinal!*,  formerly  much 
used  in  medicine  as  an  absorbent,  but  now 
used  for  polishing  wood,  painting,  varnish- 
ing, &c.  ,as  also  for  pounce  and  tooth  powder. 

Cuttoe  (kut'to),  n.  [Fr.  cuuteau,  a  knife.  | 
A  large  knife.  [I'nited  States.] 

Cutty  (kut'i),  n.  [Scotch.]  A  slut;  a  worth- 
less girl;  a  loose  woman. 

Cutty  (kut'i),  n.  [Scotch.]  1.  A  short  spoon. 

It  is  better  to  sup  with  a  cutty  than  want  a  spoon. 
Scots  f reverb. 

2.  A  short-stemmed  tobacco-pipe. 

I'm  no  sae  scant  o'  clean  pipes,  as  to  blaw  wt'  a 
brunt  cutty.  Scots  proverb. 

Cutty  (kut'ti),  a.  [Scotch.]  Short;  as,  a 
cutty  spoon.  '  Her  cutty  sark  o'  Paisley 
ham.'  Burnt. 

Cutty-stool  (kut'ti-stol),  n.  [From  ••»«.,.  :i 
wanton.]  A  seat  in  old  Scottish  chm< 
where  acknowledged  female  offenders 
against  chastity  were  seated  during  three 
Sundays,  and  publicly  rebuked  by  their 
minister. 

Cutwal  (kut'wal),  n.  In  the  East  Indies, 
the  chief  police-officer  of  a  large  city. 

Cut-water  (kut'wa-ter).  n.  1.  The  fore  part 
of  a  ship's  prow,  which  cuts  the  water.— 
2.  The  lower  portion  of  the  pier  of  a  bridge. 
formed  with  an  angle  or  edge  directed  up 
the  stream,  so  as  more  effectually  to  resist 
the  action  of  the  water,  ice,  &c.— 3.  The 
razor-bill  (lihyncops  nigra). 

Cut-work  t  (kut'werk),  ».  Embroidery.  B. 
Jongon. 

Cutworm  (kut'werm),  ».  Any  worm  or  insect 
destructive  to  the  young  plants  of  cabbage, 
corn,  beans,  Ac. 

Cuvette  (kii-vet),  n.  [Fr,  dim.  of  cuve,  from 
L.  cupa,  a  tub.)  1.  A  surgical  instrument 
shaped  like  a  little  scoop,  used  in  taking 
away  the  opaque  matter  that  may  be  left 
after  extracting  a  cataract  from  the  eye.— 
2.  A  large  clay  pot  or  crucible  in  which  the 
materials  of  plate -glass  are  melted.— 3.  In 
furt.  a  trench  dug  in  the  middle  of  a  large 
dry  ditch;  a  cunette. 

Cuzco-china,  Cuzco-bark  (kuzTso-chi-na, 
kuzTio-bark),  n.  See  CUSCO-CHINA. 

Cwmry,  Cwmrtc  (kum'ri,  kum'rik),  n.  and 
o.  See  CYMRY,  CYMRIC. 

Cwt.  An  abbreviation  of  hundredweight, 
c  l>eing  the  symbol  for  a  hundred,  and  wt. 
the  contraction  for  weight. 

Cyamidse  (si-am'i-de),  n.  ///  [Gr.  kyamo», 
a  bean,  and  eidos,  resemblance.  ]  The  family 
of  crustaceans  of  which  Cyamus  is  the  sole 
genus.  Sec  CYAMUS. 

Cyamus  (si'a-mus),  n.  A  genus  of  Iremodi- 
podous  Crustacea,  the  species  of  which  are 
parasites  on  the  whale.  They  are  called 
Whale-lice. 

Cyanamlde(si-an'a-mid),  n.  (CNT«H8.)  A  white 
crystalline  body  prepared  by  the  action  of 
ammonia  on  chloride  of  cyanogen. 

Cyanate  (si'an-at),  n.   A  salt  of  cyanic  acid. 

Cyanean  (si-a'ne-an),  o.  [Gr.  kyanos,  blue.]. 
Having  an  azure  colour.  Pennant. 

Cyanhydrlc  (sl-an-hid'rik),  o.  In  chem. 
hydrocyanic;  prussic. 

Cyanic  (si-an'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or  con- 
taining cyanogen. — Cyanicacid,  a  compound 
of  cyanogen  and  oxygen  (CNHO). 

Cyanide  (si'an-id),  n.  [Gr.  kyanoa,  blue,  and 
eidvn,  resemblance.]  In  chem.  a  combina- 
tion of  cyanogen  with  a  metallic  base;  as, 
the  cyanide  of  silver,  of  copper,  Ac. 

Cyanin,  Cyanine  (si'an-ln),  n.  1.  The  blue 
colouring  matter  of  certain  flowers,  as  of  the 
corn-flower,  violet,  and  species  of  iris.- 
2.  A  fugitive  blue  dye  prepared  from  chin- 
oline  and  iodide  of  amyl,  used  in  calico- 
printing. 

Cyanlte  (si'an-it),  n.  Same  as  Kyanite. 
Cyanogen  (si-an'6-jen),  n.  [Gr.  kyanos,  blue, 
and  gennaa,  to  beget.]  (CN.)  Sym.  Cy. 
A  compound  radicle,  composed  of  one  atom 
of  nitrogen  and  one  of  carbon.  It  is  a  gas 
of  a  strong  and  peculiar  odour,  resembling 
that  of  crushed  peach  leaves,  and  burning 
with  a  rich  purple  flame.  It  is  obtained 
by  heating  dry  cyanide  of  mercury.  Under 
a  pressure  of  between  three  and  four  atmo- 
spheres it  becomes  a  limpid  liquid,  and  is, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abuue;      J',  Sc.  fey. 


CYANOMETER 


highly  poisonous  and  unresplrable  It  unites 
with  oxygen,  hydrogen, and  most  other  non- 
metallic  elements,  and  also  with  the  metals 
funning  cyanides. 

Cyanometer(si-an-om'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  ..„ , 

Una,  and  metmn,  measure.]  A  meteoro- 
logical instrument  contrived  by  Saussure 
fur  estimating  or  measuring  degrees  of  blue- 
ness,  as  of  the  sky.  It  consists  of  a  band  of 
pute-board  divided  into  fifty-one  numbered 
compartments,  each  of  which  is  painted  of  a 
different  shade  of  blue,  commencing  at  the 
one  end  with  the  deepest  shade,  formed  by 
a  mixture  of  black,  and  ending  with  the 
faintest,  formed  by  a  mixture  of  white 
The  line  of  the  object  is  measured  by  its 
correspondence  with  one  of  these  shades 
Cyanopathy  (si-an-op'ath-i), «.  [Gr.  kyanos 
blue,aiidy«f/««,  suffering.]  Cyanosis  (which 

Cyanosis  (si-an-6'sis),  n.    [Gr.  kyanos  blue 
and  iwsos,  disease.]    The  blue  disease;  th 
blue  jaundice  of  the  ancients.    It  is  nsuallj 
due  to  malformation  of  the  heart  whereb 
the  venous  and  arterial  currents  min-le 
Cyanotype  (si-an'6-tip),  ».    [Cyanide,  ant 
Ur.    typos,   type.]    A  photographic  picture 
obtained  by  the  use  of  a  cyanide. 
Cyanurate  (si-an'u-rat),  n.    A  salt  of  cyan 

uric  acid. 

Cyanuret  (si-an'u-ret),  n.  A  basic  compoum 
of  cyanogen  and  some  other  element  or  com 
pound;  a  cyanide. 

Cyanurie  (si-an-urtk),  a.  In  clicm.  noting 
an  acid  (C3H3N3O3),  the  product  of  the  de'- 
composition  of  the  solid  chloride  of  cyano- 
gen by  water,  of  the  soluble  cyanates  by 
dilute  acids,  of  urea  by  heat,  of  uric  acid  by 
destructive  distillation,  &c.  It  is  colour- 
less, inodorous,  and  has  a  slight  taste  It 
is  a  tribasic  acid,  and  its  salts  are  termed 
cyanurates. 

Cyar(si'ar),n.  [Gr.  ki/ar,  a  hole.]  The  orifice 
of  the  internal  ear. 

Cyatheaceous  (si -ath'e-a"shus),  o.     Of  or 
belonging  to  the  Cyathea; 
CyathejB,  Cyatheinese  (si-ath'e-e',  si-ath'- 
e-m  e-e),  n.  pi.    A  subdivision  or  tribe  of 
polypodiaceous  ferns,  distinguished  by  the 
insertion  of  the  sporanges  ou  a  projecting 
axis,  the  annulus  of  the  sporanges  being 
obliquely  lateral.    See  CYATHEA. 
Cyathea  (si  -  a '  the  -  a),  n.     [Gr.  ki/atheion,  a 
little  cup,  from  kyathox,  a  cup.]    A  genus 
of  arborescent  ferns,  order  Polypodiacere. 
It  is  characterized  by  having  the  spores 
which  are  borne  on  the  back  of  the  frond' 
inclosed  in  a  cup-shaped  indusinm.    There 
are  many  species  scattered  over  the  tropical 
regions  of  tiie  world.     Some  have  short 
stems,  but  in  others  they  reach  a  height  of 
40  or  50  feet.     The  stems  are  crowned  with 
a  beautiful  head  of  large  fronds.     C.  me- 
dullaris,  a  fine  bipinnated  or  tripinnated 
species  of  Xew  Zealand  and  the  Pacific  Isles, 
and  known  in  gardens  as  a  noble  tree-fern  of 
comparatively  hardy  character,  forms  in  its 
native  country  a  common  article  of  food. 
The  part  eaten  is  the  soft,  pulpy,  medullary 
substance  which  occupies  the  centre  of  the 
trtmk.and  which  has  some 
resemblance  to  sago. 
Cyathiform     (si-ath'i- 

form),  o.  [L.  cyathus,  a 
cup,  and  forma,  shape.] 
In  the  form  of  a  cup  or 
drinking -glass,  a  little 
widened  at  the  top:  in 
bot.  applied  to  cup-shaped 
organs,  as  to  the  circu- 
lar crown  of  the  flower 
of  Narcissus. 

Cybele  (si'be-le),   n.    In 
class,    myth,    the    name 
under  which  the  goddess  Rhea  was  wor- 
shipped in  Phrygia. 

Cybium(si'bi-um),  n.  [Gr.  kybion,  the  tunny- 
fish.]  A  genus  of  fishes,  family  Seomberidi. 
A  number  of  species  are  natives  of  the  seas 
of  the  East  Indies,  and  some  are  much 
esteemed  for  the  table.  One  species,  C. 
Commersoni,  is  used  in  a  dried  as  well  as  in 
a  fresh  state. 

Cycad  (ulcad),  n.     One  of  the  Cycadacesc. 

Cycadaceae  (si-ka-da'se-e),  H.  A  nat.  order  of 
gymnospermous  plants,  resembling  palms  in 
their  general  appearance,  and,  as  a  rule, 
increasing  by  a  single  terminal  bud.  The 
leaves  are  large  and  pinnate,  and  usually 
rolled  up  when  in  bud  like  a  crozier.  The 
microscopic  structure  of  the  wood  as  well 
as  the  general  structure  of  their  cones  ally 
them  with  the  conifers.  The  cones  are  of 
different  sexes  and  on  different  plants.  The 


rife 

allie 


Cyathiforra. 


'    •    A  fo»«  fr»ra  the 
'"''nations,  supposed  to  be 
e  existing  Cycas 

rrkaiS)>  "'     £  Benus  of  PIauts.  "at 
Cycadaceic.    The  species  are  natives 
of  Asia  Polynesia,  and  Australia.    They  ar 
trees  with  simple  steins.    The  pollen  is  con 
tamed  in  valvate  anthers  on  the  under  sur- 

SSL?  T?le8'  wluch  are  united  into  '<>me 

cones.  The  seeds  are  borne  on  the  edges 
of  greatly  altered  leaves,  produced  in  the 
regular  series  of  the  ordinary  leaves.  T  e 
a  ''"o  .  m  ',  large  """lulla  i«  made  into 

Cyclamen(siMa-men),ji.  [PromGr.  kiiklilcos 
circular,  referring  to  the  corm  or  bulb-like 


CYCLOID 

',;  .-»'„,„  dt... 

M*  «.«,„,  at  uul.lrn  ,„„„,„ 

.; 

Ian?  nf  ''>    7  "  """•|cen  yean.  aft. 
lapse  of  which  thi-  new  and   full   n 

•""'•""'"  5  Hi,  ,,,., 

I      i  '-•'" 

;,,  i    i  I'"1'1"-'  e.Upged'  ""  il"1" 

Sunday   l.lt.i,   ,.,,„,,   ,,,    ,| 
.  and  ,,i  .....  ,..i   ,,,  ,h. 

,.  Julian  odrn.h, 


Cyclamen  {g; 


variety). 


root.]  A  genus  of  bulbous  plants,  nat.  order 
Pniniilacea,-.  The  species  are  low-growing 
herbaceous  plants,  with  very  handsome 
flowers.  Several  of  them  are  favourite 
spring- flowering  greenhouse  plants.  An 
autumnal  flowered  species  (C.  htderafottum) 
has  become  naturalized  in  the  hedgebanks 
and  copses  of  Kent  and  Sussex.  The  fleshy 
root-stocks.though  acrid,  are  greedily  sought 
after  by  swine;  hence  the  vulgar  name 
Suwbread. 

Cyclamine  (sik'la-min),  n.  A  vegetable  prin- 
ciple found  in  the  root  of  Cyclamen  euro- 
pceum.  It  is  of  a  burning  acrid  taste,  and 
has  emetic  and  purgative  properties. 
yclantha(sik-laii'tha),  «.  Agenusof plants, 
nat.  order  Fandanacen,  The  species  inhabit 
tropical  America,  They  have  fan -shaped 
leaves,  and  unisexual  flowers  arranged  in 
spiral  bands  around  the  spadix. 
Jyolas  (sik'las),  n.  In  antiq.  an  upper  gar- 
ment made  of  a  rich  stuff  or  silk  manufac- 
tured in  the  Cyclades.  It  was  worn  by  both 
sexes,  was  somewhat  similar  to  the  surcoat, 
and  was  embroidered  or  interwoven  with 
gold. 

Jycle  (si'kl),  n.  [Gr.  Injklot,  a  circle  or  cycle.  ] 

1.  An  imaginary  circle  or  orbit  in  the  hea- 
vens. 

How  gird  the  sphere 

With  centrick  and  concentrick,  scribbTd  o'er 
Cycle  and  epicycle,  orb  in  orb.  Milton. 

2.  A  round  of  years,  or  period  of  time,  in 
which  a  certain  succession  of  events  or  phe- 
nomena is  completed,  and  at  the  end  of 
which  tile  same  course  begins  again;  a  peri- 
odical space  of  time  marked  by  the  recur- 
rence of  something  peculiar;  as,  the  cycle  of 
the  seasons  or  of  the  year.  —3.  A  long  period 
of  years;  an  age. 

Better  fifty  years  of  Europe  than  a  cycle  of  Cathay. 
Tennyson. 

4.  Ill  literature,  the  aggregate  of  legendary 
or  traditional  matter  accumulated  round 
some  mythical  or  heroic  event  or  character, 
as  the  siege  of  Troy  or  the  Argonautic  ex- 
pedition of  antiquity,  and  the  Round  Table, 
the  Cid,  and  the  S'ibelungs  of  mediivval 
times,  and  embodied  in  epic  or  narrative 
poetry  or  in  romantic  prose  narrative. 

There  superstition  has  more  of  interior  belief  and 
less  of  ornamental  machinery  than  those  to  which  the 
Ainadis  de  Gaul  and  other  heroes  of  the  later  cycles 
of  romance  furnished  a  model.  tlaltatn. 

5.  In  bot.  a  term  employed  in  the  theory  of 
spiral  leaf  arrangemeut  to  express  a  complete 


Cycle  (si'klX  »..'.  pratVpp.  cycled-  m,r 
cyclmg.    To  recur  in  cyclej. 


Which  only  to  one  engine  bound 

halls  olf,  but  cycla  always  round.        TtuHyun 

Cycllc(si'klik).a.  1.  Pertaining  to  or  moving 
in  a  cycle  or  circle.  •  All  the  ?./<-(ic  heaven 
around  me  .pin.'  £  s  Brownina-lCm 
nected  with  a  cycle,  In  the  »en»e  It  ha.  In 
literature:  specifically  applied  to  certain 
ancient  Greek  poets  (sometime.  Incltuiveof 
Homer)  who  wrote  on  the  Trojan  war  and 
the  adventure,  of  the  heroe.  connected 
with  it.  — Cyclic  clioriu,  In  ancient  Greece 
the  chorus  win,  I,  p,.|f,,rmed  the  tonga  and* 
dance,  of  the  dithyrambic  ode.  at  Athena. 
so  called  because  the  performen  danced 
round  the  altar  of  Bacchus  In  a  circle 

Cycllca(si'klik.a),nj)(.  (Gr.lcyHo,.  a  circle  ] 
Afamiiyoftetramerou«coleoptcrou8in»ect« 
with  bodies  of  a  rounded  or  oval  form  It 
contains  the  tortoise-beetles  (Caarida)  sad 
Chrysomete. 

Cyclical(si'klik.alXu-.  1.  Pertaining toacycle; 

Time,  cyclical  time,  was  their  abstraction  of  the 


. 

2.   In  bot.   rolled   up  circularly,  u  many 
embryo*. 

Cyclobranchiata  (sm6-brangk'i-a"tal  n. 
lor.  m/kloe,  a  circle,  and  bronchia  giiu  1 
An  order  of  gasteropoda,  in  which  the  bran, 
cliiaj  or  organs  of  respiration  form  a  fringe 
around  the  body  of  the  animal,  between  the 
edge  of  the  body  and  the  foot.  The  order 
consists  principally  of  the  limpets 
Cyclogen  (si'kl6-jen),  n.  [Or.  Ityklot,  a 
circle,  and  gemiao,  to  produce.)  A  dicoty- 
ledon with  concentric  woody  circle.  •  an 
exogcn. 

Cyclograph  (si'klo-graf),  n.  [Gr.  kykla*. 
circle,  and  graiilw,  to  describe  ]  An  instru- 
ment for  describing  the  arcs  of  circle.. 
Cycloid  (si'kloid),  n.  [Or.  kyklu*.  circle,  anil 
ci'dwi,  form.]  1.  A  curve  generated  by  a 
point  in  the  plane  of  a  circle  when  the  circle 
is  rolled  along  a  straight  line.and  kept  always 
in  the  same  plane.  The  genesis  of  the  com- 
mon cycloid  may  be  conceived  by  Imagining 
a  nail  in  the  circumference  of  a  wheel ;  the  line 
which  the  nail  describe,  in  the  air  while  the 
wheel  revolves  in  a  right  line  is  the  cycloid. 
The  cycloid  is  the  curve  of  swiftest  descent, 
that  is,  a  heavy  body  descending  by  the  force 
of  its  own  gravity  will  move  from  one  point 
of  this  curve  to  any  other  point  In  less  time 
than  it  will  take  to  move  in  any  other  curve 
which  can  be  drawn  between  these  point*. 
Also,  a  body  falls  through  any  arc  of  an  in- 
verted cycloid  in  the  same  time  whether  the 
arc  be  great  or  small.  In  the  figure  let  the 
circle  B 11  A, of  which  the  diameter  is  A  B,  make 
one  revolution  upon  the  straight  line  ABA, 
equal  in  length  to  its  circumference,  then  the 
curved  line  AC  A  A,  traced  out  by  that  point  of 


the  circle  which  was  in  contact  with  the  point 
A  in  ithe  straight  line  when  the  circle  began 
to  revolve,  is  called  a  cycloid.  The  following 
are  some  of  its  properties:— If  the  generating 
circle  be  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  cycloid, 
its  diameter  coinciding  with  the  cycluidal 
axis  A  B,  and  from  any  point  C  in  the  curve 
there  be  drawn  the  tangent  CF,  the  ordinate 
CDE  perpendicular  to  the  axis,  and  the  chord 
A  D  be  drawn  from  the  upper  extremity  of 
the  diameter  to  the  point  where  the  ordi- 
nate cuts  the  circle,  then  «•]>  the  circular 


ch,  oAain;      6h,  Sc.  loch;      e,  go;      j,job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;     TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  wig;    wh,  U'Aig;    zh,  arure.  -See  KEY. 


CYCLOID 


654 


CYLINDRO-CYLINDRICAL 


arc  AD;  the  cycloidal  are  AC  =  double  the 
chord  AI>;  ttie  semi-cycloid  ACA  =  donble 
the  diameter  AH;  and  the  tangent  CK  is 
parallel  to  the  chord  An.— Curtate  cycloid, 
the  cycloid  described  when  the  generating 
point  lies  without  the  circumference  of  the 
circle:  prolate  or  inflected  cycloid,  the  cycloid 
described  when  the  generating  point  lies 
within  the  circumference.  — 2.  A  flsh  of  the 
onb-r  Tycloidei. 

Cycloid  (si'kloidV  a.  [Or.  kyklos,  circle,  and 
fiiliix.  form.]  1.  Resembling  a  circle;  having 
a  circular  form. — 2.  Inzool.  belonging  to  the 
order  I'ycloidei.— Ci/cloid  scale.  See  SCALE. 
Cycloldal  (si'kloid-al),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  cycloid;  as,  the  cycloidal  space,  that  is, 
the  space  contained  between  the  cycloid 
and  its  base. — Cycloidal  pendulum,  a  pen- 
dulum so  constructed  as  to  vibrate  in  the 
arc  of  a  cycloid,  instead  of  a  circular  arc 
like  the  common  pendulum.  The  vibra- 
tions of  a  cycloidal  pendulum  are  perfectly 
isochronous. 

Cycloldei  (si-kloid'e-I).  n.  pi.  The  fourth 
order  of  fishes  according  to  the  arrange- 
ment of  M  Agassiz,  having  smooth,  round 
or  oval  scales,  as  the  salmon  and  herring. 
The  scales  are  formed  of  concentric  layers, 
not  covered  with  enamel  and  not  spinous  on 
the  margins;  they  are  generally  imbricated, 
but  arc  sometimes  placed  side  by  side  with- 
out overlapping. 

Cycloidlan  (sl-kloid'i-an),  «.    Pertaining  t« 
tile  order  of  fishes  termed  Cycloidians 
Cycloidlan  (sl-kloid'i-an),  n.     A  nsh  of 
the  order  Cycloidei. 

Cyclolith  (si'kld-lith),  n.  [Or.  taking,  a  circle, 
and  litlua,  a  stone  ]  In  araueol.  a  circle 
formed  by  standing  stones,  popularly  called 
a  Driiidical  Circle. 

Cyclometopita  (si'klo-me-top' i-ta),  n.  pi. 
[Or.  kyklo*,  a  circle,  and  ineb'ipon,  the  front.  ] 
A  tribe  of  brachyurous  crustaceans,  distin- 
guished by  a  wide  carapace,  bowlike  in  front 
and  narrower  behind.  It  includes  the  genera 
Cancer,  Portunus,  Xantho,  and  Carclnus. 
The  common  edible  crab  is  a  well-known 
member  of  the  tribe. 

Cyclometry  (si-klom'ct-ri),  n.  [Or.  kyklos, 
circle,  and  metres,  to  measure  ]  The  art  of 
measuring  circles. 

Cyclone  (si'klon),  n.  [Intens.  from  Or. 
tijklot,  a  circle.)  A  circular  or  rotatory 
storm  of  immense  force,  varying  from  200 
to  600  miles  in  diameter,  revolving  round 
a  calm  centre,  which  advances  at  a  rate 
varying  from  2  to  30  miles  an  hour.  Cy- 
clones occur  most  frequently  in  those  parts 
of  tile  world  subject  to  monsoons,  and  at 
the  seasons  when  the  monsoons  are  chang- 
ing, and  seem  to  be  eddies  formed  by  the 
meeting  of  opposing  currents  of  air,  which 
accounts  for  the  fact  that  they  revolve  in 
opposite  directions  in  the  two  hemispheres 
-in  the  southern  with,  and  in  the  northern 
against,  the  hands  of  a  watch— in  conse-  | 
quence  of  which,  and  the  progression  of  the  ; 
centre,  the  strength  of  the  storm  in  the 
northern  hemisphere  is  greater  on  the  south 
of  the  line  of  progression  ami  weaker  on  the 
north,  than  it  would  be  if  the  centre  were 
stationary,  the  case  being  reversed  in  the 
southern  hemisphere.  Cyclones  are  pre- 
ceded by  a  singular  calm,  and  a  great  fall  of 
the  barometer. 

CycloniC(«i-kl"n'ik).<i.  Relating  to  a  cyclone. 
Cyclopsadia,  Cyclopedia  (si-klo-pe'di-a), ». 
[Or.  kykluK,  circle,  and  pautfia,  discipline, 
erudition.]  A  work  containing  definitions 
or  accounts  of  the  principal  subjects  in  one 
or  all  branches  of  science,  art,  or  learning 
See  ENrYCLoi(.*:MA. 

Cyclopsodic,  Cyclopedic,  Cyclopaedical, 
Cyclopedical  (si-klo-ped'ik.  si-klo-ped'ik- 
al),  11.  Belonging  to  a  cyclopaedia. 
Cyclopjedist,  Cyclopedist  (si'klo-ped-ist), 
n.  A  writer  in  a  cyclopaedia;  a  compiler  of 
a  cyclopedia. 

Cyclopean  (si-klo-pe'an),  a.  [From  cyclops  ] 
Pertaining  to  the  Cyclops;  vast;  gigantic;  in 
arch,  a  term  applied  to  a  very  early  or  primi- 
tive style  of  building  fabled  to  have  been 
the  work  of  the  Cyclops.  It  is  distinguished 
by  the  immense  size  of  the  stones  and  the 
absence  of  any  cement.  Its  most  frequent 
application  was  to  walls  of  cities  and  for- 
tresses. The  walls  of  Tyrins,  near  N'auplia, 
mentioned  by  Homer,  afford  a  good  example 
of  the  more  primitive  style  of  Cyclopean 
architecture.  There  are  three  stages— in  the 
first  the  stones,  measuring  from  6  to  9  feet 
long,  from  3  to  4  feet  wide,  and  from  2  to 
3  feet  deep,  are  mere  rude  irregular  masses 
piled  on  each  other;  in  the  second  they  are 


polygonal,  the  sides  of  each  block  fitting 
close  to  those  adjoining;  and  in  the  third 


' 


i,  Cyclopean  Walls  at  Paleokastron,  Greece. 
a,  Porta  Saracenica  at  Si^nia,  Italy. 

they  are  squared  and  laid  in  courses.  Ex- 
amples occur  in  Greece,  Italy,  and  Asia 
Minor.  Called  also  1'elatujic, 

Cyclopede  (si'kld-ped),  n.  Cyclopaedia  (which 
seel 

Cyclopic  (si-klop'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  the 
Cyclops;  gigantic;  savage. 

Cyclopidas  (si-klop'i-dfi),  n.  pi  [Or.  kyklos,  a 
circle(op*,theeye,  andeido*,  resemblance.]  A 
family  of  minute  one-eyed,  eiitomostracous, 
marine  and  fresh- water  Crustacea,  divided 
into  many  genera.  They  are  exceedingly 
abundant,  and  are  so  prolific  that,  in  one 
summer,  a  female  may  have  become  the 
progenitrixof  more  than  fourmillion  descen- 
dants. They  undergo  many  transformations 
before  attaining  maturity.  Cyclops  guadri- 
cornis,  the  common  water-flea,  is  to  be  found 
in  all  our  fresh-water  ponds  and  ditches. 

Cyclops  (si'klops),  n.  sing,  and  pi.  [Gr. 
kykldpx—kyklos,  a  circle,  and  6px,  an  eye.] 
In  myth  a  race  of  giants,  the  sons  of  Nep- 
tune and  Amphitrite,  who  had  but  one  cir- 
cular eye  in  the  middle  of  the  forehead. 
They  inhabited  Sicily,  and  assisted  Vulcan 
in  making  thunderbolts  for  Jupiter. 

Cyclosis  (si-klo'sis),  ft.  (Or.  kyklos,  a  circle.] 
In  >">t  that  motion  of  fluids  of  plants  which 
was  supposed  to  puss  through  vessels  of  a 
peculiar  kind,  diffused  through  the  system 
of  plants  without  interruption. 

Cyclostoma  (si-klos'to-ma),  n.  [Gr.  kyklos, 
a  circle,  and  sterna,  a  mouth.]  A  genus  of 
air-breathing  gasteropoda  or  snails,  so  called 
on  account  of  the  circular  form  of  the  aper- 
ture of  the  shell. 

Cyclpstome  (si'klo-stom),  a.  Cyclostomous 
(which  see). 

Cyclostome  (silclS-stdm),  n.  A  flsh  of  the 
order  Cyclostomi. 

Cyclostomi,  Cyclostomata  (si-klos'to-mi, 
si-klo-stom'a-ta),  n.  pi  [Gr.  kyklos,  a  circle, 
and  Htouia,  a  mouth.]  A  family  of  fishes 
(Cuvier's  ninth  order  of  cartilaginous  flshes), 
which  have  circular  mouths,  aa  the  lamprey: 
synonymous  with  Afarnipobranchii. 

Cyclpstomidae  (si-klo stom'i-deV  n.  pi.  A 
family  of  pulmoniferuus  land-shells,  of  which 
the  genus  Cyclostoma  is  the  type.  See  Cv- 

CLOSTOMA. 

Cyclostomous  (si-klos'tom-us),  a.  [Gr.  kyk- 
los,  a  circle,  and  ittoma,  a  mouth.]  Having 
a  circular  mouth  or  apt-nun-,  as  the  shells 
of  certain  molluscs,  and  the  order  of  flahes 
including  the  lamprey. 

Cyclostylax  (si-klo-stil'er),  a.  Composed  of 
u  circular  range  of  columns  without  a  core 
or  interior  building. 

Cyder  (si'der),  n.     Same  as  Cider. 

Cydonla  (si-do'ni-a),  n.  [L.,  a  quince;  from 
Cydonia,  a  town  in  Crete;  now  Canea.]  A 
genus  of  rosaceous  plants  nearly  allied  to 
the  pear,  but  distinguished  by  its  leafy  calyx 
lobes,  and  the  many-seeded  cells  of  its  fruits. 
The  best  known  species  is  C.  intlgaris  (the 
quince).  The  seeds  are  used  in  medicine 
on  account  of  the  mucilage  which  they 
yield,  and  by  hairdressers  for  preparing 
bandoline.  C.  japontca  is  an  ornament  in 
our  gardens. 

Cyesiology  (sl-e'id-oro-ji),  n.  [Gr.  leyesus, 
pregnancy,  and  logos,  a  discourse.]  In  phy- 
siol.  the  science  which  concerns  itself  with 
gestation. 


Cygnet  (sig'net).  n.  [Dim.  of  Fr.  ci/gne,  from 
L.  cygnus,  a  swan.]  A  young  swan. 

So  doth  the  swan  her  downy  cygnets  save.  Sft.iA. 
— Cygnet-royal,  in  her.  a  swan  gorged  with 
a  ducal  coronet,  having  a  chain  attached 
thereto  and  reflexed  over  the  back. 
Cygninse  (sig-ni'ne),  n.  pi.  The  swans,  a 
sub-family  of  birds,  of  the  order  Natatores, 
family  Anatidie. 

Cygnus  (sig'nus),  n.  1.  The  swan,  a  genus  of 
web-footed  birds  belonging  to  the  Anatida- 
or  duck  family.  See  SWAN.— 2.  A  northern 
constellation  containing  eighty-one  stars. 
The  bright  stars  in  Aquila,  Lyra,  and  Cygnua- 
form  a  remarkable  triangle 
Cylinder  (silin-der),  7*.  [Fr.  cylimlrc,  (Jr. 
kylindrox,  from  kylindo,  kyleo,  to  roll.  ]  1.  An 
elongated,  round,  solid  body,  of  uniform 
diameter  throughout  its  length,  and  ter- 
minating in  two  flat  circular  surfaces  which 
aiv  i-fjiial  and  parallel.  Ingeaw.  the  \void 
has  a  wider  signification,  and  may  bedt.-tiurd 
as  a  figure  of  three  dimensions  inclosed  by 
two  flat  and  equal  surfaces,  bounded  by  any 
curve  and  lying  in  parallel  planes  and  in 
similar  situations,  and  one  curved  surfmv 
connecting  the  two  in  such  a  manner  that 
any  section  of  the  figure  parallel  to  either 
of  the  flat  surfaces  is  equal  and  similarly 
situated  to  both.  When  the  axis  of  the  cylin- 
der, that  is,  the  line  joining  the  centres  or 
the  two  terminal  surfaces,  is  at 
right  angles  to  these  the  cylinder 
is  termed  right;  otherwise  it  is 
an  oblii/ue  cylinder— 2.  In  )/"'••// 
(a)  that  chamber  of  a  steam  <  u 
gine  in  which  the  force  of  steam 
is  exerted  on  the  piston.  See 
STEAM-ENGIN  E.  (6)  The  barrel  of 
an  air-pump,  (c)  In  certain  print- 
ing machines  a  roller  by  which 
the  impression  i-  made,  and  on 
Cylinder,  which,  in  some  forms  of  the  ma- 
chine, the  types  or  stereotype* 
plates  are  secured,  while  in  other  forms  they 
are  not.  (d)  The  bore  of  a  gun.  (?)  The  body 
of  a  pump.  — 3.  In  oriental  antiq.  a  cylindri- 
cal stone  covered  with  inscriptions,  worn  by 
the  Babylonians,  AT.,  as  an  amulet  or  seat 
— Cylinder  escapement,  an  escapement  for 
watches  invented  by  Graham.  It  corresponds 
to  the  dead-beat  escajwinent  in  clocks. 
Cylinder-press  (rt'Bn-der-pres),  n.  In 
printing,  a  form  of  press  in  which  thr  im- 
pression is  made  by  means  of  a  cylinder 
instead  of  a  flat  surface.  See  under  CYLIN- 
DER. 

Cylindraceoust  (si-lin-dra'shus),  a.  Cylin- 
drical. 

Cylindrenchyma(si-lin-dren'ki-ma),  n,  [Gr. 
kylindritn,acylm(\ertfim\enchyma,  infusion.) 
In  '"•'  tissue  composed  of  cylindrical  cells, 
such  as  that  of  Conferva,  and  t>f  many  hairs, 
<tc. 

Cylindric,  Cylindrical  (si-lin'drik,  si-lin'- 
urik-al),  a.  llaving  the  form  of  a  cylinder, 
or  partaking  of  its  properties.— Cylindrical 
boiler,  a  boiler  made  in  the  shape  of  a  cylin- 
der, simple  in  construction,  and  admitting 
of  greater  resistance  to  the  lateral  action 
of  the  causes  of  displacement  than  most 
others,  although  more  expensive  in  the  mat- 
ter of  fuel.  —  Cylindrical  lens,  (a)  a  lens, 
formed  by  two  segments  of  cylinders,  each 
segment  having  one  flat  and  one  rounded 
surface,  and  the  two  segments  united  at 
their  flat  surfaces,  with  the  curve  of  the  one 
at  right  angles  to  that  of  the  other:  used 
as  a  reading -glass,  (b)  A  lens  bavin-  a 
cylindrical  body  and  convex  lens;  a  Stan- 
hope lens.  —  Cylindrical  vaulting,  in  arch. 
the  most  ancient  mode  of  vaulting;  called 
also  a  waggon,  ban-el,  tunnel,  or  cradle 
roof.  It  is,  as  its  name  implies,  a  plain  half- 
cylinder,  without  either  groins  or  ribs.  It* 
vertical  section  is  the  arc  of  a  circle. 
Cylindrlcally  (si-lin'drik-al-li),  adv.  In  the 
manner  or  shape  of  a  cylinder. 
Cylindriclty  (si-lin-dris'i-ti),  «.  The  condi- 
tion of  (Hissessing  a  cylindrical  form. 
Cylindrlcule  (si-lin'drik-ul),  n.  A  small 
cylinder.  Prof.  Owen. 
Cylindrlform  (si-lln'dri-form),  a.  Having 
tne  form  of  a  cylinder. 
Cylindro-conical  (si-lin'dro-kon"ik-al),  a. 
In  gun.  a  term  applied  to  a  shot,  the  Imdy 
of  which  is  cylindrical  and  the  head  conical 
in  form. 

Cylindro  -  conoidal  (si-lin'dro-kon-oid"al), 
a.  In  .-/"/'  a  term  applied  to  a  shot  having 
a  cylindrical  body  and  conoidal  head. 
Cylindro-cylindrical(si-lin'dr6-si-lin"drik- 
al),  a.  A  term  applied  to  an  arch  formed  M 
the  intersection  of  a  cylindrical  vault  with 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


CYLINDROID 


655 


recta        2  c 
reversa. 


another  cylindrical  vault,  of  greater  span 
and  height,  springing  from  the  same  level. 
See  CROSS-VAULTING. 

Cylindroid  (si'lin-droid),  n.  [Gr.  kylindros, 
:\  roller,  and  eiiloit.  form.]  A  solid  body 
resembling  a  right  cylinder,  but  having  the 
bases  elliptical,  although  parallel  and 
equal. 

Cylindrometric  (si'lin-dr6-met"rik),  a.  Be- 
longing to  a  scale  used  in  measuring  cylin- 
ders. 

Cylindro-ogival  (si-lin'dr6-o-jlv"al),  a.    In 
gun.  a.  term  applied  toashot  having  a  cylin- 
drical body  and  ogival  head. 
Cyma  (si'ma),  ».    [Gr.  kyma,  a  wave.  ]  1.  In 
arch,  a  member  or 
moulding    of     the 
cornice,  the  profile 
of  which  is  a  curve 
of  contrary  flexure. 
Of    this    moulding 
there       are       two 
kinds,  cyma  recta, 
which  is  concave  at 
the  top  and  convex 
at  the  bottom  ;  and 
cyma  recersa,  which  is  convex  at  the  top  and 
concave  at  the  bottom.    Both  kinds  of  the 
cyma  are  also  called  Ogee.—  2.  In  hot.  a  cyme 
(which  see). 

Cymaphen  (si'ma-fen),  n.  [Gr.  kyma,  a 
wave,  and  phainv,  to  show.]  An  apparatus 
in  a  telephone  for  receiving  transmitted 
electric  waves. 

Cymar  (si-mar'),  n.  A  slight  covering;  a 
scarf.  Written  also  Simar. 

Her  body  shaded  with  a  light  fynuir.    Dryden. 

Cymatium(si-ma'shi-uin),  n.  [L.,  Gr.  kyma- 
tion,  a  little  wave,  from  kyiim,  a  wave.]  In 
arch,  same  as  Cyma  (which  see). 

Cymba  (simlia),  n.  [Gr.  kymbe,  the  hollow 
of  a  vessel]  A  genus  of  mollusca  belonging 
to  the  family  Volutidie.  The  shell  is  ob- 
ovate,  tumid,  ventricose,  and  covered  with  a 
strong  epidermis  and  the  pillar  four-plaited. 
They  are  found  on  the  African  coast. 

Cymbal  (sim'bal),  n.  [L.  cymbalum,  Gr. 
kijnibalon,  a  cymbal,  from  kt/mbos,  hollow.] 
1.  A  musical  instrument,  circular  and  hollow 
like  a  dish,  made  of  brass  or  bronze,  two  of 
which  are  struck  together,  producing  a 
sharp  ringing  sound.  —  2.  An  instrument 
made  of  a  piece  of  steel  wire,  in  a  triangular 
form,  on  which  are  passed  several  rings, 
which  are  touched  and  shifted  along  the 
triangle  with  an  iron  rod  held  in  the  right 
hand,  while  the  cymbal  is  supported  in  the 
left  by  a  cord. 

Cymbalistt  (sim'bal-ist),  n.  One  who  plays 
the  cymbals. 

Cymbella  (sim-bel'la),  n.  pi.  In  bot.  a  repro- 
ductive locomotive  body,  of  an  elliptical 
form,  found  in  some  algee. 

Cymbidlum  (sim-bid'i-um),  n.  A  genus  of 
tropical  terrestrial  orchids,  often  having 
spikes  of  beautiful  (lowers,  on  which  account 
several  of  them  are  favourites  in  the  green- 
house. They  are  chierty  from  Asia  and 
Africa. 

Cymbiform  (sim'bi-form),  a.  [L.  cymba,  a 
boat,  said  forma,  form.)  Shaped  like  a  boat: 
applied  to  the  seeds  and  leaves  of  plants, 
and  also  to  a  bone  of  the  foot  usually  called 
os  naviculare. 

Cyme,  Cyma  (sim,  si'ma),  n.  [Gr.  kyma,  any- 
thing swollen,  a  wave,  the  foetus,  a  sprout, 
from  kyo,  to  swell.  ]  1.  In  bot.  (a)  a  llat- 
topped,  rounded,  or 
expanded  inflores- 
cence, simple  or 
compound,  of  the 
determinate  class. 
The  blossoming  be- 
gins at  the  centre 
of  the  cyme,  and 
then  at  the  centre 
of  each  of  the 
branches,  and  so 
proceeds  centrifu- 

gally.  The  inflorescence  of  the  elder  and 
laurustinus  are  examples  of  th  j  cyme.  It  is 
naked  or  with  bracts,  (b)  A  panicle,  the 
elongation  of  all  the  ramifications  of  which 
is  arrested,  so  that  it  lias  the  appearance  of 
an  umbel.  —  2.  In  arch,  same  as  Cynia. 

Cymene  (si'men),  n.  (C10HU.)  A  hydro- 
carbon occurring  in  the  volatile  oil  of  Roman 
cumin,  in  camphor,  the  oil  of  thyme,  Ac.  It 
is  a  colourless,  strongly  refracting  liquid, 
and  has  a  pleasant  odour  of  lemons. 

Cymiferous  (sim-if'er-us),  a.  [Gr.  kyma,  a 
sprout,  and  L.  /era,  to  bear.]  In  bot.  produc- 
ing cymes. 


CYNOOL08SUM 


Cyme. 


Cyminum  (si-mi'nnm).    See  CUMIN 
Cyniling  (sim'ling),  «.    A  kind  of  squash 
CymoW  (sim'oid),  a.    Having  the  tarn  of  a 

Cymol  (si'mol),  n.    Same  as  Cymene 

Cymophane  (si'mo  fin),  n.  [Or.  kyma  a 
wave,  and  phain,;.  to  show.]  A  siliceous 
gem  of  a  yellowish-green  colour,  the  same 
as  Chrymben/l  (which  see). 

Cymophanous  (si-mof'an-us),  o  Having  a 
wavy  floating  light;  opalescent;  chatoyant 

Cymose,  Cymous  (sim'os,  sim'us).  o.  Con- 
taining a  cyme;  in  the  form  of  a  cyme-  ap- 
plied to  aggregate  flowers. 

Cymothoadffl  (si-m6-tho'a-d8),  n.  pi.  [Or 
ki/ma,  anything  swollen,  tlwog,  sharp,  ami 
eutos,  resemblance.]  A  family  of  isoiiodou 


Cynaraceou*  (sin-a-ri'ihui),  .1     <n  ,.,  ,„., 

•Ml   to   tl.i'    division  of   plant,  (jn.iia 


Cynarctomachy  (»in  ark  toin'a  kii.  n.  [Or. 

a  light.)    Bear-baiting  with  a  d'.V  :', 
humorously  in\rnt,,i  i,j  i!iui,-r 

in'blo^r  """"  'lcl>'ltn  d°"'  "* 

Cynarocephalffl,  « 
Cynarrhodon,  Cynarroodlum  (. 
oca,  MI.  a  rudi.um),  ,,.     !<;,.  tyoHj 


crustaceans,  not  unlike  the  wood-louse  In-  I 
habiting  the  northern  seas.     Cymothoa  net-  I 
trum  (the  common  flsli-louse)  is  parasitic 
upon  many  species  of  fish,  clinging  tightly 
by  means  of  its  hooked  legs. 
Cymric,  Cwmrlc  (kim'rik),  o.     Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  Cymry. 

Cymric,  Cwmrlc  (kim'rik),  n.  The  language 
of  the  Cymry  or  ancient  Britons;  Welsh 
Cymry,  Cwmry  (kim'ri),  n.    [W.  Cymmro, 
a  Welshman,  pi.  Cymmry.    Many  conjec- 
tures have  been  formed  regarding  the  origin 
of  this  word,  but  there  seems  little  difficulty 
in  assigning  it  to  cymer,  cymtner  (cynver)    • 
a  confluence  of  waters,  the  equivalent  of 
Gael,  inver,  the  word  thus  signifying  the 
people  dwelling  on  or  near  the  confluence 
of  waters,  whether  of  two  streams  or  of  a  i 
river  with  the  sea.    Such  localities  would  ! 
be  the  natural  dwelling-places  of  the  earli- 
est tribes,  as  offering  the  richest  pasturage. 
For  alliances  and  derivation  of  ci/mmer,  see  > 
ABER.)    The  name  given  to  themselves  by 
the  Welsh.     In  its  wider  application  the 
term  is  often  applied  to  that  portion  of  the 
Celtic  race  which  appears  to  have  at  one 
time  occupied  all  Britain,  before  they  were 
expelled  from  the  Highlands  by  the  Gadhelic 
Scots,  and  from  the  Lowlands  of  Scotland  | 
and  England  by  the  Saxons  and  Scandina-  I 
vians,  and  popularly  known  as  the  ancient  ! 
Britons.    Their  longer-continued  predomi- 
nance in  any  locality  is  traced  by  the  ap- 
pearance of  certain  generic  words  in  the 
place-names.    Among  these  words  are  aber 
in  place  of  Gaelic  inver,  pen  for  ben,  a  hill, 
dwr,  water,  carr,  a  fort,  (re,  town,  vchel, 
high  (as  in  Ochiltree.  high  town),  pit,  pitten 
(of  uncertain  meaning),  llan,  a  church,  cwm, 
a  hollow,  &c.    By  this  test  we  infer  that 
Cymry  tribes  had  peopled  the  east  coast  of 
Scotland  from  the  Firth  of  Forth  to  the  1 
Moray  Firth  and  portions  of  the  Lowlands,  I 
as  well  as  the  mountainous  regions  of  the  | 
North  of  England  and  Cornwall,  when  the  f 
Gadhelic  Scots  were  predominant  in  the  j 
Highlands,  and  the  Teutons  and  Scandina-  ! 
vians  in  the  rest  of  Kngland  and  the  Low-  i 
lands  of  Scotland.   The  Welsh,  Bretons,  and  ' 
Cornisbmen  are  Cymry. 

Cymry,  Cwmry  (kim'ri),  a.    Of  or  pertain-  I 
ing  to  the  Cymry  or  their  language. 

Cynanche  (sin-ang'ke).  n.  [Gr.  kynangke,  a 
kind  of  sore  throat,  angina — kyun,  kymix,  a 
dog,  and  ancho,  to  suffocate.]  A  disease  of 
the  throat  or  wind-pipe,  attended  with  in- 
flammation,swelling.and  difficulty  of  breath- 
ing and  swallowing.  It  is  of  several  kinds, 
and  comprehends  the  quinsy,  croup,  and 
malignant  sore  throat. 

Cynanclrum  (aln-ang/kuiu),  n.    [Gr.  kyon,  , 
kynos,   a  dog,  and   ancho,   to  suffocate— 
from  its  poisonous  qualities.]    A  genus  of 
plants,  nat.  order  Asolepiadacesv,  one  species  | 
of  which  (C.  voiiiitariuin)  yields  the  ipeca-  | 
cuanha  of  the  Isle  of  France.     C.  monxpcli-  i 
acitin  yields  the  black  scammony  of  Mout- 
pellier. 

Cynanthropy  (sin-an'thro-pi),  n.  [Gr.  kySn, 
kinuis,  a  dog,  and  anthrupox,  man.]  A  kind 
of  madness  in  which  a  man  imagines  him- 
self to  be  a  dog,  and  imitates  its  voice  and 
actions. 

Cynara  (sin'a-ra),  n.     [Gr.  kyon,  ktinos,  a 
oog — the  spines  on  the  involucre  being  like 
dogs'  teeth.  ]  A  genus  of  CompositJC,  in  many 
respects  like  the  thistle,  but  having  an  in- 
volucre composed   of   thick   fleshy  spiny 
scales,  and  a  remarkably  thick  fleshy  recep- 
tacle covered  over  with  numerous  bristles. 
The  two  best -known  species  are  the  arti-  ( 
choke  and  the  cardoon.    The  other  species  , 
are  prickly  troublesome  weeds. 

Cynaracese,  Cynarocephalaa  (sin-a-ra'se-e, 
sin'a-ro-ser'a-le),  n.  pi.  [Cynara.  and  Gr. 
kephnle,  the  head.]  One  of  the  subdivisions 
of  the  nat.  order  Composite;,  of  which  the 


VNAHACK.B 

(iln-ft'ro- 

,  ,    .  ,  kyi,oi,  a 

(log,  and  rhodon.  a  rose.]  In  but  n  fruit  in 
which  the  receptacle  Is  deeply  conmvc  ,,. 
urn-shaped,  inclosed  by  the  calyx,  and  bear- 
Ing  numerous  bony  achenes  on  it,  n,i,,  i 
surface,  as  In  the  rose. 

Cyuegetlcs  (sln-e-Jct'lks),  n.  [Or  kyntgcUi 
a  hunter—  kytn,  kynot,  a  dog,  and  htgcamai 
to  lead.)  The  art  of  hunting  wltn  dogi' 
[Rare.) 

Cynic,  Cynical  (sln'ik,  sln'lk-«l).  a.  (Or. 
Kynikus,  canine,  from  kyfm,  Icynoi,  a  don  | 
1.  Having  the  (|ualities  of  a  surly  dog;  snarl- 
ing; sneering;  captious;  surly;  currish;  aus- 
tere.— 2.  Pertaining  to  the  Dog-sUr.-S.  lie- 
longing  to  the  sect  of  philoiophen  called 
Cynics;  having  the  qualities  of  a  cynic;  re- 
sembling the  doctrines  of  the  Cynics  [The 
word  in  this  sense  may  have  been  originally 
derived  from  Kytiosarget,  the  name  of  thi- 
gymnasium  in  which  Antisthenes  the 
founder  of  the  sect,  taught.}-  Cynic  ipam, 
a  kind  of  convulsive  spasm  of  the  muscles 
of  one  side  of  the  face,  distorting  the  mouth, 
nose,  &C.  ,  and  causing,  ss  it  were,  a  grin 
Cynic  year,  the  Sothlac  or  Sothic  year,  or 
canicular  year.  See  SOTHFAC. 

Cynic  (sin'ik),  n.  1.  One  of  an  ancient  sect 
of  philosophers  who  valued  then»elves  on 
their  contempt  of  riches,  of  arts,  sciences, 
and  amusements.  They  are  said  to  owe 
their  origin  to  Antisthenes  of  Athens  -  2.  A 
man  of  a  currish  temper;  a  surly  or  snarling 
man  or  philosopher;  a  sneering  fault-finder; 
a  follower  of  Diogenes;  a  misanthrope. 

Cynically  (sin'ik-al-li),  adv.  In  a  snarling. 
sneering,  captious,  or  morose  manner. 

CynlcalneSB  (sin'ik-al-nes),  n.  Moroseness; 
contempt  of  riches  and  amusements. 

Cynicism  (sin'i-slzm),  n.  The  practice  of  a 
cynic;  a  morose  contempt  of  the  pleasures 
and  arts  of  life. 

Tiiis  fynicitm  is  for  the  most  pan  affected.  Hallam. 

Cynlctls  (sin-ik'tis),  n.  [Gr.  kyon,  kynot,  a 
dog,  and  ikti*.  a  kind  of  weasel.  ]  A  genus 
of  carnivorous  animals  which  form  a  con- 
necting link  between  the  family  of  the  civets 
and  that  of  the  dogs.  The  general  colour, 
as  well  as  the  whole  external  appearance, 
is  precisely  that  of  a  small  fox.  The  repre- 
sentative is  found  on  the  borders  of  Caf- 
fraria. 

Cynipldse(sin-ip'i-de).».j>J.  [LL.  cynipi,  the 
gall-fly,  and  Gr.  eidot,  resemblance.]  The 
gall-flies,  a  family  of  hyiuenopterous  insects. 
which,  by  means  of  their  ovipositors,  punc- 
ture plants,  depositing  their  eggs,  along,  it 
is  believed,  with  some  irritant  fluid  which 
produces  tumourson  them,  commonly  called 
galls  or  nut-galls.  The  gall  of  commerce, 
the  chief  ingredient  in  the  manufacture  of 
ink,  is  caused  by  the  Cijnips  gallx  tijictoriff 
piercing  a  species  of  oak. 

Cynips  (si'nips),  n.  A  genus  of  hymenopter- 
oiis  insects,  one  species  of  which  by  its  bite 
produces  the  excrescences  on  rose-trees 
called  bedegar,  and  another  is  the  insect  by 
the  puncture  of  which  oak-galls  are  formed. 
See  BEDEGAR. 

CynocephalUB  (sin-o-sef'a-lus),  n.  [Gr. 
kyOn,  kynvg,  a  dog,  and  kephalf.  the  head-  ] 
The  genus  of  baboons  having  a  head  shaped 
like  that  of  a  dog.  See  BABOON. 

Cynogale  (sin-ogVle),  n.  [Gr.  kyon,  kyiws.  a 
dog,  and  gale,  a  weasel.  ]  A  genus  of  mam- 
mals, family  Viverrida),  natives  of  Borneo, 
Malacca,  and  Sumatra.  The  species  C.  Btn- 
nettii,  called  in  Borneo  inampalou,  is  the 
most  aquatic  of  all  the  family,  its  semi-re- 
tractile claws  being  partially  webbed,  ami 
its  soft  fur  resembling  that  of  the  otter.  It 
inhabits  damp  places  and  banks  of  rivers. 

Cynoglossum  (sin-6-glos'sum),  n.  (Gr.  kyon. 
kijiws,  a  dog,  and  gtetsa,  a  tongue.  ]  Hounds- 
tongue,  a  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order  Bora- 
uinac-ca1.  consisting  of  herbs  from  the  tem- 
perate zones.  C.  ojfict'imte  and  C.  inontatntin 
arc  British  plants.  The  former  has  a  dis- 
agreeable smell,  like  that  from  mice,  and 
was  at  one  time  used  as  a  remedy  in  scro- 


ch,  c/ialn;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      J,  >ob; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;     TH,  tteii;  th,  Win;      w,  mig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEY. 


CYNOGRAPHY 


656 


CYPSELA 


fula.  There  are  about  fifty  other  species, 
all  coarse  plants. 

Cynography  (iln-og'ra-fi),  it  [Gr.  kyfm, 
lyilM,  a  dog,  and  graphO,  to  write.]  A  his- 
tory of  the  dog. 

Cynomoriaceae  (sin-<Mnf/ri-H"se-e),  n.  pi. 
An  obscure  order  of  rhi/iuitlis,  dlatingnifthed 
from  Balaiiophiirarrir  )»y  thfir  di.-tinet  sta- 
mens and  tlie  imperfect  perianth  of  the 
male  flower.  The  order  is  represented  by 

('itiii>,ii"i-illin    <••><•(•>' u<  inn,    til''    J-'"tt;lltti    ,n-  i' 

temi*  of  the  old  herbalists.  See  CYNOMO- 
KIUM. 

Cynomorlum  (si-no-mo'ri-um),  n.  [Gr. 
fynOflWrtoli  a  kind  of  broom-rape.]  A  ge- 
nus of  plants,  nat.  order  Cyuomoriaceaj. 
C.  coccitieum  is  a  small  plant  which  grows 
in  Sicily,  Malta,  and  Gozo,  but  most  abun- 
dantly on  a  rock  in  the  last  island,  valued 
by  the  old  herbalists  as  an  astringent  and 
styptic  in  cases  of  dysentery  and  haemor- 
rhage. It  was  held  in  such  esteem  by  the 
Knights  of  Malta  that  it  was  carefully  de- 
posited in  stores,  from  which  the  grand- 
master sent  it  in  presents  to  sovereigns, 
hospitals,  <fec. 

Cynorexia  (sin-6-reks'i-a),  n.  [Gr.  kydn, 
fc linos,  a  dog,  and  orexis,  appetite.]  An  in- 
satiable, voracious  appetite,  like  that  of  a 
dog. 

Cynosure  (sin'o-zhbr),  n.  [Gr.  kynowura, 
a,  dog's  tail,  the  constellation  of  the  Little 
Bear— Ari/'jn,  kynos,  a  dog,  and  tmra,  tail] 
I'rsa  Minor,  the  Little  Bear;  the  constella- 
tion near  the  north  pole,  consisting  of  seven 
stars,  four  of  which  are  disposed  like  the 
four  wheels  of  a  chariot,  and  three  length- 
wise, like  the  beam ;  hence  called  the  Chariot 
or  Charles's  Wain,  As  this  constellation 
contains  the  pole-star,  the  eyes  of  mariners 
were,  in  ancient  times,  frequently  directed 
to  it.  Hence— 2.  Anything  that  strongly 
attracts  attention;  a  centre  of  attraction. 


Where  perhaps  some  beauty  lies. 
The  cynosure  of  ncitfhb'rint;  eyes. 


Milton  t 


Cynosurus  (sln-o-su'rus),  n.  Dog's-tail  grass, 
a  genus  of  grasses  with  the  flower  spikelets 
forming  a  unilateral  spike.  A  small  number 
of  sjtecies  belong  to  the  genus,  natives  of 
the  northern  temperate  regions.  C.  cris- 
t'ftiis  and  C.  echiiiatuv  are  British  species. 
See  DOG'S-TAIL  GRASS. 

Cynthia  (sin'thi-a),  n.  1.  In  myth,  one  of 
the  names  given  to  Diana.  —2.  In  tool,  a  sub- 
genus  of  Aacididte,  and  a  genus  of  lepidop- 
terous  insects,  containing  the  painted  lady- 
butterfly  (Cynthia  Cardiff).  —3.  A  genus  of 
crustaceans. 

Cyont  (si'on).    See  CION  and  SCION. 

Cyophoria  (si'o-fo'ri-a),  ».  [Gr.  kyog,  foetus, 
UuTpfond,  to  carry,  to  bear.]  In  med.  the 
time  of  gestation  or  carrying  the  fa-tns. 

Cyperacese  (si-per-a'se-eX  n.  pi.  [See  Cv- 
I'KKL'ti.  ]  The  sedge  family,  a  nat.  order  of 


monocotyledonons  plants  nearly  allied  to  the 
grasses.  The  plants  of  this  order  are  grassy 
or  rush-like  generally  perennial  herbs,  with 
solid  often  triangular  stems,  and  leaves 
with  closed  sheaths.  The  small  flowers  are 
borne  in  the  axil  of  each  glumaceous  bract. 
The  fruit  is  a  small  coriaceous  achene.  The 

!»lants  are  found  in  all  climates,  and  form  a 
urge  proportion  of  our  coarser  pastures, 
but  are  little  eaten  by  cattle  Some  club- 
rushes  are  used  for  making  mats,  chair-lmt- 
toms,  &c.  The  papyrus  of  Egypt  was  made 
from  the  stems  of  Cyperu*  Papyrus. 

Cyperaceous  (si-per-a'shus),  a.  Belonging 
to  or  resembling  plants  of  the  family  Cype- 
racetc  or  sedges  and  their  congeners. 

Cyperus  (srper-us),  ».  [Or.  Icyperos,  an  aro- 
matic plant]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat  order 
Cyperacese.  They  are  herbs  with  compressed 
spikelets  of  many  flowers,  found  in  cold  cli- 
mates, and  represented  in  our  British  flora 
by  two  very  rare  marsh  plants  which  occur 
in  the  south  of  England—  C.  longiut,  the 
galingale,  and  C.  /iwctw. 

Cypheliatsi-feli-aV  n  pi.  [Apparently  from 
Gr.  kyphella,  the  hollows  of  the  ears.]  In 
'•"'.  collections  of  gonidia  in  the  form  of 
cups:  used  only  in  speaking  of  lichens. 

Cyphella  (sl-fel'la),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  kyphella,  the 
hollows  of  the  ears.]  Pale  tubercle-like 
spots  on  the  under  surface  of  the  thallus  of 
lichens. 

Cypher  (sl'fer),  n.    Same  as  Cipher, 

Cyph.onj.dse  (si-fon'i-de),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  kyphdn, 
A  crooked  piece  of  wood,  and  eidos,  resem- 
blance.] A  group  of  beetles  detached  from 
the  Cebrionidte  on  account  of  their  small 
size,  hemispheric,  depressed,  or  ovate,  and 
rather  soft  bodies,  and  furcate  labial  palpi. 


They  are  of  dull  colours,  and  are  found  at- 
tached to  pi, nirs  in  damp  situations.  They 
tly  and  run  with  ability.  In  sonic  species 
the  hind  legs  are  formed  for  leaping. 

Cypbonism  (arfon-iunY  /'.  [<;r.  luphon,  a 
kind  of  pillory  in  which  slaves  or  criminals 
were  fastened  by  the  neck.]  A  species  of 
punishment  frequently  resorted  to  by  the 
ancients,  which  is  supposed  by  some  to  have 
consisted  in  besmearing  the  criminal  with 
honey,  and  then  exposing  him  to  insects; 
while  others  think  that  it  means  the  kind 
of  punishment  still  u-ed  in  I  'liina.  known  to 
Englishmen  :is  the  'wooden  collar,' whereby 
the  neck  is  bent  or  weighed  down. 

Cyprsea  (si-prc'a),  M.  The  cowry,  a  genus  of 
molluscs,  the  type  of  the  family  Cypneida-. 
See  COWRY. 

Cypraeidse(si-pre'i-de),»i.  The  cowry  family, 
a  family  of  marine  gasteropodous  molluscs, 
well  known  in  commerce  from  one  of  the 
species  being  used  in  some  parts  of  the  East 
aa  a  circulating  medium.  See  COWRY. 

Cy  pres  (se  pra).  [O.Fr  ,  as  near  to.]  In  law, 
an  equitable  doctrine  thus  applied:— When 
there  is  an  excess  in  an  appointment  under 
a  power  executed  by  will,  affecting  real 
estate,  the  court  will  carry  the  power  out 
aa  near  to  (cy  prbfy  the  testator's  intention 
as  practicable,  and  prevent  such  excess  dis- 
appointing the  general  design.  This  doc- 
trine ia  not  applicable  to  personalty,  but  ia 
confined  to  willa.  In  regard  to  charitable 
legacies,  where  a  literal  execution  becomes 
inexpedient  or  impracticable,  the  court  will 
execute  it  aa  nearly  aa  it  can  according  to 
the  original  purpose,  or,  aa  the  technical 
expression  is,  cy  prts. 

Cypress  (sl'pres),  n.  [O.  Fr.  cypres,  Gr.  ky- 
parutson.}  1.  The  popular  name  of  Cupres- 
sus,  a  genus  of  coniferous  trees.  Among 
the  most  remarkable  are  C.  sempereirens 
or  common  cypress,  the  evergreen  American 
cypress  or  white  cedar,  and  C.  dutieha  or 
deciduous  American  cypress.  Two  Calif  or* 
nfan  species,  C.  Laicsoniana  and  C.  macro- 
carpa,  have  attained  much  favour  In  our 
shrubberies  and  gardens  as  ornamental 
evergreen  trees.  The  wood  of  various  spe- 
cies of  cypreae  is  remarkable  for  its  durabi- 
lity. The  coffins  in  which  the  Athenian 


Cypress  (Cupres fits  strnfervirens.  vat./iistijfiattt). 

heroes  were  deposited  are  said  to  have  been 
made  of  the  first  species,  and  some  authori- 
ties are  inclined  to  believe  that  the  gopher- 
wood  of  which  Noah's  ark  was  built  was 
also  of  this  species,  the  similarity  of  the 
names  somewhat  strengthening  the  suppo- 
sition.— 2.  The  emblem  of  mourning  for  the 
dead,  cypress  branches  having  been  an- 
ciently used  at  funerals. 

Had  success  attended  the  Americans,  the  death  of 
Warren  would  have  been  sufficient  to  damp  the  joys 
of  victory,  and  the  cypress  would  have  been  united 
with  the  laurel.  fctiofs  Bwg. 

Cypress  (si'pres),  ct.    Belonging  to  or  made 

of  cypress. 
Cyprian  (ai'pri-an),  a.    1.  Belonging  to  the 

island  of  Cyprus.— 2.  A  term  applied  to  a 

lewd  woman. 
Cyprian  (si'pri-an),  n.     1.  A  Cypriot—  2.  A 

lewd  woman;  a  courtesan;  a  strumpet. 
Cypridaa,  Cypridldae  (si'pri-de,  si-prid'i- 

deX  n.  pi.    [Gr.  Kypria,  one  of  the  names  of 

Venus,  and  eidos,  likeness.]    A  family  of 

minute  crustaceans,  of   which  the  genus 

Cypris  ia  the  type.     See  CYPRIS. 


Cypridina  (si-pri-di'na),  n.  [Or.  Kypri*.  one 
of  the  nameaof  Venus.]  A  genus  of  mm  inn 
crustaceans.  See  under  CYl'RlDlMii,*;. 

Cypridlnidse  <sl-pri-din'i-de),  n.  pi.  [From 
r;lj,ri'li'uti.  the  typical  genus,  and  (Jr.  <-/</<,*, 
likeness.]  A  family  of  marine  enistareans 
consisting  of  one  uemis,  rypridhiii,  having 
two  compound  eyes  wide"  apart  and  two 
pairs  of  feet,  one  pair  being  always  within 
the  shell.  The  shell  is  oval,  sharply  pointed 
at  each  end,  and  the  front  edge  is  deeply 
notched.  The.  pair  of  feet  retained  within 
the  shell  are  modified  to  form  a  single 
oi-aii,  which  seems  to  be  intended  to  sup- 
port the  eggs.  Several  species  are  found  iii 
British  seas. 

Cyprine  (si'prin),  a.  Pertaining  to  a  fish  of 
tlie  genus  Cyprinus,  of  which  the  carp  is  a 
species. 

Cyprine  (sl'prin),  a.  Of  or  belonging  to  the 
cypress. 

Cyprine  (si'prin),  n.  A  species  of  idneiase 
of  a  blue  tint,  supposed  to  be  due  to  the 
presence  of  copper. 

Cyprinid38(si-prm'i-de),n.pf.  [Gr.  kyprinon, 
a  carp,  and  eidos,  resemblance.]  A  family 


Ikirbel  (Barbits -vutgaru). 

of  teleostean  fishes  of  the  aection  Halamp- 
terygii  Abdominales,  the  species  of  which 
air  distinguished  by  having  the  mouth 
small  and  generally  devoid  of  teeth,  the 
pharyngeal  bones  furnished  with  strong 
teeth,  the  branch ioategal  rays  few  in  num- 
ber, and  the  scales  generally  of  large  size. 
The  genus  Cypriims  is  the  type  of  the  fa- 
mily, which,  besides  the  carp,  contains 
the  gold-fish,  tench,  roach,  loach,  bleak, 
barbel,  &c. 

Cyprinodontidaa  (si-prin'6-dont"i-de), «.  pi. 
[Gr.  kyprinon,  a  carp,  odoun,  odontos,  a 
tooth,  and  eidos,  resemblance.]  A  family  of 
malacopterygious  fishes,  allied  toCyprinida-, 
with  which  they  were  formerly  ranked,  but 
differing  from  them  in  having  the  jaws  more 
protractile  and  toothed.  It  includes  the 
Anableps,  peculiar  for  the  conformation  of 
its  eyes,  and  some  species  inhabiting  lakes 
at  a  great  elevation  on  the  Andes.  These 
are  greatly  esteemed  for  the  table. 

Cyprinus  (si-prin'us),  n.  A  genus  of  fishes, 
including  the  carp,  forming  the  type  of  the 
family  Cyprinidic.  The  genus  is  thus  cha- 
racterized: head  naked;  branch iostegal  rays 
fiat  and  broad;  anal  fin  short;  inhabit  fresh 
waters.  See  CYPKINIUJE. 

Cypriot  (ai'pri-ot),  n.  An  inhabitant  of 
Cyprus. 

Cyprtpedium  (si-pri-ped'i-um),  n.  [Gr. 
Kyprui,  Venus,  and  a  Latinized  form  of  pedi- 
on,  a  slipper.]  Lady's  slipper,  a  genus  of 
plants  of  the  nat.  order  Orchidacea?,  consist- 
ing of  numerous  species  of  large-flowered 
terrestrial  herbs,  many  of  which  are  in  cul- 
tivation. Only  one  apecies  (C.  Calcfoliw)  is 
a  native  of  Britain.  Its  conspicuous  (lower 
consists  of  large  spreading  red-brown  sepals 
and  petals,  and  an  obovoid  pale  yellow  lip. 
It  is  a  very  rare,  if  not  almost  extinct,  plant 
in  limestone  woods  in  the  north  of  Kiig- 
land. 

CypriS  (si'pria),  n.  [Gr.  Kyprit,  Venus.]  A 
genus  of  minute  fresh -water  Crustacea, 
which  have  the  body  inclosed  in  a  delicate 
shell,  and  which  swim  by  means  of  cilia; 
they  swarm  in  stagnant  water.  Fossil  shells 
under  the  generic  term  Cypris  occur  in  all 
rocks  from  the  coal  measures  upwards. 

Cyprus  t  (si'prus),  n.  A  thin  transparent 
black  stuff;  a  kind  of  crape. 

Lawn  as  white  as  driven  snow, 

Cyprus  black  as  e'er  was  crow.         Shot. 

Cyprus-lawn  (si'prus-Ian),  n.  Same  as 
Cypnta.  Milton. 

Cypsela  (sip'se-la),  n.  [Gr.  kypself,  any 
hollow  vessel.]  In  bot.  a  one-celled,  one- 
seeded,  indehiacent,  inferior  fruit,  with  the 
integuments  of  the  seed  not  cohering  with 
the  endocarp,  and  of  which  the  ovary  was 
compound,  or  furnished  with  two  or  more 
styles  or  stigmas,  aa  the  fruit  of  the  Compo- 
site; it  only  differs  from  an  achenium  in 
being  inferior,  and  having  had  more  than 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;        tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      J,  Sc.  Icy. 


CYPSELID^: 


one  style  or  stigma,  and  is  seldom  distin- 
guished. 

Cypselidaa  (sip-sel'i-de),  n.  pi.  A  family  of 
insessoriiil  birds,  Bub-order  Fissirostres,  in- 
cluding; the  swifts  and  their  congeners.  The 
main  peculiarity  in  this  family  is  that  the 
hind  toe  is  turned  forward  along  with  the 
three  anterior  toes.  Besides  the  genus 
<  \iiselus  the  family  includes  also  Acanthy- 
lis  (North  American  chimney-swallow)  and 
Collocnlia  (esculent  swallow). 

Cypselus  (sip'se-lus),  n.  The  name  of  the 
genus  of  hirds  to  which  the  swift  (C.  apu») 
belongs.  See  SWIFT. 

CyrenalC  (sl-re-na'ik),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to 
Cyrene,  a  Greek  colony  on  the  north  coast 
of  Africa.  —  2.  Pertaining  or  belonging  to  the 
school  of  Epicurean  philosophers  founded 
by  Aristippus,  a  disciple  of  Socrates,  at 
Cyrene. 

Cyrenlan  (sl-re'ni-an),  n.  A  native  or  inha- 
bitant of  Cyrene. 

Cyrillacese  (si-ril-la'se-e),  n.  pi.  A  nat.  order 
of  small  evergreen,  dicotyledonous  trees  or 
shrubs,  nearly  allied  to  the  Ericaceec.  There 
are  about  six  known  species,  constituting 
four  genera,  all  natives  of  North  or  Tropi- 
cal America. 

Cyrillic  (si-ril'ik),  a.  [From  St.  Cyril,  its 
reputed  inventor.  ]  The  term  applied  to  an 
alphabet  adopted  by  all  the  Slavonic  peoples 
belonging  to  the  Eastern  Church.  It  is  be- 
lieved to  have  superseded  the  Glagolitic  as 
being  easier  both  for  the  copyist  to  write 
and  the  foreigner  to  acquire.  Some  of  its 
signs  are  modified  from  the  Glagolitic,  but 
those  which  Greek  and  Slavonic  have  in 
common  are  taken  from  the  Greek.  It  was 
brought  into  general  use  by  St.  Cyril's  pupil, 
Clement,  first  bishop  of  Bulgaria. 

CyriologiC  (si'ri-o-loj"ik),  a.  [Or.  kyrios, 
chief,  and  logos,  discourse.]  Relating  or 
pertaining  to  capital  letters. 

Cyrtostyle  (ser'to-stil),  n.  [Gr.  kyrtos,  bent, 
curved,  and  stylos,  a  pillar.]  A  circular 
portico  projecting  from  the  front  of  a 
building. 

Cyst  (sist),  n.  [Gr.  kystis,  a  bladder.]  1.  In 
phytiol.  a  hollow  organ  witli  thin  walls,  as 
the  urinary  bladder  or  the  gall  bladder.  — 
2.  In  pathol.  a  bladder-like  bag  or  vesicle 
which  includes  morbid  matter  in  animal 
bodies. 

Cysted  (sist'ed),  a.     Inclosed  in  a  cyst. 

Cystic  (sist'ik),  a.  1.  Pertaining  to,  or  con- 
tained in,  a  cyst;  specifically,  pertaining  to, 
or  contained  in,  the  urinary  or  gall  blad- 
ders; as,  cystic  remedies;  cystic  bile;  cystic 
calculi.  —  2.  Having  cysts;  cystose;  as,  cystic 
sarcoma.  —  3.  Formed  in,  or  shaped  like,  a 
cyst;  as,  cystic  Entozoa.—  Cystic  duct,  the 
membranous  canal  that  conveys  the  bile 
from  the  hepatic  duct  into  the  gall-bladder. 
—  Cystic  artf.ry,  a  branch  of  the  hepatic.  — 
Cystic  worm  See  TAPE-WORM. 

Cystica  (sis'ti-ka),  n.  [Gr.  kystis,  a  bladder.  ] 
A  term  applied  to  immature  Entozoa,  in 
which  the  body  is  terminated  by  a  cyst 
peculiar'  to  one  individual,  or  common  to 
many.  The  hydatid  in  the  brain  of  sheep 
is  an  example. 

Cysticercus  (sis-ti-serluis),  n.  [Gr.  kystis,  a 
bladder,  and  kerkos,  the  tail.  ]  An  immature 
form  of  tape-worm  found  in  various  mam- 
mals. The  cysticercus  of  the  mouse,  swal- 
lowed by  the  eat,  becomes  the  tape-worm 
of  the  latter  animal. 
Cysticle(sist'i-kl),?t.  Inphysiol.  a  small  cyst. 

In  some  Acalephce  the  cysticltssuz  not  complicated 
with  pigment  cells.  Prof.  Ovjeit. 

CystideSB  (sist-id'e-e),  n.pl.  [Gr.  kystix,  a 
bladder,  and  eidvx,  resemblance.]  A  family 
of  fossil  echinoderms,  with  feebly  developed 


CZAROWITZ 


Cystidean  (sist-id'e-an),  n.    A  member  of 
the  fossil  family  t'ystideic. 
Cystidla  (sist-id-i-ajv  ».  pi.    [Or.  %«</„.  a 
bladder,  and  eidos,  resemblance.)     In  i,,.t 
salient  cells,  accompanying  the  asci  of  fungi- 
by  some  regarded  as  aiitheridian  cells 
Cystine  (sis'tin),  n.  (CaH,.NSOs.)  A  yellowish- 
coloured  mass  occurring  in  a  rare  kind  of 
urinary  calculus. 

Cystirrhcea  (sis-tir-re'a),  n.    [Or.  kystis,  a 
bladder,  and  rlieu,  to  Bow.)    Discharge  of 
mucus  from  the  bladder;  vesical  catarrh 
Cystis  (sist'is).  n.    Same  as  Cyst. 
Cystitis  (sis-ti'tis),  n.    Jnllanimation  of  the 
bladder. 

Cystitome  (sist'l-tom),  n.  [Gr.  kystu.  and 
tmnos,  cutting,  from  temno,  to  cut]  An 
instrument  for  opening  the  capsule  of  the 
crystalline  lens. 

Cystocarp  (sist'o-karp).  n.  [Gr.  kystu,  a 
bladder,  and  Imrjios,  fruit.]  A  capsule, con- 
taining many  spores,  found  among  the  algie- 
a  conceptacle. 

Cystocele  (sist'6-sel),  n.  [Gr.  kystis,  a  blad- 
der, and  /ale,  a  tumour.  ]  A  hernia  or  rup- 
ture formed  by  the  protrusion  of  the  urinary 
bladder. 

Cystolith  (sist'6-lith),  n.  [Gr.  kystis,  a  bag 
a  cell,  and  Itihos,  a  stone.  ]  In  lot.  a  name 
given  to  certain  bodies  consisting  of  a  mat- 
rix of  cellulose  with  carbonate  of  lime 
crystallized  in  a  kind  of  efflorescence  on 
the  surface.  They  occur  most  frequently 
beneath  the  epidermis  of  the  leaf,  but  are 
found  also  in  deep-seated  organs.  They  are 
most  abundant  in  the  families  of  the  Urti- 
cacea;  and  Acanthacesc. 
CystolithiC  (sist-6-lith'ik),  a.  In  med.  relat- 
ing to  stone  in  the  bladder. 
Cystopteris  (sist-op'ter-is),  n.  [Gr.  knstit,  a 
bladder,  and  pteru,  a  fern— from  its  bladder- 
like  indusium.]  Bladder-fern,  a  genus  of 
polypodiaceous  delicate  llaccid  ferns,  having 
the  sori  borne  on  the  back  of  the  leaf  on  the 
middle  of  a  vein  and  covered  with  a  mem- 
branaceous  indusium  attached  only  by  the 
base.  They  are  found  in  cool  damp  locali- 
ties. Two  are  natives  of  Britain,  C.  ffayUit 
(the  brittle  fern),  found  in  suitable  locali- 
ties everywhere,  and  C.  montana,  a  very 
rare  species  found  on  the  alpine  mountains 
of  the  centre  of  Scotland. 
Cystose  (sist'os),  a.  Containing  or  resem- 
bling a  cyst;  cystic. 

Cystotome  (sist'6-tom),  ».  [Gr.  kystit,  the  I 
bladder,  and  toinos,  cutting.]  In  surg.  an 
instrument  for  cutting  the  bladder,  some- 
times but  improperly  called  a  Lithototne. 
Cystotomy  (sist-ot'6-mi),  n.  [Gr.  kystis,  a 
bladder,  and  tamos,  cutting,  from  temno,  to 
cut.]  The  act  or  practice  of  opening  en- 
cysted tumours,  for  the  discharge  of  mor- 
bid matter ;  specifically,  the  operation  of 
cutting  into  the  bladder  for  the  extraction 
of  a  stone  or  other  extraneous  matter. 
Cystula  (sist'u-la),  n.  [L.  dim.  of  cyst.}  In 
bot  a  round  closed  apothecium  in  lichens. 
The  term  is  also  applied  to  the  little  open 
cups  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  fronds  in 
Marchantia. 

Cythere  (si-the're),  n.  A  genus  of  minute 
entomostracous  bivalve  crustaceans,  of 
marine  habit,  and  found  fossil  in  many  for- 
mations, but  most  abundantly  in  the  chalk 
and  older  tertiaries. 

Cytlierean  (si-the-re'an),  a.  [Gr.  Kythera, 
Cerigo,  an  island  in  the  Egean  Sea,  near  the 
coast  of  which  Venus  was  fabled  to  have 
risen  from  the  sea,  and  where  she  was  speci- 
ally worshipped.  ]  Pertaining  to  Venus. 
Cytinace89  (si-tin-a'se-e),  n.  A  small  nat. 
order  of  rhizanths,  the  type  of  which  is 


Cytimu  Ilypocistu,  a  rich  yellow  or  orange- 
red  scaly  parasite  growim;  on  th<<  r..ot»  of 
•pecie«  of  Ci«tu»  In  ih 

CytlBlne  (»i'ti-sin).  n,     A  bin,.,  p,i,,,i|,],. 

d.-tected  111  the  Medial  •.  .•/,!„ 

num  and  other  plants     It  is  of  a  uauteou* 

taste,  emetic,  and  poisonous. 

Cytisua  (si'tl-sus),  n.    [L,  the  laburnum.] 

l':n-i.v.  leguminout.  pa].. I 
ceous  shrubs,  natlvei  alnmit  eiciusiv. 
the  countries  bordering  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean. The  leave, 
are  usually  compos- 
ed  of  three  leaflet*, 
some  species  are 
leafless.  The  large 
n..wers  are  y.>M..» 
purple,  or  whIU 
Din'  Kiwcles,  C.  Set" 
jiariu*  (broom),  i- 
an  extremely  com 
mon  shrubon  uncu! 
tivatcd  ground* 
heaths,  Ac.,  of  mutt 
parts  of  Britain 
Some  exotic  specie*, 
are  common  gar- 
den and  shrubbery 
plants,  as  C.  Labur- 
num (the  labur- 
num), C.  purpiimit.  an  elegant  prmtnn 
bent  shrub  used  In  rock-work,  C.  alpintu, 
&c.  See  BROOM. 

Cytoblast  (sl'to-blast),  n.  [Gr.  kytot,  a  cav- 
ity, and  blastatuj,  to  sprout.]  In  phijiiol 
the  nucleus,  cellule,  or  centre  of  assimila- 
tive force,  from  which  the  organic  cell  Is 
developed. 

The  ducts,  vessels,  woody  fibre.  Ac.  of  all  vege- 
tables are  formed  origin  illy  from  cells;  these  celU 
are  formed  from  what  are  called  tytatlasti.  In  the 
interior  of  a  cell  may  be  seen,  by  the  aid  of  high- 
power  magnifiers,  small  granular-looking  globules, 
and  amongst  these  are  to  be  found  two  or  three 
larger  bodies  termed  nutlet,  and  these  contain  with- 
in them  smaller  yet  granular  substances,  the  nuffo. 
li;  these  nuclei  and  their  contained  nuclcoli  are  the 
rudiments  of  the  future  new  cell,  and  constitute  the 
ryletlna.  CJUmitrt'  UitctU. 

Cytoblastema  (ai'to-blas-te^ma),  n.  [See 
CYTOBLAST.  ]  The  amorphous  protein-sub- 
stance by  which  animal  and  vegetable  cell* 
are  formed,  or  of  which  they  are  wholly 
composed.  Called  also  Protoplam. 

Cytogenesls  (si-t6-]en'e-sis),  n.  [Gr.  kytat. 
a  cell,  and  genesis,  origin.)  In  pnysiol.  the 
development  of  cells  in  animal  and  vegetable 
structures. 

Cytogenetic  (si'to-len-et"ikV  a.  In  phytiol. 
relating  or  pertaining  to  cell  formation. 

Cytogeny  (si-to'je-ni).n.  Cytogeuesu  (which 
see). 

Cytryne.t  a.  Of  a  pale  yellow  or  citron 
colour.  Chaucer. 


Russia.  The  title  was  first  adopted  in  157!' 
by  Ivan  II.,  who  styled  himself  Czar  of 
Moscow. 

Czarevna  (za-rertia),  n.  The  wife  of  the 
czarowitz. 

Czarina  (zii-re'na),  n.  A  title  of  the  Em- 
press of  Russia. 

Czarinian  (za-rin'i-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
the  Czar,  or  Czarina,  of  Russia. 

Czarish  (zar'ish),  o.  Pertaining  to  the  Czar 
of  Russia.  [Rare.] 

His  csariih  majesty  despatched  an  express  to 
General  Goltz  with  an  account  of  these  particulars. 
Tatter. 

Czarowitz,  Czarevitch,  Czare witch,  &c. 
(zar'6-vits,  zar'e-vich),  n.  The  title  of  tho 
eldest  sou  of  the  Czar  of  Russia. 


D. 


D,  in  the  English  alphabet,  is  the  fourth 
letter  and  the  third  consonant.  D  repre- 
sents a  dental  sound,  formed  by  placing  the 
tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  root  of  the 
upper  teeth,  and  then  forcing  up  vocalized 
breath,  or  voice,  into  the  mouth,  the  soft 
palate  being  raised  to  prevent  its  escape 
through  the  nose.  T  is  formed  in  the  same 
way  except  that  it  is  uttered  with  breath 
merely,  and  not  with  voice.  (SeeT.)  When(< 


ch,  cAain;     ch,  Sc.  loch;     g,  go;     J.j'ob; 
VOL.  I. 


follows  a  whispered,  non-vocal,  or  surd  con- 
sonant in  the  same  syllable  it  takes  the  sound 
of  t,  as  after  *,  p,  /,  s.  This  is  especially 
seen  in  past  tenses  in  -ed,  the  e  not  being 
sounded;  as,  puked  ( =  pikt).  wrapped 


=  rapt),  hoped  (  =  hopt),  snvfed  (  =  snuft), 
.:issed  (  =  kist),  &c.  It  is  never  silent  in 
English  words,  except  in  a  rapid  utterance 
of  such  words  as  handkerchief.  D  has  crept 
into  some  English  words  to  which  it  does 


not  properly  belong,  as  in  thunder,  gender, 
sound  (L.  sonut),  lend,  hind  (a  servant). 
round  (to  whisper);  it  has  disappeared  from 
gospel  and  answer.  According  to  GrlmmV 
law  in  words  common  to  English  and  t*> 
Sanskrit,  Greek,  Latin,  and  German,  where 
<(  appears  in  English  we  Hud  dh  in  Sanskrit. 
(A  in  Greek,  /  in  Latin,  and  (  in  German  ; 
thus  E.  </oor  =  Skr.  dhalra,  Gr.  tAyro,  L. 
/ores,  G.  tor.  —  As  a  numeral,  D  represents 


f>,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  then;  th,  thin; 


w  iri"'     wh,  wAig;     ih,  azure.— See  KEY. 
42 


DAB 


658 


DJEMONLSM 


500,  and  when  a  dash  or  stroke  is  placed 
over  it  thus,  D,  it  denotes  5000.— In  music, 
D  is  the  second  note  of  the  natural  scale] 
answering  to  the  French  and  Italian  re. 
Dab  (dab),  u.e.  pret.  &  pp.  dabbed;  ppr.  dab- 
bing. [Allied  to  O.D.  dabben,  to  dabble, 
probably  also  to  dub;  conip.  Fr.  dauber,  to 
cuff.  See  DAUB.)  1.  To  strike  gently  with 
the  hand;  to  slap;  to  box. —2.  To  strike 
gently  with  some  soft  or  moist  substance. 

A  sore  should  be  wiped  by  dabbing  it  with  fine 
lint.  Sharp. 

3.  To  prick.    [Old  English  and  Scotch.) 

There  was  eiven  hyin  the  aungell  of  Sathan,  tile 
pricke  of  the  flesh,  to  dabbe  him  in  the  necke. 

Sir  T.  Mare. 

Dab  (dabX  v.i.  1.  To  prick.— 2.  To  peck,  as 
birds  do.  (Scotch.  1 

Dab  (dab),  ».  1.  A  gentle  blow  with  the 
hand  or  some  soft  substance. —2.  A  quick 
or  sudden  blow.— 3.  A  small  lump  or  mass 
of  anything  soft  or  moist— 4.  A  name  com- 
mon to  all  the  species  of  fish  of  the  genus 
Pleuronectes,  but  especially  applied  to  the 
Pleuronectes  limanda,  called  also  the  salt- 
water flounder  or  fluke.  It  is  common  on 


Dab  (Pleurottectts  limtnda). 


all  sandy  parts  of  the  British  coast,  in- 
habits deeper  water  than  the  flounder,  and 
does  not,  like  it,  enter  the  mouths  of 
streams.  It  seldom  exceeds  12  Inches  in 
length,  and  is  preferred  to  the  flounder  for 
the  table. 

Dab  (dab),  n.  [Said  to  be  from  adept,  which 
might  become  a  dep,  a  dap,  then  a  dab. 
See  ADEPT.)  An  expert;  a  skilful  man;  a 
dabster.  [Colloq.] 

A  third  is  a  if.tf>  at  an  index.         Goldsmith. 

Dab  (dab),  a.  [See  last  art.)  Clever; 
skilled;  as,  a  dab  hand  at  a  thing.  [Colloq.j 

Dabble  (dab'bl),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  dabbled; 
ppr.  dabbling.  [A  dim.  and  freq.  from  dab.  ] 
Lit.  to  dip  a  little  and  often;  hence,  to  wet, 
to  moisten;  to  spatter;  to  sprinkle.  '  Ilair 
dabblfd  in  blood.'  Shak. 

Dabble  (dab'bl),  r.i.  1.  To  play  in  water, 
as  with  the  hands;  to  splash  in  mud  or 
water  — 2.  To  do  anything  in  a  slight  or 
superficial  manner;  to  tamjier;  to  touch 
here  and  there;  to  meddle;  to  dip  into  a 
concern;  as,  to  dabble  in  railway  shares. 

You  have,  I  think,  been  dabhltng  with  the  tent. 

Atterbury. 
The  old  painter  .  .  .  dnbbltd  in  poetry  too. 

H'alfott. 

Dabbler  (daliliUr),  n.  1.  One  who  plays  in 
water  or  mud. —  2.  One  who  dips  slightly 
into  anything;  one  who  meddles  without 
going  to  the  bottom;  a  superficial  meddler. 
•  Our  dabblers  in  politics. '  Su>\ft. 

Dabblingly  (dab'bling-li),  ode.  In  a  dab- 
bling manner. 

Dabby  (dab'bi),  n.  Moist;  adhesive.  [Local.] 

Dabchlck  (dab'chik).  n.  [Dab  or  dip.  and 
chicle,  from  its  habit  of  dipping  or  diving 
below  the  water. )  1.  The  little  grebe  (Porfi- 
cepn  minur),  a  small  water-fowl  of  the  family 
ColymbidiE  —2.  A  babyish  person. 

Dabeoda  (da-be-6'si-a),  n.  [Xamed  from  St. 
l>a>"'"<-.  ]  A  genus  of  plants,  nut  order 
Ericacenj.  There  is  but  one  species,  I), 
polyfolia,  a  native  of  the  west  of  Ireland, 
the  west  of  France,  and  Spain.  It  Is  a  small 
shrub  from  1  to  2  feet  high,  with  bright  green 
leaves,  and  crimson,  purple,  or  white  flowers. 
It  is  found  on  boggy  heaths. 

Dabster  (dab'ster),  n.  [See  DAB,  a.  ]  One 
who  is  skilled;  one  who  is  expert;  a  master 
of  his  business.  [Colloq.] 

Da  capo  (d»  ka'po).  [It.  ]  In  mtwic,  a  direc- 
tion to  repeat  from  the  beginning  of  a  pas- 
sage or  section. 

Dace  (das),  n.  [Probably  the  same  as  the 
latter  part  of  Fr.  vandoise  or  vauduixe, 
the  dace :  of  unknown  origin.  ]  Leucittcus 
vulgaris,  family  Cyprinidse,  a  small  river  flsh 
resembling  the  roach.  It  chiefly  inhabits 
the  deep  and  clear  waters  of  quiet  streams. 
It  is  found  in  Italy,  France.  Oermany,  Ac., 
and  in  some  of  the  rivers  of  England.  The 


dace  is  gregarious  and  swims  in  shoals.    It 
seldom  exceeds  a  pound  in  weight,  but  from 


Dace  (Lencitcni 


its  activity  affords  the  angler  good  sport. 
Named  also  Dar,  Dare,  and  Dart 

DacelO  (da-se'lo),  n.  [A  transposition  of  L. 
alcedo,  the  king  -fisher.)  An  Australian 
genus  of  king-fishers.  See  KINO-FISHER. 

Dacker,  Dalker  (dak'i-r,  dak'er),  v.t.  To 
search,  as  for  stolen  or  smuggled  goods;  as, 
to  docker  a  house.  [Scotch.  ] 

Dacoit  (da-koif),  n.    See  DAKOIT. 

Dacoity  (da-koit'i),  n.    See  DAKOITY. 

Dacrydium  (da-krid'i-mn),  n.  [Ur.  dakry, 
a  tear,  from  the  resinous  drops  exuded  by 
the  plants.)  A  genus  of  plants  belonging 
to  the  Taxacete  or  yew  tribe.  Their  11'  fthj 
fruit  Is  borne  on  the  face  of  a  boat-shaped 
bract.  The  species  vary  in  appearance, 
some  being  great  trees,  like  D.  Franklinn 
(the  Huon  pine),  and  others  low-growing 
shrubs,  like  D.  tax\foliutn.  They  are  nat  i\  i  s 
of  New  Zealand  and  the  East  Indies.  D. 
tax\folium  is  the  kakaterro  of  the  natives 
of  New  Zealand,  the  young  branches  of 
which,  like  those  of  Norway  spruce,  make 
excellent  beer. 

Dacryollte  (daTcri-6-lit),  n.  [Or.  datryo,  to 
weep,  and  lithe*,  a  stone.  ]  In  med.  a  name 
given  to  a  calculous  concretion  in  the  lach- 
rymal passage. 

Dacryoma  (da-kri-6'ma),  n.  [Or.  dakrya,  to 
weep.)  A  name  given  to  the  stoppage  or 
obstruction  in  one  or  both  of  the  puncta 
lacrytnalia,  by  which  the  tears  are  prevented 
from  passing  into  the  nose,  and  In  conse- 
quence run  down  over  the  lower  eyelid. 

Dactyl,  Dactyle  (dak'til),  n.  [Or.  dalctylot, 
a  linger,  also  a  dactyl,  which,  like  a  finger, 
consists  of  one  long  and  two  short  members.  ] 

1.  A  poetical  foot  consisting  of  three  sylla- 
bles, the  first  long  and  the  others  short,  like 
the  joints  of  a  finger  ;  as,  tegmlnS,  happily. 

2.  A  name  of  the  razor-fish 

Dactylt  (dak'til),  c.i.  To  ran  nimbly;  to 
bound.  />'  Jonson. 

Dactylar  (dak'til-er),  o.  Pertaining  to  a 
dactyl;  dactylic. 

Dactylett  (dak'til-et).  n.     A  dactyl 

DactylethridjB  (ilak.ti-leth'ri-de),n.pj.  [Or. 
ttaktylfthra,  a  finger-sheath,  and  eidos,  like- 
ness.) A  small  South  African  family  of  amphi- 
bian vertebrata,  comprising  only  one  genus, 
and,  so  far  as  known,  two  species,  remark- 
able for  having  nails  on  their  feet,  the  inner 
three  toes  being  tipped  with  a  sharply  - 
pointed  claw  or  nail. 

Dactyl!  (dak'ti-li),  n.  f,l.  In  das».  antitj.  a 
name  given  to  certain  fabulous  beings  in- 
habiting Mount  Ida  in  Phrygia,  to  whom 
the  discovery  of  iron  and  the  art  of  working 
it  is  ascribed.  They  were  servants  or  priests 
of  Rhea,  and  are  sometimes  confounded 
with  the  Corybantes. 

Dactylic  (dak-til'ik),  a.  Pertaining  to  or 
consisting  chiefly  or  wholly  of  dactyls;  as, 
dacti/lu;  verses  .  -  Dactylic  flute,  a  flute  con- 
sisting of  unequal  intervals. 

Dactylic  (dak-til'ik).  n.  i.  A  line  consisting 
chiefly  or  wholly  of  dactyls.  —2.  pi.  Metres 
which  consist  of  a  repetition  of  dactyls  or 
equivalent  feet. 

Dactylioglypb.  (dak-tU'i.o-glif),  ».  [Or.  dak- 
tyliwi,  a  fTnger-rinE.  and  ghjphn,  to  engrave.  ) 
1.  An  engraver  of  stones  —  »  The  inscription 
of  the  name  of  the  artist  on  a  finger-ring  or 
gem. 

Dactylioglypby  (dnk-til'i-ng"II-fl).  n.  [See 
DACTYLiooLypH.)  The  art  or  process  of 
engraving  precious  stones. 

Dactyliography  (dak-tiri-og"ra-fl),  n.  [Or. 
il(iktylws,&nng,m<\graphu,lonrite.]  1.  The 
art  of  gem  engraving.  —  2.  A  description  of 
engraved  finger-rings  and  precious  stones. 

Dactyliolqgy  (dak-til'i-ol"o-ji),  n.  [Or.  dak- 
tylujt,  a  ring,  and  logon,  discourse.)  The 
science  which  treats  of  the  history  and  qua- 
lities of  finger-rings. 

Dactyliomancy  (dak-til"i-6-man'si),  n.  [Or. 
daktylios,  a  ring,  and  manteia,  divination.) 
The  pretended  art  of  divining  by  rings. 

Dactylion  (dak-til'i-on),  n.  [Or.  daktyloe,  a 
finger.  )  Inntrg.  a  term  forcohesion  between 
two  Angers,  either  congenital  or  a  conse- 
quence of  burning. 


Dactylis  (dak'til-is).  n.  [L.  dacti/lii,  dog's- 
tooth  grass.)  Cock  s-foot  grass,  a  genus  of 
grasses  consisting  of  about  a  dozen  species 
found  in  cold  and  temperate  regions.  The 
flowers  are  in  crowded  compressed  spikelets 
at  the  end  of  a  one-sided  panicle.  The  fruit 
is  loosely  enveloped  in  the  glume.  The 
common  cock's-foot  grass  (A.  glunn-i-iitu)  is 
often  met  with  in  fields  and  waste  places. 
It  is  a  coarse  grass  little  relished  by  cattle, 
but  said  to  improve  greatly  by  culture. 

Dactylist  (dak'til-ist),  it.  One  who  writes 
dactylic  verse. 

Dactylology  (ilak-til-ol'o-ji),  n.  [Or.  dak- 
ttjlos,  finger,  and  logos,  discourse.  ]  The  act 
ortheartofconmuinicatingideasorthoimlit^ 
by  the  fingers;  the  language  of  the  deaf  and 
dumb. 

Dactylonomy  (dak-til-on'o-mi),  n.  [Or.  dak- 
tylog,  a  finger,  and  nomos,  rule,  law.)  The 
art  of  counting  or  numbering  by  the  fingers. 

Dactylopterous  (dak-til-op'ter-us),  o.  [Or. 
daktyloe,  the  finger,  and  pteron,  a  wing  or 
fin;  flnger-flnned.  J  Having  the  inferior  rays 
of  its  pectoral  nn  partially  or  entirely  free: 
said  of  a  flsh. 

Dactylopterug  (dak-til-op'ter-us).  n.  [See 
DACTVLOPTEROUS.)  A  genus  of  fishes  of  the 
order  Acanthopterygii,  family  Cataphracti 
It  contains  but  two  species,  the  flying  gur- 
nard or  flying  flsh  (D.  volitans),  and  the  It 
nnentalisot  Cuvier,  the  former  found  in  the 
Mediterranean,  the  latter  in  the  linlirin 
Ocean. 

Dactylorhlza  (dak-ti-lo-ri'za),  n.  [Or.  dak- 
tyltm.  a  finger,  and  rhiza,  a  root.)  In  agn. 
andAorf.  flnger-and-tne,  adiseaseof  thebulhs 
of  turnips,  which  divide  and  becomes  hard 
and  useless,  believed  to  be  due  to  the  nature 
of  the  soil,  and  distinct  from  ambury,  which 
Is  due  to  the  attacks  of  insects. 

Dad,  Dada,  Daddy  (dad,  da'da,  dad'di),  n. 
[In  allied  forms  this  word  is  very  widely 
spread.  Comp.  W.  tad,  Skr.  tata,  Hind,  dnda . 
Gypsy  dad,  dada,  L.  tata.  Or.  tata,  Lapp 
dadda— father.  ]  A  childish  or  pet  name 
for  father.  Spelled  also  Daddie. 

Daddle  (dad'di),  v  i.  [A  freq.  of  do*.)  To 
walk  with  tottering  steps,  like  a  child  or  an 
old  man.  (Rare.) 

Daddockt  (dad'dok),  n.  The  heart  or  l»dy 
of  a  tree  thoroughly  rotten. 

Daddy-long-legs  (dad'di-long-legz),  n  A 
imme  given  to  species  of  the  crane-fly  (Tip- 
vl  i  oleracea,  <tc.)  Called  also  Father-lonj- 
leg». 

Dade  (dad),  r.(.  To  hold  up  by  leading 
strings.  (Rare.) 

The  little  children  when  they  learn  to  go. 

By  painful  mothers  dadtd  to  and  fro.     L>r.-iytoii. 


Dade  (dad), 


To  walk  slowly  and  hesi- 
tatingly, like  a  child 
in  leading  -  strings ; 
hence,  to  flow  gently. 
[Rare.] 

But  eas'ly  from  her  source 
as  Isis  gently  dadts. 
Dray  tan. 

Dado  (da'do),  n.  [It, 
a  die,  a  dado.  L.  d«. 
(nin.  Riven.  1  In  arcli. 
that  part  of  a  pedes- 
tal between  the  base 


and  the  cornice;  the 

..  I?rba£.   *  Bai       finishing  of  the  lower 

part  of  the  walla  in 

the  interior  of  a  house,  made  somewhat  to 
represent  the  dado  of  a  pedestal,  and  con- 
sisting frequently  of  a  skirting  of  wood 
about  three  feet  high. 

Dadoxylon  (da-doks'Mon),  n.  [Or.  daw, 
daidog,  contr.  </"*,  dados,  &  resinous  torch, 
and  leyUni,  wood.  ]  Lit.  pine  or  torch  wood. 
Endliuher's  generic  name  for  fossil  coniferous 
wood,  the  cells  of  which  have  many  series 
of  alternating  discs,  as  In  Araucaria,  found 
in  the  palaeozoic  and  secondary  strata. 

Daedal,  Daedalian  (de'dal,  de-da'li-an),  n. 
[L.  Dcedalus,  Gr.  Daidalos,  an  inpt'iiinii* 
artist]  Formed  with  art;  showing  artistic 
skill;  ingenious. 

Here  ancient  art  her  ditdal  fancies  played. 

Warton, 
Our  bodies  decked  in  o\adadatian  arms.  Chapman 

Daedalenchyma  (de-dal-enTd-ma),  n.  [Gr. 
daidalox,  cunningly  wrought,  and  enehyma, 
infusion.]  In  bot.  a  name  applied  to  entan- 
gled cells,  as  in  some  fungi. 

Daedalous  (deMal-us),  a.  Having  a  margin 
with  various  windings;  of  a  beautiful  an<) 
delicate  texture :  said  of  the  leaves  of 
plants. 

Dsemonism,  Dsemonist  (d^mon-izm.  de'- 
mon-ist),  n.  Same  as  Deinonism,  Demonixt. 


Fate,  fir,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  h6r;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtme;      y.  Sc.  tey. 


D^EMONOMANIA 


Dagges,  from  Ha 
"eian  MS. 


Daemonomania(de'mon-6-ma"ni-a),  n.  Same 

Dsesman  (dcs'man),  n.     Same  as  Desman 
Daff.t  Daffet  (daf),  n.    [Icel.  danfr,  Sw  dof 

stupid;  allied  to  E.  deaf.]  A  stupid  blockisli 

fellow. 

I  shall  be  holdcn  a  dajfe  or  a  cokenay.     Chaiuer. 

Daff  (daf),  v.i.  To  be  foolish;  to  make  sport- 
to  toy.  [Scotch.] 

Dafft(daf),  v.t.  [Afonnofdo/.]  Totossaside' 
to  put  off;  to  doff. 

There  my  white  stole  of  chastity  I  daft.     Shak. 

Daffin,  Daffing  (daf  ftn.daf  flng), «.  Thought- 
less gaiety;  foolish  playfulness;  foolery 
[Scotch.] 

Until  wi'  dajfiti  weary  grown. 
Upon  a  knowe  they  sat  them  down.  Burns. 
Daffodil  (daf'fo-dil),  n.  [Fr.  (fleur)  d'aspho- 
dele,  Gr.  atplwdelos.  See  ASPHODKL  ]  The 
popular  name  of  a  British  plant  which  is 
one  of  the  earliest  ornaments  of  our  cottage 
gardens,  as  well  as  of  many  of  our  woods 
and  meadows.  It  is  Sareissun  pseudo-nar- 
cissus, nat.  order  Amaryllidacea;.  Many 
varieties  of  the  daffodil  are  in  cultivation, 
differing  from  each  other  chiefly  in  bulk  and 
in  the  form  of  the  flower,  which  is  of  a  bright 
primrose-yellow  colour.  There  are  other 
forms  of  the  name  in  local  or  partial  use, 
as  Daffadowndilly,  DafodmmaiUy,  Da/y- 
dowildilli/,  Daffadillij,  Daffodilly,  and  Affu- 
dttly.  'Clad  her  like  an  April  da/odiUi/.' 
Tennyson. 

Strew  me  the  green  ground  with  datfadcwndiUies, 
And  cowslips,  and  kingcups,  and  loved  lilies. 

Daft  (daftX  a.  [See  DAFF,  n.  and  v.i.]  Deli- 
rious; insane; stupid;  blockish; foolish;  play- 
ful; frolicsome;  wanton:  applied  to  persons 
or  things.  [Scotch.  ] 

You  are  the  daftest  donnet  I  ever  saw  on  two  legs 
Cariihill  Mag. 
Let  us  think  no  more  of  this  daft  business 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

Daftness  (daft'nes),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
daft. 

Can  you  tell  us  of  any  instance  of  his  daftness  I  Gait. 

Dag.tDagget(dag),  n.  [Fr.dague.  The  syl- 
lable dag  primarily  represents,  says  Wedg- 
wood, the  noise  of  a  blow  with  something 
sharp,  and  then  the  instrument  with  which 
the  blow  is  given.  See  DAGGER.]  l.Adagger; 
Johnson. — 2.  A  hand-gun;  a  pistol. 

Neither  was  anything  taken  from  them  but  these 
dags,  which  the  German  horsemen,  after  a  new 
fashion,  carried  at  their  saddle-bows ;  these  the 
Turks  greatly  desired,  delighted  with  the  noveltie 
of  the  invention,  to  see  them  shot  off  with  a  firelock, 
with  out  a  match.  Knolles 

Powder!  no,  sir,  my  dagge  shall  be  my  dagger.  Decker 

Dagt(dag),M.  [Icel. 
doijg,  Sw.  dagg, 
dew.]  Dew. 

Dagt  (dag), v.t.  To 
bedew;  to  daggle ; 
to  bemire. 

Dag  (dag),  n.  [Pro- 
bably from  same 

being  loug  and 
pointed.]  l.Aloose 
end,  as  of  a  lock  of 
wool;  a  dag-lock. 
2.  A  leathern 
latchet.  Written 
also  Dagge. 

Dagt  (dag),  D.t.  To 
cut  into  slips. 

Dagge, t  n.  [See 
DAG,  a  loose  end.] 
An  ornamental  cut 
in  the  edge  of  gar- 
ments, in  use  as 
early  as  the  reign 
of  Henry  I.  The 
fashion  of  orna- 
menting with 
dagges  was  carried 
to  such  excess  that 
in  1188  sumptuary  laws  were  enacted  for- 
bidding it. 

Dagger  (dag'er),  n.  [From  the  Celtic :  W. 
dagr,  Ir.  daigear,  Armor,  dager,  dag,  a 
dagger  or  poniard  ;  Gael,  daga,  a  dagger, 
a  pistol;  Fr.  dague,  a  dagger.  See  DAG, 
a  dagger  or  pistol.]  1.  A  weapon  resem- 
bling a  short  sword,  with  usually  a  two- 
edged,  sometimes  a  three -edged,  sharp- 
pointed  blade,  used  for  stabbing  at  close 
quarters.  In  feudal  times  it  was  carried 
by  knights  in  addition  to  the  sword;  and 
in  single  combat  it  was  wielded  in  the  left 
hand,  being  used  by  them  to  parry  the 
blows  of  their  adversaries,  and  also  to  des- 


patch  a  vanquished  enemy,  unless  h«  beared 
for  quarter,  whence  it  was  called  thedSr 


Various  forms  of  Daggers. 

of  mere:/  -2.  In  fencing,  a  blunt  blade  of 
iron  with  a  basket  hilt,  used  for  defence  - 
i.  in  printing,  an  obelisk;  a  mark  of  refer- 
ence in  the  form  of  a  dagger,  thus  t  It  is 
the  second  mark  of  reference  used  when 
more  than  one  occurs  on  a  page  -Dagaer 
of  lath,  the  weapon  given  to  the  Vice  in  the 
old  moralities,  and  supposed  to  be  alluded 
to  by  talstaff  in  the  following  quotation. 

If  I  do  not  beat  thee  out  of  thy  kingdom  with  a 
dagger  of  lath,  and  drive  all  thy  subjects  afore  thee 
like  a  flock  of  wild  geese,  I'll  never  vicar  hair  on  my 
face  more.  shali 

—To  look  or  speak  daggers,  to  look  or  speak 
fiercely,  savagely. 

As  you  have  spate  dangers  to  him.  you  may  justly 
dread  the  use  of  them  against  your  own  breast. 

JitniHs 

Dagger  (dag'ger),  t-.«.  To  pierce  with  a  dag- 
ger; to  stab. 

Dagger  (dag'er),  n.  [Supposed  to  be  a  cor- 
ruption of  diagonal.]  In  ship-building,  a 
piece  of  timber  that  crosses  all  the  puppets 
of  the  bulgeway  to  keep  them  together. 
The  plank  that  secures  the  heads  of  the  pup- 
pets is  called  the  dagger-plank.— Dagger- 
knees,  in  ship-building,  certain  pieces  whose 
sides  are  cast  down  and  bolted  through  the 
cramp. 

Dagger-money!  (dag'ger-mun-ni),  n.  A 
sum  of  money  formerly  paid  to  the  justices 
of  assize  on  the  northern  circuit  to  provide 
arms  against  marauders. 

Daggers -drawing  (dag'gCrz-dra-ing),  n. 
The  act  of  drawing  daggers;  approach  to 
open  attack  or  to  violence;  a  quarrel. 

They've  always  been  at  daggers-drawing, 
And  one  anolner  clapper-clawing.      Ihtdibras. 

Daggle  (ilag'gl),ii.(.  pret.  A  pp.  daggled;  ppr. 
daggling.  [A  freq.  form  of  the  obsolete  verb 
day,  to  bedew.]  To  make  limp  by  passing 
through  water;  to  trail  in  mud  or  wet  grass; 
to  befoul;  to  dirty,  as  the  lower  end  of  a 
garment;  to  draggle. 

The  warrior's  very  plume,  I  say. 

Was  daggled  by  the  dashing  spray.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Daggle  (dag'gl),  v.i.    To  run  through  mud 

and  water.     Pope. 
Daggle-tail  (dag'gl-tal),  a.  Having  the  lower 

ends  of  garments  denied  with  mud. 
The  gentlemen  of  wit  and  pleasure  are  apt  to  be 

choaked  at  the  sight  of  so  many  daggle  tail  parsons 

that  happen  to  f.ill  in  their  way.  Sirift. 

Daggle-tail  (dag'gl-tal),  n.    A  slattern. 
Dag-lock  (dag'lok),  n.    A  lock  of  wool  on  a 
sheep  that  hangs  and  drags  in  the  wet. 
Dagoba  (da-go'ba),  n.    The  name  given,  in 


mental  structures  containing  relic,  of  Bud- 
?,?,"[  °|f  rme  Bujt"»«  saint.  The  ,la«  "u 
*  "'  "*  "r  "  - 


. 

,  ""-      ">«-  In  fonnand 

erected  on  a  natural  or  artificial  in.,und 
the  HI,,,,!,,,,  ,,-.  If  .,„,„.,,„„»  rising  to  ;, 
great  heixl.t.  The  dagoba  I,  u,lmfiv  ,„" 
eluded  under  the  generic  term  Stufa  or 
Tope,  but  In  its  speclfl,  ,,,,,,|,,  :,ij,,n  the 
term  stupa  I.  rest,,,!.,  I  ,!,'  ..."amenS 
which  commemorate  tame  erent  or  mark 

Buddha""'    *aCre<1    *°    thc    followw»  °f 


shdod.  H*  had  a  female  cor- 
relative among  the  Syrians.  In  Babylonian 
m  >  tlmlogy,  thc  name  Da- 
gon  li  given  to  a  flih-llke 
being  who  row  from  th. 
water*  of  the  Red  Sea  aa 
one  of  the  great  benefac- 
tors of  men. 

Dafm  hit  name.  Ma-moaner. 

upward  man. 
And  downward  fiih. 


Dagon,t  ».  [See  DAO,  a 
loose  end.) 
A  slip  or 
piece.  •  Yere 
us  a  dagon 


Ceylonese  Dagoba. 

Buddhist  countries  and  in  those  which  at 
one  time  held  the  Buddhist  faith,  to  monu- 


. 

Dag-swain  (dag-swan),  n.  (Day,  a  loose 
end;  etyni.  of  twain  uncertain.)  A  kind  of 
carpet;  a  rough  or  coarse  mantle  to  cast  on 
a  bed. 

Under  coverlets  ol  dag-nvatn.        ItollingttteJ. 

Dag-tailed  (dag'tild),  o.    The  same  as 

Daggle-tail. 

Daguerrean,  Daguerrelan  (da-ger'S-an),  a. 
Pertaining  to  Daguerre,  or  to  his  invention 
of  the  daguerreotype. 

Daguerreotype(da-ger'6-t!p),H.  l.The  name 
given  to  an  invention  of  M.  Daguerre,  of 
Paris,  first  published  in  1839,  by  which  thc 
lights  and  shadows  of  a  landscape  or  figure 
are  fixed  on  a  metallic  plate  solely  by  the 
action  of  the  sun's  actinic  or  chemical  rays. 
A  plate  of  copper,  thinly  coated  with  silver. 
is  exposed  in  a  close  box  to  the  action  of 
the  vapour  of  iodine;  and  when  It  assumes 
a  yellow  colour  it  is  placed  In  the 
chamber  of  a  camera  obscura,  where  it  re- 
ceives an  image  of  the  object  to  be  repre- 
sented. It  is  then  withdrawn  and  exposed 
to  the  vapour  of  mercury  to  bring  out  the 
impression  distinctly  ;  after  which  it  is 
plunged  into  a  solution  of  hypo-sulphite  of 
soda,  and  lastly  washed  in  distilled  water. 
The  processes  then  complete,  and  the  sketch 
produced  is  in  appearance  something  similar 
to  aquatint  but  greatly  superior  in  delicacy: 
and  such  is  the  precision  of  the  detail,  that 
the  most  powerful  microscope  serves  but  t*> 
display  the  perfection  of  the  copy.  See 
PHOTOGRAPHY.—  2.  A  picture  produced  by 
the  above  process. 

Daguerreotype  (da-ger-o-tip),  r.(.  1.  To 
produce  by  the  photographic  process,  as  a 
picture.—  2.  To  impress  with  great  distinct- 
ness; to  imitate  exactly. 

Daguerreotyper,  Daguerreotyplst  (da- 
geKo-tip-er,  da-ger'o-tip-ist),  n.  One  who 
takes  pictures  by  means  of  daguerreo- 
type. 

Daguerreotypic,  Daguerreotypical  (da- 
ger-o-tip'-ik,  ua-ger'o-tip  ik-al),  a. 
Of  or  pertaining  to  daguerreotype. 
Daguerreotypy  (da-ger'o-tlp-l),  ». 

Tile  art  of  producing  photographic 
pictures  on  the  plan  introduced  by 
M.  Daguerre. 

Dahableh  (da-ha-be'a),  n.  A  kind  of 
boat  in  use  on  the  Nile  for  the  con- 
veyance of  travellers,  and  having 
one  or  two  masts  with  a  long  yard 
supporting  a  triangular  sail  It  is 
of  considerable  breadth  at  the  stern. 
which  is  rounded,  but  narrow  to- 
wards the  prow,  which  terminates 
in  a  sharp,  gracefully  curving  cut- 
water. Dahabiehs  are  of  various 
sizes,  and  afford  good  accommoda- 
tion for  from  two  to  six  or  eight 
passengers.  There  is  a  deck  fore 
and  aft,  on  the  centre  of  which 
are  the  seats  for  the  rowers,  when 
oars  are  needed  to  propel  the  boat.  On  the 
fore  part  of  the  deck  is  the  kitchen,  and  on 


ch,  cfcain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      e,  go;      j.job;      ft,  Fr.  km;      ng,  sing;      TH.  tfen;  th,  thin;     w,  wig;    wh,  wMg;    zh,  azure.  -See  KIT. 


DAHLGREN 


(SCO 


DAK 


the  after  part  there  is  raised  a  large  cabin, 
which  provides  a  sitting-room  and  sleeping 
accommodation  for  the  passengers.  The 


top  of  this  cabin  affords  an  open-air  prom- 
enade, and  hag  often  an  awning  stretched 
above  it. 

Dahlgren  Gun  (dal'gren  gun),  n.  A  gun  in- 
troduced into  the  United  States  service  by 
au  officer  named  Dahlgren,  of  that  navy.  Its 
chief  peculiarity  is  that  it  presents  a  small 
quantity  of  metal  in  front  of  the  trunnions 
and  a  comparatively  large  quantity  behind. 

Dahlia  (da'li-a),  n.  [Frum  Dahl,  a  Swedish 
botanist.]  A  genus  of  plants,  nat.  order 
Compositte,  of  which  several  species  are 
known,  all  natives  of  Mexico  and  Central 
America.  The  D.  variabilis  sports  into  such 
endless  varieties  in  stature,  leaves,  and 
flowers,  that  it  has  become  one  of  the  most 
extensively  cultivated  florist's  plants.  Its 
innumerable  sorts  are  the  glory  of  our  gar- 
dens in  the  autumn.  As  the  plants  do  not 
bear  frost,  the  roots  are  taken  up  during 
winter.  The  dahlia  was  introduced  into 
England  in  the  end  of  last  century,  but  was 
not  a  general  favourite  in  our  gardens  till 
about  1814. 

Dahlin,  Dahline  (da'lin),  n.  (<VHio<>4.) 
Inuline  (which  see). 

Daldle  (ua'dl),  v.t.  [A  corruption  of  daggle.] 
To  draggle;  to  bemire.  [Scotch.] 

Daldle  (da'dl),  v.i.  [See  D  ADDLE.]  To  be  slow 
in  motion  or  action.  [Scotch.] 

Daldllng  (da'dling),  ».  and  a.  [Scotch.] 
Feeble;  silly;  mean-spirited;  pusillanimous. 

He's  but  a  coward  body  after  a', — lie's  but  a  daid- 
ling  coward  body.  Sir  »•'.  Scott. 

Daiker  (da'ker),  v.i.  [Scotch;  comp  Gael. 
deacair,  difficult,  grieving,  sad.  gloomy, 
surly.]  1.  To  toil,  as  in  job-work. —2.  To 
loiter;  to  saunter. 

I'll  pay  your  thousand  punds  Scots  .  .  .  gin  ye'll 
.  .  .  just  daiktr  up  tlie  gate  wi'  this  Sassenach. 

Sir  If,  Sfrtt. 

3.  To  continue  serving  in  a  place  irresolutely; 
to  delay  making  up  one's  mind. 

I  e'en  daiktr  on  wi'  the  family  frae  year's  end  to 
year's  end.  Sir  It-'.  Scott. 

Daiker  (da'ker),  v.t.  [From  Fr.  oVcorer,  to 
decorate,  adorn.  ]  To  arrange  in  an  orderly 
manner.  [Scotch.] 

Daiker  (da'ker),  n.    Same  as  Daker. 

Daikoku  (di-ko-ko'),  n.  The  god  specially 
worshipped  by  the  artisans  of  Japan.  He 
is  represented  as  sitting  on  a  ball  of  rice, 
with  a  hammer  in  his  hand,  before  a  sack. 
Every  time  he  strikes  the  sack  it  becomes 
full  of  silver,  rice,  cloth,  and  other  things 
useful. 

Dailiness  (dill-nee),  n.  The  quality  of  being 
daily  or  happening  every  day ;  daily  occur- 
rence. [Rare.] 

Daily  (da'li),  a.  [A.  Sax.  dceglic,  from  dffg. 
See  DAY.]  Happening  or  being  every  day; 
done  day  by  day;  bestowed  or  enjoyed  every 
day;  appearing  every  day;  as,  daily  labour ; 
a  daily  allowance. 

Give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread.       Lord's  Prayer. 

Daily  (da'li),  adv.    Every  day;  day  by  day; 

as,  a  thing  happens  daily. 
Daily  (dali),  n.   A  newspaper  which  appears 

daily. 
Daimen  (da'men),  a.    Rare;  here-and- there; 

now-and-then;  occasional.     [Scotch.] 

A  ttaimtn  tcker  in  a  thrave 

'S  a  sma'  request.  Bunts. 

DainUo  (di'mi-6),  n.  [Japanese.]  The  title  of 
a  class  of  feudal  lords  in  Japan.  Of  264 
daimios,  the  greater  number  exercised  the 


authority  of  petty  princes  in  their  domains, 
possessing  the  power  of  inflicting  capital 
punishment,  and  owing  only  a  nominal 
allegiance  to  the  mikado.  Eighteen 
were  virtually  independent  sover- 
eigns. In  accordance  with  a  decree 
issued  in  1871,  the  daimios  surren- 
dered not  only  their  exclusive  pri- 
vileges but  also  to  a  great  extent 
their  private  property,  their  dis- 
tricts being  incorporated  with  the 
imperial  territories.and  their  troops 
handed  over  to  the  imperial  govern- 
ment. The  daimios  were  made  offi- 
cial governors  of  the  districts  which 
they  formerly  held  as  feudal  rulers, 
and  draw  as  hereditary  salaries 
sums  equal  to  only  one-tenth  of 
their  former  incomes. 
Daintt  (dant),  a.  Dainty;  delicate; 
exquisite.  'To  cherish  him  with 
diets  daint.'  Spenser. 
Daintt  (dant),n.  Something  delicate 
or  nice;  a  dainty. 

Excess  or  daints  my  lowly  roof  main- 
tains not.  P.  Fletcher. 

Daintily  (dan'ti-li),  adv.     1.  In  a 
dainty  manner;  nicely;  elegantly; 
as.  a  hat  daintily  made. — 2.  Fasti- 
diously; with  nice  regard  to  what  is  well- 
tasted;  as,  to  eat  daintUy,—&  Deliciously; 
as,  to    fare  daintily.  —  4.   Ceremonously ; 
scrupulously. 

Daintiness  (dan'ti-nes),  n.  1.  Delicacy;  soft- 
ness; elegance;  nicety;  neatness. 

The  duke  exceeded  in  the  d<i  witness  of  his  leg  and 
foot.  //  'otton. 

2.  Delicacy;  deliclousness:  applied  to  food. 

More  notorious  for  the  daintiness  of  the  provision 
.  .  .  than  for  the  mas&iveness  of  the  dish. 

Haktwill. 

3.  Nicety  in  taste ;   scrupulousness ;   cere- 
moniousness ;    squeamishness ;    fastidious- 
ness; effeminacy;  as,  the  daintiness  of  the 
taste,  dress,  manners,  <kc.     'The  daintiness 
and  niceness  of  our  captains.'    Hackluyt. 

Daintrelt  (dan'trel),  n  A  delicacy 
Dainty  (dan'ti),  a.  [Probably  from  W.  dayt- 
aidd,  dantaeth,  a  dainty,  what  is  toothsome, 
from  ilnnf,  a  tooth.  Compare  Sc.  daintith, 
a  dainty.  The  same  root  appears  in  L. 
dens,  dent-is,  Gr.  odous,  odontos,  a  tooth.] 

1.  Nice;  pleasing  to  the  palate;  of  exquisite 
taste;  delicious;  as,  dainty  food. 

His  life  abhorreth  bread,  and  his  soul  dainty  meat. 
Job  xxxiii.  30. 

2.  Delicate;    of  acute  sensibility;  nice  in 
selecting  what  ia  tender  and  good;  squeam- 
ish; soft;  luxurious;  as,  a  dainty  taste  or 
palate;  a  dainty  people. 

And  never  found  .  .  . 

A  daintier  Up  for  syrup.  Praed. 

3.  Scrupulous   in  manners;    ceremonious. 
'Dainty  of  leave-taking.*     Shale—  4,   Ele- 
gant; tender;  soft;  pure;  neat;  effeminately 
beautiful;  as,  dainty  hands  or  limbs. 

1  would  be  the  girdle  about  her  dainty,  dainty  waist. 
Tennyson. 

5.  Nice;  affectedly  fine.  '  Dainty  speakers.' 
Prior,  — SYN.  Nice,  delicious,  luxurious, 
delicate,  squeamish,  scrupulous. 
Dainty  (din'tl),  n.  1.  Something  nice  and 
delicate  to  the  taste;  that  which  is  ex- 
quisitely delicious;  a  delicacy. 

Be  not  desirous  of  his  dainties;  for  they  are  deceit- 
ful meat.  I'rov   xziii.  3. 
That  precious  nectar  may  the  taste  renew 
Of  Eden's  dainties,  by  our  parents  lost.    Beati.fr  Ft. 

2.  A  term  of  fondness.    [Rare.] 

There's  a  fortune  coming1 
Towards  you,  dainty.  B.  yonson. 

Dairi,  Dairi-soma  (di're,  di're-s6-ma),  n. 
An  alternative  name  for  the  Japanese  mika- 
do. He  is  held  to  be  descended  from  the 
sun-goddess,  and  as  such  unites  in  his  per- 
son all  the  attributes  of  the  deity.  See 
MIKADO. 

He  is  called  the  mikado,  a  name  for  the  Deity,  and 
sometimes  the  dairi-soma.  Brougham. 

Dairo  (di-rd),  n.  The  Japanese  name  for  the 
court  of  the  mikado  or  dairi-soma. 

Education  is  everywhere  much  attended  to,  and 
especially  at  the  dairo  or  court  of  the  mikado. 

Brougham, 

Dairy  (da'ri),  n.  [O.E.  and  Sc.  deyt  a  dairy- 
maid; hence,  deyry,  dairy,  the  department 
assigned  to  her.  The  word  dey  is  seen  in 
Sw.  deja,  a  dairymaid;  Icel.  deiyja,  a  maid- 
servant; a  dairymaid.  See  also  under  LADY.  ) 
1.  That  branch  of  farming  connected  with 
the  production  of  milk,  and  its  conversion 
into  butter  and  cheese. 


Grounds  were  turned  much  in  England  either  to 
feeding  or  dairy;  and  this  advanced  the  trade  of 
Baglun  butter.  Temple. 

2.  The  house  or  room  where  milk  is  kept 
and  made  into  butter  and  cheese.— 3.  In 
towns,  a  shop  where  milk,  butter,  «fcc.,  are 
sold.  — 4.  A  dairy-farm.  [Rare  in  this  sense.] 

Dairy  (da'ri),  a.  Belonging  to  the  business 
*»f  the  production  of  milk,  and  its  conversion 
into  butter  and  cheese. 

Dairy-farm  (da'ri-farm),  n.  A  farm,  the 
principal  business  of  which  consist*  in  mak- 
ing butter  and  cheese,  and  supplying  milk 
to  a  town. 

Dairyhouse,  Dairyroom  (da'ri -hous.  da'ri- 

roiti),  n.     Same  as  Duii'ii,  "1. 

Dairying  (da'ri -ii)g),  n.  The  business  of  con- 
ducting a  dairy. 

Dairymaid  (di'ri-m&d),  n.  A  female  servant 
whose  business  is  to  milk  cows  and  work  in 
the  dairy. 

Dairyman  (da'ri-man),  n.  One  who  keeps 
cows  for  the  sale  of  milk,  or  who  attends  to 
the  sale  of  dairy  produce. 

Dais,  Deis  (dii'is,  de'is),  n.  [Fr.  daw,  a  can- 
opy; O.Fr.  dais,  deis,  a  dining -table,  from 
L.  discus,  a  dish,  from  dishes  being  (juoit- 
shaped;  hence  I.  I.  a  table.  As  the  tables 
at  which  great  personages  sat  were  elevated. 
the  name  was  transferred  to  the  raised 
platform,  and  thence  to  the  canopy  which 
ornamented  it.  Desk  has  the  same  origin  I 
1.  The  high  table  at  the  upper  end  of  an  an- 
cient dining-hall  at  which  the  chief  persons 
sat.— 2.  A  platform  or  raised  floor  at  the 
upper  end  of  an  ancient  dinmtr-hall,  on 
which  the  high  table  stood.— 3.  The  chief 


Dais  in  Presence  Chamber,  Hampton  Court. 

seat  at  the  high  table,  with  hangings  behind 
(see  DOSER)  and  often  with  a  canopy,  for 
the  chief  person  or  persons  who  sat  at  table. 

With  choice  paintings  of  wise  men  I  hung 
The  royal  dais  round.  Tennyson. 

4.  [Scotch.]  A  long  board,  seat,  or  settle 
erected  against  a  wall,  and  sometimes  so 
constructed  as  to  serve  both  for  a  settee 
and  a  table;  also,  a  seat  on  the  outer  side  of 
a  country-house  or  cottage,  not  unf  requently 
formed  of  turf.  — 6.  A  canopy  or  covering. 

Daisied  (da'zid),  a.  [See  DAISY.]  Full  of 
daisies;  adorned  with  daisies.  '  The  daisied 
green. '  La  nghorne. 

Daisy  (da'zi).  7i.  [A.S&\.d&ges-e  age,  day's  eye, 
because  it  opens  and  closes  its  flower  with 
the  daylight.]  The  common  name  of  Belli* 
perennis,  nat.  order  Composite,  one  of  the 
most  common  wild  plants,  found  in  all  pas- 
tures and  meadows,  and  ascending  nearly  to 
the  summit  of  our  highest  mountains.  The 
daisy  is  a  great  favourite,  and  several  varie- 
ties are  cultivated  in  gardens. 

The  daisie  or  els  the  eye  of  the  daie. 

The  emprise  and  the  floure  of  flouris  alle.     Chaucer. 

Fair-handed  Spring  unbosoms  every  grace; 

The  daisy,  primrose,  violet.  Thomson. 

In  Scotland  the  field -daisy  is  called  the 
oowan,  which  name  is  frequently  met  with 
in  native  poetry.  (See  GOWAN.)  The  great, 
moon,  ox-eye,  or  horse  daisy  is  Chrysanthe- 
mum Leucanthemum;  the  name  Christmas 
daisy  is  applied  to  several  species  of  aster, 
and  other  species  are  called  Michaelmas 
daisies;  the  blue  daisy  is  Globularia  v\d- 
garis, 

Dak  (dak),  n.  The  mail-post  of  India.  See 
DAWK. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


DAKER 


C61 


Daker,  Daklr  (da'ker,  daldr),  n.  (L.  decltria, 
from  tifcem,  ten.)  A  dicker;  the  number  of 
ten ;  a  measure  of  certain  commodities.  See 
DIOKKK. 

Daker-nen  (ua'ker-hen),  n.  The  corncrake 
or  landrail,  a  bird  of  the  family  Rallidic 
See  CRAKE. 

Dakoit  (da-koif),  n.  [Bengalee  dakhe,  a 
robber.]  One  of  a  class  of  robbers  in  India 
who  plunder  in  bands,  but  seldom  take  life 
The  term  was  also  applied  to  the  pirates 
who  infested  the  rivers  between  Calcutta 
and  Burhampore,  but  who  are  now  sup- 
pressed by  the  improved  system  of  river 
police. 

Dakoity  (da-koit'i),  n.  The  system  of  rob- 
bing in  bands. 

Dal  (ilal),  »i.    A  sort  of  East  Indian  vetch. 

Dalai-lama  (da-U'la-ma),  71.  [Tibetan,  the 
ocean-priest,  or  priest  as  wide  as  the  ocean.] 
One  of  the  two  lama  popes  of  Tibet  and  Mon- 
golia (his  fellow-pope  being  the  Tesho-lama), 
each  supreme  in  his  own  district.  Although 
nominally  co-equal  in  rank  and  authority, 
the  dalai,  from  possessing  a  much  larger 
territory,  is  in  reality  much  the  more  power- 
ful. When  he  dies  he  is  succeeded  by  a 
boy,  generally  of  four  or  flve  years  of  age 
into  whom  the  soul  of  the  deceased  dalai  is 
supposed  to  have  entered.  The  dalai  resides 
at  Potula  near  Lassa,  in  Tibet. 

The  dalai-lania,  who  is  the  high -priest  also  of 
the  state,  is  chosen  by  the  other  lamas.  Broagliam 

Dalbergla  (dal-ber^i-a),  n.  [After  Nicholas 
Dalberg,  a  Swedish  botanist.]  A  large  genus 
of  fine  tropical  forest  trees  and  climbing 
shrubs,  nat.  order  Leguminosne,  some  species 
of  which  yield  most  excellent  timber.  D. 
latifolia  (the  black-wood,  or  East  Indian 
rosewood)  is  a  magnificent  tree,  furnishing 
one  of  the  most  valuable  furniture  woods. 
D.  Sixsoides,  a  smaller  tree,  yields  a  wood 
used  at  Madras  for  gun-carriages;  and  D. 
Sissoo  gives  a  hard  durable  wood,  called 
sissoo  or  sissum,  which,  besides  its  use  in 
house-building,  is  much  employed  in  India 
for  railway-sleepers,  crooked  timbers  and 
knees  in  ship-building. 

Dale  (dal),  7i.  [A.  Sax.  da-l,  a  dale  or  valley 
Icel.  Sw.  Goth.  Ac.  dal,  G.  thai,  O.  Fris.  del 
a  valley.  Cog.  W.  and  Armor,  da,  a  wind- 
ing, dale.  Dell  is  another  form  of  this 
word;  the  root  may  be  in  deal]  1.  A  low 
place  between  hills;  a  vale  or  valley.  '  High 
over  hills,  and  low  adown  the  dale. '  Spenser. 
2.  A'avt.  a  trough  or  spout  to  carry  off  water, 
usually  named  from  the  office  it  has  to  per- 
form; as,  a  pump-dale,  &c. 

Dalesman  (dalz'man),  n.  One  living  in  a 
dale  or  valley. 

While  the  contest  lay  between  the  trimmer?;,  head- 
ed by  the  Alcmceonidje,  and  the  dalesmen,  headed 
by  the  patrician  Lycurgus.  Pisistratus,  the  chief  of 
another  great  family,  paid  his  court  to  the  moun- 
taineers. Brougham. 

More  specifically,  a  dweller  in  the  dales  of 
the  English  and  Scottish  borders. 

Even  after  the  accession  of  r.eor^e  the  Third,  the 
path  over  the  fells  from  Borrowdale  to  Ravenglas 
was  still  a  secret  carefully  kept  by  the  dalestnen. 
Macartlay. 

Dalliance  (dal'li-ans),  n.  [See  DALLY.]  1.  The 
act  of  dallying ;  trifling  or  fondling ;  inter- 
change of  caresses. 

Dares  prefer  the  toils  of  Hercules 
To  dalliance,  banquets,  and  ignoble  ease. 

DryafH. 

2.  Conjugal  embraces  ;    commerce  of  the 
sexes. 

Dear  daughter,  since  thou  claim'st  me  for  thy  sire. 
And  my  fair  son  here  show'st  me,  the  dear  pledge 
Of  dalliance  had  with  thee  in  heaven.  Milton. 

3.  Delay;  procrastination. 

My  business  cannot  brook  this  dalliance.     Skak. 

Dallier  (dal'li-er),  n.  One  who  fondles;  a 
trifler;  as,  a  dallier  witli  pleasant  words. 

Dallop,  Dollop  (danop,  dol'lop),  n.  A  hunch ; 
a  heap. 

Dally  (dal'li),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  dallied;  ppr. 
dallying.  [The  root  appeai-s  to  be  that  of 
O.H.G.dalen,dahlen,daUen,a.<\ia.\ect,tallen, 
to  speak  or  act  childishly,  to  trifle,  to  toy; 
or  perhaps  that  of  E.  doll.  ]  1.  To  waste 
time  in  effeminate  or  voluptuous  pleasures; 
to  trifle;  to  lose  time  in  idleness  and  trifles; 
to  amuse  one's  self  with  idle  play;  to  linger; 
to  delay. 

It  is  madness  to  dally  any  longer.  Calamy. 

2.  To  toy  and  wanton,  as  man  and  woman; 
to  interchange  caresses;  to  fondle.     'Dally- 
ing with  a  brace  of  courtezans.'    Shak. — 

3.  To  sport;  to  play;  to  frolic. 

Our  aerie  buildeth  in  the  cedar's  top. 
And  dallies  with  the  wind.  Shak. 


DAMASCUS 


to  de'er; 


Dalmatica.  Cathedral  of  Chartres 
(twelfth  century). 


Dalmanoy  (dal'ma-hoi),  71.  A  kind  of  bushy 
bob-wig  worn  by  tradi-sm™  in  the  last 
century,  especially  by  chemists. 
Dalmatian  (dal-ma'shi-aii),  n.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  Dulmatia.  —  Dalmatian  dm  a 
variety  of  the  canine  race,  known  also'  by 
the  names  of  Daniih,  Spotted.  or  Coach  Don 
It  is  distinguished  from  all  other  varieties  by 
its  numerous  black  spots.  Its  form  is  rather 
elegant,  partaking  both  of  the  hound  and 
pointer.  It  is  kept  chiefly  as  an  appendage 
to  the  carriage,  and  shows  an  instinctive 
fondness  for  the  stable. 
Dalmatica,  Dalmatic  (dal-ma'ti-ka,  dal- 
ma  tik),  )i.  The  vestment  used  by  the  deacon 
at  mass,  so  called  from  flrst  coming  from  Dal- 
matia.  It  is  worn  also  by  bishops  under  the 
chasuble,  and  from  a  very  early  period  was 
worn  by  the  popes  when  officiating  pontlfl- 
cally.  Thus  Jean  Diacre  makes  mention  of 
the  dalmatic  of 
St.  Gregory  the 
Great.  It  con- 
sists of  a  long 
robe  with  lar- 
ger and  fuller 
sleeves  than 
the  tunic, 
which  it  re- 
sembled in  gen- 
eral shape.  The 
sides  are  left 
partially  un- 
closed, and  the 
vestment  is  oc- 
casionally or- 
namented with 
orphreys  and 
fringes.  It  has 

longitudinal 
stripes    before 
and       behind, 
these      stripes 
originally  being 

of  a  black  cpl- 
our,  but  in  la- 

ter  times  red. 
A  similar  robe  was  worn  by  kings  at  high 
solemnities,  as  at  coronations,  and  continues 
still  to  be  worn  by  the  sovereigns  of  Eng- 
land on  these  occasions  as  a  super-tunic 
over  the  tunic  surcoat. 

Dalriad  (dal'ri-ad),  71.  [Ir.,  one  of  the  race 
of  Riada,  or  Caibre  Righfada,  'Caibre  of 
tlie  long  arm,'  a  noted  prince  of  the  Scots  in 
Ireland  in  the  third  century.]  One  of  a 
tribe  of  the  Scots  in  Ireland,  which  occupied 
the  southeni  part  of  the  county  of  Antrim. 
It  is  unknown  when  the  first  Dalriads  passed 
over  into  Scotland,  but  it  is  certain  that 
some  of  them  went  over  in  500  led  by  Loarn, 
Fergus,  Ac.,  and  settled  in  the  west  of 
Argyle,  founding  the  kingdom  of  '  Dalriada 
in  Albany.  '  The  term  was  afterwards  changed 
for  Scot. 

DalriadiC  (dal-ri-ad'ik),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  Dalriads,  or  their  country. 

Dal  segno  (dal  san'yo).  [It.,  from  the  sign.] 
In  w«ft-i'e,  a  direction  to  go  back  to  the  sign 
$:,  and  repeat  from  thence  to  the  close. 

Dalt  (dalt),  n.  [Gael,  dalta,  a  f  ostcr-cliild.  ] 
A  foster-child.  [Scotch.] 

It  is  fake  of  thy  father's  child;  false  of  thy  mother's 
son;  falsest  of  my  dalt.  Sir  If.  Scoff. 

Daltonian  (dal-to'ni-an).  n.  [See  below.] 
One  affected  by  colour-blindness. 

Daltonism  (dal'ton-izm).  n.  [From  Dalton, 
the  chemist,  who  suffered  from  this  defect] 
Colour-blindness  (which  see). 

Dam  (clam),  n.  [A  form  of  dame.]  1.  A 
female  parent:  used  of  beasts,  particularly 
of  quadrupeds.  —2.  A  human  mother,  in  con- 
tempt. 

Faithless,  forsworn,  ne  goddess  was  thy  dam. 

Surrey. 

3.  A  crowned  man  in  the  game  of  draughts. 
[Local.] 

Dam  (dam),  n.  [A.  Sax.  seems  to  possess  only 
the  verb  demman,  to  dam;  the  noun  is  seen 
in  Sw.  and  G.  damm;  Dan.  and  D  dam,  as  in 
Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  dtc.;  lath,  toino.  a 
dam.]  1.  A  mole,  bank,  or  mound  of  earth, 
or  any  wall,  or  a  frame  of  wood,  raised  to 
obstruct  a  current  of  water,  and  to  raise  it, 
for  the  purpose  of  driving  mill-wheels,  or 
for  other  purposes;  any  work  that  stops  and 
confines  water  in  a  pond  or  basin,  or  causes 
it  to  rise. 


As  when  the  \ct  brMki  o'er  ill  bounds. 

•  • 

Those  bank,  .ml  ^mt'OM  Ukc  .  terra, 
1M  keep  it  c,ut.  „„.  «„,,  lt  in        ,/u  , 

2.Thebodyofwat«rsohemmed  b 
Dam  (dam),  c.f.  pret.*  H,  ./„,„,„..;.  ,,,,,- 
n,i,,,,,,in;i     [See  the  noun  )    ] 
or  restrain  the  flow  of,  by  *  dam;  to  confine 
by  constructing  a  dam,  u  a  itreani  of  water: 
often  used  with  ,„.  „,,     2   To  confine  or 
restrain;  to  shut  up  or  in;  to  obstruct 

Abortive  tun  from  their  fair  tm  out  HowU 
And  dammd  the  lovely  .[Jcnduur  of  Uwiriht. 

— To  dam  mil.  to  prevent  from  cntorint  u 
»  utrr,  by  means  of  a  dam. 
Damage  (dam'aj),  w.  [O.Fr.  damage;  ft 
dommage;  Pr  damnalye,  from  damnati- 
cum,  a  »uppo»ed  form  from  L  dainnuui. 
low.  Injury.  Perhaps  from  the  tame  r....t 
ax  In  Skr.  dainbh,  tit  hurt,  Injure  <l, 
ceive;  but  we  DAMS.)  1.  Any  hurt,  injury, 
or  harm  to  one's  estate;  any  lou  of  pro- 
perty sustained ;  any  hindrance  to  the  In- 
crease of  property ;  or  any  obstruction  to 
the  success  of  an  enterprise;  any  Injury  to 
person,  character,  or  reputation. 

To  the  utmost  of  our  ability  we  ought  to  repair  anr 
ttamafe  we  luve  done. 

2  In  law,  the  value  In  money  of  what  U 
lost;  the  estimated  money  equivalent  for 
detriment  or  injury  sustained;  that  which 
is  given  or  adjudged  to  repair  a  loss.  In 
this  sense  the  word  U  generally  used  In  the 
plural.  In  common  law  it  is  the  province 
of  a  jury  to  assess  damages.— &  The  cost  of 
anything.  [Colloq.] 

Many  thanks,  but  I  must  pay  the  dantn£t.*nA  will 
thank  you  to  tell  me  the  aruo'im  of  the  enfrivini;. 

Damage  (dam'aj),  n.t.  pret.  &  pp.  dawagrd; 
ppr.  damaging.  [See  the  noun.]  To  hurt 
or  harm;  to  injure;  to  Impair;  to  lessen  the 
soundness,  goodness,  or  value  of. 

He    ...   came  up  to  the  English  admiral  and 

Save  him  a  broadside,  with  which  he  killed  many  of 
is  men  and  tgmmgm  the  ship.  Clarendon. 

Damage  (dam'aj),  r.».  To  receive  harm;  to 
be  Injured  or  impaired  in  soundness  or 
value;  as,  green  corn  will  damage  in  a  mow 
or  stack. 

Damageable  (dam'aj-a-bl).  a.  1.  That  may 
be  injured  or  impaired;  susceptible  of  dam- 
age; as,  damageable  goods. — 2.  Hurtful; 
pernicious.  [Rare.  ] 

The  other  denied  it.  because  it  would  be  damage- 
able and  prejudicial  to  the  Spaniard.         CamdeH. 

Damage-deer  (dam'&j-kler),  n.  [U  damna 
clericorum.  ]  In  fair,  a  fee  formerly  paid  in 
the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas,  King  s  Bench, 
and  Exchequer,  in  certain  cases  where 
damages  were  recovered  in  these  courts. 

Damaged  (dam'ajd),  p.  and  a.  Hurt,  Im- 
paired; injured;  as,  damaged  goods;  a  da- 
maged  reputation. 

Damage-feasant  (daiu'aj-faz-ant),  a.  (Fr. 
faittant,  from  faire,  to  do.]  In  law,  doing 
injury;  trespassing,  as  cattle:  applied  to  a 
stranger's  beasts  found  in  another  person's 
ground  without  his  leave  or  license,  and 
there  doing  damage,  by  feeding  or  other- 
wise, to  the  grass,  corn,  wood,  A  r  In  this 
case  the  person  damaged  may  distrain  and 
impound  them,  as  well  by  night  as  in  the 
day. 

Daraajavag  (dii-ma-ja'vag),  n.  The  name 
given  to  a  preparation  of  the  chestnut-tree, 
employed  as  a  substitute  for  oak  bark  and 
gall-nuts  in  tanning. 

Daman  (dam'an),  «.  A  rabbit-like  animal 
of  tlie  genus  Hyrax  (H  (ryrutcu*),  common 
in  Syria  and  Palestine,  inhabiting  clefts  of 
rock's.  It  is  about  11  inches  long  and  10 
inches  high,  ami  is  supposed  to  be  the  sha- 
phan  or  cony  of  Scripture.  See  HVRAX. 

Damar  (dani'ar),  n.    Same  as  Dammar. 

Daniara  (dam'ar-a),  «.  Same  as  Dammara 
(in  both  its  senses). 

Damar-resin  (dam'ar-re-zn),  n.  Same  as 
Dittnmar-rtnn. 

Damascene  (dam'as-sen),  a.  Relating  to 
Damascus. 

Damascene  (dam'as-sSn),  n.  [L  damatcenui, 
from  Damaicut .]  A  particular  kind  of 
plum,  now  written  Damson  (which  see). 

Damascene  (dam'as-sen),  v.t.  To  damask; 
to  damaskeen. 

Damascus  Blade  (dam-asTcus  blad),  n.  A 
sword  or  scimitar  presenting  upon  its  sur- 
face a  variegated  appearance  of  watering, 
as  white,  silvery,  or  black  veins,  in  flue 
lines  or  fillets,  fibrous,  crossed.  Interlaced, 
or  parallel,  &c.,  formerly  brought  from  the 
East,  being  fabricated  chiefly  at  Damascus. 
The  excellent  quality  of  these  blades  has 


ch,  chain;      Ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go; 


jjob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;     TH,  <Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  trig;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KKT. 


DAMASK 


C62 


DAMPER 


become  proverbial,  but  blades  of  equal 
quality  are  now  made  in  this  country. 

Damask  (dam'ask),  n.  [From  Damascus, 
because  silk  damask  was  originally  made 
there.]  1.  The  name  given  to  all  textile  fab- 
rics, of  various  materials,  ornamented  with 
raised  figures  of  flowers,  landscapes,  and 
other  forms  not  of  geometrical  regularity, 
being  the  richest  species  of  ornamental 
weaving,  tapestry  excepted.— 2.  A  pink  co- 
lour, like  that  of  the  damask-rose. 

Damask  (dam'ask),  a.  I.  Of  or  belonging 
to  Damascus;  manufactured  at  Damascus; 
resembling  the  products  of  Damascus. — 

2.  Of  the  colour  of  the  rose  so  called;  pink. 

While  dreaming  on  your  damask  cheek 
The  dewy  sister  eyelids  lay.  Tennyson. 

—Damask  steel,  a  fine  steel  from  the  Levant, 
chiefly  from  Damascus,  used  for  sword  and 
cutlass  blades. 

Damask  (dam'ask),  v.t  I.  To  former  im- 
print the  figures  of  flowers  upon,  as  upon 
cloth.  —  2.  To  variegate;  to  diversify.  *A 
bank  damasked  with  flowers.'  Milton. — 

3.  To  adorn  with    figures,   as  steel-work. 
'Mingled  metal  damaxk'd  o'er  with  steel.' 
Dryden.     See  DAMASKEEN. 

Damasked  (dam'askd).p.  and  a.  In  her.  ap- 
plied to  the  field  or  charge  when  covered  over 
with  small  squares,  in  which  is  depicted  a 
variety  of  figures;  having  a  running  orna- 
ment all  over.  Called  also  Diapered. 

Damaskeen  (dam'ask-en),  v.t,  [Fr.  damax- 
quiner.  See  DAMASK.]  To  ornament,  as  a 
metal,  particularly  iron  and  steel,  with 
designs  produced  by  inlaying  or  encrusting 
with  another  metal,  as  gold,  silver,  &c.,  by 
etching,  and  the  like;  to  damask. 

Damaskin  (dam'ask-inj,  n.  A  Damascus 
blade ;  a  damaskeened  blade.  '  No  old 
Toledo  blades  or  damankinn. '  IloweU. 

Damask-plum  (dam'ask-plum),  n.  A  small 
plum,  the  damson. 

Damask-rose  ( dam'ask-rfiz ),  n.  A  pink 
species  of  rose,  Rosa  dainagcena,  a  native  of 
Damascus,  and  brought  thence. 

Damasse  (dam-art,  n.  [Fr.]  A  kind  of 
lit  n  •  M  for  table-cloths,  napkins,  <fcc. ,  originat- 
ing in  Flanders  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
and  woven  in  flowers,  figures,  &c.,  in  imita- 
tion of  damask. 

Damassin  (dam'as-sf  n),  n.  A  kind  of  damask, 
with  gold  and  silver  flowers  woven  in  the 
warp  and  woof. 

Dambonlte  (dam'bon-H),  n.  [K'dambo, 
native  name  for  the  tree.]  A  white  crys- 
talline substance  existing  to  the  extent  of 
0'5  per  cent,  in  caoutchouc  obtained  from 
an  unknown  tree  growing  near  the  Gaboon, 
in  Africa.  It  is  very  readily  soluble  in 
water  and  in  aqueous,  but  not  in  absolute, 
alcohol. 

Dame  (dam),  n.  [Fr.  dame;  Pr.  dama,  It. 
dama;  from  L.  domina,  a  mistress,  fern,  of 
<!"!, i in".--,  a  lord;  same  root  as  K.  tame.  ] 

1.  A  mistress;  a  woman  iu  authority;  espe- 
cially, a  lady  in  rank  or  culture ;  more  spe- 
cifically, the  wife  of  a  knight  or  baronet. 
'Sov'reign  of  creatures,  universal  dame.' 
Hilton. 

Not  all  these  lords  do  vex  me  half  so  much 

As  that  proud  dame,  the  lord  protector's  wife.  Shak. 

2.  A  woman  in    general;    particularly,  a 
woman  of  mature  years.     Sfiak. 

One  old  damt 

Came  suddenly  on  the  queen  with  the  sharp  news. 
Tennyson. 

8.  The  mistress  of  an  elementary  school, 
especially  when  an  old  woman  with  but 
little  education. 

Like  many  others  born  In  villages,  he  (Robert  Hall) 
received  his  first  regular  instruction  at  a  dame's  school 
—that  of  Dame  Scotton.  Dr.  O.  Gregory. 

Dameisel,t  Damoiseaut  (dam'i-zel,  dam'- 
oi-zo),  n.  [O.Fr. .  from  L.L.  dominicellu*. 
dim.  of  1,  dominiis,  a  lord.  See  DAME  and 
DAMSEL.]  The  son  of  a  king,  prince,  lord, 
or  knight  before  he  had  entered  on  the 
order  of  knighthood.  Written  also  Da- 
moinel. 

Dame's-violet,  Dame-wort  (diunzM-o-let, 
dam'wert),  n.  The  popular  names  of  ffes- 
peris  matronalis,  nat.  order  Cruciferae.  It 
is  an  erect  herb,  with  a  perennial  root;  the 
stems,  from  2  to  3  feet  high,  are  few  or 
solitary ;  and  the  leaves  are  serrate.  Its 
flowers  are  pale,  purplish, and  sweet-scented, 
especially  in  the  evening.  It  flowers  in  May 
and  June,  and  grows  in  meadows  and  plan- 
tations, but  is  not  a  native  of  Britain, 
having  merely  escaped  from  cultivation. 

Darmanist  (da'mi-an-ist),  n.  Eccles.  one 
of  a  sect  founded  by  Damian,  bishop  of 
Alexandria,  in  the  sixth  century,  who  denied 


any  distinction  in  the  Godhead,  yet  using 
the  names  of  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Spirit. 

Dammar  (dam'mar),  n.    See  DAMMARA. 

Dammara  (dam'mar-a),n.  1.  A  genus  of  trees, 
nat.  order  Conifene,  from  the  other  species 
of  which  they  are  distinguished  by  their 
large,  lanceolated,  leathery  leaves,  with 
numerous  and  nearly  parallel  veins,  and  by 
their  seeds  having  a  wing  at  one  side  in- 
stead of  proceeding  from  the  end.  Dam- 
mara  orientatin  is  a  lofty  tree,  attaining  on 
the  mountains  of  Amboynaa  height  of  from 
80  to  100  feet.  Its  light  timber  is  of  little 
value,  but  it  yields  the  well-known  dammar- 
resin.  Another  species  is  D.  auatralis,  the 
kauri- orcowrie-pme  (which  see).  D.  Moorii, 
a  tree  40  feet  high,  is  found  in  New  Cale- 
donia. D.  obtitxa,  a  large  timber  tree  used 
in  ship-building,  is  a  native  of  the  New  He- 
brides.—2.  Dammar-resin  (which  see). 

Dammarin  (dain'mur-in),  n.  See  DAMMAR- 
RESIN. 

Dammar-resin  (dam'rnar-re-zn),  n.  A  gum 
or  resin  resembling  copal,  produced  by 
various  species  of  dammar.  The  East  Indian 
or  cat's-eye  resin  is  got  from  the  Dammara 
orientalis,  and  when  mixed  with  powdered 
bamboo  bark  and  a  little  ehalk  is  used  for 
caulking  ships.  Another  variety,  the  cowrie 
or  kauri  gum,  is  obtained  from  the  D.  aus- 
tralis  of  New  Zealand;  it  Is  colourless  or 
pale  yellow,  hard  and  brittle,  and  has  a 
faint  odour  and  resinous  taste.  Both  gums 
are  used  for  colourless  varnish,  for  which 
purpose  they  are  dissolved  in  turpentine. 
Called  also  Dammara,  Dammarin. 

Damn  (damX  v.t.  [L  damiio,  to  condemn, 
from  damnum,  damage,  a  fine,  penalty. 
Pott  derives  it  from  root  da,  as  in  dare,  to 
give.]  1.  In  theol.  to  sentence  to  eternal  tor- 
ments In  a  future  state;  to  consign  to  pun- 
ishment in  bell;  to  procure  or  cause  to  be 
eternally  condemned. 

He  that  bclieveth  not  shall  be  damned,  Mark  xvi.  16. 
That  which  he  continues  ignorant  of,  having  done 
the  utmost  lying  in  his  power  that  he  might  not  be 
ignorant  of  it,  shall  not  damn  him.  South. 

[Used  interjectionally,  in  a  profane  sense, 
as  a  term  of  execration.] — 2.  To  condemn; 
to  decide  to  be  wrong  or  worthy  of  punish- 
ment; to  censure;  to  reprobate. 

He  that  doubteth  is  dantntdif  he  eat.  Rom.  xiv.  23. 

3.  To  condemn;  to  decide  to  be  bad,  mean, 
or  displeasing  by  open  expression,  as  by  his- 
sing or  other  mark  of  disapprobation;  as,  to 
damn  a  play  or  a  mean  author. 

For  the  great  dons  of  wit, 
I'hd-lms  gives  them  full  privilege  alone 
To  damn  all  others,  and  cry  up  their  own.  Dryden. 

Damn  (dam),  n.  The  execration  employed  by 
those  who  use  the  verb  profanely;  a  curse;  an 
oath.  Generally  written  D—n.  Moore. 

Damnability  (dam-na-bil'i-ti),  n.  Liability 
to  damnation;  state  or  quality  of  deserving 
damnation ;  dam  liable  tie  as. 

Damnable  (dam'na-bl),  a.  1.  That  may  be 
damned  or  condemned ;  deserving  damna- 
tion. 

A  creature  unprepared,  unmeet  for  death; 

And  to  transport  him  in  the  mind  he  is 

Were  damnable.  Stiak, 

2.  Odious,  detestable,  or  pernicious.   [Low.] 

O  thou  damntiMf  fellow  !  did  not  I  pluck  thee  by 
the  nose  for  thy  speeches?  SSiaA. 

Damnableness('l:mi'iia  M  in  -), n.  Thestate 
or  quality  of  deserving  damnation. 

Damnably  (dam'na-bli),  ot/c.  l.  In  a  manner 
to  incur  severe  censure,  condemnation,  or 
punishment-  2.  Odiously;  detestably; some- 
times excessively.  [Low.] 

The  more  sweets  they  bestowed  upon  them,  the 
more  damnably  their  conserves  stunk.         Dennis. 

Damnation  (dam-na'shon),  n.  [L.  damnatio, 
damnationist  from  dam  no.  See  DAMN.] 

1.  Sentence  or  condemnation  to  punishment 
in  tin-  future  state,  or  the  state  in  which 
such  punishment  is  undergone. 

How  can  ye  escape  the  damnation  of  hellf 

Mat.  xxiii.  33. 

2.  Eternal  punishment  in  a  future  life. — 3.  A 
crime  so  great  as  to  be  worthy  of  eternal 
punishment;  a  detestable  and  horrid  deed. 
[Rare  and  poetical.] 

Besides,  this  Duncan 

Hath  borne  his  faculties  so  meek,  hath  been 
So  clear  in  his  great  office,  that  his  virtues 
Will  plead  like  angels,  trunipet-longued,  against 
The  deep  damnation  of  his  taking-off.        Shait. 

4.  The  act  of  damning  or  censuring  by  open 
expression,  as  by  hissing  or  other  mark  of 
disapprobation;  condemnation. 

Don't  lay  the  damnation  of  your  pl;iy  to  my  account. 
Fielding. 

Damnatory  (dam'na-to-ri),  a.     Containing 


a  sentence  of  condemnation;  condemning 
to  damnation;  condemnatory. 

Boniface  was  in  the  power  of  a  prince  who  made 
light  of  his  damnatory  invectives.  Hallam. 

Damned  (damd),  p.  anda.  1.  Suffering  pun- 
ishment in  hell,  lost,  consigned  to  perdition. 
—2,  Hateful;  detestable;  abominable.  [Low.  ] 

What  a  damned  epicurean  rascal  is  this.     Shaft. 

Damnific  (dam-nif'ik),  o.  [See  DAMNIFV.] 
Procuring  loss;  mischievous. 

Damnification  (dani'iri-fi-kiV'shon),  n.  In 
law ,  that  which  causes  damage  or  loss. 

Damnify  (dam'ni-fi),  u.t.  pret.  A  pp.  damni- 
fied; ppr.  damnifying.  [L.  damnifico  — 
'/"innum  and  facw.]  To  cause  loss  or 
damage  to;  to  hurt  in  person,  estate,  or 
interest;  to  injure;  to  endamage;  to  impair. 
[Rare.] 
They  acknowledge  the  power  of  the  Englishman's 


God  .  .  .  because  they  could  never  yet  have  power 
body  or  goods. 

Jioyle. 


to  damnify  the  English  either  in  I 


Damning  (dam'ning;colloq.  pron.  clam'ing), 

0.  That  condemns  or  exposes  to  damnation; 
as,  a  damning  sin. 

Damningness  (dam'mng-ues),  n.  Tendency 
to  bring  damnation.  *  The  damningneim  of 
sin. '  Hammond. 

Damoclean  (da-mok-le'an),  a.  Relating  to 
Damocles,  a  flatterer,  who,  having  extolled 
the  happiness  of  Dionysius,  Tyrant  of  Syra- 
cuse, was  placed  by  the  latter  at  a  magni- 
ficent banquet,  under  a  sword  suspended 
over  his  head  by  a  single  hair.  Hence, 
applied  to  any  condition,  especially  one  of 
eminence,  threatened  with  extreme  danger. 

Damolselle,  Damosel  (da-mwa-zel',  dam'o- 
zel),  n.  I  O.Fr;  Pr.  and  It.  donzella,  from 
I.I.  dominicella,  a  dim.  of  domina,  a  mis- 
tress. See  DAMSEL.]  1.  A  young  unmarried 
lady;  a  damsel.  Written  also  Damoaella, 
DamoselU.  [Obsolete  or  poetical] 

But  damosella  virgin,  was  this  directed  to  you  T  Shot. 

2-f  The  wife  of  an  esquire. 
Damouch  (da-muchO,  «.  The  Arab  name 

for  Sitrana  tridentata,  believed  to  be  the 

lotus-tree  of  the  ancients. 
Damp  (damp),  a.  [This  word  does  not  seem 

to  occur  in  A.   Sax.,  but  is  seen  iu  Icel. 

dampi,  Q.  dampf,  D.  and  Dan.  damp,  steam, 

vapour,  fog,  smoke;  M.H.G.  ditnpfen,  to 

smoke.    Wedgwood  connects  it  with  dam.] 

1.  Being  in  a  state  between  dry  and  wet; 
moderately  wet;  moist;  humid;  as,  a  damp 
cloth;  damp  air;  sometimes  foggy;  as,  the 
atmosphere  is  damp.     But  it  may  be  damp 
without  visible  vapour. 

Wide  anarchy  of  chaos  damp  and  dark.    Milton. 

2.  Dejected ;    sunk ;    depressed ;    chilled. 
'  With  looks  down-cast  and  damp.'  Milton. 
[Rare.] 

Damp  (damp),  n.  1.  Moist  air;  humidity; 
moisture;  fog. 

Night  .  .  .  with  black  air 

Accompanied,  with  damfs  and  dreadful  gloom. 
.Milton. 

2.  Dejection;   depression  of  spirits;  chill. 

A  secret  da  mf  of  grief  comes  o'er  my  soul,  slddisen. 

3.  A  noxious  exhalation  issuing  from  the 
earth,  aud  deleterious  or  fatal  to  animal 
life.     Damps  exist  in  wells  which  continue 
long  covered  and  not  used,  and  in  mines  and 
coal-pits;  and  sometimes  they  issue  from 
the  old  lavas  of  volcanoes.    These  damps 
are  distinguished  by  miners  under  the  names 
of  choke-damp,  consisting  chiefly  of  carbonic 
acid  gas,  which  instantly  suffocates,  and  fire- 
damp, consisting  chiefly  of  light  carburetted 
hydrogen,  so  called  from  its  tendency  to 
explode.    See  FIREDAMP. 

Damp  (damp),  v.t.  1.  To  moisten;  to  make 
humid  or  moderately  wet.— 2.  To  chill,  as 
ardour  or  liveliness;  to  deaden;  to  depress 
or  deject;  to  abate;  as,  to  damp  the  spirits; 
to  damp  the  ardour  of  passion. 

I  do  not  mean  to  wake  the  gloomy  form 
Of  superstition  dr-ssecl  in  wisdoms  garb 
To  damp  your  tender  hopes.  Akeniide. 

3.  To  weaken ;  to  make  dull ;  as,  to  damp 
sound.— 4.  To  check  or  restrain,  a>  action 
or  vigour;  to  make  languid;  to  discourage; 
as,  to  damp  industry. 

Usury  dulls  and  damfs  allmdnstries^mprcTeinents, 
and  new  inventions.  Eatftt. 

SYN.  To  depress,  dispirit,  deject,  restrain, 

discourage,  check. 
Dampen  (damp'en),  t.t.    To  make  damp  or 

moist.     W.  Johnson, 
Dampen  (damp'en),  e.  f.    To  grow  or  become 

damp.     Byron. 
Damper  (damp'er),  n.    I.  He  who  or  that 

which  damps,  chills.or  discourages.  [Colloq.  1 
This  .  .  .  was  rather  a  damper  to  my  ardour  ii» 

his  behalf.  T.  H»*k. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  buU;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abvne;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


DAMPISH 


G63 


DANGER 


2.  An  iron  plate  sliding  across  a  flue  of  a 
furnace,  Ac. ,  so  as  to  contract  or  altogether 
close  the  passage  in  order  to  check  or  regu- 
late the  draught  of  air.  —  3.  A  piece  of 
movable  mechanism  in  a  pianoforte  made 
of  wood  and  covered  with  cloth,  which, 
after  the  finger  has  left  the  key,  imme- 
diately checks  the  vibration  of  the  strings, 
thereby  preventing  that  confusion  of  sound 
which  would  result  were  the  vibrations 
allowed  to  continue;  also,  the  mute  of  brass 
instruments,  as  the  horn,  &c. — 4.  A  kind 
of  bread  made  simply  of  flour  and  water, 
in  thick  cakes,  without  fermentation,  and 
baked  on  a  flat  stone. 

Dampish  (danip'ish),  a.  Moderately  damp 
or  moist. 

Bob  (lid  look  dampish,  inasmuch  as  the  rain  was 
streaming  from  his  neck,  elbows,  cuffs,  skirts,  and 
knees.  Dicltms. 

Dampishly  (damp'ish-Ii),  adv.  In  a  dampish 
manner. 

Dampishnesa(damp'ish-nes),  n.  A  moderate 
degree  of  dampness  or  moistness;  slight 
humidity. 

Dam-plate  (dam'plit),  n.  In  a  blast-furnace, 
the  cast-iron  plate  which  covers  the  dam- 
stone. 

Dampne,  t  v.t.  To  condemn.  '  Dampned  for 
to  die.'  Chaucer. 

Dampness  (damp'nes),  n.  Moisture;  foggi- 
ness;  moistness;  moderate  humidity;  as,  the 
dampness  of  the  air,  of  the  ground  or  of  a 
cloth. 

Damp-Off  (darnp'of),  i> .  i.  In  hart,  to  ulcer- 
ate, as  the  stems  of  seedlings  and  other  ten- 
der plants,  in  consequence  of  the  soil  and 
atmosphere  in  which  they  are  vegetating 
being  too  damp  or  moist.  Flower  seedlings 
in  stoves  and  hotbeds  are  especially  liable  to 
dainp-ujf. 

Dampyt  (damp'i),  a.  1.  Somewhat  damp; 
moist.  'Dampi/  shade.'  Dmi/ton.—  2.  De- 
jected; sorrowful.  'Dampy  thoughts.' 
Ilayward. 

Damsel  (dam'zel),  n.  [Fr.  demoiselle,  O.Fr. 
damoitteelle ;  Prov.  dainisela  and  donzella, 
fromL.L.  dominicella,ilim.ot  L.domina,  also 
''••in mi,  a  mistress.  See  DAME.  ]  1. 1  A 
young  man  or  woman  of  noble  or  gentle  ex- 
traction; as.  Damsel  Pepiu;  Damsel  Richard, 
prince  of  Wales. — 2.  A  young  unmarried 
woman. 

Then  Buaz  said,  Whose  damsel  is  this?     Ruth  ii.  5. 
A  damsel  with  a  dulcimer 
In  a  vision  once  1  saw; 
It  was  an  Abyssinian  maid, 
•  And  on  her  dulcimer  she  played. 
Singing  of  Mount  Abora.  Coleridge. 

Damson  (dam'zn),  n.  [Contr.  from  da- 
mascene, the  Damascus  plum.]  The  fruit 
of  Pnuiuts  coniniunis,  variety  damascena,  a 
small  black,  dark-bluish,  purple,  or  yellow 
plum.  The  finest  variety  of  this  plum  is  the 
Shropshire  damson,  which  is  extensively 
multiplied  in  the  nurseries  by  grafting. 

Damson-Cheese  (dam'zn-chez),  n.  A  con- 
serve of  fresh  damsons,  pressed  into  the 
shape  of  a  cheese. 

Dam-stone  (dam'ston),  n.  The  retaining 
wall  of  the  crucible  at  the  bottom  of  a  blast- 
furnace. 

Dan  (dan),  n.  [O.Fr.  dan,  dans,  a  master, 
from  L.  doininus.  See  DAME.]  A  title  of 
honour  equivalent  to  master,  don,  or  sir; 
used  by  Chaucer,  Shakspere,  Prior,  Ac. ,  but 
now  met  with  only  in  poetry.  '  Dan  Cupid, 
giant-dwarf.'  Shale.  'Dan  Chaucer,  the 
first  warbler.'  Tennyson. 

Dan  (dan),  n.  In  minintj,  a  small  truck  or 
sledge  used  in  mines  to  convey  the  coals  to 
the  pit-mouth. 

Danseacese,  Danseeae  (da-ne-a'se-e,  da-ne'- 
e-e),  n.  pi.  A  sub-order  of  tropical  ferns, 
with  ringless  spore-cases,  buried  in  the 
fleshy  substance  of  the  under  surface  of  the 
frond,  and  each  opening  at  the  top  by  a 
small  round  pore.  One  species  is  used  in 
the  Sandwich  Islands  to  perfume  cocoa- 
nut  oil,  and  the  rhizome  of  another  forms 
an  article  of  diet  there. 

Danalte  (da'na-it),  ».  [After  J.  D.  Dana,  an 
American  mineralogist.]  A  mineral  com- 
posed of  arsenic,  sulphur,  and  iron,  and 
sometimes  containing  also  cobalt,  found  in 
New  Hampshire  in  the  United  States. 

.Dance  (dans),  e.i.  [Fr.  danger;  Sp.  Pg.  dan- 
gar, trom  O.  H.  G.  danstin.iu  draw.  The  modern 
German  form  tanzen  is  from  the  Romance.] 
1.  To  leap  or  move  with  measured  steps, 
regulated  by  a  tune,  sung  or  played  on  a 
musical  instrument;  to  leap  or  step  with 
graceful  motions  of  the  body,  corresponding 
with  the  sound  of  the  voice  or  of  an  instru- 
ment. 


Good  shepherd,  wli.it 
I-  air  swam  is  this  which  dame,  with  you 

a, 

2.  To  leap  and  frisk  about;  to  move  nimbly 
or  up  and  down. 


dauL-htc-r! 
Mai, 


All  my  blo  ,  a  new 

1  hat  I  should  light  upon  the  Holy  Grail.    Tennyu 


od  danced  in  me,  and  1  kne 


—To  dance  upon  nothing,  to  be  hanged. 

Dance  (dans),  v.t.  To  make  to  dance;  to 
cause  to  move  up  and  down,  or  back  and 
forth;  to  dandle. 

Thy  grandsire  loved  thee  well; 
Many  a  time  he  danced  thee  on  his  knee.      Ska*. 

—To  dance  attendance,  to  wait  with  obse- 
quiousness; to  strive  to  please  and  gain 
favour  by  assiduous  attentions  and  officious 
civilities. 

A  man  of  his  place,  and  so  near  our  favour, 

1  o  dance  attendance  on  their  lordships'  pleasure. 

Dance  (dans),  n.  1.  A  leaping  or  stepping 
with  motions  of  the  body  adjusted  to  the 
measure  of  a  tune;  a  lively  brisk  exercise 
or  amusement,  in  which  the  movements  of 
the  persons  are  regulated  by  art  in  figure, 
and  by  the  sound  of  instruments  in  mea- 
sure. 'Tipsy  donee  and  jollity.'  MUton.— 
2.  A  tune  by  which  dancing  is  regulated,  as 
the  minuet,  the  waltz,  the  cotillon,  &c.— 
Dance  of  death,  in  allegorical  painting  and 
sculp,  a  subject  illustrative  of  the  universal 
power  of  death,  in  which  a  death  or  skele- 
ton figures  prominently;  very  frequently 
met  with  in  ancient  buildings,  stained  glass, 
and  in  the  decoration  of  manuscripts. 

Dance  -  music  (dans'mu- 
zik),  n.     Music  specially 


zik),  n.    MUSIC  specially  s:  • ....  ..-..-.. 

intended  to  be  danced  to.    T.'!1'.''/*/'.'1'/'.'.'"*' 

Dancer  (daris'er),  n.    One    ['A.- ''&•'••£• 
who  practises  dancing.         eiJi^^^^H 

Dancette.  Dancy  (dan- 
set',  dan  si),  a.  In  her. 
noting  a  line  of  division 
of  the  same  character  as 
indented,  but  larger,  con- 
sisting onlyof three  teeth. 
A  fesse  dancette  has  but 
three  indentations,  unless  otherwise  de- 
scribed. 

Dancette  (dan-set7),  ».  In  arch,  the  chevron 
or  zitfza^  moulding 
peculiar    to    Nor- 
man architecture. 

Dancing  -  master 
(dans' ing-mas- ter), 
'     teacher    of 


YX  vx?x* 

>ar/  v  ~*yfv  J^vlr  *: 

n.     A    t-~  '---      ' 

dancing. 
Dancing-room 

(dans'ing-roin),    n. 
A  room  for  danc- 
ing ;   a  ball-room : 
specifically,  a  public   room,  licensed   for 
music  and  dancing. 

Dandelion (dan'di-li-un),n.  [Fr.  dentdelion, 
•  lion's  tooth.  ]  A  well-known  plant,  Taraxa- 
cum offleinale,  nat.  order  Composite,  having 
a  naked  stalk  with  one  large  bright  yellow 
flower,  and  a  tapering  milky  perennial  root. 
The  root  has  been  employed  to  adulterate 
coffee.  It  acts  as  an  aperient  and  tonic,  and 
is  highly  esteemed  in  affections  of  the  liver. 
The  seed  of  the  plant  is  furnished  with  a 
white  pappus,  and  is  transported  far  and 
wide  by  the  wind.  The  flowers  open  in  the 
morning  between  five  and  six  o'clock,  and 
close  between  eight  and  nine  ill  the  evening. 
Hence  this  was  one  of  the  plants  chosen  by 
Linnanis  for  his  floral  clock. 
Dander  (dan'der),  e.i.  [Probably  another 
form  of  dandle.]  1.  To  wander  about  aim- 
lessly. [  Provincial  and  Scotch.]-  2.  To  talk 
incoherently;  to  maunder.  [Provincial.] 


up.         ur,          .  . 

almost  seem  that  to  dander  must  have  been 


amos   seem     a     o    aner  m 

attributed  the  sense  of  scru/  or  back  part 

of  the  neck  as  well  as  of  scurf,  anil  that  it 


t;    111  IK  its   wt;ll    <la  ,'l    f".itij,   """          .,.*«    .v 

came  to  have  the  sense  of  anger  from  the 
idea  of  a  boar's  or  dog's  neck  bristling  with 

Dander  (dan'der),  n.  [Icel.  tendra,  to  kindle; 
tindra,  to  emit  sparks.  Akin  tinder.]  A 
cinder;  specifically,  in  the  plural,  the  refuse 
of  a  furnace. 

Dandify  (dan'di-fi),  v.t.  To  make  or  fonn 
like  a  dandy. 

Dandiprat  (dan'di-prat),  n.  [Dandy,  a  fop, 
and  prat,  probably  for  prate,  or  for  brat] 
1  A  little  fellow;  an  urchin:  a  word  of  fond- 
ness or  contempt.  '  The  smug  dandiprat 
smeUsusout.'  Maisinger.— 2.  Asniall  piece 


of  money  coined  by  Henry  VII.  the  value  of 
which  is  not  km mn 

Dandle   (.l.tmllj.   ,  I    ,,r,I    A   pp.   dandled; 
Ppr  dandling.    [Of  sain,  origin  as  G   taatl 
prattle,  frivolity.  Imuleln,  to"  toy    t.i  tnlli 
I"  touam  t.,  dandle.    Cog.  Fr.  damtinrr. 
to  Jog;  It.  dandulan,  to  swing   to  loiter  ] 

1.  To  shake  or  jolt  on  the  knee,  as  an  Infant 
to  move  up  and  down  in  the  hand,  literally 
to  amuse  by  play. 

I  In  i.    .  .  yeshalll*rfa»rfirf™herknee«.  I..U.I.  r» 

2.  To  fondle,  amuse,  or  treat  as  a  child;  to 
pet. 

They  have  vat  me  in  «  silk  ([own  ud  gaudy  fool1, 
cap;  1  unashamed  to  be  dandled  thin. 

3.  t  To  defer  or  protract  bjr  trifles. 

They  doc  .  .  .  dandle  their  dolngi,  and  d»lue  In 
the  service  to  them  commuted.  Sftiutr. 

4.»  To  put  off  as  with  trifling  excuses  or  by 
cajolery;  to  wheedle;  to  cajole. 

King  Henry's  embuudnrv  having  ben  daxdltl 
by  the  French  during  these  .leluu.e  practice.,  re 
turned  without  other  fruit  of  their  labour*.  Sfttet. 

Dandier  (dan'dler),  n.  One  who  dandles  or 
fondles. 

Dandruff  (dan'druf \  n.  [Probably  Celtic- 
W.  ton,  skin,  and  drug,  had.)  A  scurf  which 
forms  on  the  head,  and  comes  off  ID  small 
scales  or  particles. 

Dandy  (dan'diV  n.  [Possibly  Fr.  daridin,  a 
ninny,  akin  to  K.  dandle.  But  it  may  be  con- 
nected with  dainty.  ]  A  man  who  pays  ex- 
cessive attention  to  dress;  one  who  dresses 
with  special  finery;  a  fop;  a  coxcomb. 

Your  men  of  fashion,  your  'Muscadtns'  of  Paris, 
and  your  dandies  of  London.  Disratl*. 

Dandy  (dan'di),  a.  Finely  or  foppishly 
dressed;  dainty;  foppish;  trim;  gay. 

He  hud  not  been  seated  there  very  long,  before  he 
felt  an  arm  thrust  under  his,  and  a  dandy  little  hand 
in  a  kid  glove  squeezing  his  arm.  1  haikeroy. 

Dandy  (dan'di),  n.  [Hind,  ilaundee,  a  boat- 
man, a  rower,  from  daunt/,  an  oar.]  A  boat- 
man of  the  Ganges.  [Anglo-Indian.] 

Dandy  (dan'di),  n.  Xaut.  a  vessel  rigged  as 
a  sloop,  and  having  also  a  jigger-mast. 

Dandy,  Dandy-roller  (dan'di,  dan'dl-rdl- 
er),  n.  A  roller  of  woven  wire,  forming  part 
of  a  paper-making  machine,  employed  to 
press  the  liquid  from  the  pulp,  and  to  bar 
or  stripe  the  pajier. 

Dandy-cock,  Dandy-hen  (dan'di-kok,  dan'- 
di-hen),  »i.  A  bantam  fowl.  [Local.] 

Dandyish  (dan'di-lsh),  a.    Like  a  dandy. 

Dandyism  (dan'di-izm),  rt.  The  manners  and 
dress  of  a  dandy;  foppishness. 
I  had  a  tinge  of  dandyism  in  my  minority.     Kyron. 

Dandylze  (dan'di-iz),  v.i.  To  act  or  become 
like  a  dandy.  [Rare.] 

Dandylze  (dan'di-U),  i-.t  To  form  like  a 
dandy;  to  dandify.  [Rare.] 

Dandyling  (dan'di-ling),  ».  A  little  dandy, 
a  ridiculous  fop. 

Dane  (dan),  n.  A  native  or  inhabitant  of 
Denmark. 

Danebrog,  Dannebrog  (dan'c-brog),  n.  (In 
O  Dan.  brog  means  cloth.  Hence  Danebrog 
is  equal  to  'the  cloth  or  banner  of  the 
Danes. ']  A  Danish  order  of  knighthood,  said 
to  have  been  instituted  in  1219,  and  revived 
in  1693.  The  decorations  consist  of  a  cross 
of  gold  patVf,  enamelled  with  white,  and 
sus|>ended  by  a  white  ribbon,  embroidered 
with  red. 

Danegelt,  Danegeld  (ilan'gelt.  dan'geldX 
n.  [Dane,  and  gelt,  geld,  money.}  In  Eng. 
hist,  an  annual  tax  formerly  laid  on  the 
English  nation  for  maintaining  forces  to 
oppose  the  Danes,  or  to  furnish  tribute  to 
procure  peace.  It  was  at  first  one  shilling, 
and  ultimately  seven,  for  every  hide  of  land, 
except  such  as  belonged  to  the  church. 
When  the  Danes  became  masters  of  Eng- 
land the  danegelt  was  a  tax  levied  by  the 
Danish  princes  on  every  hide  of  land  owned 
by  the  Anglo-Saxons. 

Danewort  (dan'wert),  n.  The  popular  name 
of  Saw/metis  Ebului,  a  species  of  elder, 
called  dwarf  elder  or  wall-wort 

Dang  Dung  (dang,  dung),  pret.  and  pp.  of 
ding.  [Scotch.] 

Darigt  (dang),  v.t.  [In  Sc.  ding.]  To  beat, 
with  notion  of  overthrowiug,  or  causing  to 
descend;  to  throw  or  force  down;  to  dash. 

Till  she.  o'ercome  with  anguish,  shame,  and  rage, 
Datieed  down  to  hell  her  loathsome  carriage. 

ilarlnt. 

Danger  (dan'jer),  n.  [Fr.  danger;  O.  Kr.  dan- 
trier,  dongier,  a  feudal  term  for  right  to 
woods  and  waters,  which  Littre  refers  to  a 
flctive  L.  form  domiitiariuin,  from  daminu*. 
a  lord;  but  which  Wedgwood  and  others 
endeavour  to  trace  from  L.  damiium,  loss 
(through  datnnariuni,  dumigerium,  orsimi- 


ch,c/iain;     th.8c.lot*;     g.0o;     i.  Job;     n,  Fr.  ton;     ng,  *«;     IE.  fen;  th,  Wi.;     ».  «.    -b.  •«,!    *,  •»•*- 


DANGER 


CC4 


DARE-DEVIL 


lai  forms),  which  in  the  middle  ages  was 
used  in  the  sense  of  a  legally  impost-d 
flne,  and  hence  of  the  territory  over  which 
the  right  of  a  seignior  to  impose  a  flne 
extended,  and  then  of  any  inclosed  field, 
in  all  of  which  senses  the  word  danger 
is  found  in  old  writers.]  1.  Peril;  risk; 
hazard;  exposure  to  injury,  loss,  pain,  or 
other  evil;  as,  it  is  easy  to  boast  of  despising 
death  when  there  is  no  danger. 

Our  craft  is  in  danger  to  be  set  at  naught.  Acts  xix.  27. 

2.t  Power;  jurisdiction;  domain;  as,  to  come 
within  his  danger. 

Narcissus  was  a  bachelere 

That  Love  had  caught  in  his  daungere.      Chaucer. 

You  stand  within  his  danger,  do  you  not!        Shak. 

3,f  Injury;  harm;  damage. 

We  put  a  sting  in  him, 
That  at  his  will  he  may  do  danger  with.        Shak. 

it  Sparingness;  stint;  coyness. 

And  him  alway  such  plentie  send 

Of  gold  and  silver  for  to  spend 

Withouten  lacking  or  daungere.         Chaucer. 
So  let  your  daungtr  sugred  ben  alite, 
That  of  his  death  ye  be  not  all  to  wit-.-.     Chaucer. 

SYN.  Peril,  jeopardy,  risk,  hazard,  inse- 
curity, venture. 

Danger  t  (dan'jer),  v.t.  To  put  in  hazard; 
to  expose  to  loss  or  injury.  Shak. 

Dangerfully  (dan'jer-ful-li),fldD.  In  a  man- 
ner to  expose  to  danger;  dangerously. 
[Rare.  ] 

Dangerous  (dan'jer-us),   a.     I.  Perilous; 

hazardous;  exposing  to  loss;  unsafe;  full  of 

risk;  as,  a  dangerous  voyage;  a  dangerous 

experiment.     'The  dangerous  year*    Shak. 

It  is  dangerous  to  assert  a  negative.    Macautay. 

Z.  Creating  danger;  causing  risk  of  evil;  as, 
a  dangerous  man;  a  dangerous  conspiracy. 
3.  In  danger,  as  from  illness.  [Colloq.] 
4.t  Fearful  of  loss;  niggardly;  sparing. 

My  lord  to  me  is  hard  and  dangerous.     Chaucer. 
He  was  to  sinful  men  not  dispitous. 
Ne  of  his  speche  dangerous.  Chaucer. 

SYN.  Hazardous,  perilous,  unsafe,  insecure. 

Dangerously  (dan'jer-ns-li),  adv.  With  dan- 
ger; with  risk  of  evil;  with  exposure  to  in- 
jury or  ruin;  hazardously;  perilously;  as,  to 
he  dangerously  sick;  dangermtsly  situated. 

Dangerousness  (dan'jer- us-nes),  n.  Danger; 
hazard;  peril;  a  state  of  being  exposed  to 
evil;  as,  the  dangerousness  of  condition  or 
disease. 

Danger-signal  (dan'jer-sig-nal),  n.  The 
signal  used  on  railways  to  indicate  that 
there  is  some  obstruction  ahead,  or  some 
obstacle  involving  danger  to  an  advancing 
train.  Danger  is  Indicated  by  certain  posi- 
tions of  the  movable  arms  of  a  semaphore 
during  the  day,  and  by  a  red  lamp  at  night. 

When  he  gives  up  the  profitable  application  of  his 
time  it  is  then  that,  in  railway  language, '  the  danger- 
signal  is  turned  on.1  Gladstone. 

Dangle  (dang'gl).  v.i.  pret.  A  pp.  dangled; 
ppr.  dangling.  [Cognate  with  Dan.  dingle, 
Sw.  and  Icel.  dingUi,  Sc.  dingle,  to  swing. 
Akin  dandle.]  To  hang  loose,  flowing,  shak- 
ing, or  waving;  to  hang  and  swing. 

He'd  rather  on  a  gibbet  dangle.  Hudibras. 
— To  dangle  about,  or  after,  to  hang  on  with 
importunity;  to  be  a  humble  officious  fol- 
lower of;  to  beset;  as,  to  dangle  about  a 
woman;  to  dangle  after  a  minister  for  fa- 
vours. 

The  Presbyterians,  and  other  fanatics  that  dangle 
after them,  arc  well  inclined  to  pull  down  the  present 
establishment.  Swift. 

Dangle  (dang'gl),  v.t.  To  carry  suspended 
loosely,  and  with  oscillatory  motion;  to 
cause  to  dangle;  to  swing. 

Maud  with  her  sweet  purse-mouth,  when  my  father 
dan g ted  the  grapes.  Tennyson. 

Dangler  (dang'glerX  n.  One  who  dangles  or 
hangs  about:  said  particularly  of  men  who 
hang  about  women.  '  Danglers  at  toilets.' 
Burke. 

Danish  (dim'ish),  a.  Belonging  to  the  Danes 
or  Denmark. 

Danish  (dan'ish),  n.  The  language  of  the 
Danes. 

Danisk  t  (dan'isk),  a.     Danish.    Spenter. 

Dank  (dangk),  a.  [Nasalized  form  allied  to 
day,  Sw.  dagg,  dew.]  Damp;  moist;  humid. 

My  Hps  were  wet,  my  throat  was  cold. 

My  garments  all  were  dank.  Coleridge. 

Dank  (dangk),  n.  1.  Moisture;  humidity. 
'The  i';i wish  dank  of  winter.'  Mansion. — 
2.  The  watery  element.  [In  both  uses  rare 
or  obsolete.  ] 

Yet  oft  they  quit 

The  dank,  and,  rising  on  stiff  pinions,  tour 
The  mid  aerial  sky.  Milton. 


Dankish  (dun^k'ish),  a.  Somewhat  damp. 
'  A  dark  and  danklsh  vault.'  Shak. 

Dannebrog,  n.    See  DANEBROO. 

Danseuse  (dans-oz),  ».  [Fr.  ]  A  female 
stage-dancer. 

Danskert  (dansk't-r),  n.  [Dan.  Dansk,  Dan- 
ish. ]  A  Dane. 

Inquire  me  first  what  Danskers  are  in  Paris.     Shak. 

Danton  (dant'on),  v.t.  [O.E.  daunten.]  To 
daunt.  [Scotch.] 

MUhanter  fa'  tne 

If  ought  of  thee.  or  of  thy  mammy, 
Shall  ever  danton  me,  or  awe  me.         Burns. 

Danubian  (da-uiib'i-an),  a.  Pertaining  to 
or  bordering  on  the  river  Danube;  as,  the 
Danubian  Principalities. 

Dap  (dap),  v.i.  [Onomatopoetic.]  To  drop 
or  let  fall  the  bait  gently  into  the  water; 
an  old  angling  word.  Walton. 

Dapaticalt  (da-pat'ik-al),  a.  [L.  dapaticus, 
from  daps,  a  feast.]  Sumptuous  in  cheer, 

Dape  (dap),  P.I.     Same  as  Dap  (which  see). 

Dapedium,  Dapedius  (da-pe'di-um,  da-pe'- 
di-us),  n.  (Or.  dapcdon,  a  pavement]  A 
genus  of  fossil  ganoid  fishes  of  the  lias.  The 
surface  of  the  scales  resembles  a  tesselated 
pavement. 

Daphnad  (daf'nad),  n.  The  name  applied 
by  Lindley  to  the  Thymeluceic. 

Daphnal  (daf'nal),  a.  In  bot.  the  term  ap- 
plied by  Lindley  to  the  alliance  comprising 
the  daphnads  and  the  laurels.  See  DAPHNE. 

Daphne  (daf'ne),  n.  [Or.,  the  laurel-tree.] 
1.  In  myth,  a  nymph  of  Diana  feigned  to 
have  been  changed  into  a  laurel. —2.  In  bot. 
a  genus  of  thymelaceons  plants,  containing 
many  species  inhabiting  the  more  temperate 
parts  of  Europe  and  Asia.  Some  of  the 
species  are  cultivated  in  gardens  for  their 
beauty  or  fragrance,  others  are  of  medicinal 
importance,  and  a  few  are  employed  in  the 
manufacture  of  hemp  and  paper.  Two 
species  are  natives  of  Britain— D.  Laureola 
(the  spurge  laurel),  with  evergreen  leaves 
and  green  flowers  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves; 
and  />.  Mezereoi\  (the  mezereon),  with  very 
fragrant  flowers,  which  appear  l>efore  the 
deciduous  leaves.  Both  species  flower  early 
in  spring,  and  are  found  in  woods  and 
copses. 

Daphnia  (dafni-a).  n.  The  water-flea,  a 
genus  of  minute  crustaceans  belonging  to 
the  order  Cladocern,  division  liranchiopoda. 
The  best  known  species  is  the  D.  puicx,  or 
'branch -horned'  water-flea,  which  is  a  fa- 
vourite microscopic  object.  The  head  is  pro- 
longed into  a  snout,  and  is  provided  with  a 
single,  central,  compound  eye;  it  is  also  fur- 
nished with  an  tenure  which  act  as  oars,  pro- 
pelling it  through  the  water  by  a  series  of 
short  springs  or  jerks.  These  animals  are 
very  abundant  in  many  ponds  and  ditches; 
and  as  they  assume  a  red  colour  in  summer 
the  swarms  which  alxmml  in  stagnant  water 
impart  to  it  the  appearance  of  blood. 

Daphnidea,  Daphniidae  (daf-ni'de-a,  daf- 
nn-de),  H.  pi.  A  family  of  crustaceans,  or- 
der Cladocera,  of  which  the  genus  Daphnia 
is  the  type.  See  DAPHNIA. 

Daphnin,  Daphnine(daf'nin),n.  (CslnMO|9 
+  4  HgO.)  The  bitter  principle  of  the 
Daphne  alpina,  discovered  by  Vauquelin. 
It  is  obtained  in  small  crystals,  hard,  trans- 
parent, of  a  grayish  colour  and  a  bitter  taste. 

Daphnomancy  (daf'no-man-si ),  n.  [Or. 
daphnf,  a  laurel,  and  manteia,  divination.] 
Soothsaying  by  means  of  the  laurel. 

Dapico  (da-i*e'ko),  n.  The  South  American 
name  for  a  species  of  caoutchouc  obtained 
from  the  roots  of  Siphonia  elattica. 

Daplfer  (dap'i-fer),  n.  [L.  dopes,  feast,  and 
fero,  to  bear.  ]  One  who  brings  meat  to  the 
table;  a  steward;  a  seneschal. 

Dapper  (dap'per),  a.  [The  same  word  as 
the  I),  dapper,  Sw.  and  Dan.  tapper,  G.  tap- 
fer,  brave.  Cog.  (Slav.)  Bohem.  dobry,  good.  ] 
Small  and  active:  nimble;  brisk;  lively;  neat; 
pretty.  '  A  dapper  little  man.'  Milton. '  The 
pert  fairies  and  the  dapper  elves.'  Milton. 

Dapper  ditties  ...  to  feed  youth's  fancy.     Spenser. 

Dapperling  (dap'per-ling),  n.  A  dwarf;  a 
little  fellow. 

Dapple  (dap'pl),  a.  [A  freq.  from  dab,  a 
lump  of  something  soft,  a  spot,  a  blotch.  ] 
Marked  with  spots;  spotted;  variegated 
with  spots  of  different  colours  or  shades  of 
colour;  as,  a  dapple  horse. 

Some  dapple  mists  still  floated  alone  the  peaks  of 
the  hills.       '  Sir  If'.  Scott. 

[Used  in  composition  to  denote  that  some 
colour  is  variegated  with  spots  of  another 
colour;  as,  dapple-bay,  dapple-gr&y  (which 

see).] 


Dapple  (dap'pl),  t\  t.  pitt.  &  pp.  dappled; 
ppr.  dappling.  To  spot;  to  variegate  with 
spots. 

The  gentle  day 

Dapples  tlie  drowsy  east  with  spots  of  gray.     Shak. 
A  surface  dappled  o'er  with  shadows  flung 
From  many  a  brooding  cloud.      Words-worth, 

Dapple  (dap'pn,  n.  A  single  spot  on  any 
dappled  animal. 

He  has  ...  as  many  eyes  on  his  body  as  any  gray- 
mare  hath  dapples.  Sidney. 

Dapple-bay  (dap'pl-ba),  a.  Of  a  bay  colour, 
variegated  by  dapples,  or  spots  of  a  differ- 
ent colour  or  shade. 

Dappled  (dap'pld),  a.  Spotted;  variegated 
with  spots  of  different  colours  or  shades 
'The  dappled  turf.'  Wordsworth.  '  Dai-idt  <l 
Flanders  mares.'  Pope. 

Dapple-gray  (dap'pl-gra),  a.  Of  a  gray  co- 
lour,variegated  by  spots  of  a  different  colour 
or  shade.  'His  steed  was  all  dapple-gray.' 
Chaucer. 

Dar  (dur),  n.  [Fr.  dard,  a  dart,  and  also  the 
dace.]  See  DACE. 

Darby  (dar'bi),  n.  1.  A  plasterer's  tool,  about 
3  feet  or  34  feet  long  and  7  inches  broad. 
with  two  stout  handles  at  the  back,  used 
for  floating  a  ceiling.  —  2.  pi.  Handcuffs. 
'Hark  ye!  Jem  Clink  will  fetch  you  the 
darbies.'  Sir  H'.  Scott.  [The  phrase 'father 
Derbies  bands'  for  handcuffs  occurs  in  Gas- 
coigne's  Steel  Glas,  1576.  The  origin  is  un- 
known.] 

Darby  and  Joan  (dar-bi  and  jon).  A  lov- 
ing, old-fashioned,  virtuous  couple.  [The 
names  belong  to  a  ballad  said  to  have  been 
written  by  Henry  Woodfall,  an  apprentice 
of  Darby,  and  the  characters  are  John 
Darby,  a  printer  of  Bartholomew  Close,  who 
died  in  1730,  and  his  wife,  who  is  described  to 
be  '  as  chaste  as  a  picture  cut  in  alabaster.'] 

You  might  have  sat,  like  Darby  and  Joan,  and 
nattered  each  other;  and  billed  and  cooed  like  a  pair 
of  pigeons  on  a  perch.  Thackeray, 

Darbyites  (dar'bi-Hs),  n.  pi.  See  PLYMOUTH 

JiKKTHREN. 

Dare  (dar),  v.i.  pret.  dared  or  durst;  pp. 
dared;  ppr.  daring.  [A.  Sax.  ic  dear,  I  dare, 
he  dear,  he  dare,  we  durran,  we  dare ;  ie 
dttrgU,  I  durst;  Goth,  daurgan,  O.H.G.  fur- 
ran.  Cog.  Gr.  fharnein,  to  he  courageous; 
Skr.  dhargh,  to  hold  out,  to  have  courage.] 
To  have  courage  for  any  purpose ;  to  have 
strength  of  mind  or  hardihood  to  undertake 
anything;  to  be  bold  enough ;  not  to  be  afraid; 
to  venture;  to  be  adventurous. 

I  ifare  do  all  that  may  become  a  man; 
Who  dares  do  more,  is  none.  Shot. 

Dare  to  be  true.     Nothing  can  need  a  ly. 

Gto.  Herbert. 

Dare  (dar),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  dared;  ppr.  dar- 
ing. 1.  To  challenge;  to  provoke;  to  defy;  as, 
to  dare  a  man  to  tight. 

Time,  I  dare  thee  to  discover 

Such  a  youth,  and  such  a  lover.        Dryden. 

2.  To  venture  on;  to  attempt  to  perform. 
'  Hut  this  thing  dare  not.'  Shak. 
Dare  (dar),  v.  t.  [  Perhaps  akin  to  daze,  dazzle. 
Comp.  frore,  frozen;  gare,  gaze;  Ac.  See 
GAZE.  Wedgwood  would  not  connect  it  with 
daze,  but  with  the  D.  and  L.G.  bedaren,  to  be- 
come still  or  calm.]  To  stupefy  by  sudden 
terror;  to  terrify;  to  daunt. 

For  1  have  done  those  follies,  those  mad  mischiefs. 
Would  dare  A  woman.  Beau.  &•  Ft. 

—To  dare  larks,  to  catch  larks  by  producing 
such  terror  that  they  dare  not  rise,  as  by 
means  of  a  mirror  or  a  piece  of  red  cloth,  or 
by  walking  round  where  they  are  crouching 
with  a  hawk  on  the  fist,  and  then  throwing 
a  net  over  them. 

All  hush,  all  tremble,  like  a  lark  f/taft  dared. 
Fansha-w. 

Dare*  (dar),  v.i.  To  lie  or  squat  close  to  the 
ground,  like  a  frightened  bird  or  hare;  to 
look  anxiously  around,  as  such  a  lurking 
creature. 

Dare  t  (dar).  n.     1  The  quality  of  daring ; 
venturesoineuess;  boldness;  dash. 
It  lends  a  lustre  and  more  great  opinion, 
A  larger  dare  to  our  great  enterprise.        Shak. 

2.  Defiance;  challenge. 

Sextus  Pompeius  hath  given  the  dare  to  Caesar. 
Shak. 

Dare  (dar),  H.    [See  DAR.]    The  dace  (which 

see). 
Dare-devil  (dar'de-vil),   n.     A  desperado; 

one  who  fears  nothing  and  will  attempt 

anything. 

A  humorous  dare-devil — the  very  man 

To  suit  my  purpose.  Lord  I.ytton, 

Dare-devil  (dar'de-vil).  a.  Characteristic  of 
or  appropriate  to  a  dare-devil;  reckless;  in- 
considerately rash  and  venturesome. 

I  doubt  if  Rebecca,  whom  we  have  seen  piously 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;        me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      nfite,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


DAREFUL 

praying    for   consols,   would   have   exchaneed    her 
poverty  ami   the  dare-dev,!  excitement  ana^hance 
f          life,  for  Oshnrue-s  money  and  the  humdrum 
gloom  which  enveloped  him.  Thack, •<-,," 

Darefult  (dar'ful),  a.    Full  of  defiance. 

fin  Cl  K, 

Darer  (dfir'er),  n.  One  who  dares  or  defies- 
a  challenger.  Beau.  <t  Fl 

Darg,  Dargue  (darg),  ».  [A  contr.  for  da,,- 
wark,  that  is.  day-work]  A  day's  work-  a 
certain  quantity  of  work.  [Scotch  1 

Darg  (darg),  v.i.  To  be  employed  at  day- 
work;  as,  '  What  are  you  doing  this  year?' 
'I'mdnrguiff.'  [Scotch.] 

Darger  (darker), ».  A  day-worker.  [Scotch] 

Dane  (da'nk),n.  [Or.  dareikos,  from  Dantot 
Darius,  from  Pers.  dara,  a  king.]  InrMinis. 


ftt^^Mnur^ia 


Golden  Daric.  from  British  M 


(a)  a  gold  coin  of  Darius  the  Mede,  weigh- 
ing about  129  grains,  value  about  25s  and 
bearing  on  one  side  the  figure  of  an  archer 
(6)  A  silver  coin  having  the  figure  of  an 
archer,  and  thence  called  a  dam.  (c)  Anv 
very  pure  gold  coin. 

Daring  (dai'lng),  a.    1.  Bold;  courageous- 
intrepid;  fearless;  adventurous;  brave;  stout." 

Grieve  not,  O  daring  prince,  that  noble  heart. 

To  this  day  we  may  discern  in  many  parts'o'f  our 
financial  and  commercial  system  the  marks  of  that 
vigorous  intellect  and  daring  spirit.  Macaulay. 

2.  Audacious;  impudent. 

Will  tell  the  king  I  love  him  tho'  so  late! 
,.°"'T,cre  he  *•'""  to  thc  ereat  battlct  none  • 
Myself  must  u-11  him  in  that  purer  life 
But  now  it  were  too  daring.  Tennyson. 

Daring  (daring),  n.  Boldness;  adventurous- 

ness. 
Daring  -hardy  (darlng-hard-i),  o.     Fool- 

hardy; audacious.    Shale. 
Daringly  (dtolng-11),  adv.    Boldly;  courage- 

ously; fearlessly;  impudently;  defiantly. 

Some  of  the  great  principles  of  religion  are  every 
day  openly  and  daringly  attacked  from  the  press. 

Daringness(dar'ing-nes),)i.  Boldness;  cou'r- 
ageonsness;  audaciousness. 

Dariole  (da-ri-ol),  n.  [Fr.]  A  little  sweet 
cake  baked  with  cream 

Dark  (dark),  a.  [A.  Sax.  deorc.  The  word 
does  not  occur  in  the  other  Teutonic  lan- 
guages. Cog.  perhaps  Gael,  and  Ir.  dorch 
dark,  black.)  1.  Destitute  of  light;  not 
radiating  or  reflecting  light;  obscure. 

The  sun  to  me  is  dart, 

And  silent  as  the  moon.  Miltvn. 

2.  Wholly  or  partially  black;  bavin-  the 
quality  opposite  to  white;  as,  a  dark  colour 
or  substance. 


ar- 
o^wZTn'^S- 


Sggstsi&tf&sa* 

•K«,t  aniad-hou 


Lovely  in  your  strength,  as  is  the  light 

Of  a  dark  eye  in  woman.  Byron. 

3.  Gloomy;    disheartening;    not  cheerful; 
having  unfavourable  prospects;  as,  a  dark 
time  in  political  affairs. 

There  is.  in  every  true  woman's  heart,  a  spark  of 
heavenly  fire,  which  beams  and  blazes  in  the  dark 
hour  of  adversity.  Irving. 

4.  Obscure;  concealed;  secret;  mysterious; 
not  easily  understood  or  explained;  as,  a 
dark  saying;  a  dark  passage  in  an  author. 

What  may  seem  dark  at  the  first  will  afterward 
be  found  more  plain.  Hooker. 

What  is  your  dark  meaning,  mouse,  of  this  light 
»»'<1'  ShaS. 

6.  Not  enlightened  with  knowledge;  desti- 
tute of  learning  and  science;  rude;  ignorant; 
as,  a  dark  age. 

The  age  wherein  he  liv'd  was  dark;  but  he 
Could  not  want  sense  who  taught  the  world  to  see. 

6.  Wanting  sight;  blind. 

Thou  wretched  daughter  of  a  dark  old  man. 
Dry  den. 

7.  Morally  black;  atrocious;  wicked;  sinis- 
ter. 

Kit  vessel,  fittest  imp  of  fraud,  in  whom 

To  enter,  and  his  dark  suggestions  hide.   Milton. 

8.  Keeping  designs  concealed. 

The  dtirk  unrelenting  Tiberius.         Gibbon. 

9.  Destitute  of  spiritual  enlightenment  or 
means  of  grace. 

1  What  did  you  mean,'  said  A  to  B,  '  by  telling  me 
that  -  was  such  a  very  dark  village!  1  rode  over 
there  to-day,  and  found  the  street  particularly  broad 


rf     ACrc  was  ne'tn*r  fire  nor  candle:  she  died  in  th 

2.  A  dark  hue;  a  dark  spot;  a  dark  part!" 

Some  darks  had  been  discovered.        Shirley. 

All  the  spirit  deeply  dawning  in  the  dark  of  haze 

eycs-  Ttnnyson. 

3.  Secrecy;  as,  things  done  in  the  dart  - 
4  Obscure  condition  or  state;  obscurity- 
state  of  ignorance. 

ledge°aY  before?01"  *"  *'  *"*  """ M  void  "JJJj™ 
Darkt  (diirk),  t.t.    To  darken;  to  obscure. 

That  cloud  of  pride  which  oft  doth  dart 
Her  goodly  light,  with  smiles  she  drives  away. 

Darken  (dark'n),  v.t.  1.  To  make^dariTo 
black;  to  deprive  of  light;  as,  close  th( 
shutters  and  darken  the  room. -2  To  ob 
scure;  to  cloud. 

They  (the  locusts)  covered  the  face  of  the  whole 
earth,  so  that  the  land  was  darkened.        Ex.  x.  15. 

3.  To  make  dim;  to  deprive  of  vision. 

Let  their  eyes  be  darkened.  Rom.  xi.  to. 

4.  To  render  gloomy.    '  All  joy  is  darkened 
Is   xxiv.  11. —5.  To  deprive  of  intellectual 
vision;  to  render  ignorant  or  stupid. 

Their  foolish  heart  was  darkened.       Rom.  i.  10. 
His  confidence  seldom  darkened  his  foresight. 

6.  To  obscure ;  to  perplex;  to  renderlte: 
clear  or  intelligible. 

Who  is  this  that  darkeneth  counsel  by-  words  without 
knowledge!  Job  xxxv.ii.  z. 

7.  To  render  less  white  or  clear;  to  tan;  as, 
a  burning  sun  darkens  the  complexion  — 

8.  To  sully;  to  make  foul,  to  make  less  bright 
or  illustrious. 

I  must  not  think  there  are 

Evils  enough  to  darken  all  his  goodness.    Sliak. 
You  are  darkened  in  this  action,  sir, 
Even  by  your  own.  Skat. 

Darken  (dark'n),  v.i.  To  grow  dark  or  darker; 
also,  to  grow  less  white  or  clear. 

Some  little  of  this  marvel  he  too  saw 
Returning  o'er  the  plain  that  then  began 
To  darken  under  Camelot.  Tetmyson. 

Darkener  (dark'n-er),  n.    One  who  or  that 

which  darkens. 
Darkfult  (diii-k'f»l),  a.     Full  of  darkness. 

'All  thy  body  shall  be  dark/til.'     Wyclife't 

Bible,  Luke  xi.  34. 
Darkish  (diirk'ish),  a.     Dusky;  somewhat 

dark. 
Darkle  (diirk'l).  v.i    [From  darkling.]    To 

appear  dark  or  show  indistinctly. 

To  the  right  towers  Arthur's  lofty  seat :  ...  to  the 
left  darkles  the  castle.  Black-wood's  Afar. 

Darkling  (dark'ling),  adv.  (Dark,  and  term. 
•ling,  as  in  flailing.]  In  the  dark;  at  night. 
'As  the  wakeful  bird  sings  darkling.'  Milton. 

That  though  I  wrestle  darkling  with  the  fiend, 
I  shall  o'ercome  it.  y.  Baillie. 

Darkly  (dark'li),  adv.  In  a  dark  manner; 
obscurely;  dimly;  blindly;  uncertainly;  with 
imperfect  light,  clearness,  or  knowledge. 

What  fame  to  future  times  conveys  but  darkly  down. 
Drydtn. 

Darkness  (dark'nes),  ».  The  state  or  qua- 
lity of  being  dark.  More  particularly, 
(a)  the  want  of  physical  light;  gloom;  ob- 
scurity. 'Darkness  was  upon  the  face  of 
the  deep.'  Gen.  i.  2.  (6)  State  of  being  or 
acting  in  the  dark,  or  in  circumstances 
where  light  is  excluded;  privacy;  secretness; 
secrecy. 

What  I  tell  you  in  (tartness,  that  speak  ye  in  light. 
^lat.  x.  27. 

(c)  State  of  being  blind  physically;  hence, 
state  of  mental  or  intellectual  blindness  or 
obscurity,  more  especially  in  respect  of 
religious  and  moral  subjects.  '  Sons  of  dark- 
ness. '  Milton. 

Men  loved  darkness  rather  than  light,  because 
their  deeds  were  evil.  Jn.  iii.  10. 

Ring  out  the  darkness  of  the  land, 
Ring  in  the  Christ  that  is  to  be.       Tettnyson. 


d  niting  th,-,-,.!,,!.!,-,..  ':,!,.. 

•'•  I  :.  ,„:,!,„•„„,• 

the  .UU  of  being  ,,v,  •„  l,,ud,-,l  ,„ 
1l,,|,|,r,,,,,l,  ,!„.„, 

.«.n?l  'Ch  "'»«""•'"  ""•    "->"  -  "r    '1 

"landing;  M,  clouds  j,, 

fa±i  y:  nhe  8tyle  ?',0lto  autllor  '•  '" 
"'"'"    ''"  -------  '•"  ••         • 

the  Intervention  of  an  Imperfectly  inn,  • 
cut  medium,  or  Imperfection  In  tl,,-  ntol 


toth,i,  ™r 

to  the  Bight  Itself;  a»,  dimiteu  of  vision. 

Darkiutt  and  light  are  boti  alike  to  the*. 

....  1' 

They  were  now  brought  forth  from  o 
comemp 


Not  with,  total  bltadnew     •  •  b«iu 
that  they  could  not  *,  .nything  distincUy. 

Darksome  (dark'surn),  a.    Dark;  gloomy 
Fe;  "'  *  darl"mnt  hou«: 


Who  hath  not  spent  the  darksome  hour! 

W  eepiug  and  watching  for  the  morrow. 

Me  knows  you  not,  ye  unseen  Powen.     Carlyle 

Darky  (dark'!),  n.  i.  A  popular  name  for. 
i"  i:m,  from  his  dark  complexion.-!.  A 
policeman  s  lantern;  a  bull's  eye  Uickeni 

[Slang.  1 

Darling  (durlingXa.  [A.Sax.  deorlino-dtor 
dear,  and  dim.  term,  ling.}  Dearly  beloved; 
favourite;  regarded  with  great  kindness  and 
tenderness;  as.  a  darling  child.  •  Some  dar- 
Ima  science.'  Watt*.  'Darling  tin.'  Mac- 
aulay. 

Darling  (darling),  ».  One  much  beloved;  a 
favourite;  as,  that  son  was  the  darling  of 
his  father. 

And  can  do  nought  but  wail  her  darling's  low. 

DarUngtonla  (dar-ling-to'ui-aX  n.  IKTMII 
Dr.  Darlington,  an  American  botanist  J  A  re- 
markable genus  of  American  pitcher-plant* 
nut  order  Sarraceniaceie  A  single  specie* 
is  known  from  California.  The  leaves  are 
long  and  trumpet-shaped,  with  a  wing  riling 
from  one  side  of  the  mouth.  The  single 
flowers  have  whitish  sepals  and  purple 
petals;  the  style  is  pentafld. 

Darn  (darn),  c.t.  (W.  and  Armor,  darn,  Ir 
darne.  a  piece,  a  patch.]  To  mend  a  rent 
or  hole  by  imitating  the  texture  of  the  cloth 
or  stuff  with  yarn  or  thread  and  a  needle  to 
sew  together  with  yarn  or  thread.— To  darn 
up,  to  patch  up:  repair. 

To  darn  uf  the  rents  of  schism  by  calling  a  council. 

Jam  (darn),  n.   A  place  mended  by  darning 
)arn  (dam),  i-.f.    To  damn  (when  used  as  a 
colloquial  oath);  as,  darn  that  fellow;  he  In 
a  darned  hard  cuss.    [United 
i-  States.) 

Darn  (darn.)  v.  t.  or  i.  [A.  Sax. 
dearn,  secret.)  To  hide 
[Scotch.] 

DarneKdar'ne]),  n.  [From  the 
fact  that  this  plant  is  believed 
to  cause  intoxication  it  is 
called  in  Fr  irrafe,  from  im, 
drunk, and  Wedgwood  accord- 
ingly connects  its  English 
/  name  with  Lith.  dvrnaf,  fool- 
ish.niad.]  The  popular  name  of 


jf  Virgil, ... 

Scripture.   Its  properties  ar<- 
said  to  lie  narcotic  and  stupe- 
fying, but  recent  researches 
have  cast  somedoubt  on  its  re- 
ported deleterious  qualities. 
Itismetwithinour corn  fields 
Darner  (damVr),  n.  One  who 
arnei  (L.  ie,n,,.  mends  by  darning. 

Darnex,  Darniz  (darn'ekn. 
darn'iks),  n.  A  coarse  damask 
manufactured   at  Tournay  (Dornick),    for 
hangings,  carpets,  <tc.  Written  also  Domic 
'With  a  fair  darnex  carpet  of  my  own. ' 
Beau  ,(•  Fl.    See  DORXICK. 
Daroo-tree  (da-ro'tre).  »i.    The  F inu  Syco- 
ttwrtts,  or  Egyptian  sycamore. 
Darra  (da'ra),  n.    Same  as  Durra. 
Darralgn,t  Darraln.t  Darrelnet  (da-ran1), 
v.t.      [Norm,    daraigtter,    dtraigner,    I.  I. 
deraixnare,  contr.   from  derationare  —  de, 
and  ratio,  reason,  and  (in  the  Latin  of  the 
middle  ages)  a  legal  account  of  one's  actions. 
'From  the  arena  of  the  forum  the  term  was 


ch,  c/iaiu;      6h,  Sc,  loch;     g,  go;     j,job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng, 


TH,  then;  th,  thiu;     w,  wig;    wh,  u-Aig;    zh,  azure.—  See  KKT. 


DARREIN 


DATARIA 


transferred  to  that  of  arms,  as  was  natural 
when  the  onleal  by  battle  was  considered  a 
reasonable  method  of  ascertaining  a  ques- 
tion of  fact.'  Walgwowl. ]  1.  To  settle  by 
battle  or  combat;  to  fight  out. 

Two  harneis  had  he  dight 
Both  sumsant  and  mete  to  darreine 
The  bataile  in  the  felde  betwixt  hem  tweine. 
Chaucer. 

•2.  To  arrange  an  army;  to  draw  up  in  order 
of  battle.  '  Darraign  your  battle,  for  they 
are  at  hand.'  Shak.  (This  sense  may  have 
iirisen  from  confusion  with  arrange.] 

Darrein  t  (da'ran),  a  [O.Fr.  darrein,  der- 
rain,  Fr.  dernier,  last.  See  DERNIER.  ]  In 
law,  last;  as,  darrein  continuance;  darrein 
presentment. 

Dart  (dart),  n.  [A.  Sax.  darath.  Cog.  Anc. 
Scand.  dtirraOir,  O.H.O.  tart,  Fr.  dard,  It. 
Sp.  Pg.  dardo,  Armor,  dared— dart.  Whether 
the  word  is  originally  English  or  came  into 
the  language  from  the  French  is  not  quite 
clear.  ]  1.  A  pointed  missile  weapon  to  be 
thrown  by  the  hand;  a  short  lance. 

Sidney's  sister,  Pembroke's  mother, 
Death  !  ere  thou  hast  stain  another. 
Learn' d,  and  fair,  and  good  as  she. 
Time  shall  throw  a  dart  at  thee.  fi.  Jonson. 

•-'.  A  missile  weapon;  anything  which  pierces 
and  wounds. 

Till  that  his  thoughts  with  darts, 
Were  almost  like  a  sharp-quilled  porcupine.    Shak. 

Dart  (dart),  v.t.  1.  To  throw  a  pointed  in- 
strument with  a  sudden  thrust. 

Th'  invaders  tttirt  their  jav'lins  from  afar.     Dryden. 

2.  To  throw  suddenly  or  rapidly;  to  send; 
to  emit;  to  shoot:  applied  to  small  objects 
which  pass  with  velocity;  as,  the  sun  darts 
bis  beams  on  the  earth. 

Or  what  ill  eyes  malignant  glances  dart.     Pope. 

Dart  (dart),  e.i  1.  To  fly  or  shoot,  as  a  dart; 
to  fly  rapidly. 

Through  his  manful  breast  darted  the  pang. 

Tennyson. 

2.  To  spring  and  run  with  velocity;  to  start 
suddenly  and  run;  as,  the  deer  darted  from 
the  thicket. 

Dart  (dart),  n.    See  DACE. 

Dartars (dar'tarz),  n.  pi.  [Fr.  dartre,  tetter.] 

A  scab  or  ulceration  under   the  skin  of 

lambs. 
Darter  (darfer),  n.     1.  One  who  throws  a 

dart.  —2.  One  who  or  that  which  springs  or 

darts  forward. 

Oft  from  out  it  leaps 
The  finny  darter  with  the  glittering  scales.     Byron. 

3.  A  genus  (Plotus)  of  web-footed  birds  of  the 
pelican  tribe,  resembling  the  gulls  in  form, 
found  near  the  eastern  coasts  of  the  tropical 
parts  of  America,  and  on  the  western  coast  of 
tropical  Africa,  as  well  as  in  Australia.   The 
birds  perch  on  trees  by  the  sides  of  takes,  la- 
goons, and  rivers,  and  after  hovering  over  the 
water  suddenly  dart  at  their  finny  prey  with 
unerring  aim  (hence  the  name).   The  Plotus 
tntlanogaster  is  called  the  snake-bird,  from 
the  serpent-like  form  of  its  head  and  neck, 
the  head  being  scarcely  thicker  than  the 
neck.  — 4.  An  order  (Jaculatores)  of  birds  in 
the  classification  of  ilacgillivray,  containing 
the  king-fishers,  bee-eaters,  and  jacamars, 
from  their  habit  of  darting  on  their  prey. 

Darter-fish  (dart'er-flsh).  n.  The  Toxotes 
iaculator,  also  called  Archer-fish  (which  see). 

Dartlngly  (dart'ing-li),  ado.  Rapidly;  like 
a  dart. 

Dartold  (dart'oid),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to  the 
dartos.  —  Dartoid  tissue,  in  anat.  the  struc- 
ture of  the  dartos,  which  is  intermediate 
between  muscle  and  elastic  fibrous  tissue. 

Dartos  (diir'tos),  n.  [Gr.  dartos.}  A  con- 
tractile fibrous  layer  situated  immediately 
beneath  the  skin  of  the  scrotum. 

Dartre  (dartr),  n.  [Fr.]  Herpes  or  tetter; 
a  term  which  has  been  used  to  designate 
almost  all  cutaneous  diseases. 

Dartrous(dar'trus),  a.  Relating  or  subject  to 
the  disease  called  dartre  or  tetter;  herpetic. 

Dart-snake  (dart'suak),  n.  A  name  given 
to  serpents  of  the  genus  Acontias,  from 
their  darting  upon  their  assailants. 

Darwinian  (dar-win'i-an),  a.  Of  or  pertain- 
ing to  Darwin,  the  celebrated  naturalist; 
as.  the  Darwinutn  theory  of  development. 
See  under  DEVELOPMENT. 

Darwinian  (dar-win'i-an),  ».  A  believer  in 
the  Darwinian  theory. 

Darwinism  (dar'win-izm),  n.  Belief  in  or 
support  of  the  doctrines  of  Darwin  as  to  the 
development  of  animals  and  plants. 

Dase.tf.t.  [A  form  of  daze  (which  see).]  To 
grow  dim -sighted.  'Thine  eyen  oaten.' 
Chaucer. 

Basil  (dash),  v.t.     [A  Scandinavian  word 


originally:  O.E.  da8Hche,dat:che,  Dan.dasfre, 
to  slap,  to  flap,  dank,  a  slap,  Sw.  daska,  to 
beat,  to  give  a  beating  to.]  1.  To  cause  to 
strike  suddenly  and  with  violence;  to  strike 
or  throw  violently  or  suddenly ;  as,  to  dash 
one  stone  against  another;  to  dash  water  on 
the  face. 

Lest  thou  dash  thy  foot  against  a  stone.     Mat.  iv.  6. 
A  foot  more  light,  a  step  more  true. 
Ne'er  from  tlie  heath-flower  dashed  the  dew. 
Sir  If.  Scott. 

2.  To  break  by  collision  or  striking;  to  shat- 
ter. 'A  brave  vessel  dashed  all  to  pieces.' 
Shale.  —  3.  To  overspread  or  bespatter;  to 
sprinkle;  as,  to  dash  a  garment.  'Life  is 
dashed  with  flecks  of  sin.'  Tennyson.  [In 
this  sense  it  strongly  recalls  Sc.  tash,  to 
stain  or  defile,  from  Fr.  tacke.]  —  4.  To 
place  in  a  somewhat  hasty  manner;  as,  to 
dash  paint  upon  a  picture.  —5.  To  mix,  re- 
duce, or  adulterate  by  throwing  in  another 
substance;  as,  to  dash  wine  with  water;  the 
story  is  dashed  with  fables.— 9.  To  disturb; 
to  destroy;  to  frustrate.  'To  perplex  and 
dash  maturest  counsels. '  Hilton. 

The  truth  is.  if  we  consider  that  great  multitude  of 
things  to  be  known,  and  the  labour  and  time  required 
to  the  knowledge  of  each  particular;  it  is  enough  to 
discourage  and  dash  all  attempt,  and  cause  a  care- 
less despair.  South. 

1.  To  confound;   to  confuse;    to   put   to 
shame;  to  abash;  as,  he  was  dashed  at  the 
appearance  of  the  judge. 

Dash  the  proud  gamester  in  his  gilded  car.     Pope. 

-  To  suffuse;  to  overspread. 

Dashed  with  blushes  for  her  blighted  love. 

Addison. 

—To  dash  off,  to  form  or  sketch  out  in  haste 
carelessly;  to  execute  hastily  or  with  care- 
less rapidity:  as,  to  ilm.li  off  an  article  for  a 
magazine.  —  To  dash  out,  to  erase  at  a  stroke; 
to  strike  out;  to  blot  out  or  obliterate;  as, 
to  iliish  out  a  line  or  word. 
Dash  (dash),  v.i.  1.  To  rush  with  violence; 
to  move  rapidly  so  as  to  make  a  loud  sound 
when  an  opposing  object  is  met. 

All  the  long-pent  stream  of  life 

Dashed  downward  in  a  cataract.     Tennyson. 

2.  To  display  rapidity  in  performance. 

With  just,  bold  lines  he  a\tshes  here  and  there. 
Showing  great  mastery  with  little  care.  Rochester. 

Dash  (dash),  n.  1.  Collision;  a  violent  strik- 
ing together  of  two  bodies.  'The  dash  of 
clouds.'  Thomson.  —  2.  Infusion;  admixture; 
something  thrown  into  another  substance; 
as,  the  wine  has  a  dash  of  water.  '  Innocence 
when  it  has  in  it  a  doth  of  folly.'  Addisan. 

3.  A  sudden  check;  frustration;  abashment; 
as,  his  hopes  met  with  a  dash.— 4.  A  rapid 
movement;  a  quick  stroke  or  blow;  a  sud- 
den onset;  as,  to  make  a  dash  upon  the 
enemy.— 5.  The  capacity  for  unhesitating, 
prompt  action,  as  against  an  enemy;  vigour 
in  attack;  as,  the  corps  was  distinguished 
for  dash. 

Young  Havelock  has  distinguished  himself  very 
much  by  his  forwardness  and  dash.  It'.  H.  KusseJl. 

C.  A  flourish;  blustering  parade:  as,  the 
young  fop  made  a  dash.—"!.  A  mark  or  line 
[  — ]  In  writing  or  printing  noting  a  break 
or  stop  in  the  sentence,  or  a  pause,  or  a 
division  of  the  sentence.  Dashes  are  also 
used  instead  of  parentheses.— 8.  In  Winnie, 
(a)  a  small  mark,  thus  I ,  denoting  that  the 
note  over  which  it  is  placed  is  to  be  per- 
formed in  a  short  and  distinct  manner. 
(6)  A  line  drawn  through  a  figure  in  the 
thorough-bass,  directing  the  note  represent- 
ed by  that  figure  to  In-  raised  half  a  tone. 

Dash-board  (daih'bord),  n.  A  board  or 
leathern  apron  placed  on  the  fore  part  of  a 
chaise,  gig,  or  other  vehicle  to  prevent  water, 
mud,  <fcc.,  from  l>eing  thrown  upon  those  in 
the  vehicle  by  the  heels  of  the  horaea 

Dasher  (dash'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that 
which  dashes  or  agitates,  as  the  float  of  a 
paddle-wheel,  the  plunger  of  a  churn,  and 
the  like. —2.  A  dash-board  (which  see).— 
3.  One  who  makes  an  ostentatious  parade; 
a  bold,  showy,  impetuous  man  or  woman. 
[Low.) 

Dashing  (dash'ing),  a.  Impetuous;  bluster- 
ing; spirited;  showy;  brilliant;  as,  a  dashing 
fellow;  a  dashing  charge. 

'But  the  society  is  very  good  still,  is  it  not?'  'Oh. 
very  genteel.'  said  the  oian,  '  but  not  so  dashing  as 
it  used  to  be.'  I-°rd  Lytton. 

Dashism  (dash'izm),  n.  Brilliant  courage; 
spiritedness;  dash.  [Rare.] 

He  must  fight  a  duel  before  his  claims  to  ... 
dashism  can  be  universally  allowed.  A'tiox. 

Dashpot  (dash'pot),  n.  In  mach.  an  appar- 
atus for  deadening  the  blow  of  any  falling 
weight,  and  preventing  any  jar  in  the  ma- 


chinery. It  consists  of  a  cylinder  inclosing 
a  loosely  fitting  piston  called  a  plunger. 
The  cylinder  is  filled  with  water  to  a  certitin 
height,  and  in  this  the  plunger  moves, 
rising  and  falling  with  the  movement  of  the 
machinery. 

Dash-wheel  (dash'whel),  n.  A  name  ap- 
plied to  two  cylinders  revolving  against 
each  other  in  a  cistern,  used  for  waMiinv 
woven  goods  by  alternately  dipping  them 
in  the  water  and  dashing  them  against  the 
sides  of  the  compartment  in  which  they  are 
placed. 

Dastard  (das'terd),  n.  [According  to  Mat/- 
ner  from  dastrod,  part,  of  A.  Sax.  Austrian, 
the  termination  being  different  therefore 
from  the  ordinary  suttix  ard,  as  in  sluggard, 
wizard.  Wedgwood  derives  it  from  daze, 
with  suffix  ard.]  A  coward;  a  poltroon;  one 
who  meanly  shrinks  from  danger.  'This 
ilm-tiird  at  the  l.attle.'  Shak. 

Dastard  (das'terd),  a.  Cowardly;  meanly 
shrinking  from  danger. 

Curse  on  their  dastard  souls.        Addison. 

Dastard  (das'terd),  v.t.  To  make  dastardly; 
to  intimidate;  to  dispirit.  [Rare.] 

Dastards  manly  souls  with  hope  and  fear.  Dryden. 

Dastardize  (das't£rd-iz),  v.t.  To  make  cow- 
ardly. •  Dastardue  my  courage.'  Dryden. 
[Rare.] 

Dastardliness  (das'terd-li-nes),  n.  Coward- 
liness. 

Dastardly (dab'terd-li),  a.  Cowardly;  meanly 
timid;  base;  sneaking.  '  Dastardly  wretch.' 
L  'Estrange. 

Dastardness(das'terd-nes),n.  Cowardliness; 
mean  timorousness. 

Dastardy  (das'terd-i),  n.  Cowardliness; 
base  timidity. 

Dasycladese  (da-si-kla'de-e),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
dasys,  hairy,  and  klados,  Ihe  young  slip  or 
shoot  of  a  tree.]  A  small  nat.  order  of  green- 
spored  algre,  which  are  either  naked  or 
coated  with  carbonate  of  lime,  ami  have  a 
one-celled  simple  or  branched  axis,  whorled 
either  throughout  its  whole  length,  or  near 
the  summit  with  jointed  branchlets.  Dasy- 
cladns,  the  typical  genus,  has  threads  free 
from  any  crust.  There  are  no  representa- 
tives of  the  order  on  our  coasts. 

DasygastrlSB  (da-si-gas'tri-e),  n.  pi.  [Gr. 
dasys,  hairy,  and  gutter,  gasteros,  gastros, 
the  belly.]  In  entom.  a  division  and  exten- 
sive group  of  the  bee  family,  including  those 
solitary  bees  which  have  a  hirsute  abdo- 
men, on  which  they  carry  their  food. 

Dasymeter  (da-sim'et-er),  n.  [Gr.  dasyi, 
dense,  and  metron,  measure.]  An  instru- 
ment employed  for  testing  the  density  of 
a  gas.  See  MANOMETER. 

Dasy ornis  (da-si-or'nis).  n.  [Gr.  dasys,  hairy, 
ami  urnis,  a  bird.  ]  Bristle-bird,  a  genus  of 
insectivorous  birds,  belonging  to  the  thrush 
family.  They  are  found  throughout  the 
greater  part  of  Southern  Australia. 

Dasypldse  (da-si'pi-de),  n.  /./.  [Gr.  dasys, 
hairy,  pous,  a  foot,  and  eidos,  likeness.  ]  A 
small  but  important  family  of  edentate  mam- 
mals, comprising  the  manis,  the  armadillo, 
the  ant-eater,  and  the  platypus  or  duck-bill. 

Dasyprocta  (da-si-prok'ta),  n.  [Gr.  dasys, 
hairy,  and  proktoe,  buttocks.]  A  genus  of 
rodents  with  long  hair  on  the  rump,  com- 
monly called  agouti. 

Dasypus  (da'si-pus),  n.  [Gr.  dasys,  hairy, 
and  pws,  a  foot.  ]  The  armadillo,  a  genus 
of  mammiferous  quadrupeds.  See  ARMA- 
DILLO. 

Dasyure,  Dasyurus  (da'si-ur,  da-si-ur'ns), 
».  [Gr.  dasys,  hairy,  and  oura,  a  tail.)  The 
brush -tailed  opossums,  a  genus  of  plan- 
tigrade marsupials,  found  in  Australia, 
and  so  named  in  contrast  to  the  opossums 
of  the  New  World  (Didelphys),  which  have 
naked  tails  somewhat  like  rats.  The  ursine 
dasyure  (Datyvrvturrinui)  a  about  the  size 
of  a  badger,  but  of  a  sturdier  form,  of  a  dull 
black  colour,  carnivorous,  and  of  so  savage 
a  temper  as  to  have  gained  for  itself  the 
alternative  name  of  Diabolus  ursinus,  or 
Tasmanian  devil.  Formerly  it  was  most 
destructive  to  flocks  and  poultry  yards,  but 
is  now  in  the  inhabited  districts  nearly 
extirpated.  The  various  species  of  the 
genus  have  much  the  same  nature  and 
habits  as  the  European  polecat. 

Dasyurinse  (da'si-ur-i"ne),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  aasys, 
hairy,  and  oura,  a  tail.]  A  sub-family  of 
marsupial  animals,  of  which  the  genus 
Dasyurus  is  the  type.  See  DASYURE. 

Dataria  (da-ta'ri-a),  n.  The  papal  office  of 
the  chancery  at  Rome,  from  which  all  bulls 
are  issued. 


Fate,  far,  fat.  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


DATARY 


667 


Datary  (da'ta-ri),  ».  1  An  officer  or  the 
chancery  of  Rome,  who  affixes  the  datum 
Rama  (given  at  Rome)  to  the  pope's  bulls 
2.  The  employment  of  a  datary. 

Date  (dat),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  datum,  given, 
which  was  prefixed  in  a  Roman  letter  to 
particular!  of  the  time  and  place  of  its 
execution.]  1.  That  addition  to  a  writiii" 
which  specifies  the  year,  month,  and  day 
when,  and  usually  the  place  where  it  was 
given  or  executed.  In  letters,  it  notes 
the  time  when  they  are  written  or  •cut- 
in  deeds,  contracts,  wills,  and  other  papers' 
it  specifies  the  time  of  execution,  and 
usually  the  time  from  which  they  are  to 
take  effect  and  operate  on  the  rights  of 
persons.  To  the  date  is  usually  added  the 
name  of  the  place  where  a  writing  is  exe- 
cuted, and  this  is  sometimes  included  in 
the  term  date.—  2.  The  time  when  any  event 
happened,  when  anything  was  transacted, 
or  when  anything  is  to  be  done;  as,  the 
date  of  a  battle;  the  date  of  Cajsar's  arrival 
in  Britain. —3.  End;  conclusion.  [Rare.] 

What  time  would  spare,  from  steel  receives  its  date. 

4.  Duration;  continuance.  'Ages  of  endless 
date.'  Milton.— 5.  The  period  of  time  during 
•which  one  has  lived  or  anything  has  existed- 
age. 

When  his  dale 

Doubled  her  own,  for  want  of  playmates,  he 
Had  tost  his  ball,  and  flown  his  kite,  and  roll'd 
His  hoop  to  pleasure  Edith.  Tennyson. 

Date  (dat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  dated,  ppr.  dat- 
ing. 1.  To  write  or  note  the  time  when  a 
letter  is  written  or  a  writing  executed;  to 
express,  in  an  instrument,  the  year,  month, 
and  day  of  its  execution,  and  usually  the 
place;  as,  to  date  a  letter,  a  bond,  a  deed, 
or  a  charter.— 2.  To  note  or  fix  the  time  of, 
as  of  an  event  or  transaction;  as,  to  date 
the  tolfllment  of  a  prophecy. 

Date  (Jilt),  v.i.   1.  To  reckon. 

We  date  from  the  late  era  of  about  six  thousand 
years.  Btntley. 

2.  To  begin;  to  have  origin. 

The  Batavian  republic  dates  from  the  successes  of 
the  French  arms.  £.  J-verett. 

3.  To  have  a  date;  as,  the  letter  dates  from 
Rome.    See  DATE,  n.  1. 

Date  (dat),  n.  [Fr.  datte,  for  dacte.  from  L. 
daetylus.  Or.  daktylos,  a  finger]  The  fruit 
of  the  date-tree,  the  Phmiix  dactylifcra, 
used  extensively  as  an  article  of  food  by  the 
natives  of  Northern  Africa,  and  of  some 
countries  of  Asia.  It  consists  of  an  external 
pericarp,  separable  into  three  portions,  and 
covering  a  seed  which  is  hard  and  horny  in 
consequence  of  the  nature  of  the  albumen 
in  which  the  embryo  plant  is  buried. 

Dateless  (dat'les),  a.  Having  no  date;  bear- 
ing nothing  to  show  date;  so  old  as  to  be 
beyond  date;  that  cannot  be  dated;  having 
no  fixed  term  or  limit;  eternal. 

Precious  friends  hid  in  death's  dateless  night.  Sha£. 
The  dateless  hills,  which  it  needed  earthquakes  to 
lift  and  deluges  to  mould.  Riiskin. 

Date-palm,  Date-tree  (ilat'piim,  dat'tre), 
n.  The  common  name  of  I'/uxiiixdactylifura, 


DAUGHTER 


Date-palm  (Pltcenix  dactylifera). 


the  palm-tree  of  Scripture.  Next  to  the 
cocoa-nut  tree,  the  date  is  unquestionably 
the  most  interesting  and  useful  of  the  palm 
tribe.  Its  stem  shoots  up  to  the  height  of 


50  or  CO  feet,  without  branch  or  division 

«   i  ii'.  l"ettMy  "!V  8!"mi  «»'•>""•<<«  tlm.UKl  I 
t  its  length.    From  the  summit  it  throw. 

Shane!  l8"lflCCnt,CrOWn  °f  lal*'-  '"""'»• 
shaped  leaves,  and  a  number  of  S|,.,,ii,.,,s 
each  of  which  in  the  female  plant  '.'aw \ 
bunch  of  from  180  to  -joo  dates,  ea, I,  I  ,  ch 
weighing  from  20  to  25  Ibs.  'The  fruit  i" 
eaten  fresh  or  dried.  Cakcsof  dates  pom,d,,l 
and  kneaded  together  are  the  food  of  the 
Arabs  who  traverse  the  deserts.  A  liquor 
resembling  wi,)e  js  made  from  dates  bv 
fermentation.  Persia,  Palestine,  and  the 
northern  states  of  Africa  are  best  adapted 
for  the  culture  of  the  date-tree 
Date-plum  (dat'plum),  «.  The  fruit  of  the 

Drosp!'™Ss      "''  "  a'8°  th° tree  itee"'    Sce 

Dater  (dat'er),  n.    One  that  dates. 

Date-8ugar(dat'shH-ger),  n.  Sugarproduced 
from  the  fruit  of  the  date-palm,  and  from 
some  other  species  of  the  same  genus 

Datholite,  n.   See  DATOUTE 

Datiscaceae  (da-tls-ka'se-e).  n.  pi.  [Gr  da- 
tuka,  a  plant  mentioned  by  Dioscorides.)  A 
small  nat.  order  of  plants,  with  apetalons 
flowers,  but  having  closer  affinities  with 
Uicurbitacete  and  Begoniaceio  than  with  any 
of  the  apetalous  orders.  The  most  common 

Elant  of  this  order  is  Datisca  cannabina  an 
erbaceous  dioecious  perennial,  a  native  of 
the  sou  them  parts  of  Europe,  where  1 1  is  used 
as  a  substitute  for  Peruvian  bark,  also  as  a 
yellow  dye,  and  for  forming  cordage 
Datiscln,  Datisclne  (da-tis'sin),  H.  A  sub- 
stance having  the  appearance  of  grape- 
sugar,  first  extracted  by  Braconnot  from 
the  leaves  of  Datisca  cannabina.  It  has 
been  used  as  a  yellow  dye.  (CnHjjO,,.) 
Dative  (da'tiv),  o.  [L.  datimu,  from  "to,  to 
give.]  1.  In  gram,  a  term  applied  to  the  case 
of  nouns  which  usually  follows  verbs  or  other 
parts  of  speech  that  express  giving,  or  some 
act  directed  to  the  object.generally  indicated 
in  English  by  (o  or  for.  Thus,  Latin  datur 
IM,  it  is  given  to  you;  mitsum  est  illi,  it  was 
sent  to  him;  fecit  mihi,  he  made  or  did  to 
m  for  me;  vtilis  tibi,  useful  to  you.— 2.  In 
law.  (or)  that  may  be  given  or  disposed  of 
at  pleasure ;  in  one's  gift.  (f>)  Removable,  in 
distinction  from  perpetual:  said  of  an  officer, 
(c)  Given  or  appointed  by  a  magistrate  or 
court  of  justice,  in  distinction  from  what  is 
given  by  law  or  by  a  testator;  as,  an  executor 
datiee  in  Scots  law  (  =  adniinistrator). 
Dative  (da'tiv),  n.  The  dative  case.  See 
the  adjective. 

Datolite,  Datholite  (dat'6-lit,  dath'6-llt),  n. 
[Or.  dateomai,  to  divide,  and  lithoi,  a  stone, 
from  its  tendency  to  divide  into  granular 
portions.]  The  siliceous  borate  of  lime,  a 
mineral  of  two  sub-species,  the  common  and 
the  botryoidal.  The  common  is  of  a  white 
colour,  of  various  shades,  and  greenish  pray. 
It  occurs  in  granular  distinct  concretions, 
and  crystallized.  The  botryoidal  occurs  In 
mammillary  concretions,  or  in  botryoidal 
masses,  white  and  earthy. 
Datum  (da'tum),  n.  pi.  Data  (data).  [L.] 
.Something  given  or  admitted;  any  condi- 
tion, quantity,  or  other  mathematical  pre- 
miss, which  is  given  in  a  particular  problem. 
In  general  math,  data  are  certain  things  or 
quantities  supposed  to  be  given  or  known, 
from  which  other  quantities  are  discovered 
which  were  unknown  or  sought.  In  tfeom. 
datum  and  hypothesis  are  synonymous 
terms. — Datum  line,  in  engin.  the  base  line 
of  a  section  from  which  ail  the  heights  anil 
depths  are  measured  in  the  plans  of  a  rail- 
way, Ac. 
Datura  (da-tu'ra),  n.  [From  its  Ar.  name 


Thorn-apple  (Datura  Stramonium*.— I,  Root. 
s,  Seed-vessel  cut  across. 

tatorah.]   A  genus  of  solanaceous  plants, 
with  large  funnel-shaped  flowers.     There 


,"•   -"":  J *  •'"•>..  ; bg 

isonous  properties  and  a 
odour  D  Strammium  Is  tl, 
all  parts  of  which  have  »i  ,',„, 

p'Hii-s      It  Is  som.-tim.  i    as  a 

iviin-dy  for  m-iiralKla.  .•onviihu, 

nat,,Hn';V","-l.r'";t  "n'  S"l"k"1  '"r  '""""••> 
jJAbunn  (iiii-tti  nil),  n.   A  poisonous  alkaloid 

Daub  \ ,,oi, ling  to  WiMicwood 

['' 'lab,  an  Imitation  of  the  sound  made 

by  throwing  down  anything  soft  Some 
derive  It  from  the  (Vitlc.  n-fi-rring  It  to  the 
root  of  Ir.  dob,  to  planter,  W.  i/ir*  mortar 
cement]  I.  To  smear  with  soft  adhesive 
matter;  to  plaster;  to  cover  with  mud 
slime,  or  other  soft  substance 


2.  To  soil;  to  defile;  to  besmear. 

Tlm'i  honest,  though  daubed  with  the  duu  of  the  mill 

3.Topaintcoanely. 


4.  To  cover  with  something  specious;  to  dis- 
guise with  an  artificial  covering. 

So  smooth  he  daubed  his  »ice  with  show  of  virtue. 

5.  To  lay  or  put  on  without  taste;  to  deck 
awkwardly  or  ostentatiously,  or  to   load 
with  affected  finery. 

Yet  since  princes  will  have  such  things.  It  is  better 
they  should  be  graced  with  elegance  tlwn  daubed 
witfi  cost.  /,„„,, 

Daub  (dab),  r.i.  To  practise  gross  flattery; 
to  play  tlie  hypocrite. 

Conscience  will  not  daub  nor  flatter.         South. 

Daub  (dab),  n.  1.  A  coarse  painting.  '  A 
melancholy  daub.'  Sterne.— i  A  viscous, 
adhesive  application;  a  smear. 

Dauber  (d»b'er),  n.  One  who  or  that  which 
daubs;  specifically,  (a)  a  builder  of  walls  with 
clay  or  mud  mixed  with  straw.  (6)  A  coarse 
painter  (c)  A  low  and  gross  flatterer,  (a)  A 
copperplate -printers'  tool,  consisting  of 
rags  firmly  tied  together,  and  covered  over 
with  a  piece  of  canvas,  for  inking  plates. 

Daubery,  Daubry  (dab'c-ri,  daVrl),  n.  1  A 
daubing.- 2.  Anything  artful 

She  works  by  charms,  by  spells,  by  the  figure,  and 
such  daubery  as  this  is.  SHak. 

Daubing  (dab'ing),  n.  1.  Anything  adhesive; 
plaster.-  2.  Coarse  painting. 

Such  gross  and  dangerous  daubinct  of  black,  red, 
and  white,  as  wholly  change  the  very  n.itnral  looks. 
Jer.  Taylor. 

3.  Gross  flattery.    Bp.  Burnet. 

Daubry.  n.    See  DAUBKRY. 

Dauby  (dab'i),  n.  Viscous;  glutinous;  slimy; 
adhesive.  '  Dauby  wax.'  Dryden. 

Daucus  (da'kus).  H.  A  genus  of  umbellifer- 
ous plants,  with  spinous  fruit  of  a  some- 
what  compressed  ovate  or  oblong  form. 
There  are  several  species,  but  the  most  in- 
teresting  one  is  the  D.  Carota,  which  grows 
wild  all  over  Europe,  in  chalky  soils,  and  is 
believed  to  be  the  origin  of  our  garden 
carrot. 

Daud  (dad),  v.  t.  [Apparently  Imitative.  See 
DAIB.J  To  strike;  to  slap;  to  pelt  with  a  soft 
substance.  [Scotch.] 

Hell  clap  a  shangan  on  her  tail, 
An'  set  the  bairn,,  to  dttnd  her 

Wi"  dirt  that  day.  Burnt. 

Daud,  ii.    Same  as  Dated  (which  see). 

Daugh  (dach).  n.  [Contr.  for  davache,  as 
much  land  as  can  be  tilled  by  eight  oxen; 
Gael,  daitnh,  oxen,  and  ach,  a  field.  ]  An  old 
Scotch  division  of  land,  capable  of  produc- 
ing 48  bolls.  Professor  Cosmo  Innes  says 
it  consisted  of  two  ploughgates  of  104  acres 
each.  It  occasionally  forms  and  enters  into 
the  names  of  farms  In  Scotland;  as,  the 
Great  and  Little  Daugh  of  Ruthven;  Kdh:- 
dauyh.  Written  also  Damch. 

Daughter  (da'ter),  n.  (A.  Sax.  dohter.  This 
word  is  common  to  nearly  all  the  Indo- 
European  languages.  Comp.  G.  tocttter,  D. 
dochter,  Gr.  thygater.  Per.  doktarah,  Skr. 
duhitri,  Lith.  tlukts,  Ir.  dear — daughter] 
1.  The  female  offspring  of  a  man  or  woman; 
a  female  child  of  any  age.  '  Sea  king's  daugh- 
ter as  happy  as  fair.'  Tennyson.  —  2.  A 
daughter-in-law;  a  son's  wife.  Ruth  lit  18. 

3.  A  woman. 

Dinah  went  out  to  see  the  dati£httrs  of  the  land. 
Gen.  xxiiv.  i. 

4.  A  female  descendant. 

At  me  you  smiled,  but  unneguiled 

I  saw  the  snare  and  I  retired; 
The  daughter  of  a  hundred  earls. 

You  are  not  one  to  be  desired.      Tennyson. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;     wh,  irAig;    th,  arure.-See  KEY. 


DAUOHTER-IN-LAW 


668 


DAY 


5.  A  title  of  affection  given  to  a  woman  by 
a  man  older  in  respect  of  years,  or  by  a  man 
whose  character  or  office  entitles  him  to 
esteem,  as  to  a  penitent  by  her  father  con- 
fessor. 'Daughter,  be  of  good  comfort.' 
Mat.  ix  2*2. — 6'.  The  female  offspring  of  an 
animal  or  plant. 

Daughter-in-law  (da'ter-in-la),  n.  A  son's 
wife. 

Daughterllness  (da'ter-li-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  a  dauu'htcr;  the  conduct  becoming  a 
daughter.  Dr  H  Mure 

Daughterly  (da'ter-li),  o.  Becoming  a 
daughter;  dutiful.  '  Your  very  daughterly 
dealing.'  Sir  T.  More. 

Dauk  (dak),  n.    Same  as  Dawk. 

Daunt  (datit),  v.t.  [O.  Fr.  danter,  now  dcnnp- 
ter,  to  tame,  from  L.  doinitare,  a  freq.  of 
dotno,  to  tame  Akin  Sc.  dantun.}  1.  To 
repress  or  subdue  the  courage  of;  to  intimi- 
date; to  dishearten;  to  check  by  fear  of 
danger. 

Some  presences  daunt  and  discourage  us. 

Gtanville. 

2. t  To  conquer.  'That  ne  with  love  may 
daunted  be.'  Chaucer. 

Daunter  (dant'er),  ».    One  who  daunts. 

Dauntless  (dant'les),  a.  Bold;  fearless;  in- 
trepid; not  timid;  not  discouraged;  as,  a 
dauntless  hero;  a  dauntless  spirit. 

The  dauntless  spirit  of  resolution.    Shak. 
Dauntless  he  rose  and  to  the  fight  returned. 

Dryden. 

Dauntlessly  (dantles-li),  adv.  In  a  bold 
fearless  manner. 

Dauntlessness  (dantOes-nes),  n.  Fearless- 
ness; intrepidity. 

Dauphin  (da'fln),  n.    [Fr.  dauphin,  Pr.  dal- 

fin,  L.  delphimis,  Gr.  delphin,-&  dolphin, 
the  crest  of  the  lords  of  Dauphiuy.  A  name 
assumed  towards  the  middle  of  the  ninth 
century  by  the  lord  of  the  French  province 
of  Dauphiny,  which  was  bequeathed  by 
Humbert  II.  to  the  King  of  France  in  1349, 
on  condition  that  the  heir  of  the  throne 
should  bear  the  title  of  Dauphin  of  Vien- 
nois.  ]  The  eldest  son  of  the  King  of  France 
prior  to  the  revolution  of  1830. 

Dauphine,  Dauphlness  (da'feu,  da'fln-es), 
n.  The  wife  or  lady  of  the  dauphin. 

Daur  (dar),  ».    To  dare.    [Scotch.] 

Daut,  Dawte  (dat),  v.  (.    The  same  as  Dawt. 

Dauw  (da),  n.  One  of  the  South  African 
zebras,  the  K'lnus  Burchellii,  a  species  only 
found  on  the  plains. 

Davallia  (da-val'li-a),  n.  [From  Edmund 
Dai-all,  a  Swiss  botanist.)  A  genus  of  poly- 
podiaceous  ferns,  having  scaly  creeping 
rhizomes,  which  feature  has  given  rise  to 
the  name  hare's-foot  fern  applied  to  D.  can- 
arifnsis.  The  fronds  are  sometimes  pin- 
nate, but  more  frequently  pinnately  decom- 
pound, elegantly  cut  into  numerous  small 
divisions,  and  bearing  many  fructifications, 
which  form  a  series  of  cups  or  cysts  at  the 
margins  of  the  sections.  The  genus  is  well 
marked  by  natural  features,  and  is  one  of 
the  most  elegant  found  in  our  gardens. 

Davidist,  David-Georgian  (da'vid-ist.  da'- 
vid-jorj-i-an),  ».  One  of  a  sect  so  called 
from  David  George,  who,  in  the  sixteenth 
century,  gave  out  that  he  was  the  Messiah, 
rejected  marriage,  and  denied  the  resur- 
rection. 

Davtdsonlte  (da'vid-sou-It),  n.  A  mineral, 
a  variety  of  beryl,  discovered  by  Dr.  David- 
son in  the  granite  quarry  of  Rubislaw,  near 
Aberdeen.  It  consists  principally  of  silicates 
of  alumina  ami  glucina,  with  a  little  iron. 

David's  Staff  (dii'vidz  staf),  "•  A  kind  of 
quadrant  formerly  used  in  navigation. 

Davina,  Davyne  (da-vi'na,  da'vin),  n.    A 
Vesuvian  mineral,  a  variety  of  nepheline, 
of  a  hexahedral 
form  and  lami- 
nar texture,  so 
called  in  honour 
of  Sir  II    Davy. 

Davit  (da'vit),  H. 
[Comp.  Fr.  dav- 
ier,  which  Littre 
conjectures  may 
he  from  daviet 
(dim.  of  Davitt), 
A  hypothetical 
name  for  a  car- 
penter's tool,  it 
being  customary 
in  France  to  give 
proper  names 
to  implements.] 
Xaut.  one  of  two  projecting  beams  of  wood 
or  iron  on  the  side  or  stern  of  a  vessel,  used 
for  suspending  or  lowering  and  hoisting  the 


Dav: 


boats  by  means  of  sheave  and  pulley.  They 
are  fixed  so  as  to  admit  of  being  shipped  and 
unshipped  at  pleasure.— Futh-dacit,  a  spar 
with  a  roller  or  sheave  at  its  end  used  for 
fishing  the  anchor. 

Davite  (da'vit),  n.  [After  Sir  H.  Davy.]  A 
sulphate  of  alumina  found  in  a  warm  spring 
near  Bogota  in  Colombia.  It  occurs  massi  \v, 
is  of  a  fine  fibrous  structure,  a  white  colour 
and  silky  lustre,  and  is  very  soluble. 

Davy  Jones  (da'vi  jonz),  71  [Said  to  be 
from  Dit/y,  the  name  for  a  ghost  or  spirit 
among  the  negroes  of  the  West  Indies,  and 
Jonah,  the  prophet,  who  was  thrown  into 
the  sea.)  Naut.  the  spirit  of  the  sea;  a 
nikker;  a  sea-devil.— Davy  Jones'  locker, 
the  ocean;  specifically,  the  ocean  regarded 
as  the  grave  of  all  who  perish  at  sea. 

This  same  Davy  Jones,  according  to  the  myth- 
ology of  sailors,  is  the  fiend  that  presides  over  all  the 
evil  spirits  of  the  deep,  and  is  seen  in  various  shapes 
warning  the  devoted  wretch  of  death  and  woe. 

Smollett. 

Davy-lamp,  Davy's  Lamp  (da'vi-lamp.  da'- 
viz  lamp),  n.  In  mining,  a  lamp  whose 
flame  is  surrounded  with  wire,  invented  by 
Sir  Humphry  Davy  to  protect  the  miners 
from  explosions  of  fire-damp.  Called  also 
Safety-lamp  (which  see)i 

Davyum (da'vi-um),  n.  [After  Sir  H.  Davy.] 
A  metal  of  the  platinum  group  discovered 
in  1877  by  Sergius  Kern  of  St.  Petersburg,  in 
separating  the  metals  rhodium  and  iridium 
from  some  platinum  ores.  It  is  a  hard  sil- 
very metal,  slightly  ductile,  extremely  in- 
fusible, and  has  a  density  of  8  386  at  25'  C. 

Daw  (da),  n.  [From  cry.]  A  jackdaw.  'The 
windy  clamour  of  the  daws.'  Tennyson. 

Daw  (da),  v.i.  To  dawn.  'The  morning 
daws.'  Draytvn.  "The  cock  may  craw, 
the  day  may  daw.'  Burns.  [Old  English 
and  Scotch.] 

Daw  (da),  v.i.  [See  Do,  in  sense  of  to  fare.] 
To  thrive;  to  prosper;  to  recover  health. 
[Scotch.] 

Dawt  (da),  v.  t.  [Contr.  for  adaw  (which  see).  ] 
To  daunt;  to  frighten. 

You  daiu  him  too  much,  in  troth,  sir.    B.  Jonson. 

Daw-COCkt  (daTtok),  n.  A  male  daw;  a  jack- 
daw; hence,  Jiy.  an  empty  chattering  fel- 
low. 

Dawd  (dad),  n.  A  large  piece,  as  of  bread, 
cheese,  Ac.  [Scotch.] 

An'  cheese  an'  bread,  frae  women's  laps, 
Was  dealt  about  in  hunches 

An'  dawds  that  day.     Burns. 

Dawdle  (dp/ill),  t>.  i.  [Akin  to  daddle,  and  pro- 
bably to  duwdj/,  a  slattern.  See  DOWDY.)  To 
waste  time;  to  trifle;  to  saunter.  'Dawdle 
up  and  down  rail-Mall.'  Thackeray. 

Dawdle  (da'dl),  v.t.  To  waste  by  trifling; 
as,  to  dawdle  away  a  whole  forenoon. 

Dawdle  (da'dl),  n.     A  trifler;  a  dawdler. 

Dawdler  (da'dler),  n.  One  who  dawdles;  a 
trifler. 

Daw-dressing  (da'dres-ing),  n.  The  assump- 
tion of  qualities  one  is  not  entitled  to;  the 
assumption  of  the  thoughts  or  actions  of 
another  as  one's  own:  from  the  fable  of  the 
daw  that  dressed  Itself  with  peacock's 
feathers. 

They  would  deem  themselves  disgraced  had  they 
been  guilty,  even  in  thought,  of  a  simulation  similar 
to  this — howbeit  not  in  danger  of  being  ignominiously 
plucked  for  so  contemptible  a  dait'-artssiMf. 

Sir  1C.  Hamilton. 

Dawdy  (da'di),  n.  A  slattern,  especially  one 
who  affects  finery;  a  dowdy. 

Dawe.t  n.     A  day.     Chaucer. 

Dawlng  (da'ing),  n.  The  dawn;  the  dawn- 
ing. [Scotch.  ] 

Late  at  e'en,  drinking  the  wine. 

And  ere  they  paid  the  lawing, 
Theyset  a  coinlwit  them  between. 

To  fight  it  in  the  Jirniirij.'.      Old  ballad. 

Da  wish  (da'ish),  adv.    Like  a  daw. 

Dawk  (dak),  n.  A  hollow  or  incision  in 
timber. 

Dawk  (dak),  v.t.  To  cut  or  mark  with  an 
incision. 

Dawk  (dak),  n.  [Hind,  dak,  a  post]  In  the 
East  Indies,  the  post;  a  relay  of  men,  as  for 
carrying  letters,  despatches,  &c.,  or  travel- 
lers in  palanquins  The  route  is  divided 
into  stages,  and  each  bearer  or  set  of  Iwarers 
server  only  for  a  single  stage.  In  some 
places  there  are  horse-dawks  or  mounted 
runners. — Dawk-buivjalow,  a  house  at  the 
end  of  a  stage  designed  for  those  who  jour- 
ney by  palanquin.  —  To  travel  dawk,  to  jour- 
ney in  palanquins  carried  by  relays  of  men 
or  by  government  post-waggons 

Dawm  (dam),  n.  An  East  Indian  copper 
coin  of  the  value  of  one-fortieth  of  a  rupee. 

Dawn  (dan),  v.i.    [A.  Sax.  dagian,  to  dawn 


or  become  day,  from  dcey,  day.  Dayian 
regularly  produced  daw,  seen  in  O.  E.  and  in 
Sc.  daw,  to  dawn,  but  n  was  early  in  troduced, 
hence  O.E.  datcnen.  Moil.  K  tluwn.]  1.  To 
bt-^in  to  grow  light  in  the  morning;  to  grow 
light;  as,  thedaydauwj*;  the  morning  dawns. 

It  began  to  dawn  toward  the  first  day  of  the  week. 
Mat.  xxviii.  i. 

Brightest  and  best  of  the  sons  of  the  morning  1 
Dawn  on  our  darkness  and  lend  us  thine  aid! 

H#tr, 

2.  To  begin  to  open  or  expand;  to  begin  to 
show  intellectual  light  or  knowledge;  as, 
the  genius  of  the  youth  begins  to  dawn. 

When  life  awakes  and  dawns  at  every  line.    Popt. 

3.  To  begin  to  become  visible  in  consequence 
of  more  light  shining  upon;  to  begin  to  open 
or  appear;  as,  the  truth  dawns  upon  me. 

I  waited  underneath  the  dawning  hills.    Tennyson. 

Dawn  (dan),  «.  1.  The  break  of  day;  the 
first  appearance  of  light  in  the  morning. 

Fairest  of  stars.  last  in  the  train  of  night, 

If  better  thou  belong  not  to  the  dawn.     Milton. 

2.  First  opening  or  expansion;  beginning; 
rise;  first  appearance;  as,  the  dawn  of  genius, 
of  intellect,  &c.  'The  dawn  of  time.'  Thom- 
son. 

Such  as  creation's  dawn  beheld  thou  rollest  now. 
Kyron. 

These  tender  circumstances  diffuse  a  dawn  of 
serenity  over  the  soul.  ropt. 

Dawning  (dan'ing),  n.  1.  The  first  appear- 
ance  of  light  in  the  morning. 

But  sorrow  returned  with  the  dawning  of  mom. 
And  the  voice  in  my  dreaming  ear  melted  away. 

Cam/da, 

2.  First  opening  or  appearance,  as  of  intel- 
lectual powers;  beginning;  as,  the  first 
dawning  of  notions  in  the  understanding. 

Moreover  always  in  my  mind  I  hear 
A  cry  from  out  the  dawning  of  my  life. 

Tennyson. 

Dawpate  (da'piit),  n.    A  simpleton. 
Dawt  (d,-it),  v.  t.  [Akin  E.  dote.]  To  regard  or 

treat  with  affection;  to  pet;  to  caress;  to 

fondle.    [Scotch.] 

Much  davited  by  the  gods  Is  he, 

Wha'  to  the  Indian  plain 
Successfu'  ploughs  the  wally  sea. 

And  safe  returns  again.  Ratnsay. 

Dawtie  (dat'i),  n.  A  beloved  child:  a  dar- 
ling; a  child  much  fondled  through  affection : 
frequently  used  as  a  term  of  endearment. 
[Scotch.] 

Day  (da),  n.  [A.  Sax.  dag.  Cog.  D.  Dan.  and 
Sw.dop.  Icel.dafirr.Goth.  dags.U.  tag;  not  ron 
nected  with  L.  dies,  a  day.]  1.  That  part  of 
the  time  of  the  earth's  revolution  on  its  axis 
in  which  its  surface  is  presented  to  the  sun; 
that  space  of  time  during  which  it  continues 
to  be  light  in  contradistinction  to  night,  or 
that  portion  of  time  during  which  it  is  dark; 
but  the  space  of  time  in  which  it  is  light 
being  somewhat  vague  and  indeterminate, 
the  time  between  the  rising  and  setting  of 
the  sun  is  usually  termed  the  day,  and  con- 
stitutes what  astronomers  call  the  artificial 
day.  '  And  God  called  the  light  day.'  Gen. 
i.  5. — 2.  The  whole  time  or  period  of  one  re- 
volution of  the  earth  on  its  axis,  or  twenty- 
four  hours;  called  the  natural  day. 

And  the  evening  and  the  morning  were  the  first  day. 
Gen.  i.  5. 

In  this  sense  the  day  may  commence  at  any 
period  of  the  revolution.  The  Babylonians 
began  the  day  at  sun-rising;  the  Jews  at 
sun-setting;  the  Egyptians  at  midnight,  as 
do  several  nations  in  modern  times,  the 
British,  French,  Spanish,  American,  Ac. 
This  day,  in  reference  to  civil  transactions, 
is  called  the  riril  day.  Thus  with  us  the 
day  when  a  legal  instrument  is  dated  begins 
and  ends  at  midnight.  In  astron.  a  natural 
or  solar  day  is  usually  considered  to  be  the 
interval  between  the  sun's  leaving  the  meri- 
dian and  his  return  to  it.  The  length  of 
this  day  is  continually  varying,  owing  to 
the  eccentricity  of  the  earth's  orbit  and  the 
obliquity  of  the  ecliptic.  A  mean  solar  day 
is  a  mean  of  all  the  natural  or  solar  days  in 
the  year.  A  sidereal  day  is  the  time  of  one 
apparent  revolution  of  the  fixed  stars.  It 
is  uniformly  equal  to  23  hours,  56  minutes, 
4  098  seconds.— 3.  Light;  sunshine. 

Let  us  walk  honestly  as  in  the  day.     Rom.  xiii.  13. 

4  Time  specified;  any  period  of  time  distin- 
guished from  other  time;  age;  time,  with 
reference  to  the  existence  of  a  person  or 
thing;  as,  he  was  a  useful  man  in  his  day. 

In  the  day  thou  eatest  thereof  thou  shall  surely  die. 
Gen.  ii.  17 

In  this  sense  the  plural  is  often  used;  as. 
from  the  days  of  the  judges;  in  the  days  of 
our  fathers.  In  this  sense  also  the  word  is 
often  equivalent  to  life  or  earthly  existence. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me.  met.  her;        pine,  pin;      nOte,  not.  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  Icy. 


DAY 


DBAOOM 


5.  The  contest  of  a  day;  battle;  or  day  of 
combat;  as,  the  day  is  our  own. 

His  name  struck  fear,  his  conduct  won  the  day. 
RoscommoH. 

0.  An  appointed  or  fixed  time. 

If  my  debtors  do  not  keep  their  day.      Drydcn 

7  Time  of  commemorating  an  event;  anni- 
versary; the  same  day  of  the  month  in  any 
future  year;  as,  George  Heriot's  day;  St.  Bar- 
tholomew's day  —  Day  by  day,  daily;  every 
day;  each  day  in  succession;  continually; 
without  intermission  of  a  day. 

Day  !'y  day  we  magnify  thce. 

Book  of  Common  Prayer. 

But  or  only  from  day  to  day,  without  cer- 
tainty of  continuance;  temporarily.— To- 
day, on  the  present  day;  this  day;  or  at  the 
present  time.  —  One  day,  or  one  of  these  days, 
sometime  hereafter;  sooner  or  later.  'I 
hope  one  day  to  see  you  fitted  with  a  hus- 
band.' Shak. — I  have  seen  the  day,  a  phrase 
implying  that  a  person  or  circumstances 
were  once  different  from  what  they  are  now. 
-Day  of  grace,  (a)  in  theal.  the  time  during 
which  mercy  is  offered  to  sinners. 

Life  is  the  season  God  hath  given 
To  fly  from  hell  and  rise  to  heaven: 
That  day  o/grace  fleets  fast  away. 
And  none  its  rapid  course  can  stay. 

Scotch  Scripture  Paraphrase. 

(6)  pi.  In  old  English  law,  days  granted  by 
the  court  for  delay  at  the  prayer  of  the 
plaintiff  or  defendant;  three  days  beyond 
the  day  named  in  the  writ,  in  which  the 
person  summoned  may  appear  and  answer, 
(c)  In  coin,  a  customary  number  of  days,  in 
Great  Britain  and  America  three,  allowed 
for  the  payment  of  a  note  or  bill  of  exchange 
after  it  becomes  due.  A  note  due  on  the 
seventh  of  the  month  is  payable  on  the 
tenth.  The  days  of  grace  are  different  in 
different  countries. — Day  in  court,  a  day  for 
the  appearance  of  parties  in  a  suit.— Day's 
journey,  a  somewhat  loose  mode  of  measur- 
ing distance  in  the  East.  The  day's  journey 
of  a  man  on  foot  may  be  estimated  at  about 
•20  to  24  English  miles,  but  if  the  journey  is 
for  many  days,  about  17i.  A  day's  journey 
on  horseback  may  be  taken  at  about  20  to 
30  miles.  In  a  caravan  journey  with  camels 
the  day's  journey  is  about  30  miles  for  a 
short  distance;  but  on  an  extended  line 
somewhat  less.  The  mean  rate  of  the  daily 
marches  of  armies  is  about  14  miles  in  a  line 
of  from  eight  to  ten  marches;  but  for  a  single 
march,  or  even  two  or  three,  the  distance 
may  be  a  mile  or  two  longer.— Day's  work, 
(a)  the  work  of  one  day.  If)  Xaut.  the  ac- 
count or  reckoning  of  a  ship's  course  for 
twenty-four  hours,  from  noon  to  noon.— 
Days  in  tank,  in  England,  days  of  appear- 
ance in  the  court  of  Common  Bench  Days 
in  court  are  generally  at  the  distance  of 
about  a  week  from  each  other,  and  have 
reference  to  some  festival  of  the  Church. 
On  some  one  of  these  days  in  bank,  all  ori- 
ginal writs  must  be  made  returnable. 
Day  (da),  n.  [Supposed  to  be  a  corruption 
of  bay.]  One  of  the  compartments  of  a 
mullioned  window. 

Daybedt  (da'bed),  n.  A  bed  used  for  rest 
during  the  day;  a  sofa. 

Having  come  down  from  a  daybtd  where  I  have 
left  Olivia  sleeping.  Stiak. 

Dayblittdness  (da'blind-nes),  n.  The  com- 
mon name  for  the  visual  defect  called  nyc- 
talopia, by  which  objects  are  seen  only  in 
the  evening  and  at  night.  It  is  the  opposite 
of  day-sight.  Called  also  Sight-night,  Xoc- 
turnal-tsight. 

Daybook  (daOmk),  n.  A  journal  of  accounts; 
a  book  in  which  are  recorded  the  debts  and 
credits  or  accounts  of  the  day. 

Daybreak  (da'brak),  n.  The  dawn  or  first 
appearance  of  light  in  the  morning. 

Daycoal  (da'kol),  n.  A  name  given  by  miners 
to  the  upper  stratum  of  coal,  as  being  near- 
est the  light  or  surface. 

Daydream  (da'drem),  n.  A  reverie;  a  castle 
in  the  air;  a  visionary  fancy  indulged  in 
when  awake;  an  extravagant  conceit  of  the 
fancy  or  imagination. 

Daydreamer  (da'drem-er),  n.  One  who  in- 
dulges in  daydreams ;  a  fanciful  sanguine 
schemer;  one  given  to  indulge  in  reveries 
or  to  building  castles  in  the  air. 

Daydreamy  (da'drem-i),  a.  Relating  to  or 
abounding  in  daydreams.  [Rare.  ] 

Dayflower  (da'ftou-er),  n.  The  popular  name 
of  a  genus  of  plants,  the  Commelyna. 

Dayfly  (da'fli),  n.  The  popular  name  of 
those  neuropterous  insects  which  belong  to 


Dayfly  (Efhtmera  vittfata). 


the  genus  Ephemera.    They  are  so  called 

because,  though  they  may  exist  in  tin-  larval 

and  pupal  state 

for  several  years, 

in  their  perfect 

form  they  exist 

only  from  a  few 

hours  to  a  few 

days,  taking  no 

food,    but   only 

propagating 

their  species  and  then  dying.   See  KPIIKMC- 

RID.fi 

Daylabour  (dn'la-ber),  n.  Labour  hired  or 
performed  by  the  day;  stated  or  fixed  labour. 

Doth  God  exact  daylabour.  light  denied?     Mitten. 

Daylabourer  (dala-bcr-er),  n.  One  who 
works  by  the  day. 

Daylight  (da'lit),  n.  1.  The  light  of  the  day; 
the  light  of  the  sun,  as  opposed  to  that  of 
the  moon  or  of  a  lamp  or  candle.  —  2.  The 
space  left  in  a  wine-glass  between  the  liquor 
and  the  brim,  and  not  allowed  when  bum- 
pers are  drunk,  the  toast-master  calling  out 
'  No  daylights.'  [Slang.] — To  burn  daylight. 
See  BURN. 

Day-lily  (dali-lt),  n.  [So  called  because  the 
beauty  of  its  flowers  rarely  lasts  over  one 
day.]  A  genus  of  plants  of  the  nat.  order 
Liliaeece,  same  as  Hetnerocallis  (which  see). 

Daylong  (da'long),  a.    Lasting  all  day. 

All  about  the  fields  you  caught 
His  weary  daylong  chirping.  Tennyson. 

Dayly  (da'li),a.  The  more  regular,  but  rarely 
used,  orthography  of  Daily. 

Daymald,t  Deymaidt  (da'mad),  n.  [See 
DAIRY.  ]  A  dairymaid. 

Dayman  (da'man),  n.  A  daylabourer;  one 
hired  by  the  day. 

Daymare  (da'mar),  n.  A  species  of  Incubus 
which  occurs  during  waking  hours,  accom- 
panied by  the  peculiar  pressure  on  the  chest 
experienced  in  nightmare. 

Daynet  (da'net),  n.  A  net  for  catching  small 
birds,  as  larks,  martins,  &c. 

Daypeep  (da 'pep),  ».  The  dawn  of  the 
morning.  Milton. 

Dayroom  (da'rbm),  n.  A  prison  ward  in 
which  the  prisoners  are  kept  during  the  day. 

Day-rule,  Day-writ  (d&'rol,  da'rit),  n.  In 
law,  formerly  a  rule  or  order  of  court,  per- 
mitting a  prisoner,  in  the  King's  Bench 
prison,  Ac.,  to  go  without  the  bouudsof  the 
prison  for  one  day. 

Dayschool  (da'skol),  n.  A  school  taught 
during  the  day,  in  which  the  scholars  are 
not  boarded.  Opposed  to  evening-school, 
boarding-school. 

Daysight  (da' sit),  n.  Another  term  for 
hemtralopia  or  night-blindness,  an  affection 
of  the  vision,  in  which  it  is  dull  and  confused 
in  the  dark  but  clear  and  strong  in  the  day- 
light. It  is  a  defect  arising  from  nervous 
irritability. 

Daysman  (daz'man),  n.  [Lit.  one  who  ap- 
points a  day  for  hearing  a  cause.]  An  um- 
pire or  arbiter;  a  mediator. 

Neither  is  there  any  daysman  betwiit  us. 

Job  ix.  33. 

Dayspring  (dii'spring),  n.  The  dawn;  the 
beginning  of  the  day;  or  first  appearance  of 

Whereby  the  dnyspring  from  on  high  hath  yKited 
us. 

Daystar  (da'star),  n.  1.  The  morning  star, 
Lucifer,  Venus;  the  star  which  precedes  the 
morning  light— 2.  The  sun,  as  the  orb  of 

So  sinks  the  day-star  in  the  ocean  bed.    Milton. 

Daytime  (da'tim),  n.    The  time  of  the  sun's 
light  on  the  earth. 
Daywoman  (da'wnm-an),  n.    A  dairymaid. 

Daywork  (da'wcrk),  n.  1  Work  by  the  day; 
daylabour  —2.  Work  done  during  the  day, 
as  distinguished  from  that  done  during  the 

Daze  (daz),  i).  (.  [The  same  word  as  Icel.  dasa, 
to  tire  out;  O.D.  daesen,  to  be  foolish.  In 
A  Sax  dwaes,  foolish,  occurs.  Akin  dizzy, 
doze  Dare,  as  in  'to  dare  larks,'  may  per- 
haps be  another  form  of  daze.}  To  stun  or 
stupefy,  as  with  a  blow,  liquor,  or  excess  of 
li"-ht  •  to  dim  or  blind  by  too  strong  a  light, 
or  to  render  the  sight  of  unsteady. 

Some  flushed  and  others  dated,  as  one  .ho  wakes 
Half-blinded  at  the  coming  of  a  light.    . 

Daze  (daz),  n.  In  mining,  a  glittering  stone. 
Dazed  (ditzd),  p.  and  a.  Stunned;  stupefied. 

'  Let  us  go,'  said  the  one  with  a  sullen  dated  gloom 
in  his  face. 

Dazled  (da'zid),  a.    See  DAISIED.    Shak. 
Dazzle  (daz'zl)'  t.t.  pret.  *  pp.  dazzled;  ppr. 


/  !  Tir,|  ,,f  ,/„....  ill,,  ,1,  ,|,<,wer 
with  liL-ht.  t.i  hinder  distinct  vi,i,.n  i.y  In- 
tense Irjht.  t<>  hm,  m  the  night  by  excena 
ol  light 

Dark  »lth  eicettive  bright  thjr  iklitl  »pi  '«. 
Y<rt  daille  heaven,  thai  brightest  Mnyhfa 
Approach  nut  but  »ilh  both  wings  veil  their  eyes. 

'  t«  overpower  or  ronf,,imd  !•>•  »plen- 
dour  or  hrilliam-y.  f,r  witli  ..lniu 
"I  :iny  kind.       'ZMObdind  di". 
i  in 'iiiies, '    Shak 

Dazzle  ida/'/li.  i-  /    1  To  he  overpower! : 
bright;  as,  tin-  light  ''"-•--,' 
cite  admiration  l,y  brilliancy,  nr  mi)  showy 
quality;  as,  her  Ixrauty  dazzled  rather  than 
I-,    ,  .  I 

Ah.  fiiend  I  to  Janilt  let  the  vain  iletign.  foft. 

3.  To  be  overpowered  by  light;  to  shake  or 
be  unsteady;  to  waver,  as  the  sight 

I  dare  not  trust  these  eyes: 
They  d.intc  in  mists,  and  daislt  wiili  * 

Itrydtn. 

Dazzle  (daz'zl), «.    1.  A  dazzling  light:  gilt- 

tn.    'i.  I'i'i  meretricious  display;  meretri- 

noil*  liiiUiaiK'V      .Moore. 
Dazzlement  t  (daz'zl-ment),  n.    The  act  or 

]>,.»,r  of  dazzling. 

It  beat  back  the  sight  with  •  dastleinenl.  Don**. 

Dazzler  (daz'/.ler),  n.  One  who  or  that 
which  dazzles;  specifically,  a  person  who 
produces  an  effect  by  gaudy  or  meretricious 
display. 

Mr.  Luinbcjr  shook  his  head  with  great  solemnity. 
as  though  to  imply  t  hat  he  supposed  she  must  bat  u 
been  rather  a  dustier.  DuJUttt. 

Dazzling  Cdaz'zling).  n.  A  popular  name  for 
n  disturbance  of  vision,  occasioned  by  a 
sudden  impression  of  powerful  light,  or  by 
an  internal  cause. 

Dazzlingly  (daz'zliug-ll),  adv.  In  a  dazzling 
manner. 

D.D.  An  abbreviation  of  divinitatit  doctor, 
doctor  of  divinity 

De-  (de).  A  common  prefix  In  English 
words,  representing  In  most  instances  the 
Latin  de,  from,  away  from,  down  from,  as 
in  debark,  deduct,  detract,  decamp,  descend, 
decline.  In  some  cases  it  represents  tho 
Latin  dii  or  di,  coming  through  the  Fr.  dr. 
as  in  deluge,  Fr  deluge,  L.  diluvium;  delay. 
Fr.  dflai,  L.  dilatum.  In  certain  cases  it 
has  an  intensifying  power  or  no  apparent 
power  at  all;  as  in  deprave,  despoil,  deny. 
Deacon  (de'kon).  "•  (L.  diaeonut,  from  Or. 
diakouvx,  a  minister  or  servant— dt'o,  by, 
and  koneo,  to  serve.)  1  Kccles.  a  person 
In  the  lowest  degree  of  holy  orders.  The 
office  of  deacon  was  instituted  by  the 
apostles,  and  seven  persons  were  chosen  at 
first  to  serve  at  the  feasts  of  Christians,  ami 
distribute  bread 
and  wine  to  the 
communicants, 
and  to  minister 
to  the  wants  of 
the  poor.  In  the 
Roman  Catholic 
Church  the  of- 
fice of  the  dea- 
con is  to  in- 
cense the  offi- 
ciating priest, 
to  lay  the  cor- 
porale  on  the 
altar,  to  receive 
the  cup  from 
the  sub-deacon 
and  present  it 
to  the  person 
offlciating.to  in- 
cense the  choir, 
to  receive  the 
pax  from  the 
officiating  pre- 

Deacon,  from  Cloisters,  ™*.  and    carry 

Liege,  1460. 


.'., 


It  to  the  sub- 
deacon,  and  at 
the  pontifical  mass  to  put  the  mitre  on 
the  bishop's  head.  In  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land the  deacon  is  the  lowest  of  the  three 
orders  of  priesthood,  these  being  bishops, 
priests,  and  deacons.  The  deacon  may  per 
form  all  the  ordinary  offices  of  the  Chris- 
tian priesthood  except  consecrating  the 
elements  at  the  administration  of  the  Lord  s 
Supper,  and  pronouncing  the  absolution. 
In  Presbyterian  churches  thedeacon't»»OJ 
is  to  attend  to  the  secular  interests,  and 
in  Independent  churches  it  is  the  same, 
with  the  addition  that  he  has  to  distribute  the 
bread  and  wine  to  the  communicants.— 2  In 
Scotland,  the  president  of  an  incorporated 
trade  who  is  the  chairman  of  its  meetings. 


th,  , 


wh,  -Mlg; 


DEACONESS 


670 


DEAD-MEN 


and  signs  its  records.   Before  the  passing  of 
the  Burgh  Reform  Act  the  deacons  of  the  i 
crafts,   or   incorporated    trades,    in    royal 
burghs,  formed  a  constituent  part  of  the 
town-council,  and   were  understood  to  re- 
present the  trades  as  distinguished  from  the  ', 
merchants  and  guild  brethren;  but  by  the  : 
terms  of  that  act  the  deacons  are  no  longer  | 
recognized  as  official  ami  constituent  mem- 
bers of  the  town  council,  but  in  other  re- 
spects the  rights  and  usages  of  the  crafts  are 
preserved,  and  are  exercised  without  con- 
trol on  the  part  of  the  town  council.    The 
deacon-convener  of  the  trades  in  Edinburgh 
and  Glasgow  still  continues  to  be  a  consti- 
tuent member  of  the  town  council. 

Deaconess  (de'kon-es),  n.  1.  A  female  deacon 
in  the  primitive  church.— 2.  The  term  for  a 
kind  of  quasi  si  ster-of -mercy  among  certain  I 
Continental  and  other  Protestants.     Lee. 

Deaconhood  (de'kon-hud),  n.  1.  The  state 
or  office  of  a  deacon;  deacpuship.— 2.  A 
body  of  deacons  taken  collectively. 

Deaconry,  Deaconship  (de'kon-ri,  delcon- 
ship),  n.  The  office,  dignity,  or  ministry  of 
a  deacon  or  deaconess. 

Dead  (ded),  a.  [A.  Sax.  dedd.  See  DEATH  and 
DIE.]  1.  Deprived  or  destitute  of  life;  noting 
that  state  of  a  being  or  matter,  animal  or 
vegetable,  in  which  the  organs  have  ceased 
to  perform  their  functions,  and  have  be- 
come incapable  of  performing  them,  or  of 
being  restored  to  a  state  of  activity;  as, dead 
matter. 

The  men  are  dead  who  sought  thy  life.     Ex.  ir.  10. 

2  Indifferent;  callous;  Inattentive;  void  of 
perception. 

That  white  dome  of  St.  Mark's  had  uttered  in  the 
dead  ear  of  Venice, '  Know  thou,  that  for  all  these  God 
will  bring  thee  into  judgment.'  Kits  tin. 

3.  Resembling  death ;  deep  or  sound ;  as,  a 
dead  sleep.— 4.  Perfectly  btill;  motionless 
as  death;  as,  a  dead  calm. — 5.  Monotonous; 
unvarying;  unbroken  by  apertures,  projec- 
tions, or  irregularities;  as,  a  dead  level; 
a  dead  wall.— 0.  Unemployed;  useless;  un- 
profitable; as,  a  man's  faculties  may  lie  i 
dead,  or  his  goods  remain  dead  on  his  ' 
hands.  Dead  capital  or  stock  is  capital 
ur  stock  which  produces  no  profit— 7.  Dull;  ' 
inactive;  as,  a  dead  sale  of  commodities.— 
8.  Still;  deep;  obscure;  as,  the  dead  dark- 
ness of  the  night— 9.  Producing  no  rever- 
beration; dull;  heavy;  as,  a  dead  sound.— 
10. Tasteless ;vapid spiritless:  used  of  liquors. 
11  In  a  state  of  spiritual  death;  void  of 
grace;  lying  under  the  powerof  sin.— 12.  Pro-  J 
ceeding  from  corrupt  nature,  not  from  spi- 
ritual life  or  a  gracious  principle ;  unpro- 
ductive of  good  works;  as,  dead  faith;  dead 
works.  Heb.  ix.  14.-  13.  Impotent;  unable  to 
procreate.  Rom.  iv.  19.  — 14.  Producing 
death;  sure  or  unerring  as  death;  fixed;  as, 
a  dead  certainty;  a  dead  shot.— 15.  In  laic, 
cut  olf  from  the  rights  of  a  citizen;  de- 
prived of  the  power  of  enjoying  the  rights 
of  property;  as,  one  banished  or  becoming 
a  monk  is  civilly  dead.— 16.  Not  commu-  ] 
nicating  motion  or  power;  as,  dead  steam;  ! 
the  dead  spindle  of  a  lathe. — 17.  In  paint-  \ 
'":'•  applied  (a)  to  a  colour  that  has  no  j 
gloss  upon  it.  a  condition  generally  produced 
by  the  use  of  less  than  the  usual  quantity  of 
oil  and  more  of  turpentine;  (b)  to  a  colour 
that  is  not  bright,  such  as  gray.—  Dead-beat 
or  dead  excapement,  in  clock-work,  a  peculiar 
kind  of  escapement,  invented  by  Graham, 
about  1770,  with  a  view  to  lessen  the  effect 
of  the  wheel-work  on  the  motion  of  the 
pendulum.  In  this  escapement  the  secnmls 
index  stands  still  after  each  drop,  whence 
the  name.  See  ESCAPEMENT.— Dead  lan- 
guage, a  language  which  is  no  longer  spoken 
or  in  common  use  by  a  people,  and  known 
only  in  writings,  as  Latin,  Etruscan,  and 
Sanskrit— Dead-alive,  or  dead  and  alive, 
dull;  inactive;  moping.  [Colloq.]— Dead  as 
a  door-nail,  utterly,  completely  dead.  [Vul- 
gar. ]-Dead  lock,  (ci)  a  lock  which  has  no 
spring  or  catch,  (b)  A  phrase  expressive  I 
of  the  position  of  affairs  when  they  have 
become  so  complicated  or  interlocked  that 
they  are  at  a  complete  stand-still,  and  no  pro- 
gress can  be  made  with  them. —Dead  men, 

(a)  l>ottles  emptied  at  a  banquet,  carouse,  &c. 

The  general  was  remarkably  addicted  to  huge  car- 
ousals, and  in  one  afternoon's  campaign  would  leave 
more  Jeatt  men  on  the  field  than  lie  ever  did  in  the 
whole  course  of  his  military  career.  If.  Irving 

(b)  Naut.  the  reef  or  gasket-ends  carelessly 
left  dangling  under  the  yard  when  the  sail 
is  furled  instead  of  being  tucked  in.—  Dead 
u><  n'*  shoes  [Sc.  dead  men's  shoon],  a  situa- 
tion or  possession  formerly  occupied  by  a 


person  who  has  died.  '  Tis  tedious  waiting 
dead  men's  shoe*.'  Fletcher. 

And  ye're  e'en  come  back  to  Liberton  to  wait  for 
dead  men's  shoon.  Sir  If'.  Scott. 

Dead  (ded),  n.  1.  The  time  when  there  is  a 
remarkable  stillness  or  gloom;  the  culmin- 
ating point,  as  the  midst  of  winter  or  of 
night. 

At  one  time  it  was  thought  that  an  attack  on  Ken- 
sington  House  at  de,id  of  night  might  probably  be 
successful.  Afacaulajf. 

2.  [As  a  plural.]    Those  who  are  dead;  the 
deceased;  the  departed. 

1  his  is  John  the  Baptist;  he  is  risen  from  the  dead. 
Mat.  xiv.  2. 

3.  pi.  In  mining,  the  substances  which  in- 
close the  ore  on  every  side. 

Deadt  (ded),  P.I.    To  lose  life  or  force. 

So  iron,  as  soon  as  it  is  out  of  the  (ire,  deadeth 
straightway.  Bacan. 

Deadt  (ded),  v.t.  To  deprive  of  life,  force, 
or  vigour;  to  make  dead;  to  dull.  'The  sound 
may  be  extinguished  or  deaded.'  Bacon. 

Dead  (ded),  adv.  To  a  degree  approaching 
death  ;  to  the  last  degree ;  thoroughly ; 
totally;  entirely;  completely;  as,  dead  beat. 

I  was  tired  of  reading,  and  dead  sleepy.   Ditkens. 

Dead-angle  (ded'ang-gl),  n.  In  fort  the 
space  in  front  of  a  parapet,  which  the  sol- 
diers within  can  neither  fire  upon  nor  see. 

Dead-beat  (ded 'bet),  n.  1.  A  dead-beat 
escapement.  See  under  DEAD,  a.— 2.  One 
who  has  completely  failed  in  life;  a  loafer; 
a  sharper.  [United  States.] 

Dead-bell  (ded'bel),  n.    Same  as  Death-bell. 

Dead -centre.  Dead-point  (ded'sen-ter, 
ded'point),  n.  In  mech.  that  position  of 
the  arms  of  a  link-motion  in  which  they 
coincide  with  the  line  of  centres,  that  is  to 
say,  when  the  links  are  in  the  same  straight 
line.  Thus,  when  the  crank  and  connecting- 
rod  of  a  steam-engine  are  in  a  straight  line 
the  situation  is  expressed  by  saying  that  the 
engine  is  on  its  (upper  or  lower)  dead-centre, 
or  that  the  crank  is  at  its  (long  or  short) 
dead-point. 

Dead-colouring  (ded'kul-er-ing),  n.  In 
painting,  the  first  layer  of  colours,  usually 
some  shade  of  gray,  on  which  are  superin- 
duced the  finishing  colours. 

Dead-doing  (ded'do-ing),  a.  Causing  or  in- 
flicting death. 

Hold,  u  dear  lord,  your  dead-doing  hand.    Sftnstr. 

Dead-door  (ded'ddr),  n.  In  ship-building, 
one  of  the  doors  fitted  to  the  outside  of  the 
quarter-gallery  doors,  in  case  the  quarter- 
gallery  should  be  carried  away. 

Deaden  (ded'n),  v.t.  1.  To  deprive  of  a  por- 
tion of  vigour,  force,  or  sensibility;  to  abate 
the  vigour  or  action  of;  as,  to  deaden  the 
force  of  a  ball;  to  deaden  the  natural  powers 
or  feelings. 

He  that  .  .  .  learns  to  deaden 

Love  of  self,  before  his  journey  closes. 

Me  shall  find  the  stubborn  thistle  bursting 

Into  glossy  purples,  which  outredden 

All  voluptuous  garden-roses.  Tennyson. 

2.  To  retard ;  to  lessen  the  velocity  or  momen- 
tum of;  as,  to  deaden  &  ship's  way,  that  is, 
to  retard  her  progress.  — 3.  To  diminish  the 
strength  or  spirit  of;  to  make  vapid  or 
spiritless;  as,  to  deaden  wine  or  beer. — 4.  To 
deprive  of  gloss  or  brilliancy;  to  reduce  the 
tone  of;  as,  to  deaden  gilding  by  a  coat  of 
size. 

Oily  marrow  deadens  the  whiteness  of  the  tissue. 
rrof.  Owen. 

Deadener  (ded'n-tr),  n.  A  person  or  thing 
that  deadens,  checks,  or  represses,  'Incum- 
bram-es  and  deadencrs  of  the  harmony.' 
Landor. 

Dead-eye  (ded'i),  n.  (Deadman's  eye.] 
.\tint  a  round  flattish  wooden  block,  en- 
circled by  a  rope  or  an  iron  band,  and 
pierced  with  three  holes  to  receive  the  lan- 
yard, used  to  extend  the  shrouds  and  stays, 
and  for  other  purposes. 

Dead-flat  (ded'tlat),  n.  In  ship-building, 
the  name  of  a  midship  bend. 

Dead-freight  (ded'frat),  n.  In  mar.  laic,  the 
sum  paid  as  freight  for  the  unoccupied  space 
in  a  ship,  where  a  merchant  has  freighted 
the  whole  ship  and  failed  to  supply  a  full 
cargo. 

Dead-ground  (ded'ground),  n.  1.  In  fort. 
same  as  Dead-angle  (which  see). — 2.  In  //<///- 
iii<i,  the  portion  of  a  vein  in  which  there  is 
no  ore. 

Dead-head  (dedlied),  n.  1.  In  founding,  the 
extra  length  of  metal  given  to  a  cast  gun. 
It  serves  to  contain  the  dross,  which  rises  to 
the  surface  of  the  liquid  metal,  and  which, 
were  it  not  for  the  dead-head,  would  be  at 
the  muzzle  of  the  gun.  When  cooled  and 
solid,  the  dead-head  is  cut  off.— 2.  .\aut.  a 


rough  block  of  wood  used  as  an  anchor- 
buoy.— 3.  One  who  rides  in  a  public  nmvc}  - 
ance,  visits  the  theatre,  or  obtains  anything 
of  value,  without  payment.  [Tinted States.) 

Dead-heat  (ded'het),  n.  A  race  in  which 
the  runners  come  all  to  the  winning  post  at 
the  same  time,  so  that  no  one  is  the  winner 

Dead-hedge  (ded'hej),  n.  A  hedge  made 
with  the  primings  of  trees,  or  with  the  tops 
of  old  hedges  which  have  been  cut  down. 

Dead-horse  (ded'hors),  n.  Work  the  wages 
of  which  have  been  paid  before  it  is  exe- 
cuted.— To  pull  the  dead-horse,  to  work  for 
wages  already  paid.  [Trade  slang.] 

Dead-house  (ded'hous),  n.  An  apartment 
in  a  hospital  or  other  institution  where 
dead  bodies  are  kept  for  a  time. 

Deadish  (ded'ish),  a.  Resembling  what  is 
dead;  dull.  [Rare.] 

The  lips  put  on  a  deadish  paleness.        Stafford. 

Dead-letter  (ded'let-ter),  n.  1.  A  letter 
which  lies  for  a  certain  period  uncalled  for 
at  the  post-office,  or  one  which  cannot  be 
delivered  from  defect  of  address,  and  which 
is  sent  to  the  general  post-office  to  be  opened 
and  returned  to  the  writer. — 2.  Anything, 
as  a  condition,  treaty,  &c.,  which  has  lost 
its  force  or  authority,  by  lapse  of  time  or 
any  other  cause,  and  has  ceased  to  be  acted 
on ;  as,  the  treaty  of  1856  has  become  a  dead- 
letter.— Dead-letter  office,  a  department  of 
the  general  post-office  where  dead-letters 
are  examined  and  disposed  of. 

Dead-lift  (dud'lift),  M.  A  lift  made  In  the 
roost  difficult  circumstances,  as  of  a  dead 
body;  hence,  an  extreme  exigency. 

And  have  no  power  at  all,  nor  shift, 

To  help  itself  at  a  dead-lift.       Httttibras. 

Dead -light  (dedlit),  n.  Saut.  a  strong 
wooden  port  made  to  suit  a  cabin-window, 
in  which  it  Is  fixed,  to  prevent  the  water 
from  entering  a  ship  in  a  storm. 

Deadlihood  (ded'li-hud),  n.  [From  deadly.] 
The  state  of  the  dead. 

Deadliness  (ded'li-ucs),  n.  The  quality  of 
l>eing  deadly. 

Dead-lock  (dedlok),  n.   See  under  DEAD,  a. 

Deadly  (ded'li),  a.  1.  That  may  occasion 
death ;  mortal ;  fatal ;  destructive ;  as,  n 
deadly  blow  or  wound.  '  The  deadly  level 
of  a  gun.'  Shat.—z.  Mortal;  Implacable; 
aiming  to  kill  or  destroy;  as,  a  deadly  enemy , 
deadly  malice;  a  deadly  feud.  'Thy  assail- 
ant is  quick,  skilful,  and  deadly.'  Skab.  — 
3.t  Liable  to  death;  mortal.  'The  image 
of  a  deadly  man. '  Wycli/e,  Rom.  i.  23. 

Deadly  (ded'li),  adv.    1.  In  a  manner  re- 
sembling death;  as,  deadly  pale  or  wan. 
Such  is  the  aspect  of  this  shore; 
'Tis  Greece,  but  living  Greece  no  more ! 
So  coldly  sweet,  so  deadly  fair. 
We  start,  for  soul  is  wanting  there.        Byron. 

2.  Mortally. 

He  shall  groan  before  him  with  the  groaning*  of  .1 
deadly  wounded  man.  Lzek.  xxx.  24. 

3.  Implacably;  destructively. — 4.  Very;  ex- 
tremely; excessively.     'So  deadly  cunning 
a  man.1    Arbuthnot.    [Vulgar  or  ludicrous.) 
—Deadly  made,  made  for  death,  hell,  and 
destruction,  and  not  for  life,  heaven,  and 
happiness.     Spenser. 

Deadly-carrot  (dedli-ka-rut),  n.  An  uni- 
I>elliferou8  plant  (Thapxia  vulosa)  found  in 
the  south  of  Europe,  which  is  highly  poison- 
ous. 

Deadly-handed  (ded'li -hand-ed),  a.  San- 
guinary; disposed  to  kill. 

The  deadly-handed  Clifford  slew  my  steed.    Ska*. 

Deadly-lively  (dedli-liv-li),  a.  Consisting 
of  a  commixture  of  gloom  and  liveliness. 

liven  her  black  dress  assumed  something  of  a 
dcadly-lii-ely  air  from  the  jaunty  style  in  which  it  was 
worn.  Dickens. 

Deadly  -  nightshade  (ded'li-nit-shad),  n. 
The  popular  name  of  the  poisonous  plant 
Atropa  Belladonna,  nat.  order  Solan;u*  a- 
often  found  growing  on  the  rubbish  of  old 
buildings  and  on  waste  ground  about  farm- 
houses. See  BELLADONNA. 

Dead  March  (ded'march),  n.  A  piece  of 
solemn  music  played  at  funeral  processions, 
especially  those  of  military  men.  The  piece 
now  played  at  the  funeral  of  British  sol- 
diers is  the  dead  march  from  Handel's 
oratorio  of  Saul. 

Hush !    The  Dead  March  wails  in  a  people's  ears : 
The  dark  crowd  moves,  and  there  are  sobs  and  tears: 
The  black  earth  yawns :  the  mortal  disappears. 

Tennyson, 

Dead-meat  (ded'metX  n.  The  flesh  of  cattle, 
sheep,  and  pigs,  slaughtered  and  ready  for 
the  market. 

Dead -men  (ded'men),  n.  pi.  See  under 
DEAD,  a. 


Fata,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       piue,  pin;      note,  not,  miive;       tube,  tub,  bull;        oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abuue;      yf  Sc.  ley. 


DEAD-NEAP 


671 


DEAL 


.  —. 
ardour;  coldness;  frigidity;  as,  ti 


. 

The  most  curious  phenomenon  in  all  Venetian  his- 
tory is  the  vitality  of  religion  in  private  life,  ami  its 
deadliest  in  public  policy.  Kns^tn. 

His  grace  removes  the  defect  of  inclination,  by 
taking  of  our  natural  deafness  and  disaffection  to- 
wards them  Jttvers, 

4.  Vapidncss;  want  of  spirit;  as,  the  dead- 
w.vw  of  liquors.  —  5.  State  of  being  incapable 
of   conception  according  to  the  ordinary 
laws  of  nature.     Rom.  iv.  19.—  G.  Inditi'er- 
ence;  mortification  of  the  natural  desires; 
alienation  of  heart  from  temporal  pleasures; 
as,  di'adnexy  to  the  world. 

Dead-nettle  (ded'net-tl),  n.  The  common 
name  of  the  species  of  plants  of  the  genus 
Latnium,  nat.  order  Labiatrc,  from  the  re- 
semblance of  their  leaves  to  those  of  the 
nettle,  though  they  have  no  stinging  pro- 
perty. There  are  several  species  found  in 
Uritain,  as  the  white  dead-nettle  (L.  album), 
the  red  (L.  purpurcuui),  and  the  yellow  (L. 
Galt'ubdolon). 

Dead-oil  (ded'oil),  n.    Coal-tar. 

Dead-on-end  (ded'on-end),  a.  Naut.  &  term 
applied  to  the  wind  when  it  is  in  direct  op- 
position to  the  ship's  course. 

Dead-pale  (ded'pal),  a.  Pale  as  death; 
deadly  pale. 

A  gleaming  shape  she  floated  by, 

Dead-pale,  between  the  houses  high.  Tennyson. 

Dead-pay  (ded'pa),  n.  MiKt.  and  naut.  the 
continued  pay  of  soldiers  and  sailors  actu- 
ally dead,  but  which  dishonest  officers 
charged  against  the  state  and  appropriated. 

O  you  commanders 
That,  like  me,  have  no  dead-pays.     Massinger. 

Dead-plate  (ded'plat),  n.  A  flat  iron  plate 
sometimes  fitted  before  the  bars  of  a  fur- 
nace for  the  purpose  of  allowing  the  bitu- 
minous coal  to  assume  the  character  of 
coke  before  it  is  thrust  back  into  the  fire. 

Dead-pledge  (ded'plej),  n.  A  mortgage  or 
pawnur.;  of  lands  or  goods,  or  the  thing 
pawned. 

Dead-reckoning  (ded'rek-n-ing),  n.  Naut. 
the  calculation  of  a  ship's  place  at  sea,  in- 
dependently of  observations  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  and  simply  from  the  distance  she 
has  run  by  the  log,  and  the  courses  steered 
by  the  compass,  this  being  rectified  by  due 
allowances  for  drift,  lee-way,  &c. 

Dead-ripe  (ded'vlp),  «.  [  Dead,  completely, 
and  ripe.]  Completely  ripe. 

Dead-rising  (ded'rlz-ing),  n.  In  ahip-buUd- 
imj,  that  part  of  a  ship  which  lies  aft  be- 
tween the  keel  and  her  floor-timbers  towards 
the  stern-post.  The  term  is  generally  applied 
to  those  parts  of  the  bottom,  throughout  the 
ship's  length,  where  the  sweep  or  curve  at 
tlie  head  of  the  floor-timber  terminates  or 
inflects  to  join  the  keel. 

Dead-rope  (ded'rop),  n.  yaut.  a  rope  which 
docs  not  run  in  any  block. 

Dead-set  (ded'set),  n.  1.  The  fixed  position 
of  a  dog  in  pointing  game.—  2.  A  determined 
effort  or  attempt;  a  pointed  attack.  Clarke. 

5.  A  concocted  scheme  to  defraud  a  person 
in  gaming. 

Dead-sheave  (ded'shev),  n.  Naut.  a  scored 
aperture  in  the  heel  of  a  top-mast,  through 
which  a  second  top-tackle  can  be  rove. 

Dead-shoar,  Dead-shore  (ded'shor),  n.  A 
piece  of  wood  built  up  vertically  in  a  wall 
which  has  been  broken  through. 

Dead-shot  (ded'shot),  n.  [See  DEAD,  a.  13.] 
A  sure  marksman. 

Dead's-part  (dedz'part),  n.  In  Scots  lain, 
that  part  of  a  man's  movable  succession 
which  he  is  entitled  to  dispose  of  by  testa- 
ment, or  what  remains  of  the  movables  over 
and  above  what  is  due  to  the  wife  and  chil- 

Dead-stand  (ded'stand),  n.  1.  A  dilemma; 
a  fix. 

I  was  at  a  dead-stand  in  the  course  of  my  fortunes. 
when  it  pleas'd  God  to  provide  me  lately  an  employ- 
ment to  Spain. 

2.  A  determined  opposition;  as,  he  made  a 
dead-stand  against  that  course. 
Dead-thraw  (ded'thra).  n.  The  death-throe; 
the  last  agony.    [Scotch.] 

Wha  ever  heard  of  a  door  being;  barred  when  a 
man  was  in  the  dead-Hiram  I  How  d  ye  thmk  the 
spirit  was  to  get  awa  through  bolts  and  bars  like  thae? 


Dead-Wall  (ded'wal),  ».  A  blank  wall,  with- 
out windows  or  njit'iiiir'S 

Dead-water  (dedWter),n.  Xitui.  thei-ddy 
water  closing  in  with  a  ship's  stern  as  she 
passes  through  the  water. 

Dead-weight  (ded'wat),  n.  1.  A  heavy  or 
oppressive  burden. 

The  fact  is,  fine  thoughts,  enshrined  in  approprlite 
language,  arc  <Ua4**(flu,  upon  the  stage,  unless 
tlu-y  are  struck  like  S|)arks  from  the  action  of  the 
W"»  Corn/till  JUaf. 

2  A  name  given  to  an  advance  by  the  Bank 
of  England  to  the  government  on  account 
of  half-pay  and  pensions  to  retired  mini,, 
of  the  army  or  navy.  -3.  Xaut.  the  lading 
of  a  vessel  when  it  consists  of  heavy  goods; 
that  portion  of  the  cai-go,  as  coals,  iron.  .V.- , 
which  pays  freight  according  to  its  weight, 
and  not  to  its  bulk. 

Dead-well  (ded'wcl), ,,.  Same  an  Absorbing 
Well.  See  ABSORBING. 

Dead-wind  (dcd'wind),  n.  Xaut.  a  wind 
right  against  the  ship,  or  that  blowing  from 
the  very  point  towards  which  she  Is  sailing. 

Dead-wood  (ded'wnd),  n.  Xaut.  blocks  of 
timber  laid  upon  the  keel  of  a  ship,  parti- 
cularly at  the  extremities,  afore  and  abaft, 
to  a  considerable  height  one  above  another, 
and  into  which  the  two  half  timbers  are 
secured.  They  are  fastened  to  the  keel  by 
strong  spikes. 

Dead-wool  (ded'wnl),  n.  Wool  taken  from 
the  skin  of  sheep  which  have  been  slaugh- 
tered or  which  have  died. 

Dead- works  (ded'werks),  n.  Kant,  the  parts 
of  a  ship  which  are  above  the  surface  of  the 
water  when  she  is  balanced  for  a  voyage. 

Deaf(def),a.  [A.  Szx.deaf.  Cog.D.doo/,Dan. 
diiv,  Icel.  daufr,  O.  taub— deaf.  Connected 
with  Sc.  dowf,  dull,  dover,  to  slumber,  daft, 
stupid,  as  also  with  Icel.  do/!,  torpor.) 

1.  Not  perceiving  sounds;  not  receiving  im- 
pressions from  sonorous  bodies  through  the 
air;  wanting  the  sense  of  hearing,  cither 
wholly  or  in  part;  as,  adert/ear;  a  dec/man. 

Blind  are  their  eyes,  their  ears  are  dev/, 

Nor  hear  when  mortals  pray; 
Mortals  that  wait  for  their  relief 

Are  blind  and  deuf&s  they.  It'atfs. 

2.  Not  listening,  or  refusing  to  listen;  not 
regarding ;  not  moved,  persuaded,  or  con- 
vinced; as,  deaf  to  reason  or  arguments. 

They  might  as  well  have  blest  her:  she  was  deaf 
To  blessing  or  to  cursing  save  from  one.  Tennyson. 

3.  Without  the  ability  or  will  to  regard  spiri- 
tual things;  unconcerned.    'Hear,  ye  deaf.' 
Is.  xlii.  18.  - 4.  Deprived  of  the  power  of  hear- 
ing; deafened. 

j9fir/with  the  lioise,  I  took  my  hasty  flight.  Dryden. 

5.  Stifled;  imperfect;  obscurely  heard. 

Nor  silence  is  within,  nor  voice  express, 
But  a  deaf  noise  of  sounds  that  never  cease. 
Drydtn. 

6.  Barren;  blasted,  as,  a  deaf  nut;  deafcurn. 
Deaf t  (def).  v .t.    To  deafen.     'Dcafed  with 

clamours.'    Shale. 

Deaf-dumbness  (dcf'dum-nes),  n.  Dumb- 
ness or  aphony  arising  from  deafness,  con- 
genital or  occurring  during  infancy. 

Deafen  (def'n),  v.t.  1.  To  make  deaf;  to  de- 
prive of  the  power  of  hearing ;  to  impair 
tlie  organs  of  hearing  so  as  to  render  them 
unimpressible  to  sounds. —2.  To  stun;  to 
render  incapable  of  perceiving  sounds  dis- 
tinctly; as,  deafened  with  clamour  or  tu- 
mult—3.  In  arch,  to  render  impervious  to 
sound  (as  a  floor  or  partition)  by  means  of 
sound-boarding  and  pugging. 

Deafening  (def'ning),  n.  In  arch,  the  pug- 
ging used  to  prevent  the  passage  of  sound 
through  floors,  partitions,  and  the  like. 

Deafly  (def 'li),  adv.  Without  sense  of  sounds: 
obscurely  heard. 

Deaf-mute  (def'mut),  n.  A  person  who  is 
both  deaf  and  dumb,  the  dumbness  result- 
in"-  from  deafness  which  has  either  existed 
from  birth  or  from  a  very  early  period  of 
the  pel-son's  life.  Deaf-mutes  communicate 
their  thoughts  by  means  of  a  manual  alpha- 
bet Under  next  article  we  give  one  of  the 
forms  of  the  two-hand  alphabet  invented 
about  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Deafness  (def'nes),  n.  1.  Incapacity  of  per- 
ceivin"  sounds;  tlie  state  of  the  organs 
which  prevents  the  impressions  which 
constitute  hearing;  want  of  the  sense 
of  hearing.  Deafness  occurs  in  every  d< 
eree  from  that  which  merely  impairs  the 
accuracy  of  the  ear  in  distinguishing  faint 
or  similar  sounds,  to  that  state  in  which 
there  is  no  more  sensation  produced  b 
sounds  in  this  organ  than  in  any  other  part  of 
the  body.  Dumbness  is  the  usual  concomi- 


tant of  complete  deafnes.,  and  In  general 
dumbUM  does  not  proceed  frura  miiy  origl. 
nal  defect  In  the  organs  of  speech 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go; 


j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  siny;      TH,  <Aen;  th,  (Mn; 


Manual  Alphabet  for  Deaf-mutes. 

any  mental  incapacity,  but  from  tlie  want 
of  the  sense  of  hearing,  which  sense  enables 
us  to  imitate  articulate  sounds  and  to  ac- 
quire speech.  —  2.  Unwillingness  to  hear; 
voluntary  rejection  of  what  Is  addressed  to 
the  ear  and  to  the  understanding. 

Deaf-nut  (def'nut),  n.  1.  A  nut  of  which 
the  keniel  is  decayed.  Hence— 2.  Anything 
on  which  expectations  have  been  founded 
that  turns  out  worthless;  as,  his  share  of 
bis  uncle's  estate  turned  out  a  deaf-nut 
after  all. 

Deal  (del),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  dealt;  ppr.  deal- 
ing. I A  Sax.  dalan,  to  divide,  Icel.  deila.  to 
part:  from  the  noun.  See  DUAL,  n.]  1.  To 
divide;  to  part;  to  separate;  hence,  to  divide 
in  portions;  to  distribute,  as  cards  to  the 
players:  often  followed  by  out. 

Is  it  not  to  deal  thy  bread  to  the  hungry  !    Is.lviii  7 
And  Rome  deals  out  her  blessings  and  her  gold 
Titkel. 

2.  To  scatter;  to  hurl;  to  throw  about;  a», 

to  deal  out  blows. 

Hissing  through  the  skies,  the  feathery  deaths  were 

dealt.  Drydea. 

He  continued,  when  worse  days  were  come. 
To  deal  about  his  sparkling  eloquence.  It  vrdnvortH. 

Deal  (del),  r.i.  1.  To  distribute;  to  divide; 
to  share  out  in  portions,  as  in  card-playing. 

2.  To  tralhY;  to  trade;  to  negotiate. 

They  buy  and  sell,  they  deal  and  traffic.    SoutM. 

3.  To  act  between  man  and  man;  to  Inter- 
vene ;   to    transact  or  negotiate   between 
men. 

He  that  deals  between  man  and  man  raiseth  his 
own  credit  with  both.  Bacon. 

4.  To  behave  well  or  ill;  to  act;  to  conduct 
one's  self  in  relation  to  others. 

Thou  shalt  not  steal,  nor  deal  falsely. 

I,ev.  six.  II. 

—To  deal  b\i,  to  treat,  either  well  or  111;  as, 
to  deal  well  by  domestics. 

Such  one  deals  not  fairly  «y  his  own  mind.     Left*. 

—To  deal  in,  (a)  to  have  to  do  with;  to  be 
engaged  in;  to  practise;  as,  they  deal  in  poli- 
tical matters;  they  deal  in  low  humour. 
(b)  To  trade  in;  as,  to  deal  in  silks  or  In 
cutlery.-To  deal  with,  (a)  to  treat  in  any 
manner;  to  use  well  or  ill 

Now  will  we  deal  worse  wr'/A  thee.      Gen.  xix.  9- 
Ketum  ...  and  I  will  deal  well  *nt*  thff . 

Gen.  xxxu.  9. 

(6)  To  contend  with;  to  treat  with,  by  way  of 
opposition,  check,  or  correction;  as,  he  has 
turbulent  passions  to  deal  with,  (c)  f.eclen. 
to  treat  with  by  way  of  discipline;  to  admon- 

Deal  toBX*  [O.E.  deel,  del,  A  Sax.  <tel 
a  portion,  a  share ;  the  Tent  forms  are  all 
very  similar,  as  D.  deel,  a  share,  a  portion, 
a  board  or  plank;  Dan.  deel,  Sw.  del,  Gotli 

w,  irig;    wh,  irAig;    ih,  azure  —See  KIT. 


DEALBATE 


672 


DEATH 


dads,  Q.  theil,  a  part,  a  share.  Dole,  dale 
are  from  the  same  root]  1.  Lit.  a  division; 
a  part  or  portion ;  hence,  an  Indefinite 
quantity,  degree,  or  extent;  as,  a  deal  of 
time  and  trouble ;  a  deal  of  cold ;  a  deal  of 
space.  Formerly  it  was  limited  by  scnne;  as. 
.•.•"//«/  deal;  but  this  is  now  obsolete  or  vulgar. 
In  general,  we  now  qualify  the  word  w-ith 
•if'it;  as,  a  great  deal  of  labour;  a  great 
-/•  ni  nf  time  find  pains;  a  great  deal  of  land. 
In  such  phrases  as,  It  is  a  great  deal  better, 
or  worse,  the  words  grea  t  deal  serve  as  modi- 
fiers of  the  sense  of  better  and  worse.  The 
true  construction  is,  It  is  better  by  a  great 
deal— that  is,  by  a  great  part  or  difference. 
2.  The  division  or  distribution  of  cards;  the 
art  or  practice  of  dealing  cards.  '  The  deal, 
the  shuffle,  and  the  cut.'  Swift.  -3.  The 
division  of  a  piece  of  timber  made  by  saw- 
ing; a  board  or  plank.  The  name  deal  is 
chiefly  applied  to  boards  of  flr  above  7  inches 
in  width  and  of  various  lengths  exceeding 
6  feet.  If  7  inches  or  less  wide  they  are 
called  battens,  and  when  under  6  feet  long 
they  are  called  deal-ends.  The  usual  thick- 
ness is  3  inches,  and  width  9  inches.  The 
standard  size,  to  which  other  sizes  may  be 
reduced,  is  1J  inch  thick,  11  inches  broad, 
and  12  feet  long.  Deals  are  imported  from 
Prussia,Sweden,  Norway, Russia,  and  British 
\orth  America.—  Whole  deal,  deal  which  is 
1}  inch  thick;  flit  deal,  half  that  thickness. 

4.  Wood  of  flr  or  pine,  such  as  deals  are 
made  from;  as,  a  floor  of  deal. 

Dealbate  t  (de-al'bat),  v.t.  [L.  dealbo,  deal- 
batum,  to  whitewashed*,  intens. ,  and  albut, 
white.  ]  To  whiten. 

Dealbate  (de-al'bat),  a.  In  hot.  covered  with 
a  very  white  opaque  powder. 

Dealbationt  (de-al-ba'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
bleaching;  a  whitening.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Dealer  (del'dr),  ».  1.  One  who  deals;  one 
who  has  to  do  or  has  concern  with  others; 
specifically,  a  trader;  a  trafficker;  a  shop- 
keeper; a  broker;  a  merchant;  as,  a  dealer 
in  dry  goods;  a  dealer  in  hardware;  a  dealer 
in  stocks;  a  dealer  in  leather;  a  dealer  in 
lumber;  a  dealer  in  linens  or  woollens;  a 
small  dealer  in  groceries;  a  money-dealer. 
'These  small  dealers  in  wit  and  learning?' 
Sicift.  —2.  One  who  distributes  cards  to  the 
players. 

Deal-flsh(del'nsh),  n.  [From  its  resemblance 
to  a  board.]  Trachypteru*  (Bof/tnarus)  arc- 
tictts,  a  fish  occasionally  found  on  the  coasts 
of  Orkney  and  Shetland. 

Dealing  (del'ing),  n.  1.  Practice;  action;  con- 
duct-behaviour. 

Concerning  the  riealinrs  of  men,  who  administer 
government  .  .  .  they  have  their  judge  who  sitteth 
m  heaven.  Hooker. 

2.  Conduct  in  relation  to  others;  treatment; 
as,  the  dealitvjs  of  a  father  with  his  children; 
God's  deaUnyx  with  men. 

It  is  to  be  wished,  that  men  would  promote  the 
happiness  of  one  another,  in  all  their  private  dialings, 
among  those  who  lie  within  their  influence.  Addisan. 

5.  Intercourse  in  buying  and  selling;  traffic; 
business;  negotiation;  as,   Liverpool  mer- 
chants have  extensive  dealings  with  all  the 
world.  — 4.  Intercourse  of  business  or  friend- 
ship; concern. 

The  Jews  have  no  dealings  with  the  Samaritans. 
Jn.  iv   9. 

Deal-tree  (dSl'tre),  it.  The  flr-tree,  so  called 
because  deals  are  commonly  made  from  it. 

Deal-wine  (del'win),  n.    Same  as  Dele-wine. 

Deambulate  t  (de-am'bu-lat),  v.i.  [L.  deam- 
bitfo,  to  walk  about— de,  from,  and  ainbulo, 
to  walk.]  To  walk  abroad. 

Deambulatlon  t  (de-am'bu-hV'shon),  it.  The 
act  of  walking  abroad. 

Deambulatory  t  (de-am'bu-la-to-ri),  a.  Per- 
taining to  walks. 

Deambulatory  t  (de-am'bu-la-to-ri),  n.  A 
covered  place  to  walk  in;  specifically,  the 
aisles  of  a  church,  or  the  porticoes  around 
the  body  of  a  church;  a  gallery  for  walking 
in  in  a  cloister,  monastery,  and  the  like. 
(Carton. 

Dean  (den),  n.  [O.Fr.  dean,  deien.  Mod.  Fr. 
doyen,  from  L.  decanus,  one  set  over  ten 
persons;  in  Med.  L. ,  one  set  over  ten  monks, 
from  L.  decent,  ten.]  1.  An  ecclesiastical 
governor  or  dignitary,  said  to  have  been 
so  called  because  he  presided  over  ten 
canons  or  prebendaries;  but  more  probably 
riecause  each  diocese  was  divided  into  dean- 
eries, each  comprising  ten  parishes  or 
churches,  and  with  a  dean  presiding  over 
each.  In  England,  in  respect  of  their  dif- 
ferences of  office,  deans  are  of  six  kinds: 
(a)  Deans  nf  chapters,  who  are  governors 
over  the  canons  in  cathedral  and  collegiate 


churches.  (6)  Deans  of  peculiars,  who  have 
sometimes  both  jurisdiction  and  cure  of 
souls,  and  sometimes  jurisdiction  only.  Of 
the  former  class  is  the  dean  of  Battle,  in 
Sussex;  of  the  latter  are  the  deans  of  the 
Arches  in  London,  of  flocking,  in  Essex,  and 
of  Croydon,  in  Surrey,  (c)  Rural  deans, 
who  were  originally  benenced  clergymen 
appointed  by  the  bishop  to  exercise  a  certain 
jurisdiction  in  districts  of  his  diocese  remote 
from  his  personal  superintendence.  Their 
functions,  however,  have  for  many  years 
become  almost  obsolete,  (d)  Deans  in  the 
colleges  of  our  universities,  officers  appointed 
to  superintend  the  behaviour  of  the  mem- 
bers and  to  enforce  discipline,  (e)  Honorary 
deans,  as  the  dean  of  the  Chapel  Royal, 
St.  James's.  (/)  Dean  of  the  province  of 
Canterbury,  the  Bishop  of  London,  to  whom, 
when  a  convocation  is  to  be  assembled,  the 
archbishop  sends  his  mandate  for  summon- 
ing the  bishops  of  the  province. — Dean  and 
chapter  are  the  bishop's  council  to  uiil  him 
with  their  advice  in  affairs  of  religion,  and 
they  may  advise,  likewise,  in  the  temporal 
concerns  of  his  see. --Dean  of  the  chapel 
royal,  in  Scotland,  a  title  bestowed  on  six 
clergymen  of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  who 
receive  from  the  crown  a  portion  of  the 
revenues  which  formerly  belonged  to  the 
chapel  royal  in  Scotland,  and  which  are 
now  in  the  gift  of  the  crown. — 2.  In  some 
universities,  as  that  of  London  and  those 
of  Scotland,  the  chief  or  head  of  a  faculty; 
in  the  United  States,  a  registrar  or  secretary 
of  the  faculty  in  a  department  of  a  college, 
as  in  a  medical,  theological,  or  scientific  de- 
partment.— 3.  The  president  for  the  time 
being  of  an  incorporation  of  barristers  or 
law  practitioners;  specifically,  the  president 
of  the  incorporation  of  advocates  in  Edin- 
burgh.— Dean  of  guild,  in  Scotland,  origin- 
ally that  magistrate  of  a  royal  burgh  who 
was  head  of  the  merchant  company  or 
guildry;  now  the  magistrate  whose  proper 
duty  is  to  take  care  that  all  buildings  within 
the  burgh  are  sufficient,  that  they  are  erected 
agreeably  to  law,  and  that  they  do  not  en- 
croach either  on  private  or  public  property. 
He  may  order  insufficient  buildings  to  be 
taken  down,  but  in  other  respects  his  juris- 
diction is  confined  to  possessory  questions. 
In  most  burghs  the  functions  of  this  officer 
are  now  performed  by  a  member  of  the 
town -council,  elected  by  the  majority  of 
councillors.  But  the  deans  of  guild  in 
Edinburgh,  Glasgow,  Aberdeen,  and  Perth, 
elected  as  heretofore  by  the  guildry,  are 
continued  as  constituent  members  of  the 
council  to  perform  all  the  functions  of  their 
office. — Dean  of  guild  court,  that  municipal 
body  which  is  presided  over  by  the  dean  of 
guild,  and  whose  jurisdiction  is  confined  to 
the  regulation  of  buildings  within  the  roy- 
alty, to  such  matters  of  police  as  have  any 
connection  with  buildings,  and  to  the  regu- 
lation of  weights  and  measures. 
Deanery  (den'e-ri),  n.  1.  The  office  or  the 
revenue  of  a  dean.— 2.  The  house  of  a  dean. 

Take  her  by  the  hand,  away  with  her  to  the  dtatt- 
try,  and  dispatch  it  quickly.  Shak. 

3  The  jurisdiction  of  a  dean. 

Each  archdeaconry  is  divided  into  rural  deaneries, 
and  each  deanery  is  divided  into  parishes.  Blatkstone. 

DeansMp  (den'ship),n.  The  office,  rank,  dig- 
nity, or  title  of  a  dean. 

Because  I  don't  value  your  deanshif  a  straw.  Swift. 

Dear  (der),  a.  (A.  Sax.  deore,  dijre,  dear,  be- 
loved, high-priced;  O.D.  dier.  Mod.  D.  duur, 
Icel.  Dan.  and  Sw.  dyr,  G.  theuer,  dear,  be- 
loved, high-priced,  &c.  ]  1.  Bearing  a  high 
price  in  comparison  with  the  usual  price  or 
the  real  value ;  of  a  higher  price  than  cus- 
tomary, or  high-priced  in  comparison  with 
other  articles:  opposite  to  cheap  (which  see). 

The  cheapest  of  us  is  ten  groats  too  afar.    Sftaik. 

2.  Characterized  by  scarcity  or  dearth,  and 
hence  by  exorbitance  of  price;  as,  a  dear 
season. — 3.  Of  a  high  value  in  estimation; 
greatly  valued;  beloved;  precious. 

And  the  last  joy  was  dearer  than  the  rest.       Pofe. 
Be  ye  followers  of  God,  as  dear  children.   Eph.  v.  i. 

From  the  notion  of  being  highly  valued 
comes  that  of  being  vitally  essential. 

We  will  drain  our  dearest  veins. 

But  they  shall  he  free.  Burns. 

From  this  the  sense  easily  passes  into  that 
of  worthy  of  high  consideration,  important, 
either  in  a  good  or  bad  sense ;  thus,  '  dear 
cause,'  In  Lear  iv.  3,  equal  to  important 
business;  so  that,  when  applied  to  danger, 
a  foe,  pain,  &c.,  it  is  almost  equivalent  to 


dangerous,  deadly,  bitter,  Ac. 
peril.'    Shak. 


;  as,  '  our  dear 


Would  1  had  met  my  dearest  foe  in  heaven, 
Ere  I  had  seen  that  day.  Shak. 

In  the  following  extracts  it  appears  to  sig- 
nify closely  affecting  the  heart;  coming 
from  the  heart;  earnest;  passionate;  and 
hence,  furious.  '  So  dear  the  love  my 
people  bore  me.  '  Shak.  'Deafed  with  the 
clamours  of  their  own  dear  groans.  '  Shak. 

You  toward  York  shall  bend  with  your  dearest  speed. 

ffl&t. 

Consort  with  me  in  loud  and  dear  petition.       Sliat. 
What  foolish  boldness  brought  thce  to  their  mertits, 
\\'n.  mi  thou  in  terms  so  bloody,  and  so  de.ir, 
ilast  made  thine  enemies.  Shak. 

Deart  (der),  v.t.    To  make  dear.    Shelton. 
Dear  (der),  n.    A  darling;  a  word  denoting 
tender  affection  or  endearment. 

That  kiss  I  carried  from  thee,  dear.        Shut. 

Dear  (der),  ode.  1.  Dearly;  very  tenderly. 
•So  dear  I  love  the  man.'  Shak.  —  2.  At  a 
dear  rate. 

If  thou  attempt  it,  it  will  cost  thee  dear.    Shalt. 

Dearbom(der'born),  n.  A  light  four-wheeled 

country  vehicle  used  in  the  United  States: 

so  called  from  its  inventor. 
Dear-bought  (deYbat),  a.    [See  BOUGHT.] 

Purchased  at  a  high  price;  as,  dear-bought 

experience.     'Dear-bought  blessings.'  Dry- 

den. 
Dearet  (der),  n.   [SeeDERE.]  Hurt;  trouble 

or  misfortune.     Spenser. 
Dearlingt  (derliug),  n.    Same  as  Darling. 

Spenser. 
Dearly  (dSrli),  adv.    1.  At  a  high  price. 

He  buys  his  mistress  dearly  with  his  throne.  Dryden. 

2.  With  great  fondness;  as,  we  love  our 
children  dearly;  dearly  beloved  -  3.  t  Ex- 
quisitely; richly.  '  Dearly  parted  '  =  Richly 
gifted.  Shak. 

Dearu  (dern),  n.  In  arch,  a  door-post  or 
threshold.  Written  also  Dern. 

Dearnt  (dern),  a.  [Sax.  deorn,  hidden,  secret.  ] 
Lonely;  solitary;  melancholy.  Shak. 

Deamessdler'nes),  n.  1.  Scarcity;  high  price, 
or  a  higher  price  than  the  customary  one; 
'  The  dearnesi  of  corn.  '  Swift.  —2.  Fondness: 
nearness  to  the  heart  or  affections;  great 
value  in  estimation;  preciousness;  trinirr 
love.  "The  dearnets  of  friendship.'  JSacon. 

The  child  too  clothes  the  father  with  a  dearness 
not  his  due.  Tennyson. 

Dearnfult  (dern'ful),  a.  Same  as  Dernful. 
Dearnlyt  (dern'li),  adv.  Secretly;  privately; 

mournfully.    See  DERNLY. 
Dearth  (derth),  n.  [See  DEAR.)   1.  Scarcity, 

which  makes  food  dear;  as,  a  dearth  of  corn. 

2.  Want;  need;  famine. 

Pity  the  dearth  that  I  have  pined  in, 

By  longing  for  that  food  so  long  a  time      Shalt. 

3.  Barrenness;  poverty;  meagreness. 

That  dearth  of  plot  and  narrowness  of  imagination 
which  may  be  observed  in  all  their  plays.       Dryden. 

Deartnful  (derth'ful),  a.  Expensive;  costly; 
very  dear  [Scotch.] 

Ye  Scots,  wha  wish  anld  Scotland  well, 

It  sets  you  ill, 
Wi'  bitter  dearfi/n'  wines  to  nicll.         Burns. 

Deartlculatet  (de-ar-tik'u-lat),  v.t.  [L.  de, 
priv,  ,  and  articvlo,  to  joint,  articulus,  a 
joint]  To  disjoint. 

Deary  (dcr'i),  n.  A  word  of  endearment;  a 
dear.  [Familiar.] 

Deas  (de'as),  n.    Same  as  Dais. 

Deasil  (de'shel).  n.  (Gael.  ]  Motion  from  east 
to  west,  according  to  the  course  of  the  &un. 
Variouslyspelled2)ea«ot7,Z*ei*/ica(.  [Scotch  ] 

Death  (deth),  n.  [A.  Sax.  dedth.  Cog.  Goth. 
dauthus,  L.G.  and  D.  dood,  Sw.  and  Dan.  Add, 
0.  (od—  death.  See  DEAI>  and  DIE  ]  1.  That 
state  of  a  being,  animal  or  vegetable,  but 
more  particularly  of  an  animal,  in  which 
there  is  a  total  and  permanent  cessation  of  nil 
the  vital  functions,  when  the  organs  have  not 
only  ceased  to  act,  hut  have  lost  the  sus- 
ceptibility of  renewed  action.  Thus  the 
cessation  of  respiration  and  circulation 
in  an  animal  may  not  be  death,  for  dm  -ing 
hybernation  some  animals  become  entirely 
torpid,  and  the  vital  functions  of  some  ani- 
mals and  vegetables  may  be  suspended  by 
frost,  but  being  capable  of  revived  activity 
they  are  not  dead. 

Save  those  of  fear,  no  other  bands  fear  I, 

No  other  death  than  this—  the  fear  to  die.  Cratvshatv. 

In  poetry  and  poetical  prose  death  is  often 
personified  and  addressed  or  spoken  of  as 
if  an  individual. 

Q  death,  where  is  thy  sting?         i  Cor.  xv.  55. 
How  wonderful  is  Death  t 
Death  and  his  brother  Sleep.         Shelley. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abime;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


DEATH-AGONY 


™y  Plots  of  Paradise. 


H  v     'yy  Pots  of  Paradise 

Ami  all  about  hi,,,  t5M  his  lustrous  cm 
V-  hen.  turning  round  a  cassia  full  in  vie  »• 

fflasffiiBfiH 


Let  me  die  the  death  of  the  righteous. 
y^^^K 


w^'i''  (°r  iu5t"»»ent  of  death 
Swiftly  Bies  the  feathered  death:  Drydln 

parent5  °"e  W"°  should  be  the  """"  °<  both  hi 
/>««,,  invisible  come  winged  with  fire. 
O  thou  man  of  Cod,  there  is  death  in  the  pot. 

:  T°taIo      or  Privation  ' 


I  would  make  it  rf<M/A 
I-or  any  male  thing  but  to  peep  at  us.     Tennyson 

' 


Par<»"on  from  God' 

the  dominion  of  siu,  and  destitute  of  grace 
or  divine  life  ;  state  of  being  spiSuaiiy  §ead 

bec^e'r.o^^ire^tTre^^Tjtifiir. 

12.  Anything  dreadful  as  death. 
toSSSf**  to  "lcm  to  think  °f  <">««*;;»»«!  sue 

.  jltteroury. 

—Liml  death,  is  the  separation  of  a  man 
from  civil  society,  or  from  the  enjoy,  ,™n 
of  civil  rights,  as  by  banishment,  ab  ra  fo, 
of  toe  realm,  entering  into  a  monastery  *c 
Death-agony  (deth'ag-6-ni),  „. 


Ne'er  shall  oblivion's  murkv  cloud 

Obscure  his  SgSSK*^  „,  ^ 

^Unquenchable.     •  DeaaHev  thirst  •    Ay. 


Waller 


I  saw  Lucy  standing  before  me,  alone,  <k 


DEBASED 

'""n.l.  Ii  repeated  In  au 
cewlon  in  fi,,,,,  B,.vcn  J 

i  •  •    . 


*     The 


,     . 


B33SSSS.-3 


' 


Death-rattle  (deth'rat-tl),  n.    A  rattling  in 
the  throat  of  a  dyin 


Death-bed  (deth/bsd),  ».  i.  The  bed  on 
which  a  person  dies  or  is  confined  in  his 
last  sickness, -2.  A  person's  last  sickness 
sickness  ending  in  death. 

A  de<uh-l,e<t  's  a  detector  of  the  heart.      Y<m,,r 

Death-bed  (deth'bed),  a.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  a  death-bed,  last  sickness  of  one  or  the 
circumstances  of  one's  dying 


c» 
Bp.  Atterbitry, 

-Death-bed  expenses,  in  Scots  law  expenses 

nSSS^V&MS?™'*  last  ^tae^ 
Death-bell  (deth'bel),  n.     1.  The  bell  that 
announces  death;    the  passing-bell  -2  A 
sound  in  the  ears,  like  that  of  a  tolling  bell 
supposed  by  the  Scottisli  peasantry  to  an 
nounce  the  death  of  a  friend. 

O  lady,  'tis  dark,  an'  I  heard  the  death-Mi 

An  I  darena  gae  yondcrfor  gowd  nor  fee.  'ffaff 


Whose 


struck 


of  kings. 


2    Anything  which  extinguishes  hop""  or 
blights  one  s  prospects. 

By  the  liealli-ttow  of  my  hope 

My  memory  immortal  grew.         Byron. 

Death-cord  (deth-kord),  n.  A  rope  for  hang- 
ing; the  gallows  rope. 

Have  I  done  well  to  «ive  this  hoary  vefran, 
Who  has  for  thirty  years  fought  in  our  wars 
1  o  the  dealli-cord,  imheardl  y.  Baillfe 

Death-damp   (deth'damp),   n.     The   cold 

clammy  sweat  which  precedes  death 
Death-dance  (deth'dansj,  n.  The  dance  of 

death.  Burke.  See  under  DANCE  « 
Death-fire  (deth'fir),  n.  A  luminous  appear- 

ance or  flame,  as  the  ignis  fatuus,  supposed 

to  presage  death. 

And  round  about  in  reel  and  rout, 

1  ne  death-Jires  danced  at  night.      Coleridge. 

Deathful  (deth'ful),  a.  1.  Full  of  slaughter- 
murderous;  destructive. 

These  eyes  behold 
The  deathful  scene.  Pofe. 

2.  Liable  to  death;  mortal 

The  deathless  gods,  and  deathful  earth.  Chapman. 

Deathfulness  (deth'ful-nes),  n.  Appearance 
nt  death;  state  of  being  suggestive  of  or 
as 


. 
Death's-door  (deths'dor),  n    A  near 

P'°     '  ^  de!ltll:  the  <***  <*  -leath 

-head  (deths'hed),  n.  The  skull  of 


What  taanncr  of  dealKs.I,md  it  will  b« 

vyneu  it  is  free 
1-rom  that  fresh  upper  skin. 


bo'ne'i'hS'rnoulif 


Suciti,,e 


•  I'll,     r-i.iic     (ji      in»i 

associated  with,  death. 

ch.cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng, 
Vol.  I. 


-Death's-head  moth,  or  Death's-head,  hawk- 
moth  the  largest  species  of  lepidopteZis 
.a  lound  in  Ilntain,  and  systematically 
Known  by  the  name  of  Acherontia  atropos 
Hie  markings  upon  the  back  of  the  thorax 
very  closely  resemble  a  skull  or  death?s- 
neaci,  Hence  the  English  name.  It  measures 
irom  4  to  5  inches  in  expanse.  It  emits 
peculiar  sounds,  somewhat  resembling  the 
squeaking  of  a  mouse,  but  how  these  are 
produced  naturalists  have  not  been  able 
satisfactorily  to  explain.  It  attacks  bee- 
hives, pillages  the  honey,  and  disperses  the 
inhabitants.  It  is  regarded  by  the  vulgar 
as  the  forerunner  of  death  or  other  calamity 
Death's-man  (deths'man),  n.  An  execu- 
tioner; a  hangman;  he  who  executes  the 
extreme  penalty  of  the  law. 

He's  dead;  I'm  only  sorry 
He  had  no  other  death'i-inan.          Shak. 
Far  more  expressive  than  our  term  of  executioner 
their  {ancient  writers  )  solemn  one  of  death' s-man. 

Death-sough  (dcth'such),  n.  The  last  heavy 

breathings  or  sighings  of  a  dying  person 
rocotch.  ] 

Heard  na  ye  the  lang-drawn  death-sout-h  I  The 
*«.<*.«,«-,»  of  the  Morisons  is  as  hollow  as  a  groan 
frae  the  grave.  Blaclrtvood  ;  Ma? 

Death-Stroke  (deth'strok),  n.  The  stroke  of 

death;  a  death-blow.     Coleridge 
Death-struggle  (deth'strug-gl),  «.  Same  as 

Dcatli-ttfjony. 
Death-throe  (deth'thro),  71.  The  pain  which 

accompanies  death. 
Death-token  (deth'tWm).  71.   That  which 

indicates  approaching  death. 

He  is  so  plaguy  proud  that  the  death-tokens  of  it 
cry-'  No  recovery.^  slut. 

Death  ward  (deth'ward),  adv.  Toward  death 
Beau,  it  Fl. 

Death-warrant  (deth'wo-rant),  n  i  In 
law,  an  order  from  the  proper  authority  for 
the  execution  of  a  criminal.— 2.  Anything 
which  puts  an  end  to  hope  or  expectation. 
Death-watch  (deth'vrocn),  n.  A  small  beetle, 
whose  ticking  is  supposed,  by  superstitious 
and  ignorant  people,  to  prognosticate  death. 
It  belongs  to  the  genus  Anobium,  being  the 
A.  tesselatum.  These  insects  abound  in  old 
houses,  where  they  get  into  the  wood 
Their  ticking  is  only  the  call  of  the  sexes 
to  each  other,  which,  if  no  answer  be  re- 


If  malr  they  <Avt*  us  wi'  their  din 
Or  patronage  intrusion. 


To  rave  and  bluster  a.  abac! 
(dS-bak-U'ahon),    n.     A 


[Fr-from 

bar    frn     r          rf?  prir-  au<1 
bar,  from   L.   bacului,  a  bar    a  bolt  i 
1.  Properly,  a  sudden  breaking  up  n?  l«  )„' 
break  Of  5i2fl,S3&?  }„  any  ." 

1 


Debar  (de-barO,  r.t  pret  A  pp.  debarred- 
ppr  dctemny.  [B«  and  i«r.]  To  cut  otf 
from  entrance;  to  preclude;  to  'hinder  fr.fm 
PI«a^  i  entry'  or  e"W"«''t;  to  .hut  ,,,u 


3VN.  To  exclude,  deprive,  hinder,  preclude 
interdict,  prohibit,  shut  out 

«a?dbt  (aWj*rt*  "''•  To  deprive  of  the 
Debark  (de-lark-),  t>.<.  (Fr.  &barquer-de 
and  barque  a  boat  or  vessel.]  To  land  from 
a  ship  or  boat;  to  remove  from  on  board 
any  water-craft  and  place  on  land;  to  dis- 
embark;  as,  to  debark  artillery.  [It  is  less 
i  transitive  sense,  than 

ebirk  '(de'-bark-),  r.t.    To  leave  a  .hip  or 
boat  and  pass  to  the  land;  as,  the  trims 
debarked  at  four  o'clock 
Debarkation  (de-bark-a'shon),  n.    The  act 
of  disembarking. 

Debarment  (de-bartnent),  n.  The  act  of 
debarring  or  excluding;  hindrance  from  ap- 
proach; exclusion. 

Debarrass(de.ba'raa),t.<.   [Fr.  debamuser 
to  clear;  to  disentangle.]   To  free  from  em- 
barrassment or  entanglement:   to  disem- 
barrass.   Edee.  Jtev.    [Rare  ] 
Debase  (de-bas'),t'.(.  pret.  &pp.  debased;  ppr 
debasing.    [De  and  base.}    To  reduce  from 
a  higher  to  a  lower  state;  to  reduce  or 
lower  in   quality,  purity,  value,  dignity 
character,  and  the  like;  to  degrade;  to  viti- 
ate; to  adulterate;  to  abase;  as,  to  debase 
gold  or  silver  by  alloy;  to  debase  the  char- 
acter by  crime;  to  debase  the  mind  by  fri- 
volity; to  debase  style  by  vulgar  words, 
lo  debase  religion  with  frivolous  disputes  ' 
Hooker. 

Pleasure  and  sensuality  debase  men  into  beasts. 
Kroome. 


— Abase, Debase.Deorade.  See  under  JOum. 
STN.  To  humble,  degrade,  depress,  lower 
disgrace. 

Debased  (de-basf),  p.  and  a.    1.  Reduced 
m  estimated  value;  lowered  in  estimation; 


IH,  (Aen;  th,  thia;      w,  wig;    wh,  idiig;    zh,  azure.— See  KEY. 

43 


DEBASEMENT 


(574 


DEBOUCHURE 


An  escutcheon  de- 
based. 


reduced  in  purity,  fineness,  quality,  or 
value;  adulterated;  degraded;  rendered 
mean  or  despicable.  — 
2.  In  her.  applied  to  any- 
thing turned  over  or 
downwards  from  its  pro- 
per position  or  use. 

Debasement  ( de  -  has  '- 
ment),  n.  I.  The  act  of 
debasing;  degradation ; 
reduction  of  purity,  fine- 
ness, quality,  or  value; 
adulteration;  as,  debase- 
ment of  coin.— 2.  A  state 
of  being  debased ;  de- 
gradation; as,  debasement  of  character. 

Debaser  (de-bas'er),  n.  One  who  debases  or 
lowers  in  estimation  or  in  value;  one  who 
degrades  or  renders  mean;  that  which  de- 
bases. 

Debaslngly  (de-bas'ing-li),  adv.  So  as  to 
debase. 

Debatable,  Debateable  (de-bat'a-bl),  a. 
[See  DEBATE.)  That  may  be  debated;  dis- 
putable; subject  to  controversy  or  conten- 
tion; as,  a  debatable  question. 

The  line  which  bounded  the  royal  prerogative, 
though  in  general  sufficiently  clear,  had  not  any- 
where been  drawn  with  accuracy  and  distinctness. 
There  was,  therefore,  near  the  border  some  debat- 
able  ground  on  which  incursions  and  reprisals  con- 
tinued to  take  place,  till,  after  ages  of  strife,  plain 
and  durable  landmarks  were  at  length  set  up. 

Macalilay. 

—Debatable  land,  a  tract  of  land  between 
the  Esk  and  Sark,  claimed  by  both  England 
and  Scotland,  and  for  a  long  time  the  sub- 
ject of  dispute.  This  tract  of  land  was  the 
hotbed  of  thieves  and  vagabonds. 
Debate  (de-baf),  n.  [Fr.  debat  —  de,  and 
battre,  to  beat.  See  BEAT.]  1.  Contention 
in  words  or  arguments;  discussion  for  eluci- 
dating truth;  argument  or  reasoning  be- 
tween persons  of  different  opinions;  dispute; 
controversy;  as,  the  debates  in  parliament. 

Where  once  we  held  debate,  a  band 
Of  youthful  friends,  on  mind  and  art.     Tennyson. 

2.  Quarrel;  strife;  contention;  fight;  contest. 

Behold,  ye  fast  for  strife  and  debate.      Is.  Mil.  4. 
In  the  day  of  Trinity  next  ensuing  was  a  great 
debate,   .   .   .   and  in  that  murder  there  were  slain 
.  .  .  fourscore.  Rob.afGlottc. 

But  question  fierce  and  proud  reply 
Gave  signal  soon  of  dire  debate.      Sir  It'.  Scott. 

S.t  Subject  of  discussion.  'Statutes  and 
edicts  concerning  this  debate.'  Milton 
Debate  (de-baf),  v.t.  pret.  *  pp.  debated; 
ppr.  debating.  1.  To  contend  for  in  words 
or  arguments;  to  strive  to  maintain  a 
cause  by  reasoning;  to  dispute;  to  discuss; 
to  argue;  to  contest,  as  opposing  parties; 
as,  the  question  was  debated  till  a  late  hour. 

Debute  thy  cause  with  thy  neighbour  himself. 
Prov.  x\v.  o. 

2.  To  flght  or  contend  for;  to  strive  by  arms 
for. 

The  cause  of  religion  was  debated  with  the  same 
ardour  in  Spain  as  on  the  plains  of  Palestine. 

PrescM. 

—Debating  iociety,  a  society  for  the  purpose 
of  debate  and  improvement  in  extemporan- 
eous speaking. — Argue,  Dispute,  Debate.  See 
under  ARGUE. 

Debate  (de-bat'),  v.i.  1.  To  deliberate;  to 
discuss  or  examine  different  arguments  in 
the  mind.— 2  To  dispute.— S.t  To  engage  hi 
combat;  to  flght.  Chaucer. 

Debatefult  (de-bat'ful),  a.  1.  Full  of  con- 
tention; contested.  'Debateful strife.'  Sitcn- 
ser.—  1  Quarrelsome;  contentious.  'Sode- 
batfful  and  contentious.'  Udatt. 

DebatefuUy I  (de-bat'ful-li),  ado.  With  con- 
tention. 

Debatementt  (de-bat'ment),  n.  Contro- 
versy; deliberation.  '  Without  debatement 
further,  more  or  less.'  Shale. 

Debater  (de-bat'er),  n.  One  who  debates;  a 
disputant;  a  controvertist 

Debatlngly  (d8-b*fing-li),  adv.  In  the 
manner  of  debate 

Debauch  (de-bach'),  v.t.  [Fr.  debaucher,  to 
debauch— de,  and  O.  Fr.  bauche,  a  workshop, 
in  modern  Saintonge  dialect  a  task.  The 
original  meaning  would  therefore  be  to 
draw  one  away  from  his  work  or  duty  The 
origin  of  bauche  is  unknown.)  1.  To  corrupt 
or  vitiate;  as,  to  debauch  a  prince  or  youth; 
to  debauch  good  principles.  '  Her  pride  de- 
bauched her  judgment.  Cmcley.—  2.  To  cor- 
rupt with  lewdness;  to  bring  to  be  guilty  of 
unchastity ;  to  seduce ;  as,  to  debauch  a 
woman.— 3.  To  draw  away  or  lead  astray 
from  duty  or  allegiance;  as,  to  debauch  an 
army.  'To  debauch  a  king  to  break  his 
laws. '  Dryden. 

Debauch  (de-bachO,  t>.i.    To  riot;  to  revel. 


Debauch  (de-bach'),  n.  1.  Excess  in  eating 
or  drinking;  intemperance;  drunkenness; 
gluttony;  lewdness. 

The  first  physicians  by  debauch  were  made; 
Excess  began,  and  sloth  sustains  the  trade.  Dryden. 

2.  An  act  of  debauchery. 

Silcnus,  from  his  night's  debauch 
I-.itigued  and  sick.  Cowley. 

Debauched  (de-bachf),  p.  and  rt.  Corrupted;  i 
vitiated  in  morals  or  purity  of  character; 
given  to  debauchery;  characterized  by  or 
characteristic  of  debauchery;  as,  a  very  de- 
bauched person;  a  debauched  look;  a  man 
of  debauched  principles. 

Debauchedly  (de-bach'ed-li),  odr.  In  a  pro- 
fligate manner. 

Debauchedness  (de-bach'ed-nes),  n.  In- 
temperance. 

Debauchee  (deTio-she),  n.  A  man  given  to 
intemperance  or  bacchanalian  excesses;  a 
man  habitually  lewd  or  profligate.  South. 

Debaucher  (de-bach'er),  n.  One  who  de- 
bauches or  corrupts  others;  a  seducer  to 
lewdness  or  to  any  dereliction  of  duty. 

You  can  make  a  story  of  the  simple  victim  and  the 
rustic  debttticher '.  l.ainb. 

Debauchery  (de-bach'e-ri),  n.  1.  Excessive 
indulgence  in  sensual  pleasures  of  any  kind; 
gluttony;  intemperance;  sexual  immorality; 
unlawful  indulgence  of  lust.  '  Oppose  de- 
bauchery by  temperance.'  Sprat. — 2.  Cor- 
ruption of  fidelity ;  seduction  from  duty  or 
allegiance. 

The  republic  of  Paris  will  endeavour  to  complete 
the  debaucliery  of  the  army.  Burke. 

Debauchment  (de-bach'ment),  n.  The  act 
of  debauching  or  corrupting;  the  act  of 
seducing  from  virtue  or  duty.  '  The  ravish- 
ment of  chaste  maidens,  or  the  debauch- 
inent  of  nations.'  Jer.  Taylor. 

Debauchnesst  (de-bach'nes).  n.  The  state 
of  l>efng  debauched. 

Debel  t  (d6-belO,  v.t.  [L.  debello,  to  subdue. 
See  DEBELLATE.]  To  subdue;  to  expel  by 
war. 

Him  long  of  old 
Thou  didst  debel,  and  down  from  heaven  cast. 

Kliltim. 
Whom  Hercules  from  out  his  realm  debelled. 

Warner. 

Debellatet  (de-beHat),  v.t.  [L.  drbcllo,  de- 
bellatum,  to  bring  a  war  to  an  end,  to  sub- 
due—de,  priv. ,  and  bctto,  to  carry  on  war, 
from  bellwn,  war.  1  To  subdue. 
Debellatlon  t  (de-bel-la'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
conquering  or  subduing. 
De  bene  ease  (de  be'nS  es'sj).  [L.)  In  (ate, 
for  what  it  is  worth;  conditionally;  aft,  to  take 
an  order  or  testimony  de  bene  esse,  that  is, 
to  take  or  allow  it  for  the  present,  but  sub- 
ject to  be  suppressed  or  disallowed  on  a 
further  or  full  examination. 
Debenture  (de-ben'tur),  n.  [O.Fr.  debcntur, 
a  receipt  granted  by  the  officers  of  the  court 
on  receiving  their  salaries — so  called  be- 
cause these  receipts  began  with  the  Latin 
words  Debenlur  tnihi,  There  are  owing  to 
me.  Debentur  is  the  3d  pers.  pi.  pres.  ind. 
pass,  of  the  verb  debeo,  to  owe.)  1.  A  writ- 
ing acknowledging  a  debt;  a  writing  or  cer- 
tificate signed  by  a  public  officer  as  evidence 
of  a  debt  due  to  some  person;  specifically, 
a  deed  or  mortgage  charging  certain  pro- 
perty with  tile  repayment  of  money  lent  by 
a  person  therein  named,  and  with  interest  on 
the  sum  lent  at  a  given  rate.  The  granting 
of  debentures  is  frequently  resorted  to  by 
public  companies,  as  railway  companies,  to 
raise  money  for  the  prosecution  of  their 
undertaking,  the  whole  undertaking  being 
mortgaged  for  the  money  borrowed.  —2.  In 
the  customs,  a  certificate  of  drawback;  a 
writing  which  states  that  a  person  is  en- 
titled to  a  certain  sum  from  the  govern- 
ment on  the  exportation  of  specified  goods, 
the  duties  on  which  had  been  paid. — S.  In 
some  government  departments,  a  term  used 
to  denote  a  bond  or  hill  by  which  the  govern- 
ment is  charged  to  pay  a  creditor  or  his 
assigns  the  money  due  on  auditing  his  ac- 
count. Brande. 

Debentured  (de-ben'turd),  a.  Entitled  to 
drawback  or  debenture;  secured  by  deben- 
ture.— Debentu  red  goods,  goods  for  which 
a  debenture  has  been  given  as  being  entitled 
to  drawback. 

Debilet  (de'bil),  a.  [L.  debtiis,  weak.)  Re- 
laxed; weak;  feeble;  languid;  faint;  with- 
out strength.  'Some  debile  wretch.'  Shak. 
Debilitant  (de-hil'it-ant),  n.  In  med.  a 
remedy  exhibited  for  the  purpose  of  reduc- 
ing excitement. 

Debilitate  (de-bil'i-tat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  de- 
bilitated; ppr.  debilitating.  [L.  debilito,  de- 


,  to  cripple,  to  weaken,  from  debilit. 
weak.)  To  weaken;  to  impair  the  strength 
of;  to  enfeeble;  to  make  faint  or  languid; 
as,  intemperance  debilitates  the  organs  of 
digestion.  '  Various  ills  debilitate  the  mind.' 
Jenyns.—  SVN.  To  weaken,  enfeeble,  relax, 
enervate,  bring  low. 

Debilitating  (de-ljil'i-tat-ing),  a.  Tending 
or  adapted  to  weaken. 

Debilitation  (de-biri-tiV'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  weakening;  relaxation. 

Debility  (de-bil'i-ti),  n  [t  debililas.  weak- 
ness, from  debiliK,  weak.  ]  Relaxation  of 
the  solids;  weakness;  feebleness;  languor 
of  body;  faintness;  imbecility;  as,  morbid 
sweats  induce  debility. 

Methinks  I  am  partaker  of  thy  passion. 
And  in  thy  case  do  glass  my  own  del'ility. 

Sir  P.  Sidney. 

— Debility,  Infirmity,  Imbecility,  all  imply 
a  want  of  strength.  Debility  is  almost 
always  applied  to  physical  weakness ;  in- 
fti-mitii  and  imbecility  both  to  bodily  and 
mental  weaknesses.  .De&iiify.ageneralUoilily 
weakness;  infirmity,  a  local  and  accidental 
weakness,  bodily  or  mental;  imbecility, 
general  weakness  of  the  whole  system, 
chiefly,  however,  mental  weakness. 

The  inconveniences  of  too  strong  a  perspiration, 
which  are  debility,  faintings.  Arbttthnot. 

Sometimes  the  races  of  men  may  be  depraved  by 
the  injjrtnities  of  birth.  Temple. 

Cruelty  argues  a  meanness  of  courage  and  imbe- 
cility of  mind.  Temple. 

Debit  (deb'it),  n.  [L.  debitum,  from  debeo, 
to  owe,  composed  of  de,  not,  and  habco, 
to  have  =  not  to  have,  or  to  have  lost  the 
possession  of.]  1.  That  which  is  entered  in 
an  account  as  a  debt;  a  recorded  item  of 
debt;  as,  the  debits  exceed  the  credits.— 
2.  That  part  of  an  account  in  which  is  en- 
tered  any  article  of  goods  furnished  to  one, 
or  money  paid  to  or  on  account  of  one;  as, 
place  that  to  my  debit.-  Debit  side,  in  book- 
keeping, the  left-hand  side  of  an  account 

Debit  (deb'it),  v.t.  1.  To  charge  with  as  a 
debt;  as,  to  debit  a  purchaser  the  amount 
of  goods  sold. 

We  may  consider  the  provisions  of  heaven  as  an 
universal  bank,  wherein  accounts  are  regularly  kept, 
and  every  man  (rW'iVi'rf  or  credited  for  the  last  farthing 
he  takes  out  or  brings  in.  Tttcber. 

2.  To  enter  on  the  debtor  side  of  a  book;  as, 
to  debit  the  sum  or  amount  of  goods  sold. 

Debitor!  (deb'it-er),  n.  A  debtor.— Debitor 
and  creditor,  an  account-keeper;  an  account- 
book.  Shak. 

Debituminization(de-bi-tu'min-iz-a"shon), 
n.  The  act  of  freeing  from  bitumen. 

Debitumlnize  (de-bi-lu'min-iz),  v.  t.  pret.  it 
pp.  dcliitvminized;  ppr.  debituminizing.  To 
deprive  of  bitumen. 

Deblal  (de-bla),  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.T..  debla- 
dare,  to  take  away  grain  —  de,  from,  and 
L.L.  Modtmi,  grain,  L.  oMotum.]  In/orf 
the  quantity  of  earth  excavated  from  the 
ditch  to  form  the  parapet.  See  REMBLAI. 

Debonair  (de-b6-nar/),  a.  [Fr.  debonnaire  - 
de,  from,  ban,  good,  and  aire  (L  area),  place, 
extraction;  hence,  disposition.]  Character- 
ized by  courtesy,  affability,  or  gentleness; 
elegant;  well-bred;  winning;  accomplished. 

So  buxom,  blithe,  and  debonair.          Milton. 

Debonairtty.t  Debonairly  t  (de-bo-nar'i.ti, 
de-bo-narti),  n  Gentleness;  courtesy;  de- 
bonairness. Written  also  Debonairtee.  Chau- 
cer. 

Debonairly  (de-M-narlfyadr.  Courteously; 
elegantly;  wmningly;  with  a  genteel  air. 

Debonairness  (de-bo-nar'nes),  n.  Courtesy, 
gentleness;  kindness;  elegance.  'With  all 
the  gaiety  and  debonairness  in  the  world.' 
Sterne. 

Debosht  (de-bosh^,  v.t.  [Corrupted  from 
debauch.]  1.  To  debauch.  'A  deboshed 
lady.'  Beau.  <c  FI.—2.  fig.  to  spoil;  to 
dismantle;  to  render  unserviceable. 

Last  year  his  barks  and  gallies  were  deboihed. 
Fuimus  Trues  (aid  flay,  1633)- 

Sometimes  written  Deboish. 
Debouch  (de-bosh'),  v.i.    [Fr.  debouchcr,  to 
issue  from— de,  and  bouche,  mouth;  L  bvcca, 
the  cheek.]     To  issue  or  march  out  of  a 
narrow  place,  or  from  defiles,  as  troops. 

From  its  summit  he  could  descry  the  movements  of 
the  Spaniards  and  their  battalions  debouchtni>  on  th 
plain,  with  scarcely  any  opposition  from  the  French. 

Debouche  (da-bo-sha),  n.  [Fr.  See  DE- 
BOUCH.] An  opening;  demand;  hence,  a 
market  for  goods. 

Debouchure  (da-bo-shiir),  n.  [Fr.]  The 
mouth  or  opening  of  a  river  or  strait. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  f«» 


DlJBRIDEMENT 


675 


D^bridement  (da-bred-man),  n.  [Fr.  de. 
brider,  to  unbridle.  See  BRIDLE.  ]  In  surg. 
an  unbridling;  the  enlargement  of  gun-shot 
wounds  by  cutting  one  or  all  the  parts  im- 
plicated, as  the  skin,  the  muscles,  &c. 

Debris  (dii-bre),  n.  [Fr.,  from  de,  L.  dii 
asunder,  apart,  and  briar,  to  break  See 
BRUISE.]  1.  fragments;  rubbish;  ruins;  as, 
the  debris  after  a  conflagration,  a  railway 
collision,  or  the  like;  the  dibriaol  an  army. 

Your  grace  is  now  disposing  of  the  dtbris  of  two 
btshopricks,  among  which  is  the  deanery  of  Ferns. 

2.  In  geol.  any  accumulation  of  broken  and 

detached  matter,  as  that 

which   arises   from  the 

waste     of     rocks,     and 

which  is  piled  up  at  their 

base  or  swept  away  by 

water;  or  a  drifted  heap 

of  animal  and  vegetable 

matter. 

Debruised  (de-brozd'), 
pp.  In  her.  an  epithet 
applied  to  an  animal 
which  seems  restrained 
or  debarred  its  freedom  by  having  any  one 
of  the  ordinaries  laid  over  it. 

Debt  (det),  n.  [O.Fr.  debte  (now  dette),  L. 
debita,  things  due.  See  DEBIT.]  1.  That 
which  is  due  from  one  person  to  another, 
whether  money,  goods,  or  services;  that 
which  one  person  is  bound  to  pay  to  or  per- 
form for  another;  that  which  one  is  obliged 
to  do  or  to  suffer;  a  due;  an  obligation;  as, 
the  debts  of  a  bankrupt;  the  debts  of  a  noble- 
man; he  has  paid  the  debt  of  nature. 

When  you  run  in  debt  you  give  to  another  power 
over  your  liberty.  Franklin. 

My  deep  debt  for  life  preserved 
A  better  meed  had  well  deserved.    Sir  W.  Scott. 
Your  son,  my  lord,  has  paid  a  soldier's  debt.    ShaH. 

2.  In  la  wj,an  action  to  recover  a  sum  of  money 
alleged  to  be  due.— 3.  A  duty  neglected  or 
violated;  a  sin  of  omission  or  of  commission; 
a  trespass;  a  sin. 

Forgive  us  our  debts.  Lord's  Prayer. 

Debted  t  (det'ed),  p.  and  a.  Indebted;  obliged. 
'  I  stand  debted  to  this  gentleman. '  Shak. 

Debtee  (det-e'),  n.  In  law,  a  creditor ;  one 
to  whom  a  debt  is  due. 

Debtless  (defies),  a.     Free  from  debt. 

Debtor  (defer),  n.  [L.  debitor,  a  debtor.) 
The  person  who  owes  another  either  money, 
goods,  or  services ;  one  who  has  received 
from  another  an  advantage  of  any  kind. 

In  Athens  an  insolvent  debtor  became  slave  to  his 
creditor.  Mi'ford. 

I  am  a  debtors  the  Greeks  and  barbarians.  Kom.i.  14. 
He  is  a  debtor  to  do  the  whole  law.       Gal.  v.  3. 

— Debtor  side  of  an  account,  the  part  of  an 
account  in  which  debts  are  charged.  See 
DEBIT. 

Debullition  t  (de-bu-li'shon),  n.  [L.  de,  and 
bullire,  to  bubble,  from  bulla,  a  bubble.]  A 
bubbling  or  seething  over.  Bailey. 

Deburse  t  (de-bers'),  v.t.  [See  DISBURSE.]  To 
disburse;  to  pay. 

A  certain  sum  was  promised  to  be  paid  to  the  Earl 
of  Orniond  in  consideration  of  what  he  had  debnrsed 
for  the  army.  Lndl<nu. 

Debut  (da-btt),  n.  [Fr.— de,  and  but,  mark, 
butt.  The  word  has  its  meaning  from  the 
bowl  being  brought  from  the  butt  on  one 
commencing  to  play  at  bowls.  ]  Beginning; 
entrance  upon  anything;  first  attempt;  first 
step ;  hence,  first  appearance  before  the 
public,  as  that  of  an  actor  or  actress  on  the 
stage. 

Debutant  (da-bii-tan),  n.  [Fr.]  One  who 
makes  a  debut;  a  man  who  makes  his  first 
appearance  before  the  public. 

Debutante  (da-bii-tan t),  n.  [Fr.  ]  A  woman 
appearing  for  the  first  time  before  the  public ; 
specifically,  a  female  performer  in  a  theatre 
making  her  first  appearance. 

Deca-  (delta).  A  prefix,  from  the  Gr.  delta, 
signifying  ten. 

Decachord,  Decachordon  (deTta-kord,  de'- 
ka-kord-on),  n.  [Gr.  delta,  ten,  and  chorde, 
string.]  1.  An  ancient  Greek  musical  in- 
strument, triangular  in  shape,  and  having 
ten  strings. — 2.  t  Something  consisting  of 
ten  parts;  a  bundle  consisting  of  ten  things 
bound,  as  it  were,  together.  '  A  decachordon 
of  ten  quodlibetical  questions  concerning 
religion  and  state.'  Watson. 

Decacuminated  (de-ka-ku'min-at-ed),  a. 
[L.  de,  off,  and  cacuminatus,  pointed,  from 
cacumen,  a  point.  ]  Having  the  top  cut  oft*. 

Decadal  (dek'ad-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  ten; 
consisting  of  tens. 

Decade,  Decad  (dek'ad,  dek'ad),  n.  [L.  decas, 


DECAEBONIZATION 


decadit,  Fr.  dtcade,  from  Or  deka  ten  1  The 
sum  or  number  of  ten;  an  aggregate  orgroup 
"years,  **''  Bpeciflca1^  »"  >&%«*» 

So  sleeping,  so  aroused  from  sleep, 
fnro  sunny  decads  new  and  strange, 

uUpy  qumi)ucnniads  would  we  reap 
The  flower  and  quintessence  of  change. 

Decadence,  Decadency  (M-UMau,  dttV. 

den-si),  n.  [Fr.  decadence,  L.L.  decadmtia, 
from  L.  de  and  cado.  Decidenee,  decidentia 
would  be  more  correct  according  to  the  form 
which  cado  takes  in  classical  Latin  when 
compounded  with  prepositions.)  Decay  a 
falling  into  a  lower  state. 

The  old  castle,  where  the  family  lived  in  their 
decadence.  5l,  „,  SlM, 

Decadent  (de-ka'dent),  a.  [Probably  formed 
on  the  analogy  of  decadence  (which  see)  ] 
Decaying;  deteriorating. 

Decagon  (de'ka-gon),  n.  [Or.  deka,  ten  and 
nonta,  a  corner.)  In  geom.  a  plane  figure 
having  ten  sides  and  ten  angles.  When  all 
the  sides  and  angles  are  equal  it  is  a  regular 
decagon. 

Decagonal  (de-kag'on-al),  a.  Of  or  belonging 
to  a  decagon;  having  ten  sides. 

Decagram,  (de'ka-gram),  n.  The  anglicized 
spelling  of  Decagramme  (which  see). 

Decagramme  (da-ka-gram),  n.  [Or  delta, 
ten,  and  gramme,  a  French  weight )  A 
French  weight  of  10  grammes  or  grams, 
equal  to  5  044  drams  avoirdupois  each 
gramme  being  equal  to  15-43249  grains. 

Decagyn  (deTia-jin),  n.  [Or.  delta,  ten,  and 
gym,  a  female.)  In  but.  a  plant  having  ten 
pistils. 

Decagynia(de-ka-ji'ni-a),  n.  [See  DECAOYN.) 
The  name  given  by  Linnecus  to  those  orders 
of  plants  in  his  system  which  have  ten  pistils. 

Decagynlan,  Decagynous  (de-ka-ji'ni-an, 
de-kajin-us),  o.  In  but.  having  ten  pistils. 

Decahedral  (de-ka-he'dral),  o.  Having  ten 
sides. 

Decahedron  (de-ka-he'dron),  71.  [Or  deka, 
ten,  and  hedra,  a  seat,  a  base.)  In  geom.  a 
figure  or  body  having  ten  sides. 

Decaisnea  (de-ka'ne-a  or  de-kas'ue-a).  n. 
[After  Decaisne,  a  French  botanist.  ]  A  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Lardizabalaceie,  dis- 
covered on  the  Himalayas,  7000  feet  above 
the  sea,  remarkable  as  the  only  member  of 
the  order  not  a  climber.  It  sends  up  several 
erect  stalks  like  walking-sticks,  bearing 
leaves  2  feet  long.  Its  fruit,  which  re- 
sembles a  short  cucumber,  is  palatable,  and 
eaten  by  the  Lepchas  of  Sikkim  in  the 
Himalayas. 

Decalcificatlon  (de-kal'si-fl-ka"shon),  n. 
The  removal  of  calcareous  matter,  as  from 
bones;  specifically,  in  dentistry,  the  removal 
of  the  hardening  element  of  the  teeth  by 
chemical  influence. 

Decalcify  (de-kal'si-fi).  f .  t.  [L.  de,  priv. ,  and 
calx,  calcix,  lime,  chalk.  ]  To  deprive  of  lime, 
as  bones  of  their  hardening  matter,  so  as  to 
reduce  them  to  gelatine.  See  DECALCIFICA- 
TION. 

Decalitre  (da-ka-le-tr),  n.  [Or.  delta,  ten, 
and  Fr.  litre.  ]  A  French  measure  of  capa- 
city, containing  10  litres,  or  01027  cubic 
inches,  equal  to  2J  imperial  gallons  nearly. 

Decalogist  (de-kal'o-jist),  n.  [See  DECA- 
LOGUE.) One  who  explains  the  decalogue. 

Decalogue  (deTia-log),  n.  [Or.  deka,  ten, 
and  logos,  speech.  ]  The  ten  commandments 
or  precepts  given  by  God  to  Moses  at  Mount 
Sinai,  which  were  originally  written  on  two 
tables  of  stone. 

Men  who  can  hear  the  Decalogue,  and  feel 
No  self-reproach.  ll'ordrworth. 

Decameron  (de-kam'e-ron),  n.  [Fr. ,  from 
Gr.  deka,  ten,  and  heinera,  a  day]  The 
anglicized  name  of  the  celebrated  collection 
of  tales  by  Boccaccio,  which  consists  of 
100  stories,  ten  of  which  are  told  on  each  of 
ten  days  by  seven  ladies  and  three  gentle- 
men who  had  fled  from  Florence  to  a  coun- 
try house  during  the  plague  of  1348. 

Decameter  (de'ka-me-ter  or  de-kam'e-ter), 
n.  English  form  of  Decametre  (which  see). 

Decametre  (da-ka-ma-tr),  n.  [Or.  deka,  ten, 
and  wetron,  measure.  ]  A  French  measure 
of  length,  consisting  of  10  metres,  and  equal 
to  3937  English  inches  or  32«  feet. 


lo  ow*  Tjllgtisil  mciies  ui  oi  o  ice*. 

Decamp  (de-kampO,  ».i  [r'r.  df  camper— de, 
from,  and  camp,  a  camp.  ]  1.  To  remove  or 
depart  from  a  camp  or  camping  ground;  to 
march  off ;  as,  the  army  decamped  at  six 
1  :k. 

army  of  the  King  of  Portugal  was  at  Elvason 
nd  of  the  last  month,  and  would  decamp  on  the 
Taller. 


2.  In  a  general  mate,  to  depart;  to  Uke  ooe'i 
•elf  off;  as,  be  decamped  suddenly 

The  father!  were  ordered  to  *•«•„»//    »nj  A. 
housc  wo>  once  .gain  converted  Into  »  tuVern. 


GMrmtrlt 

Decampment  (de-kamp'ment).  n.     De- 

par-tun-  from  a  camp;  a  in  »R  hi  UK  off.  KM*. 
Decanal  (dv'kaii-al),  o.    |.H,I.  iitAN  ]    per. 

tinning  to  a  dean  or  deanery.      '  lit  canal 

residence.  '    Churtun. 
Decander  (de-kaii'di-r).  n.     (Or.  delta   ten 

and  aner,  a  male.)    In  bat.  *  plant  havluu 

ti  n  *t:iiiu-iis 

Decandria(dc-kan'dri-a).  n.  The  tenthcUM 
of  plants  In  the  artificial  lystem  of  Ltunmu. 
The  plant*  ban  ten  «t«men!.  and  one,  two, 


o'clock. 
The.. 
the  22nd 
24th. 


Decandria  (Cerastittm  aqttattntm). 

three,  or  more  pistils.  It  Includes  Dlantlms, 
Lychnis,  C'erastium,  Saxifraga,  Sedum,  Ox- 
alls,  A'c. 

Decandrian,  Decandrous  (de-kan'dri-an, 
i    de-kan'drus),  a.    In  but.  having  ten  atameti! 

Decane(de-kin0.n.  (C10H_)  A  hydrocarlwn 
I    of  amyl  (C.H,,),  and  the  only  form  In  which 
this  radical  can  be  made  to  cxlit  In  the  free 
state.    See  AMVI, 

Decangular  (de-kang'gt'i-lert,  a.  [Gr.  delta, 
ten,  and  E.  angular.]  Having  ten  angle! 

Decant  (de-kanf),  v.t.  [Fr.  decanter,  to 
decant — de,  and  canter,  from  O.Fr.  cant,  a 
rim,  an  edge,  from  I.  caiithux,  the  tire  of  a 
wheel,  Gr.  kantliot,  a  felloe.  Or  it  may  per- 
haps be  from  L.L  decanetare — rff.and  can- 
eta,  Fr.  eanette.  a  little  can, from  L  noina,  * 
reed.]  To  pour  off  gently,  ns  liquor  from 
its  sediment,  or  to  pour  from  one  veuel  Into 
another;  as,  to  decant  wine. 

Decantatet  (de-kant'at),  v.t.  To  decant. 
Baiter. 

Decantatlon  (de-kant-a'shon).  n.  The  act 
of  pouring  liquor  gently  from  its  lees  or 
sediment,  or  from  one  vessel  into  another. 

Decanter  (de-kanfer),  n.  1.  A  veuel  used 
to  decant  liquora,  or  for  receiving  decanted 
liquors;  a  glass  vessel  or  bottle  used  for 
holding  wine  or  other  liquors  for  Ailing 
the  drinking-glasses.  — 2.  One  who  decants 
liquors. 

Decaphyllous  (de-kafil-lns),  a  [Or.  delta, 
ten,  and  phyllon,  a  leaf.  ]  In  bot.  having  ten 
leaves:  applied  to  the  perianth  of  flowers. 

Decapitate  (de-kap'it-at),  v.t.  pret  &  pp. 
decapitated;  ppr.  decapitating.  [L.L.  de- 
capito,  dccapitatinn,  to  behead--dr,  and 
caput,  head.)  1.  To  behead;  to  cut  off  the 
head  of.-  2.  To  remove  from  office  summar- 
ily. [United  States,  colloq.) 

Decapitation  (de-kap'it-a"shon),  n.  The  act 
of  beheading. 

Decapod  (de'ka-pod),  n.  [Gr.  delta,  ten,  and 
pom,  podoe,  a  foot.)  1.  One  of  an  order  of 
crustaceans  having  ten  feet.— 2.  One  of  that 
division  of  the  cuttle-fishes  which  have  ten 
prehensile  arms. 

Decapod  (de'ka-pod),  a.  Having  ten  feet ; 
belonging  to  the  Dccapoda. 

Decapoda  (de-knp'o-da),  n.  pi.  [See  DECA- 
POD.) 1.  The  highest  order  ofcmstacean!,  »o 
called  from  having  five  pairs  of  legs.  They  are 
subdivided  into  Brachyura,  or  short-tailed 
decapods,  to  which  the  name  crabs  has  lieen 
given;  Macrura,  or  long-tailed,  including 
the  shrimp,  lobster,  prawn,  crayfish.  Ac.; 
and  Anomura,  of  which  the  hermit-crab  Is  an 
example. —2.  One  of  the  two  divisions  of  the 

dibranchiate  cuttle-fishes  (the  other  being 
the  Octopoda).  They  have  two  arms  longer 

than  the  other  eight,  and  bear  the  luctorial 

discs  only  at  the  extremities. 

Decapodal,  Decapodous  (de-kar/o-dal,  de- 

kap'o-dus).  a.    Belonging  to  the  order  of 

decapods;  having  ten  feet. 
Decarbonate  (de-kartxm-at),  r.(.    [Prefix 

de,  priv.,  and  carbonate.  ]  To  deprive  of  car- 
bonic acid. 
Decarbonizatlon  (de-karT»n-ii-a"«honX  n.    \ 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loci;      «,go;     j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ling;     IH,  (Aen;  th,  «Un;      w,  wig;    wh.  icAig;    ih,  a*ure.-See  KKt. 


DECARBONIZE 


676 


DECENTRALIZATION 


The  process  of  depriving  of  carbon;  as,  the 
decarboiiization  of  cast-iron,  a  process  re- 
sorted to  in  order  to  convert  cast-iron  into 
steel  or  to  reduce  it  to  the  state  of  malleable 
iron. 

Decarbonize  (de-kiir'boii-iz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
decarbonized;  ppr  decarbonizing.  [De  and 
carbonize.]  To  deprive  of  carbon;  as,  to 
decarbonize  steel. 

Decardt  (de-kardO,  ».«.    To  discard. 

You  have  cast  those  by,  decarded  them.  Fletcher. 

Decardinalize  (de-karMin-al-iz),  ti.f.  [De 
and  cardinal.]  To  remove  from  the  rank  of 
cardinal. 

Decastich  (deTsa-stik),  n.  [Or.  deka,  ten, 
and  stichoi,  a  verse.]  A  poem  consisting  of 
ten  lines. 

Decastyle  (deTca-stil),  n.  [Or.  deka,  ten, 
and  etylos,  a  column.]  A  portico  or  colon- 
nade of  ten  columns. 

Decastyle  (rte'ka-stil),  a.  Decorated  with 
or  having  ten  columns  ;  as,  a  decattyle  col- 
onnade. 

Decasyllabic  (de'ka-sil-]ab"ik),  a.  [Or. 
deka,  ten,  and  syllabi,  a  syllable.]  Having 
ten  syllables;  as,  a  decafyUabic  verse. 

Decay  (de-kaO,  r.t.  [O.Fr.  decacr;  Pr.  decaz- 
er;  It.  decadere,  from  L.  de,  down,  and  cado, 
to  fall]  To  pass  gradually  from  a  sound, 
prosperous,  or  perfect  state,  to  a  less  per- 
fect state,  or  toward  weakness,  or  dissolu- 
tion; to  become  weaker;  to  become  decom- 
posed or  corrupted;  to  rot;  to  be  gradually 
impaired  ;  to  waste  away;  as,  our  bodies 
decay  in  old  age;  our  strength  decays. 

The  woods  decay,  the  woods  decay,  and  fall 

Tennyson. 

Ill  fares  the  land  to  hastening  ills  a  prey, 
Where  wealth  accumulates  and  men  decay. 


The  garlands  fade,  the  vows  are  worn  away; 
So  dies  her  love,  and  so  my  hopes  decay.    Pope. 

SYN.    To  decline,  deteriorate,   degenerate, 
waste,  wither,  fade,  rot,  moulder,  fail. 
Decay  (de-ka'),  c.f.    To  cause  to  fail;  to  im- 
pair; to  bring  to  a  worse  state.     [Rare.] 

Infirmity  ,  that  decays  the  wise,  doth  ever  make 
better  the  fool.  Shak. 

Decay  (de-kaO,  n.  1.  Gradual  failureof  health, 
strength,  soundness,  prosperity,  or  any 
species  of  excellence  or  perfection;  decline 
to  a  worse  or  less  perfect  state  ;  tendency 
toward  dissolution  or  extinction;  a  state  of 
depravation  or  diminution;  decomposition; 
putrefaction;  as,  the  decay  of  the  body  or 
mind;  the  decay  of  virtue;  the  decay  of  an 
empire. 

If  thy  brother  be  waxen  poor,  and  fallen  into  decay. 

Lev.  xxv.  35. 

His  (Johnson's)  failure  was  not  to  be  ascribed  to 
intellectual  decay.  Macanlay. 

He  who  hath  bent  him  o  er  the  dead 
Ere  the  first  day  nf  death  is  fled,  .  .  . 
Before  Decays  effacing  fingers 
Have  swept  the  lines  where  beauty  lingers.    Byron. 

2.  t  Cause  of  decay. 

He  that  plots  to  be  the  only  figure  among  ciphers, 
is  the  decay  of  the  whole  age.  Bacon. 

Decayedness  (de-ka'ed-nes),  n.     A  state  of 

being  impaired;  decayed  state. 
Decayer  (de-ka'£r),  n.    That  which  causes 

decay. 
Decease  (  de  -  ses'  \  n.    [  Fr.  dfcfi,  natural 

death,  from  L.  deceums,  departure—  de,  and 

cedo,  cetmm,  to  go.)  Lit.  departure;  hence, 

departure  from  this  life;  death. 

Moses  and  Elias,  who  appeared  in  glory,  and 
spoke  of  his  decease,  which  nc  should  accomplish  at 
Jerusalem.  Luke  ix.  31. 

SYN.  Death,  demise,  dissolution. 
Decease  (de-ses'),  n.t.    To  depart  from  this 
life;  to  die. 

This  gentle  lady, 

Big  of  this  gentleman,  our  theme,  deceased 
As  he  was  bom.  SJiat. 

Deceased  (de-sesf),  p.  and  a.  Departed 
from  life;  dead.  It  is  frequently  used  as  a 
noun,  the  word  person  being  understood;  as, 
the  deceased  left  his  home  in  good  health. 

Decedent  (de-sed'ent),  a.  [L.  decedent,  de- 
cedentis,  pp.  of  decedo,  to  depart  —  de,  from, 
and  cedo,  to  go.]  Departing;  removing. 
[Rare.] 

Decedent  (de-sed'ent),  n.  A  deceased  person. 
[American.] 

Deceit  (de-set'),  n.  [O.K.  deceipt;  O.Fr. 
decepte,  from  L.  deceptut,  deceit,  and  that 
from  decipio,  decfptum.  See  DECEIVE.  ] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  deceitful;  guileful- 
ness;  deceitfulness. 

O,  that  deceit  should  dwell 
In  such  a  gorgeous  palace  1  Skat. 

2.  The  act  of  misleading  a  person;  the  lead- 
ing of  another  person  to  believe  what  is 


My  lips  shall  not  speak  \ 
utter  deceit. 


false,  or  not  to  believe  what  is  true,  and 
thus  to  insuarc  him;  any  declaration,  arti- 
fice, stratagem,  or  practice,  which  misleads 
another,  or  causes  him  to  believe  what  is 
false;  act  of  fraud;  cheat;  fallacy. 

kedness.  nor  my  tongue 

Job  xxvii.  4. 
And  imagine  deceits  all  the  day  long.    Ps.  xxxviii.  12. 

3.  In  law,  any  trick,  device,  craft,  collusion, 
false  representation,  or  underhand  practice, 
used  to  defraud  another.—  Fraud,  Decep- 
tion, Deceit.  See  under  FRAUD.  -  Sv  s.  Arti- 
fice, craft,  cunning,  deception,  double-deal- 
ing, duplicity,  fraud,  guile,  stratagem, 
treachery,  trick,  wile. 

Deceitful  (de-set'ful).  a.  Full  of  deceit; 
tending  to  mislead,  deceive,  or  insnare; 
trickish;  fraudulent;  cheating;  M,deceitfvl 
words;  deceitful  practices;  deceitful  persons. 

The  smiles  of  joy,  the  tears  of  woe 
Deceitful  shine,  deceitful  flow,— 
There's  nothing  true  but  Heaven.       Moore. 

SYN.  Counterfeit,  delusive,  designing,  falla- 
cious, false,  fraudulent,  hollow,  hypocritical, 
illusive,  insidious,  insincere,  trickish,  wily. 
Deceitfully  (de-set'ful-li),  adv.  In  a  deceit- 
ful manner;  fraudulently;  with  deceit;  in  a 
manner  or  with  a  view  to  deceive. 

The  sons  of  Jacob  answered  Shechem  and  Hamor 
his  father  deceitfully .  Gen.  xxxiv.  13. 

Deceitfulness  (de-set'fnl-nes),  n.  Disposi- 
tion or  tendency  to  mislead  or  deceive;  the 
quality  of  being  fraudulent;  as.  the  deceit- 
fulness  of  sin;  a  man's  deceit/illness  may  be 
habitual;  the  deceitfulnets  of  a  man's  prac- 
tices. 

Deceitless  (de-set'les),  a.  Free  from  deceit. 
lip.  llall.  [Rare.] 

Deceivable  (de-sev'a-bl),  a.    [See  DECEIVE.] 

1.  Subject  to  deceit  or  imposition;  capable 
of  being  misled  or  entrapped;  exposed  to 
imposture;  as,  young  persons  are  very  de- 
ceit-able.    'Blind  ana  therefore  dcceivable.' 
Milton. — 2.  t  Subject  or  apt  to  produce  error 
or  deception;  deceitful.     'Deceivable  tradi- 
tions.'   Milton. 

Deceivableness  (de-sev'a-bl-nesX  n.  1.  Lia- 
bleness  to  be  deceived.  —  2.  Liableness  to 
deceive;  deceitfulness.  'All  deceivableness 
of  unrighteousness.'  2  Thea.  11.  10. 

Deceivably  (de-sev'a-bli),  adv.  In  a  deceiv- 
able  manner. 

Deceive  (de-sev'),  v.t.  pret.  *  pp.  deceived; 
ppr.  deceiving.  [Fr.  decevoir,  from  L.  de- 
ctpio,  to  take  down  or  from ;  hence,  to  catch, 
entrap,  beguile,  cheat — '/'-,  down,  and  eapio, 
to  take.  ]  1.  To  mislead  the  mind  of ; 
to  cause  to  err;  to  cause  to  believe  what  is 
false,  or  disbelieve  what  is  true;  to  impose 
on;  to  delude. 

Take  heed  that  no  man  deceive  you.  Mat.  xxiv.  4. 
If  we  say  we  have  no  sin,  we  deceive  ourselves. 

i  John  i.  4. 

Your  father  hath  deceived  me,  and  changed  my 
wages  ten  times.  Gen.  xxxi.  7. 

2.  To  cause  to  fall  in  fulfilment  or  realiza- 
tion; to  frustrate  or  disappoint. 

I  now  believed 
The  happy  day  approach'd, 
Nor  are  my  hopes  deceived.     Dryden. 

3.  t  To  take  from;  to  rob  by  fraudulence  or 
stealth. 

Plant  fruit  trees  in  large  borders,  and  set  therein 
fine  flowers,  but  thin  and  sparingly,  lest  they  deceive 
the  trees.  Bacon. 

I   To  cause  to  pass  pleasantly;  to  wile  away. 

These  occupations  oftentimes  decen-ed  the  listless 
hour.  It'ordsworth. 

SYN.   To  mislead,  beguile,  delude,  lllude, 
cheat,  circumvent,  overreach,  mock. 
Deceiver  (de-sev'er),  n.    One  who  deceives; 
one  who  leads  into  error;  a  cheat;  an  im- 
postor. 

My  father  peradventure  will  feel  me,  and  I  shall 
seem  to  him  as  a  deceiver.  Gen.  xxvii.  12. 

December  (de-sem'ber),  n.  [L. ,  from  decent, 
ten;  this  being  the  tenth  mouth  among  the 
early  Romans,  who  began  the  year  in  March. ) 
The  twelfth  and  last  month  in  the  year,  in 
which  the  sun  touches  the  tropic  of  Capri- 
corn, at  the  winter  solstice,  being  then  at 
his  greatest  distance  south  of  the  equator 

Decemdentate  ( de-sem-den'tat ),  a.  [L. 
decent,  ten,  and  dentatus,  toothed.]  Having 
ten  points  or  teeth. 

Decemfld  (de-sem'nd),  a.  [L.  decem,  ten, 
and  fido,  to  divide.  ]  In  hot.  ten-cleft ; 
divided  into  ten  parts;  having  ten  divisions: 
applied  to  perianths. 

Decemlocular  (de-sem-lok'u-ler),  o.  [L 
decem,  ten.  and  locvltts,  a  little  bag  or  cell.] 
In  bot.  having  ten  cells  for  seeds:  applied  to 
capsules. 


Decempedal  ('Ic-seni'jie-dal),  «.  (L.  decem, 
ten,  and  pea,  a  foot.]  1.  Having  ten  feet,  au 
a  decapod.— 2.  t  Ten  feet  in  length.  Ilnilri/. 

Decemvir  fd«-»em'ver\  n.  j>l.  Decemvirs, 
Decemviri  (de-sem'verx,  de-sem'vi-ri).  [L. 
decem,  ten,  and  rtr,  a  man.]  1.  One  of  ten 
magistrates,  who  had  absolute  authority  in 
ancient  Rome,  from  B.C.  449  to  447.— 2.  One 
of  ten  men  in  authority  or  appointed  for  a 
special  purpose. 

Decemviral  (de-sem'ver-al),  a.  Pertaining 
to  the  decemvirs  in  Rome. 

Decemvlrate  (de-sem'ver-at),  n.  [L  decem- 
nmtiis,  the  rank  or  office  of  a  decemvir. 
See  DECEMVIR.  ]  1.  The  office  or  term  of  office 
of  the  decemvirs  or  ten  magistrates  in  Rome, 
who  had  absolute  authority  for  two  years.— 
2.  A  body  of  ten  men  in  authority. 

Decencet  (de'sens),  n.  Decency.  '"Wl^t 
with  more  decence  were  in  silence  kept.' 
Dryden. 

Decency  (de'sen-si),  n.  [L.  decentia,  comeli- 
ness, decency.  See  DECENT.]  1.  The  state 
or  quality  of  being  decent,  fit,  suitable,  or 
becoming,  in  words  or  behaviour;  propriety 
of  form,  in  social  intercourse,  in  actions  or 
discourse;  proper  formality;  becoming  cere- 
mony; modesty;  freedom  from  ribaldry  or 
obscenity. 

The  consideration  immediately  subsequent  to  the 
being  of  a  thing,  is  what  agrees  or  disagrees  with 
that  thing:  what  is  suitable  or  unsuitable  to  it;  and 
from  this  springs  the  notion  of  decency  or  indecency, 
that  which  becomes  or  misbecomes.  Soittft 

Immodest  words  admit  of  no  defence 
For  want  of  decency  is  want  of  sense. 

Earl  oj  Roscommon. 

2.  That  which  is  decent  or  becoming.  'The 
external  decencies  of  worship*  Atterlttry. 
SYN.  Decorum,  modesty,  propriety,  suitable- 
ness, becomingness. 

Decennary  (de-sen'na-ri),n.  [L.  decennium, 
a  period  of  ten  years  —  decem,  ten,  and 
annus,  a  year]  A  period  of  ten  years. 

Decennary  (de-sen'na-ri),  n  [From  post- 
class.  L.  distributive  adjective  decenus,  ten 
each,  by  tens,  from  decem,  ten;  the  correct 
spelling  would  therefore  be  decenary.  ]  In 
I'm-,  a  tithing  consisting  of  ten  freeholders 
and  their  families. 

Decennial  (de-sen'ni-al),  a.  [L.  dcccnnalis, 
of  ten  years,  ten  years  long.  See  DECEX- 
xii'M.]  1.  Continuing  for  ten  years;  consisting 
of  ten  years ;  as,  a  decennial  period. — 

2.  Happening  every  ten  years;  as,  decennial 
games. 

Decennium  (de-sen'ni-um),  n.  [L.—  decem, 
ten,  and  annu*,  a  year.]  A  period  of  ten 
years.  'These  .  .  .  come  within  the  present 
decennium. '  1  In  Hunt. 

Decennoval,  Decennovary  (de-sen'no-val, 
de-sen'no-va-ri ),  a.  [L.  decem,  ten,  and 
niii-rin,  nine.]  Pertaining  to  the  number 
nineteen;  designating  a  period  or  circle  of 
nineteen  years.  [Rare.] 

Decent  (de'sent),  a.     [L.  decens,  decenti», 

Spr.  of  :/,:••/.  it  becomes.]  1.  Becoming: 
t;  suitable,  in  words,  behaviour,  dress,  and 
ceremony;  seemly;  decorous;  as,  decent 
language;  decent  conduct  or  actions;  decent 
ornaments  or  dress.  'Honesty  and  decent 
carriage.'  Shak.  'Before  his  decent  steps.' 
Milton.— 2.  Comely;  graceful;  well-formed. 

A  sable  stole  of  Cyprus  lawn, 

O'er  the  decent  shoulders  drawn.    Milton. 

3.  Free   from    Immodesty ;    not   obscene; 
modest. 

The  Evmomians  seem  to  have  been  of  opinion 
that  it  was  not  decent  for  them  to  be  stripped  at  the 
performance  of  this  religious  rite.  Jortin. 

4.  Moderate;  not  large;  tolerable;  passable; 
respectable;  as,  a  decent  fortune;  lie  made 
a  very  decent  sort  of  appearance.    '  Any  man 
of  decent  talents.'     Standard  newspaper. 
[ColloqJ 

Decently  (de'sent-li),  adv.  1.  In  a  decent 
or  becoming  manner;  with  propriety  of  be- 
haviour or  speech;  with  modesty. 

Past  hope  of  safety,  'twas  his  latest  care, 

Like  falling  Cxsar,  decently  to  die.         Dryden. 

2.  Tolerably;  passably;  fairly.    [Colloq.] 

The  greater  part  of  the  pieces  it  contains  may  be 
said  to  DC  very  decently  written.  Edin.  Rev. 

Decentness  (de'sent-nes),  n.    Decency. 

Decentralization  (de-sen'tral-iz-a"shon),  n. 
The  act  of  distributing  what  has  been  cen- 
tralized or  brought  to  a  common  centre ; 
specifically,  in  politics,  the  act  of  distril.ut 
ing  among  a  number  of  places  throughout 
a  country  the  administration  of  its  internal 
affairs,  as  opposed  to  the  administration  of 
them  from  one  centre,  as  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment; or  the  act  of  distributing  among  a 
number  of  individuals  the  power  in  a  state, 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


DECENTRALIZE 


instead  of  placing  the  whole  power  in  the 
hands  of  one  individual. 

Decentralize  (de-sen'tral-iz),  v.t.  To  distri- 
bute what  has  been  centralized;  to  perform 
the  act  of  decentralization  upon 

Deceptibility  (de-sep'ti-biri-ti),  n.  The 
quality  or  state  of  being  capable  or  liable 
to  be  deceived. 

Deceptible  (de-sep'ti-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
deceived. 

Deception  (dc-sep'shon),  n.  [L  deceptio,  de- 
ctptwiuH,  a  deceiving,  from  decipio,  dmu- 
tum.  See  DECEIVE.)  1.  The  act  of  deceiv- 
ing or  misleading. 

All  deception  is  a  misapplying  of  those  signs,  which, 
by  compact  or  institution,  were  made  the  means  of 
men's  signifying  or  conveying  their  thoughts.  South. 

2  The  state  of  being  deceived  or  misled;  as, 
incautious  and  inexperienced  youth  is  pecu- 
liarly liable  to  fall  into  deception. 

We  cannot  unite  the  incompatible  advantages  of 
rc.xlity  and  deceptioji.  the  clear  discernment  of 
truth  and  the  exquisite  enjoyment  of  fiction. 

3.  That  which  deceives;  artifice;  cheat;  as, 
a  scheme  is  all  a  deception;  the  world  is  a 
deception.— Fraud,  Deception,  Deceit.  See 
under  FRAUD.— SYN.  Duplicity,  deceit,  guile, 
fraud,  trick,  cheat,  imposition,  double- 
dealing. 

Deceptions  t  (de-sep'shus),  a.  Tending  to 
deceive;  deceitful.  'Deception  functions  ' 
Sliak. 

Deceptive  (de-sep'tiv),  a.  Tending  to  de- 
ceive; having  power  to  mislead  or  impress 
false  opinions;  as,  a  deceptive  countenance 
or  appearance.— Deceptive  cadence,  in  mu- 
sic, the  close  of  a  phrase  on  any  other  chord 
than  that  of  the  tonic  preceded  by  that  of 
the  dominant.— SYN.  False,  delusive,  illu- 
sory, fallacious,  deceitful. 

Deceptively  (de-sep'tiv-li),  adv.  In  a  man- 
ner to  deceive. 

Deceptiveness  (de-sep'tiv-nes),  n.  The 
power  of  deceiving;  the  tendency  or  aptness 
to  deceive. 

Deceptivity  (de-sep-tiv'i-ti),  n.  A  thing 
which  deceives;  a  sham.  [Eare.] 

Alas,  if  he  look  to  the  seen  Powers  only,  he  may 
as  well  quit  the  business ;  his  No-thing  will  never 
rightly  issue  as  a  Thing,  but  as  a  Deceptivity,  a 
Sham-thing,— which  it  had  better  not  do.  Carlyle. 

Deceptory  (de-sep'to-ri),  a.  Tending  to  de- 
ceive ;  containing  qualities  or  means  ad- 
apted to  mislead. 

Decern  (de-sern'),  v.  t.  [L.  decerno,  to  decree 
— de,  from,  and  cerno,  Gr.  kritid,  to  sepa- 
rate, to  distinguish.  Root  in  Skr.  in,  to 
separate,  to  know.]  1.  In  Scots  law,  to 
judge;  to  adjudge. 

The  lords  decerned  him  to  give  Frendraught  a 
new  tack  of  the  same  teinds.  Sf  aiding. 

2.  t  To  discern;  to  discriminate. 

They  can  see  nothing,  nor  decent  what  maketh 
for  them,  nor  what  against  them.  Crctnincr. 

Decern  (de-sern'),  v.i.  In  Scots  law,  to  de- 
cree; to  pass  judgment:  an  essential  word 
in  all  decrees  and  interlocutors. 

The  said  lords  and  estates  of  parliament  find,  de- 
cern,  and  declare  that  the  said  Francis,  sometime 
earl  of  Bothwelt,  has  committed  and  done  open 
treason.  Scot.  Acts,  yas.  I.  1593. 

Decerniture  (de-sern'i-tur),  n.  In  Scots  law, 
a  decree  or  sentence  of  a  court;  as,  he  re- 
solved to  appeal  against  the  decerniture  of 
the  judge. 

Decerpt  (de-serpO,  v.t.  [L.  dccerpo,  to  pluck 
"ft]  To  pluck  off;  to  crop. 

Decerpt  t  (de-serpf),  a.  [L.  decerptus,  pp. 
of  decerpo,  decerptum,  to  crop,  to  pluck  oif 
— de,  off,  and  carpo,  to  pluck.]  Cropped. 

Decerptiblet  (de-serpt'i-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  plucked. 

Decerption  (de-serp'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
pulling  or  plucking  off;  a  cropping.  — 2.  t  That 
which  is  pulled  off  or  separated ;  a  fragment. 

If  our  souls  were  but  particles  and  deceptions  of 
our  parents,  then  I  must  have  been  guilty  of  all  the 
sins  that  ever  were  committed  by  my  progenitors 
since  Adam.  Glan-ville. 

Decertatiout  (de-ser-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  decer- 
ttitio — de,  and  certo,  to  strive.]  Strife;  con- 
test for  mastery  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Decease  t  (de-sea7),  ».    Decease.    Spenser. 

Decessiont  (de-ses'shon),  n.  [L  decessio, 
decessionis,  a  going  away,  a  departure — de., 
from,  and  cedo,  cessum,  to  go.]  Departure; 
decrease;  diminution.  '  The  accession  and 
dccession  of  the  matter. '  Scott. 

Decharm  (de-charm'),  v.t.  [Fr.  decharmer, 
to  take  off  a  spell.  See  CHARM  ]  To  re- 
move the  spell  or  enchantment  of;  to  disen- 
chant. •  Cured  by  decharming  the  witch- 
craft.' Harvey. 

Dechauss^  (da-sho-sa),  a.  In  her.  same  as 
Dismembered, 


677 

Dechristianlze  (de-kru,  tl-an  iz),  ..«.  pret 
&  pp.  dechrutia, uzcd;  ppr  dechristiani,. 
l".ff-.  IDc-mdchrutianiK.l  T.I  turn  fr,,in 

!.'inc!p"estS)ntbaniShChri8tial'Wit'''nd 
Deciatine.    See  DESSIATIXE. 
Decidable  (de-sid'a-bl),  a.   That  may  be  de- 
Decide  (de-sidO,  ».(.   pret  A  pp.  decided; 
ppr  deciding.    [L.  dccido—de,  and  corfo  to 
strike,  to  cut.  ]    1. 1  To  cut  off;  to  separate. 

Our  seat  denies  us  traffic  here. 

The  sea,  too  near,  decides  us  from  the  rest. 

2.  To  bring  to  an  end;  to  determine"' as  a 
question,  controversy,  or  struggle,  by  some 
recognized  mode  of  arbitrament;  to  settle 
by  giving  the  victory  to  one  side  or  the 
other;  to  determine  the  issue  or  result  of- 
to  conclude;  to  end;  as,  the  court  decided 
the  case  in  favour  of  the  plaintiff;  the  reserve 
decided  the  contest;  the  fate  of  the  bill  is 
decided. 

The  quarrel  toucheth  none  but  us  alone; 

Uotwixt  ourselves  let  us  decim  it  then.        Shut. 

Decide  (de-sidO,  ».t.  To  determine;  to  form 
a  detinue  opinion;  to  come  to  a  conclusion; 
to  pronounce  a  judgment;  as,  the  court  de- 
cided in  favour  of  the  defendant. 

Who  shall  decide  when  doctors  disagree?    Pofi*. 

Decided  (de-sid'ed),  o.  l.Wcll  markedjclear 
unequivocal;  that  puts  an  end  to  doubt;  free 
from  ambiguity  or  uncertainty;  unmistak- 
able; unquestionable;  as,  a  decided  improve- 
ment. 'A  decided  taste  for  science. '  fret- 
cott. 

I  find  much  cause  to  reproach  myself  that  I  have 
lived  so  long,  and  have  given  no  decided  and  public 
proofs  of  my  being  a  Christian. 

P.  Henry,  Ifirfs  StelfMet. 

He  had  marked  preferences,  and  .  .  .  his  opinions 
were  as  decided  as  his  prejudices.  t-din.  Rev. 

2.  Resolute;  determined;  free  from  hesita- 
tion or  wavering;  as,  a  decided  character. 

Decidedly  (de-sld'ed-ll),  adv.  In  a  decided 
or  determined  manner;  clearly;  indisput- 
ably; in  a  manner  to  preclude  doubt. 

Decidement  t  (de-sid'ment),  n.  Act  of  de- 
ciding; decision.  Beau.  J:  Fl. 

Decidencet  (de-sid'ens  or  des'i-dens),  n.  [L 
dccidens,  decidentui,  ppr.  of  decido,  to  fall  off 
—  de,  off,  and  cado,  to  fall.]  A  falling  off. 

Decider  (de-sid'6r),  n.  One  who  decides; 
one  who  determines  a  cause  or  contest. 

Decidingly  (de  sid'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  decid- 
ing manner;  decidedly.  Browne. 

Decidua  (de-sid'u-a),  n.  [For  decidua  mem- 
brana,  the  membrane  that  falls  off.  See 
DECIDUOUS.  ]  In  physiol.  a  membrane  aris- 
ing from  alteration  of  the  upper  layer  of  the 
mucous  membrane  of  the  uterus,  after  the 
reception  i?ito  the  latter  of  the  impregnated 
ovum,  the  name  being  given  to  it  because  it 
is  discharged  at  parturition.  At  an  early 
stage  of  the  development  of  the  human 
ovum  the  decidua  exhibits  a  threefold  divi- 
sion, the  layer  immediately  lining  the  uterine 
cavity  being  called  the  decidua  vera  (true 
decidua),  the  second  layer  or  that  immedi- 
ately investing  the  embryo  being  called  the 
decidua  rejlexa  (turned-back  decidua),  while 
a  third  layer,  or  rather  a  special  develop- 
ment of  part  of  the  decidua  vera,  is  called 
the  decidua  serotina  (late  decidua). 

Deciduate  (de-sid'u-at),  o.  A  term  applied 
to  those  mammals,  asMan.theQuadruinana, 
Carnivora,  Insectivora,  Cheiroptera,  and 
Rodentia,  which  throw  off  a  decidua  after 
parturition;  or  to  the  placenta  of  such  ani- 
mals. 

Deciduity  (de-sid-u'i-ti),  n.  Deciduonsness. 
Keith.  [Rare.] 

Deciduous  (de-sid'u-us),  a.  [L.  deciditus, 
decido— de,  and  cado,  to  fall.]  Falling;  not 
perennial  or  permanent;  specifically,  (a)  in 
hot.  applied  both  to  trees  whose  leaves  fall 
in  autumn  and  to  the  leaves  or  other  parts 
of  the  plant  which  do  so  fall;  thus  a  decid- 
uous calyx  is  one  which  falls  along  with  the 
corollaand  stamens:  opposed  to pennanent. 
(b)  In  zool.  applied  to  parts  which  fall  off 
at  a  certain  stage  of  an  animal's  existence, 
as  the  hair,  horns,  and  teeth  of  certain 
animals. 

Deciduousness  (de-sid'u-us-nes),  n.  The 
quality  of  falling  once  a  year. 

Decigram  (de'si-gram),  n.  The  anglicized 
form  of  decigramme  (which  see). 

Decigramme  (da -si -gram),  n.  A  French 
weight  of  one-tenth  of  a  gramme. 

Decll,  Decile  (de'sil), «.  [  Fr. ,  from  L.  decem, 
ten.]  An  aspect  or  position  of  two  planets 
when  they  are  a  tenth  part  of  the  zodiac 
distant  from  each  other. 


DECIMATION 

Decilitre  (di-Bl-W-tr),  n.  A  French  measure 

"f  capacity  rqunl  t.,  m,,-. truth  ,,f  „  litre 
Decillion  U  ..      A  m,n,i 

volved  t.>  the  truth  p.,v..  i|y  K. 

Cording  t..  Kl^h-h  notation,  a  million  in 
vnlvi  d  to  tin-  Ii-nth  |H>WIT,  <ir  a  unit  with 
sixty  cipher*  am  :,„_•  t.,  n,. 

Franco  notation,  a  tli.,n>;,n.|   involved  K> 
..•nth  |,..v.vr.  ..r  a  unit  witli  thirty 
three  ciphers  annexed. 

DeclUionth  <•!.  MI  li .ontlo.  ,1 
la  a  decillion;    having  the  n, 
position  of  one  of  a  .1 

DedlllonOl(de.Bini.onth).ii    Tl 
»f  unity  divided  byailecilli.ni;  on,- of  a  d.- 
cillion  equal  parts. 

Decima,  Deciml  (de'si-mii.  dc'sl-ml),  n 
In  nnuic,  an  interval  of  ten  di.it. .nlc  de- 
grees, as  from  C  to  E,  or  third  above  the 
octave. 

Decimal  (dc'»l-mal).  o  [Fr,  fro,,,  i 
mi'x.  truth,  from  iC.-ivui,  ten  |  i>(  ,,r  per- 
taining to  decimals;  numbered  or  proceed- 
ing by  decimals;  having  a  tenfold  increase 
or  decrease;  as,  decimal  notation;  &  decimal 
coin!,  itritlimttic.  In  a  general 

sense,  denotes  the  common  system  of  mill, 
metlc,  In  which  the  decimal  or  denary 
scale  of  numbers  Is  used,  or  in  v.1,1,  h  tin 
places  of  the  figures  change  thrlr  value  In 
a  tenfold  proportion,  the  value  being  ten 
times  greater  for  every  place  more  towards 
the  left  hand,  and  ten  times  less  for  e»ery 
place  more  towards  the  right.  In  a  more 
restricted  sense,  howcver.the  term  is  applied 
to  decimal  fractions.  —  Decimal  fraction, 
a  fraction  whose  denominator  is  10.  or  some 
number  produced  by  the  continued  imilti 
plication  of  10  as  a  factor,  such  as  100, 1000, 
A  r.  In  the  notation  of  decimals  the  drno 
minator  is  usually  omitted,  and  to  Indicate 
its  value  a  point  is  placed  to  the  left  of  as 
many  figures  of  the  numerator  as  there  are 
ciphers  in  the  denominator.  Should  there 
not  be  a  sufficient  number  of  figures  in  the 
numerator,  as  many  ciphers  are  prefixed  as 
supply  the  deficiency.  Thus  -}e,  ,»„,  ,^5,.. 
t7,*;,  or  4/5*7  are  decimals,  and  are  usually 
written  7,  09,  003,  75,  475.  From  the  noU- 
tion  of  decimals  it  is  evident  that  the  figure 
immediately  following  the  decimal  point 
denotes  tenths,  the  next  figure  hundredths, 
the  third  thousandths,  A  .•  Ilence,  the 
values  of  figures  in  decimals,  as  well  as  in 
whole  numbers,  are  Increased  in  a  tenfold 
ratio  by  removing  them  one  place  towards 
the  left  hand,  and  diminished  In  the  same 
ratio  by  removing  them  one  place  to  the 
right;  and  hence,  also,  all  operations  In 
decimals  are  performed  in  exactly  the  same 
manner  as  those  in  whole  numbers,  due 
attention  being  paid  to  the  position  of  the 
separating  point.  -  -  Decimal  measure,  a  mea- 
sure the  unit  of  which  is  divided  into  ten 
equal  parts. —Decimal  tyttem,  see  METBIC.S. 

Decimal  (de'si-mal),  n.  Any  number  ex- 
pressed in  the  scale  of  tens;  specifically,  and 
almost  exclusively,  a  decimal  fraction.  See 
under  the  adjective. 

Decimalism  (de'si-mal-izm),  n.  The  theory 
or  system  of  a  decimal  currency,  of  decimal 
weights,  measures,  <frc. 

Decimalization  (de'si-mal-lz-a"shon),n.  The 
act  of  reducing  or  causing  to  conform  to 
the  decimal  system. 

Decimalize  (de'si-mal-iz).  r.(.  To  reduce  to 
the  decimal  system;  as,  to  decimalize  cur- 
rency, weights,  measures,  Ac. 

Decimally  (de'si-mal-li),  ado.  By  tens;  bjr 
means  of  decimals. 

Decimate  (de'si-mat),  n.  (.  pret.  *  pp.  de ri- 
mated;  ppr  decimating.  [L.  decline,  deci- 
matum,  to  select  by  lot  every  tenth  man 
for  punishment,  from  dfcem,  ten.)  1.  To 
tithe;  to  take  the  tenth  part  of.— i  To. 
select  by  lot  and  punish  with  death  every 
tenth  man  of;  as,  to  decimate  an  army  or  a 
collection  of  prisoners.— 3.  To  destroy  a 

freat  but  indefinite  number  of;  as.  the  in- 
abitants  were  decimated  by  fever;    the 
troops  were  decimated  hy  the  enemy's  fire: 
this  last  is  now  the  usual  meaning  of  the 
word. 

It  (England)  had  decimated  itself  for  a  question 
which  involved  no  principle,  and  led  to  no  result. 
Frntde. 

Decimation  (de-si-ma'shon),  n.  l.t  A  tith- 
ing.—2.  A  selection  of  every  tenth  by  lot, 
as  for  punishment,  &c. 

By  decimation  and  a  tithed  death 

Take  thou  the  destined  tenth.  Sluk. 

3.  The  destruction  of  a  great  but  indefinite 
proportion  of  people,  as  of  'an  army  or  in- 
habitants of  a  country;  a  heavy  loss  of  life. 


eh,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g.  go;      j,;ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sm;;; 


TH,  (Aen;  th,  (Aiu,      w,  ing;    wh,  icAig;    zh,  azure.-See  KEV 


DEC1MATOR 


678 


DECLARATION 


Decimator  (de'si-mat-er),  n.  One  who  or 
that  which  decimates. 

Decimetre  (da'si-ma-tr),  n.  A  French  mea- 
sure of  length  equal  to  the  tenth  part  of  a 
metre,  or  3-93710  inches. 

Decimole  (des'i-mol),  n.  In  music,  a  group 
of  ten  notes,  marked  '10'  over  the  top,  and 
played  in  the  time  of  eight  or  four. 

Decline  -  sexto  (de'si-m6-seks"t6),  n.  [L.  ] 
The  size  of  one  fold  of  a  sheet  of  printing 
paper  when  doubled  so  as  to  make  sixteen 
leaves:  said  of  a  sheet  of  paper  or  of  a  book. 
Written  usually  Ifiino. 

Decipher  (de-si'fer),  v.t.  [Fr.  dtchi/rer,  to 
decipher  —  de,  and  chiffre,  a  cipher.  See 
CIPHER.]  1.  To  explain  what  is  written  in 
ciphers,  by  finding  what  letter  each  charac- 
ter or  mark  represents;  as,  to  decipher  a 
letter  written  in  secret  characters. 

Zelmane,  that  had  the  character  in  her  heart,  could 
easily  decipher  it.  Sir  P.  Sidney. 

2.  To  read  what  is  written  in  obscure,  par- 
tially obliterated,  or  badly  formed  charac- 
ters —3.  To  discover  or  explain  the  meaning 
of,  as  of  something  that  is  obscure  or  dim- 
cult  to  be  understood.  'Todecipher  an  am- 
biguous speech.'  Johnson. — 4.  To  describe 
or  delineate.  [Rare  in  this  sense.] 

Could  I  (five  you  a  lively  representation  of  guilt 
and  horror  on  this  hand,  and  paint  out  eternal  wrath 
and  decipher  eternal  vengeance  on  the  other,  then 
might  I  show  you  the  condition  of  a  sinner  hearing 
himself  denied  by  Christ.  South. 

B.t  To  find  out;  to  detect;  to  discover;  to 
reveal. 

What's  the  news?— 

That  you  are  both  deciphered,  that's  the  news. 
For  villains  marked  by  rape.  Shak, 

What  needs  either  your  'mum'  or  her  'budgetf* 
the  white  will  decipher  her  well  enough.  Shak. 

Decipherable  (de-si'fer-a-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  deciphered  or  interpreted 

Decipherer  (de-si'fer-er),  n.  One  who  ex- 
plains what  is  written  in  ciphers  or  written 
obscurely. 

Decipherment  (de-sl'fer-ment),  n.  Act  of 
deciphering.  [Rare.] 

Decision  (de-si'zhon),  n.  [L.  decisio,  deci- 
gionis,  a  cutting  off,  a  decision.  See  DECIDE.  ] 
1. 1  Act  of  separation  or  cutting  off;  detach- 
ment of  a  part;  division.  Bp.  Peamon. — 

2.  Determination,  as  of  a  question  or  doubt; 
final  judgment  or  opinion  in  a  case  which 
has  been  under  deliberation  or  discussion; 
as,  the  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court;  he 
has  considered  the  circumstances  of  the 
case  and  come  to  a  decision. 

Her  full  and  earnest  eye 
Over  her  snow-cold  breast  and  angry  cheek 
Kept  watch,  waiting  decision.  Tennyson. 

3.  Determination,  as  of  a  contest  or  event; 
end,  as  of  a  struggle;  arbitrament;  as,  the 
decision  of  a  battle  by  arms. 

Their  arms  are  to  the  last  decision  bent. 

And  fortune  labour*  with  the  vast  intent.    Dryden. 

4.  Report  of  the  opinions  and  determina- 
tions of  any  tribunal;  as,  read  the  decisions 
of  the  Court  of  King's  Bench,  of  the  Court 
of  Session,   Ac. —5.  The  quality  of   being 
decided;  unwavering  firmness;  prompt  and 
fixed  determination;  as,  a  man  of  decision.  — 
Decision,  Determination,  Resolution.    Each 
of  these  words  has  two  meanings,— the  one 
being  the  act  of  deciding,  determining,  re- 
solving; the  other  implying  a  habit  of  mind. 
It  is  in  the  latter  use  that  the  words  are 
here  compared.     Decision,  the  quality  of 
making  up  one's  mind  promptly  and  clearly 
upon  any  disputed  or  difficult  point;  deter- 
mination, the  settling  upon  some  line  of  ac- 
tion with  a  fixed  purpose  to  stick  to  it:  it 
may  often  be  nearly  allied  to  stubbornness; 
rf  solution,  the  mental  habit  of  following  out 
with  constancy  any  course  the  mind  has 
fixed  upon. 

Martin  Luther  was  equally  distinguished  for  his 
prompt  decision,  his  steadfast  determination,  and 
his  inflexible  resolution,  Goodrich. 

Decisive  (de-sl'siv),  a.  1.  Having  the  power 
or  quality  of  determining  a  question,  doubt, 
contest,  event,  Ac.;  final;  conclusive;  put- 
ting an  end  to  controversy;  as,  the  opinion 
of  the  court  is  decisive  of  the  question;  the 
victory  was  decisive.—  2.  Marked  by  deci- 
sion or  prompt  determination. 

A  noble  instance  of  this  attribute  of  the  decisive 
character.  y.  Foster. 

Decisively  (de-sl'siv-li),  adv.  In  a  conclu- 
sive manner;  in  a  manner  to  end  delibera- 
tion, controversy,  doubt,  or  contest. 

Decisiveness  (de-si'siv-nes),  n.  1.  The  qua- 
lity of  ending  doubt,  controversy,  and  the 
like;  conclusive  ness. —2.  The  state  of  being 
marked  by  decision  or  prompt  determin- 
ation; as,  decisiveness  of  character. 


Decisory  (de-si'so-ri),  a.  Able  to  decide  or 
determine. 

Declyilize  (de-siv'il-Iz),  v.  t.  To  reduce  from 
a  civilized  to  a  wild  or  savage  state.  Black- 
wood's  Mag. 

Deck  (<lek),  v.t.  [Same  word  as  D.  dekken, 
Dan.  dcekke,  G.  decken,  to  cover,  with  the 
nouns,  D.  dek,  Dan.  dcek,  a  cover,  a  ship's 
deck,  G.  decke,  a  cover,  deck,  a  deck;  closely 
akin  to  K.  thatch  (Sc.  thack),  the  root  being 
that  of  L.  tego,  to  cover.  See  THATCH.] 
l.f  To  cover;  to  overspread;  to  put  on.  J/i7- 
ton. — 2.  To  clothe;  to  dress  the  person;  but 
usually,  to  clothe  with  more  than  ordinary 
elegance;  to  array;  to  adorn;  to  embellish. 

The  dew  with  spangles  decked  the  ground.   Dryden. 


When,  with  newforce,  she  aids  her  conquering  eyes, 
And  beauty  decks,  with  all  that  beauty  buys. 

Crabbe. 

3.  To  furnish  with  a  deck,  as  a  vessel. 

Deck  (dek),  n.  [See  the  verb.]  A  horizon- 
tal platform  or  floor  extending  from  side  to 
side  of  a  ship,  and  formed  of  planking, 
supported  by  the  beams.  In  old  war- 
ships of  large  size  there  were  three  tiers 
of  decks:  (a)  the  lower  gun-deck,  the  first 
deck  in  first  and  second  rate  ships;  (&)  the 
middle  deck,  the  second  deck  between  the 
lower  and  upper  decks;  (c)  the  upper  or 
main  deck,  the  third  deck  which  sustains 
the  third  tier  of  guns.— Quarter-deck,  that 
above  the  upper  deck,  reaching  forward 
from  the  stern  to  the  gangway.  —  Qun- 
deck,  in  frigates,  sloops  of  war,  gun-brigs, 
and  cutters,  the  main  or  upper  deck,  on 
which  the  guns  are  placed  in  battery.— 
Half-deck,  the  under  part  of  the  quarter- 
deck of  a  ship  of  war,  contained  between 
the  foremost  bulk -head  of  the  cabin  or 
ward-room  and  the  break  of  the  quarter- 
deck. ^Spar-deck,  that  which  is  continued 
in  a  straight  line  from  the  quarter-deck  to 
the  forecastle  in  frigates  and  men-of-war 
converted  into  troop  ships.  —  Flush- deck, 
a  continued  floor  from  stem  to  stern  on 
one  line.— In  a  first-rate  ship  of  war  of  the 
old  type  the  decks  below  the  main  or  upper 
deck  are  successively  called  the  middle- 
deck,  gun-deck,  and  orlop-deck.  —  To  clear 
the  decks,  to  prepare  a  ship  for  action. 

Deck  (dek).  a.  1.  Fit  to  form  the  deck  of 
a  vessel;  as,  deck  planking.— 2.  Belonging 
to  the  deck ;  confined  to  the  deck ;  as,  a 
'/•'•/,  passenger. 

Deck  (dek),  n.  1.  A  pack  of  cards  piled  regu- 
larly on  each  other. 

Whiles  he  thought  to  steal  the  single  ten. 

The  king  was  slyly  fingered  from  the  deck.  Shak. 

2.t  A  pile;  a  heap;  a  store;  a  file,  as  of 
papers. 

And  for  a  song  I  have 
A  paper-blurrer,  who,  on  all  occasions. 
For  all  times  and  all  seasons,  hath  such  trinkets 
Ready  in  the  deck,  Massinger. 

— To  sweep  the  decks,  to  take  off  or  carry  away 
all  the  stakes  on  a  card-table;  hence,  gener- 
ally, to  gain  everything. 

Deck-beam  (dekl>em),  n.  A  strong  trans- 
verse piece  of  timber  stretching  across  a 
ship  from  side  to  side,  in  order  to  support 
the  deck  and  retain  the  sides  at  their  proper 
distance. 

Deck-cargo,  Deck-load  (dekTtar-gfi,  dek'- 
Idd),  n.  Cargo  stowed  on  the  deck  of  a 
vessel. 

Decked  (dekt),  p.  and  a.  1.  Covered;  adorned. 
2.  Furnished  with  a  deck;  as,  a  three-ducted 
ship.  —3.  In  her.  a  term  applied  to  an  eagle  or 
other  bird  when  the  featners  are  trimmed  at 
the  edges  with  a  small  line  of  another  colour. 
—Decked  boa  t,  a  covered  boat,  with  a  hold  or 
cabin  sheltered  from  the  weather. 

Decker(dek'er),  n.  1.  One  who  or  that  which 
decks  or  adorns;  acoverer;  as,  a  table-d/'eJrer. 
2.  A  vessel  that  has  a  deck  or  decks:  chiefly 
in  composition;  as,  a  two-decker;  a  three- 
decker. 

Deck-hook  (dek'hok),  n.  The  compass- 
timber  bolted  horizontally  athwart  a  snip's 
bow,  connecting  the  stem,  timbers,  and 
deck-planks'  of  the  fore-part. 

Decking  (dek'ing),  n.  1 .  The  act  of  adorning. 
2.  Ornament;  embellishment  'Such  glo- 
rious deckings  of  the  temple.'  Homilies. 

No  decking  sets  forth  anything  so  much  as  affection. 
Sir  P.  Sidney. 

Deckle  (dekl),  n.  In  paper-making,  (a)a  thin 
frame  of  wood  fitting  on  the  shallow  mould 
in  which  thepaperpulp  is  placed,  andserving 
to  regulate  the  width  of  the  sheet.  (6)  The 
rough  or  raw  edge  of  paper. 

Deck-load,  n.     Same  as  Deck-cargo. 

Deck-passage  (dek'pas-aj),  n.  A  passage  on 
the  deck  of  a  vessel. 


Deck-passenger  (dek'pas-en-Jer),  n.  A  pas- 
senger who  remains  on  the  deck  of  a  vessel, 
and  is  not  privileged  to  go  below,  or  if  so 
only  to  a  cabin  of  an  inferior  description;  a 
steerage  passenger. 

Deck-pipe  (dek'plp),  n,  Naitt  an  iron  pipe 
through  which  the  chain-cable  is  paid  into 
the  chain-locker. 

Deck-pump(dek'pump),  n.  A  pump  in  a  ship 
for  the  purpose  of  cleaning,  &c.  In  steam 
vessels,  when  the  engine  is  going,  thcsi- 
pumps  can  be  connected  to  it,  and  thus 
worked  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the 
boiler  with  water,  Ac. 

Deck-sheet  (dek'shet),  n.  Ifaut.  the  sheet 
(if  a  studding-sail  leading  directly  to  the 
deck,  by  which  it  is  steadied  until  set. 

Deck-stopper  (dek' stop -er),  n.  Jfaut.  a 
I  strong  stopper  used  for  securing  the  cable 
forward  of  the  capstan  or  windlass  while  it 
I  is  overhauled. 

Declaim  (de-Warn1),  v.i.      [L.  declamo,  to 

I    practise  speaking  in  public— de,  and  clamo, 

to  cry  out.     See  CLAIM  and  CLAMOUR.] 

1.  To  speak  a  set  oration  in  public;   to 
speak  rhetorically;  to  make  a  formal  speech 
or  oration;  to  harangue;  as,  the  students 
declaim  twice  a  week.  — 2.  To  speak  or  write 
for  rhetorical  display;  to  speak  or  write 
pompously  or  elaborately,  without  earnest- 
ness of  purpose,  sincerity,  or  sound  argu- 
ment; to  rant.      '  At  least  he  (Milton)  does 
not  declaim.'    J.  A.  St.  John. 

Declaim  (de  -klamO,  v.t.  1.  To  utter  in  public; 
to  speak  with  rhetorical  force ;  to  deliver  with 
inflation  of  tone.— 2.  t  To  speak  in  favour  of; 
to  advocate.  '  Makes  himself  the  devil's 
orator,  and  declaims  his  cause.'  South. 

Declaimant,  Declaimer  (de-klam'ant,  de- 
klam'er),  n.  1.  One  who  declaims;  one  who 
habitually  speaks  for  rhetorical  display;  one 
who  attempts  to  convince  by  a  harangue. 

Sallust  was  a  good  historiographer,  but  no  good 
deciaimer.  Fotheroy. 

2.  One  who  speaks  clamorously. 

Loud  declaimers  on  the  part 
Of  liberty,  themselves  the  slaves  of  lust      Confer. 

Declaiming  (de-klam'ing),  n.  The  act  of 
speaking  in  public ;  an  appeal  to  the  pas- 
sions; a  rhetorical  harangue. 

The  splendid  declaimings  of  novices  and  men  of 
heat.  South. 

Declamation  (de-kla-ma'shon),  n.  [L. 
declamatio.]  1.  The  act  or  art  of  declaim- 
ing or  making  a  rhetorical  harangue  in 
public;  especially  the  delivery  of  a  speech 
or  exercise  in  oratory,  as  by  the  students  of 
a  college,  Ac.;  as,  a  public  declamation; 
the  art  of  declamation. 

The  public  listened  with  little  emotion  ...  to  five 
acts  of  monotonous  declamation.  Atacautay. 

2.  A  speech  made  in  public  in  the  tone  and 
manner  of  an  oration;  a  discourse  addressed 
to  the  reason  or  to  the  passions;  a  set 
speech;  a  harangue.— 3.  A  display  of  showy 
rhetorical  oratory,  destitute  or  nearly  des- 
titute of  argument;  that  style  of  oratory 
which  appeals  rather  to  the  emotions  than 
the  judgment;  rapid,  impassioned  oratory; 
the  use  of  pretentious  rhetorical  language, 
with  more  sound  than  sense;  as,  mere  de- 
clamation. 

Many  of  the  finest  passages  in  his  (Milton's)  contro- 
versial writings  arc  sometimes  spoken  of,  even  by 
favourable  judges,  as  declamation,  y.  A.  St.  John. 

Declamatort  (de'klam-at-er),  n.  A  de- 
claimer. 

Declamatory  (de-klam'a-to-ri),  a.  [L.  de- 
clamatorius,  declamatory.  See  DECLAIM.] 
1.  Relating  to  the  practice  of  declaiming; 
pertaining  to  declamation ;  treated  in  the 
manner  of  a  rhetorician;  as,  &  declamatory 
theme. —2.  Appealing  to  the  passions;  noisy; 
rhetorical,  without  solid  sense  or  argument; 
as,  a  declamatory  way  or  style. 

Declarable  (de-klar'a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
declared  or  proved. 

Declarant  (de-klar'ant),  n.  One  who 
declares.  [Rare.  ] 

Declaration  (de-kla-ra'shon),  n.  [L.  decto- 
ratio.]  1.  The  act  of  declaring,  making 
known,  or  announcing;  affirmation;  explicit 
assertion;  open  expression;  avowal;  verbal 
utterance;  publication;  proclamation;  as. 
he  declared  his  sentiments,  and  I  rely  on 
his  declaration.  'The  declaration  of  the 
greatness  of  Mordecai.'  Est.  x.  2.— 2.  That 
which  is  proclaimed  or  declared;  specifi- 
cally, the  document  or  instrument  by  which 
an  announcement  is  authoritatively  made. 

In  1776  the  Americans  laid  before  Europe  that 
noble  Declaration,  which  ought  to  be  hung  up  in  the 
nursery  of  every  king  and  blazoned  on  the  porch  of 
every  royal  palace.  Buckle. 


Fate,  far,  fat  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fev. 


DECLARATIVE 


3  In  late,  (a)  that  part  of  the  process  or 
pleading;  in  which  the  plaintiff  acts  forth 
at  large  his  cause  of  complaint;  the  narra- 
tion or  count:  in  the  criminal  law  of  Scot- 
land the  account  taken  down  in  writin" 
which  a  prisoner  who  has  been  apprehended 
on  suspicion  of  having  committed  a  crime 
Bives  of  himself  on  his  examination.  Judi- 
cial declaration,  in  civil  causes,  the  state- 
menti  taken  down  in  writing  of  the  parties 
when  j  udicially  examined  as  to  the  partial]  ur 
farts  on  which  the  case  rests.  (6)  A  simple 
affirmation  substituted  in  lieu  of  an  oath 
solemn  affirmation,  or  affidavit  which  the 
law  allows  in  a  variety  of  cases,  such  as 
those  which  relate  to  the  revenues  of  cus- 
toms or  excise,  the  post-office,  and  other 
departments  of  administration.  Justices  of 
the  peace,  notaries,  Ac.,  are  also  empowered 
in  various  cases  to  take  voluntary  declara- 
tions in  lieu  of  oaths,  solemn  affirmation., 
and  affidavits.— at  Explanation.  Chaucer' 
—  Declaration  of  rights,  see  under  BIGHT 

Declarative  (de-klar'a-tiv),  a..  Hakln«  de- 
claration, proclamation,  or  publication-  ex- 
planatory; making  show  or  manifestation- 
assertive;  declaratory. 

The  names  of  things  should  always  be  taken  from 
something  observably  decorative  of  their  form  or 

Declaratlvely  (de-klar'a-tiv-li),  adv  In  a 
declarative  manner;  by  distinct  assertion 
and  not  impliedly. 

The  priest  shall  expiate  it,  that  is,  declaralively.  Baits. 

Declarator  (de-klarVter),  n.  In  Scots  law 
a  declaratory  action;  a  form  of  action  in 
the  Court  of  Session,  the  object  of  which  is 
to  have  a  fact  declared  judicially,  leaviii" 
the  legal  consequences  of  it  to  follow  as  a 
matter  of  course;  as,  a  declarator  of  mar- 
riage, of  bastardy,  Ac. 

Declaratorily  (de-kla'ra-to-ri-li),  adv  By 
declaration  or  exhibition. 

Declaratory  (de-kla'ra-to-ri),  a.  Making 
declaration,  clear  manifestation,  or  exhibi- 
tion; expressive;  as,  this  clause  is  declara- 
tory of  the  will  of  the  legislature.—  Declara- 
tory act,  an  act  or  statute  which  sets  forth 
more  clearly  and  explains  the  intention  of 
the  legislature  in  a  former  act.— Declara- 
tory action,  in  Scots  law,  same  as  Declarator 
(which  see). 

Declare  (de-Mar1),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  declared; 
ppr.  declaring.  [L.  declare,  to  declare— lie, 
intens.,  and  clam,  to  make  clear,  from  clar- 
us,  clear.  See  CLEAR.]  l.f  To  clear;  to 
free  from  obscurity;  to  make  plain  '  To  de- 
clare this  a  little. '  Boyle.  -2.  To  make  known 
by  words;  to  tell  explicitly;  to  manifest  or 
communicate  plainly  in  any  way;  to  exhibit; 
to  publish;  to  proclaim. 

I  will  declare  what  he  hath  done  for  my  soul 

Ps.  Ixvi.  16. 
The  heavens  declare  the  glory  of  God.       Ps.  xix.  i. 

3.  To  assert;  to  affirm;  as,  he  declares  the 
story  to  be  false.— 4.  To  make  a  full  state- 
ment of,  as  of  goods  on  which  duty  falls  to  be 
paid  to  the  custom-house. 

A  merchant  of  that  guild  cannot  declare  at  the 
custom-house  merchandise  brought  in  o:ie  ship-load 
or  land  conveyance  of  higher  value  than  /Jsooo. 

Brougham. 

— To  declare  one's  self,  to  throw  off  reserve 
and  avow  one's  opinion;  to  show  openly 
what  one  thinks,  or  which  side  he  espouses. 

We  are  a  considerable  body,  who,  upon  a  proper 
occasion,  would  not  fail  to  declare  ourselves. 

Addison. 

Declare  (de-Mar1),  v.i.  1.  To  make  a  decla- 
ration; to  proclaim  or  avow  some  opinion 
or  resolution  in  favour  or  in  opposition;  to 
make  known  explicitly  some  determination; 
to  proclaim  one's  self;  to  pronounce  adhe- 
sion in  favour  of  a  party,  *c. :  with  for  or 
against;  as,  the  prince  declared  for  the 
allies;  victory  had  not  declared  for  either 
party;  the  allied  powers  declared  against 
France. 

Like  fawning  courtiers,  for  success  they  wait ; 
And  then  come  smiling,  and  declare  far  fate. 

Dryden. 

2.  In  law,  to  recite  the  causes  of  complaint 
against  the  defendant ;  as,  the  plaintiff  de- 
clares in  debt  or  trespass.— To  declare  of, 
to  refuse  to  co-operate  in  any  undertaking; 
to  break  off  from  one's  party  engagements, 
&c.  —  SYN.  To  state,  affirm,  aver,  assert, 
asseverate,  protest,  proclaim,  announce. 
Declared  (de-klard),  p.  and  a.  Made  known; 
told  explicitly;  avowed;  exhibited;  mani- 
fested ;  published  ;  proclaimed  ;  recited  ; 
open;  professed;  as,  the  declared  value  of 
merchandise;  a  declared  enemy. 


DECLINE 


<<16-klr""ment),  n. 

I"CT'ofw* 

Declarer  (de-klartr),  n.    One  who 


Declension  (de-klen'shon),  n.  [L.  declinatio 
declinatuniu,  a  leaning  from  or  away  from 
decline.  See  DECLINE.)  i.  The  act  o  d™ 

deS"';™6^1'?*"'1^1"'^  'Inclination; 
uescent,  slope.  The  dcclentim  of  the  land 
from  that  place  to  the  sea.'  JSumet  -2  A 
falling  or  declining  toward  a  worse  state-  \ 
tendency  toward  a  less  degree  of  excellence 
or  perfection;  as,  the  declension  of  virtue 

nneT,ne1  "'  ^  °<  the  «'«"  °eV  of  the" 
Hue  arts,  &c.  -in  the  latter  date  and  de 
clenswn  of  his  drooping  years.'  South. 

But  the  fall,  the  rapid  and  total  dectensic 
Wllkes's  fame,  the  utter  oblivion  info  which  hS  very 
branr,  „?  P"^  '°'  a"  PufP<*es  save  the  renS 


T"0  a"""'»t  " 

'  .....  '  ..... 


Declinator  (d.-Tilln-iWr).  n.    i 


.a  da,. 
»  in  dialling,  of  a  plane,  an 

with16  "^     2'  »  °"e  wh" 
with  another;  adkuwm,,,,, 


. 

D«?,Una,?7  •Ic.klinVtor.l).  a.  Vor'. 
tailing  to  declination;  characterized  byd,. 
'  li'm.g;  intimating  declinator,:  ,,r  refuwl 
-Declinatory  pUa.  li 

SZbfi'"1,'C.t,rlttl  "r  """"<""•  intended'  t." 
' 


,,  °     >« 

tin-  law.  ,,r  wa,  uwrldlv  el 
empted  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  courl 

plea.  °'  eleI8y  *"  "  ""*""• 

.    .<Un,e  a. 


tar-  •  ' 

in  certain  circumstances,  to  decline 


3.  Refusal;  non-acceptance.  -4*  ^  grain. 
(a)  the  inflection  of  nouns,  adjectives  and 
pronouns;  the  declining,  deviation,  or  lean- 
ing  away  of  the  termination  of  a  word  from 
the  termination  of  its  nominative  case- 
change  of  termination  to  form  the  oblique 
cases;  thus,  in  Latin,  from  rex  in  the 
nominative  case,  are  formed  regis  in  the 
genitive,  regi  in  the  dative,  regem  in  the 
accusative,  ami  rcge  in  the  ablative  (6)  The 
rehearsing  of  a  word  as  declined;  the  act  of 
declining  a  word,  as  a  noun,  (c)  A  class 
of  nouns  declined  on  the  same  type-  as 
flrst  or  second  declension,-Decle,unon  of 
the  needle.  See  under  DECLINATION 
Declinable  (de-klin'a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
declined;  capable  of  changing  its  termina- 
tion m  the  oblique  cases;  as,  a  declinable 
noun. 

Declinal  (de-klin'al),  a.  1.  Bending  down- 
wards; declining.  -2.  In  geol.  applied  to 
the  slope  of  strata  from  an  axis 
Declinant,  Decllvaut  (dc'klin-ant,  deTcliv- 
ant),  a.  In  her.  terms  applied  to  the  ser- 
pent, borne  with  the  tail  straight  down- 
ward. 

Declinate  (delilin-at),  a.  [L.  declinatvs,  pp. 
of  declino,  declinatum.  Sec  DECLINE.)  In 
hot.  bending  or  bent  downward;  declining: 
applied  to  stamens  when  they  are  thrown 
to  one  side  of  a  flower,  as  in  Amaryllis. 
Declination  (de-klin-a'ahon),  n,  i.  The  act 
or  state  of  bending  down;  inclination;  as,  a 
declination  of  the  head.  —  2.  A  declining  or 
falling  into  a  worse  state;  change  from  a 
better  to  a  worse  condition;  decay;  deterio- 
ration :  gradual  failure  or  diminution  of 
strength,  soundness,  vigour,  or  excellence; 
subsidence  ;  gradual  appeasement  ;  as,  the 
declination  of  passion.  —  3.  A  deviation  from 
arightline,  in  aliteral  sense;  oblique  motion. 
'The  declination  of  atoms  in  their  descent.' 
Bcntley.—l.  Deviation  from  rectitude  in  be- 
haviour or  morals;  obliquity  of  conduct;  as, 
a  declination  from  the  path  of  integrity. 
'Every  declination  and  violation  of  the 
rules.'  S<m(A.-5.  The  act  of  declining, 
refusing,  or  shunning;  refusal;  withdrawal. 
'The  queen's  declination  from  marriage.' 
Stowe.  —  6.  In  astron.  the  distance  of  a 
heavenly  body  from  the  celestial  equator, 
measured  on  a  great  circle  passing  through 
the  pole  and  also  through  the  body.  It  is 
equal  to  the  complement  of  the  polar  dis- 
tance of  the  body,  and  is  said  to  be  north 
or  south  according  as  the  body  is  north  or 
south  of  the  equator.  Great  circles  passing 
through  the  poles,  and  cutting  the  equator 
at  right  angles,  are  called  circles  of  declina- 
tion. Twenty-four  circles  of  declination, 
dividing  the  equator  into  twenty-four  arcs 
of  15°  each,  are  called  hour  circles  or  horary 
circles  ;  the  angle  contained  by  any  two  of 
them  is  called  an  hour  angle,  and  the  arc  of 
the  equator  intercepted  between  them  is 
called  an  hour  arc.—  7.  In  dialling,  the  arc 
of  the  horizon,  contained  between  the  ver- 
tical plane  and  the  prime  vertical  circle,  if 
reckoned  from  east  or  west,  or  between  the 
meridian  and  the  plane,  if  reckoned  from 
north  or  south.  —  8.  Ingram,  declension;  the 
inflection  of  a  noun  through  its  various  ter- 
minations. 'Declination  of  a  noun.'  John- 
son. —  Declination  of  the  compass  or  needle, 
or  magnetic  declination,  the  variation  of  the 
magnetic  needle  from  the  true  meridian  of 


The  dfdinature  of  thit  olBce  is  no  ICM  graceful 


Decline  (,  ; 

ppr.  dedmtna.  [L  declino.  to  T^nd  down 
or  aiide-de,  down,  and  a  hyjKjthetlcal  fonn 
clino,  same  as  Or.  Hint,  to  lend.  Boot  Ui 
stceporslopiiig.teeninL.  climu.  See  LEAN  '] 
1.  lo  lean  downward;  to  bend  over;  to  hang 
down,  as  from  weakness,  despondency,  sub- 
mission,  or  the  like;  as,  the  head  d'rr 
towards  the  earth.  Byron.-Z.  To  sink  to  a 
lower  level;  to  stoop,  as  to  an  unworthy 
object. 

From  me,  whose  love  was  that  of  dignity  ' 
•        •  .       \ndeclau 

Upon  a  wretch,  whose  natural  i/inj  were  poor 
1  o  those  of  mine. 


.  ..j 

''Jwirii  to  wish  thM  tom  I-havlnB  known  me-to 

On  a  range  of  lower  feelings.  «nd  »  narrower  heart 

than  miner  Ttu,v,<m. 

S.  \  To  condescend. 

He  would  detUne  even  to  the  lowest  of  his  family. 
Lady  HMcktHion. 

4.  To  lean  or  deviate  from  rectitude;  to  lee** 
the  path  of  truth  or  justice,  or  the  course 
prescribed. 

Yet  do  I  not  decline  from  thy  testimonies. 

Ps.  cii«.  157. 

5.  To  approach  or  draw  toward  the  close  ; 
as,  the  day  declines.—  «.  To  avoid  or  shun- 
to  refuse;  not  to  comply;  as.  he  declined  to 
take  any  part  in  the  concern.  —7.  To  tend 
to  a  less  perfect  state  ;  to  sink  in  character 
or  value;  to  become  diminished  or  impaired; 
to  fall;  to  decay;  as,  the  vigour  of  youth  de- 
clines; health  declines;  virtue  declines;  re- 
ligion declines;  national  credit  and  prospe- 
rity decline  under  a  corrupt  administration; 
the  prices  of  land  and  goods  decline  at  the 
close  of  a  war.  —8.  t  To  incline;  to  tend. 

The  purple  lustre  .  .  .  dtflineth  in  the  end  to  the 
colour  of  wine.  Holland. 

9.  t  To  Incline  morally;  to  be  favourably 
disposed. 

Your  weeping  sister  is  no  wife  of  mine. 

Nor  to  her  bed  no  homage  do  I  owe: 

Far  more,  far  more,  to  you  do  1  decline.    Skat. 

Decline  (de-klin'),  r.(.      1.  To  bend  down- 
ward ;  to  move  from  a  right  line  ;  to  cause 
to  bend,  bow,  or  fall;  to  depress. 
In  melancholy  deep,  with  head  declined    Thomson 

2.  To  shun  or  avoid;  to  refuse;  not  to  engage 
in;  to  put  or  turn  aside;  not  to  accept  or 
comply  with;  as,  he  declined  the  contest;  ho 
declined  the  olfer;  he  declined  the  busineMt 
or  pursuit.—  3.  Ini/ram  to  intlect;  to  change 
the  termination  of  a  word,  for  forming  the 
oblique  cases;  as,  dotninus,  domini,  domi- 
no, dominutn,  domine.  —  4.  t  To  cause  to  suc- 
cumb. 

To  decline  the  conscience  in  compliment   to  the 
senses.  Royle. 

5.t  To  cause  to  decrease  or  diminish;  to 
reduce. 

You  have  declined  his  means.        Bean.  6-  Ft. 

Decline  (de-klin').  n.  1.  A  falling  off  in  value. 
number,  or  quality:  a  tendency  to  a  worse 
state;  diminution  or  decay;  deterioration; 
as,  the  decline  of  life;  the  decline  of  strength  ; 
the  decline  of  virtue  and  religion;  the  decline 
of  agriculture. 

Their  fathers  lived  in  the  decline  of  literature. 

.Su'/A 

2.  In  ined.  that  period  of  a  disease  when  the 
characteristic  symptoms  begin  to  abate  in 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     jjob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin^;      TH,  (Aen;  th,  thin;      w,  irig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure. -See  KIT. 


DECLINE  R 


G80 


DECORATOR 


violence.— 3  A  popular  name  for  almost  all 
chronic:  diseases  in  which  the  strength  and 
plumpness  of  the  body  gradually  decrease, 
until  the  patient  dies;  consumption,  parti- 
cularly pulmonary  consumption. 

Decliner  (de-klin'er),  n.  I.  One  who  de- 
clines.—2.  In  dialling,  the  name  given  to  a 
dial  which  cuts  either  the  plane  of  the  prime 
vertical  circle  or  the  plane  of  the  horizon 
obliquely.  Called  also  a  Declining  Dial. 

Declinometer  (de-klin-om'et-er),  n.  [De- 
clination, and  Gr.  metron,  measure.]  An  in- 
strument for  measuring  the  declination  of 
the  magnetic  needle,  and  for  observing  its 
variations.  In  magnetic  observatories  there 
are  permanent  instruments  of  this  kind, 
and  they  are  commonly  made  self-register- 
ing by  photographic  means.  It  is  the  object 
of  such  instruments  to  register  the  small 
hourly  and  annual  variations  in  declination, 
and  also  the  variations  due  to  magnetic 
storms. 

Becllnous  (de-klln'us),  a.  In  bot.  decimate; 
bent  downward. 

Declivity  (de-kli'vi-tl),  n.  [L.  declivitas,  a  de- 
clivity, from  decliv is,  sloping— de,  and  clivus. 
See  CLIFF.]  1.  Declination  from  a  horizon- 
tal line ;  slope  or  inclination  downward, 
as  of  the  ground,  of  a  rock,  or  other  thing: 
chiefly  used  of  the  earth,  and  opposed  to  ac- 
clivity, oraacent;  the  same  slope,  considered 
as  descending,  being  udectivity,  and  consider- 
ed as  ascending,  an  acclivity.  'The declivity 
of  its  course.'  Walton, — 2.  A  surface  which 
inclines  downward;  a  slope.  'Commodious 
declivities  and  channels  for  the  passage  of 
the  waters.'  Derham, 

Declivous,  Declivitous  (de-kli'vus,  de-kli'- 
vit-us),  a.  Gradually  descending;  not  pre- 
cipitous; sloping. 

Decoct  (de-kokf),  v.t.  [L.  decoquo,  decoc- 
tum,  to  boil  down — de,  and  co^tto,  to  cook, 
to  boil.]  1.  To  prepare  by  boiling;  to  digest 
in  hot  or  boiling  water ;  to  extract  the 
strength  or  flavour  of  by  boiling. — 2.  To  di- 
gest in  the  stomach.— 3.  To  warm,  as  if  by 
boiling;  to  heat  up;  to  excite. 

Can  sodden  water, 

A  drench  for  sur-rcin'd  jades,  their  barley-broth, 
Decoct  their  cold  btood  to  such  valiant  heat.      Sltak. 

Decoctible  (de-kokt'i-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
boiled  or  digested. 

Decoction  (de-kok'shon),  n.  [Fr.  decoction. 
See  DECOCT.  ]  1.  The  act  of  boiling  a  sub- 
stance in  water,  for  extracting  its  virtues. 
2.  The  liquor  in  which  a  substance  has  been 
boiled;  water  impregnated  with  the  prin- 
ciples of  any  animal  or  vegetable  substance 
boiled  in  it;  as,  a  weak  or  strong  decoction 
of  Peruvian  bark. 

If  a  plant  be  boiled  in  water,  the  strained  liquor  is 
called  the  decoction  of  the  plant.  Arbttthnot, 

Decoctive  (de-kokt'iv),  a.  Having  power 
to  decoct.  [Rare.] 

Decocture  (de-kokt'ur),  n.  A  substance 
prepared  by  decoction.  [Rare.] 

Deceit  (de-koif),  n.     Same  as  DakoU. 

Decollate  (de-kol'lat),  r.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  decol- 
lated; ppr.  decollating.  [L.  decollo,  decolla- 
tum,  to  behead— de,  from,  and  collum,  the 
neck.]  To  behead. 

Decollated  (de-kol1at-ed),  p.  and  a.  Be- 
headed; specifically,  in  conch,  atermapplied 
to  those  univalve  shells  which  have  the  apex 
worn  off  in  the  progress  of  growth.  This 
happens  constantly  with  some  shells,  such  as 
the  species  of  Bulimus  called  in  consequence 
B.  decollates. 

Decollation  (de-kol-la'shon),  n.  [L.  decol- 
latio.  See  DECOLLATE.]  The  act  of  behead- 
ing; the  state  of  one  beheaded.  It  is  espe- 
cially used  of  St.  John  the  Baptist,  of  a 
festival  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in- 
stituted in  his  honour,  and  of  a  painting 
which  represents  his  beheading. 

Decolorant  (dft-fcuTftr-mnt), »  A  substance 
which  removes  colour,  or  bleaches. 

Decelerate  (de-kul'er-at),  v.t.  To  deprive 
of  colour;  to  decolour. 

Decoloration  (de-kurer-a"shon),  n.  [L  de- 
coloratio,  decolorationis,  discolouring  —  de, 
from,  and  color,  colour.  ]  Absence  of  colour; 
abstraction  or  loss  of  colour. 

Decoloration,  a  term  .  .  .  signifying  blanching  or 
loss  of  the  natural  colour  of  any  object.       Hooper. 

Decolorlmeter  (de-kol'or-im"et-er),  n.  [L. 
decoloro,  to  discolour,  and  Gr.  metron,  mea- 
sure.] An  instrument  for  estimating  the 
decolorizing  power  of  charcoal. 

Decolorization,  Decolonization  (de-kul'- 
er-iz-a"shon),  n.  The  process  of  depriving 
of  colour. 

Decolorize,  Decolourize  (de-kul'er-Iz),  v.t. 
To  deprive  of  colour. 


Decolour,  Decolor  (tle-kul'er),  v.t.  To  de- 
prive of  colour;  to  bkach. 

Decomplex  (de'com -picks),  a.  [Prefix  de, 
'•  intens.,  and  complex.]  Repeatedly  com- 
pound; made  up  of  complex  constituents. 

Decomposable  fde-kom-poz'a-bl),  a.  [See 
DECOMPOSE.]  That  may  be  decomposed; 
capable  of  being  resolved  into  its  constitu- 
ent elements. 

Decompose  (de-kom-poz'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
decomposed;  ppr.  decomposing.  [Fr.  dfcoin- 
poser — de,  and  composer,  to  compose,  from 
L.  compono,  compositus.  See  COMPOSE.] 
To  separate  the  constituent  parts  of;  to  dis- 
unite the  elementary  particles  of,  as  of  a 
body  the  elements  of  which  are  combined  by 
affinity  or  chemical  attraction ;  to  resolve 
into  original  elements. 

Decompose  (de-kom-poz'),  v.i.  To  become 
resolved  into  constituent  elements;  to  be 
set  free  from  chemical  combination;  to  be 
analyzed. 

Decomposite  (de-kom'poz-it),  a.  [L.  de, 
intens. ,  and  compositus,  pp.  of  compono,  com- 
positum,  to  place  together.  See  COMPOSE.] 
1.  Compounded  a  second  time;  compounded 
with  things  already  composite.— 2.  In  bot. 
compounded  several  times;  decompound 
(which  see). 

Decomposite  (ilO-kom'poz-it),  n.  Anything 
compounded  with  things  already  compo- 
site: chiefly  used  of  chemicals  and  of  gram- 
matical terms. 

Decomposites  of  three  metals,  or  more,  are  too  long 
to  inquire  of.  Bacon. 

Compounds  wherein  one  element  is  compound  are 
called  decomposites.  .  ,  ,  The  decomposite  charac- 
ter of  such  words  (as  midshipman,  gentlemanlike} 
is  often  concealed  or  disguised.  Latham. 

Decomposition    ( de-kom'p6-zi"shon \    n. 

1.  The  act  of  separating  the  constituent  ele- 
ments of  a  compound  body  or  sultstance; 
analysis;  resolution;  as,  the  decomposition 
of  water  into  its  constituent  elements,  oxy- 
gen and  hydrogen. 

Light  is  an  all-important  agent  of  molecular  changes 
in  organic  substances.  It  is  not  here  necessary  for 
us  to  ascertain  how  light  produces  these  compositions 
and  decompositions.  H.  Spencer. 

2.  The  state  of  being  decomposed  or  re- 
solved; release  from  previous  combinations; 
disintegration ;   decay  consequent  on  the 
loss  of   ingredients  or  elements ;  as,  the 
cabinet  is  in  a  state  of  decomposition;  his 
body  was  in  an  advanced  state  of  decompo- 
sition.— Decomposition  of  forces,  in  mcch. 
the  same  as  Resolution  of  Forces.    See  un- 
der RESOLUTION.—  Decomposition  of  light, 
the  separating  of  a  beam  of  light  into  the 
prismatic  colours. 

Decomposition  t  (de-kom'p6-zi"shon),  n. 
[Prefix  de,  intens.,  and  composition.]  The 
act  of  compounding  things  already  com- 
pound; a  combination  of  compounds.  'A 
dexterous  decomposition  of  two  or  three 
words  together.'  Instruct,  concerning  Ora- 
tory. 

Decompound  (de  kom-pound').  v.t,  [Prefix 
de,  priv.,  and  compound.]  To  decompose. 
[Rare.  ] 

It  divides  and  decompounds  objects  into  a  thousand 
curious  parts.  Haxlitt. 

Decompound (de-kom-pound'),  v.t.  [Prefix 
de,  intens.,  and  compound.]  To  compound 
a  second  time;  to  compound  or  mix  with 
that  which  is  already  compound;  to  form 
by  a  second  composition. 

Decompound  (de-kom-pound').  a.  1.  Com- 
posed uf  things  or  words  already  compound- 


Decompound  Leaf. 


ed;  compounded  a  second  time.— 2.  In  bot. 
divided  into  a  number  of  compound  divi- 


sions, as  a  leaf  or  panicle.  A  </*'•";,, 
leaf,  a  leaf  in  which  the  primary  petiole 
gives  off  subsidiary  petioles,  each  suppnrt- 
ing  a  compound  leaf.  A.  decompound  jinn ,,-, 
a  flower  formed  of  compound  flowers,  or 
containing,  within  a  common  calyx,  smaller 
r;ily\L'~,  (.•Minninn  to  several  flowers. 

Decompound  (de-kom-pound'),  ?i.  A  de- 
composite (which  see). 

Decompoundable  (de-kom-pound'a  bl),  a. 
That  may  be  decompounded. 

Deconsecrate  (de-kon'se-krat),  v.t.  To  de- 
prive of  sacred  character  or  of  the  virtue 
conferred  by  consecration ;  to  unconsecrate; 
to  secularize;  as,  to  deconsecrate  a  church. 

De  consecration  ( de-kon'se-kra"shon ),  n. 
The  act  of  u  neon  sec  rating  or  depriving  of 
sacred  character;  specifically,  the  ceremony 
employed  in  unconsecrattng  or  rendering 
secular  anything  consecrated,  as  a  church, 
cemetery,  or  the  like.  The  forms  to  be  ob- 
served do  not  appear  in  the  Prayer  Book, 
and  the  ceremony  is  of  very  rare  occur- 
rence. 

Decoped,t  pp.  [Fr.  decoupt.}  Cut  down. 
Chaucer. 

Decorament  t  (delto-ra-ment),  n.  Orna- 
ment. 

Decorate  (deTco-rat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  deco- 
rated; ppr.  decorating.  [L.  decoro,  from 
deous,  decor,  comeliness,  grace.]  1.  To  deck 
with  something  becoming  or  ornamental; 
to  adorn;  to  beautify;  to  embellish;  as,  to 
decorate  the  person;  to  decorate  an  edifice; 
to  decorate  a  lawn  with  flowers;  to  decorate 
a  hero  with  honours,  or  a  lady  with  accom- 
plishments. —  Adorn,  Decorate,  Embellish. 
See  under  ADORN. — SYN.  To  deck,  beautify, 
adorn,  embellish,  ornament. 

Decorated(de'k6-rat-ed),p.  ando.  Adorned; 
beautified;  embellished.— Decorated  style. 


Window,  Decorated  Style,  Garsington,  Oxford. 

in  arch,  the  second  style  of  pointed  archi- 
tecture, in  use  in  Britain  from  the  end  of 
the  thirteenth  to  the  beginning  of  the  fif- 
teenth century,  when  it  passed  into  the 
Perpendicular.  It  is  distinguished  from 
the  Early  English,  from  which  it  was  de- 
veloped, by  the  more  flowing  or  wavy  lines 
of  its  tracery,  especially  of  its  windows,  by 
the  more  graceful  combinations  of  its  foli- 
age, by  the  greater  richness  of  the  decora- 
tions of  the  capitals  of  its  columns,  and  of 
the  mouldings  of  its  doorways  and  niches, 
finials.  Ac.,  and  generally  by  a  style  of  orna- 
mentation more  profuse  and  naturalistic, 
though  probably  somewhat  florid.  The 
Decorated  style  has  been  divided  into  two 
periods,  viz.  the  Early  or  Geometrical  De- 
corated period,  in  which  geometrical  figures 
are  largely  introduced;  and  the  Decorated 
style  proper,  in  which  the  peculiar  charac- 
teristics of  the  style  are  exhibited.  This 
latter  period  has  left  us  the  finest  monu- 
ments of  British  architecture. 

Decoration  (de-ko-ra'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  adorning  or  embellishing;  ornamenta- 
tion.—2.  That  which  decorates  or  adorns; 
something  added  by  way  of  embellishment; 
ornament— 3.  Any  badge,  as  a  medal,  cross 
of  honour,  &c.,  bestowed  for  distinguished 
services.—  SYN.  Ornament,  embellishment, 
garniture,  trapping. 

Decorative  (de'ko-rat-iv),  a.  Adorning; 
suited  to  embellish;  as,  decorative  art. 

Decoratiyeness  (deTco-rat-iv-nes),  n.  Qua- 
lity of  being  decorative. 

Decorator  fde'ko-rat-er),  n.  One  who  adorns 
or  embellishes. 


Jiite,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  h6r;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtme;      y,  Sc.  tey. 


'    ••  y;  to  deco- 

God>    //("  and  beautifte  the  house  of 

Decorementt  (de-kortne-nt),  ».    Embellish- 
ment; ornament;  decoration. 

These  decrements  which  beautify  and  adorn  her. 


Decorous  (de-ko'rus),  a  [L  d, 
coming.]  Decent;  suitable  to  a  character" 
or  to  the  time,  place,  and  occasion-  beconv 
mg;  proper;  befitting;  as,  a  decoro"*  I  c ",  "r 
decorous  behaviour;  a  di-conms  dress  •  V 
decorous  pretext  for  the  war  '  Motle'ii 

Decorously  (de-ko'rus-li),  adv.    In  a  Decora- 

Decorousness  (de-ko'rus-nes),  n.    Decencv 
or  propriety  of  behaviour. 
Decorticate  (de-koi'ti-kat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pt 
decorticated;  ppr.  decorticatina.     [L  (fj£ 
tier,,  decorticatum,  to  strip  the  bark  off -A 
pnv.,  and  cortex,  bark.]    To  strip  off  th 
bark  of;  to  peel;  to  husk;  to  take  off 
exterior  coat  of     'Great  barley  dried  an, 
augmented.     Arbuthnot 
Decorticatlpn  (de-korti-kiV'shon)  n     The 
act  of  stripping  off  bark  or  husk 
Decorum  (de-ko'rum),  n.    [L.,  what  is  be 
coming.]    I    Propriety  of  speech  or  beha 
viour;  suitableness  of  speech  and  behaviour 
to  one  s  own  character  and  to  the  charac 
ters  present,  or  to  the  place  and  occasion 
seemlmess;  decency;  opposed  to  rudeness 
licentiousness,  or  levity.    To  speak  and  be- 
breedii"'      decor"m  is  essential  to  good 

He  kept  with  princes  due  decorum 

Yet  never  stood  in  awe  before  'em.'        Swiff. 

2.  In  rtrcA.  the  suitableness  of  a  buildiii" 
and  uses'3  PartS  a"d  ornaments<  to  «"  Place 
D'ecoupje'    (de-kop-laO,    PP.      In    her.    un- 
coupled; parted  or  severed;  as,  a  chevron 

Decourt  t  (de-k6rf),  nt  To  drive  or  dismiss 

ESS  ,Tu'It;  to  llePriv<=  of  court  influence 

Ihe  Master  of  Gray,  now  decourted.'  Mel- 

Decoy  (de-koiO,  n.  [Properly  duck-coy.  Con 
is  from  D.  kooi,  a  cage;  hence  vogel-kooi,  a 
bird-cage  an  apparatus  for  entrapping 
water-fowl.  The  name,  with  the  thing/was 
probably  introduced  from  Holland.  In  Nor- 
folk and  Suffolk  coy  is  a  decoy  and  a  coop  for 
lobsters.]  1.  A  place  into  which  wild  fowls 
are  decoyed  in  order  to  be  caught.  A  decoy 
pond  is  kept  only  in  a  secluded  situation 
Several  channels  or  pipes  of  a  curved  form' 
covered  with  light  hooped  net-work  lead 
from  the  pond  in  various  directions  The 
wild  fowl  are  enticed  to  enter  the  wide 
mouth  of  the  channel  by  tamed  ducks 
trained  for  the  purpose,  or  by  grain  scattered 
on  the  water.  When  they  have  got  well 
into  the  covered  channel  they  are  surprised 
by  the  decoy-man  and  his  dog,  and  driven 
up  into  the  funnel  net  at  the  far  end,  where 
they  are  easily  caught. -2.  A  fowl,  or  the 
likeness  of  one,  employed  to  entice  other 
fowl  into  a  net  or  within  range  of  shot-  as 
we  used  a  duck  as  a  decoy.—  3.  Anything 
intended  to  lead  into  a  snare;  any  lure  or 
allurement  that  deceives  and  misleads  into 
evil,  danger,  or  the  power  of  an  enemy;  a 
stratagem  employed  to  mislead  or  lead  into 
danger. 

Decoy  (de-koiO,  v.t.  [See  noun.]  1.  To  lead 
or  lure  by  artifice  into  a  snare,  with  a 
view  to  catch;  to  draw  into  any  situation  to 


employed  indiscriminately     .svV1 

abate,  diminish,  dwindle,  contract,  ebb,  X 

To  lessen;  to  make 


a 

Decree  (d.  ,,.t  *  Dn  j.—^j. 

' 

rce;  " 

the  pi. 

t0,rrf?lv' 

t;  to  determine  or  de<  •, 

u  Thou  „,*.,  *™  .  „,,„,.  „„,  „  ^ 

__ 

TI    i          TtKjr  ihrmwlvei  Attwrf 

Their  own  reroll.  not  |.  MtOn 

Decree  <de-kreO,  t.t   To  determine  to  ore- 

' 


.  -_  ..    —   .      m«|    m  UICIM    nii/u  tinj  BAUUdbiUU  ^O 

be  taken  by  a  foe;  to  entrap  by  any  means 
which  deceive;  as,  the  fowler  decoys  ducks 
into  a  net;  troops  may  be  decoyed  into  an 
ambush ;  one  ship  decoys  another  within 
reach  of  her  shot.— 2.  To  allure,  attract,  or 
entice,  without  notion  of  entrapping. 

The  king  might  be  decoyed  thence.    Clarendon. 

—Allure,  Entice,  Decoy.  See  under  ALLURE. 
SYS.  To  allure,  entice,  inveigle,  lure,  seduce 

Decoy-bird,  Decoy-duck  (de-koi'berd,  de- 
koi'duk),  n.  1.  A  bird  or  duck  employed 
to  draw  others  into  a  net  or  situation  to  be 
taken.— 2.  A  person  employed  to  decoy  per- 
sons into  some  snare.  [Colloq.  ] 

Decoy-man  (de-koi'man),  ».  A  man  em- 
ployed  in  decoying  and  catching  fowls. 

Decrease  (de-kres'),p.  f.  pret.  &pp.demased; 
ppr.  decreasing.  [L.  decresco—de,  down,  and 
cresco,  to  grow,  to  increase.  ]  To  become  less; 
to  be  diminished  gradually  in  extent,  bulk, 
quantity,  or  amount,  or  in  strength,  inllu- 
ence,  or  excellence;  as,  the  days  decrease  in 
length  from  June  to  December. 

He  must  increase,  but  I  must  decrease.    John  iii.  30. 

—Decreasing  series.     See  PROGRESSION.— 


'  chl?"?h'J  th«y  relations  poor, 
That  might  decree,  their  present  store. 


.  n- 

i  (<!6-kr68/),  ".    A  becoming  less- 

Bacon, 


. 

As  my  eternal  purpott  hath  deerrnl        tltUm 

Decreeable  (dc-krf-..bix  «.    That  mv  be 

Decreementt   (do-kre'raent).   n      Deere* 

Ihisui.ji,..  f,,r 

"SSSPSSSg  '    On.  who 

Decreet  (de-kref),  n.     •„  Sfoll  ta 
JII1"KE-  '."'"l-ub-entrie.: 
Decrement  <d,-'kr,-..n,,.,,t),  „.  (L  demnun. 
turn,  from  decreteo.   See  DECREASE  1  i  D.. 
:  th.  .Ut,  of  becoming1  & 


Decreatlon  (de-kre-a'shon),  ».  [Prefljc  de 
pnv.  and  creation.]  The  undoing  of  the 
act  of  creation;  annihilation  [Rare  ] 


Decree  (de-kreO,  n.  [L.  dmrehim,  from  de- 
cerno,  to  judge— rfe,  and  ccrno,  to  judge  to 
divide;  Fr.  decret.  See  DECERX.  ]  1  Judi 
(rial  decision  or  determination  of  a  litigated 
cause.  Formerly,  in  England,  the  term  was 
specially  used  for  the  judgment  of  a  court 
of  equity,  but  the  word  judgment  is  now 
used  in  reference  to  the  decisions  of  all 
the  divisions  of  the  supreme  court  —2  The 
judgment  or  award  of  an  umpire  in  a  case 
submitted  to  him. -3.  In  the  civil  law 
a  determination  or  judgment  of  the  em- 
peror on  a  suit  between  parties.  Among 
the  Romans,  when  all  legislative  power  was 
centred  in  the  emperors,  it  became  the  cus- 
tom to  ask  for  their  opinion  and  decision  in 
disputed  cases.  Their  decisions  were  called 
decrees,  and  formed  part  of  the  imperial 
constitutions. -4.  An  edict  or  law  made  by 
a  council  for  regulating  any  business  within 
their  jurisdiction;  as,  the  decrees  of  ecclesi- 
astical councils.— 5.  In  general,  an  order 
edict,  or  law  made  by  a  superior  authority 
as  a  rule  to  govern  inferiors. 

And  statesmen  at  her  council  met 

Who  knew  the  seasons  when  to  take 
Occasion  by  the  hand,  and  make 

The  bounds  of  freedom  wider  yet 

By  shaping  some  august  decree.  Tennyson. 

(i.  Established  law  or  rule. 

He  made  a  decree  for  the  rain.        Job  xxviii.  26. 

7.  In  theol.  the  purpose  of  God  concerning 
future  events.— Decree  nisi  (decree  unless), 
in  English  law,  the  order  made  by  the  court 
for  divorce,  after  satisfactory  proof  is  given 
in  support  of  a  petition  for  dissolution  of 


oon  o 

marriage;  it  remains  conditional  forat  least 
six  months,  after  which,  unless  sufficient 
cause  is  shown,  it  is  made  absolute,  and  the 
dissolution  takes  effect.  The  word  occurs 
in  a  number  of  phrases  made  use  of  in  Scots 
law  (in  which  it  is  also  written  Decreet);  as 
—Decree  in  absence,  a  decree  pronounced 
against  a  -defender  who  has  not  appeared 
or  pleaded  on  the  merits  of  the  cause,  the 
same  as  a  judgment  by  default  in  English 
common  law.  Decree  dative,  a  decree  of  a 
commissary  conferring  on  an  executor  (not 
being  an  executor-nominate)  the  office  of 
executor.  Decree  of  registration,  a  decree 
obtained  without  an  action  for  payment 
of  money  secured  by  a  bond  or  deed  con- 
taining a  clause  of  consent  to  registration 
for  execution.  Decree  of  modification, 
a  decree  of  the  teind  court  modifying  a 
stipend  to  the  clergyman,  but  not  allocating 
it  upon  the  different  heritors.  Decree  of 
locality,  a  decree  of  the  teind  court  allocat- 
ing the  modified  stipend  on  the  different 
heritors,  in  the  proportions  in  which  they 
are  to  pay  it.  Decree  of  valuation  of  teinds, 
a  decree  of  the  teind  court  determining  the 
extent  and  value  of  an  heritor's  teinds. 


2.  1  he  quantity  lost  by  gradual  diminution 

or  waste  -3.  In  her.  the  wane  of  the  m , 

4.  In  cnfal  a  successive  d nnlio,,  ,,f  t|,,. 

lajers  of  molecules  applied  to  the  faces  of 
the  primitive  form,  by  whirl,  th,-  secondary 
forms  arc  hypothetically  produced     i 
math   the  small  part  b*  which  a  variable 
cjuantity  becomes  less  and  less:  opposed  to 
increment.  — Equal    decrement   of    life     • 
phrase  employed  In  the  doctrine  of  annui 
ties,  signifying  that  of  a  given  number  of 
lives  then'  should  be  an  equal  annual  <|r. 
crease  within  a  given  period  of  years 
Decrepit  (dc-krcp'it),  a.  (Fr.  dfcrtpit.  from 
L.  decrepitmi,  broken  down,  worn  out-  '  con- 
cerning the  origin  of  which,'  says  Llttre 
Latin  etymologists  have  nothing  but  con- 
jectures without  foundation,'  but  which  i* 
generally  regarded  as  being  derived  from 
the  preposition  de,  and  erepare,  to  make  a 
noise,  and    hence  as   meaning   originally 
noiseless.)    Broken  down  with  age'  wasted 
or  worn  by  the  infirmities  of  old  age:  »"*>g 
in  the  last  stage  of  decay;  weakened  by  age 
'  Beggary  or  decrepit  age.'    Milton,    Some- 
time incorrectly  spelled  Decrepid. 

Last,  winter  comes,  decrefid,  old,  and  dull 

Decrepitate  (de-krep'lt-at),  t.t.  pretTpp 
decrepitated;  ppr  decrepitating  [L.  itr- 
crepo,  to  break  or  burst,  to  crackle  de  and 
ere po.  ]  To  roast  or  calcine  in  a  strong  heat, 
with  a  continual  bursting  or  crackling  of 
the  substance;  as.  to  decrepitate  salt 

Decrepitate  (de-krep'it-at),  D.I.  To  crackle, 
as  salts  when  roasting. 

Decrepitation  (de  krep'it-a"shon),  n.  The 
act  of  Hying  asunder  with  a  crackling  noise 
on  being  heated,  or  the  crackling  noise, 
attended  with  the  flying  asunder  of  their 
parts,  made  by  several  salts  and  minerals 
when  heated.  It  is  caused  by  the  unequal 
sudden  expansion  of  their  substance  by  the 
heat,  or  by  the  expansion  and  volatilization 
of  water  held  mechanically  within  them 

Decrepitude,  Decrepltness  (de-krep'it-ud. 
de-krep'it-nes).  ».  [See  DECREPIT]  The 
broken,  crazy  state  of  the  body,  produced 
by  decay  and  the  infirmities  of  age. 

Many  seem  to  pass  on  from  youth  to  dtfrefttwff 
without  any  reflection  on  the  end  of  life.      Johnttnt. 

Decrepltyt  (de-krep'i-ti),  n.  Decrepitude. 
Chapman. 

Decrescendo  (da-kresh-en'd6  or  de-kres- 
sen'do),  n.  [It]  In  mime,  a  term  which 
denotes  the  gradual  weakening  of  the  sound 

Decrescent  (de-kres'ent),  n.  [L.  decrescent, 
decrescentis,  ppr.  of  decreyco,  to  grow  less. 
See  DECREASE.)  1.  Decreasing;  becoming 
less  by  gradual  diminution.— 2.  In  ACT.  a 
term  in  blazoning,  to  denote  the  state  of  the 
moon  when  she  declines  from  her  full  to 
her  last  quarter. 

Decretal  (de-kret'al),  a.  [See  DECREE.) 
Appertaining  to  a  decree;  containing  a  de- 
cree. '  A  decretal  epistle  of  the  pope  ' 
Milton. 

Decretal  (dc-krSt'al),  n.  1.  An  authoritative 
order  or  decree;  specifically,  a  letter  of  the 
pope  determining  some  point  or  question  In 
ecclesiastical  law. — 2.  A  book  of  decrees  or 

edicts;  a  body  of  laws:  specifically,  pi.  the 


ch,  cAain;      6h.Sc.locA;      g,  go;      },job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  si7ipr;      TH,  Men;  th,  (Ain;     w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  azure.  -See  KEY. 


DECRETE 

second  part  of  the  canon  law,  so  called  be- 
cause it  contains  the  decrees  of  sundry  popes. 

Deoretet  (de-kref),  n.     Decree.     Chaucer. 

Decretiont  (de-kre'shon),  n.  [See  DE- 
CREASE.] A  decreasing. 

Decretist  (de-kret'ist),  n.  One  who  studies 
or  professes  a  knowledge  of  the  decretals. 

Decretive  (de-kret'iv),  a.  Having  the  force 
of  a  decree;  pertaining  to  a  decree. 

Decretorily  (de'kre-to-ri-li),  adv.  In  a  de- 
finitive manner. 

Decretory  (de'kre-to-ri),  <z.  1.  Judicial;  de- 
finitive; established  by  a  decree. 

The  decretory  rigours  of  a  condemning  sentence. 
South. 

2.  Critical;  determining;  in  which  there  is 
some  definitive  event  'Decretory  days.' 
Sir  T.  Browne. 

Decrewt  (de-kruO,  v.i.  [Fr.  decru,  pp.  of 
decroitre,  to  decrease,  from  L.  decregco,  de- 
cretum,  to  decrease.]  To  decrease.  'She 
still  more  decreased.1  Spenser. 

Decrial  (de-kri'al),  n.  [See  DECRY.]  A  cry- 
ing down;  a  clamorous  censure;  condemna- 
tion by  censure.  'Decrial  or  disparagement.' 
Lord  Shaftesbury. 

Decrier  (de-kri'er),  n.  One  who  decries  or 
traduces  clamorously.  South. 

Decrown  (de-kroun'),  v.t.  [L.  de,  priv. ,  and 
E.  crown.  ]  To  deprive  of  a  crown.  '  De- 
throning and  decrowning  princes  with  his 
foot  as  it  pleases  him. '  Ilakewttl.  [Rare.] 

Decrustatlon  (de-krust-a'shon),  n.  The 
removal  of  a  crust. 

Decry  (de-krO,  v.t.  pret.  «fe  pp.  decried;  ppr. 
decrying.  [Fr.  decrier—de,  and  crier,  to 
cry.]  1.  To  cry  down;  to  censure  as  faulty, 
mean,  or  worthless;  to  clamour  against;  to 
discredit  by  finding  fault;  as,  to  decry  a 
poem. 

For  small  errors  they  whole  plays  decry.    Drydtn. 

—Decry,  Depreciate,  Detract,  Traduce,  all 
have  the  idea  of  lowering  the  value  of  an 
object.  Decry,  lit.  to  cry  down,  to  use 
language  for  the  purpose  of  representing 
an  article  as  of  inferior  quality;  depreciate, 
to  lower  the  value  of  anything,  as  by  repre- 
senting it  to  be  already  over-valued;  detract, 
to  take  from  the  worth  or  merit  of,  as  by 
ascribing  one's  success  to  accident  or  an  un- 
worthy cause;  traduce,  to  lower  the  estima- 
tion in  which  one  is  held  by  circulating  re- 
ports to  his  disadvantage.  Detract,  traduce, 
are  applied  to  persons;  decry,  depreciate,  to 
persons  or  things. 

Measures  which  are  extolled  by  one  half  of  the 
kingdom  are  naturally  decried  by  the  other. 

The  business  of  our  modish  French  authors  is  to 
depreciate  human  nature.  Addison. 

The  calumnious  critic,  detracting  what  laboriously 
we  <lo.  Drayton. 

The  man  that  dares  traduce,  because  he  can  with 
safety  to  himself,  is  not  a  man.  Ctrwfer. 

SVN.  To  disparage,  traduce,  depreciate,  de- 
tract from,  abuse,  blame. 

Decubatlon  (de-ku-ba'shon),  n.  I  From  L. 
decubo—de,  and  cubo,  to  lie  down.)  The 
act  of  lying  down. 

Decubitus  (de-ku'bi-tus),  n.  [L.  de,  and 
cubiius,  a  lying.]  In  ined.  the  attitude  of  a 
Kick  person  in  bed.  See  ANACLISIS. 

Decuman  (dek'u-man),  a.  [L.  demmanus 
for  decimanus,  from  decimut,  tenth,  from 
decem,  ten.]  In  Rom.  milit.  antiq.  a  term 
applied  to  a  gate  of  the  Roman  camp  near 
which  the  tenth  cohorts  of  the  legions  were 
encamped.  The  decuman  gate  was  the  prin- 
cipal entrance  to  the  camp,  and  was  that 
farthest  from  the  enemy. 

Decumbence,  Decumbency  (dS-kum'bens, 
de-kum'ben-si),  n.  The  state  of  being  de- 
cumbent or  of  lying  down;  the  posture  of 
lying  down. 

Decumbent  (de-kum'bent),  a.  [L.  decum- 
bent, from  decumbo,  to  lie  down — de,  and 
cumbo,  for  citbo,  to  lie  down.]  1.  Lying 
down;  reclining;  prostrate;  recumbent. 
'Decumbent  dying  sinners.'  Atterbury. — 
2.  In  tint,  declined  or  tending  down,  as  a 
stem  which  rests  on  the  earth  and  then 
rises  again. 

Decumbently  (de-kumtent-li),  adv.  In  a 
decumbent  manner. 

Decumblture(de-kum'bi-tur),n.  l.The  time 
at  which  a  person  takes  to  bed,  or  during 
which  he  is  confined  to  bed.  in  a  disease. 

During  his  decumoiture  he  was  visited  by  his  most 
dear  friend.  Ltfe  o/Firinin. 

2.  In  astrol.  the  scheme  or  aspect  of  the 
heavens  by  which  the  prognostics  of  recov- 
ery or  death  are  discovered. 
Decuple  (de'ku-pl),  a.  [L.L  decuplut,  from 
deccm;  like  Gr.  dekaplous,  from  deka,  ten.] 
Tenfold;  containing  ten  times  as  many. 


682 

Decuple  (de'ku-pl),  n.  A  number  ten  times 
repeated. 

Decuple  (de'ku-pl),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  decupled; 
ppr.  decupling.  To  increase  to  a  tenfold 
proportion. 

Decurion  (de-ku'ri-on),  n.  [L.  decurio,  from 
decem,  ten,  and  (according  to  Pott)  vir,  a 
man,  like  centuria,  from  centum  and  vir.} 
1.  An  officer  in  the  Roman  army  who  com- 
manded a  decury,  that  is,  a  body  of  ten 
soldiers.— 2.  Any  commander  or  overseer  of 
ten,  whether  men  or  households;  specifi- 
cally, a  tything-man. 

He  instituted  decurians  through  both  those  colo- 
nies, that  is  one  over  every  ten  families. 

Sir  If.  Temftt. 

Decurionate  (de-ku'ri-on-at),  n.    The  state 
or  office  of  a  decurion. 
Decurrency(de-kur/ren- 


si),  n.  The  prolongation 
of  a  1 


Decurrent  Leaf — 
Thistle. 


leaf,  or  the  part  of 
it  prolonged,  below  the 
place  of  insertion  on  the 
stem. 

Decurrent  (de-ku'rent), 
a.  [L.  decurrens,  dtcur- 
rentit,  ppr.  of  decurra, 
to  run  down  —  de,  and 
curro,  to  run.]  Extend- 
ing downward  beyond 
the  place  of  insertion; 
as,  a  decurrent  leaf,  that 
is,  a  sessile  leaf  having 
its  base  extending  down- 
ward along  the  stem. 

Decurrently  (de-ku'- 
rent-li),  adv.  In  a  de- 
current  manner. 

Decurslont  (d«-ker'- 
shon),  n.  [L.  dectirnio,  decursionis,  a  run- 
ning down,  from  decurro — de,  and  curro,  to 
run.  ]  The  act  of  running  down,  as  a  stream. 

Decurslve  (de-kers'iv),  o.  Running  down; 
decurrent  Loudon. 

Decursively  (de-kers'iv-li),  adv.  In  a  de- 
cursive  manner;  decurrently.— Decursively 
pinnate,  in  bot.  applied  to  a  leaf  having  the 
leaflets  decurrent  or  running  along  the 
petiole. 

DecurU  (de-kerf),  v.t.  [L.  decurto,  to  cut 
off — de,  down,  and  curtut,  shortened.]  To 
shorten  by  cutting  off;  to  abridge.  '  Your 
,i,;-mt,;i  or  headless  clause. '  Bale. 

Decurtationt(de-kert-a'shon),n.  [L.decurto, 
to  shorten.  ]  The  act  of  shortening  or  cut- 
ting short;  abridgment. 

Decury  (delcu-riX  n.  [L.  decuria,  a  com- 
pany of  ten,  from  decem.  See  DECURION.  ] 
A  set  of  ten  men  under  a  decurion.  Sir  W. 
Raleigh. 

Decussate  (de-kus'at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  de- 
cusyated;  ppr.  decugttating.  [L  dccutuo,  to 
divide  crosswise  in  the  form  of  a  X,  from 
decustit,  the  number  10,  which  the  Romans 
represented  by  X.]  To  intersect  so  as  to 
make  acute  angles,  thus  X  ;  or  in  general, 
to  intersect;  to  cross,  as  lines,  rays  of  light, 
leaves,  or  nerves  in  the  body. 

Decussate,  Decussated  (de-kus'at,  de- 
kus'at-ed),  a.  1.  Crossed; 
intersected. — 2.  In  bot.  ap- 
plied to  bodies  which  are 
arranged  in  pairs  altern- 
ately crossing  each  other 
at  regular  angles. — A  de- 
ciwsatcd  period,  in  rhet.  a 
period  consisting  of  two 
rising  and  two  falling 
clauses, placed  iu. alternate 
opposition  to  each  other. 
For  example,  '  If  impud- 
ence could  effect  as  much 
in  courts  of  justice,  as 
insolence  sometimes  does  in  the  country, 
Ciecina  would  now  yield  to  the  impudence 
of .  Kl  >u  this,  as  he  then  yielded  to  his  insolent 
assault. ' 

Decussately  (de-kus'at-li),  adv.  In  a  de- 
cussate manner. 

Decussation  (de-kus-a'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
crossing  at  right  or  at  acute  angles;  an  inter- 
section in  the  form  of  X;  the  crossing  of  two 
lines,  rays,  or  nerves,  which  meet  in  a  point 
and  then  proceed  and  diverge. 

Decussatively  (de-kus  a-tiv-li),  adv.  Cross- 
wise in  the  form  of  an  X. 

Decussorium  (de-kus-so'ri-um),  n.  [L.  de- 
cuxio,  to  divide.]  In  surg.  an  instrument 
for  depressing  the  dura-mater  after  trephin- 

Dedal,   Dedalian  (de'dal,  de-dali-an),  a. 

Same  as  Daedal  (which  see). 
Dedalous  (de'da-lus),  a.    Same  as  Dcedaluut 

(which  see). 


Decussate  Leaves. 


DEDUCE 

Dede.t  v .i.  To  become  dead;  to  die.  "Then 
all  my  feelings  'gan  to  dfde.'  Chaucer. 

Dedecorate  t  (de-deTto-rat),  v.t.  [L.  dede- 
coro,  dedecoratltm,  to  disgrace — de,  down, 
and  decora  See  DECORATE.]  To  disgrace. 
Bailey. 

Dedecoratlon  t  (de-de'ko-ra"shon),  ?i.  A 
disgracing.  H<iil<?i 

Dedecoroust  (de-deTco-rus),  a.  Disgraceful; 
unbecoming.  Bailey. 

Dedentition  t  (de-den-ti'shon),  n.  [L.  de, 
priv.,  and  E.  dentition. ]  The  shedding  of 
teeth.  'Dedentition or  falling  of  teeth.'  Sir 
T.  Browne. 

Dedicate  (de'di-kat),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  dedi- 
cated; ppr.  dedicating.  [L.  dedico — de,  and 
dico,  dicare,  to  vow,  promise,  devote,  dedi- 
cate.] 1.  To  set  apart  and  consecrate  to  a 
divine  Being,  or  to  a  sacred  purpose;  to  de- 
vote to  a  sacred  use,  by  a  solemn  act.  or  by 
religious  ceremonies;  as,  to  dedicate  vessels, 
treasures,  a  temple,  an  altar,  or  a  church, 
to  Ood  or  to  a  religious  use. 

Vessels  of  brass,  which  also  king  David  did  dedi- 
cate to  the  Lord.  2  Sam.  viii.  10,  11. 

2.  To  appropriate  to  any  person  or  purpose; 
to  give  wholly  or  earnestly  up  to. 

To  the  face  of  peril  myself  I'll  dedicate.      SfiaJt. 

We  shall  make  no  apology  for  dedicating  a  few 
pages  to  the  discussion  of  that  interesting  and  most 
important  question.  Macaulay. 

3.  To  inscribe  or  address  to  a  patron,  friend, 
or  public  character;  as,  to  dedicate  a  book. 

These  to  his  memory — since  he  held  them  dear  .  .  . 

I  dedicate,  I  consecrate  with  tears — 

These  Idylls.  Tennyson. 

SVN.  To  devote,  consecrate,  hallow,  set 
apart. 

Dedicate  (de'di-kat),  a.  Consecrated;  de- 
voted; appropriated.  'A  thing  dedicate 
unto  God.'  Spelman. 

Dedicatee  (de'di-ka-te"),  n.  One  to  whom  a 
thing  is  dedicated.  Edin.  Rev.  [Rare.] 

Dedication  (de-di-ka'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  consecrating  to  a  divine  Being,  or  to  a 
sacred  use,  often  with  religious  solemnities; 
solemn  appropriation;  as,  the  dedication  of 
Solomon's  temple.— 2.  The  act  of  devoting 
or  giving  earnestly  up  to. —3.  An  address, 
prefixed  to  a  book,  and  formerly  Inscribed 
to  a  patron,  testifying  respect  and  recom- 
mending the  work  to  his  protection  and 
favour;  now  chiefly  addressed  to  friends 
of  the  author,  or  to  public  characters, 
simply  as  a  mark  of  affection  or  esteem. 

Dedication-day,  Dedication-feast  (de-di- 
ka'shon-da,  de-ai-ka'shon-fest),?*.  An  annual 
festival  commemorating  the  consecration  of 
a  church.  Termed  also  a  Revel  or  Wake. 
See  WAKB. 

Dedicator  (de'di-kat-er),  n.  One  who  dedi- 
cates; one  who  inscribes  a  book  to  a  patron, 
friend,  or  public  character. 

Dedicatory,  Dedicatorial  (de'di-ka-to-ri, 
de'di-ka-to"ri-al),  a.  Composing  a  dedica- 
tion; serving  as  a  dedication.  '  An  epistle 
dedicatory. '  Druden. 

Dedicatory  t  (de'di-ka-to-ri),  n.  Dedication. 
•A  formal  dedicatory.'  Hilton. 

Dedimus  (de'di-mus),  n.  [L. ,  we  have  given, 
from  do,  to  give,  because  the  writ  called 
by  this  name  began  'Dedimus  potestatem,' 
we  have  given  power)  In  law,  a  writ  to 
commission  a  private  individual  to  do  some 
act  in  place  of  a  judge,  as  to  examine  a 
witness,  Ac. 

Dedition  (de-di'shon),  n.  [L.  deditio,  from 
dedo,  to  yield— de,  and  do,  to  give.]  The  act 
of  yielding  anything;  surrender. 

Dedolation  (de-dol-a'shon),  n.  [L.dedolo,de- 
dolatum,  to  hew  away — de,  from,  and  dotarc, 
to  chip  with  an  axe.  ]  A  term  sometimes 
used  by  surgeons  to  express  the  action  by 
which  a  cutting  instrument  divides  obliquely 
any  part  of  the  body,  producing  a  wound 
accompanied  by  loss  of  substance.  Wounds 
by  dedolation  most  frequently  occur  on  the 
head. 

Dedolentt  (d«'d6-lent),  o.  [L.  dedolenf,  de- 
dolentii,  ppr.  of  dedoleo,  to  give  over  griev- 
ing—de,  priv.,  and  doleo,  to  grieve.)  Feel- 
ing no  sorrow  or  compunction. 

Deduce  (dS-dus1),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  deduced; 
ppr.  deducing.  [L.  deduco—de,  and  duco,  to 
lead,  bring,  or  draw.  See  DUKE.]  1.  To 
draw;  to  bring;  to  take  the  subject  of. 

O  goddess,  say.  shall  I  deduce  my  rhymes 
From  the  dire  nation  in  its  early  times?      Pepe. 

2.  To  draw  from,  in  reasoning;  to  attain  or 
arrive  at,  as  a  truth,  opinion,  or  proposition, 
from  premises;  to  infer  from  what  pre- 
cedes. 

Reasoning  is  nothing  but  the  faculty  ofdeducingun- 
known  truths  from  principles  already  known.  Lockt. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       n&te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      J',  Sc.  ley. 


DEDTTCEMENT 


683 


DEEP-MOUTHED 


3.  t  To  deduct. 

A  matter  of  four  hundred 
To  be  deduced  upon  the  payment.      B.  Jonson. 

4.t  To  lead  forth,  as  a  colony;  to  transplant. 

He  should  hither  deduce  a  colony.         Selden. 

5.t  To  trace  the  course  of;  to  describe  at 
length. 

I  will  deduce  him  from  his  cradle,  till  he  was  swal- 
lowed up  in  the  gulf  of  fatality.        Sir  ft.  li'otton. 

6.  t  To  bring  before  a  court  of  justice  for 
decision.  .Bacon.— SYN.  To  infer,  conclude, 
gather,  draw,  collect,  derive. 

Deducement  (de-dus'ment),  n.  The  thing 
drawn  from  or  deduced;  inference;  that 
which  is  collected  from  premises. 

Deducibility  (de-dus'i-bil"i-ti),  n.  The  qua- 
lity of  being  deducible;  deducibleness. 
Coleridge. 

Deducible  (de-dus'i-bl),  a.  1.  That  may  be 
deduced  by  reasoning  from  premises;  infer- 
rible; discoverable. 

The  properties  of  a  triangle  are  deditcible  from  the 
complex  idea  of  three  lines  including  a  space.  Locke, 

2.  t  Capable  of  being  brought  down. 

As  if  God  (were)  deducible  to  human  imbecility. 
State  Trials.  1640. 

Deducibleness  (de-dus'i-bl-nes),  n.  Quality 
of  Iteing  deducible. 

Deducive  (de-dus'iv),  a.  Performing  the  act 
of  deduction.  [Rare.] 

Deduct  (de-dukf),  v.  t.  [L.  deduco,  deductum. 
See  DEDUCE.]  1.  To  take  away,  separate, 
or  remove,  in  numbering,  estimating,  or 
calculating;  to  subtract;  as,  from  the  sum 
of  two  numbers  deduct  the  lesser  number; 
from  the  amount  of  profits  deduct  the  charges 
of  freight.— 2.t  To  reduce;  to  bring  down. 

Do  not  deduct  it  to  days.          Massinger. 

3.  t  To  lead  forth,  as  a  colony;  to  deduce. 
The  Phiiippians  ...  a  people  deducted  out  of  the 

city  of  Philippos.  Vdall. 

Deduction  (de-duk'shon),  n.  [L.  deductio, 
deductianis,  from  deduco.  See  DEDUCE.] 
1.  The  act  of  deducting  or  taking  away;  as, 
the  deduction  of  the  subtrahend  from  the 
minuend. — 2.  That  which  is  deducted;  sum 
or  amount  taken  from  another;  defalcation; 
abatement;  as,  this  sum  is  a  deduct  ion  from 
the  yearly  rent. — 3.  The  act  or  method  of 
-drawing  inferences,  or  of  deducing  from 
premises;  the  bringing  down  or  tracing  of 
one  thing  from  another.  '  The  deduction  of 
•one  language  from  another.'  Johnson. 

To  draw  out  a  particular  truth  from  a  general  truth 
in  which  it  is  inclosed,  is  deduction.          Fleming. 

4.  That  which  is  drawn  from  premises;  fact, 
opinion,  or  hypothesis,  collected  from  prin- 
ciples or  facts  stated,  or  established  data; 
inference;  consequence  drawn;  conclusion; 
as,  this  opinion  is  a  fair  deduction  from  the 
principles  you  have  advanced. — SVN.  Abate- 
ment, discount,  diminution,  inference,  con- 
sequence, conclusion. 

Deductive  (de-dukt'iv),  a.  reducible;  that 
is  or  may  be  deduced  from  premises. 

All  knowledge  is  deductive.        Glanville. 

— Deductive  reasoning,  the  process  of  scien- 
tific inquiry  by  which  we  pursue  laws  into 
their  remote  consequences,  or  the  process  of 
deriving  necessary  consequences  from  ad- 
mitted or  established  premises,  as  distin- 
guished from  inductive  reasoning,  by  which 
we  arrive  at  general  laws  or  axioms  by  an 
accumulation  of  facts.  See  INDUCTION. 

Deductively  (de-dukt'iv-li),  arfe.  liy  regular 
deduction;  by  way  of  inference;  by  conse- 
quence. 

Deduit.t  n.   [Fr  ]    Pleasure;  sport;  pastime. 

Upon  his  hond  he  bare  for  his  deditit 

An  egle  tame,  as  any  lily  white.         Chaucer. 

Deduplication  (de-du'pli-ka"shon),  n.  [L 
<le,  priv. ,  and  E.  duplication  (which  see).] 
In  dot.  the  same  as  CAorisis  (which  see). 

Dee(de),  v.i.    To  die.    [Scotch.] 

And  for  bonnie  Annie  Lawrie 

I'd  lay  me  doun  and  dee.          Scotch  song. 

Dee  (de),  n.  A  dairymaid.  [Scotch.]  See 
DEY. 

Deed  (ded),  n.  [A.  Sax.  deed,  a  deed,  from 
don.  to  do.  In  the  other  Teut  language* 
we  have  Icel.  ddd,  D.  and  Dan.  daad,  Goth. 
deds,  G  that,  a  deed.  See  Do.)  1.  That 
which  is  done,  acted,  or  effected;  an  act; 
a  fact:  a  word  of  extensive  application,  in- 
cluding whatever  is  done,  good  or  bad,  great 
or  small. 

And  Joseph  said  to  them,  What  deed  is  this  which 
ye  have  done?  Gen-  xuv-  T5- 

What  is't  you  do?    A  deed  without  a  name.      Shak. 
Words  are  women,  deeds  are  men.        Herbert. 

2.  Illustrious  act;  exploit;  achievement. 


Arthur  yet  had  done  no  deed  of  arms.     Tennyson. 

3.  Power  of  action;  agency. 

With  will  and  deed  created  free.         Mtllpn. 

4.  In  law,  a  writing  containing  some  contract 
or  agreement,  and  the  evidence  of  Its  execu- 
tion; particularly,  an  instrument  on  paper 
or  parchment,  conveying  real  estate  to  a 
purchaser  or  donee.    A  deed  may  be  either 
an  indenture  or  a  deed-poll;  the  former 
being  made  by  more  parties  than  OB*.  Hi,- 
latter  by  one  only.    See  these  terms.—  In 
deed,  in  fact;  in  reality.    These  words  are 
generally  united  and  called  an  adverb-  but 
sometimes  they  are  separated  by  very,  in 

rrrtl  dl'l'd.        l>r,;l  ,,/, ill/in., .t    til,.    ,  vrullllL' 

what  has  been  said  or  promised;  perform- 
ance of  what  has  been  undertaken. 

In  the  plainer  and  simpler  kind  of  people,  the  deed 
of  saying  is  quite  out  of  use.  Skat. 

Deed  (dedX  v.t.  To  convey  or  transfer  by 
deed;  as,  he  deeded  all  his  estate  to  his  eld- 
est son.  [Colloq.  United  States.] 

'Deed  (ded),  ado.  and  interj.  A  contraction 
for  indeed.  [Obsolete  and  Scotch.) 

Deed-box  (dtd'hoki),  n.  A  tin  case  in  a 
lawyer's  office  for  keeping  deeds,  Ac.  Gene- 
rally each  considerable  estate  has  a  separate 
box  for  itself. 

Deedful(dedT|il),a.  Characterized ormarked 
by  deeds  or  exploits;  full  of  deeds;  stirring. 
'  A  deedful  life. '  Tennytan. 

Deedless  (ded'les),  a.  Inactive;  not  perform- 
ing or  having  performed  deeds  or  exploits. 
'Speaking  in  deeds,  and  deedlets  In  his 
tongue. '  Shak. 

Deed-poll  (ded'pol),  n.  A  deed  not  indented, 
but  polled,  that  is,  having  the  edges  cut  even. 
A  deed-poll  is  made  by  one  party  only.  See 
under  DEED,  n.  4. 

Deedy  (ded'i),  o.  Industrious;  active. 
Cowper.  [Rare.] 

Deem  (dem),  v.t.  [A.  Sax.  dSman,  to  deem. 
to  judge,  to  condemn,  from  dom,  doom, 
judgment;  same  word  as  term,  -dom.  See 
DOOM.  Cog.  Icel.  d(ema,  Dan.  domme,  Goth. 
(ga)domjaii,  to  judge.]  1.  To  think;  to 
judge ;  to  hold  in  opinion ;  to  conclude  on 
consideration ;  to  regard ;  as,  he  decmt  it 
prudent  to  be  silent. 

For  never  can  I  deem  him  less  than  god.    Dryden. 
Yet  he  who  saw  this  Geraldine 
Had  deemed  her  sure  a  thing  divine.       Coleridge. 

2.  t  To  adjudge;  to  decree. 

If  ye  deetne  me  death  for  loving  one 

That  loves  not  me.  Spenser. 

STN.  To  think,  consider,  judge,  believe, 
suppose. 

Deem  (dem),  v.i.  To  judge;  to  think;  to  esti- 
mate; to  suppose. 

And,  knights  and  kings,  there  breathes  not  one  of  you 

Will  deem  this  prize  of  ours  is  rashly  given: 

His  prowess  was  too  wondrous.  Tennyson. 

Deemt  (dem),  n.  Opinion;  judgment;  sur- 
mise. 

How  now !  what  wicked  deem  is  this?        Shak. 

Deemster  (dem'ster),  n.  [Deem,  and  suffix 
fter  (which  see).  ]  The  name  of  two  judges 
in  the  Isle  of  Man  who  act  as  the  chief- 
justices  of  the  island,  the  one  presiding  over 
the  northern  the  other  over  the  southern 
division.  They  hold  courts  weekly  at  Dou- 
glas, Ramsey,  and  other  places.  Compare 
Doomster. 

Deene.t  n.    Din;  noise.    Spenxer. 

Deep  (dep),  a.  [A.  Sax.  deop,  deep,  profound. 
Cog.  D.  diep,  Dan.  dijb,  G.  tiff,  deep;  from 
root  of  dip,  dive.]  1.  Extending  or  being 
far  below  the  surface;  descending  far  down- 
ward ;  profound:  opposed  to  sliallow;  as, 
deep  water;  a  deep  pit  or  well. 

You  may  think  long  over  those  few  words  without 
exhausting  the  deep  wells  of  feeling  and  thought  con- 
tained  in  them.  Ruskm. 

2  Low  in  situation;  being  or  descending  far 
below  the  adjacent  land;  as,  a  deep  valley. 
3.  Entering  far;  piercing  a  great  way;  as,  a 
tree  in  a  good  soil  takes  deep  root;  a  spear 
struck  deep  into  the  flesh.— 4.  Far  from  the 
outer  part;  secreted. 

A  spider  deep  ambushed  in  her  den.       Dryden. 

6  Absorbed;  engrossed;  wholly  occupied; 
as    deep  in  figures.     'How  deep  am  I  in 
love.'  SAnit.— 6.  Xot  superficial  or  obvious; 
hidden;  secret. 

He  discovereth  deep  things  out  of  darkness. 

Job  \H.  33. 

7  Remote  from  comprehension;  hard  to 
penetrate  or  understand;  unintelligible. 

O  Lord,  ...  thy  thoughts  are  very  deep.     Ps.  xcii.  5. 
A  people  of  deeper  speech  than  thou  cans^p-rccive. 

8  Sagacious;    penetrating;    profoundly 
learned;  having  the  power  to  enter  far  into 


•  subject;  a».  a  man  of  deep  thought :  *  deep 
dmni-.     ' Deep  clerks  the  dumb. .' 
U  Artful;  contriving;  concealing  artin, ,.  In- 
sldlous;  designing  as.  a  friend,  dtra,  ln.ll»w, 
treacherous.— 10.  Grave  In  tountf;  low;  ««, 
the  deep  tone*  of  an  organ. —11.  ' 
degree:  Intense;  excessive;  |,i"f. 
deep  silence;  drep  dnrkiirn- 
deep  grief;  a  deep  brown. 

The  Lord  Cod  culled  >  Jnp  sleep  to  fan  upon 
Adam.  Gen 

12.  Muddy;  horary:  applied  to  road*.     "The 
ways  In  that  vale  were  dtep.'    Clarendon- 

13.  Heart-felt;  affecting;. 

OCodI  If  my  4»/ prayers  cannot  appease  ther. 
Yet  execute  thy  wrath  on  me  a 


14.  Reaching  hack  from  the  front;  especially, 
reaching  or  extending  far  bark  from  the 
front;  as,  a  company  six  deep.  'Aden)  and 
gloomy  wood.'  Word*  worth.  •  Khadowln;. 
squadrons  deep.'  Milton.— 15.  Intricate;  n,,t 
easily  understood  or  unravelled;  as,  a  deep 
plot  or  intrigue. 

Deep  (dep),  n.  1.  Anything  remarkable  for 
'Ii-pth;  specifically,  the  sea;  the  abyss  of 
waters;  the  ocean;  any  great  collection  of 
water. 

llemakeththeuW/toboilukeapot.     Job  ill.  31. 
Launch  out  into  the  deep,  and  let  down  your  nets. 
Luke  v.  4 

2.  That  which  is  profound,  not  easily  fa- 
thomed, or  incomprehensible;  abyss. 

A  great  free  glance  into  the  very  deeps  of  thought. 
Ctrtflt. 
Thy  judgments  are  a  great  deep.     Ps.  xxxvi.  6. 

3.  The  most  still  or  solemn  part;  the  midst. 

The  deep  of  night  is  crept  upon  your  talk.    Sfiat. 

Deep  (dep),  adv.  Deeply;  to  a  great  depth; 
profoundly. 

Drink  deep,  or  taste  not  the  Pierian  spring.      Foft. 
Deep  versed  in  bfoks.  and  shallow  in  himself,  tltttm. 

Deep-browed  (dep'broud),  a.  Having  • 
brow  of  great  depth,  or  great  extent  per- 
pendicularly ;  hence,  of  large  mental  en- 
dowment; of  great  intellectual  capacity. 

Oft  of  one  wide  expanse  had  I  been  told. 
That  deep-brmtf'd  Homer  ruled  as  his  demesne. 
Ktatt 

Deep-domed  (dep'domd),  a.  Having  a  lofty 
dome  or  vault:  deep  here  corresponds  to 
the  Latin  allot. 

The  deep-domed  empyrean 
Rings  to  the  roar  of  an  angel  onset     1  ritnyion. 

Deep-drawing  (dep'dra-ing),  a.  Requiring 
considerable  depth  of  water  to  float  In; 
sinking  deep  in  the  water.  '  Deep-drawing 
barks.'  Shak. 

Deepen  (dep'n).  v.t.  1.  To  make  deep  or 
deeper;  to  sink  lower;  as,  to  deepen  the 
channel  of  a  river  or  harbour;  to  deepen  a 
well.  —2.  To  make  deeper,  greater,  stronger, 
or  more  intense;  to  increase;  to  heighten;  us, 
to  deepen  gloom;  to  deepen  a  colour;  to 
deepen  grief  or  sorrow ;  to  deepen  the  horrors 
of  the  scene.— 3.  To  make  more  sad  or 
gloomy.  'To  deepen  the  murmurs  of  the 
flood.'  Pop*.— 4.  To  make  more  grave;  as, 
to  deepen  the  tones  of  an  organ.  'Deepen- 
ing thy  voice  with  the  deepening  of  the 
night.'  Tennyson. 

Deepen  (dep'n),  v.i.  To  become  more  deep, 
in  all  its  senses;  as,  the  water  deepen*  ut 
every  cast  of  the  lead. 

Lo!  wherethe  giant  on  the  mountain  stands. 
His  blood-red  tresses  deepening  in  the  sun.  Byron. 
Ay  me.  the  sorrow  deepens  down.       Tennyson. 

Deep-fet  (dep'fet),  a.  Fetched  or  drawn 
from  a  depth. 

A  rabble  that  rejoice 
To  see  my  tears,  and  hear  my  deep-ftt  giwaoa, 

Deep-laid  (deplad),  o.  Formed  with  pro- 
found skill  or  artifice. 

Deeply  (depli),  adv.  1.  At  or  to  a  great 
depth;  far  below  the  surface;  as,  a  fashion 
deeply  rooted  In  our  nature;  precepts  deeply 
engraven  on  the  heart. —  2.  Profoundly; 
thoroughly;  to  agreat  degree;  intensely;  as. 
deeply  skilled  in  ethics  or  anatomy.  'The 
deeply  red  juice  of  buckthorn.'  Boyle. 

They  have  deeply  corrupted  themselves.     Ho*,  ix.  9. 

3.  To  or  from  the  inmost  recesses  of  the 
heart;  with  great  sorrow;  most  feelingly. 

He  sighed  deeply  in  his  spirit  Mark  vUi.  12. 

4  Gravely;  with  low  or  deep  tone;  as,  a 
deeply  toned  instrument— 5.  With  profound 
skill;  with  art  or  intricacy;  as,  a  deeply 
laid  plot  or  intrigue. 

Deep  -  mourning  (dep'morn-ing),  n-  In 
drew,  full  or  complete  mourning. 

Deep-mouthed  (dep'mouiHd),  a.  Having  a 
sonorous,  loud,  hollow  voice ;  as,  a  deep- 
mouthed  dog. 


ch,  c/min;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton; 


ng,  sing;     TH,  (Aen;  th,  «AIn;     w,  trig;     wh,  w*ig;    ih,  amre.-See  KKT. 


DEEl'NESS 


684 


DEFAULT 


'Tis  sweet  to  hear  the  watch-dog's  honest  bark 
Bay  deef-mojitHed  welcome  as  we  draw  near  home. 
Byron. 

Deepness  (dep'nes),  n.  1.  The  state  of  being 
deep,  in  all  its  senses;  depth. 

And  forthwith  they  sprung  up,  because  they  had 
no  deepness  of  earth.  Mat.  xiii.  5. 

2.  Craft;  insidiousncss.  'The  deepness  of 
Satan.'  Gr<'>i»iii 

Beep-sea  (dep'se),  a.  Relating  or  belonging 
to  the  deeper  parts  of  the  ocean,  the  parts 
deeper  than  20  fathoms;  as,  the  deep-sea 
lead;  deep-sea  dredging.  —  Deep-sea  lead 
(tuittt.\  a  line  with  a  mark  or  knot  at  every 
10  fathoms,  and  a  smaller  mark  at  the 
middle  of  each  interval,  carrying  a  lead  at 
the  bottom  of  which  is  a  coat  of  white 
tallow,  to  lirins  up  distinguishing  objects 
from  the  bottom,  such  as  shells,  ooze. 
vegetation,  Ac.  In  more  modern  forms  the 
line  can  be  slipped  from  the  lead  when  it 
reaches  the  bottom,  and  the  character  of 
the  ground  determined  by  quills  which 
have  been  driven  into  the  soil  by  the  weight 
of  the  lead. 

Deepsomet  (dep'sum),  a.  Deep.  'The 
deepsome  watrie  heaps/  Chapman. 

Deep- waist  (dep'wast),  n.  Xaut.  (a)  the 
part  of  the  open  skids  between  the  main 
and  fore  drifts  in  a  man-of-war.  (6)  The 
remaining  part  of  a  ship's  deck  when  the 
quarter-decK  and  forecastle  are  very  much 
elevated  above  the  level  of  the  main-deck, 
BO  as  to  leave  a  vacant  space  on  the  middle 
of  the  upper  deck. 

Deep-waisted  (dep'wast-ed),  a.  Having  a 
deep  waist,  as  a  ship  when  the  quarter-deck 
and  forecastle  are  raised  from  4  to  6  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  main-deck. 

Deer  (der),  n.  ting,  and  pi.  [A.  Sax.  dear, 
any  wild  animal,  and  specifically  a  deer.  In 
Goth,  the  word  appears  as  dius,  in  D.  as 
dier,  in  Dan.  and  Joel,  dyr,  Sw.  diur,  G.  thier 
—a  beast,  especially  a  wild  beast.  The  Gr. 
ther  and  L.  /era,  a  wild  beast,  are  older 
forms  of  the  same  word.]  1. 1  Any  wild 
quadruped. 

But  rats  and  mice  and  such  small  dter 

Have  been  Tom's  food  for  seven  long  year.    Skak. 

2.  A  Linnrean  genus  (Cervus)  of  ruminant 
quadrupeds  now  constituting  the  family 
Cervldrc,  which  by  some  naturalists  has  been 
divided  into  several  genera,  others  regarding 
the  genus  and  family  as  co-extensive.  The  dis- 
tinguishing characteristics  of  the  genus  are, 
that  the  members  of  it  have  solid  ramified 
horas  which  they  shed  every  year,  and  eight 
cutting  teeth  in  the  lower  jaw  and  none  in 
the  upper.  The  horns  or  antlers  always 
exist  on  the  head  of  the  male,  and  some- 
times on  that  of  the  female.  The  forms  of 
the  hornsare  various;  sometimes  they  spread 
into  broad  palms  which  send  out  sharp 
snags  around  their  outer  edges;  sometimes 


Red  Deer  (Cervtts  claphus). 

they  divide  fantastically  into  branches,  some 
of  which  project  over  the  forehead,  whilst 
others  are  reared  upwards  in  the  air;  or  they 
may  be  so  reclined  backwards  that  the  ani- 
mal seems  almost  forced  to  carry  its  head 
in  a  stiff  erect  posture.  There  are  several 
species  of  deer,  as  the  red  deer,  the  fallow- 
deer,  the  roe-buck,  the  rein-deer,  the  moose- 
deer,  the  American  elk,  black-tailed  deer, 
long-tailed  deer,  Mexican  deer,  &c. 

Deer-berry  (deVbe-ri),  n.  1.  An  English 
name  for  the  plant  Oaultheria  procumbent. 
2.  An  American  name  for  the  shrub  Vac- 
cinium  gtatnineum. 

Deer-fold  (dertold),  n.  A  fold  or  park  for 
deer. 

Deer-grass  (deVgras),  n.  Rhexia,  a  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Melastomaceffi,  the 


species  of  which  arc  low  perennial,  often 
bristly,  herbs.    Called  also  Meadow-beauty. 
Deer-hair  (deYhar),  n.     Heath  club-rush 
(Scirpux  cesvitotsus). 

Moss,  lichen,  and  deer-hair  arc  fast  covering  those 
stones,  to  cleanse  which  had  been  the  business  of 
his  life.  Sir  W.  Scott. 

Deer-hound  (dertiound),  n.  A  hound  for 
hunting  deer;  a  stag-hound. 

Deer-mouse  (deVmous),  n.  The  common 
name  of  the  animals  belonging  to  the  genus 
Meriones,  an  American  genus  of  rodent 
animals  allied  to  the  mice  and  the  jerboas  of 
the  Old  World.  The  deer-mouse  of  Canada 
(.M.  canadensu)  is  a  pretty  little  animal,  of 
the  size  of  a  mouse,  with  very  long  hind-legs 
and  tail,  and  very  short  fore-legs. 

Deer-neck  (der'nek),  n.  A  thin  ill-formed 
neck,  as  of  a  horse. 

Deer-skin  (deVskin),  n.  The  skin  of  a  deer; 
the  leather  made  from  it. 

Deer -stalker  (dei'stak-er),  n.  One  who 
practises  deer-stalking. 

Deer-stalking  (der'stak-ing),  n.  The  hunt- 
ing of  deer  on  foot  by  hiding  and  stealing 
upon  them  unawares. 

Deesis  (de-e'sis), ».  [Gr.  deftis,  supplication.  ] 
In  rhet.  an  invocation  or  entreaty  to  the 
Supreme  Being. 

Deess  t  (de'es),  n.  [Fr.  deesse.]  A  goddess. 
Croft. 

Deev  (dev),  n.  In  ancient  Persian  myth. 
one  of  the  inferior  spirits  in  the  king- 
dom of  darkness.  In  modern  Persian 
myth,  one  of  a  class  of  malignant  beings 
allied  to  fairies,  the  implacable  enemies  of 
the  Peris. 

Deevil(de'vil),  n.  Devil  [Scotch.]— DtetiVt 
buckie,  an  imp  of  Satan.  See  BUCKIE. 

Deface  (de-fas'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  defaced; 
ppr.  defacing.  [L  de,  priv.,  and/acie«,  face. ) 

1.  To  destroy  or  mar  the  face  or  surface  of; 
to  injure  the  beauty  of;  to  disfigure;  as,  to 
deface  a  monument;  to  deface  an  edifice.— 

2.  To  injure,  destroy,  spoil,  or  mar;  to  erase 
or  obliterate;  as,  to  deface  letters  or  writ- 
ing; to  deface  a  record.     Hence— 3.  t  To  de- 
stroy; to  cancel,  as  a  deed  or  bond. 

Pay  him  six  thousand,  and  deface  the  bond.    Sttat. 

Defaced  (de-fast*),  p.  and  a.  Injured  on  the 
surface  ;  disfigured ;  marred ;  erased.  —  De- 
faced coin,  coin  on  which  any  name  or 
words  have  been  stamped  other  than  those 
impressed  by  the  mint  in  accordance  with 
statute.  Act  16  and  17  Viet.  cii.  makes  any 
such  defacing,  with  or  without  diminution 
of  the  weight  of  the  coin,  a  misdemeanour 
in  England  and  Ireland,  and  in  Scotland  a 
crime  or  offence,  in  both  cases  punishable 
by  fine  or  imprisonment.  The  object  of  the 
government  in  obtaining  the  act  was  to  stop 
the  practice  of  stamping  the  names  of  per- 
sons, firms,  &c.,  upon  coins  by  way  of  ad- 
vertisement. Defaced  coin  is  not  a  legal 
tender,  and  any  person  uttering  it  is  subject 
to  a  penalty  of  40«.,  the  prosecution,  how- 
ever, cannot  be  commenced  without  the 
sanction,  in  England  and  Ireland,  of  the 
attorney-general,  and  in  Scotland,  of  the 
lord-advocate. 

Defacement  (de-fas'ment),  n.  1.  Injury  to 
the  surface  or  exterior  of;  erasure;  obliter- 
ation.—2.  That  which  mars  beauty  or  dis- 
figures. 

The  image  of  God  is  purity  and  the  defacement  sin. 
Bacon. 

Defacer  (de-fas'er),  n.  He  who  or  that  which 
defaces;  one  who  injures,  mars,  or  dis- 
figures. 

Defacingly  (de-fas'ing-li),  ado.  In  a  defac- 
ing manner. 

De  facto  (de  fak'to).  [L.]  Actually;  in  fact; 
in  reality;  existing;  as,  a  king  de  facto,  dis- 
tinguished from  a  king  de  jure,  or  by  right 

Defsecation,  n.    See  DEFECATION. 

Defailancet  (de-fal'ans),  n.  [Fr.  See  FAIL.) 
Failure;  miscarriage.  'That  unhappy  de- 
failaim.'  Glanrttte. 

Defaileur,  t  Defailuret  (de-fal'ur),  n.  Defail- 
ance.  'A  defaileur  of  jurisdiction.'  Barrow. 

Defaite,t  Defaited,t  pp.  [Fr.]  Wasted. 
Chaucer. 

Defalcate  (de-fal'kat),  r.t.  pret.  *  pp.  de- 
falcated; ppr.  defalcating.  [L.  L.  defalco, 
defalcatum,  to  cut  off  with  a  sickle,  hence 
to  deduct— L  de,  down,  and  falx,  falcis,  a 
sickle.]  To  cut  off;  to  take  away  or  deduct 
a  part  of :  used  chiefly  of  money,  accounts, 
rents,  income,  &c.  [Rare.] 

The  natural  method  .  ,  .  would  be  to  take  the  pre- 
sent existing  estimates  as  they  stand,  and  then  to 
show  what  may  be  practicably  and  safely  defalcated 
from  them.  '  Burke. 

Defalcate!  (de-fal'kat),  a.    Curtailed.    'De- 


falcate of  their  condign  praises.'  Sir  T 
Elyut. 

Defalcation  (de-fal-ka'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  cutting  off  or  deducting  a  part;  deduc- 
tion; diminution;  abatement;  as,  let  him 
have  the  amount  of  his  rent  without  ilrful- 
cation. 

The  tea  uble  is  set  forth  with  its  customary  bill  of 
fare,  and  without  any  manner  of  defalcation. 

.-Iddiscti. 

2.  That  which  is  cut  off;  diminution;  deficit; 
as,  this  loss  is  a  defalcation  from  the  revenue. 

3.  A  monetary  deficiency  through  breach  of 
trust  by  one  who  has  management  orcharge 
of  cash;  a  fraudulent  deficiency  in  money 
matters. 

He  was  charged  with  targe  pecuniary  defalcations. 
Saturday  Rev. 

Defalcator  (de'fal-kat-er),  n.  one  who  is 
guilty  of  a  breach  of  trust  or  embezzlement 
in  money  matters;  a  defaulter. 

Defalkt  (de-f»lk'), ».«.  To  defalcate.  Dr.  II. 
Mure. 

Defamation  (de-fa-ma'shon),  «.  [See  Dr- 
FAME.)  The  uttering  of  slanderous  words, 
with  a  view  to  injure  another's  reputation: 
the  malicious  uttering  of  slanderous  words 
respecting  another  which  tend  to  destroy 
or  impair  his  good  name,  character,  or  occu- 
pation ;  slander  ;  calumny.  To  constitute 
defamation  in  law  the  wordsmust  be  spoken 
maliciously.  Defamation  is  punishable  either 
by  action  on  the  case  at  common-law  or  by 
statute. 

It  is  a  certain  sign  of  an  ill  heart  to  be  inclined  to 
defamation.  Dr.  Dodd. 

SYJJ.  Slander,  calumny,  detraction,  asper- 
sion. 

Defamatory  (de-fam'a-to-ri),  a.  Calumni- 
ous; slanderous;  containing  defamation; 
false  and  injurious  to  reputation;  as,  defa- 
matory  words;  defamatory  writings.  'De- 
fa  ma tory  reports.'  Dr.  H.  More. 

Defame  (de-fam'),  ».t  pret.  &  pp.  defamed; 
ppr.  defaming.  [L.L.  dcfamare,  to  dispar- 
age, defame  —  de,  priv.,  and  fama,  fame.] 

1.  To  slander ;  to  utter  maliciously  respect- 
tag  another  words  which  tend  to  injure  his 
reputation  or  occupation;  as  to  say  a  judge 
is  corrupt,  a  man  is  perjured,  a  trader  is  a 
knave.— 2.  Tospeak  evil  of;  to  dishonour  by 
false  reports;  to  calumniate;  to  libel;  to  im- 
pair the  reputation  of  by  acts  or  words. 

Being  defamed,  we  entreat.  i  Cor.  Iv.  13. 

3.  To  charge;  to  accuse.     '  Rebecca  .  .  .  is 
defamed  of  sorcery  practised  on  the  person 
of  a  noble  knight.     Sir  W.  Scott.    [Rare.] 

4.  To  lower  the  fame  of;  to  bring  Into  dis- 
repute; to  make  infamous. 

The  grand  old  name  of  gentleman, 
Defamed  by  every  charlatan.  Tennyson. 

— Asperse,  Defame,  Calumniate,  Slander. 
See  ASPERSE.— SYN.  To  calumniate,  asperse, 
libel,  vilify,  slander,  detract  from. 
Defame  t  (dfi-fam'),  n.    [Fr.]    Infamy. 

So  ought  all  faytours  that  true  knighthood  shame 

From  all  brave  knights  be  banished  with  defame. 

Spenser. 

Defamed  (de-famdO,  p.  and  a.   1.  Slandered. 

2.  In  /(••;•  applied  to  an  animal,  as  the  lion, 
which  has  lost  its  tail. 

Defamer  (de-fam'er).  n.  A  slanderer;  a  de- 
tractor; a  calumniator.  '  The  scandalous 
inclination  of  defamers.'  Fielding. 

Defaming  (de-fam'ing), ».  Defamation;  slan- 
der. 

Defamingly  (de-fam'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  de- 
faming manner. 

Defamoust  (d6'fam-us).  a.  Conveying  de- 
famation; reproachful.  '  Defamous  words.' 
Holimthed. 

Defatigablet  (de-fat'I-ga-bl),  o.  Liable  to 
be  wearied. 

We  were  all  made  on  set  purpose  defatigable,  so 
that  all  degrees  of  life  might  have  their  existence. 

Defatigate  t  (de-f  at'i-gat),  v.  t.  [fdefatigo 
—de,  and  fatiyo,  to  tire.  See  FATIGUE.)  To 
weary  or  tire.  'Which  dtfatigating  hill.' 
Sir  T.  Herbert. 

Defatigation  t  (de-fat'ig-a"shon),  n.  Weari- 
ness. 

Another  reprehension  of  this  colour  is  in  respect  of 
defatigation,  which  makes  perseverance  of  greater 
dignity  than  inception.  Bacon. 

Default  (de-faltO.  n.  [Fr.  defaut,  tor  default, 
from  drfaillir,  to  fail— de,  and  faillir,  to 
fail.  See  FAIL  and  FAULT.]  1.  A  failing 
or  failure;  an  omission  of  that  which 
ought  to  be  done;  neglect  to  do  what  duty 
or  law  requires;  as,  this  evil  has  happened 
through  the  governor's  default.  A  default, 
or  fault,  may  be  a  crime,  a  vice,  or  a  mere 
defect,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  duty 
omitted.— 2.  Defect;  want;  failure. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fa.ll;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtme;      J',  Sc.  (ey. 


DEFAULT 


liKKKM) 


Cooks  could  make  artificial  birds  in  dff^ttlt  of  real 
ones.  Arbuthnot. 

3.  An  offence;  fault;  wrong  act.  'His  so 
rash  default.'  Spenser.  [Rare.]— 4.  In  law, 
a  failure  of  appearance  in  court  at  a  day 
assigned:  said  particularly  of  the  defendant 
in  a  suit  when  called  to  make  answer,  also 
of  jurors,  witnesses,  &c.— Judgment  by  de- 
fault, a  Judgment  entered  against  a  defend- 
ant who  has  permitted  an  action  to  be  called 
without  appearing  or  answering;  in  such  cir- 
cumstances the  defendant  is  said  to  suffer 
trfmilt 

Default  (de-falt'),  v.i.  1.  To  fail  in  fulfilling 
or  satisfying  an  engagement,  claim,  contract, 
or  agreement;  to  fail  to  appear  in  court;  to 
let  a  case  go  by  default;  as,  a  defaulting 
debtor. 

'Now  then!'  Mr.  P.  would  say  to  a  defaulting 
lodger,  '  Pay  up  1  Come  on  J'  Dickens. 

2.t  To  fail  in  duty;  to  offend. 

That  he  'gainst  courtesy  so  foully  did  default.  Spenser. 

Default  (de-falt'),  v.t.  1.  In  law,  to  call  a 
defendant  officially  to  appear  and  answer 
iu  court,  and  on  his  failing  to  answer  to 
declare  him  in  default  and  enter  judgment 
against  him;  as,  let  the  defendant  be  de- 
faulted.— 2.  To  fail  in  the  performance  of. 
•What  they  have  defaulted  toward  him.' 
Milton.— 3.t  To  keep  back  a  part  of;  omit. 

Defaulting,  unnecessary,  and  partial  discourses. 
Halts. 

Defaulter  (de-falt'er),  n.  1.  One  who  makes 
default;  one  who  fails  to  appear  in  court 
when  called. — 2.  One  who  fails  to  perform 
a  public  duty,  particularly  one  who  fails 
to  account  for  public  money  intrusted  to 
his  care;  a  delinquent;  as,  the  man  is  a  de- 
faulter in  respect  of  not  sending  his  children 
to  school. — 3.  In  a  general  sense,  one  who 
fails  to  meet  his  claims  or  to  fulfil  his  en- 
gagements; one  who  is  behindhand  with  his 
payments. 

•Pay  up  1  Come  on!'  '  I  haven't  got  it.' Mr.  P.'s 
defaulter  would  reply.  ..."  This  won't  do.  you 
know,'  Mr.  P.  would  retort.  Dickens. 

Dafaute.t  n.     [Fr.]    Want;  defect.     'God 

amend  defautes.'    Chaucer. 
Defeasance  (de-fez'ans),  n.     [Norm,  defes- 

ance;  Fr.  dJfaisant,  from  defaire,  to  undo 

— de,  and  faire,  L.  facto,  to  do.  ]    1.  A  defeat; 

an  overthrow. 

Being  arrived  where  that  champion  stout 
After  his  foes'  defeasance  did  remaine.  Sfenser. 

2.  A  rendering  null  and  void.  — 3.  In  law,  a 
condition  relating  to  a  deed,  which  being 
performed    the  deed    is  defeated  or  ren- 
dered void,  or  a  collateral  deed,  made  at 
the  same  time  with  a  feoffment  or  other  con- 
veyance containing  conditions,  on  the  per- 
formance of  which  the  estate  then  created 
may  be  defeated.    A  defeasance  on  a  bond, 
or  a  recognizance,  or  a  judgment  recovered, 
is  acondition  which,  when  performed, defeats 
it.    A  defeasance  differs  from  the  common 
condition  of  a  bond  in  being  a  separate  deed, 
whereas  a  common  condition  is  inserted  in 
the  bond  itself.  —4.  The  writing  containing 
a  defeasance. 

Defeasanced  (de-fez'anst),  a.  Liable  to  be 
forfeited;  subject  to  defeasance. 

Defeasible  (de-fez'i-bl),  a.  That  may  be  ab- 
rogated or  aunulk-d;  as,  a  defeasible  title. 

He  came  to  the  crown  by  a  defeasible  title. 

Sir  y.  Da-vies. 

Defensibleness  (de-fez'i-bl-nes),  «.  The 
quality  of  being  defeasible. 

Defeat  (de-fef),  n.  [Fr.  dffaite,  from 
dffaire,  to  undo— de,  and  faire,  L.  facere, 
to  do.]  1.  Overthrow;  loss  of  battle;  check, 
rout,  or  destruction  of  an  army  by  the  vic- 
tory of  an  enemy.  'A  defeat  like  that  of 
Culloden.'  Bancroft— 1.  Frustration  by  ren- 
dering null  and  void,  or  by  prevention  of 
success;  as,  the  defeat  of  a  title;  the  defeat 
of  a  plan  or  design.— 3. t  An  undoing;  de- 
struction. 

And  made  dffeat  of  her  virginity.  Shak. 

Defeat  (de-fef),  v.t.  1.  To  overcome  or  van- 
quish, as  an  army;  to  check,  disperse,  or 
ruin  by  victory;  to  overthrow:  applied  to 
an  army  or  a  division  of  troops;  to  a  fleet 
or  to  a  commander. —2.  To  frustrate;  to 
prevent  the  success  of ;  to  disappoint ;  as, 
our  dearest  hopes  are  often  defeated. 

Then  mayest  thou  for  me  defeat  the  counsel  of 
Ahithophel.  =  Sam.  xv.  34. 

Thou  then  wouldst  kill  me:  do't;  the  time  is  come: 
Thou  strikes!  not  me,  'tis  Cxsar  thou  defeatst.  Shak. 

3.  To  render  null  and  void;  as,  to  defeat 
a  title  to  an  estate. 

The  escheators  defeated  the  right  heir  of  his  suc- 
cession. Hallam. 


4.  Io  resist  with  success;  as,  to  defeat  an 
attempt  or  assault— 5.  t  To  undo;  t., 
•His  unkindness  may  defeat  my  life.'  Shalt 
SYN.  To  overpower,  overthrow,  l,,.:1t  ,,,„( 
discomfit,  vanquish,  subdue,  conquer  frus- 
trate, foil,  disconcert. 

Defeatt  (de-fetO,  c.(.  [Contr.  for  defeature  ] 
lo  alter  the  features  or  upaannoe  <ii  t,, 
disguise. 

Defeat  thy  favour  with  an  usurped  beard.     Slut. 

Defeature!  (de-fct'ur),  n.  Overthrow; defeat. 

Have  you  acquainted  her  with  the  defeature  of  the 
Carthaginians  T  Massiaftr. 

Defeaturet  (de-fe'tur),  n.  Change  of  fea- 
ture; a  mark  or  line  which  disfeatures-  dis- 
figure inent. 

Careful  hours  .  .  .  have  written  strange  defeatures 
in  my  face.  Mat. 

Defeature  (de-fe'tur),  v.t.  [L.  de,  prlv.,  and 
E  feature.}  To  change  the  features  of;  to 
disfigure;  to  misrepresent.  '  Features,  when 
defeatured  in  the  way  I  have  described.' 
De  Quincey.  '  Events  .  .  .  defeatured  by 
exaggeration.'  Fennell.  [Rare.] 

Defecate  (de'fe-kat),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  defe- 
cated; ppr.  defecating.  [L  defceco—de,  and 
faex,  dregs.]  1.  To  purify;  to  refine;  to  clear 
from  dregs  or  impurities;  to  clarify.  'To 
defecate  the  dark  ...  oil  of  amber. '  /:../(',• 
2.  To  purify  from  admixture ;  to  clear ;  to 
purge  of  extraneous  matter.  'Defecated 
from  the  impurities  of  sense  and  meaning. ' 
Warburton. 

Defecate  (de'fe-kat),  D.  t  1.  To  become  clear 
or  pure  by  depositing  impurities;  to  clarify. 
'  It  (the  air)  began  to  defecate,sina  to  depose 
these  particles.'  Goldsmith.— 2.  To  void  ex- 
crement. 

Defecate  (de'fe-kat),  a.  Purged  from  lees; 
defecated.  'Liquor  very  defecate.'  Boyle. 
'Till  the  soul  be  defecate  from  the  dregs  of 
sense.'  Bates. 

Defecation  (de-fe-ka'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
separating  from  lees  or  dregs;  purification 
from  impurities  or  foreign  matter. — 2.  The 
act  of  discharging  the  faeces ;  the  act  of 
evacuating  the  bowels.— 3.  Fig.  moral  puri- 
fication from  what  is  gross  or  low. 

A  defecation  of  the  faculties.          jfer.  Taylor. 

Defecator  (de'fe-kat-er),  ».  He  who  or  that 
which  cleanses  or  purifies. 

Defect  (de-fekf).  n.  [L.  defectus,  pp.  of 
deficia,  defectum,  to  fail  —  de,  from,  and 
facio,  to  make,  to  do.]  1.  Want  or  absence 
of  something  necessary  or  useful  toward 
perfection;  fault;  imperfection;  as,  there 
are  numerous  defects  in  the  plan,  or  in  the 
work,  or  in  the  execution. 

Errors  have  been  corrected  and  defects  supplied. 
Daviei. 

2.  Any  natural  want  or  imperfection,  whether 
physical  or  moral;  that  which  is  wanting  to 
make  a  perfect  whole;  failing;  fault;  mistake; 
blemish;  deformity;  as,  a  defect  in  timber; 
a  defect  in  the  organs  of  hearing  or  seeing; 
a  defect  of  memory  or  judgment. 

Trust  not  yourself;  but,  your  defects  to  know. 
Make  use  of  every  friend  and  every  foe.      Pope. 

Either  sex  alone 

Is  half  itself,  and  in  true  marriage  lies 
Nor  equal  nor  unequal:  Each  fulfils 
Defect  in  each.  Tennyson. 

SYN.  Imperfection,  deficiency,  fault,  failure, 
failing,  error,  mistake,  flaw,  blemish,  de- 
formity. 

Defect  (de-fekf),  r.i.  To  be  or  become  defi- 
cient; to  fail;  to  revolt.  'Dejected  honour.' 
Warner.  [Rare.] 

The  native  troops  and  gunners  defected:  he  was 
obliged  to  make  a  painful  and  disastrous  retreat. 
Dr.  It'.  H.  Kiasell. 

Defectt  (de-fekf),  v.t.  To  affect  injuriously; 
to  hurt;  to  injure.  '  None  can  my  life  defect.' 
Trouble  of  Q.  Elizabeth,  1639. 

Defectibility  (de-fekt'i-bil"i-ti),  n.  Defici- 
ency; imperfection.  [Rare.] 

Defectlble  (de-fekt'i-bl),  a.  Imperfect;  de- 
ficient; wanting.  [Rare.] 

Defection  (de-fek'shon),  n.  [L  defectio, 
dcfectionii,  a  failing,  from  deficiu.  See 
DEFECT.]  Want  or  failure  of  duty,  particu- 
larly the  act  of  abandoning  a  person  or  cause 
to  which  one  is  bound  by  allegiance  or  duty, 
or  to  which  one  has  attached  himself;  a  fall- 
ing away;  apostasy;  backsliding;  as,  the 
cause  of  the  king  was  rendered  desperate 
by  the  defection  of  the  nobles.  '  Defection 
from  God.'  Raleigh.  '  The  general  defection 
of  the  whole  realm.'  Daciet. 

Defectionist  (de-fek'shon-ist),  n.    One  who 


Defective  (do  u-kt'iv).  a.  [L.  dtfntiru,,  Im- 
t.fromrfe/Wo.  See  DEFECT  ]  i.  Wanting 
•  Ithw  in  substance,  quantity.  ..r  quality.  ..r 
m  anything  necessary;  Imperfect:  faulty;  aa, 
udefectiie  limb;  defective  titular,  mlrfectim 
copy  or  book;  atf/;r  ,,  ,,r 

five  hypotheses .  .  .  which  are  id! 
Locke.  -2.  Wanting  In  duty,  ir  in  iin.n'il.  ,11:1!  i 
tics;  faulty;  blaiiiuhlr.   i,,.t  .  ,.i, forming  to 
latitude  or  rule;  u,  a  defective  chara 

Our  tragedy  writers  hav«  been  notoriously  rfefefrt* 
in  KHUH  proper  sentiments  to  the  persons  they  Intro. 


piece  (of  writing). '    Sir  P.  Sidney. 


3.  In  gram,  wanting  some  of  the  usual  forms 
of  declension  or  conjugation:  as,  a  drf edict 
noun  or  verb.-£e/M*tw  fifth.  In  muaie,  an 
Interval  containing  a  semitone  lew  than  the 
perfect  Hfth.--.Srx.  Imperfect,  deficient.  In- 
inniplitf.  inadequate,  Insufficient,  faulty, 

Defectively(de  fckt'Iv-U),  odt.  Iiiadefectlre 

MLllimT,    llllpl  Tf.Ttly 

Defectlvenesscli  fekt'iv-nes), n.  Want;  the 
state  of  being  Imperfect;  faultlneaa.  Addi- 
son. 

Defectuosityt  (de-fekt'u-os"l-tl),  n.  Detect- 
Ivcness;  tatiltiness.  Montague. 

Defectuoust  (de-fekt'u-us).a.  Full  of  defects 

Nothing.. .  that  is  scant  or  defectutut  can  be  stable 
or  lasting.  Barm. 

Defedatlont  (de-fe-da'shon),  n.  [Fr. ,  from  L 
de,  prlv. ,  tuiAfcedo.firdatum,  to  foul. )  Pollu- 
tion; the  act  of  making  filthy,  tleiitlru. 

Defence  (de-fens'),  11.  [Kr.  defense,  from  L  L 
defeiua, defence,  from  L  dc/endo,  defentliui. 
to  defend.  SeeDEFESu.)  1. The  actof  defend 
ing,  upholding,  or  maintaining;  support; 
maintenance;  justification:  vindication. 

And  it  was  but  a  dream,  yet  It  lighten'd  my  despair 

When  I  thought  that  a  war  would  arise  in  defeme  of 

the  right.  TtnHjrieH. 

2.  Anything  that  opposes  attack,  violence, 
danger,  or  injury;  anything  that  secures 
the  person,  the  rights,  or  the  possessions 
of  men ;  fortification ;  guard ;  protection ; 
security. 

Because  of  his  strength  will  1  wait  upon  thee:  for 
God  is  my  defence.  1'v  lix.  9 

3.  A  speech  or  writing  intended  to  repel  or 
disprove  a  charge  or  accusation;  vindica- 
tion; apology. 

Men,  brethren,  fathers,  hear  ye  my  defence. 

Acts  xiui  i. 

4.  Specifically,  in  fain,  the  method  adopted 
by  a  person  against  whom  legal  proceed- 
ings have  been  taken  for  defending  himself 
against  them.  —  6.  t  Prohibition.     '  Severe 
defences  against  wearing  any  linen  under 
a  certain  breadth.'   Sir  W.  Temple.— 6.  The 
science  of  defending  against  enemies:  mili- 
tary skill;  skill  in  defending  from  danger; 
skill  in  fencing,  Ac. 

He  is,  said  he,  a  man  of  great  defence, 

Expert  in  battles  and  in  deeds  of  arms.     Spenser. 

—Line  of  defence,  a  continuous  fortified 
line  or  succession  of  fortified  points. — Tote 
in  a  posture  of  defence,  to  be  prepared  to 
resist  an  enemy  with  all  the  means  of  de- 
fence in  our  power. 

Defence!  (de-fens'),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  defented; 
ppr.  defencing.  To  defend  by  fortification. 
'A  defenced  city.'  Is.  xxv.  2. 

Defenceless  (de-fcns'lcs),  a.  Being  without 
defence,  or  without  means  of  repelling  as- 
sault or  injury;  specifically  (applied  to  a 
town),  unfortified,  ungarrisoned,  or  open  to 
an  enemy;  (applied  to  a  person),  naked, 
unarmed,  unprotected,  unprepared  to  resist 
attack,  weak,  unable  to  oppose,  uncovered, 
or  unsheltered.  '  These  defencelest  doors. 
Milton.  ' Aweak(i<?/«ii«e(«»boy.'  Additon. 

Defencelessness  (de-fens'les-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  defenceless  or  without  protec- 
tion; as,  the  defencelemmeM  of  a  man's  con- 
dition. 

Defend  (de-fend^,  t?  .t.  [L.  defendo,  to  defend 
— de,  off,  and  obs.  fendo,  to  strike.]  1.  To 
drive  from;  to  thrust  back;  to  fend  or  ward 
ofl;  to  repel.  [Old  English  and  Scotch.] 

And  all  the  margent  round  about  was  set 

With  shady  laurels,  thence  to  defend 

The  sunny  beams.  Spenxtr. 

The  other  strove  for  to  defend 
The  force  of  Vulcan  with  his  might  and  main.  Spenitr 

Hence— 2.  To  repel  or  deny,  as  a  demand, 
charge,  or  accusation;  to  oppose;  to  resist; 
as,  he  defended  his  case  in  the  courts  of  law. 

3.  To  hedge  about  with  restrictions;  to  for- 
bid; to  prohibit. 

The  use  of  wine  in  some  places  is  de/endnt  by 
customs  or  laws.  Sir  II'.  Temple. 

The  beggars  were  numerous  (spite  of  notice  boards 
defending  all  mendicity).  frajer'l  ilaf. 

4.  To  drive  back,  as  a  foe;  to  protect  by  op- 
position or  resistance,  as   from  anything 


ch.cAain;      ch,  Sc.  lo<*;      g,  go;      J.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sin?;      Ill,  tten;  th,  <Mn; 


w,  icig;    wh,  ttAig;    ih,  azure. —See  KKI. 


DEFEND 


686 


DEFILE 


which  assails  or  annoya;  to  prevent  from 
being  injured  or  destroyed. 

There  arose  to  defend  Israel  Tola  the  son  of 
Puah.  Judg.  x.  i. 

Defend  me  from  my  friends.  I  can  defend  myself 
from  my  enemies.  Frails,  of  sayitig  of  Mareckal 
Villars. 

5.  To  vindicate;  to  assert:  to  uphold;  to 
maintain  uninjured  by  force  or  by  argu- 
ment; as,  to  defend  rights  and  privileges; 
to  defend  reputation.  'Defend  the  justice 
of  my  cause.'  Shak.  'Thou  mightst  de- 
fend the  thesis. '  Tennyson. 

Defend  (Ue-fend'V  u.t.  To  make  opposition; 
to  enter  or  make  defence;  as,  the  party 
comes  into  court,  defends,  and  says. 

Defendable  (de-fend'a-bl),  o.  That  may  be 
defended. 

Defendant  (de-fend'ant),  a.  [Fr.  part,  of 
dffendre,  to  protect,  to  defend.]  l.t  Defen- 
sive; proper  for  defence. 

Line  and  new  repair  our  towns  of  war 
With  men  of  courage,  and  with  means  defendant. 

Snak. 

2.  Making  defence;  being  in  the  character 
of  a  defendant. 

Defendant  (de-fend'ant),  n.  1.  One  who 
defends  against  an  assailant,  or  against  the 
approach  of  evil  or  danger.— 2.  In  law,  the 
party  that  opposes  a  complaint,  demand,  or 
charge;  one  who  is  summoned  into  court, 
and  defends,  denies,  or  opposes  the  demand 
or  charge,  and  maintains  his  own  right. 
The  term  is  applied  to  any  party  of  whom 
a  demand  is  made  in  court,  whether  the 
party  denies  and  defends,  or  admits  the 
claim  and  suffers  a  default. 

Defendee  (de-fend'e),  n.  One  who  is  de- 
fended; opposed  to  defender.  Sidney  Smith. 
[Rare] 

Defender  (de-fend'er),  n.  1.  One  who  defends 
by  opposition;  one  who  maintains,  supports, 
protects,  or  vindicates;  an  assertor;  a  vindi- 
cator, either  by  arms  or  by  arguments;  a 
champion  or  an  advocate. —2.  In  Scots  law, 
the  defendant,  the  party  against  whom  the 
conclusions  of  a  process  or  action  are  di- 
rected.— Defender  of  the  Faith,  a  title  pe- 
culiar to  the  kings  of  England,  first  con- 
ferred by  Pope  Leo  X.  on  Henry  VIII.  in 
1521,  as  a  reward  for  writing  against  Luther, 
and  used  by  the  kings  of  England  ever  since. 

Defensative  (de-fens'at-iv),  n.  That  which 
serves  to  defend  or  protect,  as  a  bandage, 
plaster,  and  the  like;  guard;  defence. 

A  very  unsafe  defensative  it  is  against  the  fury  of 
the  lion  .  .  .  which  Pliny  cloth  place  in  cock-broth. 
Sir  T.  RroTvne 

Defense,  >*•  American  spelling  of  Defence, 
for  which  and  its  compounds,  as  Defense- 
less, Defetaelesmess,  &c. ,  see  DEFENCELESS, 
&c. 

Defensibillty  (ilC-fens'i-bil"i-ti).  n.  Capa- 
bility of  being  defended;  defensibleness. 

Defensible  (de-fens'l-bl),  n  1.  That  may  be 
defended;  as,  a  defemihle  city.— 2.  That 
maybe  vindicated,  maintained,  or  justified; 
as,  a  defensible  cause  —3.  t  Contributing  to 
defence;  capable  of  defending;  calculated 
to  defend. 

Where  nothing  but  the  sound  of  Hotspur's  name 
Did  seem  defensible.  Snat. 

Defensive  (de-fens'iv),  a.  [Fr.  dffet\»if, 
from  L.  defendo,  defensum.  See  DEFEND.) 
1.  That  serves  to  defend;  proper  for  de- 
fence; as,  defensive  armour,  which  repels 
attacks  or  blows:  opposed  to  a/ensiw  arms, 
which  are  used  in  attack.— 2.  Carried  on  in 
resisting  attack  or  aggression;  as,  defensive 
war,  in  distinction  from  o/ensive  war,  which 
is  aggressive. 

Since,  therefore,  we  cannot  win  by  an  offensive 
war,  at  least  a  land-wnr,  the  model  of  our  govern- 
ment seems  naturally  contrived  for  the  defensive 
part.  Dryden. 

3.  In  a  state  or  posture  to  defend.  —  De- 
fensive allegation,  the  mode  of  propound- 
ing circumstances  of  defence  by  a  defend- 
ant in  the  spiritual  courts,  to  which  he  is 
entitled  to  the  plaintiff's  answer  upon  oath, 
and  may  thence  proceed  to  proofs  as  well 
as  his  antagonist. 

Defensive  (de-fens'iv),  n.  Safeguard;  that 
which  defends. 

Wars  preventive,  upon  just  fears,  are  true  defen- 
sives. Bacon. 

—To  be  on  the  Offensive,  or  to  stand  an  the 
defensive,  to  be  or  stand  in  a  state  or  pos- 
ture of  defence  or  resistance,  in  opposition 
to  aggression  or  attack. 

Defensively  (de-fens'iv-li),  adv.  In  a  defen- 
sive manner;  on  the  defensive;  in  defence. 

Defensory  (de-fens'o-ri),  a.  Tending  to  de- 
fend; defensive.  Johnson. 


Defer  (de-fer'),  ».  (.  pret.  &  pp.  deferred;  ppr. 
deferring.  [L.  difero—dis,  from,  and/ero,  to 
bear.]  To  delay;  to  put  oif;  to  postpone 
to  a  future  time;  to  adjourn;  as,  to  defer 
the  execution  of  a  design. 

The  word  saving  does  not  imply  that  what  is  saved 
is  not  consumed,  nor  even  necessarily  that  its  con- 
sumption is  deferred,  but  only  that,  if  consumed 
immediately,  it  is  not  consumed  by  the  person  who 
raises  it.  7.  S.  Milt. 

Defer  (de-ferO,  v.i.  To  put  off;  to  delay;  to 
procrastinate. 

Defer  not  till  to-morrow  to  be  wise; 

To-morrow's  sun  to  thee  may  never  rise.    Congreve. 

God  .  .  .  will  not  long  defer 

To  vindicate  the  glory  of  his  name.        Milton. 

Defert  (de-fer1),  v.  t.  [L.  defero,  to  carry  down 
or  away,  hand  over,  refer— de,  down,  and 
fero,  to  carry.]  1.  To  offer;  to  render;  to 
give;  as,  to  defer  the  command  of  an  army. 
Lyttleton.  'The  worship  deferred  to  the 
Virgin.'  Bremnt.—2.  To  refer;  to  leave  to 
another's  judgment  and  determination. 

The  commissioners  deferred  the  matter  unto  the 
Earl  of  Northumberland.  Bacon. 

Defer  (de-ferO,  u.i.  To  yield  to  another's 
opinion;  to  submit  in  opinion;  as,  he  defers 
to  the  opinion  of  hl>  father. 

They  not  only  deferred  to  his  counsels  in  publick 
assemblies,  but  he  was  moreover  the  umpire  of 
domestick  matters.  Sptnct. 

Deference  (de'fer-ens),  n.  1.  A  yielding  in 
opinion;  submission  of  judgment  to  the 
opinion  or  judgment  of  another;  hence, 
regard;  respect 

It  would  be  much  more  difficult  to  produce  ex- 
amples  of  injury  to  a  state  from  the  too  speedy  ter- 
mination of  hostilities  in  deference  to  the  public  voice. 
Brougham. 

2.  Complaisance;  condescension. 

A  natural  roughness  makes  a  man  uncomplaisant 
to  others;  so  that  he  has  no  deference  for  tneir  in- 
clinations, tempers,  or  conditions.  Lock*. 

3.  Submission;  obedience.     'A  blind  defer- 
ence to  authority.'    Middleton, 

Deferent  (de'fer-ent),  a.  Bearing;  carrying; 
conveying.  '  Bodies  deferent. '  Bacon. 
[Rare.] 

Deferent  (de'fer-ent),  n.  1.  That  which 
carries  or  conveys;  specifically,  In  the  Ptole- 
maic system  of  astronomy,  an  imaginary 
circle  or  orb,  supposed  to  carry  about  the 
body  of  the  planet.  [See  EPICYCLE.]— 2.  A 
vessel  in  the  human  body  for  the  convey- 
ance of  fluids. 

Deferential  (de  fer-en'shi-al).  a.  Expressing 
deference;  accustomed  to  defer. 

Deferentially  (de-fer-en'shi-al-li),  ode.  In  a 
deferential  manner;  with  deference. 

Deferment  (de-fer'inent),  n.     Delay. 

But.  sir,  my  grief,  joined  with  the  instant  business. 
Begs  a  deferment.  Sir  y.  SuMiaf. 

Deferrer  (de-fer'fir),  n.  One  who  delays  or 
puts  off. 

Defervescence,  Defervescency  ( de-fer - 
ves'ens,  de-fcr-ves'en-si),  n.  [L  defervesco, 
to  cool  down— de,  priv.,  and  fervesco,  to 
boil  ]  1.  Abatement  of  heat;  the  state  of 
growing  cool;  coolness;  lukewarmness. 

Most  commonly  young  beginners  are  zealous  and 
high,  .  .  .  till  they  arc  abated  by  defervescency  in 
holy  actions.  Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  In  palhol.  abatement  or  decrease  of  fever 
or  feverish  symptoms. 

All  goes  well,  though  slowly:  and  as  completeness 
is  more  precious  than  rapidity  of  cure,  we  must  be 
content  to  mark  time  and  watch  gratefully  the  pro- 
cess of  defervescence,  which  is  proceeding  satisfac- 
torily. Times  newspaper. 

Defeudalize  (de-fu'dal-lz),  t>.(.  To  deprive 
of  the  feudal  character  or  form. 

Defflyt  (defli),  o.    Deftly. 

They  dauncen  deffly  and  singen  soote.    Spenser. 

Defiance  (de-fi'ans),  n.  [O.  Fr.  See  DEFT.] 
1.  A  daring;  a  challenge  to  fight;  invitation 
to  combat;  a  call  to  an  adversary  to  en- 
counter, if  he  dare;  as,  Goliath  bade  defiance 
to  the  army  of  Israel.  '  He  then  commanded 
his  trumpet  to  sound  a  defiance  to  his 
challengers.'  Sir  W.  Scott.— 1.  A  challenge 
to  meet  in  any  contest;  a  call  upon  one  to 
make  good  any  assertion  or  charge;  an 
invitation  to  maintain  any  cause  or  point  — 

3.  Contempt  of  opposition  or  danger;  a  dar- 
ing or  resistance  that  implies  the  contempt 
of  an  adversary,  or  of  any  opposing  power. 
•This  open  and  scandalous  violation  and 
defiance  of   his  most  sacred  fundamental 
laws.'    Sharp. 

Pride  in  their  port,  defiance  in  their  eye, 

I  see  the  lords  of  human  kind  pass  by.     Goldsmith. 

4.  Refusal;  rejection;  declaration  that  one 
will   have   nothing   to   do   with  another. 
•Take  my  defiance  I  die,  perish  I'    Shak.— 
To  bid  defiance  to,  or  to  tet  at  affiance,  to 


defy;  to  brave;  as,  to  bid  defiance  to  the 
world's  opinion;  to  tet  public  opinion  at 
defiance. 

Defiant  (de-fi'ant),  a.  Characterized  by  de- 
fiance, boldness,  or  insolence;  challenging. 
'  In  attitude  stem  and  defiant. '  Longfellow. 

He  spoke  first  to  Mary  Stuart,  who.  half  fright- 
ened, half  dejiant.  found  herself  on  the  edge  of  a 
conflict  to  which  her  own  resources  were  manifestly 
inadequate.  Fronde. 

Defiantly  (de-fi'ant-li),  adv.  In  a  defiant 
manner;  with  defiance;  daringly;  insolently. 

Deflatoryt  (de-fi'a-to-ri),  a.  Bidding  or  bear- 
ing defiance.  'Letters  defiatory.'  Shelfi/rd 

Defibrinate(<l<;-fn>rin-at),D.  (.  To  defibrinize. 

Deflbrination  (de-fi'l>rin-a"shon),  n.  Act  or 
prm-uss  of  dunbrinizing,  or  depriving  of 
tilirinc. 

Defibrinize  (de-fi'lirin-iz),  ».«.  pret.  &  pp. 
defibrinized;  ppr.  defibrinizing.  [L.  de,  from, 
and  E.  fibrin.]  To  deprive  of  fibrin;  speci- 
fically, to  remove  fibrin  from  fresh  blood  by 
whipping  it  with  rods. 

Deficiency,  Deflcience  (de-fl'shen-si,  de-fi'- 
shens).  n.  [See  DEFICIENT.]  1.  A  failing; 
a  falling  short;  imperfection;  as,  a  deficiency 
in  moral  duties. 

Thou  in  thyself  art  perfect,  and  in  thee 
Is  no  deficience  found.  Milton. 

Marlborough  was  a  man  not  only  of  the  most  idle 
and  frivolous  pursuits,  but  was  so  miserably  igno- 
rant, that  his  deficiencies  made  him  the  ridicule  of 
his  contemporaries.  Buckle. 

2.  Want,  either  total  or  partial;  defect; 
absence;  something  less  than  is  necessary; 
as,  a  deficiency  of  means;  a  deficiency  of 
revenue;  a  deficiency  of  blood. 

To  which  he  answer'd  scofnngly, 

•Good  soul!  suppose  I  grant  it  thee, 

Who'll  weep  for  thy  deficiency  t '      Tennyson. 

SYN.  Imperfection,  want,  failing,  failure, 
defect 

Deficient  (de-fl'shent),  a.  [L.  deficient,  de- 
ficientix,  ppr.  of  deficio,  to  fail — de,  and/acto, 
to  do.]  1.  Wanting;  defective;  imperfect; 
not  sufficient  or  adequate;  as,  deficient 
estate  .deficient  strength.  —2.  Wanting;  not 
having  a  full  or  adequate  supply;  as,  tile 
country  may  be  deficient  in  the  means  of  car- 
rying on  war. — Deficient  numbers,  in  arith. 
numbers  the  sum  of  whose  aliquot  parts 
is  less  than  the  numbers  themselves;  thus, 
8  is  a  deficient  number  as  the  sum  of  its 
aliquot  parts  1,  2,  4  is  only  7.— SYN.  Want- 
ing, defective,  imperfect,  failing. 

Deficiently  (de-fi'shent-li),  ado.  In  a  defec- 
tive manner. 

Deficlentness  (de-fl'shent-nes),  n.  State  of 
being  deficient  [Rare.] 

Deficit  (de'fl-sit),  n.  Want;  deficiency;  as,  a 
deficit  in  the  taxes  or  revenue. 

Squandering,  and  payment  by  loan,  is  no  way  to 
checka<r>/f<*.  Carole. 

Defler(de-fi'cr),  n.  [See  DEFY.]  A  challenger; 
one  who  dares  to  combat  or  encounter;  one 
who  braves;  one  who  acts  in  contempt  of 
opposition,  law,  or  authority;  as,  a  defer  of 
the  laws. 

Deflgurationt  (de-fl'gur-a"shon),  n.  [L.  de, 
priv..  and  figura,  figure  or  form.]  A  dis- 
figuring. '  Defigiirations  and  deformations 
of  Christ.'  Bp.  Hall. 

Defigure*  (de-fl'gur),  ».f.  [L.  de,  down, 
and  figuro,  to  shape.)  To  delineate.  'Stones 
as  they  are  here  de  figured.'  Weever. 

Defllade(de-fi-lad').  r.l.  pret.  &pp.  defiladed; 
ppr.  defilading.  [Fr.  defilade,  from  defiler. 
See  DEFILE.]  In  fort,  to  erect  defensive 
works,  as  ramparts,  around  a  fortification, 
so  as  to  protect  the  interior  when  in  danger 
of  being  commanded  by  guns  placed  on 
some  higher  point;  as,  to  defilade  an  ex- 
posed side. 

Defilading  (de-fll-ad'ing),  n.  That  branch  of 
fortification,  the  object  of  which  is  to  deter- 
mine (when  the  intended  work  would  be 
commanded  by  eminences  within  the  range 
of  fire-arms)  the  directions  or  heights  of 
the  lines  of  rampart  or  parapet,  so  that  the 
interior  of  the  work  may  not  be  incommoded 
by  a  fire  directed  to  it  from  such  eminences. 

Defile  (de-niO,  t>. t.  pret  &  pp.  defiled;  ppr. 
defiling.  [This  word  exhibits  a  combination 
of  the  Romance  or  L  prefix  de  with  the  A. 
Sax.  fylan  (O.E.  and  Sc.  file,  to  defile),  from 
ful,  foul.  This  common  prefix  seems  to 
have  been  substituted  by  confusion  for  be 
or  ge  in  A.  Sax.  befylan,  gefylan,  to  defile. 
See  FOUL.)  1.  To  make  unclean;  to  render 
foul  or  dirty,  in  a  general  sense. 

They  that  touch  pitch  will  be  defiled.        Snot. 

2.  To  make  impure;  to  render  turbid;  as, 
the  water  or  liquor  is  defiled.— 3.  To  soil 
or  sully;  to  tarnish,  as  reputation,  &c. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met.  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      }',  Sc.  ley. 


DEFILE 


687 


DEFLECTION 


He  is  among  the  greatest  prelates  of  the  age.  how- 
ever his  character  may  be  dtjiled  by  dirty  hands. 

Swift. 
They  shall  defile  thy  brightness.      Ezck.  xxviii.  7. 

4.  To  pollute;  to  make  ceremonially  un- 
clean. 

That  which  dicth  of  itself,  or  is  torn  with  beasts, 
he  shall  not  eat,  to  tiefite  himself  therewith. 

Lev.  xxii.  8. 

5  To  corrupt  the  chastity  of;  to  debauch; 
to  violate;    to  tarnish  the  purity  of  the 
character  of  by  lewdness. 

Shechcm  ...  lay  with  her  and  (rV/ffrrf  her. 

Gen.  xxxiv.  a. 

6  To  taint,  in  a  moral  sense;  to  corrupt;  to 
vitiate;  to  render  impure  with  sin. 

Defile  not  yourselves  with  the  idols  of  Egypt. 

Ezek.  xx.  7. 
He  hath  defiled  the  sanctuary  of  the  Lord. 

Num.  xix.  20. 

SYN  To  pollute,  vitiate,  contaminate,  cor- 
rupt, stain,  soil,  dirty,  sully,  tarnish,  violate, 
debauch. 

Defile  (de-filO,  v.i.  pret.  &  pp.  defiled;  ppr. 
defiling.  [Fr.  defiler—de,  and  file,  a  row  or 
line,  from  L.  filum,  a  thread.]  To  march 
off  in  a  line,  or  tile  by  file;  to  file  off. 

The  Turks  defiled  before  the  enemy.        Cittaa. 

Defile  (de-filO,  v.t.    In  fort  to  defilade. 
Defile  (de-fllO,  n.     [See  DEFILE,  v.i.}    A 

narrow  passage  or  way,  in  which  troops  may 

march  only  in  a  file,  or  with  a  narrow  front; 

a  long  narrow  pass,  as  between  hills,  &c. 
Defilement  (de-fll'ment),  n.    1.  The  act  of 

defiling,  or  state  of  being  defiled;  foulness; 

dirtiness;    uncleanness.  —  2.  Corruption  of 

morals,  principles,  or  character;  impurity; 

pollution  by  sin. 

The  chaste  cannot  rake  into  such  filth 
danger  of  defilement. 

Defilement  (de-fil'ment),  n.  In  fort,  defilad- 
ing (which  see). 

Defiler  (de-fil'er),  n.  One  who  denies;  one 
who  corrupts  or  violates;  that  which  pol- 

Deflliation  (de-flni-a"shon),  n.  [L.  de,  priv. , 
and  filius  a  son.  ]  The  abstraction  of  a  child 
from  its  parents;  the  act  of  rendering  child- 
less. 'Irreparable and  hopeless  dtflliatione. 
Lamb.  [Bare.  ] 

Definable  (de-fln'a-bl),  a.     [See  DEFINE.] 

1  That  may  be  limited,  or  have  its  limits 
ascertained;  hence,  capable  of  having  its 
extent  ascertained  witli  precision;  capable 
of  being  fixed  and  determined ;  as,  the  extent 
of  the  Russian  Empire  is  hardly  definable.— 

2  That  may  be  denned ;  capable  of  having  its 
signification  rendered  certain,  or  expressed 
with  certainty  or  precision;  as,  definable 
words.— 3.  Having  properties  that  may  be 
determined  and  enunciated,  as  a  triangle  is 
a  definable  figure.  — 4.  That  may  be  fixed 
determined,  or  ascertained;  as,  the  time  01 
period  is  not  definable. 

Concerning  the  time  of  the  end  of  the  world,  th 
question  is  whether  that  time  be  dejiiuil'le  °Pu"_°-rf 


vithout 
Addison, 


Deflnably  (de-fm'a-bli),  ado.    In  a  dermal*! 
manner. 

Define  (de-finO,  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  defined;  ppr 
defining.  [L.  definio—de,  and  ftnw,  to  end, 
to  limit,  from  finis,  end.]  1.  To  determine 
or  describe  the  end  or  limit  of ;  to  detei 
mine  with  precision;  as,  to  define  the  exten 
of  a  kingdom  orcountry.-2  To  mark  the 
limit;  to  circumscribe;  to  bound. 

The  right  to  wear  red  on  different  parts  of  the 
dress,  and  to  have  red  carriages,  is  rf<^™(  r/tam 

3  To  determine  or  ascertain  the  extent  of 
the  meaning  of;  to  ascertain  the  significa- 
tion of;  to  explain  what  n  word  is  under- 
stood to  express;  as,  to  define  the  words 
virtue,  courage,  belief,  or  chanty.  Like 
wit  much  talked  of,  not  to  be  defined. 
Oticay  —4  To  describe;  to  ascertain  or  ex- 
plain the  distinctive  properties  or  circum- 
stances of  a  thing;  as,  to  define  a  line  or 
an  angle.— 5.t  To  determine;  to  settle;  to 
decide. 

These  warlike  champions,  all  in  armour  shine. 
Assembled  were  in  field  the  chalenge  tc '"'f™^ 

Define  t  (de-fin'),  v.i.    To  determine;  to  de- 
cide. 

^"Khe^^^ofS^-^ 


Deflnement  t  (de-fin'mcnt),  ».  The  act  o( 
denning;  description;  definition 

Sir,  this  defittement  suffers  no  perdition  in  vn 

Definer  (dc-fin'er).  n.  He  who  defines;  he 
who  ascertains  or  marks  the  limits;  he  who 
determines  or  explains  the  signification  of 
a  word,  or  describes  the  distinctive  pro- 
perties of  a  thing 

Definishet,  v.t.  [Fr  ]  To  define;  to  make 
a  definition  of.  Chaucer. 
Definite  (de'fln-lt),  a.  (L.  definitut,  pp.  of 
definio,  definitum.  See  IJEFIME.]  1.  Having 
certain  limits;  bounded  with  precision; 
determinate;  as,  a  definite  extent  of  land; 
definite  dimensions;  definite  measure.— 
2.  Having  certain  limits  in  signification; 
determinate;  certain;  precise;  as,  a  definite 
word,  term,  or  expression.— 3.  Fixed;  deter- 
minate; exact;  precise.  'Some  certain  and 
dc^m'te  time.'  Ayli/e.—l.  In  gram,  denn- 
ing; limiting;  determining  the  extent;  u, 
the  definite  article.  —Definite  proportions,  in 
chem.  the  relative  quantities  in  which  bodies 
unite  to  form  compounds.  Called  alK>  Com- 
bining Proportions,  Chemical  Equivalent*. 
or  Equivalent.  See  EQUIVALENT.—  DjffoUt 
term,  in  logic,  a  term  which  defines  ormarks 
out  a  particular  class  of  beings,  or  a  single 
person,  as  distinguished  from  an  indefinite 
term,  which  does  not  define  or  mark  out  an 
object.—  Definite  inflorescence,  in  hot.  same 
as  Centrifugal  infioreicence.—fiiy.  Deter- 
minate, certain,  precise,  exact,  clear. 
Definite  (de'fin-it),  n.  Thing  denned.  Ay- 
li/e.  [Rare  or  obsolete.] 
Definitely  (de'fln-it-li),  adv.  In  a  definite 
manner. 

Definlteness  (de'ftn-it-nes),  n.  Certainty  of 
extent;  certainty  of  signification;  detenuin- 
ateness. 

Definition  (de-n-ni'shon),  n.    [L.  defimtio, 
definitional,  a  limiting,  a  defining— d</in»o, 
definitum.    See  DEFINE.  ]    1.  The  act  of  de- 
fining, determining,  distinguishing,  explain- 
ing, or  establishing  the  signification  of.  '  De- 
finitiun  being  nothing  but  making  another  • 
understand  by  words  what  the  term  de- 
fined stands  for.'     Locke.—  2.  A  brief  and 
precise  description  of  a  tiling  by  its  pro- 
perties; an  explanation  of  the  signification 
of  a  word  or  term,  or  of  what  a  word  i( 
understood  to  express;  as,  a  definition  of 
wit   or  of  a  circle.    Logicians  distinguish 
definitions  into  nominal  and  real.   A  nomi- 
nal definition  explains  the  meaning  of  a 
term  by  some  equivalent  word  or  expression 
supposed  to  be  better  known.    A  real  de- 
finition explains  the  nature  of  the  thing. 
A  real  definition  is  again  accidental,  or  a 
description  of  the  accidents,  as  causes  pro- 
perties, effects,  Ac.;  or  essential,  which  ex- 
plains the  constituent  parts  of  the  essence 
or  nature  of  the  thing.     An  essential  de- 
finition is,  moreover,  metaphysical  or  logi- 
cal defining  'by  the  genus  and  difference, 
as  it  is  called;  as,  for  example,  'a  plant  is 
an  organized  being,  destitute  of  sensation, 
where  the  part  first  of  the  definition  states 
the  genus  (organized  being),  and  the  latter 


from  "the "difficulty  of  finding  terms  more 
simple  and  intelligible  than  the  one  to  be 
defined. 

Al.lrich.  having  given  as  an  insMnce       a >"°™"'°'. 

SS™^5K3pSe 


expressly  says  the  con' 
etymology  of  a  tern  hi 

c:il  consideration  ol  it. 


s"he  contrary It  is  plain  that  the 

•  ,as  nothing  to  do  with  any  logi- 
/*  iiateiy. 

n-al).  a.    Of  or  be- 

rS^ivfina:  ""  **»••"••?*  dt 

l?i,mve  from  definw.  See  DEFINE.]  1.  Limit- 
ing the  extent;  determinate;  PO-'t.'™;": 
nSss-as  a  definitive  term. -2.  Lmitmg, 
ending  determining;  final:  opposed  to  cm- 

SSi  prmhim,ai.  «*s*jLfKS£ 

definitive  sentence  or  decree. -3.  t  t 
tory;  absolutely  determined. 

Never  crave  him;  we  are  definitive. 


th.'    .  xt.'iit    of    th>  "f    all   .i|> 

JM  llativi-  or  roliilniih  noun      Su<  li  an-  thf 
liin'k  article  ho,  kt.  to;  the  Latin  ilriii»n 
stnitivr  hie.  Hit,  !/»•'• ,  thf.  this,  and  thtit  in 
Knulish;  /*'.  i<i.  HI  in   rrriH  h;    tl.  til,  to  in 
Italian.     Tlim.   tree  !>  an  appellative  or 
common  imun.  thf  tret.  //".-  IM  ••.  '/<"'  tree 
designate  a  particular  tree,  ileU-rniinui' 
known.    7/i'f/io  signifies  man;  Ai>  burn- 
homo,  a  particular  man,  &-c     But  In  - 
languages  the  definitive*   have  loit  tln-ir 
original  tue  In  *  great  degree,  u  In  the 
lireek  and  French.    Thu«,  'La  force  de  la 
vertu'  mu«t  be  rendered  in  Knglinh  •<*«• 
strength  of  virtue,'  not  '  the  itrength  of  thf 
virtue.'   The  first  la  Is  a  definitive;  the  lait 
has  no  definitive  rtf<  •  t 
Definitively  (de-fln'lt-lv-11).  ado.    1.  Deter- 
minately;  positively;  cxpreuly. 

DifHitmtt)  thus  I  uuwer  you.  .$*•». 

2.  Finally;  connltulvely;    unconditionally; 
as.  the  point*  between  the  partle*  are  dr.- 
i'ly  settled. 

DefinltlveneM  (dc-fln'iUv-nes),  n.  Deter- 
minateness;  dvcUlvene**;  coneluslveneta. 

Definltude  (de-rm'i-tud),  n.  Dellnltene**; 
exactitude;  precision 

Though  thus  destilute  of  the  light  >nd  irfxttutlr 
of  mathematical  reptexmtationt,  philotoplty  I*  al- 
lowed tio  adequate  language  of  iti  own. 

Deflzl  (d6-flk*'),'».«.  [i.defigo,defjnm—de, 
intens.,  and  figa,  to  fasten.)  To  flx;  to 
fasten. 

The  country  para0"  *  generally  ud  becaue  he 
knows  nothing  but  the  c  ross  of  Chnst.  kit  mind  being 
ttrji*ed  on  and  with  Uios«  nail»  wherewith  Im  Master 
was.  G.  tferttrt. 

Deflagrablllty  (dc.na'gra-bn"l-tl),  n.  [See 
DEFLAGRATE.]  In  '.item,  comburtlbllity; 
the  quality  of  taking  fire  and  burning  away. 
•The  dejlagrability  .  .  .  of  saltpetre. '  Boyle. 
Deflagrable  (de-fla'gra-bl),  a.  Combustible: 
having  the  quality  of  taking  fire  and  burn- 
ing, as  alcohol,  oil*,  Ac. 
Deflagrate  (de'na-grat),  ».(  pret.  and  pp. 
deflagrated;  ppr.  deflagrating.  [U  deflagm. 
df/im/niCuMi— de\intens.,and/Ia0ro,to  burn  1 
To  set  fire  to;  to  bum;  to  consume;  «,  to 
deflagrate  oil  or  spirit. 
Deflagrate  (dc'fla-grHt),  v.i.  To  burn  ra- 
pidly; thus,  when  a  mixture  of  charcoal  and 
nitre  is  thrown  into  a  red-hot  crucible  It 
burns  with  a  kind  of  explosion,  or  defagratts 
—Deflagrating  mixture*,  combustible  mix- 
tures generally  made  with  nitre,  the  oxygen 
of  which  is  the  active  ingredient  In  promot- 
ing their  combustion. 

Deflagration (de-na-gri'shon),n.  A  kindling 
or  setting  fire  to  a  substance;  burning;  com- 
bustion- a  rapid  combustion  of  a  mixture, 
attended  with  much  evolution  of  flame  and 
vapour  as  of  nitre  and  charcoal.  The  pro- 
cess for  oxldlrliig  substances  by  means  of 
nitre  is  called  dc/agration,  and  is  general  y 
performed  by  mixing  the  inflammable  body 
with  an  equal  weight  of  the  nitrate  or 
chlorate  of  potassium,  and  projecting  the 
mixture  in  small  portions  at  a  time  into  a 
red-hot  crucible.  This  term  Is  also  applied 
to  the  rapid  combustion  of  metals  by  the 
electric  spark. 

Deflagrator  (de'fUvgrat-er),  n.  A  galvanic 
Instrument  for  producing  combustion,  par 
ticularly  the  combustion  of  metallic  sub- 
Deflect  (de-flekf),  f».  (L  defccto-de,  and 
jfcetolto  turn  or  bend  ]  To  turn  from  or 
aside';  to  deviate  from  a  tme  course  or  right 
line;  to  swerve. 

At  some  part  of  the  Azores  the  needle  **«« 
not    but  licth  in  the  true  meridian,      iir  T.  6m>. 

Deflect  (de-flekf),  t>.<-     To  cause  to  turn 
TsidV;  to  turn  or  bend  from  a  right  line  or 
regular  course. 

The  Gulf  Stream  .        »*/«*•'  »s'V-r?..l!'  * 
current  setting  in  from  Boffin  s  i 


Brandt, 


Deflected  (de-flekt'ed),  p.  and  a.    1.  Turned 
"SdVoriroin  a  direct  line  or  coarse.  -Z.  I" 
bot.  bending  downwanl  archwise 


No  one  had  a  defined  portion  of  land  or '  any  c» 
tain  bounds  to  his  possessions.  Bro, 

ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     J,Jol>; 


the  ftct  "i   milling  «Di«t,  •  «.  j    ttv. 

true  line  or  the  regular  course:  used  eithc 
in  a  physical  or  moral  sense. 

Needles  ...  at  the  very  line  . 
deflection. 


King  David  found  out  the  deflate* 
ness  of  our  minds. 


Mental**- 


2.  A'out  the  departure  of  a  ship  from  it 
true  course.  -3.  In  optics,  *  deviation  of 
rays  of  light  toward  the  surface  of  an  opaque 
body  il.Hection.-4.  In  mat*,  a  term  appli 
totoe  distance  by  which  a  curve  departs 
from  another  curve,  or  from  a  straight  line. 

zl».  azure. -See  KET 


DEFLECTIVE 


688 


DEFY 


anil  also  to  any  effect,  either  of  curvature 
or  of  discontinuous  change  of  direction. —  ! 
5.  In  inech.  the  beu'lin^  uf  any  material  ex- 
posed to  a  transverse  strain. 

Deflective  (<lG-Mekt'iv),  a.  Causing  deflec- 
tion or  deviation. — Deflective  forces,  intiieck. 
those  forces  which  act  upon  a  moving  body 
in  a  direction  different  from  that  in  which 
it  actually  moves,  in  consequence  of  which 
it  is  inaile  to  deviate  from  its  course. 

Deflector  (de-flekt'er),  n.  In  much,  the 
diaphragm  of  the  furnace  of  a  boiler,  by 
means  of  which  air  and  gas  are  deflected 
and  mingled,  and  time  and  room  to  burn 
given  them. 

Deflexed  (de-fleksf),  p-  and  a.  The  same  as 
Deflected. 

Deflexion  (de-flek'shon),  n.  Same  as  De- 
ftectwn. 

Deflexure  (de-fleks'ur),  n.  A  bending  down; 
a  turning  aside;  deviation. 

Deflorate  (de-flor'at),  a.  [L.L.  def.ara.tva, 
from  defloro,  to  deflour — de,  andyforeo.  See 
FLOWER.]  In  In  it.  a  term  applied  to  the 
anthers  of  flowers  when  they  have  shed 
their  pollen:  and  also  to  plants  when  their 
flowers  have  fallen. 

Defloration  (de-flor-a'shon),  n.  [Fr.  See 
IIF.H/H  K  1.  The  act  of  deflouring:  the 
act  of  depriving  of  the  flower  or  prime  beau- 
ties; particularly,  the  act  of  taking  away  a 
woman's  virginity ;  rape.  Johnson.  —  2.  A 
selection  of  the  flower  or  most  valuable  part 
of  anything. 

The  laws  of  Normandy  are,  in  a  great  measure,  the 
defloration  of  the  English  laws.  Sir  At.  11, lie. 

Deflour  (de-flour1),  v.t.  [Fr.  deflorer;  L.L. 
defloro— L.  de,  and  fas,  floru,  a  flower.  See 
FLOWER.]  1.  To  deprive  a  woman  of  her 
virginity,  either  by  force  or  with  consent;  to 
violate;  to  ravish;  to  seduce. 

Now  will  I  hence  to  seek  my  lovely  Moor, 

And  let  my  spleenful  sons  (his  truU  deflour.  Shak. 

2.  To  take  away  the  prime  beauty  and  grace 
of  anything. 

The  sweetness  of  his  soul  was  dejtonred. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

3.  t  To  deprive  of  flowers.     '  Deflouring  the 
gardens.'    Mountaaue. 

Deflourer  (de-flourer),  n.   One  who  deflours. 

Deflowt  (de-flfl'),  ii.  i.  (L  dffluo—df,  down, 
and  fluu,  to  flow.]  To  flow  down.  Sir  T. 
Browne. 

Deflower  (de-flou'er),  v.t.    Same  as  Defluur. 

DjflUOUSt  (de'llu-us).  a  [L.  defluus  —  dc, 
and  fluo,  to  flow.]  Flowing  down;  falling 
off  Bailey. 

Defluvium  (de-flu'vi-um),  n.  [L]  A  falling 
off,  as  of  the  hair  or  bark  of  trees,  by  dis- 
ease. 

Defluxt  (de-finks'),  71.  [L.  defluxu* — de,  and 
fluo,  fluxuin,  to  flow.]  A  flowing  down;  a 
running  downward.  •  Deflux  of  humours.' 
Bacon.  See  DEFLUXION. 

Defluxion  (de-fluk'shon),  »•  [L.  defluxio, 
defluxionis,  a  flowing  off,  from  deiiuo,  de- 
fluxuin,  to  flow  down—  dc,  andyfwo,  to  flow  ] 
'in  med.  a  flowing,  running,  or  falling  of  hu- 
mours or  fluid  matter  from  a  superior  to  an 
inferior  part  of  the  body;  properly,  an  in- 
flammation of  a  part,  attended  with  in- 
creased secretion;  a  discharge  or  flowing  off 
of  humours;  as,  a  defluxion  from  the  nose 
or  head  in  catarrh:  sometimes  used  synony- 
mously with  inflammation. 

Deny  t  (def'li),  adv.  [For  de/lly  (which  see).] 
Dexterously;  skilfully;  deftly. 

Defcsdation,  n.    Same  as  Defedation. 

Defoliate,  Defoliated  (de-fo'li-at,  de-fo'li- 
at-ed),  a.  Deprived  of  leaves. 

Defoliation  (de-f6'li-a"shon),  n.  [L.  dc.priv., 
and  folium,  a  leaf.  See  FOLIO.)  The  fall 
of  the  leaf  or  shedding  of  leaves ;  the  time 
or  season  of  shedding  leaves  in  autumn. 

Deforce  (de-fors'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  deforced; 
ppr.  deforcing.  [Prefix  de  and  force.]  In 
law,  (a)  to  disseize  and  keep  out  of  lawful 
possession  of  an  estate;  to  withhold  the 
possession  of  an  estate  from  the  rightful 
owner:  applied  to  any  possessor  whose  entry 
was  originally  lawful,  but  whose  detainer  is 
become  unlawful.  (6)  In  Scots  taw,  to  re- 
sist, as  an  officer  of  the  law,  in  the  execution 
of  his  official  duty. 

Deforcement  (de-fors'ment),  n.  In  law, 
(a)  the  holding  of  lands  or  tenements  to 
which  another  person  has  a  right;  a  general 
term  including  abatement,  intrusion,  dis- 
seisin, discontinuance,  or  any  other  species 
of  wrong  by  which  he  who  has  a  right  to  the 
freehold  It  kept  out  of  possession.  (b)  In 
Scots  lam.  a  resisting  of  an  otttcer  in  the  exe- 
cution of  law. 


Deforceor  (de-fors'er),  n.  In  law,  a  deforci- 
ant  (which  see). 

Deforciant(de-fors'i-ant),  n.  In  law,  (n)one 
who  keeps  out  of  possession  the  rightful 
owner  of  an  estate,  (b)  A  person  against 
whom  a  fictitious  action  was  brought  in 
fine  and  recovery :  abolished  by  3  anil  4  \Yill. 
IV.  Ixxiv. 

Deforciation  (ile-f6rs'i-a"shon),  n.  In  law, 
distress;  a  seizure  of  goods  for  the  satisfac- 
tion of  a  lawful  debt. 

Deform  (de-form'),  v.t.  [L.  deformo-  de,  and 
forma,  form.]  1.  To  mar  or  injure  the  form 
of;  to  disfigure;  as,  a  hump  on  the  back  d_e- 
fonns  the  body. — 2.  To  render  ugly  or  dis- 
pleasing by  exterior  applications  or  append- 
ages; to  make  ungraceful;  as,  to  deform  the 
face  by  paint  or  the  person  by  unbecoming 
dress. 

Old  men  with  dust  deformed  their  hoary  hair. 
Drydetl 

3.  To  render  unpleasant  or  disagreeable. 

Wintry  blasts  deform  the  year.  Thomson. 

4.  To  injure  and  render  displeasing  or  dis- 
gusting; to  disgrace;  to  disfigure  the  moral 
beauty  of;  as,  all  vices  deform  the  character 
of  rational  beings. 

Deformt  (de-form"),  a.  [L.  deformis—de,  and 
forma,  form.]  Disfigured;  being  of  an  un- 
natural, distorted,  or  digproportioned  form; 
displeasing  to  the  eye. 

Sight  so  deform  what  heart  of  rock  could  long 
Dry-eyed  behold!  Milton. 

Deformation  (de-form-a'shon),  n.  A  disfigur- 
ing or  defacing.  Bp.  Hall. 

Deformed  (de-formdO,  p.  and  o.  1.  Injured 
in  the  form ;  disfigured ;  distorted ;  ugly; 
wanting  natural  beauty  or  symmetry. 

Cheated  of  feature  by  dissembling  nature, 
Deformed,  unfinished,  sent  before  my  time 
Into  this  breathing  world,  scarce  half  made  up. 
Slut. 

2.t  Base;  disgraceful.  'Deformed  and  vile.' 
B.  Jonson.  —SYN.  I'gly,  disfigured,  distorted, 
misshapen,  unsightly,  ill-favoured. 

Deformedly  (de-form'ed-li),  adv.  In  an 
ugly  manner. 

Deformedness  (de-form'ed-nes),  n.  Ugli- 
ness; a  disagreeable  or  unnatural  form. 

Deformer  (dc-form'er),  n.  One  who  deforms. 

Deformity  (de-form'i-ti),  n.   [L.  deformitas. 
See  DEFORM.]    1.  The  state  of  being  de- 
formed; want  of  that  uniformity  or  sym- 
metry which  constitutes  beauty;  distortion; 
irregularity  of  sha]>e  or  features;  dispropor- 
tion of  limbs;  defect;  distortion;  ugliness. 
To  make  an  envious  mountain  on  my  bock. 
Where  sits  deformity  to  mock  my  body.    Shab. 

2.  Anything  that  destroys  beauty,  grace,  or 
propriety ;  irregularity  :  absurdity  ;  gross 
deviation  from  order  or  the  established  laws 
of  propriety;  a»,  deformity  in  an  edifice; 
deformity  of  character. — SYN.  Ugliness,  dis- 
tortion, defect,  blemish,  disfiguration,  dis- 
figurement. 

Deforsert  Deforeort  (de-fors'er),  n.  One 
that  casts  out  by  force. 

Defossiont  (de-fo'shon),  n.  [L  defodio,  de- 
fuxxuiH,  to  dig  down,  to  bury— de,  down, 
&\\<\fodio,fos*um,  to  dig.]  The  punishment 
of  burying  alive. 

Defoul  (de-foul'),  r  t.    To  defile.   [Rare.] 

Defoulment  (de-foul'mcnt),  n.  Defilement. 
[Rare.] 

Defraud  (de-fradO,  v.t.  [L.  defraudo — de, 
intens. ,  and/raw/o,  to  cheat,  frautf,  fraud.] 

1.  To  deprive  of  right,  either  by  obtaining 
something  by  deception  or  artifice,  or  by 
taking  something  wrongfully  without  the 
knowledge  or  consent  of  the  owner;  to  cheat; 
to  cozen:  followed  by  of  before  the  thing 
taken;  as,  to  defraud  a  man  of  his  right; 
the  agent  who  embe/.zles  public  property 
defrauds  the  state;  the  man  who  by  decep- 
tion obtains  a  price  for  a  commodity  above 
its  value  defrauds  the  purchaser. 

We  have  corrupted  no  man,  we  have  defrauded  no 
man.  2  Cor.  vii.  a. 

2.  To  withhold  wrongfully  from  another 
what  is  due  to  him ;  as,  defraud  not  the 
hireling  of  his  wages.  -  -  3.  To  wrongfully 
prevent  one  from  obtaining  what  he  may 
justly  claim. 

A  man  of  fortune  who  permits  his  son  to  consume 
the  season  of  education  in  hunting,  shooting,  or  in 
frequenting  horse-races,  assemblies,  &c.,  defrauds 
the  community  of  a  benefactor,  and  bequeaths  them 
a  nuisance.  Paley. 

4.  To  defeat  or  frustrate  wrongfully. 
By  the  duties  deserted— by  the  claims  defrauded. 
Paley. 

—To  defraud  the  revenue,  to  evade  by  any 
fraudulent  contrivance  the  payment  of  a 
tax  or  duty  imposed  by  government.— SYN. 


To  cheat,  cozen,  trick,  beguile,  deceive,  rob, 
pilfer. 

Defraudation  (de-frad-a'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  defrauding.  'Pecuniary  defraudationtf.' 
Sir  T.  Browne.  [Rare.] 

Defrauder('lo-fr:ul'er),n-  Onewhodefrandi; 
one  who  takes  from  another  his  right  by 
dm  (itiun,  or  withholds  what  is  his  due;  a 
cheat;  a  cozener;  an  embezzler;  a  peculator. 

Defraudment  (de-frad'ment),  n.  The  act 
of  defrauding  Milton.  [Rare.  ] 

Defray  (de-fra'),  i\  t.  [Fr  defrayer—de,  and 
fniix,  expense,  from  L.L.  fractus nrfractutn, 
expense,  compensation  for  injury  or  destruc- 
tion: fracta,  destruction,  a  breach,  from  L. 
frango,  fractum,  to  break.  Comp.  dumwjix 
in  its  legal  sense.  Others  trace  Fr.  frais  to 
L.L.  fredum,  a  fine  for  breaking  the  peace, 
from  G.  friedc,  peace,  but  with  less  proba- 
bility.] 1.  To  pay;  to  discharge,  as  cost  or 
expense;  to  bear,  as  charge,  cost,  or  expense. 
It  is  followed  chiefly  by  expense,  charge,  or 
cost;  as,  the  acquisitions  of  war  seldom  de- 
fray the  expenses;  the  profits  of  a  voyage 
will  not  always  defray  the  cost  of  the  first 
outfit. --2.t  To  satisfy;  to  appease. 

Can  Night  defray  the  wrath  of  thundring  Jove? 
Spenser. 

3.  t  To  fill;  as,  to  defray  a  bottle.    Spenser 
Defrayal  (de-fra'al),  n.     The  act  of  defray- 
ing; payment;  as,  the  defrayal  of  costs. 
Defrayer  (de-fra'er),  n.    One  who  pays  or 
discharges  expenses. 
Defrayment  (de-fra'ment),  n.    Payment. 

Let  the  traitor  pay  with  his  life's  defrayment. 

JSMh* 

Deft  (deft),  a.  [A.  Sax  daft,  fit,  convenient, 
from  (geydafan,  to  become,  to  befit;  Goth. 
'iii'lit'itin .  to  befit.]  1.  Dexterous;  clever; 
apt.  'The  limping  god,  so  deft  at  his  new 
ministry.'  Dryden.  'Deftest  feats.'  Gay. 

fiefl  Logic  is  but  Reason's  tool, 

Reason  a  child  in  Nature's  school    Prof.  Blackie. 

2.  Fit;  convenient. —3. t  Spruce;  elegant. 
Defter -dar  (def't*r-dar),  n.    [Turk.]    The 

minister  of  finance  and  high  treasurer  of 

the  Turkish  Empire. 
Deftly  (deft'li),  adv.     Aptly;  fitly;  neatly; 

dexterously;  in  a  skilful  manner. 

And  all  the  rustic  train  are  gathered  round. 
Each  deftly  dizen'd  in  his  Sunday's  best, 
And  pleased  to  hail  the  day  of  piety  and  rest. 
Southey, 

Deftness  (deft'nes),  u.  1.  The  quality  of  being 
deft;  dexterity.— 2. t  Elegance;  beauty. 

Defunct  (de-fungkf).  a.  [L  defunctut,  from 
defungor,  to  perform  and  discharge — de, 
i  n't  ens'. .  and  fungor,  to  perform.]  Having 
finished  the  course  of  life;  dead;  deceased. 

Morgante  at  a  venture  shot  an  arrow, 
Which  pierced  a  pig  precisely  in  the  ear, 

And  pass  d  unto  the  other  side  quite  thorough; 

So  that  the  boar,  defunct,  lay  tripp'd  up  near. 

Byron. 

Defunct  (de-fungkf),  n.  A  dead  person,  or 
dead  persons;  one  deceased,  or  persons  de- 
ceased. 

Nature  doth  abhor  to  make  his  couch 

With  the  defunct,  or  sleep  upon  the  dead.    Shak. 

Defunctiont  (de  •  fungk '  shon),  n.  Death. 
'After  def unction  of  King  Pharamond  ' 
Shak. 

Defunctive  t  (de-fungk'tiv),  a.  Of  or  per- 
taining to  the  dead;  funereal. 

Let  the  priest  in  surplice  white, 

That  defunctive  music  can, 

Be  the  death-divining  swan, 

Lest  the  requiem  lack  his  right.        Shak. 

Defy  (de-fi'),  v.t.  pret  &  pp.  defied;  ppr. 
defying.  [Fr.  defter,  O.Fr.  desfler,  Pr.  des- 
ftiar,  It  diifidare,  L.L.  diffldarc—L.  du,  and 
fulet,  faith.  (See  FAITH.)  The  word  dip- 
dare  seems  originally  to  have  signified  to 
dissolve  the  bond  of  allegiance,  as  between 
the  lord  and  his  vassal:  opposed  to  afldare. 
Hence  it  came  to  be  used  for  the  denuncia- 
tion of  enmity  and  of  war.  Hence,  to  chal- 
lenge.] 1.  To  dare;  to  provoke  to  combat 
or  strife,  by  appealing  to  the  courage  of  an- 
other; to  invite  one  to  contest;  to  challenge. 

I  once  again 
Defy  thee  to  the  trial  of  mortal  fight.    Milton, 

2.  To  dare;  to  brave;  to  offer  to  hazard  a 
conflict  by  manifesting  a  contempt  of  oppo- 
sition, attack,  or  hostile  force;  as,  to  defy 
the  arguments  of  an  opponent;  to  defy  the 
power  of  the  magistrate. 

Were  we  to  abolish  the  common  taw,  tt  would  rise 
triumphant  above  its  own  ruins,  deriding  and  defying 
its  impotent  enemies.  Dufottctan. 

S.  To  set  at  defiance;  to  despise;  to  contemn. 
"The  serenity  that  ignores  or  defies  pain  and 
sorrow  and  unrest'  Dr.  Caird. 

The  soul,  secured  in  her  existence,  smiles 

At  the  drawn  dagger  and  defies  its  point.     Addison. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


DEFY 

4.  To  challenge  to  say  or  do  anything;  as  I 
defij  you  to  say  I  did  it 

I  (iffy  the  enemies  of  our  constitution  to  show  the 
contrary.  Surtt. 

6.  t  To  reject;  to  refuse;  to  renounce. 

All  studies  here  I  solemnly  defy, 

Save  how  to  gall  and  pinch  this  Bolingbroke.  Shak. 

SYN.  To  dare,  challenge,  brave,  contemn, 
despise. 
Defy  (de-fr),t  ».    A  challenge. 

At  tliis  the  challenger,  with  fierce  (iffy. 
His  trumpet  sounds.  Dryden. 

Defyer  (de-fi'er),  n.    One  who  defies.    See 

DKFIER. 
Degarnish  (de-giir'nish),  v.t.    [Fr.  rUyariur 

—tie,  and  garnir,  to  furnish.   See  GARNISH.] 

1.  To  unfurnish;  to  strip  of  furniture,  orna- 
ments, or  apparatus;   as,   to  dagarnuh  a 
house.—  2.  To  deprive  of  a  garrison  or  troops 
necessary  for  defence;  as,  to  degarnitth  a 
rity  or  fort.    [In  both  uses  rare.] 

Degarnishment  (de-gar'nish-meut),  n.  The 
act  of  depriving  of  furniture,  apparatus,  or 
a  garrison.  [Rare.  ] 

Degender  t  (de-jen'der),  v.i.   To  degenerate. 

Dtgr.ndf.rinz  to  hate,  fell  from  above 
Through  pride.  Spenser. 

Degendert  (de-jen'der),  v.t.  To  make  de- 
generate. 

They  into  that  ere  long  will  be  deaendercd.  Spenser. 

Degener  (de-je'ner),  v.i.  To  degenerate.  'A 
dcgenered  seed.'  Sterling. 

Degeneracy  (de-jen'e-ra-si),  n.  [See  DE- 
GENERATE, v.i.]  1.  A  falling  off  from  the 
qualities  proper  to  things  of  the  same 
race  or  kind;  a  growing  worse  or  inferior; 
a  decline  in  good  qualities;  or  a  state  of 
being  less  valuable;  as,  the  degeneracy  of  a 
plant.— 2.  A  state  or  condition  of  deteriora- 
tion; lowness;  poorness;  meanness.  'To 
recover  mankind  out  of  their  universal  cor- 
ruption and  degeneracy.'  Clarke. 

There  is  a  kind  of  sluggish  resignation  as  well  as 
poorness  and  degeneracy  of  spirit  in  a  suite  of  slavery. 
Addiion. 

Degenerate  (de-jen'e-rat),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp. 
degenerated;  ppr.  degenerating.  [L.  degen- 
ero,  degencratum,  to  become  unlike  one's 
race,  from  degener,  grown  worse,  ignoble, 
base — de,  down,  and  genus,  generis,  race.] 
To  fall  oif  from  the  qualities  proper  to  the 
race  or  kind;  to  become  of  a  lower  type, 
physically  or  morally;  to  decay  in  good 
qualities;  to  pass  from  a  good  to  a  bad  or 
worse  state;  to  lose  or  suffer  a  diminution 
of  valuable  qualities. 

Without  art.  the  noblest  seeds 
Of  flowers  degenerate  into  weeds.      Hndibras. 
When  wit  trangressetli  decency,  it  degenerates  into 
insolence  and  impiety.  Tillolson. 

But  haughtiness  and  proud  disdain  hath  now  the 

chief  estate. 

For  Sir  John  Straw  and  Sir  John  Cur  will  not  de- 
generate. Goo^e. 

Degenerate  (de-jen  e-rat),  a.  1.  Having 
fallen  off  from  the  qualities  proper  to  the 
race  or  kind;  fallen  from  a  perfect  or  good 
state  into  a  less  excellent  or  worse  state; 
having  lost  somewhat  of  the  good  qualities 
possessed;  having  declined  in  natural  or 
moral  worth;  deteriorated;  degraded;  cor- 
rupt; mean.  '  Faint-hearted  and  degenerate 
king. '  Shak. 

The  degenerate  plant  of  a  strange  vine.  Jer.  ii.  21. 
Degenerate  from  their  ancient  blood.       Milton. 

2.  Characterized  by  or  associated  with  de- 
generacy; base:  mean;  vile:  applied  to  in- 
animate   objects.      ' Degenerate    arts    and 
shifts. '   Bacon. 

Such  men  as  live  in  these  degenerate  days.    Pope. 
In  comparison  with  the  great  orators  and  authors 
of  the  past  we  have  fallen  on  degenerate  times. 

Dr.  Caird. 

Degenerately  (de-jen'e-rat-li),  adv.  In  a 
degenerate  or  base  manner;  unworthily. 
'That  saw  not  how  degenerately  1  loved.' 
Milton. 

Degenerateness  (de-jen  '6-rat-ncs),  n.  A 
degenerate  state;  a  state  in  which  the  natu- 
ral good  qualities  of  the  species  are  decayed 
or  lost. 

Degeneration  (dc-jen'e-rii"shon),  n.  1.  A 
growing  worse  or  losing  of  good  qualities;  a 
decline  from  the  virtue  and  worth  of  ances- 
tors; a  decay  of  the  natural  good  qualities 
of  the  species;  a  falling  from  a  more  excel- 
lent state  to  one  of  less  worth,  either  in  the 
natural  or  moral  world;  specifically,  in 
physiol.  the  condition  of  a  tissue  of  which 
the  vitality  has  become  diminished,  im- 
paired, or  perverted;  a  gradual  falling  off 
or  deterioration  in  any  class  of  animals,  or 
of  any  particular  organ  in  the  animal  or 


I'K'.I  l.K 


vegetable    body,   from    the    o 

natural  causes. -2.  The  thing  i 

'Those  grains  which  generally  „ 

corn,  as  cockle,  aracus,  regiloiw,  and  ..tliVI 

degenerations.'    Sir  T.  UrowM.     [Rare  or 


obsolete 


Degeneratlonist  (de-jen'c-ra"ahon-ist)  n 
A  supporter  of  the  theory  of  degeneration; 
or  the  theory  that  in  organized  bodies  there 
is  a  capability  of,  or  a  tendency  to,  a  per- 
manent and  hereditary  degradation  of  type 
developable  by  circumstances,  as  well  aa  a 
tendency  to  development  upwards 

Degenerationlst  (de.jen'e-ra"shon-Ist)  a 
Belonging  to  or  connected  with  the  theory 
that  in  organized  bodies  there  Is  a  tendency 
to  a  permanent  and  hereditary  degradation 
of  type. 


The  two  works  of  Sir  John  I.ubbock  and  Mr.Tylor 
respectively,  appear  to  us  to  agree  as  to  the  main 
issues  of  which  they  treat,  both  authors  being  alike 
opponents  of  the  doctrines  which  Mr.  Tyfor  has 
styled  '  degenerationitt:  Academy. 

Degenerative  (de-jen'e-rat-iv),  a.  Tending 
to  degenerate;  making  worse. 

Degenerous  (de-jeu'er-us),  a.  \.  Degene- 
rated; fallen  from  a  state  of  excellence,  or 
from  the  virtue  and  merit  of  ancestors. 
Hence— 2.  Low; base;  mean;  unworthy.  -De- 
generous  passions.'  Dryden 

Degenerously  (de-jen'er-us-li),  adv.  In  a 
degenerous  manner;  basely;  meanly  [Rare  ] 

Deglutlnate  (de-glu'tin-at),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
deglutinated;  pur.  deglutinating.  [L. ,/.,,;,/. 
tino—de,  and  glutino,  to  glue.  See  GLUE.] 
To  unglue;  to  loosen  or  separate  substances 
glued  together. 

Deglutition  (de-glu-ti'shon),  n.  [L.  deglutio, 
dcgtutitum,  to  swallow— de  and  glutia.  See 
GLUTTOS.  ]  The  act  or  power  of  swallowing; 
as,  deglutition  is  difficult.  'When  the  de- 
glutition is  totally  abolished.'  Arbuthnot. 

Deglutltipus  (dc-glu-ti'shus),  a.  Pertaining 
to  deglutition.  [Rare.] 

Deglutltpry  (de-glu'ti-to-ri),  o.  Sen-ing  for 
deglutition. 

Degradation  (de-gra-da'shon),  n.  [Fr.  See 
DEGRADE.]  1.  A  reducing  in  rank;  the  act 
of  depriving  one  of  a  degree  of  honour,  of 
dignity,  or  of  rank;  also,  deposition,  re- 
moval or  dismission  from  office;  as,  the  degra- 
dation of  a  peer,  of  a  knight,  or  of  a  bishop. 
The  canon -law  distinguishes  degradation 
into  two  sorts;  the  one  summary,  by  word 
only;  the  other  solemn,  by  stripping  the 
person  degraded  of  those  ornaments  and 
rights  which  are  the  ensigns  of  his  order  or 
degree.  — 2.  The  state  of  being  reduced  from 
an  elevated  or  more  honourable  station  to 
one  that  is  low  in  fact  or  in  estimation; 
baseness;  degeneracy. 

Deplorable  is  the  degradation  of  our  nature. 

South. 

The  descent  of  Spain,  once  the  first  among  mon- 
archies, to  the  lower  depths  of  degradation,  the 
elevation  of  Holland,  in  spile  of  many  natural  dis- 
advantages, to  a  position  such  as  no  commonwealth 
has  ever  reached,  teach  the  same  lesson  [the  tendency 
of  Papal  domination].  Macaulay. 

3.  Diminution  or  reduction  of  strength,  effi- 
cacy, value,  altitude,  or  magnitude. — 4.  In 
painting,  a  lessening  and  obscuring  of  the 
appearance  of  distant  objects  in  a  landscape, 
that  they  may  appear  as  they  would  do  to 
an  eye  placed  at  a  distance. — 5.  In  geol.  the 
lessening  or  wearing  down  of  higher  lauds, 
rocks,  strata,  Ac.,  by  the  action  of  water,  or 
other  causes.— 6.  In  nat  hM.  the  condition 
of  a  type  which  exhibits  degraded  forms; 
degeneration. 

The  degradation  of  the  species  man  is  observed 
in  some  of  its  varieties.  Dana. 

7.  In  bat.  a  change  consisting  of  an  abstrac- 
tion, loss,  abortion,  or  non-development  of 
usual  organs. —  SYS.  Debasement,  abase- 
ment, depression,  disgrace,  dishonour,  de- 
generacy, baseness,  deposition. 
Degrade  (de-grad'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  degraded; 
ppr.  degrading.  [Fr.  di'grader—L.  de,  down, 
and  grai.hu,  a  step,  a  degree.  See  GRADE.] 

1.  To  reduce  from  a  higher  to  a  lower  rank 
or  degree;  to  deprive  of  any  office  or  dignity 
by  which  rank  in  society  is  lost;  to  strip  of 
honours ;  as,  to  degrade  a  nobleman,   an 
archbishop,  or  a  general  officer. 

Prynne  was  sentenced  by  the  Star  Chamber  court 
to  be  degraded  from  the  bar.  Palfrey. 

2.  To  reduce  in  estimation;  to  lessen  the 
value  of;  to  lower;  to  sink;  as,  vice  degrades 
a  man;  drunkenness  degrades  a  man  to  the 
level  of  a  beast. 

Shalt  thou,  by  descending  to  assume 
Man's  nature,  lessen  or  degrade  thine  OWJ\; 

3.  In  geol.  to  reduce  in  altitude  or  magui- 


Abate,  Debate,  Degrade.  See  under 
ABAM._8ric.  To  depress,  bumble,  debase, 
lower,  sink,  bring  down,  depose,  dishonour. 
disgrace. 

Degrade  (dS-grtUn,  «.i  1.  To  degenor.tr; 
to  become  lower  In  character.  -i  In  >«r 
hut  to  degenerate  in  type;  to  pass  from  > 
higher  type  of  structure  to  a  lower;  as,  » 
family  of  plants  or  animals  drgradtr 
3.  In  a  university,  to  take,  for  some  par- 
ticular reason,  a  lower  degree  than  one  l« 
entitled  to.  or  to  avoid  taking  a  degree  at 
the  proper  and  usual  time;  to  descend  Irani 

i  to  a  lower  degree. 

Degraded  (de-grad'ed).  p.  and  o.  Reduced 
iu  rank;  deprived  of  an  office  or  dignity: 
lowered;  sunk;  reduced 
In  estimation  or  value 
debased:  low.  '.skull. 
of  a  degraded  type.' 
Farrar. 

The  Nelheilandt  .  .  .  werr 
reduced  practically  lo  •  very 
degraded  position. 


—  Crou  degraded  and  con- 
joined,   In  her.  a   plain 

Cross  degraded  and    «">•».  having  Its  extreml- 

conjoined.          ties  placed  upon  a  step 
or   steps  joined  to  the 
sides  of  the  shield. 

Degradement  (dc.grad'ment),  n.    Depriva- 
tion of  rank  or  office.    Hilton.    (Rare.) 
Degrading  (de-grad'ing),  a.    Dishonouring; 
disgracing   the   character;   as,  degrading 
obsequiousness. 

The  inordinate  love  of  money  and  of  fane  are 
liasc  and  degrading  passions.  It'iri 

—  Degrading  cautet,  In  grol.  those  causes 
which  refer  to  the  dissolving  and  wearing 
down  of  the  elevated  parts  of  the  earth's 
surface,  and  the  carrying  of  these  parts  down 
into  lower  levels,  as  atmospheric  Influences, 
the  agency  of  rivers  and  of  the  ocean. 

Degradlngly  (de-grad'ing-ll),  adv.  In  a 
degrading  manner,  or  In  a  way  to  depreciate. 

Degravatlon  I  (de-gra-va  shonX  n.  [L.  it- 
grata—  at,  and  gratis,  heavy.]  The  act  of 
making  heavy. 

Degree  (de-gre').  n.  [Fr.  degre;  Norm,  dt- 
ffret;  from  L.  gradus,  a  step.  See  GRAUK 
and  DEGRADE.]  l.t  A  step,  as  of  a  stair;  a 
stair,  or  set  of  steps. 

By  ladders,  or  else  by  degree.          Chanter. 

2.  I'  in.  a  step  or  single  movement,  upward 
or  downward,  toward  any  end,  whether 
moral  or  physical;  one  of  a  series  of  pro- 
gressive advances;  as,  he  is  a  degree  worse 
than  his  neighbour. 

We  have  feet  to  scale  and  climb 
By  slow  degrees,  by  more  and  more, 
The  cloudy  summits  of  our  lime.      LongftlloTL 

3.  Measure  of  advancement;  hence,  relative 
position   attained;   grade;   rank;   station; 
order;  quality. 

Great  indeed 
His  name  and  high  was  his  degree  in  heaven. 

UOm. 

4.  I  n  genealogy,  a  certain  distance  or  remove 
in  the  line  of  descent,  determining  the  prox- 
imity of  blood;  as,  a  relation  in  the  third 
or  fourth  degree.  —5.  Measure;  extent;  as,  the 
light  is  intense  to  a  degree  that  is  intoler- 
able; we  suffer  an  extreme  degree  of  heat  or 
cold.—  6.  The  360th  partof  the  circumference 
of  any  circle,  the  circumference  of  every 
circle  being  supposed  to  be  divided  into  300 
equal  parts,  called  degrees.   A  degree  of  lati- 
tude is  the  360th  part  of  the  earth's  circum- 
ference north  or  south  of  the  equator,  mea- 
sured on  a  great  circle  at  right  angles  t" 
the  equator,  and  a  degree  of  longitude  the 
same  part  of  the  surface  east  or  west  of 
any  given  meridian,  measured  on  a  circle 
parallel  to  the  equator.  Degrees  are  marked 
by  a  small  °  near  the  top  of  the  last  figure 
of    the   number   which    expresses    them; 
thus  45'  is  45  degrees.    The  degree  is  sub- 
divided into  sixty  equal  parts,  called  min- 
utes; and  the  minute  is  again  subdivided 
into  sixty  equal  parts,  called  seconds.  Thus. 
45'  12*  20"  means  45  degrees,  12  minutes,  and 
20  tcconds.    The  magnitude  or  quantity  of 
angles  is  estimated  in  degrees  and  parts  of 
a  degree,  because  equal  angles  at  the  centre 
of  a  circle  are  subtended  by  equal   arcs, 
and  equal  angles  at  the  centres  of  different 
circles  are  subtended  by  similar  arcs,  or 
arcs  containing  the  same  number  of  degrees 
and  parts  of  a  degree.    An  angle  is  said  to 
be  so  many  degrees  as  are  contained  In  the 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  locA;      g,  go;     ],jo\>; 
VOL.  I. 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  siny;     111,  Men;  th,  ttln; 


w  trig;    wh,  uAig;    zh,  azure.— See  Kir. 
44 


D2GUST 

arc  of  any  circle  intercepted  between  the 
lines  which  contain  the  angle,  the  angular 
point  being  the  centre  of  the  circle.  Thus 
we  say  an  angle  of  90',  or  of  45'  24'.  It  is 
also  usual  to  any  that  a  star  is  elevated  so 
many  degrees  above  the  horizon,  or  declines 
so  many  degrees  from  the  equator,  or  such 
a  town  is  situated  in  so  many  degrees  of 
latitude  or  longitude.  The  length  of  a 
degree  depends  upon  the  radius  of  the  circle  | 
of  the  circumference  of  which  it  is  a  part,  ; 
the  length  being  greater  the  greater  the 
length  of  the  radius.  Hence,  the  length  of  | 
a  degree  of  longitude  is  greatest  at  the 
equator.and  diminishes  continually  towards 
the  poles.  Under  the  equator  a  degree  of 
longitude  contains  60  geographical,  and 
89i  statute  miles.  The  degrees  of  latitude 
are  found  to  increase  in  length  from  Mi. 
equator  to  the  poles,  owing  to  the  flgure  of 
the  earth.— 7.  In  alg.  a  term  applied  to 
equations,  to  show  what  is  the  highest  power 
underwhich  the  unknown  quantity  appears; 
thus,  if  the  index  of  the  highest  power  of 
the  unknown  quantity  be  3  or  4,  the  equation 
is  respectively  of  the  3d  or  4th  degree.— 
8.  In  music,  an  interval  of  sound,  marked 
by  a  line  on  the  scale.— 9.  In  arith.  three 
figures  taken  together  in  numeration;  thus, 
the  number  270,300  consists  of  two  degrees. 
10.  A  division,  space,  or  interval,  marked 
on  a  mathematical,  meteorological,  or  other 
instrument,  as  on  a  thermometer  or  baro- 
meter. — 11.  In  universities,  a  mark  of 
distinction  conferred  on  students,  mem- 
bers, or  distinguished  strangers,  as  a  testi- 
mony of  proficiency  in  arts  and  sciences, 
or  as  a  mark  of  respect,  giving  them  a  kin  I 
of  rank,  and  entitling  them  to  certain 
privileges.  Degrees  are  much  the  same  in 
all  universities  The  degrees  are  bachelor, 
master,  and  doctor;  as,  bachelor  of  arts, 
divinity,  or  laws;  master  of  arts;  master  in 
surgery;  doctor  of  divinity,  laws,  medicine, 

Ac.  Ac.  —  By  degrees,  step  by  step;   grad- 
ually;  by  little  and    little;   by  moderate 

advances.— To  a  degree,  to  an  extreme;  ex- 
ceedingly; as.  proud  to  a  degree. 
Degustt  (de-gust'),  v.t.    [L.  degustn,  to  taste 

— tie,  and  guxto,  to  taste.  ]    To  taste. 
Degustatlon  (de-gust-a'shon),  n.   [L.  degus- 

t«t">.  degustationis,  a  tasting— degusto,  de- 

guntatum.     See  DEOUST.  ]    A  tasting. 
Dehisce  (de-hUA  v.i.    [L  dehiico,  to  gape  - 

de,  intens.,  and  hisco,  to  gape.]     To  gape. 

In  bat.  to  open,  as  the  capsules  of  plants. 
Dehlscence  (de-his'ens).  n.    1.  A  gaping.  — 

2.  In  oat  the  separating  into  regular  parts. 

or  splitting  of  an  organ  in  accordance  with 

its  structure,  as  the 

opening  of  the  parts 

of  a  capsule  or  the 

cells  of  anthers,  Ac. 
Dehiscent   (de-his'- 

cnt),  o.  [ L.  dehiscent. 

dehiscentis,    ppr.    of 

dehisco,  to  gape.    See 

DEHISCE.]    Opening, 

as  the  capsule  of  a 

plant. 
Dehonestatet     (de- 

hon-es'tat),  r.(.    [L. 

dehonesto,  dehonesta- 

tum,  to  disgrace— de,  and  honesto,  to  hon- 
our. See  HONEST.]  To  disgrace.  Jer.  Taylor. 
Dehonestatlont  (de-hon  es-ta"shon),  n.    A 

disgracing;  dishonouring.     Bp.  Gauden. 
Dehors  (de-hor')      [Fr.l     In  law,  without; 

out  of;  foreign  to;  irrelevant. 
Dehortt   (de-horf),   v.t.     [L.    dehortor,  to 

dissuade— de,  and  hurlor,  to  advise.]     To 

dissuade;    to  advise   to  the  contrary;   to 

counsel  not  to  do  or  not  to  undertake. 

The  apostles  vehemently  dehort  us  from  unbelief. 
Bf.  Ifard. 

'  Exhort '  remains,  but  '  dehort.'  whose  place 
neither  '  dissuade '  nor  any  oilier  exactly  supplies, 
has  escaped  us.  Trench. 

Dehortation  (de-hort-a'shon),  n.  Dissua- 
sion: advice  or  counsel  against  something. 
'  Dehortation  from  vice. '  Knight. 

Dehortationi  from  the  use  of  strong  liquors  have 
been  the  favourite  topic  of  sober  declaimers  in  all 
ages.  Lamb. 

Dehortative  (de-hort'a-tiv),  o.  Dissuasive; 
dehortatory.  Coleridge. 

Dehortatory  (de-hort'a-to-ri),  a.  Dissuad- 
ing; belonging  to  dissuasion.  Bp.  Hall. 

Dehortatory  (de-hort'a-to-ri),  n.  Dissuasion; 
a  dissuasive  argument  or  reason.  Milton. 

Dehprtert  (de-hort'er),  n.  A  dissuader;  an 
adviser  to  the  contrary. 

Dehumanize  (de-hu'man-lz),  v.  t.  To  deprive 
of  the  character  of  humanity;  to  deprive  of 


Dehiscent  Silicula. 


800 

tenderness  or  softness  of  feeling;  as,  dehu- 
manizing influences. 

Dehuskt  (de-husk'),  v.t.  To  deprive  of  the 
husk.  'Wheat  dehusked  upon  the  floor.' 
Drant. 

Deiamba  (da-e-am'ba),  n.  Congo  tobacco, 
a  plant  growing  wild  in  the  marshy  districts 
of  (.'niigo,  the  flowers  of  which  produce  a 
narcotic  effect  when  smoked,  and  are  much 
used  in  the  locality. 

Delclde  (de'i-sid),  n.  [Fr.  deicide—l..  !>•  »>. 
God.  andcdpJo,  to  slay.]  1.  The  act  of  putting 
to  death  Jesus  Christ,  our  Saviour.  •  Earth. 
profaned,  yet  blessed  with  deicide.'  Prior. 
2.  One  concerned  in  putting  Christ  to  death. 
Craiij.  [Rare  in  both  senses.] 

Deictic  (dik'tik),  a.  [Or.  deiktikos,  serving 
to  show,  from  deiknumi,  to  show.]  In 
((.;/,  direct:  applied  to  reasoning  which 
proves  directly,  and  opposed  to  elrnetic, 
which  proves  indirectly,  or  by  the  / 
ad  fltaitrrfHHi. 

Thirdly,  into  the  'direct.'  and  the  'indirect'  (or 
reduttio  aft  adsurdnm);  the  deictic,  and  the  elenctic, 
of  Aristotle.  U'luOtlj. 

DelctlcaUy   (dik'tik-al-li),    adv.      Directly; 

definitely;  in  a  manner  clearly  showing  or 

pointing  out.     'Christ  spake  it  deictically.' 

Hammond. 
Delden,t  pret.   pi.   of  deye.    [Sax.]    Died. 

Chaucer. 
Deiflc,  Delflcal  (de-if'ik,  de-if'ik-al).  a.    [See 

DEIFY.)    Making  divine;  god-making. 
The  ancient  catholick  fathers  were  not  ashamed 

to  call  this  supper  a  deifical  communion. 

Homilies  on  tttt  Sacrament. 

Deification  (de'if-ik-a"shon),  n.  [See  DEIFY.  ] 
The  act  of  deifying;  the  act  of  exalting  to 
the  rank  of  or  enrolling  among  deities. 

The  deification  of  the  emperors  is  the  only  instance 
In  which  they  (the  Roman  emperors)  departed  from 
their  accustomed  prudence  and  modesty.  Gibbon. 

Delfler,  Delfyer  (de'i-fi-er),  n.  One  that 
deifies;  an  idolater.  '(The  Flood)  so  signal 
an  interposition  of  Heaven  against  the  first 
deifiers  of  men.'  Coventry. 
Delfonn  (de'i-form).  a.  [L.  deut,  a  god.  nnd 
foriiM,  form.]  1.  Like  a  god;  of  a  godlike 

form. 

If  the  final  consummation 
Of  all  things  make  the  creature  deiform. 

Dr.  H.  Mere. 

at  Conformable  to  the  will  of  God.  •  How 
exactly  deifonnM  its  actions  and  motions.' 
Scott. 

Deiformity  (de-i-form'i-ti),  n.  1.  The  quality 
of  being  deiform  or  godlike.  Dr.  //.  Mure. 
2.t  Conformity  to  the  divine  will.  •  The 
short  and  secure  way  to  union  and  dei/or- 
mity  being  faithfully  performed.'  Spiritual 
Conifuent. 

Deity  (de'i-fi).  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  deified;  ppr. 
deifying.     [L.  deu»,  a  god,  and  /uric,  to  | 
make.]     1.  To  make  a  god  of;  to  exalt  to 
the    rank    of   a   deity:    to    enroll    among 
Hi.  deities;  as,  Julius  Caesar  was  deiiird  — 

2.  To  exalt  into  an  object  of  worship;  to 
treat  as  an  object  of  supreme  regard;  to 
praise  or  revere  as  a  deity. 

I'crsuade  the  covetous  man  not  to  deify  his  money. 

Snuh. 
lie  did  extol  and  detfy  the  pope.     Bacon. 

3.  To  make  godlike;  to  elevate  spiritually. 

By  our  own  spirits  we  are  deified.     tl  'ordnvorth, 

Deign  (dan),  r.  i.  (Fr.  daigner;  L.  rHynor,  to 
think  worthy,  from  digntu,  worthy.)  To 
think  worthy;  to  vouchsafe;  to  condescend. 

O  dei£t  to  visit  our  forsaken  seats.  /Vyv. 

Thovc  who  ne'er  deign  d  their  Bible  to  peruse 
Would  think  it  hard  to  be  denied  their  N  cws.  Crabbe. 

Deign  (dan),  r  .t.  1. 1  To  think  worthy  of  ac- 
ceptance. 

1  fear  my  Julia  would  not  deign  my  lines.     Skat. 

2.  To  grant  or  allow;  to  condescend  to 
give  to. 

Nor  would  we  deign  him  burial  of  his  men.     Shot. 

Del  gratia  (de'i  gra'shi-a).  [L]  By  the 
grace  of  God:  an  expression  usually  inserted 
ui  the  ceremonial  description  of  the  title  of 
a  sovereign;  as,  Victoria  Dei  gratia  Britan- 
niarum  regina  — Victoria,  by  the  grace  of 
God,  queen  of  the  Britains. 

Del  Judldum  (del  ju-di'shl-um).  [L.]  In 
lair,  the  judgment  of  God:  a  phrase  applied 
to  the  old  Saxon  trial  by  ordeal. 

Dell  (del),  n.  [Scotch.]  1.  The  devil.— 2  A 
wicked,  mischievous,  or  troublesome  fellow. 

They're  a'  run  deili  or  jads  thegither.       Burns. 

—The  deil  gaet  o'er  Jock  Wabnter,  a  phrase 
used  to  signify  that  everything  goes  topsy- 
turvy; there  is  the  devil  to  pay. 

The  deil  gaet  o'er  jfoitn  It'obstir,  hame  grows  hell, 
When  Pate  misca's  ye  waur  than  tongue  can  tell. 


DEITY 

—Deil's  dozen,  thirteen.    Called  also  /;• 
Dozen. — Deil's  snuff-box,  the  common  puff- 
ball. 

Dein,  Deen  (den),  adr>.  Very:  lit.  done;  com- 
plete. [Aberdeenshire  Scotch.] 

AVhat  tlio'  fowk  say  that  I  can  preach 

Nae  that  dein  ill.  Skinner. 

Deinacrida  (din-ak'ri-da),  n.  [Gr.  deinos, 
terrible,  and  alcri*,  akridox,  a  locust.]  A 
genus  of  the  cricket  tribe,  abundant  in  New 
/.i  aland,  where  tliuy  inhabit  decaying  trees, 
and  chinks  and  crannies  in  old  woodwork 
They  are  carnivorous,  and  their  bite  is  vei  y 
severe. 

Delne,tDelen,tinf  otdeye.  Todie.  Chaucer. 

Deinornls  (di-nor'nis),  n.   Same  as  Dinorni* 

Deinosaur,  Deinosaurian(di'no-sar,  di-no- 
sa'ri-au),  n.  A  member  of  the  order  Deino- 


a'ri-an),  n.    A  men 
..auria  (which  see). 

Delnosavuia  (di-no-sa'ri-a),  n.  [Gr.  deinos. 
terrible,  ami  xauros,  a  lizard.)  A  group  of 
colossal  lizards,  resembling  the  pachyder- 
matous mammals  in  general  appearance,  but 
in  reality  intermediate  between  the  stru- 
thious  birds  and  lizards.  The  majority,  as 
Megalosaurus.  which  attained  to  40  feet  in 
length,  were  carnivorous;  Iguanodon,  how- 
ever, was  herbivorous.  They  were  the  land 
reptiles  of  the  Jurassic,  Wealden,  and  infe- 
rior cretaceous  continents. 
Deinqtherium  (di-no-thc'ri-um),  »i.  Same 
as  Dii*"rl"  t  i>> in 

Deinous,lDelgnouB,»n.   [See DEIGN.)  Dis- 
dainful    '  Deinuus  Simekin.'    Chaucer. 
Delntee.t".    [Fr.]    Value;  a  thing  of  value 
Chaucer. 

Delntegratet  (de-in'te-grat),  v.t.  To  disin- 
tegrate. 

Deinteous.t  a.   Choice;  valuable.    Chaucer. 
Deiparous  (de-ip'a-rus),  a.    [From  L.  deut, 
a  god,  and  pario,  to  produce.  ]    Bearing  or 
bringing  forth  a  god:  an  epithet  applied  to 
the  virgin  Mary.    Bailey. 
Deipnosophlst  (dip-nos'6-flst),  n.    [Gr. 
ileipnon,  a  feast,  and  gophistes,  a  sophist.) 
One  of  an  ancient  sect  of  philosophers  who 
were  famous  for  their  learned  conversation 
at  meals. 

Dels,  n.    See  DAIS. 

Deism  (de'izm),  »».  [Fr.  detsme,  from  L. 
Deus,  God.  See  DEITY.)  The  doctrine  or 
creed  of  a  deist;  the  belief  or  system  of 
religious  opinions  of  those  who  acknow- 
ledge the  existence  of  one  God  but  deny 
revelation;  or  the  belief  in  natural  religion 
only,  or  those  truths  in  doctrine  and  prac- 
tice which  man  is  to  discover  by  the  light 
of  reason,  independent  and  exclusive  of  any 
revelation  from  God.  See  DEIST. 
Deist  (de'istX  n.  [Fr.  deiste;  It  deista. 
See  DEITY.  ]  One  who  believes  in  the 
existence  of  a  God  but  denies  revealed 
religion;  one  who  professes  no  form  of 
religion,  but  follows  the  light  of  nature 
and  reason  as  his  only  guides  in  doctrine 
and  practice;  a  freethinker 

The  words  fteisf  and  TAeist  are.  strictly  speaking, 
perhaps  synonymous:  but  yet  it  is  generally  to  be 
observed  that  the  fornrer  U  used  in  a  bad.  and  the 
latter  in  a  good  sense.  Custom  has  appropriated  the 
term  Dtitt  to  the  enemies  of  revelation,  and  of  Chris- 
tianity in  particular:  while  the  word  Tfteist  is  con- 
sidered applicable  to  all  who  believe  in  one  God. 

Deistic,  Deistlcal  (de-lst'ik,  de-ist'ik-al),  a. 
Pertaining  to  deism  or  to  deists;  embracing 
or  containing  deism;  as,  a  deutical  writer; 
a  deistical  book. 

Delstlcally  (de-ist'ik-al-li),  ode.  After  the 
mariner  of  deists. 

Deistlcalness  (de-ist'ik-al-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  deistical;  deism.  (Rare.) 

Deitatet  (de'it-at),  a.  Possessing  the 
nature  of  God;  divine;  deified.  '  One  person 
and  one  Christ  who  is  God  incarnate  and 
man  deitate.'  Cranmer. 

Deity  (de'i-ti),  n.  [Fr.  deM;  L.L.  deitas,  the 
Godnead,  divine  nature,  from  L.  Deus,  Divs, 
Dims,  God.  The  original  meaning  of  the 
root  is  seen  in  the  Skr.  root  dip,  dyii,  the 
sky,  day,  brightness,  whence  deoa,  divine; 
the  same  root  is  also  seen  in  Gr.  7ew«(genit 
Dios),  the  supreme  divinity,  dlos,  divine;  L. 
Diespiter,  Jupiter,  Diavis,  Jovis,  and  dux, 
a  day;  in  O.  W.  Dm,  Mod.  W.  Dvw  Go,*, 
dyui,  day;  Gael,  and  Ir.  dia,  God.  The  E. 
day,  and  the  Gr.  Theos,  God,  is  by  some  of 
the  best  philologists  referred  to  another 
root  '  In  Sanskrit  we  can  watch  the  for- 
mation of  the  general  name  for  deity.  The 
principal  objects  of  the  religious  poetry  of 
the  Vedic  bards  were  those  bright  beings, 
the  Sun,  the  Sky,  the  Day,  the  Dawn  the 
Mom,  the  Spring,  who  might  all  be  called 
deva,  brilliant.'  Max  Muller.]  1.  Godhead; 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;       note,  not,  move;      tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc.  ley. 


DEJECT 

divinity;  the  nature  and  essence  of  the 
Supreme  Being;  as,  the  deity  of  the  Supreme 
Being  is  manifest  in  his  works. 

His  glory  on  the  Son 
Blazed  with  unclouded  deity.  Milton. 

2.  God;  the  Supreme  Being,  or  infinite  self- 
exMMng  .Spirit.  [In  this  use  generally  pre- 
ceded by  the  definite  article.  ]  '  The  benevo- 
lence of  the  Deity:  Paley.—S.  A  fabulous 
god  or  goddess;  an  imaginary  god  or  an 
animate  or  inanimate  object  viewed  as  a 
god. 

Even  Huddha  himself  is  not  worshipped  as  a  deitv 
nr  as  a  still  existent  agent  of  benevolence  and  power' 
lie  is  merely  reverenced  asa  Klorified  remembrance' 
Sir  y.  E.  Tennent. 

4.  The  supposed  divinity  or  divine  qualities 
of  a  pagan  god. 

For  what  reason  could  the  same  deity  be  denied 
unto  Lauremiaand  Flora  which  was  given  to  Venus! 
Sir  W.  Raleiglt. 

Deject  (de-jekf),  v.t.  [L.  dejicio.  dejectum 
—de,  down,  imtljacio,  to  throw.)  l.tTo  cast 
down;  to  direct  downward.  'She  dejects 
her  eyes.'  Fuller. 

2.  To  depress  the  spirits  of;  to  dispirit-  to 
discourage;  to  dishearten. 

Nor  think  to  die  dejects  my  lofty  mind.       Pope. 

SYN.  To  sadden,  dispirit,  discourage,  dis- 
hearten, afflict,  grieve,  discomfort  depress 

Deject  t  (de-jekf),  a.  [L.  dejectus,  pp.  of 
dfjmo,  dejectum.  See  the  verb.)  Cast 
down;  low-spirited;  mean;  abject  'I  of 
ladies  most  deject  and  wretched.'  Shak 

Dejected  (de-jekt'ed),  p.  and  a.  Cast  down- 
depressed;  grieved;  discouraged. 

'Tis  not  alone  my  inky  cloak,  good  mother,  .  . 

Nor  the  dejected  haviour  of  my  visage 

That  can  denote  me  truly.       '  Skak, 

Dejectedly  (de-jekfed-li),  ado.  In  a  de- 
jected manner;  sadly;  heavily. 

Dejectedness  (de-jekt'ed-nes),  n.  1.  The 
state  of  being  cast  down;  lowness  of  spirits. 
•2.  Abjectness;  meanness  of  spirit;  humility. 

The  text  gives  it  to  the  publican's  dejectedness 
rather  than  to  the  Pharisee's  boasting.  Feltham. 

Dejection  (de-jek'shon),  n.  1.  The  state  of 
being  downcast;  depression  of  mind;  melan- 
choly; lowness  of  spirits,  occasioned  by  grief 
or  misfortune.  '  Of  sorrow,  of  dejectum,  and 
despair.'  Milton.—  2.  Weakness.  -Dejection 
of  appetite.'  Arbuthnot.  [Rare.]  — 3.  The 
act  of  voiding  the  excrements,  or  the  matter 
ejected.  —  4.  A  casting  down  or  humbling 
of  one's  self. 

Adoration  implies  submission  and  dtjedion.  Pearson. 

Dejectly  (de-jekt'li),   ado.    In  a  downcast 

manner. 
Dejectory  (de-jek'to-ri),  a.    Having  power 

or  tending  to  promote  evacuations  by  stool; 

as,  dejectary  medicines. 
Dejecture  (de-jek'tur),  n.    That  which  is 

ejected;  excrements. 
Dejeratet  (de'jer-at),  v.i.   [L.  dejero,  to  take 

an  oath.]   To  swear  solemnly. 
Dejeration  (de-jer-a'shon),  n.    The  taking 

of  a  solemn  oath.     '  With  many  tears  and 

dejerations.'    Bp.  Hall. 
Dejeune  (de-zhu-ua),  n.    An  older  form  of 

dejeuner. 

Take  a  dejeune  of  muscadel  and  eggs.  B.  Jonson. 
Dejeuner  (da-zhu-na),  n.  [Fr.,  de,  priv.,  and 
jeuner,  to  fast.]  Breakfast;  the  morning 
meal.  In  France  it  is  now  used  particularly 
by  the  fashionable  world  as  synonymous 
with  the  English  luncheon. 

The  notion  that  the  English  eat  more  than  the 
French  is  also,  I  suspect,  a  mistake.  Who  in  Eng- 
land could  think  of  eating  such  a  forenoon  meal  as 
tile  dejeuner  often  is*  Frascr's  Mag. 

—Dejeuner  A  la  fourcheUe,  lit.  breakfast 
with  forks;  a  repast  in  the  middle  of  the 
day,  with  meat  and  wine;  a  lunch. 

De  jure  (de  ju're).  [L.  ]  By  right;  according 
to  law:  a  law  term.  See  DE  FACTO. 

Dakabrist  (dek'a-brist),  n.  [Rus.  dekaber, 
December.)  A  member  of  a  military  con- 
spiracy which  broke  out  in  St.  Petersburg 
on  26th  December,  1825,  on  the  accession  of 
the  emperor  Nicholas  to  the  throne;  speci- 
fically, one  who  suffered  death  or  banish- 
ment to  Siberia  for  this  conspiracy. 

Dekle  (dek'l),  n.    Same  as  Deckle. 

Del,t  n.  [See  DEAL.)  A  part;  a  portion;  a 
share.  Chaucer. 

Delabechea  (de-la-bash'e-a  or  de-la-bech'e- 
a),  n.  [After  Sir  H.  T.  De  la  Heche,  the  geo- 
logist.] A  very  peculiar  genus  of  trees,  nat. 
order  Sterculiaceae.  D.  rupestrte,  or  bottle- 
tree  of  Australia,  the  only  known  species, 
is  remarkable  for  the  curious  form  of  the 
trunk,  which  is  bulged  out  in  the  middle  in 
the  shape  of  a  large  bottle  or  barrel.  The 


stem  abounds  in  a  mucilaginous  or  reslnou. 
nutritious  substance,  resembling  gum  tra" 


Delabechea  or  Bottle-tree  (Delabechea  rufestri,). 


ta 


"" 


oro, 

Delaceratlont  (de-las-6r-i'shon),  n.  [L.  de- 
lacero,  delaceratum,  to  tear  in  pieces—  de 
and  lacer,  torn.]  A  tearing  in  pieces. 

pelacrymatlont  (de-la-kri-ma-'shon),  n 
[L.  delacrymatw—de,  and  lacrumatio  a 
weeping.)  An  involuntary  discharge  of 
watery  humours  from  the  eyes;  watcriuess 
of  the  eyes. 

Delactatlont  (de-lak-ta'shon),  n.  [L  de,  and 
lacto,  lactatum,  to  suckle,  from  lac,  lacti* 
milk.]  The  act  of  weaning. 

Delaine  (de-lanO.  n.  [Kr.  de,  of,  and  laine 
L.  (ana,  wool.  ]  A  muslin  made  originally  of 
wool,  afterwards  more  commonly  of  a  mixed 
fabric,  generally  cotton  and  wool,  and  used 
chiefly  as  a  printing  cloth 

Delapsationt  (de-laps-a'shou),  n.  A  falling 
down. 

Delapset  (de-laps'),  v.i.  [L.  delator,  delap. 
stis—de,  and  labor,  to  slide.)  1.  To  fall  or 
slide  down.—  2.  To  pass  down  by  inheri- 
tance. 

Anne  derived  alone  the  right,  before  all  other. 
Of  the  delafsed  crown  from  Philip.        Drayton. 

Delapsiont  (de-lap'shon),  n.  A  falling  down, 
as  of  some  organ  of  the  body,  as  the  uterus, 
anus,  &c. 

Delate  (de-laf),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  delated; 
ppr.  delating.  [L.  delatus—de,  and  latun, 
part,  otfcro,  to  bear.)  l.f  To  carry;  to  con- 
vey; to  transmit. 

Try  exactly  the  time  wherein  sound  is  delated. 
Bacon. 

2.t  To  carry  abroad;  to  make  public. 

When  the  crime  is  delated  or  notorious.   Jer.  Taylor. 

3.t  To  carry  on;  to  conduct;  to  manage. 
'Delating  .  .  .  the  empire.'  Warner.— 
4.  To  bring  a  charge  against;  to  accuse;  to 
inform  against;  to  denounce. 

As  men  were  delated,  they  were  marked  down  for 
such  a  fine.  Burnet. 

[In  this  sense  it  is  still  used  in  the  judica- 
tories  of  the  Scottish  Church.  ] 
Delate!  (de-laf),  o.«.  [See  DELAY.]  To  allay; 
to  dilute. 

If  the  pure  wine  doe  offend  them,  it  may  be  di- 
lated with  any  manner  of  water.  Framfton. 

Delater  (de-lat'er),  n.   A  delator.    Bp.  Hall. 

Delation  (de-la'shon),  n.  l.t  Carriage;  con- 
veyance; as,  the  delation  of  sound.  'The 
delation  of  light  is  in  an  instant.'  Bacon.  — 
2.  In  law,  accusation;  act  of  charging  with 
a  crime;  information  against. 

The  accusers  were  not  to  be  liable  to  the  charge  of 
delation.  Milman. 

Delation*  (de-la'shon),  «.  [For  diZation.] 
Extension, 

After  this  judgment  there  was  no  delation  of  suf- 
ferance nor  mercy.  Berners. 

Delator  (de-lat'er).  n.  [L.]  An  accuser;  an 
informer.  'Cham,  a  delator  to  his  own 
father,  inviting  his  brethren  to  that  exe- 
crable spectacle  of  his  father's  nakedness.  ' 
Dr.  H.  More. 

Delay  (de-laO,  v.t.  [Fr.  drlai,  delay;  It. 
dilata,  delay;  dilatare,  to  dilate,  to  spread; 
from  L.  dilatus,  difero—dis,  apart,  and/ero, 
to  carry.]  1.  To  prolong  the  time  of  acting 
or  proceeding;  to  put  off;  to  defer. 

My  lord  delayeth  his  coming.      Mat.  xxiv.  48. 

2.  To  retard;  to  stop,  detain,  or  hinder  for 
a  time;  to  restrain  motion,  or  render  it  slow; 
as,  the  mail  is  delayed  by  bad  roads. 

Thyrsis,  whose  artful  straias  have  oft  delayed 
The  huddling  brook  to  hear  his  madrigal.     Milton. 


l.lth.  .hol«  „„  f,,e. 

S 


T"  OU(tl"  , 

2.  A  putting  off  or  deferring;  procraitlua- 
tlo.n:  »«.  the  .May  of  trial  1.  not  to™  5u- 

1  'lit.  .  I  to  the  1'i.ti  MI  in 

All  delay  i  are  dangerous  in  war.          Dryden. 
Shun  delay,,  they  breed  remorse: 
Take  thy  Umc,  while  time  n  lent  thee     SimOMviU 

Delayer  (de-la'er),  n.     1.  One  who  lingers. 

2  One  who  or  that  which  causes  delay;  one 
who  hinders.    •  A  delayer  of  Justice.'  Swift 

Delaylngly  (de-la'mg-ll),  adv.  In  a  miiner 
so  an  to  delay;  procrastinating!)-. 

And  yet  the  held  him  on  detajinily 

With  many  a  scarce  believable  cictue.     Tnmyttn 

Delayment  (de-la'ment),  n.    Hindrance. 

Del  credere  (del  kra'da-ra  or  del  kre'de-re). 
n.  [It.  del  and  credere,  lit  of  Injlief  ,,r 
tnist.]  An  Italian  mercantile  phrase,  similar 
in  import  to  the  English  guarantee  or  tin- 
Scotch  warrandice.  It  Is  used  among  mer 
chants  to  express  the  obligation  undertaken 
by  a  factor,  broker,  or  mercantile  agent 
when  he  becomes  bound,  not  only  to  trans- 
act sales  or  other  business  for  his  constltn 
ent,  but  also  to  guarantee  the  solvency  of 
the  persons  with  whom  he  contract*.  On 
account  of  this  guarantee  a  higher  commis- 
sion, called  a  d*-l  credere  commission,  Is 
paid  to  the  factor  or  agent 

Dele  (dele),  a.t.  [L.  taper,  of  delta,  to  blot 
out,  to  efface.  ]  Blot  out;  erase:  used  as  a 
direction  to  printers,  and  usually  written 
thus  5 

Dele*  (del),  v.t.  [Sax.]  To  divide;  to  deal 
Chaucer. 

Deleble  (dele-bl),  a.  [L.  delebilu—deUo.  to 
blot  out,  efface.]  That  can  be  blotted  out. 
[Rare  or  obsolete.] 

Delectable  (de-lekt'a-bl),  o.  [L  delectabUi*. 
from  delector,  to  delight.  See  DELIOHT  ) 
Delightful;  highly  pli-asing;  affording  great 
joy  or  pleasure.  'Delectable  bowers.1 
Quarle*. 

Delectableness  (de-lekt'a-bl-nes),  n.  De- 
Hghtfulness. 

Delectably(de-lekt'a-bll),  ado.  In  a  delect- 
able manner;  delightfully. 

Delectate  (ile-lek'tatY  v.t.  To  delight;  to 
render  delectable.  [Rare  ) 

Delectation  (de-lek-ta'shon),  n.  Great  plea- 
sure, delight 

Delectus  persona  (de-lek'tus  per-so'ne),  n. 
[L]  In  Scuts  late,  the  choice  or  selection. 
either  express  or  presumed,  of  a  particular 
individual,  on  account  of  some  personal 
qualification. 

Deleerlt,  Delleret  (de-le'rit),  o.  Delirious; 
demented.  [Scotch.  J 

For  nionie  a  ane  has  gotten  a  fright. 

And  liv'd  and  di'd  deieerit.  Burnt. 

Delegacy  t  (dele-ga-siX  n.  1.  The  act  of  dele- 
gating or  state  of  being  delegated.  'By 
way  of  delegacy  or  grand  commission  ' 
Raleigh.—  Z.  A  number  of  personsdelegated; 
a  delegation.  '  A  set  delegacy.'  Burton. 

Delegate  (dele-gat),  r.(.  pret.  &  pp.  dele- 
gated; ppr.  delegating.  [L.  deUgo—de,  and 
lego,  to  send  with  a  commission,  to  send  as 
an  ambassador.  SeeLEOATK.  ]  1.  To  depute: 
appropriately,  to  send  on  an  embassy;  to 
send  with  power  to  transact  business,  as  a 
representative.  —  2.  To  intrust;  to  commit: 
to  deliver  to  another's  care  and  manage- 
ment; as,  to  delegate  authority  or  power  to 
an  envoy,  representative,  or  judge. 

We  can  pretend  to  no  further  jurisdiction  than 
what  he  has  delegated  to  us.  Decay  of  Fifty. 

Delegate  (dele-gat),  n.  1.  Aperson  appointed 
and  sent  by  another  or  by  others,  with 
powers  to  transact  business  as  his  or  their 
representative;  a  deputy;  a  commissioner; 
an  attorney. 

In  general,  soldiers  who  should  form  themselves 
into  political  clubs,  elect  delegates,  and  pass  resolu- 
tions on  high  questions  of  state,  would  soon  break 


ch,  c/iain;      ch,  Sc.  loc/i;      g,  go;     j,  job; 


n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  ting;     TH,  then;  th,  «Ain;    w,  wig;    wh,  wAig;    zh,  a^ure.  —See  KKV. 


DELEGATE 


692 


DELICATE 


loose  from  all  control,  would  cease  to  form  an  army, 
and  would  become  the  worst  and  most  dangerous  of 
mobs.  Macau/ay. 

2.  In  the  United  States,  (a)  a  person  elected 
(ir  appointed  to  represent  a  state  or  a  dis- 
trict in  Congress.  (b)  A  person  scut  to  a 
convention  for  nomination  of  officers,  or  for 
funning  or  altering  a  constitution.— 3.  In 
Creat  Britain,  a  commissioner  formerly  ap- 
pointed by  the  crown,  under  the  great  seal, 
to  hear  and  determine  appeals  from  the  ec- 
clesiastical courts.— 4.  A  layman  appointed 
to  attend  an  ecclesiastical  council.— Court 
of  delegates,  formerly  the  great  court  of  | 
appeal  in  ecclesiastical  causes,  and  from  the 
decisions  of  the  admiralty  court.  It  was  so 
called  because  the  judges  were  delegated 
or  appointed  by  the  crown  under  the  great 
seal.  This  court  is  now  abolished,  and  its 
powers  and  functions  transferred  to  the 
sovereign  in  council.— SYN.  Deputy,  repre- 
sentative, commissioner,  vicar,  attorney,  | 
substitute. 

Delegate  (dele-gat),  a.  Deputed;  sent  to  act 
for  or  represent  another;  as,  a  delegate 
judge. 

Delegated  (de'le-gat-ed),  p.  and  a.  1.  De- 
puted; sent  with  a  trust  or  commission  to  ; 
act  for  another;  appointed  a  judge.— 2.  In- 
trusted; committed.  '  Delegated  executive 
power.'  Bancroft.— Delegated  jurisdiction, 
in  Scots  law,  jurisdiction  which  is  commu- 
nicated by  a  judge  to  another  who  acts  in 
his  name,  called  a  depute  or  deputy- 
contradistinguished  from  proper  jurisdic- 
tion. One  named  by  a  deputy  who  has 
himself  the  power  of  deputation,  is  called  a 
substitute. 

Delegation  (de-le-ga'shon),  ».  1.  A  sending 
away;  the  act  of  putting  in  commission,  or 
Investing  with  authority  to  act  for  another; 
the  appointment  of  a  delegate. 

The  duties  of  religion  cannot  be  performed  by 
delegation.  S.  Miller. 

These  only  held  their  power  by  delegation  from 
the  people.  Broufham. 

2.  A  person,  or  body  of  persons,  deputed  to 
act  for  another,  or  for  others.  In  the  United 
States,  the  body  appointed  to  represent  a 
state  or  district  in  Congress;  thus  the  repre- 
sentatives of  Massachusetts  are  called  the 
delegation,  or  whole  delegation. — 3.  In  civil 
law,  the  assignment  of  a  debt  to  another, 
or  the  substitution  of  a  person  as  debtor  in 
place  of  another,  as  when  a  debtor  appoints 
his  debtor  to  answer  to  the  creditor  in  his 
place. 

Delenda  (de-len'da),  n.  pi.  [L]  Things  to 
be  erased  or  blotted  out. 

Delenificalt  (de-le-nif 'ik-al),  a.  [L.  delenifi- 
cHS—dclenio,  to  soothe,  and/acio,  to  make.] 
Having  the  virtue  to  ease  or  assuage  pain. 

Delesseria  (de-les-se'ri-a),  n.  [After  Ben- 
jamin Deiessert,  a  celebrated  French  bot- 
anical amateur.)  A  genus  of  the  Cerami- 
aceae,  or  rose-spored  alga;,  containing  many 
of  the  most  beautiful  and  delicate  species 
which  adorn  our  coasts,  a  great  part  of  their 
beauty  being  due  to  the  symmetry  of  the 
frond,  and  the  contrast  between  the  dark 
mid-rib  and  the  membranous  border. 

Delete  (de-lef),  ».<•  [L  deleo,  deletum,  to 
blot  out,  to  destroy.  ]  To  blot  out;  to  erase. 

I  have  .  .  .  inserted  eleven  stanzas  which  do  not  ap- 
pear in  Sir  Walter  Scott's  version  and  deltCed  eight. 
If.  E.  Aytoun. 

Deleterious  (de-le-te'rl-us),  a.  [L.L.  aele- 
terius,  from  Gr.  deleterios,  noxious,  from 
dlUomai,  to  injure.)  1.  Having  the  quality 
of  destroying  life;  noxious;  poisonous;  as,  a 
deleterious  plant.  'Their  {plants')  delete- 
rious quality.'  Goldsmith.  —  2.  Injurious; 
pernicious;  as,  a  deleterious  practice. 

Deleteryt  (de'le-te-ri),  o.  Destructive; 
poisonous.  ' Deletery medicines.'  Hudibras. 

Deleteryt  (dele-te-ri),  n.  Anything  that 
destroys  or  deletes  '  The  only  deletery  of 
heresies.'  Jer  Taylor. 

Deletion  (de-le'shon),  n.  [L.  deletio,  from 
deleo,  to  blot  out.)  1.  The  act  of  deleting, 
blotting  out,  or  erasing.  — 2.  An  erasure;  a 
passage  deleted. 

Some  deletions,  found  necessary  in  consequence  of 
tile  unexpected  length  to  which  the  article  extended, 
have  been  restored.  Sir  W.  Hamilton. 

8.  Destruction.     'Their  total  deletion  from 

being  God's  people.'    Jer.  Taylor.    [Rare.] 
Deletltious  (de-le-ti'shus),  a.    Of  such  a 

nature  that  anything  marked  on  it  may  be 

erased:  applied  to  paper. 
Deletory  (dele-to-ri),  n.    That  which  blots 

out.    [Rare.] 

Confession  .  .  .  was  most  certainly  intended  as  a 
delrtory  of  sin.  Jer.  Taylor. 


Dele-Winet  (del'win),  n.    A  kind  of  foreign  \ 
wine,  said  to  be  a  species  of  Rhenish:  pos- 
sibly so  called  from  being  imported  at  Deal. 

Do  not  look  for  Paracelsus'  man  among  them,  that  ' 
he  promised  you  out  of  white  bread  and  Dtle-ivine. 
B.  Jonson. 

Delf  (delf),  n.  [Sax.  derail,  to  delve,  to  dig.] 
l.t  A  mine;  a  quarry;  a  pit  dug;  a  ditch;  a 
channel. 

Some  lesser  delfs  .  .  . 

Draw  out  the  baser  streams  the  springs  annoying. 
Fletclter. 

2.  In  her.  the  term  for  a  square  sod  of  earth, 
coal,  or  turf,  cut  out  by  a  spade.  It  is  a 
mark  of  disgrace,  indicating  that  a  chal- 
lenge has  been  revoked  or  one's  word  de- 
parted from.  When  more  than  one  are 
borne  in  coat  armour  they  are  called  delves.  \ 

Delf  (delf),  n.    Earthenware,  covered  with 
enamel  or  white  glazing  in  imitation  of  ! 
china-ware  or  porcelain,  made  at  Delft,  in 
Holland:  properly  Delft-ware.    Spelled  also 
Delph. 

Delft,  Delft-ware  (delft,  delft'war),  n.  See  | 
DELF. 

Deliac  (deli-ak),  n.  [From  the  island  Delos.} 
A  kind  of  sculptured  vase;  also  beautiful 
bronze  and  silver. 

Delian  (deli-an),  a.  Of  or  pertaining  to 
Delos,  a  small  island  In  the  ^gean  Sea, 
now  called  Dili.  —  Delian  problem,  in  math. 
the  duplication  of  the  cube:  BO  called 
because,  when  the  plague  was  raging  at 
Athens,  the  oracle  of  Apollo  at  Delos  re- 
plied to  a  deputation,  sent  to  consult  it, 
that  the  plague  would  be  stayed  when  they 
doubled  the  altar  of  the  god,  which  was  a 
cube.  The  problem  has  engaged  the  atten- 
tion of  some  of  the  greatest  mathematicians. 
See  DUPLICATION. 

Delibatet  (deli-bat),  v.t.  [L.  delOm—de,  and 
I  Hi:  L  to  taste.]  To  taste;  to  take  a  sip  of. 

Delibatlont  (de-li-ba'shon),  n.     A  taste;  a 

Deliberate  (de-lib'e-rat),  v.i.  pret.  &  pp. 
deliberated;  ppr.  deliberating.  [L.  deliaero, 
dclibera,tum—dt,  and  libra,  to  weigh,  from 
lilint,  a  balance.)  To  weigh  in  the  mind;  to 
consider  and  examine  the  reasons  for  and 
against  a  measure;  to  estimate  the  weight 
or  force  of  arguments,  or  the  probable  con- 
sequences of  a  measure,  in  order  to  a  choice 
or  decision ;  to  pause  and  consider;  as,  a  wise 
prince  will  deliberate  before  he  wages  war. 

The  woman  that  deliberates  U  lost.        Addison. 

SYN.  To  consider,  ponder,  cogitate,  reflect, 
revolve,  think,  meditate,  debate. 
Deliberate  (de-lib'e-rat).  v.t.   To  balance  in 
the  mind;  to  weigh;  to  consider.    [Rare.) 

Be  full  of  counsel,  and  then  resolute  to  act  it;  else, 
if  you  shall  not  be  firm  to  deliberated  counsels,  they 
which  are  bound  to  serve  you,  may  seek  and  find 
opportunities  to  serve  themselves  upon  you.  l.ait,t. 

Deliberate  (de-lib'e-rat),  a.  1.  Weighing 
facts  and  arguments  with  a  view  to  a  choice 
or  decision;  carefully  considering  the  pro- 
bable consequences  of  a  step;  circumspect; 
slow  in  determining:  applied  to  persons;  as, 
a  delibern  te  judge  or  counsellor.  —2.  Formed 
with  deliberation;  well  advised  or  con- 
sidered; not  sudden  or  rash;  as,  a  deliberate 
opinion;  a  deliberate  measure  or  result;  a 
deliberate  falsehood.  —3.  Done  or  gone  about 
deliberately;  not  hasty;  slow.  'Deliberate 
death.'  Uooker. 

His  enunciation  was  so  deliberate.  ll'irf. 

SYN.  Cautious,  circumspect,  cool,  discreet, 
wary,  advised,  thoughtful,  considerate. 

Deliberately  (de-lib'6-rat-li),  adv.  With 
careful  consideration  or  deliberation;  cir- 
cumspectly; not  hastily  or  rashly;  slowly; 
as,  this  purpose  was  deliberately  formed. 

Deliberateness  (de-lib'e-rat-nes),  n.  Calm 
consideration;  circumspection;  due  atten- 
tion to  the  arguments  for  and  against  a 
measure;  caution.  'The  order,  gravity,  and 
delib-rateness  befitting  a  parliament.'  Eikon 
BasUike. 

Deliberation  (de-lib'e-ra"shon),  n.  [L.  de- 
liberating 1.  The  act  of  deliberating;  the 
act  of  weighing  and  examining  the  reasons 
for  and  against  a  choice  or  measure;  con- 
sideration; mature  reflection;  as,  the  mea- 
sure was  taken  with  deliberation. 

Every  spontaneous  action  is  not  therefore  voluntary: 
for  voluntary  presupposes  some  precedent  delibera- 
tion, that  is  to  say.  some  consideration  and  delibera- 
tion of  what  is  likely  to  follow.  Hobbes, 

2.  Mutual  discussion  and  examination  of 
the  reasons  for  and  against  a  measure;  as, 
the  deliberations  of  a  legislative  body  or 
council.— 8.  The  act  or  habit  of  doing  any- 
thing coolly  or  without  hurry  or  excitement, 
and  as  if  with  mature  reflection;  as,  a  man 


of  deliberation;  he  spoke  with  the  greatest 
deliberation.— SYN.  Thoughtfulness,  circum- 
spection, reflection,  consideration,  wariness, 
caution,  coolness,  prudence. 

Deliberative  (de-lib'e-rat-iv),  a.  1.  Pertain- 
ing to  deliberation;  proceeding  or  acting  by 
deliberation,  or  by  mutual  discussion  and 
examination;  as,  the  legislature  is  a  *•(/'«•- 
ratioe  body.— 2.  Having  or  conveying  a  right 
or  power  to  deliberate  or  discuss :  as,  in 
councils  the  bishops  have  a  deliberative 
voice;  the  chairman  has  a  deliberative  vote 
and  a  casting  vote. 

Deliberative  (de-lib'4-rat-iv),  n.  1.  A  dis- 
course in  which  a  question  is  discussed  or 
weighed  and  examined.  Bacon. — 2.  A  kind 
of  rhetoric  employed  in  proving  a  tiling 
and  convincing  others  of  its  truth,  in  order 
to  persuade  them  to  adopt  it. 

Deliberatively  (de-lib'e-rat-iv-li),  adv.  By 
deliberation. 

Deliberator  (de-lib'e-rat-er),  «.  One  who 
deliberates. 

Delible  (de'li-bl),  a.  Capable  of  being  de- 
leted: the  opposite  of  indelible. 

Delicacy  (de'li-ka-si),  n.     [See  DELICATE.] 

1.  The  quality  of  being  delicate ;  exquisite 
agreeableness  to  the  taste  or  some  other 
sense;  deliciousness;  as,  delicacy  of  flavour, 
odour,  and  the  like. 

On  hospitable  thoughts  intent 
What  choice  to  choose  for  delicacy  best.    Milton. 
Be  not  troublesome  to  thyself  or  others  in  the  choice 
of  thy  meats  or  the  delicacy  of  thy  sauces. 

Jer.  Taylor. 

2.  Fineness  of  texture;  smoothness;  softness; 
tenderness;  as,  the  delicacy  of  the  skin;  the 
delicacy  of  the  fabric.— 3.  Lightness  or  soft- 
ness of  tint;  minute  accuracy;  nicety. 

Van  Dyck  has  even  excelled  him  in  the  delicacy  of 
his  colouring.  Dryden. 

4.  Fineness;  slenderness;  minuteness;  as. 
the  delicacy  of  a  thread.— 5.  That  which  is 
pleasing,  delicate,  or  refined;  a  luxury  or 
pleasure. 

Our  delicacies  are  grown  capital. 

And  even  our  sports  are  dangers.  B.  Jonson. 

6.  Anything  which  delights  the  senses,  par- 
ticularly the  taste;  as,  the  peach  is  a  great 
delicacy;  the  delicacies  of  the  table. 

It  was  Charles  Lamb's  antique  turn  of  mind — his 


yearning  for  what  was  passing  away— which  led  him, 
by  a  sort  of  instinct,  to  a  passion  for  this  dying-out 
delicacy  (sucking-pig).  Sat.  Rev. 

7.  Acute  or  nice  perception  of  what  is  pleas- 
ing or  disagreeable;  hence,  a  refined  percep- 
tion of  beauty  and  deformity,  or  the  faculty 
of  such  perception ;  critical  refinement  of 
taste;  fastidiousness. 

That  Augustan  delicacy  of  taste  which  is  the  boast 
of  the  great  public  schools  of  England.     Macaitlay. 

8.  Softness,  as  of  manners;  civility  or  polite- 
ness proceeding  from  a  nice  observance  of 
propriety  and  a  desire  to  please;  tenderness; 
scrupulousness;  the  quality  manifested  in 
care  to  avoid  offence,  or  what  may  cause 
pain;  freedom  from  grossness;  as,  delicacy 
of  behaviour  or  feeling. 

False  delicacy  is  affectation,  not  politeness. 

Sfectator. 

True  delicacy  .  .  .  exhibits  itself  most  significantly 
In  little  things.  Mary  Howitt. 

9.  Tenderness,  as  of  constitution;  weakness; 
that  quality  or  state  of  the  animal  body 
which  renders  it  very  impressible  to  injury; 
as,  delicacy  of  constitution  or  frame.  —10.  The 
state  or  quality  of  requiring  nice  handling: 
niceness;  criticalness;  as,  the  delicacy  of  a 
point  or  question.— 11.  The  quality  of  being 
addicted  to  pleasure;  voluptuousness  of  life; 
luxuriousness ;  daintiness.— 12. t  Pleasure; 
gratification. 

He  Rome  brente  for  his  delicacie.        Chaucer. 

Delicate  (deli-kit),  a.  [Fr.  delicat,  L  deli- 
culus,  delightful,  luxurious,  tender,  deli- 
cate, from  delicue,  delight,  delicio,  to  allure 
— ae  and  laeio,  to  draw  gently.  Akin 
are  delight,  delicious,  delectable.  ]  1.  Pleasing 
to  the  senses;  reflnedly  agreeable;  dainty; 
as,  a  delicate  flavour ;  a  delicate  dish.  '  A 
delicate  odour.'  Shak.  'The  chusing  of 
a  delicate  before  a  more  ordinary  dish. 
Jer.  Taylor.  —  2.  Of  a  flne  texture;  fine; 
soft;  smooth;  as,  a  delicate  skin;  a  delicate 
fabric.— 3.  Nice;  accurate;  flne;  soft  to  the 
eye;  light  or  softly  tinted;  as,  a  delicate 
colour.  '  The  delicate  gradation  of  curves 
that  melt  into  each  other  by  insensible  trans- 
itions.' Dr  Caird.—t.  Fine;  Blender; minute; 
as,  a  delicate  thread.— 5.  t  Full  of  pleasure; 
luxurious;  delightful. 

Dives  for  his  delicate  life  to  the  devil  went. 

Piers  Plowman. 
Haarlem  is  a  very  delicate  town.  Evelyn. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


DELICATE 


693 


DEUQUMCENCT 


(i.  Nice  in  perception  of  what  is 
to  any  of  the  senses  ;  peculiarly  sensitive 
to  beauty,  harmony,  or  their  opposites; 
dainty;  as,  a  delicate  taste;  a  delicate  eye 
for  colour;  ndi'licute  ear  formusic.  —  7.  Nice 
in  forms;  regulated  by  minute  observance 
of  propriety,  or  by  condescension  and  atten- 
tion to  the  wishes  and  feelings  of  others; 
refined;  as,  delicate  behaviour  or  manners; 
a  delicate  address.—  8.  Tender;  feeble;  not 
able  to  endure  hardship;  very  susceptible 
of  injury;  as,  a  delicate  frame  or  constitu- 
tion; delicate  health. 

That  we  can  call  these  delicate  creatures  ours. 
And  not  their  appetites.  Shafc. 

9.  That  cannot  be  handled  without  injury 
or  danger;  that  must  be  approached  with 
care  and  caution;  as,  a  delicate  point  or 
topic;  a  delicate  question;  delicate  ground. 

10.  Pleasure-seeking;  of  luxurious  tastes  and 
habits;  dainty.—  11.  Nicely  or  finely  dexter- 
ous    'So  delicate  with  her  needle.'    Shak. 

Delicatet  (de'li-kat),  n.  1.  Anything  nice;  a 
delicacy.  J°r-  U-  34- 

With  abstinence  all  delicates  he  sees.     Dryden. 

1.  A  fastidious  person. 

The  rules  among  these  false  delicates  are  to  be  as 
contradictory  as  they  can  be  to  nature.         Taller. 

Delicately  (de'li-kat-li),  adv.  1.  In  a  deli- 
cate manner;  with  nice  regard  to  propriety 
and  the  feelings  of  others.  —2.  Daintily; 
luxuriously. 

They  which  .  .  .  live  delicately  are  in  kings'  courts. 

Luke  vii.  25. 
Agag  came  unto  him  delicately.      I  Sam.  xv.  33. 

[In  this  last  passage,  however,  commenta- 
tors explain  the  word  variously,  some  ren- 
dering it  '  mincingly,'  others  '  haughtily,  in 
state,  and  others  again  '  pleasantly,  cheer- 
fully.']— 3.  With  pleasing  elegance;  beauti- 
fully; neatly. 

There  is  nothing  so  delicately  turned  in  all  the 
Roman  language.  Dryden. 

4.  Tenderly  ;  with  indulgence  in  ease,  ele- 

gance, and  luxury.     Prov.  xxix  21. 
Delicateness  (de'li-kat-nes),  n.  The  state  of 

being  delicate;  tenderness;  softness;  effemi- 

nacy.    Deut.  xxviii.  66. 
Delicest  (de'li-sez),  n.  pi.    [Fr.]    Delights 

dainties;  pleasant  fantasies. 

And  now  he  has  poured  put  his  ydle  mind 
In  dainty  delices  and  lavish  joys.         Spenser. 

Deliciatet  (de-li'si-at),  v.i.  To  indulge  in 
delicacies;  to  feast;  to  revel;  to  delight 
one's  self. 

When  Flora  is  disposed  todelicirtle  with  her  minions 
the  rose  is  her  Adonis.  fartkeneia  Sacra. 

Delicious  (de-li'shus),  n.  [Fr.  delieieux,  fron 
L  delicice,  delight,  pleasure.]  1.  Highlj 
pleasing  to  the  taste;  most  sweet  or  grate 
ful  to  the  senses;  affording  exquisite  plea 
sure;  as,  adelicinus  viand;  a  delicious  odour 
delicious  fruit  or  wine. 

•O  Christ  I  it  is  a  goodly  sight  to  see 
What  Heaven  has  done  for  this  delirious  land. 
Byron. 

2.  Most  pleasing  to  the  mind;  very  grateful; 
yielding  exquisite  delight;  as,  this  poem 
affords  a  delicious  entertainment. 

Were  not  his  words  delicionsl          Tennyson. 

3.  t  Luxurious;  effeminate;  addicted  to,  or 
seeking  pleasure. 

Others  of  a  more  delicious  and  airy  spirit,  retire 
themselves  to  the  enjoyment  of  ease  and  luxury. 
Milton. 

SYN.  Charming,  exquisite,  delightful,  grate- 
ful. 

Dellclously  (de-li'shus-li),  adit.  In  a  deli- 
cious manner;  in  a  manner  to  please  the 
taste  or  gratify  the  mind  ;  sweetly;  plea- 
santly, delightfully;  as,  to  feed  delinuusly: 
to  be  deliciuusly  entertained. 

Dellclousness  (de-li'shus-nes),  n.     '. 
quality  of  being  delicious  or  very  grateful 
to  the  taste  or  mind;  as,  the  deliciousness 
of  a  repast.—  2.  t  Indulgence  in  delicacies; 
luxury;  extravagance. 

To  drive  away  all  superfluity  and  Miciourntss, 
...  he  made  another,  third,  law  for  eating  .and  drink- 
m  North  s  Plittarcn. 

Delict  (de-likf),  ».     [L.  delictum,  a  fault  of 
omission,  a  crime,  from  delinquo,  delictum— 
de  and  linquo.  to  leave.]  In  Scots  law,  a  mis- 
demeanour.  Crime  is  generally  divided  into 
crimes  properly  so  called  and  delicts.     De- 
licts are  commonly  understood  of  slighter 
offences  which  do  not  immediately  affect 
the  public  peace,  but  which  incur  an  obli- 
gation on  the  part  of  the  offender  to  make 
an  atonement  to  the  public  by  suffering 
unishment,  and  also  to  make  reparation 
or  the  injury  committed.    The  term  delin- 
quency has  the  same  signification. 
______  - 

eh,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go; 


Every  regulation  of  the  civil  code  necessarily  im- 
plies a  delict  in  the  event  of  its  violation.     Jeffrey. 

Delie.ta.  [Fr.dcW.]  Thin;  slender.  Chau- 
cer. 

Delieret,  a.    See  DKJ.F.KKIT. 

Deligatlon  (de-li-ga'shon),  n.  [L  deligatio, 
deluj<,—de,  and  ligo,  to  bind  J  In  turg.  a 
binding  up;  a  bandaging.  Wiseman, 

Delight  (de-lit'),  n.  [See  the  verb.]  1.  A 
high  degree  of  pleasure  or  satisfaction  of 
mind;  joy. 

His  delight  is  in  the  law  of  the  Lord.        Ps.  i.  a. 

2.  That  which  gives  great  pleasure;  that 
which  affords  delight. 

Angels  listen  when  she  speaks, 

She's  my  delight  and  mankind's  wonder. 

Rochester. 


There  is  a  spur  that  the  clear  spirit  doth  raise. 

To  scorn  delights,  and  live  laborious  days.    Milton. 

SYN.  Rapture,  joy,  charm,  gratification, 
satisfaction. 

Delight  (de-lif),  r.r.  [O.K.  delite;  0  Fr.  de- 
liter,  deleiter;  Fr.  delecter,  from  L.  delecto, 
a  freq.  of  delicere — de,  and  lacio,  to  entice, 
allure.]  1.  To  affect  with  great  pleasure; 
to  please  highly ;  to  give  or  afford  high 
satisfaction  or  joy;  as,  a  beautiful  landscape 
delights  the  eye;  harmony  delights  the  ear. 
1  will  delight  myself  in  thy  statutes.  Ps.  cxix.  16. 

Delight  (de-lif),  t.i.  To  have  or  take  great 
pleasure;  to  be  greatly  pleased  or  rejoiced: 
followed  by  the  infinitive  or  by  in. 

I  delight  to  do  thy  will.  Ps.  xl.  8. 

I  delight  in  the  law  of  Cod  after  the  Inward  man. 
Kom.  vii.  33. 

Delighted  t  (de-lit'ed),  a.  FuU  of  delight; 
delightful. 

Whom  best  I  love,  I  cross:  to  make  my  gift 
The  more  delay'd,  delighted.  Shat. 

Delighted  t  (de-lit'ed),  p.  and  a.  (De,  a  sort 
of  verb-forming  prefix  =  be,  and  light,  of  little 
weight.  ]  Freed  from  encumbrances;  made 
light;  etherealized. 

Ay  but  to  die,  and  go  we  know  not  where; 

and  the  delighted  spirit 

To  bathe  in  fiery  floods.  Sfia*. 

[Delighted  in  the  above  passage  Is.  however, 
variously  explained:  'once  accustomed  to 
delight,' '  removed  from  the  regions  of  light,' 
'  rich  in  delight,  having  the  power  to  give 
delight.'] 

Delightedly  (de-lit'ed-li),  adv.  In  a  de- 
lighted manner;  with  delight. 

Delightedly  dwells  he  'mong  fays  and  talismans. 
Coleridge. 

Delighter  (de-lifer),  71.    One  who  takes  de- 

Delightful  (de-iit'ful),  a.  Highly  pleasing, 
affording  great  pleasure  and  satisfaction 
as,  a  delightful  thought;  a  delightful  pro 
spect. 

Delightful  task!  to  rear  the  tender  thought, 

To  teach  the  young  idea  how  to  shoot.  Thomson 

SYN  Charming,  exquisite,  enchanting,  be 
witching,  fascinating,  rapturous,  beautiful 

Delightfully  (de-lif  ful-li).  adv.  1.  In  a  man 
ner  to  receive  great  pleasure;  very  agree 
ably;  as.  we  were  delightfully  employed  o 
entertained.  —  2.  In  a  delightful  manner 
charmingly;  in  a  manner  to  afford  grea 
pleasure ;  as,  the  lady  sings  and  plays  de 
lightfully. 

De'lightfulness  (de-lit'ful-nes),  n.    1.  Tn 
quality  of  being  delightful  or  of  affordli 
great  pleasure;  as,  the  deliyhtfulness  of 
prospect  or  of  scenery.— 2.  Great  pleasure; 
delight. 

But  our  desires'  tyrannical  extortion 

Doth  force  us  there  to  set  our  chief  deltfht/ulness 

Where  but  a  baiting  place  is  all  our  portion. 

Delightingly  (de-lifing-li),  adv.    With  de- 
light; cheerfully;  cordially. 

Delightless   (de-litles),  a 
pleasure  or  delight;  clieet  li 


p 
f 


'<»<i]    Umtuiion.  the  flxlnc  or  Kill 

11.4  liiniu  or  boundaries 

facts,  and  for  propottaK *o  exact mtmof  4tl\mi- 
union  to  Faruaiunt.  GUJMm. 

Delinet  (de-liiO,  c  I.    To  delineate    Olwcy. 
Delineable  <d<-  lm'<-  »  U).  „      rouble  ut 
'I;  liable  to  be  delineated. 

In  cither  vision  there  Is  something  not  Jelitwhlt. 

:.,<*. 

Delineament  (de-lin'c-a-ment).  n.     Bcpre- 
Wlltutinii  l.j  MOBMttOn;  (ketch;  picture. 

A  fair  delineamenl 
Of  that  which  foil  In  PUto'i  school  i.  night. 

l>r.  H.  Urn. 

Delineate  (ds-lin'e-at). ».(.  prct  *  \,\-  •/••• 

neatfd;  ppr.  delineating.     [L.  tl- 
and  firuo,  to  draw  a  line,  fn.in  Hum,  a  line 
See  LINE.)  1. To  draw  the  lines  wlmlirxlnl.it 
Hi.-  f.  >nn  nf;  to  mark  out  with  HIII-;  timmkc 
a  draught;  to  sketch  or  design;  ax. 
nratr  the  form  of  the  earth  or  a  diagram.- 
2.  To  paint;  to  represent  In  *  picture;  to 
draw  a  likeness  of. 

They  may  delineate  Nestor  like  Adonis,  or  TfaM 
with  Absalom'*  head.  .Sir  T.  Browne. 

8.  To  describe ;  to  portray  to  the  mind  or 
understanding;  toexhiblt  alike-nets  In  words. 

as,  to  delineate  the  character  of  Newt. r 

the  virtue  of  Aristldes.  '  Customs  or  hablU 
delineated  with  great  accuracy.'  Walpole 
SYN.  To  depict,  design,  sketch,  portray, 
draw,  paint,  describe. 

Delineation  (de-lln'{-a"shon),  n.  [L.  dtlin- 
eatio,  drlineationu,  from  dtlineo.  See.  DE- 
UX KATE  ]  1.  The  act  or  process  of  delineat- 
ing; the  act  of  representing,  portraying,  or 
describing.— 2.  Representation  or  portrayal. 
whether  pictorially  or  in  words;  sketch;  .U- 
scription;  as,  the  delineation  of  a  character 
"The  softest  delineation*  of  female  Iwauty  ' 
W  Irring.— 8YK.  Representation,  descrip- 
tion, portrait,  outline,  sketch,  drawing. 
Delineator  (de-lin'S-at-er),  n.  One  who  de- 
lineates. '  A  modem  delineator  of  charac- 
ters.' Knnx. 

Delineatory  (de-lin'e-a-to-ri),  a.    Delineat- 
ing; describing;  drawing  the  outline.    'The 
delineatiirii  part  of  his  work.'    Scott. 
Delineaturet  (de-Un'6-a-tur),  n.    Dellnea- 

Delinimentt  (de-li'nl-mcnt),  n.  [L.  delini- 
mentum,  from  delinire— de,  and  trnirt.  to 
make  soft,  from  lenii,  soft.]  1.  Mitigation 
2.  A  liniment.  Bailey. 

Delinition  (de-li-ni'shon),  n.  ]L  de.  Intens  , 
and  lino,  to  smear.)  The  act  of  smearing 
•Thedeii/irtum  of  the  infant's  ears  and  nos- 
trils with  spittle.'  Dr  II  More. 

Delinquency  (de-lingTtwen-sl),  n.  [I.  delin 
gtientia,  a  fault,  from  delinquo.  t°  abandon, 
to  fail,  or  omit  duty— de,  out,  and  Itnqvo. 
to  leave  ]  Failure  or  omission  of  duty;  a 
delict;  a  fault;  a  misdeed;  an  offence;  a 
crime. 

Neither  moral  delinquencies  nor  virtuous  actions 
are  declared  to  be  the  product,  of  an  inevitable 
necessity.  SirJ.k.TennM. 

Delinquent  (de-lingliwent),  a.  Failing  in 
duty;  offending  by  neglect  of  duty. 

He  that  practiseth  either  for  his  own  pront.  ol  any 
other  sinister  end.  may  be  well  ten1"^',*^."^" 

Delinquent  (de-lingTtwent),  n.  One  who 
fails  to  perform  his  duty;  one  guilty  of  a 
delinquency;  an  offender;  one  who  commit* 
a  fault  or  crime. 

A  delinquent  ought  to  be  cited  in  the  place  of 
jurisdiction  where  the  delinquency  was  cornmittrt. 

SYN.  Misdoer,  offender,  culprit,  evil-doer, 
wrong-doer,  malefactor,  criminal 
Delinquently  (de-lingTcwcnt-li),  adv.  t 

Deliq1uateU(tde'll-kwat).  r  i.     [L  <k«9"'). 
drlituatum-de,  down,  and  lujuo,  to  melt 
To  melt  or  be  dissolved.  •  Salt  of  tartar  left 
in  moist  cellars  to  delu/uate.'    BogU. 

Deliquatet  (deli-kwat),  r,(.  To  cause  to 
melt;  to  dissolve;  to  consume;  to  bring  to 
ruin  '  Dilapidating,  or  rather  deltquatiny, 
his  bishopric.'  FuUer. 


melt  gradually  a.™  -,-— 
ing  and  absorbing  moisture  from  the  air,  as 
certain  salts,  acids,  and  alkalies. 
Deliquescence  (de-li-kwes'ens).  n.    S 
ne,.us  liquefaction  in  the  air;   a  gra.  u. 
melting  or  becoming  liquid  by  absorption 
of  moisture  from  the  atmosphere. 


DELIQUESCENT 


694 


DELPHINE 


Deliquescent  (de-li-kwes'ent),  a.    I.  Lique- 
fying in  the  air;  capable  of  attracting  mois-  I 
ture  from  the  atmosphere  and  becoming 
liquid ;    as,   deliquescent  gaits.  —  2.  Apt  to  | 
dissolve  or  melt  away ;  liable  to  be  soon 
consumed  or  spent,  as  money.     Kdin.  Rev. 
3.  In  bot.  branching  in  such  a  way  that  the 
stem  is  lost  in  the  branches. 

Deliquiate  (de-li'kwi-at),  ».t.  [See  DELI- 
yuATE.]  To  melt  and  become  liquid  by 
imbibing  moisture  from  the  air. 

Deliquiation  (de-li'kwi-a"shon),  n.  The  act 
of  cleliqniating. 

Dellquluin  (de-liTfwi-um),  n.  [L.,  a  flowing 
or  dropping  down  —  de,  and  liquco,  to  be 
liquid.  ]  1.  In  chem.  a  melting  or  dissolution 
in  the  air  or  in  a  moist  place;  a  liquid 
state;  as,  a  salt  falls  into  a  deliquium.— 
2.  In  med.  a  term  equivalent  to  Syncope. 
Bacon.— 3.  Fig.  a  melting  or  maudlin  mood 
of  mind. 

To  fall  into  mere  unreasoning  deliguiitm  of  love 
and  admiration  was  not  good.  Carlyle. 

4.t  Interruption  or  falling  of  the  sun's  light 
without  an  eclipse. 

Such  a  deliouium  we  read  of  immediately  subse- 
quent to  the  death  of  Caesar.  Spenser. 

Dellracy  t  (de-li'ra-si),  n.    Delirium. 
Dellramentt  (de-li'ra-ment),  n.  A  wandering 

of  the  mind;  foolish  fancy.     Heywood. 
Delirancy  t  (de-li'ran-si),  n.    State  of  being 

delirious;  delirium.     Bp.  Qauden. 
Delirant  t  (de-li'rant),  o.    Delirious. 
Deliratet  (de-li'rat),  v.i.     [L.   deliro,  deli- 

ratum.     See   DELIRIUM.]     To  rave,   as  a 

madman.     Cockeram. 
Deliration  (de-li-ra'shon),  n.     A  wandering 

state    of   mind;    delirium;    hallucination.  ' 

[Rare.] 

Repressed  by  ridicule  as  a  deliration  of  the  human 
mind.  De  Quincey. 

Delirious  (de-li'rl-ns),  a.  [L.  delirut.  See 
DELIRIUM.]  1.  Roving  in  mind;  light- 
headed; disordered  in  Intellect;  having 
ideas  that  are  wild,  irregular,  and  uncon- 
nected. Byron.  —  2.  Characterized  by,  or 
proceeding  from,  delirium  or  wild  excite- 
ment. 'Bacchantes  .  .  .  sing  delirimis 
verses.'  Lony fellow.  —  SYN.  Crazy,  light- 
headed, frenzied,  raving. 

Deliriously  (de-li'ri-us-li),  ado.  In  a  deli- 
rious manner. 

Deliriousness  (de-ll'ri-us-nes),  n.  The  state 
of  being  delirious;  delirium. 

Delirium  (de-li'ri-um),  n.  [L. ,  from  deliro, 
to  draw  the  furrow  awry  in  ploughing,  to 
deviate  from  the  straight  line,  hence  to  lie 
crazy,  to  rave — de,  from,  and  lira,  a  furrow. ] 
1  A  temporary  disordered  state  of  the  men- 
tal faculties  occurring  during  illness,  either 
of  a  febrile  or  of  an  exhausting  nature.  It 
may  be  the  effect  of  disordered  or  Inflam- 
matory action  affecting  the  brain  Itself,  or 
it  may  be  sympathetic  with  active  diseases 
in  other  parts  of  the  body,  as  the  heart;  it 
may  be  caused  by  long-continued  and  ex- 
hausting pain,  and  by  a  state  of  inanition 
of  the  nervous  system.— 2.  Violent  excite- 
ment; wild  enthusiasm  ;  mad  rapture. 

The  popular  delirium  caught  his  enthusiastic  mind. 

IV.  Irvine. 

—  Delirium  tremens,  an  affection  of  the 
brain  which  arises  from  the  inordinate 
and  protracted  use  of  ardent  spirits.  It 
is  therefore  almost  peculiar  to  drunkards 
The  principal  symptoms  of  this  disease, 
as  Its  name  Imports,  are  delirium  and 
trembling.  The  delirium  is  a  constant 
symptom,  but  the  tremor  is  not  always 
present,  or.  if  present,  is  not  always  per- 
ceptible. It  is  properly  a  disease  of  the 
nervous  system. 

Delit,  tn.     [Fr.]    Delight.     Chaucer. 

Delitable,  t  a.     Delectable.     Chaucer. 

Delitescence,  Delitescency  (de-li-tes'ens, 
de-li-tes'en-sij,  n.  [I.  delitescens,  ppr.  of 
delitesco,  to  lie  hid--rfc,  nnd  latesco,  from 
lateo,  to  lie  hid.]  1.  The  state  of  being 
concealed;  retirement;  obscurity.  'The 
delitescence  of  mental  activities.'  Sir  W. 
Hamilton. — 2.  In  surg.  the  sudden  disap- 
pearance of  inflammatory  symptoms  or  sub- 
sidence of  a  tumour.— Period  of  delitescence, 
in  med.  the  period  during  which  certain 
morbid  poisons,  as  small-pox,  lie  latent  in 
the  system.  [In  this  sense  Incubation  is 
the  commoner  term.] 

Delitescent  (de-li-tes'ent),  a.  Concealed; 
lying  hid. 

Delitigatet  (de-li'ti-gat),  v.i.  [L  delitigo, 
delitigatum,  to  quarrel.  See  LITIGATE.] 
To  chide  or  contend  in  words.  Cockeram. 

Delitigation  t  (de-li'ti-ga"shon),  11.  A  chid- 
ing; a  brawl  Bailey. 


Deliver  (de-liv'er),  v.t.     [Fr.  Mlimrer;  L.L.  ' 
delibero,  to  set  free— L.  de,  and  libero,  to  free,  ' 
from  liber,  free,  whence  also  liberal,  liberate.  ] 
1.  To  free;  to  release,  as  from  restraint;  to 
set  at  liberty;  as,  to  deliver  one  from  cap- 
tivity.—2.  To  rescue  or  save. 

lltli™r  me,  O  my  God,  out  of  the  hand  of  the 
wicked.  Ps.  Ixxi.  4. 

3.  To  give  or  transfer;  to  put  into  another's 
hand  or  power ;  to  commit ;  to  pass  from 
one  to  another;  as,  to  deliver  a  letter. 

Thou  shall  deliver  Pharaoh's  cup  into  his  hand.     . 
Gen.  xl.  13. 

4.  To  surrender;  to  yield;  to  give  up;  to 
resign;  as,  to  deliver  a  fortress  to  an  enemy. 
It  is  often  followed  by  up;  as,  to  deliver  up 
the  city;  to  deliver  up  stolen  goods.     'He 
that  spared  not  his  own  Son,  but  delivered 
him  up  for  us  all.'    Rom.  viii.  32.— 5.  To 
disburden  of  a  child. 

On  her  fright  and  fears, 
She  is  something  before  her  time  delivered.     Skak. 

6.  To  make  known;  to  impart,  as  informa- 
tion. 

Will  you  deliver 
How  this  dead  queen  re-lives?  Shak. 

7.  To  utter;  to  pronounce;  to  speak;  as,  to 
deliver  a  sermon,  an  address,  or  an  oration. 


Blind  and  naked  Ignorance 
/V/rzvrf  brawlingjudgments,  unashamed.  Tennyson. 

8.  To  direct;  to  send  forth;  to  discharge;  as, 
he  delivered  the  blow  straight  from  the 
shoulder;  to  deliver  a  broadside. 

An  uninstructed  bowler  .  .  .  thinks  to  attain  the 
jack  by  delivering  his  bowl  straight  forward  upon  it. 
Sir  If,  Scat. 

9.t  To  exert  In  motion;  to  give  effect  to. 

Musidorus  could  not  delvver  strength  more  nimbly. 
Sir  P.  Sidney. 

—  To  deliver  battle,  to  deliver  an  attack,  to 
give  battle;  to  attack  an  enemy. 

Masse'na  delivered  two  battles  at  Fuentes  de  Onoro. 
Pop  f.ticyc. 

—To  deliver  to  the  wind,  to  cast  away;  to 
reject 

Th'  exalted  mind 
AH  lense  of  woe  delivers  to  Ike  wind.          Pope. 

—To  deliver  over,  (a)  to  transfer;  to  give  or 
pass  from  one  to  another;  as,  to  deliver  over 
goods  to  another,  (b)  To  surrender  or  resign ; 
to  put  into  another's  power;  to  commit  to 
the  discretion  of ;  to  abandon  to. 

Deliver  me  not  ever  unto  the  will  of  mine  enemies. 
I's.  xxvii.  S3. 

—To  deliver  a  cargo,  to  transfer  it  from  the 
ship  into  the  handsof  its  owners;  to  discharge 
a  cargo:  said  of  the  persons  employed  in 
doing  so;  as,  with  all  these  hands  at  work, 
the  cargo  will  be  delivered  In  three  days.  — 
SYN.  To  release,  set  free,  save,  rescue,  give, 
offer,  present,  surrender,  resign,  yield,  utter, 
cede,  pronounce. 

Deliver  (de-liv'er),  a.  [L  liber,  free.]  Free; 
nimble;  active;  light;  agile.  '  Having  chosen 
his  soldiers,  of  nimble,  leave,  and  deliver 
men  '  Holinthed.  [Old  English  and  Scotch.  ] 

Deliverable  (de-liv'er-a-bl),  n.  That  may 
be  or  is  to  be  delivered. 

Deliverance  (de-liv'cr-ans),  n.  [Fr.  deliv- 
rance.]  1.  Release  or  rescue,  as  from  cap- 
tivity, slavery,  oppression,  restraint,  danger, 
evil,  and  the  like. 

He  hath  sent  me  to  heal  the  broken-hearted,  to 
preach  deliverance  to  the  captives.  Luke  iv.  18. 

God  sent  me  ...  to  save  your  lives  by  a  great 
deliverance.  Cen.  xlv.  7. 

2.  The  act  of  bringing  forth  children. 

In  the  labour  of  women  it  helpeth  to  the  easy  de- 
liverance. Bafon. 

3.  The  act  of  giving  or  transferring  from  one 
to  another.— 4.  The  act  of  speaking  or  pro- 
nouncing;   utterance;    hence,    statement; 
affirmation. 

You  have  it  from  his  own  deliverance.        Shak. 

[In  the  three  last  senses  Delivery  is  now 
used.]-5.  Acquittal  of  a  prisoner  by  the 
verdict  of  a  jury.— 6.  In  Scott  law,  the  ex- 
pressed decision  of  a  judge  or  arbitrator, 
interim  or  final.  When  interim  it  is  techni- 
cally called  an  interlocutor. 
Deliverer  (de-liv'er-er),  n.  1.  One  who 
delivers,  as  letters,  parcels,  etc.;  one  who 
releases  or  rescues;  a  preserver. 

The  Lord  raised  up  a  deliverer  to  the  children  of 
Israel.  Judg.  iii.  g. 

2.  t  One  who  relates  or  communicates. 

Tully  speaking  of  the  law  of  nature,  saith,  that 
thereof  God  himself  was  inventor  .  .  .  deviser,  dis- 
cusser, deliverer.  Hooker. 

Deliveress  (de-liv'er-es).  n.  A  female 
deliverer.  Quart.  Rev.  [Rare.] 

Deliverly  (de-liv'er-Ii),  adv.  Nimbly ;  cle- 
verly; incessantly;  continually.  'Carry  it 


sweetly  and  deliverly.'  Beau.  <t  Fl.  [Old 
Kii'.'lish  and  Scotch.] 

Deliyerness  t  (de-li'ver-nes),  n.  Quickness; 
ability.  Chaucer. 

Delivery  (de-liv'e-ri),  n.  1.  The  act  of  deliv- 
ering ;  release ;  rescue,  as  from  slavery, 
restraint,  oppression,  or  danger. 

He  swore  with  sobs 
That  he  would  labour  my  delivery.          Slink. 

2.  Surrender;  a  giving  up.  '  The  delivery  of 
your  royal  father's  person  into  the  hands  of 
the  army.'  Sir  J.  Denham.~3.  A  giviui:  in- 
passing  from  one  to  another;  as,  the  deli >•  /  // 
of  goods  or  of  a  deed.— 4.  The  distribution 
of  letters,  <tc.,  from  a  post-office  to  a  dis- 
trict or  districts;  as,  there  are  three  deliveries 
every  day. — 6.  Utterance;  pronunciation,  or 
manner  of  speaking. 

I  was  charmed  with  the  gracefulness  of  his  figure 
and  delivery.  Jddison. 

6.  Childbirth.  Is.  xxvi.  17.— 7.  t  Free  motion 
or  use  of  the  limbs;  activity;  agility. 

The  duke  had  the  neater  limbs,  and  freer  delivery. 
H'otton. 

—Delivery  of  a  deed,  the  giving  of  a  deed 
into  the  hands  of  the  proper  party.  Delivery 
is  requisite  to  a  valid  (Seed;  it  is  given  by 
the  party  himself,  or  his  certain  attorney, 
and  expressed  In  the  attestation,  'signed, 
sealed,  and  delivered. '  In  the  case  of  certain 
deeds,  as  those  which  contain  a  clause  dis- 
pensing with  delivery,  testamentary  writ- 
ings, bonds  and  other  writings  by  parents  in 
favour  of  their  children,  a  deed  in  which 
the  gran  ter  himself  has  an  interest.or  mutual 
obligation  or  contract  between  two  or  more 
parties,  delivery  is  not  required. 

Dell  (del),  n.  [See  DALE.]  A  small  narrow 
valley  between  hills;  a  ravine.  'Splinter'd 
crags  that  wall  the  dell.'  Tennyton. 

Dellt  (del),  n.  A  young  girl;  a  virgin;  a 
wench.  'Sweet  doxies  and  dells.'  B.  J  onion. 
[Old  cant] 

Delia  Crusca  (della  kruslta).  [It  della,  of 
the,  and  crusca,  bran.]  The  name  of  an 
academy  founded  at  Florence  in  15S2,  mainly 
for  promoting  the  purity  of  the  Italian  lan- 
guage. 

Delia -cruscan  (del'la-krus'kan),  a.  An 
epithet  applied  to  a  school  of  English  poetry 
started  by  some  Englishmen  at  Florence 
towards  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
whose  silly  sentimentalities  and  affectations 
created  quite  a  furor  in  England  for  some 
time.  It  was  extinguished  by  the  bitter 
satire  of  Gifford's  Bariad  and  Jftrriad. 

Deloul  (de-1611),  n.  [Ar.]  A  dromedary. 
Lay  a  rd. 

Delph.    See  DKLP. 

Delphian,  Delphic  (del'fl-an,  del'flk).  a. 
1.  Relating  to  Delphi,  a  town  of  Phocis  in 
Greece,  and  to  the  celebrated  oracle  of  that 
place. 

The  Delphian  vales,  the  Palestines. 
TheMeccasofthemind.  Halite*. 

2  Of  or  pertaining  to  the  priestess  of  the 
oracle  of  Delphi,  who  in  a  state  of  inspira- 
tion delivered  the  responses  of  the  oracle ; 
hence,  inspired.  [Poetical.] 

For  still  with  Delphic  emphasis  she  spann'd 
The  quick  invisible  strings.  heats. 

Delphin,  Delphinlan(del'fln,del-fln'i-an),  a. 
Same  as  I>eli>hine  (which  see). 

Delphin  (del'fln),  n.  A  neutral  fat  found 
in  the  oil  of  several  members  of  the  genus 
Delphinus. 

Delphinaptera  (del-fln-ap'te-ra),  n.  [Gr. 
delphis,  delphinos,  a  dolphin,  and  apleros, 
unwinged,  unflnned— a,  priv.,  and  ptermi, 
a  wing,  a  fin.]  A  genus  of  cetaceans,  of  the 
family  Delphinida-,  characterized,  like  the 
Beluga,  by  the  want  of  a  dorsal  flu,  but 
differing  in  having  its  snout  prolonged  into 
a  sort  of  beak.  It  includes  the  right  whale- 
porpoise,  or  D.  1'eronii,  the  D.  Cointnersmii, 
and  D.  borealit— the  two  former  inhabiting 
seas  of  high  southern  latitudes  and  the  latter 
the  North  Pacific.  Generally  the  species  are 
1  about  5  to  6  feet  long. 

Delphinate  (del'fln-at),  n.  A  salt  formed 
by  the  union  of  delphinic  acid  with  a  base. 

Delphlne  (del'fin),  a.  [L.  delphinus,  a 
dolphin  ]  1.  Pertaining  to  the  dolphin,  a 
genus  of  fishes.— 2.  Pertaining  to  the  Dau- 
phin of  France;  published  for  the  use  of 
the  dauphin.—  Delphine  editions  of  the  clas- 
sics, a  set  of  Latin  classics  prepared  by 
thirty-nine  scholars  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  Jlontausier,  Bossuet,  and  Huet,  for 
the  use  (in  utum  Delphini)  of  the  son  of 
Louis XIV.,  called  the  Grand  Dauphin.  They 
are  not  now  valued  except  for  their  Induet 
Verboruin. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;     n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;     y,  Sc.  fey, 


DKLPHINIC 


DelphlnlC  (del-fin'ik),  a.    The  terra  applied 
tn  an  add  discovered  by  Chevreul,  first  in 
dolphln-oll  and  afterwards  in  the  ripe  berries 
of  the  Guelder  rose.    It  is  now  known  to  be 
identical  with  valeric  acid 
Delphinidas  (del-nn'i-de),  n.  pi.  The  dolphin 
tribe,  a  family  of  cetaceous  animals,  char- 
acterized by  the  moderate  size  of  the  head 
by  the  presence  of  teeth  in  both  jaws  and 
by  a  dorsal  fin.    Along  with  the  dolphin  and 
porpoise  it  includes  many  animals  which 
are  ordinarily  called  whales,  a  considerable 
Dumber   of    which  occasionally   visit   the 
northern  coasts  of  Britain. 
Delphinin,  Delphlnia  (del'fln-in  or  del'- 
fin-en,  del-flu'i-a),  n.    A  vegetable  alkaloid 
discovered  in  the  Delphinium  Staphymgrta 
Its  taste  is  bitter  and  acrid.    When  heated 
it  melts,  but  on  cooling  becomes  hard  and 
brittle  like  resin.     It  is  analogous  in  its 
characters  to  veratrine,  and  has  been  used 
as  a  substitute  for  it  in  nervous  affections 
\yrittenn\soDelphina,  Delphia.Delphinine 
Delphine. 

Delphinium  (del-fln'i-um),  n.  An  extensive 
genus  of  the  nat.  order  Ranunculacea;  con- 
sisting of  annual  or  perennial  herbaceous 
plants,  with  flowers  of  a  blue,  purple,  or 
white  colour.  The  flowers  are  in  loose 
racemes,  and  consist  of  five  coloured  sepals, 
the  upper  one  having  a  long  spur,  and  four 
Inconspicuous  petals.  The  species  are  scat- 
tered over  the  northern  temperate  regions 
<  if  the  globe.  Many  are  cultivated  in  gardens 
under  the  name  of  larkspurs.  One  species, 
the  D.  Staphysagria,  commonly  called 
stavesacre,  yields  the  vegetable  alkaloid 
delphinia. 

Delphinorhynchus  (del-fi'u6-ring"kus),  n. 
[Or.  delphis,  delphinos,  a  dolphin,  and 
rhynchos,  a  snout.]  A  genus  of  cetaceans 
family  Delphinidm,  having,  like  the  true 
dolphins,  one  dorsal  fin,  but  no  furrow 
between  the  beak  and  forehead.  D.  conm- 
atui,  the  largest  species,  from  30  to  36  feet 
long,  frequents  the  Spitzbergen  Sea.  Species 
about  8  feet  long  have  been  cast  ashore  on 
the  west  coast  of  France. 
Delpliinus  (del-fin'us),  n.  The  dolphin, 
a  genus  of  Mammalia,  belonging  to  the 
order  Cetacea.  See  DOLPHIN. 
Delta  (del'ta),  n.  The  name  of  the  Greek 
letter  A,  answering  to  the  English  D. 
The  island  formed  by  the  alluvial  deposits 
between  the  mouths  of  the  Nile,  from  its 
resemblance  to  this  letter,  was  named  Delta 
by  the  Greeks;  and  the  same  name  has  since 
been  extended  to  those  alluvial  tracts  at 
the  mouths  of  great  rivers  which,  like  the 
Nile,  empty  themselves  into  the  sea  by  two 
or  more  diverging  branches. 
Deltafication  (derta-fl-ka"shon),  re.  [Gr. 
delta,  and  L.  facio,  to  make.]  The  act  or 
process  of  forming  a  delta  at  the  mouth  of 
a  river. 
Deltaic  (del-ta'ik),  a.  Relating  to  or  like 

a  delta.  Dr.  W  W.  Hunter. 
Deltidium  (del-ti'di-um),  »i.  [Gr.  delta,  and 
eidos,  resemblance.]  In  zool.  the  triangular 
space  between  the  beak  and  the  hinge-bone 
of  brachiopod  shells.  It  is  usually  covered 
in  by  a  shelly  plate. 

Deltoid  (del'toid),  a.  [Gr.  delta,  the  letter 
A,  and  eidos,  form.]  Re- 
sembling the  Greek  A  ;  tri- 
angular ;  specifically,  («) 
in  anat.  an  epithet  applied 
to  a  muscle  of  the  shoulder 
which  moves  the  arm  for- 
ward, upward,  and  back- 
ward. (6)  In  but.  triangu- 
lar or  trowel  •  shaped  ;  as, 
a  deltoid  leaf;  more  speci- 
fically applied  to  the  cross  Deltoid  Leaf, 
section  of  a  solid. 

Deltoid  (del'toid),  n.  In  anat.  the  deltoid 
muscle. 

Delubrum  (de-lu'brum),  n.  [L.  deluo,  to 
wash  off— A-,  off,  and  luo,  to  wash.  ]  1.  In 
Horn,  antiq.  a  temple  haying  a  basin  or 
font,  where  persons  coining  to  sacrifice 
washed. —2.  In  eccles.  arch,  a  church  fur- 
nished with  a  font.— 3.  A  font  or  baptismal 
basin. 

Deludable  (de-Iiid'a-bl),  ft.  [See  DKLUDE.] 
That  may  be  deluded  or  deceived;  liable  to 
be  imposed  on.  Sir  T.  Browne.  [Rare.] 
Delude  (de-lud'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  deluded; 
ppr.  deluding.  [L.  deludo,  to  deceive— de, 
and  ludo,  to  play,  to  make  sport  or  game 
of,  to  mock.]  1.  To  deceive;  to  impose  on; 
to  lead  from  truth  or  into  error;  to  mislead 
the  mind  or  judgment;  to  beguile;  to  cheat; 
as,  an  artful  man  deludes  his  followers ;  we 


_ 

are  often  ,W,,,/,,;ijyfilia,.,,ilIa          ,T 

£ t  H"i  Kt'2°   *.•»   "">    I'"'"""'..  ' 


elude. 


.  nom. 

>.-tt  To  frustrate  ,.r  disappoint;  („ 
It  delude*  thy  search  ':'    / 


This  pure  metal 
So  innocent  Is.  and  faithful  to  the  mistress 
ri  '"•'?'"  that  Presses  it,  that,  r 
I  nan  hold  one  drag  that's  venomous,  of  itself 

flies  in  pieces  and  deludes  the  traitor.  Mauinfcr. 
—Mislead,  Delude.    See  under  MHII  11. 
sn.  To  deceive,  beguile,  lend  astray  cheat 
impose  upon,  disappoint,  frustrate' 

Deluder  (de-lud'er),  n.  One  who  deceives- 
a  deceiver;  an  impostor;  one  who  holds 
out  false  pretences. 

Deluge  (dt-ruj),  ,..  [Fr.  d,<i,lge;  I.  rUhnfMi 
a  Hood,  a  deluge—  di  for  di«.  asunder,  away 
and  <«o  =  (a  to,  to  wash.]  1.  Any  overflowing 
of  water;  an  inundation;  a  flood;  but  specifi- 
cally, the  great  flood  or  overflowing  .if  the 
earth  by  water  in  the  days  of  Noah.  -  2  Any- 
thing resembling  an  Inundation;  anything 
that  overwhelms,  as  a  great  calamity  'A 
flery  delwje.'  Milton.—  After  me  II. 
a  saying  generally  ascribed  to  Prince  Metter- 
nich,  and  meaning,  'After  I  am  dead,  let 
ruin  come,  I  care  not.'  In  reality  it  is  due 
to  Mdme.  Pompadour,  who  laughed  off  all 
the  remonstrances  of  ministers  at  her  extra- 
vagance by  saying,  '  A  pret  nous  le  dfluae  ' 
SYN.  Flood,  inundation. 

Deluge  (del'iij),  v.  t.  pret.  &  pp.  deluged;  ppr. 
deluding.  1.  To  overflow,  as  with  water- 
to  inundate;  todrown;  as,  the  waters  de  luged 
the  earth,  and  destroyed  the  old  world.— 
2.  To  overwhelm;  to  cover  with  any  flowing 
or  moving,  spreading  body;  as,  the  northern 
nations  deluged  the  Roman  Empire  with 
their  armies.—  8.  To  overwhelm;  to  cause  to 
sink  under  the  weight  of  a  general  or  spread- 
ing calamity. 

At  length  corruption,  like  a  general  flood 
Shall  Jelnf,  all.  p,f,. 

Deluge  (del'uj),  v.i.  To  suffer  a  deluge;  to 
be  deluged. 

I'd  weep  the  world  to  such  a  strain, 
That  it  should  deluge  once  again. 

Marquis  t>/  Mf-nfrose. 

Delundung(de-Iun'dung),  n.  The  native 
name  of  Pri'/nodon  gracilis,  a  pretty  quad- 
ruped inhabiting  Java  and  Malacca,  allied 
to  the  civets  (  Viverridte  ),  but  probably 
forming  a  connecting  link  Iwtween  them 
and  the  Felidoc,  being  destitute  of  scent- 
pouches.  It  is  of  slender  form,  with  a  long 
cylindrical  tail,  and  is  beautifully  spotted. 

Delusion  (de-lu'zhon),  n.  [L.  drlusio,  delu- 
sions, a  deceiving,  from  deludo,  delusum. 
See  DELUDE.  ]  1.  The  act  of  deluding  ; 
deception;  a  misleading  of  the  mind. 

The  major's  good  judgment  —  that  is,  if  a  man  may 
be  said  to  have  ^ood  judgment  who  is  under  the  influ- 
ence of  love's  delusion,  Thackeray. 

2.  False  impression  or  belief;  illusion;  error 
or  mistake  proceeding  from  false  views. 

And  fondly  mourn'd  the  dear  delusion  gone. 

Ffftr, 

3.  The  state  of  being  deluded  or  misled.  — 
Delusion,  Illusion.     Illusion  is  an  unreal 
appearance  presented  to  the  view  bodily  or 
mental.     It  is  objective  or  external  to  the 
mind.     Delusion,  as  an  abstract  noun,  ex- 
presses the  mental  condition  of  the  person 
who  puts  faith  in  illusions;  as  a  concrete 
noun,  it  is  a  mental  error  or  deception, 
and  may  have  regard  to  things  actually 
existing  as  well  as  to  illusions.     It  may 
arise  from  ignorance,  imperfect  informa- 
tion, early  prejudice,  and  the  like.     Illu- 
sions are  the  offspring  of  the  imagination  ; 
delusions,  of   a  perverted  understanding. 
We  speak  of  the  illusions  of  fancy,  hope, 
youth,  and  the  like,  but  of  the  delusions  of 
a  fanatic  or  lunatic.—  SYN.  Illusion,  deceit, 
cheat,  fraud,  falsehood,  fallacy,  guile,  error, 
treachery. 

Delusive  (de-lu'siv),  a.    Apt  to  deceive; 

tending  to  mislead  the  mind  ;  deceptive  ; 

beguiling;   as,  dehuice  arts;   delusive  ap- 

pearances.   'A  delusive  dream.'  Sherimnte. 
Delusively  (de-lu'siv-li),  adv.    In  a  delusive 

manner. 
Delusiveness  (de-lu'siv-nes),  n.  The  quality 

of  being  delusive;  tendency  to  deceive. 
Delusory  (de-lu'so-ri),  it.    Apt  to  deceive  ; 

deceptive.      '  Dclunonj,    false    pretences. 

Deluvy,  t  n.  [L.  diluvium,  a  deluge.  ]  Deluge. 
Chaucer. 

Delve  (delv),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  dclced;  ppr. 
delving;  old!  pret.  dolve;  old  pp.  dolven.  (A. 
Sax.  delfan.  Cog.  D.  delten  to  dig  It  is 
probably  connected  with  dell,  a  dale,  D. 
delle  a  valley  or  hollow,  and  Ins.  dollen,  to 
dig  ]'  1  To  dig;  to  turn  up  with  a  spade. 


DEMAND 

Dtlvt  of  convenient  depth  your  t 
2.  To  fathom;  to  trace  out;  to  penetrate!" 


Delve  (dclv),  r.  i.    To  dig;  to  lalwur  with  the 

spade 

When  Adam  d,H*  and  Eve  turn. 

Who  wai  then  the  gentleman  I     old  rnjmt. 

Delve  t  (delv),  n.  A  place  dug;  a  pit-tall;  a 
ditch;  a  den;  a  cave. 

Guyon  find.  Mammon  In  a  deft*. 
Sunning  hl«  trea.ure.  SftHMr. 

—Delve  uj  coali,  a  certain  quantity  of  coals 
dug  from  the  mine.    [  Provincial  J 
Delver  (dulv'ir),  n.    one  who  digs,  as  with 
a  spade. 

Careful  robin*  eye  the  dilm'i  toll     Ttnoym. 

Demagnetization  (dc-niag'iiet-U-a"stion). 

n.    The  act  or  process  of  depriving  of  mat; 

netlc,  or  of  mesmeric,  Inflie 
Demagnetize  (de-mag-net-liX  v.t.    [U  it. 

priv.,  and  magnetize.  ]    To  deprive  of  mag- 

netic {Hilarity;  to  restore  from  a  sleeu-walk 

ing  state. 
Demagogic,  Demagogical  (dcm-a-goj'lk. 

dem-a-goj'lk-al  ),  a.    Relating  to  or  like  a 

demagogue;  factious. 
Demagogism,  Demagoguelsm  (<lem'a-go). 

izm,  dcm'a-gog-izm),  n.    The  practices  and 

principles  of  a  demagogue. 
Demagogue  (dcm'a-gog).  n.  (Or.  dtwagtgM 

—drum.  the  people,  and  agtjgrx,  a  leader. 

from  ayf,,  to  lead.  ]  1.  A  leader  of  the  people  ; 

a  person  who  sways  the  people  by  his  ora- 

tory. 

Demosthenes  and  Cicero,  though  each  of  them  .1 
leader,  or,  as  the  Greeks  called  it.  a  demafvfMt.  tii 
a  popular  state,  yet  seem  'j  differ  in  their  practice. 

2.  An  unprincipled  factious  orator;  one  wim 
acquires  influence  with  the  populace  by 
pandering  to  their  prejudices  or  playing  on 
their  ignorance  ;  specifically,  one  who  use* 
his  influence  with  the  lower  classes  to  rouse 
them  against  the  upper,  or  against  the  estab- 
lished form  of  government. 

A  plausible  insignificant  word,  in  the  mouth  of  an 
expert  deinafpfttf,  is  a  dangerous  and  deceitful 


weapon. 


SetOM. 


Demagogy   (dem'a-goj-i),   n.     Same   an 

Demagogutm. 

Demain,  «.    See  DEMESNE. 
Demaine.t  v.t.    [Fr.]    To  manage. 

1»  it  not  a  great  mivrhaunce. 
To  let  a  foolc  have  govcrnaunce 
Of  things  ili.it  he  cannot  demaiml     CfutMcer. 

Demaine.t  n.    Management     Chaucer. 

Demand  (de-mand'),  v.t.  [Fr.  demandtr, 
from  L.  demando.  In  Its  late  sense  of  to  de- 
mand, the  opposite  of  mando,  to  commit  to 
— lit.  to  put  into  one's  hand,  inanits,  the 
hand,  and  do,  to  give.]  1.  To  aak  or  call 
for,  as  one  who  has  a  claim  or  right  to  re- 
ceive what  is  sought;  to  claJm  or  seek  a* 
due  by  right;  as,  a  creditor  demand*  pay- 
ment; parents  demand  obedience. 

This  pound  of  flesh,  which  I  aVmawrfof  him. 

Is  dearly  bought;  'tis  mine,  and  I  will  have  it.  SAatt 

2.  To  ask  or  require;  to  claim  without  notion 
of  right  or  authority;  as,  what  price  do  you 
demand? 

Establish  him  in  his  true  sense  again. 

And  1  will  please  you  what  you  will  dtm<i*4.  Shak. 

3.  To  ask  by  authority;  to  question  authori- 
tatively. 

Theofficersofthe  children  of  Israel.  .  .  w*rcl*aten. 
and  dttnandtd.  Wherefore  have  ye  not  fulfilled  your 
task  in  making  brick?  Ex.  v.  14 

I  Pandulph  .  .      religiously  demand 
Why  thou  against  the  Church,  our  holy  mother. 
So  wilfully  dost  spurn? 

4  t  To  ask;  to  question:  without  the  notion 
of  authority.    Shale  ;  (Joldnnith.     6.  To  sue 


as  necessary  or  useu ;  as.  e  eco  o 
this  work  demands  great  industry  ami  care. 
— Aslr,  Demand,  Claim,  *c  See  under  A8K. 
Demand  (de-mandO,  t>>.  To  make  a  demand; 
to  inquire  peremptorily;  to  ask. 

The  soldiers  likewise  demanded  of  him.  -.-lying, 
And  what  shall  we  dol  Luke  ill.  14- 


authority;  fcCDAUsagHw  Ils    luc-  * 

made  with  authority;  as,  the  demand  of  the 

creditor  was  reasonable. 

He  that  has  confidence  to  turn  hi*  »«he*  Into 
demands,  will  he  but  a  little  way  from  thinking  he 
ought  to  obtain  them. 

Should  your  greatness,  and  the  care 
That  yokes  with  empire,  yield  you  time 
To  make  demand  of  modem  rhyme.   Tennysam. 


^^nTeh.Sc.loc/.;      g,  go;      J,/ob;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng^T^H,  rten;  th,  rtln;     ..  *,;     -h. -* 


DEMAND  ABLE 


GOG 


DEMI-GORGE 


2.  The  asking  or  requiring  of  a  price  fur 
nodi  offered  for  sale;  as,  I  cannot  agree  to 
his  demand.— 3.  That  which  is  or  may  ixa 
claimed  aa  due;  debt;  as,  what  are  your  de- 
mands on  the  estate? — 4.  Earnest  inquiry; 
question;  interrogation. 

The  good  Anchises  raised  him  with  his  hand. 
Who,  thus  encouraged,  answered  our  demand. 
Dry  den. 

5.  The  calling  for  in  order  to  purchase;  de- 
sire to  possess. 

In  1678  came  forth  a  second  edition  (of  the  Pil- 
grim's Progress}  with  additions,  and  then  the  de- 
mand became  immense.  Macattlay. 

6.  In  law,  the  asking  or  seeking  for  what  is 
due  or  claimed  as  due,  either  expressly  by 
words,  or  by  implication,  as  by  seizure  of 
goods  or  entry  into  lands. —Demand  and 
supply,  terms  used  in  pol.  econ.  to  express 
the   relations   between    consumption    and 
production ;  between  the  demand  of  pur- 
chasers and  the  supply  of  commodities  by 
those  who  have  them  to  sell.    The  relations 
which  subsist  between  the  demand  for  an 
article  and   its  supply  determine  its  price 
or  exchangeable  value.     When  the  demand 
for  a  commodity  exceeds  the  supply  the 
price  of  the  commodity  is  raised,  and  when 
the  supply  exceeds  the  demand  the  price 
falls. — Indemand,  in  request;  much  sought 
after  or  courted;  as,  these  goods  are  in  de- 
mand; the  company  of  this  gentleman  Is 
in  great  demand.— On  demand,  on  being 
claimed;  on  presentation;  as,  a  bill  payable 
on  demand. 

Demandable  (de-mand'a-bl),  a.  That  may 
be  demanded,  claimed,  asked  for,  or  re- 
quired; as,  payment  is  demandable  at  the 
expiration  of  the  credit. 

Demandant  (de-mand'ant),  n.  In  la  to,  one 
who  demands;  the  plaintiff  in  a  real  action; 
any  plaintiff. 

Demander  (de-mand'er),  n.  One  who  de- 
mands; one  who  requires  with  authority; 
one  who  claims  as  due;  one  who  asks;  one 
who  seeks  to  obtain. 

Demandress  (de-mand'res),  n.  In  law,  a 
female  demandant. 

Demarcate  (de-mark'at),  v.t.  To  mark  the 
limits  or  boundaries  of;  to  bound. 

Demarcation,  Demarcation  (de-mark  a'- 
anon),  n.  [Fr.  drfnioreafum— (b,  down,  and 
marqittr,  to  mark.  See  MARK.]  The  act 
or  process  of  marking  off,  or  of  defining  the 
limits  or  boundaries  of  anything;  separa- 
tion; distinction. 

The  speculative  line  of  demarcation,  where  obedi- 
ence ought  to  end  and  resistance  must  begin,  is  faint, 
obscure,  and  not  easily  definable.  Burke. 

Demarcht  (de-march'),  n.  [Fr.  demarche, 
gait.]  March;  walk;  gait;  excursion. 

Imagination  enlivens  reason  in  it*  most  extrava- 
gant demarches.  London  Journal,  1721 

Deniarch  (dem'ark),  n.  [Gr.  drmarchos  - 
<>•  inn*,  a  district,  and  archd,  to  rule.]  The 
ruler  or  magistrate  of  a  deme;  the  mayor  uf 
n  modern  Greek  town. 

Demarcation.    See  DEMARCATION. 

Demateriallze  (de-ma-te'ri-al-iz),  v.t.  To 
divest  of  material  qualities  or  character- 
istics. '  Dematerializing  matter  by  stripping 
it  of  everything  which  .  .  .  haadiatinguiahfil 
matter. '  JUilman. 

Dematiel  (de'mat-i-e'T),  n.  pi.  [Gr.  dema- 
tivn,  a  little  bundle,  from  dema,  dona  ton. 
a  bundle.)  A  natural  order  of  filamentous 
moulds,  growing  on  the  dry  part  of  plants, 
distinguished  from  the  white  or  brightly 
coloured  species  by  dark  threads,  which  look 
as  if  they  were  smoke-dried.  The  snores 
are  mostly  septate,  and  attached  to  the 
rigid,  thtck-walled  filaments. 

Demaynet  (de-man'),  n  Demeanour;  ap- 
1  r:u;in<-<-  'Sorrowful  demayne.'  Spenser. 

Deme  t  (dem),  ".(.  To  deem;  to  judge. 
Chaucer. 

Deme  (dem),  n.  [Gr.  demos,  a  district]  A 
subdivision  of  ancient  Atticaand  of  modern 
Greece;  a  township.  'The  eponymous  hero 
of  a  deme  in  Attica.'  Grote. 

Demean  (de-men'),  v.t.  [Fr.  demener:  $e 
dtmener.  which  now  means  to  kick  and 
struggle,  formerly  meant  to  behave  or  con- 
duct one's  self— de,  in  tens.,  and  mener,  to 
lead;  to  manage;  It.  menare,  to  lead,  drive; 
L.  minare,  to  drive  with  threats,  from  min- 
ari,  to  threaten,  from  im'na,  a  threat  ]  1.  To 
behave;  to  carry;  to  conduct:  with  the  re- 
ciprocal pronoun;  as,  it  is  imr  duty  to  de- 
mean ourselves  with  humility. 

Strephon  had  long  perplex'd  his  brains, 
Mow  with  so  high  a  nymph  he  might 
Demean  himself  Ike  marriage-night.      Stut/t. 

2.t  To  treat;  to  conduct;  to  manage. 


Our  obdurate  clergy  have  with  violence  demeaned 
the  matter.  Milton. 

Demean  (de-menO,  v.t.  [L.  de,  andE.  mean.] 
To  debase;  to  lower. 

Her  son  would  demean  himself  by  a  marriage  with 
an  artist's  daughter.  Thackeray. 

Demean  t  (de-men1),  n.  1.  Mien;  demean- 
our; behaviour;  conduct.  'Grave  demean 
and  solemn  vanity.'  West.—  2.  Conduct; 
management;  treatment. 

All  the  vile  demean*  and  usage  bad 
With  which  he  had  these  two  so  ill  bestad. 

Spenser. 

Demean  (de-men'),  n.  1.  Same  as  Demesne 
(which  see). — 2.t  Property;  means.  Mas- 
singer. 

Demeanour  (de-men'er),  n.  1.  Behaviour ; 
carriage;  deportment;  aa,  decent  demean- 
our; sad  demeanour.  'Her  artless  kindness 
and  simple  refined  demeanour.'  Thackeray. 
2.t  Conduct;  management;  treatment 

Cod  commits  the  managing  so  great  a  trust  .  .  . 
wholly  to  the  demeanour  of  every  grown  man. 

JtfOtOM. 

STN.  Behaviour,  carriage,  deportment,  con- 
duct 

Demeanure*  (dfi-men'ur),  n.    Behaviour. 

Demembration  ( de-mem -bra'shon),  ».  [L. 
de,  and  membrum,  a  member.]  In  Scot*  law, 
the  offence  of  maliciously  cutting  off  or 
otherwise  separating  any  limb  or  member 
from  the  body  of  another. 

Demembre  (da-man-bra),  a.  [Fr]  In  her. 
the  same  as  Dismembered. 

Demency  (de'men-si),  n.  Same  as  Dementia 
(which  see). 

Dement  (de-menf),  v.t.  To  make  mad  or 
insane.  Bale.  [Rare  ] 

Dementate  (de-mcnt'at),  a.  Mad;  infatu- 
ated. ' Thou  dementate sinner.'  Hammond. 
[Rare.] 

Dementate  (Je-ment'nt),  v.t.  [L.  demcnto, 
to  madden— de,  out  of,  and  men*,  mentis, 
the  mind.]  To  make  mad.  Burton.  [Rare.] 

Dementatlon  (de-ment-ii'shon),  n.  The  act 
of  making  frantic.  Whitlock.  [Rare.] 

Demented  (de-ment'ed),  a.  Infatuated; 
mad;  insane;  crazy. 

Demented  persons  are  generally  quiet  and  inactive. 
Pritcha  rd. 

Dementedness  (de-ment'ed-nes),  n.  The 
state  of  being  demented. 

It  is  named  by  Pinel  dementia  or  demence,  de- 
menttdness.  Pritchard. 

Dementia  (d6-men'shi-a),  n.  [L.,  from  de- 
ment, dementi*,  out  of  one's  mind— der  out 
of,  and  menu,  the  mind.  ]  1.  A  form  of  in- 
sanity in  which  unconnected  and  imper- 
fectly defined  ideas  chase  each  other  rapidly 
through  the  mind;  the  powers  of  continued 
attention  and  of  reflection  are  lost,  and 
even  the  perceptive  power  at  length  be- 
comes indistinct.  It  sometimes  accom- 
panies old  ape.  It  may  be  temporary  or 
permanent.  —2.  Absence  of  intellect;  idiotcy. 

Demephitizatlon  (de-mef'it-iz-a"shon),  n. 
[See  DEMEPHITIZE  ]  The  act  of  purifying 
from  mephitic  or  foul  air. 

Demephitize(de-mefit-iz),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp. 
denie/thitizrd;  ppr.  demephitizing.  [Prefix 
de,  priv.,  and  mephitis,  foul  air  or  ill  smell.] 
To  purify  from  foul  unwholesome  air. 

Demerge*  (de-merjO,  v.t.  [L.  demerge,  de- 
mcrsum,  to  plunge  into—  de,  down,  and 
mergo,  to  plunge  ]  To  sink  or  dip  into;  to 
immerse.  "The  water  in  which  it  was  de- 
merged.' Boyle. 

Demerit  (de-me'rit),  n.  [Fr.  dtmerite—de, 
and  mSrite,  merit,  L  meritum,  from  mcreo, 
to  earn  or  deserve.  The  Latin  demereo  is 
used  in  a  good  sense.  See  MERIT.]  l.t  That 
which  one  merits,  good  or  bad;  desert. 

Ry  many  benefits  and  demerits  whereby  they  ob- 
liged their  adherents,  (they)  acquired  this  reputation. 
Holland. 

2.  That  which  deserves  punishment:  the 
opposite  of  merit;  that  which  is  blamahle 
or  punishable  in  moral  conduct;  vice  or 
crime. 

Mine  is  the  merit,  the  demerit  thine.      Dryden. 

Demerit  t  (de-me'rit),  v.t.  1.  To  deserve: 
either  in  a  good  or  bad  sense.  'If  I  have 
demented  any  praise  or  blame.'  Udatt. 
'Executed  as  a  traitor  .  .  .  as  he  well  de- 
mented.' State  Trials.—  2.t  To  cry  down  or 
lower  the  merit  of;  to  depreciate. 

Faith  by  her  own  dignity  and  worthiness  doth  not 
demerit  justice  and  righteousness.      Kp.  Woolton. 

Demerit  (de-me'rit),  v.i.    To  deserve  praise 

or  censure. 
Demerset  (de-men1),  v.t.    [See  DEMERGE.] 

To  plunge  down  into;  to  immerse. 

The  orifice  of  the  tub*  will  be  found  demerged  in  it. 

Boy  It - 

Demersed  (de-meref),  a.    In  bot.  situated 


or  growing  under  water:  applied   to  such 
leaves  of  plants  as  grow  under  water. 
Demersion  (de -mer'shon),  n.      [L.  dementi**, 
demernioniis,  from  demcnjo.    See  DKMERGE.J 

1.  A  plunging  into  a  fluid;  a  drowning. 

2.  The  state  of  being  overwhelmed      'The 
sinking  and  demertion  of  buildings  into  the 
earth.'  Jtay.   [In  both  its  uses  rare  or  obso- 
lete.] 

Demesmerlze  (de-mez'mer-Iz),  v.t.    [Def 

priv.,   and    mesmerize.}     To   relieve   from 

iiH-smeriu  influence. 
Demesne,  Demain  (de-men',  de-man'),  n 

[O.Fr.  demaine,domaine,  from  L.  fitninitium . 

right  of  ownership,  from  dmuimis,  a  lord.) 

1.  A  manor-house  and  the  land  adjjiccnt  or 
near,  which  a  lord  keeps  in  his  own  lianda 
or  immediate  occupation,  for  the  use  of  his 
fnmily,  as  distinguished  from  his  tencmental 
lands,  distributed  among  his  tenants,  called 
book-land,  or  charter-land,  and  folk-land, 
or  estates  held  in  villenage,  from  which 
sprang  copyhold  estates.    Copyhold  estates, 
however,  have  been  accounted  demesnes, 
because  the   tenants  are  judged    to  have 
their  estates  only  at  the  will  of  the  lord. 

The  defects  in  those  acts  .  .  .  have  hitherto  been 
wholly  ineffectual,  except  about  the  demesnes  of  a 
few  gentlemen.  Sw^/t. 

2.  Any  estate  in  land. 

A  gentleman  of  noble  parentage. 

Of  fair  demesnes,  youthful,  and  nobly  allied.    Sha*. 

—Demesne  lands,  lands  which  the  lord  lias 
not  let  out  in  tenancy,  but  has  reserved  for 
his  own  use  and  occupation. 

The  demesne  lands  of  the  crown  .  .  .  were  abun 
dantly  sufficient  to  support  its  dignity  and  magnifi- 
cence. Haliam. 

Demesnial  (de-men'i-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
a  demesne.  [Rare.] 

Demeter  (de-me'ter),  n.  [Supposed  to 
be  for  Gtmtter,  mother  of  the  earth — Gr. 
fli?,  the  earth,  and  mftfr,  mother,  but  by 
Max  Miiller  and  others  regarded  as  corre- 
sponding to  Skr.  Dyava  Mdtar,  the  Pawn, 
from  root  div,  dyu,  light  See  DEITY.} 
A  Greek  goddess,  corresponding  in  some  re- 
spects to  the  Latin  Ceres, 
T f  the  goddess  of  agricul- 
ture. She  was  mother  of 
Bacchus. 

Demi-  (de'mi).  [Fr.  demi, 
from  L.  dimiditu,  half— eft 
for  <'<••.  and  mediae,  the 
middle.]  A  prefix  signify- 
ing half.  It  occurs  very 
frequently  in  heraldic 
terms;  as,  de  mi-lion  tdemi- 
1x>ar,  Ac. 

Demi  (de-mi'),  n.    A  half -fellow  at  Magdalen 
College,  Oxford.    See  DEMY. 
Demi-bastion  (de'mi -bas'ti-on),  n.    In  fort. 
a  bastion  that  has  only  one  face  and  one  flank. 
Demi-bath,  Demi-bain  (de'mi-bath,  de'mi- 
ban),  n.     A  bath  in  which  only  the  lower 
half  of  the  body  is  immersed. 
Demi-brigade  (de'mi -bri -gad),  n.     A  half- 
brigade. 

Demi-cadence  (de'mi-ka-dens),  n.  In  music, 
an  imperfect  cadence,  or  one  that  falls  on 
any  other  than  the  key-note. 
Demi-cannon  (de'mi-kan-non),  n.     A  kind 
of  cannon  formerly  used,  of  various  sizes. 
The  smallest  carried  a  ball  of  30  Ibs.  weight; 
the  largest,  a  ball  of  36  Ibs. 
Demi-culverin  ( de '  mi  -  kul  -  ver  -  in ) ,  n.    A 
piece  of  ordnance  anciently  used.  The  small- 
est carried  a  ball  of  9  Ibs.  weight;  the  largest, 
a  ball  of  12  Ibs.  11  oz.  weight. 
Demi-deify  (de'mi-de-i-fi),  v.t.    To  deify  in 
part.     Cowper. 

Demi-devil  (de'mi-de-vil),  n.  Half  a  devil; 
one  partaking  of  the  diabolic  nature. 

Demand  that  demi-devil 
Why  he  hath  thus  ensnared  my  soul  and  body.  Shak. 

Demi-distance  t  (de'mi-dis-tans),  n.  In  fort. 
the  distance  between  the  outward  polygons 
and  the  tlank. 

Dem i-di tone  (de'mi-dl-ton).  n.  In  music. 
a  minor  third. 

Demi-gauntlet  (de'mi -gen t-let),  n.  In  surg. 
a  bandage,  resembling  a  glove,  used  in  set- 
ting disjointed  fingers. 

Demi-god  (de'mi-god),  n.  Half  a  god ;  an 
inferior  deity;  one  partaking  of  the  divine 
nature;  a  fabulous  hero,  produced  by  the 
intercourse  of  a  deity  with  a  mortal. 

Demi-goddess  (de'mi  -god -es),  n.  A  female 
demi-god. 

Demi-gorge  (de'mi-gorj),  n.  In  fort,  that 
part  of  the  polygon  which  remains  after  the 
flank  is  raised,  and  goes  from  the  curtain  to 
the  angle  of  the  polygon.  It  is  half  of  the 
vacant  space  or  entrance  into  a  bastion. 


l-lion. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;       pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       U,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  ley. 


DEMIGEATE 


.     "  .  —•»   •»•!  c»j    nuiii,    iiuu    in i' rro 

mu/ratum,  to  wander.]    To  emigrate.    Co<*- 

Demlgratlont  (de-mi-gra'shon),  n.    Emi- 
gration; banishment. 

We  will  needs  bring  upon  ourselves  the  curse  of 
Um,  I?  put  ourselves  from  the  side  of  Eden  into  the 
land  of  »)od,  that  is,  of  demigralion.  Up.  11° it 

Demi-groat  Me'mi-grot),  n.    A  half-groat 
Demi-nag  t  (de'mi-hag),  n.    A  Hrc-am;  a 

smaller  kind  of  liagbut.    See  BAQBUT 
Demi-Island,  Demi-isle  (de'mi-i-iand  de'- 

mi-il),  n.    A  peninsula. 

Sind'"T "l  '"  """  b"andl  or  *""'•«''.  which  the 

Deml-jambet  (de 'mi-jam),  n.  A  plwe  of 
armour  covering  the  front  of  the  leg  only 

Demijohn  (de'mi-jon),  n.  [Ar.  Smamn 
from  Damaghan,  a  town  in  Khorassan' 
once  famous  for  its  glass-works.  The  Fr' 
daine-jeanne,  that  is,  Lady-Jane,  is  a  cor- 
ruption of  the  same  nature.]  A  glass  vessel 
or  bottle  with  a  large  body  and  small  neck 
inclosed  in  wicker-work 

Demi-lance  (de'rai-lans),  n.  A  light  lance- 
a  short  spear;  a  half-pike. 

Light  demi-lances  from  afar  they  throw. 

hasten  d  mth  leathern  thongs  to  gall  the  foe.  Dryden. 

Deml-lune  (de'mi-lun),  n.  In  fort,  an  out- 
work consisting  of  two  faces  and  two  little 
flanks,  constructed  to  cover  the  curtain  and 
shoulders  of  the  bastion. 

Demi-monde  (de-mi-mond),  n.  [Fr.  demi 
naif,  and  monde,  the  world,  society  ]  Pro- 
perly, persons  only  half  acknowledged  in 
society;  popularly,  disreputable  female  so- 
ciety; courtezans. 

Demi-monde  implies  not  only  recognition  and  a 
status,  but  a  certain  social  standing.  Saturday  AV;'. 

Demi-natured  (de'mi-na-turd),  a.  Bavina 
half  the  nature  of  another  animal. 

He    .     to  such  wondrous  doing  brought  the  horse. 
As  he  had  been  mcorpsed  and  demi-naturcd 
With  the  brave  beast.  Shak. 

Demi-placcatet  (de'mi-plak-kat),n.  [Prefix 
deim,  half;  and  Or.  plax,  plakos,  anything 
broad,  a  plate.)  The  lower  part  of  a  breast- 
plate fastened  to  the  upper  by  a  buckle  and 
strap. 

Demlquaver  (de'mi-kwa-ver),  n.  In  mmtic 
a  note  of  half  the  length  of  the  quaver 
Now  usually  written  Semii/uaeer  (which 
see). 

Demi-rep  (de'mi-rep),  n.  [A  contr.  of  demi- 
reputation.]  A.  woman  of  doubtful  reputa- 
tion or  suspicious  chastity. 

The  Sirens.  .  .  werereckonedamongthedemigods 
as  well  as  the  demi-reps  of  antiquity.    Dr.  Burney. 

Demi-revetment  (de'mi-re-vet"ment)  n 
In  fort,  that  form  of  retaining  wall  for  the 
face  of  a  rampart  which  is  only  carried  up 
as  high  as  cover  exists  in  front  of  it,  leaving 
above  it  the  remaining  height,  in  the  form 
of  an  earthen  mound  at  the  natural  slope, 
exposed  to,  but  invulnerable  by,  shot 

Demi-rilievo  (de'mi-re-le-vo  or  de'me-re-le 


Tvm,SeaW,e'  "'    Same  M  Demimble 
Demi-semiquaver  (de '  mi-se-mi-kwi-verX 

n.  In  muoic,  a  note,  thus  %  of  the  value  of 
one-fourth  of  a  quaver. 
Demiss  (de-mis'),  a.     Humble;  cast-down 

&&^^^^ 
{raSrencT  [«fe?S 

S^'^aat-^lSS 

rt.      Hammond.     [In  latter  use  rare 

taining  to  the  transfer  or  conveyance  of  an 
estate  by  lease  or  will.  -2.  Degrading;  tend- 
ing to  lower  or  degrade 
Demissive  (de-mis'iv),  a.     Humble;  cut- 

j22LJ*5**««J«ft>  Lord. 

aav.     In  a  humble 
de-mis'so-ri),  a.    In  Scots  law, 

Demi-suit  (de'mi-sut),  n.    A  half-suit,  as  of 

armour. 
Demit  (de-mif),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  demitted; 

ppr  demittmq.    (L.  demitto— de,  down,  and 

mitto,  to  send.]    l.t  To  let  fall;  to  cause  to 

droop  or  hang  down;  to  depress. 


M,  people,  and  tratoi,  strati 
™LS™  °    «»«"...>.„<   m 


n.     [(ir 


IliaEaSaSSSS 


- 

.  -    • 


I1    -    •    Ml 

He) 


y.  x.  i**,u. 

,  -he  name  irlven  to 
.1  held  by  one  of  the 
leal  partlei  int..  which  th«t 


-  ---  eme-re-e- 

a'vo),  n.  In  sculp,  half  relief,  or  the  condi- 
tion of  a  figure  when  it  rises  from  the  plane, 
as  if  it  had  been  cut  in  two  and  only  one 
half  fixed  to  the  plane. 

Demlsability  (de-miz'a-bil"i-ti),  n.  In  law, 
the  state  of  being  demisable. 

Demisable  (de-miz'a-bl),  a.  [See  DEMISE.] 
That  may  be  leased;  as,  an  estate  demisable 
by  copy  of  court-roll. 

Demlsang  (de'mi-sang),  n.  [Fr.  demi,  half, 
and  sang,  blood.]  In  law,  one  who  is  of 
half-blood. 

Demise  (de-miz'),  n.  [Fr.  diinis,  demise, 
pp.  of  demettre,  to  put  down  —  de,  L.  dis, 
aside  or  asunder,  and  mettre,  to  put  or  lay, 
L.  mitto,  to  send.  ]  1.  The  decease  of  a  royal 
or  princely  person. 

So  tender  is  the  law  of  supposing  even  a  possibility 
of  his  {the  king's)  death,  that  his  natural  dissolution 
is  generally  called  his  demise.  Blackslone. 

The  crown  at  the  moment  of  demise  must  descend 
to  the  next  heir.  Macaitlay. 

2.  Death  generally,  especially  the  death 
of  a  person  of  distinction;  decease.— 3.  In 
law,  a  conveyance  or  transfer  of  an  estate 
by  lease  or  will  for  a  term  of  years  or  in  fee 
for  life. — Demise  and  redemise,  a  convey- 
ance where  there  are  mutual  leases  made 
from  one  to  another  of  the  same  land  or 
something  out  of  it. 

Demise  (de-miz'),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp.  demised; 
ppr.  demising.  1.  In  law,  to  transfer  or  con- 
vey, as  an  estate  for  life  or  for  years;  to 
lease.— 2.  To  bequeath;  to  grant  by  will. 

What  dignity,  what  honour 
Canst  thou  demise  to  any  child  of  mine  t     Shak. 


2.t  To  submit;  to  humble. 

3.  To  lay  down  formally,  as  an  office-  to 
resign;  to  relinquish;  to  transfer. 

General  Conway  demitted  his  office,  and  my  com- 
mission  expired  of  course.  Hume. 

Demi-tint  (dc'mi-tint),  n.  In  fainting  a 
gradation  of  colour  between  positive  light 
and  positive  shade.  Commonly  called  Half, 
tint. 

Demi-tone  (de'mi-ton),  «.  In  music 
an  interval  of  half  a  tone;  a  semitone 
Demiurge,  Demiurgus  (de'mi-erj,  de'- 
mi-er-gus),  n.  [Or.  dfmiourgos—demios, 
relating  to  the  people,  from  dfmog,  the 
people,  and  ergon,  a  work.]  1.  Lit.  a 
worker  for  the  people;  a  handicraftsman;  a 
skilled  workman;  a  maker;  an  architect; 
hence,  the  maker  of  the  world;  the  Cre- 
ator; specifically,  the  name  given  by  the 
Gnostics  to  the  creator  or  former  of  the 
world  of  sense.  He  was  the  chief  of  the 
lowest  order  of  spirits  or  reons  of  the  Ple- 
roma  (which  see),  and,  mingling  with  Chaos, 
he  evolved  from  it  a  corporeal  animated 
world.  He  could  not,  however,  impart  to 
man  the  true  soul  or  pneuma,  but  only  a 
sensuous  one,  psyche.  He  was  further  re- 
garded as  the  origin  of  evil. 

It  is  much  easier  to  believe  that  in  some  way 
unknown  to  our  finite  intelligence  the  power  and 
goodness  of  God  are  compatible  with  the  existence 
of  evil  than  the  world  is  the  work  of  an  inferior 
demiurgits  or  other  demon.  Edin.  Rev. 


, 

-,  a.    Of,  iwitain 
characteristic  of  democracy.  -    e 
party,  applied  collectively  to  the 

J  if  t11!'  iti?al  'lart)r  of  "«>  l'nlt«     t«. 
which  holds  the  principles  of  democracy  01 

states  °D  "ld  ""*  auton<""J'  ot  the 

DemocratlcaU   (dem-6-krat'ik-al)    n.      A 

democrat.    Hobbet. 
Democratically  (dem-6  krat'ik-al-li)   adr 

In  a  democratical  manner 
Democratism  (dc-mok'rat.lzm),  n.     Tlie  • 

pnndples  or  spirit  of  democracy;  extreme 

republicanism.    (Bare.) 
Democratize  (de-mok'rat-li),  r.(.  To  render 

democratic. 

Democraty,  Democratle  (de-mok'rat-i),  «. 
Democracy. 

This  master-piece  of  wild  drmxrali,  intrtiited  lh« 
yeariy"1"  P<"*"  '"  ™  Ass<;rabl'  °f  DemitS.  ch^ 

Demogorgon  (d6-mo-gor/(?onX  ».    (Or.  dai- 
m6n,  a  demon,  and  gorr/oi,   terrible  ]    A 


.  .         . 

2.  In  some  Peloponnesian  states  of  ancient 
Greece,  one  of  a  class  of  magistrates  who, 
as  their  title  implies,  did  the  service  of  the 
people.  Sometimes  they  seem  to  have  been 
the  chief  executive  ministry. 
Demiurgic,  Demlurglcal  (de-mi-erj'ik,  de- 
mi-erj'ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  a  demiurge 
or  to  creative  power. 

Far  beyond  all  other  political  power,  of  Christian* 
ity  is  the  demiurgic  power  of  this  religion  over  the 
kingdoms  of  human  opinion.  De  Qumcey. 

Deml-vlUt  (de'mi-vil),  n.  In  law,  a  half-vill, 
consisting  of  five  freemen  or  frank  pledges. 

Demi-volt  (de'mi-volt),  n.  [Fr.  dtmi-vous.] 
In  the  manage,  one  of  the  seven  artificial 
motions  of  a  horse,  in  which  he  raises  hia 
fore-legs  In  a  particular  manner. 

Fitz-Hustace.  .  .  .  making  dtmrvolt  in  air, 
Cried,  '  Where's  the  coward  that  would  not  dare 
To  fight  for  such  a  landT'  Sir  ff-~.  Scott. 

Deml-WOlf  (de'ini-w^lf),  n.  Half  a  wolf;  a 
dog  which  is  a  mongrel  between  a  dog  and 
a  wolf. 

ist  Murderer.     We  are  men,  my  liege. 

Macbeth.     Ay,  in  the  catalogue  ye  go  for  men; 
As  hounds  and  greyhounds,  mongrels,  spaniels,  curs, 
Shoughs,  water-rugs,  and  demi-wolves  are  cleped 
All  by  the  name  of  dog.  Shak. 

Demobilisation  (de-mob '  il-iz-a"shon),  n. 
The  act  of  disbanding  troops;  the  condition 
of  being  demobilised,  and  not  liable  to  be 
moved  on  service. 

Demobilise  (de-mob'il-Iz),  v.t.  pret.  it  pp. 
demobilised;  ppr.  demobwtinff.  [L.  de,  priv. , 
and  E.  mobilise.]  To  disarm  and  dismiss 
troops  home;  to  disband. 


,  ,  ,  e 

mysterious  divinity  in  pagan  mythology 
viewed  as  an  object  of  terror  rather  than  of 
worship,  by  some  regarded  as  the  author  of 
creation,  and  by  others  as  a  famous  mairi- 
cian,  to  whose  spell  all  the  inhabitants  <  f 
Hades  were  subjected.  •  The  dreaded  name 
of  demogorgon.  '  Milton. 
Demoiselle  (da-mwa-zel),  n.  [Fr.  s«e  DAM- 
SEL.] 1.  A  young  lady,  a  damsel;  a  lady's 
maid.—  2.  A  bird,  the  Xnmidian  crane  (An- 
thropoidei  Virgo):  so  called  from  its  grace- 
fulness and  symmetry  of  form 
Demolish  (de-mol'ish),  r.t.  [Fr.  demolir 
drmolissant;  L.  demotinr,  to  pull  down,  to 
demolish—  de,  priv.,  and  motior,  to  build 
from  moles,  mass.  )  To  throw  or  pull  down; 
to  raze;  to  destroy,  as  a  heap  or  structure; 
to  separate  the  collected  ma»s,  or  the  con- 
nected parts  of;  to  min;  as,  to  demolish  an 
edifice  or  a  mound;  to  demolish  a  wall  or 
fortification. 

Themenwho  demolished  the  images  in  cathedrals 
have  not  always  been  able  to  demolish  those  which 
were  enshrined  in  their  minds.  Mjcauljy. 

Demollsher  (de-mol'ish-er),  n.     One  who 
pulls  or  throws  down:  one  who  destroys  or 
lays  waste;  as,  a  demolither  of  town*. 
Demollshmentt(de.mo]'iBh-mentX  n.  Ruin; 
overthrow. 

Demolishmenti  of  kingdoms  and  whole  mins 
Are  wont  to  be  my  orators.  Bea*.  fy  Ft. 

Demolition  (de-mo-li'shon),  n.  The  act  of 
overthrowing,  pulling  down,  or  destroying 
a  pile  or  structure;  ruin;  destruction;  as. 
the  demolition  of  a  house  or  of  military 
works. 

Demon  (de'mon),  n.  [L  dtnnon;  Or.  dai- 
nwn,  a  spirit,  evil  or  good.  ]  1.  A  spirit  or 
immaterial  being,  holding  a  middle  place 
between  men  and  the  celestial  deities  of  the 
pagans,  especially  an  evil  or  malignant 
spirit. 

Thy  demon,  that's  thy  spirit  Uiat  keeps  thee.  is 

Noble,  courageous.  stint 

2.  The  soul  of  a  dead  person.—  3.  A  very 

wicked  or  cruel  person. 
Demoness  (de'mon-es),  n.    A  female  demon. 
Demonetization  (de-mon'et-lz-a"shoDX  » 

The  act  of  demonetizing;  the  condition  of 

being  demonetized. 

The  rapid  fall  in  the  value  of  silver—  the  result  of 
the  demonetisation  of  silver  in  Germany  and  the 


ch,  c7iain;      ch,  Sc.  loch;      g,  go;      j,  job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sini;;      TH,  then;  th,  thin;      w,  wig;    wh,  icAIg;    zh,  azure.  —Set  K«v. 


DEMONETIZE 


698 


DEMUR 


increased  productiveness  of  the  American  mines — 
threatens  the  Indian  government  with  serious  diffi- 
c  ulties.  Newspaper. 

Demonetize  (de-mon'et-iz),  v.t.  To  divest 
of  standard  value,  as  money;  to  withdraw 
from  circulation. 

They  (gold  mnhurs)  have  been  completely  <if  mon- 
etized oy  the  (East  India)  Company.  Cobden. 

Djmcniac,  Demoniacal  (de-mo'nf-ak,  de- 
m6-m'ak-al),  «.  1.  Pertaining  to  demons  or 
evil  spirits. 

From  thy  demoniac  holds.  Miiton. 

2.  Influenced  by  demons;  produced  by  de- 
mons or  evil  spirits. 

Demoniac  phrensy.  Milton. 

3.  Extremely  wicked  or  cruel. 
Demoniac  (de-mo'ni-ak),  n.     1.  A  human 

("•inn  possessed  by  a  demon;  one  whose 
volition  and  other  mental  faculties  are  over- 
powered, restrained,  or  disturbed  in  their 
regular  operation  by  an  evil  spirit,  or  by  a 
created  spiritual  being  of  superior  power. — 
2.  One  of  a  section  of  the  Anabaptists  who 
maintain  that  the  devils  will  ultimately  be 
saved. 

Demoniacally  (de-mo-ni'ak-al-li),  adv.  In 
a  demoniacal  manner. 

Demoniacism  (de-mo-ni'as-izmX  n.  The 
state  of  being  demoniac;  the  practices  of 
demoniacs. 

Demonial  (de-mo'ni-al),  a.  Of  the  nature 
or  character  of  a  demon;  relating  or  per- 
taining to  a  demon;  characteristic  of  or 
performed  by  a  demon  or  demons.  [Rare.] 

No  one  who  acknowledges  demonial  things  can 
deny  demons.  CudTvortJt. 

Demonian  (de-m6'ni-an),  a.  Having  the 
qualities  or  characteristics  of  a  demon. 

[Rare.] 

Demcnian  spirits  now,  from  the  element 
Each  of  his  reign  allotted,  rightllcr  call'd 
Powers  of  fire.  air.  water.  Milton. 

Demonianism  (de-m6'ni-an-iznl),  n.  The 
state  of  being  possessed  by  a  demon. 

Demoniasm  (de-md'ni-azm),  n.  The  state 
of  being  under  demoniacal  influence.  /•>- 
Warburton.  |  Kan-  | 

Dempnifuge  (de'mon-i-fuj),  n.  [L.  daemon, 
a  spirit,  ami  /"/'".  to  put  to  flight.]  A  charm 
or  protection  against  demons.  '  Few  stood 
more  in  need  ofa  detnonifuge.'  Pennant, 

Demoniam  (de'mon-izm),  7k  The  belief  in 
demons  or  false  gods. 

The  established  theology  of  the  heathen  world  .  .  . 
rested  upon  the  basis  of  aemonum.  partner. 

Demonist  (de'mon-ist),  n.  A  worshipper 
of  demons. 

To  believe  the  governing  mind  or  minds,  not  ab- 
solutely and  necessarily  good,  nor  confined  to  what 
is  best,  but  capable  of  acting  according  to  mere 
will  or  fancy,  is  to  be  a  Demount.  Stiaflesbury. 

Demonize  (de'mon-ir),  v.t.  1.  To  render  de- 
moniacal or  diabolical.  2.  To  control  by  a 
demon;  to  give  a  demon  or  demons  posses- 

-i-n  of. 

Demonocracy  (de-mon-okYa-sl),  n.  [Gr. 
daimdn,  demon,  and  krated,  to  be  strong.] 
The  power  or  government  of  demons. 

Demonolatry  (de-mon-ol'a-tri),  n.  [Or.  dai- 
mnn,  demon,  and  latreia,  worship.]  The 
worship  of  demons  or  of  evil  spirits. 

Demonologic,  Demonological  (de'mon-ol- 
oj"ik,  de'mon-ol-oj"ik-al),  a.  Pertaining  to 
demonology. 

Demonologist  (de-mon-ol'o-jist),  n.  One 
versed  in  demonology. 

Demonology  (de-mon-ol'6-ji),  n.  [Or.  dai- 
in  "n.  demon,  and  logos,  discourse.]  A  dis- 
course on  demons;  a  treatise  on  evil  spirits 
and  their  agency. 

Demonomagy  (de-mon-o'ma-ji),  n.  Magic 
dependent  upon  the  agency  of  demons. 
Up.  Kurd.  [Rare.] 

Demonomania  (de^non-6-mi"nl-»),  n.  In 
nn  <i  a  kind  of  mania  under  which  the 
patient  fancies  himself  possessed  by  devils. 

DamonomiStt  (de-num'6  mist),  n.  [Or.  dai- 
!«",,,  demon,  and  nonwa,  law. ]  One  that 
lives  in  subjection  to  the  devil,  or  to  evil 
spirits. 

Demonomyt  (de-rnon'6-mi),  n.  The  domin* 
ion  of  demons  or  evil  spirits. 

Demonry  (de'mon-ri),  n.  Demoniacal  in- 
fluence. 

What  demonry,  thinkest  thou,  possesses  \'arus? 
7.  B.nllie. 

Demonshlp  (de'mon-ship),  n.  The  state  of 
a  demon. 

Demonstrability  (de-mon'stra-bil"i-ti),  n. 
Demonstrableness. 

Demonstrable  (de-mon'stra-bl),  a.  [See 
DEMONSTRATE.  ]  That  may  be  demonstrated; 
that  may  be  proved  beyond  doubt  or  con- 
tradiction; capable  of  being  shown  by  cer- 


tain evidence,  or  by  evidence  that  admits 
of  no  doubt;  as,  the  truth  of  this  proposition 

is  demonstrable. 

The  articles  of  our  belief  are  as  demonstrable  as 
geometry.  Otam-ilte. 

Demonstrableness  (de-mon'stra-bl-nes),  7*. 
The  quality  of  being  demonstrable. 

Demonstrably  (de-mon'stra-bli),  adv.  In  a 
manner  to  preclude  doubt;  beyond  the  pos- 
sibility of  contradiction 

Demonstrance*  (de-raon'stnms),  n.  Demon- 
stration; proof.  '  De  monstrances  of  how 
many  calamities  obstinacy  is  the  cause.' 
Holland. 

Demonstrate  (de-mon'strat),  v.t.  pret.  A 
pp.  demonstrated;  ppr.  demonstrating.  [L. 
de  monstro  —  de,  int  ens.  ,  and  monstro,  to 
show;  Fr.  dtmontrer.  See  MUSTER.]  1.  To 
point  out;  to  indicate;  to  make  evident;  to 
exhibit;  specifically,  in  anat  to  exhibit  the 
parts  of  when  dissected,  asa  dead  body.  —  2.  To 
show  or  prove  to  be  certain;  to  prove  beyond 
the  possibility  of  doubt;  to  prove  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  reduce  the  contrary  position 
to  evident  absurdity.  We  demonstrate  a 
problem  in  geometry,  or  a  proposition  in 
ethics,  by  showing  that  the  contrary  is  ab- 
surd or  impossible. 

To  demonstrate  the  eternal  difference  between  a 
true  and  severe  friend  to  the  monarchy,  and  a  slip- 
pery sycophant  of  the  court.  Burke. 

Demonstrater  (de'mon-strat-er),  n.     One 
who  demonstrates;  a  demonstrator. 
Demonstration    (de  -  mon  -  stra  '  shon),    n. 

1.  The  act  of  demonstrating,  or  showing 
forth;    an  exhibition;    a  manifestation;   a 
show. 

Did  your  letters  pierce  the  queen  to  any  demon- 
stration of  grief?  Shak. 

2.  The  act  of  exhibiting  certain  proof,  or 
proof  beyond  the  possibility  of  doubt. 

To  draw  a  particular  truth  from  a  general  truth 
in  which  it  is  inclosed  is  deduction:  from  a  necessary 
and  universal  truth  to  draw  consequences  which 
necessarily  follow  is  demonstration.  FUming. 

3.  In  math,  a  method  of  proof  by  which  a 
result  is  shown  to  be  the  necessary  conse- 
quence of  assumed  premises.—  4.  In  logic, 
a  series  of  syllogisms  all  whose  premises 
are  either  definitions,  self-evident  truths, 
or  propositions  already  established     De- 
monstrations are  either  positive  or  nega- 
tive, A  priori  or  a  posteriori.     A  positive  or 
direct  demonstration  is  one  which,  proceed- 
ing by  positive  or  affirmative  propositions. 
ends  in  the  thing  to  be  demonstrated.    A 
negative  or  indirect  demonstration  is  that 
by  which  a  thing  is  shown  to  be  true  by 
proving  the  absurdity  of  a  contrary  suppo- 
sition, called   also  reductio  ad  abftnrdum. 
Demonstration  a  priori  is  that  by  which  an 
effect  Is  proved  from  a  necessary  cause,  or 
a  conclusion  is  drawn  from  something  pre- 
viously known  or  proved,  whether  a  cause 
or  an  antecedent      Demonstration  a  pos- 
teriori is  one  by  which  either  a  cause  is 
proved  from  an  effect  or  a  conclusion  by 
something  posterior,  either  an  effect  or  a 
consequent.  —  5.  In  anat.  the  exhibition  of 
parts  dissected.—  ft.  Mil  if    an  exhibition  of 
warlike  intentions;  a  warlike  attempt;  an 
operation  of  any  kind  which  may  be  per- 
formed for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  the 
enemy  respecting  the  measures  which  ft  is 
intended  to  employ  against  him;  as.  Napo- 
leon made  his  first  demonstration  on  Hol- 
land. 

He  was  compelled  by  the  national  spirit  to  make 
a  demonstration  of  war.  Haliam. 

If  any  uncertainty  remains  as  to  the  enemy's  dis- 
positions, demonstrations  should  be  made  generally 
along  the  front,  to  oblige  him  to  show  his  hand. 


7.  In  politic*,  a  public  exhibition  by  a  party 
of  its  numbers,  principles,  Ac. 
Demonstrative     <  de  -  mon  '  stra-  tiv),     a. 

1.  Showing  or  proving  by  certain  evidence; 
having  the  power  of  demonstration;  invin- 
cibly conclusive;  as,  a  demonstrative  argu- 
ment, or  demonstrative  reasoning. 

But  nothing  can  be  more  demonstrative  evidence 
of  their  ingenuity  than  the  construction  and  ni.ike  of 
their  canoes.  La  ft.  Cook. 

2.  Having  the  power  of  showing  with  clear- 
ness and    certainty  ;    as,   a   demonstrative 
figure  in  painting.  —3.  Inrhet.  that  lays  open 
or  explains  with  clearness,  force,  and  beauty. 
'Demonstrative  eloquence.'  Blair.  —  4.  Char- 
acterized by,  or  given  to  the  strong  exhibi- 
tion of  any  feeling  or  quality;  energetically 
expressive;  as,  a  demonstrative  manner;  a  de- 
monstrative person. 

May  hasn't  been  too  officious  about  me  and  too 
demonstrative.  Ditkens. 

—  Demonstrative  pronoun,  in  gram,  one  that 


clearly  indicates  the  object  to  which  it  re- 
fers; as,  this  man;  that  book. 
Demonstratively  (de-mon'stra-tiv-li),  <r</r. 

1.  \Vithcertaineyidence;  with  proof  which 
cannot  be  questioned;  certainly;   clearly; 
convincingly. 

No  man,  he  (Plato)  thought,  could  see  clearly  and 
demonstratively  vi\\3.\.  was  riyht  and  what  was  wrnny 
and  not  act  accordingly.  Smith. 

2.  In  a  demonstrative  manner,  or  with  the 
( -ntTta-tie  exhibit  inn  of  any  feeling  or  quality; 
as,  he  spoke  very  demonstratively. 

Demonstrativeness  (de-mori'stra-tiv-nes), 
n.  Quality  of  being  demonstrative  in  all 
its  senses. 

Demonstrator  (de'mon-strat-er),  n.  1.  One 
who  demonstrates;  one  who  proves  any- 
thing with  certainty  or  with  indubitable 
evidence.— 2.  In  anat.  one  who  exhibits  the 
parts  wlu-n  deserted. 

Demonstratory(de-mon'stra-to-ri),a.  Tend- 
ing to  demonstrate;  having  a  tendency  to 
prove  beyond  a  possibility  of  doubt. 

Demoraget  (de-mor'aj),  n.  Demurrage. 
Pepyx. 

Demoralization  (dc-mo'ral-iz-a"shon),  n. 
[See  DEMORALIZE.]  1.  The  act  of  subverting 
or  corrupting  morals;  destruction  of  moral 
principles.  —2.  JNilit.  loss  of  courage  or  self- 
confidence. 

Demoralize  (de-mo'ral-iz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
demoralized;  ppr.  demoralizing.  [Prefix  tie , 
and  moralize.]  1.  To  corrupt  or  under- 
mine the  morals  of;  to  destroy  or  lessen  the 
effect  of  moral  principles  on;  to  render 
corrupt  in  morals. 

The  effect  would  be  to  demoralize  mankind. 

C  rattan. 

The  native  vigour  of  the  soul  must  wholly  disap- 
pear under  the  steady  influence  and  the  demoraliz- 
ing example  of  profligate  power  and  prosperous 
crime.  Walsh. 

2.  Mllit.  to  lower  the  tone  or  spirit  of;  to 
deprive  of  courage  and  self-reliance;  to  ren- 
der distrustful  and  hopeless;  to  render  in- 
capable of  brave  or  energetic  effort;  as,  the 
defeat  at  Forbach  demoralized  the  French 
troops. 

Demosthenic  (de'mos-then'ik).  a.  Pertain- 
ing to  Demosthenes  the  Greek  orator,  or 
resembling  his  style. 

Demotic  (de-mot  ik),  a.  [Gr.  dimotikos,  from 
demos,  people.)  Popular;  common;  pertain- 
ing to  the  common  people;  specifically  ap- 
plied to  the  alphabet  used  by  the  people  of 
ancient  F.gypt,  as  contradistinguished  from 
that  used  by  the  priestly  caste,  called  the 
hieratic. 

In  Egyptian  writing  the  demotic  or  enchorial  sys- 
tem is  a  corruption  of  the  hieratic,  which  is  a  degene- 
ration of  the  hieroglyphic,  which  is  but  a  modification 
of  the  pictorial.  Fart-ar. 

Dempster  (demWr),  n.    [See  DEEMSTER.] 

1.  A  deemster  (which  see).— 2.  In  old  Scottt 
lav,  the  doomster  or  public  executioner  who 
pronounced  the  doom  or  sentence.      See 
DOOMSTER. 

Demptt  (demt),  pp.  [See  DEEM.]  Judged; 
deemed. 

Therefore.  Sir  Knight, 
Aread  what  course  of  you  is  safest  (tempt 

Sfenser. 

Demulcet  (de'-muls'),  v.t.  [L.  demulceo,  to 
stroke  down.  See  DEMULCENT.]  To  soothe; 
to  soften  or  pacify.  '  Saturn  was  demulced 
or  appeased.  Sir  T.  Elyot. 

Demulcent  (de-muls'ent),  a.  [L.  demulcent, 
demulccntis,  ppr.  of  demulceo,  to  stroke 
down — de,  down,  and  mulceo,  to  stroke,  to 
soften.]  Softening;  mollifying;  lenient;  as, 
oil  is  demulcent. 

Demulcent  (de-muls'ent),  n.  Any  medicine 
which  lessens  the  effects  of  irritation;  thr.t 
which  softens  or  mollifies,  as  gums,  roots 
of  marsh-mallows,  and  other  mucilaginous 
substances. 

Demulsion  (de-mul'shon),  n.  1.  The  act  of 
soothing  or  flattering.  —2.  That  which  soothes 
or  flatters;  flattery.  'The  soft  demulsions 
of  a  present  contentment*  Feltham. 

Demur  (de-mSiO,  v.i.  pret  &  pp.  demurred ; 
ppr.  demurring.  [Fr.  demeurer,  to  delay, 
to  stay;  L.  demorari^-de,  and  moron,  to 
delay,  from  mora,  delay,  from  Indo-Euro- 
pean root  mar,  to  grind.  Comp.  A.  Sax.  myr- 
ran,  to  hinder,  obstruct]  Li  To  delay;  to 
linger;  to  stay. 

Yet  durst  they  not  demur  nor  abide  upon  the  camp. 

.\tcois. 

2.  To  pause  in  uncertainty;  to  hesitate;  to 
suspend  proceeding;  to  delay  determination 
or  conclusion. 

Upon  this  rub  the  English  ambassadors  thought  fit 
to  demur,  and  so  sent  to  England  to  receive  direc- 
tions. Hazard. 

3.  To  have  or  to  state  scruples  or  difficulties; 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me",  met,  her;        pine,  pin;        n6te,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abtme;      yf  Sc.  tey. 


DEMUR 


699 


DENDROORAPHY 


to  object  hesitatingly;  to  take  exceptions; 
as,  they  demurred  to  our  proposals. — 4.  In 
(am,  to  stop  at  any  point  in  the  pleadings, 
and  rest  or  abide  on  that  point  in  law  for  a 
decision  of  the  cause;  as,  the  defendant 
may  demur  to  the  plaintiff's  declaration, 
alleging  it  to  be  insufficient  in  law;  the 
plaintiff  may  demur  to  the  defendant's  plea 
for  a  like  reason.  — Si'N.  To  pause,  doubt, 
hesitate,  object. 

D'murt  (de-merO,  ».*•  1-  To  doubt  of;  to 
scruple;  to  hesitate  about;  as,  to  demur 
obedience.  Fenton. 

The  latter  I  demur;  for  in  their  looks 
Much  reason,  and  in  their  actions  oft  appears. 
Milton. 

2.  To  put  off;  to  keep  in  a  state  of  delay. 

He  demands  a  fee, 
And  then  demurs  me  with  a  vain  delay.      Qttarles. 

Demur  (de-mer/),  n.  1.  Stop;  pause;  hesita- 
tion as  to  the  propriety  of  proceeding;  sus- 
pense of  proceeding  or  decision. 

Works  adjourned  have  many  stays. 

Long  demurs  breed  new  delays.     Southwell. 

2.  Exception  taken;  objection  stated. 

All  my  demurs  but  double  his  attacks.        Pope. 
He  yielded,  wroth  and  red,  with  fierce  (femur. 
Tennyson. 

Demure  (de-murO,  «•  [From  Fr.  do  meeurs, 
of  manners,  having  manners,  from  L.  mores, 
manners.  Wedgwood  and  others  incline  to 
derive  it  from  Fr.  mnr,  mature,  staid,  from 
L.  maturus,  ripe.]  1.  Sober;  grave;  modest; 
downcast;  as,  a  demure  abasing  of  the  eye. 

With  countenance  demure  and  modest  grace. 
Spenser. 

2.  Affectedly  modest;  making  a  show  oi 
gravity  or  decorousness.  [This  is  the  sense 
hi  which  the  word  is  now  chiefly  used.] 

The  demure  parlour -maid,  as  she  handed  th< 
dishes  and  changed  the  plates,  sow  that  all  was  noi 
right,  and  was  more  demure  than  ever.  1  rollppe. 

Demure  t  (de-mur'),  ».i.  To  look  with  a 
grave  countenance. 

Your  wife,  Octavia,  with  her  modest  eyes,   .    .    . 
Demuriitg  upon  me.  Slink. 

Demurely  (de-murti),  adv.  With  a  grave, 
solemn  countenance;  with  a  fixed  look;  with 
a  show  of  solemn  gravity. 

Esop's  damsel  sat  demurely  at  the  board's  end. 
Bacon, 

Demureness  (de-mur'nes),  n.  The  state  of 
being  demure;  gravity  of  countenance  real 
or  affected;  a  show  of  modesty. 
Demurity  (de-mur'i-ti),  n.  1.  Demureness. 
2.  An  impersonation  of  demureness;  one 
who  acts  demurely. 

She  will  act  after  the  fashion  of  Richardson's  de- 
murities.  •'•"'"*• 

DemurralJle  (de-mu'ra-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
demurred  to;  that  exception  may  be  taken 

Demurrage  (de-mn'ruj),  n.  [See  DEMUR ] 
In  maritime  law,  (a)  the  time  during  which 


in  size  between  royal  and  crown.  See  the 
noun. 

Den  (den),  n.  [The  A  Sax.  has  this  word  in 
several  forms;  denn  means  chiefly  n  tod, 
cave,  lurking-place;  den,  denu,  dene,  a  plain, 
a  valley,  a  den.  See  DENE.]  1.  A  cave  or 
hollow  place  in  the  earth:  usually  applied 
to  a  cave,  pit,  or  subterraneous  recess,  used 
for  concealment,  shelter,  protection,  or  se- 
curity; as,  a  lion's  den. 

The  beasts  go  into  (fens.  Job  wxvil.  8. 

The  children  of  Israel  made  them  tlic  dens,  which 
arc  in  the  mountains.  Judg.  vi.  ;. 

2,  Any  squalid  place  of  resort  or  residence; 
a  haunt:  used  always  in  a  had  sense;  as. 
dew  of  misery.     '  Those  squalid  dens  .   .   . 
the  reproach  of  large  capitals.'    Macaulay. 

3.  A  narrow  glen;  a  gulley;  a  dell.    'The 
dowiede*u<o'  Yarrow.'  Old  ballad.  [Scotch.] 
In  this  sense  it  is  used  in  England  as  well 
as  in  Scotland  as  an  element  in  place-names; 
as,  Hampt&n,  Clievedcn,  nawtnorntkn. 

Den  (den),  v.i.  To  dwell  as  in  a  den.  'Slug- 
gish salvages  that  den  below.'  Fletcher. 

Den  (den),  n.  A  corruption  of  even  in  the 
phrase  good  even. 

God  ye  good  den,  fair  gentlewoman.       Sftafc. 

Denarcotlze  (de-nar'kot-Iz),  ».«.    [De  and 

narcotic.}    To  deprive  of  narcotine;  as,  to 

denarcotize  opium. 
Denariatet  (de-na'ri-at),  n.  [See  DENARIUS.  ] 

As  much  land  as  is  worth  one  penny  per 

annum. 
Denarius  (de-na'ri-us),  n.    [L.,  from  dent, 

for  decni,  by  tens,  ten  each— decent,  ten.]  A 

Roman  silver  coin  worth  10  asses  or  10  Ibs. 

of  copper  originally,  and  afterwards  consid- 


session  of  very  long  poisonous  fangs,  per- 
forated, :uul  i>rrm:tii'-ntly  ITCI  t      'I  li< 
known  species  it  Dendrtujtit  a, 
or  narrow-headed  H< M'|I;I-I.!*,  ,. 

li'Ir-'.  *K-!!<1<T.  .'tll'l  ;l  k'"'"l  i'lillllK-r     Itnrolnur 

i'  i>],\  t  -lirown  washed  with  . 
Dendrerpeton  (den-drer'pe-toii),  n.  [Or. 
dendron, a  tree,  and  herpeton,  a  rrptil. .  fri.m 
herpfi,  to  creep.]  A  genus  of  fossil  am- 
phibians, whose  character  was  determined 
from  some  teeth  and  small  bones  found  in 
the  cavity  of  a  sigillaria  f  ruin  the  coal  strata 
of  Nova  Scotia. 

Dendriform  (den'dri-fonn),  o.  [Or.  dendron, 
a  tree,  and  L.  forma,  form.]  Having  the 
form  or  appearance  of  a  tree. 
Dendrite  (deii'dritX  n.  [Gr.  dendron.  a 
tree.]  A  stone  or  mineral,  on  or  In  wlii.  )i 
are  figures  resembling  shrubs,  trees,  «'i 
mosses.  The  appearance  Is  due  to  arbor- 
escent crystallization,  resembling  the  frost- 
work on  our  windows.  The  figures  gener- 
ally appear  on  the  surfaces  of  fissures,  anil 
in  Joints  In  rocks,  and  are  attributable  to 
the  presence  of  the  hydrous  oxide  of  man- 
ganese, which  generally  assumes  such  a 
form. 

Dendritic,  Dendritlcal  (den-drit'lk,  den- 
drit'ik-al),  a.  1.  Resembling  a  tree;  tree- 
like. Owen. —2.  Marked  by  figures  resemb- 
ling shrubs,  moss,  &c.:  said  of  minerals 
See  DENDRITE. 

Dendroblum  (dcn-drtlji-um),  n.  [Or.  dtn- 
dron,  a  tree,  and  6to»,  life.  ]  An  extensive 
genus  of  epiphytes,  dispersed  over  the  whole 
of  the  damp  tropical  parts  of  Asia;  nat  order 
Orchidacere.  The  species  ore  very  numerous. 


,„  said  to  be  on  demurrage,  (b)  The  com- 
pensation which  the  freighter  has  to  pay  for 
such  delay  or  detention.  Demurrage  must 
be  paid  though  it  be  proved  the  delay  is 
inevitable;  but  it  cannot  be  claimed  where 
it  arises  from  detention  by  an  enemy,  tem- 
pestuous weather,  or  through  the  fault  of 
the  owner,  captain,  or  crew.  The  term  is 
applied  also  to  detention  of  railway  wag- 
gons, &c. 

Demurrer  (dc-mu'rer),  n.  1.  One  who  de- 
murs —2.  In  law,  a  stop  at  some  point  in 
the  pleadings,  and  a  resting  of  the  decision 
of  the  cause  on  that  point;  an  issue  on  mat- 
ter of  law.  A  demurrer  confesses  the  fact 
or  facts  to  be  true,  but  denies  the  sufficiency 
of  the  facts  in  point  of  law  to  support  the 
claim  or  defence.  A  demurrer  may  be  ten- 
dered to  the  declaration,  to  the  pica,  to  the 


Denarius  of  Tiberius 


ered  equal  to  1C  asses,  when  the  weight  of 
the  as  was  reduced  to  an  ounce  on  account 
of  the  scarcity  of  silver.    The  denariut  was 
equivalent  to  about  TJd.  English  money. 
There  was  also  a  gold  denarius  equal  in 
value  to  25  silver  ones. 
Denary  (de'na-ri),   a.    [L.    denariui.    See 
DENARIUS.]    Containing  ten;  tenfold. 
Denary  (de'na-ri),  n.    The  number  ten. 
Denationalization  (  de  -  na  '  slum  -  al  -  iz  -  a 
shon),  n.    The  act  of  denationalizing;  the 
condition  of  beins  denationalized. 
Denationalize  (de-na'shon-al-iz),  t.t.  pret. 
*  pp  denationalized;  ppr.  denanmaluuif- 
[Prefix  (le,  and  nation.}  Todivestof  national 
character  or  rights  by  transference  to  the 
service  of  another  nation. 

A  ship  built  and  registered  in  the  United  States  is 
denationalized  by  being  employed  in  the  service  of 
another  nation  and  bearing  its  flag.  t>«i**i 
Denaturalize  (de-na'tur-al-iz),  r.f.  pret.  & 
pp  denaturalized;  ppr.  denaturalizing. 
[Prefix  de,  and  naturalise.}  1.  To  render  un- 
natural; to  alienate  from  nature.—  2.  To  de- 


Wt/,turei  '•>•" .....---  — 

citizen;  to  denationalize  one's  self. 

They  also  claimed  the  privilege,  when  aggrieved 
otdenaturalizinr  themselves,  or,  in  other  words,  of 
publicly  renouncing  their  allegiance  to  their  sover- 
eign, and  of  enlisting  under  the  banners  of  hr^eiwmy. 

Denaturatet  (de-na'tur-at),  v.t.    To  render 
inmVittmd;  to  denaturalize;  to  deprive  of 


natural  qualities. 
Denayt  (de-mV),  «•    Denial;  refusal. 

My  love  can  give  no  place,  bide  no  denay. 


Shut. 


replication,  to  the  rejoinder,  Ac.    i 
rer  is  either  general  or  special,  the  forme] 
being  for  some  defect  in  substance,  the  lat- 
ter for  some  defect  in  form. 
Demus  (de'mus),  n.    See  DEME,  n 
Demy  (de-mi'),  n.     [Fr.   demi,  half.]    1.  A 
particular  size  of  paper;  a  size  of  paper  in- 
tervening between  royal  and  crown.    I  tint- 
big  demy  measures  generally  22  inches  by  17J, 
willing  20  inches  by  15*,  drawing  22  inches 


A  demur-     Denayt  (de-n:V),  r.f.     To  deny. 


Let  not  wonted  fealty  be  denayed.    Old  flay. 

DendlculUS  (den-di'ku-lus),  n.  In  arch,  a 
inemlrcr  ill  the  Ionian  and  Corinthian  en- 
tablatures, occurring  between  the  zopnoms 
and  corona,  and,  properly  speakmg,_a_part 


illing  , 

by  17.—  2.  A  half  fellow  at  Magdalen  College, 
Oxford. 

He  was  elected  into  Magdalen  College  as  a  demy: 
a  term  by  which  that  society  dene  those 
which  are  else  ' 


inates  thos 
cholars     young 


Dcndrobiura  (Dendrotiium  Fat(ffHeri). 


varying  extremely  In  habit,  some   being 
little  larger  than  the  mosses  among  which 
they  grow   while  others  are  surpassed  In 
stature  by  few  of  the  order.    fpwards  of 
eighty  sjiecies  have  been  cultivated  In  hot- 
houses for  the  beauty  of  their  flowers. 
Dendrocrela  (den-drft-sela),  11.  pi.   |0r.  den- 
dnn  a  tree,  and  frottat,  hollow.)    A  section 
of  Scolecida  belonging  to  the  sub-order  Pla- 
narida.    See  PLANARIDA. 
Dendrocolaptes  (den'dro-k5-lap"tez),  n.  pi 
[Cir   dendron,  a  tree,  and  kolauto,  to  peck 
with  the  bill.]    The  hook-billed  creepers  « 
genus  of  tenuirostral  birds,  with  the  bill 
generally  long  and  curved.   There  are  seve- 
ral species  natives  of  South  America. 
Dendrocolaptinse  (den'dro-ko-lap-tl  ne). , 
vl      A  subfamily  of  American  passerine 
birds  allied  to  the  Certhidic.    See  DE.M.RI  > 

Dendrodentlne  (den'dro-den-tin).  n.  [Or. 
rf<T,rfr™,  a  tree,  and  E.  dentine  }  A  term  ap- 
plied to  that  modification  of  the  fundamen- 
tal tissue  of  the  teeth  which  is  produced 
by  the  aggregation  of  many  simple  t< 
into  a  mass,  presenting  by  the  blending  of 
the  dentine,  enamel,  and  cement  a  dendrt 

Daendrodont  (den'dro-dont),  n.  iOrJen- 
drTm,  a  tree,  and  odou*  odont'f,  "tooth] 
One  of  a  fossil  family  of  vertebrates  most 
probably  reptiles,  occurring  in  the  old  n 
sandstone  near  Elgin,  so  called  from  a  section 
of  the  teeth  presenting  numerous  flsi  ires. 


and  corona,  ami,  1>  "l"-"i    '      t'",\rfKrnla  of  the  teeth  presenting  numerm 

of  the  latter:  so  called  because  it  reprcse  Jf-uSna  like  the  branches  of  a  tree,  consist- 

denticuli,  or  small  teeth,  placed  at  equal  ,  ™11^lll?e1t"0,  onlj,  one  genus-  Dendrodus. 

intervals  apart  u^a  po98ihle  that  the  aendrodont  may  1« 


intervals  apart. 
Dendrachate  (den'dra-kat). 


assrKK-araws; &&  ™™es-( 

cent  agate;  agate  containing  the  figures  of 
shrubs  or  parts  of  plants 

^±^^:l^«^S 

SMHBfSiJJWVSS 


jecics  of  labyrinthodont. 

.  (den'dro-dusX  n.  The  name 
iW  gtren  to  a  fossil  genus  of  ver- 
See  I 


dron,  a  tree,  and  grapho,  to  w 
same  as  Dendroloyy. 


wc     are  esewere  ca  . 

who  partake  of  the  founder's  benefaction,  and  sue- 
ceed  in  their  order  to  vacant  fellowslnps.    Johnson. 


Demy  (de-mi'),  a.  Indicating  a  kind  of  paper, 


w  wig;    wh,  ifWg;    zh.  azure.-See  KEY. 


ch,  cAain;      ch,  Sc.  looA;      g,  go; 


DENDROID 


700 


DE  NOVO 


Dendroid,  Dendroidal  (den'droid,  den- 
droid'al),  a.  [Or.  ticmiron,  a  tree,  and  eidos, 
form.]  Resembling  a  small  tree  or  shrub. 

DendrolagUS  (den-drol'a-gus),  n.  [Gr.  den- 
dron,  a  tree,  and  logos,  a  hare.]  The  tree- 
kangaroo,  a  genus  of  marsupial  animals  be- 
longing to  the  kangaroo  family.  Two  spe- 
cies, D.  ursinux  and  I),  inustuis,  have  been 
discovered  in  New  Guinea. 

Dandrolite  (den'drol-It),  n.  [Gr.  dendron, 
a  tree,  and  lithos,  a  stone.]  A  petrified  or 
fossil  shrub,  plant,  or  part  of  a  plant. 

Dendroloffist(den-droro-ji3t),  n.  One  versed 
in  dendrology. 

Dendrology  (den-drol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  dendron, 
a  tree,  and  logos,  a  discourse.]  A  discourse 
or  treatise  on  trees;  the  natural  history  of 
trees. 

Dendrometer  ( den-drom'et-er ),  n.  [  Gr. 
dendron,  a  tree,  and  metreo,  to  measure.] 
The  name  applied  to  an  instrument  of 
various  forms  for  measuring  the  height  and 
diameter  of  trees. 

Dendromys  (den'dro-mis),  n.  [Gr.  den- 
dron, a  tree,  and  mys,  a  mouse.]  A  genus 
of  rodent  quadrupeds  found  in  South  Africa, 
which  frequent  the  branches  of  trees,  where 
they  build  their  nests  and  bring  forth  their 
young.  These  animals  belong  to  the  family 
of  mice.  l>  typus  is  the  only  species.  It 
is  about  :>\  inches  long,  with  a  tail  •*  I  inches. 

DendropMs  (den'dro-fls),  n.  [Gr.  dendron, 
a  tree,  and  ophis,  a  serpent.]  A  genus  of 
serpents,  family  Colubridie.  The  species 
have  a  line  of  wider  scales  along  the  hack, 
and  narrower  scales  along  the  flanks,  but 
their  head  is  not  larger  than  their  body, 
which  is  very  slender  and  elongated.  They 
are  found  in  India  and  Africa,  and  are  not 
venomous.  They  live  chiefly  among  the 
branches  of  trees  and  feed  on  reptiles.  By 
some  naturalists  they  are  raised  into  the 
family  Dendrophidw. 

Dene  (den),  n.  [See  DEN.]  Old  English  for 
dell  or  valley;  used  as  an  ending  of  place- 
names;  as,  Deepdetie,  Hawthormtene  (Isle 
of  Wight),  *«. 

Dene  (den),  n.  A  hillock;  a  form  of  dune 
(which  see).  '  Great  banks  and  denes  of 
shifting  sand.'  Kingsley.  [Rare.] 

Deneb  (de'neb),  n.  [Ar.J  The  name  of  a 
bright  star  (£)  in  the  tail  of  the  Lion. 

Denegatet  (de-ne-gat),  v.t  [L.  denego,  de- 
negatum.  See  DENT.]  To  deny. 

Danegationt  (de'ne-ga'shon),  n.     Denial 

D3nelage,t  n.  [A.  Sax.  Dena  lagu,  law  of 
the  Danes]  The  laws  which  the  Danes 
enacted  whilst  they  had  the  dominion  of 
England. 

Dengue  (deng'ga),  n.  [A  corruption  of  E. 
dandy,  the  name  given  to  the  fever  in  the 
West  Indies,  from  the  stiff  and  constrained 
action  it  imposed  on  the  limbs;  and  mistaken 
by  the  Spaniards  for  their  word  dengue, 
prudery,  which  very  well  also  agrees  with 
stiffness  or  constraint.  The  Spanish  term 
prevailed,  and  became  the  name  of  the  dis- 
ease. ]  A  febrile  epidemic  disease,  the 
symptoms  of  which  resemble  those  that 
would  accompany  a  mixture  of  scarlet  fever 
and  rheumatism. 

Deniable  (de-ni'a-bl),  a.  [See  DENY.]  That 
may  be  denied  or  contradicted. 

Denial  (de-ni'al),  n.  [See  DENY.)  1.  The  act 
of  denying,  contradicting,  refusing,  or  dis- 
owning. 'Hence  with  denial  vain.  Milton. 
2.  An  assertion  that  an  affirmation  or  state- 
ment made  is  untrue;  a  negation;  a  con- 
tradiction. 'An  entire  denial  of  the  mir- 
acles.' Trench. — 3.  Refusal  to  grant;  the 
negation  of  a  request  or  petition;  the  con- 
trary to  grant,  allowance,  or  concession;  as, 
his  request  or  application  met  with  a 
direct  denial.  —4.  A  rejection  or  refusing  to 
acknowledge;  a  disowning;  a  refusing  to 
receive  or  embrace;  as,  a  denial  of  God; 
a  denial  of  the  faith  or  the  truth.  — 
Denial  of  one's  setf,  a  declining  of  some 
gratification;  restraint  of  one's  appetites  or 
propensities. 

Denichi,  Denlx  (den'i-che,  den'iks),  n.  A 
Japanese  idol  with  three  heads  and  forty 
hands.  The  heads  symbolize  the  sun,  moon, 
and  elements,  and  the  forty  hands  the 
bounty  of  nature. 

Ddnler  (de-ni'er),  n.  One  who  denies  or  con- 
tradicts; one  who  refuses  or  rejects;  a  dis- 
owner;  one  who  does  not  own,  avow,  or 
acknowledge;  as,  a  denier  of  a  fact,  or  of 
the  faith,  or  of  Christ. 

Deniert  (de'ni-erX  n.  [Fr. ,  from  L.  denarius. 
See  DENARIUS.]  A  small  denomination  of 
French  money,  the  twelfth  part  of  a  sou. 
'My  kingdom  to  a  beggarly  denier.'  Shak. 


Denigratet  (de'ni-grat),  v.t.  [L.  denigro— 
de,  and  nigro,  to  blacken,  from  niger,  black.  ] 
To  blacken;  to  make  black.  Sir  'l\  Browne. 

Denigrationt  (de-ni-gr:Yshon),  n.  The  act 
:  of  making  black;  a  blackening.  Boyle. 

Denim  (dcn'im),  n.  A  coarse  cotton  drilling 
HM-.I  for  overalls. 

Denlson  (de'ni-zn),  n.    The  same  as  Dt'ni  -'•//. 

Denitrate  (de-ni'trat),  v.t.  To  set  nitric  acid 
i  free  from. 

Denitration  (de-ni-tra'shon),  n.  A  disen- 
gaging of  nitric  acid. 

Denitrify  (de-nit'ri-fi),  v.  t.  To  deprive  of 
nitre.  'Denitrified  sulphuric  acid.'  Pop. 
Ency. 

Denization(de-ni-za'shon),n.  [See  DENIZEN.] 
The  act  of  making  one  a  denizen,  subject, 
or  citizen. 

A  vast  number  of  charters  of  denotation  were 
eranted  to  particular  persons  of  Irish  descent  from 
the  reign  of  Henry  II.  downwards,  which  gave  them 
and  their  posterity  the  full  birthrights  of  English 
subjects.  Hallam, 

Denizet  (de-mz7),  v.t.  To  make  a  denizen, 
subject,  or  citizen  of;  to  naturalize. 

There  was  a  private  act  made  for  denieitif  the 
children  of  Richard  Hill.  Strype. 

Denizen  (de'ni-zn),  n.  [The  origin  of  this 
word  has  been  disputed.  Wedgwood,  how- 
ever, is  no  doubt  right  in  taking  it  from 
O.  Fr.  deinzein,  one  living  within  a  city,  from 
deins,  dens,  Fr.  dans,  in,  within,  a  contr.  of 
L.  "'--  intus,  from  within,  and  thus  opposed 
to/oreum.  'In  the  Liber  Albus  of  the  city 
of  London  the  Fr.  deinzein,  the  original  of 
the  English  word,  is  constantly  opposed  to 
foreign,  applied  to  traders  within  and  with- 
out the  privileges  of  the  city  franchise  re- 
spectively.' W edgwood.  ]  1.  In  Englitth  law, 
an  alien  who  is  made  a  subject  by  the  sove- 
reign's letters  patent,  holding  a  middle  state 
between  an  alien  and  a  natural  born  subject. 
A  denizen  cannot  sit  in  either  house  of  par- 
liament or  hold  any  civil  or  military  office 
of  trust.  Hence— 2.  A  stranger  admitted  to 
residence  and  certain  rights  in  a  foreign 
country. 

Ye  jjods. 
Natives,  or  tUnisens.  of  blest  abodes.        Dryden. 

3.  A  citizen;  a  dweller;  an  inhabitant.  •/><•- 
nizens  of  air.'  Pope. 

Denizen  (de'ni-zn),  v.t.  To  make  a  denizen; 
to  admit  to  residence  with  certain  rights 
and  privileges;  to  enfranchise. 

Denizenship  (de'ni-zn-ship),  n.  State  of 
Iteing  a  denizen. 

Denk(dengk).  a.     Same  as  Dink.    [Scotch.] 

Dennet  (den'net),  n.  A  light,  ppen,  two- 
wheeled  carriage  for  travelling,  resem- 
bling a  gig. 

Denominable  (de-nom'in-a-bl),  a.  [See 
DENOMINATE.]  That  may  be  denominated 
.  or  named.  Sir  T.  Browne. 

Denominate  (de-nom'in-at),  v.t.  pret.  A  pp. 
denominated;  ppr.  denominating.  [L.  deno- 
mino—dc,  intens. ,  and  nomino,  to  name.  See 
NAME.]  To  name;  to  give  a  name  or  epithet 
to;  as,  a  race  of  intelligent  beings  denomi- 
nated MAN;  actions  are  denominated  vir- 
tuous or  vicious,  according  to  their  char- 
acter.— SYN.  To  name,  call,  style,  designate. 

Denominate  (de  nom'in-at),  a.  In  arith. 
denoting  a  number  which  expresses  the  kind 
of  unit  treated  of;  qualifying:  opposed  to 
abstract;  thus,  seven  pounds  is  a  denominate 
number,  while  seven,  without  reference  to 
concrete  units,  is  abntract. 

Denomination  (de-nom'in-a"shon),  n.  1.  The 
act  of  naming.— 2.  A  name  or  appellation; 
a  vocal  sound,  customarily  used  to  express 
a  thing  or  a  quality  in  discourse;  as,  all  men 
fall  under  the  denomination  of  sinners; 
actions  fall  under  the  denomination  of  good 
or  bad. — 3.  A  class,  society,  or  collection  of 
individuals,  called  by  the  same  name;  a 
sect;  as,  a  denomination  of  Christians. 

Denominational  (de-nom'm-a"shon-alX  a>- 
Pertaining  to  or  characterizing  a  denomi- 
nation. 

Their  zeal  was  chiefly  shown  in  the  defence  of  their 
denominational  differences.  Ruckle. 

Denominationalism  (de'nom'in-a"shon-al- 
izm),  H.  The  system  of  persons  separating 
into  different  churches  or  denominations, 
in  accordance  with  their  distinctive  reli- 
gions opinions;  a  denominational  or  class 
spirit;  adherence  or  devotion  to  a  deno- 
mination. 

We  have  'inflexional," seasonal,'  'denominational,' 
and,  not  content  with  this,  in  dissenting  magazines 
at  least,  the  monstrous  birth,  '  denominatianaiisrn* 
Trench. 

Denominationally  (de-nom'm-a"shon-al- 
li),  adv.    By  denomination  or  sect. 
Denominative  (de-nom'iu-at-iv),  a.  1.  That 


gives  a  name;  that  confers  a  distinct  appel- 
lation. 

Connotattve  names  have  hence  been  also  called 
df  nominative,  because  the  subject  which  they  deno- 
minate is  denominated  by,  or  receives  a  name  from, 
the  attribute  which  they  connote.  y.  S.  Mill. 

2.  That  obtains  a  distinct  name  or  appella- 
tion; that  is  distinctively  designated. 

The  least  denominative  part  of  time  is  a  minute. 
Cocker. 

Denominative  (de-nom'in-at-iv),  n.  That 
which  has  the  character  of  a  denomination; 
specifically,  in  grain,  a  verb  formed  from  u 
noun  either  substantive  or  adjective. 

Denominatively  (de-nom'in-at-iv-li),  adv. 
iiy  fUDomination. 

Denominator  (de-nom'in-at-er),  n.  He  who 
or  that  which  gives  11  name;  he  from  whom 
or  that  from  which  a  name  is  derived. 

liber,  the  Father  of  the  Hebrews,  and  eff nomina- 
tor of  the  Hebrew  tongue.  Lightfoot. 

Specifically,  (a)  in  arith.  that  number  placed 
below  the  line  in  vulgar  fractions,  which 
shows  into  how  many  parts  the  integer  is- 
divided.  Thus  in  f,  5  is  the  denominator, 
six. wing  that  the  integer  is  divided  into  five 
parts;  and  the  numerator  3  shows  how  many 
parts  are  taken,  that  is,  three-fifths,  (b)  In 
alg.  the  expression  in  a  vulgar  fraction  under 
the  line  signifying  division. 

In  this  sense  the  denominator  is  not  necessarily  a 
number,  but  may  be  any  expression,  either  positive 
or  negative,  real  or  imaginary.  Mat.  Diet. 

Denotable  (de-not'a-bl),  a.  That  may  be 
denoted  or  marked. 

Denotate(de-not'at),u.t  To  denote.  'These 
terms  denotate  a  longer  time.'  Burton. 

Denotation  (de-no-ta'shon),  n.  [L.  denota- 
tio,  a  marking  or  pointing  out,  from  denoto, 
denotatum.  See  DENOTE.]  The  act  of  de- 
noting or  marking  off;  separation;  distinc- 
tion, as  by  name.  J.  S.  Mill. 

Denotative  (de-not'a-tiv),  a.  Having  power 
to  denote. 

What  are  the  effects  of  sickness?    The  alteration 
it  produces  is  so  denotative,  that  a  person  is  known 
to  be  sick  by  those  who  never  saw  him  in  health. 
iMters  on  Physiognomy, 

Denote  .(de-nof),  v.  t,  pret.  &  pp.  denoted; 
ppr.  denoting.  [L.  denoto,  to  mark,  to  point 
out,  to  denote  —  de,  intens.,  and  noto,  to 
mark,  from  nota,  a  mark.]  1.  To  mark;  to 
signify  by  a  visible  sign;  to  indicate;  to 
express;  as,  the  character  x  denotes  multi- 
plication. 

'Tis  not  alone  my  inky  cloak,  good  mother, 
That  can  denote  me  truly.  Shak. 

2.  To  be  the  sign  or  symptom  of;  to  show; 
to  indicate;  as,  a  quick  pulse  denotes  fever. 
— Jfote,  Denote,  Connote.    See  under  CON- 
NOTE.—SYN.  To  indicate,  express,  show,  be- 
token, imply. 

Denotement  (de-not'ment),  n.  Sign;  indi- 
cation. '  Close  denotements  working  from 
the  heart.'  Sfiak. 

Denouement  (de-no-mah),  n.  [Fr,  from  de- 
noucr,  to  untie— de,  priv.,  and  nouer,  to  tie; 
L.  nodo.]  A  French  term  naturalized  in 
England,  and  signifying  the  winding  np 
or  catastrophe  of  a  plot,  as  of  a  novel, 
drama,  Ac.;  the  solution  of  any  mystery, 
the  Issue,  as  of  any  course  of  conduct;  the 
event. 

A  treat  dramatic  poem,  by  the  selection  of  its  char- 
acters and  of  the  actions  and  events  that  exhibit  or 
develop  them,  .  .  .  by  the  evolution  of  the  plot,  .  .  . 
by  the  gradual  and  natural  movement  of  the  action 
towards  the  denouement,  compresses  into  brief  com- 
pass a  representation  of  the  moral  life  of  man. 

Dr.  Caird. 

Denounce  (de-nouns'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  de- 
nounced; ppr.  denouncing.  [Fr.  d£noncer; 
L.  denuntiare—de,  down,  and  nnntiare,  to 
tell,  declare.]  1.  To  declare  solemnly;  to 
proclaim  in  a  threatening  manner;  to  an- 
nounce or  declare,  as  a  threat. 

I  denounce  unto  you  this  day,  that  ye  shall  surely 
perish.  Deut.  xxx.  18. 

So  we  say,  to  denounce  war;  to  denounce 
wrath.— 2.  To  threaten  by  some  outward 
sign  or  expression. 

His  look  denounced  revenge.  Milton. 

3.  To  inform  against;  to  accuse;  as,  to  de- 
nounce one  for  neglect  of  duty.    '  Denounced 
for  a  heretic.'    Dr.  II .  More. 

Denouncement  (de-nouns'ment),  n.  The 
declaration  of  a  menace,  or  of  evil;  denun- 
ciation. Sir  T.  Browne. 

Denouncer  (de-nouns'er),  n.  One  who  de- 
nounces, or  declares  a  menace. 

Here  comes  the  sad  denouncer  of  my  fate.     Dryden. 

De  novo  (de  no'vo).  [L.]  Anew;  from  the 
beginning. 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;        oil,  pound;       ii,  Sc.  abwne;      J,  Sc.  tey. 


DENSE 


Dense  (dens),  a.  [Fr.  dense;  L.  densus,  thick.  ] 
1.  Close;  compact;  having  its  constituent 
parts  closely  united;  thick;  as,  a  dense  body- 
dense  air;  a  dense  cloud  or  fog.  — 2.  Crowded.' 
[Rare.  ] 

The  decks  were  titnst  with  stately  forms. 

Ttnityiott. 

4.  In  bot.  a  term  applied  to  a  panicle  which 
has  an  abundance  of  flowers  very  close 

Densely  (dens'li),  adv.  In  a  dense  manner- 
compactly. 

Denseness  (dens'iies),  ?i.    Density  (which 

Denshire  (den'sher),  v.t.  [Said  to  he  con- 
tracted for  Devonshire.]  To  improve  land 
by  casting  parings  of  earth,  turf,  and  stubble 
into  heaps,  which  are  burned  into  ashes  for 
a  compost.  Wliarton. 
Density  (dens'i-ti).  n.  [L.  dcnsitas,  thickness 
from  densus,  thick.]  The  quality  of  being 
dense,  close,  or  compact;  closeness  of  con- 
stituent parts ;  compactness.  Density  is 
opposed  to  rarity;  and  in  physics  the  den- 
tity  of  a  body  indicates  the  quantity  of 
matter  contained  in  it,  under  a  given  bulk 
If  a  body  of  equal  bulk  with  another  is  of 
double  the  density,  it  contains  double  the 
quantity  of  matter.  Or  if  a  body  contain 
the  same  quantity  of  matter  as  another,  but 
under  a  less  bulk,  its  density  is  greater  in 
proportion  as  its  bulk  is  less  than  that  of 
the  other.  Hence,  the  density  is  directly 
proportional  to  the  quantity  of  matter,  and 
inversely  proportional  to  the  bulk  or  ma<*- 
nitude.  The  relative  quantities  of  matter 
in  bodies  are  known  by  their  gravity  or 
weight,  and  when  a  body,  mass,  or  quantity 
of  matter  is  spoken  of,  its  weight  or  gravity 
is  always  understood,  that  being  the  proper 
measure  of  the  density  or  quantity  of  matter 
The  weights  of  different  bodies,  of  equal 
bulks,  indicate  their  relative  densities 
Dent  (dent),  n.  [A  form  of  dint  (whicli  see).] 
1. 1  A  stroke;  a  blow. 


Dentery  (dcn'ta-ri),  „.     The  bone  In  the 
E2TJK*  «*«  -I.  reptiles  that  sup- 


'  "'  ^'"""S  to  the  teeth 


Dentata(den-ta'ta  ,  n.    [L,  toothed  (verte- 
bra).]   In  anat.  the  second  vertebra  or  axis 
of  the  neck.    It  differs  from 
the  other  cervical  vertebrre 
in  having  a  tooth-like  (odon- 
toid) process  at  the  upper 
part;  whence  its  name 
Dentate,  Dentated  (den'- 
tat,  den'tat-ed),  a.    [L.  den- 
tatus,   toothed,  from  dens     , 
dentU,  a  tooth.]    Toothed;  ft.* 
having    sharp    teeth,  with    ' Va 
concave  edges;  as,  a  dentate 
leaf.    A  dentated  root  is  a 
fleshy  branched  root  having    Dentate  Leaf 
tooth-like  prolongations. 
]  Dentate-ciliate  (dc.rtat-si-ii.&t),  o.   [Den- 
I    tate  and  ciliate.]  In  bot.  having  the  margin 
dentate,       and 
fringed  or  tip- 
ped with  cilia; 
or  hairs. 

Dentately(den'- 
tat-li),  adv.  In 
a  dentate  man- 


dentit,  a  tooth,  and  gen.  to  cirtyl  ] 

or  supporting  tmhr.tipplied  with 

Dentil    i.i 

'«.  a  tooth  i    In 
•    of  the 

»lni  h  the  square 

Illl     Mltll'l  1,1          til. 

I"  'I    lIKIUldillK    "' 

an  I. .mi .  <•,, tin 
sionnll  |)ori  "''""•  '''""Pot- 
idcn'tii  nt-ed).  a. '  Fanud  Mr. 


All  his  mayle  yrive  and  plates  yrent, 
bhow  d  all  his  bodie  bare  unto  the  cruell  (tent. 
Spenser. 

2.  A  mark  made  by  a  blow,  as  a  gap  or 
notch;  especially,  a  hollow  or  depression 
made  on  the  surface  of  a  solid  body;  an  in- 
dentation. 

The  bullet,  shot  at  the  distance  of  20  yards,  made 
a  very  considerable  dent  in  a  door. 

History  of  the  Royal  Society. 

Dent  (dent),  v.t.  To  make  a  dent  or  small 
hollow.  See  INDENT. 

Dent  (dent),  n.  [L.  dens,  dentis,  a  tooth.]  A 
manufacturer's  name  for  the  tooth  of  a 
comb,  metallic  brush,  or  card;  also,  a  cane 
or  wire  of  the  reed  frame  of  a  weaver's 
loom. 

Dental  (den'tal),  a.  [L.  dentalis,  dental,  from 
dens,  dentis,  a  tooth.]  1.  Of  or  pertaining 
to  the  teeth.— 2.  In  gram,  formed  or  pro- 
nounced by  the  teeth,  with  the  aid  of  the 
tongue;  as,  d  and  t  are  dental  letters.— 
Dental  formula,  an  arrangement  of  sym- 
bols and  numbers  used  to  signify  the  num- 
ber and  kinds  of  teeth  of  a  mammiferous 
animal,  and  usually  forming  the  main  ele- 
ment in  its  generic  character.  Thus  the 
dental  formula  of  cats  or  the  genus  Felis 
is:  I.|=i,  C.|5|,  P.JLfcf,  M.  jr|  =  3o; 
which  signifies  that  they  have  three  incisors 
on  each  side  of  each  jaw;  one  canine  tooth 
on  each  side  of  both  jaws;  three  promoters 
<>r  false  molars  on  each  side  of  the  upper 
jaw,  and  two  pramolars  on  each  side  of  the 
lower  jaw;  and  one  true  molar  on  each  side  of 
each  jaw.  The  dental  formula  of  man  is: 

I-fcf,  0.j£i.P.Jt|:&H.f=t-81 

Dental  (den'tal),  n.  An  articulation  or  letter 
formed  by  placing  the  end  of  the  tongue 
against  the  upper  teeth,  or  against  the  gum 
that  covers  the  root  of  the  upper  teeth,  as 
d,  t,  dh  (that  is  th  soft,  as  in  this),  and  th. 

Dentalidse  (den-tal'i-de),  n.  pi.  Tooth-shells, 
a  family  of  cirrhobranchiate  molluscs,  con- 
sisting of  the  single  genus  Deutalium  (which 
see). 

Dentallum  (den-ta'li-um),  n.  [L.  dens,  a 
tooth.  ]  A  genus  of  gasteropodous  molluscs, 
the  shell  of  which  consists  of  a  tubular 
arcuated  cone,  open  at  both  ends,  and  re- 
sembling the  tusk  of  an  elephant  in  minia- 
ture. There  are  many  species  known  by  the 
common  name  of  tooth-shells. 

Dentaria(den-ta'ri-a),  n.  Coral-root,  a  genus 
of  plants,  nat.  order  Crucifera.  The  species 
are  ornamental  herbs,  with  creeping  scaly 
root-stocks,  from  which  they  receive  the 
names  of  coral-root  and  Dentaria  or  tooth- 
wort.  The  stem-leaves  are  opposite  or  in 


Dentate-ciliate 


ciliated  • 


pin- 


Dentate-sinuate  (den'tat-sin-u-at),  a  In 
hot.  having  a  form  intermediate  between 
sinuat'  8muate-  Wen  also  Dentato- 

Dentation  (den-ta'shon),  ».     Dentition 

(which  see).     Paley.     [Rare.] 
Dentato-crenate(den-ta't6-kre'nat)  a  The 

same  as  Crenato-dentate  (which  see) 
Dented  fdent'ed),  a.    Indented;  impressed 

with  little  hollows. 
Dentel  (den'tel),  n.    Same  as  Dentil  (which 

Dentelle  (den-telO,  n.  [Fr.,  from  L.  denti- 
culus,  dim.  oldens,  demit,  a  tooth.)  Lace- 
ornamentation  resembling  lace 
Dentelli  (den-tel'li),  n.  pi.  [It.  dentello.  See 
DENTIL.)  Ornaments  in  cornices  bearing 
some  resemblance  to  teeth;  modillions 
Dentex  (den'teks),  n.  [L.  dens,  dentis,  a 
tooth.  ]  A  genus  of  acanthopterygious  fishes 
family  Sparidte,  resembling  the  perch,  con- 
taining several  species  living  in  shoals 
among  the  rocks,  and  esteemed  excellent 
food.  In  each  jaw  they  have  four  long 
conical  teeth,  hooked  inward,  and  are  ex- 
ceedingly voracious.  D.  vulgaris,  the  den- 
tcx  of  the  Romans,  called  also  the  four- 
toothed  Spams,  sometimes  attains  the 
length  of  3  feet  and  the  weight  of  20  to 
30  Ibs.  It  is  taken  in  great  numbers  in  the 
mouths  of  the  rivers  in  Dalmatia  and  the 
Levant,  and  forms  an  important  article  of 
commerce. 

Denticle  (den'ti-kl),  n.  [L.  dcnticulus,  a  little 
tooth,  dim.  of  dens,  dentis,  a  tooth.]  A 
small  tooth  or  projecting  point. 
Denticulate,  Denticulated  (den-tik'u-lat, 
den-tik'u-lat-ed),  o.  [L.  denticulatus  See 
DENTICLE.]  1.  Having  small  teeth;  as,  a 
denticulate  leaf,  calyx,  or  seed. — 2.  In  arch. 
formed  into  dentils. 

Denticulately  (den-tik'u-lat-li),  adv.    In  a 
denticulate  manner;  as,  denticulately  ser- 
I    rated;  denticulately  ciliated,  &c. 
Denticulation  (den-tik'u-la"shon),  n.    The 
sta te  of  being  set  withsmall  teeth ornotches. 
Denticule  (den'ti-kul),  n.    [See  DENTICLE.) 
The  flat  projecting  part  of  a  coniice,  on 
which  dentils  are  cut. 

Denticulus  (den-tik'u-Ius),  n.  Same  as  Den- 
ticle. 

Dentifactor  (den'ti-fak-ter),  n.  [L.  dens, 
dentis,  a  tooth,  and  factor,  a  maker,  from 
facia,  factum,  to  make.  ]  A  machine  for  the 
manufacture  of  the  artificial  teeth,  gums, 
and  palate  used  in  dental  surgery. 
Dentiform  (den'ti-form),  a.  [L.  dens,  a 
tooth,  and  forma,  form.)  Having  the  form 
of  a  tooth. 

Dentifrice  (den'ti-fris),  n.  [Fr.  from  L.  dens, 
a  tooth,  and  frico,  to  rub.  ]    A  powder  or 
other  substance  to  be  used  in  cleaning  the 
teeth,  as  pulverized  shells  and  charcoal. 
Dentlgerous  (den-tij'er-us),  a.   [L.  dens, 


DentUave  (d.-n'ti-lav),  n.    [L.  den,,  a  tooth 
?he  WMl'  •'    A  lotion 


Dentlloqulst 


Dentine,  Dentln  (den'tin),  n-  [L  dm* 
dentu,  a  tooth.)  the  ivory  tlnne  lyinii 
below  the  enamel  and  constituting  the  bod" 
of  the  tooth.  H  con.i»t«  of  an  organized 
animal  basis.  disposed  In  the  form  of  ex- 
[JJHjJj  minute  tul«s  and  celU  and  of  earthy 

Dentinal  (dcn'tin-al),  a.  Pertaining  to  th« 
dentine  .—Dentiaal  tubes,  the  minute  tubei 
of  the  dentine  or  ivory  tiwue  of  the  tooth. 
1  hey  diverge  from  the  pulp-cavity,  or  hollow 
tne  tooth,  and  proceed  with  a  tliehtlv 
Sace0"™"  at  right  angles  to  the  oW'r 

Dent'irpster  (den-ti-ros'terX  n.  A  bird  of 
the  tribe  Dentirostres 

Dentirostrate  Dentlrostral  (den-tl-ros'- 
tret,  deu-ti-ros'tralX  a.  Having  a  tooth-like 
process  on  the  beak,  as  in  the  Dentiro»tre«. 

Dentirostres  (den-tl-ros'trez),  n.  [L  acnt 
dentu,  a  tooth,  and  rostrum,  a  beak  1  A 
sub-order  (or  tribe)  of  insessorial  birds 
characterized  by  having  a  nott-h  and  tootli- 
like  proces^  on  each  side  of  the  margin  of 
the  upper  mandible.  They  are  rapaciotu, 
and  prey  on  smaller  and  weaker  birds.  The 
butcher  birds,  shrikes,  Ac.,  belong  to  thlt 
tribe. 

Dentiscalp  (den'ti-skalp),  n.  [L  dent,  den- 
tis,  a  tooth,  and  scatjio,  to  scrape.  ]  An  In- 
strument for  scraping  or  cleaning  the  teeth. 

Dentist  (den'tist).  n.  One  who  makes  it  hi* 
business  to  clean  and  extract  teeth,  repair 
them  when  diseased,  and  replace  them 
when  necessary  by  artificial  ones;  one  who 
practises  dental  surgery  and  mechanical 
dentistry. 

Dentistic,  Dentistical  (  den-tlst  Ik,  den- 
tist'ik-al),  a.  Relating  to  dentistry  or  a 
dentist. 

Dentistry  (den'tist-rl),  n.  The  art  or  pro- 
fession of  a  dentist. 

Dentition  (den-ti'shon),  n.  [L  dentitio,  from 
dentio,  to  breed  teeth,  from  dent,  a  tooth.  1 
1.  The  breeding  or  cutting  of  teeth  in  in- 
fancy. —2.  The  time  of  breeding  teeth.— 
3.  In  zool.  the  system  of  teeth  peculiar  to 
an  animal:  as,  deciduous  dentitiun;  perma- 
nent dentition.  See  Dental  Formula  under 
DENTAL. 

Dentlze  (den'tiz),  v.i.  pret.  A  pp.  dentiied; 
ppr.  dentizing.  [L.  dens,  a  tooth.  ]  To  renew 
the  teeth  or  nave  them  renewed. 

She  (the  old  Countess  of  Desmond)  did  denftif 
twice  or  thrice,  casting  her  old  teeth,  and  other, 
coming  in  their  place.  Satan. 

Dentoid  (dcn'toid),  a.  [L  dent,  dentil,  a 
tooth,  and  O.  eidos.  resemblance.  Resem- 
bling a  tooth:  shaped  like  a  tooth. 

Dentolingual  (den'to-ling-gwal).  a.  [Ldrat, 
dentis,  a  tooth,  and  lintraa,  the  tongue.]  A 
term  applied  to  a  consonant  pronounced  by 
applying  the  tongue  to  the  teeth,  or  to  the 
gum  immediately  above  them;  linguadental. 

Dentolingual  (den'to-ling-gwal),  n.  A  con- 
sonant pronounced  by  applying  the  tongue 
to  the  teeth,  or  to  the  gum  Immediately 
above  them;  a  linguadental:  as,  d.  t,  I. 

Denture  (den'tur),  n.  In  deMMry,  a  term 
applied  to  one  or  several  artificial  teeth,  or 
a  whole  set  (a  full  denture). 

Denty  (den'ti),  a.  [See  DAINTY.]  Dainty. 
[Scotch.] 

Denudate  (de-nud'at),  >•  t.  pret.  &  pp.  de- 
nttdated;  ppr.  denudating.  [L,  denudo  — 


ch,  cAain;      6h,  Sc.  locA;      g,  ^o;      j.job;      n,  Fr.  ton;      ng,  sing;      TH,  tflen;  th,  (Ain;      w,  icig;    wh,  whig;    zh,  azure.— See  KJSV. 


DENUDATE 


DEPART 


det  and  nucto,  to  make  bare,  from  nudus, 
naked.]  To  strip;  to  denude.  Hammond. 
Denudate,  Denudated  (de-nud'at,  de-nud'- 
at-ed),  a.  [L  denudatux,  naked,  pji.  <-\  >/••• 
undo.  See  DENUDE.]  1.  In  M.  appearing 
nuked,  as  i thin ts  wlien  flowers  appear  l*rt'< -Ti- 
the leaves.—  2.  In  yrnl.  denuded.  See  DK.M- 

DATKtN. 

Denudation  (ile-nud-a'shon),  n.  1.  The  act 
of  stripping  off  covering;  a  making  bare.— 

2.  In  gcol.  the  act  of  removing  the  surface 
of  the  earth  by  the  action  of  water,  either 
gradual  or  violent;  the  carrying  away,  by 
the  action  of  running  water,  of  a  portion  of 
the  solid  materials  of  the  land,  by  which 
the  underlying  rocks  are  laid  bare. 

Denude  (de-niid'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  denuded; 
ppr.  demtdiivj.  [L.  denudo — de,  and  undo, 
to  make  bare,  from  nudtts,  naked.]  To 
divest  of  all  covering;  to  make  bare  or 
naked;  to  strip.  'Denude  a  vine-branch  of 
its  leaves.'  Ray.~ SYN.  To  strip,  divest,  lay 
bare,  uncover,  dismantle. 

Denuded  (de-nud'ed),  p.  and  a.  Stripped; 
divested  of  covering;  laid  bare. --Denuded 
rockn,  in  geol.  rocks  exposed  by  the  action 
of  denudation.  See  DENUDATION. 

Demuneration  (de-nu'me-ra"shon),  n.  In 
law,  the  act  of  present  payment. 

Denundate  (de-nun'si-at  or  de-nun'shi-at), 
v.t.  [L.  denuntiit,  denuntiatutn.  See  DE- 
NOUNCE.] To  denounce  (which  see).  'An 
exigent  interest  to  denunciate  this  new 
work. '  Burke, 

Denunciation  (de-nun'si-a"shon  or  de-nun'- 
shi-a"shon).  n.  [L.  denuntiatio,  from  dennn- 
tio.  See  DENOUNCE.]  1.  The  act  of  de- 
nouncing.— 2.t  Publication;  proclamation; 
annunciation;  preaching;  as,  a  faithful  de- 
nunciation of  the  gospel. 

She  is  fast  my  wife. 

Save  that  we  do  the  denunciation  lack 
Of  outward  order.  Shak. 

3.  Solemn  or  formal  declaration  accompa- 
nied with  a  menace;  or  the  declaration  of 
intended  evil;  proclamation  of  a  threat;  a 
public  menace;  as,  a  denunciation  of  war 
or  of  wrath.     '  Uttering  bold  denunciations 
of  ecclesiastical  error'  Motley.— 4.  In  Scut* 
law,  the  act  by  which  a  person  who  has  dis- 
obeyed the  charge  given  on  letters  of  horn- 
ing is  proclaimed  outlawed  or  a  rebel.    The 
proclamation,  before  a  recent  Diligence  Act, 
used  to  be  made  by  a  messenger-at-arms  in 
presence  of  two  witnesses  at  the  cross  of 
Edinburgh,  or  the  market-cross  of  the  head 
burgh  of  the  county  within  which  the  party 
charged  resided. 

Denunciative  (de-nun'sl-at-iv  or  de-nun'- 
shi-at-iv),  a.  Partaking  of  the  character  of 
a  denunciation;  denunciatory;  prone  to  de- 
nunciation; ready  to  denounce.  'The  cla- 
morous, the  idle,  and  the  ignorantly  denun- 
ciative.' Farrar. 

Denunciator  (de-nun'si-at-er  or  de-nnn'shi- 
at-erV  ».  1.  He  that  denounces;  one  who 
publishes  or  proclaims,  especially  intended 
evil;  one  who  threatens. — 2.  One  who  lays 
an  information  against  another. 

The  denunciator  does  not  make  himself  a  party  in 
judgment,  as  the  accuser  does  Aylijffe. 

Denunciatory  (de-nun'si-a-to-ri  or  de-nun'- 
shi-a-to-ri),  a.  Relating  to  or  implying  de- 
nunciation; containing  a  public  threat;  com- 
minatory. 

Denwere.t  n.    Doubt.    Chaucer. 

Deny  (de-ni'),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  denied;  ppr. 
denying.  [Fr.  dtnier;  L.  denego— rf#,  intens. , 
and  i>-  i".  to  say  no,  which  Pott  regards  as 
formed  from  nee,  nor.]  1.  To  contradict;  to 
gainsay;  to  declare  a  statement  or  position 
not  to  be  true.  We  deny  what  another  says, 
or  we  'i-  nit  a  proposition.  We  deny  the 
truth  of  an  assertion,  or  the  assertion  itself. 

2.  To  refuse  to  grant;  as,  we  asked  for  bread, 
and  the  man  denied  us  it. 

Denied  his  heart  his  dearest  wish.       Tennyson, 

3.  Not  to  afford;  to  withhold. 

Who  finds  not  Providence  all  (food  and  wise. 
Alike  in  what  he  gives,  and  what  denies  t    Pope. 
I  care  not,  Fortune,  what  you  me  deny: 
You  cannot  rob  me  of  free  Nature  &  {{race. 

TMMMK, 

4.  To  disown;  to  refuse  or  neglect  to  ac- 
knowledge; not  to  confess;  to  disavow;  to 
reject. 

Here's  a  villain  that  would  face  me  down  .  .  .  that 
I  did  deny  ray  wife  and  child.  Shak. 

He  that  denieth  me  before  men,  shall  be  denied  be- 
fore the  angels  of  God.  Luke  xii.  9. 

I  had  well  hoped  thou  would'st  have  denied  Beat- 
rice, that  I  might  have  cudgelled  thee  out  of  thy 
single  life.  Shak. 

6.  t  To  contradict;  to  repel. 

That  I  can  deny  by  a  circumstance.        S/tat. 


—To  deny  one's  self,  to  decline  the  gratifi- 
cation of  appetites  or  desires;  to  refrain 
from;  to  abstain;  as,  the  temperate  man  de- 
nies himself  the  free  use  of  spirituous  li- 
quors; I  deny  inyxelf  the  pleasure  of  \uur 
company.— SYS.  To  contradict,  gainsay,  dis- 
allow, refuse,  withhold,  disavow,  disclaim, 
renounce,  abjure. 

Deny  (de-ni').  o.i.  1.  To  answer  in  the  nega- 
tive; to  refuse;  not  to  comply. 

If  proudly  he  deny, 
Let  better  counsels  be  his  guide*.     Chaftnan. 

2.  To  reject;  to  refuse. 

They  never  wear 

Deserved  favours  that  deny  to  take 
When  they  are  offered  freely,    y.  Fletcher. 

Denyingly  (de-ni'ing-li),  adv.  In  a  manner 
indicating  denial. 

How  hard  you  look  and  how  dcnytn^lyt  Tennyson. 

Deobstruct  (de-ob-strukf),  v.t.  [L.  de,  and 
obtstruo,  to  stop  —  ob,  in  the  way  of,  and 
gtruo,  to  pile.]  To  remove  obstructions  or 
impediments  to  a  passage;  to  clear  from 
an}  thing  that  hinders  the  passage  of  thrills 
in  the  proper  ducts  of  the  body;  as,  to  dc- 
obstruct  the  pores  or  lacteals. 

Deobstruent  (de-ob'stru-ent),  a.  In  med. 
removing  obstructions ;  having  power  to 
clear  or  open  the  natural  ducts  of  the  fluids 
and  secretions  of  the  body;  resolving  visci- 
dities; aperient. 

Deobstruent  (de-ob'stru-ent),  n.  In  med, 
a  medicine  which  removes  obstructions  and 
opens  the  natural  passages  of  the  fluids  of 
tin-  body,  as  the  pores  and  lacteal  vessels; 
an  aperient;  as,  calomel  is  a  powerful  dcob- 
sti"uent. 

Deoculate  (dc-ok'u-lat),  v.t.  [L.  dc,  priv., 
and  octdus,  an  eye.]  To  deprive  of  eyes  or 
eye-sight;  to  blind.  Lainb.  [Ludicrous.] 

Deodand  (de'6-dand),  n.  (L  Deo  dandus,  to 
be  given  to  tiod.  ]  Formerly,  in  Enjliak  law, 
a  personal  chattel  which  had  been  the  im- 
mediate occasion  of  the  death  of  a  rational 
creature,  and  for  that  reason  given  to  God, 
that  is,  forfeited  to  the  king  to  be  applied 
to  pious  uses  and  distributed  in  alms  by  his 
high  almoner.  Thus,  if  a  cart  ran  over  a 
man  and  killed  him,  the  can  was  by  law 
forfeited  as  a  deodand.  The  crown,  how- 
ever, most  frequently  granted  the  right  to 
deodands,  within  certain  limits,  either  to 
individuals,  for  an  estate  of  inheritance,  or 
as  annexed  to  hunts.  Ueodauds  were  abol- 
ished in  1840. 

For  love  should  like  a  deodand 

Still  fall  to  the  owner  of  the  land.      Httdibras. 

Deodar  (de-6-darO,  "•  [Skr.  devadant,  that 
is,  divine  tree.]  In  India,  a  word  applied  to 
different  trees,  principally  of  the  nat.  order 
Cotiifene,  according  as  they  arc,  at  the  par- 
ticular place,  held  sacred  by  the  Hindus. 
In  Kumaon  this  name  is  given  to  the  Ccdnm 
Deodara,  nearly  related  to  the  cedar  of 
Lebanon,  and  has  become  its  popular  name 
in  this  country-  At  Simla  the  name  is  given 
to  the  Cupreous  torufcwa, 

Deodate  (de'6-dat),  n.  [L.  Deo  datum,  given 
to  God.  |  A  gift  or  offering  to  God;  a  thing 
ottered  in  the  name  of  God. 

Of  this  sort,  whatsoever  their  corhan  contained, 
wherein  Uiat  blessed  widow's  deodate  was  bid  up. 
Hooter. 

Deodorant  (de-6'der-ant),  n.  A  deodorizer 
(which  see). 

Deodorization  (de-6'drr-iz-a"shon),  n.  The 
act  or  procebs  of  correcting  or  removing 
any  foul  or  noxious  effluvia  through  chemi- 
cal or  other  agency,  as  by  quicklime,  chlo- 
ride of  lime,  Ac. 

Deodorize  (de  o'der-iz),  v.t.  pret  A  pp.  de- 
odorizfd;  ppr.  tlrmlnfuing.  [1'reflx  de,  priv., 
and  odorue  (which  see).]  To  deprive  of 
odour  or  smell,  especially  of  fetid  odour  re- 
sulting from  impurities;  to  disinfect;  as, 
charcoal  or  quicklime  deodorizes  night-soil. 

Deodorizer  (de-6'der-iz-er),  n.  That  which 
deprives  of  odour;  specifically,  a  substance 
which  has  the  power  of  destroying  fetid 
effluvia,  as  chlorine,  chloride  of  /.inc.  nitrate 
of  lead,  *c. 

Deonerate  t  (de-on'er-at),  v.  t.  [L.  dtonero, 
deoneratum,  to  disburthen— de,  priv.,  and 
onero,  to  burthen,  from  onus,  oner  is,  a  bur- 
then.] To  unload. 

Deontological  (de-on'to-lo"jik-al),  a.  Re- 
latiug  to  deontology. 

Deontologlst  ( de-on-tol'o-jist \  n.  One 
versed  in  deontology. 

Deontology  (de-on-tol'o-ji),  n.  [Gr.  deon, 
ppr.  neut.  of  dei,  it  behoves,  that  which  is 
binding  or  right,  and  logos,  discourse.]  The 
science  of  duty;  a  term  assigned  by  the  fol- 
lowers of  Jeremy  Bentham  to  their  own 


doctrine  of  ethics,  which  is  founded  on  the 
principle  of  judging  of  actions  by  their  ten- 
dency to  promote  happiness. 

Deoperculate  (de -6 -per'ku-lat),  a.  In  bot. 
a  t<  nn  applied  to  mosses  when  the  opercu- 
Ititn  lines  not  separate  spontaneously  from 
the  spore -cases. 

Deoppilate  (dfr-op'pl-lAt),  v.t.  [L.  de,  priv., 
and  oppilo,  oppilatum,  to  block  up,  from 
op,  for  ob,  in  the  way  of,  and  pil»,  puattMt, 
to  press  close.]  To  free  from  obstructions; 
to  clear  a  passage.  [Rare.] 

Deoppilation  (de-op'pi-la"shon),  n.  The 
removal  of  obstructions.  [Rare.] 

Deoppilative  (tie  op'pi-lat-iv),  a.  Deobstru- 
ent; •potent.  [Rare.] 

Deoppilative  t  (de-op'jii-lat-iv),  ?i.  A  medi- 
cine to  clear  obstructions.  [Rare.] 

Deprdination  t  (de-or'din-a"shon),  n.  [L.  det 
priv.,  and  uniinatio,  a  setting  in  order,  ar- 
ranurment.  See  ORDINATION.]  Disorder. 
'Excess  of  riot  and  deordination. '  Jer. 
Taylor. 

Deosculatet  (de-os'ku-lat),  v.t.  [L.  deoscu- 
l&r,deoKcitlutu>!,  to  kiss  warmly— cte.intens., 
and  oscular,  to  kiss.  See  OSCULATE.]  To 
kiss. 

Deosculation  t  (de-os'ku-la"shon))  n.  A 
kissing. 

Deoxidate  (de-ok'sid-atV  v.t.  pret.  &  pp. 
deoxidated;  ppr.  deoxidating.  [Prefix  dr, 

§riv.t  and  oxidate,  from  Gr.  oxys,  acid.]  To 
eprive  of  oxygen,  or  reduce  from  the  state 
of  an  oxide. 

Deoxidation  (de-ok'sid-a"shon),  n.  The  act 
or  process  of  reducing  from  the  state  of  an 
oxide. 

Deoxldization  (de-ok'6id-iz-a"shon),  n.  De- 
ox  idati  on. 

Deoxidize  (de-ok'sid-iz),  v.t.  pret.  &  pp.  dc 
oxidized;  ppr.  deoxidizing.  To  deoxidate. 

Deoxidizement,  Deoxidlsement  (de-ok'- 
sid-iz-ment),  n.  Deoxidation;  the  chemical 
process  of  the  abstraction  of  oxygen.  A 
compound  of  a  metal  may,  for  instance,  in 
many  cases  be  deoxidized  by  heating  it  with 
carbon  or  in  a  stream  of  hydrogen  gas,  In 
which  case  it  is  subjected  to  the  process  of 
deoxidation,  and  the  metal  set  free. 

Deoxygenate  (de-ok'si-jen-at),  v.t.  pret.  A 
pp.  aevxyyenated;  ppr.  dcoxygenatutg.  [De 
and  oxygenate.]  To  deprive  of  oxygen. 

Deoxygenation  ( de-ok'si-jen-a"shon ),  n. 
The  act  or  operation  of  depriving  of  oxy- 


gen. 
Depaint 


_  _^   _Jlt  (de-pant7),  v.t.    [Fr.  depeindre,  df- 
peint—de,  and  pcmdre,  L.  pingere,  to  paint.  ] 

1.  To  paint;   to  picture;  to  represent  in 
colours,  as  by  painting  the  resemblance  of. 

And  do  unwilling  worship  to  the  saint. 

That  <>n  his  shield  depmnted  he  did  see.     Sf  enter. 

2.  To  describe,  as  in  words. 

In  a  few  words  >ou  shall  see  the  nature  of  many 
memorable  persons  .  .  .  dffainted.  Holland. 

3.  To  mark  with,  or  as  with,  colour;  to  stain. 
'Silver  drops  her  vermeil  cheeks  dcpaint.' 
Fairfax. 

Depainter*  (dS-pant'er),  n.    A  painter. 
Depart  (de"-parf).   v.i.    [Fr.  dtpartir—de, 

and  partir,  to  separate;  Pr.  departir,  Sp. 

departir.    See  PART.]    1.  To  go  or  move 

from:  used  absolutely  or  with  from  before 

the  place  or  object  left. 

He  that  hath  no  stomach  to  this  fieri  t. 

Let  him  depart.  Shak. 

Depart  from  me,  ye  cursed,  into  everlasting  fire. 

Mat.  XXV.  41. 

2.  To  go  from;  to  leave;  to  desist,  as  from 
a  practice;  to  forsake;  to  abandon. 

He  cleaved  unto  the  sins  of  Jeroboam,  he  defart.d 
not  therefrom.  3  Ki.  lii.  3, 

I\-f,ir-t  from  evil,  and  do  good;  seek  peace,  and 
pursue  it.  IS  xxxiv.  14. 

3.  To  leave;  to  deviate  from;  to  forsake; 
not  to  adhere  to  or  follow;  as,  we  cannot 
depart  from  our  rules. 

I  have  not  departed  from  thy  judgments. 

rs.  cxix.  io-. 

4  To  desist;  to  leave;  to  abandon;  as,  he 
would  not  depart  from  his  purpose,  resolu- 
tion, or  demand.  — 5.  To  pass  away;  to  be 
lost;  to  perish;  to  vanish. 

The  glory  is  departed  from  Israel,     i  Sam.  iv.  21. 

6.  To  die;  to  decease;  to  leave  this  world. 

Lord,  now  lettest  thou  thy  servant  depart  in  peace, 
according  to  thy  word,  Luke  u.  29. 

7.  To  cease. 

The  prey  departetk  not.  Nah.  in   i. 

8.  To  deviate;  to  vary. 

If  the  plan  of  the  convention  be  found  to  depart 
from  republican  principles.  Madison. 

9.  In  law,  to  deviate  from  the  title  or  de- 


Fate,  far,  fat,  fall;       me,  met,  her;        pine,  pin;      note,  not,  move;       tube,  tub,  bull;       oil,  pound;       u,  Sc.  abune;      y,  Sc.  fey. 


DEPART 


fence  in  pleading.—ro  depart  with,  t  to  part 
with;  to  give  up;  to  yield;  to  resign. 

Faith,  sir,  I  can  hardly  drfart  u-itlt  ready  money 

n.  yZui*. 

STN.  To  leave,  retire,  go,  desert,  apostatize 
deviate,  vary,  decease,  die 
Depart  (de-parf),  v.t.  1.  To  leave;  to  retire 
from;  as,  to  ilrpart  this  life.'  '  Ere  I  depart 
his  house.'  Shak.  'To  depart  Rome.'  B 
Jonaon. 

•Your  answer,  sir !— Shall  I  dtfart  a  spot 

I  thus  detest  f— •  Oh,  miserable  lotr    Crabit. 

2.  t  [In  this  ami  next  sense  equivalent  to  dis- 
part,] To  divide  or  separate;  to  part  tho- 
roughly. '  Which  Severne  now  from  Logris 
doth  depart.'  Spenser.  The  marriage  ser- 
vice, in  the  ancient  prayer-books  of  the 
Church  of  England,  had,  'till  death  us  de- 
part,' or  'till  alimony  or  death  us  departs  ' 
which  has  been  corrupted  into,  'till  death 
us  do  part.'  Compare  Hudibras  iii.  3:— 

Before  they  settle  their  hands  and  hearts 
1  ill  alimony  or  death  departs. 

3.t  To  divide  into  parts  or  shares 
Depart  t  (de-part'),  n.     1.  The  act  of  goinu 
away;  death. 

How  cam'st  thou  by  this  ring?  at  my  dtfart 
I  gave  this  unto  Julia.  Shak. 

2.  Division ;  separation,  as  of  a  compound 
substance  into  its  elements.     'Water  of  de- 
part. '    Bacon. 
Departablet  (de-part'a-bl),  a.    Divisible. 

The  kingdom  shall  go  to  the  issue  female :  it  shal; 
not  be  dtfartablt  amongst  daughters.  Baton. 

Departed  ( de-part'ed ),  p.  and  a.    i.  Gone 


from;  vanished ;„,„,._<.  „  UI1  lri 
Pronoun,  used  as  a  noun  for  a  dea 
Ihe  departed'  is  equal  to  the 
defunct,"  the  deceased.' 
Departer  (de-part'er),  n.    1.  One  who  de- 
paits.-2.  One  who  reflnes  metals  by  scpa 

ItlLlOll. 

"l^lf18  (i16rp?,r*''jg)'  "'    SePa™»on. 

BMunts^aaK  it*.. 

of  dividing;  separation.  Chaucer 
Department  (ilc-part'ment),  n  rFr  de- 
partcinent.  See  DEPART  ]  1  t  The  act  of 
departing;  departure. -2.  t  A 'separation  or 
division. -3.  A  division  of  territory;  one  of 
the  provinces  or  districts  into  which  a 
country  is  divided  for  governmental  or  other 
purposes;  as,  the  departments  of  France  - 
4.  A  separate  allotment  or  branch  of  busi- 
ness ;  a  distinct  province,  in  which  a  class 
of  duties  are  allotted  to  a  particular  per- 
son;  a  distinct  branch,  as  of  science  Ac  • 

^LhTL22!«"^.^!r*»«*;*» 


DEPASCENT 


'l'e  ?•'  K""'"d  ?lass  in  ™«  <l«>r 
"IC  c°u"'i"t:  House,'  another  to 
"'"""'  a  th?rd  ' 


Dicketit. 

Departmental  (de-parfment-al),  o.  1  Per- 
taining to  a  department  or  division  as  of  a 
country. 

,,T^-P,'n1v.pUZ-ed  b?  thl!  R"»'itionists  in  1789  with 
respect  to  the  trench  guards  of  the  unhapp/king 
was  now  played  against  thc  dtpart,,:,,,,*!  guards. 
Bur/t, 


ch.cfo.in;      6h.Sc.loc7,;      g,  go:      j.job;      t.  Fr.  ton;     ng,  ,iw     „,«*«,;  th,  rtlli; 


Departure  (do  - 
«omg  away;  a 


„     i    The  ut  of 


fr,m,  or  l«rtng  » 
•  L 
' 


*  •  «  .««,«•£  Hum  or  lea 

Place ;  at,  a  departure  from  I..,ndon  •  u, 
parture  from  thii  happy  place  •  Sat.," 
2.  Death;  decease;  remoYaf  from  lta£5£, 

The  time  of  my  dtfanun  U  M  hand.     >  Tim.  l».  6 

3  Afoniaking;  abandonment    "The  fear  of 
the  Lord  and  departure  from  evil'    Till,,! 
7~    Deviation,  M  from  a  standard  rule 
or  plan;  abandonment,  at  of  a  nunmie-  m 
»  departure  from  a  punxae.     •*£ydlr\£'. 
(tire  from  a  national  standiu 

6.  Ruin;  destruction.  Eiek.  «»Ll&-6  tTh« 

of  separating  or  putting  »way,  as  l.y 
divorce;  separation;  divorce.  'No  othfr 
remedy. .  but  absolute  departure.'  Hilt,,,, 

7.  In  navigation,  (o)  the  distance  of  tw,, 
p  aces  on  the  same  parallel,  counted  In 
miles  of  the  equator;  the  distance  In  uautl- 
cal  miles  which  a  vessel  lias  sailed  to  the 
east  or  to  the  west  of  the  meridian  from 
which  she  started.    (6)  The  tearing  or  posl- 
tlon  of  an  object  from  which  a  vessel  com- 
maDMher  dead  reckoning.—  a  In  law  the 
desertion  of  the  ground  which  a  party  has 
taken  In  his  antecedent  pleading  and  resort 
to  another.  — Svs.  Withdrawal,  deviation 
abandonment,  exit,  decease,  death 

Depascent  t  (de.pas'ent),  a.  (L.  depatcna 
depatcentit,  ppr.  of  depatcor.  to  feed  upon' 
to  consume  -tie,  in  tens. ,  and  jxueor,  to  feed  ] 
r  eediug. 

w,  icig;    wh,  whig;    ih.  a/ure  -See  Kir. 


EXD    OF   VOL.    1. 


GLASGOW;  w.  a.  BLACKIE  AND  co.,  ruixiERs,  VILLAFIELD. 


V 


V 


I 


••>  ; 


PE 

1625 

13 

1882 

v.l 


Ogilvie,  John 

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